diff --git a/-XivhU1V6KY.txt b/-XivhU1V6KY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0613b2c1eee9cd875fd3803bc3d4aeadf1dfb1d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-XivhU1V6KY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I would love to try to teach physics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would love to try to teach physics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would love to try to teach physics to
+like first two third graders using no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like first two third graders using no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like first two third graders using no
+equations only using examples and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations only using examples and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations only using examples and only
+using little experiments because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using little experiments because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using little experiments because there's
+just an enormous amount that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an enormous amount that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an enormous amount that you can
+learn by looking at what is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn by looking at what is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn by looking at what is happening
+and one of the big concerns that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the big concerns that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the big concerns that I have
+about the way physics is taught is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way physics is taught is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way physics is taught is that
+we love to go into all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we love to go into all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we love to go into all of the
+mathematics and I actually think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and I actually think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and I actually think that
+people end up divorced from what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people end up divorced from what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people end up divorced from what's going
+on in the real world they start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the real world they start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the real world they start to
+understand the mathematics really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the mathematics really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the mathematics really well
+but they actually don't understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they actually don't understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they actually don't understand the
+physical phenomena and you know physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical phenomena and you know physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical phenomena and you know physics
+is a contact sport you have to you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a contact sport you have to you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a contact sport you have to you have
+to play with it right you will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play with it right you will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play with it right you will not
+understand angular momentum until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand angular momentum until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand angular momentum until you
+have been spinning around and pull your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been spinning around and pull your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been spinning around and pull your
+arms in and suddenly you go out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms in and suddenly you go out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms in and suddenly you go out of
+control you know it's those things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control you know it's those things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control you know it's those things that
+you have to try in order to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to try in order to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to try in order to really
+understand it and and I believe that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it and and I believe that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it and and I believe that we
+could start doing that at a very young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start doing that at a very young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start doing that at a very young
+age and the problem of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age and the problem of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age and the problem of course is
+resources you know you need real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources you know you need real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources you know you need real
+resources to be able to teach kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to be able to teach kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to be able to teach kids
+things like that but you know right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that but you know right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that but you know right now
+I can teach a very small child one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can teach a very small child one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can teach a very small child one of
+Maxwell's equations I can show you how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations I can show you how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations I can show you how I
+do it this is the one which says that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it this is the one which says that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it this is the one which says that a
+moving magnetic field induces current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving magnetic field induces current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving magnetic field induces current
+and also occurrence induce magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also occurrence induce magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also occurrence induce magnetic
+fields okay so what I have here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields okay so what I have here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields okay so what I have here is a
+very heavy piece of copper it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very heavy piece of copper it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very heavy piece of copper it's actually
+a beam pipe from a fairy web it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beam pipe from a fairy web it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beam pipe from a fairy web it's pretty
+thick piece right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick piece right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick piece right
+and so it's copper so current can flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's copper so current can flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's copper so current can flow
+through it and I have here a magnet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and I have here a magnet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and I have here a magnet and
+I can drop my magnet in and it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can drop my magnet in and it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can drop my magnet in and it takes a
+really long time for the magnet to fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long time for the magnet to fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long time for the magnet to fall
+out and you can show this to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and you can show this to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and you can show this to a
+two-year-old and they will just watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-year-old and they will just watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-year-old and they will just watch
+that forever they are so excited to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forever they are so excited to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forever they are so excited to see
+that because they know something is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because they know something is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because they know something is very
+seriously wrong here and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously wrong here and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously wrong here and what's
+happening is the magnet is inducing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is the magnet is inducing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is the magnet is inducing a
+current and a current is inducing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and a current is inducing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and a current is inducing a
+magnetic force opposite of that magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic force opposite of that magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic force opposite of that magnetic
+field and it's preventing this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and it's preventing this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and it's preventing this thing
+from falling as fast as it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from falling as fast as it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from falling as fast as it would
+and you know second graders will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know second graders will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know second graders will get
+this and then when they finally get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then when they finally get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then when they finally get to
+the point where we do it with the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where we do it with the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where we do it with the math
+then they'll really get it so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they'll really get it so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they'll really get it so that's
+what I think we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think we need to do
+that's for my long term goal
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-pr1TLyPyDw.txt b/-pr1TLyPyDw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..50c010e7f554dd32bed52532bdadb48d0966d883
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-pr1TLyPyDw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2411 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello and welcome back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome back to
+recitation so the problem that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation so the problem that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation so the problem that I want to
+work with you now is to uh we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with you now is to uh we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with you now is to uh we want to
+compute some integrals uh but we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute some integrals uh but we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute some integrals uh but we want to
+compute them in the presence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute them in the presence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute them in the presence of a
+density function so the region that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function so the region that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function so the region that
+we're considering is is very simple it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're considering is is very simple it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're considering is is very simple it's
+just the uh it's just the unit Square so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the uh it's just the unit Square so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the uh it's just the unit Square so
+we have the origin here uh we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the origin here uh we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the origin here uh we have the
+line x equals 1 we have the line Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line x equals 1 we have the line Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line x equals 1 we have the line Y
+equals 1 and we just want to compute in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 and we just want to compute in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 and we just want to compute in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+region uh and so we want to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region uh and so we want to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region uh and so we want to use this
+density function to find various sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function to find various sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function to find various sort of
+physical uh characteristics of this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical uh characteristics of this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical uh characteristics of this of
+this region so first we want to find its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region so first we want to find its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region so first we want to find its
+mass and so we're going to need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and so we're going to need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and so we're going to need to
+recall how you get Mass from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall how you get Mass from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall how you get Mass from
+density uh we want to find the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density uh we want to find the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density uh we want to find the center of
+mass that is where is the point uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass that is where is the point uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass that is where is the point uh on
+which uh we could balance this if if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh we could balance this if if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh we could balance this if if we
+cut it out um tried to balance it on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it out um tried to balance it on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it out um tried to balance it on our
+fingers what where's the where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers what where's the where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers what where's the where's the
+average um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average um
+average mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average mass
+concentrated uh we want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated uh we want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated uh we want to find the
+moment of inertia about uh the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia about uh the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia about uh the origin
+and we want to find the moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to find the moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to find the moment of
+inertia about the xaxis so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia about the xaxis so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia about the xaxis so we're going
+to have to remember our formulas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to remember our formulas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to remember our formulas for
+moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of
+inertia so why don't you uh pause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia so why don't you uh pause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia so why don't you uh pause the
+video and work on this for a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and work on this for a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and work on this for a little bit
+uh check back with me and I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh check back with me and I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh check back with me and I'll show you
+how I solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it hi welcome back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hi welcome back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hi welcome back
+so why don't we start by finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't we start by finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't we start by finding the
+mass so the mass is is uh is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so the mass is is uh is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so the mass is is uh is the most
+straight forward of these and I find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight forward of these and I find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight forward of these and I find it
+helpful to use the language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to use the language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to use the language of
+differentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials
+so what I want us to do is I want us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want us to do is I want us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want us to do is I want us to
+take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a
+little square here and this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little square here and this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little square here and this little
+square has area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+da okay and what we want to do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da okay and what we want to do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da okay and what we want to do is we
+want to sum up the masses of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sum up the masses of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sum up the masses of all the
+little uh of all the little uh squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh of all the little uh squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh of all the little uh squares
+da here so so what we want to uh know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da here so so what we want to uh know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da here so so what we want to uh know is
+what is the little bit of mass DM which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the little bit of mass DM which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the little bit of mass DM which
+corresponds to this little bit of area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this little bit of area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this little bit of area
+da and more or less by definition this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da and more or less by definition this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da and more or less by definition this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+Delta da so Delta is the ratio of area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta da so Delta is the ratio of area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta da so Delta is the ratio of area
+to mass and so the this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mass and so the this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mass and so the this little
+contribution of of mass is just Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of of mass is just Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of of mass is just Delta
+times the little contribution of area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the little contribution of area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the little contribution of area
+okay now once we write it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now once we write it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now once we write it this
+way then our Mass our total mass for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way then our Mass our total mass for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way then our Mass our total mass for the
+entire uh for the entire Square it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh for the entire Square it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh for the entire Square it's
+just the integral over the region of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the integral over the region of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the integral over the region of all
+the little contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little contributions
+DM and so uh in particular this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DM and so uh in particular this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DM and so uh in particular this
+is just the integral uh from X = 0 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the integral uh from X = 0 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the integral uh from X = 0 to 1
+1 y = 0 to 1 we have X Y that's our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 y = 0 to 1 we have X Y that's our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 y = 0 to 1 we have X Y that's our uh
+density and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and then we have
+d y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y
+DX okay and this is an integral which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay and this is an integral which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay and this is an integral which we
+can uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh just
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+so so why don't we uh why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so why don't we uh why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so why don't we uh why don't we
+compute this one uh all the way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this one uh all the way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this one uh all the way through
+and see what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what we
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+okay so we have integral x = 0 to 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have integral x = 0 to 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have integral x = 0 to 1 and
+then uh okay so we have x y and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh okay so we have x y and we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh okay so we have x y and we need
+to uh integrate that in y so we have x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh integrate that in y so we have x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh integrate that in y so we have x
+y^ 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^ 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^ 2 over
+2 and then uh y ranges from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then uh y ranges from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then uh y ranges from 1 to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+DX this is the integral from X = 0 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX this is the integral from X = 0 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX this is the integral from X = 0 to 1
+of uh X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh X
+over2 DX and this is just uh x^2 over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 DX and this is just uh x^2 over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 DX and this is just uh x^2 over 4
+from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to
+Zer this is just 1/4 so that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer this is just 1/4 so that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer this is just 1/4 so that tells us
+that the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass the total mass of this um of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass the total mass of this um of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass the total mass of this um of this
+uh unit square is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unit square is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unit square is is
+1/4 okay so now uh we need to do similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 okay so now uh we need to do similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 okay so now uh we need to do similar
+uh we have a similar challenge for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have a similar challenge for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have a similar challenge for the
+other physical uh quantities we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other physical uh quantities we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other physical uh quantities we just
+need to uh figure out what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to uh figure out what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to uh figure out what is the
+appropriate uh differential quantity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate uh differential quantity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate uh differential quantity and
+then we just need to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just need to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just need to integrate
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so for B we need to compute the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for B we need to compute the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for B we need to compute the center
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+mass so remember that the the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so remember that the the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so remember that the the center of
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+involves finding the average x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves finding the average x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves finding the average x
+coordinate and the average y coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and the average y coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and the average y coordinate
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+and uh I wanted to I wanted to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I wanted to I wanted to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I wanted to I wanted to remind
+you what the what the formula is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the what the formula is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the what the formula is for the
+center of mass and remind you how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass and remind you how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass and remind you how I
+already remind myself of it so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already remind myself of it so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already remind myself of it so the
+formula for the center of mass we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the center of mass we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the center of mass we need
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+take the average of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the average of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the average of x
+times uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DM divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DM divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DM divided
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of
+DM so this is our formula for the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DM so this is our formula for the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DM so this is our formula for the uh the
+center of mass and I just wanted to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass and I just wanted to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass and I just wanted to say
+that that the way that I remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the way that I remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the way that I remember this
+is uh by thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh by thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh by thinking about
+seesaws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you think about it in if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about it in if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about it in if we were
+not doing multiple variables but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing multiple variables but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing multiple variables but a
+single variable if I had uh if I had a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single variable if I had uh if I had a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single variable if I had uh if I had a a
+seesaw and I had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weights so I had M1 and M2 and M3 and M4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights so I had M1 and M2 and M3 and M4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights so I had M1 and M2 and M3 and M4
+I had some weights and these were at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had some weights and these were at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had some weights and these were at
+positions X1 and X2 and X3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions X1 and X2 and X3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions X1 and X2 and X3 and
+X4 well the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 well the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 well the the
+um the fact that this scale would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the fact that this scale would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the fact that this scale would be
+balanced would be uh to say that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced would be uh to say that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced would be uh to say that this
+point x here at the where where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point x here at the where where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point x here at the where where the
+fulcrum is located is uh is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulcrum is located is uh is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulcrum is located is uh is exactly the
+weighted average of these points that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average of these points that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average of these points that's
+that's what's going to guarantee that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's going to guarantee that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's going to guarantee that
+there's the same amount of torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the same amount of torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the same amount of torque
+pushing this way and this way so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing this way and this way so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing this way and this way so if we
+were if we were in one variable and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were if we were in one variable and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were if we were in one variable and we
+just had some uh discrete weights then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had some uh discrete weights then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had some uh discrete weights then
+we would want to take the average of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would want to take the average of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would want to take the average of all
+of these uh positions and we would want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh positions and we would want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh positions and we would want
+to weight it with the uh masses so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to weight it with the uh masses so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to weight it with the uh masses so we
+would want to take the sum of x i Mi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I and divide by the sum of Mi this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and divide by the sum of Mi this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and divide by the sum of Mi this would
+be the average coordinate in this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the average coordinate in this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the average coordinate in this kind
+of toy example and now if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of toy example and now if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of toy example and now if you look at
+the formula for the center of mass it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for the center of mass it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for the center of mass it's
+really the same thing isn't it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the same thing isn't it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the same thing isn't it because
+integrals uh is just a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals uh is just a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals uh is just a continuous
+version of the sum we have X as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the sum we have X as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the sum we have X as a
+function instead of x i as a list and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function instead of x i as a list and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function instead of x i as a list and uh
+the m i are just the little infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m i are just the little infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m i are just the little infinite
+test DMS here and then the bottom here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test DMS here and then the bottom here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test DMS here and then the bottom here
+this is just the total mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the total mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the total mass of the
+system and so is this okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and so is this okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and so is this okay so that's
+that's how I think about this Center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how I think about this Center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how I think about this Center of
+mass formula and uh and it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass formula and uh and it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass formula and uh and it's actually
+pretty easy to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to compute
+so so we have uh the integral from uh x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we have uh the integral from uh x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we have uh the integral from uh x
+= 0 to 1 y = 0 to 1 so now we have x *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 0 to 1 y = 0 to 1 so now we have x *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 0 to 1 y = 0 to 1 so now we have x *
+Delta * DX Dy so I'll take together we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta * DX Dy so I'll take together we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta * DX Dy so I'll take together we
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+x^2 y Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 y Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 y Dy
+DX so one of those X's is because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so one of those X's is because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so one of those X's is because we're
+averaging X and the other one is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging X and the other one is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging X and the other one is from
+the density function so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density function so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density function so we have this
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+integral and then we divide by this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and then we divide by this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and then we divide by this uh
+by this integral of the mass but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this integral of the mass but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this integral of the mass but we
+already computed this in part A and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already computed this in part A and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already computed this in part A and we
+found it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1/4 okay so this uh the numerator here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 okay so this uh the numerator here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 okay so this uh the numerator here
+is is uh fairly straightforward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is uh fairly straightforward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is uh fairly straightforward to
+compute and uh if you you do this you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute and uh if you you do this you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute and uh if you you do this you'll
+get uh I believe let me double check I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh I believe let me double check I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh I believe let me double check I
+believe we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe we got
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+six so you should get 1 16 when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six so you should get 1 16 when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six so you should get 1 16 when you
+compute this uh this integral so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this uh this integral so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this uh this integral so we have
+1 16 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 16 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 16 over
+1/4 and so canceling off this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 and so canceling off this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 and so canceling off this is
+2/3 okay so that was just the X Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 okay so that was just the X Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 okay so that was just the X Center
+of mass but now I want to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass but now I want to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass but now I want to make an
+important point which is that this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point which is that this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point which is that this uh
+density function is symmetric in X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function is symmetric in X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function is symmetric in X and Y
+it was just x * y it wasn't something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just x * y it wasn't something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just x * y it wasn't something
+more complicated and so the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated and so the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated and so the center of
+mass in the X direction is just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass in the X direction is just equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass in the X direction is just equal to
+the center of mass in the y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass in the y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass in the y direction
+and so these are both equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are both equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are both equal to
+2/3 okay so that depended on the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 okay so that depended on the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 okay so that depended on the fact
+that our density was symmetric and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our density was symmetric and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our density was symmetric and also
+on the fact that our region was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the fact that our region was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the fact that our region was
+symmetric about switching X and Y so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric about switching X and Y so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric about switching X and Y so we
+we could save ourselves some trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could save ourselves some trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could save ourselves some trouble
+here okay very good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay very good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay very good so
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+to do c again we need to remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do c again we need to remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do c again we need to remember we
+need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+recall what is the uh infinitesimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall what is the uh infinitesimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall what is the uh infinitesimal
+moment of inertia so let me let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia so let me let me draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia so let me let me draw
+this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again so here's our uh here's our little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so here's our uh here's our little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so here's our uh here's our little
+uh da
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh da
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh da
+here and we want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we want to know the
+infinitesimal moment of inertia around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal moment of inertia around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal moment of inertia around
+the origin so we TI us we we tie a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin so we TI us we we tie a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin so we TI us we we tie a
+string to this little piece of mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string to this little piece of mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string to this little piece of mass and
+we start spinning it and we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start spinning it and we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start spinning it and we want to know
+what is our moment of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is our moment of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is our moment of inertia
+corresponding to that little mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to that little mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to that little mass and
+I'll just remind you from lecture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just remind you from lecture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just remind you from lecture that
+the formula is that this is R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula is that this is R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula is that this is R
+2 d m so this is um so this is R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 d m so this is um so this is R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 d m so this is um so this is R
+2ar *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2ar *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2ar *
+XY DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dy um and so the r squ here uh is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy um and so the r squ here uh is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy um and so the r squ here uh is saying
+that as you get farther and farther out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you get farther and farther out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you get farther and farther out
+U your your moment of inertia is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U your your moment of inertia is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U your your moment of inertia is is
+getting larger and larger and this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting larger and larger and this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting larger and larger and this makes
+sense uh you know in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh you know in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh you know in terms of the
+physical idea that you're moving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical idea that you're moving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical idea that you're moving a
+longer distance uh if if you're if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer distance uh if if you're if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer distance uh if if you're if
+you're farther out so anyway so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're farther out so anyway so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're farther out so anyway so this is
+our formula r r 2 DM and so that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our formula r r 2 DM and so that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our formula r r 2 DM and so that tells
+us that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I is just the integral of Di and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is just the integral of Di and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is just the integral of Di and so this
+is the integral from X goes from 0 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the integral from X goes from 0 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the integral from X goes from 0 to 1
+y goes from 0 to 1 then we have uh x^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y goes from 0 to 1 then we have uh x^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y goes from 0 to 1 then we have uh x^2 +
+y^ 2 that's just R 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XY DX Dy and so uh we can rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this as um so X cubed y + x y cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as um so X cubed y + x y cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as um so X cubed y + x y cubed
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+Dy and this is a computation that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and this is a computation that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and this is a computation that we can
+do let me just check my notes real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quick so this is 1/4 I'll I'll skip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick so this is 1/4 I'll I'll skip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick so this is 1/4 I'll I'll skip the
+computation but this is just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation but this is just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation but this is just uh
+integrating some polinomial so we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that all right and now finally we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right and now finally we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right and now finally we want
+to uh we want to compute the moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh we want to compute the moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh we want to compute the moment of
+inertia so remember D asked us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia so remember D asked us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia so remember D asked us to
+compute the moment of inertia around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the moment of inertia around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the moment of inertia around the
+x axis so instead of around the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x axis so instead of around the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x axis so instead of around the origin
+it's around the x axis so the idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around the x axis so the idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around the x axis so the idea here
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again again di is a is a factor time DM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again again di is a is a factor time DM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again again di is a is a factor time DM
+and again it's the radius but now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's the radius but now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's the radius but now it's
+the radius about which we're spinning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius about which we're spinning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius about which we're spinning so
+we're not anymore spinning around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not anymore spinning around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not anymore spinning around the
+origin as we were doing before now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin as we were doing before now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin as we were doing before now we're
+spinning kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of we're spinning around sort of out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we're spinning around sort of out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we're spinning around sort of out of
+the board around the xaxis here uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board around the xaxis here uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board around the xaxis here uh but
+we still have the same formula and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have the same formula and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have the same formula and now
+our now our radius is is the is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our now our radius is is the is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our now our radius is is the is the the
+height y because we're not spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height y because we're not spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height y because we're not spinning
+around the origin anymore we're spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the origin anymore we're spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the origin anymore we're spinning
+around this uh this Rod here and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this uh this Rod here and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this uh this Rod here and so if
+you think about it that's um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it that's um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it that's um uh the
+radius about which we're spinning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius about which we're spinning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius about which we're spinning is
+just the height y so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the height y so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the height y so this is just
+y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2
+Delta okay and uh so that tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta okay and uh so that tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta okay and uh so that tells us that
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+so the total inertia about the xaxis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the total inertia about the xaxis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the total inertia about the xaxis is
+just the integral of Di and so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the integral of Di and so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the integral of Di and so we get
+the integral from X = 0 to 1 integral y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from X = 0 to 1 integral y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from X = 0 to 1 integral y
+= 0 to 1 and then we just have y^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY
+Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy
+DX and this again we could compute and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and this again we could compute and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and this again we could compute and
+let me just check my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1/8 so in each of these problems uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/8 so in each of these problems uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/8 so in each of these problems uh the
+most important thing to uh have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing to uh have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing to uh have been
+able to do is to is to argue what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do is to is to argue what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do is to is to argue what is the
+sort of uh infinitesimal contribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh infinitesimal contribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh infinitesimal contribution to
+the physical quantity that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical quantity that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical quantity that you want to
+compute and and and and eventually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute and and and and eventually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute and and and and eventually you
+want to express it in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to express it in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to express it in terms of the
+quantity da because da is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity da because da is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity da because da is what we
+actually can integrate and so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can integrate and so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can integrate and so all the
+other physical quantities that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other physical quantities that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other physical quantities that we need
+to study are going to be an integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study are going to be an integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study are going to be an integral of
+some infinite decimal element and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some infinite decimal element and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some infinite decimal element and that
+infinite deal element is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite deal element is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite deal element is going to be
+some uh coefficient times da so here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh coefficient times da so here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh coefficient times da so here uh
+we had that this was so y^2 uh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had that this was so y^2 uh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had that this was so y^2 uh oh
+dear uh okay this was this was a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dear uh okay this was this was a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dear uh okay this was this was a mistake
+so this should have said so this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should have said so this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should have said so this should
+have said um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said um
+they should have said y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should have said y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should have said y^2
+DM and that's y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DM and that's y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DM and that's y^2
+Delta da a so I wrote the Delta kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta da a so I wrote the Delta kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta da a so I wrote the Delta kind of
+implicitly I wrote it twice so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly I wrote it twice so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly I wrote it twice so what we
+meant to say is di is y^2 Delta da and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to say is di is y^2 Delta da and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to say is di is y^2 Delta da and
+so uh so in all these examples we the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so in all these examples we the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so in all these examples we the
+the sort of infinite decimal qu quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of infinite decimal qu quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of infinite decimal qu quantity
+that we're after is some straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're after is some straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're after is some straightforward
+coefficient times the infinitesimal area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient times the infinitesimal area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient times the infinitesimal area
+and and so once we know that then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so once we know that then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so once we know that then we can
+just uh do a straightforward integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh do a straightforward integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh do a straightforward integral
+okay and I'll leave it at that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-wyc5FwzkcM.txt b/-wyc5FwzkcM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b090610973d2621e741a6aca6b4977052e86809f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-wyc5FwzkcM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14600 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's get started today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's get started today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's get started today's
+lecture will be the last one we have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture will be the last one we have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture will be the last one we have on
+object oriented programming and creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object oriented programming and creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object oriented programming and creating
+our own data types with python classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own data types with python classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own data types with python classes
+so today's lecture we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today's lecture we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today's lecture we're going to go
+through uh an example that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh an example that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh an example that's sort of
+more involved we're going to be creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more involved we're going to be creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more involved we're going to be creating
+our own Fitness tracker object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own Fitness tracker object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own Fitness tracker object and
+specifically we're going to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically we're going to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically we're going to create a
+class for uh that implements the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class for uh that implements the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class for uh that implements the idea of
+a workout and the slides for today are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a workout and the slides for today are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a workout and the slides for today are
+going to feel very similar to the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to feel very similar to the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to feel very similar to the slides
+from Monday's lecture a lot of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Monday's lecture a lot of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Monday's lecture a lot of them are
+just kind of uh reinforcing the the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of uh reinforcing the the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of uh reinforcing the the same
+ideas we saw last lecture on uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas we saw last lecture on uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas we saw last lecture on uh uh
+creating Getters and setters uh creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating Getters and setters uh creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating Getters and setters uh creating
+class variables and the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class variables and the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class variables and the idea of
+inheritance but we're just going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance but we're just going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance but we're just going to do
+it in the context of this more involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the context of this more involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the context of this more involved
+example uh the fitness tracker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh the fitness tracker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh the fitness tracker
+okay so let me remind you first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me remind you first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me remind you first of all
+something we've been uh talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we've been uh talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we've been uh talking about
+and and hopefully you understand at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and hopefully you understand at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and hopefully you understand at this
+point in our uh in our uh lectures on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in our uh in our uh lectures on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in our uh in our uh lectures on
+object oriented programming and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object oriented programming and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object oriented programming and that's
+the idea that when we write our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that when we write our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that when we write our own
+object types we're writing code from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object types we're writing code from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object types we're writing code from two
+different perspectives right the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives right the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives right the first
+perspective is the on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective is the on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective is the on the left hand side
+here where we are making design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where we are making design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where we are making design
+decisions for how we want to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions for how we want to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions for how we want to implement
+this new object this new data type and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new object this new data type and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new object this new data type and
+when we make these design decisions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we make these design decisions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we make these design decisions we
+decide the name of the object we decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide the name of the object we decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide the name of the object we decide
+the attributes which are either data or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attributes which are either data or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attributes which are either data or
+procedures uh that we want the object to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures uh that we want the object to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures uh that we want the object to
+have and then once we've decided on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and then once we've decided on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and then once we've decided on this
+and we've implemented our data type then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've implemented our data type then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've implemented our data type then
+we can start to use uh the data type and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start to use uh the data type and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start to use uh the data type and
+to use it we are creating a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it we are creating a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it we are creating a whole bunch
+of objects of this this type and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects of this this type and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects of this this type and we're
+manipulating these objects in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating these objects in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating these objects in some
+interesting and useful way so the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and useful way so the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and useful way so the left
+hand side we're creating this blueprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side we're creating this blueprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side we're creating this blueprint
+this abstract notion of an object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this abstract notion of an object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this abstract notion of an object and
+the right hand side we are creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side we are creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side we are creating
+actual instances that we manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual instances that we manipulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual instances that we manipulate
+right so up until this objectoriented uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so up until this objectoriented uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so up until this objectoriented uh
+Le set of lectures we've really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le set of lectures we've really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le set of lectures we've really just
+been working with the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with the right hand side
+right we've been uh working with objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we've been uh working with objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we've been uh working with objects
+that other people have created but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other people have created but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other people have created but the
+big idea of these set of lectures is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big idea of these set of lectures is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big idea of these set of lectures is
+that we now get to create our own object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we now get to create our own object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we now get to create our own object
+types so we get to write the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types so we get to write the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types so we get to write the code
+here okay so we're going to write code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so we're going to write code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so we're going to write code
+to create uh a tracker for workouts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create uh a tracker for workouts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create uh a tracker for workouts and
+today's lecture um we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture um we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture um we're going to
+there's going to be sort of a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be sort of a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be sort of a sequence
+of of things that we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of things that we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of things that we're going to do
+we're going to start out with a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start out with a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start out with a really
+simple workout object and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple workout object and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple workout object and then we're
+going to improve on it so I've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to improve on it so I've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to improve on it so I've actually
+set out a little road map here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set out a little road map here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set out a little road map here on the
+board that we can follow so every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board that we can follow so every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board that we can follow so every time
+we finish sort of a little section we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finish sort of a little section we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finish sort of a little section we'll
+check it off so it's just easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it off so it's just easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it off so it's just easier to
+understand sort of where we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand sort of where we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand sort of where we are in
+today's lecture so we're going to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture so we're going to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture so we're going to create
+first a just a very simple workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a just a very simple workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a just a very simple workout
+object sort of In The Same Spirit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object sort of In The Same Spirit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object sort of In The Same Spirit that
+we've created we've been creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've created we've been creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've created we've been creating
+objects then we're going to improve on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects then we're going to improve on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects then we're going to improve on
+it a little bit by adding um nicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit by adding um nicer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit by adding um nicer
+methods and things like that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and things like that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and things like that and then
+we're going to go through the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through the idea of
+inheritance to create very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance to create very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance to create very specific
+types of workouts so if we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of workouts so if we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of workouts so if we think about
+workouts um we have many different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts um we have many different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts um we have many different kinds
+of workouts right we've got biking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of workouts right we've got biking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of workouts right we've got biking
+swimming running but really at the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming running but really at the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming running but really at the core
+of all these workouts right if we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these workouts right if we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these workouts right if we think
+about sort of the information related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of the information related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of the information related to
+just a very generic workout not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a very generic workout not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a very generic workout not a
+running or swimming specific one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running or swimming specific one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running or swimming specific one or
+biking one just a just a generic workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biking one just a just a generic workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biking one just a just a generic workout
+there are some common properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some common properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some common properties that
+all of these workouts have right so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these workouts have right so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these workouts have right so I've
+listed them here right um the a workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed them here right um the a workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed them here right um the a workout
+might have an icon associated with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have an icon associated with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have an icon associated with it
+right so this or this or this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this or this or this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this or this or this but
+whatever it may be there is an icon uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it may be there is an icon uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it may be there is an icon uh
+sort of property for a um a workout uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of property for a um a workout uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of property for a um a workout uh
+the kind of workout so biking swimming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of workout so biking swimming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of workout so biking swimming
+running things like that uh a date so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running things like that uh a date so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running things like that uh a date so
+maybe a a start date and an end date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a a start date and an end date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a a start date and an end date
+start time end time that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start time end time that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start time end time that kind of
+information the heart rate maybe average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the heart rate maybe average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the heart rate maybe average
+heart rate throughout that entire uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart rate throughout that entire uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart rate throughout that entire uh
+activity the distance um and the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity the distance um and the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity the distance um and the number
+of calories burned right all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calories burned right all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calories burned right all of these
+properties are common to any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are common to any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are common to any kind of
+workout that we might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout that we might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout that we might want to
+create but now that we have uh specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create but now that we have uh specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create but now that we have uh specific
+kinds of workouts that we might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of workouts that we might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of workouts that we might want to
+create uh we can actually think well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create uh we can actually think well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create uh we can actually think well in
+addition to these common properties a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to these common properties a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to these common properties a
+swimming specific workout might actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming specific workout might actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming specific workout might actually
+have some more information that we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some more information that we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some more information that we'd
+like to save right and we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to save right and we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to save right and we'd like to
+allow the user to work with so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the user to work with so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the user to work with so the
+swimming Pace maybe the stroke type the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming Pace maybe the stroke type the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming Pace maybe the stroke type the
+100 yard splits things like that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 yard splits things like that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 yard splits things like that for
+swimming and for running we might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming and for running we might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming and for running we might want
+to show the user the Cadence the running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show the user the Cadence the running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show the user the Cadence the running
+pace the mile splits and maybe the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pace the mile splits and maybe the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pace the mile splits and maybe the total
+elevation throughout that throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation throughout that throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation throughout that throughout
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+run right but the idea here is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run right but the idea here is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run right but the idea here is that we
+have some core set of properties that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some core set of properties that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some core set of properties that no
+matter what kind of workout we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what kind of workout we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what kind of workout we're
+creating we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating we would like to
+save and we would like to allow the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save and we would like to allow the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save and we would like to allow the user
+to uh to store and to do operations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to store and to do operations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to store and to do operations with
+now when we Implement our workout class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we Implement our workout class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we Implement our workout class
+we're not going to implement all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to implement all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to implement all of
+these they're not all necessary we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these they're not all necessary we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these they're not all necessary we're
+going to just keep some of the core ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just keep some of the core ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just keep some of the core ones
+so the ones we're actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ones we're actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ones we're actually going to
+implement in this class are italicized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement in this class are italicized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement in this class are italicized
+right so we're going to keep the icon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're going to keep the icon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're going to keep the icon
+and the kind of workout the uh start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kind of workout the uh start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kind of workout the uh start
+time end times and then the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time end times and then the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time end times and then the number of
+calories burnt that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories burnt that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories burnt that's something that
+we're going to just save as a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to just save as a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to just save as a really
+common um uh the common set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common um uh the common set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common um uh the common set of
+attributes for a workout but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes for a workout but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes for a workout but of course
+you can see that if you make the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that if you make the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that if you make the design
+decision to improve upon this workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to improve upon this workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to improve upon this workout
+class you might include a bunch of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you might include a bunch of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you might include a bunch of these
+other ones as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones as
+well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay
+so um so we're going to have to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so we're going to have to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so we're going to have to decide
+the data attributes so we just mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data attributes so we just mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data attributes so we just mentioned
+on the previous slide right when we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the previous slide right when we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the previous slide right when we make
+design decisions we figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design decisions we figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design decisions we figure out the
+attributes that we'd like to have uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that we'd like to have uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that we'd like to have uh for
+our object type so that's the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our object type so that's the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our object type so that's the data and
+the behaviors for the data for a workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behaviors for the data for a workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behaviors for the data for a workout
+we've decided it would be the start time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've decided it would be the start time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've decided it would be the start time
+the end time and the number of calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end time and the number of calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end time and the number of calories
+burned so those three things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned so those three things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned so those three things together
+maybe start time is a string end time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe start time is a string end time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe start time is a string end time in
+a string and calories is a number right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string and calories is a number right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string and calories is a number right
+either a float or in whatever um those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a float or in whatever um those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a float or in whatever um those
+three things together make up the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things together make up the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things together make up the object
+uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a
+workout and then in terms of functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout and then in terms of functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout and then in terms of functional
+attributes so these are the methods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes so these are the methods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes so these are the methods that
+our object might have well we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our object might have well we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our object might have well we can have
+um of course the ability to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of course the ability to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of course the ability to you know
+tell us the number of calories burned so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us the number of calories burned so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us the number of calories burned so
+something like a getter method to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a getter method to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a getter method to set
+the number number of calories burned if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number number of calories burned if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number number of calories burned if
+we accidentally inputed the wrong number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we accidentally inputed the wrong number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we accidentally inputed the wrong number
+right reset it um and then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right reset it um and then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right reset it um and then maybe
+something like uh displaying an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like uh displaying an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like uh displaying an
+information card right so something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information card right so something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information card right so something like
+this if we ask uh if the user asks us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if we ask uh if the user asks us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if we ask uh if the user asks us to
+print a workout object we might display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print a workout object we might display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print a workout object we might display
+information in this nice manner here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in this nice manner here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in this nice manner here
+okay all right so let's start defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so let's start defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so let's start defining
+our class so this is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our class so this is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our class so this is a very simple
+workout class so we're going to do step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout class so we're going to do step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout class so we're going to do step
+box number one up there before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box number one up there before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box number one up there before we
+improve on it so this is in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve on it so this is in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve on it so this is in the same
+spirit as we have been defining classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit as we have been defining classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit as we have been defining classes
+in the past three lectures right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past three lectures right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past three lectures right so we
+tell python we're creating a new object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell python we're creating a new object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell python we're creating a new object
+uh by saying this is a class and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by saying this is a class and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by saying this is a class and the
+name of this object so the type of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of this object so the type of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of this object so the type of this
+object is workout okay and the parent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is workout okay and the parent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is workout okay and the parent of
+this object is the generic python object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object is the generic python object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object is the generic python object
+so far so good right now the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so good right now the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so good right now the first
+method we have to implement is the inip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method we have to implement is the inip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method we have to implement is the inip
+method right it tells python how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method right it tells python how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method right it tells python how to
+create an object of type workout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an object of type workout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an object of type workout the
+Constructor and we've got a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constructor and we've got a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constructor and we've got a bunch of
+parameters here because it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters here because it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters here because it's just a
+regular function that's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular function that's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular function that's a little bit
+special the first parameter of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special the first parameter of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special the first parameter of every
+method is of course self right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is of course self right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is of course self right because
+when we call a method we call it on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we call a method we call it on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we call a method we call it on an
+object right so some object dot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right so some object dot this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right so some object dot this
+method name the thing before the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method name the thing before the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method name the thing before the dot
+effectively gets mapped to the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively gets mapped to the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively gets mapped to the variable
+self which is why every one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self which is why every one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self which is why every one of these
+methods has self as the first parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods has self as the first parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods has self as the first parameter
+and then we've got a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've got a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've got a whole bunch of
+other parameters for how we would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parameters for how we would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parameters for how we would like
+to initialize a workout object so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to initialize a workout object so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to initialize a workout object so we're
+going to say when we create a workout uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say when we create a workout uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say when we create a workout uh
+object we're going to tell it the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object we're going to tell it the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object we're going to tell it the start
+time the end time and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the end time and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the end time and the number of
+calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories
+burnt okay so that's the the function uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burnt okay so that's the the function uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burnt okay so that's the the function uh
+stub I guess that's how you create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stub I guess that's how you create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stub I guess that's how you create the
+uh the object and then what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the object and then what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the object and then what does this
+function actually do what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function actually do what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function actually do what does this
+method actually do well it does some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method actually do well it does some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method actually do well it does some of
+the usual things that we know uh at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual things that we know uh at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual things that we know uh at this
+point so it basically Maps every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so it basically Maps every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so it basically Maps every one of
+these input parameters to data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these input parameters to data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these input parameters to data
+attributes self. start self. end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes self. start self. end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes self. start self. end and
+self. calories okay but in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self. calories okay but in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self. calories okay but in addition to
+just saving these as data attributes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saving these as data attributes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saving these as data attributes the
+things that are passed in when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are passed in when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are passed in when you
+create the object we would like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the object we would like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the object we would like to do
+two more things we're creating two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more things we're creating two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more things we're creating two more
+data attributes right so in total a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attributes right so in total a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attributes right so in total a
+workout object is defined by five data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout object is defined by five data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout object is defined by five data
+attributes these last two data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes these last two data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes these last two data
+attributes we don't need to pass in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes we don't need to pass in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes we don't need to pass in
+right we're just going to by default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're just going to by default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're just going to by default
+make them two two strings the icon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them two two strings the icon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them two two strings the icon is
+going to be the string this um sweating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the string this um sweating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the string this um sweating
+person emoji right and you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person emoji right and you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person emoji right and you can have
+emojis inside strings which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emojis inside strings which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emojis inside strings which is actually
+pretty cool and the kind is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool and the kind is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool and the kind is going to be
+just the kind of workout so we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the kind of workout so we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the kind of workout so we're just
+going to set it to be the string workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set it to be the string workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set it to be the string workout
+when we create running workouts it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we create running workouts it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we create running workouts it'll
+just be the string running when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be the string running when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be the string running when we
+create biking workouts it'll be a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create biking workouts it'll be a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create biking workouts it'll be a string
+biking right whatever you want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biking right whatever you want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biking right whatever you want it to be
+and we're going to see where these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to see where these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to see where these uh
+where these show up later on okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these show up later on okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these show up later on okay so
+that's the definition of my class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of my class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of my class
+workout and then for now that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout and then for now that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout and then for now that's it
+that's all we have in terms of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all we have in terms of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all we have in terms of the class
+definition now what happens uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition now what happens uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition now what happens uh when we
+create an actual workout object well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an actual workout object well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an actual workout object well we
+invoke the name of the class so we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke the name of the class so we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke the name of the class so we say
+here uh workout right and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh workout right and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh workout right and we're going to
+save this object to the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save this object to the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save this object to the right hand side
+of the equal sign as variable mycore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equal sign as variable mycore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equal sign as variable mycore
+workout so far review we pass in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout so far review we pass in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout so far review we pass in the
+parameters that the workout object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that the workout object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that the workout object
+expects so here's a string representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expects so here's a string representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expects so here's a string representing
+the start time a string representing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start time a string representing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start time a string representing the
+end time and the calories burned for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end time and the calories burned for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end time and the calories burned for
+this particular workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+200 um yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 um yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 um yes
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+okay so then we can add a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then we can add a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then we can add a whole bunch
+more methods to our class right that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more methods to our class right that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more methods to our class right that was
+just the inip method but last lecture I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the inip method but last lecture I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the inip method but last lecture I
+mentioned that it's important to add um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that it's important to add um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that it's important to add um
+uh getter and Setter methods to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh getter and Setter methods to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh getter and Setter methods to allow
+the user to grab or Set uh various data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user to grab or Set uh various data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user to grab or Set uh various data
+attributes so here I've got three getter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes so here I've got three getter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes so here I've got three getter
+methods to grab for me the calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to grab for me the calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to grab for me the calories
+start time and end time and three Setter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start time and end time and three Setter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start time and end time and three Setter
+methods to set the calories start time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to set the calories start time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to set the calories start time
+and end time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end time
+okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+right so what I wanted to show you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I wanted to show you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I wanted to show you and
+this is not something we've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not something we've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not something we've actually
+seen before I wanted to show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before I wanted to show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before I wanted to show you that
+every time you create an object of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you create an object of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you create an object of of
+some type or even an object that already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some type or even an object that already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some type or even an object that already
+exists you can actually look into um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists you can actually look into um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists you can actually look into um
+sort of where this object is stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of where this object is stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of where this object is stored in
+memory which is kind of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory which is kind of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory which is kind of cool
+so if we think about the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we think about the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we think about the class
+definition that we've done so far so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that we've done so far so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that we've done so far so not
+creating an actual instance just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an actual instance just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an actual instance just
+defining the class right this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining the class right this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining the class right this class
+definition is actually kind of like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is actually kind of like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is actually kind of like an
+object stored away in Python memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object stored away in Python memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object stored away in Python memory
+right so here I have my workout class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here I have my workout class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here I have my workout class
+and associated with my workout class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and associated with my workout class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and associated with my workout class
+definition python knows about all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition python knows about all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition python knows about all of
+these um methods that you're allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um methods that you're allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um methods that you're allowed to
+do with this python class and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this python class and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this python class and this is
+called the class State dictionary so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the class State dictionary so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the class State dictionary so
+it's a dictionary that basically holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a dictionary that basically holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a dictionary that basically holds
+the state of your object so I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of your object so I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of your object so I wanted to
+show you what that looks like in code so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what that looks like in code so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what that looks like in code so
+this is my workout class and the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my workout class and the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my workout class and the way you
+access the state dictionary is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the state dictionary is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the state dictionary is by
+invoking the name of your class so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoking the name of your class so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoking the name of your class so not
+an instance the name of the actual class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instance the name of the actual class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instance the name of the actual class
+dot this Dunder method double uncore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot this Dunder method double uncore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot this Dunder method double uncore
+dict double uncore so this holds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dict double uncore so this holds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dict double uncore so this holds the
+dictionary the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary the state
+dictionary and if we just access the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary and if we just access the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary and if we just access the
+keys we're going to see here every every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys we're going to see here every every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys we're going to see here every every
+single method we've defined in our class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single method we've defined in our class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single method we've defined in our class
+right so you see here here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see here here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see here here's my
+dictionary I could cast to a list if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary I could cast to a list if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary I could cast to a list if I
+wanted to but not necessary but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to but not necessary but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to but not necessary but you can
+see every single method that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see every single method that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see every single method that we've
+defined right so all Getters all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined right so all Getters all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined right so all Getters all our
+Setters the inip method the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Setters the inip method the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Setters the inip method the double
+underscore doc actually um grabs for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore doc actually um grabs for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore doc actually um grabs for us
+this dock string that you've put right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dock string that you've put right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dock string that you've put right
+under the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the class
+definition right so that's kind of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition right so that's kind of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition right so that's kind of cool
+um so that's the dictionary keys and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's the dictionary keys and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's the dictionary keys and of
+course you know as we know Keys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know as we know Keys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know as we know Keys have
+values associated with them so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values associated with them so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values associated with them so the
+values associated with each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values associated with each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values associated with each one of these
+Keys is going to be and we can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keys is going to be and we can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keys is going to be and we can see here
+so um for example the value associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um for example the value associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um for example the value associated
+with the dock string is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the dock string is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the dock string is going to be
+literally the thing that I printed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the thing that I printed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the thing that I printed out
+right the the little um dock string that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the the little um dock string that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the the little um dock string that
+I put right underneath my class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put right underneath my class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put right underneath my class
+definition right so now it knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition right so now it knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition right so now it knows the
+dock string for this class that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dock string for this class that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dock string for this class that I just
+created and the values associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and the values associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and the values associated with
+my getter methods and my Setter methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my getter methods and my Setter methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my getter methods and my Setter methods
+and init method and all the methods I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and init method and all the methods I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and init method and all the methods I
+created are just the locations in memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created are just the locations in memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created are just the locations in memory
+where python can find these methods to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where python can find these methods to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where python can find these methods to
+run right they don't have extra values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run right they don't have extra values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run right they don't have extra values
+with them of course associated with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them of course associated with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them of course associated with them
+of course because they're just def
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course because they're just def
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course because they're just def
+method definitions but python just knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method definitions but python just knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method definitions but python just knows
+where to go in which memory location to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to go in which memory location to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to go in which memory location to
+actually run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually run this
+function okay so that's kind of cool um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so that's kind of cool um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so that's kind of cool um
+cool to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know um Okay so that's the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um Okay so that's the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um Okay so that's the state
+dictionary of my definition right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary of my definition right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary of my definition right the
+implementation of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of my
+class now what happens when I create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class now what happens when I create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class now what happens when I create an
+actual instance right so here I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual instance right so here I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual instance right so here I've got
+my workout equals and now I've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my workout equals and now I've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my workout equals and now I've got this
+actual instance of this class type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual instance of this class type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual instance of this class type
+workout when python sees this line it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout when python sees this line it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout when python sees this line it
+says okay what kind of object do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay what kind of object do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay what kind of object do you
+want to create a workout object it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create a workout object it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create a workout object it looks
+at the init method of that workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the init method of that workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the init method of that workout
+object and then it runs all the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then it runs all the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then it runs all the lines
+associated with that workout object so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that workout object so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that workout object so
+now now it creates a new object in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now it creates a new object in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now it creates a new object in
+memory puts that at some memory location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory puts that at some memory location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory puts that at some memory location
+this object is going to be of type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object is going to be of type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object is going to be of type
+workout class and now this object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout class and now this object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout class and now this object is
+going to have its own State dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have its own State dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have its own State dictionary
+where in in the object State dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in in the object State dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in in the object State dictionary
+we're not storing methods or things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not storing methods or things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not storing methods or things like
+that we're storing the actual data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're storing the actual data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're storing the actual data
+attributes associated with this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes associated with this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes associated with this object
+right so this object all the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this object all the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this object all the data
+attributes are all the things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes are all the things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes are all the things that you
+access via the self. keyword right self.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access via the self. keyword right self.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access via the self. keyword right self.
+icon self. kind self. start self. end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icon self. kind self. start self. end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icon self. kind self. start self. end
+and self. calories so we can actually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and self. calories so we can actually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and self. calories so we can actually go
+in the code just like we did when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the code just like we did when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the code just like we did when we
+looked at the class State dictionary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the class State dictionary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the class State dictionary and
+look at the state dictionary for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the state dictionary for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the state dictionary for one
+specific object one instance so again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific object one instance so again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific object one instance so again we
+can call the double uncore dict method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call the double uncore dict method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call the double uncore dict method
+on this instance so now I have an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this instance so now I have an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this instance so now I have an actual
+object that has some values associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that has some values associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that has some values associated
+with it and if I look at just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and if I look at just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and if I look at just the
+keys we see these are the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys we see these are the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys we see these are the data
+attributes asso associated with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes asso associated with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes asso associated with an
+object of type workout right I've got my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of type workout right I've got my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of type workout right I've got my
+five data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five data
+attributes and then the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and then the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and then the values
+associated with those keys are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with those keys are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with those keys are going to
+be the values that are specific to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the values that are specific to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the values that are specific to this
+object right so my start is this date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right so my start is this date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right so my start is this date
+here my end is this date here calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my end is this date here calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my end is this date here calories
+was 200 the icon was the little sweaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 200 the icon was the little sweaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 200 the icon was the little sweaty
+person emoji and the kind of workout is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person emoji and the kind of workout is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person emoji and the kind of workout is
+workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so it's kind of neat to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's kind of neat to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's kind of neat to be able to
+look into that sort of detail of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into that sort of detail of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into that sort of detail of where
+things are stored inside um inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are stored inside um inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are stored inside um inside
+memory okay so we saw how to create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory okay so we saw how to create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory okay so we saw how to create an
+instance of an object and we can create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of an object and we can create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of an object and we can create
+a whole bunch of workouts that we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of workouts that we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of workouts that we then
+store right and then we can use do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store right and then we can use do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store right and then we can use do
+notation to access all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation to access all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation to access all of these
+attributes right so we can either access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes right so we can either access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes right so we can either access
+attributes directly or we can access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes directly or we can access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes directly or we can access
+methods right we already know this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods right we already know this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods right we already know this so
+last lecture I said that uh you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture I said that uh you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture I said that uh you can use
+uh do notation to access data attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do notation to access data attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do notation to access data attributes
+so here we're at accessing the calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we're at accessing the calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we're at accessing the calories
+value right and that's fine but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value right and that's fine but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value right and that's fine but what's
+preferred is to use the getter methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred is to use the getter methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred is to use the getter methods
+right so get calories will in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so get calories will in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so get calories will in this
+particular case return the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case return the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case return the exact same
+value as just accessing the calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value as just accessing the calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value as just accessing the calories
+data attribute okay but the note that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attribute okay but the note that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attribute okay but the note that I
+made uh last lecture was that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made uh last lecture was that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made uh last lecture was that it was
+better to use a getter method because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to use a getter method because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to use a getter method because
+the implementation behind the scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation behind the scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation behind the scenes
+might change right and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change right and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change right and if the
+implementation changes then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation changes then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation changes then if you
+access the calories method directly or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the calories method directly or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the calories method directly or
+sorry the calories data attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the calories data attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the calories data attribute
+directly your code might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly your code might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly your code might
+crash but not only that somebody who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash but not only that somebody who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash but not only that somebody who's
+writing a getter method for this uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a getter method for this uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a getter method for this uh for
+this workout function might actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this workout function might actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this workout function might actually
+make that method be a lot more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that method be a lot more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that method be a lot more complex
+complex than just returning that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex than just returning that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex than just returning that data
+attribute and that's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute and that's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute and that's what we're going to
+see in the next slide right so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the next slide right so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the next slide right so the idea
+behind uh using these consistent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind uh using these consistent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind uh using these consistent uh
+methods instead of accessing using data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods instead of accessing using data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods instead of accessing using data
+attributes is that you want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes is that you want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes is that you want to keep
+information hidden right you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information hidden right you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information hidden right you don't want
+to start messing around with looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start messing around with looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start messing around with looking at
+how something is implemented because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how something is implemented because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how something is implemented because
+that goes against the principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes against the principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes against the principle of
+abstraction modularity and information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction modularity and information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction modularity and information
+hiding right you want to keep things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding right you want to keep things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding right you want to keep things
+hidden because you want to use the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden because you want to use the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden because you want to use the these
+data these the objects that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data these the objects that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data these the objects that somebody
+else has created in a nicely consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else has created in a nicely consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else has created in a nicely consistent
+manner the way we use them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner the way we use them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner the way we use them in a
+consistent manner is by always using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent manner is by always using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent manner is by always using
+methods that are associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that are associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that are associated with that
+object type okay and so using getter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object type okay and so using getter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object type okay and so using getter
+methods might have seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods might have seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods might have seemed
+inconsequential when we wrote like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsequential when we wrote like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsequential when we wrote like the
+animal class last lecture but it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal class last lecture but it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal class last lecture but it's going
+to seem it's going to be a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seem it's going to be a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seem it's going to be a lot more
+important in this particular lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in this particular lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in this particular lecture
+okay so with that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with that we
+finished our simple workout class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished our simple workout class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished our simple workout class and
+now we're going to change the imple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to change the imple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to change the imple
+implementation just a little bit right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation just a little bit right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation just a little bit right
+and what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do is we're
+going to make a change to the the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make a change to the the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make a change to the the way
+that we store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we store the
+information we're going to use a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we're going to use a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we're going to use a class
+variable and I'll remind you what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and I'll remind you what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and I'll remind you what a
+class variable is in the next slide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class variable is in the next slide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class variable is in the next slide and
+we're going to make a change to the get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make a change to the get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make a change to the get
+calories method and we're going to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories method and we're going to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories method and we're going to allow
+the user um to say hey I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user um to say hey I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user um to say hey I'm going to
+create this workout object but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this workout object but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this workout object but I don't
+know about you I don't know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about you I don't know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about you I don't know how many
+calories I burn right when I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories I burn right when I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories I burn right when I do a
+workout for you know 40 minutes right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout for you know 40 minutes right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout for you know 40 minutes right I
+don't know that right off the bat so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that right off the bat so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that right off the bat so if
+the user doesn't Supply the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user doesn't Supply the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user doesn't Supply the number of
+calories burned we're have we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories burned we're have we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories burned we're have we're going
+to have our get calories method kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have our get calories method kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have our get calories method kind of
+estimate those calories burned based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate those calories burned based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate those calories burned based on
+the duration of that uh workout right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duration of that uh workout right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duration of that uh workout right so
+we're going to allow the user to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to allow the user to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to allow the user to either
+Supply the number of calories in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply the number of calories in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply the number of calories in which
+case they probably know what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case they probably know what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case they probably know what they're
+doing and then we'll uh when we when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and then we'll uh when we when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and then we'll uh when we when
+they ask us to tell us to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ask us to tell us to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ask us to tell us to get the
+calories we're going to use those or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories we're going to use those or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories we're going to use those or
+we're going to allow the user to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to allow the user to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to allow the user to not
+supply the number of calories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply the number of calories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply the number of calories and
+instead estimate those calories based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead estimate those calories based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead estimate those calories based on
+the duration that they said this workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duration that they said this workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duration that they said this workout
+lasted okay all right so that's the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasted okay all right so that's the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasted okay all right so that's the big
+change that we're going to do here in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that we're going to do here in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that we're going to do here in um
+in the workout class right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the workout class right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the workout class right so we're
+going to do a better get calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a better get calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a better get calories
+Method All right so this is the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Method All right so this is the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Method All right so this is the new
+implementation of my workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of my workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of my workout
+class first thing you'll notice is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class first thing you'll notice is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class first thing you'll notice is we're
+using this uh class variable right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this uh class variable right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this uh class variable right we
+talked about this last lecture when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this last lecture when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this last lecture when we
+did the rabbits uh example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the rabbits uh example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the rabbits uh example in the
+rabbit's example we had um each rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit's example we had um each rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit's example we had um each rabbit
+change this class class variable value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this class class variable value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this class class variable value
+in this example I'm not going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example I'm not going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example I'm not going to change
+this class variable value I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class variable value I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class variable value I'm actually
+just going to use it as a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to use it as a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to use it as a variable
+that's that every one of these instances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that every one of these instances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that every one of these instances
+will is going to be able to access right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will is going to be able to access right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will is going to be able to access right
+and I and I'm just not going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I and I'm just not going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I and I'm just not going to change
+it which is fine you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is fine you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is fine you don't have to
+change this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this class
+variable so this class variable will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so this class variable will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so this class variable will
+represent how many calories per hour are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent how many calories per hour are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent how many calories per hour are
+are burnt okay so just a number and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are burnt okay so just a number and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are burnt okay so just a number and then
+the init method and again we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the init method and again we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the init method and again we're we're
+make we're going to make a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make we're going to make a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make we're going to make a different
+init method than what we saw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+init method than what we saw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+init method than what we saw in the
+previous slides the init method is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slides the init method is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slides the init method is going
+to be new and improved we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be new and improved we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be new and improved we're going to
+take in still the same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in still the same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in still the same number of
+parameters but the calories are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters but the calories are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters but the calories are going to
+have a default value right so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a default value right so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a default value right so if the
+user actually passes in the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user actually passes in the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user actually passes in the number of
+calories the value for calories here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories the value for calories here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories the value for calories here
+self dot calories will be whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self dot calories will be whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self dot calories will be whatever the
+user passed in but if the user doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user passed in but if the user doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user passed in but if the user doesn't
+pass in the number of calories then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass in the number of calories then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass in the number of calories then this
+uh parameter here self doog calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh parameter here self doog calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh parameter here self doog calories
+will be none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be none
+right nonone rep using uh being used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nonone rep using uh being used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nonone rep using uh being used to
+represent the absence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the absence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the absence of a
+value okay so two options here when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay so two options here when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay so two options here when we
+create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the
+object other things you might notice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object other things you might notice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object other things you might notice is
+that the self. start so the start time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the self. start so the start time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the self. start so the start time
+and the end time are no longer just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the end time are no longer just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the end time are no longer just
+start and end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and end
+okay I'm going to talk about this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to talk about this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to talk about this on the
+next slide but essentially what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide but essentially what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide but essentially what I'm
+doing here is I'm saying the start and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here is I'm saying the start and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here is I'm saying the start and
+end will be passed in as strings just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end will be passed in as strings just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end will be passed in as strings just
+like we have been in the past right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we have been in the past right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we have been in the past right like
+September 1st 2022 1:35 p.m. that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September 1st 2022 1:35 p.m. that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September 1st 2022 1:35 p.m. that's fine
+we can still pass in the start time as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can still pass in the start time as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can still pass in the start time as a
+string but when I'm storing it inside my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string but when I'm storing it inside my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string but when I'm storing it inside my
+object I'm actually going to store it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object I'm actually going to store it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object I'm actually going to store it as
+whatever this thing gives me and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this thing gives me and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this thing gives me and this
+thing is actually going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is actually going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is actually going to be uh
+returning or parsing the string as a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning or parsing the string as a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning or parsing the string as a new
+data type something we've not worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data type something we've not worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data type something we've not worked
+with before called a datetime object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with before called a datetime object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with before called a datetime object
+okay we're going to look at this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to look at this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to look at this on the
+next slide in a little bit more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide in a little bit more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide in a little bit more detail
+but for now all we need to know is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now all we need to know is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now all we need to know is that
+the self. start and self. end will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self. start and self. end will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self. start and self. end will be a
+new data type a datetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data type a datetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data type a datetime
+object okay so that's my nit method so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay so that's my nit method so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay so that's my nit method so
+few changes now my get calories method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few changes now my get calories method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few changes now my get calories method
+will look a little bit different as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look a little bit different as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look a little bit different as well
+right we're not just returning self.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're not just returning self.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're not just returning self.
+calories like we had in that simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories like we had in that simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories like we had in that simple
+workout class right we're going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout class right we're going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout class right we're going to do a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+switch so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch so if
+the user supplies the number of calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user supplies the number of calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user supplies the number of calories
+so if the calories here were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the calories here were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the calories here were actually
+passed in then we don't rever re we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed in then we don't rever re we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed in then we don't rever re we
+don't resort to the calories being none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't resort to the calories being none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't resort to the calories being none
+right calories will be 100 or 450 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right calories will be 100 or 450 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right calories will be 100 or 450 or
+whatever it is and then this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is and then this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is and then this if
+statement is false so we go in the else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is false so we go in the else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is false so we go in the else
+and we just return that value so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just return that value so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just return that value so it's
+exactly the same behavior as in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same behavior as in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same behavior as in my
+simple workout class room back there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple workout class room back there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple workout class room back there but
+if the user does not supply the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the user does not supply the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the user does not supply the number
+of calories when they create an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calories when they create an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calories when they create an object
+object then the calories will be none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object then the calories will be none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object then the calories will be none
+here when I create my object the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I create my object the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I create my object the data
+attribute self. calories will be none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute self. calories will be none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute self. calories will be none
+here so when I ask the uh when I ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so when I ask the uh when I ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so when I ask the uh when I ask the
+workout to tell me how many calories I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout to tell me how many calories I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout to tell me how many calories I
+burned we're going to go inside the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned we're going to go inside the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned we're going to go inside the if
+statement and we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something the thing we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the thing we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the thing we're going to do is
+subtract the end time minus the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the end time minus the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the end time minus the start
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+okay and something like this is allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and something like this is allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and something like this is allowed
+on a datetime object but obviously not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a datetime object but obviously not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a datetime object but obviously not
+allowed on strings which is why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed on strings which is why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed on strings which is why I'm
+converting that uh these uh strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting that uh these uh strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting that uh these uh strings
+representing a date and a time into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a date and a time into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a date and a time into this
+datetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datetime
+object this date time this subtraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object this date time this subtraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object this date time this subtraction
+here gives me something uh like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here gives me something uh like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here gives me something uh like some
+something that's called a Time Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's called a Time Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's called a Time Delta
+object and it's just a new type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and it's just a new type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and it's just a new type of
+object we haven't really worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object we haven't really worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object we haven't really worked with
+before but it's a object type that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but it's a object type that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but it's a object type that we
+can run a method on and the method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run a method on and the method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run a method on and the method is
+going to be the total seconds so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the total seconds so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the total seconds so for
+this time Delta object so 10 minutes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time Delta object so 10 minutes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time Delta object so 10 minutes or
+18 minutes or whatever it may be if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 minutes or whatever it may be if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 minutes or whatever it may be if we
+run this method called total seconds it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this method called total seconds it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this method called total seconds it
+will tell us how many seconds are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell us how many seconds are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell us how many seconds are in
+that time Delta object divide by 36 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time Delta object divide by 36 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time Delta object divide by 36 to
+tell us the number of hours and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us the number of hours and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us the number of hours and then
+multiply by the uh the class variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the uh the class variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the uh the class variable
+Cal per hour will tell us how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cal per hour will tell us how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cal per hour will tell us how many
+calories were burned in that elaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories were burned in that elaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories were burned in that elaps
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+okay yeah like workout Dot and then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah like workout Dot and then like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah like workout Dot and then like
+all of that like oh workout dot is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that like oh workout dot is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that like oh workout dot is just
+this thing here workout. Cal per hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here workout. Cal per hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here workout. Cal per hour
+that's just this and then we multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just this and then we multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just this and then we multiply by
+that uh yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so essentially this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so essentially this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so essentially this is going
+to do the estimation for us for how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the estimation for us for how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the estimation for us for how many
+calories re burned in some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories re burned in some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories re burned in some number of
+hours or some number of minutes now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours or some number of minutes now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours or some number of minutes now
+let's demystify this start and end time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's demystify this start and end time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's demystify this start and end time
+stuff okay so the way that we are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay so the way that we are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay so the way that we are um
+converting to this uh this this string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting to this uh this this string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting to this uh this this string
+to a datetime object is by using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a datetime object is by using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a datetime object is by using this
+Library up here so a library is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library up here so a library is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library up here so a library is a
+collection of objects a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of objects a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of objects a collection of
+maybe also functions that all deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe also functions that all deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe also functions that all deal with
+the same type of thing so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same type of thing so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same type of thing so in this
+particular case they all deal with dates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case they all deal with dates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case they all deal with dates
+and times and manipulating dates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and times and manipulating dates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and times and manipulating dates and
+times and things like that in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and things like that in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and things like that in the last
+lecture we saw an example of a library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we saw an example of a library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we saw an example of a library
+that random library that allowed us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random library that allowed us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random library that allowed us to
+do operations with random numbers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do operations with random numbers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do operations with random numbers right
+so it's just a nice collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just a nice collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just a nice collection of
+functions and objects that deal with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and objects that deal with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and objects that deal with one
+sort of common thing so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of common thing so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of common thing so in this
+particular case there is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case there is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case there is a function
+inside that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that uh that
+Library this parser dop parse function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library this parser dop parse function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library this parser dop parse function
+that takes in a string and can parse it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes in a string and can parse it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes in a string and can parse it
+to this datetime object okay so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this datetime object okay so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this datetime object okay so if we
+print the type of start date and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print the type of start date and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print the type of start date and the
+type of end date it'll show us that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of end date it'll show us that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of end date it'll show us that it's
+this type date time thing so it's a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type date time thing so it's a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type date time thing so it's a new
+object type we haven't worked with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object type we haven't worked with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object type we haven't worked with it
+yet but it's an object type like a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but it's an object type like a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but it's an object type like a list
+is like a dictionary is like our workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a dictionary is like our workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a dictionary is like our workout
+is right and so the reason why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right and so the reason why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right and so the reason why we're
+doing the conversion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the conversion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the conversion is
+because we don't want to deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't want to deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't want to deal with the
+messy part of grabbing in a string and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy part of grabbing in a string and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy part of grabbing in a string and
+then figuring out how long the elapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then figuring out how long the elapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then figuring out how long the elapse
+time is based on just parsing characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is based on just parsing characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is based on just parsing characters
+throughout this string right I certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this string right I certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this string right I certainly
+don't want to do that but you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do that but you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do that but you know what
+somebody who was passionate about doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who was passionate about doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who was passionate about doing
+that did it in this nice little library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did it in this nice little library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did it in this nice little library
+for us so all we're doing is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us so all we're doing is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us so all we're doing is just
+reusing the work that they've done right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusing the work that they've done right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusing the work that they've done right
+to save it as this object and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save it as this object and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save it as this object and then they
+basically said let me implement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically said let me implement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically said let me implement the
+minus sign to work with objects of type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign to work with objects of type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign to work with objects of type
+date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date
+time and it makes things like this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and it makes things like this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and it makes things like this very
+easy we can just subtract to dates from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy we can just subtract to dates from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy we can just subtract to dates from
+each other right and it'll tell us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other right and it'll tell us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other right and it'll tell us the
+elapsed time we can run a method on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elapsed time we can run a method on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elapsed time we can run a method on that
+elapsed time to tell us how many seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elapsed time to tell us how many seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elapsed time to tell us how many seconds
+that elapsed time is so pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah the yes the total seconds gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah the yes the total seconds gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah the yes the total seconds gets
+imported with the the date you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported with the the date you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported with the the date you tell
+parser thing yeah exactly um it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parser thing yeah exactly um it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parser thing yeah exactly um it's an
+operation that can be run on this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that can be run on this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that can be run on this uh
+date time Delta I think type object here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date time Delta I think type object here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date time Delta I think type object here
+so it's like total hours total minutes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like total hours total minutes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like total hours total minutes I
+think there might be like total minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there might be like total minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there might be like total minutes
+and total hours also yeah yeah so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and total hours also yeah yeah so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and total hours also yeah yeah so is
+parer class and then like par to second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parer class and then like par to second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parer class and then like par to second
+M yeah exactly yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly yeah so yeah the code should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yeah so yeah the code should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yeah so yeah the code should be
+import yeah so we usually import all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import yeah so we usually import all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import yeah so we usually import all of
+our stuff right at the top so I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our stuff right at the top so I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our stuff right at the top so I was just
+going to show the code so here I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show the code so here I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show the code so here I've got
+everything that I need to import way at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that I need to import way at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that I need to import way at
+the beginning so it's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning so it's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning so it's kind of like
+python goes and copies and pastes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python goes and copies and pastes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python goes and copies and pastes
+everything in those files and puts them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in those files and puts them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in those files and puts them
+in your file so now everything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your file so now everything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your file so now everything that's
+defined in those files is now accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in those files is now accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in those files is now accessible
+in your file you just have to sort of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your file you just have to sort of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your file you just have to sort of do
+this um the the dot notation on uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um the the dot notation on uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um the the dot notation on uh on
+these libraries here so I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these libraries here so I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these libraries here so I just wanted to
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+you um down here so here uh I shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um down here so here uh I shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um down here so here uh I shouldn't
+have imported again but it's just part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have imported again but it's just part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have imported again but it's just part
+of this exercise so here I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this exercise so here I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this exercise so here I've got the
+the pars are being imported I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pars are being imported I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pars are being imported I've got the
+start time these are just strings right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start time these are just strings right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start time these are just strings right
+nothing special about them and we can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing special about them and we can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing special about them and we can uh
+parse them so I've got these strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse them so I've got these strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse them so I've got these strings
+parsed and the types of these objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsed and the types of these objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsed and the types of these objects
+again are not strings anymore now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again are not strings anymore now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again are not strings anymore now that
+I've parsed them right start date and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've parsed them right start date and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've parsed them right start date and
+end date are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end date are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end date are
+now these dat time objects daytime. dat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these dat time objects daytime. dat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these dat time objects daytime. dat
+time and then we can do operations like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then we can do operations like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then we can do operations like
+this so if I just simply subtract one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if I just simply subtract one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if I just simply subtract one
+time from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from the
+other and print that time Delta object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and print that time Delta object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and print that time Delta object
+python puts it in this nice little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python puts it in this nice little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python puts it in this nice little
+format for me I should just comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format for me I should just comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format for me I should just comment
+these out it's hard to see it puts it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these out it's hard to see it puts it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these out it's hard to see it puts it in
+this nice slow format for me so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice slow format for me so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice slow format for me so here's
+number of SEC hours colon number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of SEC hours colon number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of SEC hours colon number of
+minutes colon number of seconds right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes colon number of seconds right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes colon number of seconds right so
+this is the Str Str method that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Str Str method that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Str Str method that was
+implemented for that kind of object it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented for that kind of object it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented for that kind of object it
+prints it in this nice little form right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints it in this nice little form right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints it in this nice little form right
+hours colon minutes colon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours colon minutes colon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours colon minutes colon
+seconds and then which is and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and then which is and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and then which is and then we
+can do this useful thing which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this useful thing which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this useful thing which is what
+we're doing in our code we can uh run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing in our code we can uh run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing in our code we can uh run
+the total seconds function on an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total seconds function on an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total seconds function on an object
+of this time Delta and it tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this time Delta and it tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this time Delta and it tells us that
+this 10 minutes right is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 10 minutes right is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 10 minutes right is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so very very cool very useful um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so very very cool very useful um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so very very cool very useful um
+and you know we don't don't even need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we don't don't even need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we don't don't even need to
+know how any of that is implemented we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how any of that is implemented we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how any of that is implemented we
+just make use of these functions what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make use of these functions what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make use of these functions what's
+cool about the parser though and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool about the parser though and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool about the parser though and this
+will be really really cool um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be really really cool um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be really really cool um you can
+actually write the time and the date in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write the time and the date in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write the time and the date in
+any format it doesn't have to be month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any format it doesn't have to be month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any format it doesn't have to be month
+SL um day slash year space this right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL um day slash year space this right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL um day slash year space this right so
+this is kind of how I wrote this one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of how I wrote this one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of how I wrote this one we
+can actually write it something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually write it something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually write it something like
+sept 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sept 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sept 30
+2021 right like that and it knows how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2021 right like that and it knows how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2021 right like that and it knows how to
+read that or we can write out September
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that or we can write out September
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that or we can write out September
+all the way put the comma there put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way put the comma there put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way put the comma there put the
+comma there put the PM lowercase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma there put the PM lowercase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma there put the PM lowercase and
+closer to the to the time and it knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the to the time and it knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the to the time and it knows
+how to read that as well so it knows how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to read that as well so it knows how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to read that as well so it knows how
+to parse all these different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to parse all these different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to parse all these different ways of
+writing the dates and save them as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the dates and save them as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the dates and save them as these
+datetime objects for uh for using in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datetime objects for uh for using in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datetime objects for uh for using in
+this very nice very readable way Isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very nice very readable way Isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very nice very readable way Isn't
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool okay so very useful if you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay so very useful if you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay so very useful if you ever
+want to um work with date types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to um work with date types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to um work with date types
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+now um okay so now this is our state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um okay so now this is our state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um okay so now this is our state
+dictionary sort of for how we ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary sort of for how we ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary sort of for how we ended up
+uh with our simple workout class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with our simple workout class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with our simple workout class but
+what are the changes we made to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the changes we made to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the changes we made to improve
+it well in my state dictionary I added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well in my state dictionary I added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well in my state dictionary I added
+my class variable calories per hour so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my class variable calories per hour so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my class variable calories per hour so
+now this calorie per hour is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this calorie per hour is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this calorie per hour is
+available for any instance that I create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for any instance that I create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for any instance that I create
+right we already knew this but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we already knew this but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we already knew this but this is
+kind of the representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the representation of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay and I and we didn't add anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I and we didn't add anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I and we didn't add anything to
+the instances those haven't changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instances those haven't changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instances those haven't changed
+right okay so little aside on class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so little aside on class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so little aside on class
+variables right so um this Cal per hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables right so um this Cal per hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables right so um this Cal per hour
+here is available for all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is available for all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is available for all of these
+instances now a class variable right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances now a class variable right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances now a class variable right is
+just like an instance variable we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like an instance variable we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like an instance variable we can
+access it from within the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access it from within the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access it from within the class
+definition which is how it should always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition which is how it should always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition which is how it should always
+be done but python being python they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done but python being python they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done but python being python they
+allow you to access that class variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to access that class variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to access that class variable
+from outside the class definition as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from outside the class definition as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from outside the class definition as
+well um so we can do something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um so we can do something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um so we can do something like this
+so we can uh call the uh calper hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can uh call the uh calper hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can uh call the uh calper hour
+class variable on the name of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class variable on the name of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class variable on the name of this class
+right outside of the definition right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right outside of the definition right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right outside of the definition right
+this is my class definition it ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my class definition it ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my class definition it ended
+here right and this is just code that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and this is just code that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and this is just code that's
+outside of the definition and python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the definition and python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the definition and python
+will be happy to tell you what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be happy to tell you what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be happy to tell you what that
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+is um python will also be happy to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um python will also be happy to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um python will also be happy to tell
+you what that value is if you access it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what that value is if you access it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what that value is if you access it
+through an instance so here I've created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an instance so here I've created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an instance so here I've created
+an actual instance of type workout so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual instance of type workout so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual instance of type workout so
+I'm not calling the cow per hour on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not calling the cow per hour on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not calling the cow per hour on the
+name of my class I'm just grabbing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of my class I'm just grabbing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of my class I'm just grabbing it
+through one of my instances and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one of my instances and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one of my instances and if I
+print instance. Cal per hour python will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print instance. Cal per hour python will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print instance. Cal per hour python will
+also happily tell me what that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also happily tell me what that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also happily tell me what that value
+is right and python being python they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right and python being python they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right and python being python they're
+going to allow you to change the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to allow you to change the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to allow you to change the value
+of that Cal per hour outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Cal per hour outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Cal per hour outside of the
+class definition as well so here out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class definition as well so here out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class definition as well so here out
+inside the class definition I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the class definition I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the class definition I'm going to
+say workout. Cal per hour equals 250 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say workout. Cal per hour equals 250 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say workout. Cal per hour equals 250 so
+now the Cal per hour is changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the Cal per hour is changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the Cal per hour is changed
+permanently to 250 no matter how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently to 250 no matter how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently to 250 no matter how I
+access it either by calling the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access it either by calling the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access it either by calling the name of
+my class directly or by calling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my class directly or by calling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my class directly or by calling the
+class variable through one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class variable through one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class variable through one of the
+instances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances
+okay so no good never ever work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so no good never ever work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so no good never ever work with
+these uh data attri uh with these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh data attri uh with these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh data attri uh with these data
+Access Data attributes or access class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Access Data attributes or access class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Access Data attributes or access class
+variables outside the class definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables outside the class definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables outside the class definition
+if you really want the user to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really want the user to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really want the user to be able
+to do something like this right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something like this right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something like this right then
+write a method for it and then they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a method for it and then they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a method for it and then they can
+change it or access it in a consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it or access it in a consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it or access it in a consistent
+way right the way that you want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right the way that you want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right the way that you want them to
+access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access
+it okay so just a little bit of practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so just a little bit of practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so just a little bit of practice
+for you guys um to create a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you guys um to create a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you guys um to create a couple of
+workout objects just to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout objects just to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout objects just to make sure
+everyone's on the same page we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's on the same page we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's on the same page we
+understand what a workout object is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what a workout object is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what a workout object is so
+just create for me two objects and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just create for me two objects and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just create for me two objects and then
+print the calories for these uh workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print the calories for these uh workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print the calories for these uh workout
+objects so the first one I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so the first one I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so the first one I would like
+you to create name the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to create name the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to create name the variable
+W1 um it started this workout started in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 um it started this workout started in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 um it started this workout started in
+January 21330 and it went till 4 p.m.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 21330 and it went till 4 p.m.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 21330 and it went till 4 p.m.
+and you want to estimate the calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to estimate the calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to estimate the calories
+from this workout you don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this workout you don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this workout you don't know how
+many calories you burned right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many calories you burned right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many calories you burned right and then
+print the value for that calories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print the value for that calories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print the value for that calories and
+then the second object same same start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second object same same start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second object same same start
+date same end date but you know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date same end date but you know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date same end date but you know that you
+burn 300 calories right so create these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn 300 calories right so create these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn 300 calories right so create these
+two objects and then print the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects and then print the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects and then print the number of
+calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories
+burned so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned so this is
+online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+199 and it's okay to scroll back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+199 and it's okay to scroll back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+199 and it's okay to scroll back up
+right to the init method of of workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the init method of of workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the init method of of workout
+just to see how it's implemented uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to see how it's implemented uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to see how it's implemented uh no
+reason you should have memorized it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you should have memorized it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you should have memorized it by
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+right all right how do we create these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right how do we create these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right how do we create these
+two objects what's W1 equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+yep yep the start date would be first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep the start date would be first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep the start date would be first so
+I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can
+just as a string perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a string perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a string perfect
+yep yep uh I'm not say I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep uh I'm not say I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep uh I'm not say I don't think
+I'll say add I don't know if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say add I don't know if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say add I don't know if that
+works um and then the end date right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works um and then the end date right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works um and then the end date right is
+the next one so this one's 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one so this one's 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one so this one's 4
+p.m. right like that you could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. right like that you could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. right like that you could do that
+and then what else do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what else do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what else do I
+put or do I put anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else exactly yep in this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else exactly yep in this particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else exactly yep in this particular case
+I I'm going to let it default to none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm going to let it default to none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm going to let it default to none
+and then how do I grab the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how do I grab the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how do I grab the number of
+calories burned for this object for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories burned for this object for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories burned for this object for this
+workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout
+object how do I print that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out yep so I just call the get calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yep so I just call the get calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yep so I just call the get calories
+method on W1 and let's slap a print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method on W1 and let's slap a print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method on W1 and let's slap a print
+statement around that like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+perfect so what is it a 30 minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect so what is it a 30 minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect so what is it a 30 minute
+workout at 200 calories per hour it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout at 200 calories per hour it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout at 200 calories per hour it's
+100 calories right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 calories right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 calories right
+burned second one will be pretty similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned second one will be pretty similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned second one will be pretty similar
+right so I'm just going to copy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm just going to copy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm just going to copy and
+paste what's the difference between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste what's the difference between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste what's the difference between this
+one and the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one when I create my object what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when I create my object what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when I create my object what's the
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+yeah yep exactly we will pass in 300 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yep exactly we will pass in 300 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yep exactly we will pass in 300 as
+the last Pam here right and so then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last Pam here right and so then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last Pam here right and so then if
+we run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we run
+that 100 was my first print statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 100 was my first print statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 100 was my first print statement
+and 300 is my second one right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 300 is my second one right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 300 is my second one right so it
+relies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relies
+on the uh the number that was passed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh the number that was passed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh the number that was passed in
+as opposed to calculating it uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to calculating it uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to calculating it uh by
+estimating it based on the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating it based on the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating it based on the start
+and all right everyone okay with this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all right everyone okay with this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all right everyone okay with this we
+all sort of understand get calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of understand get calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of understand get calories
+method perfect so we've finished our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method perfect so we've finished our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method perfect so we've finished our
+improved method here we saw this better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved method here we saw this better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved method here we saw this better
+get calories method very neat method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get calories method very neat method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get calories method very neat method
+that allows estimation and we saw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows estimation and we saw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows estimation and we saw a
+little bit about using these daytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+objects okay so the next up the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects okay so the next up the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects okay so the next up the rest of
+this lecture we be implementing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture we be implementing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture we be implementing one
+subass of this date time of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subass of this date time of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subass of this date time of this uh
+workout object um called a run workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout object um called a run workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout object um called a run workout
+class okay and so we're going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay and so we're going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay and so we're going to use the
+idea of hierarchies and class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of hierarchies and class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of hierarchies and class
+inheritance to do this so let's remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance to do this so let's remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance to do this so let's remember
+a little a little bit about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little a little bit about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little a little bit about uh
+hierarchies in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchies in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchies in terms of
+python so when we create a class that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python so when we create a class that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python so when we create a class that we
+know will be sort of this this parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know will be sort of this this parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know will be sort of this this parent
+class that's that's a base class right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that's that's a base class right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that's that's a base class right
+it's a most basic thing that we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a most basic thing that we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a most basic thing that we'd like
+to work off of we call that the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work off of we call that the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work off of we call that the parent
+class or the super class and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or the super class and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or the super class and this one
+parent class can have many subclasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent class can have many subclasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent class can have many subclasses
+associated with it right so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it right so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it right so in this
+particular case just as an example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case just as an example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case just as an example we
+can have two types of uh of workouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have two types of uh of workouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have two types of uh of workouts
+right one outdoor workout and one kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one outdoor workout and one kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one outdoor workout and one kind
+is an outdoor workout and the other kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an outdoor workout and the other kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an outdoor workout and the other kind
+is an indoor workout okay and both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an indoor workout okay and both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an indoor workout okay and both of
+these are workouts right so everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are workouts right so everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are workouts right so everything
+that a workout has and everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a workout has and everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a workout has and everything that
+we can do with a workout we will be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do with a workout we will be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do with a workout we will be able
+to uh we will exist in outdoor workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh we will exist in outdoor workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh we will exist in outdoor workout
+and indoor workout and we'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indoor workout and we'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indoor workout and we'll be able to
+do with outdoor workout and indoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with outdoor workout and indoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with outdoor workout and indoor
+workout right so a child class is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout right so a child class is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout right so a child class is a
+parent class a sub class is a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent class a sub class is a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent class a sub class is a super
+class right but these uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right but these uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right but these uh these
+subclasses can bring about some of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subclasses can bring about some of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subclasses can bring about some of their
+own quote unquote ideas right their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own quote unquote ideas right their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own quote unquote ideas right their own
+attributes um so for an outdoor workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes um so for an outdoor workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes um so for an outdoor workout
+we might add more information right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might add more information right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might add more information right so
+add more attributes maybe location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more attributes maybe location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more attributes maybe location
+something like that for indoor workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that for indoor workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that for indoor workout
+you know you might not need a location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might not need a location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might not need a location
+might not add any extra data attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not add any extra data attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not add any extra data attributes
+um we might add more behaviors right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we might add more behaviors right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we might add more behaviors right so
+for outdoor workout I don't know you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for outdoor workout I don't know you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for outdoor workout I don't know you'd
+add some different some different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some different some different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some different some different
+Behavior than just a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior than just a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior than just a regular
+workout um same for indoor workout or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout um same for indoor workout or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout um same for indoor workout or
+you might override behaviors so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might override behaviors so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might override behaviors so you
+might change something that workout does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change something that workout does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change something that workout does
+to be specific to an outdoor workout and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be specific to an outdoor workout and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be specific to an outdoor workout and
+of course we can create as many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we can create as many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we can create as many of these
+subclasses as we'd like so for outdoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subclasses as we'd like so for outdoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subclasses as we'd like so for outdoor
+workouts we can now have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts we can now have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts we can now have two different
+types of outdoor workouts a running or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of outdoor workouts a running or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of outdoor workouts a running or a
+swimming and for indoor workouts we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming and for indoor workouts we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming and for indoor workouts we
+might have Miller weights types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have Miller weights types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have Miller weights types of
+workouts right and whenever you create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts right and whenever you create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts right and whenever you create
+these child classes they inherit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these child classes they inherit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these child classes they inherit
+everything that their parents has so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that their parents has so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that their parents has so a
+running class is an outdoor workout and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running class is an outdoor workout and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running class is an outdoor workout and
+by default it's also going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by default it's also going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by default it's also going to be a
+workout right because outdoor workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout right because outdoor workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout right because outdoor workout
+was a workout okay so what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a workout okay so what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a workout okay so what we're going
+to do in this run workout class is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in this run workout class is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in this run workout class is I'm
+going to show you three sort of methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you three sort of methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you three sort of methods
+implemented the first one is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented the first one is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented the first one is going to be
+just reusing something that our parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reusing something that our parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reusing something that our parent
+can do the second one is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the second one is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the second one is going to be
+overriding a method that our parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overriding a method that our parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overriding a method that our parent
+already can do to make it better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already can do to make it better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already can do to make it better and
+more specific to the child class and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific to the child class and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific to the child class and the
+third one is to add a method that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one is to add a method that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one is to add a method that our
+parent didn't even have okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent didn't even have okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent didn't even have okay so we're
+going to do these three things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do these three things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do these three things in the
+Run workout object okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Run workout object okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Run workout object okay so let's
+remember the uh this uh this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the uh this uh this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the uh this uh this example
+here about common properties that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about common properties that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about common properties that all of
+our workouts have right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our workouts have right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our workouts have right so this is
+basically us implementing our workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically us implementing our workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically us implementing our workout
+super class so I know we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super class so I know we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super class so I know we didn't
+Implement all of these but in theory we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement all of these but in theory we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement all of these but in theory we
+can Implement all of the things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Implement all of the things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Implement all of the things that are
+highlighted in yellow in our parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted in yellow in our parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted in yellow in our parent
+class and these are common no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and these are common no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and these are common no matter
+what kinds of workouts we create now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of workouts we create now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of workouts we create now in
+the python file I actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the python file I actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the python file I actually have a
+swimming subass we're not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming subass we're not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming subass we're not going to go
+over the swimming subass in the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the swimming subass in the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the swimming subass in the lecture
+but please feel free to go through it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but please feel free to go through it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but please feel free to go through it in
+this in in the python file for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in in the python file for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in in the python file for this
+lecture and I think you'll also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and I think you'll also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and I think you'll also be
+working with it in recitation on Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with it in recitation on Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with it in recitation on Friday
+as well in lecture we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well in lecture we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well in lecture we're going to be
+creating some a subass that's specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating some a subass that's specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating some a subass that's specific
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+running and this running class will of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running and this running class will of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running and this running class will of
+course inherit all of these properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course inherit all of these properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course inherit all of these properties
+that our parent workout class has but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our parent workout class has but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our parent workout class has but
+we're also going to add our own um data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to add our own um data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to add our own um data
+and we're going to you know override
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to you know override
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to you know override
+some data that the workout class has and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data that the workout class has and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data that the workout class has and
+things like that so specifically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so specifically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so specifically the
+only thing we're actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing we're actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing we're actually going to
+implement that's uh that's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement that's uh that's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement that's uh that's different
+than a regular workout is to add an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a regular workout is to add an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a regular workout is to add an
+elevation uh an elevation attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation uh an elevation attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation uh an elevation attribute
+right so beyond that start time end time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so beyond that start time end time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so beyond that start time end time
+calories an icon will also exist and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories an icon will also exist and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories an icon will also exist and the
+kind of workout will also exist those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of workout will also exist those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of workout will also exist those
+are our five data attributes right from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our five data attributes right from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our five data attributes right from
+workout and we're going to add elevation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout and we're going to add elevation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout and we're going to add elevation
+for running workout to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for running workout to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for running workout to make
+six okay so this was our parent class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six okay so this was our parent class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six okay so this was our parent class
+right just as a reminder this is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just as a reminder this is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just as a reminder this is what it
+looked like we had our class attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like we had our class attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like we had our class attribute
+here a class variable and this init
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a class variable and this init
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a class variable and this init
+method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+here um this class workout is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um this class workout is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um this class workout is their
+parent was the generic python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent was the generic python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent was the generic python
+object now when we create our run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object now when we create our run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object now when we create our run
+workout our parent will be the workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout our parent will be the workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout our parent will be the workout
+class right so we don't just want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right so we don't just want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right so we don't just want it to
+be a python object we want it to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a python object we want it to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a python object we want it to be a
+workout object so as soon as we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout object so as soon as we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout object so as soon as we do that
+inside our code python says all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside our code python says all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside our code python says all right
+let me just grab all of the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just grab all of the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just grab all of the stuff
+everything that's defined inside your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's defined inside your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's defined inside your
+parent class this workout and quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent class this workout and quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent class this workout and quote
+unquote copy and paste it into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote copy and paste it into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote copy and paste it into this
+class so right off the bat we've got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so right off the bat we've got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so right off the bat we've got all
+of the things that workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that workout
+has but that's not um that doesn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has but that's not um that doesn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has but that's not um that doesn't quite
+work with our run workout because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with our run workout because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with our run workout because when
+we create a run workout and again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create a run workout and again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create a run workout and again this
+is a design decision we would like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a design decision we would like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a design decision we would like the
+user to be able to pass in an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user to be able to pass in an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user to be able to pass in an extra
+parameter here the elevation value so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter here the elevation value so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter here the elevation value so in
+addition to the start time end time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the start time end time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the start time end time and
+the calories burned I'm going to slip in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calories burned I'm going to slip in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calories burned I'm going to slip in
+this elevation value right before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this elevation value right before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this elevation value right before the
+Cal burned parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cal burned parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cal burned parameter
+okay so when I initialize my uh run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when I initialize my uh run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when I initialize my uh run
+workout I could theoretically pass in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout I could theoretically pass in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout I could theoretically pass in
+four values string string number number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four values string string number number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four values string string number number
+or since elevation is zero elevation has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or since elevation is zero elevation has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or since elevation is zero elevation has
+a default parameter and calories has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a default parameter and calories has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a default parameter and calories has a
+default parameter I could pass in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default parameter I could pass in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default parameter I could pass in just
+string string and those other two will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+default okay so what is this init method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default okay so what is this init method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default okay so what is this init method
+doing it's calling the super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it's calling the super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it's calling the super
+function I know we haven't done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I know we haven't done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I know we haven't done this
+before but I just wanted to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but I just wanted to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but I just wanted to show you
+this this is another way um to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is another way um to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is another way um to ask
+python to tell you who your parent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python to tell you who your parent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python to tell you who your parent is
+right so when you run this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when you run this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when you run this function
+super inside a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super inside a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super inside a class
+definition python effectively returns so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition python effectively returns so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition python effectively returns so
+the replacement of this function right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the replacement of this function right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the replacement of this function right
+this is just a function it has a return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a function it has a return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a function it has a return
+value the return will be the thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the return will be the thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the return will be the thing in
+the parenthesis here so effectively that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parenthesis here so effectively that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parenthesis here so effectively that
+line becomes workout doore init Dore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line becomes workout doore init Dore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line becomes workout doore init Dore
+exactly what as we saw in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what as we saw in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what as we saw in the last
+lecture when we did animal right rabbits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture when we did animal right rabbits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture when we did animal right rabbits
+and all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all those
+stuff all right so what we're doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff all right so what we're doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff all right so what we're doing here
+is we're saying well I know workout can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're saying well I know workout can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're saying well I know workout can
+do all those initializations for me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all those initializations for me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all those initializations for me so
+let me just take advantage of that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just take advantage of that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just take advantage of that not
+copy and paste it and just let workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and paste it and just let workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and paste it and just let workout
+you know do the job and initialize all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do the job and initialize all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do the job and initialize all
+that stuff for me so this line of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff for me so this line of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff for me so this line of code
+here initializes the start end times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here initializes the start end times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here initializes the start end times
+right by parsing them uh the calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by parsing them uh the calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by parsing them uh the calories
+and the icon to the sweaty person emoji
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the icon to the sweaty person emoji
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the icon to the sweaty person emoji
+and the kind to workout string but since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kind to workout string but since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kind to workout string but since
+this is a run workout I would like to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a run workout I would like to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a run workout I would like to um
+replace the icon with a little running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the icon with a little running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the icon with a little running
+person emoji and the kind of workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person emoji and the kind of workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person emoji and the kind of workout
+this is is no longer just a workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is is no longer just a workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is is no longer just a workout
+let's say it's a running workout right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's a running workout right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's a running workout right
+so it becomes a string running so I'm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it becomes a string running so I'm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it becomes a string running so I'm uh
+overriding those data attributes to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overriding those data attributes to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overriding those data attributes to be
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+strings and then the thing that run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings and then the thing that run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings and then the thing that run
+workout has that workout didn't have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout has that workout didn't have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout has that workout didn't have at
+all is this elevation data attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is this elevation data attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is this elevation data attribute
+right so self. elv is now a new data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so self. elv is now a new data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so self. elv is now a new data
+attribute that did not exist in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute that did not exist in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute that did not exist in the
+regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+workout okay and then I've got these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout okay and then I've got these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout okay and then I've got these two
+this these two function methods down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these two function methods down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these two function methods down
+here a getter for the elevation and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a getter for the elevation and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a getter for the elevation and a
+Setter for the elevation nothing fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Setter for the elevation nothing fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Setter for the elevation nothing fancy
+with them they just return and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so the super init calls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so the super init calls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so the super init calls the
+parents init method and the reason I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents init method and the reason I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents init method and the reason I do
+that is because I know the parent can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is because I know the parent can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is because I know the parent can
+just initialize all that stuff for me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just initialize all that stuff for me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just initialize all that stuff for me so
+I'm just taking advantage of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just taking advantage of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just taking advantage of the fact
+that it does all that stuff for me right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it does all that stuff for me right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it does all that stuff for me right
+you can imagine the inip method maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine the inip method maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine the inip method maybe it
+also checked the types right to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also checked the types right to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also checked the types right to make
+sure that the person who created this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the person who created this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the person who created this
+you know to kind of enforce that start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to kind of enforce that start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to kind of enforce that start
+is a string end is a string like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a string end is a string like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a string end is a string like all
+that extra code that would happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extra code that would happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extra code that would happen in the
+init method of workout we would just let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+init method of workout we would just let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+init method of workout we would just let
+run with this line here so we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run with this line here so we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run with this line here so we don't have
+to copy and paste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to copy and paste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to copy and paste
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes uh uh you mean from this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes exactly actually yes you're right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly actually yes you're right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly actually yes you're right so
+the reason this works is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason this works is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason this works is because the
+init method of my workout takes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+init method of my workout takes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+init method of my workout takes in the
+start and the end and the calories right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and the end and the calories right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and the end and the calories right
+if if I said that the init method of run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I said that the init method of run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I said that the init method of run
+workout doesn't need start an end or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout doesn't need start an end or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout doesn't need start an end or
+something like that I wouldn't be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that I wouldn't be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that I wouldn't be able
+to run this init method exactly or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run this init method exactly or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run this init method exactly or maybe
+I would run it with some defaults or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would run it with some defaults or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would run it with some defaults or
+something like like if you actually want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like like if you actually want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like like if you actually want
+to run it you you have to pass it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run it you you have to pass it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run it you you have to pass it you
+still have to follow the um the the stub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to follow the um the the stub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to follow the um the the stub
+of that in it method right yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that in it method right yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that in it method right yeah that's
+that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great
+Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+yeah passing the init of the parent into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah passing the init of the parent into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah passing the init of the parent into
+this one without having to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one without having to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one without having to write the
+super thing yeah so this you're right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super thing yeah so this you're right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super thing yeah so this you're right I
+wasn't writing the super thing I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't writing the super thing I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't writing the super thing I was
+just uh naming the the the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh naming the the the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh naming the the the parent
+directly so in the animal one I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly so in the animal one I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly so in the animal one I said
+animal doore init Dore and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal doore init Dore and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal doore init Dore and in this
+particular case I'm just showing you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case I'm just showing you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case I'm just showing you a
+different way to to do it maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to to do it maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to to do it maybe you
+don't know who your parent is question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know who your parent is question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know who your parent is question
+mark um in that case you can just run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark um in that case you can just run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark um in that case you can just run
+this function and it tells you who your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function and it tells you who your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function and it tells you who your
+parent is um but this line would work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent is um but this line would work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent is um but this line would work
+just as well if I said workout write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as well if I said workout write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as well if I said workout write
+this thing doore in it Dore and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing doore in it Dore and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing doore in it Dore and that
+would be exactly the same as I had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be exactly the same as I had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be exactly the same as I had done
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+lecture so let's look at the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so let's look at the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so let's look at the state
+dictionary for this one right for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary for this one right for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary for this one right for this
+new addition here so this is the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new addition here so this is the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new addition here so this is the state
+dictionary of just my plain old workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary of just my plain old workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary of just my plain old workout
+class right we've done we saw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right we've done we saw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right we've done we saw this
+before it's all my Getters all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's all my Getters all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's all my Getters all my
+Setters the init and this cper hour from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Setters the init and this cper hour from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Setters the init and this cper hour from
+the new and improved workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new and improved workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new and improved workout
+class now my subass the Run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class now my subass the Run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class now my subass the Run
+workout the super method basically says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout the super method basically says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout the super method basically says
+hey this is you are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey this is you are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey this is you are a
+workout the super method the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout the super method the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout the super method the state
+dictionary for it will additionally have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary for it will additionally have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary for it will additionally have
+these two getters uh sorry this getter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two getters uh sorry this getter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two getters uh sorry this getter
+and the setter these two methods right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the setter these two methods right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the setter these two methods right
+we're not copying all this stuff all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not copying all this stuff all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not copying all this stuff all
+over again down in the Run workout State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again down in the Run workout State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again down in the Run workout State
+dictionary because that already exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary because that already exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary because that already exists
+up here right but in addition the Run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here right but in addition the Run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here right but in addition the Run
+workout has this get elevation and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout has this get elevation and set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout has this get elevation and set
+elevation method those are the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation method those are the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation method those are the only
+things that we've defined in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we've defined in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we've defined in this class
+right so then when I create a run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then when I create a run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then when I create a run
+workout instance so this is an instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout instance so this is an instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout instance so this is an instance
+of run workout not workout python points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of run workout not workout python points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of run workout not workout python points
+to this runw workout class and the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this runw workout class and the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this runw workout class and the data
+attributes for a run workout instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes for a run workout instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes for a run workout instance
+are going to be of course all the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be of course all the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be of course all the data
+attributes of a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes of a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes of a regular
+workout that was five plus the elevation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout that was five plus the elevation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout that was five plus the elevation
+the new data attribute that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new data attribute that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new data attribute that I just
+added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so we're using inheritance in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're using inheritance in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're using inheritance in this
+particular case right in the spirit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case right in the spirit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case right in the spirit of
+modularity in this Spirit of abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modularity in this Spirit of abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modularity in this Spirit of abstraction
+in the spirit of writing code that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spirit of writing code that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spirit of writing code that's
+reusable that's readable that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusable that's readable that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusable that's readable that's
+understandable in the future right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable in the future right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable in the future right so
+we're not if we were writing the Run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not if we were writing the Run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not if we were writing the Run
+workout by basically copying and pasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout by basically copying and pasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout by basically copying and pasting
+everything in there all over again it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in there all over again it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in there all over again it
+would be a really long class where most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a really long class where most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a really long class where most
+of it was just a copy and paste off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it was just a copy and paste off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it was just a copy and paste off of
+the workout right so now in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workout right so now in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workout right so now in this
+particular if we Define it in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if we Define it in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if we Define it in this way
+we can easily see new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can easily see new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can easily see new
+functionality right and new data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality right and new data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality right and new data
+attributes that run workout has in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that run workout has in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that run workout has in
+addition to just being a workout object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to just being a workout object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to just being a workout object
+okay so all those good things uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all those good things uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all those good things uh for
+writing very nice clear code okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing very nice clear code okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing very nice clear code okay so now
+we're going to look at a function or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at a function or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at a function or
+sorry a method that's being reused from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry a method that's being reused from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry a method that's being reused from
+our parent and that's this double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our parent and that's this double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our parent and that's this double
+underscore St method okay so this Str
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore St method okay so this Str
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore St method okay so this Str
+Str
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Str
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Str
+method it looks like a beast right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method it looks like a beast right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method it looks like a beast right it's
+very very long but I promise you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very long but I promise you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very long but I promise you it's
+not so bad um so this method let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so bad um so this method let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so bad um so this method let's
+remember what it does it tells python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it does it tells python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it does it tells python
+what to do when you print an object of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do when you print an object of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do when you print an object of
+type workout right because it's defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type workout right because it's defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type workout right because it's defined
+inside the workout class here so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the workout class here so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the workout class here so I'll
+show you what it actually looks like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what it actually looks like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what it actually looks like in
+the actual workout class so here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual workout class so here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual workout class so here's my
+workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout
+right um there's my class variable my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um there's my class variable my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um there's my class variable my
+nit my Getters my Setters all that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nit my Getters my Setters all that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nit my Getters my Setters all that and
+then here's my strr method it's long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here's my strr method it's long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here's my strr method it's long
+right it takes an entire page this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it takes an entire page this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it takes an entire page this this
+is not a method that I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a method that I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a method that I would like to
+copy and paste in every single one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and paste in every single one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and paste in every single one of my
+sub classes right because that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub classes right because that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub classes right because that would be
+a lot of code again against the spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of code again against the spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of code again against the spirit
+of abstraction modularity all that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of abstraction modularity all that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of abstraction modularity all that good
+stuff so what we're doing is we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so what we're doing is we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so what we're doing is we're just
+defining it once in our parent class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining it once in our parent class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining it once in our parent class
+workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout
+and it's going to do the following so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to do the following so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to do the following so
+Str strr method has to return a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Str strr method has to return a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Str strr method has to return a string
+right it doesn't print the string right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it doesn't print the string right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it doesn't print the string right
+this is a very important distinction it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very important distinction it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very important distinction it
+returns a string that will eventually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a string that will eventually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a string that will eventually be
+printed when you call the print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed when you call the print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed when you call the print
+method so the thing that I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so the thing that I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so the thing that I'm doing
+throughout this whole function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this whole function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this whole function
+throughout this whole method is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this whole method is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this whole method is to
+basically just build up my string to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just build up my string to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just build up my string to
+return return R is return string and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return return R is return string and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return return R is return string and I'm
+building it just by concatenating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it just by concatenating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it just by concatenating it
+piece by piece with more and more stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece by piece with more and more stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece by piece with more and more stuff
+that I want to eventually print out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to eventually print out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to eventually print out so
+the output would look something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output would look something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output would look something like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+right I'm basically printing out on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm basically printing out on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm basically printing out on the
+console sort of like the little square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console sort of like the little square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console sort of like the little square
+of a watch right very cute um so what am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a watch right very cute um so what am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a watch right very cute um so what am
+I composing here the first bit right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I composing here the first bit right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I composing here the first bit right
+this thing in the red box prints this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing in the red box prints this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing in the red box prints this
+line over here just horizontal line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line over here just horizontal line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line over here just horizontal line
+that's some width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some width
+long the next bit here you notice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long the next bit here you notice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long the next bit here you notice it
+grabs the icon data attribute puts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabs the icon data attribute puts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabs the icon data attribute puts it
+here on the line along with the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the line along with the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the line along with the vertical
+bar in a bunch of spaces and a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar in a bunch of spaces and a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar in a bunch of spaces and a vertical
+bar the next bit here prints the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar the next bit here prints the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar the next bit here prints the kind of
+workout by accessing the kind data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout by accessing the kind data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout by accessing the kind data
+attribute right so either workout or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute right so either workout or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute right so either workout or
+running or swimming whatever that string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running or swimming whatever that string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running or swimming whatever that string
+is print it right underneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is print it right underneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is print it right underneath the
+Emoji the next bit here is composing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emoji the next bit here is composing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emoji the next bit here is composing the
+duration so remember when we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration so remember when we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration so remember when we did the
+datetime object just over here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datetime object just over here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datetime object just over here right
+when we were printing the duration where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were printing the duration where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were printing the duration where
+we just simply subtracted an N time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just simply subtracted an N time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just simply subtracted an N time
+minus a start time it looked like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a start time it looked like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a start time it looked like this
+right I'm perfectly happy with that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm perfectly happy with that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm perfectly happy with that that
+looks really nice so let's just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks really nice so let's just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks really nice so let's just use
+that so the duration here the get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the duration here the get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the duration here the get
+duration just does the subtraction it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration just does the subtraction it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration just does the subtraction it's
+a method inside my workout class and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method inside my workout class and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method inside my workout class and it
+then we just sort of keep composing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just sort of keep composing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just sort of keep composing that
+to our return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our return
+string next we are going to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string next we are going to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string next we are going to figure out
+how many calories were burned in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many calories were burned in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many calories were burned in this
+workout object so again we're grabbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout object so again we're grabbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout object so again we're grabbing
+the get calories method right the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the get calories method right the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the get calories method right the return
+value from that method however it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value from that method however it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value from that method however it may be
+calculated right so for this workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated right so for this workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated right so for this workout
+type either we gave the value directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type either we gave the value directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type either we gave the value directly
+or we let it estimate it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we let it estimate it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we let it estimate it from the
+duration of the workout however it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of the workout however it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of the workout however it
+decides to calculated according to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to calculated according to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to calculated according to how
+this workout object was made that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this workout object was made that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this workout object was made that value
+gets put right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets put right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets put right
+there and then the last bit is this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then the last bit is this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then the last bit is this last
+line down at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line down at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line down at the bottom
+okay so then we can create any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then we can create any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then we can create any kind of
+workout right because all the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout right because all the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout right because all the child
+classes inherit all of the methods from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes inherit all of the methods from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes inherit all of the methods from
+the parent class so of course all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent class so of course all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent class so of course all these
+child classes will inherit the St Str
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child classes will inherit the St Str
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child classes will inherit the St Str
+method of workout so no matter what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of workout so no matter what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of workout so no matter what kind
+of workout I'm creating so here I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of workout I'm creating so here I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of workout I'm creating so here I'm just
+creating a regular workout here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a regular workout here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a regular workout here a
+running workout and here a swim workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running workout and here a swim workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running workout and here a swim workout
+no matter how I'm creating it they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how I'm creating it they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how I'm creating it they'll
+use the same St Str method so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same St Str method so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same St Str method so all of
+these will printed in this really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will printed in this really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will printed in this really nice
+format right the first bit will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format right the first bit will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format right the first bit will be
+specific to the kind of uh workout we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to the kind of uh workout we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to the kind of uh workout we
+have right the little emojis will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right the little emojis will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right the little emojis will be
+different because I've set those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because I've set those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because I've set those
+separately right within the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately right within the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately right within the sub
+classes uh the kind as well the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes uh the kind as well the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes uh the kind as well the the
+label right workout or running or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label right workout or running or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label right workout or running or
+swimming the calories uh burned and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming the calories uh burned and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming the calories uh burned and the
+duration will be will be you will be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration will be will be you will be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration will be will be you will be um
+you know uh calculated using the get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh calculated using the get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh calculated using the get
+calories method and then the get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories method and then the get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories method and then the get
+duration method so again in a nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration method so again in a nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration method so again in a nicely
+consistent way so I'll show you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent way so I'll show you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent way so I'll show you what
+this looks like in the actual code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so here I've got three workouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here I've got three workouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here I've got three workouts
+created and then I'm just printing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and then I'm just printing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and then I'm just printing these
+three different kinds of workouts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different kinds of workouts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different kinds of workouts and
+just to show you I'm not lying see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you I'm not lying see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you I'm not lying see the
+swim workout doesn't have an S strr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swim workout doesn't have an S strr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swim workout doesn't have an S strr
+method defined right and neither does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method defined right and neither does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method defined right and neither does
+the Run workout right it just has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Run workout right it just has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Run workout right it just has a
+bunch of other stuff defined but no s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other stuff defined but no s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other stuff defined but no s
+strr method so we're we're just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strr method so we're we're just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strr method so we're we're just using
+the Str method of our parent and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Str method of our parent and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Str method of our parent and then
+when we run it it looks like this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we run it it looks like this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we run it it looks like this right
+so I've got a regular workout with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got a regular workout with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got a regular workout with their
+icon and label running workout with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icon and label running workout with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icon and label running workout with
+their icon and label and a swimming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their icon and label and a swimming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their icon and label and a swimming
+workout with their icon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout with their icon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout with their icon and
+label isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label isn't that
+cute right so we've made our own little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute right so we've made our own little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute right so we've made our own little
+digital thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um this begs the question right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um this begs the question right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um this begs the question right
+when can we use uh an instance of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when can we use uh an instance of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when can we use uh an instance of a
+class right of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right of a
+subass um well you can use an instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subass um well you can use an instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subass um well you can use an instance
+of this run workout anywhere where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this run workout anywhere where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this run workout anywhere where you
+can use workout right because again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use workout right because again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use workout right because again the
+way I think about it is you say well a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I think about it is you say well a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I think about it is you say well a
+run workout is a workout so anything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run workout is a workout so anything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run workout is a workout so anything I
+can do with a workout I should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with a workout I should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with a workout I should be able
+to do with a run workout or Swim workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with a run workout or Swim workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with a run workout or Swim workout
+or any of the sub classes right but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any of the sub classes right but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any of the sub classes right but the
+opposite is not true if I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite is not true if I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite is not true if I can do
+something with a run workout well run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with a run workout well run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with a run workout well run
+workout has a bunch of other specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout has a bunch of other specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout has a bunch of other specific
+things that it can do of course a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that it can do of course a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that it can do of course a
+regular workout is not going to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular workout is not going to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular workout is not going to be able
+to do those specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do those specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do those specific
+things right so let's think about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right so let's think about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right so let's think about these
+two helper functions this one calculates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two helper functions this one calculates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two helper functions this one calculates
+the total calories given a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total calories given a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total calories given a list of
+workouts and this one calculates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts and this one calculates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts and this one calculates the
+total elevation given a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total elevation given a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total elevation given a list of
+workouts the code looks very similar for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts the code looks very similar for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts the code looks very similar for
+both we're just iterating through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both we're just iterating through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both we're just iterating through the
+loop grabbing each workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop grabbing each workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop grabbing each workout
+object and then we're calling the get C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then we're calling the get C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then we're calling the get C
+calories or the get elevation on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories or the get elevation on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories or the get elevation on that
+workout object right so this will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout object right so this will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout object right so this will give
+me a number and then I'm just keeping a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a number and then I'm just keeping a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a number and then I'm just keeping a
+running sum for the total elevation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running sum for the total elevation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running sum for the total elevation and
+the total calories and at the end I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total calories and at the end I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total calories and at the end I
+return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return
+it right so again the list here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so again the list here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so again the list here is
+important these are workout objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important these are workout objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important these are workout objects and
+workout objects so what if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout objects so what if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout objects so what if I have a
+bunch of so here I've got two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of so here I've got two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of so here I've got two two
+workout objects and two running workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout objects and two running workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout objects and two running workout
+objects so these workout objects are 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so these workout objects are 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so these workout objects are 30
+minutes long right so using uh 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes long right so using uh 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes long right so using uh 200
+calories per hour these ones will each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories per hour these ones will each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories per hour these ones will each
+be 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 100
+calories these running workouts are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories these running workouts are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories these running workouts are two
+hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours
+long so they will uh it doesn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so they will uh it doesn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so they will uh it doesn't actually
+matter right sorry sorry these running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter right sorry sorry these running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter right sorry sorry these running
+workouts are 2 hours long so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts are 2 hours long so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts are 2 hours long so they're
+going to be 400 calories right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 400 calories right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 400 calories right because
+these parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parameters
+here correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here correspond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here correspond to the
+elevation okay and they correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation okay and they correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation okay and they correspond to
+the elevation because if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elevation because if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elevation because if we look at the
+way we defined a running workout right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we defined a running workout right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we defined a running workout right
+here right this is the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right this is the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right this is the order of the
+parameters start time end time elevation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters start time end time elevation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters start time end time elevation
+value calories so when I pass in VAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value calories so when I pass in VAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value calories so when I pass in VAR
+parameters they need to go in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters they need to go in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters they need to go in that
+order and I I I can't skip around right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and I I I can't skip around right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and I I I can't skip around right
+if I want one of them to be to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want one of them to be to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want one of them to be to be the
+default variable then that has to to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default variable then that has to to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default variable then that has to to be
+at the end so in this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end so in this particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end so in this particular case
+I've got these two running workouts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got these two running workouts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got these two running workouts at
+400 calories because by default I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 calories because by default I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 calories because by default I didn't
+actually pass in the number of calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pass in the number of calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pass in the number of calories
+and then the elevation is 100 and 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeaha um then you would just put uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeaha um then you would just put uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeaha um then you would just put uh if
+you wanted both to be default then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted both to be default then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted both to be default then you
+just put nothing you you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put nothing you you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put nothing you you can't just
+leave an empty comma what if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave an empty comma what if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave an empty comma what if you want
+default uh elevation and yeah so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default uh elevation and yeah so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default uh elevation and yeah so then
+you then you would have to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then you would have to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then you would have to actually
+explicitly say like calories equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly say like calories equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly say like calories equals
+whatever you want so so at that yeah now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want so so at that yeah now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want so so at that yeah now
+that we're working with uh default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're working with uh default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're working with uh default
+variables it it becomes a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables it it becomes a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables it it becomes a little bit
+tricky you can't go wrong with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky you can't go wrong with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky you can't go wrong with just
+saying like LF equals whatever you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like LF equals whatever you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like LF equals whatever you want
+it to be calories equals whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be calories equals whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be calories equals whatever you
+want and then you can do whatever you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and then you can do whatever you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and then you can do whatever you'd
+like in that case yeah but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in that case yeah but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in that case yeah but in this
+particular case we know our workouts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case we know our workouts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case we know our workouts are
+400 and elevation is is is those values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 and elevation is is is those values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 and elevation is is is those values
+so when we run total calories on all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we run total calories on all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we run total calories on all of
+the workouts no matter what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workouts no matter what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workouts no matter what kind of
+workout I have it it doesn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout I have it it doesn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout I have it it doesn't actually
+matter right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter right
+because python will just grab calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because python will just grab calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because python will just grab calories
+for all of these workout types right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of these workout types right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of these workout types right so
+it just sums that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just sums that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just sums that up
+elevation if I run it only on running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation if I run it only on running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation if I run it only on running
+workouts python will know what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts python will know what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts python will know what to do
+here's 100 and 200 because those running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's 100 and 200 because those running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's 100 and 200 because those running
+workouts have an elevation data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts have an elevation data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts have an elevation data
+attribute but if I ask for oops but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute but if I ask for oops but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute but if I ask for oops but if I
+ask for the elevation for a running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for the elevation for a running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for the elevation for a running
+workout and just a regular workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout and just a regular workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout and just a regular workout
+python will spit out an error because as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python will spit out an error because as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python will spit out an error because as
+soon as it sees this workout one it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as it sees this workout one it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as it sees this workout one it says
+well what's the workout. getet LV method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's the workout. getet LV method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's the workout. getet LV method
+and it's going to say I don't have a get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to say I don't have a get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to say I don't have a get
+LF method for a regular workout that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LF method for a regular workout that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LF method for a regular workout that's
+not something I know right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something I know right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something I know right because
+that's something that we implemented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that we implemented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that we implemented in
+the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child
+class so let's go through these together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so let's go through these together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so let's go through these together
+um and it's it's actually nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's it's actually nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's it's actually nothing to
+code just to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code just to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code just to sort of
+run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+um it's just down here so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's just down here so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's just down here so this is just
+kind of making sure you understand sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of making sure you understand sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of making sure you understand sort
+of the order of operations and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the order of operations and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the order of operations and I think
+one of the ones that was question here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ones that was question here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ones that was question here
+where we actually passed in the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we actually passed in the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we actually passed in the number
+of calories is is at the end so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calories is is at the end so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calories is is at the end so when I
+create a regular workout oops let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a regular workout oops let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a regular workout oops let me
+just remove that over here what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remove that over here what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remove that over here what is the
+value when I ask python to tell me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value when I ask python to tell me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value when I ask python to tell me the
+calories right for this work workout at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories right for this work workout at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories right for this work workout at
+200 calories an hour what's the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here just yell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out 30
+minutes 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right what's the elevation when I ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the elevation when I ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the elevation when I ask
+python to tell me the elevation for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+object error exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object error exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object error exactly
+yep yep because uh the workout object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep because uh the workout object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep because uh the workout object
+has no attribute right has no method get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no attribute right has no method get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no attribute right has no method get
+Lev that's something specific to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lev that's something specific to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lev that's something specific to a
+runner running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runner running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runner running
+workout okay how about this one run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout okay how about this one run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout okay how about this one run
+workout here so here I'm actually oops I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout here so here I'm actually oops I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout here so here I'm actually oops I
+didn't mean to do that what happens if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't mean to do that what happens if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't mean to do that what happens if I
+grab the calories for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2
+yep 450 yep pretty it just grabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep 450 yep pretty it just grabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep 450 yep pretty it just grabs
+whatever is passed in right does an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is passed in right does an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is passed in right does an
+estimate how about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate how about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate how about the
+elevation yep error again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation yep error again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation yep error again
+perfect now let's create three kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect now let's create three kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect now let's create three kinds of
+running workouts so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running workouts so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running workouts so here's
+one what's the calories and elevation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's the calories and elevation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's the calories and elevation
+for this one I'll just do them all both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one I'll just do them all both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one I'll just do them all both
+together right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right so
+rw1 this parameter is the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rw1 this parameter is the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rw1 this parameter is the only one
+passed in what does that correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed in what does that correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed in what does that correspond to
+calories or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories or
+elevation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah elevation remember our parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah elevation remember our parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah elevation remember our parameter
+list elevation comes before calories so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list elevation comes before calories so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list elevation comes before calories so
+the elevation 250 and the calories will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elevation 250 and the calories will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elevation 250 and the calories will
+be estimated right based on whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be estimated right based on whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be estimated right based on whatever
+this is right so calories is first at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is right so calories is first at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is right so calories is first at
+100 elevations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 elevations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 elevations
+250 how about running workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 how about running workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 how about running workout
+two so here I've got 450 and 700 in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so here I've got 450 and 700 in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so here I've got 450 and 700 in that
+order which one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elevation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep 450 and calories is 700 so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep 450 and calories is 700 so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep 450 and calories is 700 so when we
+printed I printed them backward just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed I printed them backward just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed I printed them backward just to
+confuse us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse us
+all um and then lastly how about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um and then lastly how about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um and then lastly how about this
+run workout three so here this is to S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run workout three so here this is to S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run workout three so here this is to S
+answered the question what if I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered the question what if I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered the question what if I wanted
+elevation to be default but I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation to be default but I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation to be default but I wanted to
+pass in calories so here I just say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass in calories so here I just say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass in calories so here I just say the
+name of my parameter there and I give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of my parameter there and I give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of my parameter there and I give it
+an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual
+value right so clearly here calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value right so clearly here calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value right so clearly here calories
+will be 300 and elevation defaults to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so just a little practice reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so just a little practice reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so just a little practice reading
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+specifications um okay so that finishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications um okay so that finishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications um okay so that finishes
+reusing the Str method from the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusing the Str method from the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusing the Str method from the parent
+now let's uh override our super class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's uh override our super class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's uh override our super class so
+our improved workout class remember has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our improved workout class remember has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our improved workout class remember has
+a get calories method that estimates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a get calories method that estimates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a get calories method that estimates the
+calories based on the time that it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories based on the time that it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories based on the time that it took
+you to do this workout whether it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do this workout whether it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do this workout whether it was a
+running workout or a regular workout but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running workout or a regular workout but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running workout or a regular workout but
+I what I'm doing in this method is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what I'm doing in this method is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what I'm doing in this method is I'm
+going to actually Implement my own get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually Implement my own get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually Implement my own get
+calories method inside the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories method inside the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories method inside the class
+definition for a run workout right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for a run workout right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for a run workout right so
+here's my run workout class definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my run workout class definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my run workout class definition
+and I've got my own get calories method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got my own get calories method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got my own get calories method
+so when I run get calories on a run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I run get calories on a run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I run get calories on a run
+workout python will use this one what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout python will use this one what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout python will use this one what is
+this one going to do so we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one going to do so we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one going to do so we're we're
+going to do something really cool we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do something really cool we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do something really cool we're
+going to estimate the number of calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to estimate the number of calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to estimate the number of calories
+burned for a run workout based on a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned for a run workout based on a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned for a run workout based on a set
+of uh points latitude longitude points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh points latitude longitude points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh points latitude longitude points
+so what we can actually do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we can actually do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we can actually do is we're
+going to pass in a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pass in a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pass in a list of
+tupal like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal like
+this which represent sort of the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which represent sort of the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which represent sort of the root
+that we take right so from point A so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we take right so from point A so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we take right so from point A so in
+this particular case I've got sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case I've got sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case I've got sort of
+four places that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four places that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four places that I have
+you know jogged between so these are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know jogged between so these are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know jogged between so these are my
+four latitude longitude points so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four latitude longitude points so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four latitude longitude points so each
+Tuple is latitude comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuple is latitude comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuple is latitude comma
+longitude so I can make this as precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude so I can make this as precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude so I can make this as precise
+as I'd like but what I want this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'd like but what I want this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'd like but what I want this method
+to do is to potentially if the user does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to potentially if the user does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to potentially if the user does
+give me a set of latitude longitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a set of latitude longitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a set of latitude longitude
+points that they actually went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that they actually went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that they actually went through
+to calculate the calories burned based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the calories burned based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the calories burned based
+on a class variable called calories per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a class variable called calories per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a class variable called calories per
+kilometer right so given a set of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer right so given a set of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer right so given a set of these
+points what I'd like to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points what I'd like to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points what I'd like to do is to
+calculate the total kilometers traveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the total kilometers traveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the total kilometers traveled
+between all of these latitude longitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all of these latitude longitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all of these latitude longitude
+points multiply that distance those that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points multiply that distance those that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points multiply that distance those that
+kilometer Distance by the calories per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer Distance by the calories per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer Distance by the calories per
+kilometer and use that as the estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer and use that as the estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer and use that as the estimate
+for the uh calories burned in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh calories burned in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh calories burned in this
+particular run workout so this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular run workout so this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular run workout so this is how
+the code achieves that so I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code achieves that so I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code achieves that so I've got
+another class variable that's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another class variable that's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another class variable that's only
+specific to this run workout so workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to this run workout so workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to this run workout so workout
+does not know about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not know about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not know about this
+calories per kilometer is 100 and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories per kilometer is 100 and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories per kilometer is 100 and now
+I've got my own get calories method here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got my own get calories method here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got my own get calories method here
+it's overridden so if we run this get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's overridden so if we run this get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's overridden so if we run this get
+calories on a run workout it will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories on a run workout it will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories on a run workout it will use
+this one um and what does it do well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one um and what does it do well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one um and what does it do well if
+we don't give it any GPS points if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't give it any GPS points if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't give it any GPS points if we
+don't give it a list of tupal there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't give it a list of tupal there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't give it a list of tupal there
+python will default to the else what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python will default to the else what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python will default to the else what
+does the else do well it says hey who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the else do well it says hey who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the else do well it says hey who's
+your parent run their get calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parent run their get calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parent run their get calories
+method so that's just um estimate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so that's just um estimate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so that's just um estimate it
+based on the total time elapsed in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the total time elapsed in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the total time elapsed in this
+workout right that's our default parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout right that's our default parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout right that's our default parent
+but if the user got fancy and gave us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the user got fancy and gave us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the user got fancy and gave us a
+bunch of tupal representing latitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of tupal representing latitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of tupal representing latitude and
+longitude points for all of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude points for all of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude points for all of their
+workouts then we're going to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts then we're going to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts then we're going to do the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+stuff we're going to iterate through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we're going to iterate through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we're going to iterate through all
+of these pairs of GPS points right Pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these pairs of GPS points right Pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these pairs of GPS points right Pair
+by pair we're going to uh calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pair we're going to uh calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pair we're going to uh calculate the
+distance right given this latitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance right given this latitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance right given this latitude
+longitude value add on to this running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude value add on to this running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude value add on to this running
+total for the total distance pass uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total for the total distance pass uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total for the total distance pass uh
+total distance ran and then return that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total distance ran and then return that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total distance ran and then return that
+total distance multiplied by this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total distance multiplied by this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total distance multiplied by this data
+attribute sorry class variable calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute sorry class variable calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute sorry class variable calories
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+kilometer okay so let me um show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer okay so let me um show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer okay so let me um show you
+what this actually looks like because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this actually looks like because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this actually looks like because
+the only thing that is is sort of still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that is is sort of still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that is is sort of still
+mystifying here is this GPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystifying here is this GPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystifying here is this GPS
+distance and this GPS distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and this GPS distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and this GPS distance is
+actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a
+function that's in this lecture helpers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's in this lecture helpers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's in this lecture helpers
+um file which is included in today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um file which is included in today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um file which is included in today's
+python uh ZIP file and it's just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python uh ZIP file and it's just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python uh ZIP file and it's just you
+know from the internet um it's how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the internet um it's how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the internet um it's how it's
+a a way to calculate the kilometers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a way to calculate the kilometers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a way to calculate the kilometers the
+the kilometer the distance right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kilometer the distance right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kilometer the distance right
+traveled between two latitude longitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled between two latitude longitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled between two latitude longitude
+pairs that's all it is so it does some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs that's all it is so it does some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs that's all it is so it does some
+fancy stuff with signs and cosiness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy stuff with signs and cosiness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy stuff with signs and cosiness and
+things like that to figure out the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that to figure out the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that to figure out the the
+the distance between these two lat laon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between these two lat laon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between these two lat laon
+pairs okay that's all it is so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs okay that's all it is so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs okay that's all it is so we're
+just running that function nicely down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just running that function nicely down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just running that function nicely down
+here to help us calculate that total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to help us calculate that total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to help us calculate that total
+distance right beyond that everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance right beyond that everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance right beyond that everything is
+is pretty simple it's just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty simple it's just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty simple it's just looking at
+consecutive pairs of these um of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive pairs of these um of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive pairs of these um of these
+tupal right getting that distance plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal right getting that distance plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal right getting that distance plus
+this distance plus this distance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance plus this distance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance plus this distance and
+then multiplying by the calper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Coler so in the end what we get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coler so in the end what we get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coler so in the end what we get is
+something like this so here let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this so here let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this so here let me show
+you um here are uh here are two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um here are uh here are two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um here are uh here are two points
+latitude longitude points so I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude longitude points so I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude longitude points so I've got
+Boston and Newton so here I've just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston and Newton so here I've just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston and Newton so here I've just got
+a straight shot right so not counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight shot right so not counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight shot right so not counting
+you know getting very precise with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know getting very precise with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know getting very precise with
+blocks and things like that but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and things like that but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and things like that but if I
+create a running workout here with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a running workout here with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a running workout here with the
+start time end time elevation value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start time end time elevation value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start time end time elevation value and
+now I pass in the root GPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I pass in the root GPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I pass in the root GPS
+points right this is another uh piece to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points right this is another uh piece to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points right this is another uh piece to
+my init method I forgot to show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my init method I forgot to show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my init method I forgot to show you that
+sorry about that so here's my init
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about that so here's my init
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about that so here's my init
+method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+for uh run workout I skipped that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh run workout I skipped that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh run workout I skipped that little
+bit um last parameter here is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit um last parameter here is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit um last parameter here is to
+actually pass in some root GPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pass in some root GPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pass in some root GPS
+points and if I actually pass in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and if I actually pass in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and if I actually pass in those
+root GPS points when I run the get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root GPS points when I run the get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root GPS points when I run the get
+calories method it tells me that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories method it tells me that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories method it tells me that I
+burned this many right and it calculates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned this many right and it calculates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned this many right and it calculates
+it based on that distance between Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it based on that distance between Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it based on that distance between Boston
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+Newton in the second example here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton in the second example here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton in the second example here I
+don't actually pass in the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually pass in the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually pass in the value
+for the GPS points so we're defaulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the GPS points so we're defaulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the GPS points so we're defaulting
+to just our regular calories function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just our regular calories function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just our regular calories function
+from workout which is to calculate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from workout which is to calculate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from workout which is to calculate it
+based on the start time and the end time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the start time and the end time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the start time and the end time
+so from 135 to 357 right that's why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from 135 to 357 right that's why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from 135 to 357 right that's why it's
+a weird not round number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calories so I think that's also really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories so I think that's also really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories so I think that's also really
+cool you guys um this this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool you guys um this this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool you guys um this this function
+here okay so these overridden methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so these overridden methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so these overridden methods
+just to show you sort of for completion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you sort of for completion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you sort of for completion
+sake how this run workout class looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake how this run workout class looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake how this run workout class looks
+everything is the same as what we ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is the same as what we ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is the same as what we ended
+up with before but now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with before but now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with before but now I'm going to
+reimplement my get calories method right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimplement my get calories method right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimplement my get calories method right
+so now run workout knows about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now run workout knows about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now run workout knows about a
+calories method and I've also got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories method and I've also got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories method and I've also got this
+data attribute sorry class variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attribute sorry class variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attribute sorry class variable
+sorry I always got messed up this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I always got messed up this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I always got messed up this class
+variable Cals per kilometer right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Cals per kilometer right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Cals per kilometer right and
+any run workout instance we'll know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any run workout instance we'll know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any run workout instance we'll know
+about of course the Cals per kilometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about of course the Cals per kilometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about of course the Cals per kilometer
+as well as the Cal per hour from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the Cal per hour from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the Cal per hour from our
+parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay we're building something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay we're building something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay we're building something
+really nice here right so um I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice here right so um I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice here right so um I guess the
+question is and I think you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is and I think you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is and I think you've probably
+figured this out how do you know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured this out how do you know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured this out how do you know which
+method to call well you just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to call well you just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to call well you just look at the
+object before the dot right you run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object before the dot right you run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object before the dot right you run a
+method you object do method name what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method you object do method name what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method you object do method name what's
+the thing before the dot what is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing before the dot what is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing before the dot what is its
+type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type
+if the type like for example get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the type like for example get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the type like for example get
+calories if the type is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories if the type is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories if the type is
+running you look to see if that class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running you look to see if that class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running you look to see if that class
+definition has a get calories method if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition has a get calories method if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition has a get calories method if
+it does you use that if it doesn't and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does you use that if it doesn't and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does you use that if it doesn't and
+only if it doesn't you look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if it doesn't you look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if it doesn't you look at your
+parent and say does your parent have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent and say does your parent have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent and say does your parent have a
+get calories method if it does you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get calories method if it does you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get calories method if it does you use
+that and if it doesn't you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if it doesn't you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if it doesn't you look at the
+parents parent does the parents parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents parent does the parents parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents parent does the parents parent
+get have a get calorie calories method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get have a get calorie calories method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get have a get calorie calories method
+right if it does use that if it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it does use that if it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it does use that if it doesn't
+you look at the parents parents parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the parents parents parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the parents parents parent
+all the way up you keep going all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up you keep going all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up you keep going all the
+way up the chain until you get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up the chain until you get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up the chain until you get to the
+generic python object if the python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic python object if the python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic python object if the python
+object type has a function or a method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object type has a function or a method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object type has a function or a method
+named what you'd like to call you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named what you'd like to call you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named what you'd like to call you use
+that otherwise error right no such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that otherwise error right no such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that otherwise error right no such
+method was found anywhere within our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method was found anywhere within our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method was found anywhere within our
+chain of hierarchies up until the python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of hierarchies up until the python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of hierarchies up until the python
+object all right so that finishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object all right so that finishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object all right so that finishes
+overriding our get calories method and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overriding our get calories method and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overriding our get calories method and
+now we're going to do one more thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to do one more thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to do one more thing
+which is to add something new to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to add something new to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to add something new to run
+workout that didn't actually exist uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout that didn't actually exist uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout that didn't actually exist uh in
+uh in workout although I guess I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in workout although I guess I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in workout although I guess I am
+implementing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing it in
+workout so it's not actually adding new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout so it's not actually adding new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout so it's not actually adding new
+but we're going to override it anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to override it anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to override it anyway so
+the class workout let's say that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class workout let's say that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class workout let's say that we want
+to compare two workouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare two workouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare two workouts
+together so to do that we're going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so to do that we're going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so to do that we're going to uh
+implement the dunder method double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the dunder method double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the dunder method double
+uncore EQ double underscore this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncore EQ double underscore this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncore EQ double underscore this will
+allow us to compare two running workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to compare two running workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to compare two running workout
+objects or two workout objects or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects or two workout objects or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects or two workout objects or
+running and workout objects using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running and workout objects using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running and workout objects using the
+double equal sign right so W1 equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double equal sign right so W1 equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double equal sign right so W1 equal
+equal run W2 or whatever right so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal run W2 or whatever right so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal run W2 or whatever right so we can
+use the double equal sign to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the double equal sign to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the double equal sign to compare
+objects of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects of our
+type so again my decision for comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so again my decision for comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so again my decision for comparing
+these objects types uh for for comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects types uh for for comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects types uh for for comparing
+these two objects workout objects is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two objects workout objects is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two objects workout objects is to
+say well first let's compare the types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well first let's compare the types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well first let's compare the types
+so so if I'm comparing a workout versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if I'm comparing a workout versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if I'm comparing a workout versus
+a running workout right off the bat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a running workout right off the bat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a running workout right off the bat
+they're not going to be equal right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to be equal right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to be equal right so
+first of all the type of this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the type of this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the type of this object
+should be the same so I should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the same so I should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the same so I should be
+comparing workouts with workouts running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing workouts with workouts running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing workouts with workouts running
+workouts with running workouts or swims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts with running workouts or swims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts with running workouts or swims
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+swims and I also want every one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swims and I also want every one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swims and I also want every one of the
+other data attributes to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other data attributes to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other data attributes to be the same
+right so the start time end times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the start time end times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the start time end times the
+kind and the get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind and the get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind and the get
+calories so as long as all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories so as long as all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories so as long as all of these
+things are the same I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are the same I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are the same I'm going to say
+that these work works are the same are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these work works are the same are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these work works are the same are
+equivalent so this is the equal method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent so this is the equal method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent so this is the equal method
+in my workout and then in my class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my workout and then in my class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my workout and then in my class
+workout I can actually override that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout I can actually override that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout I can actually override that
+method so this should actually be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so this should actually be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so this should actually be um
+add override right just like the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one um and in run workout I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um and in run workout I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um and in run workout I'm going to
+override the equal method but I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+override the equal method but I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+override the equal method but I'm going
+to do it in a very modular pythonic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it in a very modular pythonic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it in a very modular pythonic way
+I'm going to say that a run workout is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say that a run workout is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say that a run workout is
+going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the
+same as another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as another
+workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if everything in my parent is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everything in my parent is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everything in my parent is the same
+so here I'm just calling the super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I'm just calling the super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I'm just calling the super
+method right saying workout dot Dore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method right saying workout dot Dore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method right saying workout dot Dore
+equal Dore other so with this little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Dore other so with this little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Dore other so with this little bit
+here right this line here just the super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right this line here just the super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right this line here just the super
+doare equal other this Compares all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doare equal other this Compares all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doare equal other this Compares all of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+things so I don't need to rewrite that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so I don't need to rewrite that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so I don't need to rewrite that
+in the EQ method of run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the EQ method of run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the EQ method of run
+workout and I can clearly see what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout and I can clearly see what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout and I can clearly see what else
+in addition to uh regular workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to uh regular workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to uh regular workout
+comparison I need to have happen for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison I need to have happen for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison I need to have happen for
+them to be equal I also want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be equal I also want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be equal I also want the
+elevations to be equal right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevations to be equal right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevations to be equal right that's the
+other data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attribute right so you can see now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute right so you can see now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute right so you can see now how
+nice modular this code looks right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice modular this code looks right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice modular this code looks right it's
+very clear what differentiates a run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear what differentiates a run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear what differentiates a run
+workout to a regular workout right with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout to a regular workout right with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout to a regular workout right with
+this with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with this
+line questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah exactly yeah so this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah exactly yeah so this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah exactly yeah so this uh this
+should all be on one line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all be on one line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all be on one line
+right but the backslash actually just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the backslash actually just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the backslash actually just uh
+breaks up the line into multiple lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks up the line into multiple lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks up the line into multiple lines
+for visibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for visibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for visibility
+yeah so in the code here's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in the code here's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in the code here's a bunch of
+workouts right and I mean we can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts right and I mean we can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts right and I mean we can run
+some of them but you can see why they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them but you can see why they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them but you can see why they're
+true or false so here W1 and W2 are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false so here W1 and W2 are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false so here W1 and W2 are not
+the same because the calories are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same because the calories are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same because the calories are uh
+burned are different right they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned are different right they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned are different right they're both
+regular workouts they both have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular workouts they both have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular workouts they both have the same
+start and end times but the calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and end times but the calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and end times but the calories
+burned are different so this prints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned are different so this prints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned are different so this prints
+false right just equality on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false right just equality on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false right just equality on these
+workouts um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workouts um
+um right and then here's a true one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right and then here's a true one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right and then here's a true one
+right W2 is equivalent to W3 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right W2 is equivalent to W3 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right W2 is equivalent to W3 because
+they start and end times are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start and end times are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start and end times are the same
+the length is the same right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length is the same right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length is the same right and the
+calories burned are the same W1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories burned are the same W1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories burned are the same W1
+W3 or sorry W2 and W3 these two right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W3 or sorry W2 and W3 these two right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W3 or sorry W2 and W3 these two right
+this one just used the default value but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one just used the default value but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one just used the default value but
+that default uh calculated uh values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that default uh calculated uh values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that default uh calculated uh values
+were calculated to be 100 because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were calculated to be 100 because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were calculated to be 100 because it's a
+30 minute workout anyway right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 minute workout anyway right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 minute workout anyway right so you
+can go through some of the other ones on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go through some of the other ones on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go through some of the other ones on
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+own uh I guess the other interesting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own uh I guess the other interesting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own uh I guess the other interesting one
+is this W1 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this W1 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this W1 with
+rw1 everything about this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rw1 everything about this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rw1 everything about this is the same
+calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories
+burned um right everything is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned um right everything is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned um right everything is the same
+except for the fact that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the fact that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the fact that they are
+different kinds of workouts right one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of workouts right one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of workouts right one is
+a run one is a regular so we around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a run one is a regular so we around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a run one is a regular so we around that
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F other questions
+or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay so last slide um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so last slide um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so last slide um this is
+the last lecture on object oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture on object oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture on object oriented
+programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming
+um hopefully it gave you an idea for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hopefully it gave you an idea for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hopefully it gave you an idea for how
+to create your own objects and this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create your own objects and this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create your own objects and this last
+example specifically showed how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example specifically showed how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example specifically showed how we can
+just improve it a little bit at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just improve it a little bit at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just improve it a little bit at a time
+to make it be you know this really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it be you know this really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it be you know this really cool
+thing right we added uh way to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right we added uh way to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right we added uh way to estimate
+calories we added a way to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories we added a way to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories we added a way to estimate
+calories using GPS points and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories using GPS points and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories using GPS points and we just
+did it incrementally right so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it incrementally right so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it incrementally right so you don't
+want to do that right off the bat just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that right off the bat just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that right off the bat just
+write a little bit at a time and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a little bit at a time and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a little bit at a time and in the
+end you can write a really cool object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you can write a really cool object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you can write a really cool object
+type um now that you know how to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type um now that you know how to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type um now that you know how to create
+your own object types you can create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own object types you can create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own object types you can create
+objects using other objects right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects using other objects right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects using other objects right so
+some of the data attributes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the data attributes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the data attributes for
+something more complex could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more complex could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more complex could be a
+workout object right something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout object right something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout object right something like that
+but it's it's possible to overdo it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's possible to overdo it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's possible to overdo it
+right especially now that we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right especially now that we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right especially now that we're not
+writing super complex classes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing super complex classes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing super complex classes it's
+possible to over engineer right and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to over engineer right and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to over engineer right and when
+you over engineer it becomes kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you over engineer it becomes kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you over engineer it becomes kind of
+annoying to just keep scrolling back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying to just keep scrolling back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying to just keep scrolling back and
+forth right to this in it to that in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth right to this in it to that in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth right to this in it to that in it
+to figure out you know what methods were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out you know what methods were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out you know what methods were
+in this uh with this class what methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh with this class what methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh with this class what methods
+were in the other class and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the other class and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the other class and so if you
+know if you can achieve it using just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you can achieve it using just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you can achieve it using just
+one one object type or maybe just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one object type or maybe just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one object type or maybe just a
+function no need to create your own you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function no need to create your own you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function no need to create your own you
+know all these complicated object types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all these complicated object types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all these complicated object types
+that build upon object types but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that build upon object types but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that build upon object types but I just
+wanted to show you that it is possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you that it is possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you that it is possible
+you know especially as you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know especially as you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know especially as you might be
+building more complex things in future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building more complex things in future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building more complex things in future
+classes things like that um it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes things like that um it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes things like that um it is
+possible to write really complex classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to write really complex classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to write really complex classes
+that don't look so bad right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't look so bad right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't look so bad right because
+you're building upon code that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're building upon code that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're building upon code that you've
+already written right so now we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already written right so now we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already written right so now we've got
+these ideas of abstraction modularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ideas of abstraction modularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ideas of abstraction modularity
+information hiding that all work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information hiding that all work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information hiding that all work
+together to help you achieve this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to help you achieve this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to help you achieve this really
+cool um cool object or cool class or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool um cool object or cool class or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool um cool object or cool class or
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+program okay so the next lecture next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program okay so the next lecture next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program okay so the next lecture next
+next set of lectures we're going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next set of lectures we're going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next set of lectures we're going to uh
+leave programming for a little bit we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave programming for a little bit we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave programming for a little bit we're
+going to look at um figuring out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at um figuring out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at um figuring out how to
+write efficient programs and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write efficient programs and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write efficient programs and how to
+figure out whether our programs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out whether our programs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out whether our programs are
+efficient or not and and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient or not and and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient or not and and things like
+that so we're going to go into a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we're going to go into a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we're going to go into a more
+theoretical side of of computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical side of of computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical side of of computer science
+but
\ No newline at end of file
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/0aqgeLTNfQ0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2829 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: OK.
+
+So today's lecture
+is going to be on
+
+Finite-state Markov Chains.
+
+And we're going to use
+the matrix approach.
+
+So in last lecture, we saw
+that the Markov chain, we
+
+could represent it as a directed
+graph or as a matrix.
+
+So the outline is we will look
+at this transition matrix and
+
+its powers.
+
+And then we'll want to know
+whether this p of n is going
+
+to converge for very,
+very large n.
+
+Then we will extend this to
+Ergodic Markov chains, Ergodic
+
+unichains, and other
+finite-state Markov chains.
+
+So remember in the Markovity,
+these Markov chains, the
+
+effect of the past on the future
+is totally summarized
+
+by its state.
+
+So we want to analyze the
+probabilities of properties of
+
+the sequence of these states.
+
+So whatever the state you are
+in, all the past is totally
+
+summarized in that state.
+
+And that's the only thing
+that affects the future.
+
+So an ergodic Markov chain is
+a Markov chain that has a
+
+single recurrent class
+and is aperiodic.
+
+So this chain doesn't contain
+any transient states.
+
+And it doesn't contain
+any periodicity.
+
+So an ergodic unichain is just
+ergodic Markov chain, but it
+
+has some transient
+states in it.
+
+So the state x sub n of this
+Markov chain at step n depends
+
+only on the past through
+the previous step.
+
+So for n steps, we want
+to be at state j.
+
+And then we have this path.
+
+x sub n minus 1 is i, and
+so forth, up to x0.
+
+It's just the probability
+from i to j, from
+
+state i to state j.
+
+So this means that we can write
+the joint probability of
+
+all these states that we're in,
+so x0, x1, all the way up
+
+to xn, as a function of these
+transition probabilities.
+
+So in this transition
+probability matrix, we can
+
+represent these transition
+probabilities.
+
+We see that here, in this
+example, this is a 6-state
+
+Markov chain.
+
+So if I want to go from, say,
+state 2 to state 1 in one
+
+step, it would just
+be p of 2,1.
+
+If I want to go from
+state 6 to itself--
+
+this is last one, which
+is p of 6,6.
+
+So this is a probably
+transition matrix.
+
+So if we condition on the state
+at time 0 and then we
+
+define this p of ijn is equal to
+the probability that we're
+
+in state j at the n-th step,
+given that we start x0 is
+
+equal to i, let's look at what
+happens when n is equal to 2.
+
+So in a 2-step transition,
+we go from i to j.
+
+It's just the probability that
+at step 2, x2 is equal to j,
+
+x1 is equal to some k,
+and x0 is equal to i.
+
+So remember, we started
+in state i.
+
+But this has to be multiplied
+by probability that x1 is
+
+equal to k, given that
+x0 is equal to i.
+
+And we have to sum this over all
+the states k, in order to
+
+get the total probability
+from--
+
+Oh, stand back?
+
+OK.
+
+There.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is just probability
+of ij in two steps.
+
+It's just the probability of
+i going to k times the
+
+probability of k going to j,
+summed over all k states.
+
+So we notice that this term
+right here, the sum over k or
+
+ik, kj is just the ij term of
+the product of the transition
+
+matrix P with itself.
+
+So we represent this
+as P squared.
+
+So we multiply the transition
+matrix by itself.
+
+This gives us the 2-step
+transition matrix of this
+
+Markov chain.
+
+So if you want to go i to j, you
+just look at ij element in
+
+this matrix.
+
+And that gives you the
+probability in two steps,
+
+going from state i to state j.
+
+So for n, we just iterate
+on this for
+
+successively larger n.
+
+So for n state to get from state
+i to state j, we just
+
+have this probability x sub n,
+given j, given x of n minus
+
+the previous step is equal to
+k, x sub n minus 1 equals k,
+
+given x0 is equal to i,
+summing over all k.
+
+So this means that we broke
+this up for n-th step.
+
+In the n minus one step,
+we visited state k.
+
+And then we multiplied that
+one-step transition from k to
+
+j because we want to arrive
+at j starting at i.
+
+But again, we have to sum over
+all the k's in order to get
+
+the probability from
+i to j in n steps.
+
+So p of n right here, this
+representation is just the
+
+transition matrix multiplied
+by itself n times.
+
+And this gives you the n-th step
+transition probabilities
+
+of this Markov chain.
+
+So computationally, what you do
+is you take p, p squared, p
+
+to the fourth.
+
+If you wanted p to the 9th,
+you'd just take p eighth
+
+multiplied by p, to to
+multiply by this.
+
+So this gives us this thing
+called the Chapman-Kolmogorov
+
+equations, which means that when
+we want to go from step i
+
+to step j, we can go to an
+intermediate state and then
+
+sum up all the states that
+would go into the
+
+intermediate state.
+
+So in this case, if the step is
+m plus n transition, we can
+
+break it up into m and n.
+
+So it's the probability that it
+goes from i to k in exactly
+
+m steps and k to j in n steps,
+summing over all the k's that
+
+it visits on its way
+from i to j.
+
+So this is very useful a
+quantity that we can
+
+manipulate our transition
+probabilities when we get
+
+higher orders of n.
+
+So the convergence
+of p to the n.
+
+So a very important question we
+like to ask is as n goes to
+
+infinity whether this goes
+to a limit or not.
+
+In other words, does the initial
+state matter, all
+
+initial sates matter in
+this Markov chain?
+
+So the Markov chain is going
+to go on for a long, long,
+
+long, long, long time.
+
+And at the n-th state where n is
+very large, is it going to
+
+depend on i?
+
+Or is it going to depend on n,
+which is the number of steps?
+
+If it goes to this quantity,
+some limit, then it won't
+
+depend on this.
+
+So let's assume that
+this limit exists.
+
+If this limit does exist, we can
+take the sum of this limit
+
+and then multiply it by p of
+jk, summing over all j.
+
+So we do a sum of over j.
+
+So we're going from j to
+k on both sides, and we
+
+sum over all j.
+
+So we take this limit
+right here.
+
+We notice that this left side
+going from i to k to n plus 1
+
+is just that this limit
+at state k exists.
+
+Because we saw assumed up here
+that this exists for
+
+all i and all j.
+
+So therefore, if we take the n
+plus 1 step, we take this n
+
+going to infinity of i to k,
+it has to go to pi of k.
+
+So when we do this,
+we could simplify
+
+this equation up here.
+
+And if it doesn't exist, we have
+this pi sub k for all the
+
+states in the Markov chain.
+
+So this is just a vector.
+
+So pi sub k is equal to pi sub j
+times the probability from k
+
+to j, summed over all j.
+
+So if you have an m state Markov
+chain, you have exactly
+
+m of these equations.
+
+And this one, we'll call it the
+vector pi, which consists
+
+of each element of this
+equation, if the limit is
+
+going to exist.
+
+But we don't know whether
+it does or not, at
+
+this point in time.
+
+So if it does exist, what's
+going to happen?
+
+So that means I'm going to
+multiply this probability
+
+matrix, P times P,P P, P,
+P, P, P all the way.
+
+And if the limit exists, then
+that means for each row, they
+
+must be all identical.
+
+Because we said the limit
+exists, then going from 1 to
+
+j, 2 to j, 3 to j, 4 to
+j, they should be
+
+all exactly the same.
+
+This is also the equivalent of
+saying, when I look at this
+
+large limit, as n is very,
+very large if the limit
+
+exists, that all the elements
+in the column should be
+
+exactly the same as well,
+or all the rows.
+
+So the elements are equal to
+each other, or all the rows,
+
+if I look at the row, which is
+going to be this pi vector.
+
+They should be the same.
+
+So we define this vector.
+
+If this limit exists, the
+probability vector
+
+is this vector pi.
+
+Because we said it was an
+m state Markov chain.
+
+Each pi sub i is non-negative,
+and they obviously have
+
+to sum up to 1.
+
+So this is what we call a
+probability vector, called the
+
+steady-state vector,
+for this transition
+
+matrix P, if it exists.
+
+So what happens is this limit
+is easy to study.
+
+In the future in the course, we
+will study these pi P, this
+
+steady-state vector for
+various Markov chains.
+
+And so you see, it is quite
+interesting, many things that
+
+could come about it.
+
+So we notice that this
+solution can
+
+contain more than one.
+
+It may not be unique.
+
+So if it contains more than one,
+it's very possible that
+
+it has more than one solution,
+more than one probability
+
+vector solution.
+
+But just because a solution
+exists to that, it doesn't
+
+mean that this limit exists.
+
+So we have prove that
+limit exists, first.
+
+So for ergodic Markov chain,
+here we have another way to
+
+express this that this matrix
+converges is that the matrix
+
+of the rows--
+
+the elements in the column are
+all the same for each i.
+
+So we have this theorem.
+
+And today's lecture is going to
+be completely this theorem.
+
+This theorem says that if you
+have an ergodic finite-state
+
+Markov chain-- so when we say
+"ergodic," remember it means
+
+that there's only one class,
+every single state in this is
+
+recurrent, you have no transient
+states, and you have
+
+no periodicity.
+
+So it's an aperiodic chain.
+
+And then for each j, if you take
+the maximum path from i
+
+to j in n steps, this is
+non-increasing in n.
+
+So in other words, this right
+here, this is non-increasing.
+
+So if I take the maximum path
+from state i to j, it gives
+
+you exactly n steps.
+
+So that means this is
+maximized over all
+
+initial states i.
+
+So it doesn't matter what state
+you start, and I take
+
+the maximum path.
+
+And if I increase n, and I take
+maximum of that again,
+
+the maximum path, this
+is not increasing.
+
+And the minimum is
+non-decreasing in n.
+
+So as we take n, the path from
+i to j, this n getting larger
+
+and larger, we have that the
+maximum of this path, which is
+
+the most probable path,
+is non-increasing.
+
+And then the minimum of this
+path, the least likely path,
+
+is going to be non-decreasing.
+
+So we're wondering whether
+this limit is going to
+
+converge or not.
+
+In this theorem it said that
+for an ergodic finite-state
+
+Markov chain, this limit
+actually does converge.
+
+So in other words, the lim sup
+is equal to lim if of this and
+
+will equal pi sub j, which is
+the steady-state distribution.
+
+And not only that, this
+convergence is going to be
+
+exponential in n.
+
+So this is the theorem that
+we will prove today.
+
+So the key to this theorem is
+this pair statements, that the
+
+most probable path from i
+to j, given n steps--
+
+so this is the most
+probable path--
+
+is non-increasing at n,
+and the minimum is
+
+non-decreasing in n.
+
+So the proof is almost trivial,
+but let's see what
+
+happens in this.
+
+So we have a probably
+transition matrix.
+
+So this is the statement
+right here.
+
+And the transition is just one
+here and one here, with
+
+probability 1, 1.
+
+In this case, we want to say,
+what is the maximum path that
+
+we're in state 2,
+given n steps?
+
+So we know that this probability
+alternates between
+
+1 and 2, it's non-increasing,
+it's not decreasing, it's
+
+always the same.
+
+So those two bounds are
+met with equality.
+
+So in this here.
+
+So the second example is this.
+
+We have a two-state
+chain again.
+
+But this time, from 1 to 2, we
+have the transition of 3/4.
+
+So that means that we have
+a chain here of 1/4.
+
+See, the minute we put a
+self-loop in here, it
+
+completely destroys
+the periodicity.
+
+Any Markov chain, you put a
+self-loop in it, and the
+
+periodicity is destroyed.
+
+So here we have 3/4.
+
+So this has to come
+back with 1/4.
+
+All right.
+
+So in this one, let's look at
+the n step going from 1 to 2.
+
+So basically, we want
+to end up in state 2
+
+in exactly n steps.
+
+So when n is equal to 1,
+what is the maximum?
+
+The maximum is if you start it
+in this state and then you
+
+went to state 2.
+
+The other alternative is you
+start at state 2, and you stay
+
+in state 2.
+
+Because we want to end at state
+2 in exactly one step.
+
+So the maximum is going to
+be 3/4, and the minimum
+
+is going to be 1/4.
+
+You get n is equal to 2.
+
+Now we want to end up in
+state 2 in two steps.
+
+So what is going to
+be the maximum?
+
+The maximum is going
+to be if you visit
+
+state 1 and then back.
+
+So n is equal to 1.
+
+Then P1 from 1 to 2
+is equal to 3/4.
+
+So the probability from 1 to 2
+in two steps is equal to 3/8.
+
+So it goes 1/4 plus
+3/4, 3/4 plus 1/4.
+
+It should be equal
+to 3/8, right?
+
+Is that right?
+
+OK.
+
+And then it when P1,2 to 3, if
+there are three transitions
+
+from 1 to 2, then it's
+equal to 9/16.
+
+So if for 2, if I want
+to transition
+
+from 2 to 2 n steps--
+
+so P2,2 is equal to 1/4.
+
+So it just stayed by itself.
+
+So P2,2 in two steps, you
+don't have a choice.
+
+You have to go from
+3/4 to 3/4.
+
+So that's 9/16.
+
+But For thing is I can also stay
+here by 1/4 times 1/4.
+
+So that gives me 5/8
+and so forth.
+
+So basically, the sequence going
+from 1 to 2 is going to
+
+be oscillating between 3/4,
+3/8, 9/16, and so forth.
+
+And then going from 2,2, it's
+going to be oscillating too.
+
+We can see that's
+1/4, 5/8, 7/16.
+
+So what happens is this
+oscillation is going to
+
+converge-- it's going to
+approach, actually, 1/2.
+
+So if we take the maximum of
+these two, so P1,2 and P2,2--
+
+because that means that we're
+going to end at state 2.
+
+And maximum over n steps, then
+we just look at these two
+
+numbers, the 3/4 and 1/4, if we
+want the maximum, then it's
+
+going to be 3/4.
+
+For the 3/8 and 5/8, the maximum
+is going to be 5/8,
+
+the 9/16 and 7/16, the 9/16
+will be the maximum.
+
+And similarly, we compare it,
+and we take the minimum.
+
+And the minimum is 1/4,
+3/8, and 7/16.
+
+So we see that the maximum
+is going to be--
+
+it starts high.
+
+And then it's going to
+decrease toward 1/2.
+
+And the minimum, what happens
+is it's going to start low,
+
+and then it's going to
+increase to 1/2.
+
+So this is exactly
+this one here.
+
+So P's transition makes this
+an arbitrary finite-state
+
+Markov chain.
+
+Therefore, each j, this maximum
+path, the most problem
+
+path from i to j in n steps
+is non-increasing n.
+
+And the minimum is
+non-decreasing n.
+
+So you take n plus 1
+steps from i to j.
+
+So we're going to use that
+Chapman-Kolmogorov equation.
+
+So we take the first step
+to some state k.
+
+And then we go from
+k to j in n steps.
+
+But then we sum this
+over all k.
+
+But this P n for state to j to
+k in n steps, I can just take
+
+the maximum path.
+
+So I take the most probable
+path, the state that gives me
+
+the most probable path, and
+I substitute this in.
+
+When I substitute this in,
+obviously every one of these
+
+guys is going to be less
+than or equal to this.
+
+Therefore, this outside
+term is going to be
+
+less than or equal.
+
+So now this is just going
+to be a constant.
+
+So I sum over all k, and
+then this term remains.
+
+So therefore, what we know is
+if I want to end up in state
+
+j, and for n steps, if I
+increase the step more, to n
+
+plus 1, we know that this
+probability is going to stay
+
+the same or decrease.
+
+It's not going to increase.
+
+So you could do exactly the same
+thing for the minimum.
+
+So if this is going to be true,
+then of course, if I
+
+think the maximum of this,
+it's also going to
+
+be less than that.
+
+Because this limit's true
+for Markov chain.
+
+It doesn't matter.
+
+It just has to be a finite-state
+Markov chain.
+
+So this is true for any
+finite-state Markov chain.
+
+So if I take the maximum of
+this, it's less than or equal
+
+to the maximum of
+the n-th step.
+
+So n plus 1 steps, the path is
+going to be less probable when
+
+I take the maximum path, the
+fact that I end up at
+
+state j than n.
+
+So before we complete the proof
+of this theorem, let's
+
+look at this case where P
+is greater than zero.
+
+So if we say Pis greater than
+zero, this means that every
+
+entry in this matrix is greater
+than 0 for all i, j,
+
+which means that this graph
+is fully connected.
+
+So that means you could get from
+i to j in one step with
+
+nonzero probability.
+
+So if P is greater than 0--
+
+and let this be the
+transition matrix.
+
+So we'll prove this first, and
+then we'll extend it to the
+
+arbitrary finite Markov chain.
+
+So let alpha here is equal
+to the minimum.
+
+So it's going to be the minimum
+element in this
+
+transition matrix.
+
+That means it's going to be the
+state that contains the
+
+minimum transition.
+
+So let's call alpha-- it's
+the minimum probability.
+
+Excuse me.
+
+So let all these
+states i and j.
+
+And for n greater than or equal
+to 1, we have these
+
+three expressions.
+
+So this first expression says
+this, that if I have an n plus
+
+1 walk from i to j, I take
+the most probable of
+
+this walk over i.
+
+So my choices, I can choose
+my initial starting state.
+
+In n plus 1 steps, I want
+to end in state j.
+
+So I pick the most
+probable path.
+
+If I minus this, which is the
+least probable path--
+
+but you get to minimize this
+over i, over the initial
+
+starting a state.
+
+So this is less than or
+equal to the n step.
+
+It's exactly this term
+here, the n step
+
+times 1 minus 2 alpha.
+
+So alpha is the minimum
+transition probability in this
+
+probability transition matrix.
+
+So this one, it's not so
+obvious right now.
+
+But we are going to prove
+that in the next slide.
+
+So once we have this, we can
+iterative on n to get the
+
+second term.
+
+So for this term inside here,
+the most probable path to
+
+state j in n steps, minus the
+least probable path to state j
+
+in n steps, is equal to exactly
+the same thing in n
+
+minus 1 steps times
+1 minus 2 alpha.
+
+So we just keep on iterating
+this over. n, and then we
+
+should get this.
+
+So to prove this to this, we
+prove it by induction.
+
+We just have to prove the
+initial step, that the maximum
+
+single transition from l to j,
+minus the minimum single
+
+transition from l to j,
+is less than or equal
+
+to 1 minus 2 alpha.
+
+So this one is proved
+by induction.
+
+So as n goes to infinity, notice
+that this term is going
+
+to go to 0.
+
+because alpha is going to
+be less than a 1/2.
+
+Because if it's not, then we can
+choose 1 minus alpha to be
+
+this minimum.
+
+So if this is going to 0, this
+tells us the difference
+
+between the most probable path
+minus the least probable path,
+
+the fact that we end
+up in state j.
+
+So if we take the limit as n
+goes to infinity of both of
+
+these, they should equal.
+
+Because the difference of this,
+we notice that it's
+
+going down exponentially in n.
+
+So this shows us that this
+limit indeed does
+
+exist and is equal.
+
+We want to prove this first
+statement over here.
+
+So in order to prove this first
+statement, what we're
+
+going to do is we're going to
+take this i, j transition in n
+
+plus 1 transitions.
+
+And then we're going to express
+it as a function of n
+
+transitions.
+
+So the idea is this.
+
+We're going to use the
+Chapman-Kolmogorov equations
+
+to have an intermediary step.
+
+So in order to do this i to j
+in n plus 1 steps, the most
+
+probable path, we're going to
+go to this intermediate step
+
+and then on to the final step.
+
+In this intermediate step,
+it's going to be
+
+a function of n.
+
+So we're going to take one step
+and then n more steps.
+
+So what we're going to do is,
+the intuition is, we're going
+
+to remove the least
+probable path.
+
+So we remove that from
+the sum in this
+
+Chapman-Kolmogorov equation.
+
+And then we have the sum
+of everything else
+
+except for that path.
+
+And then the sum of everything
+else, we're going to bound it.
+
+Once we bound it, then we
+have this expression.
+
+The probability of i to j in n
+plus 1 steps is going be a
+
+function of a max and
+a min over n steps
+
+with a bunch of terms.
+
+So that's the intuition of
+how we're going to do it.
+
+So the probability of ij going
+from state i to state j in
+
+exactly n plus 1 steps
+is equal to this.
+
+So it's the probability of
+going from i to k, this
+
+intermediate step.
+
+We're going to take one
+step to a state k.
+
+And then we're going from
+k to j in n steps,
+
+summing over all k.
+
+So this is exactly equal to this
+with Chapman-Kolmogorov.
+
+So now what happens is
+we're going to take--
+
+Before we get to this next step,
+let's define this l min
+
+to be the state that minimizes
+p of ij, n over i.
+
+So l min is going to be the
+state that's going to be such
+
+that the choices I pick over i
+that in n steps I arrive at j
+
+that's going to be the
+least probable.
+
+So this is l min over here.
+
+It's the l min that
+satisfies this.
+
+Then I'm going to remove this.
+
+So this is one state. l min is
+just one state that i is going
+
+to go to in this first step.
+
+So we're going to remove
+it from the sum.
+
+So then, this is just here.
+
+So that path goes from i to l
+min times l to j in n steps.
+
+So remove that one
+path from here.
+
+Now we have the sum over the
+rest of the cases because we
+
+just removed that.
+
+So we have ik, kj to
+n, where k is not
+
+equal to that element.
+
+So we removed that path, the one
+that goes to that state.
+
+But p of kj, n, the path that
+goes from k to j in n steps,
+
+we can just bound this term
+by the maximum over l
+
+from l to j of n.
+
+So then we're going to take the
+most probable path in n
+
+steps such that we end
+up in state j in n.
+
+So this term right here is
+bounded by this term.
+
+Becomes is bounded by this,
+that's why we have this less
+
+than or equal sign.
+
+So we just do two things from
+this step, the first step, to
+
+the second step.
+
+So we took out the path that's
+going to minimize that right
+
+at the j-th node in n steps.
+
+And then we bounded the rest
+of this sum by this.
+
+So when we sum this all up, this
+is just a constant here.
+
+And ik here is just all the
+states that i is going to
+
+visit except for this
+one state, l min.
+
+Since it's just all of them
+except for that, it's just 1
+
+minus the probability that it
+goes from state i to l min.
+
+So this sum here is just
+equal to this sum here.
+
+So this arrives here.
+
+And this term is still here.
+
+So going from here, what
+happens is we just to
+
+rearrange the terms.
+
+So nothing happens right here.
+
+It's just rearranging.
+
+Now we have this term here.
+
+So we look at this term, P
+from i going to l min--
+
+Remember, we chose alpha to be
+the minimum single transition
+
+probability, single
+transition in that
+
+probability transition matrix.
+
+So i to l has to be
+greater than that.
+
+But the minus of this has to be
+less than, the negative has
+
+to be less than.
+
+So this we can substitute
+here.
+
+So now we have this.
+
+So the maximum over i of this
+n plus 1 step actually shows
+
+you the probability.
+
+Because this I can write
+as an n plus 1 step
+
+path from i to j.
+
+So if this is less than this
+entire term, of course I can
+
+write the maximum path
+from i to j.
+
+It also has to be less of
+this because this is
+
+satisfied for all i, j.
+
+So therefore, we arrive at
+this expression here.
+
+So now we're kind of in good
+business because we have the n
+
+plus one step at transition, the
+maximum path from i to j
+
+in n plus 1 steps as a function
+of n, which is what
+
+we wanted, and a function
+of this alpha.
+
+So we repeat that
+last statement.
+
+And the last one is here,
+the last line.
+
+So now we have the maximum.
+
+So now we want to do is we
+want to get the minimum.
+
+So we do exactly the same thing,
+with the same proof.
+
+And with the minimum, what we're
+going to do is we're
+
+going to look at the ij
+transition in n plus 1 steps.
+
+And then what we're going to do
+is we're going to pull out
+
+the maximum this time.
+
+So we pull out the most probable
+path in n steps such
+
+that it arrives in state j.
+
+Then we play the same game.
+
+Would bound everything--
+
+above, this time-- by the
+minimum of the n step
+
+transition probabilities
+to get to j.
+
+So once we do that, we get this
+expression, very similar
+
+to this one up here.
+
+So now we have the maximum path,
+which is n plus 1 steps
+
+to j, and the minimum of
+n plus 1 steps to j.
+
+So we could take the difference
+between these two.
+
+So if you subtract these
+equations here, so this first
+
+equation minus the second
+equation, we have this on the
+
+right-hand side here and then
+these terms over here on the
+
+left-hand side.
+
+So these terms over here on the
+left-hand exactly proves
+
+the first line of the lemma.
+
+So the first line of
+the lemma was here.
+
+So now, to prove the second of
+the lemma, remember, we're
+
+going to prove this
+by induction.
+
+in order to prove this by
+induction, we need to be first
+
+initial step.
+
+So the initial step is this.
+
+So if I take the minimum
+transition probability from l
+
+to j, it has to be greater
+than here with the alpha.
+
+Because we said that alpha was
+the absolute minimum of all
+
+the single-step transition
+probabilities.
+
+Then the maximum transition
+probability has to be greater
+
+than or equal to
+1 minus alpha.
+
+It's just by definition
+of what we choose.
+
+So therefore, if I take this
+term, the maximize minus the
+
+minimum is just 1
+minus 2 alpha.
+
+So that's your first step in
+the induction process.
+
+So we iterate on n.
+
+When we iterate on n,
+one arrives at this
+
+equation down here.
+
+So this shows us from here that
+if we take the limit as n
+
+goes to infinity of this
+term, this goes down
+
+exponentially in n.
+
+And both of these limits are
+going to converge, and they
+
+exist, and they're going
+to be greater than 0.
+
+So they'll be greater than 0
+because of our initial state
+
+that we chose this path with
+a positive probability.
+
+Yeah, go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: It seems to me that
+alpha is the minimum, the
+
+smallest number in the
+transition matrix, right?
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: Alpha is the
+smallest number, correct.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+How does it fall from
+that, like that?
+
+So my is, the convergence
+rate is related to f?
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: Yes,
+it is, yeah.
+
+In general, it doesn't really
+matter because it's still
+
+going to go down exponentially
+in n.
+
+But it does depend on
+that alpha, yes.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is the strength that
+bound it proportional to the
+
+size of that matrix, right?
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: Excuse me?
+
+AUDIENCE: The strength
+of that bound is
+
+proportional to the size?
+
+I mean, for a very large
+finite-state Markov chain, the
+
+strength of the bound is going
+to be somewhat weak because
+
+alpha is going to be--
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: Alpha has
+to be less than 1/2.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK, yes.
+
+But the strength of the bound,
+though, it's not a very tight
+
+bound on max minus min.
+
+Because in a large--
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: Yes.
+
+This is just a bound.
+
+And the bound is what
+when we took it that
+
+minimum-probability path,
+the l min, remember?
+
+The bound was actually
+in here.
+
+So we took the
+minimum-probability path in n
+
+steps, this l min that minimizes
+this over i.
+
+And then this is where this less
+than or equal to here is
+
+just a substitution.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+So what we know is that what
+happens is that these
+
+limited-state probabilities
+exist.
+
+So we have a finite
+ergodic chain.
+
+So if the probability of the
+elements in this transition
+
+matrix are all greater
+than 0, we know
+
+that this limit exists.
+
+But we know that in general,
+that may not be the case.
+
+We're going to have some 0's
+in our transition matrix.
+
+So let's go back to the
+arbitrary finite-state ergodic
+
+chain with probability
+transition matrix P. So in the
+
+last slide, we showed that this
+transition matrix P of h
+
+is positive for h is equal to
+M minus 1 squared plus 1.
+
+So what we do is, we can apply
+lemma 2 to P of h with this
+
+alpha equals to minimum
+going from i to j
+
+in exactly h steps.
+
+So why is this M minus
+1 squared plus 1?
+
+So in the last lecture--
+
+so what it means is this.
+
+So what is says is here.
+
+This was an example given
+in the last lecture.
+
+It was a 6-state Markov chain.
+
+So what it says is that if n is
+greater than or equal to M
+
+minus 1 squared plus 1-- in this
+case, it's going to be 6.
+
+So if n is greater than or equal
+to 26, then I take P to
+
+the 26th power, it means
+it's greater than zero.
+
+That meas if I take P to the
+26th power, every single
+
+element in this transition
+matrix is going to be
+
+non-zero, which means that you
+can go from any state to any
+
+state with nonzero probability,
+as long as n is
+
+bigger than that.
+
+So basically, in this Markov
+chain, if you go long enough,
+
+long enough.
+
+Then I say, OK, I want to go
+from state i to state j in
+
+exactly how many steps, there is
+a positive probability that
+
+this is going to happen.
+
+So how did this bound
+come across?
+
+Well, for instance, in this
+chain, if we look at P1,1 so
+
+we have here?
+
+So I'm going to look
+at the transition
+
+starting at state 1.
+
+And I want to come back to 1.
+
+So you definitely could come
+back at 6, because these are
+
+all positive probability 1.
+
+So 6 is possible.
+
+So n is equal to
+6 is possible.
+
+So what's the next one
+that's possible? n is
+
+equal to 11, right?
+
+Then the next one is what?
+
+16 is possible, right?
+
+So 0 to 5 is impossible, is 0.
+
+So if I pick n between 0 and 5,
+and 7 and 10, you're toast.
+
+You can't get back to 1.
+
+And so forth.
+
+So 18 is possible.
+
+21--
+
+let's see, is 17 possible?
+
+Yeah, 17 is also possible.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why is 16 possible?
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: So I go around
+here twice, and
+
+then the last one.
+
+Is that right?
+
+So if I go from here to here
+to here to here, if I go
+
+twice, and then one more
+in the final loop.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's 12.
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: Oh, it's 12?
+
+No.
+
+I'm going to go this inner
+loop right here.
+
+So if I go from 1 to 2 to 3
+to 4 to 5 to 6, down to 2.
+
+Then I go 3, 4, 5, 6, 1.
+
+That's 11, isn't it?
+
+So 16 is I'm going to go around
+the inner loop twice.
+
+OK.
+
+Go ahead.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: So everything 20 and
+under is possible, right?
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: No.
+
+Is 25 possible?
+
+Tell me how you're going
+to go 25 on this.
+
+You just do the 5
+loop 5 times.
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: Yeah, but I
+want to go from 1 to 1.
+
+You're starting in state 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, oh, sorry.
+
+OK.
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: 1 to 1, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: OK, cool.
+
+OK, I see.
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: So you know for
+this one that this bound is
+
+actually tight.
+
+So 25 is impossible.
+
+So P1,1 of 25 is equal to 0.
+
+There's no way you
+can do that.
+
+But for 26 on, then you can.
+
+So what you're noticing is that
+you need this loop of 6
+
+here and that any combination
+of 5 or 6 is possible.
+
+So basically, in this particular
+example, if n is
+
+equal to 6k plus 5j, where k
+is greater than or equal to
+
+1-- because I need that final
+loop to get back--
+
+or j is greater than
+or equal to 0--
+
+So any combination of this one,
+then I can express n.
+
+I can go around it to give me
+a positive probability of
+
+going from state 1 to state 1.
+
+So I'm going to prove this
+using extremal property.
+
+So we're going to take the
+absolute worst case.
+
+So the absolute worst case is
+that for M state finite Markov
+
+chain is if have a loop
+of m and you have a
+
+loop of m minus 1.
+
+You can't just have
+a loop of m.
+
+The problem is now this
+becomes periodic.
+
+So we have to get rid
+of the periodicity.
+
+If you add a single group here,
+that doesn't help you.
+
+Then after 6, then it I get
+7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.
+
+That didn't have this.
+
+So the absolute worst case for
+an M state chain is going to
+
+be something that
+looks like this.
+
+1 that goes to 2-- you're
+forced to go to 2--
+
+so forth, until state M. And
+then this M is going to go
+
+back to 2 or is going
+to go back to 1.
+
+So in other words, the worst
+case is if you have--
+
+n has to be some combination
+of Mk plus M minus 1 j.
+
+So this will be the worst
+possible case for M state
+
+Markov chain.
+
+So it'll be Mk plus
+M minus 1 j.
+
+So k has to be greater
+than or equal to 1.
+
+And then j has to be greater
+than or equal to 0, because
+
+you need to come back.
+
+So I'm just looking at the case
+probability that I start
+
+in state 1 and I come
+back in state 1.
+
+So all right.
+
+So how do we get this bound?
+
+Well, there is an identity
+that says this.
+
+If a and b are relatively prime,
+then the largest n such
+
+that it cannot be written-- so
+we want to find the largest n
+
+such that ak plus bj--
+
+but this is k and j greater
+than or equal to 0--
+
+that it cannot be written
+in this form.
+
+The largest integer that it
+cannot be written is ab
+
+minus a minus b.
+
+This takes a little bit to
+prove, but it's not too hard.
+
+If you want to know this proof,
+come see me offline
+
+after class.
+
+This is the largest integer.
+
+If n is equal to this,
+it cannot be
+
+written in this form.
+
+But if n is greater than
+this, then it can.
+
+So all we do is substitute M
+for a and M minus 1 for b
+
+because M and M minus 1
+are relatively prime.
+
+But remember, we have a k here
+that has to be greater than or
+
+equal to 1.
+
+We need at least one k.
+
+But this so identity is for
+k and j greater than 0.
+
+So therefore, we have to
+subtract out that k.
+
+So therefore, we have M times
+M minus 1, minus M
+
+minus M minus 1.
+
+But the thing is we have to add
+the extra M, because this
+
+k is greater than
+or equal to 1.
+
+So we have to add up one of
+the M's because of this.
+
+So this is just equal to
+M minus 1, squared.
+
+So this number, if n is equal
+to this, it's the largest
+
+number that it cannot be
+written like that.
+
+So therefore, we
+have to add 1.
+
+So that's why the bound
+is equal to 1.
+
+So the upper bound that n can
+be written is going to be M
+
+minus 1, squared plus 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why did you add
+the 1 at the end?
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: This one?
+
+AUDIENCE: No, we've got to
+do the 1 at the end.
+
+AUDIENCE: We already
+have that in there.
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: Oh, where is it?
+
+No, it's in here, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: No, it's not here.
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: Did I--
+
+What are you talking about?
+
+Where's the 1?
+
+AUDIENCE: At the end,
+the last equation.
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: This one?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: OK.
+
+This is the "cannot," largest
+n which you cannot write.
+
+You cannot write this.
+
+So this bound is tight.
+
+It means that this is the
+one that you can.
+
+So if n is greater
+than or equal to
+
+this, then it's possible.
+
+This is the largest
+one it cannot.
+
+Based on this, it cannot.
+
+So we have to add the 1.
+
+So therefore, in here,
+you could do 26.
+
+So starting from 26, 27,
+28, you can do that.
+
+Any questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: Relatively prime,
+what do you mean by
+
+"relatively"?
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: There is a
+greatest common divisor of 1.
+
+So if we take h here, h is
+going to be positive.
+
+So if h is equal to M minus 1,
+squared plus 1, then now all
+
+the elements are positive.
+
+Because we just proved that
+we can write this--
+
+every state can be visited by
+any other state, with positive
+
+probability.
+
+So we say, looking at P, we know
+that P of h is positive
+
+for h greater than or
+equal to this bound.
+
+So what we do is we applied this
+lemma 2 probability to
+
+this transition matrix P of h,
+where we have picked alpha--
+
+remember, alpha is the
+single-step transition
+
+probability.
+
+So instead of the single
+transition, we have lumped
+
+this P into P to the h power.
+
+So it's h steps.
+
+Because we proved the result
+before for positive P. So this
+
+P to the h is positive, so we
+take alpha as the minimum from
+
+i to j of P to the
+h in this matrix.
+
+So it doesn't really matter what
+the value of alpha is,
+
+only that it's going
+to be positive.
+
+And it has to be positive
+because it's a probability.
+
+So what happens is, if we follow
+the proof of what we
+
+just showed in the lemma, then
+we show that the maximum path
+
+from l to j--
+
+h times M. So M is going
+to be an integer, so in
+
+multiples of h--
+
+this upper limit is going to be
+equal to the lower limit.
+
+So the most probable path
+is equal to the
+
+least probable path.
+
+So this is multiple of h's.
+
+So if we take this as M goes
+to infinity, this has
+
+got to equal to--
+
+Oops, this should be going
+to pi sub j, excuse me.
+
+This little temple here.
+
+And this is going to
+be greater than 0.
+
+So the problem is now we've
+shown it for multiples of h's,
+
+what about the h's in between?
+
+But the fact is that lemma 1,
+we showed that this maximum
+
+path from l to j in n is
+not increasing in n.
+
+So all those states, all those
+paths, the transition
+
+probability for the paths in
+between these multiples of
+
+h's, in between them it's
+going to be not
+
+increasing in n.
+
+So even if we're taking these
+multiples of each of h and n
+
+here, here, here, and we know
+that this limit is increasing,
+
+we know that all the ones in
+between them are also going to
+
+be increasing to the same limit
+because of lemma 1.
+
+To remember, the maximum is
+going to be not increasing,
+
+and the minimum is going to be
+
+non-decreasing in any one path.
+
+So this must have the
+same limit as
+
+this multiple of this.
+
+So the same limit applies.
+
+So any questions on this?
+
+So this is how we prove it for
+the arbitrary finite-state
+
+ergodic chain when we have some
+0 probability transition
+
+elements in the matrix P. So
+the proof is the same.
+
+So now for ergodic unichain.
+
+So we see that this limit as n
+approaches infinity from i to
+
+j of n is going to just end up
+in the steady-state transition
+
+pi of j for all i.
+
+So it doesn't matter what
+your initial state is.
+
+As n goes to infinity of this
+path, as this Markov chain
+
+goes on and on, you will end up
+in state j with probability
+
+pi sub j, where pi is this
+probability vector.
+
+So now we have this steady-state
+vector, and then
+
+we can solve for the
+steady-state vector solution.
+
+So this pi P is equal to pi.
+
+Yeah?
+
+Go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: Where did you prove
+that the sum of all the pi j's
+
+equal to one?
+
+Because you say that we
+proved that this is
+
+the probability vector.
+
+But did prove only that
+it is non-negative?
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: It's
+non-negative.
+
+But the thing is because as n
+goes to infinity, you have to
+
+land up someone, right?
+
+This is a finite-state
+Markov chain.
+
+You have to be somewhere.
+
+And the fact that you have to be
+somewhere, your whole state
+
+space has to add up to 1.
+
+Because it's a constant,
+remember?
+
+For every j, as n goes to
+infinity, it goes to pi sub j.
+
+So you have that for
+every single state.
+
+And then you have to
+end up somewhere.
+
+So if you have to end up
+somewhere, the space has to
+
+add up to one.
+
+Yeah, good question.
+
+So why are we interested
+in this pi sub j?
+
+The question is that because
+in this recurrent class, it
+
+tells us that as this goes to
+infinity, we see this sequence
+
+of states going back and
+forth, back and forth.
+
+And we know that as n goes
+to infinity, we have some
+
+probability, pi sub j, of
+landing in state j, pi sub i
+
+of landing in state
+i, and so forth.
+
+So it says that in the n step,
+as n goes to infinity, that
+
+this is the fraction of time
+that, actually, that state is
+
+going to be visited.
+
+Because at each step, you have
+to make a transition.
+
+So it's kind of the expected
+number of times per unit time.
+
+So it's divide by n.
+
+It's going to be that fraction
+of time that you're going to
+
+visit that state.
+
+It's the fraction of time
+that you're going
+
+to be in that state.
+
+It's this limiting state as
+n gets very, very large.
+
+So we will see that in the next
+few chapters when we do
+
+renewal theory that this will
+come into useful play.
+
+And we give a slightly different
+viewpoint of it.
+
+So it's very easy to extend this
+result to a more general
+
+class of ergodic unichains.
+
+So remember the ergodic
+unichains, now we have
+
+increased these transient
+states.
+
+So before, we proved this.
+
+We just proved it for it
+contains exactly one class.
+
+It's aperiodic, so we have no
+cycles, no periodicity in this
+
+Markov chain.
+
+And so we know that the
+steady-state transition
+
+probabilities have a limit.
+
+And the upper limit and the
+lower limit of these paths as
+
+they go to infinity--
+
+in fact, they end up in
+a particular state--
+
+has a limit.
+
+And we have this steady-state
+probability vector that
+
+describes this.
+
+So now we have these
+transient states.
+
+So these transient states of
+this Markov chain, what
+
+happens is there exists a path
+that this transient state is
+
+going to go to a recurrent
+state.
+
+So once it leaves this transient
+state, it goes to
+
+recurrent state.
+
+It's never going to come back.
+
+So there is some probability,
+alpha, of leaving the
+
+class at each step.
+
+So there's some transition
+probability in this transient
+
+state that's going
+to be alpha.
+
+And the probability of remaining
+in this transient
+
+state is just 1 minus
+alpha to the n.
+
+And this goes down
+exponentially.
+
+So what this says is that
+eventually, as n gets very
+
+large, it's very, very hard to
+stay in that transient state.
+
+So it's going to go out of
+the transient state.
+
+And then it will go into
+the recurrent class.
+
+So when one does the analysis
+for this, what happens in the
+
+probability in this steady-state
+vector is those
+
+transient states, this pi,
+will be equal to 0.
+
+So this distribution is only
+going to be non-zero for
+
+recurrent states in this
+Markov chains.
+
+And the transient states will
+have probability equal to 0.
+
+In the notes, they just
+extend the argument.
+
+But you need a little bit
+more care to show this.
+
+And it divides the transient
+states into a block and then
+
+the recurrent classes into
+another block and then shows
+
+that these transient states'
+limiting probability is going
+
+to go to 0.
+
+So let's see.
+
+So this says just what I said,
+that these transient states
+
+decay exponentially, and one
+of the paths will be taken,
+
+eventually, out of it.
+
+So for ergodic unichains, the
+ergodic class is eventually
+
+entered, and then steady state
+in that class is reached.
+
+So every state j, we
+have exactly this.
+
+The maximum path from
+i to j in n steps--
+
+and the minimum path.
+
+We look at the minimum path in
+n steps and the maximum path
+
+in n steps.
+
+And for each n, we take the
+limit as n goes to infinity.
+
+These guys, these limits are
+exactly equal, and it equals
+
+to this pi sub j, which is
+equal to the j state.
+
+So your initial states, how you
+went the paths that you
+
+have gone is completely
+wiped out.
+
+And all that matters is
+this final state,
+
+as n gets very large.
+
+So the difference here is that
+pi sub j equals 0 for each
+
+transient state, and it's
+greater than 0 for the
+
+recurrent state.
+
+So other finite Markov chains.
+
+So we can consider a
+Markov chain with
+
+several ergodic classes.
+
+Because we just considered it
+with one ergodic class.
+
+So if the classes don't
+communicate, then you just
+
+consider it separately.
+
+So you figure out the
+steady-state transition
+
+probabilities for each of
+the classes separately.
+
+But if you have to insist on
+analyzing the entire chain P,
+
+then this P will have m
+independent steady-state
+
+vectors and one non-zero
+in each class.
+
+So this P sub n is still going
+to converge, but the rows are
+
+not going to be the same.
+
+So basically, you're going
+to have blocks.
+
+So if you have one class, say 1
+through k is going to be in
+
+one class, and then k through
+l is going to be another
+
+class, and then l through z is
+going to another class, you
+
+have a block.
+
+So this steady-state vector
+is going to be in blocks.
+
+So you can see the recurring
+classes only communicate
+
+within themselves.
+
+Because these don't
+
+communicate, so they're separate.
+
+So you could have a lot of 0's
+in limiting state, if you look
+
+at this, P sub n goes
+to infinity.
+
+So there m set of rows,
+one for each class.
+
+And a row for each class k
+will be non-zero for the
+
+elements of that class.
+
+So then finally, if we
+have periodicity.
+
+So now if we have a periodic
+recurrent chain with period d.
+
+We had the two where it's
+just a period of 2.
+
+So with periodicity, what you
+do is you're going to divide
+
+these classes into d
+different states.
+
+So you have to go
+to one state--
+
+So if there's d states, this is
+a period of d, you separate
+
+or you partition the states into
+d of them, d subclasses,
+
+with a cycle rotation
+between them.
+
+So basically, each time unit,
+you have to go from one class
+
+to the next class.
+
+And then we do that, then for
+each class, you could have the
+
+limiting-state probability.
+
+So in other words, you are
+looking at this transition
+
+matrix, pi d.
+
+Because when it cycles, it
+totally depends on which one
+
+you start out at.
+
+But if you look at the d
+intervals, then that becomes
+
+the ergodic class by itself.
+
+And there are exactly
+d of them.
+
+So the limit as n approaches
+infinity of P of nd, this
+
+thing also exists, but exists in
+the subclass sense of there
+
+is d subclasses if it
+has a period of d.
+
+So that means a steady state
+is reached within each
+
+subclass, but the chain
+rotates from
+
+one subclass to another.
+
+Yeah, go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: In this case, if we
+do a simple check with 1 and
+
+2, with 1 and 1, it
+doesn't converge.
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: No, it does.
+
+It is 1, converges to 1.
+
+So it's 1, and then it's
+going to be 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's 1, 1,
+1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1.
+
+So you go here?
+
+Like, it's reached--?
+
+SHAN-YUAN HO: No, no.
+
+It converges for here.
+
+But this d is equal to
+2, in that case.
+
+So you have to do nd,
+so you've got
+
+to look at P squared.
+
+So if I look at P squared,
+I'm always a 1--
+
+1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1.
+
+That's converging.
+
+The other one is 2,
+2, 2, 2, 2, 2.
+
+That's also converging.
+
+OK.
+
+So is there any other questions
+about this?
+
+OK, that's it.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0hA7nbRzOy0.txt b/0hA7nbRzOy0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..238c5053b21f5275a3f8c216f3551fb37a43ab7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0hA7nbRzOy0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13064 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh the logistics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh the logistics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh the logistics for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+um unfortunately we seem to have run out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unfortunately we seem to have run out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unfortunately we seem to have run out
+a bit so if you could share the syllabus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit so if you could share the syllabus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit so if you could share the syllabus
+that you have uh I'm actually not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have uh I'm actually not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have uh I'm actually not going
+to go over it in detail I do want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go over it in detail I do want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go over it in detail I do want to
+give you sort of the big picture of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you sort of the big picture of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you sort of the big picture of what
+we're doing first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing first of all
+um uh I'm glad you're here and I and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I'm glad you're here and I and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I'm glad you're here and I and I
+do want class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want class
+participation uh there will be uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation uh there will be uh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation uh there will be uh three
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+sets uh and uh a research proposal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets uh and uh a research proposal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets uh and uh a research proposal the
+uh the problem sets are meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the problem sets are meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the problem sets are meant to be
+practice for you just to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice for you just to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice for you just to make sure
+you're working through the material uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working through the material uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working through the material uh
+some of you take field exams for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you take field exams for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you take field exams for example
+so these problem sets are meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these problem sets are meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these problem sets are meant to be
+practices for that as well it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices for that as well it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices for that as well it's really
+meant to help you uh one of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to help you uh one of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to help you uh one of the problem
+sets is going to focus on actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets is going to focus on actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets is going to focus on actually
+getting your hands dirty with the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting your hands dirty with the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting your hands dirty with the data
+so to speak and which's going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak and which's going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak and which's going to help
+with that and give you access to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and give you access to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and give you access to these
+towns and Thai data and and uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns and Thai data and and uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns and Thai data and and uh we'll
+have a specific project year around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a specific project year around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a specific project year around that
+it's it's really a research class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's really a research class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's really a research class
+so uh I would like you to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I would like you to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I would like you to write a
+research proposal not exactly a paper it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research proposal not exactly a paper it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research proposal not exactly a paper it
+can be short but the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be short but the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be short but the idea is that
+hopefully as we go through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully as we go through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully as we go through these
+lectures you will and I will try to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures you will and I will try to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures you will and I will try to help
+this proc process you'll have ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proc process you'll have ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proc process you'll have ideas
+about things uh you would like to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things uh you would like to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things uh you would like to work
+on things uh where you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on things uh where you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on things uh where you think the
+literature is falling short uh and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature is falling short uh and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature is falling short uh and you
+should begin to sort of think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should begin to sort of think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should begin to sort of think about that
+it's it's all too easy in these courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's all too easy in these courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's all too easy in these courses
+to think that taking a course means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that taking a course means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that taking a course means
+memorizing the lecture notes or learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing the lecture notes or learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing the lecture notes or learning
+how to manipulate as in a certain model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to manipulate as in a certain model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to manipulate as in a certain model
+and not thinking you know broadly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not thinking you know broadly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not thinking you know broadly about
+next steps you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next steps you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next steps you don't
+see faculty do doing the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see faculty do doing the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see faculty do doing the research
+actually I'm going to try to share with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm going to try to share with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm going to try to share with
+you how literatures develop compare and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how literatures develop compare and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how literatures develop compare and
+contrast different styles different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast different styles different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast different styles different
+attack strategies uh in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack strategies uh in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack strategies uh in fact the
+lectures are going to be a blend between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures are going to be a blend between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures are going to be a blend between
+overview material and the usual detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview material and the usual detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview material and the usual detail
+analysis of specific papers but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of specific papers but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of specific papers but um
+because that's a big part of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a big part of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a big part of the course
+I want you to get some experience at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to get some experience at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to get some experience at
+trying to think about things that way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think about things that way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think about things that way as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+uh the syllabus does say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the syllabus does say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the syllabus does say something about
+uh a midterm which is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a midterm which is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a midterm which is basically the
+final for my half of the course this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final for my half of the course this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final for my half of the course this is
+Joint with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joint with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joint with
+abet uh but uh my first gift to you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abet uh but uh my first gift to you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abet uh but uh my first gift to you is
+that we're going to wave that so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to wave that so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to wave that so there
+will be no uh final exam and instead the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be no uh final exam and instead the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be no uh final exam and instead the
+emphasis is going to be on uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis is going to be on uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis is going to be on uh the
+problem sets and the research proposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets and the research proposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets and the research proposal
+and and class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and class
+participation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation uh
+before I forget to say the recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I forget to say the recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I forget to say the recitation
+section is scheduled Thursdays I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is scheduled Thursdays I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is scheduled Thursdays I had
+originally thought it was Fridays so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally thought it was Fridays so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally thought it was Fridays so we
+put to be determined in all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put to be determined in all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put to be determined in all those
+recitation sections and in fact by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation sections and in fact by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation sections and in fact by this
+Thursday noon just after this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday noon just after this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday noon just after this class
+essentially uh you would have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh you would have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh you would have already
+had your first recitation section but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had your first recitation section but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had your first recitation section but
+it's just too early so we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just too early so we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just too early so we're not going
+to meet on Thursday um what we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet on Thursday um what we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet on Thursday um what we will
+start in Earnest the following week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in Earnest the following week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in Earnest the following week
+and um if you start looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um if you start looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um if you start looking at the
+syllabus you will see that uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus you will see that uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus you will see that uh there's a
+section at the beginning on data which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section at the beginning on data which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section at the beginning on data which
+I've kind of already mentioned there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've kind of already mentioned there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've kind of already mentioned there's a
+section at the beginning on computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section at the beginning on computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section at the beginning on computation
+and also on the gis so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also on the gis so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also on the gis so if you want to
+think about those as tools or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about those as tools or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about those as tools or
+skills uh we we're going to have some ta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills uh we we're going to have some ta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills uh we we're going to have some ta
+sessions uh going over sort of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions uh going over sort of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions uh going over sort of some of
+the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation
+aspects for example after the lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects for example after the lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects for example after the lecture on
+Thursday uh they it will be obvious how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday uh they it will be obvious how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday uh they it will be obvious how
+uh a computational recitation section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a computational recitation section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a computational recitation section
+fits in now I recognize you know I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits in now I recognize you know I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits in now I recognize you know I don't
+want to overdo this but the more I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to overdo this but the more I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to overdo this but the more I've
+talked to many of you the more including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to many of you the more including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to many of you the more including
+yesterday actually in some sense in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday actually in some sense in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday actually in some sense in the
+advising of second years the more I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advising of second years the more I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advising of second years the more I
+realize that students like you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that students like you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that students like you want to
+get trained in computational skills and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get trained in computational skills and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get trained in computational skills and
+methods and so on so we can have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and so on so we can have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and so on so we can have some
+extra sessions I'm in the busy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra sessions I'm in the busy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra sessions I'm in the busy in the
+work in the process of setting up extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the process of setting up extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the process of setting up extra
+computational sections on how to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational sections on how to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational sections on how to solve
+certain problems uh we'll probably make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain problems uh we'll probably make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain problems uh we'll probably make
+up for the Lost ta session on Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for the Lost ta session on Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for the Lost ta session on Thursday
+and and wh in fact is going to send out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and wh in fact is going to send out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and wh in fact is going to send out
+an email to each of you to try to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email to each of you to try to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email to each of you to try to work
+on scheduling a backup time so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on scheduling a backup time so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on scheduling a backup time so if we
+have some extra sessions we'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some extra sessions we'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some extra sessions we'll try to
+have as few conflicts as possible so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as few conflicts as possible so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as few conflicts as possible so so
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+um so I guess the only thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I guess the only thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I guess the only thing I want to
+say about the syllabus uh that won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about the syllabus uh that won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about the syllabus uh that won't be
+obvious from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious from the
+lecture is um today is the introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is um today is the introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is um today is the introductory
+class and uh there's all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and uh there's all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and uh there's all this
+supplementary material and then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementary material and then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementary material and then on
+Thursday we'll start with lecture two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday we'll start with lecture two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday we'll start with lecture two
+you'll get a dose of these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a dose of these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a dose of these sort of
+microfounded macro models we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfounded macro models we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfounded macro models we're going to
+go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on
+to uh another sort of new wave of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh another sort of new wave of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh another sort of new wave of those
+models featuring limited commitment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models featuring limited commitment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models featuring limited commitment and
+uh collateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh collateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh collateral
+constraints uh on the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints uh on the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints uh on the growth
+tfp uh type issues and then another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tfp uh type issues and then another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tfp uh type issues and then another
+section focuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section focuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section focuses
+on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh
+basically versions where there's cost Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically versions where there's cost Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically versions where there's cost Le
+State verification or moral hazard or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State verification or moral hazard or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State verification or moral hazard or
+adverse selection so so you can compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse selection so so you can compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse selection so so you can compare
+and contrast the implications of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contrast the implications of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contrast the implications of having
+these uh different Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh different Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh different Financial
+underpinnings which uh you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings which uh you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings which uh you know is
+complimentary classes in macro uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary classes in macro uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary classes in macro uh are
+also getting getting at those same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also getting getting at those same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also getting getting at those same
+issues uh then we'll have sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues uh then we'll have sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues uh then we'll have sort of the
+intermediate class on Micro Data and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate class on Micro Data and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate class on Micro Data and uh
+building all the way from household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building all the way from household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building all the way from household
+accounts to International income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts to International income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts to International income
+accounts and then move to actually using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts and then move to actually using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts and then move to actually using
+the Micro Data for various tests of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Micro Data for various tests of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Micro Data for various tests of
+these models full insurance in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models full insurance in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models full insurance in various
+ways then with these obstacles to trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways then with these obstacles to trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways then with these obstacles to trade
+and uh and and so on throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and and so on throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and and so on throughout the
+class so that's that's kind of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so that's that's kind of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so that's that's kind of the big
+picture of the uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the uh of the
+syllabus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus
+um each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um each
+uh uh lecture is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh lecture is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh lecture is pretty
+uh a lot of fun and there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lot of fun and there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lot of fun and there's a lot of
+material in there the lecture notes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in there the lecture notes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in there the lecture notes are
+meant as I've said to tie the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant as I've said to tie the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant as I've said to tie the material
+together both in general and and in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together both in general and and in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together both in general and and in its
+specifics today is a little bit of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics today is a little bit of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics today is a little bit of an
+exception because it's just a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception because it's just a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception because it's just a an
+introductory lecture I will try to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory lecture I will try to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory lecture I will try to have
+all the slides posted I'm not sure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the slides posted I'm not sure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the slides posted I'm not sure we
+managed to get this thing posted but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to get this thing posted but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to get this thing posted but
+I'll do that I'll try to get that done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do that I'll try to get that done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do that I'll try to get that done
+right after class normally the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after class normally the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after class normally the slides
+will be posted in advance of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be posted in advance of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be posted in advance of the class
+so if you feel more comfortable looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you feel more comfortable looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you feel more comfortable looking
+at material uh might facilitate asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at material uh might facilitate asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at material uh might facilitate asking
+questions during class which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions during class which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions during class which would be
+good these slides are posted oh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good these slides are posted oh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good these slides are posted oh good
+excellent okay and most of the readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent okay and most of the readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent okay and most of the readings
+are linked not entirely all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linked not entirely all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linked not entirely all of
+them um so it should be easy to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um so it should be easy to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um so it should be easy to explore
+you know your special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your special
+topic are there questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic are there questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic are there questions about the
+logistics of the class and I'll hang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics of the class and I'll hang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics of the class and I'll hang
+around a bit afterwards to answer any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a bit afterwards to answer any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a bit afterwards to answer any
+any specific questions you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any specific questions you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any specific questions you might have
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so Finance growth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Finance growth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Finance growth and
+volatility Theory data and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility Theory data and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility Theory data and the
+formulation of policy you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation of policy you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation of policy you know the
+course is organized around these topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is organized around these topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is organized around these topics
+there's so many ways to to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many ways to to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many ways to to think about
+this uh Finance Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh Finance Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh Finance Financial
+access uh is a very huge issue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access uh is a very huge issue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access uh is a very huge issue in
+development you may be more used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development you may be more used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development you may be more used to
+thinking about it from a micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it from a micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it from a micro
+perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective
+uh but we not only do the micro we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we not only do the micro we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we not only do the micro we do
+the macro the idea is that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the macro the idea is that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the macro the idea is that somehow
+Finance helps people with financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance helps people with financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance helps people with financial
+services it may be alleviating poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services it may be alleviating poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services it may be alleviating poverty
+and in the context of these General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the context of these General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the context of these General
+equilibrium models it has additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium models it has additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium models it has additional
+effects so many countries around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so many countries around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so many countries around the
+world not just the World Bank and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world not just the World Bank and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world not just the World Bank and other
+Aid agencies are pushing promoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aid agencies are pushing promoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aid agencies are pushing promoting
+advocating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocating
+uh Financial access there's new Gallop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Financial access there's new Gallop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Financial access there's new Gallop
+surveys measuring this stuff to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys measuring this stuff to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys measuring this stuff to try to
+get at inequalities across countries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at inequalities across countries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at inequalities across countries to
+sort of push a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of push a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of push a little bit
+uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the
+agenda uh so that's finance and growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda uh so that's finance and growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda uh so that's finance and growth
+I'm going to say more in a second uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say more in a second uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say more in a second uh
+finance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and
+volatility sort of should bring to mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility sort of should bring to mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility sort of should bring to mind
+the recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recent
+us and worldwide financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and worldwide financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and worldwide financial
+crisis uh and it pushes you seemingly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis uh and it pushes you seemingly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis uh and it pushes you seemingly in
+exactly the opposite direction which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the opposite direction which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the opposite direction which is
+uh you know maybe the housing market in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know maybe the housing market in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know maybe the housing market in
+the US maybe there was a little too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US maybe there was a little too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US maybe there was a little too much
+uh effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh effort
+for middle or even lower income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for middle or even lower income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for middle or even lower income
+households to own homes and that's led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households to own homes and that's led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households to own homes and that's led
+to certain you know government agency uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to certain you know government agency uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to certain you know government agency uh
+financing arrangements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing arrangements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing arrangements and
+uh and in any event uh it clearly was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in any event uh it clearly was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in any event uh it clearly was a
+financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial
+crisis uh and most of the regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis uh and most of the regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis uh and most of the regulations
+deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal
+with you know seemingly trying to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know seemingly trying to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know seemingly trying to push
+us back toward more restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us back toward more restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us back toward more restricted
+intermediation as if Financial access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation as if Financial access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation as if Financial access
+and credit and uh Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and credit and uh Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and credit and uh Financial
+liberalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberalization
+might if not be a bad thing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might if not be a bad thing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might if not be a bad thing you know
+maybe go too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe go too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe go too
+far uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far uh well
+we're going to try to be writing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to be writing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to be writing down
+models that think about not only each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that think about not only each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that think about not only each of
+those separately but to some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those separately but to some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those separately but to some extent
+having it on the same page to try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having it on the same page to try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having it on the same page to try to get
+at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that
+tension uh and actually growth uh is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension uh and actually growth uh is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension uh and actually growth uh is in
+there with financing growth growth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with financing growth growth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with financing growth growth and
+volatility is another quote bilateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility is another quote bilateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility is another quote bilateral
+pairing if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairing if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairing if you
+wish um there's some idea that Finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish um there's some idea that Finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish um there's some idea that Finance
+causes growth but growth does not come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes growth but growth does not come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes growth but growth does not come
+without volatility you know leaving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without volatility you know leaving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without volatility you know leaving the
+question I just raised about finance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I just raised about finance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I just raised about finance and
+Vol finance and Vol volatility so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vol finance and Vol volatility so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vol finance and Vol volatility so let me
+sort of give you a sense of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of give you a sense of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of give you a sense of each of
+these sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sub
+pieces um finance and growth well here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces um finance and growth well here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces um finance and growth well here's
+the story and I think it's pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story and I think it's pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story and I think it's pretty well
+accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted
+um by these uh these three papers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by these uh these three papers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by these uh these three papers for
+example that are very much cited King
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that are very much cited King
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that are very much cited King
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+LaVine Rajan and zingales and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LaVine Rajan and zingales and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LaVine Rajan and zingales and uh and
+Ross Lavine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ross Lavine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ross Lavine
+um you can read the abstract but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can read the abstract but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can read the abstract but
+basically let's pick out a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically let's pick out a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically let's pick out a few things
+here finance and growth shutter might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here finance and growth shutter might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here finance and growth shutter might be
+right cross-country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cross-country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cross-country
+evidence that Financial systems promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that Financial systems promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that Financial systems promote
+growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+um that the levels of financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the levels of financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the levels of financial
+development are strongly associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development are strongly associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development are strongly associated with
+per capita GDP growth and capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per capita GDP growth and capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per capita GDP growth and capital
+accumulations and improvements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulations and improvements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulations and improvements in
+efficiency like tfp but furthermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency like tfp but furthermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency like tfp but furthermore
+there seems to be causality in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there seems to be causality in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there seems to be causality in the data
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+predetermined level of financial deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predetermined level of financial deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predetermined level of financial deep
+deepening uh or development are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepening uh or development are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepening uh or development are
+associated with subsequent higher rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with subsequent higher rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with subsequent higher rates
+of of all these good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of all these good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of all these good
+things um Rajan and senales come at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um Rajan and senales come at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um Rajan and senales come at it
+in a in a related way they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a related way they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a related way they're basically
+saying that industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that industrial
+sectors that are more in need of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors that are more in need of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors that are more in need of
+external Finance due to the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external Finance due to the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external Finance due to the nature of
+the business develop disproportionately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business develop disproportionately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business develop disproportionately
+faster starting from a lower level in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster starting from a lower level in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster starting from a lower level in
+countries where the financial systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries where the financial systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries where the financial systems
+are liberalized or more liberal than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are liberalized or more liberal than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are liberalized or more liberal than in
+other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries
+um and they're worried about causality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they're worried about causality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they're worried about causality
+and so forth and lavine's uh review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and lavine's uh review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and lavine's uh review
+finance and growth Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and growth Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and growth Theory and
+evidence sum the summary in the abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence sum the summary in the abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence sum the summary in the abstract
+with qualifications to follow from him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with qualifications to follow from him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with qualifications to follow from him
+countries with better functioning Banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries with better functioning Banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries with better functioning Banks
+grow faster but however doesn't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow faster but however doesn't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow faster but however doesn't seem to
+matter whether it's bank-led Finance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether it's bank-led Finance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether it's bank-led Finance or
+or stocks or Equity markets uh he tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stocks or Equity markets uh he tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stocks or Equity markets uh he tries
+to cover the literature on simultaneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover the literature on simultaneity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover the literature on simultaneity
+bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias
+um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+so LaVine also points out the importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so LaVine also points out the importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so LaVine also points out the importance
+of this question uh and the importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this question uh and the importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this question uh and the importance
+therefore to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore to
+research and I must say in these slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and I must say in these slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and I must say in these slides
+I tried to indicate where there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tried to indicate where there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tried to indicate where there were
+quotes but at some point you may find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes but at some point you may find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes but at some point you may find it
+hard to tell what was the author's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to tell what was the author's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to tell what was the author's
+statement uh which is quite clear here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement uh which is quite clear here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement uh which is quite clear here
+versus my my summary but I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus my my summary but I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus my my summary but I wanted to
+see I I want I didn't want you to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I I want I didn't want you to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I I want I didn't want you to have
+to take my word for it I actually wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take my word for it I actually wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take my word for it I actually wanted
+you to see what these guys are saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to see what these guys are saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to see what these guys are saying
+in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their
+papers research that clarifies our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers research that clarifies our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers research that clarifies our
+understanding of the role of finance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the role of finance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the role of finance and
+economic growth have policy implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic growth have policy implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic growth have policy implications
+and shape policy oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shape policy oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shape policy oriented
+research this is going to influence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research this is going to influence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research this is going to influence the
+priority that policy makers and advisers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority that policy makers and advisers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority that policy makers and advisers
+attach to reforming the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach to reforming the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach to reforming the financial
+service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service
+sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector
+uh and so when this empirical work shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so when this empirical work shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so when this empirical work shows
+there's a connection between finance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a connection between finance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a connection between finance and
+longrun growth that basically advertises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longrun growth that basically advertises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longrun growth that basically advertises
+the urgent need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urgent need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urgent need for
+research on the political legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on the political legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on the political legal
+regulatory or policy determinants of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory or policy determinants of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory or policy determinants of of
+financial development not he's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial development not he's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial development not he's not
+saying that it's done deal and he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that it's done deal and he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that it's done deal and he has
+been one of the lead contributors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been one of the lead contributors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been one of the lead contributors to
+this empirical work but he's saying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this empirical work but he's saying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this empirical work but he's saying in
+fact there's much more to do on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's much more to do on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's much more to do on the
+research side specific policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research side specific policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research side specific policy
+implications are not immediate it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications are not immediate it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications are not immediate it's not
+obvious is how to go from the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious is how to go from the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious is how to go from the general
+idea of policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of policy
+uh to the way that Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the way that Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the way that Financial
+systems uh actually work and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh actually work and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh actually work and in
+particular the way they are modeled at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the way they are modeled at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the way they are modeled at
+the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theoretical
+level so you'll see this over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so you'll see this over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so you'll see this over and over
+again in these lectures which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in these lectures which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in these lectures which is this
+and I try to bring out both sides which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I try to bring out both sides which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I try to bring out both sides which
+is empirical work seems to me Mesmerize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is empirical work seems to me Mesmerize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is empirical work seems to me Mesmerize
+if not reassure theoretical work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not reassure theoretical work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not reassure theoretical work with
+almost no mention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no mention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no mention to the
+data uh and often this Gap in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh and often this Gap in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh and often this Gap in
+between I'm going to try to bridge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between I'm going to try to bridge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between I'm going to try to bridge the
+gap show you how the literature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap show you how the literature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap show you how the literature is
+trying to bridge the gap but it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to bridge the gap but it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to bridge the gap but it's kind
+of reassuring and refreshing to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reassuring and refreshing to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reassuring and refreshing to see
+LaVine being so candid in this rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LaVine being so candid in this rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LaVine being so candid in this rather
+famous review article um he says what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous review article um he says what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous review article um he says what do
+Financial intermediaries really do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial intermediaries really do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial intermediaries really do well
+you can think about producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about producing
+information about investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about investment
+possibilities or monitoring Investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities or monitoring Investments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities or monitoring Investments
+maybe uh corporate governance is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh corporate governance is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh corporate governance is better
+if they're somebody looking at them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're somebody looking at them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're somebody looking at them uh
+facilitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate
+trading uh facilitate diversification is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading uh facilitate diversification is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading uh facilitate diversification is
+important when there's risk for sure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when there's risk for sure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when there's risk for sure and
+the management of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the management of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the management of that
+risk uh Financial systems at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk uh Financial systems at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk uh Financial systems at a
+theoretical level mobilize and pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical level mobilize and pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical level mobilize and pool
+savings and generally ease the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings and generally ease the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings and generally ease the exchange
+of goods at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goods at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goods at and
+services so changes in these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services so changes in these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services so changes in these functions
+that are brought about by say policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are brought about by say policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are brought about by say policy
+changes you know could influence savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes you know could influence savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes you know could influence savings
+and investment and therefore have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and investment and therefore have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and investment and therefore have
+influence on economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence on economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence on economic
+growth now then you start to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth now then you start to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth now then you start to think about
+what is he really saying or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is he really saying or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is he really saying or not
+saying uh one thing that sort of caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying uh one thing that sort of caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying uh one thing that sort of caught
+my attention and I was predisposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my attention and I was predisposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my attention and I was predisposed to
+look for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for it
+is this distinction about levels versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this distinction about levels versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this distinction about levels versus
+growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+rates so is his vision one of steadily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates so is his vision one of steadily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates so is his vision one of steadily
+improving Financial intermediation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving Financial intermediation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving Financial intermediation on
+one or several of these Dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or several of these Dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or several of these Dimensions
+pushing levels of income up so that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing levels of income up so that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing levels of income up so that an
+expanding improved financial sector over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding improved financial sector over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding improved financial sector over
+time is causing growth in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is causing growth in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is causing growth in the sense that
+you have ever increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have ever increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have ever increasing
+levels or is he saying that a once and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels or is he saying that a once and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels or is he saying that a once and
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+fix to the financial system making it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix to the financial system making it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix to the financial system making it go
+from a low to higher level and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a low to higher level and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a low to higher level and no
+changes after that have an implication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes after that have an implication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes after that have an implication
+for sustained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sustained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sustained
+growth as in quote steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth as in quote steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth as in quote steady
+state not clear from what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state not clear from what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state not clear from what he
+said and we'll see models that take both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and we'll see models that take both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and we'll see models that take both
+these taxs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these taxs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these taxs
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+um there are other you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are other you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are other you know sort of
+caveats when you think about theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveats when you think about theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveats when you think about theoretical
+modeling uh are we talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling uh are we talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling uh are we talking about
+technological Improvement in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological Improvement in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological Improvement in the sense
+of tfp is that really what improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tfp is that really what improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tfp is that really what improved
+intermediation is supposed to be giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation is supposed to be giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation is supposed to be giving
+us uh but again we should maybe think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh but again we should maybe think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh but again we should maybe think
+also about transitions or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about transitions or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about transitions or even
+potentially poverty traps if if systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially poverty traps if if systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially poverty traps if if systems
+get get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get
+stuck uh another caveat savings rates uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck uh another caveat savings rates uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck uh another caveat savings rates uh
+are not monotone with increases is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not monotone with increases is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not monotone with increases is in
+return I mean for one thing in price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return I mean for one thing in price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return I mean for one thing in price
+Theory just think about income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory just think about income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory just think about income and
+substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+effects you know one Cuts against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects you know one Cuts against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects you know one Cuts against the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+one uh or what about the relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh or what about the relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh or what about the relationships
+between savings and improved allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between savings and improved allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between savings and improved allocation
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+risk uh if you improve the allocation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk uh if you improve the allocation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk uh if you improve the allocation of
+risk bearing then you don't need to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk bearing then you don't need to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk bearing then you don't need to save
+as a buffer stock so savings may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a buffer stock so savings may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a buffer stock so savings may
+actually go down and not up as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go down and not up as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go down and not up as a
+consequence of improving one piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of improving one piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of improving one piece of
+the Financial system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and then he makes his pitch for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then he makes his pitch for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then he makes his pitch for
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+about don't think broadly about savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about don't think broadly about savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about don't think broadly about savings
+or especially credit as an input think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or especially credit as an input think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or especially credit as an input think
+about actually how the financial system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about actually how the financial system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about actually how the financial system
+is is put together and we'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is put together and we'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is put together and we'll come back
+to that especially when we get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that especially when we get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that especially when we get to the
+measurement part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement part
+um does Finance cause reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does Finance cause reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does Finance cause reduced
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+uh he said in this review not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he said in this review not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he said in this review not
+necessarily and he reviews empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily and he reviews empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily and he reviews empirical
+evidence there are theoretical models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence there are theoretical models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence there are theoretical models
+that claim this to be true that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that claim this to be true that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that claim this to be true that the
+relationship is uh say favorable uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is uh say favorable uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is uh say favorable uh to
+reduce poverty reduce inequality and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce poverty reduce inequality and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce poverty reduce inequality and so
+on but certainly in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but certainly in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but certainly in some of the
+theoretical models and some of them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical models and some of them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical models and some of them that
+we're going to cover improved Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to cover improved Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to cover improved Financial
+systems at least early on cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems at least early on cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems at least early on cause
+increases in inequality not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases in inequality not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases in inequality not
+decreases in in inequality something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases in in inequality something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases in in inequality something
+along the lines of what ket's had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the lines of what ket's had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the lines of what ket's had in
+mind actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and then he just goes through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then he just goes through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then he just goes through some
+empirical work and doesn't come back not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical work and doesn't come back not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical work and doesn't come back not
+to belittle it but he does he does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to belittle it but he does he does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to belittle it but he does he does not
+come back to this underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this underlying
+tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension
+okay uh volatility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh volatility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh volatility and
+growth uh uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth uh uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth uh uh let's
+see you know before we start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you know before we start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you know before we start thinking
+that all the volatility we see has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the volatility we see has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the volatility we see has
+something to do with Finance or unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with Finance or unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with Finance or unstable
+Financial systems maybe we should try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial systems maybe we should try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial systems maybe we should try to
+document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document
+better those sources so this paper in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better those sources so this paper in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better those sources so this paper in
+the QJ uh is a decomposition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the QJ uh is a decomposition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the QJ uh is a decomposition of the
+sources of inequality looking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of inequality looking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of inequality looking in
+particular at low-income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular at low-income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular at low-income
+countries uh take it as a fact I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh take it as a fact I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh take it as a fact I'll show
+you a graph momentarily from them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a graph momentarily from them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a graph momentarily from them that
+there is more volatility in growth rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is more volatility in growth rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is more volatility in growth rates
+among lowincome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among lowincome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among lowincome
+countries and why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and why is that
+happening could be that poor countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening could be that poor countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening could be that poor countries
+somehow or other end up specialized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow or other end up specialized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow or other end up specialized in
+volatile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile
+sectors or it could be a version of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors or it could be a version of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors or it could be a version of that
+they just have a lot more quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just have a lot more quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just have a lot more quote
+specialization and they're not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization and they're not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization and they're not you know
+terribly Diversified over a multitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly Diversified over a multitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly Diversified over a multitude of
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+sectors uh could be that poor countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors uh could be that poor countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors uh could be that poor countries
+experience more frequent or more severe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience more frequent or more severe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience more frequent or more severe
+aggregate shocks sort of from a macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate shocks sort of from a macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate shocks sort of from a macro
+policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy
+perspective and it's even possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and it's even possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and it's even possible that
+poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor
+countries experience macro fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries experience macro fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries experience macro fluctuations
+that are somehow correlated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are somehow correlated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are somehow correlated with the
+shocks in which they're the sectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks in which they're the sectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks in which they're the sectors in
+which they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the
+picture this is levels of for capita GDP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is levels of for capita GDP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is levels of for capita GDP
+and uh and a variance uh standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and a variance uh standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and a variance uh standard
+deviation calculation this morning sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation calculation this morning sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation calculation this morning sort
+of thinking about this lecture I spooked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about this lecture I spooked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about this lecture I spooked
+myself a bit worrying that it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself a bit worrying that it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself a bit worrying that it should
+have been growth rates and not levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been growth rates and not levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been growth rates and not levels
+but but actually when they when they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but actually when they when they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but actually when they when they do
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+analysis they they do a composition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis they they do a composition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis they they do a composition in
+the growth of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth of value
+added again I can't do justice to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added again I can't do justice to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added again I can't do justice to this
+paper other than give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper other than give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper other than give you an
+overview but what they're saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview but what they're saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview but what they're saying is that
+uh the uh growth of GDP per worker in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh growth of GDP per worker in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh growth of GDP per worker in
+country J this object here is a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country J this object here is a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country J this object here is a weighted
+average of the growth of GDP in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the growth of GDP in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the growth of GDP in the
+various sectors in which country J is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various sectors in which country J is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various sectors in which country J is uh
+is specialized and these ajs are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is specialized and these ajs are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is specialized and these ajs are the
+weights or the proportions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights or the proportions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights or the proportions um
+and then they write down a quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they write down a quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they write down a quite
+plausible statistical model that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible statistical model that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible statistical model that the
+growth of value added GDP per worker in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of value added GDP per worker in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of value added GDP per worker in
+sector J of country s has a country s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector J of country s has a country s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector J of country s has a country s
+component uh a sector J component and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component uh a sector J component and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component uh a sector J component and
+some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some
+residual so that's kind of the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual so that's kind of the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual so that's kind of the basic
+model and what they do then is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and what they do then is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and what they do then is a very
+clever basically variance covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever basically variance covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever basically variance covariance
+decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition
+quantifying uh and answering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying uh and answering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying uh and answering the
+questions that were raised on the uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that were raised on the uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that were raised on the uh on
+the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous
+Slide the answer is uh 60% of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slide the answer is uh 60% of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slide the answer is uh 60% of this uh
+volatility is country specific so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility is country specific so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility is country specific so I
+don't know how you want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how you want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how you want to think about
+that it's not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not even
+5050 more than half of it is somehow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5050 more than half of it is somehow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5050 more than half of it is somehow a
+countrys specific phenomenon on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countrys specific phenomenon on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countrys specific phenomenon on the
+other hand there's a very non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand there's a very non-trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand there's a very non-trivial
+residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual
+40% almost 50 say which is which is due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% almost 50 say which is which is due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% almost 50 say which is which is due
+to the following namely diversification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the following namely diversification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the following namely diversification
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+limited uh in low-income countries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited uh in low-income countries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited uh in low-income countries and
+low-income countries do tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income countries do tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income countries do tend to
+specialize in sectors that are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialize in sectors that are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialize in sectors that are are
+relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volatile you know it sets aside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile you know it sets aside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile you know it sets aside the
+issue of why and whether there are any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of why and whether there are any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of why and whether there are any
+possible remedies and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+um a model in which volatility is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a model in which volatility is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a model in which volatility is is
+inevitable this is one of deron's models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable this is one of deron's models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable this is one of deron's models
+with zelati it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with zelati it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with zelati it's a great
+paper uh and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh and the idea
+is simple but very clever which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simple but very clever which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simple but very clever which is
+basically there's a fixed cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's a fixed cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's a fixed cost to
+opening up a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening up a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening up a new
+sector and at any moment in time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and at any moment in time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and at any moment in time of
+course you have a limited amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have a limited amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have a limited amount of
+resources so you've got to choose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources so you've got to choose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources so you've got to choose you
+you can't literally afford to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't literally afford to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't literally afford to do
+everything you can only do a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you can only do a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you can only do a subset of
+things so you're naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so you're naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so you're naturally
+vulnerable to to shocks uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable to to shocks uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable to to shocks uh in
+technologies that can't cover your that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that can't cover your that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that can't cover your that
+that are not able to cover your risk now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not able to cover your risk now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not able to cover your risk now
+within that there are some policy issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that there are some policy issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that there are some policy issues
+we might come back to at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might come back to at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might come back to at some
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+um but for a while clearly these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but for a while clearly these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but for a while clearly these
+countries are going to just be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries are going to just be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries are going to just be more
+volatile because they're less able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile because they're less able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile because they're less able to
+diver to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diversify then it gets a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversify then it gets a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversify then it gets a little
+more what should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more what should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more what should I
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+provocative which is maybe volatility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provocative which is maybe volatility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provocative which is maybe volatility is
+actually not something you'd like to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not something you'd like to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not something you'd like to get
+rid of and eventually can afford to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of and eventually can afford to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of and eventually can afford to do
+it maybe it's actually a necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe it's actually a necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe it's actually a necessary
+ingredient for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient for
+growth in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in other
+words if we come back to the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if we come back to the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if we come back to the big
+motivation the idea that Finance causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation the idea that Finance causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation the idea that Finance causes
+growth okay let's do it uh and finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth okay let's do it uh and finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth okay let's do it uh and finance
+in macro stability well maybe you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in macro stability well maybe you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in macro stability well maybe you're
+going to have the downside of that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the downside of that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the downside of that that
+there has to be some instability if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be some instability if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be some instability if
+you're going to get the growth I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get the growth I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get the growth I mean if
+you think this is entirely provocative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think this is entirely provocative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think this is entirely provocative
+just think about the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about the mean
+variance idea of holding assets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance idea of holding assets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance idea of holding assets you
+don't get a higher mean for free higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get a higher mean for free higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get a higher mean for free higher
+means come with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+risk so we should maybe take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so we should maybe take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so we should maybe take this
+seriously as did these authors I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously as did these authors I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously as did these authors I think
+this is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in the
+QJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QJ
+uh and they they document that countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they they document that countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they they document that countries
+that have had occasional financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have had occasional financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have had occasional financial
+crisis do grow faster on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis do grow faster on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis do grow faster on
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+um how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do they
+measure that basically risk idea uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that basically risk idea uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that basically risk idea uh well
+they don't want to take a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to take a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to take a simple
+variance measure uh because that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance measure uh because that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance measure uh because that's like
+small or big left or right tail it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small or big left or right tail it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small or big left or right tail it
+doesn't matter they're trying to get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter they're trying to get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter they're trying to get out
+of Crisis so their idea is look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Crisis so their idea is look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Crisis so their idea is look at the
+growth of credit or actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of credit or actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of credit or actually quite
+negative growth when you have a bust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative growth when you have a bust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative growth when you have a bust
+first a boom maybe inching along maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a boom maybe inching along maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a boom maybe inching along maybe a
+trend who knows how fast but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend who knows how fast but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend who knows how fast but
+occasionally Wham you get one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally Wham you get one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally Wham you get one of these
+episodes where the bottom falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes where the bottom falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes where the bottom falls
+out and I can't help but say it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I can't help but say it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I can't help but say it's a bit
+odd that since the US had a recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd that since the US had a recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd that since the US had a recent
+financial crisis everyone's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis everyone's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis everyone's kind of
+tearing up all the old work and starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tearing up all the old work and starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tearing up all the old work and starting
+over as if we need a whole new agenda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over as if we need a whole new agenda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over as if we need a whole new agenda
+whereas countries throughout the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas countries throughout the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas countries throughout the world
+for rogol would say hundreds of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rogol would say hundreds of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rogol would say hundreds of years
+have been experiencing financial crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been experiencing financial crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been experiencing financial crisis
+so certainly we should pay attention not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certainly we should pay attention not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certainly we should pay attention not
+to say something's good or bad but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say something's good or bad but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say something's good or bad but
+there's lots of historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of historical
+experience so they look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience so they look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience so they look at the
+skewness of uh of credit growth uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewness of uh of credit growth uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewness of uh of credit growth uh I
+always get the sign wrong but positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get the sign wrong but positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get the sign wrong but positive
+basically puts the mass in the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically puts the mass in the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically puts the mass in the left
+tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail
+um and they actually have a little model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they actually have a little model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they actually have a little model
+which I'll come back to in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so here are some pictures India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here are some pictures India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here are some pictures India
+versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+Thailand uh real credit growth and GDP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand uh real credit growth and GDP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand uh real credit growth and GDP
+growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+so the dotted line is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dotted line is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dotted line is uh
+Thailand uh which you know way back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand uh which you know way back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand uh which you know way back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was uh expanding its Financial system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was uh expanding its Financial system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was uh expanding its Financial system
+as measured by real credit uh um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as measured by real credit uh um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as measured by real credit uh um and
+then this is the famous if not Infamous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the famous if not Infamous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the famous if not Infamous
+Infamous financial crisis that started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infamous financial crisis that started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infamous financial crisis that started
+in July 2nd 1997 when the bank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in July 2nd 1997 when the bank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in July 2nd 1997 when the bank of
+Thailand realized it couldn't continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand realized it couldn't continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand realized it couldn't continue
+to hold the exchange rate and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold the exchange rate and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold the exchange rate and because
+they had forward commitments they seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had forward commitments they seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had forward commitments they seem
+to have forgot about um and that spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have forgot about um and that spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have forgot about um and that spread
+as you know to many not all but many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know to many not all but many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know to many not all but many of
+the Asian countries not even nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Asian countries not even nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Asian countries not even nearby
+countries I mean Korea is not near but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries I mean Korea is not near but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries I mean Korea is not near but
+they too suffered um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they too suffered um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they too suffered um
+however if you look at the and India did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if you look at the and India did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if you look at the and India did
+not have this crisis and India's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have this crisis and India's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have this crisis and India's been
+bragging a lot lately how clever they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bragging a lot lately how clever they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bragging a lot lately how clever they
+were to be conservative that they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to be conservative that they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to be conservative that they did
+not suffer from the US Financial episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not suffer from the US Financial episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not suffer from the US Financial episode
+um the way some other countries have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way some other countries have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way some other countries have had
+but if you look at the big picture here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at the big picture here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at the big picture here
+at least up through 02 you can see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least up through 02 you can see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least up through 02 you can see uh
+Thailand has kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand has kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand has kind of this
+v-shaped drop and then it's right back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v-shaped drop and then it's right back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v-shaped drop and then it's right back
+on I you know my measurements show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I you know my measurements show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I you know my measurements show that
+the growth rate was only 4% after as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth rate was only 4% after as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth rate was only 4% after as
+opposed to 5 or 6% before so maybe there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to 5 or 6% before so maybe there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to 5 or 6% before so maybe there
+was a structural shift but you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a structural shift but you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a structural shift but you know this
+little drop doesn't affect the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little drop doesn't affect the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little drop doesn't affect the overall
+level India's level remains lower so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level India's level remains lower so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level India's level remains lower so
+during this period you know country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this period you know country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this period you know country
+Thailand was one of the fastest growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand was one of the fastest growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand was one of the fastest growing
+countries in the world you hear a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in the world you hear a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in the world you hear a lot
+about China now and rightly so India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about China now and rightly so India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about China now and rightly so India
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+also uh but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh but this is a
+big and I didn't realize that these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and I didn't realize that these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and I didn't realize that these guys
+had focused on Thailand we have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had focused on Thailand we have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had focused on Thailand we have a lot
+more to say about Thailand in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to say about Thailand in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to say about Thailand in the class
+but obviously we're not alone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but obviously we're not alone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but obviously we're not alone in
+thinking about Thailand relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about Thailand relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about Thailand relative to
+other countries um now whether I agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries um now whether I agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries um now whether I agree
+with them about the financial crisis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them about the financial crisis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them about the financial crisis is
+uh or that dip is another story but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or that dip is another story but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or that dip is another story but
+um okay now how does their model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay now how does their model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay now how does their model
+work actually the the paper uses this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work actually the the paper uses this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work actually the the paper uses this as
+motivation and then goes on to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation and then goes on to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation and then goes on to try to
+work out how you would find countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out how you would find countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out how you would find countries
+experiencing these periodic financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing these periodic financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing these periodic financial
+crisis so the idea is it's a credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis so the idea is it's a credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis so the idea is it's a credit
+constraint model so there are borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint model so there are borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint model so there are borrowing
+constraints like collateral constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints like collateral constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints like collateral constraints
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if they were locked in place without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were locked in place without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were locked in place without any
+leniency you'd have high return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leniency you'd have high return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leniency you'd have high return
+businesses starved for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses starved for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses starved for
+credit uh but what happens is people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit uh but what happens is people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit uh but what happens is people
+begin to anticipate that actually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to anticipate that actually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to anticipate that actually they
+can be more generous in their lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be more generous in their lending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be more generous in their lending
+because of the moral so-called moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the moral so-called moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the moral so-called moral
+hazard problem which is the government's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard problem which is the government's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard problem which is the government's
+going to bail them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bail them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bail them
+out so bail out the private sector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so bail out the private sector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so bail out the private sector so
+this is sort of a political econ economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a political econ economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a political econ economy
+story uh there's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like sort of a political economy driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of a political economy driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of a political economy driven
+boom bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+again I don't have the equations here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I don't have the equations here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I don't have the equations here
+but the the paper's online and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the paper's online and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the paper's online and uh and
+you can uh you can read through their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh you can read through their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh you can read through their
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+um so they're saying crises are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they're saying crises are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they're saying crises are
+costly they're associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly they're associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly they're associated with
+bankruptcies and a dead rate weight loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankruptcies and a dead rate weight loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankruptcies and a dead rate weight loss
+uh and it's true that when the crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's true that when the crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's true that when the crisis
+happens you get this depressing effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you get this depressing effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you get this depressing effect
+on new credit and on investment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on new credit and on investment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on new credit and on investment and
+hampering growth which you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hampering growth which you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hampering growth which you know it's a
+big uh conversation in in the US and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh conversation in in the US and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh conversation in in the US and
+actually to some extent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to some extent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to some extent in
+Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and and they're saying if their model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and they're saying if their model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and they're saying if their model
+is right or they believe they're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right or they believe they're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right or they believe they're right
+that these this sort of effect is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these this sort of effect is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these this sort of effect is going
+to be larger in countries where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be larger in countries where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be larger in countries where the
+contract enforceability issues are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract enforceability issues are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract enforceability issues are more
+severe like borrowing constraints on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe like borrowing constraints on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe like borrowing constraints on the
+other hand not too severe if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand not too severe if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand not too severe if uh
+otherwise they won't get this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise they won't get this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise they won't get this uh
+leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effect so then we come to the trilogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so then we come to the trilogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so then we come to the trilogy
+which is finance and volatility we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is finance and volatility we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is finance and volatility we did
+finance and growth growth and volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and growth growth and volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and growth growth and volatility
+now finance and volatility and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now finance and volatility and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now finance and volatility and I don't
+have too much more to say about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have too much more to say about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have too much more to say about this
+other than to offer the reminder that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than to offer the reminder that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than to offer the reminder that
+that oam moglu paper and the roner AL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oam moglu paper and the roner AL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oam moglu paper and the roner AL
+paper uh suggest that volatility might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh suggest that volatility might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh suggest that volatility might
+diminish over time as countries have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminish over time as countries have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminish over time as countries have
+higher and higher level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and higher level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and higher level of
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+um but as I said at the beginning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but as I said at the beginning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but as I said at the beginning in
+fact not all these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact not all these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact not all these sort
+of it must be more than a bunch it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it must be more than a bunch it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it must be more than a bunch it must
+be more than sort of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more than sort of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more than sort of the uh
+transitivity if a is associated with B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitivity if a is associated with B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitivity if a is associated with B
+and B is associated with C then a should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B is associated with C then a should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B is associated with C then a should
+be associated with c and in the data it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be associated with c and in the data it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be associated with c and in the data it
+doesn't go that way so clearly there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go that way so clearly there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go that way so clearly there's
+something being left out here this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something being left out here this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something being left out here this paper
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+I became aware of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh they seem to find that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they seem to find that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they seem to find that in
+fact uh deeper Financial systems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact uh deeper Financial systems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact uh deeper Financial systems are
+associated with lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with lower
+volatility but uh and I checked this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility but uh and I checked this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility but uh and I checked this
+again this morning they also have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this morning they also have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this morning they also have in the
+regression the levels of grow of income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression the levels of grow of income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression the levels of grow of income
+and the growth rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the growth rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the growth rates of
+income so so in other words they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income so so in other words they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income so so in other words they have to
+control for the other parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for the other parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for the other parts of the
+trilogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trilogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trilogy
+basically uh um and then eek out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh um and then eek out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh um and then eek out this
+effect you know countries that are poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect you know countries that are poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect you know countries that are poor
+are often dependent on trade there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often dependent on trade there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often dependent on trade there are
+you know problems when exchange rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know problems when exchange rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know problems when exchange rates
+move there there are issues about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move there there are issues about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move there there are issues about
+devaluations and so on so they they kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devaluations and so on so they they kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devaluations and so on so they they kind
+of have to control for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have to control for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have to control for all of
+that and then you know offer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then you know offer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then you know offer the
+suggestion that that Finance might be be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion that that Finance might be be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion that that Finance might be be
+a good thing but believe me countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good thing but believe me countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good thing but believe me countries
+don't know I mean there the IMF really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I mean there the IMF really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I mean there the IMF really
+does know either and they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does know either and they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does know either and they're very
+interested in the state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the state of the
+literature and in further research to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and in further research to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and in further research to
+try to find out because they have client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find out because they have client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find out because they have client
+countries who want to know what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries who want to know what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries who want to know what to do
+they they go to the IMF for example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they go to the IMF for example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they go to the IMF for example to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice
+um so so then we come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this sort of policy uh discussion that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of policy uh discussion that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of policy uh discussion that's
+going on today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on today
+and to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be
+candid it seems to basically sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candid it seems to basically sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candid it seems to basically sort of
+depart from this literature from both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depart from this literature from both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depart from this literature from both
+the theoretical and the empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theoretical and the empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theoretical and the empirical
+literature um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature um
+LaVine writes a new paper now called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LaVine writes a new paper now called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LaVine writes a new paper now called
+regulating finance and Regulators to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating finance and Regulators to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating finance and Regulators to
+promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote
+growth uh it's like well we got to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth uh it's like well we got to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth uh it's like well we got to fix
+the problem we know the financial crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem we know the financial crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem we know the financial crisis
+was caused by back bad regulation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was caused by back bad regulation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was caused by back bad regulation so
+let's jump in and regulate somehow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's jump in and regulate somehow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's jump in and regulate somehow or
+provide the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the right
+incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so you know how important is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know how important is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know how important is it that
+the operation of how important is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation of how important is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation of how important is the
+operation of the financial system for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of the financial system for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of the financial system for an
+economic growth and which financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic growth and which financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic growth and which financial
+regulatory reforms will improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory reforms will improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory reforms will improve
+financial sector op operations he's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector op operations he's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector op operations he's sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+assuming in some sense an answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming in some sense an answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming in some sense an answer that
+the other literatur ISM and his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other literatur ISM and his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other literatur ISM and his own
+review was uh sort of much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review was uh sort of much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review was uh sort of much
+more uh equivocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about this is another example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is another example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is another example this
+Thorston Beck's work which is uh highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thorston Beck's work which is uh highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thorston Beck's work which is uh highly
+uh regarded I think in policy circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh regarded I think in policy circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh regarded I think in policy circles
+and the idea is to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is to come up with a
+financial possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial possibilities
+Frontier so and again this is driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier so and again this is driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier so and again this is driven by
+the idea that we're going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that we're going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that we're going to give
+countries specific recommendations they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries specific recommendations they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries specific recommendations they
+want to know where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know where they
+stand you know relative to to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand you know relative to to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand you know relative to to other
+countries and what if anything they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and what if anything they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and what if anything they
+should be doing so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be doing so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be doing so here's the
+idea uh you know this is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea uh you know this is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea uh you know this is the uh
+say the financial possibilities Frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the financial possibilities Frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the financial possibilities Frontier
+this country isn't on it so somehow they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this country isn't on it so somehow they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this country isn't on it so somehow they
+should move up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should move up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should move up
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+uh this country B actually has a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this country B actually has a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this country B actually has a higher
+level of uh Financial depth than a but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of uh Financial depth than a but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of uh Financial depth than a but
+rather than rest on their sort of levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than rest on their sort of levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than rest on their sort of levels
+the idea is that if we knew what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that if we knew what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that if we knew what this
+Frontier was it would tell us they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier was it would tell us they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier was it would tell us they're
+actually fur below the frontier than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fur below the frontier than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fur below the frontier than a
+was they have kind of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was they have kind of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was they have kind of more
+ground to go to get up to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground to go to get up to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground to go to get up to that
+Frontier and uh and then this will cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier and uh and then this will cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier and uh and then this will cat
+get your eye here beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your eye here beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your eye here beyond the
+frontier so the idea is that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier so the idea is that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier so the idea is that some
+countries are just basically too deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries are just basically too deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries are just basically too deep
+and they should pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they should pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they should pull
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+um question yeah in this paper what sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um question yeah in this paper what sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um question yeah in this paper what sort
+of things go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things go the
+x-axis uh yeah so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis uh yeah so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis uh yeah so this is
+basically a huge sort of CrossCountry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a huge sort of CrossCountry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a huge sort of CrossCountry
+regression with tons of of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression with tons of of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression with tons of of X
+variables uh I mean the next slide has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh I mean the next slide has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh I mean the next slide has
+uh you know gives you some sense there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know gives you some sense there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know gives you some sense there
+are variables in there to try to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are variables in there to try to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are variables in there to try to control
+somehow for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow for
+institutions uh there surveys of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions uh there surveys of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions uh there surveys of sort of
+you know how good how easy it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how good how easy it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how good how easy it is to
+conduct business in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct business in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct business in these
+countries uh there are other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh there are other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh there are other things
+associated with structural problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with structural problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with structural problems
+there's even you know policy stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's even you know policy stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's even you know policy stuff
+although honestly I don't remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although honestly I don't remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although honestly I don't remember we
+can look it up and see you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look it up and see you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look it up and see you know sort of
+categorize all the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorize all the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorize all the X
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now I'm somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm somewhat
+sympathetic to uh looking at dat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic to uh looking at dat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic to uh looking at dat
+data so we don't want to say this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so we don't want to say this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so we don't want to say this is you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+uh completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh completely
+uninformative uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and I am sympathetic with the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I am sympathetic with the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I am sympathetic with the idea
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+knowing H what has happened to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing H what has happened to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing H what has happened to different
+countries at different points in times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries at different points in times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries at different points in times
+might kind of give us pause like leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might kind of give us pause like leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might kind of give us pause like leading
+indicators there's a whole group uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators there's a whole group uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators there's a whole group uh
+actually I was talking to to Ken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I was talking to to Ken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I was talking to to Ken
+Singleton the other day uh and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singleton the other day uh and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singleton the other day uh and I don't
+think this this work is quite public yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this this work is quite public yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this this work is quite public yet
+but but there the idea is you know he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but there the idea is you know he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but there the idea is you know he's
+in finance and a very good person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance and a very good person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance and a very good person and
+he's trying to measure the risk premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to measure the risk premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to measure the risk premium
+based on observed asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on observed asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on observed asset
+prices and and and they seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and and and they seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and and and they seem to be
+showing that when the risk premium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that when the risk premium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that when the risk premium is
+low that's when you run into trouble now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low that's when you run into trouble now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low that's when you run into trouble now
+that might sound like counterintuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might sound like counterintuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might sound like counterintuitive
+at first but but the point is if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first but but the point is if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first but but the point is if the
+markets are saying are understating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are saying are understating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are saying are understating the
+amount of risk then you can imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of risk then you can imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of risk then you can imagine the
+financial system is just pumping too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial system is just pumping too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial system is just pumping too
+much money into otherwise risky things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money into otherwise risky things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money into otherwise risky things
+and that's when countries run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's when countries run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's when countries run into
+trouble eventually so so it's good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble eventually so so it's good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble eventually so so it's good to
+have early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have early
+warnings that's good but the seems to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warnings that's good but the seems to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warnings that's good but the seems to me
+you know the challenge here is to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the challenge here is to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the challenge here is to uh to
+get beneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get beneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get beneath the
+frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier
+um in fact I find the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact I find the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact I find the whole
+jargon a bit misleading because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jargon a bit misleading because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jargon a bit misleading because there's
+a utility possibilities Frontier which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a utility possibilities Frontier which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a utility possibilities Frontier which
+is like the bread and butter of General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the bread and butter of General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the bread and butter of General
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+economics one point is you can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics one point is you can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics one point is you can't get
+beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the
+frontier anyway there's a question oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier anyway there's a question oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier anyway there's a question oh I
+I was going to ask uh in what sense is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to ask uh in what sense is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to ask uh in what sense is
+does he talk about a frontier uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does he talk about a frontier uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does he talk about a frontier uh because
+it sort of looked from his graph as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of looked from his graph as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of looked from his graph as if
+he was saying this is the optimal level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was saying this is the optimal level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was saying this is the optimal level
+of financial deepening for you that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of financial deepening for you that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of financial deepening for you that's
+not what a frontier means uh and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what a frontier means uh and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what a frontier means uh and so then
+he's talking abouto optimality no that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's talking abouto optimality no that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's talking abouto optimality no that's
+me so this is one instance where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so this is one instance where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so this is one instance where my
+thoughts kind of merg into into his so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts kind of merg into into his so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts kind of merg into into his so
+I'm I'm the one worried about Paro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm the one worried about Paro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm the one worried about Paro
+optimality so is are there issues with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality so is are there issues with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality so is are there issues with
+uh aggregation at that point if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh aggregation at that point if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh aggregation at that point if you're
+worrying about sort of utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about sort of utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about sort of utility
+possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility
+fronti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fronti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fronti
+uh to construct a par a utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to construct a par a utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to construct a par a utility
+possibilities Frontier we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities Frontier we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities Frontier we need to
+specify the model we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the model we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the model we're going to have to
+lay out preferences endowments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay out preferences endowments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay out preferences endowments and
+technology we're going to have to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we're going to have to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we're going to have to take a
+stand on possible imperfections in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand on possible imperfections in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand on possible imperfections in the
+credit and financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit and financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit and financial
+system uh and just say that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh and just say that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh and just say that you know
+sometimes it will turn out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it will turn out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it will turn out that
+despite limited commitment or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite limited commitment or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite limited commitment or some
+information problems the it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information problems the it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information problems the it's a
+well-defined notion and markets should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined notion and markets should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined notion and markets should
+allow you to end up on the frontier but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to end up on the frontier but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to end up on the frontier but
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+other things like pecuniary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like pecuniary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like pecuniary
+externalities where if there's no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalities where if there's no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalities where if there's no you
+know remedy then you you could end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know remedy then you you could end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know remedy then you you could end up
+off the frontier due due to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the frontier due due to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the frontier due due to an
+externality so the close something close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality so the close something close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality so the close something close
+to the same language works but you're if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same language works but you're if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same language works but you're if
+I'm understanding you correctly they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm understanding you correctly they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm understanding you correctly they're
+not say they're not representative cons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not say they're not representative cons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not say they're not representative cons
+consumer models typically they they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer models typically they they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer models typically they they have
+all the heterogenity in them and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the heterogenity in them and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the heterogenity in them and there
+are issues about whether there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are issues about whether there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are issues about whether there is a
+pseudo representative consumer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo representative consumer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo representative consumer that
+somehow approximates the behavior all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow approximates the behavior all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow approximates the behavior all so
+those are key issues in these models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are key issues in these models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are key issues in these models
+and and most of them don't aggregate up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and most of them don't aggregate up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and most of them don't aggregate up
+uh that way but on the other hand we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that way but on the other hand we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that way but on the other hand we can
+look at the welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implications uh and finally there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications uh and finally there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications uh and finally there's this
+uh paper an IMF working paper uh on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh paper an IMF working paper uh on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh paper an IMF working paper uh on how
+to deal with credit booms and this seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with credit booms and this seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with credit booms and this seems
+to be a summary of the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a summary of the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a summary of the current
+consensus I uh hesitate to call it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus I uh hesitate to call it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus I uh hesitate to call it that
+that credit booms butus investment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that credit booms butus investment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that credit booms butus investment and
+consumption they can contribute to Long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption they can contribute to Long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption they can contribute to Long
+Run deepening but they often end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Run deepening but they often end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Run deepening but they often end up in
+costly balance sheet dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly balance sheet dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly balance sheet dis
+allocations and dislocations and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations and dislocations and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations and dislocations and uh and
+more often than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often than
+acceptable in devastating Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable in devastating Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable in devastating Financial
+crises whose cost greatly exceeds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crises whose cost greatly exceeds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crises whose cost greatly exceeds the
+benefit associated with the boom so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit associated with the boom so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit associated with the boom so this
+is the view some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the view some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the view some
+how uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how uh that that
+is pretty typical uh and so you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty typical uh and so you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty typical uh and so you end up
+with this sort of goal to uh keep an eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this sort of goal to uh keep an eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this sort of goal to uh keep an eye
+on financial liberalizations to limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on financial liberalizations to limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on financial liberalizations to limit
+Credit expansion somehow although they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Credit expansion somehow although they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Credit expansion somehow although they
+don't quite know how and the menu of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't quite know how and the menu of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't quite know how and the menu of
+things that they're looking at you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they're looking at you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they're looking at you know
+is very Bassel like they're basically ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very Bassel like they're basically ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very Bassel like they're basically ad
+hoc International best practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoc International best practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoc International best practice
+statements as if it were obvious you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements as if it were obvious you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements as if it were obvious you
+know how to regulate the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to regulate the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to regulate the financial
+system those regulations are not coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system those regulations are not coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system those regulations are not coming
+from fundamental considerations of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fundamental considerations of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fundamental considerations of how
+credit markets work and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit markets work and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit markets work and how they
+interact with the macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy
+so is there another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is there another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is there another
+way an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way an alternative
+approach I guess it's uh self-evident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach I guess it's uh self-evident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach I guess it's uh self-evident
+from what I've been saying in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what I've been saying in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what I've been saying in this
+introduction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction uh
+is to understand something I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to understand something I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to understand something I'm going to
+refer to short-handed as apply General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to short-handed as apply General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to short-handed as apply General
+equilibrium development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium development
+economics uh to understand the unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics uh to understand the unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics uh to understand the unit of
+analysis at which this can be applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis at which this can be applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis at which this can be applied
+and uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh to
+clarify what that is relative to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify what that is relative to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify what that is relative to other
+General equilibrium models in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General equilibrium models in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General equilibrium models in the
+literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature
+so so this may be uh familiar if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this may be uh familiar if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this may be uh familiar if
+shocking picture so to speak in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking picture so to speak in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking picture so to speak in the
+context if you haven't seen it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context if you haven't seen it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context if you haven't seen it before
+this is a picture of uh of a village in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a picture of uh of a village in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a picture of uh of a village in
+India uh you know we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India uh you know we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India uh you know we can
+enumerate uh the household by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate uh the household by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate uh the household by their
+wealth order them by their their wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth order them by their their wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth order them by their their wealth
+and look at these years where panel data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at these years where panel data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at these years where panel data
+were gathered in these so-called IAT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were gathered in these so-called IAT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were gathered in these so-called IAT
+Villages this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages this is
+arali uh and here you can see the ups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arali uh and here you can see the ups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arali uh and here you can see the ups
+and downs of income okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and downs of income okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and downs of income okay
+idiosyncratic aggregate risk you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic aggregate risk you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic aggregate risk you know
+there's not a lot of Co movement here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a lot of Co movement here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a lot of Co movement here
+you the Peaks are covering up The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the Peaks are covering up The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the Peaks are covering up The
+Valleys behind it households are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valleys behind it households are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valleys behind it households are not
+having up and ups and downs together uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having up and ups and downs together uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having up and ups and downs together uh
+there's plenty of uh of risk in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's plenty of uh of risk in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's plenty of uh of risk in the
+system and this is how the consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and this is how the consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and this is how the consumption
+picture turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture turns
+out you know I I often refer to this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know I I often refer to this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know I I often refer to this in
+a shorthand way is the Rocky Mountains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorthand way is the Rocky Mountains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorthand way is the Rocky Mountains
+versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+Kansas and and Kansas is pretty boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kansas and and Kansas is pretty boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kansas and and Kansas is pretty boring
+uh it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very
+flat and but what it shows you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat and but what it shows you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat and but what it shows you very
+dramatically is that somehow some way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically is that somehow some way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically is that somehow some way in
+these Village economies they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Village economies they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Village economies they have
+figured out a way to smooth a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out a way to smooth a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out a way to smooth a lot of the
+risk in fact they come very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk in fact they come very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk in fact they come very close
+not totally there but very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not totally there but very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not totally there but very close to
+achieving the optimal allocation of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving the optimal allocation of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving the optimal allocation of risk
+bearing that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing that that uh
+Arrow uh arrow debru and so on have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow uh arrow debru and so on have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow uh arrow debru and so on have been
+uh talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talking about
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+now you know don't dismiss this as okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know don't dismiss this as okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know don't dismiss this as okay
+okay we're back in thank God it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're back in thank God it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're back in thank God it's
+development we're back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development we're back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development we're back in
+villages uh the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages uh the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages uh the point
+is the point is that you can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the point is that you can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the point is that you can use this
+framework and the data are available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework and the data are available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework and the data are available to
+do this not just at the Village level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this not just at the Village level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this not just at the Village level
+collections of villages regions in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections of villages regions in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections of villages regions in a
+country or even across countries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country or even across countries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country or even across countries and
+every single one of those things is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single one of those things is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single one of those things is done
+in their there's a huge literature so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their there's a huge literature so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their there's a huge literature so we
+know quite a bit about the allocation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know quite a bit about the allocation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know quite a bit about the allocation of
+risk bearing and in fact where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk bearing and in fact where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk bearing and in fact where where
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+fail uh here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail uh here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail uh here's
+another put uh look at sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another put uh look at sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another put uh look at sort of an
+economy this turns out to be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy this turns out to be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy this turns out to be another
+Village uh and it's about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village uh and it's about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village uh and it's about the
+diversification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification
+issue uh so if you could do all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue uh so if you could do all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue uh so if you could do all this
+great Expo smoothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Expo smoothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Expo smoothing
+somehow you should just special Iz in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you should just special Iz in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you should just special Iz in
+what you're good at and uh you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're good at and uh you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're good at and uh you know your
+asset Holdings might appear pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset Holdings might appear pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset Holdings might appear pretty
+specialized um and maybe the bulk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized um and maybe the bulk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized um and maybe the bulk of
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+consumption uh is determined expost by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption uh is determined expost by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption uh is determined expost by
+borrowing and lending and gift giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and lending and gift giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and lending and gift giving
+and whatever else they're doing but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever else they're doing but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever else they're doing but no
+not in medieval England they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in medieval England they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in medieval England they they
+divided up their land in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided up their land in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided up their land in an
+extraordinary way a typical farmer would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary way a typical farmer would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary way a typical farmer would
+have 60 or 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 60 or 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 60 or 70
+plots fragmented throughout the village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots fragmented throughout the village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots fragmented throughout the village
+this is also true in Bolivia up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also true in Bolivia up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also true in Bolivia up in the
+uh altiplano and so on running down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh altiplano and so on running down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh altiplano and so on running down
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+elevations um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevations um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevations um
+so the point here is not all economies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point here is not all economies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point here is not all economies
+are alike not even all Villages are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are alike not even all Villages are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are alike not even all Villages are
+alike and you know sort of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alike and you know sort of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alike and you know sort of looking at
+data in this case partly through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in this case partly through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in this case partly through this
+institution you can see that the expost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution you can see that the expost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution you can see that the expost
+allocation of risk bearing must you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation of risk bearing must you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation of risk bearing must you know
+evidently be more limited did in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidently be more limited did in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidently be more limited did in this
+case a took a private information model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a took a private information model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a took a private information model
+to try to explain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to explain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to explain that
+outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um again to reassure you that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again to reassure you that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again to reassure you that this is
+not just macro it's macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just macro it's macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just macro it's macro
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+macroo devoted to macro or I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroo devoted to macro or I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroo devoted to macro or I don't know
+you can turn that any way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can turn that any way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can turn that any way you
+want but someone made a joke once that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but someone made a joke once that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but someone made a joke once that
+you know if if if in the slides you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if if in the slides you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if if in the slides you
+don't have a picture of a village or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a picture of a village or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a picture of a village or
+something then you're not really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then you're not really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then you're not really a
+development Economist I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development Economist I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development Economist I I
+actually I took this picture but uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I took this picture but uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I took this picture but uh so
+you got land labor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+um okay so I love Villages and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so I love Villages and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so I love Villages and the
+reason is you really don't have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is you really don't have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is you really don't have to make
+things up you you can actually measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up you you can actually measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up you you can actually measure
+things and get an approximate sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and get an approximate sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and get an approximate sense of
+what what the uh preference the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the uh preference the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the uh preference the
+endowments and technology uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments and technology uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments and technology uh our
+preferences are a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are a bit
+trickier um so that's the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier um so that's the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier um so that's the way the
+language we use as general equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language we use as general equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language we use as general equilibrium
+theorists you know preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists you know preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists you know preferences
+endowments technology as I said an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments technology as I said an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments technology as I said an
+answer to the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the earlier
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+uh and then you can do this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you can do this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you can do this kind of
+adding up so this is like taking these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up so this is like taking these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up so this is like taking these
+Villages the Thai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages the Thai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages the Thai
+Villages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages and
+uh adding up all the households in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh adding up all the households in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh adding up all the households in the
+village with the Financial counts we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village with the Financial counts we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village with the Financial counts we'll
+get to that in a minute that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that in a minute that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that in a minute that's the
+measurement part the midpoint of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement part the midpoint of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement part the midpoint of the
+course uh and you can see in one region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh and you can see in one region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh and you can see in one region
+near Bangkok you know Village output GDP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near Bangkok you know Village output GDP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near Bangkok you know Village output GDP
+except it's not National is going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it's not National is going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it's not National is going down
+in the other regions it's kind of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other regions it's kind of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other regions it's kind of going
+up this is a second panel so to speak is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this is a second panel so to speak is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this is a second panel so to speak is
+whether savings is put into real or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether savings is put into real or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether savings is put into real or
+financial investments and here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial investments and here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial investments and here you have
+the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance
+payments so it shouldn't be too much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments so it shouldn't be too much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments so it shouldn't be too much a
+stretch to realize that if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch to realize that if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch to realize that if you have the
+measurement you can indeed go zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement you can indeed go zoom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement you can indeed go zoom in
+and zoom out you can go from households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zoom out you can go from households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zoom out you can go from households
+out to the whole country and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the whole country and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the whole country and
+intermediate steps in between and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate steps in between and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate steps in between and use
+these standard Tools in this case We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these standard Tools in this case We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these standard Tools in this case We've
+Ended up with the tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ended up with the tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ended up with the tools that
+International economists use and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International economists use and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International economists use and we can
+I'm using them internally within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using them internally within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using them internally within the
+country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+um but at least if the measurement is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but at least if the measurement is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but at least if the measurement is in
+common we are allowed to do that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common we are allowed to do that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common we are allowed to do that I'll
+just pause briefly to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pause briefly to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pause briefly to talk about the
+data I've already mentioned we have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I've already mentioned we have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I've already mentioned we have it
+and that uh you should feel free to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that uh you should feel free to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that uh you should feel free to use
+it it's quite extensive it's 15 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's quite extensive it's 15 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's quite extensive it's 15 years
+worth of data and some of it's monthly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth of data and some of it's monthly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth of data and some of it's monthly
+um it's both rural and urban uh yeah I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's both rural and urban uh yeah I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's both rural and urban uh yeah I'm
+in City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in City
+neighborhoods uh and uh and spread out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods uh and uh and spread out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods uh and uh and spread out
+throughout the uh the kingdom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the uh the kingdom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the uh the kingdom
+uh this is zooming in and zooming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is zooming in and zooming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is zooming in and zooming out
+literally so here you can see almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally so here you can see almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally so here you can see almost
+like an aerial photo with the uh Village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an aerial photo with the uh Village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an aerial photo with the uh Village
+locations where we collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations where we collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations where we collect
+data uh you know Zoom all the way over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh you know Zoom all the way over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh you know Zoom all the way over
+here you can see zooming way out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see zooming way out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see zooming way out you
+know where it is basically uh it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where it is basically uh it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where it is basically uh it's uh
+somewhat near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat near
+Bangkok uh this particular sample site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bangkok uh this particular sample site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bangkok uh this particular sample site
+and this is sort of the intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is sort of the intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is sort of the intermediate
+level here we're plotting at the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level here we're plotting at the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level here we're plotting at the level
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+provinces uh the wealth level um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provinces uh the wealth level um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provinces uh the wealth level um which
+is in common with those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in common with those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in common with those two
+diagrams well we have this extensive GIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams well we have this extensive GIS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams well we have this extensive GIS
+system I've made a campaign of putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I've made a campaign of putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I've made a campaign of putting
+all available secondary data that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all available secondary data that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all available secondary data that I
+could get a hold of uh over the years uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get a hold of uh over the years uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get a hold of uh over the years uh
+a lot of it's available through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it's available through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it's available through
+dataverse Harvard MIT and uh and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dataverse Harvard MIT and uh and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dataverse Harvard MIT and uh and we are
+in the process of putting this onto this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process of putting this onto this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process of putting this onto this
+common GIS platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common GIS platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common GIS platform
+where you can look at Bank locations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can look at Bank locations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can look at Bank locations and
+Factory locations and uh Road networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory locations and uh Road networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory locations and uh Road networks
+and compute travel time and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute travel time and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute travel time and so on so
+uh one of the if you're interested I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the if you're interested I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the if you're interested I can
+uh have my GIS person uh maybe have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have my GIS person uh maybe have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have my GIS person uh maybe have a
+special session and and uh sort of show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special session and and uh sort of show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special session and and uh sort of show
+you a little bit about how to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit about how to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit about how to use the
+system and and the kind of work that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and and the kind of work that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and and the kind of work that's
+that's possible to do with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's possible to do with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's possible to do with it
+um it's coming there isn't that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's coming there isn't that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's coming there isn't that much
+work in economics that has explicit sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in economics that has explicit sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in economics that has explicit sort
+of General equilibrium spatial modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of General equilibrium spatial modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of General equilibrium spatial modeling
+but it's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's coming
+um so it it's a wide open and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it it's a wide open and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it it's a wide open and
+interesting research topic um so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting research topic um so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting research topic um so what is
+this General equilibrium development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this General equilibrium development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this General equilibrium development
+approach well it's not just individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach well it's not just individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach well it's not just individual
+maximization it's not just partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization it's not just partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization it's not just partial
+equilibrium it's General equilibrium so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium it's General equilibrium so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium it's General equilibrium so
+things like the econom wide interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the econom wide interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the econom wide interest
+rate and wage rates are very much uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and wage rates are very much uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and wage rates are very much uh on
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+minds from a development perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds from a development perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds from a development perspective
+it's not just the impact of some savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the impact of some savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the impact of some savings
+account or improved credit product on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account or improved credit product on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account or improved credit product on
+individuals it's about efficiency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals it's about efficiency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals it's about efficiency of the
+system in other words it's not just on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in other words it's not just on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in other words it's not just on
+the credit side it's kind of on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit side it's kind of on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit side it's kind of on the
+lending side the money for Lending comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending side the money for Lending comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending side the money for Lending comes
+from savings you have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from savings you have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from savings you have to think about
+intermediation and the flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation and the flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation and the flow of
+funds and judge efficiency using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds and judge efficiency using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds and judge efficiency using this
+Paro uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paro uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paro uh
+Criterion uh it's not a foregone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion uh it's not a foregone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion uh it's not a foregone
+conclusion what the best fitting Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion what the best fitting Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion what the best fitting Market
+or contract structure is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or contract structure is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or contract structure is that's
+something that comes out of the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that comes out of the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that comes out of the analysis
+that's why it's so good to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's so good to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's so good to have the
+Micro Data because you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micro Data because you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micro Data because you can actually
+test you could have Villages one village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you could have Villages one village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you could have Villages one village
+doing quite well and uh a whole region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing quite well and uh a whole region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing quite well and uh a whole region
+in another part of the country doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another part of the country doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another part of the country doing
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+terribly uh but we don't have to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly uh but we don't have to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly uh but we don't have to guess
+or assume because we'll in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or assume because we'll in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or assume because we'll in the course
+you know acquire some tools for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know acquire some tools for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know acquire some tools for doing
+that analysis so clearly it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that analysis so clearly it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that analysis so clearly it's not the
+ever varying Washington consensus which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever varying Washington consensus which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever varying Washington consensus which
+is for liberalization and now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for liberalization and now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for liberalization and now for
+regulation I mean look at Europe just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation I mean look at Europe just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation I mean look at Europe just
+going back and forth not knowing what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and forth not knowing what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and forth not knowing what to
+do the debts too high we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the debts too high we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the debts too high we need to
+restrain it oh my God we need need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stimulus so we think through those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus so we think through those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus so we think through those
+things at the same time with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at the same time with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at the same time with these
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um and I don't mean to be saying it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I don't mean to be saying it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I don't mean to be saying it's
+all about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about the
+us obviously it's about India it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us obviously it's about India it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us obviously it's about India it's about
+the Philippines it's Kenya where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Philippines it's Kenya where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Philippines it's Kenya where they
+are allowing cell phones as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are allowing cell phones as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are allowing cell phones as opposed to
+Thailand where they're effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand where they're effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand where they're effectively
+ruling it out so you know those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruling it out so you know those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruling it out so you know those are the
+debates that are happen happening in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debates that are happen happening in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debates that are happen happening in in
+developing countries you got some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries you got some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries you got some stuff
+on the website if you want to see I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the website if you want to see I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the website if you want to see I will
+be tracking Thailand a lot but I've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tracking Thailand a lot but I've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tracking Thailand a lot but I've also
+been writing a book on Mexico and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been writing a book on Mexico and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been writing a book on Mexico and you'll
+see me throw in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see me throw in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see me throw in some
+slides I I think the danger here is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides I I think the danger here is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides I I think the danger here is you
+see too much Thailand and then you begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see too much Thailand and then you begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see too much Thailand and then you begin
+to think it's all about Thailand well a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think it's all about Thailand well a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think it's all about Thailand well a
+I'm not the only one worrying about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not the only one worrying about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not the only one worrying about
+Thailand but B you know seeing other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand but B you know seeing other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand but B you know seeing other
+countries and seeing the same analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and seeing the same analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and seeing the same analysis
+done in two different countries really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in two different countries really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in two different countries really
+brings this stuff to light so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings this stuff to light so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings this stuff to light so that's why
+Mexico is sometimes paired in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico is sometimes paired in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico is sometimes paired in these
+slides um so the goal here is to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides um so the goal here is to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides um so the goal here is to explain
+yes to understand what's out there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes to understand what's out there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes to understand what's out there but
+it's also normative to try to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also normative to try to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also normative to try to come up
+with uh policies uh that allow more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh policies uh that allow more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh policies uh that allow more
+inclusive Financial systems if the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive Financial systems if the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive Financial systems if the data
+indicate that but also to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that but also to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that but also to think about
+the overall efficiency and to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall efficiency and to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall efficiency and to think
+about Market design and optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Market design and optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Market design and optimal
+regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation
+um there is some logic in all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is some logic in all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is some logic in all of this
+basically you assume something or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you assume something or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you assume something or
+several things you go out there and test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several things you go out there and test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several things you go out there and test
+it may fit if it does fit you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may fit if it does fit you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may fit if it does fit you've
+understood sort of the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood sort of the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood sort of the financial
+contracts and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and the
+imperfection if it's full information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfection if it's full information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfection if it's full information
+for RIS sharing then you know we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for RIS sharing then you know we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for RIS sharing then you know we have
+this wonderful standard and it's clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wonderful standard and it's clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wonderful standard and it's clear
+at least at the Village level in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least at the Village level in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least at the Village level in India
+you shouldn't be intervening with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't be intervening with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't be intervening with
+particular hous holds on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular hous holds on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular hous holds on the other hand
+if you reject maybe it's due to a moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you reject maybe it's due to a moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you reject maybe it's due to a moral
+hazard problem uh the problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard problem uh the problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard problem uh the problem that
+people don't repay and they walk away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't repay and they walk away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't repay and they walk away
+from their Investments the data can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their Investments the data can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their Investments the data can help
+indicate that now then the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that now then the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that now then the question is
+is it all still constrained maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it all still constrained maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it all still constrained maybe it's
+second best optimal maybe this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second best optimal maybe this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second best optimal maybe this first
+best standard is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best standard is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best standard is an
+illusion but maybe when it's second best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion but maybe when it's second best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion but maybe when it's second best
+things like allowing more goods to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like allowing more goods to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like allowing more goods to play
+the role as collateral like changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role as collateral like changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role as collateral like changing the
+legal system those kinds of reforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal system those kinds of reforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal system those kinds of reforms
+might uh might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might uh might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might uh might be
+indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated
+um now there is uh a lot of General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now there is uh a lot of General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now there is uh a lot of General
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+literature to sort of contrast with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature to sort of contrast with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature to sort of contrast with this
+General equilibrium development point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General equilibrium development point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General equilibrium development point of
+view uh this goes way back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view uh this goes way back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view uh this goes way back to the
+foundations of General equilibrium herb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations of General equilibrium herb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations of General equilibrium herb
+scarf and his students shovin and WALL-E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarf and his students shovin and WALL-E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarf and his students shovin and WALL-E
+that's called apply General equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called apply General equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called apply General equilibrium
+and does not allow uncertainty this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does not allow uncertainty this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does not allow uncertainty this type
+of modeling is still used although it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modeling is still used although it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modeling is still used although it's
+in kind of pockets it's used within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kind of pockets it's used within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kind of pockets it's used within the
+World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World
+Bank all our climate guys over here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank all our climate guys over here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank all our climate guys over here at
+MIT use this stuff that's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT use this stuff that's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT use this stuff that's the basic
+conceptual framework the cge model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual framework the cge model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual framework the cge model that
+lies behind uh these conclusions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies behind uh these conclusions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies behind uh these conclusions about
+how climate change is going to influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how climate change is going to influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how climate change is going to influence
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+economy so it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy so it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy so it is it
+is it is quite widely used and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is quite widely used and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is quite widely used and there's
+some great review articles and it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some great review articles and it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some great review articles and it does
+have some key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some key
+strengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh um computable General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um computable General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um computable General
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+uh has has this strength of drawing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has has this strength of drawing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has has this strength of drawing on
+the national income and product accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national income and product accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national income and product accounts
+and input output maj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and input output maj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and input output maj
+sees that's just basically the successor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees that's just basically the successor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees that's just basically the successor
+to the supply General equilibrium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the supply General equilibrium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the supply General equilibrium and
+then we have the more macro likee if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the more macro likee if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the more macro likee if I
+could say so Dynamic stochastic General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say so Dynamic stochastic General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say so Dynamic stochastic General
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+models uh so you associate this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models uh so you associate this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models uh so you associate this with
+Prescott for example and real business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prescott for example and real business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prescott for example and real business
+Cycles so it's great on Dynamics it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles so it's great on Dynamics it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles so it's great on Dynamics it's
+great in being very clear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great in being very clear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great in being very clear about
+shocks however we anticipated this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks however we anticipated this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks however we anticipated this it
+largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely
+assumes a representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes a representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes a representative
+consumer as if you know you had complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer as if you know you had complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer as if you know you had complete
+markets that allow this kind of Gorman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets that allow this kind of Gorman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets that allow this kind of Gorman
+aggregation with certain preferences so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation with certain preferences so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation with certain preferences so
+in that world you're not going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that world you're not going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that world you're not going to have
+redistributive wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributive wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributive wealth
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+uh and and it is kind of interesting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and it is kind of interesting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and it is kind of interesting in
+sort of a History of Thought point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a History of Thought point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a History of Thought point of
+view that despite the early battles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that despite the early battles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that despite the early battles in
+macro this you know dsge stuff basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro this you know dsge stuff basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro this you know dsge stuff basically
+took over and and largely without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took over and and largely without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took over and and largely without
+modeling the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling the financial
+sector uh and so I think that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector uh and so I think that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector uh and so I think that's why
+people felt rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people felt rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people felt rather
+flat-footed when the financial crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat-footed when the financial crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat-footed when the financial crisis
+you know came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know came
+along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along
+um so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of
+dynamic General equilibrium models uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic General equilibrium models uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic General equilibrium models uh uh
+of the that started with banki and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the that started with banki and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the that started with banki and
+girtler I keep looking at Alp over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girtler I keep looking at Alp over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girtler I keep looking at Alp over there
+because I know that you know we featured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know that you know we featured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know that you know we featured
+that just now in the macro uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just now in the macro uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just now in the macro uh
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+um uh it is kind of built on micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it is kind of built on micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it is kind of built on micro
+underpinnings and a certain you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings and a certain you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings and a certain you know
+view of a costly State verification as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of a costly State verification as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of a costly State verification as
+underlying imperfection it does feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying imperfection it does feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying imperfection it does feature
+a lot the role of credit and a financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot the role of credit and a financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot the role of credit and a financial
+accelerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but largely with some exceptions I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but largely with some exceptions I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but largely with some exceptions I'll
+say momentarily this stuff is a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say momentarily this stuff is a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say momentarily this stuff is a an
+aggregate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate of
+model um and it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um and it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um and it's quite
+elaborate uh as a model you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate uh as a model you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate uh as a model you have the
+Central Bank you have households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank you have households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank you have households
+entrepreneurs but entrepreneurs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs but entrepreneurs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs but entrepreneurs are
+somehow different from retailers andet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow different from retailers andet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow different from retailers andet
+retailers are somehow different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailers are somehow different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailers are somehow different from
+capital goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital goods
+producers and uh certainly in early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers and uh certainly in early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers and uh certainly in early
+versions of Cristiano and ien Bal and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of Cristiano and ien Bal and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of Cristiano and ien Bal and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+uh they actually only look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they actually only look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they actually only look at the
+Aggregates generated by that model they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aggregates generated by that model they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aggregates generated by that model they
+never they never assign these sectors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never they never assign these sectors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never they never assign these sectors to
+data it's not tested it's not part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it's not tested it's not part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it's not tested it's not part of
+the the the way they're doing business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the way they're doing business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the way they're doing business
+so maybe they don't need to if they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe they don't need to if they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe they don't need to if they get
+the Aggregates right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Aggregates right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Aggregates right
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um this is a picture of India this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a picture of India this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a picture of India this stuff
+is used by central banks if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used by central banks if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used by central banks if you want to
+see one in Brazil that's called Samba or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one in Brazil that's called Samba or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one in Brazil that's called Samba or
+something I'm not sure if that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I'm not sure if that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I'm not sure if that's the
+music or uh they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music or uh they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music or uh they have
+one um it's on the reading list but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um it's on the reading list but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um it's on the reading list but you
+know I must say in a bit more optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I must say in a bit more optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I must say in a bit more optimistic
+vein things are starting to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vein things are starting to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vein things are starting to come in
+together uh Shay and cleau wrote papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh Shay and cleau wrote papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh Shay and cleau wrote papers
+on India and China you on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on India and China you on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on India and China you on the
+distribution of firm size and now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of firm size and now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of firm size and now it's
+almost becoming standard that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost becoming standard that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost becoming standard that if you
+write down one of these models you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down one of these models you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down one of these models you have
+to look at the implication for firm size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the implication for firm size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the implication for firm size
+or some key parameter in the model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some key parameter in the model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some key parameter in the model is
+going to be calibrated against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be calibrated against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be calibrated against the
+distribution of firm sizes in the US for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of firm sizes in the US for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of firm sizes in the US for
+example just like Rajan and zala has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example just like Rajan and zala has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example just like Rajan and zala has
+kind of started that that research path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of started that that research path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of started that that research path
+so the the latest sort of uh Larry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the latest sort of uh Larry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the latest sort of uh Larry
+paper um you know definitely uses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper um you know definitely uses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper um you know definitely uses that
+and uses other Financial variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uses other Financial variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uses other Financial variables
+starting to look at bankruptcy and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to look at bankruptcy and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to look at bankruptcy and so on
+so so one can be somewhat optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so one can be somewhat optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so one can be somewhat optimistic
+that these seemingly similar in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these seemingly similar in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these seemingly similar in the
+sense of General equilibrium but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of General equilibrium but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of General equilibrium but
+obviously diverse attacks on how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously diverse attacks on how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously diverse attacks on how the
+financial system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial system
+work or isn't even necessarily modeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or isn't even necessarily modeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or isn't even necessarily modeled
+they're kind of coming together and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of coming together and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of coming together and and
+I think the place where it arguably Has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the place where it arguably Has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the place where it arguably Has
+Come Together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Come Together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Come Together the
+fastest and uh and where we really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest and uh and where we really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest and uh and where we really quite
+un understand quite a lot is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un understand quite a lot is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un understand quite a lot is in
+development economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development economics
+uh and and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and it
+features you know the measurement at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features you know the measurement at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features you know the measurement at the
+household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household
+level using corporate accounts this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level using corporate accounts this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level using corporate accounts this is
+again the midpoint of the of the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the midpoint of the of the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the midpoint of the of the series
+of lectures so we can get at tfp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectures so we can get at tfp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectures so we can get at tfp
+productivity change wealth rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity change wealth rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity change wealth rates of
+return treating households just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return treating households just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return treating households just like the
+firms are treated in corporate Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are treated in corporate Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are treated in corporate Financial
+accounts income statement balance sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts income statement balance sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts income statement balance sheet
+statement of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of cash
+flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+occupation choice is a key ingredient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation choice is a key ingredient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation choice is a key ingredient in
+these models because typically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models because typically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models because typically in
+developing countries you see households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries you see households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries you see households
+making transitions they used to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making transitions they used to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making transitions they used to be in
+agriculture they set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture they set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture they set up a
+firm uh maybe become wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm uh maybe become wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm uh maybe become wage
+earners uh so that's a big part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earners uh so that's a big part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earners uh so that's a big part of
+almost almost all of the models there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost almost all of the models there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost almost all of the models there's
+tests of these micro underpinnings I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests of these micro underpinnings I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests of these micro underpinnings I
+listed a few papers here there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed a few papers here there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed a few papers here there's some
+warning that uh under pinnings do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning that uh under pinnings do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning that uh under pinnings do
+matter uh that things are rarely it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter uh that things are rarely it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter uh that things are rarely it's
+it's rare that one kind of underpinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rare that one kind of underpinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rare that one kind of underpinning
+is a a stand in for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a stand in for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a stand in for the other
+ones um or at least it it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones um or at least it it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones um or at least it it does not
+always work out that way and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work out that way and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work out that way and the
+Matsuyama paper is a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reminder uh well actually he more says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder uh well actually he more says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder uh well actually he more says
+things aren't monotonic and Boyd and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things aren't monotonic and Boyd and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things aren't monotonic and Boyd and
+Smith and girtler and rogoff have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smith and girtler and rogoff have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smith and girtler and rogoff have
+examples of how these underpinnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how these underpinnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how these underpinnings
+really matter to to the macro or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter to to the macro or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter to to the macro or
+Regional phenomenon so um so part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional phenomenon so um so part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional phenomenon so um so part
+of part of the agenda here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of part of the agenda here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of part of the agenda here is
+measurement and it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and it's not just
+measurement at the household level it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement at the household level it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement at the household level it's
+it moves from the national income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves from the national income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves from the national income
+accounts and uh balance sheets and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts and uh balance sheets and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts and uh balance sheets and so on
+to differences of balance sheets which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differences of balance sheets which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differences of balance sheets which
+essentially the flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the flow of
+funds you know so so if there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds you know so so if there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds you know so so if there's one
+thing that seems obvious you know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that seems obvious you know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that seems obvious you know but
+actually remains challenging is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually remains challenging is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually remains challenging is that if
+you wanted the model the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted the model the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted the model the financial
+system in a country should look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in a country should look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in a country should look at the
+flow of funds data because that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of funds data because that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of funds data because that really
+tells you at least at the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you at least at the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you at least at the level of
+aggregation that is presented in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation that is presented in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation that is presented in the
+public data you know what financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public data you know what financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public data you know what financial
+instruments are actually used who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments are actually used who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments are actually used who's
+taking you know the debt or lender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking you know the debt or lender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking you know the debt or lender
+position in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in those
+instruments uh you can certainly see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments uh you can certainly see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments uh you can certainly see
+very well with finan with flow of funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well with finan with flow of funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well with finan with flow of funds
+the movement in and out of the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movement in and out of the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movement in and out of the formal
+Financial system because that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial system because that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial system because that's where
+the measurement is the best actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurement is the best actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurement is the best actually
+because banks have to report stuff they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because banks have to report stuff they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because banks have to report stuff they
+try desperately to hide a lot but uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try desperately to hide a lot but uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try desperately to hide a lot but uh at
+least you know flow of funds in and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you know flow of funds in and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you know flow of funds in and out
+of the banking system is available even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the banking system is available even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the banking system is available even
+for for lowincome countries uh turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for lowincome countries uh turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for lowincome countries uh turns out
+the IMF is loaded with data people at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IMF is loaded with data people at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IMF is loaded with data people at
+the fund haven't been using using it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fund haven't been using using it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fund haven't been using using it uh
+but now it's sort of an Awakening that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now it's sort of an Awakening that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now it's sort of an Awakening that
+there's a lot of things that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of things that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of things that could be
+done with flow of funds dat and I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with flow of funds dat and I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with flow of funds dat and I'm in
+touch with those guys so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch with those guys so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch with those guys so
+um potentially if you're interested in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um potentially if you're interested in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um potentially if you're interested in a
+particular country you know get you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular country you know get you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular country you know get you the
+latest flow of funds data you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest flow of funds data you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest flow of funds data you have to
+keep an eye on things though in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep an eye on things though in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep an eye on things though in the
+sense of the informal sector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the informal sector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the informal sector is
+typically not measured but in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically not measured but in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically not measured but in these
+countries can be really key espe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries can be really key espe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries can be really key espe
+especially in low income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in low income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in low income
+countries uh and unfortunately you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh and unfortunately you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh and unfortunately you don't
+usually to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually to get the
+geography uh although we've had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography uh although we've had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography uh although we've had some
+projects we've encouraged with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects we've encouraged with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects we've encouraged with
+Mexico and kind of working with Brazil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico and kind of working with Brazil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico and kind of working with Brazil
+to to get the geography in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get the geography in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get the geography in there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh we'll come back to this flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we'll come back to this flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we'll come back to this flow of
+funds diagram but it basically makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds diagram but it basically makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds diagram but it basically makes the
+point that you can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is actually a village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is actually a village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is actually a village
+again uh with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh with the
+transactions of the village with a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions of the village with a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions of the village with a sort
+of not for-profit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not for-profit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not for-profit uh
+Corporation Financial corporations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation Financial corporations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation Financial corporations
+non-financial corporations and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-financial corporations and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-financial corporations and and and
+and government and so on so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and government and so on so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and government and so on so just to
+belabor the point again the way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belabor the point again the way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belabor the point again the way that you
+measure in principle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in principle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in principle is
+common and then you can zoom in and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and then you can zoom in and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and then you can zoom in and out
+you know depending on what you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know depending on what you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know depending on what you think
+might be key uh and take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be key uh and take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be key uh and take a
+look at orders of magnitudes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things you may not realize it but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you may not realize it but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you may not realize it but I'm
+basically following the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically following the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically following the order of the
+syllabus so after we get through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus so after we get through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus so after we get through the
+measurement part including flow of funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement part including flow of funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement part including flow of funds
+we'll talk specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk specifically
+about micro level tests of insurance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about micro level tests of insurance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about micro level tests of insurance of
+credit uh this is too complicated for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit uh this is too complicated for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit uh this is too complicated for
+today but we'll get into these obstacles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but we'll get into these obstacles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but we'll get into these obstacles
+to trade and how to test whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trade and how to test whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trade and how to test whether it's a
+moral hazard problem or adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral hazard problem or adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral hazard problem or adverse
+selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection
+problem uh test incomplete markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh test incomplete markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh test incomplete markets
+against information constrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against information constrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against information constrain
+markets uh this is a lot of material and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets uh this is a lot of material and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets uh this is a lot of material and
+I'll be mindful of that I'll at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be mindful of that I'll at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be mindful of that I'll at least
+try to give you some examples of of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to give you some examples of of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to give you some examples of of how
+this analysis is uh is being conducted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis is uh is being conducted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis is uh is being conducted
+uh and we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we end up
+back with apply General equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with apply General equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with apply General equilibrium
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+economics which is going to be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics which is going to be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics which is going to be you know
+what we're going to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do in
+class starting on Thursday we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class starting on Thursday we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class starting on Thursday we're going
+to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start
+with uh we've already got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduced patient Choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced patient Choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced patient Choice
+models uh there are several band Newman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models uh there are several band Newman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models uh there are several band Newman
+Galore and Zera Lloyd Ellison burn Dan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galore and Zera Lloyd Ellison burn Dan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galore and Zera Lloyd Ellison burn Dan
+burnhard uh agion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bolton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bolton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bolton
+the key parameters of the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+underpinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will'll uh for second lecture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will'll uh for second lecture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will'll uh for second lecture of the
+class we will be sort of having all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we will be sort of having all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we will be sort of having all the
+ingredients the micro the estimation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients the micro the estimation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients the micro the estimation and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+simulation uh this is another sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation uh this is another sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation uh this is another sort of
+genre in the literature this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre in the literature this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre in the literature this is
+financial this one takes the expans of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial this one takes the expans of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial this one takes the expans of
+the financial system as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial system as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial system as
+exogenous uh this one tries to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous uh this one tries to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous uh this one tries to make it
+endogenous key contributors are say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous key contributors are say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous key contributors are say for
+example Greenwood and javanovich Ben
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Greenwood and javanovich Ben
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Greenwood and javanovich Ben
+sinka and Smith entirely theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinka and Smith entirely theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinka and Smith entirely theoretical
+models basically in the style of Ross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models basically in the style of Ross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models basically in the style of Ross
+LaVine taking a stand on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LaVine taking a stand on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LaVine taking a stand on how
+intermediation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation
+Works showing you know for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works showing you know for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works showing you know for example that
+inequality might go up before it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality might go up before it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality might go up before it goes
+down but not taken seriously enough in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but not taken seriously enough in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but not taken seriously enough in
+the sense of going to the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of going to the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of going to the data
+which is what you know we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you know we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you know we'll talk about
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+um I said quite a bit during the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I said quite a bit during the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I said quite a bit during the lecture
+about uh policy and assessing policy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh policy and assessing policy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh policy and assessing policy so
+you know Thailand for example as you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Thailand for example as you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Thailand for example as you saw
+had uh Financial deepening going on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh Financial deepening going on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh Financial deepening going on and
+at times rather substantial Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times rather substantial Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times rather substantial Financial
+deepening once we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepening once we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepening once we have these
+models and we've kind of estimated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and we've kind of estimated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and we've kind of estimated or
+calibrated the key parameter we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated the key parameter we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated the key parameter we can do
+these welfare experiments we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these welfare experiments we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these welfare experiments we can
+actually say what would have what it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say what would have what it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say what would have what it uh
+who benefited and for that matter who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who benefited and for that matter who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who benefited and for that matter who
+lost from the expansion of the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost from the expansion of the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost from the expansion of the financial
+system you know the beneficiaries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you know the beneficiaries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you know the beneficiaries are
+like these poor credit constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these poor credit constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these poor credit constrained
+households that don't have access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households that don't have access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households that don't have access to the
+financial system but over time as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial system but over time as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial system but over time as they
+exogenously are allowed to enter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenously are allowed to enter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenously are allowed to enter that
+system they have huge increases in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they have huge increases in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they have huge increases in their
+welfare and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare and
+well-being uh why does somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being uh why does somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being uh why does somebody
+lose well that growth of Enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose well that growth of Enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose well that growth of Enterprise
+means increased employment it's pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means increased employment it's pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means increased employment it's pressure
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+wages in the model and in tand the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages in the model and in tand the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages in the model and in tand the real
+wage eventually shoots up rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage eventually shoots up rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage eventually shoots up rather
+dramatically that increases the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically that increases the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically that increases the cost of
+doing business and the profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing business and the profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing business and the profits
+of uh entrepreneurs can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh entrepreneurs can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh entrepreneurs can
+drop so so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop so so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop so so this is the
+the wonderful part now I don't mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wonderful part now I don't mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wonderful part now I don't mean to
+say this model is wonderful it has a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this model is wonderful it has a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this model is wonderful it has a lot
+of limitations which I will share with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of limitations which I will share with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of limitations which I will share with
+you on Thursday but what's wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on Thursday but what's wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on Thursday but what's wonderful
+about it is that you can actually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is that you can actually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is that you can actually go
+through these distributive you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these distributive you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these distributive you know
+welfare gains and losses types uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare gains and losses types uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare gains and losses types uh of
+calculations this one with endogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations this one with endogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations this one with endogenous
+Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial
+deepening uh comes back to my comment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepening uh comes back to my comment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepening uh comes back to my comment on
+the slide which had India versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide which had India versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide which had India versus
+Thailand and I said something obscure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand and I said something obscure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand and I said something obscure
+about I had another view of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I had another view of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I had another view of what
+happened in Thailand well part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in Thailand well part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in Thailand well part of that
+growth was preceded by a a real flat GDP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth was preceded by a a real flat GDP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth was preceded by a a real flat GDP
+went you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went you basically
+Flatline and what was going on well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flatline and what was going on well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flatline and what was going on well they
+had certain interest rate restrictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had certain interest rate restrictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had certain interest rate restrictions
+on you know deposit rates and lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know deposit rates and lending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know deposit rates and lending
+rates there was an oil shock you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates there was an oil shock you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates there was an oil shock you know
+prices were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices were going
+up and money was flowing out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and money was flowing out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and money was flowing out of the
+of of the financial system the banks ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the financial system the banks ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the financial system the banks ran
+into trouble the government essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into trouble the government essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into trouble the government essentially
+took them over and the economy goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took them over and the economy goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took them over and the economy goes
+Flatline you should worry about this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flatline you should worry about this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flatline you should worry about this you
+know it's not necessarily the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not necessarily the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not necessarily the case that
+quote regulation or you know in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote regulation or you know in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote regulation or you know in this
+case National almost close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case National almost close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case National almost close to
+nationalization of the banking system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalization of the banking system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalization of the banking system is
+necessary necessarily the way to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary necessarily the way to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary necessarily the way to deal
+with the uh financial crisis now how on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh financial crisis now how on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh financial crisis now how on
+Earth are we able to model this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth are we able to model this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth are we able to model this it's
+really quite simple we just create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite simple we just create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite simple we just create a
+wedge in the original Greenwood and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedge in the original Greenwood and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedge in the original Greenwood and
+javanovich model which is a spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+javanovich model which is a spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+javanovich model which is a spread
+between the borrowing and lending rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the borrowing and lending rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the borrowing and lending rate
+and we say when the more the sorry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say when the more the sorry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say when the more the sorry this
+sounds very Market oriented the more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds very Market oriented the more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds very Market oriented the more the
+government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+does the more resources get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the more resources get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the more resources get
+squandered and that you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squandered and that you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squandered and that you know that
+inefficiency wedge kind of increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency wedge kind of increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency wedge kind of increases
+over and above the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and above the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and above the cost of
+intermediation and at the calibrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation and at the calibrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation and at the calibrated
+parameters that's actually an for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that's actually an for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that's actually an for the
+model simulation to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model simulation to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model simulation to go
+flat but likewise then we can liberalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat but likewise then we can liberalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat but likewise then we can liberalize
+the system which Thailand did and back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out questions then we'll go Way Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out questions then we'll go Way Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out questions then we'll go Way Beyond
+these to the lecture next uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to the lecture next uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to the lecture next uh next
+Tuesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0oXquNdvAnk.txt b/0oXquNdvAnk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c090834dcabc0212db2ae0934506039437e636ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0oXquNdvAnk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2160 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+garbish trash rubbish or Municipal solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbish trash rubbish or Municipal solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbish trash rubbish or Municipal solid
+waste does not make any difference what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste does not make any difference what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste does not make any difference what
+we call it the fact remains the same we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it the fact remains the same we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it the fact remains the same we
+produce huge amounts of it and it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce huge amounts of it and it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce huge amounts of it and it takes
+an enormous amount of every community's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enormous amount of every community's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enormous amount of every community's
+resources to deal with it cities are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to deal with it cities are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to deal with it cities are at
+the Nexus of a deeper threat to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nexus of a deeper threat to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nexus of a deeper threat to the
+environment namely the production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment namely the production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment namely the production of
+increasing quantity and complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing quantity and complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing quantity and complexity of
+waste in general Urban residents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste in general Urban residents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste in general Urban residents
+generate two to three times more solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate two to three times more solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate two to three times more solid
+waste than their fellow rural citizens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste than their fellow rural citizens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste than their fellow rural citizens
+globally the daily waste generation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally the daily waste generation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally the daily waste generation in
+urban areas is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban areas is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban areas is about
+760,000 tons and is expected to sharply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+760,000 tons and is expected to sharply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+760,000 tons and is expected to sharply
+increase to 1.8 Millions tons per day by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase to 1.8 Millions tons per day by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase to 1.8 Millions tons per day by
+the year 2025 Municipal Solid Waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year 2025 Municipal Solid Waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year 2025 Municipal Solid Waste
+especially generated in the cities is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially generated in the cities is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially generated in the cities is
+the most complex Solid Waste stream as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most complex Solid Waste stream as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most complex Solid Waste stream as
+opposed to more homogeneous waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to more homogeneous waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to more homogeneous waste
+streams resulting from industrial or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams resulting from industrial or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams resulting from industrial or
+agricultural activities the list of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural activities the list of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural activities the list of the
+top 10 countries that generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 10 countries that generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 10 countries that generate the
+largest amount of Municipal solid waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest amount of Municipal solid waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest amount of Municipal solid waste
+includes four developing nations namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes four developing nations namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes four developing nations namely
+Brazil China India and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil China India and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil China India and
+Mexico this is mainly due to the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico this is mainly due to the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico this is mainly due to the size of
+their growing Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their growing Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their growing Urban
+population furthermore their City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population furthermore their City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population furthermore their City
+dwellers are prospering and adopting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwellers are prospering and adopting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwellers are prospering and adopting
+High consumption Lifestyles urbanization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High consumption Lifestyles urbanization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High consumption Lifestyles urbanization
+and income levels also tend to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and income levels also tend to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and income levels also tend to determine
+the type of waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of waste
+generated the share of inorganic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated the share of inorganic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated the share of inorganic
+materials in the waist stream such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials in the waist stream such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials in the waist stream such as
+Plastics paper and aluminium also tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plastics paper and aluminium also tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plastics paper and aluminium also tends
+to increase as people grow wealthier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase as people grow wealthier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase as people grow wealthier and
+move to the cities cities authorities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the cities cities authorities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the cities cities authorities
+which are responsible for urban Waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are responsible for urban Waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are responsible for urban Waste
+Management are struggling with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management are struggling with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management are struggling with the
+accelerated pace of waste production in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated pace of waste production in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated pace of waste production in
+their jurisdiction more than 50% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their jurisdiction more than 50% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their jurisdiction more than 50% of the
+collected waste is often disposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected waste is often disposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected waste is often disposed
+through unsanitary land filling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through unsanitary land filling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through unsanitary land filling and
+about 15% is processed through unsafe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15% is processed through unsafe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15% is processed through unsafe
+and informal result recycling improper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and informal result recycling improper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and informal result recycling improper
+solid waste disposal in Cities impairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid waste disposal in Cities impairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid waste disposal in Cities impairs
+human health and causes economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human health and causes economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human health and causes economic
+environmental and biological losses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental and biological losses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental and biological losses in
+unline or unsanitary landfills leeet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unline or unsanitary landfills leeet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unline or unsanitary landfills leeet
+which is the fluid emerges from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the fluid emerges from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the fluid emerges from the
+waste can seep into the ground and may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste can seep into the ground and may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste can seep into the ground and may
+contaminate both the soil and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminate both the soil and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminate both the soil and the
+groundw posing substantial health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundw posing substantial health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundw posing substantial health
+hazards to any nearby communities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazards to any nearby communities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazards to any nearby communities the
+common tree ARS Reduce Reuse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common tree ARS Reduce Reuse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common tree ARS Reduce Reuse and
+recycling in order to be sustainable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling in order to be sustainable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling in order to be sustainable in
+the long run Solid Waste Management must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run Solid Waste Management must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run Solid Waste Management must
+start with reducing consumption followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with reducing consumption followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with reducing consumption followed
+by reuse and lastly recycle reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reuse and lastly recycle reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reuse and lastly recycle reducing
+consumption will require a dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption will require a dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption will require a dramatic
+cultural shift and behavior change which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural shift and behavior change which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural shift and behavior change which
+may take a long time therefore in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may take a long time therefore in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may take a long time therefore in
+addition to presenting awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to presenting awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to presenting awareness
+campaigns on the importance of consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaigns on the importance of consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaigns on the importance of consuming
+less and reusing more cities should also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and reusing more cities should also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and reusing more cities should also
+adopt strong recycling programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt strong recycling programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt strong recycling programs
+recycling is a process of turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling is a process of turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling is a process of turning
+materials that would otherwise become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that would otherwise become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that would otherwise become
+waste into valuable resources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste into valuable resources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste into valuable resources of
+financial environmental and social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial environmental and social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial environmental and social
+returns with emphasis on Urban and per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns with emphasis on Urban and per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns with emphasis on Urban and per
+urban areas recycling is viewed as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban areas recycling is viewed as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban areas recycling is viewed as a
+sustainable means of diverting Maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable means of diverting Maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable means of diverting Maximum
+fractions of Municipal solid waste from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions of Municipal solid waste from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions of Municipal solid waste from
+Landfield disposal since the waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landfield disposal since the waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landfield disposal since the waste
+generated in this area contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated in this area contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated in this area contain
+substantially less organic portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially less organic portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially less organic portion
+compared to rural areas the benefits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to rural areas the benefits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to rural areas the benefits of
+recycling go far beyond the saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling go far beyond the saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling go far beyond the saving
+landfill space it provides a source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landfill space it provides a source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landfill space it provides a source of
+valuable raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable raw
+materials multiple markets exist for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials multiple markets exist for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials multiple markets exist for
+papers plastic glass metals and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers plastic glass metals and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers plastic glass metals and other
+materials although collecting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials although collecting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials although collecting and
+selling these materials will not make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling these materials will not make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling these materials will not make a
+profit for the community it may reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit for the community it may reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit for the community it may reduce
+the community's waste management cost by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community's waste management cost by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community's waste management cost by
+creating a revenue stream from waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a revenue stream from waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a revenue stream from waste
+recycling undoubtedly save resources one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling undoubtedly save resources one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling undoubtedly save resources one
+ton of recycled newspaper saves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of recycled newspaper saves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of recycled newspaper saves the
+equivalent of 17 trees two barrels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of 17 trees two barrels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of 17 trees two barrels of
+oil and 41,000 KW hour of energy one ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil and 41,000 KW hour of energy one ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil and 41,000 KW hour of energy one ton
+of recycled plastic save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recycled plastic save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recycled plastic save
+5,774 4 KW of energy and 16.3 barrels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,774 4 KW of energy and 16.3 barrels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,774 4 KW of energy and 16.3 barrels of
+oil and one ton of recycled aluminium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil and one ton of recycled aluminium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil and one ton of recycled aluminium
+save 14,000 KW of energy and 40 barrels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save 14,000 KW of energy and 40 barrels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save 14,000 KW of energy and 40 barrels
+of oil apart from conserving resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oil apart from conserving resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oil apart from conserving resources
+and creating revenues from waste stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and creating revenues from waste stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and creating revenues from waste stream
+recycling also provides new jobs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling also provides new jobs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling also provides new jobs and
+economic development potential a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic development potential a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic development potential a
+well-managed recycling program provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-managed recycling program provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-managed recycling program provide
+employment for people who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment for people who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment for people who have
+difficulty finding work in other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty finding work in other places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty finding work in other places
+in Malaysia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Malaysia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Malaysia
+64% of the overall waste composition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64% of the overall waste composition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64% of the overall waste composition is
+dominated by Municipal Solid Waste out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by Municipal Solid Waste out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by Municipal Solid Waste out
+of this 80% are recyclables Plastics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this 80% are recyclables Plastics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this 80% are recyclables Plastics are
+probably the most common recyclable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most common recyclable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most common recyclable
+material with high potential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material with high potential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material with high potential for
+recycling in Malaysia since this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling in Malaysia since this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling in Malaysia since this
+material is widely used and part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is widely used and part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is widely used and part of a
+modern lifestyle in urbanized areas grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern lifestyle in urbanized areas grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern lifestyle in urbanized areas grow
+rates in Malaysia plastic industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates in Malaysia plastic industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates in Malaysia plastic industries
+reached an average of 15% for the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached an average of 15% for the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached an average of 15% for the past
+11 years indicating a high demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 years indicating a high demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 years indicating a high demand for
+this material in the Country Recycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material in the Country Recycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material in the Country Recycling
+should be greatly emphasized especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be greatly emphasized especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be greatly emphasized especially
+at the most basic level of community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the most basic level of community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the most basic level of community
+which is the household unit households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the household unit households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the household unit households
+are the highest contributor among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the highest contributor among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the highest contributor among the
+municipal Solid Waste sources in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+municipal Solid Waste sources in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+municipal Solid Waste sources in
+Malaysia although households in Malaysia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia although households in Malaysia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia although households in Malaysia
+as well as around the world will need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as around the world will need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as around the world will need to
+significantly reduce their consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly reduce their consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly reduce their consumption
+rate and subsequently their waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and subsequently their waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and subsequently their waste
+generation in the short-term context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation in the short-term context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation in the short-term context
+proper recycling can lead to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper recycling can lead to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper recycling can lead to a
+substantial reduction in terms of waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial reduction in terms of waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial reduction in terms of waste
+sent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent to
+landfill Malaysia aims to be a develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landfill Malaysia aims to be a develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landfill Malaysia aims to be a develop
+country by year 2020 and among other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country by year 2020 and among other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country by year 2020 and among other
+measures has set a target of achieving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures has set a target of achieving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures has set a target of achieving
+recycling rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling rate of
+22% how however its recycling rate was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22% how however its recycling rate was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22% how however its recycling rate was
+5% in 2002 and only increased slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% in 2002 and only increased slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% in 2002 and only increased slightly
+to 5.5% in 2006 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 5.5% in 2006 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 5.5% in 2006 and
+2008 compared to neighboring countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 compared to neighboring countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 compared to neighboring countries
+in Southeast Asia this is far too low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Southeast Asia this is far too low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Southeast Asia this is far too low
+Singapore for example has recycling rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore for example has recycling rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore for example has recycling rate
+of 56% and the Philippines is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 56% and the Philippines is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 56% and the Philippines is at
+12% so what are some of the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12% so what are some of the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12% so what are some of the underlying
+reasons for this shortfall in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for this shortfall in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for this shortfall in in
+Malaysia Municipal Solid Waste is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia Municipal Solid Waste is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia Municipal Solid Waste is
+managed by the national Solid Waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed by the national Solid Waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed by the national Solid Waste
+Management Department under the ministry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management Department under the ministry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management Department under the ministry
+of urban wellbeing housing and local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of urban wellbeing housing and local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of urban wellbeing housing and local
+government recently the ministry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government recently the ministry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government recently the ministry
+formulated the solid waste and public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated the solid waste and public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated the solid waste and public
+cleansing management act s wpcm 2007
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleansing management act s wpcm 2007
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleansing management act s wpcm 2007
+which includes the promotion of waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which includes the promotion of waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which includes the promotion of waste
+minimization through the three Rs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Reg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+although the enactment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the enactment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the enactment
+ofpc ACT 2017 has provided legislative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofpc ACT 2017 has provided legislative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofpc ACT 2017 has provided legislative
+empowerment to the Malaysian government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowerment to the Malaysian government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowerment to the Malaysian government
+it cannot not be fully enforced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot not be fully enforced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot not be fully enforced and
+implemented due to the lack of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented due to the lack of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented due to the lack of other
+supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting
+regulation in several major cities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation in several major cities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation in several major cities in
+which the 2+1 system of collection has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the 2+1 system of collection has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the 2+1 system of collection has
+started implementation is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started implementation is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started implementation is not
+smooth majority of the households are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth majority of the households are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth majority of the households are
+not fully aware of the collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fully aware of the collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fully aware of the collection
+schedule furthermore separate Bean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule furthermore separate Bean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule furthermore separate Bean for
+recyclable is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recyclable is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recyclable is not
+provided due to these reasons many house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided due to these reasons many house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided due to these reasons many house
+HS are quite reluctant to actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HS are quite reluctant to actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HS are quite reluctant to actively
+participate in the recycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in the recycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in the recycling
+program despite the mandatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program despite the mandatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program despite the mandatory
+segregation of household waste under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation of household waste under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation of household waste under the
+act the implementation has been weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act the implementation has been weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act the implementation has been weak
+fines are yet to be imposed on household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fines are yet to be imposed on household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fines are yet to be imposed on household
+that do not separate their ways at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do not separate their ways at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do not separate their ways at
+source another major challenge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source another major challenge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source another major challenge in
+promoting recycling activities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting recycling activities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting recycling activities in
+Malaysia is related to the lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia is related to the lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia is related to the lack of
+public support despite numerous public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public support despite numerous public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public support despite numerous public
+awareness and campaign throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness and campaign throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness and campaign throughout the
+years public responses to recycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years public responses to recycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years public responses to recycling
+activities are still at a very low stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities are still at a very low stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities are still at a very low stage
+I think definitely to do with awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think definitely to do with awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think definitely to do with awareness
+uh we have done a lot of work and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have done a lot of work and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have done a lot of work and I'm
+sure the government has done the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the government has done the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the government has done the same
+thing for local but I think awareness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for local but I think awareness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for local but I think awareness is
+is critical um mainly because we are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is critical um mainly because we are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is critical um mainly because we are a
+society that are so used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society that are so used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society that are so used to
+um just let somebody else deal with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just let somebody else deal with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just let somebody else deal with it
+we do a lot of complaining I.E when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a lot of complaining I.E when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a lot of complaining I.E when we
+see rubbish on the ground or in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see rubbish on the ground or in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see rubbish on the ground or in the in
+the parate OR L places like that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parate OR L places like that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parate OR L places like that we
+complain why isn't the authority doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain why isn't the authority doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain why isn't the authority doing
+something about it that kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it that kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it that kind of thing
+but we never think that it is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we never think that it is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we never think that it is our
+responsibility that we should be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility that we should be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility that we should be doing
+ourselves so it it is a point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves so it it is a point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves so it it is a point where
+being aware of it and taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being aware of it and taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being aware of it and taking
+responsibility and going in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility and going in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility and going in there and
+digging it up and and putting it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging it up and and putting it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging it up and and putting it in a
+rubbage bag for example so awareness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbage bag for example so awareness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbage bag for example so awareness is
+critical to to doing that although most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to to doing that although most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to to doing that although most
+households understand understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households understand understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households understand understand the
+need for sustainable development these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for sustainable development these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for sustainable development these
+levels of awareness does not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of awareness does not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of awareness does not always
+translate to actions in many cases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate to actions in many cases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate to actions in many cases the
+households that do recycle are motivated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households that do recycle are motivated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households that do recycle are motivated
+by financial gain rather than feeling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by financial gain rather than feeling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by financial gain rather than feeling a
+sense of responsibility in reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of responsibility in reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of responsibility in reducing
+their waste in order to conserve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their waste in order to conserve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their waste in order to conserve the
+resources and environment several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and environment several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and environment several
+approaches can be implemented towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches can be implemented towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches can be implemented towards
+achieving the desired goals of recycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving the desired goals of recycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving the desired goals of recycling
+community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+in Malaysia's cities current scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Malaysia's cities current scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Malaysia's cities current scenario
+has suggested that there are policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has suggested that there are policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has suggested that there are policies
+and facilities in place but they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and facilities in place but they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and facilities in place but they are not
+comprehensive enough to contribute to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive enough to contribute to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive enough to contribute to an
+effective recycling program providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective recycling program providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective recycling program providing
+separate beans for recyclables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate beans for recyclables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate beans for recyclables and
+ensuring households are aware of the 2+1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensuring households are aware of the 2+1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensuring households are aware of the 2+1
+schedule may prove to be among the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule may prove to be among the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule may prove to be among the best
+yet simple approach to encourage people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet simple approach to encourage people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet simple approach to encourage people
+to participate actively in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to participate actively in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to participate actively in in the
+recycling activities moreover proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling activities moreover proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling activities moreover proper
+collection points systematic collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection points systematic collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection points systematic collection
+and processing of recyclable need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and processing of recyclable need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and processing of recyclable need to be
+established for this to happen all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established for this to happen all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established for this to happen all
+relevant stakeholders namely the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant stakeholders namely the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant stakeholders namely the federal
+and Municipal governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Municipal governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Municipal governments
+concessionaires Traders recycling center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concessionaires Traders recycling center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concessionaires Traders recycling center
+operators and NOS must coordinate their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and NOS must coordinate their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and NOS must coordinate their
+efforts strong enforcement of s wpcm act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts strong enforcement of s wpcm act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts strong enforcement of s wpcm act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another critical Factor strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another critical Factor strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another critical Factor strategies
+such as imposing fees on households that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as imposing fees on households that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as imposing fees on households that
+are not segre segregating their waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not segre segregating their waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not segre segregating their waste
+should be considered households may find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be considered households may find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be considered households may find
+this approach to be taxing at first but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach to be taxing at first but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach to be taxing at first but
+they will be encouraged to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be encouraged to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be encouraged to
+recycle at the same time the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle at the same time the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle at the same time the role of
+financial reward among households should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial reward among households should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial reward among households should
+not be overlooked rewards such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be overlooked rewards such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be overlooked rewards such as
+rebates and incentives should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebates and incentives should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebates and incentives should be
+utilized to encourage recycling until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilized to encourage recycling until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilized to encourage recycling until
+the Habit can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Habit can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Habit can be
+sustained however despite having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustained however despite having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustained however despite having
+financial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial and
+Regulatory tools as the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulatory tools as the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulatory tools as the principal
+instrument for driving change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for driving change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for driving change in
+Behavior the effectiveness of the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior the effectiveness of the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior the effectiveness of the tools
+is strongly dependent on reflecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strongly dependent on reflecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strongly dependent on reflecting
+reshaping attitudes motivations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshaping attitudes motivations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshaping attitudes motivations and
+Norms Within Community there is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norms Within Community there is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norms Within Community there is still a
+long way towards achieving the 22%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long way towards achieving the 22%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long way towards achieving the 22%
+recycling rate by 2020 in Malaysia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling rate by 2020 in Malaysia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling rate by 2020 in Malaysia and
+it remains unclear whether or not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it remains unclear whether or not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it remains unclear whether or not the
+ambitious goals can be met however if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious goals can be met however if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious goals can be met however if
+the proposed strategies addressing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposed strategies addressing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposed strategies addressing the
+barriers can be carried out effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers can be carried out effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers can be carried out effectively
+there is a high possibility for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a high possibility for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a high possibility for
+successful implementation of sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful implementation of sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful implementation of sustainable
+Solid Waste Management in the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solid Waste Management in the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solid Waste Management in the country
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0zitghvkD5w.txt b/0zitghvkD5w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec5bd774cbca8a3a687746458774650531003084
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0zitghvkD5w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+M oh the motor's going to be yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M oh the motor's going to be yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M oh the motor's going to be yeah and
+the wire can go through the holes well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wire can go through the holes well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wire can go through the holes well
+remember though that this doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember though that this doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember though that this doesn't
+totally cover it once you leave it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally cover it once you leave it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally cover it once you leave it there
+for a moment head that way it goes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment head that way it goes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment head that way it goes like
+that and then back to the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then back to the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then back to the wrong
+direction so that the
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/11y8_XTbwGo.txt b/11y8_XTbwGo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ed57aadc08d9275933fd51020443d5473af9b061
--- /dev/null
+++ b/11y8_XTbwGo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7507 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+starting today on section 1.3 actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting today on section 1.3 actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting today on section 1.3 actually
+we'll finish that today and that's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll finish that today and that's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll finish that today and that's about
+the big problem in or the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big problem in or the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big problem in or the most common
+problem in scientific computing solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in scientific computing solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in scientific computing solving
+a linear system au week will be how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear system au week will be how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear system au week will be how
+would you do that so we will certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do that so we will certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do that so we will certainly
+do it for our for some examples like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for our for some examples like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for our for some examples like our
+free fixed or our fixed fixed matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free fixed or our fixed fixed matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free fixed or our fixed fixed matrices
+but I thought I'd just put some comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I thought I'd just put some comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I thought I'd just put some comments
+often I make comments that go beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often I make comments that go beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often I make comments that go beyond
+what specific things we will do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what specific things we will do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what specific things we will do in
+detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+certainly the workhorse of if I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the workhorse of if I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the workhorse of if I'm in
+MATLAB notation the workhorse would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB notation the workhorse would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB notation the workhorse would be
+backslash that command is the quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash that command is the quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash that command is the quick
+natural way to get the answer you and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way to get the answer you and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way to get the answer you and I
+want to say more about backslash I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say more about backslash I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say more about backslash I won't
+be able to say all the things it does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to say all the things it does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to say all the things it does it
+it's there's a lot built into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there's a lot built into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there's a lot built into that
+command the the MATLAB helpdesk would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command the the MATLAB helpdesk would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command the the MATLAB helpdesk would
+give the details of all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the details of all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the details of all the different
+things that backslash actually does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that backslash actually does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that backslash actually does it
+looks first can it divide the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks first can it divide the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks first can it divide the problem
+into blocks into smaller problems it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into blocks into smaller problems it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into blocks into smaller problems it
+looks it oh it looks to see if a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks it oh it looks to see if a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks it oh it looks to see if a is
+symmetric if it's symmetric it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric if it's symmetric it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric if it's symmetric it because
+of course that would cut the work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that would cut the work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that would cut the work in
+half because you know half the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half because you know half the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half because you know half the matrix
+from the other half in the symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other half in the symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other half in the symmetric
+case it just it it goes hopefully along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it just it it goes hopefully along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it just it it goes hopefully along
+and eventually gives you the answer ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually gives you the answer ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually gives you the answer ok
+so I'm going to say more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to say more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to say more about that
+because it's that's by elimination the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's that's by elimination the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's that's by elimination the
+method there is elimination I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method there is elimination I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method there is elimination I just
+thought I would mention that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I would mention that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I would mention that if
+I had a large sparse matrix then so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a large sparse matrix then so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a large sparse matrix then so I
+was in sparse math MATLAB and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in sparse math MATLAB and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in sparse math MATLAB and he was
+backslash it would try to reorder the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash it would try to reorder the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash it would try to reorder the
+rows Laurie will try to reorder the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows Laurie will try to reorder the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows Laurie will try to reorder the rows
+in an optimal way now what would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an optimal way now what would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an optimal way now what would be an
+optimal way just just so you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal way just just so you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal way just just so you have an
+idea of what so elimination takes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what so elimination takes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what so elimination takes this
+matrix right it's got all its rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix right it's got all its rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix right it's got all its rows and
+we'll do you know we'll do examples so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do you know we'll do examples so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do you know we'll do examples so
+the idea of elimination is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of elimination is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of elimination is that it
+produces a 0 it so it if let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a 0 it so it if let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a 0 it so it if let's suppose
+that accepts the first row as the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that accepts the first row as the pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that accepts the first row as the pivot
+row and this one one entry would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and this one one entry would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and this one one entry would be the
+pivot and then how does it use the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot and then how does it use the pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot and then how does it use the pivot
+it subtracts multiples of that pivot row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it subtracts multiples of that pivot row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it subtracts multiples of that pivot row
+from the other rows in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other rows in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other rows in order to get
+zeros in the first column so then it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros in the first column so then it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros in the first column so then it has
+a new matrix that's it's like it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new matrix that's it's like it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new matrix that's it's like it's one
+size smaller and then it just continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size smaller and then it just continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size smaller and then it just continues
+all the way until it gets gets to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way until it gets gets to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way until it gets gets to a
+triangular matrix with all the pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular matrix with all the pivots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular matrix with all the pivots
+sitting there on the diagonal okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there on the diagonal okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there on the diagonal okay so
+that's the idea of elimination and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea of elimination and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea of elimination and and
+we'll do small examples so why would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do small examples so why would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do small examples so why would you
+want to reorder the rows two reasons two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reorder the rows two reasons two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reorder the rows two reasons two
+good reasons for reordering the rows one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reasons for reordering the rows one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reasons for reordering the rows one
+reason when which MATLAB will always do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason when which MATLAB will always do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason when which MATLAB will always do
+unless it has some good reason not to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it has some good reason not to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it has some good reason not to is
+if that pivot is too small compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that pivot is too small compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that pivot is too small compared to
+numbers below it it will pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers below it it will pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers below it it will pick the
+largest and and and reorder to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest and and and reorder to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest and and and reorder to put the
+largest pivot up there so it you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest pivot up there so it you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest pivot up there so it you like
+large pivots why do you like large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large pivots why do you like large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large pivots why do you like large
+pivots because for numerical stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots because for numerical stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots because for numerical stability
+that gives you small multipliers if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you small multipliers if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you small multipliers if this
+is the biggest number then all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the biggest number then all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the biggest number then all the
+multiples that you need the multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples that you need the multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples that you need the multiple of
+that row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row
+that you want to subtract from the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to subtract from the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to subtract from the other
+rows will be less than one the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows will be less than one the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows will be less than one the the the
+multiple is always the the multiplier so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple is always the the multiplier so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple is always the the multiplier so
+just let's remember the multiplier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let's remember the multiplier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let's remember the multiplier is
+the entry to eliminate divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry to eliminate divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry to eliminate divided by the
+pivot so if that entry to be eliminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot so if that entry to be eliminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot so if that entry to be eliminated
+is smaller than the pivot then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than the pivot then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than the pivot then the
+multiplier is less than one and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier is less than one and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier is less than one and things
+stay stable okay so that's a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay stable okay so that's a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay stable okay so that's a picture of
+elimination the sort of first picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination the sort of first picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination the sort of first picture
+and if it's sparse that means there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's sparse that means there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's sparse that means there's a
+lot of zeros and where would we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of zeros and where would we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of zeros and where would we like
+those zeroes to be where would we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those zeroes to be where would we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those zeroes to be where would we like
+to find zeros to save time so and use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find zeros to save time so and use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find zeros to save time so and use to
+avoid all the steps to avoid going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid all the steps to avoid going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid all the steps to avoid going
+through every step if if this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through every step if if this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through every step if if this was
+already a zero then we have nothing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a zero then we have nothing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a zero then we have nothing we
+don't then it's there and we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't then it's there and we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't then it's there and we don't need
+to get it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it there
+we the job is already done we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we the job is already done we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we the job is already done we can go
+forward and if we have a zero here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and if we have a zero here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and if we have a zero here then
+it's already zero in the next one and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already zero in the next one and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already zero in the next one and we
+don't have to do that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do that would be the
+second pivot row we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second pivot row we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second pivot row we don't have to
+subtract it from this row because a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract it from this row because a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract it from this row because a zero
+is already there so we like zeros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already there so we like zeros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already there so we like zeros and
+sparse matrices have a lot of them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse matrices have a lot of them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse matrices have a lot of them but
+we only like them if they're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only like them if they're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only like them if they're in the
+right place and what's the right place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right place and what's the right place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right place and what's the right place
+it's roughly speaking it's the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's roughly speaking it's the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's roughly speaking it's the beginning
+of a row so we're very happy with a we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a row so we're very happy with a we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a row so we're very happy with a we
+would like to get an ordering that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to get an ordering that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to get an ordering that looks
+like somehow like this we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like somehow like this we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like somehow like this we would like to
+get a bunch of zeros in there oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bunch of zeros in there oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bunch of zeros in there oh well
+that's I really overdid it maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I really overdid it maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I really overdid it maybe we
+can't get that many but my point is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get that many but my point is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get that many but my point is you
+see the point that those are at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the point that those are at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the point that those are at the
+beginning of the rows so let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the rows so let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the rows so let's say we
+can't quite get to that but maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't quite get to that but maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't quite get to that but maybe maybe
+that's maybe something more like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe something more like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe something more like that
+zeros so we get some rows starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros so we get some rows starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros so we get some rows starting with
+zeros and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and then
+we get Rosa don't and which of course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get Rosa don't and which of course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get Rosa don't and which of course I
+mean they were there in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they were there in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they were there in the first place
+what we've done is move them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done is move them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done is move them to the
+bottom and the reason for moving them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and the reason for moving them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and the reason for moving them to
+the bottom is that they don't destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom is that they don't destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom is that they don't destroy
+rows below them yeah I did you did just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows below them yeah I did you did just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows below them yeah I did you did just
+I didn't show how that would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't show how that would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't show how that would happen
+suppose suppose I had a number there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose I had a number there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose I had a number there
+suppose that wasn't a zero and all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that wasn't a zero and all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that wasn't a zero and all these
+were then when I do that elimination I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were then when I do that elimination I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were then when I do that elimination I
+subtract a multiple of that row from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract a multiple of that row from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract a multiple of that row from
+this row do you see that those zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this row do you see that those zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this row do you see that those zeros
+will fill in so fill in is the bad thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fill in so fill in is the bad thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fill in so fill in is the bad thing
+that you're trying to avoid so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're trying to avoid so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're trying to avoid so in this
+quick discussion of reordering you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick discussion of reordering you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick discussion of reordering you're
+trying to order the rows so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to order the rows so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to order the rows so that they
+have start with zeros and for as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have start with zeros and for as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have start with zeros and for as long as
+you can because those zeros will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can because those zeros will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can because those zeros will never
+fill in zeros inside a band yeah just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in zeros inside a band yeah just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in zeros inside a band yeah just to
+make the point again suppose I have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the point again suppose I have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the point again suppose I have a a
+long row then if I have some zeros here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long row then if I have some zeros here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long row then if I have some zeros here
+here here useless because when I go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here useless because when I go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here useless because when I go to
+when I go to do elimination on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I go to do elimination on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I go to do elimination on these
+rows when I subtract a multiple of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows when I subtract a multiple of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows when I subtract a multiple of that
+row from that world that zero will fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row from that world that zero will fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row from that world that zero will fill
+in it didn't help it's gone and this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it didn't help it's gone and this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it didn't help it's gone and this and
+this so zero is sort of in near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so zero is sort of in near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so zero is sort of in near the
+diagonal or not are often gonna fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal or not are often gonna fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal or not are often gonna fill in
+its zeros at the far left that are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its zeros at the far left that are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its zeros at the far left that are good
+okay so that's a discussion of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a discussion of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a discussion of what
+topic that actually comes into 1808 six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic that actually comes into 1808 six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic that actually comes into 1808 six
+and so does this these third words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so does this these third words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so does this these third words that
+I thought I would just write on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought I would just write on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought I would just write on the
+board so this would be a topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so this would be a topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so this would be a topic
+specializing and how do you solve large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializing and how do you solve large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializing and how do you solve large
+systems and reordering with elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and reordering with elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and reordering with elimination
+is one way and a second approach is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one way and a second approach is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one way and a second approach is I
+just put these words up here so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put these words up here so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put these words up here so that
+you've seen them conjugate gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen them conjugate gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen them conjugate gradient
+method that's a giant success in solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that's a giant success in solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that's a giant success in solving
+symmetric problems large symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric problems large symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric problems large symmetric
+problems something called multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems something called multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems something called multi
+grid is a terrific incomplete Lu so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid is a terrific incomplete Lu so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid is a terrific incomplete Lu so
+those are people have worked hard on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are people have worked hard on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are people have worked hard on
+ideas for solving problems so large that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas for solving problems so large that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas for solving problems so large that
+this becomes too expensive but backslash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes too expensive but backslash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes too expensive but backslash
+is the natural choice if you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the natural choice if you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the natural choice if you can do it
+it's like it's so simple so let me focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it's so simple so let me focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it's so simple so let me focus
+on backslash so backslash is the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on backslash so backslash is the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on backslash so backslash is the is the
+key to talk about let me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to talk about let me see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to talk about let me see
+let's just think what what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just think what what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just think what what does
+backslash do suppose I had two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash do suppose I had two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash do suppose I had two equations
+two different right-hand sides B and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different right-hand sides B and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different right-hand sides B and C
+with the same matrix a would I solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same matrix a would I solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same matrix a would I solve
+them what I do you equals a backslash B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what I do you equals a backslash B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what I do you equals a backslash B
+and then separately a backslash c no if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then separately a backslash c no if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then separately a backslash c no if
+I had two equations with the same matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had two equations with the same matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had two equations with the same matrix
+that there's a big saving in suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a big saving in suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a big saving in suppose I
+have two two equations two well can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two two equations two well can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two two equations two well can I
+put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it
+I'll make a matrix I mean this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make a matrix I mean this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make a matrix I mean this is what
+MATLAB would always do put those two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB would always do put those two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB would always do put those two two
+right hand sides into a matrix then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand sides into a matrix then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand sides into a matrix then
+backslash is happy with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash is happy with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash is happy with that
+that backslash command would solve both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that backslash command would solve both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that backslash command would solve both
+equations it would give you the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations it would give you the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations it would give you the answer
+then would be there would be two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then would be there would be two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then would be there would be two two
+parts to it what would be the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to it what would be the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to it what would be the first
+column of of U then so do you see what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of of U then so do you see what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of of U then so do you see what I
+have now I have a mate square matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now I have a mate square matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now I have a mate square matrix a
+times an unknown U and I've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times an unknown U and I've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times an unknown U and I've got two
+right-hand sides the point is this often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand sides the point is this often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand sides the point is this often
+happens if you're doing say an optimal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you're doing say an optimal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you're doing say an optimal a
+design problem you might try different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design problem you might try different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design problem you might try different
+designs so those different designs give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs so those different designs give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs so those different designs give
+you different right-hand sides and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you different right-hand sides and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you different right-hand sides and then
+you have a problem to solve what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a problem to solve what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a problem to solve what's the
+what's the response to those designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the response to those designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the response to those designs
+what are the what are the displacements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the what are the displacements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the what are the displacements
+what happens so you want to solve with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens so you want to solve with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens so you want to solve with
+two right-hand sides and the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right-hand sides and the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right-hand sides and the point is
+you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't
+want to go through the elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go through the elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go through the elimination
+process on a twice that's crazy you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process on a twice that's crazy you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process on a twice that's crazy you see
+how that elimination process on a hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that elimination process on a hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that elimination process on a hasn't
+this what I described here didn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what I described here didn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what I described here didn't look
+at B it did it I didn't even get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at B it did it I didn't even get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at B it did it I didn't even get to the
+right hand side part I was dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side part I was dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side part I was dealing with
+the expensive part which is the matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expensive part which is the matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expensive part which is the matrix a
+so we don't want to pay that price twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't want to pay that price twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't want to pay that price twice
+and therefore backslash is all set up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore backslash is all set up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore backslash is all set up so
+that so what's the first column of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what's the first column of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what's the first column of U
+then it's a backslash B and now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a backslash B and now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a backslash B and now what's
+another way to write to a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to write to a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to write to a more
+mathematical way to write a what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical way to write a what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical way to write a what's the
+answer to au equal B it's u equal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to au equal B it's u equal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to au equal B it's u equal a
+inverse B right that would be the that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse B right that would be the that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse B right that would be the that's
+the answer in the first column and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer in the first column and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer in the first column and a
+inverse C would be the answer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse C would be the answer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse C would be the answer in the
+second column so it would produce those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second column so it would produce those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second column so it would produce those
+answers backslash will produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers backslash will produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers backslash will produce the
+answer to the first equation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the first equation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the first equation and the
+answer to the second equation will it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the second equation will it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the second equation will it do
+that by finding a inverse no no a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by finding a inverse no no a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by finding a inverse no no a
+inverse for multiple reasons we don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse for multiple reasons we don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse for multiple reasons we don't we
+don't often compute if it's three by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't often compute if it's three by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't often compute if it's three by
+three four by four then it's not a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four by four then it's not a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four by four then it's not a bad
+idea to see what a inverse looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to see what a inverse looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to see what a inverse looks like
+we'll we'll do that actually because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll do that actually because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll do that actually because
+it's it's very enlightening to if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very enlightening to if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very enlightening to if the
+matrix is small you can see what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is small you can see what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is small you can see what's going
+on but for a large problem we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but for a large problem we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but for a large problem we don't want
+a inverse we want the answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse we want the answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse we want the answer and
+backslash goes to the answer it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash goes to the answer it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash goes to the answer it doesn't
+do it get there by computing a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it get there by computing a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it get there by computing a inverse
+okay so I'm and I'll our examples will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm and I'll our examples will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm and I'll our examples will
+show how okay so I'm giving a inverse a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how okay so I'm giving a inverse a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how okay so I'm giving a inverse a
+little bad comment right well so I maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bad comment right well so I maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bad comment right well so I maybe
+should finish that sentence and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should finish that sentence and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should finish that sentence and then
+you'll see me turn around and compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see me turn around and compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see me turn around and compute
+the darn things but why do we want why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the darn things but why do we want why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the darn things but why do we want why
+do we not use a inverse two reasons one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we not use a inverse two reasons one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we not use a inverse two reasons one
+is it's more expensive if I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's more expensive if I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's more expensive if I have to
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+a inverse and multiply by B that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse and multiply by B that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse and multiply by B that's
+taking too long second reason is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking too long second reason is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking too long second reason is a
+inverse could easily be a full dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse could easily be a full dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse could easily be a full dense
+matrix all all nonzero where a itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix all all nonzero where a itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix all all nonzero where a itself
+was like tridiagonal so if a is tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like tridiagonal so if a is tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like tridiagonal so if a is tri
+diagonal you know all the in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal you know all the in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal you know all the in all the
+numbers we need are there in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we need are there in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we need are there in three
+diagonals we don't want a inverse you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals we don't want a inverse you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals we don't want a inverse you'll
+see a inverse is full so two reasons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a inverse is full so two reasons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a inverse is full so two reasons for
+not using a inverse takes too long in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using a inverse takes too long in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using a inverse takes too long in
+the first place even if we're even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place even if we're even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place even if we're even if
+are even in the good case and often our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are even in the good case and often our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are even in the good case and often our
+matrix a is got lots of zeros that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a is got lots of zeros that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a is got lots of zeros that are
+not there in a inverse so we've wasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there in a inverse so we've wasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there in a inverse so we've wasted
+time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay
+nevertheless let me say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless let me say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless let me say something about
+a inverse okay on the next point so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse okay on the next point so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse okay on the next point so I'm
+just I don't know if you ever thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I don't know if you ever thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I don't know if you ever thought
+about the inverse matrix let me ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the inverse matrix let me ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the inverse matrix let me ask you
+this question suppose I use the command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question suppose I use the command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question suppose I use the command
+a backslash I what's that doing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a backslash I what's that doing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a backslash I what's that doing that's
+putting the identity on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the identity on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the identity on the right hand
+side instead of a single vector B or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side instead of a single vector B or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side instead of a single vector B or
+instead of two vectors B and C I'm now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of two vectors B and C I'm now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of two vectors B and C I'm now
+putting in that's okay backslash will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in that's okay backslash will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in that's okay backslash will
+work with that that's seeing that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with that that's seeing that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with that that's seeing that that's
+a shorthand for solving this solves all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorthand for solving this solves all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorthand for solving this solves all
+these equations a it'll get my different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations a it'll get my different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations a it'll get my different
+answers u1 u2 it'll get em different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers u1 u2 it'll get em different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers u1 u2 it'll get em different
+answers from the end right hand sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers from the end right hand sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers from the end right hand sides
+the columns of I that'll be let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of I that'll be let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of I that'll be let me take
+2 B 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 look I'll take n to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 B 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 look I'll take n to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 B 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 look I'll take n to be
+3 just so we okay that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 just so we okay that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 just so we okay that's that's the
+identity so this solves that equation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so this solves that equation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so this solves that equation a
+backslash I will output you will output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash I will output you will output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash I will output you will output
+you and here's the question what have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and here's the question what have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and here's the question what have I
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+if you if you have a matrix a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you have a matrix a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you have a matrix a square
+mate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mate
+tricks and and of course you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks and and of course you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks and and of course you have to
+create I as a ye of three that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create I as a ye of three that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create I as a ye of three that I would
+be this this would be e ye of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this this would be e ye of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this this would be e ye of three
+clean molars lousy pun okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean molars lousy pun okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean molars lousy pun okay so what
+would I get what would I get the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I get what would I get the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I get what would I get the inverse
+yes I'd get the inverse I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'd get the inverse I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'd get the inverse I get the
+inverse matrix a bikes why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse matrix a bikes why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse matrix a bikes why is that
+because what matrix solves what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what matrix solves what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what matrix solves what what's
+the solution you to a times something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution you to a times something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution you to a times something
+equal I the solution to this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal I the solution to this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal I the solution to this is the
+solution this equation is a u equal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution this equation is a u equal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution this equation is a u equal I
+the solution to that equation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to that equation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to that equation is the
+inverse matrix you will be a inverse so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse matrix you will be a inverse so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse matrix you will be a inverse so
+that is a pretty I mean that's pretty if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a pretty I mean that's pretty if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a pretty I mean that's pretty if
+I wanted a inverse that's a good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted a inverse that's a good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted a inverse that's a good way to
+do it other ways to do it would be inv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it other ways to do it would be inv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it other ways to do it would be inv
+of a in MATLAB and other ways but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a in MATLAB and other ways but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a in MATLAB and other ways but this
+this is about as good as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about as good as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about as good as you get
+do you see that you get the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see that you get the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see that you get the inverse
+matrix that way and it's worth because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that way and it's worth because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that way and it's worth because
+will because will it's worth giving some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will because will it's worth giving some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will because will it's worth giving some
+words to this to that fact how would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words to this to that fact how would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words to this to that fact how would I
+describe this this is a set of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this this is a set of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this this is a set of three
+different problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems
+I would describe 1 0 0 that that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would describe 1 0 0 that that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would describe 1 0 0 that that right
+hand side as an impulse that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side as an impulse that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side as an impulse that's an
+impulse a delta vector with with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse a delta vector with with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse a delta vector with with an
+impulse in the first component I'd call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse in the first component I'd call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse in the first component I'd call
+that an impulse in the second component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an impulse in the second component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an impulse in the second component
+I'd call that an impulse in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd call that an impulse in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd call that an impulse in the third
+component so my my inputs are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so my my inputs are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so my my inputs are three
+impulses and my outputs are u 1 u 2 u 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulses and my outputs are u 1 u 2 u 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulses and my outputs are u 1 u 2 u 3
+what words might I use I could call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what words might I use I could call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what words might I use I could call
+those impulse response those if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those impulse response those if I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those impulse response those if I were
+in course six I certainly would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in course six I certainly would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in course six I certainly would the
+would be impulses these would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be impulses these would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be impulses these would be the
+responses to that impulse from our from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses to that impulse from our from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses to that impulse from our from
+our system so those are impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system so those are impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system so those are impulse
+responses and but in linear algebra I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses and but in linear algebra I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses and but in linear algebra I
+the words I would use u 1 u 2 u 3 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words I would use u 1 u 2 u 3 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words I would use u 1 u 2 u 3 are
+the columns of a inverse right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of a inverse right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of a inverse right that's
+what we just said u 1 u 2 u 3 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just said u 1 u 2 u 3 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just said u 1 u 2 u 3 so the
+columns of let me write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of let me write that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of let me write that down
+the columns of a inverse are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of a inverse are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of a inverse are the
+responses they use the solutions to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses they use the solutions to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses they use the solutions to the
+impulses to n impulses and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulses to n impulses and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulses to n impulses and these are the
+columns of I do you see nothing I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of I do you see nothing I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of I do you see nothing I've
+said so far as is deep or anything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so far as is deep or anything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so far as is deep or anything but
+it's just you it pay this is so comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just you it pay this is so comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just you it pay this is so comes up
+so much that it it's nice to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much that it it's nice to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much that it it's nice to have
+different ways to think about this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to think about this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to think about this and
+actually yeah if I had to solve by hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah if I had to solve by hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah if I had to solve by hand
+if I had to find the inverse by hand I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had to find the inverse by hand I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had to find the inverse by hand I I
+would use elimination on this system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use elimination on this system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use elimination on this system of
+equations I would take a and put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I would take a and put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I would take a and put the
+identity next to it I would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity next to it I would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity next to it I would do
+elimination or a lot yeah actually I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination or a lot yeah actually I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination or a lot yeah actually I'll
+put that in one if I had to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that in one if I had to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that in one if I had to find the
+inverse I would I would take this block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse I would I would take this block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse I would I would take this block
+matrix is that the first block matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is that the first block matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is that the first block matrix
+we've seen block matrices are really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen block matrices are really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen block matrices are really you
+should just get familiar when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just get familiar when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just get familiar when you're
+getting familiar with matrices they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting familiar with matrices they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting familiar with matrices they said
+they often come in blocks so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they often come in blocks so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they often come in blocks so here's a
+3x3 block here's a 3x3 block the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 block here's a 3x3 block the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 block here's a 3x3 block the whole
+matrix is 3 by 6 I can go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is 3 by 6 I can go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is 3 by 6 I can go through the
+elimination steps on it if I if I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination steps on it if I if I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination steps on it if I if I really
+go haywire on elimination to keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go haywire on elimination to keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go haywire on elimination to keep going
+and going and going all the way until a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going and going all the way until a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going and going all the way until a
+gets to the identity so I do elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to the identity so I do elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to the identity so I do elimination
+and I get a triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get a triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get a triangular
+then I clean out up above the pivots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I clean out up above the pivots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I clean out up above the pivots and
+then I changed all the pivots to one eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I changed all the pivots to one eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I changed all the pivots to one eye
+I can get all the way to the identity if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get all the way to the identity if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get all the way to the identity if
+the matrix is invertible and what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix is invertible and what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix is invertible and what do you
+think I will show up in the right-half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I will show up in the right-half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I will show up in the right-half a
+inverse yeah so a inverse will show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse yeah so a inverse will show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse yeah so a inverse will show up
+there so in 1806 I would explain go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so in 1806 I would explain go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so in 1806 I would explain go
+through examples of this computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through examples of this computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through examples of this computation
+just a CA inverse up here there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a CA inverse up here there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a CA inverse up here there's no
+reason for us to go through long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for us to go through long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for us to go through long
+examples like that maybe maybe one 3x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples like that maybe maybe one 3x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples like that maybe maybe one 3x3
+would be worth doing but the in the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be worth doing but the in the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be worth doing but the in the big
+picture we're gonna use backslash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we're gonna use backslash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we're gonna use backslash
+questions or discussion so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or discussion so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or discussion so this is the
+sort of overall picture about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of overall picture about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of overall picture about the
+inverse and now well this is about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and now well this is about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and now well this is about the
+inverse this was about elimination I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse this was about elimination I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse this was about elimination I've
+got to take a little time on elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to take a little time on elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to take a little time on elimination
+no it's just too important it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's just too important it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's just too important it's it's
+it's sort of straightforward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of straightforward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of straightforward and
+mechanical but it's like too important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical but it's like too important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical but it's like too important
+to blow away so so like let me remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blow away so so like let me remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blow away so so like let me remove
+that and do something put something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and do something put something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and do something put something
+better there okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better there okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better there okay okay
+so now I'm talking about elimination I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm talking about elimination I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm talking about elimination I'm
+talking about one equation I'm back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about one equation I'm back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about one equation I'm back to
+au equal B au equal B and and notice I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+au equal B au equal B and and notice I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+au equal B au equal B and and notice I'm
+using the letter A rather than K or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the letter A rather than K or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the letter A rather than K or one
+of our special letters because right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our special letters because right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our special letters because right now
+I don't know that that's a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know that that's a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know that that's a special
+matrix in a minute on the example I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in a minute on the example I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in a minute on the example I do
+will be one of our special matrices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be one of our special matrices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be one of our special matrices of
+course and then I'll use its letter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and then I'll use its letter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and then I'll use its letter okay
+just a word though I I thought I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a word though I I thought I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a word though I I thought I would
+take you're getting a lot of big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you're getting a lot of big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you're getting a lot of big picture
+here for a minute and then we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a minute and then we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a minute and then we'll get
+into the details I thought I would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the details I thought I would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the details I thought I would just
+like this as an occasion to look ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this as an occasion to look ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this as an occasion to look ahead
+to say a word about the big picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say a word about the big picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say a word about the big picture of
+linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's got four majors major problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got four majors major problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got four majors major problems
+linear algebra and there are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra and there are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra and there are four
+commands to solve those problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands to solve those problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands to solve those problems and
+those commands why not know so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those commands why not know so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those commands why not know so those
+commands are Lu I'm Charlie speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands are Lu I'm Charlie speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands are Lu I'm Charlie speaking
+about MATLAB notation but but octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about MATLAB notation but but octave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about MATLAB notation but but octave
+Scilab Python or all other would would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scilab Python or all other would would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scilab Python or all other would would
+have those would do these same things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those would do these same things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those would do these same things so
+Lu is the command that produces this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lu is the command that produces this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lu is the command that produces this but
+I didn't say what that is yet whoo okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't say what that is yet whoo okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't say what that is yet whoo okay
+so that's my job right what what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's my job right what what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's my job right what what does
+this mean this is this is a this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mean this is this is a this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mean this is this is a this is this
+is real what's up there so okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is real what's up there so okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is real what's up there so okay to
+nobody's surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's surprise
+MATLAB thought okay Lu was a good letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB thought okay Lu was a good letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB thought okay Lu was a good letter
+for that okay and what did MATLAB think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that okay and what did MATLAB think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that okay and what did MATLAB think
+of as a good letter for the command that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as a good letter for the command that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as a good letter for the command that
+does this QR so if I did Lu of a or QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this QR so if I did Lu of a or QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this QR so if I did Lu of a or QR
+of a I would get so QR i I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a I would get so QR i I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a I would get so QR i I mean this
+this is sometimes associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sometimes associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sometimes associated with the
+names of gram-schmidt it makes vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names of gram-schmidt it makes vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names of gram-schmidt it makes vectors
+orthogonal let's let's not to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal let's let's not to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal let's let's not to worry
+about this stuff just you can like close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this stuff just you can like close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this stuff just you can like close
+your eyes for a moment here Lu is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes for a moment here Lu is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes for a moment here Lu is the
+first command that's what today's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first command that's what today's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first command that's what today's about
+QR is the key command for least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR is the key command for least squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR is the key command for least squares
+problems may be the biggest application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems may be the biggest application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems may be the biggest application
+of rectangular matrices I'm sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rectangular matrices I'm sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rectangular matrices I'm sure that
+that's the big eigenvalues do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the big eigenvalues do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the big eigenvalues do you know
+about eigenvalues well we just named the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eigenvalues well we just named the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eigenvalues well we just named the
+command I give a and the singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command I give a and the singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command I give a and the singular value
+decomposition which you may never have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition which you may never have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition which you may never have
+heard of but you will is SVD of a okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can I leave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I leave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I leave that
+it's it's in the videotape now and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's in the videotape now and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's in the videotape now and I
+just my point is that when we've spoken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just my point is that when we've spoken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just my point is that when we've spoken
+about those four we really have got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those four we really have got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those four we really have got
+numerical linear algebra and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical linear algebra and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical linear algebra and a lot of
+pure linear algebra explained these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure linear algebra explained these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure linear algebra explained these are
+the four big big ones and and I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four big big ones and and I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four big big ones and and I guess
+the four big what I'm saying is the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four big what I'm saying is the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four big what I'm saying is the four
+big problems of of linear algebra turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problems of of linear algebra turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problems of of linear algebra turn
+out to a good way to describe the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to a good way to describe the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to a good way to describe the answer
+is as a factorization of the matrix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as a factorization of the matrix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as a factorization of the matrix this
+is a factor so now let me say what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a factor so now let me say what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a factor so now let me say what this
+one is I start with a matrix and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is I start with a matrix and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is I start with a matrix and I'm
+going to what elimination is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to what elimination is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to what elimination is really
+doing if you look to see what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing if you look to see what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing if you look to see what is it
+doing it's producing a lower triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it's producing a lower triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it's producing a lower triangular
+times an upper triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times an upper triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times an upper triangular
+let's go directly to that let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go directly to that let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go directly to that let me go
+directly to let me take an example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to let me take an example okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to let me take an example okay
+so here's my matrix well I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's my matrix well I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's my matrix well I don't have to
+call it a because you recognize it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a because you recognize it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a because you recognize it okay
+so what's our name for that matrix t T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's our name for that matrix t T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's our name for that matrix t T
+because the top boundary condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the top boundary condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the top boundary condition is
+free oh that reminds me some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free oh that reminds me some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free oh that reminds me some good
+comments after class Friday brought out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments after class Friday brought out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments after class Friday brought out
+something that ice left over that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that ice left over that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that ice left over that the
+free fixed matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free fixed matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free fixed matrix
+the free fixed problem is usually one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free fixed problem is usually one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free fixed problem is usually one
+unknown larger than the fixed fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown larger than the fixed fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown larger than the fixed fixed
+because you remember the fixed fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you remember the fixed fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you remember the fixed fixed
+problem had both ends fixed they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem had both ends fixed they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem had both ends fixed they were
+not unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unknowns
+the only unknowns were 1 2 3 2 n in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only unknowns were 1 2 3 2 n in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only unknowns were 1 2 3 2 n in the
+middle but people noticed when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle but people noticed when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle but people noticed when I was
+talking about the free boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the free boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the free boundary
+condition that u 0 came into it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that u 0 came into it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that u 0 came into it and you
+zeros not know so really the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros not know so really the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros not know so really the free
+boundary condition like has an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition like has an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition like has an extra
+unknown extra row and column in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown extra row and column in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown extra row and column in the
+matrix and that yeah that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and that yeah that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and that yeah that's that's
+correct you'll - we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct you'll - we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct you'll - we'll see
+later that in Fourier transforms cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later that in Fourier transforms cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later that in Fourier transforms cosine
+matrices are one size bigger than sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are one size bigger than sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are one size bigger than sine
+matrices the cosine matrices are free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices the cosine matrices are free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices the cosine matrices are free
+free and sine matrices are fixed fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and sine matrices are fixed fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and sine matrices are fixed fixed
+and now here we're at free fixed okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now here we're at free fixed okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now here we're at free fixed okay I
+want to do elimination on that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do elimination on that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do elimination on that matrix
+and while I'm at it we'll find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while I'm at it we'll find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while I'm at it we'll find the
+inverse okay well let's do elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay just do this on that matrix okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just do this on that matrix okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just do this on that matrix okay
+just to see what just to see what L what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to see what just to see what L what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to see what just to see what L what
+this L and you stuff is okay what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this L and you stuff is okay what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this L and you stuff is okay what do we
+do the first pivot is Wow it's fine I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the first pivot is Wow it's fine I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the first pivot is Wow it's fine I'm
+not gonna worry about that okay we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna worry about that okay we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna worry about that okay we'll
+use it now so how do I use it I use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it now so how do I use it I use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it now so how do I use it I use a
+pivot now hear it listen cuz here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot now hear it listen cuz here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot now hear it listen cuz here's a
+convention here I'm gonna use the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention here I'm gonna use the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention here I'm gonna use the word
+subtract you would say add that road of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract you would say add that road of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract you would say add that road of
+that row right because you want to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row right because you want to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row right because you want to get a
+0 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 here
+I forgive me for making it sound harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgive me for making it sound harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgive me for making it sound harder
+I'm gonna say subtract because I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna say subtract because I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna say subtract because I'd like
+subtraction subtract minus 1 of that row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction subtract minus 1 of that row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction subtract minus 1 of that row
+my multiplier is minus 1 here I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my multiplier is minus 1 here I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my multiplier is minus 1 here I'm gonna
+say subtract minus 1 of that row from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say subtract minus 1 of that row from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say subtract minus 1 of that row from
+that same thing you will say ok no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same thing you will say ok no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same thing you will say ok no
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+let's just do it okay so there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do it okay so there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do it okay so there's the
+pivot row and now when I surely just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot row and now when I surely just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot row and now when I surely just add
+when I add that to that or as my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I add that to that or as my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I add that to that or as my my
+super ego is saying subtract minus 1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super ego is saying subtract minus 1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super ego is saying subtract minus 1 of
+that from that what do I get I get the 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from that what do I get I get the 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from that what do I get I get the 0
+the 1 and the - right and then what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 and the - right and then what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 and the - right and then what do I
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+what's the multiple what's yeah so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the multiple what's yeah so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the multiple what's yeah so let's
+just put these L the these multipliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put these L the these multipliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put these L the these multipliers
+the epic L 2 1 that's the multiplier 2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epic L 2 1 that's the multiplier 2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epic L 2 1 that's the multiplier 2 1
+refers to row 2 column 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to row 2 column 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to row 2 column 1
+and this step got the zero in Row two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this step got the zero in Row two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this step got the zero in Row two
+column one and what was the multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one and what was the multiplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one and what was the multiplier
+that did it it's the multi it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did it it's the multi it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did it it's the multi it's the
+number that I multiplied Row one by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that I multiplied Row one by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that I multiplied Row one by and
+subtracted from Row two so it was minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted from Row two so it was minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted from Row two so it was minus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+what's l3 one what's the multiplier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's l3 one what's the multiplier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's l3 one what's the multiplier that
+produces a zero in the three Row three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a zero in the three Row three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a zero in the three Row three
+column one position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one position
+it's zero I don't I take zero of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero I don't I take zero of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero I don't I take zero of this
+row away from this row because it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row away from this row because it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row away from this row because it's zero
+already so I'm not going to change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so I'm not going to change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so I'm not going to change that
+row won't change and l3 one was zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row won't change and l3 one was zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row won't change and l3 one was zero
+okay now I know the the next pivot I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I know the the next pivot I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I know the the next pivot I'm
+ready to use it I want to get a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to use it I want to get a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to use it I want to get a zero
+below it because I'm aiming at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below it because I'm aiming at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below it because I'm aiming at this
+upper triangular you and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper triangular you and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper triangular you and what's the
+multiplier now and what's its number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier now and what's its number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier now and what's its number
+what what's the what's the multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's the what's the multiplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's the what's the multiplier
+number 3 2 because I'm trying to fix Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 3 2 because I'm trying to fix Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 3 2 because I'm trying to fix Row
+three column two and what do I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three column two and what do I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three column two and what do I multiply
+this by and subtract from this to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by and subtract from this to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by and subtract from this to make
+it zero it's negative one again negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it zero it's negative one again negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it zero it's negative one again negative
+one right it's negative one sorry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right it's negative one sorry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right it's negative one sorry about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay right and now what happens when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right and now what happens when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right and now what happens when I
+do that can I just do it in place here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forgive me if I just add that to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive me if I just add that to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive me if I just add that to that
+okay and I'll get zero one one okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'll get zero one one okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'll get zero one one okay and
+now what what do I learn from what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what what do I learn from what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what what do I learn from what do I
+know at this point what what have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at this point what what have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at this point what what have I
+learned the most important thing I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned the most important thing I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned the most important thing I've
+learned is the matrix is invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned is the matrix is invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned is the matrix is invertible
+because the pivots 1 1 & 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the pivots 1 1 & 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the pivots 1 1 & 1
+well they're all here on the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're all here on the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're all here on the diagonal
+this is my matrix you that's my upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my matrix you that's my upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my matrix you that's my upper
+triangular matrix and yeah of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from this so I've got the two is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this so I've got the two is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this so I've got the two is there
+yeah yeah that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's right
+so the two is sitting there and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two is sitting there and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two is sitting there and I'm
+subtracting minus one of that row from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting minus one of that row from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting minus one of that row from
+it and that would be in taking yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that would be in taking yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that would be in taking yeah yeah
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+that would mean I'm subtracting one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would mean I'm subtracting one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would mean I'm subtracting one from
+the two and getting the one yeah yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two and getting the one yeah yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two and getting the one yeah yeah so
+the row the typical entry is the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row the typical entry is the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row the typical entry is the typical
+result is the row you have minus L times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is the row you have minus L times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is the row you have minus L times
+the pivot row the row you have minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot row the row you have minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot row the row you have minus the
+multiplier times the pivot row that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier times the pivot row that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier times the pivot row that's
+the operation that elimination lives on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation that elimination lives on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation that elimination lives on
+that's the elimination does that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the elimination does that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the elimination does that all the
+time yeah it's one of the basic linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yeah it's one of the basic linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yeah it's one of the basic linear
+algebra subroutines BL a yes yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra subroutines BL a yes yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra subroutines BL a yes yeah okay
+now what this is my U so that's the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what this is my U so that's the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what this is my U so that's the goal
+of elimination get it get it upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elimination get it get it upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elimination get it get it upper
+triangular and the reason is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular and the reason is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular and the reason is you can
+solve upper triangular systems really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve upper triangular systems really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve upper triangular systems really
+fast these multipliers ll2 one and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast these multipliers ll2 one and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast these multipliers ll2 one and so on
+they go into the L matrix now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go into the L matrix now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go into the L matrix now let me
+just say it here that in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say it here that in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say it here that in a way that
+example is too beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is too beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is too beautiful
+I'm seldom am i sorry to see an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seldom am i sorry to see an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seldom am i sorry to see an example
+come out beautifully but why do I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out beautifully but why do I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out beautifully but why do I say
+this is too beautiful there was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is too beautiful there was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is too beautiful there was not
+typical if I had other numbers here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical if I had other numbers here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical if I had other numbers here I
+would get two other numbers here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get two other numbers here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get two other numbers here and
+what would be the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the difference
+typically the pivots wouldn't be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the pivots wouldn't be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the pivots wouldn't be the
+pivots wouldn't be all ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots wouldn't be all ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots wouldn't be all ones
+that's what's too beautiful here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's too beautiful here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's too beautiful here but
+let's go with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go with it
+I mean it was worth it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it was worth it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it was worth it because
+everything came out simple but but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything came out simple but but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything came out simple but but the
+pivots for another problem who let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots for another problem who let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots for another problem who let me
+let me just do a second problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+- I'll do the fixed-fixed guy okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- I'll do the fixed-fixed guy okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- I'll do the fixed-fixed guy okay so
+let's just do elimination on that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do elimination on that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do elimination on that that's
+the first pivot subtract now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first pivot subtract now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first pivot subtract now what's the
+multiplier now you're not as quick as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier now you're not as quick as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier now you're not as quick as
+MATLAB so the multiplier is negative 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB so the multiplier is negative 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB so the multiplier is negative 1/2
+negative 1/2 so the multiplier is l2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1/2 so the multiplier is l2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1/2 so the multiplier is l2 1
+is negative 1/2 L 3 1 will again be 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative 1/2 L 3 1 will again be 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative 1/2 L 3 1 will again be 0
+and let's use it so it knocks that guy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's use it so it knocks that guy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's use it so it knocks that guy's
+out and what did that number come out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and what did that number come out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and what did that number come out to
+be do you remember that was three-halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be do you remember that was three-halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be do you remember that was three-halves
+I think we looked at that once and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we looked at that once and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we looked at that once and that
+would be all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be all the same
+and then the next multiplier L 3 2 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next multiplier L 3 2 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next multiplier L 3 2 will
+be negative 2/3 because when I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative 2/3 because when I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative 2/3 because when I multiply
+that by 2/3 it gives me the negative 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by 2/3 it gives me the negative 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by 2/3 it gives me the negative 1
+and then I subtract and it kills this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I subtract and it kills this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I subtract and it kills this
+and I get 4/3 I just did that quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get 4/3 I just did that quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get 4/3 I just did that quickly
+and my aunt my main point was the pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my aunt my main point was the pivots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my aunt my main point was the pivots
+are on the diagonal there they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the diagonal there they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the diagonal there they're not
+all ones now so this is a more typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all ones now so this is a more typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all ones now so this is a more typical
+one this is this is again our you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is this is again our you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is this is again our you and
+our L matrix will be oh oh that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our L matrix will be oh oh that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our L matrix will be oh oh that's the
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+that these ELLs these multipliers fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these ELLs these multipliers fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these ELLs these multipliers fit
+right into a into a lower triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into a into a lower triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into a into a lower triangular
+matrix all these all these multipliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix all these all these multipliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix all these all these multipliers
+and we'll put ones on the diagonal of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll put ones on the diagonal of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll put ones on the diagonal of of
+that guy and these lower triangular ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy and these lower triangular ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy and these lower triangular ones
+will fit in just right perfectly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fit in just right perfectly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fit in just right perfectly in
+there over here the L would be let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there over here the L would be let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there over here the L would be let me
+construct the L ones on the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the L ones on the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the L ones on the diagonal
+representing the pivot rows it stayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the pivot rows it stayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the pivot rows it stayed
+put and minus 1 0 and minus 1 as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put and minus 1 0 and minus 1 as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put and minus 1 0 and minus 1 as the
+multipliers that that so this was L the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers that that so this was L the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers that that so this was L the
+multipliers that we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers that we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers that we used
+okay one more um we're doing lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one more um we're doing lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one more um we're doing lots of
+good stuff here and it's not deep but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good stuff here and it's not deep but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good stuff here and it's not deep but
+it's how would suppose the matrix had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how would suppose the matrix had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how would suppose the matrix had
+been singular we have to realize okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been singular we have to realize okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been singular we have to realize okay
+this elimination method is great but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this elimination method is great but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this elimination method is great but it
+can break down and it's better but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can break down and it's better but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can break down and it's better but it's
+gonna break down it has to break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna break down it has to break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna break down it has to break down
+somehow if the matrix is singular now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow if the matrix is singular now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow if the matrix is singular now
+what's our example of a singular matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our example of a singular matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our example of a singular matrix
+here the matrix this is free-fixed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the matrix this is free-fixed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the matrix this is free-fixed and
+that by fixing one support it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by fixing one support it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by fixing one support it wasn't
+singular but if I want to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular but if I want to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular but if I want to make it
+singular what will I take free free free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular what will I take free free free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular what will I take free free free
+free matrix we'll have uh so can I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free matrix we'll have uh so can I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free matrix we'll have uh so can I if I
+had thought to bring color chalk I I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had thought to bring color chalk I I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had thought to bring color chalk I I'll
+just erase for a moment for the bad case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just erase for a moment for the bad case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just erase for a moment for the bad case
+the bad case would be free free and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad case would be free free and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad case would be free free and how
+would it show up as bad in elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it show up as bad in elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it show up as bad in elimination
+how do how does a singular matrix reveal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do how does a singular matrix reveal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do how does a singular matrix reveal
+itself as elimination goes forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself as elimination goes forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself as elimination goes forward
+because you can't tell at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we had a two that dropped to one but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a two that dropped to one but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a two that dropped to one but if
+we start with a one it'll drop to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with a one it'll drop to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with a one it'll drop to zero
+that would have been a zero there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have been a zero there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have been a zero there the
+matrix would have had not not have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix would have had not not have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix would have had not not have had
+three pivots this upper triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pivots this upper triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pivots this upper triangular
+matrix is singular no good and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is singular no good and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is singular no good and that
+tells us back there that the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us back there that the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us back there that the original
+matrix is singular no good so so was if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is singular no good so so was if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is singular no good so so was if
+I can't get to three pivots somehow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't get to three pivots somehow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't get to three pivots somehow the
+matrix will be singular and that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix will be singular and that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix will be singular and that's an
+example that is so yeah so an MATLAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that is so yeah so an MATLAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that is so yeah so an MATLAB
+would immediately tell us of course okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would immediately tell us of course okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would immediately tell us of course okay
+so let's go back to the good case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to the good case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to the good case for
+the main point the good case for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main point the good case for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main point the good case for the
+main point so that the good case was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main point so that the good case was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main point so that the good case was
+three pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pivots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pivots
+in fact it was extra good because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it was extra good because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it was extra good because they
+all turned out to be ones now no now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all turned out to be ones now no now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all turned out to be ones now no now
+we're ready for Lu here's the magic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ready for Lu here's the magic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ready for Lu here's the magic and
+and I'm not giving a proof the magic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not giving a proof the magic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not giving a proof the magic is
+that the result you if I multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the result you if I multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the result you if I multiply the
+multiplier matrix L times the result you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier matrix L times the result you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier matrix L times the result you
+I'll bring back a I'll bring back a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll bring back a I'll bring back a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll bring back a I'll bring back a so
+so let me just see if I multiply L by u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just see if I multiply L by u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just see if I multiply L by u
+so this is now L times u and maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now L times u and maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now L times u and maybe you
+can see that I get a so what is U Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that I get a so what is U Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that I get a so what is U Oh
+like I've just have to copy it 1 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I've just have to copy it 1 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I've just have to copy it 1 1 1
+minus 1 minus 1 0 that's I could fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 minus 1 0 that's I could fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 minus 1 0 that's I could fill in
+the zeros but I know they're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a old times you and sure enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a old times you and sure enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a old times you and sure enough
+if I do the multiplication this how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do the multiplication this how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do the multiplication this how
+would you do that multiplication I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do that multiplication I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do that multiplication I would
+say this is one of the first row when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is one of the first row when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is one of the first row when I
+see that 1 0 0 multiplying these I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that 1 0 0 multiplying these I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that 1 0 0 multiplying these I'd say
+get one of the first row that's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one of the first row that's correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one of the first row that's correct
+in a here I would say this is minus 1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a here I would say this is minus 1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a here I would say this is minus 1 of
+the first row plus 1 of the second row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row plus 1 of the second row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row plus 1 of the second row
+and sure enough it's the right part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sure enough it's the right part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sure enough it's the right part of a
+and this is minus 1 of the second row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is minus 1 of the second row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is minus 1 of the second row
+plus 1 of the third row and sure enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 of the third row and sure enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 of the third row and sure enough
+it's the right third row of a I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the right third row of a I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the right third row of a I get a
+and that always that's what when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that always that's what when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that always that's what when
+elimination goes through with no zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination goes through with no zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination goes through with no zero
+pivots no no problems just a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots no no problems just a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots no no problems just a bunch of
+multipliers then that wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers then that wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers then that wonderful
+description of it AE equal Lu is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of it AE equal Lu is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of it AE equal Lu is correct
+that I don't know how many that new to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know how many that new to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know how many that new to I
+should baby thought ahead how many have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should baby thought ahead how many have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should baby thought ahead how many have
+seen like L times you before just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen like L times you before just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen like L times you before just to
+give me an idea quite a few ok so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an idea quite a few ok so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an idea quite a few ok so it
+it's terrific okay what do I hear I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's terrific okay what do I hear I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's terrific okay what do I hear I
+would get L times u now this is a like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get L times u now this is a like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get L times u now this is a like a
+little more interesting because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more interesting because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more interesting because the
+pivots were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots were were
+not once so that's my matrix you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not once so that's my matrix you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not once so that's my matrix you and
+here's my matrix L right now okay big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my matrix L right now okay big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my matrix L right now okay big
+point because we're so interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because we're so interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because we're so interested in
+symmetric matrices and we're this one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices and we're this one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices and we're this one in
+particular or that one symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular or that one symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular or that one symmetric
+matrices are good now I I'm unhappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are good now I I'm unhappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are good now I I'm unhappy
+about one aspect so now I'm just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one aspect so now I'm just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one aspect so now I'm just one
+part of this this was great we got three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this this was great we got three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this this was great we got three
+nonzero pivots we got to you we got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero pivots we got to you we got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero pivots we got to you we got the
+multiplier matrix all fine and we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier matrix all fine and we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier matrix all fine and we would
+be ready for the right hand side and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ready for the right hand side and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ready for the right hand side and we
+would be ready for two right hand sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be ready for two right hand sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be ready for two right hand sides
+we would be ready for all three right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would be ready for all three right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would be ready for all three right
+hand sides whatever but I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand sides whatever but I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand sides whatever but I have one
+criticism the matrix a which was our K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism the matrix a which was our K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism the matrix a which was our K
+this was really K was symmetric that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was really K was symmetric that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was really K was symmetric that was
+the very first thing you did told me on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first thing you did told me on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first thing you did told me on
+the very first day and now it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first day and now it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first day and now it's equal to
+L times U but what's happened the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L times U but what's happened the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L times U but what's happened the
+symmetry is lost somehow the L has ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry is lost somehow the L has ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry is lost somehow the L has ones
+on the diagonal the U as we have it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the diagonal the U as we have it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the diagonal the U as we have it has
+pivots on the diagonal now the pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots on the diagonal now the pivots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots on the diagonal now the pivots
+are not all ones so you see the symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not all ones so you see the symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not all ones so you see the symmetry
+of the problem got lost and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem got lost and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem got lost and that
+shouldn't happen and usually and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't happen and usually and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't happen and usually and there
+ought to be a way to get back to it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be a way to get back to it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be a way to get back to it okay
+and now I want to describe the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to describe the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to describe the way to
+get back to symmetry so Lu doesn't keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to symmetry so Lu doesn't keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to symmetry so Lu doesn't keep
+the symmetry L has ones you has pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry L has ones you has pivots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry L has ones you has pivots
+different but a very simple idea will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but a very simple idea will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but a very simple idea will
+bring back the symmetry and that is peel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring back the symmetry and that is peel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring back the symmetry and that is peel
+off the pivots in into a diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the pivots in into a diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the pivots in into a diagonal matrix
+in other words just there's a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words just there's a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words just there's a matrix
+I'll call it D the D for diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it D the D for diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it D the D for diagonal
+I'll P I'll divide those numbers out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll P I'll divide those numbers out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll P I'll divide those numbers out of
+each row and yeah can I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each row and yeah can I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each row and yeah can I just
+that so I'm just gonna I'm gonna write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I'm just gonna I'm gonna write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I'm just gonna I'm gonna write
+this you as a product of this diagonal D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you as a product of this diagonal D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you as a product of this diagonal D
+where I'm good dividing the two out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm good dividing the two out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm good dividing the two out so
+when I divide the two out from that row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I divide the two out from that row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I divide the two out from that row
+I'm left with 1 minus 1/2 0 and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left with 1 minus 1/2 0 and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left with 1 minus 1/2 0 and when I
+divide 3 halves the pivot then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide 3 halves the pivot then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide 3 halves the pivot then it's
+makes that pivot into a 1 and what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes that pivot into a 1 and what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes that pivot into a 1 and what does
+it produce for that guy when I'm divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it produce for that guy when I'm divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it produce for that guy when I'm divided
+3 halves when I divide that minus 1 by 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 halves when I divide that minus 1 by 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 halves when I divide that minus 1 by 3
+halves what do I get I get negative I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves what do I get I get negative I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves what do I get I get negative I
+division will be 2/3 so I get a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division will be 2/3 so I get a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division will be 2/3 so I get a negative
+2/3 and now on the last row I'm dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 and now on the last row I'm dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 and now on the last row I'm dividing
+that row by 4/3 when I divide that row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row by 4/3 when I divide that row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row by 4/3 when I divide that row
+by 4/3 what row do I get here 0 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 4/3 what row do I get here 0 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 4/3 what row do I get here 0 0 1
+because I've got I've made the pivots 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got I've made the pivots 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got I've made the pivots 1
+well they're not pivots what I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're not pivots what I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're not pivots what I've done
+is separate out the pivots so I've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is separate out the pivots so I've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is separate out the pivots so I've made
+the diagonal ones just by separating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal ones just by separating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal ones just by separating it
+out and what's happened my goal was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and what's happened my goal was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and what's happened my goal was to
+get back some symmetry that was there at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back some symmetry that was there at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back some symmetry that was there at
+the start now so I have a pivot matrix D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start now so I have a pivot matrix D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start now so I have a pivot matrix D
+and what's that matrix you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's that matrix you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's that matrix you could say
+well it's the rest but that's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's the rest but that's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's the rest but that's not what
+I'm looking for what is it it's the can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for what is it it's the can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for what is it it's the can
+everybody have a look at it or I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody have a look at it or I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody have a look at it or I can't
+raise it you if you look at what we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise it you if you look at what we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise it you if you look at what we got
+there what is it what's the right name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what is it what's the right name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what is it what's the right name
+to give it L transpose exactly that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it L transpose exactly that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it L transpose exactly that's
+the right name L transpose so what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right name L transpose so what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right name L transpose so what what
+am i concluding that I'm concluding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am i concluding that I'm concluding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am i concluding that I'm concluding that
+let's see where shall I put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see where shall I put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see where shall I put this
+and it will come back to it well here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will come back to it well here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will come back to it well here we
+had just a so it wasn't an accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had just a so it wasn't an accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had just a so it wasn't an accident
+here we had ll transpose and what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we had ll transpose and what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we had ll transpose and what was
+the pivot matrix in this was two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot matrix in this was two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot matrix in this was two
+beautiful product case it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful product case it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful product case it was the
+identity so we didn't notice it so can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so we didn't notice it so can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so we didn't notice it so can I
+squeeze in the identity that's the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze in the identity that's the pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze in the identity that's the pivot
+matrix there but again we had L times L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix there but again we had L times L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix there but again we had L times L
+transpose that the beauty was there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that the beauty was there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that the beauty was there the
+symmetry was there and now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry was there and now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry was there and now what's the
+usual thing so so really I'm I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual thing so so really I'm I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual thing so so really I'm I'm I'm
+completing this to one more thought in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing this to one more thought in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing this to one more thought in
+the case when a is symmetric I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case when a is symmetric I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case when a is symmetric I'm
+completing I have the L I'm factoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing I have the L I'm factoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing I have the L I'm factoring
+out the de and what's left is L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the de and what's left is L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the de and what's left is L
+transpose I hope you like LD L transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose I hope you like LD L transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose I hope you like LD L transpose
+the seeing the matrix a matrix on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seeing the matrix a matrix on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seeing the matrix a matrix on one
+side and the transpose on the others on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and the transpose on the others on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and the transpose on the others on
+the matrix L at the left and L transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix L at the left and L transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix L at the left and L transpose
+at the right is just right so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the right is just right so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the right is just right so so the
+point of the point of the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the point of the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the point of the point of
+symmetric case we have and I'll use can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric case we have and I'll use can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric case we have and I'll use can
+I use I'll use the letter K rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use I'll use the letter K rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use I'll use the letter K rather than
+a because now we're getting the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because now we're getting the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because now we're getting the matrix
+is more special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more special
+it's that K or it's this T or itself any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that K or it's this T or itself any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that K or it's this T or itself any
+other symmetric matrix the elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other symmetric matrix the elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other symmetric matrix the elimination
+leads to uses multipliers L and if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to uses multipliers L and if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to uses multipliers L and if i
+factor out the pivot matrix then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor out the pivot matrix then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor out the pivot matrix then the
+other part is L transpose we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part is L transpose we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part is L transpose we've seen
+that just by example by two examples now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just by example by two examples now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just by example by two examples now
+I want to just look at that because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to just look at that because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to just look at that because this
+is that is that that describes not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is that that describes not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is that that describes not only
+the result of elimination which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of elimination which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of elimination which is the
+key operation but it also keeps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key operation but it also keeps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key operation but it also keeps the
+symmetry in fact the matrix every matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry in fact the matrix every matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry in fact the matrix every matrix
+of that sort is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sort is symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sort is symmetric
+no yeah that's important can we this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yeah that's important can we this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yeah that's important can we this
+this is this is sure to be symmetric we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is sure to be symmetric we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is sure to be symmetric we
+will often see matrices multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will often see matrices multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will often see matrices multiplied by
+their transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their transpose
+and I guess I so what I'm saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess I so what I'm saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess I so what I'm saying is that
+if you gave me any matrix L any diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you gave me any matrix L any diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you gave me any matrix L any diagonal
+matrix D and then the transpose of L if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix D and then the transpose of L if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix D and then the transpose of L if
+I multiplied those out I would get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiplied those out I would get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiplied those out I would get a
+symmetric matrix and going the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix and going the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix and going the other way
+if I started with it symmetric matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I started with it symmetric matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I started with it symmetric matrix
+and I did elimination and got an L then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I did elimination and got an L then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I did elimination and got an L then
+the D factoring out would leave me l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D factoring out would leave me l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D factoring out would leave me l
+transpose so what you've seen by example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so what you've seen by example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so what you've seen by example
+is what will happen all the time now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what will happen all the time now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what will happen all the time now why
+is that matrix symmetric that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that matrix symmetric that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that matrix symmetric that's that
+here we get a chance to show the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we get a chance to show the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we get a chance to show the power
+of matrix notation really I just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrix notation really I just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrix notation really I just think
+that if I have any matrix L in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have any matrix L in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have any matrix L in this case
+that happened to be lower triangular but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened to be lower triangular but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened to be lower triangular but
+if I have any matrix L and I have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have any matrix L and I have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have any matrix L and I have a nice
+symmetric diagonal guy in the middle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric diagonal guy in the middle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric diagonal guy in the middle and
+I have the transpose of this matrix on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the transpose of this matrix on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the transpose of this matrix on
+the other side I think the result is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side I think the result is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side I think the result is a
+symmetric matrix when I multiply so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix when I multiply so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix when I multiply so so
+it's these symmetric factorizations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's these symmetric factorizations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's these symmetric factorizations that
+are that we're getting to in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that we're getting to in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that we're getting to in our
+important problems because our important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important problems because our important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important problems because our important
+problems are symmetric okay why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are symmetric okay why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are symmetric okay why is that
+sure to be symmetric good could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure to be symmetric good could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure to be symmetric good could you
+suppose I asked you as a exercise prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I asked you as a exercise prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I asked you as a exercise prove
+that L times the diagonal times L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that L times the diagonal times L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that L times the diagonal times L
+transpose is always a symmetric matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is always a symmetric matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is always a symmetric matrix
+how could you do that how could you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you do that how could you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you do that how could you do
+that you could certainly create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could certainly create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could certainly create an
+example that did it and check it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that did it and check it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that did it and check it out
+multiply it would work but we got we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it would work but we got we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it would work but we got we
+want to see that this is gonna be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see that this is gonna be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see that this is gonna be true
+always okay so how would you do that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always okay so how would you do that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always okay so how would you do that I
+guess let me get started I would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess let me get started I would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess let me get started I would take
+its transpose if I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its transpose if I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its transpose if I want to show
+something symmetric i transpose it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something symmetric i transpose it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something symmetric i transpose it and
+see if I get the same matrix again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I get the same matrix again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I get the same matrix again so
+let me take the transpose of this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take the transpose of this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take the transpose of this so
+answering why is it sure to be symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering why is it sure to be symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering why is it sure to be symmetric
+so let me take K transpose so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me take K transpose so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me take K transpose so this is
+the transpose of I have K equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of I have K equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of I have K equals
+something times something times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something times something times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something times something times
+something a times B times C you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a times B times C you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a times B times C you could
+say if I transpose a matrix how can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I transpose a matrix how can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I transpose a matrix how can I
+create that K transpose out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create that K transpose out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create that K transpose out of the
+transposes of a B and C do you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposes of a B and C do you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposes of a B and C do you remember
+what happens the reverse the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens the reverse the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens the reverse the order
+it's like inverses transposes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like inverses transposes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like inverses transposes and
+inverses both have that Keith Ricci rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses both have that Keith Ricci rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses both have that Keith Ricci rule
+when you have our product and you invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have our product and you invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have our product and you invert
+it they come in the opposite order when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they come in the opposite order when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they come in the opposite order when
+you transpose it they come in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you transpose it they come in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you transpose it they come in the
+opposite order so let me put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite order so let me put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite order so let me put these
+separate transposes in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate transposes in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate transposes in the opposite
+order so there I've used the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so there I've used the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so there I've used the most
+important fact there which is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important fact there which is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important fact there which is just a
+fact of that that you that just a fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact of that that you that just a fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact of that that you that just a fact
+about transposing a product ok what have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about transposing a product ok what have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about transposing a product ok what have
+I got now what's L transpose transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got now what's L transpose transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got now what's L transpose transpose
+it's L great what's L transpose L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's L great what's L transpose L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's L great what's L transpose L
+transpose nothing but L transpose twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose nothing but L transpose twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose nothing but L transpose twice
+and I'm back to well what about D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm back to well what about D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm back to well what about D
+transpose same as D because D was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose same as D because D was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose same as D because D was
+symmetric in fact diagonal so what have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric in fact diagonal so what have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric in fact diagonal so what have
+I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the proof is done ok this I've got K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof is done ok this I've got K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof is done ok this I've got K
+back again this was the original K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back again this was the original K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back again this was the original K so
+I've learned that K transpose is K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've learned that K transpose is K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've learned that K transpose is K so
+you're gonna see time after time let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna see time after time let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna see time after time let me
+just put put these things there you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put put these things there you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put put these things there you're
+gonna see an a transpose times an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see an a transpose times an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see an a transpose times an a
+that's a most important voice too high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a most important voice too high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a most important voice too high
+ly important multiplication take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ly important multiplication take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ly important multiplication take a
+matrix may be rectangular multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix may be rectangular multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix may be rectangular multiplied by
+a transpose so this matrix is certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose so this matrix is certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose so this matrix is certainly
+square because a could be M by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square because a could be M by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square because a could be M by n
+and then a transpose would be n by M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a transpose would be n by M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a transpose would be n by M and
+the result would be n by n so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result would be n by n so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result would be n by n so it's
+certainly square but now what's the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly square but now what's the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly square but now what's the new
+property we now know it's symmetric it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property we now know it's symmetric it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property we now know it's symmetric it's
+symmetric because if I transpose it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric because if I transpose it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric because if I transpose it the
+transpose of a will go on this side the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of a will go on this side the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of a will go on this side the
+double transpose will go on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double transpose will go on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double transpose will go on this side
+but the double transpose is a again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the double transpose is a again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the double transpose is a again so
+symmetric okay okay so I'm plugging away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric okay okay so I'm plugging away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric okay okay so I'm plugging away
+here on symmetric matrices because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're just what is yeah what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just what is yeah what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just what is yeah what a
+symmetry mean and yeah can I just come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry mean and yeah can I just come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry mean and yeah can I just come
+back to to this idea of responses yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to to this idea of responses yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to to this idea of responses yeah
+yeah and and by the way if this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and by the way if this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and by the way if this was
+symmetric would its inverse be symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric would its inverse be symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric would its inverse be symmetric
+the answer is yes if the if the maitre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is yes if the if the maitre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is yes if the if the maitre
+if I matrix is symmetric its inverse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I matrix is symmetric its inverse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I matrix is symmetric its inverse is
+symmetric these these symmetric matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric these these symmetric matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric these these symmetric matrices
+are a fantastic family so so I could add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a fantastic family so so I could add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a fantastic family so so I could add
+that to this K inverse will all also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to this K inverse will all also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to this K inverse will all also
+symmetric without having yet said Y but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric without having yet said Y but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric without having yet said Y but
+maybe inwards I'll just say a few words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe inwards I'll just say a few words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe inwards I'll just say a few words
+here at the end I I spoke about the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the end I I spoke about the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the end I I spoke about the so
+the response so what's a typical entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response so what's a typical entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response so what's a typical entry
+say the to one entry just to carry on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the to one entry just to carry on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the to one entry just to carry on
+with this language one more one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this language one more one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this language one more one more
+moment this is this is a inverse here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment this is this is a inverse here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment this is this is a inverse here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now the the to one entry in the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the to one entry in the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the to one entry in the inverse
+is an impulse is in the FIR the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an impulse is in the FIR the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an impulse is in the FIR the in the
+first mass whatever gets an impulse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mass whatever gets an impulse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mass whatever gets an impulse and
+that is the response of the sec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the response of the sec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the response of the sec
+math the response in position two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math the response in position two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math the response in position two to the
+impulse in position one now my matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse in position one now my matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse in position one now my matrix is
+symmetric I'm thinking about symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric I'm thinking about symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric I'm thinking about symmetric
+matrices here so what about here here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices here so what about here here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices here so what about here here if
+I take the impulse in position two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the impulse in position two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the impulse in position two and
+look at the response in position one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the response in position one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the response in position one so
+do you see the difference in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see the difference in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see the difference in general
+those could be different this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those could be different this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those could be different this is the
+response at position two to an impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response at position two to an impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response at position two to an impulse
+at one this is the response at one to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one this is the response at one to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one this is the response at one to an
+impulse at two yeah you see that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse at two yeah you see that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse at two yeah you see that I'm
+multiplying those columns and getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying those columns and getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying those columns and getting
+these columns and what's the point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these columns and what's the point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these columns and what's the point about
+symmetry those are the same symmetry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry those are the same symmetry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry those are the same symmetry the
+is expressing this physical meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expressing this physical meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expressing this physical meaning that
+the response that I to the point to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response that I to the point to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response that I to the point to an
+impulse at J is the same as the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse at J is the same as the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse at J is the same as the response
+at J to an impulse at I that and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at J to an impulse at I that and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at J to an impulse at I that and that's
+like that's it's sort of view that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's it's sort of view that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's it's sort of view that's
+such an important property you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an important property you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an important property you want to
+notice it and and it goes into symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it and and it goes into symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it and and it goes into symmetry
+so many many problems will be symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many many problems will be symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many many problems will be symmetric
+and then some won't we have to admit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some won't we have to admit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some won't we have to admit
+this won't cover everything but it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this won't cover everything but it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this won't cover everything but it it
+covers such an important and beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers such an important and beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers such an important and beautiful
+part so that's today's lecture on Lu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so that's today's lecture on Lu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so that's today's lecture on Lu
+elimination solving linear systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination solving linear systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination solving linear systems and
+then let's move forward to understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's move forward to understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's move forward to understanding
+the the actual inverses
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1Pzk-UqilW4.txt b/1Pzk-UqilW4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a301b3729759f609d197a87065cb231dc87fafd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1Pzk-UqilW4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2243 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to getting up to speed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to getting up to speed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to getting up to speed in
+biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+by now you have had a lot of basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now you have had a lot of basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now you have had a lot of basic
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+that should be getting you ready to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be getting you ready to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be getting you ready to take
+introductory biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory biology
+at mit or elsewhere you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit or elsewhere you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit or elsewhere you should have
+completed your first problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed your first problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed your first problem set
+in addition to all the class exercises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to all the class exercises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to all the class exercises
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we've given you so you you're on pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've given you so you you're on pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've given you so you you're on pretty
+good ground now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good ground now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good ground now
+to move on to the last two lecture units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move on to the last two lecture units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move on to the last two lecture units
+today's lecture today's class is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture today's class is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture today's class is going
+to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about
+how changes in dna changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how changes in dna changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how changes in dna changes
+in genes govern the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in genes govern the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in genes govern the outcome
+for the organism we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the organism we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the organism we're going to talk
+about mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mutations
+we're going to talk about alleles we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about alleles we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about alleles we're
+going to talk about pedigrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about pedigrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about pedigrees
+and if you don't know what those words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you don't know what those words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you don't know what those words
+mean you're in the right place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you're in the right place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you're in the right place
+here are our topics for today i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are our topics for today i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are our topics for today i'll
+firstly talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firstly talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firstly talk about
+mutations we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations we'll talk about
+something i'll term allele segregation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i'll term allele segregation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i'll term allele segregation
+we'll talk about genetics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about genetics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about genetics and
+genetic crosses and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic crosses and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic crosses and finally
+we'll talk about pedigrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about pedigrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about pedigrees
+the overall theme of today is how does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall theme of today is how does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall theme of today is how does a
+dna sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna sequence
+connect with a trait a trait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect with a trait a trait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect with a trait a trait
+is something you can see an observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you can see an observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you can see an observable
+characteristic your eye color your hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic your eye color your hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic your eye color your hair
+color for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color for example
+also called phenotype dna sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called phenotype dna sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called phenotype dna sequence
+may alter the protein that's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may alter the protein that's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may alter the protein that's made
+the amount or the type of protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount or the type of protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount or the type of protein
+and may change all sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and may change all sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and may change all sorts of things
+including whether a dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including whether a dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including whether a dog
+is big or little or whether an insect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big or little or whether an insect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big or little or whether an insect
+has got normal mouth parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got normal mouth parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got normal mouth parts
+or has got legs growing out of its head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or has got legs growing out of its head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or has got legs growing out of its head
+let's begin by talking about mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's begin by talking about mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's begin by talking about mutations
+let me start by reminding you what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start by reminding you what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start by reminding you what we
+talked about last time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time the
+information flow from dna to protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow from dna to protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow from dna to protein
+to a trait dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a trait dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a trait dna
+the gene is transcribed into rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene is transcribed into rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene is transcribed into rna
+which is then translated into protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is then translated into protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is then translated into protein
+this is the information flow we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the information flow we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the information flow we talked
+about yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yesterday
+that protein then has a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that protein then has a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that protein then has a function
+that may give an observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may give an observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may give an observable
+characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic
+which we call a trait let's write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call a trait let's write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call a trait let's write that
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+a trait is something you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trait is something you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trait is something you can see
+an observable character or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an observable character or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an observable character or
+characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic
+and the scientific term for that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the scientific term for that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the scientific term for that is
+phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype
+if you change the dna you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change the dna you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change the dna you may
+change the rna and you may change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the rna and you may change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the rna and you may change the
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+and you may change the trait these dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may change the trait these dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may change the trait these dna
+changes occur in the bases so dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes occur in the bases so dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes occur in the bases so dna
+base sequence changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base sequence changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base sequence changes
+are called mutations and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called mutations and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called mutations and they are
+relative to something else whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to something else whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to something else whether you
+are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a
+have a mutated gene or not more usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mutated gene or not more usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mutated gene or not more usually
+we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about
+genes that have got different variants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that have got different variants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that have got different variants
+of sequence we'll come to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sequence we'll come to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sequence we'll come to that in a
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+but mutations may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mutations may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mutations may
+alter protein sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alter protein sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alter protein sequence
+and may alter protein function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and may alter protein function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and may alter protein function
+and therefore may change a trait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore may change a trait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore may change a trait
+that's your general notion of mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your general notion of mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your general notion of mutations
+there are really two classes that i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are really two classes that i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are really two classes that i want
+you to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to know about
+two types of mutation the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of mutation the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of mutation the first
+are point mutations these change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are point mutations these change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are point mutations these change
+one base at a time they change one base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one base at a time they change one base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one base at a time they change one base
+and they substitute another base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they substitute another base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they substitute another base
+at the same position in the dna sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same position in the dna sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same position in the dna sequence
+the second type that i want you to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second type that i want you to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second type that i want you to know
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+are the insertions and the deletions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the insertions and the deletions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the insertions and the deletions
+insertions add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions add one
+or more bases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more bases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more bases and
+deletions remove one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletions remove one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletions remove one
+or more bases there's also a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more bases there's also a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more bases there's also a whole
+nother class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nother class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nother class
+of mutations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mutations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mutations that
+affect something other than the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect something other than the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect something other than the actual
+protein coding sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein coding sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein coding sequence
+and we'll talk about those um very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about those um very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about those um very
+briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly
+in a moment but let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment but let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment but let's look at
+some slides here so we can get the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slides here so we can get the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slides here so we can get the sense
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+how you might change protein sequence by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you might change protein sequence by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you might change protein sequence by
+changing the dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the dna
+i've shown you here on this slide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown you here on this slide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown you here on this slide a
+double stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double stranded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double stranded
+piece of dna you see all the polarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of dna you see all the polarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of dna you see all the polarity
+that you know now and the base pairing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know now and the base pairing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know now and the base pairing
+the bottom strand i've designated as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom strand i've designated as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom strand i've designated as the
+template strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template strand
+and i've shown you the messenger rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've shown you the messenger rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've shown you the messenger rna
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+transcribed using that bottom strand as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed using that bottom strand as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed using that bottom strand as
+a template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a template
+and then i've shown you the protein that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i've shown you the protein that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i've shown you the protein that
+is translated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is translated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is translated
+from the codons of that messenger rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the codons of that messenger rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the codons of that messenger rna
+i've designated this the wild type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've designated this the wild type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've designated this the wild type
+gene okay it's a reference point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene okay it's a reference point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene okay it's a reference point
+wild type sometimes people use the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild type sometimes people use the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild type sometimes people use the term
+normal but that's not correct it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal but that's not correct it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal but that's not correct it's just
+usually the most common um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the most common um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the most common um
+version of that gene okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that gene okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that gene okay
+let's see what happens now if we change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what happens now if we change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what happens now if we change
+that gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gene
+so on top again i've got what i had on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on top again i've got what i had on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on top again i've got what i had on
+the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide
+the wild type gene and protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wild type gene and protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wild type gene and protein
+and now we've made a point mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've made a point mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've made a point mutation
+where we've changed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we've changed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we've changed a
+single base in the dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we've changed it's underlined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've changed it's underlined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've changed it's underlined in
+pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink
+we've changed it so that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've changed it so that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've changed it so that instead of
+reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading
+um what was it it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gg a previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gg a previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gg a previously
+okay it now reads ggt okay you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it now reads ggt okay you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it now reads ggt okay you can look
+at it at the same time i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it at the same time i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it at the same time i do
+so we've changed there an a to a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've changed there an a to a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've changed there an a to a t
+and on the other strand that also flips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other strand that also flips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other strand that also flips
+the bass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bass
+changes it from a t to an a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes it from a t to an a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes it from a t to an a the
+messenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger
+rna is now changed because the template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna is now changed because the template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna is now changed because the template
+for the messenger rna has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the messenger rna has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the messenger rna has changed
+and when that messenger rna is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when that messenger rna is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when that messenger rna is
+translated into protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into protein
+you can see that there is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there is now a
+different amino acid in the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amino acid in the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amino acid in the protein
+chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain
+there is a valine instead of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a valine instead of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a valine instead of an
+asparagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asparagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asparagine
+okay or aspartic acid a valine instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or aspartic acid a valine instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or aspartic acid a valine instead
+of an aspartic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an aspartic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an aspartic acid
+okay so the protein sequence the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the protein sequence the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the protein sequence the actual
+sequence of amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of amino acids
+in the protein has changed this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the protein has changed this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the protein has changed this type of
+mutation is a point mutation as i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation is a point mutation as i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation is a point mutation as i said
+and it's called a missense mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called a missense mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called a missense mutation
+you get a protein but it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a protein but it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a protein but it's a bit
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+here's another kind where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another kind where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another kind where
+again you make a single base change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you make a single base change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you make a single base change in
+the dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dna
+underlined and then if you start your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlined and then if you start your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlined and then if you start your
+protein translation from the rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein translation from the rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein translation from the rna
+that is made using this now new template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is made using this now new template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is made using this now new template
+you see that immediately after the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that immediately after the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that immediately after the first
+amino acid methionine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid methionine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid methionine
+there is a stop codon that stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a stop codon that stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a stop codon that stops
+translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation
+and the protein isn't made at all except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the protein isn't made at all except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the protein isn't made at all except
+for that first amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that first amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that first amino acid
+this is called a nonsense mutation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a nonsense mutation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a nonsense mutation and
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+truncates or prematurely stops the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncates or prematurely stops the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncates or prematurely stops the
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+and obviously you wouldn't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously you wouldn't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously you wouldn't get a
+functional protein here in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional protein here in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional protein here in the case of
+the missense protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the missense protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the missense protein
+it might be functional but it might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be functional but it might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be functional but it might have
+a slightly different function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different function
+than the starting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's another example of a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example of a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example of a point
+mutation and this one's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation and this one's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation and this one's going to be a
+silent mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent mutation
+in this case there's again being a base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case there's again being a base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case there's again being a base
+substitution so that the dna template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so that the dna template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so that the dna template
+changes but now if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes but now if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes but now if one
+makes the messenger rna conceptually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the messenger rna conceptually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the messenger rna conceptually
+and the protein you see that the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the protein you see that the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the protein you see that the protein
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+of the mutated gene is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mutated gene is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mutated gene is the same
+as the parental gene and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the parental gene and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the parental gene and that's because
+more than one codon can code for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one codon can code for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one codon can code for the
+same amino acid as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amino acid as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amino acid as we saw
+previously when we looked at the genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously when we looked at the genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously when we looked at the genetic
+code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code
+so although the dna has changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so although the dna has changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so although the dna has changed the
+protein hasn't changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein hasn't changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein hasn't changed
+and this is called a silent mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's an example of an insertion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the arrow indicates where a base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrow indicates where a base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrow indicates where a base
+has been inserted in the dna that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been inserted in the dna that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been inserted in the dna that wasn't
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and this does something profound to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this does something profound to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this does something profound to the
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+it changes something called the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it changes something called the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it changes something called the reading
+frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+you recall that proteins start with atg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recall that proteins start with atg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recall that proteins start with atg
+aug as the rna codon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aug as the rna codon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aug as the rna codon
+and that corresponds to methionine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that corresponds to methionine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that corresponds to methionine
+and then you read the rna with no spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you read the rna with no spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you read the rna with no spaces
+we explored that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we explored that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we explored that
+in the previous class you ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous class you ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous class you ex
+you read three by three right next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read three by three right next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read three by three right next to
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+and that sets the reading frame it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sets the reading frame it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sets the reading frame it tells
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+what the protein codons are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the protein codons are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the protein codons are going to
+look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like
+one after the other if you add anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one after the other if you add anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one after the other if you add anything
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+than a multiple of three bases you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a multiple of three bases you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a multiple of three bases you
+change the reading frame here i've put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the reading frame here i've put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the reading frame here i've put
+in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one
+one extra base and look what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one extra base and look what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one extra base and look what happens to
+the protein coding sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein coding sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein coding sequence
+you now see you start the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now see you start the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now see you start the same
+methionine tryptophan but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine tryptophan but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine tryptophan but now
+instead of having leucine proline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having leucine proline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having leucine proline
+aspartic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartic acid
+you now have threonine proline lysine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have threonine proline lysine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have threonine proline lysine
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+okay so you've changed the reading frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've changed the reading frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've changed the reading frame
+and the protein that is made from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the protein that is made from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the protein that is made from this
+particular gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular gene
+and that might profoundly change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that might profoundly change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that might profoundly change the
+function of the protein it might make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the protein it might make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the protein it might make it
+non-functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-functional
+it might sometimes give it a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might sometimes give it a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might sometimes give it a new
+function it might give it a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it might give it a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it might give it a function
+that causes disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes disease
+so this is the insertion changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the insertion changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the insertion changing the
+reading frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading frame
+and the same idea is true for a deletion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same idea is true for a deletion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same idea is true for a deletion
+changing the reading frame so the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the reading frame so the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the reading frame so the last
+thing that i'll indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that i'll indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that i'll indicate
+here on the board is that mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the board is that mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the board is that mutations
+can change protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change protein
+coding sequence but they may also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding sequence but they may also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding sequence but they may also
+change the sequence of what i'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the sequence of what i'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the sequence of what i'll call
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+regions control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions control
+dna let's call it where the control dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna let's call it where the control dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna let's call it where the control dna
+is actually dictating whether or not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually dictating whether or not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually dictating whether or not the
+rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna
+is made in the first place and we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made in the first place and we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made in the first place and we didn't
+discuss this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss this
+really at all when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really at all when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really at all when we talked about
+transcription but i'm planting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription but i'm planting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription but i'm planting this
+notion in your mind now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion in your mind now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion in your mind now
+so you will have heard of it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will have heard of it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will have heard of it this
+control dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control dna
+which regulates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which regulates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which regulates
+rna synthesis transcription and this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna synthesis transcription and this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna synthesis transcription and this can
+change the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the amount
+of the rna and the amount of the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rna and the amount of the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rna and the amount of the protein
+made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+good you are empowered now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you are empowered now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you are empowered now
+to go to assignment one class exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to assignment one class exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to assignment one class exercise
+one and practice your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and practice your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and practice your
+protein coding skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein coding skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein coding skills
+and figure out what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out what happens when you
+make various mutations in dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make various mutations in dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make various mutations in dna
+to the protein that is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1RLctDS2hUQ.txt b/1RLctDS2hUQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a0cdbb1f04ee2c26abb8ef42676e65af0c70c14f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1RLctDS2hUQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today we're going to
+continue with integration and we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with integration and we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with integration and we get to
+do the uh probably the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the uh probably the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the uh probably the most important
+thing of this entire course which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of this entire course which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of this entire course which is
+appropriately named it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately named it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately named it's called the
+fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculus and we'll be abbreviating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and we'll be abbreviating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and we'll be abbreviating it
+FTC and occasionally I'll put in a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FTC and occasionally I'll put in a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FTC and occasionally I'll put in a one
+here because there will be two versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because there will be two versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because there will be two versions
+of it but this is the one that you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but this is the one that you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but this is the one that you'll be
+using the most in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the most in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the most in this
+class the fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculus says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus says the
+following it says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it says that
+if F Prime is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if F Prime is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if F Prime is equal to
+F so frime of X is equal to little f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so frime of X is equal to little f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so frime of X is equal to little f ofx
+is a capital f and a little f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the
+integral from A to B of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ofx is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is equal
+to F of B minus F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a that's it that's that's the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's it that's that's the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's it that's that's the whole
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+and you may recognize it um before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may recognize it um before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may recognize it um before we
+had the notation that um f was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anti-derivative that is capital F was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative that is capital F was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative that is capital F was
+the integral of f ofx we wrote it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of f ofx we wrote it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of f ofx we wrote it this
+way this is this indefinite integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is this indefinite integral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is this indefinite integral and
+now we're putting in definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're putting in definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're putting in definite
+values and we have a connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and we have a connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and we have a connection between
+the two uses of the integral sign but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two uses of the integral sign but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two uses of the integral sign but
+with the definite values we get real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the definite values we get real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the definite values we get real
+numbers out instead of a function or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers out instead of a function or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers out instead of a function or a
+function up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function up to a
+constant so this is it this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so this is it this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so this is it this is the
+formula and it's usually also written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and it's usually also written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and it's usually also written
+with another notation so I I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another notation so I I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another notation so I I want to
+introduce that notation to you as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce that notation to you as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce that notation to you as well
+so there's a new notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here which you'll find very convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which you'll find very convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which you'll find very convenient
+because we don't always have to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't always have to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't always have to give a
+name a letter F to the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name a letter F to the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name a letter F to the functions
+involved so it's an abbreviation uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so it's an abbreviation uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so it's an abbreviation uh for
+right now there will be a lot of FS but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now there will be a lot of FS but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now there will be a lot of FS but
+anyway so here's the abbreviation when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so here's the abbreviation when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so here's the abbreviation when
+whenever I have a difference between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I have a difference between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I have a difference between a
+function uh at two values I also can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh at two values I also can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh at two values I also can
+write this as f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as f
+ofx with an a down here and a b up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx with an a down here and a b up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx with an a down here and a b up there
+so that's the notation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the notation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the notation that we
+use and you can also for emphasis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and you can also for emphasis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and you can also for emphasis and
+this sometimes turns out to be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sometimes turns out to be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sometimes turns out to be important
+when there's more than one variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's more than one variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's more than one variable
+floating around in the problem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around in the problem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around in the problem to
+specify that the variable is X so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify that the variable is X so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify that the variable is X so this
+is the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same thing
+as X = A and xal B it indicates where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as X = A and xal B it indicates where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as X = A and xal B it indicates where
+you want to plug in what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to plug in what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to plug in what you want to
+plug in and now you take the Top Value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in and now you take the Top Value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in and now you take the Top Value
+minus the bottom value so F of B minus F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the bottom value so F of B minus F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the bottom value so F of B minus F
+of a so this is just a notation and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a so this is just a notation and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a so this is just a notation and in
+that notation of course the uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notation of course the uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notation of course the uh the uh
+theorem can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem can be
+written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+as with this set of symbols here equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as with this set of symbols here equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as with this set of symbols here equal
+equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well okay so let's just give a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so let's just give a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so let's just give a couple of
+examples the first example is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the first example is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the first example is the one
+that we did last time very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did last time very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did last time very
+laboriously if you take the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboriously if you take the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboriously if you take the function
+capital F ofx which happens to be X Cub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital F ofx which happens to be X Cub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital F ofx which happens to be X Cub
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+3 then if you differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 then if you differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 then if you differentiate
+it you get well uh the factor of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you get well uh the factor of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you get well uh the factor of three
+cancels so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels so you get
+x2 that's the derivative and so by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 that's the derivative and so by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 that's the derivative and so by the
+fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+theorem so this implies by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so this implies by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so this implies by the
+fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+theorem that the integral from say A to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that the integral from say A to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that the integral from say A to
+B of X cubed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B of X cubed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B of X cubed over
+sorry x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry x^2
+DX that's the derivative here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX that's the derivative here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX that's the derivative here this is
+the function we're going to use as F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function we're going to use as F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function we're going to use as F
+ofx here is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx here is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx here is equal
+to this function here um f of B minus F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this function here um f of B minus F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this function here um f of B minus F
+of a that's here this function here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a that's here this function here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a that's here this function here so
+that's right F of B minus F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right F of B minus F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right F of B minus F of
+a and that's equal to B Cub over 3 - a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and that's equal to B Cub over 3 - a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and that's equal to B Cub over 3 - a
+cub over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 now in this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 now in this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 now in this new
+notation we we usually don't have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation we we usually don't have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation we we usually don't have all
+these letters all we write is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these letters all we write is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these letters all we write is the
+following we write the integral from A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we write the integral from A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we write the integral from A
+to B and I'm going to do the case 0 to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B and I'm going to do the case 0 to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B and I'm going to do the case 0 to B
+because that was the one that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was the one that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was the one that we
+actually did last time so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did last time so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did last time so I'm going to
+set a equals z here and then the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a equals z here and then the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a equals z here and then the problem
+we were faced last time was this and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were faced last time was this and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were faced last time was this and as
+I said we did it very laboriously but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said we did it very laboriously but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said we did it very laboriously but
+now you can see that we can do it in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can see that we can do it in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can see that we can do it in uh
+a 10 seconds let's say well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 10 seconds let's say well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 10 seconds let's say well the
+anti-derivative of this is X cubed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of this is X cubed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of this is X cubed over
+3 I'm going to evaluate it at 0 and at B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 I'm going to evaluate it at 0 and at B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 I'm going to evaluate it at 0 and at B
+and subtract so that's going to be B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtract so that's going to be B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtract so that's going to be B
+Cubed over 3 - 0 cub over three which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cubed over 3 - 0 cub over three which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cubed over 3 - 0 cub over three which of
+course is B Cubed over 3 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is B Cubed over 3 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is B Cubed over 3 and that's
+that's the end that's the answer so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the end that's the answer so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the end that's the answer so this
+is a lot faster than yesterday I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot faster than yesterday I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot faster than yesterday I hope
+you'll agree and we can we can dispense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll agree and we can we can dispense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll agree and we can we can dispense
+with those elaborate computations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those elaborate computations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those elaborate computations
+although there's a conceptual reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there's a conceptual reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there's a conceptual reason
+very important one for understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important one for understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important one for understanding the
+procedure that we went through because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that we went through because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that we went through because
+eventually you're going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you're going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you're going to be using
+integrals and these quick ways of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and these quick ways of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and these quick ways of doing
+things to solve problems like finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to solve problems like finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to solve problems like finding
+the volumes of pyramids in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volumes of pyramids in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volumes of pyramids in other words
+we're going to reverse the process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to reverse the process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to reverse the process and
+so we need to understand the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to understand the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to understand the connection
+between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two all right I'm going to give a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all right I'm going to give a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all right I'm going to give a couple
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+examples and then we'll go on so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and then we'll go on so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and then we'll go on so the
+second example would be one that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second example would be one that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second example would be one that would
+be quite difficult to do by this remon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite difficult to do by this remon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite difficult to do by this remon
+sum technique that we described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum technique that we described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum technique that we described
+yesterday uh although it is possible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday uh although it is possible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday uh although it is possible uh
+it uses much higher mathematics to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses much higher mathematics to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses much higher mathematics to do it
+and that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+under under one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hump
+of the the sign curve sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x let me just draw a picture of that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x let me just draw a picture of that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x let me just draw a picture of that the
+curve goes like this and we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve goes like this and we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve goes like this and we're talking
+about this area here it starts out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this area here it starts out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this area here it starts out at
+zero it goes to Pi that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hump and so the answer answer is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hump and so the answer answer is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hump and so the answer answer is it's
+the integral from 0 to Pi of sin x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX and so I need to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and so I need to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and so I need to take the
+anti-derivative of that and that's minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of that and that's minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of that and that's minus
+cine X that's the thing whose derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cine X that's the thing whose derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cine X that's the thing whose derivative
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+sinx evaluating it at zero and Pi now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx evaluating it at zero and Pi now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx evaluating it at zero and Pi now
+let's do this one carefully because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do this one carefully because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do this one carefully because this
+is where I see a lot of arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where I see a lot of arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where I see a lot of arithmetic
+mistakes even though this is the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes even though this is the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes even though this is the easy
+part of the problem it's hard to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem it's hard to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem it's hard to pay
+attention ention and plug in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention ention and plug in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention ention and plug in the right
+numbers and so let's just pay very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and so let's just pay very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and so let's just pay very close
+attention I'm plugging in pi that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention I'm plugging in pi that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention I'm plugging in pi that's
+minus cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus cosine
+Pi that's the first term and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi that's the first term and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi that's the first term and then I'm
+subtracting the value at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting the value at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting the value at the bottom
+which is minus cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is minus cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is minus cosine of
+zero all right there are already five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right there are already five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right there are already five
+opportunities for you to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for you to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for you to make a
+transcription error or an arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription error or an arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription error or an arithmetic
+mistake in what I just did and I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake in what I just did and I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake in what I just did and I've seen
+all five of them all right so the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all five of them all right so the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all five of them all right so the next
+one is that this is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that this is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that this is minus
+-1 minus1 if you like and then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 minus1 if you like and then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 minus1 if you like and then this is
+minus and here's another negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and here's another negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and here's another negative
+1 all right so all together we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 all right so all together we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 all right so all together we have two
+so that's it that's that's the area this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's it that's that's the area this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's it that's that's the area this
+area which is hard to guess this is area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right the third example is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the third example is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the third example is maybe
+Superfluous but I'm going to say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superfluous but I'm going to say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superfluous but I'm going to say it
+anyway we can take uh the integral say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we can take uh the integral say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we can take uh the integral say
+from uh 0 to one of x to the 100th power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh 0 to one of x to the 100th power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh 0 to one of x to the 100th power
+any any power now is within our power so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any power now is within our power so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any power now is within our power so
+let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it
+here so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here we
+have the anti-derivative is X to the 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the anti-derivative is X to the 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the anti-derivative is X to the 1 /
+101 evaluated at 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 evaluated at 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 evaluated at 0 and
+1 and that is just 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and that is just 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and that is just 1 over
+101 okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 okay that's
+that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all
+right so that's that's the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's that's the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's that's the fundamental
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+now this as I say well harnesses a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this as I say well harnesses a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this as I say well harnesses a lot
+of what we've already learned all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we've already learned all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we've already learned all about
+um All About anti-derivatives Now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um All About anti-derivatives Now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um All About anti-derivatives Now I want
+to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you an
+intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive
+interpretation so let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we'll talk about a proof of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll talk about a proof of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll talk about a proof of the
+fundamental theorem a little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem a little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem a little bit later
+uh it's not actually that hard but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not actually that hard but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not actually that hard but uh
+we'll we'll give it intuitive uh reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll give it intuitive uh reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll give it intuitive uh reason
+uh uh interpretation if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like of the uh of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like of the uh of the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like of the uh of the fundamental
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is going to be one which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be one which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be one which is not
+related to area but rather to time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to area but rather to time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to area but rather to time and
+distance so we'll consider X of T is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so we'll consider X of T is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so we'll consider X of T is the
+uh is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is your
+position at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T and then X Prime of t which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and then X Prime of t which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and then X Prime of t which is the
+rate of change of X with respect to T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of X with respect to T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of X with respect to T is
+going to be what we know as uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+speed all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed all
+right and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then what
+the theorem is telling us is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem is telling us is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem is telling us is the
+following it's telling us the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it's telling us the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it's telling us the integral
+from A to B of V of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B of V of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B of V of T
+DT So reading the relationship is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT So reading the relationship is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT So reading the relationship is equal
+to X of B minus X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and so this is some kind of cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and so this is some kind of cumulative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and so this is some kind of cumulative
+sum of your uh velocities so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of your uh velocities so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of your uh velocities so let's
+interpret the right hand side first this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the right hand side first this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the right hand side first this
+is the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+traveled and it's it's also what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled and it's it's also what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled and it's it's also what you
+would read on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would read on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would read on your
+odometer right from the beginning to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odometer right from the beginning to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odometer right from the beginning to the
+end of the trip that's what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the trip that's what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the trip that's what you would
+read on your odometer whereas this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read on your odometer whereas this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read on your odometer whereas this is
+what you would read on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+speedometer okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speedometer okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speedometer okay so so
+we're this is the interpretation now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're this is the interpretation now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're this is the interpretation now I
+want to just go one step further into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just go one step further into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just go one step further into
+this interpretation to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interpretation to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interpretation to make the
+connection with the remon sums that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with the remon sums that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with the remon sums that we
+had uh yesterday because those are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh yesterday because those are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh yesterday because those are very
+complicated to understand and I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to understand and I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to understand and I want you
+to understand them viscerally on several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand them viscerally on several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand them viscerally on several
+different levels because that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels because that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels because that's how
+you'll understand integration better the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll understand integration better the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll understand integration better the
+first thing that I want to imagine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that I want to imagine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that I want to imagine so
+we're going to do a thought experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do a thought experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do a thought experiment
+now which is that you are extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now which is that you are extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now which is that you are extremely
+obsessive and you're driving your car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessive and you're driving your car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessive and you're driving your car
+from from time a to time B Place Q to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from time a to time B Place Q to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from time a to time B Place Q to
+time to place R whatever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to place R whatever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to place R whatever and
+you check your speedometer every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you check your speedometer every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you check your speedometer every
+second okay so you've read your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay so you've read your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay so you've read your
+speedometer in the I second and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speedometer in the I second and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speedometer in the I second and you've
+read that you're going at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that you're going at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that you're going at this
+speed now how far do you go in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed now how far do you go in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed now how far do you go in that
+second well the answer is you go this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second well the answer is you go this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second well the answer is you go this
+speed times the time interval which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed times the time interval which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed times the time interval which in
+this case we're imagining is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we're imagining is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we're imagining is 1
+second all right so this is how far you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second all right so this is how far you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second all right so this is how far you
+went so this is the time interval and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went so this is the time interval and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went so this is the time interval and
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+traveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled
+in that in a second number I in the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second the distance traveled in the ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the distance traveled in the ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the distance traveled in the ice
+second that's the total distance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that's the total distance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that's the total distance you
+traveled now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled now what
+happens if you go the whole distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you go the whole distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you go the whole distance
+well you travel all the the sum of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you travel all the the sum of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you travel all the the sum of all
+these distances so it's some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these distances so it's some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these distances so it's some some
+massive SU some where n is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive SU some where n is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive SU some where n is some
+ridiculous number of seconds 3600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous number of seconds 3600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous number of seconds 3600
+seconds or something like that whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds or something like that whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds or something like that whatever
+it is and that's going to turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and that's going to turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and that's going to turn out to be
+very similar to what you would read on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to what you would read on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to what you would read on
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+odometer right because during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odometer right because during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odometer right because during that
+second you didn't change velocity very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second you didn't change velocity very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second you didn't change velocity very
+much so the approximation that the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so the approximation that the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so the approximation that the speed
+at one time that you spotted it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one time that you spotted it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one time that you spotted it is very
+similar to the speed during the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the speed during the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the speed during the whole
+second it doesn't change that much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second it doesn't change that much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second it doesn't change that much so
+this is a pretty good approximation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pretty good approximation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pretty good approximation to
+how far you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far you
+traveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled
+and uh so the sum is a very realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so the sum is a very realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so the sum is a very realistic
+approximation to the entire integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the entire integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the entire integral
+which is denoted this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is denoted this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is denoted this
+way which by the fundamental theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way which by the fundamental theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way which by the fundamental theorem is
+exactly how far you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how far you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how far you
+traveled so this is X of B minus X of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled so this is X of B minus X of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled so this is X of B minus X of a
+exactly the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximate okay again this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate okay again this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate okay again this is this is
+called a remon sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's the
+intro to the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem and now uh what I need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and now uh what I need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and now uh what I need to do is
+extend it just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend it just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend it just a
+bit and the way I'm going to extend it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and the way I'm going to extend it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and the way I'm going to extend it
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+following uh I'm going to do it on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following uh I'm going to do it on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following uh I'm going to do it on this
+example first and then and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example first and then and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example first and then and then we'll
+we'll uh uh do it more formally so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll uh uh do it more formally so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll uh uh do it more formally so
+here's this example where we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this example where we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this example where we went
+someplace but now I just want to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace but now I just want to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace but now I just want to draw
+you an additional uh uh picture here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an additional uh uh picture here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an additional uh uh picture here
+imagine uh I start here and I go over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine uh I start here and I go over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine uh I start here and I go over to
+there and then I come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back okay and maybe even I do a round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay and maybe even I do a round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay and maybe even I do a round
+trip I come back to the same place well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip I come back to the same place well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip I come back to the same place well
+if I if I come back to the same place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I come back to the same place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I come back to the same place
+then the position is unchanged from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the position is unchanged from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the position is unchanged from the
+beginning to the end in other words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to the end in other words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to the end in other words the
+difference is zero and the velocity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is zero and the velocity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is zero and the velocity uh
+technically rather than the speed it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically rather than the speed it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically rather than the speed it's
+the speed to the right and the speed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed to the right and the speed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed to the right and the speed to
+the left maybe are the same but one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left maybe are the same but one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left maybe are the same but one of
+them is going in the positive direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is going in the positive direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is going in the positive direction
+one of them is going in the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is going in the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is going in the negative
+Direction and they cancel each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and they cancel each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and they cancel each
+other so so if you have this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so so if you have this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so so if you have this kind of
+situation we want that to be reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we want that to be reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we want that to be reflected
+we like that interpretation and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like that interpretation and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like that interpretation and you want
+to preserve it even when in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to preserve it even when in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to preserve it even when in the in the
+case when uh the the the function V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when uh the the the function V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when uh the the the function V is
+negative and so I'm going to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and so I'm going to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and so I'm going to now
+extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend
+uh our notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integration so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integration to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration to the
+case F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case F
+negative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or
+positive in other words it could be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign actually there's no change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign actually there's no change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign actually there's no change the
+formulas are all the same we just if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas are all the same we just if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas are all the same we just if
+this V is going to be positive we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V is going to be positive we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V is going to be positive we write
+in a positive number if it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a positive number if it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a positive number if it's going to be
+negative we write in a negative number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative we write in a negative number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative we write in a negative number
+and we just leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just leave it
+alone and the real so here's let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and the real so here's let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and the real so here's let me let
+me carry out an example and show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me carry out an example and show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me carry out an example and show you how
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+I'll carry out the example on the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll carry out the example on the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll carry out the example on the this
+Blackboard up here of the sign function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard up here of the sign function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard up here of the sign function
+but we're going to try uh two humps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to try uh two humps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to try uh two humps
+we're going to try the the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try the the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try the the the first
+hump and the one that goes underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hump and the one that goes underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hump and the one that goes underneath
+there so our second exam our example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so our second exam our example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so our second exam our example
+here is going to be the integral from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to be the integral from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to be the integral from 0
+to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2
+pi of sin x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi of sin x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi of sin x
+DX and now because the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and now because the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and now because the fundamental
+theorem is so important and so useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is so important and so useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is so important and so useful
+and so convenient we just assume that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so convenient we just assume that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so convenient we just assume that it
+be true in this case as well so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true in this case as well so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true in this case as well so we
+insist that this is going to be - cosin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist that this is going to be - cosin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist that this is going to be - cosin
+x evaluated at 0 and 2 pi with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x evaluated at 0 and 2 pi with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x evaluated at 0 and 2 pi with the
+difference now when we carry out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference now when we carry out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference now when we carry out that
+difference what we get here is - cine 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference what we get here is - cine 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference what we get here is - cine 2
+Pius - cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 which
+is -1 - 1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is0 and the interpretation of this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is0 and the interpretation of this is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is0 and the interpretation of this is is
+the following here's our double hump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following here's our double hump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following here's our double hump
+here's pi and here's 2 pi and all that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's pi and here's 2 pi and all that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's pi and here's 2 pi and all that's
+happening is that the geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is that the geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is that the geometric
+interpretation that we had before of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation that we had before of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation that we had before of the
+area under the curve has to be taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under the curve has to be taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under the curve has to be taken
+with a grain of salt in other words I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a grain of salt in other words I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a grain of salt in other words I
+lied to you before when I said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lied to you before when I said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lied to you before when I said that the
+definite integral was the area under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite integral was the area under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite integral was the area under the
+curve it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve it's not
+the definite integral is the area under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definite integral is the area under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definite integral is the area under
+the curve when it's above the curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve when it's above the curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve when it's above the curve and
+it counts negatively when it's below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it counts negatively when it's below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it counts negatively when it's below the
+curve so yesterday my my geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so yesterday my my geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so yesterday my my geometric
+interpretation was incomplete and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation was incomplete and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation was incomplete and really
+just a plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a plain
+lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so uh the true geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation
+of the definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral um is the um plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral um is the um plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral um is the um plus the
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+uh above the axis above the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the
+x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis
+all right as as as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right as as as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right as as as in the
+picture I'm just just writing it down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I'm just just writing it down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I'm just just writing it down in
+words but but you should think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words but but you should think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words but but you should think of it
+visually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually
+also all right so that's the um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also all right so that's the um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also all right so that's the um that's
+the setup here and now we have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setup here and now we have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setup here and now we have the the
+complete definition of integrals and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete definition of integrals and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete definition of integrals and I
+need to list for you a bunch of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to list for you a bunch of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to list for you a bunch of their
+properties and how we deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and how we deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and how we deal with
+integrals are are there any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are are there any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are are there any questions
+before we before we go on yeah just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the uh right so so the the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh right so so the the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh right so so the the question
+was wouldn't the absolute value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wouldn't the absolute value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wouldn't the absolute value of the
+Velocity function be involved um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Velocity function be involved um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Velocity function be involved um the the
+answer is yes that is that's one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes that is that's one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes that is that's one thing
+that you could one question that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could one question that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could one question that you
+could ask one question you could ask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask one question you could ask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask one question you could ask is
+What's the total distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the total distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the total distance
+traveled and in that that case you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled and in that that case you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled and in that that case you would
+uh keep track of the absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keep track of the absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keep track of the absolute value of
+the of the Velocity as you as as as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the Velocity as you as as as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the Velocity as you as as as you
+said whether it's positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said whether it's positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said whether it's positive or negative
+and you then you get the total length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you then you get the total length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you then you get the total length of
+this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve
+here uh that's however not what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh that's however not what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh that's however not what the
+definite integral measures it measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite integral measures it measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite integral measures it measures
+the net distance traveled so so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net distance traveled so so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net distance traveled so so it's
+it's it's another thing in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's another thing in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's another thing in other words
+we we can do that we now have the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can do that we now have the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can do that we now have the tools
+to do both could also so the so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do both could also so the so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do both could also so the so if you
+like the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the uh the
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+distance is equal to the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is equal to the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is equal to the integral of
+this from A to B but the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distance is the one without the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is the one without the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is the one without the absolute
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signs all right so that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs all right so that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs all right so that that's
+correct other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now let's talk about
+properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrals well so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals well so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals well so uh the
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrals that I want to mention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals that I want to mention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals that I want to mention to
+you are these the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are these the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are these the first one
+is doesn't bear too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doesn't bear too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doesn't bear too much
+comment if you take the cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment if you take the cumulative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment if you take the cumulative
+uh integral of a sum you're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh integral of a sum you're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh integral of a sum you're just going
+to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the
+sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the
+separate integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate integrals
+here and I won't say much about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I won't say much about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I won't say much about that
+that's because sums come out because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because sums come out because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because sums come out because the
+the integral is a sum incidentally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral is a sum incidentally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral is a sum incidentally you
+know this strange symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this strange symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this strange symbol
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+uh there's actually a reason for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's actually a reason for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's actually a reason for it
+historically if you go back to old books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically if you go back to old books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically if you go back to old books
+you'll see that it actually looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that it actually looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that it actually looks a
+little bit more like an S this capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more like an S this capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more like an S this capital
+Sigma is a sum s for sum because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is a sum s for sum because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is a sum s for sum because
+everybody in those days knew Latin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in those days knew Latin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in those days knew Latin and
+Greek and this one is also an S but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek and this one is also an S but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek and this one is also an S but
+gradually it was such an important s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually it was such an important s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually it was such an important s
+that they made it bigger and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they made it bigger and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they made it bigger and then they
+stretched it out and made it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched it out and made it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched it out and made it a little
+thinner because it didn't fit into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner because it didn't fit into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner because it didn't fit into one
+type setting space and so just for type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type setting space and so just for type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type setting space and so just for type
+setting reason it got stretched and got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting reason it got stretched and got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting reason it got stretched and got
+a little bit skinny anyway so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit skinny anyway so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit skinny anyway so it's
+really an S and and in fact in French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an S and and in fact in French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an S and and in fact in French
+they call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call it
+sum even though they we call it integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum even though they we call it integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum even though they we call it integral
+so it's a it's it's a sum all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a it's it's a sum all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a it's it's a sum all right so
+it it's consistent with sums in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's consistent with sums in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's consistent with sums in this way
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similarly similarly we can Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly similarly we can Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly similarly we can Factor
+constants out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants out of
+sums so if you have a an integral like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums so if you have a an integral like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums so if you have a an integral like
+this the constant factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out but definitely don't try to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but definitely don't try to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but definitely don't try to get a
+function out of this that that won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function out of this that that won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function out of this that that won't
+happen okay in other words C has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen okay in other words C has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen okay in other words C has to be a
+constant doesn't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the third
+property well what do I want to call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property well what do I want to call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property well what do I want to call the
+third property here I have a a a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third property here I have a a a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third property here I have a a a sort of
+a preliminary property yes uh here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a preliminary property yes uh here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a preliminary property yes uh here which
+is the following and I'll draw a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following and I'll draw a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following and I'll draw a picture
+of it suppose you have three points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it suppose you have three points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it suppose you have three points
+along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along
+the line so then I'm going to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line so then I'm going to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line so then I'm going to draw a
+picture of that and I'm going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of that and I'm going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of that and I'm going to use the
+interpretation above the curve even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation above the curve even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation above the curve even
+though that's not the whole thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that's not the whole thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that's not the whole thing so
+here's a here's B and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a here's B and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a here's B and here's
+C and you can see that the area of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and you can see that the area of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and you can see that the area of this
+piece of the first two pieces here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the first two pieces here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the first two pieces here is
+when added together gives you the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when added together gives you the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when added together gives you the area
+of the hole and that's the rule that I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hole and that's the rule that I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hole and that's the rule that I'd
+like to uh tell you so if you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to uh tell you so if you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to uh tell you so if you integrate
+from A to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to
+B and you add to that the integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and you add to that the integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and you add to that the integral from
+B to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B to
+C you'll get the integral from a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c this is going to be just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c this is going to be just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c this is going to be just a little
+preliminary because the rule is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preliminary because the rule is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preliminary because the rule is a little
+better than this but I will explain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than this but I will explain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than this but I will explain that
+in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a
+minute the fourth rule is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute the fourth rule is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute the fourth rule is a very simple
+one which is that the integral from a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is that the integral from a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is that the integral from a to
+a of f ofx DX is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of f ofx DX is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of f ofx DX is equal to
+zero that you can see very obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that you can see very obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that you can see very obviously
+because there's no area no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no area no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no area no no no
+horizontal movement there the rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal movement there the rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal movement there the rectangle
+is infinitely thin and there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infinitely thin and there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infinitely thin and there's nothing
+there so this is the case you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this is the case you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this is the case you can also
+interpret it as F of a minus F of a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret it as F of a minus F of a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret it as F of a minus F of a so
+that's also consistent with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also consistent with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also consistent with our
+interpretation uh in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation uh in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation uh in terms of the
+fundamental theorem of calculus and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of calculus and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of calculus and it's
+perfectly reasonable that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable that this is the
+case now the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case now the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case now the fifth
+Property is is is a definition it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Property is is is a definition it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Property is is is a definition it's not
+really a property but it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a property but it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a property but it's very
+important the integral from A to B of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the integral from A to B of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the integral from A to B of f
+ofx DX is equal to minus the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx DX is equal to minus the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx DX is equal to minus the integral
+from B to a of f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from B to a of f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from B to a of f ofx
+DX now really the right hand side here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX now really the right hand side here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX now really the right hand side here
+is an undefined quantity so so far we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an undefined quantity so so far we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an undefined quantity so so far we
+never said that you could ever do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never said that you could ever do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never said that you could ever do this
+where the where the where the uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the where the where the uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the where the where the uh where
+the a is less than the B right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a is less than the B right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a is less than the B right because
+this is working backwards here all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is working backwards here all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is working backwards here all right
+but we just have a convention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we just have a convention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we just have a convention that
+that's the definition whenever we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition whenever we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition whenever we write
+down this number it's the same as minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this number it's the same as minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this number it's the same as minus
+what that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that number
+is and the reason for all of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and the reason for all of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and the reason for all of these is
+again that we want them to be consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that we want them to be consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that we want them to be consistent
+with the fundamental theorem of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fundamental theorem of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fundamental theorem of calculus
+which is the thing that makes all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the thing that makes all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the thing that makes all this
+work so if you if you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so if you if you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so if you if you notice
+the the the left hand side here is f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the left hand side here is f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the left hand side here is f of
+B minus F of a capital f the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B minus F of a capital f the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B minus F of a capital f the
+anti-derivative of little F on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of little F on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of little F on the other
+hand the other side is minus and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the other side is minus and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the other side is minus and if we
+just ignore that we say these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ignore that we say these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ignore that we say these are
+letters if we were machine we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters if we were machine we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters if we were machine we didn't
+know which one was bigger than which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which one was bigger than which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which one was bigger than which we
+just plug them in we would get here F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug them in we would get here F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug them in we would get here F of
+a minus F of B over here and to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus F of B over here and to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus F of B over here and to make
+these two things equal what we want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things equal what we want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things equal what we want is
+to put that minus sign in now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put that minus sign in now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put that minus sign in now it's
+consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again these rules are set up so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again these rules are set up so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again these rules are set up so that
+so that everything is consistent and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that everything is consistent and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that everything is consistent and now
+I want to improve on rule three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to improve on rule three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to improve on rule three
+here and point out to you so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and point out to you so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and point out to you so let me just
+go back to rule three for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to rule three for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to rule three for a
+second that now that we can evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that now that we can evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that now that we can evaluate
+integrals regardless of the order we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals regardless of the order we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals regardless of the order we
+don't have to have a less than b b less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to have a less than b b less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to have a less than b b less
+than C in order to make sense out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than C in order to make sense out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than C in order to make sense out of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+we actually have uh the possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have uh the possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have uh the possibility of
+considering integrals where the where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering integrals where the where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering integrals where the where
+the A's and the B's are in and the C's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A's and the B's are in and the C's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A's and the B's are in and the C's
+are in any order you want and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in any order you want and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in any order you want and in fact
+with this definition with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this definition with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this definition with this
+definition five three Works no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition five three Works no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition five three Works no matter
+what the numbers are so this is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the numbers are so this is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the numbers are so this is much
+more convenient we don't this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+necessary not necessary it just works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary not necessary it just works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary not necessary it just works
+using convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using convention
+five okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five okay okay
+with five all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five all
+right again before I go on let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right again before I go on let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right again before I go on let me
+emphasize it's we really want to respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize it's we really want to respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize it's we really want to respect
+the sign of this velocity we really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign of this velocity we really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign of this velocity we really want
+the net change in the position and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net change in the position and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net change in the position and we
+don't want this absolute value here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want this absolute value here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want this absolute value here
+because otherwise all of our formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise all of our formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise all of our formulas
+are going to mess up we won't always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to mess up we won't always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to mess up we won't always be
+able to check sometimes you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to check sometimes you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to check sometimes you know you
+have letters rather than rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have letters rather than rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have letters rather than rather than
+actual numbers here and you won't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual numbers here and you won't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual numbers here and you won't know
+whether a is bigger than b so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a is bigger than b so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a is bigger than b so you'll
+want to know that these formulas work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that these formulas work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that these formulas work
+and are consistent in uh in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are consistent in uh in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are consistent in uh in all
+situations okay I'm going to trade these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations okay I'm going to trade these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations okay I'm going to trade these
+again in order to preserve the ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in order to preserve the ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in order to preserve the ordering
+1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5 and now uh I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and now uh I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and now uh I have a
+sixth property that I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth property that I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth property that I want to talk
+about this one is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one is called
+estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says the
+following if f ofx is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following if f ofx is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following if f ofx is less than or equal
+to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to G
+ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx
+then the integral from A to B of f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the integral from A to B of f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the integral from A to B of f ofx
+DX is less than or equal to the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is less than or equal to the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is less than or equal to the integral
+from A to B of G ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+now this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this one
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+that if I'm going more slowly than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I'm going more slowly than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I'm going more slowly than
+you then you go farther than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then you go farther than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then you go farther than I
+do okay that's all it's saying for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay that's all it's saying for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay that's all it's saying for this
+one you'd better have a is less than b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you'd better have a is less than b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you'd better have a is less than b
+you need it because we flip the signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need it because we flip the signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need it because we flip the signs
+when we flip the order of A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we flip the order of A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we flip the order of A and
+B so this one it's essential that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so this one it's essential that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so this one it's essential that the
+lower limit be smaller than the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit but let me just emphasize because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit but let me just emphasize because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit but let me just emphasize because
+we're dealing with the generalities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with the generalities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with the generalities of
+this actually if one of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually if one of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually if one of these is
+negative and the other one is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and the other one is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and the other one is negative
+then uh it also works okay this one ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh it also works okay this one ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh it also works okay this one ends
+up being this is this if f is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being this is this if f is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being this is this if f is more
+negative than G then this added up thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative than G then this added up thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative than G then this added up thing
+is more negative than that one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more negative than that one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more negative than that one okay
+again under the assumption that a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again under the assumption that a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again under the assumption that a is
+less than B all right so it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than B all right so it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than B all right so it's it's it's
+as I wrote it it's it's it's in it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I wrote it it's it's it's in it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I wrote it it's it's it's in it's in
+full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generality all right I let's let's uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality all right I let's let's uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality all right I let's let's uh uh
+illustrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this
+one and then we have one more property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then we have one more property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then we have one more property
+to learn after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so let me give you an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation
+the example is the same as one that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example is the same as one that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example is the same as one that I
+already gave you but this time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gave you but this time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gave you but this time because
+we have the tool of integration we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the tool of integration we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the tool of integration we can
+just follow our noses and uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just follow our noses and uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just follow our noses and uh it
+works I'll start with the inequality so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works I'll start with the inequality so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works I'll start with the inequality so
+I'm I'm I'm I'm trying to illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm I'm I'm trying to illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm I'm I'm trying to illustrate
+estimation so I want to start with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation so I want to start with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation so I want to start with an
+inequality which is what the hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality which is what the hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality which is what the hypothesis
+is here and I'm going to integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here and I'm going to integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here and I'm going to integrate the
+inequality to get this conclusion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality to get this conclusion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality to get this conclusion and
+see what what conclusion it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what what conclusion it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what what conclusion it is the
+inequality that I want to take is that e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality that I want to take is that e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality that I want to take is that e
+to X is greater than or equal to 1 for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X is greater than or equal to 1 for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X is greater than or equal to 1 for X
+greater than or equal to Z that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to Z that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to Z that's going
+to be our start starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+place and now I'm going to integrate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and now I'm going to integrate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and now I'm going to integrate it
+that is I'm going to use estimation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is I'm going to use estimation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is I'm going to use estimation to
+see what that gives well I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what that gives well I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what that gives well I'm going to
+integrate say from0 to B I I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate say from0 to B I I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate say from0 to B I I can't
+integrate below zero because it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate below zero because it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate below zero because it's only
+true above zero this is e to the X DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true above zero this is e to the X DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true above zero this is e to the X DX
+greater than or equal to the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to the integral
+from 0 to B of 1 DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X all right let's work out what each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all right let's work out what each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all right let's work out what each of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first
+one e to the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one e to the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one e to the X
+DX is um the antiderivative is e to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is um the antiderivative is e to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is um the antiderivative is e to X
+evaluated at 0 and B so that's e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at 0 and B so that's e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at 0 and B so that's e to the
+B minus E to 0 which is e to the B minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+you're supposed to be able to get by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to be able to get by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to be able to get by the
+uh by the rectangle law this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by the rectangle law this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by the rectangle law this is one
+rectangle of Base B and height one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle of Base B and height one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle of Base B and height one so
+the answer is b or you can do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is b or you can do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is b or you can do it by
+anti-derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivatives
+but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's
+B that means that our inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that means that our inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that means that our inequality
+says uh if I just combine these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh if I just combine these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh if I just combine these two
+things together that e to the B minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together that e to the B minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together that e to the B minus 1
+is greater than or equal to B and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or equal to B and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or equal to B and that's
+the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing
+as e to B is greater than or equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as e to B is greater than or equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as e to B is greater than or equal to 1
+B again this only works for B greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B again this only works for B greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B again this only works for B greater
+than or equal to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to Z
+notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice
+that if B were negative this would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if B were negative this would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if B were negative this would be a
+well- defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well- defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well- defined
+quantity but this estimation would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity but this estimation would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity but this estimation would be
+false all right we need that the B be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false all right we need that the B be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false all right we need that the B be
+bigger than zero in order for this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than zero in order for this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than zero in order for this to
+make sense so this is this was used and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense so this is this was used and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense so this is this was used and
+that's a good thing because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good thing because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good thing because this
+inequality is is uh suspect actually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is is uh suspect actually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is is uh suspect actually it
+turns out to be true when B is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be true when B is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be true when B is negative
+but it's we certainly didn't prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all
+right I'm going to just repeat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm going to just repeat this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm going to just repeat this
+process so let's repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it starting from the inequality the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starting from the inequality the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starting from the inequality the
+conclusion which is sitting right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion which is sitting right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion which is sitting right here
+but I'll write it in the form e to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll write it in the form e to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll write it in the form e to X
+greater than or equal to 1 + x for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to 1 + x for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to 1 + x for x
+greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to
+Z and now if I integrate this one I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and now if I integrate this one I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and now if I integrate this one I get
+the integral from 0 to b e to the X DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from 0 to b e to the X DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from 0 to b e to the X DX
+is greater than or equal to the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or equal to the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or equal to the integral
+from 0 to b 1 + x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to b 1 + x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to b 1 + x
+DX and uh I remind you that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and uh I remind you that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and uh I remind you that we've
+already calculated this one this is e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already calculated this one this is e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already calculated this one this is e to
+the B minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B minus
+one and the other one is not hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the other one is not hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the other one is not hard to
+calculate the anti-derivative is x + x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the anti-derivative is x + x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the anti-derivative is x + x^2
+/ 2 we're evaluating it that at z and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 2 we're evaluating it that at z and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 2 we're evaluating it that at z and b
+so that comes out to be that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that comes out to be that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that comes out to be that comes out
+to be b + B ^2 / 2 and so our conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is our conclusion is that the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our conclusion is that the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our conclusion is that the left side
+which is e to the B minus 1 is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is e to the B minus 1 is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is e to the B minus 1 is greater
+than or equal to B + b^2 / 2 and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to B + b^2 / 2 and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to B + b^2 / 2 and this is
+for B greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for B greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for B greater than or equal to
+0 and that's the same thing it's e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and that's the same thing it's e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and that's the same thing it's e to
+the B greater than or equal to 1 + B +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B greater than or equal to 1 + B +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B greater than or equal to 1 + B +
+b^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two this one actually is is false for B-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this one actually is is false for B-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this one actually is is false for B-
+negative so that's uh something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so that's uh something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so that's uh something that you
+have to be careful with the B positives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here all right so you can keep on going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so you can keep on going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so you can keep on going
+with this and uh you didn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this and uh you didn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this and uh you didn't have to
+think and you'll produce a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and you'll produce a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and you'll produce a very
+interesting polinomial which is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting polinomial which is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting polinomial which is a good
+approximation to e to the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so that's that's it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's that's it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's that's it for the
+basic properties now there's one tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic properties now there's one tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic properties now there's one tricky
+property that I need to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that I need to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that I need to tell you about
+it's not that tricky but it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that tricky but it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that tricky but it's a little
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tricky and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this is change of variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change of variables in integration we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables in integration we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables in integration we've
+actually already done we called that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already done we called that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already done we called that the
+last time we talked about it we called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we talked about it we called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we talked about it we called
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitution and the idea here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and the idea here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and the idea here if you
+may remember was that if if you're faced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may remember was that if if you're faced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may remember was that if if you're faced
+with an integral like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this you can change it to if you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can change it to if you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can change it to if you put in
+U is equal to U of X and you have a du
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is equal to U of X and you have a du
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is equal to U of X and you have a du
+which is equal to U Prime of X du D DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to U Prime of X du D DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to U Prime of X du D DX
+sorry then you can change the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry then you can change the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry then you can change the integral
+uh as follows this is the same as G of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as follows this is the same as G of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as follows this is the same as G of U
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+X U Prime of X DX this was the General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X U Prime of X DX this was the General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X U Prime of X DX this was the General
+procedure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure for
+substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's new today is that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's new today is that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's new today is that we're going to
+put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the
+limits if you have a limit here U1 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits if you have a limit here U1 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits if you have a limit here U1 and a
+limit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit here
+U2 you want to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 you want to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 you want to know what the
+relationship is between the limits here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is between the limits here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is between the limits here
+and the limits when you change variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the limits when you change variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the limits when you change variables
+to the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the new
+variables and it's the simplest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and it's the simplest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and it's the simplest possible
+thing namely the two limits over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing namely the two limits over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing namely the two limits over here
+are in the same relationship as U of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the same relationship as U of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the same relationship as U of X
+is to to this symbol U here in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to to this symbol U here in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to to this symbol U here in other
+words U1 is equal to U of X1 and U2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words U1 is equal to U of X1 and U2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words U1 is equal to U of X1 and U2 is
+equal to U of X2 that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to U of X2 that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to U of X2 that's what
+works now there's only one uh danger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works now there's only one uh danger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works now there's only one uh danger
+here and there there's one one subtlety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there there's one one subtlety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there there's one one subtlety
+which is we this only works if only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we this only works if only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we this only works if only
+works if U Prime does not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign I've been worrying a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign I've been worrying a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign I've been worrying a little bit
+about going backwards and forwards and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about going backwards and forwards and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about going backwards and forwards and I
+allowed myself to reverse and do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed myself to reverse and do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed myself to reverse and do all
+kinds of stuff right with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of stuff right with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of stuff right with these
+integrals so we we're sort of free to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so we we're sort of free to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so we we're sort of free to do
+it well this is one case where you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well this is one case where you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well this is one case where you want
+to avoid it okay just don't do it it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid it okay just don't do it it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid it okay just don't do it it is
+possible actually to make sense out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible actually to make sense out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible actually to make sense out of
+it but it's also possible to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's also possible to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's also possible to get
+yourself infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself infinitely
+confused so just make sure that now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused so just make sure that now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused so just make sure that now it's
+okay if U Prime is always negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if U Prime is always negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if U Prime is always negative
+always going one way so okay if U Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going one way so okay if U Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going one way so okay if U Prime
+is always positive you're always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always positive you're always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always positive you're always going
+the other way but if you mix them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way but if you mix them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way but if you mix them up
+you'll get yourself mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up all right let me give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example uh the example will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh the example will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh the example will
+be uh maybe close to what we did last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh maybe close to what we did last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh maybe close to what we did last
+time uh it did did when we first did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh it did did when we first did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh it did did when we first did
+substitution I mean uh let's see so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution I mean uh let's see so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution I mean uh let's see so uh
+the the integral from one to two this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the integral from one to two this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the integral from one to two this
+time I'll put in definite limits of x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'll put in definite limits of x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'll put in definite limits of x^2
++
+
+ align:start position:0%
++
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++
+uh sorry maybe I call this x cubed x Cub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry maybe I call this x cubed x Cub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry maybe I call this x cubed x Cub
++ 2 let's say uh I don't know to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 2 let's say uh I don't know to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 2 let's say uh I don't know to the
+fifth power x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth power x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth power x^2
+DX all right so this is an example of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX all right so this is an example of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX all right so this is an example of an
+integral that we would have tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that we would have tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that we would have tried to
+handle by substitution before and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle by substitution before and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle by substitution before and the
+substitution we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution we would have
+used is U = XB +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and that's exactly what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and that's exactly what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and that's exactly what we're going to
+do here but we're just going to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here but we're just going to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here but we're just going to also
+take into account the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limits the first step as in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits the first step as in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits the first step as in any
+substitution or change of variables is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution or change of variables is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution or change of variables is
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all
+right and so we can fill in uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we can fill in uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we can fill in uh the
+things that we would have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we would have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we would have done
+previously which is that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously which is that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously which is that this is the
+integral and this is U to the 5th power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and this is U to the 5th power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and this is U to the 5th power
+and then because this is 3x2 we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then because this is 3x2 we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then because this is 3x2 we see that
+this is uh uh uh three um sorry let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh uh uh three um sorry let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh uh uh three um sorry let's
+write it the other way um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it the other way um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it the other way um uh
+1/3 du is equal to x^2 DX so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 du is equal to x^2 DX so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 du is equal to x^2 DX so that's what
+I'm going to plug in for this Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to plug in for this Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to plug in for this Factor
+here so here's 13 du which replaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here's 13 du which replaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here's 13 du which replaces
+that but now there's the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but now there's the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but now there's the extra
+feature the extra feature is the limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature the extra feature is the limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature the extra feature is the limits
+so here really in Disguise because and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here really in Disguise because and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here really in Disguise because and
+now this is incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is incredibly
+important this is one of the reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this is one of the reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this is one of the reasons why
+we use this notation DX and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this notation DX and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this notation DX and
+du we want to remind ourselves which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du we want to remind ourselves which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du we want to remind ourselves which
+variable is involved in the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is involved in the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is involved in the integration
+and especially if you're the one naming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially if you're the one naming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially if you're the one naming
+the variables you may get mixed up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables you may get mixed up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables you may get mixed up in
+this respect so you must know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this respect so you must know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this respect so you must know which
+variable is varying between 1 and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is varying between 1 and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is varying between 1 and two
+and the answer is it's X is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is it's X is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is it's X is the one
+that's varying between 1 and two so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's varying between 1 and two so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's varying between 1 and two so in
+Disguise even though I didn't write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disguise even though I didn't write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disguise even though I didn't write it
+it was contained in this little symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was contained in this little symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was contained in this little symbol
+here this reminded us which variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this reminded us which variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this reminded us which variable
+you'll find this amazingly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find this amazingly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find this amazingly important
+when you get to multivariable calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get to multivariable calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get to multivariable calculus
+when there are many variables floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there are many variables floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there are many variables floating
+around so this is incredibly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so this is incredibly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so this is incredibly important
+distinction to make so now over here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction to make so now over here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction to make so now over here we
+have a limit but it's of course it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a limit but it's of course it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a limit but it's of course it's
+supposed to be with respect to you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be with respect to you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be with respect to you now
+so we need to calculate what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to calculate what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to calculate what those
+corresponding limits are and indeed it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding limits are and indeed it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding limits are and indeed it's
+just I plug in here U1 is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I plug in here U1 is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I plug in here U1 is going to be
+equal to what I plug in for x = 1 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to what I plug in for x = 1 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to what I plug in for x = 1 that's
+going to be 1 Cub + 2 which is 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 1 Cub + 2 which is 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 1 Cub + 2 which is 3 and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+U2 is uh 2 cubed + 2 which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 is uh 2 cubed + 2 which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 is uh 2 cubed + 2 which is equal to
+10 right 8 + 2 is 10 so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 right 8 + 2 is 10 so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 right 8 + 2 is 10 so this is the
+integral from 3 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 3 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 3 to
+10 of U 5 * 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 of U 5 * 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 of U 5 * 1/3
+du
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du
+and now I can finish the problem this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can finish the problem this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can finish the problem this is
+118th U to the 6th power from 3 to 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+118th U to the 6th power from 3 to 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+118th U to the 6th power from 3 to 10
+and this is where the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where the most common
+mistake is occurs in substitutions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake is occurs in substitutions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake is occurs in substitutions of
+this type which is that if you ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type which is that if you ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type which is that if you ignore
+this and you plug in these one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you plug in these one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you plug in these one and two
+here you think oh I should just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you think oh I should just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you think oh I should just be
+putting it at one and two but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it at one and two but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it at one and two but actually
+it should be the U value that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be the U value that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be the U value that we're
+interested in and the lower limit is U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and the lower limit is U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and the lower limit is U
+equal 3 and = 10 is the upper limit all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 3 and = 10 is the upper limit all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 3 and = 10 is the upper limit all
+right so those are suppressed here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so those are suppressed here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so those are suppressed here but
+those are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the ones
+that that we want and so uh here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we want and so uh here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we want and so uh here we go
+it's uh 1/8th times some ridiculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh 1/8th times some ridiculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh 1/8th times some ridiculous
+number which I won't Calculate 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which I won't Calculate 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which I won't Calculate 10 to the
+6 minus 3 to 6 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 minus 3 to 6 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 minus 3 to 6 all
+right yes question it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an you that in terms so if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an you that in terms so if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an you that in terms so if you if you
+want to do things with uh uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do things with uh uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do things with uh uh where
+you're where you're where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're where you're where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're where you're where you're
+worrying about the sign change the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about the sign change the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about the sign change the right
+strategy is uh what you suggested works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is uh what you suggested works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is uh what you suggested works
+and in fact I'm going to do an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact I'm going to do an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact I'm going to do an example
+right now on this subject but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now on this subject but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now on this subject but uh
+the right strategy is to break it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right strategy is to break it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right strategy is to break it up
+into pieces where U Prime has one sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pieces where U Prime has one sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pieces where U Prime has one sign
+or the other okay uh let let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other okay uh let let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other okay uh let let me show you
+an example okay but where things go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example okay but where things go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example okay but where things go
+wrong and I'll I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and I'll I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and I'll I'll tell
+you how to handle it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roughly so here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+warning so suppose you're integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning so suppose you're integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning so suppose you're integrating
+fromus -1 to 1 x^2 DX here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fromus -1 to 1 x^2 DX here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fromus -1 to 1 x^2 DX here's an
+example and you had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Temptation you had the temptation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temptation you had the temptation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temptation you had the temptation to
+plug in U is equal to x^2 now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in U is equal to x^2 now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in U is equal to x^2 now of course
+we know how to integrate this but but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to integrate this but but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to integrate this but but uh
+let's just pretend we want we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just pretend we want we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just pretend we want we were
+stubborn and wanted to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stubborn and wanted to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stubborn and wanted to use
+substitution then we have du is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution then we have du is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution then we have du is equal to
+2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX all right right and now if I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX all right right and now if I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX all right right and now if I try to
+make the correspondence notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the correspondence notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the correspondence notice that the
+limits are U1 is one is is negative - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits are U1 is one is is negative - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits are U1 is one is is negative - 1
+SAR that's the bottom limit and U2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR that's the bottom limit and U2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR that's the bottom limit and U2 is
+the upper limit that's 1 squ that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper limit that's 1 squ that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper limit that's 1 squ that's also
+equal to one both limits are one so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one both limits are one so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one both limits are one so this
+is going from one to one and no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going from one to one and no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going from one to one and no matter
+what it is we know it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is we know it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is we know it's going to be
+zero but we know this is not zero this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but we know this is not zero this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but we know this is not zero this
+is is the integral of a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the integral of a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the integral of a positive
+quantity and it's the area under a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and it's the area under a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and it's the area under a
+curve it's going to be a positive area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve it's going to be a positive area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve it's going to be a positive area
+so this is a positive quantity it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a positive quantity it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a positive quantity it can't
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+zero if you actually plug it in it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if you actually plug it in it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if you actually plug it in it looks
+equally strange it you you put in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally strange it you you put in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally strange it you you put in here
+this U and then and then so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this U and then and then so that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this U and then and then so that would
+be for the u^2 and then to plug in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for the u^2 and then to plug in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for the u^2 and then to plug in for
+DX you would write DX is equal to 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX you would write DX is equal to 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX you would write DX is equal to 1 over
+2x du and then you might write that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x du and then you might write that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x du and then you might write that as
+as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this
+this all right and so what we I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right and so what we I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right and so what we I should
+put in here is this quantity here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in here is this quantity here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in here is this quantity here which
+is a perfectly okay integral and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a perfectly okay integral and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a perfectly okay integral and it has
+a value I mean it's it's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value I mean it's it's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value I mean it's it's what it
+is it's zero so of course this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true and the reason is that U was equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and the reason is that U was equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and the reason is that U was equal
+to x^2 and U Prime of X was equal to 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x^2 and U Prime of X was equal to 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x^2 and U Prime of X was equal to 2x
+which was positive for X positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was positive for X positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was positive for X positive and
+negative for x negative and this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative for x negative and this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative for x negative and this was the
+sign change which which causes us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign change which which causes us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign change which which causes us
+trouble if we break it up into its two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble if we break it up into its two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble if we break it up into its two
+halves then you'll it'll be okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves then you'll it'll be okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves then you'll it'll be okay and
+you'll be able to use this now there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to use this now there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to use this now there was
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+mistake and this was uh essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake and this was uh essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake and this was uh essentially what
+what you were saying that is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were saying that is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were saying that is there's
+it's possible to see this happening as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible to see this happening as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible to see this happening as
+you're doing it if you're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing it if you're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing it if you're very
+careful um there's a mistake in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful um there's a mistake in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful um there's a mistake in this
+process and the mistake is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and the mistake is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and the mistake is in the
+transition this is this is a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition this is this is a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition this is this is a mistake
+here maybe I I haven't used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe I I haven't used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe I I haven't used
+any red yet today so I get to use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any red yet today so I get to use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any red yet today so I get to use some
+red here oh boy all right this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red here oh boy all right this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red here oh boy all right this is this
+is not true here this step here so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not true here this step here so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not true here this step here so why
+isn't it true it's not true for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it true it's not true for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it true it's not true for the the
+the standard reason which is that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard reason which is that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard reason which is that really
+X is equal to plus or minus Square < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to plus or minus Square < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to plus or minus Square < TK
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+U and if you stick to one side or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and if you stick to one side or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and if you stick to one side or the
+other you'll have a coherent formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you'll have a coherent formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you'll have a coherent formula for
+it one of them will be the plus and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one of them will be the plus and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one of them will be the plus and one
+of them will be the minus and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them will be the minus and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them will be the minus and it will
+work out when you separate it into its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out when you separate it into its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out when you separate it into its
+pieces so you could do that but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so you could do that but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so you could do that but this is
+a can of worms so I a avoid this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a can of worms so I a avoid this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a can of worms so I a avoid this and
+just do it in a place where the where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it in a place where the where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it in a place where the where
+the where the inverse is well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where the inverse is well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where the inverse is well defined
+and where the function either moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where the function either moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where the function either moves
+steadily up or steadily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steadily up or steadily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steadily up or steadily
+down
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1mKJXp1HvpQ.txt b/1mKJXp1HvpQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7d6c426a0f1d0388a1aedd70313212b1114a1fcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1mKJXp1HvpQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12963 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
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+just something I did I moved to New York
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+
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+just something I did I moved to New York
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+that so now you know and then I got a
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+so I brought actors into it so after I
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+
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+so I brought actors into it so after I
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+theater company for a long time in New
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+theater company for a long time in New
+York City downtown Theater Company
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+York City downtown Theater Company
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+bring these actors in and I teach them
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+painting you know and now they're doing
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+the same gestures they're doing a long
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+doing minimalism or they're doing these
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing minimalism or they're doing these
+other gestures and I'll teach you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other gestures and I'll teach you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other gestures and I'll teach you some
+of and then my world it completely
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+opened up for me I was like wow this is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened up for me I was like wow this is
+really cool like putting some actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool like putting some actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool like putting some actors
+riding me on S not the actors standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding me on S not the actors standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding me on S not the actors standing
+up here and reciting and and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and reciting and and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and reciting and and the the
+orchestra playing behind them the actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestra playing behind them the actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestra playing behind them the actors
+were equal with the musicians so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were equal with the musicians so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were equal with the musicians so the
+boundaries broke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries broke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries broke
+down and that just opened up for me so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and that just opened up for me so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and that just opened up for me so I
+kept developing that then I added dance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept developing that then I added dance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept developing that then I added dance
+and I added the visual arts and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I added the visual arts and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I added the visual arts and then I
+started working with children and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started working with children and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started working with children and
+working with people with disabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with people with disabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with people with disabilities
+and I realized that anybody can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I realized that anybody can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I realized that anybody can learn
+this language has has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this language has has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this language has has nothing to do with
+being a performer anybody can learn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a performer anybody can learn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a performer anybody can learn it
+you know but it comes from it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but it comes from it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but it comes from it comes from
+being composer so what do I do I travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being composer so what do I do I travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being composer so what do I do I travel
+around all over the place you know I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around all over the place you know I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around all over the place you know I got
+fed up in New York after to living there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed up in New York after to living there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed up in New York after to living there
+something years and I said well I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something years and I said well I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something years and I said well I want
+to take this out in the world so about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this out in the world so about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this out in the world so about
+10 years ago I went I I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years ago I went I I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years ago I went I I started
+traveling a lot in 12 years ago I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling a lot in 12 years ago I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling a lot in 12 years ago I got
+the invitation from Dave leapin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invitation from Dave leapin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invitation from Dave leapin the
+saxophone player and Dave invited me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saxophone player and Dave invited me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saxophone player and Dave invited me to
+come to a a conference in Santiago de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to a a conference in Santiago de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to a a conference in Santiago de
+compostella in Spain and from there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compostella in Spain and from there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compostella in Spain and from there it
+just opened up for me one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just opened up for me one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just opened up for me one of the
+professors of Paris conservat he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors of Paris conservat he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors of Paris conservat he he
+brought me in taught sound painting I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought me in taught sound painting I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought me in taught sound painting I I
+moved to Sweden and over there since and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to Sweden and over there since and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to Sweden and over there since and
+and so sound painting is a very popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so sound painting is a very popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so sound painting is a very popular
+thing in France it's very very popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in France it's very very popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in France it's very very popular
+and I'm happy about that you know I'm an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm happy about that you know I'm an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm happy about that you know I'm an
+artist who started doing something for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist who started doing something for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist who started doing something for
+fun this whole signing thing and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun this whole signing thing and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun this whole signing thing and now
+it's blown up into something that's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's blown up into something that's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's blown up into something that's some
+in the United States has taught a bit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States has taught a bit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States has taught a bit at
+Berkeley and it's it's around quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley and it's it's around quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley and it's it's around quite a
+number of places in New York and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of places in New York and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of places in New York and
+different schools around the country but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different schools around the country but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different schools around the country but
+it's not blown up the way here as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not blown up the way here as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not blown up the way here as it's
+done in France but and and Sweden and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in France but and and Sweden and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in France but and and Sweden and
+Norway and whatnot but it's it's a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norway and whatnot but it's it's a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norway and whatnot but it's it's a new
+language of only 34 years it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of only 34 years it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of only 34 years it's something
+that anybody can use in a small way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anybody can use in a small way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anybody can use in a small way or
+in a very large complicated way so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very large complicated way so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very large complicated way so that
+said let's learn a bit of it you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said let's learn a bit of it you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said let's learn a bit of it you use
+your voices okay it has nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your voices okay it has nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your voices okay it has nothing to do
+with being a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with being a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with being a great
+City don't worry about that so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City don't worry about that so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City don't worry about that so there's a
+syntax you know and that I'm always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax you know and that I'm always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax you know and that I'm always
+working with and it's because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with and it's because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with and it's because this is
+live composing you know I can sign you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live composing you know I can sign you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live composing you know I can sign you
+know you know to play in certain Styles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know to play in certain Styles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know to play in certain Styles
+and certain chords and certain note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certain chords and certain note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certain chords and certain note
+durations and all kinds of stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durations and all kinds of stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durations and all kinds of stuff you
+know it's there's over a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's there's over a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's there's over a thousand
+gestures you know so it's endless as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures you know so it's endless as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures you know so it's endless as to
+what you can do so the the syntax is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do so the the syntax is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do so the the syntax is
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+what how and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes and
+when and then there's what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and then there's what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and then there's what's called
+modes and of course this this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and of course this this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and of course this this is just
+kind of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a a
+basic it gets steeper than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic it gets steeper than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic it gets steeper than this
+publishing these workbooks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing these workbooks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing these workbooks and
+dictionary now and and it's say you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary now and and it's say you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary now and and it's say you have
+to really think about this over these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really think about this over these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really think about this over these
+past years I can speak about it putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past years I can speak about it putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past years I can speak about it putting
+down writing and what not it's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down writing and what not it's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down writing and what not it's a lot
+different speak about it so who and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different speak about it so who and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different speak about it so who and in
+this case assigned for the whole group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case assigned for the whole group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case assigned for the whole group
+and you R the entire ensemble you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you R the entire ensemble you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you R the entire ensemble you say
+whole and then you say what you want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole and then you say what you want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole and then you say what you want and
+it's a long tone so I always say who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a long tone so I always say who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a long tone so I always say who
+what and then we say how you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and then we say how you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and then we say how you know and
+this is getting louder and getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is getting louder and getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is getting louder and getting
+softer so I say whole group long tones p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softer so I say whole group long tones p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softer so I say whole group long tones p
+mode and now you know not yet you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and now you know not yet you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and now you know not yet you don't
+do anything and then at the end of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything and then at the end of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything and then at the end of my
+hands like that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands like that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands like that you
+play and that's that's simple but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and that's that's simple but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and that's that's simple but what
+you so you so it's this is the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you so it's this is the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you so it's this is the middle of
+your instrument this is the high part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instrument this is the high part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instrument this is the high part of
+your instrument this is the low part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instrument this is the low part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instrument this is the low part
+just speaking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just speaking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just speaking about
+sound so when you come in with a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound so when you come in with a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound so when you come in with a a
+pitch say you're a half step apart or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch say you're a half step apart or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch say you're a half step apart or
+something you don't change it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you don't change it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you don't change it if you
+come in louder or softer and well if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in louder or softer and well if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in louder or softer and well if I
+say if I don't say how then you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I don't say how then you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I don't say how then you choose
+if you want to be loud to be softer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to be loud to be softer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to be loud to be softer
+meano but if I say panis you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meano but if I say panis you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meano but if I say panis you have to be
+P so you coming to take a middle tone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so you coming to take a middle tone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so you coming to take a middle tone in
+your voice and when you run out of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your voice and when you run out of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your voice and when you run out of air
+and try to stab your B go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to stab your B go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to stab your B go back to the
+pitch again I'll make it louder make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch again I'll make it louder make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch again I'll make it louder make it
+softer I say whole R stop okay I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softer I say whole R stop okay I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softer I say whole R stop okay I'll get
+my rid of my in Sweden we do candy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my rid of my in Sweden we do candy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my rid of my in Sweden we do candy that
+has salt in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has salt in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has salt in
+it that's probably the hardest thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's probably the hardest thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's probably the hardest thing I
+had to do to get used to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do to get used to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do to get used to that
+salt in the candy it's really weird but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt in the candy it's really weird but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt in the candy it's really weird but
+it tastes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tastes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tastes
+good I hate it at first I spit it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I hate it at first I spit it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I hate it at first I spit it out
+when I first had it um I wish I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first had it um I wish I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first had it um I wish I had
+enough to hand it out for you CU you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to hand it out for you CU you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to hand it out for you CU you'd
+all spit it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all spit it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all spit it out
+too so let's try so I'll be you guys for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so let's try so I'll be you guys for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so let's try so I'll be you guys for
+a second here's what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+happen this means to continue take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen this means to continue take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen this means to continue take a
+breath go back don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath go back don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath go back don't
+stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop
+okay simple so who whole group what long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay simple so who whole group what long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay simple so who whole group what long
+toone middle of your voice how piso and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toone middle of your voice how piso and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toone middle of your voice how piso and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+play right simple right so now there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play right simple right so now there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play right simple right so now there's a
+high party voice and the low part right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high party voice and the low part right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high party voice and the low part right
+so you can go you know now I won't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can go you know now I won't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can go you know now I won't say
+how and YouTube's Happ so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let
+continue keep going don't lose it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue keep going don't lose it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue keep going don't lose it yet
+keep going not yet not yet not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going not yet not yet not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going not yet not yet not yet
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and okay good right simple so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay good right simple so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay good right simple so now you
+have a long tone I'm going to race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a long tone I'm going to race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a long tone I'm going to race
+through these because when I work with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these because when I work with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these because when I work with a
+group a lot of times I go in and it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group a lot of times I go in and it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group a lot of times I go in and it's an
+orchestra I've never met and I sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestra I've never met and I sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestra I've never met and I sometimes
+like a tour in Norway I had an hour and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a tour in Norway I had an hour and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a tour in Norway I had an hour and
+a half of rehearsal to teach them 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half of rehearsal to teach them 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half of rehearsal to teach them 45
+signs and then do a concert that day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs and then do a concert that day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs and then do a concert that day and
+then go to another amateur Orchestra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go to another amateur Orchestra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go to another amateur Orchestra
+then go to another Orchestra the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go to another Orchestra the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go to another Orchestra the next
+day in another small town in Norway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day in another small town in Norway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day in another small town in Norway and
+do the same thing so I'm going to race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing so I'm going to race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing so I'm going to race
+through this so that you can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this so that you can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this so that you can understand
+enough of this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of this you
+know okay so if I a whole group long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay so if I a whole group long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay so if I a whole group long
+tone you know who and I want to go up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone you know who and I want to go up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone you know who and I want to go up a
+half step a whole step your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+choice okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+simple B good and you can move it move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple B good and you can move it move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple B good and you can move it move
+in so we're just getting more so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so we're just getting more so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so we're just getting more so I'll
+I'll back track a bit so you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll back track a bit so you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll back track a bit so you know what's
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+um okay so again to go back so you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so again to go back so you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so again to go back so you this
+is a it's a sign language that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a it's a sign language that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a it's a sign language that I'm
+teaching them for live composing I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching them for live composing I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching them for live composing I'll
+speak again a little bit more about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak again a little bit more about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak again a little bit more about it
+so given who is going to play what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given who is going to play what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given who is going to play what
+they're going to play sometimes how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to play sometimes how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to play sometimes how
+they're going to play and then when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to play and then when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to play and then when they
+play we're using our voices so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play we're using our voices so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play we're using our voices so to
+backtrack who is this this it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backtrack who is this this it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backtrack who is this this it's like a
+sign a sign language for the de in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign a sign language for the de in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign a sign language for the de in that
+sense you know one man woman very fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you know one man woman very fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you know one man woman very fine
+you know very fine speaking Sunrise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know very fine speaking Sunrise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know very fine speaking Sunrise you
+know um but these gestures don't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um but these gestures don't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um but these gestures don't come
+from s for the death they're gestures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s for the death they're gestures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s for the death they're gestures
+I've made up or some of the other sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've made up or some of the other sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've made up or some of the other sound
+PS so here here's what we do whole group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PS so here here's what we do whole group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PS so here here's what we do whole group
+this time you guys go with me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time you guys go with me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time you guys go with me and
+sing long tone middle of your voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing long tone middle of your voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing long tone middle of your voice
+you're sing in one note don't change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sing in one note don't change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sing in one note don't change it
+just sing it hang on to it take a breath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sing it hang on to it take a breath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sing it hang on to it take a breath
+don't pass out and then really quiet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pass out and then really quiet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pass out and then really quiet and
+then do it now one more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continue now CL a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue now CL a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue now CL a half
+step down a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step since I have two hands you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step since I have two hands you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step since I have two hands you know I
+can say from you over is this hand from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say from you over is this hand from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say from you over is this hand from
+you over is this hand so I can cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them you know so then all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know so then all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know so then all of a sudden
+you have remember live composing if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have remember live composing if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have remember live composing if you
+came to see a sound painting where I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to see a sound painting where I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to see a sound painting where I've
+had a chance to rehearse the group you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a chance to rehearse the group you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a chance to rehearse the group you
+saw a concert and you didn't see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a concert and you didn't see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a concert and you didn't see the
+music stand was just working with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music stand was just working with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music stand was just working with a
+musicians You' go you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians You' go you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians You' go you
+know would you memorize all that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know would you memorize all that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know would you memorize all that it's
+not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a
+free-for-all I come out of this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-for-all I come out of this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-for-all I come out of this comes
+out of a frustration for open form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+improvisation okay let's try it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisation okay let's try it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisation okay let's try it again
+this time I'll do I'll do two-handed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time I'll do I'll do two-handed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time I'll do I'll do two-handed so
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there's hundreds of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's hundreds of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's hundreds of these
+hundreds and hundreds of these what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds and hundreds of these what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds and hundreds of these what
+gestures so now we move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures so now we move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures so now we move to
+mode like a whole group scanning now all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode like a whole group scanning now all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode like a whole group scanning now all
+these ideas some of them come from music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ideas some of them come from music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ideas some of them come from music
+composition I trained with Anthony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition I trained with Anthony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition I trained with Anthony
+Braxton for eight years a great American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Braxton for eight years a great American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Braxton for eight years a great American
+compos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compos
+I train with in composition for8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I train with in composition for8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I train with in composition for8
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it was a great influence because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a great influence because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a great influence because he
+used a lot of graphic notation a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a lot of graphic notation a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a lot of graphic notation a lot of
+different ways of notating coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of notating coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of notating coming out of
+you know cage and eyes and whatnot um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know cage and eyes and whatnot um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know cage and eyes and whatnot um so
+some of the some of the ideas come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the some of the ideas come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the some of the ideas come from
+my background as a composer but I'm also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my background as a composer but I'm also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my background as a composer but I'm also
+a trained dancer and a trained trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trained dancer and a trained trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trained dancer and a trained trained
+in theater and trained as a visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theater and trained as a visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theater and trained as a visual
+artist so I have that in my background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist so I have that in my background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist so I have that in my background
+so when I'm watching uh uh soccer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I'm watching uh uh soccer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I'm watching uh uh soccer
+you know I see this wave you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I see this wave you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I see this wave you know
+everybody stands up and I think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody stands up and I think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody stands up and I think you know
+how cool would that be to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how cool would that be to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how cool would that be to be able to
+make that happen with sound and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that happen with sound and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that happen with sound and actually
+be able to make it into a gesture so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to make it into a gesture so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to make it into a gesture so I
+came up with scanning so now what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with scanning so now what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with scanning so now what it
+means in sound painting is as my hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in sound painting is as my hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in sound painting is as my hand
+arm goes by as it goes by you do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm goes by as it goes by you do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm goes by as it goes by you do what
+you want the moment it lines up with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the moment it lines up with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the moment it lines up with you
+whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you
+want but as it passes by you stop so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but as it passes by you stop so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but as it passes by you stop so
+then imagine you have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then imagine you have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then imagine you have different
+instruments here or using your voices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments here or using your voices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments here or using your voices
+what ever you're going to get a salad of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ever you're going to get a salad of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ever you're going to get a salad of
+sound you know you don't know what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound you know you don't know what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound you know you don't know what he's
+going to do you don't know what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do you don't know what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do you don't know what he's
+going to do you don't know what she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do you don't know what she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do you don't know what she's
+going to do it's an individual choice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it's an individual choice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it's an individual choice so
+now we know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know something
+specific and then this it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific and then this it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific and then this it's a
+chance okay so let's try anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance okay so let's try anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance okay so let's try anything you
+want like huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+anything as my only as my arm goes by as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything as my only as my arm goes by as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything as my only as my arm goes by as
+it Lins up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Lins up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Lins up
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+good now so imagine if I stopped on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now so imagine if I stopped on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now so imagine if I stopped on
+somebody and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody and you're
+going now what you have to do is take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going now what you have to do is take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going now what you have to do is take
+that take your idea whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take your idea whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take your idea whatever it
+is doesn't matter what it is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doesn't matter what it is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doesn't matter what it is it's
+whatever you want it to be and take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want it to be and take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want it to be and take that
+idea and develop it really really slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and develop it really really slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and develop it really really slowly
+so if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like IM my hand still on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+no no okay and develop that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no okay and develop that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no okay and develop that little
+idea so the first thing you come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so the first thing you come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so the first thing you come out
+with is what you develop you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is what you develop you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is what you develop you know when
+it when it goes by and it gets a dancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when it goes by and it gets a dancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when it goes by and it gets a dancer
+a dancer moves and then goes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dancer moves and then goes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dancer moves and then goes back to
+neutral moves and goes back to neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral moves and goes back to neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral moves and goes back to neutral
+and act uses her voice and uses text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and act uses her voice and uses text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and act uses her voice and uses text
+musicians use her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians use her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians use her
+instrument let's try it now stop on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument let's try it now stop on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument let's try it now stop on
+somebody and just take your idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody and just take your idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody and just take your idea and
+develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it now continue listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now continue listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now continue listen
+to everybody else is called Destiny not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everybody else is called Destiny not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everybody else is called Destiny not
+how but the res so you keep going cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how but the res so you keep going cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how but the res so you keep going cuz
+you're not rest of the develop rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not rest of the develop rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not rest of the develop rest of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+grou really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quiet now you were still going you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet now you were still going you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet now you were still going you're
+not that takes a lot to get used just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that takes a lot to get used just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that takes a lot to get used just
+theoretically look at it you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically look at it you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically look at it you know you're
+going and you're developing that and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and you're developing that and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and you're developing that and I'm
+doing all these things as a second layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all these things as a second layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all these things as a second layer
+okay you know that's why yeah that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know that's why yeah that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know that's why yeah that's why
+this or this side it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or this side it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or this side it doesn't matter
+which side I use like if I'm doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which side I use like if I'm doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which side I use like if I'm doing this
+it can also be this side makes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can also be this side makes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can also be this side makes no
+difference so let's keep it in our heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so let's keep it in our heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so let's keep it in our heads
+you're going doing it and and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going doing it and and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going doing it and and I'm
+bringing the group in to do different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing the group in to do different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing the group in to do different
+things take a group out you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things take a group out you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things take a group out you're still
+going the whole group long time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the whole group long time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the whole group long time and
+since I said group long tone you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I said group long tone you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I said group long tone you're
+going to do the next step come back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the next step come back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the next step come back in
+obvious right so simple whole group do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious right so simple whole group do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious right so simple whole group do
+this whole this next step all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole this next step all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole this next step all right
+let's try one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+exact is perfect you know off you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact is perfect you know off you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact is perfect you know off you know
+rest of group and you know scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of group and you know scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of group and you know scanning
+that's already like eight or nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already like eight or nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already like eight or nine
+gestures yes right exactly thank you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures yes right exactly thank you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures yes right exactly thank you and
+you know pitch up and Pitch down you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pitch up and Pitch down you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pitch up and Pitch down you
+know it's like 10 something like that 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's like 10 something like that 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's like 10 something like that 10
+gestures so it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures so it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures so it's quite
+easy uh like in language it becomes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh like in language it becomes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh like in language it becomes more
+difficult the deeper you get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult the deeper you get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult the deeper you get into
+it but this is the the first letters or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but this is the the first letters or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but this is the the first letters or
+the first words of this language so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first words of this language so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first words of this language so
+let's keep going uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep going uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep going uh
+it's it's it's I often will somebody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's I often will somebody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's I often will somebody has
+a problem like understanding when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem like understanding when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem like understanding when
+working with children sometimes I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with children sometimes I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with children sometimes I don't
+know if anybody's going to go to music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if anybody's going to go to music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if anybody's going to go to music
+Ed but sometimes I'll use you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed but sometimes I'll use you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed but sometimes I'll use you know very
+simple graphic things like you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple graphic things like you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple graphic things like you know what
+does that sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or or what does that sound like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or what does that sound like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or what does that sound like you know
+and this one is pointalism kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is pointalism kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is pointalism kind of
+sounded like what I did to draw it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded like what I did to draw it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded like what I did to draw it on
+the board and so it's a rhythmic kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board and so it's a rhythmic kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board and so it's a rhythmic kind of
+sputtering so a whole group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputtering so a whole group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputtering so a whole group
+go play and you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to okay like really like so if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay like really like so if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay like really like so if you're a
+drum you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like you know so it's not an easy thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know so it's not an easy thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know so it's not an easy thing
+to perform and it's not noise it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform and it's not noise it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform and it's not noise it's not
+just like this you know goof this messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like this you know goof this messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like this you know goof this messy
+stuff it's like it's quite hard to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it's like it's quite hard to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it's like it's quite hard to be
+really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool
+Point uh so use your voices and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh so use your voices and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh so use your voices and you're
+going to be like a a busy street corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be like a a busy street corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be like a a busy street corner
+you know that's a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go yeah good so now we can go from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go yeah good so now we can go from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go yeah good so now we can go from like
+this to a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tone you know go back to the and we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone you know go back to the and we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone you know go back to the and we make
+these Cuts like really really sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Cuts like really really sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Cuts like really really sharp
+what's called hard Edge sound painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called hard Edge sound painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called hard Edge sound painting
+where you take a block of one idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take a block of one idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take a block of one idea and
+you put it next to a block of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it next to a block of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it next to a block of another
+idea actually this was first kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea actually this was first kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea actually this was first kind of
+pinned by Picasso back in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinned by Picasso back in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinned by Picasso back in the early
+1900s when he came up with block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900s when he came up with block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900s when he came up with block
+composing and painting often ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composing and painting often ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composing and painting often ideas and
+in the painting rle precede the ideas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the painting rle precede the ideas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the painting rle precede the ideas in
+the music composition like pointalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music composition like pointalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music composition like pointalism
+from another early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another early
+1900s um okay so let's try like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900s um okay so let's try like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900s um okay so let's try like this
+pointalism will be on channel one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointalism will be on channel one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointalism will be on channel one of our
+TV so to speak and long turn on channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV so to speak and long turn on channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV so to speak and long turn on channel
+two and so when we change channels none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so when we change channels none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so when we change channels none
+of this is going to go into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is going to go into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is going to go into this
+Channel and if your TV does that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel and if your TV does that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel and if your TV does that you
+should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get
+rid a new one let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try and immediately make that switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and immediately make that switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and immediately make that switch
+immediately here we go cuz when you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately here we go cuz when you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately here we go cuz when you hear
+group all right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try okay good not bad so okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try okay good not bad so okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try okay good not bad so okay so now
+while you're doing this I can take and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're doing this I can take and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're doing this I can take and
+make Tempo and slow you down so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make Tempo and slow you down so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make Tempo and slow you down so you're
+slowing down you're not getting lower in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing down you're not getting lower in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing down you're not getting lower in
+sound you just getting slower okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound you just getting slower okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound you just getting slower okay so
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and okay good fine let me get my list so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay good fine let me get my list so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay good fine let me get my list so
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+don't jump over something I have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't jump over something I have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't jump over something I have like
+serious jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lag really last night I was incoherent I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag really last night I was incoherent I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag really last night I was incoherent I
+was having a conversation nobody can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was having a conversation nobody can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was having a conversation nobody can
+understand at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand at
+all once it becomes like 7 o00 it's 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all once it becomes like 7 o00 it's 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all once it becomes like 7 o00 it's 6
+hours later in my body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours later in my body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours later in my body
+um so point to point um the whole point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so point to point um the whole point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so point to point um the whole point
+to point this is a mode also this one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point this is a mode also this one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point this is a mode also this one's
+a mode it means it sort of En it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mode it means it sort of En it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mode it means it sort of En it
+encompasses incorporates the syntax this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses incorporates the syntax this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses incorporates the syntax this
+breaks down down to six or seven other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down down to six or seven other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down down to six or seven other
+parts this is the simplest way to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts this is the simplest way to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts this is the simplest way to work
+in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first
+learning so there's lots of M and sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning so there's lots of M and sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning so there's lots of M and sound
+this one's point to point I go whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's point to point I go whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's point to point I go whole
+group point to point and I point it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group point to point and I point it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group point to point and I point it's
+like scanning I point at you you play I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like scanning I point at you you play I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like scanning I point at you you play I
+take my hand away and you stop simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my hand away and you stop simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my hand away and you stop simple
+like scanning you play what you want but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like scanning you play what you want but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like scanning you play what you want but
+as I point at you and if I say and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I point at you and if I say and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I point at you and if I say and I
+take continue just and I say continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take continue just and I say continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take continue just and I say continue
+then you take what the idea that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you take what the idea that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you take what the idea that you
+doing like and scanning and develop it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing like and scanning and develop it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing like and scanning and develop it
+slowly okay not Tempo wise you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly okay not Tempo wise you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly okay not Tempo wise you could be
+do something really quick but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something really quick but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something really quick but you have
+to stay around that Motif in develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay around that Motif in develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay around that Motif in develop
+it okay so let's try so anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good all right yeah simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good all right yeah simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good all right yeah simple
+right now I think part something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I think part something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I think part something to
+speak about now is this how does you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak about now is this how does you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak about now is this how does you
+know live composing work you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know live composing work you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know live composing work you know um
+another person that's been working at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person that's been working at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person that's been working at
+something similar is a man named Butch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar is a man named Butch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar is a man named Butch
+Morris who's a friend of mine and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morris who's a friend of mine and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morris who's a friend of mine and he
+works with something called conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with something called conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with something called conduction
+but has been doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but has been doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but has been doing this
+about the same amount of time as I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same amount of time as I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same amount of time as I have
+but he works with the Baton and he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he works with the Baton and he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he works with the Baton and he has
+an entirely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entirely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entirely different
+philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy
+uh which I won't speak about his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which I won't speak about his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which I won't speak about his
+philosophy I'll speak about mine his is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy I'll speak about mine his is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy I'll speak about mine his is
+just kind of counter to that in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of counter to that in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of counter to that in some
+ways so in live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so in live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so in live
+composing you're working with people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composing you're working with people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composing you're working with people you
+know and they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and they're going to be
+mistakes and in sound painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes and in sound painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes and in sound painting
+philosophy there's no such thing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy there's no such thing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy there's no such thing as a
+mistake except for one thing and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake except for one thing and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake except for one thing and that's
+stopping when you make a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping when you make a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping when you make a mistake
+that's the only mistake because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only mistake because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only mistake because if you
+think about it it's live composing so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it it's live composing so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it it's live composing so if
+you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a
+mistake I say a whole long tone play and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake I say a whole long tone play and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake I say a whole long tone play and
+you come in with pointalism you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come in with pointalism you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come in with pointalism you keep
+going with pointalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with pointalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with pointalism
+you don't change back to Long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't change back to Long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't change back to Long
+tone because you can feel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone because you can feel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone because you can feel the
+composition kind of like fall apart when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition kind of like fall apart when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition kind of like fall apart when
+that happens you know you can see or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens you know you can see or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens you know you can see or you
+can hear see or hear and sound ping oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hear see or hear and sound ping oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hear see or hear and sound ping oh
+someone said oh I made a mistake let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone said oh I made a mistake let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone said oh I made a mistake let me
+go to the right place you know but if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the right place you know but if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the right place you know but if it
+stays in the m mistake then your mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays in the m mistake then your mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays in the m mistake then your mistake
+often becomes material that I or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often becomes material that I or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often becomes material that I or another
+sound painter might work with so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound painter might work with so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound painter might work with so for
+example if that happened and I do this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if that happened and I do this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if that happened and I do this I
+might look at you and you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look at you and you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look at you and you might be
+woodwin three you woodwin three continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woodwin three you woodwin three continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woodwin three you woodwin three continue
+rest of the group stop from your mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the group stop from your mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the group stop from your mistake
+I have an idea you know oh let me work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an idea you know oh let me work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an idea you know oh let me work
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+mistake so that's it's a really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake so that's it's a really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake so that's it's a really really
+important philosophy in working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important philosophy in working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important philosophy in working with
+people composing life because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people composing life because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people composing life because if you
+think you know if if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know if if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know if if you're going to
+plan your life like you know what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan your life like you know what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan your life like you know what you're
+going to be doing 5 years more you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing 5 years more you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing 5 years more you know
+every day in between you know that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day in between you know that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day in between you know that's not
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+happen you know it's the same thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you know it's the same thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you know it's the same thing with
+standing in front of an ensemble before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of an ensemble before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of an ensemble before
+you begin a piece I don't have any plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you begin a piece I don't have any plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you begin a piece I don't have any plan
+if I'm not working with what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm not working with what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm not working with what we call
+pallets which a pre-composed material if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallets which a pre-composed material if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallets which a pre-composed material if
+I'm working with no precomposed material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working with no precomposed material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working with no precomposed material
+I'm just composing live I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just composing live I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just composing live I think about
+the first gesture in the moment and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first gesture in the moment and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first gesture in the moment and I
+begin you know and if a mistake happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin you know and if a mistake happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin you know and if a mistake happens
+then it becomes part of the piece and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it becomes part of the piece and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it becomes part of the piece and
+you never see it or hear it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never see it or hear it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never see it or hear it means
+nothing it's you know you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing it's you know you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing it's you know you don't
+acknowledge it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge it
+um okay so with that said let's continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so with that said let's continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so with that said let's continue
+on pointalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pointalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pointalism
+scanning you so watch me continue off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning you so watch me continue off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning you so watch me continue off
+play rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play rest of the
+group point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point okay so let's keep going so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so let's keep going so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so let's keep going so now I
+say hope we point to point I'll point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hope we point to point I'll point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hope we point to point I'll point at
+somebody and I'll ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody and I'll ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody and I'll ask you to
+so keep going I'll just explain over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so keep going I'll just explain over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so keep going I'll just explain over
+you'll develop on that idea now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll develop on that idea now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll develop on that idea now I'm
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+relate look at somebody else say relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate look at somebody else say relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate look at somebody else say relate
+to and then give you now I'll stop you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and then give you now I'll stop you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and then give you now I'll stop you
+for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+second so let's just imagine you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so let's just imagine you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so let's just imagine you're
+going right and I look at somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going right and I look at somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going right and I look at somebody else
+you could be you know trumpet to or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be you know trumpet to or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be you know trumpet to or
+something you know what trumpet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know what trumpet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know what trumpet to
+relate to and you might be percussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to and you might be percussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to and you might be percussion
+five you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five you know
+um so you know Trum to relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know Trum to relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know Trum to relate to
+percussion five slowly enter do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percussion five slowly enter do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percussion five slowly enter do this
+within 5 Seconds begin your IDE within 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 5 Seconds begin your IDE within 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 5 Seconds begin your IDE within 5
+seconds stop whatever you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds stop whatever you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds stop whatever you're doing
+within 5 seconds so instead of a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 5 seconds so instead of a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 5 seconds so instead of a hard
+Edge entrance now we can go a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge entrance now we can go a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge entrance now we can go a whole
+group long tone slowly into and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group long tone slowly into and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group long tone slowly into and you
+don't CR to Inn you just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't CR to Inn you just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't CR to Inn you just simply
+begin within 5 seconds so let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin within 5 seconds so let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin within 5 seconds so let's imagine
+this you're relating to her but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you're relating to her but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you're relating to her but how
+relate you know you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate you know you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate you know you can be
+nice or you can be the other side of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice or you can be the other side of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice or you can be the other side of it
+you can be not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be not so
+nice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice you
+know you know if you think about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know if you think about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know if you think about two
+actors you know and I'm working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors you know and I'm working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors you know and I'm working with
+actors this means actor so working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors this means actor so working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors this means actor so working with
+an actor you actor one improvise slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actor you actor one improvise slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actor you actor one improvise slowly
+enter actor one is stand there improvise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter actor one is stand there improvise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter actor one is stand there improvise
+oh it's such a beautiful day my my my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's such a beautiful day my my my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's such a beautiful day my my my my
+my and this actor is like really loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my and this actor is like really loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my and this actor is like really loud
+all the time in this improvisation next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time in this improvisation next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time in this improvisation next
+to him is actor to you know and sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him is actor to you know and sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him is actor to you know and sound
+painter says you know you know actor two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painter says you know you know actor two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painter says you know you know actor two
+relate to actor one slowly enter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to actor one slowly enter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to actor one slowly enter and
+this person over here is just really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person over here is just really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person over here is just really
+loud and this one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud and this one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud and this one's
+like yeah it's not such a bad day oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah it's not such a bad day oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah it's not such a bad day oh
+it's a wonderful wonderful day and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a wonderful wonderful day and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a wonderful wonderful day and it's
+like oh you're always so loud man be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh you're always so loud man be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh you're always so loud man be to
+shut up oh I don't know what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut up oh I don't know what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut up oh I don't know what's going on
+here I I I really but that's a fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I I I really but that's a fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I I I really but that's a fine
+sculpture out there and heart you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculpture out there and heart you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculpture out there and heart you're
+just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idiot and so we have you know what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiot and so we have you know what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiot and so we have you know what I
+mean this this this could this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this this this could this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this this this could this person
+over here could be could be saying um oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here could be could be saying um oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here could be could be saying um oh
+you're so right you're so right I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're so right you're so right I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're so right you're so right I feel
+the same way you do you know and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way you do you know and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way you do you know and and
+have this really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this really kind of
+loving relate to you know or they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving relate to you know or they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving relate to you know or they could
+be what's it could be contrasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what's it could be contrasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what's it could be contrasting
+related to or it could be over the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to or it could be over the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to or it could be over the top
+or it could be with a murderous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be with a murderous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be with a murderous
+intent you know because I work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent you know because I work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent you know because I work with
+actors too so these you know what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors too so these you know what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors too so these you know what I mean
+I have to I direct theater with this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to I direct theater with this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to I direct theater with this or
+I compose theater compose movement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I compose theater compose movement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I compose theater compose movement so
+I'm saying this because in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying this because in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying this because in the beginning
+when you learn these gestures they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you learn these gestures they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you learn these gestures they're
+wide open for you to do any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide open for you to do any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide open for you to do any of these
+kinds of relationships so as a musician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of relationships so as a musician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of relationships so as a musician
+you can support what the other musicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can support what the other musicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can support what the other musicians
+doing or you can contrast it and do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing or you can contrast it and do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing or you can contrast it and do it
+like what we say with blinders which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we say with blinders which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we say with blinders which is
+like you don't even know they're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you don't even know they're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you don't even know they're there
+but you're still responding to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're still responding to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're still responding to them
+because that is a response I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is a response I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is a response I'm not going
+to pay attention to you you know so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay attention to you you know so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay attention to you you know so with
+that said let's do a little point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said let's do a little point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said let's do a little point to
+point I'll point at you you know and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'll point at you you know and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'll point at you you know and you
+play okay here we go then I'll ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play okay here we go then I'll ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play okay here we go then I'll ask
+somebody to relate to and choose how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to relate to and choose how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to relate to and choose how you
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good now I mean you all chose to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good now I mean you all chose to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good now I mean you all chose to do
+something it was a close relationship to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it was a close relationship to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it was a close relationship to
+what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to
+what you began with you know but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you began with you know but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you began with you know but it
+could have been like anything it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been like anything it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been like anything it could
+have been like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you know you can really take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know you can really take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know you can really take that
+and relate in all kinds of ways cuz I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relate in all kinds of ways cuz I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relate in all kinds of ways cuz I'm
+thinking like you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking like you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking like you go
+and not just take it and and sail on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not just take it and and sail on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not just take it and and sail on top
+of it in a different way so the more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it in a different way so the more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it in a different way so the more you
+become accustomed to this you know way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become accustomed to this you know way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become accustomed to this you know way
+of composing you realize oh this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of composing you realize oh this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of composing you realize oh this it's
+not restricting it's it's not at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not restricting it's it's not at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not restricting it's it's not at all
+restricting it's in a way it's a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting it's in a way it's a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting it's in a way it's a way
+it's a very you know sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very you know sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very you know sophisticated
+version of chord changes and Jazz where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of chord changes and Jazz where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of chord changes and Jazz where
+you have a specific you know like a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a specific you know like a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a specific you know like a a
+dominant seven chord which allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant seven chord which allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant seven chord which allows you to
+do all kinds of things on or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all kinds of things on or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all kinds of things on or something
+like a major trial which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a major trial which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a major trial which is kind of
+restricted you know have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted you know have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted you know have all these
+possib but there's still these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possib but there's still these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possib but there's still these
+structures that you're working within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that you're working within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that you're working within
+you know and then sound pain we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and then sound pain we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and then sound pain we can say
+you know like a C major s chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like a C major s chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like a C major s chord
+configured a certain way who plays the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configured a certain way who plays the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configured a certain way who plays the
+Bas and the third the fifth and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bas and the third the fifth and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bas and the third the fifth and you know
+but most of it comes from what you do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of it comes from what you do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of it comes from what you do I
+impose an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose an
+idea from my gestures and I then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea from my gestures and I then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea from my gestures and I then I
+compose the results from you all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compose the results from you all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compose the results from you all right
+so let's keep going as if we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's keep going as if we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's keep going as if we're going to
+do a performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a performance
+tonight okay so let's TR so Point change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now remember as soon as I take my hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember as soon as I take my hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember as soon as I take my hand
+stop okay here we go it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hard B yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a oh fr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah sorry where should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go all right but I also know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all right but I also know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all right but I also know how to
+trick people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick people you
+know it's a way to get free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a way to get free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a way to get free
+dinner all right so that's you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner all right so that's you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner all right so that's you know this
+the same thing with scanning with change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with scanning with change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with scanning with change
+you know then you do something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know then you do something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know then you do something different
+every time I scam by but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I scam by but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I scam by but in general
+that's what you want to offer the live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you want to offer the live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you want to offer the live
+composer she or he that's standing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer she or he that's standing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer she or he that's standing up
+here um you know you want to give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um you know you want to give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um you know you want to give them
+as much stuff as as possible but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much stuff as as possible but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much stuff as as possible but when
+you're in the gestures that are chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the gestures that are chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the gestures that are chance
+that are chance gestures or search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are chance gestures or search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are chance gestures or search
+gestures as we also call them all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures as we also call them all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures as we also call them all right
+let's keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep
+going so minimalism you know it's taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so minimalism you know it's taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so minimalism you know it's taking
+two or three notes and playing them over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three notes and playing them over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three notes and playing them over
+and over again without change so I a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again without change so I a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again without change so I a
+whole group minimalism watch me I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole group minimalism watch me I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole group minimalism watch me I'll
+give you four beats and then I'll bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you four beats and then I'll bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you four beats and then I'll bring
+you in and you choose something it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in and you choose something it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in and you choose something it could
+be an actor might go know so minimalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an actor might go know so minimalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an actor might go know so minimalism
+I'll be an actor four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be an actor four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be an actor four
+beats right not that right not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats right not that right not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats right not that right not that
+right not that right you know I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not that right you know I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not that right you know I just
+keep repeating that until this change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep repeating that until this change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep repeating that until this change
+gesture comes up right not that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture comes up right not that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture comes up right not that right
+not that right not that oh sure right oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that right not that oh sure right oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that right not that oh sure right oh
+sure right oh sure right okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure right oh sure right okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure right oh sure right okay so you
+look for the change gesture and then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the change gesture and then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the change gesture and then on
+my Loop you change to the next fth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Loop you change to the next fth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Loop you change to the next fth
+try so dancers are moving and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try so dancers are moving and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try so dancers are moving and they're
+repeating a movement very short phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating a movement very short phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating a movement very short phrase
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+know actors are working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know actors are working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know actors are working with
+text visual artist so I won't speak much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text visual artist so I won't speak much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text visual artist so I won't speak much
+about that because but it's working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that because but it's working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that because but it's working with
+a repetition of shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a repetition of shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a repetition of shape
+some somehow and some way and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some somehow and some way and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some somehow and some way and of course
+musicians are working with a repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians are working with a repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians are working with a repeating
+pattern it's minimalist not maximist you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern it's minimalist not maximist you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern it's minimalist not maximist you
+know it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's very
+short but you repeat it over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short but you repeat it over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short but you repeat it over and over
+again you repeat within within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you repeat within within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you repeat within within the
+bottom I mean sorry it doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom I mean sorry it doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom I mean sorry it doesn't have to
+be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in
+44 I'm only giving you four beats just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 I'm only giving you four beats just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 I'm only giving you four beats just
+as a way to get started if I wanted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to get started if I wanted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to get started if I wanted it
+to be in 44 I'd say with the four field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in 44 I'd say with the four field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in 44 I'd say with the four field
+and that means you have to be in four in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means you have to be in four in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means you have to be in four in
+four but otherwise you want to do or 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four but otherwise you want to do or 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four but otherwise you want to do or 15
+or five you know 2 and A2 that's up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five you know 2 and A2 that's up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five you know 2 and A2 that's up to
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay now I heard a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now I heard a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now I heard a little bit of
+change make it happen right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change make it happen right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change make it happen right in the
+beginning whatever you do don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning whatever you do don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning whatever you do don't
+change and so now we're going to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and so now we're going to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and so now we're going to and
+everybody's just you know you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's just you know you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's just you know you're just
+learning this and you're you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning this and you're you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning this and you're you know it's
+always in the beginning body feel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always in the beginning body feel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always in the beginning body feel a
+little tant you know about it so now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tant you know about it so now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tant you know about it so now I'm
+going to ask you to do it loud so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask you to do it loud so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask you to do it loud so
+minimalism loud and I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalism loud and I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalism loud and I'm going to say
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+intensity so you know you could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so you know you could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so you know you could go
+h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+h h and use the voice in clapping or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h h and use the voice in clapping or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h h and use the voice in clapping or
+stoping or something you know all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoping or something you know all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoping or something you know all right
+so really like pop it out so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really like pop it out so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really like pop it out so we can
+really hear what you're doing let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hear what you're doing let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hear what you're doing let's
+try s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+okay good excellent much better you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good excellent much better you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good excellent much better you know
+you get used to it and you get used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get used to it and you get used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get used to it and you get used to
+like launching forward with your ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like launching forward with your ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like launching forward with your ideas
+cuz you know that there's no such thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you know that there's no such thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you know that there's no such thing
+it's a mistake you know as a saxophone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mistake you know as a saxophone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mistake you know as a saxophone
+player I do this all the time this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player I do this all the time this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player I do this all the time this is
+what I do as far as what I do every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do as far as what I do every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do as far as what I do every day
+you know almost is a a Sal P while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know almost is a a Sal P while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know almost is a a Sal P while
+working education or I'm getting ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working education or I'm getting ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working education or I'm getting ready
+for a piece you know so I don't get as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a piece you know so I don't get as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a piece you know so I don't get as
+much time to play my saxophone but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time to play my saxophone but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time to play my saxophone but I do
+play in the Swedish sound P Orchestra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in the Swedish sound P Orchestra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in the Swedish sound P Orchestra
+often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+and I'm not so good on this side you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not so good on this side you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not so good on this side you
+know because I'm used to being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because I'm used to being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because I'm used to being the
+composer so when I sit in there and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer so when I sit in there and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer so when I sit in there and I'm
+making error after error because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making error after error because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making error after error because I'm
+looking at the sound painter too and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the sound painter too and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the sound painter too and all
+of them basically have been my student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them basically have been my student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them basically have been my student
+at one point or another and I look at go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one point or another and I look at go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one point or another and I look at go
+oh you that could have been cleaner or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you that could have been cleaner or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you that could have been cleaner or
+and then I missed the gesture you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I missed the gesture you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I missed the gesture you know
+but one thing I don't do is stop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing I don't do is stop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing I don't do is stop and
+when I make a mistake I keep R and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I make a mistake I keep R and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I make a mistake I keep R and going
+I have no problem with that that's I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have no problem with that that's I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have no problem with that that's I'm
+really good at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at that
+so now let's imagine that you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's imagine that you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's imagine that you have this
+minimalism going on you know and I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalism going on you know and I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalism going on you know and I like
+it right now everything is fleeing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right now everything is fleeing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right now everything is fleeing it's
+going to jump away from us in a live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to jump away from us in a live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to jump away from us in a live
+composition but now there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition but now there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition but now there's there's
+something going on I like it whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something going on I like it whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something going on I like it whether
+it's how you SE it whether it's it's U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how you SE it whether it's it's U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how you SE it whether it's it's U
+some sounds you're making whatever I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sounds you're making whatever I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sounds you're making whatever I I'm
+like maybe that last bit of minimalism I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe that last bit of minimalism I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe that last bit of minimalism I
+say I like it so I think okay I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I like it so I think okay I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I like it so I think okay I'm going
+to keep that whole group this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep that whole group this is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep that whole group this is is
+memory one now you have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory one now you have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory one now you have to remember
+it okay so I make a memory out of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so I make a memory out of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so I make a memory out of it and
+ask you to record it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to record it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to record it
+immediately all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right what's the memory yeah so po you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the memory yeah so po you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the memory yeah so po you
+have to say by who now what you go this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say by who now what you go this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say by who now what you go this
+is what's going on memory one now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's going on memory one now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's going on memory one now you
+recording okay so let's make a memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording okay so let's make a memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording okay so let's make a memory
+out of a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a long
+tone I said whole group long tone play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone I said whole group long tone play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone I said whole group long tone play
+continue whole group this is memory one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue whole group this is memory one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue whole group this is memory one
+and you memorize the notes you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you memorize the notes you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you memorize the notes you're
+singing okay I was is the memory the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing okay I was is the memory the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing okay I was is the memory the
+actual pitch or the fact that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual pitch or the fact that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual pitch or the fact that we're
+singing a long tone it's in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing a long tone it's in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing a long tone it's in this case
+it's it's both it's it's a long tone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's both it's it's a long tone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's both it's it's a long tone and
+it's that long tone okay that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that long tone okay that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that long tone okay that's a good
+question because at some other times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because at some other times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because at some other times in
+memory like if I say whole group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory like if I say whole group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory like if I say whole group
+pointalism give a play gesture there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointalism give a play gesture there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointalism give a play gesture there
+there might be a quality of how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a quality of how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a quality of how you're
+playing an instrument well could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing an instrument well could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing an instrument well could you
+take a memory and then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a memory and then like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a memory and then like
+slow it down absolutely or not only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow it down absolutely or not only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow it down absolutely or not only that
+but attach it to point to point point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but attach it to point to point point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but attach it to point to point point to
+point with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with
+right and now you take these things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now you take these things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now you take these things that
+are already recorded and you're pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already recorded and you're pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already recorded and you're pushing
+them around in some way in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them around in some way in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them around in some way in your
+composition and now you take a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and now you take a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and now you take a little
+piece of made what you did you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of made what you did you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of made what you did you know in
+the memory I say continue then I ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory I say continue then I ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory I say continue then I ask the
+rest of the group to relate you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the group to relate you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the group to relate you know to
+relate to it really quietly and you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to it really quietly and you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to it really quietly and you hear
+some kind of mirroring and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of mirroring and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of mirroring and you know
+contradiction of what you do some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction of what you do some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction of what you do some kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+not or yeah you know what I mean what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not or yeah you know what I mean what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not or yeah you know what I mean what
+you have this with is in this but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this with is in this but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this with is in this but how
+you can phrase and put these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can phrase and put these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can phrase and put these things
+together so let's try it let's make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so let's try it let's make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so let's try it let's make a
+memory right we'll try it let's try it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory right we'll try it let's try it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory right we'll try it let's try it
+with minimalism and while it's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with minimalism and while it's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with minimalism and while it's going on
+don't lose the Integrity of what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't lose the Integrity of what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't lose the Integrity of what you're
+doing as I'm signing don't lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing as I'm signing don't lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing as I'm signing don't lose the
+Integrity keep you know as you seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrity keep you know as you seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrity keep you know as you seem to
+do something go drop down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something go drop down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something go drop down
+inside same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside same
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+r r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right when I saw memory one think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I saw memory one think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I saw memory one think about
+it you were in silence so your memory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you were in silence so your memory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you were in silence so your memory is
+silent that's what I was thinking yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent that's what I was thinking yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent that's what I was thinking yeah
+exactly when my memory two is do nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when my memory two is do nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when my memory two is do nothing
+yeah I mean I could ask you to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean I could ask you to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean I could ask you to do the
+same thing certainly but otherwise when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing certainly but otherwise when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing certainly but otherwise when
+I'm signing the m it's exactly what see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm signing the m it's exactly what see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm signing the m it's exactly what see
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+later you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you're
+welcome so you know if you're in silence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome so you know if you're in silence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome so you know if you're in silence
+you stay in Sil right that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stay in Sil right that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stay in Sil right that's good
+question CU you could like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question CU you could like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question CU you could like
+trans yes I can yes I can absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans yes I can yes I can absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans yes I can yes I can absolutely
+real simply rest of the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real simply rest of the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real simply rest of the group
+synchronize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize
+okay yeah so you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so you go
+good you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you
+know and I step step forward and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I step step forward and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I step step forward and this is
+one of the ways to synchronize there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ways to synchronize there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ways to synchronize there's
+three sort of ways to get started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sort of ways to get started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sort of ways to get started with
+this and this one will give you a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this one will give you a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this one will give you a chance
+to do the to work your way into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the to work your way into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the to work your way into
+this uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh any
+questions why don't you move in now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I thought it was you know interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I thought it was you know interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I thought it was you know interesting
+choices when we were doing stuff earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices when we were doing stuff earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices when we were doing stuff earlier
+and you made the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you made the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you made the choice
+of you know this it's not there's no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know this it's not there's no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know this it's not there's no I
+don't I'm not going to say hey that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I'm not going to say hey that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I'm not going to say hey that's
+not good you know what are you doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good you know what are you doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good you know what are you doing
+you're fired you know uh that's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fired you know uh that's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fired you know uh that's it's
+it's working with who you are as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's working with who you are as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's working with who you are as a
+performer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer
+so or as a person you know it takes who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so or as a person you know it takes who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so or as a person you know it takes who
+you are and says okay then take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and says okay then take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and says okay then take these
+gestures and put put yourself in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures and put put yourself in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures and put put yourself in these
+gestures and that's when you're the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures and that's when you're the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures and that's when you're the best
+at this not when you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this not when you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this not when you're trying to
+imitate somebody else but when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitate somebody else but when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitate somebody else but when you're
+doing something that's who you are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something that's who you are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something that's who you are um
+there was a little girl named uh Emily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a little girl named uh Emily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a little girl named uh Emily
+and she studied sound painting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she studied sound painting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she studied sound painting for
+four years with another sound painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years with another sound painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years with another sound painting
+uh uh teacher at a school private Music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh teacher at a school private Music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh teacher at a school private Music
+School in New York and then this man jod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School in New York and then this man jod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School in New York and then this man jod
+brought her was just to an orchestra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought her was just to an orchestra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought her was just to an orchestra
+rehearsal to show her like show me like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsal to show her like show me like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsal to show her like show me like
+hey you got to check out what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you got to check out what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you got to check out what this
+little girl is doing she's 11 years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little girl is doing she's 11 years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little girl is doing she's 11 years old
+you got to see how well she is how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to see how well she is how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to see how well she is how well
+she works in sound painting so she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she works in sound painting so she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she works in sound painting so she was
+fluent with about 250 signs and I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluent with about 250 signs and I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluent with about 250 signs and I mean
+fluent you know she hears something she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluent you know she hears something she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluent you know she hears something she
+thinks 30 different things to do with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks 30 different things to do with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks 30 different things to do with it
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so so I watched during rehearsal and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I watched during rehearsal and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I watched during rehearsal and I
+was like wow I I had to join my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like wow I I had to join my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like wow I I had to join my
+Orchestra for a year she was a a paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orchestra for a year she was a a paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orchestra for a year she was a a paid
+sound painter you know as a guest sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound painter you know as a guest sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound painter you know as a guest sound
+painter she played clarinet up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painter she played clarinet up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painter she played clarinet up
+to and uh was only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+11 so she kind of you know that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 so she kind of you know that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 so she kind of you know that didn't
+work so well the clarinet but but uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so well the clarinet but but uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so well the clarinet but but uh so
+in one concert I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one concert I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one concert I I I
+you know first time she she performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first time she she performed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first time she she performed
+with us we were in concert in New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us we were in concert in New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us we were in concert in New York
+uh in this downtown theater and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this downtown theater and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this downtown theater and and I
+asked her to come up you know and so she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked her to come up you know and so she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked her to come up you know and so she
+took half the group and I took other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took half the group and I took other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took half the group and I took other the
+other half of the group and uh she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other half of the group and uh she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other half of the group and uh she was
+brilliant I mean she was just brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant I mean she was just brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant I mean she was just brilliant
+even somebody in the audience did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even somebody in the audience did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even somebody in the audience did
+something like accidentally they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like accidentally they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like accidentally they were
+just coming in or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just coming in or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just coming in or something like that
+and they bumped into something and in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they bumped into something and in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they bumped into something and in in
+theater there's this imaginary wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater there's this imaginary wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater there's this imaginary wall
+between you as the and the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you as the and the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you as the and the audience
+called the fourth wall do you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the fourth wall do you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the fourth wall do you know about
+this the fourth wall and so in sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the fourth wall and so in sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the fourth wall and so in sound
+painting we break the fourth wall if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting we break the fourth wall if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting we break the fourth wall if
+somebody does something out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody does something out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody does something out in the
+audience well they're game we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience well they're game we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience well they're game we can go
+after them because it's because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after them because it's because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after them because it's because this is
+a multi-disciplinary Ensemble with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-disciplinary Ensemble with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-disciplinary Ensemble with
+actors and dancers and musicians so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors and dancers and musicians so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors and dancers and musicians so we
+go after people in a nice way you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go after people in a nice way you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go after people in a nice way you know
+so this this man tripped and made a loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this man tripped and made a loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this man tripped and made a loud
+sound and so Emily was standing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and so Emily was standing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and so Emily was standing here
+with with her group and I was over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with her group and I was over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with her group and I was over here
+with my group it's about 25 to 30 in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my group it's about 25 to 30 in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my group it's about 25 to 30 in my
+Orchestra and and she just goes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orchestra and and she just goes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orchestra and and she just goes you
+know and that means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and that means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and that means to
+Heckle so her group started yelling at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heckle so her group started yelling at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heckle so her group started yelling at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+audience you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience you
+know or this guy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or this guy you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or this guy you
+know I mean it was done it was it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean it was done it was it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean it was done it was it was
+really well done you know and so then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well done you know and so then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well done you know and so then I
+I brought in something else to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I brought in something else to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I brought in something else to help
+support what she is doing and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support what she is doing and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support what she is doing and you know
+nothing ever really like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing ever really like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing ever really like you know
+surprises me in that way that I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises me in that way that I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises me in that way that I'm not
+ready for it because I've been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for it because I've been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for it because I've been doing
+this 30 something years so when these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 30 something years so when these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 30 something years so when these
+things happen it's just another piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen it's just another piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen it's just another piece of
+material to work with you know including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to work with you know including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to work with you know including
+one time I was U another just a quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time I was U another just a quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time I was U another just a quit
+story working with pallets which are any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story working with pallets which are any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story working with pallets which are any
+piece of composed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of composed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of composed
+or rehearsed music text choreography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rehearsed music text choreography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rehearsed music text choreography
+visual design and I I've been working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual design and I I've been working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual design and I I've been working
+with my Orchestra at Paris conservatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my Orchestra at Paris conservatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my Orchestra at Paris conservatory
+and I had all these pal notated music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had all these pal notated music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had all these pal notated music
+and choreography I've done and I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choreography I've done and I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choreography I've done and I had to
+keep track of them because four actors
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+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of them because four actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of them because four actors
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+here dancers more upstage and towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here dancers more upstage and towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here dancers more upstage and towards
+back and then The Ensemble musicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and then The Ensemble musicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and then The Ensemble musicians
+kind of in between lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in between lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in between lots of different
+types of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of you
+know a classical musician can play next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a classical musician can play next
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a classical musician can play next
+to a jazz musician next to you know a FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a jazz musician next to you know a FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a jazz musician next to you know a FP
+musician next to a rap musician next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician next to a rap musician next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician next to a rap musician next to
+a you know someone that comes from some
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+ align:start position:0%
+a you know someone that comes from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know someone that comes from some
+other background you know a dancer can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other background you know a dancer can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other background you know a dancer can
+be a tap dancer can be a valet dancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a tap dancer can be a valet dancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a tap dancer can be a valet dancer
+can be you know a ballroom dancer can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be you know a ballroom dancer can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be you know a ballroom dancer can
+you know they can all be in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they can all be in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they can all be in the same
+Ensemble so the musicians are all mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble so the musicians are all mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble so the musicians are all mixed
+up in this group in in uh uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in this group in in uh uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in this group in in uh uh in
+friends I went to start the piece I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends I went to start the piece I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends I went to start the piece I have
+all these pallets here so here I am the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these pallets here so here I am the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these pallets here so here I am the
+audience to say I'm starting the piece I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience to say I'm starting the piece I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience to say I'm starting the piece I
+use this gesture called play camp we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this gesture called play camp we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this gesture called play camp we
+won't get into it but complex gesture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get into it but complex gesture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get into it but complex gesture
+and I get so I go off to throw after for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get so I go off to throw after for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get so I go off to throw after for
+my first you know what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first you know what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first you know what's going to happen
+and I hit the music really hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hit the music really hard and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hit the music really hard and
+went you know the very the very first
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+ align:start position:0%
+went you know the very the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went you know the very the very first
+thing you know and they went all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know and they went all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know and they went all over
+the floor you know the pallets it just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor you know the pallets it just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor you know the pallets it just a
+big mess Sor when I said actor one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big mess Sor when I said actor one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big mess Sor when I said actor one I
+just went right with it the actors are
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+ align:start position:0%
+just went right with it the actors are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went right with it the actors are
+here I said actor one Stand Up Walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I said actor one Stand Up Walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I said actor one Stand Up Walk
+Tempo slow come down stage relate to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tempo slow come down stage relate to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tempo slow come down stage relate to and
+then Jerome stood up started walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Jerome stood up started walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Jerome stood up started walking
+down stage speaking in French related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down stage speaking in French related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down stage speaking in French related to
+the music stand what I had just done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music stand what I had just done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music stand what I had just done
+rest of the actors the other three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the actors the other three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the actors the other three
+actors Stand Up Walk Tempo slow come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors Stand Up Walk Tempo slow come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors Stand Up Walk Tempo slow come
+down stage rela to actor one slowly into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down stage rela to actor one slowly into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down stage rela to actor one slowly into
+so then they stand up and come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then they stand up and come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then they stand up and come down
+stage towards the end of the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage towards the end of the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage towards the end of the stage
+relating to the actor that's speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating to the actor that's speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating to the actor that's speaking
+about the music S I said the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the music S I said the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the music S I said the rest of the
+group Stand Up Walk Tempo slow come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group Stand Up Walk Tempo slow come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group Stand Up Walk Tempo slow come down
+St the entire Orchestra stood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St the entire Orchestra stood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St the entire Orchestra stood
+up walk to the edge of the the stage I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up walk to the edge of the the stage I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up walk to the edge of the the stage I
+was offstage in this little small stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was offstage in this little small stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was offstage in this little small stage
+in this performance space so they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this performance space so they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this performance space so they're all
+at the edge of the stage like 30 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the edge of the stage like 30 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the edge of the stage like 30 people
+in this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this big
+crowd then I put him in this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd then I put him in this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd then I put him in this thing
+called launch mode which makes all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called launch mode which makes all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called launch mode which makes all the
+gestures happen as I signed them like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures happen as I signed them like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures happen as I signed them like
+you sing a long tone as I or you do pism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sing a long tone as I or you do pism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sing a long tone as I or you do pism
+or you laugh or you speak you do air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you laugh or you speak you do air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you laugh or you speak you do air
+sounds you whistle you do minimalism you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds you whistle you do minimalism you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds you whistle you do minimalism you
+know all these things happen as I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all these things happen as I make
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all these things happen as I make
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign so I'm putting the group in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign so I'm putting the group in
+launch mode and I'm doing this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch mode and I'm doing this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch mode and I'm doing this really
+quick stuff with this group at the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick stuff with this group at the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick stuff with this group at the edge
+of the stage I'm doing hits and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stage I'm doing hits and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stage I'm doing hits and all
+kinds of things and the group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things and the group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things and the group is
+responding very crisp really good group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding very crisp really good group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding very crisp really good group
+and then I just had him continue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I just had him continue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I just had him continue with
+something and said you know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and said you know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and said you know you know
+whole group S I said continue with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole group S I said continue with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole group S I said continue with this
+whole group sit down slowly enter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole group sit down slowly enter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole group sit down slowly enter and
+they kept doing what they're doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kept doing what they're doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kept doing what they're doing and
+backed up and sat down you know and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed up and sat down you know and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed up and sat down you know and I
+mean it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it was really
+cool I would have never thought that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool I would have never thought that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool I would have never thought that and
+at the end of the the evening the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the the evening the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the the evening the the
+someone from the audience came up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone from the audience came up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone from the audience came up and
+said uh wow that was something I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh wow that was something I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh wow that was something I've
+never seen anybody do that before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen anybody do that before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen anybody do that before you
+know knock over a music stand piece out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know knock over a music stand piece out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know knock over a music stand piece out
+of it and uh and and they asked me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and uh and and they asked me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and uh and and they asked me how
+long I had rehearsed it and I told him a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long I had rehearsed it and I told him a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long I had rehearsed it and I told him a
+month you know they actually had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month you know they actually had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month you know they actually had
+rehearsed it for a month but actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsed it for a month but actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsed it for a month but actually I
+hadn't of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course the only thing I rehearsed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the only thing I rehearsed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the only thing I rehearsed with
+them is that no matter what happens keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is that no matter what happens keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is that no matter what happens keep
+going as we say in sound painting when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going as we say in sound painting when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going as we say in sound painting when
+when when you know when doubt don't lay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you know when doubt don't lay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you know when doubt don't lay
+out you know you always keep going when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know you always keep going when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know you always keep going when
+you're not sure keep playing cuz if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sure keep playing cuz if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sure keep playing cuz if
+you're not sure what's going on if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sure what's going on if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sure what's going on if you
+keep playing I can do something with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep playing I can do something with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep playing I can do something with
+it so let's do this how much time do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so let's do this how much time do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so let's do this how much time do we
+have uh we got maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh we got maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh we got maybe
+another let's say another five to seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another let's say another five to seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another let's say another five to seven
+okay let's go we might want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's go we might want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's go we might want to have
+little time for questions too so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little time for questions too so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little time for questions too so maybe
+say five let's do this and then we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say five let's do this and then we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say five let's do this and then we'll do
+something this so so many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this so so many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this so so many of these
+gestures you know I mean there's 43 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures you know I mean there's 43 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures you know I mean there's 43 here
+that we had another hatch hour or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had another hatch hour or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had another hatch hour or
+something like that we could really take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that we could really take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that we could really take
+two hours and rehearse this and then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hours and rehearse this and then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hours and rehearse this and then go
+do a piece tonight that's like 15 to 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a piece tonight that's like 15 to 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a piece tonight that's like 15 to 20
+minutes long it looks like we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes long it looks like we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes long it looks like we've been
+rehearsing for a long time because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsing for a long time because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsing for a long time because if
+you were solid with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were solid with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were solid with the
+gestures and I know how to compose with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures and I know how to compose with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures and I know how to compose with
+it and you're solid with how I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you're solid with how I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you're solid with how I'm
+communicating and how I'm speaking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating and how I'm speaking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating and how I'm speaking to
+you we can make a peace no problem this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we can make a peace no problem this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we can make a peace no problem this
+part is you have to know how to compose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is you have to know how to compose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is you have to know how to compose
+with it it's two different worlds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it it's two different worlds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it it's two different worlds
+following the gestures is is is is as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the gestures is is is is as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the gestures is is is is as a
+performer is one world and the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer is one world and the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer is one world and the world of
+composing with it's another one um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composing with it's another one um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composing with it's another one um but
+let's do these interdisciplinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do these interdisciplinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do these interdisciplinary
+gestures because when there's actors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures because when there's actors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures because when there's actors and
+dancers and musicians and visual artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dancers and musicians and visual artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dancers and musicians and visual artists
+sitting in all sitting in the orchestra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in all sitting in the orchestra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in all sitting in the orchestra
+um they're interdisciplinary gestures I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're interdisciplinary gestures I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're interdisciplinary gestures I
+might use sometimes so I'll say go try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use sometimes so I'll say go try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use sometimes so I'll say go try
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+laugh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laugh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laugh
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+so then the whole group would laugh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the whole group would laugh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the whole group would laugh
+there was something going on with one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something going on with one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something going on with one of
+the actors and I might want to say scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actors and I might want to say scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actors and I might want to say scan
+with laughter or minimalism with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with laughter or minimalism with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with laughter or minimalism with
+laughter or pointto point with laughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughter or pointto point with laughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughter or pointto point with laughter
+over the top loud with intensity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the top loud with intensity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the top loud with intensity you
+know you know you know or or or the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know you know or or or the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know you know or or or the one
+I was showing before you know like laugh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was showing before you know like laugh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was showing before you know like laugh
+for the murder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the murder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the murder
+intent or a loving laugh you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent or a loving laugh you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent or a loving laugh you know you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+tons of that kind of stuff um so now air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of that kind of stuff um so now air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of that kind of stuff um so now air
+sounds like that's thing so sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and right exactly the rhythm is up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right exactly the rhythm is up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right exactly the rhythm is up to
+you how you do it and then whistling so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whistle and then the displ one I often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistle and then the displ one I often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistle and then the displ one I often
+use a speaking so whole group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+speak and speak and speak St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and speak and speak St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and speak and speak St
+not in my direction but not about me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and speak think about speaking as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and speak think about speaking as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and speak think about speaking as
+something that you know if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you know if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you know if you want to
+speak and tell the story and sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and tell the story and sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and tell the story and sound
+painting that's called narrative or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting that's called narrative or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting that's called narrative or for
+musicians this means Melody so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians this means Melody so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians this means Melody so you you
+say you know actors improvise you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know actors improvise you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know actors improvise you know
+improvise with narrative now they tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvise with narrative now they tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvise with narrative now they tell
+the story otherwise by default they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story otherwise by default they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story otherwise by default they're
+speaking something called word salad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking something called word salad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking something called word salad
+which means to be nonsensical or make or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means to be nonsensical or make or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means to be nonsensical or make or
+make music re wordss so you know whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make music re wordss so you know whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make music re wordss so you know whole
+group Point part the speaking oh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group Point part the speaking oh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group Point part the speaking oh what
+what what what what what what what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what what what what what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what what what what what you
+know not going oh yes you know today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not going oh yes you know today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not going oh yes you know today I
+got up and and I couldn't find my shoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got up and and I couldn't find my shoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got up and and I couldn't find my shoes
+you know if you do that first of all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you do that first of all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you do that first of all in
+a live composition the audience goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a live composition the audience goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a live composition the audience goes
+right to you that's like a solo this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to you that's like a solo this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to you that's like a solo this is
+improvise it means to take a full-blown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvise it means to take a full-blown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvise it means to take a full-blown
+improvisation that this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisation that this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisation that this is your
+space so I default that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so I default that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so I default that you you
+speak in a more you know musical way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak in a more you know musical way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak in a more you know musical way so
+let's try speaking one more time and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try speaking one more time and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try speaking one more time and be
+loud be intense and be right at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud be intense and be right at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud be intense and be right at the end
+of my hands and think about it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my hands and think about it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my hands and think about it more
+musically like I'm opening the doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musically like I'm opening the doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musically like I'm opening the doors
+there a bunch of people speaking okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a bunch of people speaking okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a bunch of people speaking okay
+that's right that's by default how we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itly exactly yeah and you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itly exactly yeah and you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itly exactly yeah and you hear
+repetition of things and little bits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition of things and little bits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition of things and little bits and
+pieces perfect um but I would work a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces perfect um but I would work a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces perfect um but I would work a
+little bit on it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit on it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit on it before
+con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con
+because it's really hard for musician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's really hard for musician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's really hard for musician
+you go point to point with speaking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go point to point with speaking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go point to point with speaking and
+you point the musician to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you point the musician to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you point the musician to
+yeah and what did you say pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and what did you say pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and what did you say pizza
+pizza so if if you if you would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza so if if you if you would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza so if if you if you would have to
+speak with this theater voice so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak with this theater voice so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak with this theater voice so that
+I'd have to get you used to saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have to get you used to saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have to get you used to saying
+whatever it is like if say like hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is like if say like hello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is like if say like hello
+you wouldn't go hello because they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't go hello because they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't go hello because they won't
+hear you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear you in the
+back so that's the the the part about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so that's the the the part about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so that's the the the part about
+being a sound painter when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a sound painter when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a sound painter when it's
+multidisiplinary that as a composer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multidisiplinary that as a composer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multidisiplinary that as a composer you
+have to know how to speak all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know how to speak all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know how to speak all of the
+languages of each discipline or you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages of each discipline or you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages of each discipline or you'll
+have a weak discipline to compose with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a weak discipline to compose with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a weak discipline to compose with
+uh so don't everybody stand up for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second listen make wrap it up this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second listen make wrap it up this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second listen make wrap it up this way
+so you'll have some of this to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll have some of this to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll have some of this to work
+with so uh watch out because we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so uh watch out because we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so uh watch out because we're going
+this sort of dance class so stagger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of dance class so stagger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of dance class so stagger the
+line a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there Lally there's hundreds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there Lally there's hundreds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there Lally there's hundreds and
+hundreds of people doing this now and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of people doing this now and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of people doing this now and I
+know I'm really happy about it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm really happy about it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm really happy about it because
+as I said it was something I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said it was something I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said it was something I started
+doing for out of frustration you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing for out of frustration you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing for out of frustration you know
+it's become kind of what I do with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's become kind of what I do with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's become kind of what I do with my
+whole life it's something came out first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole life it's something came out first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole life it's something came out first
+ver so whenever I'm teaching other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver so whenever I'm teaching other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver so whenever I'm teaching other
+people to be sound painters which I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to be sound painters which I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to be sound painters which I do a
+lot of um this it's like a dance class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of um this it's like a dance class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of um this it's like a dance class
+so you just you're making gestion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just you're making gestion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just you're making gestion so
+let's see it show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see it show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see it show
+me and you'll notice that what I do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and you'll notice that what I do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and you'll notice that what I do is
+like almost like a baseball player the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like almost like a baseball player the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like almost like a baseball player the
+pitcher who is kind of getting ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitcher who is kind of getting ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitcher who is kind of getting ready to
+to pitch is it you know whenever you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pitch is it you know whenever you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pitch is it you know whenever you see
+a baseball game and the Pitcher goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baseball game and the Pitcher goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baseball game and the Pitcher goes
+into action the whole field snaps to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into action the whole field snaps to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into action the whole field snaps to so
+you got to snap your Orchestra so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to snap your Orchestra so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to snap your Orchestra so if you
+just do this you're not going to snap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do this you're not going to snap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do this you're not going to snap
+your orchest ready to get ready to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your orchest ready to get ready to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your orchest ready to get ready to go
+you have to go you break the hips and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go you break the hips and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go you break the hips and
+you look so let's try that here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look so let's try that here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look so let's try that here we go
+and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah
+perfect really good and then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect really good and then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect really good and then they're
+going to be ready cuz that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be ready cuz that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be ready cuz that's the
+instrument you're composing with so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument you're composing with so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument you're composing with so it's
+the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+long don't hit each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long don't hit each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long don't hit each
+other without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other without
+contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+group fist disclosed it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+psycho you know so volume is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psycho you know so volume is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psycho you know so volume is like
+going good good good good and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going good good good good and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going good good good good and you're
+right on the arm so this part sliding up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the arm so this part sliding up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the arm so this part sliding up
+and down the arm okay so again whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down the arm okay so again whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down the arm okay so again whole
+group long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group long
+toone now playing kind of comes from U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toone now playing kind of comes from U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toone now playing kind of comes from U
+like bowling or something I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bowling or something I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bowling or something I don't know
+where I got this from and I it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I got this from and I it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I got this from and I it's like
+you step one foot forward and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you step one foot forward and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you step one foot forward and then you
+throw your hands out and the itis you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw your hands out and the itis you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw your hands out and the itis you
+know where the beat is is right there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the beat is is right there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the beat is is right there so
+it's a little snap at again okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little snap at again okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little snap at again okay let's
+try just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try just
+play yeah good good so now you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play yeah good good so now you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play yeah good good so now you're going
+to sound paint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sound paint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sound paint
+yourself so in other words you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+continue off okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue off okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue off okay so
+continue and then off is like sliding on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue and then off is like sliding on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue and then off is like sliding on
+a bunch of poles and grabbing the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of poles and grabbing the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of poles and grabbing the last
+one okay here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seat so now we have longer a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat so now we have longer a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat so now we have longer a little bit
+longer I really get you to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer I really get you to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer I really get you to the point
+where you can leave here today maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can leave here today maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can leave here today maybe
+from this you can go you can look on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this you can go you can look on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this you can go you can look on
+YouTube like if you want to pursue this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube like if you want to pursue this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube like if you want to pursue this
+in any kind of way first of all I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any kind of way first of all I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any kind of way first of all I think
+the the library is going to order a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the library is going to order a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the library is going to order a
+workbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workbook
+but just let mean look on YouTube or get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just let mean look on YouTube or get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just let mean look on YouTube or get
+in touch so beyond my visit here so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in touch so beyond my visit here so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in touch so beyond my visit here so it
+doesn't just like happen when it's gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't just like happen when it's gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't just like happen when it's gone
+you going to pursue you just go to sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to pursue you just go to sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to pursue you just go to sound
+painting.com info and email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting.com info and email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting.com info and email
+me what's happening you know I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what's happening you know I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what's happening you know I'd like to
+look at this a little bit more so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this a little bit more so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this a little bit more so just
+so you know uh so let's open it up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know uh so let's open it up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know uh so let's open it up for
+some questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions
+yeah who do you do you in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah who do you do you in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah who do you do you in the beginning
+is like you know what is this guy doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like you know what is this guy doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like you know what is this guy doing
+you know it's um how can this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's um how can this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's um how can this you know
+you start with a long tone it seems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with a long tone it seems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with a long tone it seems so
+simple oh I I understand this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple oh I I understand this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple oh I I understand this this is
+easy and then kind of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and then kind of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and then kind of you know
+pedagogically speaking when it gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogically speaking when it gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogically speaking when it gets to
+this point we this is number one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we this is number one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we this is number one it's
+like the fun games are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over now you start to realize this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over now you start to realize this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over now you start to realize this is a
+serious language and I do get in in kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious language and I do get in in kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious language and I do get in in kind
+of trouble with other composers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trouble with other composers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trouble with other composers that are
+that are working in a more traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are working in a more traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are working in a more traditional
+way with its graphic or whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way with its graphic or whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way with its graphic or whether it's
+with a prib it's a finale or Cakewalk or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a prib it's a finale or Cakewalk or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a prib it's a finale or Cakewalk or
+something you know is that some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know is that some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know is that some people
+refuse to call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuse to call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuse to call this
+composition so that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition so that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition so that's an interesting
+thing for me know I call what this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for me know I call what this is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for me know I call what this is is
+live composing why is because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live composing why is because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live composing why is because I'm
+constantly Hands-On with it you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly Hands-On with it you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly Hands-On with it you know I
+am structuring and moving everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am structuring and moving everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am structuring and moving everything
+around I'll I'll Stand up here and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around I'll I'll Stand up here and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around I'll I'll Stand up here and let
+things go on for a while sure you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go on for a while sure you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go on for a while sure you know
+just listen it's not about like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just listen it's not about like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just listen it's not about like me
+imposing my ideas and constantly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing my ideas and constantly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing my ideas and constantly you
+know harassing players I'm composing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know harassing players I'm composing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know harassing players I'm composing
+with with the results you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the results you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the results you
+know uh so there is a bit of a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh so there is a bit of a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh so there is a bit of a sort of a
+discussion that goes on talking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion that goes on talking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion that goes on talking the
+world about what composition is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world about what composition is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world about what composition is and
+Butch Morris who he and I had dinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Butch Morris who he and I had dinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Butch Morris who he and I had dinner
+about half a year ago and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half a year ago and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half a year ago and we were
+speaking about this and which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking about this and which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking about this and which was
+telling me about what he's had to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me about what he's had to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me about what he's had to deal
+with you know uh but then it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know uh but then it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know uh but then it really
+doesn't matter you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter you know it's
+composition um so any thoughts any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition um so any thoughts any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition um so any thoughts any
+questions you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you might want to
+ask can you make a living with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask can you make a living with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask can you make a living with
+this yes you can yes you can there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yes you can yes you can there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yes you can yes you can there's a
+man named Fran you know he's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man named Fran you know he's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man named Fran you know he's one of the
+most famous jazz musicians in in France
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous jazz musicians in in France
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous jazz musicians in in France
+and he's been doing this for 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's been doing this for 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's been doing this for 10 years
+all 10 years and um and he's 76
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 10 years and um and he's 76
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 10 years and um and he's 76
+now you know half of his uh work comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know half of his uh work comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know half of his uh work comes
+from being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being a
+sound so it really in the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound so it really in the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound so it really in the world of
+Education working with children think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education working with children think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education working with children think
+about it you know like what are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you know like what are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you know like what are your
+instruments what do you play piano piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments what do you play piano piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments what do you play piano piano
+piano piano guitar guitar trumpet guar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano piano guitar guitar trumpet guar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano piano guitar guitar trumpet guar
+guitar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guitar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guitar
+B saxophone trumpet you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B saxophone trumpet you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B saxophone trumpet you know I
+mean it took us a long time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it took us a long time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it took us a long time to get
+pretty good at it right you know and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good at it right you know and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good at it right you know and so
+but we had complex Minds when we're kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we had complex Minds when we're kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we had complex Minds when we're kids
+you know everybody knows how to lie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know everybody knows how to lie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know everybody knows how to lie and
+do this and that and the other we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and that and the other we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and that and the other we can
+fool you know our parents or you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fool you know our parents or you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fool you know our parents or you know we
+you know we can fool our friends I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we can fool our friends I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we can fool our friends I mean
+not that fooling is always a great thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that fooling is always a great thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that fooling is always a great thing
+but I mean just that you know we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean just that you know we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean just that you know we know
+how to organize ourselves as little kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to organize ourselves as little kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to organize ourselves as little kids
+in a very complex way but we can't bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very complex way but we can't bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very complex way but we can't bring
+that out on an instrument because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out on an instrument because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out on an instrument because we're
+not good enough physically to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good enough physically to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good enough physically to make it
+happen but that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but that's why
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+this some people that are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this some people that are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this some people that are kind of
+looking at this here's this little girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this here's this little girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this here's this little girl
+Emily who was a really wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emily who was a really wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emily who was a really wonderful
+composer she couldn't play CL right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer she couldn't play CL right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer she couldn't play CL right but
+I mean this was a a way to tap into her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this was a a way to tap into her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this was a a way to tap into her
+mind because she could speak the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind because she could speak the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind because she could speak the
+language and compos for this in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and compos for this in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and compos for this in a very
+interesting way quite different than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way quite different than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way quite different than the
+way I might do it the way you might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I might do it the way you might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I might do it the way you might do
+it or anybody else so he think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or anybody else so he think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or anybody else so he think it's
+something interesting about that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting about that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting about that it's a
+language for creativity it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language for creativity it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language for creativity it's not
+necessary necessar you know uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary necessar you know uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary necessar you know uh in the
+world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance you can go home and teach
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance you can go home and teach
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friends how to do this you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friends how to do this you you
+might you might be a CEO you know or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you might be a CEO you know or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you might be a CEO you know or you
+might be uh you know working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be uh you know working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be uh you know working in
+construction and then you can you study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and then you can you study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and then you can you study
+this language and you can go and stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this language and you can go and stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this language and you can go and stand
+in front of you know the New York feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of you know the New York feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of you know the New York feel
+harmonic if they know how to do this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic if they know how to do this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic if they know how to do this or
+want to be a sound pin group and make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a sound pin group and make a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a sound pin group and make a
+piece you know and to me that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece you know and to me that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece you know and to me that's kind of
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+interesting part of this you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part of this you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part of this you know it
+wasn't my original Mission by any means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't my original Mission by any means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't my original Mission by any means
+but any questions um you mentioned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but any questions um you mentioned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but any questions um you mentioned that
+sometimes you have visual artists as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you have visual artists as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you have visual artists as
+well performing with your group and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well performing with your group and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well performing with your group and I
+was curious how how they respond to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was curious how how they respond to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was curious how how they respond to all
+the science that you make yeah when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science that you make yeah when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science that you make yeah when you
+a lot of times I mean when I first began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times I mean when I first began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times I mean when I first began
+working with Visual Arts it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with Visual Arts it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with Visual Arts it was really
+simple we have big plexiglass things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we have big plexiglass things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we have big plexiglass things and
+they working his pains real easy to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they working his pains real easy to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they working his pains real easy to like
+do this you know kind of thing but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this you know kind of thing but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this you know kind of thing but I
+work most of the time at installation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work most of the time at installation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work most of the time at installation
+artist so she or he comes with um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist so she or he comes with um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist so she or he comes with um they
+work first of all I have to know if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work first of all I have to know if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work first of all I have to know if they
+can do what's called a Hotpot and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do what's called a Hotpot and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do what's called a Hotpot and a
+Hotpot is the ability the visual artist
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+ align:start position:0%
+Hotpot is the ability the visual artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hotpot is the ability the visual artist
+tells you ahead of time they have to
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+ align:start position:0%
+tells you ahead of time they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you ahead of time they have to
+learn the language first for their voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the language first for their voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the language first for their voice
+and then they understand what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they understand what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they understand what it means
+in the head and then they go home and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the head and then they go home and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the head and then they go home and
+gather the materials and an installation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather the materials and an installation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather the materials and an installation
+Artist as we all know you know goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Artist as we all know you know goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Artist as we all know you know goes into
+a gallery and installs a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gallery and installs a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gallery and installs a
+piece Sarah z a great installation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece Sarah z a great installation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece Sarah z a great installation
+artist she spends all year year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist she spends all year year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist she spends all year year
+collecting matches and you know fishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting matches and you know fishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting matches and you know fishing
+line all kinds of little toys and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line all kinds of little toys and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line all kinds of little toys and things
+like that she's got boxes in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that she's got boxes in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that she's got boxes in these
+things she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things she's
+fantastic um s z Sarah Z look her up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic um s z Sarah Z look her up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic um s z Sarah Z look her up
+fantastic and so she goes into a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic and so she goes into a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic and so she goes into a place
+and she just installs these spiderweb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she just installs these spiderweb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she just installs these spiderweb
+looking things in the corner you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking things in the corner you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking things in the corner you know so
+she has all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has all these
+materials now if all these materials she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials now if all these materials she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials now if all these materials she
+could pick up really quick and respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pick up really quick and respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pick up really quick and respond
+to these gestures as I give them then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these gestures as I give them then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these gestures as I give them then
+that ability to respond to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ability to respond to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ability to respond to those
+gestures is called a hot spot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures is called a hot spot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures is called a hot spot in
+sound so so the visual can tell you yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound so so the visual can tell you yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound so so the visual can tell you yes
+I have this is visual artist so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this is visual artist so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this is visual artist so if you
+say whole group that's a visual artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say whole group that's a visual artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say whole group that's a visual artist
+too when you say long tone well I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too when you say long tone well I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too when you say long tone well I mean
+what it could be simply like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it could be simply like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it could be simply like you know
+just dragging a rope across the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dragging a rope across the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dragging a rope across the stage
+you know and leaving it there and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and leaving it there and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and leaving it there and that's
+a with you know something really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with you know something really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with you know something really simple
+to think about it it's like this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it it's like this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it it's like this what
+could this be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this be
+visually glitter glitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually glitter glitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually glitter glitter
+glitter yeah could be a bubble machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitter yeah could be a bubble machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitter yeah could be a bubble machine
+it could be like a disco ball that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be like a disco ball that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be like a disco ball that came
+on you know I mean it's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know I mean it's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know I mean it's got to be
+something that's pointal listic and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's pointal listic and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's pointal listic and how
+it looks abstract so all of the gestures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks abstract so all of the gestures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks abstract so all of the gestures
+are work with the visual arts but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are work with the visual arts but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are work with the visual arts but it's
+minimalism all the complex gestes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalism all the complex gestes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalism all the complex gestes
+everything minimalism it's a repetition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything minimalism it's a repetition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything minimalism it's a repetition
+of shape somehow that year he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shape somehow that year he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shape somehow that year he is
+installing in space so they work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing in space so they work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing in space so they work with
+hotpots and installations and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotpots and installations and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotpots and installations and other
+other kind of stations that they set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of stations that they set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of stations that they set up
+around the space and in the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the space and in the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the space and in the sound
+painter group because we're working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painter group because we're working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painter group because we're working with
+dance and mov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance and mov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance and mov
+just because you might come away from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you might come away from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you might come away from it
+today and go well yeah there dancer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and go well yeah there dancer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and go well yeah there dancer you
+know if the dance is moving you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if the dance is moving you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if the dance is moving you know
+does she always or he have to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does she always or he have to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does she always or he have to look at
+the sound painter and answer is no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound painter and answer is no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound painter and answer is no so
+dancers are moving and turning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dancers are moving and turning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dancers are moving and turning and
+whatnot and the the general rule is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot and the the general rule is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot and the the general rule is and
+if you don't see it you don't respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't see it you don't respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't see it you don't respond to
+it so then the sound painer sets up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so then the sound painer sets up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so then the sound painer sets up
+situations where if you're a dancer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where if you're a dancer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where if you're a dancer and
+you're facing away from the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're facing away from the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're facing away from the audience
+facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing
+upstage that might be the that I ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstage that might be the that I ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstage that might be the that I ask
+something else to happen with the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else to happen with the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else to happen with the group
+that can see me so I base my live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can see me so I base my live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can see me so I base my live
+choreography on sometimes the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choreography on sometimes the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choreography on sometimes the fact that
+somebody can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody can't see
+me I don't know if that makes sense but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I don't know if that makes sense but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I don't know if that makes sense but
+that's how you compose your movements to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you compose your movements to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you compose your movements to
+have both of those worlds when you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both of those worlds when you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both of those worlds when you can
+see and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see questions so feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see questions so feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see questions so feel
+like like an orchestra or something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like an orchestra or something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like an orchestra or something that
+plays this like often like as a musician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays this like often like as a musician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays this like often like as a musician
+say how like how long take me to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how like how long take me to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how like how long take me to learn
+that like enough vocabulary to to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like enough vocabulary to to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like enough vocabulary to to be
+able to do this one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do this one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do this one one
+day one day with good sound one reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one day with good sound one reversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one day with good sound one reversal
+in fact I I approached the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I I approached the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I I approached the American
+composers Orchestra in New York about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers Orchestra in New York about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers Orchestra in New York about
+this they didn't give it to me but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they didn't give it to me but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they didn't give it to me but I
+said hey I can come in you give me 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hey I can come in you give me 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hey I can come in you give me 3
+hours and I can make a piece 20 minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and I can make a piece 20 minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and I can make a piece 20 minute
+piece with you that evening they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece with you that evening they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece with you that evening they didn't
+believe me so was a number of years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me so was a number of years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me so was a number of years ago
+and I didn't know I work but one day but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't know I work but one day but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't know I work but one day but
+but if I have the project that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I have the project that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I have the project that we're
+doing now it's one of the reasons I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now it's one of the reasons I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now it's one of the reasons I'm
+here is working with a great composer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is working with a great composer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is working with a great composer
+name Anthony Braxton and he's writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name Anthony Braxton and he's writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name Anthony Braxton and he's writing
+what's called pallets and that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called pallets and that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called pallets and that's this
+notated music and I'm coming in March to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notated music and I'm coming in March to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notated music and I'm coming in March to
+work with ar so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with ar so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with ar so it's going to be
+Anthony's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anthony's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anthony's
+pallets it's we're going to rehearse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallets it's we're going to rehearse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallets it's we're going to rehearse
+with the group they're going to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the group they're going to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the group they're going to learn
+the language probably few rehearsals you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language probably few rehearsals you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language probably few rehearsals you
+know probably a few with Anthony's music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know probably a few with Anthony's music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know probably a few with Anthony's music
+in it because it's complex but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it because it's complex but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it because it's complex but um
+so it's that's two three rehearsals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's that's two three rehearsals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's that's two three rehearsals and
+then we're going to do it you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to do it you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to do it you know we
+haven't planned this yet but I know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't planned this yet but I know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't planned this yet but I know it's
+going to be something like that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be something like that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be something like that because
+we've worked together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've worked together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've worked together
+before so but if I like I was saying on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so but if I like I was saying on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so but if I like I was saying on
+on tour I've done an hour and a half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tour I've done an hour and a half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tour I've done an hour and a half of
+rehearsal but I've had two other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsal but I've had two other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsal but I've had two other people
+that know sound painting I use them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that know sound painting I use them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that know sound painting I use them as
+an example I did a piece in in in Bona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example I did a piece in in in Bona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example I did a piece in in in Bona
+where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I
+had um 10 minutes to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people I didn't know this you know I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I didn't know this you know I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I didn't know this you know I was
+flown down from Sweden i' been given an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flown down from Sweden i' been given an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flown down from Sweden i' been given an
+award for sound painting in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award for sound painting in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award for sound painting in this
+this it's an award for theater and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's an award for theater and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's an award for theater and so I
+was given an award for my work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was given an award for my work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was given an award for my work in
+theater in sound painting and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater in sound painting and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater in sound painting and in that
+award ceremony I sound painted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award ceremony I sound painted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award ceremony I sound painted the
+audience to show show them a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience to show show them a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience to show show them a little bit
+about what I was doing and then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what I was doing and then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what I was doing and then the next
+year they were doing the the version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year they were doing the the version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year they were doing the the version of
+the Tony for kind of the Academy Awards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tony for kind of the Academy Awards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tony for kind of the Academy Awards
+of Spain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Spain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Spain
+and I didn't know that I mean I I I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't know that I mean I I I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't know that I mean I I I you
+know my French is good my Swedish is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my French is good my Swedish is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my French is good my Swedish is
+good and my Spanish is so so so I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and my Spanish is so so so I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and my Spanish is so so so I didn't
+couldn't read my contract so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't read my contract so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't read my contract so
+well so so I arrived in uh I arrived in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so so I arrived in uh I arrived in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so so I arrived in uh I arrived in
+Barcelona and a friend of mine Elsa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona and a friend of mine Elsa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona and a friend of mine Elsa
+because I had been working in Barcelona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I had been working in Barcelona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I had been working in Barcelona
+for a long time I had a poets Orchestra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time I had a poets Orchestra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time I had a poets Orchestra
+there and another sound Orchestra and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and another sound Orchestra and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and another sound Orchestra and so
+Elsa picked me up who was a clown with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elsa picked me up who was a clown with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elsa picked me up who was a clown with
+me and was driving me around and I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and was driving me around and I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and was driving me around and I see
+these big banners all over Barcelona and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big banners all over Barcelona and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big banners all over Barcelona and
+I said what is that she goes that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said what is that she goes that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said what is that she goes that's what
+you're doing you know and I said what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing you know and I said what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing you know and I said what
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+know so it was it started at 1:00 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so it was it started at 1:00 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so it was it started at 1:00 at
+night and I had I had I this is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and I had I had I this is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and I had I had I this is the only
+time I've ever been noticed and stepping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I've ever been noticed and stepping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I've ever been noticed and stepping
+out because I what I did was I brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because I what I did was I brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because I what I did was I brought
+Elsa with me and I put her back behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elsa with me and I put her back behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elsa with me and I put her back behind
+me and I walked out on stage I was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and I walked out on stage I was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and I walked out on stage I was the
+entertainment you know they had like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment you know they had like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment you know they had like you
+know eight or nine television cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know eight or nine television cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know eight or nine television cameras
+across the back people you know seven on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the back people you know seven on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the back people you know seven on
+the seven on the floor and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seven on the floor and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seven on the floor and you know the
+rest of them up in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of them up in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of them up in these
+balconies and um so I would sign to Elsa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balconies and um so I would sign to Elsa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balconies and um so I would sign to Elsa
+I just you know and when I found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just you know and when I found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just you know and when I found out
+that everybody out there was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody out there was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody out there was in the
+industry I was more comfortable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry I was more comfortable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry I was more comfortable because
+I knew I wasn't going to have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew I wasn't going to have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew I wasn't going to have a big
+conservative crowd that might you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative crowd that might you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative crowd that might you know
+have might be a little harder to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have might be a little harder to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have might be a little harder to deal
+with but it would still work so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with but it would still work so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with but it would still work so I would
+turn to Elsa and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to Elsa and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to Elsa and I would
+go and then stop and then turn to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and then stop and then turn to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and then stop and then turn to the
+audience without speaking a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience without speaking a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience without speaking a word
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+and they got it no problem I turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they got it no problem I turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they got it no problem I turn to
+Elsa I do something else I turn to Elsa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elsa I do something else I turn to Elsa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elsa I do something else I turn to Elsa
+I do something else do it back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do something else do it back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do something else do it back and forth
+to the audience and then I began the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the audience and then I began the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the audience and then I began the
+piece without telling them I was even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece without telling them I was even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece without telling them I was even
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+piece and it was really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and it was really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and it was really really
+interesting you know to have the 700
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you know to have the 700
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you know to have the 700
+people on the T when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the T when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the T when I
+scan you know and using two arms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan you know and using two arms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan you know and using two arms and
+kind of like scanning really you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like scanning really you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like scanning really you know
+you know it was just that gesture alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it was just that gesture alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it was just that gesture alone
+was really fun to work we worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really fun to work we worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really fun to work we worked out
+were really wonderful um so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really wonderful um so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really wonderful um so that the
+learning curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning curve
+is that was 13 signs right but I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that was 13 signs right but I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that was 13 signs right but I mean
+you know there you say they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there you say they're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there you say they're like
+thousands or whatever to learn all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands or whatever to learn all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands or whatever to learn all of
+them INE well that's it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them INE well that's it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them INE well that's it's a good
+question because what is a what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because what is a what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because what is a what is a
+like a really fine sound painting group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a really fine sound painting group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a really fine sound painting group
+what is the vocabulary about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the vocabulary about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the vocabulary about
+250 because if you think about it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 because if you think about it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 because if you think about it you
+know if you're going to write you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're going to write you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're going to write you're
+wrri in a novel and and the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrri in a novel and and the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrri in a novel and and the assignment
+is you know for yourself you say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know for yourself you say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know for yourself you say to
+yourself I'm going to write a novel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself I'm going to write a novel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself I'm going to write a novel that
+has every word in the English dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has every word in the English dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has every word in the English dictionary
+really not even Joyce could do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not even Joyce could do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not even Joyce could do that you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+so you don't do that you know you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't do that you know you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't do that you know you you
+don't use everything that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use everything that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use everything that's in the
+kitchen to cook dinner that night you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen to cook dinner that night you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen to cook dinner that night you
+know but the group has I mean so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but the group has I mean so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but the group has I mean so is
+there a situation where it's like oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a situation where it's like oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a situation where it's like oh I
+wish I taught them this cuz I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish I taught them this cuz I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish I taught them this cuz I'd like to
+use that now but I didn't so yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that now but I didn't so yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that now but I didn't so yeah that
+happens when I'm working GRS it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when I'm working GRS it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when I'm working GRS it's kind
+of a quick hit yeah that happens I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a quick hit yeah that happens I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a quick hit yeah that happens I have
+to sort of pull myself back a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of pull myself back a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of pull myself back a little bit
+and then and I'll catch myself doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and I'll catch myself doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and I'll catch myself doing
+something so if I make a sign that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so if I make a sign that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so if I make a sign that they
+don't know what they do learn is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what they do learn is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what they do learn is the
+gesture that The Ensemble gives back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture that The Ensemble gives back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture that The Ensemble gives back to
+me and not what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thinking it's not this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it's not this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it's not this or
+this hey what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hey what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hey what you
+doing it's uh they do this to their head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it's uh they do this to their head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it's uh they do this to their head
+and back it means resign I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back it means resign I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back it means resign I don't I
+didn't get a phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get a phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get a phrase
+so if I do come up with the gesture Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I do come up with the gesture Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I do come up with the gesture Then
+I then the number of people in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I then the number of people in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I then the number of people in The
+Ensemble just do this and I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble just do this and I'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble just do this and I'll go
+okay I'll move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll move
+on I'm sorry we have to shut it down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I'm sorry we have to shut it down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I'm sorry we have to shut it down but
+let me just say there is the FJ thing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say there is the FJ thing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say there is the FJ thing at
+5:15 some of you now are all primed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5:15 some of you now are all primed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5:15 some of you now are all primed for
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um um Walter we'll be back to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um Walter we'll be back to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um Walter we'll be back to work with
+artbark in the spring I'll let you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artbark in the spring I'll let you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artbark in the spring I'll let you all
+know about that so you can come because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about that so you can come because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about that so you can come because
+that's part of the idea you can come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the idea you can come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the idea you can come to
+rehearsals and stuff and see a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsals and stuff and see a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsals and stuff and see a bunch of
+old guys what we do with this okay uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old guys what we do with this okay uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old guys what we do with this okay uh we
+have worked with Walder before and and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked with Walder before and and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked with Walder before and and a
+lot of the my group is a core group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the my group is a core group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the my group is a core group
+that's been around for a long time so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been around for a long time so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been around for a long time so we
+will now see what our learning curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will now see what our learning curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will now see what our learning curve is
+to learn the rest of the SS with we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn the rest of the SS with we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn the rest of the SS with we
+thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/20GI4ds31nY.txt b/20GI4ds31nY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b79a0195a8bed1ec0b4c833f8ff7cb8dd277552
--- /dev/null
+++ b/20GI4ds31nY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1315 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point
+you should have had practice with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have had practice with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have had practice with these
+aspects of dna replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of dna replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of dna replication
+you should understand which the template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should understand which the template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should understand which the template
+strands are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands are
+both of them you should be able to again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them you should be able to again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them you should be able to again
+use complementarity or base pairing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use complementarity or base pairing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use complementarity or base pairing to
+fill in the opposite strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in the opposite strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in the opposite strand
+you should have some sense of what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have some sense of what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have some sense of what a
+primer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer is
+really what you need to know is it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what you need to know is it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what you need to know is it's the
+three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime
+end you add on to and you should have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you add on to and you should have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you add on to and you should have a
+sense of the direction of dna synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the direction of dna synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the direction of dna synthesis
+the three prime end addition rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three prime end addition rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three prime end addition rule
+so bearing those rules in mind and dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bearing those rules in mind and dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bearing those rules in mind and dna
+replication in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication in mind
+let us go on to our next topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us go on to our next topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us go on to our next topic
+which is that of transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that of transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that of transcription
+if you like transcription is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like transcription is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like transcription is the first
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+in the information transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the information transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the information transfer
+transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription
+produces rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces rna
+that is copied from a dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is copied from a dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is copied from a dna
+template the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template the difference
+between transcription and dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between transcription and dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between transcription and dna
+replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication
+are really two-fold firstly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really two-fold firstly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really two-fold firstly
+the rna uses uracil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rna uses uracil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rna uses uracil
+where dna uses thymine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where dna uses thymine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where dna uses thymine
+and secondly unlike the case for dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondly unlike the case for dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondly unlike the case for dna
+replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication
+only one of the strands is used as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of the strands is used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of the strands is used as a
+template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template
+so there is only one template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is only one template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is only one template
+strand let's see how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand let's see how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand let's see how it works
+let's start off again with our double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start off again with our double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start off again with our double
+stranded dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranded dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranded dna
+our gene going in anti-parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our gene going in anti-parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our gene going in anti-parallel
+arrangement five prime to three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement five prime to three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement five prime to three prime
+three prime to five prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime to five prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime to five prime
+so this is our gene it's dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our gene it's dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our gene it's dna
+as before for dna replication the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before for dna replication the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before for dna replication the
+strands are going to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands are going to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands are going to separate
+here they are five prime to three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they are five prime to three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they are five prime to three prime
+and three prime to five prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three prime to five prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three prime to five prime
+the top strand is not the template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top strand is not the template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top strand is not the template
+strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand
+in our example so we're going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our example so we're going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our example so we're going to call
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+non-template the bottom strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-template the bottom strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-template the bottom strand
+is the template strand i just made that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the template strand i just made that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the template strand i just made that
+up i could have done it the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up i could have done it the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up i could have done it the other way
+around it wouldn't have mattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it wouldn't have mattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it wouldn't have mattered
+okay but you'll see in this example why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you'll see in this example why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you'll see in this example why
+i've done it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done it this way
+that template strand is now going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that template strand is now going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that template strand is now going to be
+copied into rna in much the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied into rna in much the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied into rna in much the same way
+that dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dna
+replication takes place a different set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication takes place a different set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication takes place a different set
+of components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components
+but the complementary idea is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the complementary idea is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the complementary idea is the same
+so this template strand is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this template strand is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this template strand is now
+copied into rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied into rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied into rna
+and the rna will go five prime to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rna will go five prime to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rna will go five prime to three
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+the rna will then leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rna will then leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rna will then leave
+the template the rna leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the template the rna leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the template the rna leaves
+the template and the two strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the template and the two strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the template and the two strands
+the template and the non-template strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the template and the non-template strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the template and the non-template strand
+will come together again and they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come together again and they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come together again and they will
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+their complementary base paired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their complementary base paired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their complementary base paired
+arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement
+that is transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at a couple of slides let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a couple of slides let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a couple of slides let's
+firstly talk about the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firstly talk about the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firstly talk about the difference
+between the nucleotides in rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the nucleotides in rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the nucleotides in rna
+and dna i've told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dna i've told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dna i've told you
+one that there's uracil instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that there's uracil instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that there's uracil instead of
+thymine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thymine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thymine
+the other one that i'll point out to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one that i'll point out to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one that i'll point out to you
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ribonucleotides the ones that make rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotides the ones that make rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotides the ones that make rna
+have got an extra hydroxyl group on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got an extra hydroxyl group on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got an extra hydroxyl group on them
+they've got that two prime hydroxyl on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got that two prime hydroxyl on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got that two prime hydroxyl on
+the sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sugar
+that is not there in the deoxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not there in the deoxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not there in the deoxy
+ribonucleotides that make dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotides that make dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotides that make dna
+the deoxy in deoxyribonucleic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deoxy in deoxyribonucleic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deoxy in deoxyribonucleic
+acid refers to that two prime hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid refers to that two prime hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid refers to that two prime hydrogen
+that is a hydroxyl in the ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a hydroxyl in the ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a hydroxyl in the ribose
+okay so there is a difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there is a difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there is a difference of
+hydroxyl group as well as this uracil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl group as well as this uracil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl group as well as this uracil
+versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+thymine in the nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thymine in the nucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thymine in the nucleotides
+the reason that you care at all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that you care at all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that you care at all about
+this extra hydroxyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extra hydroxyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extra hydroxyl group
+is that it makes the ribonucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it makes the ribonucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it makes the ribonucleotides
+more reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reactive
+it makes rna less stable than dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes rna less stable than dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes rna less stable than dna
+that hydroxyl group on the two prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hydroxyl group on the two prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hydroxyl group on the two prime is
+a is a reactive group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a reactive group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a reactive group
+and rna is much less stable than dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rna is much less stable than dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rna is much less stable than dna
+so dna is a better storage material for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dna is a better storage material for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dna is a better storage material for
+the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes
+because it doesn't break down as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't break down as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't break down as much as
+rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna
+because it doesn't have this reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't have this reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't have this reactive
+two prime hydroxyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a schematic of transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a schematic of transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a schematic of transcription
+i haven't put the exact nucleotides in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i haven't put the exact nucleotides in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i haven't put the exact nucleotides in
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+but you can see template and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see template and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see template and
+non-template strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-template strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-template strand
+you can see that the rna is copied from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the rna is copied from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the rna is copied from
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+one of the strands and after it's copied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the strands and after it's copied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the strands and after it's copied
+it leaves the template and the template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leaves the template and the template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leaves the template and the template
+strands go back together again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands go back together again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands go back together again
+you should note on this slide that i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should note on this slide that i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should note on this slide that i've
+indicated a start site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated a start site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated a start site
+and a stop site for rna synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a stop site for rna synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a stop site for rna synthesis
+there is a choice and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a choice and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a choice and there are
+particular dna sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular dna sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular dna sequences
+that regulate where rna is made from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regulate where rna is made from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regulate where rna is made from
+where transcription begins and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where transcription begins and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where transcription begins and where
+transcription ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription ends
+and one thing i want to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one thing i want to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one thing i want to really
+emphasize here and you'll have practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize here and you'll have practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize here and you'll have practice
+in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment
+on this is that the complementary dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this is that the complementary dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this is that the complementary dna
+strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands
+are transcribed into different rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are transcribed into different rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are transcribed into different rnas
+you just have to do the exercise to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to do the exercise to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to do the exercise to know
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+here's a nucleic acid sequence double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a nucleic acid sequence double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a nucleic acid sequence double
+stranded dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranded dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranded dna
+if you use the top strand as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use the top strand as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use the top strand as the
+template you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template you get
+a piece of rna made if you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of rna made if you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of rna made if you use the
+bottom strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom strand
+you get another piece of rna made if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get another piece of rna made if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get another piece of rna made if you
+compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare
+the rnas that are made by flipping them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rnas that are made by flipping them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rnas that are made by flipping them
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+so that the five prime end is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the five prime end is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the five prime end is on the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+side for each of the rnas then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side for each of the rnas then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side for each of the rnas then you can
+compare them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare them
+with the correct polarity you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the correct polarity you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the correct polarity you'll see
+obviously that the two strands made from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that the two strands made from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that the two strands made from
+the two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two different
+templates are different so it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates are different so it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates are different so it really
+matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters
+in transcription which strand you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in transcription which strand you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in transcription which strand you're
+copying from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying from
+as to what the outcome will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want you now to go to this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you now to go to this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you now to go to this class
+exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise
+and practice some rules of transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and practice some rules of transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and practice some rules of transcription
+they'll be your new they'll be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be your new they'll be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be your new they'll be your
+nucleic acid rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid rules
+applied now to rna synthesis
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2t5e-6vvg48.txt b/2t5e-6vvg48.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a4fc029f11277dcd6f028c7939cf431378fad0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2t5e-6vvg48.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9619 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu uh while everybody's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh while everybody's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh while everybody's uh
+getting settled now I want to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting settled now I want to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting settled now I want to do a
+little bit of introductions this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of introductions this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of introductions this is the
+first of the CDD spring Forum series on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of the CDD spring Forum series on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of the CDD spring Forum series on
+sensing Place photography is inquiry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing Place photography is inquiry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing Place photography is inquiry and
+it's the first of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first of um
+of eight lectures this spring uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eight lectures this spring uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eight lectures this spring uh we'll
+be going every week now except for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going every week now except for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going every week now except for um
+the spring break and Patriots day but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring break and Patriots day but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring break and Patriots day but
+basically every Monday uh until May 8th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every Monday uh until May 8th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every Monday uh until May 8th
+and Alex mlan is starting us off um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alex mlan is starting us off um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alex mlan is starting us off um and
+uh next week Camilo Jose vergaro will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next week Camilo Jose vergaro will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next week Camilo Jose vergaro will be
+coming I don't know if you all know his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming I don't know if you all know his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming I don't know if you all know his
+work camoo um has been photographing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work camoo um has been photographing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work camoo um has been photographing in
+uh American inner cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh American inner cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh American inner cities
+for about 30 years and he goes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about 30 years and he goes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about 30 years and he goes back to
+the same places over time and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same places over time and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same places over time and you get
+this incredible sense of of how uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incredible sense of of how uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incredible sense of of how uh
+neighborhoods are transforming in cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods are transforming in cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods are transforming in cities
+like Canada New Jersey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Canada New Jersey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Canada New Jersey
+Philadelphia um New York Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia um New York Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia um New York Chicago
+Detroit and um he'll be followed up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detroit and um he'll be followed up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detroit and um he'll be followed up the
+following week by Lou Watts from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following week by Lou Watts from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following week by Lou Watts from a
+photographer for uh actually was born in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer for uh actually was born in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer for uh actually was born in
+Newton um but he's been living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton um but he's been living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton um but he's been living in
+Richmond uh North of San Francisco for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richmond uh North of San Francisco for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richmond uh North of San Francisco for
+quite a few years caught at Burkley and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few years caught at Burkley and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few years caught at Burkley and
+then um is now a professor at UC Santa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um is now a professor at UC Santa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um is now a professor at UC Santa
+Cruz he's using his camera he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cruz he's using his camera he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cruz he's using his camera he's
+African-American and he uses his camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American and he uses his camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American and he uses his camera
+as a way to investigate African-American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to investigate African-American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to investigate African-American
+culture uh and the relationships between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture uh and the relationships between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture uh and the relationships between
+rural places um and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural places um and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural places um and uh and
+cities it's particularly well known for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities it's particularly well known for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities it's particularly well known for
+word in West Oakland in California on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word in West Oakland in California on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word in West Oakland in California on
+April 3rd after spring break Wendy Ewald
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April 3rd after spring break Wendy Ewald
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April 3rd after spring break Wendy Ewald
+will be coming uh Wendy like Camilo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be coming uh Wendy like Camilo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be coming uh Wendy like Camilo
+varara is MacArthur fellow um she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varara is MacArthur fellow um she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varara is MacArthur fellow um she
+has uh developed her her photography uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh developed her her photography uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh developed her her photography uh
+working with children and uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with children and uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with children and uh with
+partnering with the center for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnering with the center for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnering with the center for
+documentary studies at Duke she's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary studies at Duke she's over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary studies at Duke she's over
+the past few years developed uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past few years developed uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past few years developed uh a
+program uh literacy through photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh literacy through photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh literacy through photography
+where children in um durm North Carolina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where children in um durm North Carolina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where children in um durm North Carolina
+now it's spread around the world uh use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's spread around the world uh use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's spread around the world uh use
+photography as a way of investigating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography as a way of investigating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography as a way of investigating
+their neighborhoods and um um through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their neighborhoods and um um through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their neighborhoods and um um through
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+investigation uh develop um their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation uh develop um their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation uh develop um their
+academic skills as well um and uh Wendy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic skills as well um and uh Wendy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic skills as well um and uh Wendy
+Wendy's a photographer and her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wendy's a photographer and her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wendy's a photographer and her
+photography depends on setting in motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography depends on setting in motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography depends on setting in motion
+uh these kids who are documenting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these kids who are documenting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these kids who are documenting uh
+their place and space and culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their place and space and culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their place and space and culture
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um on April 10th that will be followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on April 10th that will be followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on April 10th that will be followed
+up by our own Larry Bale and S MGA PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by our own Larry Bale and S MGA PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by our own Larry Bale and S MGA PhD
+candidate here in um cdb as well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate here in um cdb as well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate here in um cdb as well as a
+photograph young photographer named will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph young photographer named will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph young photographer named will
+Stacy from New York City um Steve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stacy from New York City um Steve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stacy from New York City um Steve and
+will have both photographed New Orleans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have both photographed New Orleans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have both photographed New Orleans
+both pre and post Katrina and they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both pre and post Katrina and they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both pre and post Katrina and they'll be
+talking about the role of Photography in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the role of Photography in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the role of Photography in
+um planning for the building getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um planning for the building getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um planning for the building getting a
+handle on on um on New Orleans and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle on on um on New Orleans and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle on on um on New Orleans and it's
+and it's rebuilding and what photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's rebuilding and what photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's rebuilding and what photography
+can contribute to this effort um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can contribute to this effort um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can contribute to this effort um on
+April 24th the next week after yes sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April 24th the next week after yes sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April 24th the next week after yes sorry
+the I'll Stand closer to Alex because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'll Stand closer to Alex because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'll Stand closer to Alex because
+he's the one that's miked up um after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's the one that's miked up um after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's the one that's miked up um after
+that will be Martin creger from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be Martin creger from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be Martin creger from the
+University of Southern California a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Southern California a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Southern California a
+planning Professor who's using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning Professor who's using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning Professor who's using
+photography to map uh ordinary systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography to map uh ordinary systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography to map uh ordinary systems
+in the city that otherwise go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the city that otherwise go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the city that otherwise go
+unnoticed he'll be followed by lesie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnoticed he'll be followed by lesie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnoticed he'll be followed by lesie
+Tuttle who uh a photographer here in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuttle who uh a photographer here in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuttle who uh a photographer here in um
+Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston
+who 35 years ago photographed villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who 35 years ago photographed villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who 35 years ago photographed villages
+in a village in turkey and then went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a village in turkey and then went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a village in turkey and then went
+back a few years ago to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a few years ago to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a few years ago to
+rephotograph and ended up tracing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rephotograph and ended up tracing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rephotograph and ended up tracing the
+diaspora of the young children that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diaspora of the young children that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diaspora of the young children that she
+knew 30 years ago uh to istan buul and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew 30 years ago uh to istan buul and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew 30 years ago uh to istan buul and
+then to London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to London
+so she'll be talking about photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she'll be talking about photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she'll be talking about photography
+as a a means of understanding culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a a means of understanding culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a a means of understanding culture
+over time and uh of seeing literally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and uh of seeing literally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and uh of seeing literally the
+changes in uh space and place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in uh space and place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in uh space and place and
+culture as these Generations move from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture as these Generations move from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture as these Generations move from
+rural Village to um to the metropolis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural Village to um to the metropolis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural Village to um to the metropolis
+and on to the United Kingdom and I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on to the United Kingdom and I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on to the United Kingdom and I'll be
+ending up with the finale on May 8th um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending up with the finale on May 8th um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending up with the finale on May 8th um
+presenting the way that I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting the way that I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting the way that I use
+photography as uh a form of inquiry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography as uh a form of inquiry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography as uh a form of inquiry and
+understanding and investigating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and investigating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and investigating
+Landscapes both urban and rural so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landscapes both urban and rural so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landscapes both urban and rural so the
+the theme of this uh spring series is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theme of this uh spring series is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theme of this uh spring series is to
+look at how photography can not just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how photography can not just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how photography can not just be
+a mode of documenting but really a mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mode of documenting but really a mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mode of documenting but really a mode
+of thinking a mode of inquiry a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking a mode of inquiry a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking a mode of inquiry a way of
+coming to understand the place of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to understand the place of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to understand the place of
+sensing Place uh that's very compatible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing Place uh that's very compatible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing Place uh that's very compatible
+with other forms of understanding be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other forms of understanding be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other forms of understanding be it
+mapping or writing or quantitative uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping or writing or quantitative uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping or writing or quantitative uh
+studies of a place and we'll be um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of a place and we'll be um all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of a place and we'll be um all
+of the folks who will be talking are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the folks who will be talking are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the folks who will be talking are
+photographers uh some of us are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers uh some of us are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers uh some of us are also
+planners and designers uh but not all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planners and designers uh but not all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planners and designers uh but not all of
+us but every photographer that's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us but every photographer that's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us but every photographer that's coming
+is working in some way with designers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working in some way with designers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working in some way with designers
+and planners uh with uh people in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and planners uh with uh people in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and planners uh with uh people in their
+environments to think about how their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments to think about how their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments to think about how their
+environment is changing um um and uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is changing um um and uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is changing um um and uh how
+one might take that understanding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might take that understanding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might take that understanding in
+order to transform lives and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to transform lives and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to transform lives and and
+spaces so without any further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces so without any further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces so without any further
+introductions uh General introductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductions uh General introductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductions uh General introductions
+I'd like to just say a few brief words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to just say a few brief words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to just say a few brief words
+about Alex mlan it's really wonderful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Alex mlan it's really wonderful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Alex mlan it's really wonderful to
+have him here this semester he's co-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have him here this semester he's co-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have him here this semester he's co-
+teing a class with me on um photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teing a class with me on um photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teing a class with me on um photography
+as inquiry and uh uh Alex's work is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as inquiry and uh uh Alex's work is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as inquiry and uh uh Alex's work is so
+really extraordinary um like Camilo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really extraordinary um like Camilo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really extraordinary um like Camilo
+vagara he's been photographing some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagara he's been photographing some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagara he's been photographing some of
+the same places now for 30 five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same places now for 30 five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same places now for 30 five years
+right and um so again he has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and um so again he has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and um so again he has this
+captured this sense of change over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured this sense of change over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured this sense of change over time
+but rather than on the ground from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather than on the ground from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather than on the ground from the
+air um he's been asked by a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air um he's been asked by a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air um he's been asked by a number of
+cities to help them get a grip on what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities to help them get a grip on what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities to help them get a grip on what's
+happening in terms of Metropolitan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in terms of Metropolitan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in terms of Metropolitan
+growth and uh an inner city change uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and uh an inner city change uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and uh an inner city change uh so
+cities of um Kansas City for example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities of um Kansas City for example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities of um Kansas City for example and
+a Dallas right Houston Houston and else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Dallas right Houston Houston and else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Dallas right Houston Houston and else
+and have asked him to come have hired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have asked him to come have hired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have asked him to come have hired
+him to come and basically the brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to come and basically the brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to come and basically the brief
+they've given him is to say tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've given him is to say tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've given him is to say tell us
+about our region what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our region what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our region what's going on here
+and he's been working with the Lincoln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's been working with the Lincoln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's been working with the Lincoln
+Land Institute uh to on a on a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Land Institute uh to on a on a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Land Institute uh to on a on a on a
+research project called visualizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research project called visualizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research project called visualizing
+density which I think he's he's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density which I think he's he's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density which I think he's he's going to
+talk about tonight um Alex's work has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about tonight um Alex's work has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about tonight um Alex's work has
+been well recognized in this country you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been well recognized in this country you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been well recognized in this country you
+can go see an exhibit at the pebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go see an exhibit at the pebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go see an exhibit at the pebody
+Essex Museum that's still up of his work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essex Museum that's still up of his work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essex Museum that's still up of his work
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+Salem and he's been widely exhibited in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salem and he's been widely exhibited in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salem and he's been widely exhibited in
+the US and abroad uh the French and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and abroad uh the French and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and abroad uh the French and the
+Italians in particular really picked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italians in particular really picked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italians in particular really picked up
+on his work and have been fascinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his work and have been fascinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his work and have been fascinated
+with what it has to say about the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what it has to say about the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what it has to say about the nature
+of American cities so without saying any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of American cities so without saying any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of American cities so without saying any
+more about your many honors and awards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about your many honors and awards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about your many honors and awards
+I'll turn the floor over to Alex welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll turn the floor over to Alex welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll turn the floor over to Alex welcome
+thank you Ann thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you Ann thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you Ann thank
+you it's uh it is amazing that I've uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's uh it is amazing that I've uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's uh it is amazing that I've uh
+actually been doing this now for uh 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been doing this now for uh 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been doing this now for uh 30
+plus uh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh oh
+turn is it um little TCH support here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn is it um little TCH support here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn is it um little TCH support here
+I'm loaded on both sides of my voice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the
+this light's on yeah yeah it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this light's on yeah yeah it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this light's on yeah yeah it should be
+should be on how about here this one too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be on how about here this one too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be on how about here this one too
+that's on oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I can always no there we go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can always no there we go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can always no there we go there
+we go I can hear it good anyway I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go I can hear it good anyway I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go I can hear it good anyway I was
+saying that um is that too loud or about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that um is that too loud or about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that um is that too loud or about
+right uh I was saying that I've been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh I was saying that I've been uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh I was saying that I've been uh
+photographing now for uh over 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographing now for uh over 30 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographing now for uh over 30 years
+uh doing aerial photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing aerial photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing aerial photography
+in all parts of this country uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all parts of this country uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all parts of this country uh over
+time and so I really started now to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so I really started now to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so I really started now to see
+my photography about flying over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my photography about flying over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my photography about flying over over
+space as well as through time and seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space as well as through time and seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space as well as through time and seeing
+changes and seeing the uh landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and seeing the uh landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and seeing the uh landscape
+evolved of course looking into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved of course looking into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved of course looking into the
+landscape you can see the evolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape you can see the evolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape you can see the evolution and
+the changing forms just in the uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changing forms just in the uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changing forms just in the uh in the
+patterns of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of the
+landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape
+um so it's been uh it's been a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's been uh it's been a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's been uh it's been a great
+experience uh the technology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience uh the technology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience uh the technology of
+Photography has changed dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography has changed dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography has changed dramatically
+since I started out uh with Cod Chrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I started out uh with Cod Chrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I started out uh with Cod Chrome
+film uh manual focus cameras uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh manual focus cameras uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh manual focus cameras uh
+autofocus was a big deal uh light meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autofocus was a big deal uh light meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autofocus was a big deal uh light meters
+that could uh auto light uh to do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could uh auto light uh to do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could uh auto light uh to do your
+exposures was a big deal especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposures was a big deal especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposures was a big deal especially
+flying uh where you um I fly myself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying uh where you um I fly myself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying uh where you um I fly myself and
+photograph at the same time so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph at the same time so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph at the same time so that was
+one less task and then do it evolve into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one less task and then do it evolve into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one less task and then do it evolve into
+uh going from E4 film to E6 film uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going from E4 film to E6 film uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going from E4 film to E6 film uh and
+then on to uh digital printing and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on to uh digital printing and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on to uh digital printing and uh
+and not being able to believe it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not being able to believe it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not being able to believe it uh
+finally digital capture and in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally digital capture and in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally digital capture and in between
+there we picked up technology of a GPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we picked up technology of a GPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we picked up technology of a GPS
+so you could track where you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could track where you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could track where you're going
+and probably the a remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably the a remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably the a remarkable
+development is the uh is Google Earth as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is the uh is Google Earth as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is the uh is Google Earth as
+far as a research tool and being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as a research tool and being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as a research tool and being able to
+verify uh where you've been but to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify uh where you've been but to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify uh where you've been but to give
+you a sense of uh the adventure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense of uh the adventure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense of uh the adventure of
+flying the discovery and the inquiry uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying the discovery and the inquiry uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying the discovery and the inquiry uh
+I'll start off with these uh giant pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll start off with these uh giant pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll start off with these uh giant pivot
+irrigators uh sort of this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigators uh sort of this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigators uh sort of this idea of
+dividing space and how the land is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing space and how the land is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing space and how the land is used
+and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and new
+technologies uh almost scaleless at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies uh almost scaleless at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies uh almost scaleless at this
+height uh the pivots are a mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height uh the pivots are a mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height uh the pivots are a mile
+across um quite a bit larger than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across um quite a bit larger than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across um quite a bit larger than you
+might think uh being about 4,000 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think uh being about 4,000 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think uh being about 4,000 feet
+above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+them uh one of the great things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh one of the great things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh one of the great things about
+photography is just the shifts of scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography is just the shifts of scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography is just the shifts of scale
+you get flying high flying low using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get flying high flying low using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get flying high flying low using
+different uh focal length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh focal length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh focal length
+lenses in and out so you can continue I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses in and out so you can continue I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses in and out so you can continue I
+mean I'm just going to try to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm just going to try to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm just going to try to make sure
+that I don't know what's wrong it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+faulty try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faulty try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faulty try
+it there how's that oh that might work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there how's that oh that might work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there how's that oh that might work
+better sounds good so here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better sounds good so here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better sounds good so here's another
+pivot irrigator with a a strip across it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot irrigator with a a strip across it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot irrigator with a a strip across it
+um the wonderful textures and the uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the wonderful textures and the uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the wonderful textures and the uh and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+light um and then just coming in closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light um and then just coming in closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light um and then just coming in closer
+and looking at details the leftover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at details the leftover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at details the leftover
+space between two uh pivot irrigators is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space between two uh pivot irrigators is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space between two uh pivot irrigators is
+making a pattern saying something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a pattern saying something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a pattern saying something about
+the uh use of the space and then even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh use of the space and then even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh use of the space and then even
+looking closer is the uh the watering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking closer is the uh the watering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking closer is the uh the watering
+arm uh stretches across the land just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm uh stretches across the land just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm uh stretches across the land just
+making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a
+pattern uh and so in looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern uh and so in looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern uh and so in looking at
+Landscapes you have to really look into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landscapes you have to really look into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landscapes you have to really look into
+the Landscapes to find your pictures uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Landscapes to find your pictures uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Landscapes to find your pictures uh
+this is down in um West Virginia and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is down in um West Virginia and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is down in um West Virginia and in
+flying finding these uh rail cars in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying finding these uh rail cars in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying finding these uh rail cars in the
+foreground here and just uh zeroing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreground here and just uh zeroing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreground here and just uh zeroing in
+on them to you know find your pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them to you know find your pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them to you know find your pictures
+within this uh broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this uh broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this uh broad
+landscape likewise the the uh the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape likewise the the uh the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape likewise the the uh the light
+is always changing circling around uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always changing circling around uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always changing circling around uh
+doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a
+360 uh being able to highlight the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360 uh being able to highlight the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360 uh being able to highlight the uh
+tracks in a marshalling yard and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks in a marshalling yard and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks in a marshalling yard and it's
+really uh you know popping it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh you know popping it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh you know popping it with the
+light so it's all part of the uh process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so it's all part of the uh process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so it's all part of the uh process
+this is the plane I use it's a skylane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the plane I use it's a skylane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the plane I use it's a skylane
+182 it cruises about 150 miles an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+182 it cruises about 150 miles an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+182 it cruises about 150 miles an hour
+you can slow it down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can slow it down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can slow it down to
+photograph uh when you come to a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph uh when you come to a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph uh when you come to a point
+of interest uh I use lens is from about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest uh I use lens is from about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest uh I use lens is from about
+24 mm out to 300 mm in focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 mm out to 300 mm in focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 mm out to 300 mm in focal
+length this is a a GPS track of a flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length this is a a GPS track of a flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length this is a a GPS track of a flight
+in uh I know I'm cutting in and out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh I know I'm cutting in and out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh I know I'm cutting in and out here
+just hold it in your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is it a distraction would it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it a distraction would it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it a distraction would it be
+better just going uh with my voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better just going uh with my voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better just going uh with my voice
+I'm I'm hearing no I'm hearing yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm hearing no I'm hearing yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm hearing no I'm hearing yes okay
+so uh let's let's try that if I'm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let's let's try that if I'm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let's let's try that if I'm uh
+turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off there we go okay good that sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off there we go okay good that sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off there we go okay good that sounds
+better thank you so anyway this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better thank you so anyway this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better thank you so anyway this is the
+GPS track here U of A flight in Kansas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS track here U of A flight in Kansas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS track here U of A flight in Kansas
+City and what you have are these nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City and what you have are these nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City and what you have are these nodes
+here just where you're circling around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just where you're circling around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just where you're circling around
+and basically the process is Discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically the process is Discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically the process is Discovery
+uh often I have uh five or six sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh often I have uh five or six sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh often I have uh five or six sites
+picked out that I know I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked out that I know I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked out that I know I want to
+photograph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then is that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is that one
+okay sorry take that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off so often what happens is while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so often what happens is while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so often what happens is while
+you're flying you'll see something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying you'll see something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying you'll see something of
+interest and you'll drift over to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and you'll drift over to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and you'll drift over to that
+and start circling that and one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start circling that and one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start circling that and one thing
+leads to another and uh you often forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to another and uh you often forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to another and uh you often forget
+what you're actually supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're actually supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're actually supposed to be
+photographing but that's that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographing but that's that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographing but that's that's sort of
+the fun part of the discovery and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fun part of the discovery and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fun part of the discovery and the
+process uh now I want to um I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh now I want to um I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh now I want to um I'm going to
+show u pictures of a project that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show u pictures of a project that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show u pictures of a project that I've
+been recently working on and mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been recently working on and mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been recently working on and mentioned
+it uh working with the uh Lincoln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh working with the uh Lincoln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh working with the uh Lincoln
+Institute of land policy uh with Julie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute of land policy uh with Julie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute of land policy uh with Julie
+campoy it's a project uh titled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campoy it's a project uh titled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campoy it's a project uh titled
+visualizing density and it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing density and it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing density and it's really
+about looking at housing densities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about looking at housing densities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about looking at housing densities the
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+between measured densities and perceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between measured densities and perceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between measured densities and perceived
+densities and what we're we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities and what we're we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities and what we're we have been
+working on is building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on is building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on is building a
+catalog of images of different housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog of images of different housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog of images of different housing
+types from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types from
+about3 units an acre up to the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about3 units an acre up to the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about3 units an acre up to the highest
+we have so far is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so far is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so far is
+220 units an acre and I was just uh run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+220 units an acre and I was just uh run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+220 units an acre and I was just uh run
+through a little of this uh this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a little of this uh this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a little of this uh this is just
+sort of a metaphor for the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a metaphor for the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a metaphor for the idea of
+density and face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and face
+um and how we perceive density what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and how we perceive density what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and how we perceive density what
+density looks like uh is it like this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density looks like uh is it like this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density looks like uh is it like this or
+or do people have in mind something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do people have in mind something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do people have in mind something like
+this when they're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when they're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when they're talking about
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um see if that will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off let's see
+sorry don't want then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry don't want then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry don't want then
+show but just click it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show but just click it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show but just click it out
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry does anyone know how to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry does anyone know how to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry does anyone know how to get rid of
+this I'm still in the slide here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm still in the slide here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm still in the slide here just
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+just there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just there we
+go anyway looking at um density um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go anyway looking at um density um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go anyway looking at um density um what
+does actually density look like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does actually density look like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does actually density look like this is
+a um 11.7 units an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um 11.7 units an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um 11.7 units an
+acre and this what would you guess this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acre and this what would you guess this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acre and this what would you guess this
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+be 11.7 units an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 11.7 units an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 11.7 units an
+acre so quite two different perceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acre so quite two different perceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acre so quite two different perceptions
+of what you might have for D how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you might have for D how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you might have for D how do we
+get rid of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suon ah thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suon ah thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suon ah thank
+you and then two another example of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then two another example of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then two another example of uh
+same number of units per acre quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number of units per acre quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number of units per acre quite
+different building typologies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different building typologies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different building typologies in
+spaces uh one of the things in measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces uh one of the things in measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces uh one of the things in measuring
+density is you really need to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is you really need to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is you really need to know what
+you're measuring we did units per acre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're measuring we did units per acre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're measuring we did units per acre
+um basically basically because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically basically because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically basically because that's
+what the zoning and the codes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the zoning and the codes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the zoning and the codes and the
+regulations go by units per acre uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations go by units per acre uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations go by units per acre uh when
+you look at the Back Bay what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the Back Bay what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the Back Bay what are you
+really talking about is for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talking about is for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talking about is for the uh
+density of the back Bay it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the back Bay it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the back Bay it really
+depends what you're actually measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends what you're actually measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends what you're actually measuring
+uh this is 30 units an acre if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is 30 units an acre if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is 30 units an acre if you go
+exclude the espano then you're up to 37
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude the espano then you're up to 37
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude the espano then you're up to 37
+units an anre and if you look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units an anre and if you look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units an anre and if you look at these
+units down by mass hav you're up to 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units down by mass hav you're up to 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units down by mass hav you're up to 70
+units an acre so there's a great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units an acre so there's a great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units an acre so there's a great deal of
+variation within the Back Bay as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation within the Back Bay as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation within the Back Bay as far as
+density what's the what's the what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density what's the what's the what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density what's the what's the what the
+what's the what's the measurement it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what's the measurement it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what's the measurement it's
+housing units per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing units per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing units per
+acre but housing unit could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acre but housing unit could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acre but housing unit could
+be living units then you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be living units then you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be living units then you might say
+regardless of the dimensions what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the dimensions what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the dimensions what that's
+correct regardless that's how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct regardless that's how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct regardless that's how it's
+measured um so this is right here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured um so this is right here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured um so this is right here at the
+end of uh massav uh obviously these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of uh massav uh obviously these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of uh massav uh obviously these
+high-rise units really pick up the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-rise units really pick up the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-rise units really pick up the uh
+the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density
+there and what we did in making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what we did in making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what we did in making the
+catalog the paper catalog is we did uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog the paper catalog is we did uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog the paper catalog is we did uh
+use four views primarily uh a block view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use four views primarily uh a block view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use four views primarily uh a block view
+in close to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in close to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in close to get
+detail uh a neighborhood View and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail uh a neighborhood View and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail uh a neighborhood View and then a
+context View and a vertical view a plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+view so the catalog is basically four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view so the catalog is basically four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view so the catalog is basically four
+pictures at of different uh neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures at of different uh neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures at of different uh neighborhood
+types we put in Street patterns to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types we put in Street patterns to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types we put in Street patterns to show
+the uh the patterns and the the patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the patterns and the the patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the patterns and the the patterns
+in the public open space really make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the public open space really make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the public open space really make
+quite a bit of difference into how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of difference into how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of difference into how we
+perceive this we have radburn at 5 units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive this we have radburn at 5 units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive this we have radburn at 5 units
+an acre and levit town at um 5 units an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acre and levit town at um 5 units an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acre and levit town at um 5 units an
+acre but if you look at the open space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acre but if you look at the open space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acre but if you look at the open space
+and the circulation pain pattern they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the circulation pain pattern they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the circulation pain pattern they're
+quite different um radburn has quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different um radburn has quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different um radburn has quite
+quite a bit of open space uh Lev town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of open space uh Lev town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of open space uh Lev town
+has these little pocket parks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these little pocket parks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these little pocket parks that are
+somewhat left over space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then just looking at the street patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just looking at the street patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just looking at the street patterns
+as the density uh levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the density uh levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the density uh levels
+increase uh you can see that the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase uh you can see that the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase uh you can see that the uh the
+street pattern gets more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street pattern gets more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street pattern gets more
+complex uh then just going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex uh then just going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex uh then just going through the
+catalog the catalog is um scheduled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog the catalog is um scheduled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog the catalog is um scheduled to
+be published as a book with uh 300 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be published as a book with uh 300 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be published as a book with uh 300 uh
+different housing in neighborhood types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different housing in neighborhood types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different housing in neighborhood types
+uh and it's also going to be published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's also going to be published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's also going to be published
+on the web which has advantages of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web which has advantages of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web which has advantages of being
+Interactive and uh being able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interactive and uh being able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interactive and uh being able to do
+searches for different elements this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches for different elements this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches for different elements this is
+uh Golden Valley Arizona AT3 units an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Golden Valley Arizona AT3 units an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Golden Valley Arizona AT3 units an
+acre and what's important here is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acre and what's important here is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acre and what's important here is in the
+catalog and in the images we mark off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog and in the images we mark off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog and in the images we mark off
+the actual area that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual area that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual area that's being
+measured so going up uh 3.6 units an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured so going up uh 3.6 units an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured so going up uh 3.6 units an
+acre Anthem Arizona again the area being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acre Anthem Arizona again the area being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acre Anthem Arizona again the area being
+measured is right here in this master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured is right here in this master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured is right here in this master
+plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+Community uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community uh
+really a a horrifying place when you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a a horrifying place when you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a a horrifying place when you see
+it from the air it's uh uh ex just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from the air it's uh uh ex just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from the air it's uh uh ex just the
+the layout of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um 5.5 units an acre uh this is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 5.5 units an acre uh this is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 5.5 units an acre uh this is on the
+edge of uh Las Vegas another just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of uh Las Vegas another just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of uh Las Vegas another just
+incredibly rapid growth area and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly rapid growth area and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly rapid growth area and you can
+see the area that's being measured is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the area that's being measured is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the area that's being measured is
+over there but somewhat the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there but somewhat the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there but somewhat the context of
+the uh of of the development this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of of the development this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of of the development this is a
+new urbanist project in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new urbanist project in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new urbanist project in
+Longmont Colorado 7.7 units an acre this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Longmont Colorado 7.7 units an acre this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Longmont Colorado 7.7 units an acre this
+is the uh the block being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measured going up to uh 23 units in acre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured going up to uh 23 units in acre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured going up to uh 23 units in acre
+Staten Island uh duplex Apartments the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staten Island uh duplex Apartments the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staten Island uh duplex Apartments the
+context and moving up here in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and moving up here in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and moving up here in the uh
+Beacon Hill 52 units an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beacon Hill 52 units an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beacon Hill 52 units an
+acre and the context there and so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acre and the context there and so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acre and the context there and so you're
+really picking up uh quite high density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really picking up uh quite high density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really picking up uh quite high density
+in a very desirable and expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very desirable and expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very desirable and expensive
+neighborhood uh and then the highest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood uh and then the highest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood uh and then the highest the
+highest count we got today is this 222
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest count we got today is this 222
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest count we got today is this 222
+units an acre San Francisco and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units an acre San Francisco and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units an acre San Francisco and the
+measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured
+area uh in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+context uh Julie and I worked on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context uh Julie and I worked on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context uh Julie and I worked on other
+projects uh together um one was U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh together um one was U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh together um one was U
+um an interchange project in uh Vermont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an interchange project in uh Vermont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an interchange project in uh Vermont
+looking at the interchanges and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the interchanges and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the interchanges and the
+zoning that's in place there now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoning that's in place there now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoning that's in place there now and
+sort of what the consequences are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what the consequences are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what the consequences are and
+this is sort of a way of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a way of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a way of using
+photography to help people visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography to help people visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography to help people visualize
+what might happen and what uh what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might happen and what uh what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might happen and what uh what are
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+scenarios uh looking at the buildout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios uh looking at the buildout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios uh looking at the buildout the
+way the zoning is now uh these random uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the zoning is now uh these random uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the zoning is now uh these random uh
+Butler buildings uh gas stations and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Butler buildings uh gas stations and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Butler buildings uh gas stations and uh
+stores another way of planning this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores another way of planning this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores another way of planning this with
+a change in zoning still getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change in zoning still getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change in zoning still getting the
+same usage but just more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Compact and then using other other tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compact and then using other other tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compact and then using other other tools
+too to help people visualize uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too to help people visualize uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too to help people visualize uh what
+space might be like uh envisioning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space might be like uh envisioning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space might be like uh envisioning a
+2,000t walk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000t walk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000t walk in
+Burlington uh versus a 2,000t walk on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burlington uh versus a 2,000t walk on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burlington uh versus a 2,000t walk on
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there uh a 2,000t walk through a uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh a 2,000t walk through a uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh a 2,000t walk through a uh sort
+of a big box uh retail type de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a big box uh retail type de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a big box uh retail type de
+development you know that's that 2,000t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development you know that's that 2,000t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development you know that's that 2,000t
+walk on the right side is next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk on the right side is next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk on the right side is next to
+impossible to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+making now this next group of slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making now this next group of slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making now this next group of slides
+what I like to do is uh sort of look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I like to do is uh sort of look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I like to do is uh sort of look at
+the urban form going from the downtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urban form going from the downtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urban form going from the downtown
+out to the uh the urban Edge and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the uh the urban Edge and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the uh the urban Edge and look at
+those development patterns this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those development patterns this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those development patterns this is
+downtown Houston uh in the foreground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown Houston uh in the foreground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown Houston uh in the foreground
+here you can see the Ship Channel going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see the Ship Channel going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see the Ship Channel going
+out towards the Galveston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out towards the Galveston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out towards the Galveston
+Bay uh this is from about 5,000 ft you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bay uh this is from about 5,000 ft you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bay uh this is from about 5,000 ft you
+get a sense of the overall expanse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense of the overall expanse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense of the overall expanse of
+the metropolitan area the various grids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metropolitan area the various grids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metropolitan area the various grids
+and the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the grid
+shifts you can see the uh the downtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts you can see the uh the downtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts you can see the uh the downtown
+uh loop and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interchanges looking down from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanges looking down from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanges looking down from that
+altitude on the on the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude on the on the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude on the on the street
+grid and then down lower at about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid and then down lower at about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid and then down lower at about uh
+th000 ft looking across towards Midtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 ft looking across towards Midtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 ft looking across towards Midtown
+this is uh downtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh downtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh downtown
+Houston and then at the edge of Houston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Houston and then at the edge of Houston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Houston and then at the edge of Houston
+the vast amount of parking and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast amount of parking and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast amount of parking and it's a
+typical uh pattern to many uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical uh pattern to many uh many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical uh pattern to many uh many
+cities uh this is Tampa Florida the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities uh this is Tampa Florida the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities uh this is Tampa Florida the same
+type of thing if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of thing if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of thing if you look at the
+high-rise area you can see the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-rise area you can see the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-rise area you can see the uh
+parking around the the outskirts in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking around the the outskirts in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking around the the outskirts in this
+gray area in the foreground uh uh public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray area in the foreground uh uh public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray area in the foreground uh uh public
+housing uh and uh the highways coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing uh and uh the highways coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing uh and uh the highways coming in
+really creating a a gray Zone around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really creating a a gray Zone around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really creating a a gray Zone around the
+central part of the city um same type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central part of the city um same type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central part of the city um same type of
+pattern in uh St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern in uh St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern in uh St
+Louis uh you could uh see this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louis uh you could uh see this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louis uh you could uh see this whole
+blighted area white flight uh the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blighted area white flight uh the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blighted area white flight uh the what
+is now becoming an urban Forest where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now becoming an urban Forest where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now becoming an urban Forest where
+the old puit IO site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was and then the leftover infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and then the leftover infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and then the leftover infrastructure
+that you have from this white flight um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have from this white flight um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have from this white flight um
+this is in Kansas City part of the parks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in Kansas City part of the parks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in Kansas City part of the parks
+kesler's parks and Boulevard system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kesler's parks and Boulevard system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kesler's parks and Boulevard system you
+have just a few scattering Apartments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a few scattering Apartments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a few scattering Apartments
+which was once in the whole street was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was once in the whole street was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was once in the whole street was
+lined on both sides and so we've left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined on both sides and so we've left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined on both sides and so we've left
+behind a lot of this infrastructure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind a lot of this infrastructure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind a lot of this infrastructure in
+our inner cities one thing you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our inner cities one thing you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our inner cities one thing you are
+seeing it is now in I would say starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it is now in I would say starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it is now in I would say starting
+in um about the mid 90s you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um about the mid 90s you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um about the mid 90s you really
+started seeing a re uh reinvestment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started seeing a re uh reinvestment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started seeing a re uh reinvestment on
+the inner part of the city uh here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner part of the city uh here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner part of the city uh here on
+Cleveland you have this new housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cleveland you have this new housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cleveland you have this new housing
+project uh going in it's a uh taking on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh going in it's a uh taking on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh going in it's a uh taking on
+though a very sort of suburban looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though a very sort of suburban looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though a very sort of suburban looking
+uh look to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+IT Major Redevelopment uh project uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IT Major Redevelopment uh project uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IT Major Redevelopment uh project uh on
+the edge of uh Denver on the Cheyenne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge of uh Denver on the Cheyenne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge of uh Denver on the Cheyenne
+River you can actually see part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+River you can actually see part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+River you can actually see part of the
+amenity is a kayak run here and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amenity is a kayak run here and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amenity is a kayak run here and just
+eventually will be filled in with mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually will be filled in with mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually will be filled in with mixed
+use apartments and uh uh residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use apartments and uh uh residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use apartments and uh uh residential
+office type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office type
+buildings one of the uh typology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings one of the uh typology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings one of the uh typology that
+you see coming into the inner city are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see coming into the inner city are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see coming into the inner city are
+these wrapped structured parking garages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wrapped structured parking garages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wrapped structured parking garages
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apartments and then as you go out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartments and then as you go out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartments and then as you go out to the
+outer beyond the first ring uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer beyond the first ring uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer beyond the first ring uh
+neighborhoods you come to the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods you come to the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods you come to the uh the
+typical Beltway Ring Road and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical Beltway Ring Road and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical Beltway Ring Road and sort of
+the new urban development of uh single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new urban development of uh single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new urban development of uh single
+use uh type of spread out development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh type of spread out development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh type of spread out development
+and it's interesting this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's interesting this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's interesting this type of
+pattern it be it's really hard to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern it be it's really hard to uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern it be it's really hard to uh uh
+identify what part of the country you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify what part of the country you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify what part of the country you're
+in other than through the vegetation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other than through the vegetation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other than through the vegetation
+it's just this homogeneous looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just this homogeneous looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just this homogeneous looking
+landscape this actually uh well does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape this actually uh well does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape this actually uh well does
+anyone take a guess where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone take a guess where this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone take a guess where this is
+it's it's it's impossible to tell this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's impossible to tell this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's impossible to tell this
+is happens to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Michigan and the other Edge City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan and the other Edge City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan and the other Edge City
+condition the big office uh Towers out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the big office uh Towers out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the big office uh Towers out
+on the on the ring this is Tyson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the ring this is Tyson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the ring this is Tyson's
+Corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corner
+Virginia the neighborhoods looking down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virginia the neighborhoods looking down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virginia the neighborhoods looking down
+uh from about 5,000 ft you can see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from about 5,000 ft you can see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from about 5,000 ft you can see all
+these enclaved communities uh none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these enclaved communities uh none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these enclaved communities uh none of
+the neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhoods
+interconnected on the street street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected on the street street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected on the street street
+pattern ah keep hitting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing then the other thing you see with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then the other thing you see with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then the other thing you see with
+your neighbor neighborhoods is how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your neighbor neighborhoods is how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your neighbor neighborhoods is how we
+were segregated the stratified uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were segregated the stratified uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were segregated the stratified uh the uh
+the subdivisions of of a particular a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subdivisions of of a particular a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subdivisions of of a particular a
+building type and so you had uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building type and so you had uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building type and so you had uh
+stratified by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+income this is large very large houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income this is large very large houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income this is large very large houses
+in sharland Texas and it works P you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sharland Texas and it works P you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sharland Texas and it works P you
+know it works well as a picture with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it works well as a picture with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it works well as a picture with the
+cultist acts over had the water feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultist acts over had the water feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultist acts over had the water feature
+is really a retention basins for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a retention basins for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a retention basins for the
+development which works as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development which works as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development which works as an
+amenity and of course uh with these big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amenity and of course uh with these big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amenity and of course uh with these big
+Mega houses uh you come into the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mega houses uh you come into the issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mega houses uh you come into the issues
+of uh energy use just to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh energy use just to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh energy use just to run
+them and then there's u a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then there's u a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then there's u a big
+fascination with the uh the lawn this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascination with the uh the lawn this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascination with the uh the lawn this is
+out here in Massachusetts uh where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here in Massachusetts uh where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here in Massachusetts uh where the
+LOM is being dumped on the on the yards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LOM is being dumped on the on the yards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LOM is being dumped on the on the yards
+to be spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+uh huge amount of Lawns they say there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh huge amount of Lawns they say there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh huge amount of Lawns they say there's
+uh the lawn area in this country equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the lawn area in this country equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the lawn area in this country equals
+the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mississippi which is sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mississippi which is sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mississippi which is sort of an
+incredible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible uh
+statistic uh looking at the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic uh looking at the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic uh looking at the back
+backyards in in a subdivision Kansas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backyards in in a subdivision Kansas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backyards in in a subdivision Kansas
+City and sort of the typical American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City and sort of the typical American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City and sort of the typical American
+mowing his on with this trophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mowing his on with this trophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mowing his on with this trophy
+pool uh it's interesting that um as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool uh it's interesting that um as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool uh it's interesting that um as far
+as as an environmental energy issue uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as an environmental energy issue uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as an environmental energy issue uh
+we use 800 million gallons of gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use 800 million gallons of gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use 800 million gallons of gasoline
+to uh mower yards a year and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh mower yards a year and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh mower yards a year and it
+apparently attributes uh uh 5% of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently attributes uh uh 5% of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently attributes uh uh 5% of our
+air pollution comes from uh lawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air pollution comes from uh lawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air pollution comes from uh lawn
+maintenance uh since the machines are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance uh since the machines are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance uh since the machines are so
+dirty um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty um
+and then the other statistic with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other statistic with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other statistic with that
+is that we spill 2 and a half% of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we spill 2 and a half% of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we spill 2 and a half% of the uh
+fuel that we put into the tanks which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel that we put into the tanks which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel that we put into the tanks which
+equals a little more than the Valdes oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a little more than the Valdes oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a little more than the Valdes oil
+spill per year uh filium so that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spill per year uh filium so that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spill per year uh filium so that's not
+getting into the uh the fertilizers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into the uh the fertilizers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into the uh the fertilizers and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pesticides this is in New Jersey near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pesticides this is in New Jersey near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pesticides this is in New Jersey near
+Princeton just you know the extent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton just you know the extent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton just you know the extent of
+how spread out we are in our uh outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how spread out we are in our uh outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how spread out we are in our uh outer
+areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+um it's quite incredible just blanketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's quite incredible just blanketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's quite incredible just blanketing
+this very rich and productive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very rich and productive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very rich and productive uh
+Farmland in the center of this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farmland in the center of this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farmland in the center of this picture
+is a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a small
+Hamlet and when you look at this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamlet and when you look at this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamlet and when you look at this you
+really realize how long it takes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really realize how long it takes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really realize how long it takes people
+to get in and out of their uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in and out of their uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in and out of their uh uh
+property the the making of soccer moms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property the the making of soccer moms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property the the making of soccer moms
+and isolating kids in neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and isolating kids in neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and isolating kids in neighborhoods
+totally dependent on their parents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally dependent on their parents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally dependent on their parents and
+also discriminating against the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also discriminating against the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also discriminating against the uh
+elderly which who might no longer be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+driving you get a real sense in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving you get a real sense in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving you get a real sense in a lot of
+these projects how fast the change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these projects how fast the change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these projects how fast the change is
+coming to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to the
+landscape uh new housing going in out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape uh new housing going in out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape uh new housing going in out in
+California you just feel the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California you just feel the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California you just feel the intensity
+of uh how it's being built out this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh how it's being built out this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh how it's being built out this is
+sort of the ultimate of that uh new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the ultimate of that uh new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the ultimate of that uh new
+housing going in in U uh Las Vegas real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing going in in U uh Las Vegas real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing going in in U uh Las Vegas real
+production housing uh it also speaks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production housing uh it also speaks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production housing uh it also speaks to
+the standardization in building housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standardization in building housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standardization in building housing
+which also causes uh for a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also causes uh for a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also causes uh for a lot of the
+monotony and boredom uh in these types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotony and boredom uh in these types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotony and boredom uh in these types
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+projects exurban development cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects exurban development cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects exurban development cutting
+down a hillside uh between Oakland and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a hillside uh between Oakland and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a hillside uh between Oakland and
+Livermore for a new Housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Development this is south of Salt Lake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development this is south of Salt Lake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development this is south of Salt Lake
+City another exurban development going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City another exurban development going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City another exurban development going
+in one agricultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one agricultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one agricultural
+lands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lands
+between Tucson and Phoenix have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Tucson and Phoenix have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Tucson and Phoenix have
+manufactured housing and you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured housing and you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured housing and you really
+sense in these places sometimes we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in these places sometimes we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in these places sometimes we like
+warehousing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people the conflict between uh housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the conflict between uh housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the conflict between uh housing
+and agricultural lands shows up in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and agricultural lands shows up in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and agricultural lands shows up in this
+picture uh housing encroaching on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh housing encroaching on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh housing encroaching on this
+pivot irrigator sort of a a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot irrigator sort of a a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot irrigator sort of a a constant
+tension uh looking at U the Cash Valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension uh looking at U the Cash Valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension uh looking at U the Cash Valley
+in um in north of uh Salt Lake City very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um in north of uh Salt Lake City very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um in north of uh Salt Lake City very
+rich agricultural land all irrigated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich agricultural land all irrigated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich agricultural land all irrigated uh
+but the land is being fragmented by new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the land is being fragmented by new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the land is being fragmented by new
+developments what you see are little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments what you see are little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments what you see are little uh
+up in the top there are two sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the top there are two sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the top there are two sort of
+Mormon towns uh very densely set settled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mormon towns uh very densely set settled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mormon towns uh very densely set settled
+once with very defined Urban Edge but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once with very defined Urban Edge but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once with very defined Urban Edge but
+now it's being fragmented by uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's being fragmented by uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's being fragmented by uh uh
+schools Office Buildings and and random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools Office Buildings and and random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools Office Buildings and and random
+apartment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blocks this is actually the uh growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks this is actually the uh growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks this is actually the uh growth
+boundary in outside of Portland OR on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary in outside of Portland OR on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary in outside of Portland OR on
+the Portland Edge you have the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Portland Edge you have the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Portland Edge you have the uh
+obviously the rur on the right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the rur on the right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the rur on the right and the
+growth boundar is really actually a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth boundar is really actually a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth boundar is really actually a very
+interesting tool in Portland is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting tool in Portland is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting tool in Portland is an
+interesting place to look and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting place to look and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting place to look and uh
+photograph um the growth boundary seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph um the growth boundary seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph um the growth boundary seems
+to work much better on the outside what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work much better on the outside what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work much better on the outside what
+it's preserving what's going on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's preserving what's going on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's preserving what's going on the
+inside you still see uh a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside you still see uh a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside you still see uh a lot of the
+similar sort of suburban sprawl like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar sort of suburban sprawl like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar sort of suburban sprawl like uh
+development and just the extent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and just the extent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and just the extent of the
+outside edges of these cities this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside edges of these cities this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside edges of these cities this is in
+uh Phoenix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Phoenix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Phoenix
+Arizona another view looking across and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arizona another view looking across and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arizona another view looking across and
+you just you get the sense of how filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just you get the sense of how filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just you get the sense of how filled
+in the space is with uh this type of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space is with uh this type of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space is with uh this type of uh
+housing looking at the retail component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing looking at the retail component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing looking at the retail component
+of the urban Edge uh large shopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the urban Edge uh large shopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the urban Edge uh large shopping
+malls uh incredible amount of asphalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malls uh incredible amount of asphalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malls uh incredible amount of asphalt
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+parking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking
+uh huge shopping malls located way out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh huge shopping malls located way out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh huge shopping malls located way out
+for cheap land to take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cheap land to take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cheap land to take advantage of
+cheap land this is Katie Mills outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap land this is Katie Mills outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap land this is Katie Mills outside
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+Houston uh and then around the edge it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Houston uh and then around the edge it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Houston uh and then around the edge it
+hasn't been fully built out it's planned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been fully built out it's planned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been fully built out it's planned
+for big box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for big box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for big box
+stores uh such as this and you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores uh such as this and you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores uh such as this and you when
+thinking back about the box stores I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking back about the box stores I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking back about the box stores I
+think they came sometime in about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they came sometime in about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they came sometime in about the
+mid 80s here into the New England area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid 80s here into the New England area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid 80s here into the New England area
+but people said the like Starbucks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people said the like Starbucks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people said the like Starbucks the
+big box stores are coming and you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big box stores are coming and you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big box stores are coming and you really
+didn't know what they were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what they were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what they were talking about
+and they really arrived fairly fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they really arrived fairly fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they really arrived fairly fast
+similar to the three car garage all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the three car garage all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the three car garage all
+these sort of types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of types of
+developments came came at an alarming uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments came came at an alarming uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments came came at an alarming uh
+fast rate and then of course it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast rate and then of course it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast rate and then of course it was the
+backlash where people tried to disguise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlash where people tried to disguise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlash where people tried to disguise
+them such as this store here uh with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them such as this store here uh with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them such as this store here uh with a
+nice faux uh Colonial Village or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice faux uh Colonial Village or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice faux uh Colonial Village or
+whatever uh and then another type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh and then another type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh and then another type of
+Disguise was to have uh you know bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disguise was to have uh you know bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disguise was to have uh you know bring
+back Main Street to our uh to our retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back Main Street to our uh to our retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back Main Street to our uh to our retail
+areas but then when see where it is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas but then when see where it is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas but then when see where it is uh
+you know it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's just
+uh total uh phony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+urbanism and it's uh you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism and it's uh you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism and it's uh you know it
+predominates across all our institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominates across all our institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominates across all our institutions
+uh this church in the foreground here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this church in the foreground here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this church in the foreground here is
+really just an extension of the strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just an extension of the strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just an extension of the strip
+obviously a parking lot uh that is meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a parking lot uh that is meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a parking lot uh that is meant
+for just one day a week probably half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for just one day a week probably half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for just one day a week probably half a
+day one day a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one day a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one day a
+week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+and with this comes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with this comes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with this comes the
+uh our transportation system the highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our transportation system the highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our transportation system the highway
+uh usually failing uh between Rush Hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh usually failing uh between Rush Hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh usually failing uh between Rush Hour
+uh for a number of reasons one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for a number of reasons one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for a number of reasons one is the
+infastructure is crumbling it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infastructure is crumbling it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infastructure is crumbling it's always
+being repaired causing backups uh lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being repaired causing backups uh lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being repaired causing backups uh lack
+of capacity and also uh accidents uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capacity and also uh accidents uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capacity and also uh accidents uh
+clogging it and um when you speak of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clogging it and um when you speak of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clogging it and um when you speak of
+accidents uh for ,000 plus deaths a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents uh for ,000 plus deaths a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents uh for ,000 plus deaths a year
+which is really a phenomenal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really a phenomenal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really a phenomenal
+figure of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+casualties the mentality of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casualties the mentality of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casualties the mentality of trying to
+pave your way out of uh these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pave your way out of uh these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pave your way out of uh these types of
+congestion this is right here over in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Medford and along with this is the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medford and along with this is the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medford and along with this is the air
+pollution that goes with it this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution that goes with it this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution that goes with it this is in
+California and you really realize how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and you really realize how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and you really realize how
+thin are atmosphere is uh when you fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin are atmosphere is uh when you fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin are atmosphere is uh when you fly
+at uh 10,000 well at 12 125 you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh 10,000 well at 12 125 you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh 10,000 well at 12 125 you really
+need to start using oxygen after a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to start using oxygen after a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to start using oxygen after a half
+an hour of flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour of flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour of flight
+time uh so it's really a very thin veil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh so it's really a very thin veil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh so it's really a very thin veil
+in a limited uh sink to be pouring uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a limited uh sink to be pouring uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a limited uh sink to be pouring uh
+CO2 into which I think sometimes we fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 into which I think sometimes we fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 into which I think sometimes we fail
+to forget when we look up through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to forget when we look up through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to forget when we look up through the
+blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue
+skies and the moral of the story here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skies and the moral of the story here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skies and the moral of the story here is
+you know the way we're laid out is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the way we're laid out is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the way we're laid out is we
+really can't help uh but waste uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't help uh but waste uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't help uh but waste uh
+energy the probably the good news is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the probably the good news is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the probably the good news is
+that there are so many ways to save it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are so many ways to save it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are so many ways to save it
+very easy way low hanging fruit so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy way low hanging fruit so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy way low hanging fruit so to
+speak now the next set of slides I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak now the next set of slides I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak now the next set of slides I want
+to show you is from Italy I was there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you is from Italy I was there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you is from Italy I was there uh
+at the American Academy of Rome in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the American Academy of Rome in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the American Academy of Rome in uh
+2003 2004 as a landscape fellow and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 2004 as a landscape fellow and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 2004 as a landscape fellow and my
+project was to look at the Italian Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project was to look at the Italian Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project was to look at the Italian Urban
+Edge and it's just sort of a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge and it's just sort of a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge and it's just sort of a fun
+comparison now to see these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison now to see these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison now to see these two
+different um uh cultural landscapes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um uh cultural landscapes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um uh cultural landscapes so
+to speak um it was quite difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak um it was quite difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak um it was quite difficult
+flying in Italy uh uh figuring out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying in Italy uh uh figuring out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying in Italy uh uh figuring out how
+to uh get up in the air I did it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh get up in the air I did it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh get up in the air I did it a
+variety ways uh Piper Cubs ultral lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety ways uh Piper Cubs ultral lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety ways uh Piper Cubs ultral lights
+and uh police helicopters from the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh police helicopters from the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh police helicopters from the city
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Rome but um there were frustrations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rome but um there were frustrations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rome but um there were frustrations the
+little airports uh would close at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little airports uh would close at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little airports uh would close at the
+middle the day for 2 hours for Siesta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle the day for 2 hours for Siesta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle the day for 2 hours for Siesta
+this like a concept I couldn't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like a concept I couldn't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like a concept I couldn't believe
+because it meant you couldn't leave at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it meant you couldn't leave at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it meant you couldn't leave at
+11:00 because the airport be closed when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11:00 because the airport be closed when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11:00 because the airport be closed when
+you want to come back so it was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to come back so it was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to come back so it was there
+were a lot of quirks anyway flying off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a lot of quirks anyway flying off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a lot of quirks anyway flying off
+just uh I flew out of vuro which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh I flew out of vuro which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh I flew out of vuro which was
+North about 50 Mi north of Rome and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North about 50 Mi north of Rome and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North about 50 Mi north of Rome and you
+know some of the things that you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some of the things that you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some of the things that you saw
+from the air were just incredible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the air were just incredible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the air were just incredible uh
+this is an abandoned Hilltown going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an abandoned Hilltown going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an abandoned Hilltown going up
+up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh
+orvietto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orvietto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orvietto
+u a Hilltown right on the edge and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u a Hilltown right on the edge and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u a Hilltown right on the edge and then
+for for the theme of the project looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the theme of the project looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the theme of the project looking
+at the urban Edge this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the urban Edge this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the urban Edge this is really
+obviously one of the sharpest edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously one of the sharpest edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously one of the sharpest edges
+you'll see where it literally falls off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see where it literally falls off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see where it literally falls off
+a cliff onto this uh beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cliff onto this uh beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cliff onto this uh beautiful
+agriculture land going up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture land going up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture land going up to
+Pienza uh you can see the older part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pienza uh you can see the older part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pienza uh you can see the older part of
+the city and how the new expansion going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city and how the new expansion going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city and how the new expansion going
+out flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out flying
+along the edge of the downtown is was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the edge of the downtown is was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the edge of the downtown is was
+really uh quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amazing again another view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing again another view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing again another view of
+uh uh Pienza looking at the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Pienza looking at the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Pienza looking at the new
+expansion on the outside typical uh of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion on the outside typical uh of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion on the outside typical uh of a
+lot of these Italian towns as you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these Italian towns as you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these Italian towns as you'll see
+industrial parks off onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial parks off onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial parks off onto the
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+uh the countryside which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the countryside which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the countryside which is really
+preserved well it's all part of agrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved well it's all part of agrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved well it's all part of agrial
+Tourism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tourism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tourism
+uh Tuscany subsidizes a lot of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Tuscany subsidizes a lot of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Tuscany subsidizes a lot of the uh
+sheep and flower field production to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep and flower field production to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep and flower field production to
+encourage uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tourism this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tourism this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tourism this is uh
+capara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capara
+um looking at the fesi palace at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um looking at the fesi palace at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um looking at the fesi palace at the
+base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here another uh older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here another uh older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here another uh older
+um Hilltown right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Hilltown right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Hilltown right
+here caban and the new growth around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here caban and the new growth around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here caban and the new growth around
+it another look at the newer extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it another look at the newer extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it another look at the newer extension
+to the older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Town looking down at the uh patas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Town looking down at the uh patas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Town looking down at the uh patas and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+parking it was interesting in all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking it was interesting in all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking it was interesting in all these
+hilltowns you've never see an SUV or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilltowns you've never see an SUV or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilltowns you've never see an SUV or a
+big car they' sort of gotten filtered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big car they' sort of gotten filtered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big car they' sort of gotten filtered
+out by the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by the street
+sizes uh though you would see them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes uh though you would see them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes uh though you would see them in
+the uh country area this is for Turbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh country area this is for Turbo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh country area this is for Turbo
+and the sort of extensive new uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sort of extensive new uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sort of extensive new uh uh
+housing that's been built up over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing that's been built up over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing that's been built up over time
+and it took me quite a while I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it took me quite a while I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it took me quite a while I couldn't
+quite figure out what was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite figure out what was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite figure out what was really
+different about this landscape this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about this landscape this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about this landscape this type
+of Housing and it it took a little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Housing and it it took a little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Housing and it it took a little while
+to realize that there are no Lawns it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to realize that there are no Lawns it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to realize that there are no Lawns it's
+just the no lawn culture completely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the no lawn culture completely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the no lawn culture completely and
+it really uh I think it enhances the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really uh I think it enhances the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really uh I think it enhances the
+look of the landscape uh with the olive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Groves every once in a while you'd see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Groves every once in a while you'd see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Groves every once in a while you'd see
+uh sort of this totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of this totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of this totally
+non-italian type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um just another sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just another sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just another sort of
+Hilltown a little village and again sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilltown a little village and again sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilltown a little village and again sort
+of the growth new growth pattern around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the growth new growth pattern around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the growth new growth pattern around
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+edge this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge this is
+toon looking out and again the sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toon looking out and again the sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toon looking out and again the sharp
+edge and how well the land is preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and how well the land is preserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and how well the land is preserved
+even though uh here it's not falling off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though uh here it's not falling off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though uh here it's not falling off
+a cliff it's uh developable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cliff it's uh developable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cliff it's uh developable
+developable um another view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to here the expansion off of the older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here the expansion off of the older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here the expansion off of the older
+part of town in the distance there above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of town in the distance there above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of town in the distance there above
+the town you can see their Industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Park these beautiful tight clustered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hamlets another uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hilltown again the uh preserved area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilltown again the uh preserved area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilltown again the uh preserved area
+right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edge looking at the expansion of yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge looking at the expansion of yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge looking at the expansion of yet
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+Hilltown uh coming out out you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilltown uh coming out out you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilltown uh coming out out you can see
+the lack of lawns in the uh 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lack of lawns in the uh 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lack of lawns in the uh 20th century
+housing there here you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing there here you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing there here you're looking at the
+uh older medieval village and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh older medieval village and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh older medieval village and then the
+Renaissance extension and then going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renaissance extension and then going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renaissance extension and then going out
+to the uh uh 19th and 20th Century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+development this is Cortona you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development this is Cortona you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development this is Cortona you have the
+uh grave cemetery on the outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh grave cemetery on the outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh grave cemetery on the outside of
+town the valley the general landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town the valley the general landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town the valley the general landscape
+around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+Cemetery just flying over one of the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cemetery just flying over one of the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cemetery just flying over one of the you
+can't help yourself when you fly and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't help yourself when you fly and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't help yourself when you fly and you
+see these uh these patterns this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these uh these patterns this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these uh these patterns this is just
+a little rise in the soil there and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little rise in the soil there and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little rise in the soil there and it's
+dried out creating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dried out creating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dried out creating the
+pattern little farm Hamlet some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern little farm Hamlet some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern little farm Hamlet some of the
+buildings associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it another Industrial Park very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it another Industrial Park very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it another Industrial Park very
+densely put together compared to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densely put together compared to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densely put together compared to an
+American Industrial Park the buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Industrial Park the buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Industrial Park the buildings
+are all clustered tightly uh together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all clustered tightly uh together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all clustered tightly uh together
+you do see random big boxes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do see random big boxes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do see random big boxes on the
+landscape and it really does bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape and it really does bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape and it really does bring
+down the the overall appearance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the the overall appearance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the the overall appearance of the
+landscape when you see that this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape when you see that this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape when you see that this next
+series is going to be a uh a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is going to be a uh a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is going to be a uh a series of
+pictures going in and flying around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures going in and flying around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures going in and flying around
+Rome I start picking up sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rome I start picking up sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rome I start picking up sort of uh
+American and looking uh housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American and looking uh housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American and looking uh housing
+developments and housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments and housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments and housing
+plots uh apartment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots uh apartment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots uh apartment
+buildings as you get closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings as you get closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings as you get closer
+in this is Corby alley it's uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this is Corby alley it's uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this is Corby alley it's uh an
+apartment complex uh a kilometer long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment complex uh a kilometer long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment complex uh a kilometer long
+it's the longest building in the uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the longest building in the uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the longest building in the uh in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+world uh very much like uh older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh very much like uh older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh very much like uh older
+American public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American public
+housing uh very rund down and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing uh very rund down and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing uh very rund down and uh
+non-desirable place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-desirable place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-desirable place to
+live or be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quarantined this is Richard Meyers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarantined this is Richard Meyers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarantined this is Richard Meyers
+Jubilee Church interesting sighting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jubilee Church interesting sighting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jubilee Church interesting sighting for
+it in the foreground on the outskirts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the foreground on the outskirts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the foreground on the outskirts of
+Rome more Apartments very dense uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rome more Apartments very dense uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rome more Apartments very dense uh
+Apartments you can see uh the Vatican in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apartments you can see uh the Vatican in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apartments you can see uh the Vatican in
+the upper right hand corner to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper right hand corner to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper right hand corner to get a
+sense of how far you're out from the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how far you're out from the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how far you're out from the uh
+the downtown again these are all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downtown again these are all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downtown again these are all about
+six and uh 8 story apartment buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and uh 8 story apartment buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and uh 8 story apartment buildings
+in just incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just incredible
+densities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh back on the outside uh or actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh back on the outside uh or actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh back on the outside uh or actually we
+were pretty much on the on the far Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty much on the on the far Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty much on the on the far Edge
+anyway just inside the um gr that runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway just inside the um gr that runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway just inside the um gr that runs
+around the ring road that runs around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the ring road that runs around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the ring road that runs around
+Rome an interesting thing here is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rome an interesting thing here is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rome an interesting thing here is how
+narrow the RightWay is along the roadway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow the RightWay is along the roadway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow the RightWay is along the roadway
+uh going around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going around
+some of the open space there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the open space there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the open space there's a lot of
+there are quite a few fingers of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are quite a few fingers of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are quite a few fingers of open
+space that go into the city uh including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that go into the city uh including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that go into the city uh including
+the U Aqueduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U Aqueduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U Aqueduct
+Park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh quite a quite a contrast in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quite a quite a contrast in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quite a quite a contrast in time and
+period uh between the gulf course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period uh between the gulf course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period uh between the gulf course and
+the aqueduct and of course the beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aqueduct and of course the beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aqueduct and of course the beautiful
+umbrella Pines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+umbrella Pines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+umbrella Pines
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+there so that's what I brought I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that's what I brought I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that's what I brought I'd be
+glad to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions what uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions what uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions what uh when
+you are asked by a city like St Kansas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are asked by a city like St Kansas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are asked by a city like St Kansas
+City to come and fly around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City to come and fly around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City to come and fly around and
+photograph and then report back about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph and then report back about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph and then report back about
+what you found there what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you found there what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you found there what what's the
+response that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that you get
+what what has been the reaction that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what has been the reaction that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what has been the reaction that you
+get first of all immediately and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get first of all immediately and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get first of all immediately and then
+are you aware of any impacts that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you aware of any impacts that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you aware of any impacts that uh
+your work has had in those cities on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work has had in those cities on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work has had in those cities on
+their planning process well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their planning process well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their planning process well it's
+um usually published uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um usually published uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um usually published uh right
+afterwards as you know we did a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards as you know we did a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards as you know we did a public
+PR presentation together um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR presentation together um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR presentation together um which is
+great feedback um some some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great feedback um some some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great feedback um some some of the
+issues um in the Kansas City project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues um in the Kansas City project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues um in the Kansas City project
+what we were looking at is um sustaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were looking at is um sustaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were looking at is um sustaining
+sense of region and sort of uh looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of region and sort of uh looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of region and sort of uh looking
+at the natural features the historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the natural features the historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the natural features the historical
+features and then looking at elements uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and then looking at elements uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and then looking at elements uh
+that were homogenizing that landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were homogenizing that landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were homogenizing that landscape
+and uh I think it I think it brings a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I think it I think it brings a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I think it I think it brings a
+lot of awareness of what's going on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of awareness of what's going on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of awareness of what's going on both
+for what's there one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's there one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's there one of the things that
+was interesting in Kansas city is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interesting in Kansas city is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interesting in Kansas city is just
+the perception of the flood plane along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perception of the flood plane along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perception of the flood plane along
+the Missouri because it's fairly narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Missouri because it's fairly narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Missouri because it's fairly narrow
+it's not populated people cross it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not populated people cross it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not populated people cross it on
+its narrow Edge but if you go the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its narrow Edge but if you go the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its narrow Edge but if you go the length
+of it it's it's hugely extensive it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it it's it's hugely extensive it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it it's it's hugely extensive it has
+beautiful dikes uh one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful dikes uh one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful dikes uh one of the things
+that I thought had great potential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I thought had great potential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I thought had great potential for
+uh a linear park space along the tops of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a linear park space along the tops of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a linear park space along the tops of
+those but just you know creating some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but just you know creating some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but just you know creating some of
+these awareness that people aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these awareness that people aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these awareness that people aren't
+really aware of because of how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really aware of because of how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really aware of because of how they
+perceived it from the ground and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived it from the ground and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived it from the ground and of
+course it's just the new development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's just the new development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's just the new development
+that's happening in the uh loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happening in the uh loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happening in the uh loss of
+agricultural land um and um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural land um and um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural land um and um you know
+that whole airport condition when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole airport condition when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole airport condition when you
+get out of the new city and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of the new city and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of the new city and you're
+driving out of the airport it looks all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving out of the airport it looks all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving out of the airport it looks all
+the same people are very very much sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same people are very very much sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same people are very very much sort
+of aware and how far that that is gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aware and how far that that is gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aware and how far that that is gone
+and then also a lot of the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also a lot of the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also a lot of the sort of the
+unique things um in the case of Kansas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique things um in the case of Kansas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique things um in the case of Kansas
+City just you know they're probably uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City just you know they're probably uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City just you know they're probably uh
+five to six huge marshalling yards how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to six huge marshalling yards how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to six huge marshalling yards how
+big the rail industry there is there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big the rail industry there is there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big the rail industry there is there and
+sort of just the history associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of just the history associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of just the history associated with
+the river and the The Rail lines so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river and the The Rail lines so yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river and the The Rail lines so yes
+it's is just a general good awareness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's is just a general good awareness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's is just a general good awareness of
+it you know whether this motivates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know whether this motivates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know whether this motivates
+people to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to you know
+preserve and work harder to preserve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve and work harder to preserve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve and work harder to preserve the
+landscape I think you know time will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape I think you know time will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape I think you know time will
+tell but it's also a tool that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell but it's also a tool that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell but it's also a tool that the the
+uh I leave the city images to use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I leave the city images to use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I leave the city images to use for
+public hearings and presentations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public hearings and presentations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public hearings and presentations so
+that is also part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is also part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is also part of
+it Alex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Alex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Alex
+yeah I went back to see your show in DVD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I went back to see your show in DVD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I went back to see your show in DVD
+essics three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essics three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essics three
+times ah and it you were taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times ah and it you were taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times ah and it you were taking
+photographs or at least the photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs or at least the photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs or at least the photographs
+on display there were taken with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on display there were taken with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on display there were taken with
+another which say another mind or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another which say another mind or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another which say another mind or
+another set of ideas in mind could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of ideas in mind could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of ideas in mind could you
+talk a little bit about that what went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about that what went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about that what went
+into those I'm think the only overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those I'm think the only overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those I'm think the only overlap
+that I noticed tonight were the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I noticed tonight were the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I noticed tonight were the blue
+tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank
+cars between the pbds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars between the pbds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars between the pbds
+right right um it's interesting when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right um it's interesting when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right um it's interesting when I
+photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph
+um I guess a couple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess a couple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess a couple things
+um one is I I photographed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one is I I photographed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one is I I photographed from
+different perspectives I'm very aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives I'm very aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives I'm very aware of
+that um at times I'm editorializing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um at times I'm editorializing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um at times I'm editorializing I'm
+trying to say things about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say things about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say things about the
+environment uh other times I'm um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment uh other times I'm um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment uh other times I'm um uh
+just documenting what's out on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just documenting what's out on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just documenting what's out on the
+landscape and then at other times I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape and then at other times I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape and then at other times I I
+really feel like uh and I know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really feel like uh and I know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really feel like uh and I know I'm
+composing images that come to me that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composing images that come to me that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composing images that come to me that I
+think work really well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think work really well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think work really well as
+two-dimensional Graphics but are loaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional Graphics but are loaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional Graphics but are loaded
+with content and meaning and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with content and meaning and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with content and meaning and and
+together I think that combination makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I think that combination makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I think that combination makes
+for powerful images and I really while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for powerful images and I really while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for powerful images and I really while
+I'm flying I'm really free at any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm flying I'm really free at any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm flying I'm really free at any time
+to do whatever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do whatever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do whatever I
+want uh even if I'm working on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh even if I'm working on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh even if I'm working on a
+commercial job and looking at it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial job and looking at it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial job and looking at it from
+sort of a different point of view uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a different point of view uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a different point of view uh and
+so I drift in and out of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I drift in and out of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I drift in and out of these different
+modes while I'm flying all the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes while I'm flying all the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes while I'm flying all the time and
+part of the reason for that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the reason for that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the reason for that is the
+flying itself is so expensive it was be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying itself is so expensive it was be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying itself is so expensive it was be
+really frustrating to go out and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really frustrating to go out and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really frustrating to go out and just
+photograph for myself uh to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph for myself uh to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph for myself uh to capture
+these beautiful images because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these beautiful images because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these beautiful images because they
+don't always come they they a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always come they they a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always come they they a lot of
+them come in a Flash uh you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them come in a Flash uh you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them come in a Flash uh you know you
+just see them and grab them and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see them and grab them and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see them and grab them and they're
+there but I think that's really part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but I think that's really part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but I think that's really part of
+the art is to be receptive to receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art is to be receptive to receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art is to be receptive to receive
+those images when you see them uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those images when you see them uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those images when you see them uh and
+and to take them uh such as that example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to take them uh such as that example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to take them uh such as that example
+of going around the uh the rail yard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going around the uh the rail yard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going around the uh the rail yard
+there and seeing the tracks flash at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and seeing the tracks flash at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and seeing the tracks flash at you
+you know to show the switches uh things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to show the switches uh things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to show the switches uh things
+like that and just being receptive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and just being receptive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and just being receptive and
+knowing uh that you know you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing uh that you know you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing uh that you know you've seen
+something that you want to photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you want to photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you want to photograph
+and hopefully you've taken it right as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully you've taken it right as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully you've taken it right as
+you've seen it uh it does happen fast so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen it uh it does happen fast so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen it uh it does happen fast so
+those pictures at the pbd eics are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pictures at the pbd eics are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pictures at the pbd eics are those
+sort of a lot of those are those moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a lot of those are those moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a lot of those are those moments
+where you've seen something that is part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've seen something that is part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've seen something that is part
+of being out there photographing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being out there photographing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being out there photographing all the
+time that is another reason why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that is another reason why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that is another reason why I
+photograph from those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph from those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph from those different
+perspectives so I'm I am working all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives so I'm I am working all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives so I'm I am working all the
+time and looking at Landscapes even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and looking at Landscapes even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and looking at Landscapes even
+though it's from different points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's from different points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's from different points of
+view then the other thing that I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view then the other thing that I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view then the other thing that I do that
+I think is really important is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is really important is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is really important is that I
+collect a lot of themes uh uh things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect a lot of themes uh uh things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect a lot of themes uh uh things
+such as looking at Borders uh Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as looking at Borders uh Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as looking at Borders uh Edge
+conditions uh looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions uh looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions uh looking at
+abandonment uh in uh looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandonment uh in uh looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandonment uh in uh looking at
+particular land uses from prisons to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular land uses from prisons to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular land uses from prisons to you
+know housing types when I was working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know housing types when I was working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know housing types when I was working on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+um um for instance the U visualizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um for instance the U visualizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um for instance the U visualizing
+density I was out flying a lot you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density I was out flying a lot you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density I was out flying a lot you know
+recording these pictures I was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording these pictures I was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording these pictures I was trying to
+do it as interestingly as I can to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it as interestingly as I can to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it as interestingly as I can to bring
+people into the pictures because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people into the pictures because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people into the pictures because that's
+important that they aren't just totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that they aren't just totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that they aren't just totally
+boring but at the same time I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring but at the same time I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring but at the same time I'm looking
+over my shoulder and seeing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over my shoulder and seeing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over my shoulder and seeing you know
+things that I want to photograph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I want to photograph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I want to photograph and
+that's why the GPS track looks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the GPS track looks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the GPS track looks like the
+way it does is because you're constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it does is because you're constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it does is because you're constantly
+discovering and investigating and uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering and investigating and uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering and investigating and uh a
+lot of what you photograph you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what you photograph you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what you photograph you don't
+really anticipate and that's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really anticipate and that's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really anticipate and that's really the
+fun of going out and flying is to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun of going out and flying is to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun of going out and flying is to see
+these things that you didn't even dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that you didn't even dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that you didn't even dream
+were out there such as the perhaps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were out there such as the perhaps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were out there such as the perhaps the
+pivot irrigators that I started with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot irrigators that I started with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot irrigators that I started with and
+you know the patterns that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the patterns that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the patterns that are
+associated with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes was your um aial work ever inspiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes was your um aial work ever inspiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes was your um aial work ever inspiring
+you to go back and something on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to go back and something on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to go back and something on the
+ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+justos it's a mix it's a mixed thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justos it's a mix it's a mixed thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justos it's a mix it's a mixed thing
+because uh a lot of times you're flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh a lot of times you're flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh a lot of times you're flying
+cross country uh for instance going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross country uh for instance going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross country uh for instance going from
+Salt Lake City up to Boise and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salt Lake City up to Boise and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salt Lake City up to Boise and you're
+going over the pivots and other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over the pivots and other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over the pivots and other than
+stopping at the small towns you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping at the small towns you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping at the small towns you it's
+it's almost impossible to go to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost impossible to go to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost impossible to go to those
+sites uh the urban areas a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites uh the urban areas a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites uh the urban areas a lot of times
+yeah you go visit uh things that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you go visit uh things that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you go visit uh things that you've
+seen either along uh a Waterway or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen either along uh a Waterway or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen either along uh a Waterway or you
+have a layout of the Town often uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a layout of the Town often uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a layout of the Town often uh
+before I land if I know I'm spending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I land if I know I'm spending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I land if I know I'm spending the
+night I'll fly around the town just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night I'll fly around the town just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night I'll fly around the town just to
+orient myself to see if there are places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orient myself to see if there are places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orient myself to see if there are places
+that I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go yeah how did you your start in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go yeah how did you your start in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go yeah how did you your start in
+a um I was said um gstd over Harvard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um I was said um gstd over Harvard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um I was said um gstd over Harvard and
+um I had a friend who was had a flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I had a friend who was had a flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I had a friend who was had a flight
+school down in Miami his uncle did he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school down in Miami his uncle did he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school down in Miami his uncle did he
+was a counselor and I went down and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a counselor and I went down and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a counselor and I went down and was
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+counselor um and got my license then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counselor um and got my license then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counselor um and got my license then and
+then came back to uh uh GSD I took Doug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then came back to uh uh GSD I took Doug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then came back to uh uh GSD I took Doug
+Way's course on air photo interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way's course on air photo interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way's course on air photo interpretation
+and uh um uh JB Jackson's courses on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um uh JB Jackson's courses on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um uh JB Jackson's courses on the
+American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American
+landscape um so it sort of all sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape um so it sort of all sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape um so it sort of all sort of
+fit together that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way Len yeah you do you find yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way Len yeah you do you find yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way Len yeah you do you find yourself
+switching modes between the editorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching modes between the editorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching modes between the editorial
+and the documentary mode you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the documentary mode you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the documentary mode you know like
+flatter the client picture okay uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatter the client picture okay uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatter the client picture okay uh but
+now but now complain about sprawl or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but now complain about sprawl or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but now complain about sprawl or um
+you know do you you find yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do you you find yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do you you find yourself
+opportunistically moving among the modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunistically moving among the modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunistically moving among the modes
+of inquir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inquir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inquir
+that you you have or do you stay put for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you have or do you stay put for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you have or do you stay put for
+for a period of time like let me flatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a period of time like let me flatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a period of time like let me flatter
+this uh or let me complain about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh or let me complain about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh or let me complain about this
+for a while or is it just because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while or is it just because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while or is it just because you're
+flying you have to switch back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying you have to switch back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying you have to switch back and forth
+and then rely on the uh aftermath to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then rely on the uh aftermath to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then rely on the uh aftermath to
+sort out the the categories and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort out the the categories and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort out the the categories and and
+editorialize based based on that no I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editorialize based based on that no I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editorialize based based on that no I I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+um um I usually when when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I usually when when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I usually when when I'm
+photographing I'm thinking and I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographing I'm thinking and I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographing I'm thinking and I feel
+like I'm talking with a camera and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm talking with a camera and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm talking with a camera and I'm
+saying things with the camera and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying things with the camera and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying things with the camera and so I
+usually frame a picture with uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually frame a picture with uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually frame a picture with uh you know
+a story or a feeling uh in mind uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a story or a feeling uh in mind uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a story or a feeling uh in mind uh when
+I'm not I'm not photographing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I'm not photographing well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I'm not photographing well
+usually that's when I'm pretty much just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that's when I'm pretty much just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that's when I'm pretty much just
+documenting what's there and it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documenting what's there and it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documenting what's there and it's kind
+of a a boring state to be in and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a boring state to be in and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a boring state to be in and it's
+interesting though you know when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting though you know when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting though you know when I'm
+sometimes when I'm flying one place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when I'm flying one place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when I'm flying one place to
+the next to do a job uh it would be such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next to do a job uh it would be such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next to do a job uh it would be such
+a long period of time that I I get bored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long period of time that I I get bored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long period of time that I I get bored
+and I I just like especially if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I just like especially if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I just like especially if it's
+like end of the day and the light's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like end of the day and the light's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like end of the day and the light's nice
+I'll go down just start flying to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go down just start flying to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go down just start flying to you
+know amuse myself really uh looking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know amuse myself really uh looking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know amuse myself really uh looking you
+know to entertain myself from this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to entertain myself from this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to entertain myself from this uh
+arduous trip uh it's funny because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arduous trip uh it's funny because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arduous trip uh it's funny because there
+are moments in flying I was talking to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moments in flying I was talking to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moments in flying I was talking to a
+flight instructor about flying across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight instructor about flying across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight instructor about flying across
+this the country and he was going ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the country and he was going ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the country and he was going ah
+that that must be just fantastic to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that must be just fantastic to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that must be just fantastic to do
+that it's just great and then he stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just great and then he stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just great and then he stopped
+for a while he said God it must get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while he said God it must get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while he said God it must get
+awfully boring too you know so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awfully boring too you know so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awfully boring too you know so there is
+kind of that that mix in between um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of that that mix in between um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of that that mix in between um but
+um no I know what you're saying you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no I know what you're saying you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no I know what you're saying you know
+you know there are times when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are times when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are times when I'm
+looking at a project through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a project through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a project through the
+client's eyes and the way the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client's eyes and the way the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client's eyes and the way the client
+wants to see that and uh I I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to see that and uh I I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to see that and uh I I'll get
+annoyed if I go out all day because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoyed if I go out all day because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoyed if I go out all day because I'm
+my schedule with commercial jobs is such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my schedule with commercial jobs is such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my schedule with commercial jobs is such
+that I haven't taken time for myself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I haven't taken time for myself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I haven't taken time for myself to
+photograph for myself and I I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph for myself and I I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph for myself and I I really
+wasn't looking around there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't looking around there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't looking around there there are
+days where that happens where you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days where that happens where you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days where that happens where you just
+go out and do your work and come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out and do your work and come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out and do your work and come back
+and it's very unsatisfying in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very unsatisfying in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very unsatisfying in a
+way do you do you think of some angles I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way do you do you think of some angles I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way do you do you think of some angles I
+mean there there are a lot of wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there there are a lot of wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there there are a lot of wonderful
+oblique angles that often are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblique angles that often are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblique angles that often are quite
+flattering to to things are there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattering to to things are there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattering to to things are there some
+angles that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles that are
+intrinsically flattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically flattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically flattering
+versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+uh the kind of angle if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the kind of angle if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the kind of angle if you wanted to
+really show something that was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really show something that was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really show something that was very
+negative do you is there is there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative do you is there is there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative do you is there is there some
+particular angle that you go for do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular angle that you go for do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular angle that you go for do you
+sense any pattern to when you're when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense any pattern to when you're when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense any pattern to when you're when
+you're trying to flatter WEA versus when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to flatter WEA versus when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to flatter WEA versus when
+you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to
+denigrate yeah there is but it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denigrate yeah there is but it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denigrate yeah there is but it's more
+about light than the you know the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about light than the you know the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about light than the you know the angle
+uh you know if you want to do hardscapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know if you want to do hardscapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know if you want to do hardscapes
+do it at around 12:00 in the afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it at around 12:00 in the afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it at around 12:00 in the afternoon
+you know and the Sun is just glaringly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and the Sun is just glaringly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and the Sun is just glaringly
+blue um so there yeah there are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue um so there yeah there are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue um so there yeah there are there
+are periods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are periods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are periods and
+um that just that works well and um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that just that works well and um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that just that works well and um one
+thing I've always said is you you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I've always said is you you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I've always said is you you really
+have to like the light you're dealt when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to like the light you're dealt when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to like the light you're dealt when
+you're out there to be photographing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out there to be photographing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out there to be photographing and
+you're not going to be photographing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be photographing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be photographing the
+same things uh with warm light as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things uh with warm light as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things uh with warm light as you
+are with cold light and so you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are with cold light and so you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are with cold light and so you really
+have to take advantage of uh the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take advantage of uh the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take advantage of uh the light
+conditions at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time yeah really a comment I think on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yeah really a comment I think on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yeah really a comment I think on
+your work Alex rather than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work Alex rather than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work Alex rather than a
+question there are I don't know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there are I don't know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there are I don't know how many
+million Pilots there are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million Pilots there are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million Pilots there are in
+America and all those what fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and all those what fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and all those what fraction of
+them have an eye to take a photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have an eye to take a photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have an eye to take a photograph
+like you do and that tells me that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you do and that tells me that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you do and that tells me that you
+in fact are not just photographing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact are not just photographing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact are not just photographing for
+your clients you're photographing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your clients you're photographing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your clients you're photographing for
+all of us because that number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us because that number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us because that number that
+percentage of p with the fine eye and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of p with the fine eye and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of p with the fine eye and
+light light and an ability to fly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light light and an ability to fly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light light and an ability to fly and
+photograph at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph at the same
+time of all of us is a very very tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of all of us is a very very tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of all of us is a very very tiny
+percentage so I want to thank you oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage so I want to thank you oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage so I want to thank you oh
+thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/31iUEuwi740.txt b/31iUEuwi740.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f3137fa81416cf9b9810785d6b5124243ea4fd61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/31iUEuwi740.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so let's start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so let's start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so let's start the
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+now last time we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now last time we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now last time we talked about the
+principles of the user Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of the user Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of the user Innovation
+Paradigm and you may remember that we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm and you may remember that we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm and you may remember that we uh
+sort of Drew some examples from you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Drew some examples from you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Drew some examples from you all
+about user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about user
+Innovation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation this
+course however is not about Theory it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course however is not about Theory it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course however is not about Theory it's
+about practice and this class right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about practice and this class right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about practice and this class right now
+this session will be something quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this session will be something quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this session will be something quite
+practical it's going to build upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical it's going to build upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical it's going to build upon the
+user Innovation Paradigm that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user Innovation Paradigm that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user Innovation Paradigm that I
+described for you last time but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described for you last time but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described for you last time but it's
+going to give you something practical in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you something practical in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you something practical in
+terms of industrial usage to do with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of industrial usage to do with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of industrial usage to do with it
+some implications that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some implications that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some implications that are
+useful and uh what what I will do just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and uh what what I will do just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and uh what what I will do just
+as last time at the end of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as last time at the end of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as last time at the end of the class
+about 15 minutes before the end I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15 minutes before the end I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15 minutes before the end I'm
+going to give you sort of a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you sort of a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you sort of a little
+thinking project to work on to try out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking project to work on to try out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking project to work on to try out
+the methodology that I'm going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methodology that I'm going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methodology that I'm going to tell
+you about okay so this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about okay so this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about okay so this particular
+methodology is called lead user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology is called lead user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology is called lead user
+innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you remember from last time that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you remember from last time that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you remember from last time that we
+talked about the fact that normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the fact that normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the fact that normally
+firms and economic theory focuses on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and economic theory focuses on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and economic theory focuses on the
+center of the market when thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the market when thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the market when thinking about
+where Innovations come from but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Innovations come from but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Innovations come from but we
+talked last time about the fact that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked last time about the fact that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked last time about the fact that in
+fact the Leading Edge is often where new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the Leading Edge is often where new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the Leading Edge is often where new
+Innovations come from because the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations come from because the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations come from because the market
+is small and uncertain at the Leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small and uncertain at the Leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small and uncertain at the Leading
+Edge and that therefore companies do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge and that therefore companies do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge and that therefore companies do not
+find the Leading Edge very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the Leading Edge very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the Leading Edge very
+attractive and yet that's where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive and yet that's where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive and yet that's where it's
+coming from so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from so there's a
+term that I developed a number of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that I developed a number of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that I developed a number of years
+ago called lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago called lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago called lead
+users and it's the question is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users and it's the question is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users and it's the question is in a
+sense how to find the users at the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense how to find the users at the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense how to find the users at the front
+of a trend who in fact have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a trend who in fact have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a trend who in fact have something
+that's of commercial value to pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of commercial value to pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of commercial value to pick up
+okay and I'm going to talk to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to talk to you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to talk to you about
+two ways to do it in this lecture one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways to do it in this lecture one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways to do it in this lecture one is
+observe crowd adoptions of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe crowd adoptions of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe crowd adoptions of new
+Innovations and the second is explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations and the second is explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations and the second is explore
+activity at the Leading Edge of a known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity at the Leading Edge of a known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity at the Leading Edge of a known
+Trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trend
+okay now the definition of lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the definition of lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the definition of lead
+users is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users is
+first that they have needs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that they have needs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that they have needs that
+foreshadow General demand and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadow General demand and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadow General demand and in the
+marketplace right that's what a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace right that's what a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace right that's what a company
+cares about individual users care only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares about individual users care only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares about individual users care only
+about their own need they're creating an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their own need they're creating an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their own need they're creating an
+innovation in order to use it and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation in order to use it and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation in order to use it and they
+don't really care whether 5,000 other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care whether 5,000 other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care whether 5,000 other
+users want it to they get their benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users want it to they get their benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users want it to they get their benefit
+from in-house use producers on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from in-house use producers on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from in-house use producers on the other
+hand are very concerned with a scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand are very concerned with a scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand are very concerned with a scale
+issue they really want things that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue they really want things that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue they really want things that many
+people will want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will want to
+buy so therefore one of the definitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy so therefore one of the definitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy so therefore one of the definitional
+characteristics that I came up with for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that I came up with for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that I came up with for
+this is they have needs that foreshadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is they have needs that foreshadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is they have needs that foreshadow
+General demand in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General demand in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General demand in the
+marketplace now there's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace now there's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace now there's a second
+attribute too and the second attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute too and the second attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute too and the second attribute
+is that you expect High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you expect High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you expect High
+benefit from getting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from getting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from getting an
+innovation encountering the needs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation encountering the needs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation encountering the needs that
+you have encountered at the Leading Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have encountered at the Leading Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have encountered at the Leading Edge
+you see at the Leading Edge there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see at the Leading Edge there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see at the Leading Edge there's
+nothing much there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing much there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing much there
+yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+because the market isn't serving it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the market isn't serving it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the market isn't serving it that
+is firms are not yet serving it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is firms are not yet serving it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is firms are not yet serving it so
+you're sort of faced with a dir of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of faced with a dir of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of faced with a dir of
+products and so you're sitting there at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and so you're sitting there at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and so you're sitting there at
+the Leading Edge here are these phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Leading Edge here are these phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Leading Edge here are these phases
+we're putting it in terms of you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're putting it in terms of you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're putting it in terms of you're
+sitting at the Leading Edge and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting at the Leading Edge and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting at the Leading Edge and you're
+saying I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something the market is unlikely to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the market is unlikely to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the market is unlikely to have
+supplied it again because there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied it again because there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied it again because there is no
+demand up to that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand up to that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand up to that that
+point and your own incentive to supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and your own incentive to supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and your own incentive to supply
+it for yourself then determines whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for yourself then determines whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for yourself then determines whether
+you're about to do anything about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're about to do anything about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're about to do anything about it
+okay so you for example let's say have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you for example let's say have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you for example let's say have
+an advantage or an interest you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advantage or an interest you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advantage or an interest you're
+you're you're a personal cinematographer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're a personal cinematographer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're a personal cinematographer
+and you have a great interest in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a great interest in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a great interest in some
+sort of Animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Animation
+technique well you might really want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique well you might really want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique well you might really want it
+you might in fact be at the Leading Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might in fact be at the Leading Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might in fact be at the Leading Edge
+with respect to the need for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the need for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the need for that
+technique on the other hand you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique on the other hand you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique on the other hand you don't
+have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of
+resources it may also be that Pixar at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources it may also be that Pixar at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources it may also be that Pixar at
+the same time also has a need at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time also has a need at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time also has a need at the
+Leading Edge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leading Edge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leading Edge of the
+market Pixar May well have more money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market Pixar May well have more money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market Pixar May well have more money to
+pursue that solution than you do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue that solution than you do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue that solution than you do so
+again we have two attributes of a lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have two attributes of a lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have two attributes of a lead
+user one is being at that position at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user one is being at that position at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user one is being at that position at
+the Leading Edge of the trend and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Leading Edge of the trend and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Leading Edge of the trend and the
+other is sort of expecting a good cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is sort of expecting a good cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is sort of expecting a good cost
+benefit ratio with respect to developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit ratio with respect to developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit ratio with respect to developing
+what you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need
+there if it's a very cheap Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if it's a very cheap Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if it's a very cheap Innovation
+you could be developing it as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be developing it as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be developing it as an
+individual skateboard or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual skateboard or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual skateboard or something like
+that or some sort of a little app you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or some sort of a little app you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or some sort of a little app you
+could do that that's fine your cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that that's fine your cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that that's fine your cost
+benefit scale is in line or it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit scale is in line or it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit scale is in line or it could be
+that some user firm wants to enter there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some user firm wants to enter there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some user firm wants to enter there
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+recall that there are phases here namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that there are phases here namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that there are phases here namely
+a user innovates nobody knows whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a user innovates nobody knows whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a user innovates nobody knows whether
+that's a good thing or a bad thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good thing or a bad thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good thing or a bad thing in
+terms of General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of General
+demand what happens generally is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand what happens generally is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand what happens generally is that
+then some people if it's a success begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some people if it's a success begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some people if it's a success begin
+to pick up and copy The Innovation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick up and copy The Innovation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick up and copy The Innovation and
+that becomes a signal of success and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes a signal of success and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes a signal of success and
+then what happens is small firms enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens is small firms enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens is small firms enter
+they say well maybe there's a big enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say well maybe there's a big enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say well maybe there's a big enough
+market for me and things take off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for me and things take off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for me and things take off in
+that way now meanwhile what is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way now meanwhile what is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way now meanwhile what is happening
+here is that the market is doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the market is doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the market is doing a
+filtering job on the one hand lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering job on the one hand lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering job on the one hand lots of
+people are innovating at the front end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are innovating at the front end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are innovating at the front end
+at the other hand many of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other hand many of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other hand many of those
+Innovations really are not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations really are not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations really are not going to be
+generally popular and other people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally popular and other people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally popular and other people will
+not follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not follow
+so as I said to you earlier there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said to you earlier there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said to you earlier there are
+two ways to do quote a lead user study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways to do quote a lead user study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways to do quote a lead user study
+and get to the Leading Edge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get to the Leading Edge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get to the Leading Edge of the
+trend the first of them sort of comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend the first of them sort of comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend the first of them sort of comes
+right after this pattern that I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after this pattern that I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after this pattern that I told you
+last time about namely there wasn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time about namely there wasn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time about namely there wasn't a
+clear Trend with respect to uh uh John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear Trend with respect to uh uh John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear Trend with respect to uh uh John
+hasham Gibbon and the Heart lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasham Gibbon and the Heart lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasham Gibbon and the Heart lung
+machine but what happened was he built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine but what happened was he built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine but what happened was he built
+it and other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and other people
+followed so rather than it being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed so rather than it being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed so rather than it being a
+matter of a trend what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of a trend what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of a trend what you were
+observing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing was
+activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+now this is often the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is often the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is often the case
+it's hard in many cases to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard in many cases to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard in many cases to define a
+trend in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend in
+advance in fashion and so on you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance in fashion and so on you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance in fashion and so on you really
+don't know often times and so you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know often times and so you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know often times and so you sort
+of have to go about following the crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have to go about following the crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have to go about following the crowd
+as in this pattern to see what the crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in this pattern to see what the crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in this pattern to see what the crowd
+is doing so you're after not only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing so you're after not only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing so you're after not only the
+Innovation but you're after adoption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Behavior now so approach number one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior now so approach number one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior now so approach number one is
+finding the crowd and learning from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the crowd and learning from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the crowd and learning from what
+they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to give you a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you a couple of
+examples to think about in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regard this is uh something that Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard this is uh something that Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard this is uh something that Mary
+tripus and sonali Shaw wrote it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripus and sonali Shaw wrote it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripus and sonali Shaw wrote it's a
+really interesting article on accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting article on accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting article on accidental
+entrepreneurs and what it amounts to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs and what it amounts to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs and what it amounts to is
+that somebody who built something for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody who built something for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody who built something for
+his or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his or
+herself then began to discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself then began to discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself then began to discover that
+other people wanted it they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people wanted it they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people wanted it they didn't
+intentionally do that it's rather that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally do that it's rather that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally do that it's rather that
+the evidence came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence came to
+them so in this case I guess you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so in this case I guess you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so in this case I guess you all
+know about the jogging stroller right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the jogging stroller right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the jogging stroller right
+and I when I had kids it always struck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I when I had kids it always struck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I when I had kids it always struck
+me as a terrible idea I mean you using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as a terrible idea I mean you using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as a terrible idea I mean you using
+your baby as a bumper against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your baby as a bumper against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your baby as a bumper against the
+environment it's sort of like baby gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment it's sort of like baby gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment it's sort of like baby gets
+killed first as you're running along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed first as you're running along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed first as you're running along
+just a terrible anyway but this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a terrible anyway but this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a terrible anyway but this comes
+the history of this is that a guy named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of this is that a guy named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of this is that a guy named
+Phil Bachelor and I'm not sure whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phil Bachelor and I'm not sure whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phil Bachelor and I'm not sure whether
+he now is a bachelor but Phil Bachelor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he now is a bachelor but Phil Bachelor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he now is a bachelor but Phil Bachelor
+had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a
+child and uh he loved to jog and so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child and uh he loved to jog and so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child and uh he loved to jog and so he
+was sneaking out the door to go jogging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sneaking out the door to go jogging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sneaking out the door to go jogging
+and his wife glared at him and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his wife glared at him and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his wife glared at him and said
+stroll the baby said no I don't want I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroll the baby said no I don't want I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroll the baby said no I don't want I
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+jog stroll the baby I uh stroll the baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jog stroll the baby I uh stroll the baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jog stroll the baby I uh stroll the baby
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+die fine I'll stroll the baby and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die fine I'll stroll the baby and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die fine I'll stroll the baby and then
+what he discovered was that in fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he discovered was that in fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he discovered was that in fact you
+couldn't really run with one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't really run with one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't really run with one of those
+strollers it was kind of a dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strollers it was kind of a dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strollers it was kind of a dangerous
+thing to do so what you see here is his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do so what you see here is his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do so what you see here is his
+garage that's the top picture and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage that's the top picture and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage that's the top picture and you
+see in his garage what he's done is he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in his garage what he's done is he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in his garage what he's done is he's
+taken the wheels off his other kids'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the wheels off his other kids'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the wheels off his other kids'
+bikes I sort of hoped they'd outgrown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bikes I sort of hoped they'd outgrown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bikes I sort of hoped they'd outgrown
+them and he's built that thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and he's built that thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and he's built that thing that you
+can see there which very much looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see there which very much looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see there which very much looks like
+the commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commercial
+version that's his original and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version that's his original and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version that's his original and the
+original jogging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original jogging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original jogging
+stroller so what happened next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroller so what happened next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroller so what happened next
+was it was sort of a self-revealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was sort of a self-revealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was sort of a self-revealing
+innovation in the sense that he then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation in the sense that he then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation in the sense that he then
+went running around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went running around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went running around the
+neighborhood and everybody else said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and everybody else said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and everybody else said I
+want one of those you know I I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want one of those you know I I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want one of those you know I I got to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+it and uh he then thought oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and uh he then thought oh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and uh he then thought oh okay
+there's demand here and so he started a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's demand here and so he started a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's demand here and so he started a
+company now for those of you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company now for those of you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company now for those of you who are
+interested in starting companies there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in starting companies there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in starting companies there's
+something very interesting here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very interesting here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very interesting here this is
+the first study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first study of
+uh an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an entire
+industry and uh Shaw and and uh tripis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and uh Shaw and and uh tripis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and uh Shaw and and uh tripis
+found that 80% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that 80% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that 80% of the
+firms that were active in that field had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms that were active in that field had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms that were active in that field had
+been founded by user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been founded by user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been founded by user
+innovators so this pattern is rather a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovators so this pattern is rather a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovators so this pattern is rather a
+strong one wouldn't you say and it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong one wouldn't you say and it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong one wouldn't you say and it just
+repeats and repeats so for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats and repeats so for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats and repeats so for example that
+over there um is the first uh car seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there um is the first uh car seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there um is the first uh car seat
+quote unquote for low birth weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote unquote for low birth weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote unquote for low birth weight
+babies and the issue there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies and the issue there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies and the issue there
+was uh a mother had a premature child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh a mother had a premature child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh a mother had a premature child
+now you know how floppy babies are maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know how floppy babies are maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know how floppy babies are maybe
+you don't know you haven't had one yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know you haven't had one yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know you haven't had one yet
+and when you were floppy you weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you were floppy you weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you were floppy you weren't
+aware of it but uh they they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of it but uh they they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of it but uh they they really
+can't sit up straight they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't sit up straight they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't sit up straight they're just
+floppy and if they're pries I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floppy and if they're pries I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floppy and if they're pries I mean it's
+just premature babies it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just premature babies it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just premature babies it's just a
+disaster and so this mother but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster and so this mother but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster and so this mother but there
+was a law you know saying you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a law you know saying you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a law you know saying you have to
+put your baby into a child's seat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your baby into a child's seat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your baby into a child's seat and
+she said no I'm not doing that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said no I'm not doing that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said no I'm not doing that and so
+she built that thing there on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she built that thing there on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she built that thing there on the right
+so that her baby could be protected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that her baby could be protected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that her baby could be protected
+lying down and that became the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying down and that became the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying down and that became the
+beginnings of that form of child seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginnings of that form of child seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginnings of that form of child seat
+okay once again other people saying wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay once again other people saying wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay once again other people saying wow
+that's really a good thing I want one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really a good thing I want one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really a good thing I want one
+too and so on and so forth same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and so on and so forth same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and so on and so forth same
+pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now often the first to observe the crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now often the first to observe the crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now often the first to observe the crowd
+and develop a firm Are m members of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and develop a firm Are m members of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and develop a firm Are m members of the
+crowd so if you're thinking to yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd so if you're thinking to yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd so if you're thinking to yourself
+about well maybe this is a pattern I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well maybe this is a pattern I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well maybe this is a pattern I
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+pursue what you'll see is remember from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue what you'll see is remember from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue what you'll see is remember from
+last time you have this sort of producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time you have this sort of producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time you have this sort of producer
+Innovation Paradigm and a user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation Paradigm and a user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation Paradigm and a user
+Innovation Paradigm and things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation Paradigm and things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation Paradigm and things like the
+car seat and the Heart lung machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car seat and the Heart lung machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car seat and the Heart lung machine
+start out on the user Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out on the user Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out on the user Innovation
+Paradigm and then somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm and then somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm and then somebody
+commercializes it well basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercializes it well basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercializes it well basically the
+commercializes are waiting for adequate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercializes are waiting for adequate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercializes are waiting for adequate
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+and if you are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you are in the
+field that's being acted upon if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's being acted upon if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's being acted upon if you are
+a surgeon making or using heart lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surgeon making or using heart lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surgeon making or using heart lung
+machines you know better than does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines you know better than does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines you know better than does the
+equipment company whether there's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment company whether there's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment company whether there's really
+going to be a market here so the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a market here so the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a market here so the initial
+entrance tend to be that is the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance tend to be that is the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance tend to be that is the initial
+company entrance tend to be uh from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company entrance tend to be uh from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company entrance tend to be uh from the
+community itself and then after that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community itself and then after that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community itself and then after that big
+companies incumbents enter uh through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies incumbents enter uh through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies incumbents enter uh through
+acquisition now I want to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition now I want to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition now I want to tell you
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+story and this one is again about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and this one is again about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and this one is again about
+observing the crowd what we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing the crowd what we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing the crowd what we're talking
+about here is lead user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here is lead user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here is lead user
+studies we're talking now about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies we're talking now about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies we're talking now about
+observing the crowd as an approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing the crowd as an approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing the crowd as an approach to
+that now in the case of the jogging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now in the case of the jogging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now in the case of the jogging
+stroller you couldn't observe the crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroller you couldn't observe the crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroller you couldn't observe the crowd
+very very widely right I mean it was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very widely right I mean it was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very widely right I mean it was on
+your street or the path that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your street or the path that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your street or the path that you were
+running on that you got some feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on that you got some feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on that you got some feedback
+from you didn't get feedback from Brazil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you didn't get feedback from Brazil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you didn't get feedback from Brazil
+you didn't get feedback from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't get feedback from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't get feedback from other
+neighborhoods you got it from there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods you got it from there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods you got it from there and
+it was happen stance that you happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was happen stance that you happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was happen stance that you happen to
+be running around using this Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be running around using this Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be running around using this Innovation
+rather than hiding it in your basement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than hiding it in your basement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than hiding it in your basement
+and using it like a child swing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using it like a child swing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using it like a child swing in the
+kitchen or something like that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen or something like that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen or something like that where
+even fewer people would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even fewer people would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even fewer people would see
+it so Lego how many of you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so Lego how many of you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so Lego how many of you know about
+the about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mindstorms a subset shall we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mindstorms a subset shall we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mindstorms a subset shall we
+say so Lego you know about Lego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so Lego you know about Lego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so Lego you know about Lego
+obviously right Lego makes children's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously right Lego makes children's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously right Lego makes children's
+blocks and sets of blocks to make uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and sets of blocks to make uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and sets of blocks to make uh uh
+um projects with and they got into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um projects with and they got into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um projects with and they got into the
+idea that they wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that they wanted to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that they wanted to make
+robots and so what they wanted to do was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots and so what they wanted to do was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots and so what they wanted to do was
+to equip the different blocks that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equip the different blocks that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equip the different blocks that were
+available with different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available with different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available with different kind of
+components inside so that when you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components inside so that when you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components inside so that when you were
+clicking together the blocks at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking together the blocks at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking together the blocks at the same
+time what you were doing was clicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what you were doing was clicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what you were doing was clicking
+together something that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together something that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together something that might
+work so some of these little blocks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so some of these little blocks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so some of these little blocks in
+this case have little Motors some have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case have little Motors some have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case have little Motors some have
+sensors and there's a c Central process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors and there's a c Central process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors and there's a c Central process
+unit that yellow thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit that yellow thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit that yellow thing in the
+middle so they worked on that for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle so they worked on that for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle so they worked on that for about
+seven years in the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years in the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years in the traditional
+manufacturer first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process seven Engineers I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process seven Engineers I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process seven Engineers I think it was
+for seven years such nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for seven years such nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for seven years such nice
+numbers and you know at Lego I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and you know at Lego I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and you know at Lego I don't
+know if you know Lego but Lego is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you know Lego but Lego is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you know Lego but Lego is a very
+careful company and so they try it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful company and so they try it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful company and so they try it out
+on psychologists to make sure that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on psychologists to make sure that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on psychologists to make sure that no
+child will ever be frightened and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child will ever be frightened and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child will ever be frightened and so on
+and so forth and so on and so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and so on and so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and so on and so forth and
+in the end it takes them seven years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end it takes them seven years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end it takes them seven years to
+to decide that it's absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide that it's absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide that it's absolutely
+perfect so they decided that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect so they decided that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect so they decided that this thing
+the original Lego Mindstorms kit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original Lego Mindstorms kit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original Lego Mindstorms kit that
+could make robots was absolutely perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make robots was absolutely perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make robots was absolutely perfect
+at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain
+point and then they introduced it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then they introduced it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then they introduced it to the
+market now they are very accustomed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market now they are very accustomed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market now they are very accustomed to
+young kids buying these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young kids buying these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young kids buying these things and
+working on their living room floors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on their living room floors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on their living room floors but
+it is now the internet age and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is now the internet age and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is now the internet age and something
+completely surprising to Lego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely surprising to Lego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely surprising to Lego
+happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+namely this was now introduced in about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely this was now introduced in about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely this was now introduced in about
+November
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November
+1997 namely what happened was within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 namely what happened was within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 namely what happened was within
+about three or four months of widespread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three or four months of widespread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three or four months of widespread
+entrance into the market a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance into the market a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance into the market a thousand
+hackers had appeared from nowhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hackers had appeared from nowhere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hackers had appeared from nowhere and
+were working on this thing and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working on this thing and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working on this thing and they
+weren't just building the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't just building the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't just building the things that
+Lego thought you should build they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego thought you should build they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego thought you should build they were
+taking it apart they were hacking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it apart they were hacking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it apart they were hacking the
+code they were improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code they were improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code they were improving
+it Lego never heard of such a I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Lego never heard of such a I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Lego never heard of such a I mean the
+children should sit there and play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children should sit there and play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children should sit there and play with
+what we gave them is the deal right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we gave them is the deal right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we gave them is the deal right they
+certainly shouldn't be hacking our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly shouldn't be hacking our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly shouldn't be hacking our
+stuff but these were young adults and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but these were young adults and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but these were young adults and
+they hacked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hacked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hacked the
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+now when they looked outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when they looked outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when they looked outside
+Lego to see where these thousand people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego to see where these thousand people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego to see where these thousand people
+had come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had come
+from what they found was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what they found was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what they found was a
+network of now about 40,000 plus adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network of now about 40,000 plus adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network of now about 40,000 plus adult
+fans of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans of
+Lego now look at the scale of this there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego now look at the scale of this there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego now look at the scale of this there
+are about 50 internal model developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about 50 internal model developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about 50 internal model developers
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+Lego 40,000 is I submit to you a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego 40,000 is I submit to you a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego 40,000 is I submit to you a larger
+number and what these people had done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and what these people had done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and what these people had done is
+they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd
+self-organized into organizational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-organized into organizational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-organized into organizational
+groupings that had special interests so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings that had special interests so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings that had special interests so
+there were Castle people and there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were Castle people and there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were Castle people and there were
+train people and there were robot people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train people and there were robot people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train people and there were robot people
+it turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned out
+now this thing was called lug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this thing was called lug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this thing was called lug
+net and that's one of the reasons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net and that's one of the reasons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net and that's one of the reasons that
+Lego didn't know about it then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego didn't know about it then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego didn't know about it then when you
+talk to them and say well why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to them and say well why are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to them and say well why are you
+call Lug net they say well actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Lug net they say well actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Lug net they say well actually we
+called ourselves the Lego users group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ourselves the Lego users group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ourselves the Lego users group
+first but your lawyers told us we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first but your lawyers told us we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first but your lawyers told us we
+couldn't so lug is for Lego users group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't so lug is for Lego users group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't so lug is for Lego users group
+net they said ah well we should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net they said ah well we should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net they said ah well we should have
+known about you but apparently only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known about you but apparently only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known about you but apparently only the
+lawyers did the lawyers saw this Miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers did the lawyers saw this Miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers did the lawyers saw this Miss
+use of their trademark and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of their trademark and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of their trademark and so they
+tracked them down but then they never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracked them down but then they never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracked them down but then they never
+told anybody about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told anybody about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told anybody about
+it now the interesting thing then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now the interesting thing then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now the interesting thing then is
+you've got a crowd here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a crowd here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a crowd here
+clearly a crowd attracted to a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a crowd attracted to a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a crowd attracted to a new
+product that is now starting to buy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that is now starting to buy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that is now starting to buy it
+and improve it this is sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and improve it this is sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and improve it this is sort of like
+running around your neighborhood and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around your neighborhood and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around your neighborhood and
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+surprised but the question next is can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised but the question next is can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised but the question next is can
+you do something systematic now that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do something systematic now that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do something systematic now that you
+know the crowd is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the crowd is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the crowd is
+there okay so what did Lego do Lego did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so what did Lego do Lego did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so what did Lego do Lego did
+something very intelligent Lego said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very intelligent Lego said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very intelligent Lego said we
+are going to set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to set up a
+website where you can post your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website where you can post your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website where you can post your
+modifications to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications to our
+Innovation or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Innovation we will let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation we will let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation we will let
+you sell it on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+website you can design your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+box and we have packaging machines so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and we have packaging machines so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and we have packaging machines so
+you know how you buy from Lego these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how you buy from Lego these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how you buy from Lego these
+little little bags of stuff so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little bags of stuff so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little bags of stuff so we have
+packaging machines that can throw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaging machines that can throw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaging machines that can throw in the
+bags in the stuff that you indicate uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags in the stuff that you indicate uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags in the stuff that you indicate uh I
+have in my office a couple of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in my office a couple of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in my office a couple of these
+things cuz people give them to me and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things cuz people give them to me and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things cuz people give them to me and uh
+uh now what you can do then if your legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now what you can do then if your legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now what you can do then if your legs
+go is all of a sudden around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go is all of a sudden around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go is all of a sudden around the world
+you can see the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the level of
+adoption so in other words what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption so in other words what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption so in other words what's
+happened here is Lego has made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+visible around the world the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible around the world the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible around the world the equivalent
+of that person running around with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that person running around with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that person running around with a
+jogging stroller but now it's Lego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jogging stroller but now it's Lego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jogging stroller but now it's Lego
+saying well I'm going to set up a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well I'm going to set up a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well I'm going to set up a system
+where I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I can
+see what the level of interest is across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the level of interest is across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the level of interest is across
+all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these
+Innovations and then if we see one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations and then if we see one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations and then if we see one
+that's really good in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really good in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really good in the sense that
+there are lots and lots of adoptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots and lots of adoptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots and lots of adoptions
+commercially good what we'll do is we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially good what we'll do is we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially good what we'll do is we'll
+license it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license it you
+see so this is a method of search which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so this is a method of search which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so this is a method of search which
+involves the crowd but is now getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the crowd but is now getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the crowd but is now getting
+automated right so what has happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated right so what has happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated right so what has happened
+here what's happened is that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's happened is that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's happened is that at the
+beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you say okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say okay we
+understand now that things start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand now that things start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand now that things start from
+the Leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Leading
+Edge but market research has customarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge but market research has customarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge but market research has customarily
+focused on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on the
+Middle where the problem is not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle where the problem is not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle where the problem is not about
+how do you find somebody who drinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you find somebody who drinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you find somebody who drinks
+Coca-Cola or brushes their teeth or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coca-Cola or brushes their teeth or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coca-Cola or brushes their teeth or
+something the problem is what they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the problem is what they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the problem is what they might
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next now we have we have to develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next now we have we have to develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next now we have we have to develop a
+new method or methods to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new method or methods to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new method or methods to get to the
+Leading Edge and say well how do we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leading Edge and say well how do we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leading Edge and say well how do we find
+these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people
+right and the first method that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the first method that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the first method that I just
+told you about observing crowd adoptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about observing crowd adoptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about observing crowd adoptions
+of new user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new user
+Innovations is that they are making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations is that they are making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations is that they are making
+themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+visible to you and you have to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible to you and you have to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible to you and you have to have a
+sensor to pick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor to pick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor to pick it
+up now the bad thing about that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now the bad thing about that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now the bad thing about that in a
+sense is that you have to wait okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is that you have to wait okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is that you have to wait okay
+what's going on is given the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on is given the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on is given the quality of
+your sensor you have to wait longer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sensor you have to wait longer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sensor you have to wait longer and
+longer and while you're waiting other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and while you're waiting other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and while you're waiting other
+people are doing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing things
+commercially they're picking it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially they're picking it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially they're picking it up
+faster than you are because they are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than you are because they are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than you are because they are uh
+uh you know members of the community as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know members of the community as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know members of the community as
+as as I said or they're doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as I said or they're doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as I said or they're doing something
+else to get ahead of you and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to get ahead of you and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to get ahead of you and what
+happens then is if it's a success you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then is if it's a success you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then is if it's a success you
+have to pay a higher premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay a higher premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay a higher premium
+to acquire the firm or to enter on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to acquire the firm or to enter on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to acquire the firm or to enter on the
+other hand if you're a big firm you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if you're a big firm you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if you're a big firm you
+might decide that's just fine but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might decide that's just fine but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might decide that's just fine but now
+what you have is a choice so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is a choice so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is a choice so the first
+method then is in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method then is in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method then is in a sense
+to look for crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for crowd
+activity and set up some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and set up some sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and set up some sort of a
+sensor to pick it up accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor to pick it up accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor to pick it up accurately
+okay that's number one now let's switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's number one now let's switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's number one now let's switch
+to approach number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approach number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approach number
+two this is the one uh that uh has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this is the one uh that uh has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this is the one uh that uh has been
+used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lot and on my MIT website you will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and on my MIT website you will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and on my MIT website you will find
+a free workbook uh if you go to teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free workbook uh if you go to teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free workbook uh if you go to teaching
+materials everything on the site is free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials everything on the site is free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials everything on the site is free
+obviously and and and you you'll find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously and and and you you'll find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously and and and you you'll find a
+free downloadable workbook that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free downloadable workbook that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free downloadable workbook that shows
+you step by step how to do the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you step by step how to do the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you step by step how to do the process
+that I'm now going to walk you through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm now going to walk you through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm now going to walk you through
+okay so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the
+issue what I said at the beginning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue what I said at the beginning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue what I said at the beginning in
+terms of the definition of a user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the definition of a user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the definition of a user
+innovator and a lead user was ahead with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovator and a lead user was ahead with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovator and a lead user was ahead with
+respect to an important Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Trend so what that implies is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trend so what that implies is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trend so what that implies is that you
+have to somehow know what the trend is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to somehow know what the trend is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to somehow know what the trend is
+ahead with respect to what people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead with respect to what people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead with respect to what people are
+not universally ahead on everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not universally ahead on everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not universally ahead on everything
+they're ahead with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ahead with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ahead with respect to
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+now often this can easily be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now often this can easily be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now often this can easily be
+done often for example if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done often for example if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done often for example if you think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+semiconductors increased density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors increased density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors increased density is
+always an important Trend right people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always an important Trend right people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always an important Trend right people
+are making things faster and faster more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making things faster and faster more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making things faster and faster more
+and more powerful smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more powerful smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more powerful smaller and smaller
+chips more densely packed and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips more densely packed and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips more densely packed and that's
+been going on ever since Mo's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going on ever since Mo's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going on ever since Mo's
+law so it's an obvious trend but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so it's an obvious trend but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so it's an obvious trend but it's a
+really important one because you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important one because you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important one because you can get
+to the head of that and see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the head of that and see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the head of that and see what the
+future is both in terms of applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future is both in terms of applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future is both in terms of applications
+and in terms of difficulties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of difficulties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of difficulties of
+programming chips and all the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming chips and all the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming chips and all the rest of
+that so but the first thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so but the first thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so but the first thing that you
+have to do then is you identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do then is you identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do then is you identify the
+trend now what's the advantage of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend now what's the advantage of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend now what's the advantage of that
+the advantage of that is that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of that is that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of that is that you don't
+have to wait for somebody else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait for somebody else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait for somebody else's
+activity to come along and identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity to come along and identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity to come along and identify
+themselves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to
+you instead what you can do is say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you instead what you can do is say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you instead what you can do is say I'm
+going to drive to the head of that Trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drive to the head of that Trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drive to the head of that Trend
+and I'm going to find the people there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to find the people there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to find the people there
+whether or not they're signaling their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they're signaling their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they're signaling their
+presence and I'm going to talk to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence and I'm going to talk to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence and I'm going to talk to them
+it's not easy to find lead users one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not easy to find lead users one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not easy to find lead users one of
+the things that firms do is they say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that firms do is they say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that firms do is they say oh
+this is fine what I will do is I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fine what I will do is I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fine what I will do is I will
+identify a board of leading Radiologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a board of leading Radiologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a board of leading Radiologists
+or something like this and they will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like this and they will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like this and they will be
+my lead users and I'll invite them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lead users and I'll invite them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lead users and I'll invite them in
+and they will have wine and life is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will have wine and life is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will have wine and life is good
+and they are uh somehow assigned to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are uh somehow assigned to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are uh somehow assigned to us
+and uh uh you know we have our users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh you know we have our users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh you know we have our users
+things think the the problem with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things think the the problem with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things think the the problem with that
+is that when you look back in history in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when you look back in history in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when you look back in history in
+any particular field as to where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular field as to where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular field as to where the
+most important Innovations came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important Innovations came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important Innovations came
+from it's not the same individuals who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it's not the same individuals who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it's not the same individuals who
+repeatedly develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly develop
+them it's different people each time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's different people each time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's different people each time and
+I'm going to give you an illustration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you an illustration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you an illustration of
+that so therefore in a sense a board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so therefore in a sense a board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so therefore in a sense a board
+doesn't do you any good here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do you any good here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do you any good here's an
+illustration there was a trend in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration there was a trend in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration there was a trend in the
+biking field maybe there still is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biking field maybe there still is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biking field maybe there still is I
+don't know towards longer and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know towards longer and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know towards longer and more
+difficult bike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult bike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult bike
+races do any of you know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races do any of you know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races do any of you know about the
+Camelback some hey more than no about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camelback some hey more than no about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camelback some hey more than no about
+Lego of Mind storms this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego of Mind storms this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego of Mind storms this is
+interesting so the Camelback I mean any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so the Camelback I mean any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so the Camelback I mean any
+of you who have bikes you or many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who have bikes you or many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who have bikes you or many of you
+who have bikes you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have bikes you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have bikes you might
+know this is about drinking water on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is about drinking water on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is about drinking water on a
+bicycle by the way you might know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle by the way you might know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle by the way you might know that
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+bracket down there that you can put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket down there that you can put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket down there that you can put a
+water bottle into on the bottom of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water bottle into on the bottom of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water bottle into on the bottom of many
+frames they used to be Universal now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames they used to be Universal now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames they used to be Universal now
+they're fewer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fewer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fewer of
+them and so what people would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so what people would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so what people would do
+in the earlier days when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the earlier days when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the earlier days when they were
+riding their bike they would reach down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding their bike they would reach down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding their bike they would reach down
+and they would grab that bottle and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would grab that bottle and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would grab that bottle and they
+would take some sips and they put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take some sips and they put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take some sips and they put the
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+back now when you're racing like hell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back now when you're racing like hell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back now when you're racing like hell
+that's a really bad idea right you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really bad idea right you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really bad idea right you're
+losing your positional Conformity you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing your positional Conformity you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing your positional Conformity you're
+you're you're going to drop the damn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're going to drop the damn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're going to drop the damn
+thing you're pedaling as hard as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you're pedaling as hard as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you're pedaling as hard as you
+can and so the story here is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and so the story here is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and so the story here is that there
+was a bike racer named Michael Edison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a bike racer named Michael Edison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a bike racer named Michael Edison
+and what he thought was well if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he thought was well if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he thought was well if I have a
+bag of water that I put right here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag of water that I put right here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag of water that I put right here so
+that I don't have to suck very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't have to suck very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't have to suck very hard
+Against Gravity to get the water to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Against Gravity to get the water to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Against Gravity to get the water to my
+mouth that'll be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth that'll be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth that'll be really
+cool so he did it now who was Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so he did it now who was Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so he did it now who was Michael
+this became then what was called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this became then what was called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this became then what was called the
+Camelback Michael was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camelback Michael was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camelback Michael was an
+EMT an emergency medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EMT an emergency medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EMT an emergency medical
+technician and so he had a truck full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technician and so he had a truck full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technician and so he had a truck full of
+bags of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags of
+fluid he was used to hydrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid he was used to hydrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid he was used to hydrating
+people and he had tubing in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and he had tubing in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and he had tubing in his
+truck so for him even though there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck so for him even though there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck so for him even though there were
+a lot of people out there in the extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people out there in the extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people out there in the extreme
+situation of being in difficult bike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of being in difficult bike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of being in difficult bike
+races and wanting to hydrate yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races and wanting to hydrate yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races and wanting to hydrate yourself
+conveniently this particular person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently this particular person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently this particular person is
+the one who came up with it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one who came up with it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one who came up with it because
+there was a really strong fit with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a really strong fit with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a really strong fit with what
+he already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he already
+knew and the solution he came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew and the solution he came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew and the solution he came up with
+right what he did was he took one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what he did was he took one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what he did was he took one of
+those bags I assume he emptied out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bags I assume he emptied out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bags I assume he emptied out the
+plasma or he drank it I'm not certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma or he drank it I'm not certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma or he drank it I'm not certain
+and he sewed it to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he sewed it to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he sewed it to his
+shirt and he used it in the bike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt and he used it in the bike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt and he used it in the bike
+race now this is the issue in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race now this is the issue in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race now this is the issue in general
+with the difficulty of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the difficulty of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the difficulty of finding
+innovating users the person who did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating users the person who did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating users the person who did it
+this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time
+if the if somebody else took a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if somebody else took a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if somebody else took a different
+angle on it which was like oh well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle on it which was like oh well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle on it which was like oh well I
+want to get through the bike race faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get through the bike race faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get through the bike race faster
+I'm going to invent a bike that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to invent a bike that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to invent a bike that
+flies presumably that would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies presumably that would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies presumably that would be an
+aerodynamics engineer something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamics engineer something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamics engineer something like
+that it wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wouldn't be
+Michael and so since you do not know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael and so since you do not know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael and so since you do not know in
+advance the combination of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance the combination of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance the combination of knowledge
+that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be
+fruitful you can't sort of search on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruitful you can't sort of search on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruitful you can't sort of search on
+before you have innovated type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you have innovated type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you have innovated type
+attributes and say well now will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and say well now will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and say well now will you
+innovate for me it's it's it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate for me it's it's it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate for me it's it's it's what
+you're doing is you're picking out sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is you're picking out sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is you're picking out sort
+of needles in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of needles in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of needles in a
+haystack and so the question is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haystack and so the question is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haystack and so the question is how do
+you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+that okay so as I said there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so as I said there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so as I said there's a
+practical free workbook and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical free workbook and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical free workbook and
+videos and I'm going to show you there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos and I'm going to show you there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos and I'm going to show you there's
+also free videos on the thing and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also free videos on the thing and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also free videos on the thing and I'm
+going to show you that now first I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you that now first I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you that now first I'm
+going to do the equivalent of of of give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the equivalent of of of give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the equivalent of of of give
+you a a motivation for this I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a a motivation for this I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a a motivation for this I told you
+these are practical methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are practical methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are practical methods
+and so what we did was we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compared the effectiveness of the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared the effectiveness of the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared the effectiveness of the lead
+user method with the effectiveness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user method with the effectiveness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user method with the effectiveness of
+the standard method in 3M 3M about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard method in 3M 3M about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard method in 3M 3M about
+across half their divisions was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across half their divisions was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across half their divisions was doing
+this kind of thing and so we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing and so we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing and so we actually
+were able to do a controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiment so what we said was okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so what we said was okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so what we said was okay
+we're going to do some studies here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do some studies here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do some studies here
+where you guys are going to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you guys are going to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you guys are going to develop
+products which you're tending to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products which you're tending to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products which you're tending to do
+anyway and some of you are going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and some of you are going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and some of you are going to use
+the lead user method and we only had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead user method and we only had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead user method and we only had
+five who were willing to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five who were willing to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five who were willing to do that and
+then in the same time period there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the same time period there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the same time period there was
+42 projects that were of the same scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 projects that were of the same scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 projects that were of the same scope
+and so on that we're using standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on that we're using standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on that we're using standard
+methods we said let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compare In the comparison what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare In the comparison what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare In the comparison what we
+found was that then estimated now actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was that then estimated now actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was that then estimated now actual
+sales were eight times higher for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales were eight times higher for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales were eight times higher for the
+lead user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead user
+method now here we are in a Six Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method now here we are in a Six Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method now here we are in a Six Sigma
+Arena where we're trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arena where we're trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arena where we're trying to get
+0.001%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.001%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.001%
+Improvement and there's an order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement and there's an order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement and there's an order of
+magnitude lying on the floor here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude lying on the floor here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude lying on the floor here and
+why would that be and how does it help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would that be and how does it help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would that be and how does it help
+you what we found in effect was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what we found in effect was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what we found in effect was that the
+market share was higher the fit with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share was higher the fit with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share was higher the fit with the
+business even intellectual property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business even intellectual property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business even intellectual property
+protection because what they were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection because what they were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection because what they were doing
+was modifying what the user developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was modifying what the user developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was modifying what the user developed
+and then patenting that all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then patenting that all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then patenting that all of these
+things were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were
+better newness of the need addressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better newness of the need addressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better newness of the need addressed
+novelty compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty compared to
+competition so it seems like a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition so it seems like a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition so it seems like a really
+good thing to do and one of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing to do and one of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing to do and one of the other
+things that was happening there was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that was happening there was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that was happening there was that
+these five projects were what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five projects were what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five projects were what they
+internally call breakthroughs namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally call breakthroughs namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally call breakthroughs namely
+they were starting whole product lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were starting whole product lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were starting whole product lines
+for these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these people
+so it turned out to work really well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turned out to work really well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turned out to work really well now
+why isn't everybody already doing it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why isn't everybody already doing it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why isn't everybody already doing it the
+answer is that you know it doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that you know it doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that you know it doesn't make
+any sense to do it unless you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense to do it unless you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense to do it unless you understand
+the Innovation process and where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Innovation process and where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Innovation process and where it
+comes from so this is an example of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from so this is an example of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from so this is an example of an
+application that starts to make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that starts to make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that starts to make sense
+only when you have the material that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when you have the material that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when you have the material that I
+told you in the first lecture about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you in the first lecture about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you in the first lecture about the
+user Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user Innovation
+Paradigm now I'm going to ask you I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm now I'm going to ask you I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm now I'm going to ask you I'm
+going to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you a
+video then after the video I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video then after the video I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video then after the video I'm going to
+ask you to try it out just like I tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to try it out just like I tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to try it out just like I tried
+last time to have you figure out whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time to have you figure out whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time to have you figure out whether
+you knew about a user Innovation or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew about a user Innovation or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew about a user Innovation or not
+okay so what I'm going to do as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I'm going to do as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I'm going to do as an
+activity is I'm going to have you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is I'm going to have you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is I'm going to have you think
+about a specific market and specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a specific market and specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a specific market and specific
+major Trend to think about I will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major Trend to think about I will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major Trend to think about I will show
+you this slide again later I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this slide again later I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this slide again later I just want
+you to know so that you're prepared when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to know so that you're prepared when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to know so that you're prepared when
+you're listening to this thing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're listening to this thing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're listening to this thing what
+you're listening for okay so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're listening for okay so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're listening for okay so what you
+want to do is you want to say that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is you want to say that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is you want to say that your
+best chance in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best chance in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best chance in a
+sense because you're testing the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because you're testing the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because you're testing the method
+here you're not trying out something new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're not trying out something new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're not trying out something new
+for yourself you're trying out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself you're trying out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself you're trying out the
+method you should say I want to choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method you should say I want to choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method you should say I want to choose a
+product in a market that I know a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in a market that I know a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in a market that I know a lot
+about because you're going to act like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about because you're going to act like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about because you're going to act like
+the lead user inputs yourselves you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead user inputs yourselves you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead user inputs yourselves you're
+going to be sort of supplying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sort of supplying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sort of supplying the
+information in the method as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the method as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the method as well as
+trying it out so you better know a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying it out so you better know a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying it out so you better know a lot
+about it and when you choose something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and when you choose something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and when you choose something
+you choose something narrow to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose something narrow to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose something narrow to focus on
+okay you don't want like all computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you don't want like all computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you don't want like all computers
+you want fault tolerant computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want fault tolerant computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want fault tolerant computers
+something narrow so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something narrow so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something narrow so that you can
+actually sort of understand something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of understand something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of understand something
+about it and know whether you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and know whether you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and know whether you believe
+what you come up with okay and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you come up with okay and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you come up with okay and then I'm
+going to ask you to brainstorm possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask you to brainstorm possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask you to brainstorm possible
+lead users Within the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead users Within the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead users Within the target
+market which types of individuals or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market which types of individuals or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market which types of individuals or
+firms have needs at the Leading Edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms have needs at the Leading Edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms have needs at the Leading Edge of
+the trend and which ones have a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trend and which ones have a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trend and which ones have a high
+incentive and the resources to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive and the resources to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive and the resources to solve
+those needs and then I'm going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those needs and then I'm going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those needs and then I'm going to make a
+distinction want you to think about lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction want you to think about lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction want you to think about lead
+users outside the target market and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users outside the target market and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users outside the target market and that
+will relate to the veterinarians that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will relate to the veterinarians that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will relate to the veterinarians that
+you mentioned to me and think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned to me and think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned to me and think about what
+other kinds of users in other fields and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of users in other fields and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of users in other fields and
+applications are facing a similar need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications are facing a similar need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications are facing a similar need
+but in a more demanding form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a more demanding form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a more demanding form
+okay that's how you find lead users I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's how you find lead users I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's how you find lead users I'm
+going to walk you through this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to walk you through this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to walk you through this example
+and then I'm going to run you a vide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to run you a vide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to run you a vide
+tape and then we're going to try it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape and then we're going to try it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape and then we're going to try it
+ourselves okay so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves okay so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves okay so here's an
+example improved Automotive braking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example improved Automotive braking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example improved Automotive braking
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+okay now now we have abs does everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now now we have abs does everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now now we have abs does everybody
+know about ABS you know it's that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about ABS you know it's that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about ABS you know it's that thing
+you you if if you live in an IC place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you if if you live in an IC place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you if if you live in an IC place
+right you cram down your brakes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you cram down your brakes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you cram down your brakes and
+there's this sort of sound which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this sort of sound which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this sort of sound which is
+putting the brakes on and off quickly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the brakes on and off quickly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the brakes on and off quickly so
+that your wheel will continue to rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your wheel will continue to rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your wheel will continue to rotate
+and you can steer so it doesn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can steer so it doesn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can steer so it doesn't just
+lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock
+up now prior to that there was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now prior to that there was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now prior to that there was this
+issue because everybody out there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue because everybody out there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue because everybody out there in the
+middle of the market was skidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the market was skidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the market was skidding
+sometimes and when you asked them what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes and when you asked them what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes and when you asked them what
+they wanted to do about it they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to do about it they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to do about it they said
+anything something just do it which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything something just do it which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything something just do it which is
+not high in solution content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not high in solution content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not high in solution content
+right so that was the ordinary people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that was the ordinary people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that was the ordinary people in
+the middle of the market but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the market but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the market but what's
+happened here is you've identified a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here is you've identified a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here is you've identified a
+trend improved breaking right now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend improved breaking right now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend improved breaking right now when
+you go to the Leading Edge in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the Leading Edge in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the Leading Edge in the
+automotive Market what you find is race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automotive Market what you find is race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automotive Market what you find is race
+car drivers they're driving in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car drivers they're driving in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car drivers they're driving in a sense
+an automobile of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an automobile of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an automobile of a
+type and they are going to the Leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and they are going to the Leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and they are going to the Leading
+Edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge of
+adhesion every time they go around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhesion every time they go around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhesion every time they go around a
+corner and so they are the ones who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner and so they are the ones who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner and so they are the ones who
+figured out how to do this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to do this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to do this kind of
+breaking when I was a kid I don't I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking when I was a kid I don't I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking when I was a kid I don't I'm
+going to ask you whether you had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask you whether you had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask you whether you had the
+same I went to driver Zed and they told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same I went to driver Zed and they told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same I went to driver Zed and they told
+me to pump the brakes quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to pump the brakes quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to pump the brakes quote
+unquote I'd be fascinated to know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote I'd be fascinated to know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote I'd be fascinated to know if
+they're still telling you that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still telling you that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still telling you that in the
+age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of
+ABS how many of you took driver's ed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABS how many of you took driver's ed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABS how many of you took driver's ed and
+were told to pump the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were told to pump the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were told to pump the
+brakes okay good we have some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brakes okay good we have some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brakes okay good we have some good
+lagging us not students but lagging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagging us not students but lagging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagging us not students but lagging
+institutions that trained you that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions that trained you that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions that trained you that was
+pre that was pre what pre prabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre that was pre what pre prabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre that was pre what pre prabs
+no it's been out there what 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+years you were driving at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you were driving at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you were driving at
+9: yes okay so anyway that's what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9: yes okay so anyway that's what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9: yes okay so anyway that's what they
+did that's what they learned from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that's what they learned from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that's what they learned from those
+people they said oh okay pump the brakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they said oh okay pump the brakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they said oh okay pump the brakes
+but now and here's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now and here's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now and here's the point
+you can find and it comes back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find and it comes back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find and it comes back to the
+point that deashia said you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that deashia said you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that deashia said you can find
+people who are facing the same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are facing the same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are facing the same problem
+in even a more extreme form and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in even a more extreme form and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in even a more extreme form and here
+since you are trying to find Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you are trying to find Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you are trying to find Solutions
+and you defined the need in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you defined the need in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you defined the need in terms of the
+dimension that's great so a more extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension that's great so a more extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension that's great so a more extreme
+form of putting on the brakes and hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of putting on the brakes and hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of putting on the brakes and hoping
+the car stops is Aerospace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car stops is Aerospace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car stops is Aerospace
+because the airplane is a lot heavier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the airplane is a lot heavier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the airplane is a lot heavier
+it's running a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's running a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's running a lot
+faster and how do they stop it right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and how do they stop it right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and how do they stop it right and
+fascinatingly enough it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinatingly enough it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinatingly enough it turns out that
+you cannot use the standard solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot use the standard solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot use the standard solutions
+that people were using with automobiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people were using with automobiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people were using with automobiles
+to sort of make things better you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of make things better you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of make things better you can't
+put sand on the runway because it wrecks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put sand on the runway because it wrecks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put sand on the runway because it wrecks
+the engines you can't put salt on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engines you can't put salt on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engines you can't put salt on the
+runway because it wrecks the bodies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway because it wrecks the bodies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway because it wrecks the bodies of
+the airplane so in other words you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane so in other words you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane so in other words you
+couldn't treat the environment they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't treat the environment they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't treat the environment they had
+to do something with the wheel itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something with the wheel itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something with the wheel itself
+and they invented then automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they invented then automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they invented then automated
+ABS okay so now as you see just like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABS okay so now as you see just like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABS okay so now as you see just like to
+de bash's point once you are at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de bash's point once you are at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de bash's point once you are at the
+Leading Edge and I'll show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leading Edge and I'll show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leading Edge and I'll show you the
+process you ask other people as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you ask other people as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you ask other people as you go
+do you know somebody who has a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know somebody who has a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know somebody who has a more
+extreme need you will find these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme need you will find these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme need you will find these kinds
+of outof the-box Solutions in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outof the-box Solutions in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outof the-box Solutions in other
+fields and those are the ones we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and those are the ones we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and those are the ones we find
+that give you the breakthroughs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give you the breakthroughs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give you the breakthroughs
+okay so basic process and now we'll run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basic process and now we'll run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basic process and now we'll run
+the tape the basic process is you define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape the basic process is you define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape the basic process is you define
+a trend you have to say ahead with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trend you have to say ahead with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trend you have to say ahead with
+respect to what you want to find your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to what you want to find your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to what you want to find your
+lead users who are lead users with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead users who are lead users with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead users who are lead users with
+respect to a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a specific
+Trend then what you do is you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trend then what you do is you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trend then what you do is you sort of
+have to increment your way along to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to increment your way along to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to increment your way along to
+reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the
+person who is in fact expert and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who is in fact expert and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who is in fact expert and when
+you get to the Leading Edge talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to the Leading Edge talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to the Leading Edge talking to
+like those race car drivers you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those race car drivers you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those race car drivers you don't
+have to figure out that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out that it's the
+Aerospace people those guys because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerospace people those guys because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerospace people those guys because
+they're struggling at the Leading Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're struggling at the Leading Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're struggling at the Leading Edge
+of their field will say hey do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their field will say hey do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their field will say hey do you know
+what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in
+Aerospace they will actually lead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerospace they will actually lead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerospace they will actually lead you
+out from the marketplace to even higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the marketplace to even higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the marketplace to even higher
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+Solutions okay now let me run you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions okay now let me run you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions okay now let me run you this
+tape which runs you through a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape which runs you through a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape which runs you through a process
+and then what we're going to do is have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what we're going to do is have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what we're going to do is have
+you go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's go back to just quickly review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go back to just quickly review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go back to just quickly review
+what this thing is doing there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this thing is doing there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this thing is doing there's
+another let's let's see what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another let's let's see what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another let's let's see what we have
+here okay and this is the process again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and this is the process again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and this is the process again
+I'm going to ask you to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to ask you to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to ask you to go
+through so what you see here let me get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so what you see here let me get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so what you see here let me get
+it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what you see here is the trend is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you see here is the trend is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you see here is the trend is
+reduced surgical infections and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced surgical infections and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced surgical infections and they
+knew that antibiotics were failing for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that antibiotics were failing for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that antibiotics were failing for a
+long time people have been able to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time people have been able to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time people have been able to sort
+of say it doesn't matter if you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say it doesn't matter if you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say it doesn't matter if you get an
+infection we just give you an antibiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection we just give you an antibiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection we just give you an antibiotic
+and we're out of it again so things got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're out of it again so things got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're out of it again so things got
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+sloppy but now it got to the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppy but now it got to the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppy but now it got to the point where
+these were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were really
+damaging difficult to treat surgical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaging difficult to treat surgical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaging difficult to treat surgical
+infections often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections often
+times so what happened well they knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so what happened well they knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so what happened well they knew
+the trend okay it was an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trend okay it was an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trend okay it was an important
+Marketplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marketplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marketplace
+Trend and what they had themselves at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trend and what they had themselves at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trend and what they had themselves at
+the time was that sort of bag like thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time was that sort of bag like thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time was that sort of bag like thing
+there basically you saw it in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there basically you saw it in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there basically you saw it in the film
+as well it was simply a piece of plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well it was simply a piece of plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well it was simply a piece of plastic
+that shielded the patient from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shielded the patient from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shielded the patient from the
+environment that was called a surgical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that was called a surgical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that was called a surgical
+drape that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drape that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drape that was
+it so then what they did and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so then what they did and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so then what they did and this is the
+process of getting there what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of getting there what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of getting there what they did
+was they asked some people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experts how do you solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts how do you solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts how do you solve this
+problem and who do you know who has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and who do you know who has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and who do you know who has a
+more extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more extreme
+problem right that is how you increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right that is how you increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right that is how you increment
+Your Way Forward what is a problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your Way Forward what is a problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your Way Forward what is a problem in
+that field how do you address it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that field how do you address it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that field how do you address it and you
+know somebody who does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somebody who does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somebody who does it
+better and then I can go from him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and then I can go from him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and then I can go from him to
+that next person and say well what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next person and say well what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next person and say well what do
+you do okay what do you know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do okay what do you know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do okay what do you know about the
+problem of for instance doing the breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of for instance doing the breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of for instance doing the breast
+stroke in this in this way and do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroke in this in this way and do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroke in this in this way and do you
+have any special methods and do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any special methods and do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any special methods and do you know
+somebody who does it better than you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who does it better than you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who does it better than you do
+and you go out this way until finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go out this way until finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go out this way until finally
+you end up with people saying you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with people saying you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with people saying you know
+nobody doing the breast stroke is any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody doing the breast stroke is any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody doing the breast stroke is any
+better than I am at this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than I am at this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than I am at this particular
+thing but you know what outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but you know what outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but you know what outside the
+breaststroke field all together there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaststroke field all together there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaststroke field all together there is
+a principle being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a principle being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a principle being
+used that could actually if only I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that could actually if only I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that could actually if only I've
+been trying to find a way if I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been trying to find a way if I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been trying to find a way if I could
+bring that in and make it work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that in and make it work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that in and make it work for
+breast Strokes that' be phenomenal okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast Strokes that' be phenomenal okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast Strokes that' be phenomenal okay
+so that's the process now here what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the process now here what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the process now here what we
+have is surgeons and when you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is surgeons and when you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is surgeons and when you go to the
+front of the trend what they found there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the trend what they found there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the trend what they found there
+was can cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was can cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was can cancer
+surgeons because they work on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgeons because they work on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgeons because they work on the same
+patients again and again and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients again and again and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients again and again and the
+patients are often immune compromised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients are often immune compromised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients are often immune compromised
+you know they're not able to fight off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're not able to fight off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're not able to fight off
+infections because of the the treatments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections because of the the treatments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections because of the the treatments
+they've been giving them and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been giving them and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been giving them and so on
+they're not able to fight off infections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not able to fight off infections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not able to fight off infections
+as well as other people and so they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as other people and so they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as other people and so they have
+an extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extreme
+problem and they had figured out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and they had figured out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and they had figured out some
+solutions and 3M then said okay we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and 3M then said okay we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and 3M then said okay we you
+come and work with us at this Workshop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and work with us at this Workshop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and work with us at this Workshop
+thing bringing your Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing bringing your Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing bringing your Solutions
+right and they said yes because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they said yes because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they said yes because what
+they really want is to get this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really want is to get this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really want is to get this thing
+done and then some of them said but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and then some of them said but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and then some of them said but you
+know the thing that amazes me the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the thing that amazes me the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the thing that amazes me the thing
+that we're doing is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're doing is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're doing is really
+expensive and there's a guy in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and there's a guy in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and there's a guy in this
+veterinary hospital he treats horses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veterinary hospital he treats horses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veterinary hospital he treats horses
+that don't even take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't even take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't even take a
+bath and he gets lower infection rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath and he gets lower infection rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath and he gets lower infection rates
+than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we
+do you ought to go find out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you ought to go find out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you ought to go find out what the
+heck he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck he's
+doing and so then what you do is you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and so then what you do is you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and so then what you do is you say
+fine I'm going to go and find out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I'm going to go and find out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I'm going to go and find out what
+that person's doing and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person's doing and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person's doing and if it's
+something interesting you say well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting you say well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting you say well with
+you come back with me to the meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come back with me to the meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come back with me to the meeting
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+oncologist and we'll figure this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncologist and we'll figure this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncologist and we'll figure this out
+together now I mentioned to you earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together now I mentioned to you earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together now I mentioned to you earlier
+that one of the things that happens here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of the things that happens here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of the things that happens here
+is that they get good intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they get good intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they get good intellectual
+property not that I'm a fan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property not that I'm a fan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property not that I'm a fan of
+intellectual property but they get good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property but they get good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property but they get good
+intellectual property they 3M at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property they 3M at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property they 3M at the end
+of all this and why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all this and why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all this and why is
+that you bring them into this joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you bring them into this joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you bring them into this joint
+meeting it's not like I get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting it's not like I get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting it's not like I get into the
+joint meeting after having talked to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint meeting after having talked to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint meeting after having talked to the
+veterinarian and the surgeon rather I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veterinarian and the surgeon rather I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veterinarian and the surgeon rather I
+bring them because then we say to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them because then we say to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them because then we say to the
+surgeon you know how do you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgeon you know how do you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgeon you know how do you do this
+thing and he says well I do it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and he says well I do it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and he says well I do it this way
+it's inherently expensive then you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's inherently expensive then you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's inherently expensive then you say
+okay to the veterinarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to the veterinarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to the veterinarian
+can you think of a way you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you think of a way you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you think of a way you know that
+you've made this thing so damn cheap can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made this thing so damn cheap can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made this thing so damn cheap can
+you think of maybe some amalgam you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of maybe some amalgam you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of maybe some amalgam you two
+and because they know the details of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because they know the details of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because they know the details of how
+they did it and the real world situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did it and the real world situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did it and the real world situation
+they're in they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in they're not
+theorizing like a development person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorizing like a development person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorizing like a development person
+might they're saying given my full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might they're saying given my full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might they're saying given my full
+experience with this situation I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with this situation I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with this situation I think I
+could adopt these portions of what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could adopt these portions of what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could adopt these portions of what that
+other person's doing and make an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person's doing and make an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person's doing and make an even
+better method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better method
+and that's why you have these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why you have these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why you have these different
+people now you may have noticed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people now you may have noticed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people now you may have noticed that
+person there who was doing uh masks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person there who was doing uh masks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person there who was doing uh masks for
+Hollywood and think to yourself well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood and think to yourself well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood and think to yourself well
+what the heck these are not randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heck these are not randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heck these are not randomly
+selected people one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected people one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected people one of the things that
+the uh that the oncologists had found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh that the oncologists had found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh that the oncologists had found
+out was that people were getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out was that people were getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out was that people were getting
+infections it was odd they found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections it was odd they found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections it was odd they found out
+that Smith no matter what they did got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Smith no matter what they did got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Smith no matter what they did got
+an infection every time they operated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infection every time they operated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infection every time they operated at
+on them Jones you could operate on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them Jones you could operate on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them Jones you could operate on them
+in a pig sty and nothing would ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a pig sty and nothing would ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a pig sty and nothing would ever
+happen what was it what they had found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen what was it what they had found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen what was it what they had found
+out all of you have the same situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all of you have the same situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all of you have the same situation
+what they found out was you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they found out was you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they found out was you know if
+you've had an operation what they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had an operation what they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had an operation what they do is
+they shave your skin and then they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shave your skin and then they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shave your skin and then they put
+iodine or some antibacterial material on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine or some antibacterial material on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine or some antibacterial material on
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+skin but really your hair follicles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin but really your hair follicles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin but really your hair follicles are
+an extension of the surface of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extension of the surface of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extension of the surface of your
+skin and whatever bacteria you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin and whatever bacteria you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin and whatever bacteria you're
+carrying on your skin you also carry it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying on your skin you also carry it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying on your skin you also carry it
+in your hair follicles and they couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your hair follicles and they couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your hair follicles and they couldn't
+clean that and some people have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean that and some people have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean that and some people have very
+dangerous bacteria that they carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous bacteria that they carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous bacteria that they carry
+around on the outside of their skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around on the outside of their skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around on the outside of their skin
+where it does no harm but when a surgeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it does no harm but when a surgeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it does no harm but when a surgeon
+comes along and puts a knife through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along and puts a knife through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along and puts a knife through
+he's pushing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's pushing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's pushing it
+in and so that was part of the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and so that was part of the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and so that was part of the solution
+that the oncologists had come up with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the oncologists had come up with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the oncologists had come up with so
+uh now what you find from all this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now what you find from all this is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now what you find from all this is is
+a range of solutions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a range of solutions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a range of solutions that you
+develop and now what I want you to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop and now what I want you to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop and now what I want you to do is
+try this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try this thing
+out okay so now we're back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so now we're back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so now we're back to this
+slide and I hope it makes more sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and I hope it makes more sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and I hope it makes more sense to
+you now so select a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now so select a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now so select a
+small specific major Trend in a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small specific major Trend in a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small specific major Trend in a small
+Market you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market you know something
+about I want you to think about the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I want you to think about the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I want you to think about the lead
+users within that target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users within that target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users within that target
+market and those people are like like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and those people are like like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and those people are like like in
+the case of the surgeons there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the surgeons there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the surgeons there the
+there's the there are the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the there are the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the there are the actual
+surgeons doing surgery on humans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgeons doing surgery on humans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgeons doing surgery on humans and
+then I want you to think about possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want you to think about possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want you to think about possible
+lead users outside the target market who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead users outside the target market who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead users outside the target market who
+might have an even more extreme solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have an even more extreme solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have an even more extreme solution
+that would be useful within the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be useful within the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be useful within the target
+market because it's trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market because it's trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market because it's trying to do
+somewhat the same thing okay I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat the same thing okay I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat the same thing okay I'm going
+to lead this slide up and now what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead this slide up and now what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead this slide up and now what I
+want you to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to do is
+take 12 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 12 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 12 minutes
+okay talk to your neighbor and Try It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay talk to your neighbor and Try It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay talk to your neighbor and Try It
+Out Try It Out in the area where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Out Try It Out in the area where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Out Try It Out in the area where you
+know the most and you think it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the most and you think it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the most and you think it's going
+to work because what you're trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work because what you're trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work because what you're trying to do
+is test the method you're not trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is test the method you're not trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is test the method you're not trying to
+advance your knowledge of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance your knowledge of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance your knowledge of a particular
+field you're using the knowledge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you're using the knowledge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you're using the knowledge you
+have of a particular field to test the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have of a particular field to test the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have of a particular field to test the
+method okay so say hello to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay so say hello to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay so say hello to your
+neighbors have to do that and let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors have to do that and let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors have to do that and let's see
+you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to
+work and in this class what we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and in this class what we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and in this class what we've talked
+about today is two methods once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today is two methods once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today is two methods once we
+understand the Innovation process two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the Innovation process two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the Innovation process two
+methods for picking up Innovations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for picking up Innovations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for picking up Innovations in
+ways that are absolutely non-standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that are absolutely non-standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that are absolutely non-standard
+standard way is asking people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way is asking people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way is asking people in the
+center of the market what they want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the market what they want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the market what they want and
+then coming up with it for them this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then coming up with it for them this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then coming up with it for them this
+gets in the way of the fact that we Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets in the way of the fact that we Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets in the way of the fact that we Now
+understand that lead users are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that lead users are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that lead users are the
+innovators at the beginning of small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovators at the beginning of small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovators at the beginning of small and
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+markets so what do we do one is we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets so what do we do one is we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets so what do we do one is we know
+that it's if it's a success the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's if it's a success the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's if it's a success the number
+of users will build over time who find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of users will build over time who find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of users will build over time who find
+it on their own and you can track that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on their own and you can track that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on their own and you can track that
+phenomenon the second method the one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon the second method the one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon the second method the one we
+talked about with respect to Trends is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about with respect to Trends is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about with respect to Trends is
+if you know a trend you can March right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know a trend you can March right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know a trend you can March right
+down it to get two lead users who might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it to get two lead users who might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it to get two lead users who might
+not be visible because a crowd has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be visible because a crowd has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be visible because a crowd has not
+particularly picked up their Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly picked up their Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly picked up their Solutions
+yet at least for not for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet at least for not for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet at least for not for your
+application okay so that's it for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application okay so that's it for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application okay so that's it for today
+thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3XF8HRxS-5g.txt b/3XF8HRxS-5g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca5d5a7d60e4631eefe86212806b325e46dcfb16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3XF8HRxS-5g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1995 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first of all thank you for being here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all thank you for being here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all thank you for being here
+we've talked about immigration in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about immigration in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about immigration in the
+past and the very nature equities I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and the very nature equities I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and the very nature equities I
+think it also applies and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it also applies and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it also applies and one of the
+themes that we studied at leat with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes that we studied at leat with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes that we studied at leat with
+Professor chairman was what's the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor chairman was what's the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor chairman was what's the actual
+reason that people do not want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that people do not want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that people do not want
+immigrants in the country versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants in the country versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants in the country versus the
+reasons that they state so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that they state so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that they state so for example
+one of the reasons that people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons that people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons that people with
+state would be that immigrants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state would be that immigrants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state would be that immigrants are
+earning in the economy one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning in the economy one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning in the economy one of the
+reasons why people people stay oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why people people stay oh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why people people stay oh sorry
+one of the reasons that people's state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons that people's state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons that people's state
+that they don't want the immigrants from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't want the immigrants from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't want the immigrants from
+the country Oh state yeah it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country Oh state yeah it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country Oh state yeah it's because
+they said that immigrants who were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said that immigrants who were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said that immigrants who were in
+the economy but then professor Sherman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy but then professor Sherman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy but then professor Sherman
+pointed out the fact that Mayor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out the fact that Mayor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out the fact that Mayor
+Bloomberg of New York for the former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloomberg of New York for the former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloomberg of New York for the former
+Mayor Bloomberg of New York said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mayor Bloomberg of New York said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mayor Bloomberg of New York said that
+New York cannot run without immigrants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York cannot run without immigrants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York cannot run without immigrants
+so what do you think are the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think are the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think are the actual
+reasons that people do not want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that people do not want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that people do not want
+immigrants in the country well first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants in the country well first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants in the country well first of
+all it's not a new phenomenon and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's not a new phenomenon and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's not a new phenomenon and it's
+not the United States so for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the United States so for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the United States so for example in
+Europe a majority of the population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe a majority of the population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe a majority of the population of
+Europe majority thinks that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe majority thinks that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe majority thinks that their
+addition that Europe should not permit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition that Europe should not permit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition that Europe should not permit
+any Muslim immigrants okay Europe has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Muslim immigrants okay Europe has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Muslim immigrants okay Europe has a
+certain history like it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain history like it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain history like it's called
+crematoria for example that's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crematoria for example that's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crematoria for example that's part of
+the background and that's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background and that's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background and that's part of the
+immigration background here too I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration background here too I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration background here too I can
+talk about if a very personal point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about if a very personal point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about if a very personal point of
+view my father my mother my father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view my father my mother my father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view my father my mother my father
+happened to be able to come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be able to come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be able to come to the
+United States before the fleeing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States before the fleeing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States before the fleeing from
+Czarist Russia horrible conditions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Czarist Russia horrible conditions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Czarist Russia horrible conditions for
+especially for Jews he made it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for Jews he made it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for Jews he made it before
+the Immigration Act of 1924 1924
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Immigration Act of 1924 1924
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Immigration Act of 1924 1924
+Immigration Act for the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Immigration Act for the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Immigration Act for the first time
+barred Europeans prior to that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barred Europeans prior to that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barred Europeans prior to that there
+were racist immigration acts like kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were racist immigration acts like kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were racist immigration acts like kept
+out Orientals but Europeans were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Orientals but Europeans were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Orientals but Europeans were
+admitted and there was a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted and there was a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted and there was a very simple
+reason for that we were exterminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that we were exterminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that we were exterminating
+the indigenous population so it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indigenous population so it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indigenous population so it was a
+lot of open space that's what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of open space that's what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of open space that's what you see
+glory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glory
+and stories about covered wagons going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stories about covered wagons going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stories about covered wagons going
+to the West the pioneers of course they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the West the pioneers of course they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the West the pioneers of course they
+were displacing some people who happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were displacing some people who happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were displacing some people who happen
+to live there but it's another story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live there but it's another story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live there but it's another story
+anyway there was an open the continent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway there was an open the continent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway there was an open the continent
+was open after you've exterminated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was open after you've exterminated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was open after you've exterminated the
+population and you want the right kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and you want the right kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and you want the right kind
+of people to come in and if you go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people to come in and if you go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people to come in and if you go back
+the question of the right kind of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of the right kind of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of the right kind of people
+was quite delicate so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was quite delicate so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was quite delicate so for example
+Benjamin Franklin who was the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benjamin Franklin who was the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benjamin Franklin who was the leading
+figure of the Enlightenment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure of the Enlightenment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure of the Enlightenment in the
+United States he thought we should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States he thought we should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States he thought we should have
+discriminatory immigration rules to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminatory immigration rules to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminatory immigration rules to keep
+out the wrong kind of people of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the wrong kind of people of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the wrong kind of people of people
+who were too dark and the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were too dark and the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were too dark and the people who
+were too dark were Swedes and Germans ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were too dark were Swedes and Germans ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were too dark were Swedes and Germans ok
+that's Benjamin Franklin so we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Benjamin Franklin so we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Benjamin Franklin so we got to
+watch out keep out Germans and Swedes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out keep out Germans and Swedes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out keep out Germans and Swedes
+they're too swarthy but that was finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're too swarthy but that was finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're too swarthy but that was finally
+relaxed anyway they needed Europeans to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed anyway they needed Europeans to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed anyway they needed Europeans to
+come in by the beginning of the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in by the beginning of the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in by the beginning of the 20th
+century that they didn't need immigrants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century that they didn't need immigrants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century that they didn't need immigrants
+any longer to fill the country and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any longer to fill the country and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any longer to fill the country and the
+constant racism emerged so the 1924 act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant racism emerged so the 1924 act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant racism emerged so the 1924 act
+was basic I mean in reality it was based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was basic I mean in reality it was based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was basic I mean in reality it was based
+against Jews and Italians what they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Jews and Italians what they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Jews and Italians what they said
+is east and southern Europeans that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is east and southern Europeans that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is east and southern Europeans that I'm
+intrusion Italians well ok what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrusion Italians well ok what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrusion Italians well ok what happened
+to the Jews who weren't unable to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Jews who weren't unable to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Jews who weren't unable to come
+until the 1960s and they're up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the 1960s and they're up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the 1960s and they're up in
+concentration camps in crematoria so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration camps in crematoria so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration camps in crematoria so
+it's a serious issue that's most my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a serious issue that's most my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a serious issue that's most my
+family incidentally but the ones who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family incidentally but the ones who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family incidentally but the ones who
+didn't make it you know but so the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make it you know but so the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make it you know but so the story
+goes way back it's not something new and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes way back it's not something new and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes way back it's not something new and
+it's not just the United States Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the United States Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the United States Western
+society generally is infected by a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society generally is infected by a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society generally is infected by a very
+deep racism and it's even more extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep racism and it's even more extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep racism and it's even more extreme
+in many ways in Europe than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ways in Europe than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ways in Europe than
+the united states in fact in europe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the united states in fact in europe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the united states in fact in europe it's
+even more frightening than the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more frightening than the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more frightening than the united
+states so take this morning's newspaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so take this morning's newspaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so take this morning's newspaper
+if you happen to look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you happen to look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you happen to look at it
+the government of Austria has there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government of Austria has there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government of Austria has there was
+a coalition government that it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coalition government that it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coalition government that it wasn't
+able to have an agreement so they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have an agreement so they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have an agreement so they have
+to have an election and the concern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an election and the concern is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an election and the concern is
+that the most popular figure in Austria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the most popular figure in Austria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the most popular figure in Austria
+might win the election he happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might win the election he happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might win the election he happens to be
+in do not see that's Austria there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in do not see that's Austria there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in do not see that's Austria there's a
+little bit of history in Austria okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of history in Austria okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of history in Austria okay
+well that's that's scary and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's that's scary and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's that's scary and it's
+happening all over the here it's here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening all over the here it's here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening all over the here it's here it
+has a special character because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a special character because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a special character because of the
+white supremacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white supremacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white supremacy
+the white supremacy is very deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white supremacy is very deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white supremacy is very deeply
+rooted in the United States there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooted in the United States there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooted in the United States there are
+comparative studies of white supremacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative studies of white supremacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative studies of white supremacy
+the major ones by Georg Fredrickson so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major ones by Georg Fredrickson so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major ones by Georg Fredrickson so
+super good sociologists who did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super good sociologists who did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super good sociologists who did a
+comparative study of white supremacy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative study of white supremacy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative study of white supremacy in
+many countries it's more extreme in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many countries it's more extreme in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many countries it's more extreme in the
+United States than any country that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States than any country that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States than any country that he
+studied including South Africa under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied including South Africa under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied including South Africa under
+apartheid and you see it all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartheid and you see it all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartheid and you see it all over the
+place I mean when the Nazis in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place I mean when the Nazis in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place I mean when the Nazis in the early
+thirties were trying to find models for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirties were trying to find models for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirties were trying to find models for
+the Nuremberg Laws the racist laws they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nuremberg Laws the racist laws they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nuremberg Laws the racist laws they
+looked around the world the only country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked around the world the only country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked around the world the only country
+where they could find good models was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they could find good models was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they could find good models was
+the United States and they took US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States and they took US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States and they took US
+models of the US had miscegenation rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of the US had miscegenation rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of the US had miscegenation rules
+rules against interracial marriage which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules against interracial marriage which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules against interracial marriage which
+lasted in fact until they were finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasted in fact until they were finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasted in fact until they were finally
+struck down in the 1960s the Nazis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck down in the 1960s the Nazis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck down in the 1960s the Nazis
+didn't entirely take the u.s. laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't entirely take the u.s. laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't entirely take the u.s. laws
+because they regarded the u.s. laws too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they regarded the u.s. laws too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they regarded the u.s. laws too
+harsh so the u.s. laws were based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsh so the u.s. laws were based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsh so the u.s. laws were based on the
+concept of one drop of blood none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of one drop of blood none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of one drop of blood none of
+this means anything you know from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means anything you know from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means anything you know from a
+biological point of view it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological point of view it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological point of view it's all
+totally meaningless but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally meaningless but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally meaningless but you know
+these are constructs socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are constructs socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are constructs socially
+constructed categories and one drop of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed categories and one drop of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed categories and one drop of
+blood meant of you by whatever category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood meant of you by whatever category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood meant of you by whatever category
+was concocted you had one drop of Negro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was concocted you had one drop of Negro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was concocted you had one drop of Negro
+blood your black and then you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood your black and then you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood your black and then you can't
+marry a white those were laws that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marry a white those were laws that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marry a white those were laws that were
+not struck down I think until 1967 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not struck down I think until 1967 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not struck down I think until 1967 I
+mean and it you see it all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and it you see it all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and it you see it all over the
+place right now I mean it's right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place right now I mean it's right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place right now I mean it's right in
+front of us all over the in fact if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of us all over the in fact if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of us all over the in fact if you
+if you look at African history and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at African history and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at African history and the
+United States pretty remarkable in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States pretty remarkable in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States pretty remarkable in fact
+that something that really should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something that really should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something that really should be
+studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied
+I'm the two topics that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the two topics that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the two topics that should be
+studied are what happened to the native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied are what happened to the native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied are what happened to the native
+population and what happened to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and what happened to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and what happened to the
+black population anything else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black population anything else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black population anything else is
+secondary for the United States without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary for the United States without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary for the United States without
+going through the details I presume you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the details I presume you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the details I presume you
+know them but in the first slaves were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know them but in the first slaves were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know them but in the first slaves were
+brought and here Massachusetts said four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought and here Massachusetts said four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought and here Massachusetts said four
+hundred years ago that's four hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years ago that's four hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years ago that's four hundred
+years you look over those four hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you look over those four hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you look over those four hundred
+years there have been literally a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years there have been literally a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years there have been literally a few
+decades maybe thirty years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades maybe thirty years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades maybe thirty years
+scattered in which African Americans had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered in which African Americans had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered in which African Americans had
+a kind of a small opportunity to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a small opportunity to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a small opportunity to enter
+the general society that's quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general society that's quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general society that's quite a
+record and of course it has a residue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record and of course it has a residue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record and of course it has a residue
+the residue shows and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residue shows and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residue shows and things like
+immortality wealth the wealth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immortality wealth the wealth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immortality wealth the wealth of
+african-american families is virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african-american families is virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african-american families is virtually
+zero what there was was pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what there was was pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what there was was pretty much
+destroyed by the crash and it shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed by the crash and it shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed by the crash and it shows up
+the you know the wire their murders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the wire their murders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the wire their murders and
+ghettos and Chicago and Baltimore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghettos and Chicago and Baltimore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghettos and Chicago and Baltimore and
+south and the genes know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south and the genes know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south and the genes know
+everywhere you look you see and shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere you look you see and shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere you look you see and shows up
+I wasn't going back to your question it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wasn't going back to your question it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wasn't going back to your question it
+shows up in the racist immigration laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up in the racist immigration laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up in the racist immigration laws
+which are bad enough now but the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are bad enough now but the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are bad enough now but the ones
+that were enacted in 1924 and maintained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were enacted in 1924 and maintained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were enacted in 1924 and maintained
+right through the Holocaust oh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right through the Holocaust oh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right through the Holocaust oh those
+were pretty serious in fact you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty serious in fact you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty serious in fact you probably
+know the stories but ships were turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the stories but ships were turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the stories but ships were turned
+away bringing refugees who thought they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away bringing refugees who thought they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away bringing refugees who thought they
+could make it I mean there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make it I mean there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make it I mean there's some
+strange stories if you look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange stories if you look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange stories if you look at it
+they're kind of suppressed but one quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of suppressed but one quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of suppressed but one quite
+interesting stories worth looking at if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stories worth looking at if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stories worth looking at if
+you're interested is nesting with Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested is nesting with Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested is nesting with Japan
+the Japanese fascists were kind of only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Japanese fascists were kind of only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Japanese fascists were kind of only
+had a limited understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a limited understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a limited understanding of the
+Western world Japan had been pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western world Japan had been pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western world Japan had been pretty
+isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated
+so the fascist leaders the general Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fascist leaders the general Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fascist leaders the general Japan
+in the 1930s were pretty much influenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1930s were pretty much influenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1930s were pretty much influenced
+by Germany and they knew that they read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Germany and they knew that they read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Germany and they knew that they read
+German propaganda Nazi propaganda about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German propaganda Nazi propaganda about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German propaganda Nazi propaganda about
+how Jews are running the world and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Jews are running the world and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Jews are running the world and they
+were very eager to get the Americans off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very eager to get the Americans off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very eager to get the Americans off
+their back you know they didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their back you know they didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their back you know they didn't want to
+conflict with the United States so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict with the United States so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict with the United States so they
+concluded that the way to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that the way to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that the way to get the
+Americans off their back is by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans off their back is by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans off their back is by doing
+something nice for the Jews and this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something nice for the Jews and this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something nice for the Jews and this in
+fact fit with Japanese history because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact fit with Japanese history because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact fit with Japanese history because
+in the early part of the 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early part of the 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early part of the 20th century
+there was a Russell Japanese war and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a Russell Japanese war and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a Russell Japanese war and
+Jewish wealthy Jews who were very anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish wealthy Jews who were very anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish wealthy Jews who were very anti
+Russian because Russia was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian because Russia was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian because Russia was very
+anti-semitic were funding and supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-semitic were funding and supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-semitic were funding and supporting
+the Japanese Jacob Schiff and others and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Japanese Jacob Schiff and others and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Japanese Jacob Schiff and others and
+that was from Japan considered that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was from Japan considered that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was from Japan considered that that
+was part of the reason why they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part of the reason why they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part of the reason why they were
+going to win the war so they had their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to win the war so they had their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to win the war so they had their
+own connections with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own connections with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own connections with
+international Jewish conspiracy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international Jewish conspiracy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international Jewish conspiracy that
+roams the world that they were picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roams the world that they were picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roams the world that they were picking
+up from Nazi propaganda so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up from Nazi propaganda so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up from Nazi propaganda so they
+concluded that the way to mollify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that the way to mollify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that the way to mollify the
+United States was to bring Jews from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States was to bring Jews from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States was to bring Jews from
+Eastern Europe to Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastern Europe to Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastern Europe to Japan
+and what there was a period of the Nazi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what there was a period of the Nazi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what there was a period of the Nazi
+Russian pact you know where people could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian pact you know where people could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian pact you know where people could
+move and in fact there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move and in fact there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move and in fact there was a
+considerable number of Polish Jews very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable number of Polish Jews very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable number of Polish Jews very
+Orthodox Polish Jews the kind you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orthodox Polish Jews the kind you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orthodox Polish Jews the kind you see
+with black hats and white shirts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with black hats and white shirts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with black hats and white shirts you
+know yes and all this you see they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yes and all this you see they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yes and all this you see they were
+brought from Poland to Japan which was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought from Poland to Japan which was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought from Poland to Japan which was a
+feudal society the culture of contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feudal society the culture of contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feudal society the culture of contact
+was incredible visits of all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was incredible visits of all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was incredible visits of all sorts of
+interesting stories about it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stories about it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stories about it but the
+point here is that the Japanese assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is that the Japanese assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is that the Japanese assumed
+that if they brought Polish Jews to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they brought Polish Jews to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they brought Polish Jews to
+Japan the american jewish community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan the american jewish community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan the american jewish community
+would welcome them here they didn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would welcome them here they didn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would welcome them here they didn't want
+them to stay in Japan of course they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to stay in Japan of course they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to stay in Japan of course they
+thought they'd go on to the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they'd go on to the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they'd go on to the United
+States they stayed in Japan not nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States they stayed in Japan not nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States they stayed in Japan not nobody
+wanted them here including the Jewish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted them here including the Jewish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted them here including the Jewish
+yeah there's plenty of stories like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's plenty of stories like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's plenty of stories like that
+as soon as you start to lift the veil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as you start to lift the veil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as you start to lift the veil
+very slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slightly
+I find it everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3_6SXySMp24.txt b/3_6SXySMp24.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8448e61aff0f0ab702190dcf7a80c6505a4b1d89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3_6SXySMp24.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+20 20 24 hours to give I want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 20 24 hours to give I want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 20 24 hours to give I want to be
+educated nothing to lose because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated nothing to lose because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated nothing to lose because it's
+fre I want to be educated just get me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fre I want to be educated just get me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fre I want to be educated just get me
+over learning put on some your strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over learning put on some your strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over learning put on some your strength
+hurry hurry hurry because I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurry hurry hurry because I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurry hurry hurry because I can't
+contain it's my love for learning I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain it's my love for learning I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain it's my love for learning I
+can't stop my brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh 20 20 24 hours to give I want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh 20 20 24 hours to give I want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh 20 20 24 hours to give I want to be
+educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated
+nothing to lose because it's freak I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to lose because it's freak I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to lose because it's freak I
+want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be
+educated just put on open learning get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated just put on open learning get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated just put on open learning get
+me to my tee hurry hurry hurry because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to my tee hurry hurry hurry because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to my tee hurry hurry hurry because I
+can't contain it's my love for learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't contain it's my love for learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't contain it's my love for learning
+I can't stop my brain oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no I want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I want to be
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+educated I want to be educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+educated I want to be educated
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4FGNLl9Btfw.txt b/4FGNLl9Btfw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e67872a364d80b7e3f0c33211ab6bda1370cca81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4FGNLl9Btfw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16411 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to go through payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through payment
+systems what is a payment system in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems what is a payment system in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems what is a payment system in fact
+some trends around the payment system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trends around the payment system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trends around the payment system
+which is a little bit of a statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little bit of a statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little bit of a statistical
+review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review
+and then critically think about the pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then critically think about the pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then critically think about the pain
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+a list that i've sort of been keeping as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list that i've sort of been keeping as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list that i've sort of been keeping as
+i teach fintech and those also as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i teach fintech and those also as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i teach fintech and those also as i
+think about cryptocurrencies and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about cryptocurrencies and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about cryptocurrencies and how
+they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might
+insert themselves in this space some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert themselves in this space some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert themselves in this space some
+trends around the globe with nations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends around the globe with nations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends around the globe with nations
+trying to move forward with real-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to move forward with real-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to move forward with real-time
+gross settlement the idea that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross settlement the idea that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross settlement the idea that you could
+settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle
+payment transactions instantaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment transactions instantaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment transactions instantaneously
+24 hours a day seven days a week which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 hours a day seven days a week which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 hours a day seven days a week which
+many nations don't do yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many nations don't do yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many nations don't do yet
+some do we'll get into that and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some do we'll get into that and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some do we'll get into that and then the
+landscape itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape itself
+what what are the companies doing and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are the companies doing and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are the companies doing and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+parking back to last uh discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking back to last uh discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking back to last uh discussion
+what are we seeing in the crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we seeing in the crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we seeing in the crypto
+projects and tokenization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and tokenization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and tokenization
+and then close out on facebook libra and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then close out on facebook libra and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then close out on facebook libra and
+china's digital currency electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china's digital currency electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china's digital currency electronic
+payment project so a lot to cover but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment project so a lot to cover but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment project so a lot to cover but
+please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please
+as i said uh videos on so we can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said uh videos on so we can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said uh videos on so we can keep
+this sense of community and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense of community and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense of community and
+audio off but anytime you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio off but anytime you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio off but anytime you have a
+question raise the blue hand in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question raise the blue hand in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question raise the blue hand in the
+participant area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participant area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participant area
+engage in the chat room amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in the chat room amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in the chat room amongst
+yourselves or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves or
+romaine would be good enough just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine would be good enough just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine would be good enough just to
+interrupt me when he sees something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt me when he sees something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt me when he sees something
+interesting in the chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in the chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in the chat
+or for that matter even if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for that matter even if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for that matter even if you're a
+student and you see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and you see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and you see something
+interesting in a chat that romaine's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in a chat that romaine's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in a chat that romaine's not
+raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising
+you can raise your hand and say i see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can raise your hand and say i see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can raise your hand and say i see
+three things in the chat room and i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things in the chat room and i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things in the chat room and i want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+capture that for the class and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture that for the class and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture that for the class and so forth
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so the readings today uh i thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the readings today uh i thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the readings today uh i thought it
+was interesting to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interesting to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interesting to take
+a speech by leo brainard lael is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a speech by leo brainard lael is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a speech by leo brainard lael is on the
+u.s federal reserve board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s federal reserve board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s federal reserve board
+and as they do in many commissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as they do in many commissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as they do in many commissions
+and and boards of central banks around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and boards of central banks around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and boards of central banks around
+the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the globe
+they allocate different projects now leo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they allocate different projects now leo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they allocate different projects now leo
+is part of the federal open uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the federal open uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the federal open uh
+markets committee and helps set interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets committee and helps set interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets committee and helps set interest
+rates but she also is that key player on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates but she also is that key player on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates but she also is that key player on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+reserve board around payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve board around payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve board around payments
+and so she gave a speech about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so she gave a speech about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so she gave a speech about the
+updating and where we stand and i hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating and where we stand and i hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating and where we stand and i hope
+you found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you found
+that helpful um along with neha narula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helpful um along with neha narula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helpful um along with neha narula
+uh we did a cryptocurrency online course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we did a cryptocurrency online course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we did a cryptocurrency online course
+last summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last summer
+in the payment system space was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the payment system space was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the payment system space was
+something we wrote just as a background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we wrote just as a background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we wrote just as a background
+as a primer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a primer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a primer
+in this area and then some payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area and then some payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area and then some payment
+innovations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations
+in the fintech space and a little map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fintech space and a little map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fintech space and a little map
+about nine payment trends so i hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nine payment trends so i hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nine payment trends so i hope that
+was helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was helpful
+if you haven't dug into it i do think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't dug into it i do think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't dug into it i do think
+that lael speech is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lael speech is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lael speech is a good
+uh update as to where we are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh update as to where we are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh update as to where we are and
+particularly as the u.s federal reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly as the u.s federal reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly as the u.s federal reserve
+is thinking about things like facebook's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thinking about things like facebook's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thinking about things like facebook's
+libra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libra
+thinking about going to real time gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about going to real time gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about going to real time gross
+settlements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlements
+in something called fed now that won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something called fed now that won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something called fed now that won't
+be rolled out now for three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rolled out now for three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rolled out now for three or four
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+but i think leo gives a good sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think leo gives a good sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think leo gives a good sense of
+where things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things are
+so just if we can have a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just if we can have a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just if we can have a little bit of
+conversation here and romaine will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation here and romaine will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation here and romaine will help
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+facilitate but what are the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate but what are the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate but what are the key
+challenges and opportunities in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and opportunities in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and opportunities in the
+current system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current system
+just from your your own perspective in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from your your own perspective in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from your your own perspective in
+essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence
+what do you think i will later have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think i will later have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think i will later have on
+that list of pain points if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that list of pain points if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that list of pain points if you've
+not yet downloaded the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet downloaded the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet downloaded the slides
+but romaine let's see who will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but romaine let's see who will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but romaine let's see who will be the
+first volunteer for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first volunteer for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first volunteer for today
+yeah just to get a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just to get a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just to get a little bit
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+still waiting for a blue hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you yeah about the payment system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you yeah about the payment system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you yeah about the payment system
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i've noticed that uh there is kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've noticed that uh there is kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've noticed that uh there is kind of an
+of a monopoly especially here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a monopoly especially here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a monopoly especially here in the
+middle east
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle east
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle east
+all the payments are our i would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the payments are our i would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the payments are our i would say
+almost all payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all payments
+are through these mastercard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are through these mastercard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are through these mastercard and
+mx and if you can see that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mx and if you can see that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mx and if you can see that these
+companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies
+take a percentage of the merchant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a percentage of the merchant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a percentage of the merchant
+and i don't know if you guys have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't know if you guys have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't know if you guys have this
+in the states but sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the states but sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the states but sometimes
+for instance in my country in bahrain um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance in my country in bahrain um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance in my country in bahrain um
+if i would go and buy something if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i would go and buy something if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i would go and buy something if i
+know the owner personally he would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the owner personally he would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the owner personally he would say
+hey listen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey listen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey listen if
+if you would pay me in cash i could give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you would pay me in cash i could give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you would pay me in cash i could give
+you like a discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like a discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like a discount
+so i think that there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think that there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think that there are many
+opportunities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for
+companies that could maybe take less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that could maybe take less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that could maybe take less
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+and um out on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um out on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um out on and
+and exploit this this this opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exploit this this this opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exploit this this this opportunity
+let's capture two themes that you picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's capture two themes that you picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's capture two themes that you picked
+up there and there are many others and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there and there are many others and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there and there are many others and
+i see andrew's hand up so we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see andrew's hand up so we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see andrew's hand up so we'll have
+some other discussions cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other discussions cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other discussions cost
+you're saying that the current payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that the current payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that the current payment
+rails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rails
+my word but the current payment rails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my word but the current payment rails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my word but the current payment rails
+have a significant cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a significant cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a significant cost
+and you also mentioned uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also mentioned uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also mentioned uh the
+concentration you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration you said
+monopoly some might say oligopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly some might say oligopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly some might say oligopoly
+but there's a concentration usually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a concentration usually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a concentration usually in
+the payment systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment systems
+and this comes by and large not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this comes by and large not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this comes by and large not only
+because of the history of payments but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the history of payments but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the history of payments but
+also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the
+significant network effects that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant network effects that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant network effects that if you
+have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one
+central sort of payment mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central sort of payment mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central sort of payment mechanism
+whether it's a clearing house in days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a clearing house in days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a clearing house in days of
+old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old
+or in the last 40 years the credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the last 40 years the credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the last 40 years the credit card
+companies became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies became
+very significant in the payment space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very significant in the payment space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very significant in the payment space
+they had network effects of scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had network effects of scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had network effects of scale
+bringing merchants on the one side the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing merchants on the one side the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing merchants on the one side the
+store owners on the one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store owners on the one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store owners on the one side
+and the consumers on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the consumers on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the consumers on the other side
+together in the platform economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the platform economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the platform economics
+create a significant network effect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a significant network effect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a significant network effect so
+there's a lot of concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of concentration
+but uh andrew or others andrea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh andrew or others andrea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh andrew or others andrea
+yeah so i'm not fully sure if if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i'm not fully sure if if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i'm not fully sure if if this is
+related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related
+or if you consider it also payment but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you consider it also payment but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you consider it also payment but i
+think like one of the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like one of the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like one of the biggest
+opportunities and also challenges is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and also challenges is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and also challenges is
+still to resolve the international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still to resolve the international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still to resolve the international
+payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+so basically how you send the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically how you send the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically how you send the money
+across the borders there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the borders there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the borders there are
+many startups like everyone knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many startups like everyone knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many startups like everyone knows
+transferwise who are doing a great job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferwise who are doing a great job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferwise who are doing a great job
+but when you think about it it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you think about it it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you think about it it's still
+the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+their business model or how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their business model or how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their business model or how it works
+it's still not basically instant sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still not basically instant sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still not basically instant sending
+of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money
+and there are a couple of limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a couple of limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a couple of limitations
+for example you also need to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you also need to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you also need to do it
+um you also need to or you are allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you also need to or you are allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you also need to or you are allowed
+to to send the money internationally if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to send the money internationally if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to send the money internationally if
+you have a bank account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bank account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bank account
+but i for example know i was i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i for example know i was i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i for example know i was i was
+working in the middle east where for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the middle east where for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the middle east where for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+there is a lot of people a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of people a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of people a lot of
+international people coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international people coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international people coming
+you know and working there and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and working there and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and working there and they are
+sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending
+a lot of money back to their families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of money back to their families
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of money back to their families
+home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home
+um and for example a lot of them don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and for example a lot of them don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and for example a lot of them don't
+have a banking account so they're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a banking account so they're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a banking account so they're using
+services such as western union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services such as western union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services such as western union
+so so let's see very expensive i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's see very expensive i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's see very expensive i think
+andrew was good she raised three points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andrew was good she raised three points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andrew was good she raised three points
+in there i see ivy's head and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there i see ivy's head and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there i see ivy's head and then we'll
+close but the three points i heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close but the three points i heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close but the three points i heard
+cross border sending payments from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross border sending payments from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross border sending payments from
+one nation to another now that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nation to another now that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nation to another now that could be
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it's moving from one currency to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's moving from one currency to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's moving from one currency to another
+or even if it's in the same currency if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even if it's in the same currency if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even if it's in the same currency if
+you're using us dollars and sending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using us dollars and sending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using us dollars and sending a
+cross-border or using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-border or using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-border or using
+url or yen and sending a cross-border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+url or yen and sending a cross-border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+url or yen and sending a cross-border
+you're jumping between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're jumping between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're jumping between
+two different payment systems two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different payment systems two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different payment systems two
+different banking systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different banking systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different banking systems
+and so cross-border same currency or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so cross-border same currency or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so cross-border same currency or
+cross-border cross-currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-border cross-currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-border cross-currency
+there's a significant amount of costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a significant amount of costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a significant amount of costs
+embedded in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in that
+there's time delays that andrea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's time delays that andrea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's time delays that andrea
+mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+until you can have settled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you can have settled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you can have settled
+money final settled money means that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money final settled money means that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money final settled money means that you
+can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually
+use it in your commercial daily lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it in your commercial daily lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it in your commercial daily lives
+and then thirdly i think andrea raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then thirdly i think andrea raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then thirdly i think andrea raised
+inclusion whether everybody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion whether everybody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion whether everybody has
+access to that system so i thank you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to that system so i thank you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to that system so i thank you and
+then ivy and then we'll move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ivy and then we'll move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ivy and then we'll move on
+sorry i actually had some earlier points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i actually had some earlier points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i actually had some earlier points
+but i think just building up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think just building up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think just building up
+um off of that um like things like plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um off of that um like things like plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um off of that um like things like plot
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+are quite interesting because you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite interesting because you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite interesting because you really
+need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this
+i i guess i kind of think about it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i guess i kind of think about it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i guess i kind of think about it as
+like a um the plumbing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a um the plumbing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a um the plumbing of the
+like payment system if you will because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like payment system if you will because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like payment system if you will because
+they really need to plug into so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really need to plug into so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really need to plug into so many
+different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types
+of payment systems um all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of payment systems um all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of payment systems um all these
+different financial institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different financial institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different financial institutions
+and like just even thinking about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like just even thinking about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like just even thinking about um
+inclusion and kind of consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion and kind of consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion and kind of consumer
+like customer behavior and consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like customer behavior and consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like customer behavior and consumer
+credit behavior across countries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit behavior across countries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit behavior across countries and
+like entirely different like um people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like entirely different like um people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like entirely different like um people
+in the uk don't or in europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uk don't or in europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uk don't or in europe
+in general i don't think use credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general i don't think use credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general i don't think use credit
+cards as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards as much as
+um americans do people in asia are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um americans do people in asia are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um americans do people in asia are
+really used to using alipay wechat like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really used to using alipay wechat like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really used to using alipay wechat like
+qr codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qr codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qr codes
+have been kind of have become a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been kind of have become a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been kind of have become a big
+thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and
+like in canada um like people pay down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in canada um like people pay down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in canada um like people pay down
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+their debt much faster than like we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their debt much faster than like we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their debt much faster than like we do
+so just trying to think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just trying to think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just trying to think about how
+all these um you know different players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these um you know different players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these um you know different players
+both on the consumer side as well as on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both on the consumer side as well as on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both on the consumer side as well as on
+the you know supply side if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know supply side if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know supply side if you will
+uh it will fit into the entire system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it will fit into the entire system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it will fit into the entire system in
+the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+so ivy's mentioned a bunch of cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ivy's mentioned a bunch of cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ivy's mentioned a bunch of cultural
+and and geographic differences country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and geographic differences country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and geographic differences country
+by country we have differences in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by country we have differences in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by country we have differences in our
+payment systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems
+uh we have different cultural behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have different cultural behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have different cultural behaviors
+about paying down our debt and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about paying down our debt and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about paying down our debt and so forth
+and you mentioned one company plaid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you mentioned one company plaid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you mentioned one company plaid that
+helps the plumbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps the plumbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps the plumbing
+and and what's interesting is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what's interesting is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what's interesting is is that
+the word plumbing in banking or plumbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word plumbing in banking or plumbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word plumbing in banking or plumbing
+and payment is an age-old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and payment is an age-old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and payment is an age-old
+thought actually when alexander hamilton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought actually when alexander hamilton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought actually when alexander hamilton
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+nation's first secretary of the treasury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation's first secretary of the treasury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation's first secretary of the treasury
+helped found one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped found one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped found one of the first
+banks in the nation the bank of new york
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks in the nation the bank of new york
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks in the nation the bank of new york
+that still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that still
+is part of the bank of new york mellon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the bank of new york mellon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the bank of new york mellon
+this was in the 1780s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was in the 1780s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was in the 1780s
+they took as their logo or logo is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took as their logo or logo is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took as their logo or logo is a
+modern word but they took as their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern word but they took as their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern word but they took as their
+symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol
+uh something that looked like plumbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something that looked like plumbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something that looked like plumbing
+literally that they thought of banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally that they thought of banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally that they thought of banking
+as like waterworks or a central utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like waterworks or a central utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like waterworks or a central utility
+sending money around rather than sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending money around rather than sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending money around rather than sending
+water around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water around
+so i thank you for that but yes plaid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i thank you for that but yes plaid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i thank you for that but yes plaid is
+part of that plumbing and as andrea said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that plumbing and as andrea said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that plumbing and as andrea said
+transferwise is trying to find a gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferwise is trying to find a gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferwise is trying to find a gap
+in the cross border they're not alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cross border they're not alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cross border they're not alone
+there's remitti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's remitti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's remitti
+and world remit many other companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and world remit many other companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and world remit many other companies
+also but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also but
+and so this is a long question but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a long question but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a long question but just
+anybody want to say what lessons can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to say what lessons can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to say what lessons can you
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+from kind of big tech in this space ally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from kind of big tech in this space ally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from kind of big tech in this space ally
+pay wechat pay m pace etcetera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay wechat pay m pace etcetera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay wechat pay m pace etcetera
+just big tech and secondly any lessons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just big tech and secondly any lessons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just big tech and secondly any lessons
+from all the startups so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the startups so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the startups so it's kind of
+two buckets but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two buckets but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two buckets but it's
+what what what can you sort of take from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what can you sort of take from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what can you sort of take from
+the competitive landscape either big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competitive landscape either big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competitive landscape either big
+tech or the disruptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm sure that some of you use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure that some of you use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure that some of you use these
+companies whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies whether you're
+from asia and you use many of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from asia and you use many of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from asia and you use many of the big
+tech ones or even in the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech ones or even in the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech ones or even in the us
+if you do or um you're bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do or um you're bound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do or um you're bound to
+use vemma which is owned by paypal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use vemma which is owned by paypal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use vemma which is owned by paypal or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+so so we have luke and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we have luke and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we have luke and then
+wait so which side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait so which side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait so which side
+attackers disruptors i'm sorry say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attackers disruptors i'm sorry say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attackers disruptors i'm sorry say that
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+are you addressing big tech or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you addressing big tech or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you addressing big tech or the
+disruptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptors
+um so let's go with big tech but i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's go with big tech but i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's go with big tech but i guess
+it's not too messy when i talk about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too messy when i talk about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too messy when i talk about for
+example kakao pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example kakao pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example kakao pay
+which is the uh the payment platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the uh the payment platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the uh the payment platform
+made by kaka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by kaka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by kaka
+kaka group which is the largest uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaka group which is the largest uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaka group which is the largest uh the
+chat company in korea and basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat company in korea and basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat company in korea and basically it's
+whatsapp of korea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsapp of korea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsapp of korea
+so whether it be cacao pay or which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whether it be cacao pay or which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whether it be cacao pay or which i
+pay alipay apple pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay alipay apple pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay alipay apple pay
+the key thing is it's very very easy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing is it's very very easy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing is it's very very easy um
+compared to the bank now the banks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the bank now the banks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the bank now the banks are
+trying to catch up with the api open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to catch up with the api open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to catch up with the api open
+banking system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking system and
+all that but basically the ui user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that but basically the ui user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that but basically the ui user
+interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface
+is pretty easy to use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty easy to use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty easy to use and
+if you have a problem if you contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a problem if you contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a problem if you contact
+customer service they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer service they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer service they'll
+contact you right away versus banks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact you right away versus banks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact you right away versus banks you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+make you wait 20 minutes blah blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you wait 20 minutes blah blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you wait 20 minutes blah blah blah
+sad to say it as a banker but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad to say it as a banker but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad to say it as a banker but
+that's what it is the key lesson you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is the key lesson you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is the key lesson you're
+saying is it's easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is it's easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is it's easier
+it's got a user interface that's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a user interface that's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a user interface that's quite
+convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient
+and while you didn't use the word it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while you didn't use the word it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while you didn't use the word it's
+also ubiquitous and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ubiquitous and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ubiquitous and so
+copay in korea line pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copay in korea line pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copay in korea line pay
+in japan and and taiwan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in japan and and taiwan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in japan and and taiwan
+uh wechat pay alipay mpace uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wechat pay alipay mpace uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wechat pay alipay mpace uh
+really leapfrog the banking system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really leapfrog the banking system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really leapfrog the banking system but
+there was a very established banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a very established banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a very established banking
+system in korea and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in korea and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in korea and yet
+still kako pay uh leaped over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still kako pay uh leaped over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still kako pay uh leaped over
+not as much so in the u.s i mean yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as much so in the u.s i mean yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as much so in the u.s i mean yes
+google wallet is there yes apple pay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google wallet is there yes apple pay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google wallet is there yes apple pay is
+there and they are significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and they are significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and they are significant
+less so for facebook actually i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less so for facebook actually i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less so for facebook actually i think
+that's because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because of the
+weaker in a sense uh adoption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker in a sense uh adoption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker in a sense uh adoption
+google apple facebook in the us than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google apple facebook in the us than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google apple facebook in the us than
+we find in korea uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find in korea uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find in korea uh or
+china but i think that's more because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china but i think that's more because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china but i think that's more because of
+not because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because of
+over banking or the power of bank it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over banking or the power of bank it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over banking or the power of bank it's
+more because of the telecom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more because of the telecom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more because of the telecom
+services how how reachable approachable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services how how reachable approachable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services how how reachable approachable
+you are with the the lte speed or 3g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are with the the lte speed or 3g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are with the the lte speed or 3g
+speed you have here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed you have here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed you have here in
+big land of america so you're so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big land of america so you're so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big land of america so you're so what
+luke's raising is there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luke's raising is there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luke's raising is there's also
+facts on the ground about how developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts on the ground about how developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts on the ground about how developed
+the technology is whether it was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology is whether it was already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology is whether it was already
+at 3g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 3g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 3g
+or 4g or how developed the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 4g or how developed the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 4g or how developed the technology
+was on the ground so it's not just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on the ground so it's not just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on the ground so it's not just about
+how developed the banking system is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how developed the banking system is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how developed the banking system is but
+also technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also technology
+romain we had somebody else that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romain we had somebody else that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romain we had somebody else that might
+take the disrupter side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the disrupter side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the disrupter side
+thank you yes go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you yes go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you yes go ahead
+yeah i just want to raise a chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i just want to raise a chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i just want to raise a chance that
+lots of the payments this time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of the payments this time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of the payments this time and then
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+do we uh do we have a video do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we uh do we have a video do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we uh do we have a video do we have
+your face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face
+yeah i just like very ugly this morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i just like very ugly this morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i just like very ugly this morning
+but oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but oh
+i'm sure you look fine yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure you look fine yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure you look fine yeah
+so i just feel like um there's a a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i just feel like um there's a a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i just feel like um there's a a key
+trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend
+uh between like the the even like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between like the the even like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between like the the even like
+including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the
+the big tag payment firms as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big tag payment firms as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big tag payment firms as well as
+like the fintech firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the fintech firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the fintech firm
+it's a social media like people want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a social media like people want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a social media like people want to
+pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+via the social media this is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the social media this is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the social media this is happening
+like between the alipay wechat pay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like between the alipay wechat pay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like between the alipay wechat pay the
+cocoa pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocoa pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocoa pay
+and also like the venmo you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also like the venmo you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also like the venmo you know you can
+connect with friends you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect with friends you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect with friends you can
+um send stickers you can send uh express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um send stickers you can send uh express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um send stickers you can send uh express
+your emotions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your emotions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your emotions
+you can make your transactions available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make your transactions available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make your transactions available
+to your social network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your social network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your social network
+and i think this is also like similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think this is also like similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think this is also like similar to
+m pesa in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m pesa in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m pesa in
+kenya so i feel like this is a key trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kenya so i feel like this is a key trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kenya so i feel like this is a key trend
+that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people
+uh don't want to uh you know like only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh don't want to uh you know like only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh don't want to uh you know like only
+uh make the transaction with banks which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make the transaction with banks which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make the transaction with banks which
+is very separate and individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very separate and individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very separate and individual
+um they want to make transactions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they want to make transactions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they want to make transactions with
+their social network yeah i think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their social network yeah i think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their social network yeah i think that's
+right i think that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i think that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i think that's probably
+a larger factor with regard to the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger factor with regard to the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger factor with regard to the big
+tech companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech companies
+but it is also true that it's a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is also true that it's a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is also true that it's a factor
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+the the startups um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the startups um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the startups um and then
+uh lastly uh a question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lastly uh a question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lastly uh a question is
+do you think stable value coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think stable value coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think stable value coins
+tokenized assets even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokenized assets even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokenized assets even the
+the initiative of libra uh what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initiative of libra uh what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initiative of libra uh what what
+what will that do on this payment space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will that do on this payment space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will that do on this payment space
+um in essence are they hype or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in essence are they hype or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in essence are they hype or are
+passing fad or are they going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing fad or are they going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing fad or are they going to do
+something here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any opinions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to help out we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to help out we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to help out we're going to
+help out we have a poll this is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help out we have a poll this is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help out we have a poll this is exactly
+when we can sort of then ask a paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we can sort of then ask a paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we can sort of then ask a paul
+to to tease this out you you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to tease this out you you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to tease this out you you've done
+terrific that no one answered because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific that no one answered because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific that no one answered because
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+romaine's going to pull up a poll uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine's going to pull up a poll uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine's going to pull up a poll uh and
+this is more broadly this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more broadly this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more broadly this is about
+blockchain technology but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology but
+curious what everyone thinks here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious what everyone thinks here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious what everyone thinks here
+so you should now see a poll with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should now see a poll with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should now see a poll with three
+different questions on your screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a little bit more broadly as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit more broadly as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit more broadly as to
+whether financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether financial
+firms will incorporate blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms will incorporate blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms will incorporate blockchain
+technology into their business models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology into their business models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology into their business models
+as they've already incorporated ai and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they've already incorporated ai and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they've already incorporated ai and
+machine learning as they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning as they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning as they've
+been incorporating open api will this be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been incorporating open api will this be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been incorporating open api will this be
+a fundamental feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fundamental feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fundamental feature
+in the next two five or ten years or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next two five or ten years or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next two five or ten years or not
+at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+twenty percent of the class voted so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty percent of the class voted so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty percent of the class voted so far
+please check the window and vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+romaine i i i like your ability to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine i i i like your ability to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine i i i like your ability to pull
+in the votes i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the votes i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the votes i
+you might have a job to do come november
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a job to do come november
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a job to do come november
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+in our next uh general election here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are you confident it's going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you confident it's going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you confident it's going to take
+place uh uh yes i am confident under our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh uh yes i am confident under our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh uh yes i am confident under our
+constitutional system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutional system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutional system
+that we will have an election excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will have an election excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will have an election excellent
+okay we have 70 percent of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have 70 percent of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have 70 percent of the class
+that has voted i'm gonna let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has voted i'm gonna let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has voted i'm gonna let
+five more seconds ten seconds yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five more seconds ten seconds yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five more seconds ten seconds yeah
+and we reached 80 thank you everyone for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we reached 80 thank you everyone for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we reached 80 thank you everyone for
+sharing your thoughts i'm sharing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing your thoughts i'm sharing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing your thoughts i'm sharing the
+results with you you should now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results with you you should now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results with you you should now
+be able to see them so let's see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see them so let's see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see them so let's see that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the class tends to be uh optimistic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class tends to be uh optimistic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class tends to be uh optimistic that
+blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology
+will be incorporated in even though it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be incorporated in even though it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be incorporated in even though it
+might take five to ten years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might take five to ten years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might take five to ten years
+it looks like the the the uh the mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like the the the uh the mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like the the the uh the mode
+is five years or five or ten years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is five years or five or ten years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is five years or five or ten years
+the uh in terms of what will it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh in terms of what will it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh in terms of what will it have
+uh will be um beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will be um beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will be um beyond
+speculative digital store value will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculative digital store value will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculative digital store value will
+bitcoin become the currency of choice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin become the currency of choice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin become the currency of choice in
+some part of the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some part of the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some part of the economy
+uh that generally 60 some percent say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that generally 60 some percent say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that generally 60 some percent say no
+um and then who is satoshi nakamoto well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then who is satoshi nakamoto well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then who is satoshi nakamoto well
+that was just sort of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was just sort of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was just sort of my
+one little uh question uh because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little uh question uh because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little uh question uh because of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+we don't know who satoshi nakamoto is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know who satoshi nakamoto is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know who satoshi nakamoto is
+this woman or man who wrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this woman or man who wrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this woman or man who wrote the
+eight page white paper and put it out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight page white paper and put it out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight page white paper and put it out on
+the internet 12 years ago but it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet 12 years ago but it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet 12 years ago but it looks
+like a third of you said maybe it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a third of you said maybe it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a third of you said maybe it was a
+foreign state actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign state actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign state actor
+or 20 said u.s intelligence um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20 said u.s intelligence um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20 said u.s intelligence um
+so okay so let's get back to payments i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so let's get back to payments i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so let's get back to payments i
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+i like this uh thoughts uh there if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like this uh thoughts uh there if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like this uh thoughts uh there if you
+want to take that window you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take that window you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take that window you
+have to i think get rid of the poll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to i think get rid of the poll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to i think get rid of the poll
+individually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually
+which i'm about to do now yes thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm about to do now yes thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm about to do now yes thank you
+as well um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well um so
+what is a payment system let's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a payment system let's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a payment system let's sort of
+just dive in and talk about what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dive in and talk about what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dive in and talk about what it is
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and it's been around the centuries so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been around the centuries so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been around the centuries so
+it's not a new thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a new thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a new thing it's
+but in a digital world in a ledger based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a digital world in a ledger based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a digital world in a ledger based
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+it's a method to change a ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a method to change a ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a method to change a ledger
+now this isn't an accounting class i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this isn't an accounting class i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this isn't an accounting class i'm
+not going to bore you with accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to bore you with accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to bore you with accounting
+but basically if i'm moving money to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically if i'm moving money to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically if i'm moving money to you
+somebody has to lower my account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has to lower my account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has to lower my account
+credit my account remember uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit my account remember uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit my account remember uh
+assets or debits so credit means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets or debits so credit means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets or debits so credit means it's
+going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down
+a little bit of accounting here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of accounting here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of accounting here and then
+somebody else's account has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's account has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's account has to be
+debited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debited
+so one debit one credit one account goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one debit one credit one account goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one debit one credit one account goes
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+one count goes up it's also about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one count goes up it's also about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one count goes up it's also about
+authorizing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorizing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorizing those
+uh movements and then what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh movements and then what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh movements and then what's called
+clearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing
+and final settlement and earlier we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and final settlement and earlier we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and final settlement and earlier we
+discussed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed it
+and sometimes final settlement doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes final settlement doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes final settlement doesn't
+happen for a couple of days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen for a couple of days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen for a couple of days
+in a long time ago if you wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a long time ago if you wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a long time ago if you wrote a
+physical check you might not have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical check you might not have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical check you might not have it
+settled meaning having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled meaning having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled meaning having
+money in your account for five days or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in your account for five days or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in your account for five days or
+longer even now it's closer to two days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer even now it's closer to two days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer even now it's closer to two days
+um but it's basically amending and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's basically amending and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's basically amending and
+recording those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording those
+ledgers that's what it is in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledgers that's what it is in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledgers that's what it is in an
+accounting system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting system
+and so how did we do this this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how did we do this this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how did we do this this is just
+some fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fun
+you know background but thomas jefferson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know background but thomas jefferson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know background but thomas jefferson
+the writer of the declaration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writer of the declaration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writer of the declaration of
+independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence
+actually you can find online a check he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can find online a check he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can find online a check he
+wrote to himself i'm not quite sure why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote to himself i'm not quite sure why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote to himself i'm not quite sure why
+he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did
+this would have been the year after he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would have been the year after he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would have been the year after he
+was president but he wrote a check to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was president but he wrote a check to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was president but he wrote a check to
+himself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself so
+physical personal checks have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical personal checks have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical personal checks have been
+around a long time but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a long time but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a long time but they are
+basically an instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically an instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically an instruction
+called negotiable orders of withdrawal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called negotiable orders of withdrawal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called negotiable orders of withdrawal
+but an instruction to a bank to amend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an instruction to a bank to amend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an instruction to a bank to amend a
+ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger
+lower my ledger and give me maybe paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower my ledger and give me maybe paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower my ledger and give me maybe paper
+cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash
+or lower my ledger raise somebody else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all of a sudden the telegraph comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden the telegraph comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden the telegraph comes
+along and accompany western union which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and accompany western union which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and accompany western union which
+still exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still exists
+western union comes along and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western union comes along and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western union comes along and it's a
+telegram company but they figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegram company but they figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegram company but they figure out how
+to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send
+money by telegraph the fintech of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money by telegraph the fintech of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money by telegraph the fintech of its
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and yes there were machines that looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes there were machines that looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes there were machines that looked
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+telex machines these were ubiquitous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telex machines these were ubiquitous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telex machines these were ubiquitous
+across financial firms in the 1950s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across financial firms in the 1950s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across financial firms in the 1950s to
+the 1970s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s
+i will admit i saw one or two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will admit i saw one or two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will admit i saw one or two of these
+when i was on wall street still in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was on wall street still in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was on wall street still in the
+1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s
+but a telex machine existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a telex machine existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a telex machine existed
+basically to send instructions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to send instructions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to send instructions on
+payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+around to another back but what's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to another back but what's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to another back but what's it
+look like today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like today
+well first the important thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first the important thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first the important thing is
+central banks sit in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks sit in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks sit in the middle of
+payment systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems
+this was not as true in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was not as true in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was not as true in terms of
+the i'm just trying to move a window out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i'm just trying to move a window out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i'm just trying to move a window out
+of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way
+um this was not as true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this was not as true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this was not as true
+in the physical coin and currency world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the physical coin and currency world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the physical coin and currency world
+but here this little chart puts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here this little chart puts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here this little chart puts the
+central bank at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank at the top
+and we have central banks around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have central banks around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have central banks around the
+globe 180 different fiat currencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe 180 different fiat currencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe 180 different fiat currencies
+the central banks are central to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central banks are central to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central banks are central to
+commercial banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks
+and what's important to remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's important to remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's important to remember is
+our money system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our money system has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our money system has
+trans uh has moved on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans uh has moved on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans uh has moved on
+from being paper money to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being paper money to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being paper money to basically
+digital money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital money
+and so today in the us if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so today in the us if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so today in the us if you think
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+total stock of currency the total stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total stock of currency the total stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total stock of currency the total stock
+of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper
+currency prior to this corona crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency prior to this corona crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency prior to this corona crisis
+was about 1.8 trillion dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about 1.8 trillion dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about 1.8 trillion dollars
+uh it's actually gone up in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's actually gone up in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's actually gone up in the last
+month it seems that there are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month it seems that there are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month it seems that there are people
+that want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that want to take
+cash out of the bank out of the atm as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash out of the bank out of the atm as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash out of the bank out of the atm as a
+store of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store of value
+around the globe we're not using it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe we're not using it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe we're not using it it's
+a sort of disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of disease
+vector but it seems that the growth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector but it seems that the growth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector but it seems that the growth and
+it might be now 1.9 trillion so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be now 1.9 trillion so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be now 1.9 trillion so it's
+sort of gone up 100 billion dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of gone up 100 billion dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of gone up 100 billion dollars
+approximately but the digital money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately but the digital money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately but the digital money
+all of all the people's bank accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of all the people's bank accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of all the people's bank accounts
+bank deposits money market funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank deposits money market funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank deposits money market funds
+is multiples of that 15 or so trillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is multiples of that 15 or so trillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is multiples of that 15 or so trillion
+dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+so about 90 of the money in the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so about 90 of the money in the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so about 90 of the money in the us
+is depending upon your definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is depending upon your definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is depending upon your definition of
+money is digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is digital
+and most of that digital money is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of that digital money is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of that digital money is
+commercial bank money you and i when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial bank money you and i when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial bank money you and i when we
+go into starbucks we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into starbucks we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into starbucks we're
+basically spending bank america dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically spending bank america dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically spending bank america dollars
+or citibank dollars or wells fargo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or citibank dollars or wells fargo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or citibank dollars or wells fargo
+dollars or sun trust dollars or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars or sun trust dollars or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars or sun trust dollars or a
+community bank dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community bank dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community bank dollar
+that's what we're spending when we walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're spending when we walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're spending when we walk
+into starbucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into starbucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into starbucks
+it might have some implicit or explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might have some implicit or explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might have some implicit or explicit
+guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee
+of a government here in the us deposit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a government here in the us deposit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a government here in the us deposit
+insurance and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and the like
+but we're in essence saying the bank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're in essence saying the bank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're in essence saying the bank of
+america please change my ledger balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america please change my ledger balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america please change my ledger balance
+and move something to somebody else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move something to somebody else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move something to somebody else's
+ledger balance maybe a community bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger balance maybe a community bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger balance maybe a community bank
+for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+uh local starbucks so in between has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh local starbucks so in between has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh local starbucks so in between has to
+be some electronic means some payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some electronic means some payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some electronic means some payment
+system a deferred net settlement system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a deferred net settlement system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a deferred net settlement system
+and and this chart lists the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this chart lists the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this chart lists the number of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+these payment systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these payment systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these payment systems
+are the domain of central banks some do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the domain of central banks some do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the domain of central banks some do
+some central banks actually run them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some central banks actually run them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some central banks actually run them
+like the u.s federal reserve runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the u.s federal reserve runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the u.s federal reserve runs
+something called the fed wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the fed wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the fed wire
+but some are run by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some are run by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some are run by
+a consortium of the commercial banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consortium of the commercial banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consortium of the commercial banks
+some are private and in some countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are private and in some countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are private and in some countries
+they can even be for profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can even be for profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can even be for profit
+but all of them have some regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of them have some regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of them have some regulation
+from the central bank so either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the central bank so either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the central bank so either the
+central bank owns them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank owns them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank owns them
+or the central bank oversees them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the central bank oversees them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the central bank oversees them and
+usually then the commercial banks might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually then the commercial banks might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually then the commercial banks might
+run these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run these sort of
+single purpose payment systems around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single purpose payment systems around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single purpose payment systems around
+the globe some countries have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the globe some countries have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the globe some countries have multiple
+systems the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems the us
+we have the fed system and we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the fed system and we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the fed system and we also have
+something called the automated clearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the automated clearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the automated clearing
+house that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house that's
+that the clearing house was founded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the clearing house was founded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the clearing house was founded in
+the 1850s to give you a sense of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1850s to give you a sense of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1850s to give you a sense of its
+history a long history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history a long history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history a long history
+questions remain any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done so far gary so you'll see how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so far gary so you'll see how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so far gary so you'll see how this
+fits together but let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits together but let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits together but let me say
+what the modern payment system looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the modern payment system looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the modern payment system looks
+like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when
+when um when i think of of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when um when i think of of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when um when i think of of it
+in terms of you go into starbucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of you go into starbucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of you go into starbucks
+and you want to make a payment um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to make a payment um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to make a payment um
+you're the consumer we're gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the consumer we're gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the consumer we're gonna go
+across you have an issuing bank let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across you have an issuing bank let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across you have an issuing bank let's
+use bank of america just to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use bank of america just to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use bank of america just to say
+and you're giving that back bank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're giving that back bank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're giving that back bank of
+america a payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america a payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america a payment
+instruction now an earlier day you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction now an earlier day you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction now an earlier day you could
+write a physical check like thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a physical check like thomas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a physical check like thomas
+jefferson's check you use a credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jefferson's check you use a credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jefferson's check you use a credit card
+a debit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a debit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a debit card
+some prepaid card but you have to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some prepaid card but you have to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some prepaid card but you have to give
+some payment instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some payment instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some payment instruction
+even that qr code that you passed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that qr code that you passed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that qr code that you passed and
+we'll get to alipay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to alipay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to alipay
+and wechat pay in a moment it it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wechat pay in a moment it it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wechat pay in a moment it it there
+is a payment instruction somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a payment instruction somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a payment instruction somewhere
+digital payment instruction and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital payment instruction and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital payment instruction and then at
+the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart
+in the middle is a network now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle is a network now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle is a network now these
+payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment
+service providers psps in the middle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service providers psps in the middle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service providers psps in the middle or
+networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks
+could be associated with a credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be associated with a credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be associated with a credit card
+company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+the visa credit card network founded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visa credit card network founded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visa credit card network founded in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+late 1950s by bank of america california
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1950s by bank of america california
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1950s by bank of america california
+bank at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank at the time
+and sort of became ubiquitous by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of became ubiquitous by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of became ubiquitous by the
+late 1960s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1960s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1960s
+visa mastercard union pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visa mastercard union pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visa mastercard union pay
+in china can can both be credit cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china can can both be credit cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china can can both be credit cards
+and networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and networks
+or there could be a network that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there could be a network that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there could be a network that
+services the credit cards but you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services the credit cards but you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services the credit cards but you need
+something in the middle because on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the middle because on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the middle because on the
+other side there's tens of thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side there's tens of thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side there's tens of thousands of
+merchants or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants or
+millions of merchants if you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of merchants if you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of merchants if you get to
+china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china
+and on their side they have another back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on their side they have another back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on their side they have another back
+but they need some way to access this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they need some way to access this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they need some way to access this
+network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+a point of sale pos is point of sale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point of sale pos is point of sale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point of sale pos is point of sale
+or by phone or by some modern mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by phone or by some modern mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by phone or by some modern mechanism
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+access that network and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access that network and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access that network and then
+the merchant on the other side so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merchant on the other side so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merchant on the other side so you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+consumer all the way to merchant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer all the way to merchant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer all the way to merchant
+you have banks the issuing bank the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have banks the issuing bank the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have banks the issuing bank the
+issuing bank is that party that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuing bank is that party that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuing bank is that party that sort of
+says all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says all right
+i'm gonna take it in payment instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna take it in payment instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna take it in payment instruction
+and you have the merchant bank on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the merchant bank on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the merchant bank on the
+other side or a choir or bank sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side or a choir or bank sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side or a choir or bank sometimes
+it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called
+but in the middle there's some network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the middle there's some network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the middle there's some network
+and it leads to a lot of concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it leads to a lot of concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it leads to a lot of concentration
+because there's such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's such
+significant economic and network effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant economic and network effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant economic and network effects
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+modern digital payment system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question yes we have questions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes we have questions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes we have questions from
+carlos and then jose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carlos and then jose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carlos and then jose
+yes hi so i wanted to ask um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes hi so i wanted to ask um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes hi so i wanted to ask um
+i know in a lot of developing markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know in a lot of developing markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know in a lot of developing markets
+now making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now making the
+since you mentioned mentioned the ach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you mentioned mentioned the ach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you mentioned mentioned the ach
+making it real time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it real time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it real time is
+is a big focus and using different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big focus and using different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big focus and using different
+technologies right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies right so
+could you explain i guess the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you explain i guess the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you explain i guess the magnitude
+of difference that having a real-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of difference that having a real-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of difference that having a real-time
+ach system versus not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ach system versus not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ach system versus not
+makes we're going to dive into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes we're going to dive into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes we're going to dive into this
+in in about half an hour but let me try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in about half an hour but let me try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in about half an hour but let me try
+it very quickly carlos and then remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very quickly carlos and then remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very quickly carlos and then remind
+me as we get back to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as we get back to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as we get back to it
+um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as
+a merchant as a merchant there's a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a merchant as a merchant there's a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a merchant as a merchant there's a value
+to getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to getting
+final settlement when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final settlement when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final settlement when you
+sell your coffee or sell your produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell your coffee or sell your produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell your coffee or sell your produce
+or a big machine whatever you're selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a big machine whatever you're selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a big machine whatever you're selling
+and and there's the value because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there's the value because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there's the value because
+there's certainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certainty
+and there's also timing so if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also timing so if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also timing so if you can
+get your cash on monday rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your cash on monday rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your cash on monday rather than
+wednesday there's a value to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday there's a value to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday there's a value to it
+payment systems around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems around the globe
+historically could give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically could give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically could give you
+final settlement if you used physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final settlement if you used physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final settlement if you used physical
+cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash
+and physical cash under the laws of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physical cash under the laws of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physical cash under the laws of the
+developed world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed world
+became final settlement from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became final settlement from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became final settlement from from the
+earliest days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest days
+there's a famous lawsuit called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a famous lawsuit called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a famous lawsuit called the
+crawford case if you ever want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crawford case if you ever want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crawford case if you ever want to look
+it up about final settlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up about final settlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up about final settlement
+using physical cash it's from the days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using physical cash it's from the days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using physical cash it's from the days
+of king george ii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of king george ii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of king george ii
+i think but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think but
+digitally digitally it was harder to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitally digitally it was harder to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitally digitally it was harder to get
+final settlement and we still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final settlement and we still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final settlement and we still have
+delays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays
+so what's happened in the last 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's happened in the last 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's happened in the last 25
+years is many nations have said can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years is many nations have said can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years is many nations have said can we
+get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to
+real-time settlement rather than delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time settlement rather than delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time settlement rather than delayed
+settlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement
+of one day two days or in the old days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one day two days or in the old days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one day two days or in the old days
+five days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five days
+and trying to get to that real-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to get to that real-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to get to that real-time
+settlement has been a challenge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement has been a challenge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement has been a challenge and
+we'll go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through
+different countries in in about a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries in in about a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries in in about a half
+an hour let me hold that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour let me hold that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour let me hold that
+but a lot of countries central banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of countries central banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of countries central banks
+around the globe we're trying to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe we're trying to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe we're trying to get to
+real-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time
+settlement but the value is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement but the value is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement but the value is to the
+merchant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchant
+that they have finality that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have finality that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have finality that they can
+then use those funds in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use those funds in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use those funds in some way
+and i can tell you even when i was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can tell you even when i was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can tell you even when i was the
+chief financial officer of the hillary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chief financial officer of the hillary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chief financial officer of the hillary
+clinton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinton
+campaign in 2016 we had to deal with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign in 2016 we had to deal with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign in 2016 we had to deal with it
+we were the merchant on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were the merchant on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were the merchant on the right hand
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+we might get a donation but until that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might get a donation but until that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might get a donation but until that
+donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donation
+actually settled sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually settled sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually settled sometimes
+several days later sometimes a day later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several days later sometimes a day later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several days later sometimes a day later
+it was different settlement cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was different settlement cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was different settlement cycles
+but until that settled we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but until that settled we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but until that settled we couldn't
+actually use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use it
+to buy advertisements on let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy advertisements on let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy advertisements on let's say
+facebook or google ads so we need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook or google ads so we need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook or google ads so we need it
+even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even
+in that sort of instance particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sort of instance particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sort of instance particularly
+when you get down to the last six or ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get down to the last six or ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get down to the last six or ten
+days before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days before
+election time those days matter so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election time those days matter so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election time those days matter so i
+i kind of lived this as a other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kind of lived this as a other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kind of lived this as a other
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+yes jose yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes jose yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes jose yeah
+so i'm not sure it is a bit of out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm not sure it is a bit of out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm not sure it is a bit of out of
+the scope of the class but i'm i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scope of the class but i'm i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scope of the class but i'm i've
+always been very curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been very curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been very curious
+on why and good art checks so prevalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on why and good art checks so prevalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on why and good art checks so prevalent
+in the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the us
+uh so for example in spain i've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so for example in spain i've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so for example in spain i've never
+used a check in my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a check in my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a check in my life
+and i think it's it doesn't seem to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think it's it doesn't seem to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think it's it doesn't seem to be a
+very efficient way of transferring money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient way of transferring money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient way of transferring money
+versus for example a wire transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus for example a wire transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus for example a wire transfer
+but in the us it seems like banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the us it seems like banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the us it seems like banks
+sometimes charge you more for wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes charge you more for wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes charge you more for wire
+transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers
+and they require more security passwords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they require more security passwords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they require more security passwords
+and things for white transfers and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things for white transfers and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things for white transfers and for
+checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks
+and i don't really understand why very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't really understand why very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't really understand why very
+much part it's part of the pain points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much part it's part of the pain points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much part it's part of the pain points
+and each country has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each country has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each country has
+a little bit different heritage um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit different heritage um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit different heritage um
+of course through the 1960s physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course through the 1960s physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course through the 1960s physical
+checks were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks were
+a very important dominant part of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important dominant part of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important dominant part of many
+payment systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems
+it was only in the 1990s that the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was only in the 1990s that the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was only in the 1990s that the u.s
+government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+said by an act to congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said by an act to congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said by an act to congress
+that the u.s government should move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the u.s government should move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the u.s government should move to
+electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+payment of social security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment of social security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment of social security
+and other uh important parts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other uh important parts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other uh important parts the
+government pays money but even then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government pays money but even then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government pays money but even then
+the adoption was supposed to be by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adoption was supposed to be by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adoption was supposed to be by the
+late 1990s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1990s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1990s
+and there was various exemptions and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was various exemptions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was various exemptions and so
+forth installed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth installed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth installed
+and so we even see now in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we even see now in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we even see now in the middle of
+the corona crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corona crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corona crisis
+that you can read in today's newspapers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can read in today's newspapers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can read in today's newspapers
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the twelve hundred dollars that's moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twelve hundred dollars that's moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twelve hundred dollars that's moving
+out of our tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of our tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of our tax
+authority the irs to individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority the irs to individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority the irs to individuals
+while the bulk of that's electronic 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the bulk of that's electronic 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the bulk of that's electronic 80
+or 90 million of those will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 90 million of those will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 90 million of those will be
+electronic it's estimated that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic it's estimated that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic it's estimated that there's
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+millions of people that will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of people that will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of people that will get
+physical checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical checks
+uh in the u.s so we still have a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the u.s so we still have a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the u.s so we still have a this
+legacy that's probably a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy that's probably a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy that's probably a little bit more
+dominant i'm going to show some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant i'm going to show some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant i'm going to show some
+statistics on check uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics on check uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics on check uses
+uh in a moment um some of it's cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a moment um some of it's cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a moment um some of it's cultural
+some of it's actually commercial uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it's actually commercial uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it's actually commercial uh at
+the middle of all this are banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of all this are banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of all this are banks
+and in the middle is these networks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the middle is these networks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the middle is these networks in
+the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle
+so it's not only cultural but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not only cultural but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not only cultural but it's also
+sometimes hard for a merchant to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes hard for a merchant to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes hard for a merchant to say
+i want to pay the merchant remember has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to pay the merchant remember has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to pay the merchant remember has
+to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay
+the two and a half percent cost if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two and a half percent cost if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two and a half percent cost if
+you're going to be take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be take
+accepting visa so the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting visa so the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting visa so the cost of
+interchange fees the costs that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange fees the costs that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange fees the costs that the
+credit card companies are taking here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card companies are taking here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card companies are taking here in
+the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us
+average around two and three quarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average around two and three quarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average around two and three quarters
+percent 2.75 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent 2.75 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent 2.75 percent
+so a lot of merchants still would prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of merchants still would prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of merchants still would prefer
+to take a check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a check
+than that 2.75 you go over to china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that 2.75 you go over to china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that 2.75 you go over to china
+and you say well within the alley pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say well within the alley pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say well within the alley pay
+wechat pay systems the costs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wechat pay systems the costs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wechat pay systems the costs are
+significantly lower in fact if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly lower in fact if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly lower in fact if you're
+all within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all within
+within service within system it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within service within system it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within service within system it's zero
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+in india i think it's around 10 basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in india i think it's around 10 basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in india i think it's around 10 basis
+points so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so
+there's a lot of reasons a merchant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of reasons a merchant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of reasons a merchant
+might say all right i i might prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say all right i i might prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say all right i i might prefer
+if you can give me an ach or a check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can give me an ach or a check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can give me an ach or a check
+so gives you a little background um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gives you a little background um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gives you a little background um but
+layered on top of this system is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered on top of this system is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered on top of this system is all
+these digital wallets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these digital wallets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these digital wallets
+an invention really just of the last 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an invention really just of the last 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an invention really just of the last 20
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+and and and and whether it's here in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and whether it's here in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and whether it's here in in
+the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us
+or overseas a lot of these are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or overseas a lot of these are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or overseas a lot of these are related
+to big tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to big tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to big tech
+not not only but a lot are related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not only but a lot are related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not only but a lot are related to
+big tech and then the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech and then the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech and then the question is
+uh will cryptocurrency play some role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will cryptocurrency play some role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will cryptocurrency play some role
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+crypto kind of skip some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto kind of skip some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto kind of skip some of these
+inefficiencies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiencies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiencies and
+and play a role and so with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and play a role and so with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and play a role and so with that
+some of the trends just a a quick look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the trends just a a quick look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the trends just a a quick look
+and this this goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this goes to
+this is from a report world pay which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from a report world pay which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from a report world pay which is
+a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big
+payment company puts out an annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment company puts out an annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment company puts out an annual
+report each year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report each year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report each year
+and uh this is their most recent report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is their most recent report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is their most recent report
+that came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out
+in february of 2020 but around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in february of 2020 but around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in february of 2020 but around the globe
+mobile wallets are estimated to already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile wallets are estimated to already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile wallets are estimated to already
+be 42
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 42
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 42
+of global e-commerce now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of global e-commerce now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of global e-commerce now this is
+important this is e-commerce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this is e-commerce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this is e-commerce
+if you go off to the big wholesale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go off to the big wholesale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go off to the big wholesale
+payments or large value payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments or large value payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments or large value payments
+different story but this is electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different story but this is electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different story but this is electronic
+payments in the e-commerce space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments in the e-commerce space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments in the e-commerce space
+and then point-to-sale payments cash is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then point-to-sale payments cash is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then point-to-sale payments cash is
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+a pretty big piece of the worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty big piece of the worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty big piece of the worldwide
+global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global
+environment for point of sale whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment for point of sale whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment for point of sale whereas
+e-commerce basically online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-commerce basically online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-commerce basically online
+using your mobile phone or your laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your mobile phone or your laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your mobile phone or your laptop
+can't really use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really use
+cash much cash on delivery is still four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash much cash on delivery is still four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash much cash on delivery is still four
+and a half percent though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half percent though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half percent though
+interestingly that's world pay sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly that's world pay sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly that's world pay sort of
+overall view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall view
+but they say credit card will decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they say credit card will decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they say credit card will decline
+debit cards decline bank transfer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debit cards decline bank transfer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debit cards decline bank transfer is
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+even and so what's increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and so what's increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and so what's increasing
+digital mobile wallets and of course a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital mobile wallets and of course a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital mobile wallets and of course a
+point of sale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of sale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of sale
+cash declining and there you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash declining and there you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash declining and there you will see
+increases in their estimation but the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases in their estimation but the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases in their estimation but the us
+is a little different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little different
+the us or north america which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us or north america which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us or north america which is the
+best statistics i could grab off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best statistics i could grab off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best statistics i could grab off
+the world pay we still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world pay we still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world pay we still have a
+significant amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant amount of
+credit card look at that credit card's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card look at that credit card's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card look at that credit card's
+still a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a third
+digital mobile while it's 23 and from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital mobile while it's 23 and from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital mobile while it's 23 and from a
+merchant's point of view they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchant's point of view they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchant's point of view they would
+prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer
+actually to have something that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to have something that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to have something that takes
+the less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less
+bite out of it here in the u.s debit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite out of it here in the u.s debit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite out of it here in the u.s debit
+cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards
+by an act of congress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an act of congress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an act of congress and
+after the 2008 crisis carl levin a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the 2008 crisis carl levin a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the 2008 crisis carl levin a
+senator from illinois said we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senator from illinois said we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senator from illinois said we should
+make sure that debit cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that debit cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that debit cards
+do not uh and banks issuing debit cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not uh and banks issuing debit cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not uh and banks issuing debit cards
+can't charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't charge
+more than the cost of actually issuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the cost of actually issuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the cost of actually issuing
+that debit card and after a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that debit card and after a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that debit card and after a series of
+rule makings by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule makings by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule makings by the
+central bank the federal reserve that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank the federal reserve that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank the federal reserve that's
+settled out but debit cards are a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled out but debit cards are a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled out but debit cards are a little
+less costly than credit cards for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less costly than credit cards for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less costly than credit cards for the
+banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in terms of trends just in the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of trends just in the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of trends just in the us
+specifically this is from the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically this is from the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically this is from the federal
+reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve
+in december of this past year but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in december of this past year but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in december of this past year but this
+just gives you a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives you a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives you a sense
+20-year history checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20-year history checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20-year history checks
+and this is overall payment trends this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is overall payment trends this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is overall payment trends this
+is not just e-commerce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just e-commerce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just e-commerce
+checks were 45 20 years ago and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks were 45 20 years ago and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks were 45 20 years ago and you can
+see that line just kind of declined to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that line just kind of declined to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that line just kind of declined to
+kind of find so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of find so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of find so
+to jose's point we're not quite there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jose's point we're not quite there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jose's point we're not quite there
+yet spain spain might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet spain spain might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet spain spain might be
+down to five percent on checks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to five percent on checks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to five percent on checks or
+something but you can see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but you can see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but you can see where
+where we are and and this is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are and and this is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are and and this is the number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+payment instructions this is dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment instructions this is dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment instructions this is dollar
+amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts
+so in terms of dollars checks only went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know kind of lost this parade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of lost this parade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of lost this parade
+eight years ago so one is volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight years ago so one is volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight years ago so one is volume of
+payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+one is the actual uh checks and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the actual uh checks and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the actual uh checks and so forth
+and large value payments are included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large value payments are included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large value payments are included
+here the other charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the other charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the other charts
+did not so and just one last thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not so and just one last thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not so and just one last thing in
+terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the
+e-commerce side of it and card payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-commerce side of it and card payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-commerce side of it and card payments
+this just gives you a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just gives you a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just gives you a sense of
+remote and in person that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote and in person that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote and in person that uh
+i like this sort of right-hand chart but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like this sort of right-hand chart but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like this sort of right-hand chart but
+the trillions of dollars we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trillions of dollars we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trillions of dollars we move
+we are moving on our physical cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are moving on our physical cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are moving on our physical cards
+more remote than we are in person this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more remote than we are in person this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more remote than we are in person this
+gives an opportunity to start up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives an opportunity to start up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives an opportunity to start up
+startups can say wait visa mastercard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups can say wait visa mastercard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups can say wait visa mastercard
+in in many countries has this two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in many countries has this two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in many countries has this two and
+three quarter percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quarter percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quarter percent
+maybe we can get inside that pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can get inside that pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can get inside that pricing
+maybe we can get inside especially as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can get inside especially as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can get inside especially as we
+move from in-person to remote payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from in-person to remote payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from in-person to remote payments
+as an opportunity um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an opportunity um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an opportunity um
+so that brings us to sort of uh a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that brings us to sort of uh a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that brings us to sort of uh a list
+of pain points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perhaps please remain before we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps please remain before we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps please remain before we move
+there i think hassan had a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there i think hassan had a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there i think hassan had a question
+please hasan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a sign you might need to take your mute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign you might need to take your mute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign you might need to take your mute
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+yeah um about payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um about payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um about payments
+so for instance um you can see like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance um you can see like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance um you can see like we
+have like a bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a bank
+transfers and and and e-wallets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers and and and e-wallets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers and and and e-wallets
+so my question is uh for instance um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my question is uh for instance um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my question is uh for instance um
+i was trying to pay my landlord while i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was trying to pay my landlord while i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was trying to pay my landlord while i
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+in bahrain because i still have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bahrain because i still have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bahrain because i still have my
+apartment in cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment in cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment in cambridge
+and if the amount exceeds like certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the amount exceeds like certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the amount exceeds like certain
+uh number they have to send me a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number they have to send me a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number they have to send me a message
+um which which could be annoying because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which which could be annoying because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which which could be annoying because
+if my mobile isn't isn't working they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my mobile isn't isn't working they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my mobile isn't isn't working they
+would not like send me an email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not like send me an email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not like send me an email
+so is it like the the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it like the the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it like the the system
+the whole system the whole payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole system the whole payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole system the whole payment
+system kind of supports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system kind of supports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system kind of supports
+uh bank transfers when it comes to big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bank transfers when it comes to big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bank transfers when it comes to big
+payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+and small transfers when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and small transfers when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and small transfers when it comes to
+e-wallets and mobile payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well i'm not sure of your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm not sure of your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm not sure of your question
+it is true that ultimately sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is true that ultimately sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is true that ultimately sitting
+in in the midst of this uh with the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the midst of this uh with the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the midst of this uh with the risk
+of going back a bunch of slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going back a bunch of slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going back a bunch of slides
+there has to be something well i'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be something well i'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be something well i'll just
+stay here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay here
+there has to be an instruction there has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be an instruction there has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be an instruction there has
+to be an instruction that moves it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an instruction that moves it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an instruction that moves it from
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+issuing bank to an acquiring bank so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuing bank to an acquiring bank so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuing bank to an acquiring bank so
+your landlord would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your landlord would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your landlord would be the
+merchant here your landlord's bank has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchant here your landlord's bank has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchant here your landlord's bank has
+to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an
+instruction somehow so even if it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction somehow so even if it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction somehow so even if it's in
+this orange box the digital wallets at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this orange box the digital wallets at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this orange box the digital wallets at
+the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+you have to send an instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to send an instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to send an instruction
+somewhere that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere that takes
+funds from your your bank which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds from your your bank which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds from your your bank which is
+called an issuing bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an issuing bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an issuing bank
+and somehow moves those funds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow moves those funds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow moves those funds to the
+landlord's bank and what you're finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landlord's bank and what you're finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landlord's bank and what you're finding
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+is that your merchant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that your merchant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that your merchant
+bank the acquiring bank on behalf of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank the acquiring bank on behalf of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank the acquiring bank on behalf of
+your landlord is saying listen if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your landlord is saying listen if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your landlord is saying listen if it's
+greater than a certain dollar amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than a certain dollar amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than a certain dollar amount
+we need a second security check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a second security check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a second security check
+and the the mobile wallet companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the mobile wallet companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the mobile wallet companies
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+inserted that that check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted that that check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted that that check
+i think is what you're telling me um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think is what you're telling me um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think is what you're telling me um you
+could have that same similar thing venmo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have that same similar thing venmo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have that same similar thing venmo
+has a limit i don't think you could move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a limit i don't think you could move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a limit i don't think you could move
+a million dollars on venmo for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million dollars on venmo for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million dollars on venmo for instance
+vemmo is a paypal subsidiary and venmo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vemmo is a paypal subsidiary and venmo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vemmo is a paypal subsidiary and venmo
+is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually
+uh avoids those credit card fees venmo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh avoids those credit card fees venmo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh avoids those credit card fees venmo
+is a form of account to account transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a form of account to account transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a form of account to account transfer
+your account at your bank to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your account at your bank to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your account at your bank to somebody
+else's account and account to account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's account and account to account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's account and account to account
+transfers are a very important feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers are a very important feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers are a very important feature
+of the competition but still venmo is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the competition but still venmo is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the competition but still venmo is
+not going to move a million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to move a million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to move a million dollars
+without having additional security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having additional security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having additional security
+checks so that's probably what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks so that's probably what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks so that's probably what's
+happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here
+i i fear to say yeah yeah i mean my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i fear to say yeah yeah i mean my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i fear to say yeah yeah i mean my
+point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is
+it's it's a bit annoying because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a bit annoying because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a bit annoying because uh
+i would i mean for instance because my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would i mean for instance because my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would i mean for instance because my
+mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile
+is a prepaid mobile so i could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a prepaid mobile so i could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a prepaid mobile so i could not
+receive a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive a message
+from my bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can't solve that for you here but i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't solve that for you here but i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't solve that for you here but i i
+think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's
+part of what you're saying that's part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what you're saying that's part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what you're saying that's part
+of these pain points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these pain points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these pain points
+is that uh fraud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh fraud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh fraud
+basically when you think of all the pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically when you think of all the pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically when you think of all the pain
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+uh you and i as users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you and i as users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you and i as users
+we want something that's easy to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want something that's easy to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want something that's easy to use
+nearly costless we're willing to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly costless we're willing to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly costless we're willing to spend
+something but we'd prefer not to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but we'd prefer not to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but we'd prefer not to spend
+two to three percent of our purchases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to three percent of our purchases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to three percent of our purchases
+on the payment system and we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the payment system and we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the payment system and we wanted to
+not have complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have complexity
+uh the cross-border payments that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cross-border payments that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cross-border payments that we
+talked about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about earlier
+um we kind of know that they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we kind of know that they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we kind of know that they're they're
+tracking us they're getting our data but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking us they're getting our data but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking us they're getting our data but
+we're a little concerned about data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a little concerned about data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a little concerned about data
+privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy
+and so so you're capturing one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so you're capturing one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so you're capturing one of the
+pain points around fraud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain points around fraud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain points around fraud
+and and that's from the merch inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's from the merch inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's from the merch inside the
+merchant doesn't want the fraud but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchant doesn't want the fraud but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchant doesn't want the fraud but also
+you don't want it you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want it you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want it you don't want
+somebody to be able to tap into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to be able to tap into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to be able to tap into your
+account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+and move your money out and the pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move your money out and the pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move your money out and the pain
+point sounds like the fraud detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point sounds like the fraud detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point sounds like the fraud detection
+system that your bank is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that your bank is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that your bank is using
+is requiring your mobile phone in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is requiring your mobile phone in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is requiring your mobile phone in a way
+that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh
+friction it it's frankly friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction it it's frankly friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction it it's frankly friction
+it's similar to a pain point it used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's similar to a pain point it used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's similar to a pain point it used to
+be until very recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be until very recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be until very recently
+if you traveled overseas you were better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you traveled overseas you were better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you traveled overseas you were better
+to tell your bank that you were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell your bank that you were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell your bank that you were going to
+be using your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using your
+credit card in spain or france or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card in spain or france or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card in spain or france or
+asia or bahrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asia or bahrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asia or bahrain
+but now no longer because now they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now no longer because now they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now no longer because now they have
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know they have they use their mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they have they use their mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they have they use their mobile
+phones to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones to say
+they track us they know that we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they track us they know that we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they track us they know that we're in
+spain or france or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spain or france or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spain or france or
+asia or bahrain that's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asia or bahrain that's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asia or bahrain that's part of the
+reason we don't need to call any longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we don't need to call any longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we don't need to call any longer
+um but that's part of their fraud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's part of their fraud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's part of their fraud
+detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection
+programs let me keep moving on if i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs let me keep moving on if i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs let me keep moving on if i can
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so there's a series of pain points and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a series of pain points and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a series of pain points and i
+don't necessarily have all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily have all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily have all of them
+but these are also you can think of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are also you can think of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are also you can think of them
+as opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opportunities
+these are opportunities for disruptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are opportunities for disruptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are opportunities for disruptors
+to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+maybe we can provide a better service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can provide a better service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can provide a better service
+maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+provide something at a lower cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide something at a lower cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide something at a lower cost
+and and more inclusive these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and more inclusive these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and more inclusive these are the
+possibilities for any startup in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for any startup in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for any startup in a sense
+um so i talked a little about the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i talked a little about the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i talked a little about the cost
+this is a couple of years ago but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a couple of years ago but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a couple of years ago but this
+bloomberg article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloomberg article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloomberg article
+broke down the cost and i find it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke down the cost and i find it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke down the cost and i find it very
+helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful
+often in the u.s and in europe we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in the u.s and in europe we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in the u.s and in europe we think
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+i pay a hundred dollars for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i pay a hundred dollars for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i pay a hundred dollars for something
+you think you paid a hundred dollars for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you paid a hundred dollars for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you paid a hundred dollars for
+it well actually you paid 97
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well actually you paid 97
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well actually you paid 97
+roughly for it and 2.75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly for it and 2.75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly for it and 2.75
+went to the payment system and that 275
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the payment system and that 275
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the payment system and that 275
+that went to the payment system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went to the payment system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went to the payment system
+most of it goes to what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it goes to what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it goes to what's called the
+issuing bank and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuing bank and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuing bank and again
+the issuing bank is the purchaser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issuing bank is the purchaser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issuing bank is the purchaser
+the acquiring bank is the merchant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acquiring bank is the merchant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acquiring bank is the merchant
+so that merchant bank is only getting 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that merchant bank is only getting 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that merchant bank is only getting 19
+cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents
+on average two years ago the acquiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average two years ago the acquiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average two years ago the acquiring
+bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank
+bank of america remember issued the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank of america remember issued the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank of america remember issued the
+credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card
+so the dominant part of the economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dominant part of the economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dominant part of the economics
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+is on the credit card side there's seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the credit card side there's seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the credit card side there's seven
+big companies in america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big companies in america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big companies in america
+being the big four banks of bank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the big four banks of bank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the big four banks of bank of
+america and wells fargo and city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america and wells fargo and city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america and wells fargo and city
+and and chase but then cap one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and chase but then cap one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and chase but then cap one
+is a very big credit card bank and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very big credit card bank and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very big credit card bank and then
+of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+american express and discover and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american express and discover and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american express and discover and the
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+those seven big banks are the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those seven big banks are the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those seven big banks are the big
+issuing banks but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuing banks but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuing banks but
+community banks even even uh smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community banks even even uh smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community banks even even uh smaller
+banks across the land will issue credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks across the land will issue credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks across the land will issue credit
+cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards
+and they get that roughly two dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get that roughly two dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get that roughly two dollars
+out of the 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the 100
+purchase now what do they do with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase now what do they do with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase now what do they do with it
+part of it is the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it is the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it is the rule
+rewards program and wrapped up inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewards program and wrapped up inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewards program and wrapped up inside of
+all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this
+is an incentive system that issuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an incentive system that issuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an incentive system that issuing
+banks are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks are using
+part of that two dollars and 20 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that two dollars and 20 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that two dollars and 20 cents
+one average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one average
+on average about a dollar i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average about a dollar i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average about a dollar i think the
+national average recently was a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national average recently was a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national average recently was a dollar
+and six cents if you take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six cents if you take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six cents if you take all the
+different rewards programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rewards programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rewards programs
+they come back so you buy something for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come back so you buy something for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come back so you buy something for
+a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred
+two dollars and twenty cents goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dollars and twenty cents goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dollars and twenty cents goes to
+your issuing bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your issuing bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your issuing bank
+a dollar might come back to you as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar might come back to you as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar might come back to you as a
+reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward
+and it makes the behavioral is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes the behavioral is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes the behavioral is important
+it makes this stuff sticky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes this stuff sticky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes this stuff sticky
+it makes us loyal to our cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes us loyal to our cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes us loyal to our cards
+in a way that pure economics you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that pure economics you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that pure economics you would
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+that would be easier to disrupt this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be easier to disrupt this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be easier to disrupt this
+space so i wouldn't put aside some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so i wouldn't put aside some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so i wouldn't put aside some of
+these reward programs when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reward programs when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reward programs when you're
+thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+all right i'm going to be a disruptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i'm going to be a disruptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i'm going to be a disruptor
+i'm going to i'm going to break into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to i'm going to break into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to i'm going to break into the
+payment space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment space
+the credit card companies uh uh are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit card companies uh uh are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit card companies uh uh are you
+know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they
+they have a point of view on this too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a point of view on this too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a point of view on this too
+and they're going to want to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to want to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to want to protect
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+their market share questions romaine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their market share questions romaine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their market share questions romaine
+anything let's give it a few seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything let's give it a few seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything let's give it a few seconds
+just in case someone wants to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in case someone wants to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in case someone wants to raise
+their hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah leonov has a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah leonov has a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah leonov has a question
+sure and then i'm going to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and then i'm going to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and then i'm going to do an
+overview of of the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of of the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of of the cost
+it's actually not a question it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not a question it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not a question it's just
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in europe it's a bit different the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in europe it's a bit different the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in europe it's a bit different the
+interchange fee is actually capped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange fee is actually capped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange fee is actually capped
+to 0.3 if it's a credit card and 0.2 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0.3 if it's a credit card and 0.2 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0.3 if it's a credit card and 0.2 if
+it's a debit card not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a debit card not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a debit card not sure
+about the numbers and so i think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the numbers and so i think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the numbers and so i think this
+has interesting spillovers in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has interesting spillovers in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has interesting spillovers in terms of
+rewards programs in in europe are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewards programs in in europe are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewards programs in in europe are
+definitely not as good as in the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not as good as in the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not as good as in the us
+and then you can also see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can also see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can also see that the
+credit card youth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card youth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card youth
+usage is much smaller and that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage is much smaller and that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage is much smaller and that might be
+one of the reasons why no it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons why no it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons why no it's a very
+good point because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point because
+around the globe the official sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe the official sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe the official sector
+inserts himself from time to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts himself from time to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts himself from time to time
+and and because of the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and because of the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and because of the natural
+network effects remember that chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network effects remember that chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network effects remember that chart
+right in the middle there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the middle there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the middle there's some
+powerful powerful economics around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful powerful economics around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful powerful economics around
+network effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network effects
+think of plumbing again we only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of plumbing again we only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of plumbing again we only have one
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we usually only have one electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually only have one electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually only have one electric
+company one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company one
+waterworks company per city because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterworks company per city because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterworks company per city because of
+that incredible network effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incredible network effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incredible network effect of the
+plumbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumbing
+similar here and so what some official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar here and so what some official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar here and so what some official
+sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors
+have said i said no we have to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said i said no we have to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said i said no we have to put a
+limit on what can be charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit on what can be charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit on what can be charged
+in the u.s we did do that uh senator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s we did do that uh senator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s we did do that uh senator
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did i say levin it was senator durbin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i say levin it was senator durbin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i say levin it was senator durbin
+actually of illinois i'd say i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually of illinois i'd say i'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually of illinois i'd say i'm sorry
+but um senator durbin the durbin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um senator durbin the durbin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um senator durbin the durbin
+amendment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amendment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amendment
+uh we did that in debit cards but credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we did that in debit cards but credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we did that in debit cards but credit
+cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards
+not the case and then in other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case and then in other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case and then in other countries
+like in asia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in asia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in asia
+which really sort of alipay and wechat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really sort of alipay and wechat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really sort of alipay and wechat
+pay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay and
+others leapfrogged and then the official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others leapfrogged and then the official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others leapfrogged and then the official
+sector was involved in a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector was involved in a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector was involved in a different way
+so you're absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're absolutely right
+so rewards programs would be lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rewards programs would be lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rewards programs would be lower
+credit card usage might be lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card usage might be lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card usage might be lower
+if you're going to be starting something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to be starting something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to be starting something
+you have to think of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think of those
+separate dynamics country by country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate dynamics country by country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate dynamics country by country
+very much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much so
+um the worldwide uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the worldwide uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the worldwide uh
+interesting report and this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting report and this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting report and this is this is
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+a mckinsey report from september of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mckinsey report from september of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mckinsey report from september of last
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+mckenzie puts out an annual report of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mckenzie puts out an annual report of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mckenzie puts out an annual report of of
+payments and it's a if you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments and it's a if you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments and it's a if you're an
+interest in the area i didn't assign it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in the area i didn't assign it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in the area i didn't assign it
+as a reading it's a remarkable report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reading it's a remarkable report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reading it's a remarkable report
+once a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a year
+but this is one chart that i pulled from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is one chart that i pulled from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is one chart that i pulled from
+the this mckinsey report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this mckinsey report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this mckinsey report
+the worldwide revenues in the payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worldwide revenues in the payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worldwide revenues in the payment
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+add up to about 1.8 1.9 trillion dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to about 1.8 1.9 trillion dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to about 1.8 1.9 trillion dollars
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+i should caution mckinsey includes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should caution mckinsey includes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should caution mckinsey includes what
+they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call
+account related liquidity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account related liquidity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account related liquidity and
+this a quote account related liquidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a quote account related liquidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a quote account related liquidity
+is earning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interest for the banks on your credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest for the banks on your credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest for the banks on your credit
+card balances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card balances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card balances
+earlier world bank statistics would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier world bank statistics would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier world bank statistics would
+would say the payment system around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say the payment system around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say the payment system around the
+globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe
+takes about a half a percent to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes about a half a percent to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes about a half a percent to one
+percent of the economy the worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the economy the worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the economy the worldwide
+economy before the corona crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy before the corona crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy before the corona crisis
+was hovering just short of a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hovering just short of a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hovering just short of a hundred
+trillion dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion dollars
+the u.s economy about 22 trillion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s economy about 22 trillion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s economy about 22 trillion the
+world economy about 95 trillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world economy about 95 trillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world economy about 95 trillion
+but of that 95 trillion we've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of that 95 trillion we've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of that 95 trillion we've probably
+been spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been spending
+mckinsey would say nearly two percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mckinsey would say nearly two percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mckinsey would say nearly two percent
+on our payment system world bank would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our payment system world bank would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our payment system world bank would
+say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this
+the figure is more like a quarter to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the figure is more like a quarter to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the figure is more like a quarter to a
+half of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of that
+because mckenzie includes all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because mckenzie includes all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because mckenzie includes all the
+interest that we're paying on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest that we're paying on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest that we're paying on our
+balances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances
+so this is the opportunity this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the opportunity this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the opportunity this is the
+opportunity if you're saying aha what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity if you're saying aha what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity if you're saying aha what
+did stripe what a transfer wise what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did stripe what a transfer wise what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did stripe what a transfer wise what did
+clad say this is anywhere from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clad say this is anywhere from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clad say this is anywhere from a
+half a trillion dollars at the low end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a trillion dollars at the low end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a trillion dollars at the low end
+to two trillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two trillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two trillion
+dollars at the high end half percent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars at the high end half percent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars at the high end half percent to
+two percent of the world economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two percent of the world economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two percent of the world economy
+relates to just moving these digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to just moving these digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to just moving these digital
+payments back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments back and forth
+plus the account related activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the account related activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the account related activity
+liquidity they sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity they sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity they sort of the
+starting the lending balances on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting the lending balances on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting the lending balances on top of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh romaine i see the chat room seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh romaine i see the chat room seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh romaine i see the chat room seems to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+uh lighting up quite a bit are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lighting up quite a bit are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lighting up quite a bit are there
+questions there or do i keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions there or do i keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions there or do i keep going
+you can keep going it's mainly students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can keep going it's mainly students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can keep going it's mainly students
+sharing additional resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing additional resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing additional resources
+all right great so i was asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right great so i was asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right great so i was asked
+earlier i i'm sorry i can't remember now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier i i'm sorry i can't remember now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier i i'm sorry i can't remember now
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh who asked it was a carlos but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who asked it was a carlos but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who asked it was a carlos but i
+apologize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize
+um about real-time gross settlements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about real-time gross settlements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about real-time gross settlements
+real times gross settlements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real times gross settlements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real times gross settlements
+is this conceptual framework that we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this conceptual framework that we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this conceptual framework that we all
+are familiar with in one way or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are familiar with in one way or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are familiar with in one way or the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+can i move a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i move a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i move a digital
+instruction to move money so a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction to move money so a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction to move money so a digital
+instruction to move money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction to move money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction to move money
+and to have the settlement be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have the settlement be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have the settlement be
+relatively fast real-time gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively fast real-time gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively fast real-time gross
+settlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement
+what's the word gross mean it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the word gross mean it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the word gross mean it means that
+we're not net settling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not net settling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not net settling
+if you run a settlement system with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you run a settlement system with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you run a settlement system with
+millions of checks coming into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of checks coming into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of checks coming into a
+warehouse and that's literally how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse and that's literally how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse and that's literally how the
+the system of check clearing used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system of check clearing used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system of check clearing used to
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+in new york and elsewhere in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in new york and elsewhere in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in new york and elsewhere in this
+country um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country um
+you can actually net settle you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually net settle you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually net settle you can say
+well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's
+these checks coming in from bank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these checks coming in from bank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these checks coming in from bank of
+america to wells fargo and these checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america to wells fargo and these checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america to wells fargo and these checks
+from wells fargo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wells fargo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wells fargo
+to bank of america let's net these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bank of america let's net these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bank of america let's net these
+settlements off against each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlements off against each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlements off against each other
+but if you do something in real time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do something in real time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do something in real time if
+you do it almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it almost
+instantaneous it has to be gross you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous it has to be gross you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous it has to be gross you
+can't net the payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't net the payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't net the payment
+instructions between the various banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions between the various banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions between the various banks
+real-time gross settlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time gross settlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time gross settlement
+is used for large value payments and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used for large value payments and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used for large value payments and has
+been used for large value payments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used for large value payments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used for large value payments for
+quite some time in fact the early large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite some time in fact the early large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite some time in fact the early large
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+models the fed wire 1970. that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models the fed wire 1970. that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models the fed wire 1970. that's
+50 years of technology that we've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years of technology that we've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years of technology that we've had
+the fed wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fed wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fed wire
+meaning i can do what's called a wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning i can do what's called a wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning i can do what's called a wire
+instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction
+but in the united kingdom we had chaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the united kingdom we had chaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the united kingdom we had chaps
+and in china uh i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in china uh i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in china uh i'm going to
+mispronounce it but cnapfs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mispronounce it but cnapfs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mispronounce it but cnapfs
+um high value payment system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um high value payment system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um high value payment system the
+eurozone target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eurozone target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eurozone target
+2002 is actually when the eurozone was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 is actually when the eurozone was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 is actually when the eurozone was
+created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created
+so we've had large value models coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've had large value models coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've had large value models coupled
+with that as something called swift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that as something called swift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that as something called swift
+swift is just a messaging company swift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swift is just a messaging company swift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swift is just a messaging company swift
+the society for worldwide interbank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society for worldwide interbank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society for worldwide interbank
+financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial
+telecommunications i think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications i think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications i think um
+it's basically to send messages to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically to send messages to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically to send messages to
+facilitate these inner back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate these inner back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate these inner back
+the question in the last 10 to 15 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question in the last 10 to 15 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question in the last 10 to 15 years
+is can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can we
+move from large value to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from large value to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from large value to just
+you and me in essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and me in essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and me in essence
+what we think we're doing with venmo can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we think we're doing with venmo can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we think we're doing with venmo can
+i move you money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i move you money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i move you money
+rapidly instantaneously and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly instantaneously and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly instantaneously and
+some countries have actually moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some countries have actually moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some countries have actually moved
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+um it's called real-time retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's called real-time retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's called real-time retail
+and the important thing is it's retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the important thing is it's retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the important thing is it's retail
+instant payments now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant payments now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant payments now
+a lot of people don't call it real-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people don't call it real-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people don't call it real-time
+retail instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail instant
+a lot of people would just call it 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people would just call it 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people would just call it 24
+hours a day seven days a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours a day seven days a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours a day seven days a week
+or some people might call it rtgs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some people might call it rtgs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some people might call it rtgs
+but fundamentally the question is can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but fundamentally the question is can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but fundamentally the question is can we
+do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what
+what the fed the reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the fed the reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the fed the reserve
+of the us did 50 years ago in the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the us did 50 years ago in the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the us did 50 years ago in the united
+kingdom did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kingdom did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kingdom did
+nearly 40 years ago can we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly 40 years ago can we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly 40 years ago can we do that
+for the retail public and can we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the retail public and can we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the retail public and can we do it
+24 hours a day seven days a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 hours a day seven days a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 hours a day seven days a week
+every day of the year and the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day of the year and the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day of the year and the answer is
+yes the technology exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the technology exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the technology exists
+i'm listing here seven or eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm listing here seven or eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm listing here seven or eight
+countries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that
+either have instantaneous payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have instantaneous payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have instantaneous payment
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+or near instantaneous some of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or near instantaneous some of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or near instantaneous some of these are
+not literally instantaneous a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not literally instantaneous a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not literally instantaneous a couple of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+are three cycles of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three cycles of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three cycles of data
+where they do do this three times a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they do do this three times a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they do do this three times a day
+and i can't remember each country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can't remember each country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can't remember each country
+but you can see it's relatively recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see it's relatively recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see it's relatively recent
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+the u.s with the u.s projects we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s with the u.s projects we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s with the u.s projects we have
+this split system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this split system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this split system
+the clearing house is owned by 24 major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clearing house is owned by 24 major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clearing house is owned by 24 major
+banks in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks in the u.s
+and it's been around since the 1850s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been around since the 1850s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been around since the 1850s
+the clearinghouse by 2017 said we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clearinghouse by 2017 said we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clearinghouse by 2017 said we want
+to provide a real-time payment network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide a real-time payment network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide a real-time payment network
+but it's really buying amongst these 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really buying amongst these 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really buying amongst these 24
+major banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major banks
+all the big banks in the us the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the big banks in the us the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the big banks in the us the federal
+reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve
+at first seemed comfortable with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first seemed comfortable with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first seemed comfortable with that
+and then frankly the rest of the banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then frankly the rest of the banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then frankly the rest of the banking
+community the banks that weren't the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community the banks that weren't the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community the banks that weren't the top
+24 said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 said
+no not really and they went to congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not really and they went to congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not really and they went to congress
+they went to the u.s congress and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went to the u.s congress and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went to the u.s congress and uh
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+members of congress got involved sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of congress got involved sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of congress got involved sort of
+on behalf of community banks there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on behalf of community banks there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on behalf of community banks there's
+five or six thousand banks that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or six thousand banks that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or six thousand banks that are not
+direct members of the clearinghouse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct members of the clearinghouse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct members of the clearinghouse and
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+the federal reserve is standing up fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal reserve is standing up fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal reserve is standing up fed
+now service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now service
+and you can see this in leo brainerd's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see this in leo brainerd's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see this in leo brainerd's
+speech now fed now service is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech now fed now service is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech now fed now service is also
+sort of meant to be like a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of meant to be like a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of meant to be like a public
+utility rather than controlled by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility rather than controlled by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility rather than controlled by these
+24 banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 banks
+and so there's some interesting dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's some interesting dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's some interesting dynamics
+back and forth in the competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth in the competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth in the competition
+the clearinghouse real-time payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clearinghouse real-time payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clearinghouse real-time payment
+network probably will up its game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network probably will up its game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network probably will up its game
+and fed now will come along as well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fed now will come along as well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fed now will come along as well um
+some said that the announcement last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some said that the announcement last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some said that the announcement last
+year by the federal reserve was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year by the federal reserve was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year by the federal reserve was in
+reaction to facebook libra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to facebook libra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to facebook libra
+and maybe that spurred this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe that spurred this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe that spurred this a little bit
+that the official sector was then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the official sector was then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the official sector was then
+competing with facebook because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing with facebook because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing with facebook because the
+announcement came just weeks after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement came just weeks after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement came just weeks after
+now i'm i would imagine the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm i would imagine the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm i would imagine the federal
+reserve was working on it a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve was working on it a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve was working on it a long time
+beforehand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand
+and we'll close out this lecture today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll close out this lecture today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll close out this lecture today
+on on china's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on china's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on china's
+digital currency electronic uh payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital currency electronic uh payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital currency electronic uh payments
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+china and the federal reserve in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china and the federal reserve in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china and the federal reserve in the u.s
+both had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both had
+major announcements right after facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major announcements right after facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major announcements right after facebook
+libra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libra
+this project fed now and china's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project fed now and china's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project fed now and china's
+both have been work have been done but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have been work have been done but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have been work have been done but
+it feels like the announcements were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it feels like the announcements were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it feels like the announcements were
+accelerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated
+in in reaction uh a bit we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in reaction uh a bit we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in reaction uh a bit we don't know
+for sure of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure of course
+um questions for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um questions for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um questions for me
+none so far gary all right so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none so far gary all right so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none so far gary all right so what's the
+payment landscape who are the companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment landscape who are the companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment landscape who are the companies
+well we've talked about big tech and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've talked about big tech and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've talked about big tech and i'm
+glad luke i i think i have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad luke i i think i have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad luke i i think i have uh
+uh uh ke copay on there oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh ke copay on there oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh ke copay on there oh
+thankfully i i should have had line pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thankfully i i should have had line pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thankfully i i should have had line pay
+as well i mean but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well i mean but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well i mean but
+big tech okay we've we've chat a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech okay we've we've chat a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech okay we've we've chat a little
+bit about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about that
+and then there's of course a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's of course a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's of course a bunch of
+unicorn startups i could have put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unicorn startups i could have put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unicorn startups i could have put
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+half dozen to a dozen unicorn being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half dozen to a dozen unicorn being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half dozen to a dozen unicorn being a
+billion dollars of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars of value
+or more but each of these startups have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more but each of these startups have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more but each of these startups have
+a little bit different way that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit different way that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit different way that they've
+broken into this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken into this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken into this space
+plaid which we've chatted a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaid which we've chatted a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaid which we've chatted a little bit
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+uh plaid is in this space because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plaid is in this space because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plaid is in this space because they
+came in through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in through
+open apis and and facilitating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open apis and and facilitating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open apis and and facilitating the
+software in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software in the
+system ripple is a cryptocurrency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system ripple is a cryptocurrency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system ripple is a cryptocurrency
+type company 197
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type company 197
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type company 197
+is in india it's really i could even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in india it's really i could even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in india it's really i could even
+have put that in the big tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put that in the big tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put that in the big tech
+because they started i think pay tm new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they started i think pay tm new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they started i think pay tm new
+bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank
+addressed it a little bit from being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed it a little bit from being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed it a little bit from being a
+challenger back and we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger back and we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger back and we're going to be
+talking about that in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that in a couple of
+lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+toast picks a sector and they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toast picks a sector and they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toast picks a sector and they really
+dominate the restaurant sector um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate the restaurant sector um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate the restaurant sector um
+but they they initially were getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they they initially were getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they they initially were getting
+into payments because they were into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into payments because they were into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into payments because they were into
+tablets so each has a bit of a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablets so each has a bit of a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablets so each has a bit of a different
+story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+um brex was about startups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um brex was about startups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um brex was about startups and
+facilitating credit for startups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitating credit for startups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitating credit for startups
+transferwise was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferwise was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferwise was
+cross-border as we talked about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-border as we talked about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-border as we talked about earlier
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+they each found a strategy to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they each found a strategy to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they each found a strategy to build
+build themselves into this place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build themselves into this place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build themselves into this place
+but let's just talk about alipay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just talk about alipay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just talk about alipay and
+wechat pay for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wechat pay for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wechat pay for a moment
+um this is even dated because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is even dated because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is even dated because this is
+nearly a year old but this is their user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly a year old but this is their user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly a year old but this is their user
+base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+in the last seven years this remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last seven years this remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last seven years this remarkable
+growth of usage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of usage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of usage
+between alipay and wechat pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between alipay and wechat pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between alipay and wechat pay
+in china both with approximately a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china both with approximately a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china both with approximately a
+billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion
+users it's thought that wechat pay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users it's thought that wechat pay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users it's thought that wechat pay and
+alipay now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alipay now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alipay now have
+92 percent of the retail payment space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+92 percent of the retail payment space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+92 percent of the retail payment space
+in china and one of their strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china and one of their strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china and one of their strategic
+approaches is that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches is that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches is that if you have
+a store of value on an alipay wallet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a store of value on an alipay wallet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a store of value on an alipay wallet and
+you move it to somebody else within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move it to somebody else within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move it to somebody else within the
+alipay system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alipay system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alipay system
+as i understand it it's still zero cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i understand it it's still zero cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i understand it it's still zero cost
+if you jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you jump
+out of service out of system 10 basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of service out of system 10 basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of service out of system 10 basis
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+but this this conceptual framework and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this this conceptual framework and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this this conceptual framework and
+their pricing model could change at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their pricing model could change at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their pricing model could change at any
+time but their pricing model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but their pricing model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but their pricing model
+has been historically if you stay within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been historically if you stay within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been historically if you stay within
+the alipay wallet system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heck of a benefit in cost so merchants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck of a benefit in cost so merchants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck of a benefit in cost so merchants
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+start to want to pay their vendors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to want to pay their vendors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to want to pay their vendors and
+merchants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants
+and customers want to stay within those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and customers want to stay within those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and customers want to stay within those
+wallet systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet systems
+to keep those costs down significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep those costs down significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep those costs down significant
+network effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network effects
+romain cgin has her hand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romain cgin has her hand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romain cgin has her hand up
+please yeah hi um just want to add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please yeah hi um just want to add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please yeah hi um just want to add one
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+um i think the social platform base is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think the social platform base is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think the social platform base is
+very important but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important but
+another thing that alipay is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that alipay is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that alipay is so
+successful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful because
+it's working closely with the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's working closely with the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's working closely with the government
+for example right now um in china we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example right now um in china we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example right now um in china we can
+use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a
+qr code in alipay um when we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qr code in alipay um when we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qr code in alipay um when we uh
+like when we try to get on the shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when we try to get on the shuttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when we try to get on the shuttle
+bus where we want to get a trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus where we want to get a trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus where we want to get a trend
+we can use the alipay to pay that bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the alipay to pay that bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the alipay to pay that bill
+so actually the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually the government
+is encouraging all of the citizens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is encouraging all of the citizens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is encouraging all of the citizens to
+use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this
+like alipay and wechat pay yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like alipay and wechat pay yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like alipay and wechat pay yeah so
+there's incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's incredible
+uh collaboration what you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh collaboration what you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh collaboration what you're talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+between government and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between government and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between government and these
+these payment systems and we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these payment systems and we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these payment systems and we've seen
+this in india as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in india as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in india as well
+india really encouraged the uptake and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india really encouraged the uptake and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india really encouraged the uptake and
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and i could have put various statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i could have put various statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i could have put various statistics
+in for india they're a couple or a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for india they're a couple or a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for india they're a couple or a few
+years behind they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years behind they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years behind they're not
+they're not as robust and developed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not as robust and developed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not as robust and developed in
+india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india
+but this encouragement by the official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this encouragement by the official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this encouragement by the official
+sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector
+or the banking sector sometimes in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the banking sector sometimes in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the banking sector sometimes in other
+countries it can be by the banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries it can be by the banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries it can be by the banking
+sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector
+but what's interesting in china and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's interesting in china and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's interesting in china and
+we'll close out on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll close out on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll close out on this
+is now the chinese government is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now the chinese government is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now the chinese government is
+offering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering
+what one might say is a compliment or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one might say is a compliment or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one might say is a compliment or a
+competitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor
+to wechat and alipay through the chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wechat and alipay through the chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wechat and alipay through the chinese
+digital currency electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital currency electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital currency electronic
+payment project or dsap and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment project or dsap and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment project or dsap and so
+they facilitated the ramp up of alipay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they facilitated the ramp up of alipay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they facilitated the ramp up of alipay
+and wechat pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wechat pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wechat pay
+but now they're going to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now they're going to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now they're going to have an
+alternative as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative as well
+so it's very interesting and i think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very interesting and i think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very interesting and i think in
+part this is to facilitate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part this is to facilitate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part this is to facilitate the
+commercial banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks
+we're losing a significant market share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're losing a significant market share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're losing a significant market share
+to alipay and wechat pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to alipay and wechat pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to alipay and wechat pay
+that the chinese government may well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the chinese government may well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the chinese government may well
+have been been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been been
+encouraged to build their own they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged to build their own they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged to build their own they call
+it a central bank digital currency but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a central bank digital currency but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a central bank digital currency but
+their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own
+wallet system digital wallet digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet system digital wallet digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet system digital wallet digital
+lawn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawn that
+will look a lot like alipay and wechat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look a lot like alipay and wechat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look a lot like alipay and wechat
+wallets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallets
+and in fact uh this is all being rolled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact uh this is all being rolled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact uh this is all being rolled
+out in 2020 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in 2020 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in 2020 but
+in fact the initial uh pronouncements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the initial uh pronouncements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the initial uh pronouncements
+say that it must be accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it must be accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it must be accepted
+so just as just as we have had multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just as just as we have had multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just as just as we have had multiple
+centuries of laws that are called legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries of laws that are called legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries of laws that are called legal
+tender laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tender laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tender laws
+and the legal tender laws go all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the legal tender laws go all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the legal tender laws go all the way
+back to genghis khan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to genghis khan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to genghis khan
+in china where under the coercive out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china where under the coercive out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china where under the coercive out
+power of the state you must accept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the state you must accept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the state you must accept the
+in those days the paper bark currency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those days the paper bark currency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those days the paper bark currency of
+getting his con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting his con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting his con
+or in the u.s you must accept the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the u.s you must accept the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the u.s you must accept the u.s
+dollar for all debts public and private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar for all debts public and private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar for all debts public and private
+those are called legal tender laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are called legal tender laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are called legal tender laws
+something similar is happening right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar is happening right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar is happening right now
+in china that this dcep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china that this dcep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china that this dcep
+will have to be accepted at first in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to be accepted at first in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to be accepted at first in
+certain cities they're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain cities they're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain cities they're going to start
+i think in two cities and then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think in two cities and then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think in two cities and then they're
+going to roll it out over time in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to roll it out over time in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to roll it out over time in other
+places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places
+um so now let's look here in the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now let's look here in the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now let's look here in the us
+and i pick facebook because they haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i pick facebook because they haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i pick facebook because they haven't
+been as successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been as successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been as successful
+this remarkable platform facebook is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remarkable platform facebook is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remarkable platform facebook is so
+uh ubiquitous uh over two billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ubiquitous uh over two billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ubiquitous uh over two billion
+members around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members around the globe
+they've tried multiple times to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've tried multiple times to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've tried multiple times to get into
+payments starting 11 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments starting 11 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments starting 11 years ago
+virtual currency in 15 currencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual currency in 15 currencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual currency in 15 currencies
+terminated in four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminated in four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminated in four years
+facebook credit they came about in 2015
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook credit they came about in 2015
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook credit they came about in 2015
+facebook messenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook messenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook messenger
+uh they started in the us uk and france
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they started in the us uk and france
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they started in the us uk and france
+by 2019 they rolled out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2019 they rolled out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2019 they rolled out of
+france in the uk they in india had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+france in the uk they in india had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+france in the uk they in india had a
+pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot
+that for the longest time was in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the longest time was in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the longest time was in um
+uh sort of a pilot purgatory in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of a pilot purgatory in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of a pilot purgatory in a sense
+i mean facebook could not get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean facebook could not get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean facebook could not get the
+approval of the indian government to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval of the indian government to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval of the indian government to go
+beyond one million accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond one million accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond one million accounts
+the only recently in in the early spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only recently in in the early spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only recently in in the early spring
+of 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2020
+late winter got approval that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late winter got approval that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late winter got approval that they can
+move up to 10 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up to 10 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up to 10 million
+and and so forth but it's pending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so forth but it's pending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so forth but it's pending
+further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further
+uh uh uh data standardization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh data standardization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh data standardization
+and it's conditional on data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's conditional on data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's conditional on data
+standardization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardization
+and then last november they announced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then last november they announced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then last november they announced
+facebook pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook pay
+now that puts aside facebook libra i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that puts aside facebook libra i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that puts aside facebook libra i'm
+just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying
+their efforts to do facebook pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their efforts to do facebook pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their efforts to do facebook pay
+bringing together facebook messenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing together facebook messenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing together facebook messenger
+instagram whatsapp uh is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instagram whatsapp uh is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instagram whatsapp uh is their
+new effort you can decide whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new effort you can decide whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new effort you can decide whether you
+think they'll be successful but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they'll be successful but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they'll be successful but it's
+interesting that in some circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that in some circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that in some circumstances
+facebook's been very successful but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook's been very successful but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook's been very successful but not
+so much in the payment space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much in the payment space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much in the payment space
+and even google wallet and google pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even google wallet and google pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even google wallet and google pay
+has more adoption and apple pay has more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has more adoption and apple pay has more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has more adoption and apple pay has more
+adoption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption
+than we've seen in facebook as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we've seen in facebook as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we've seen in facebook as i
+understand it it's hard to get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it it's hard to get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it it's hard to get all the
+statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics
+um so it sort of gives you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it sort of gives you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it sort of gives you a little bit
+of a sense of these challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sense of these challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sense of these challenges
+what's the landscape i'm going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the landscape i'm going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the landscape i'm going to do it
+a little quickly but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little quickly but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little quickly but this is
+this is to give you that landscape first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to give you that landscape first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to give you that landscape first
+commercial banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks
+and the bank owned networks i i put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bank owned networks i i put here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bank owned networks i i put here
+thousands of banks they've been around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of banks they've been around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of banks they've been around
+since 1784. i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 1784. i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 1784. i
+i like thinking 1784 because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like thinking 1784 because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like thinking 1784 because that's the
+bank of new york here in the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank of new york here in the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank of new york here in the us
+alexander hamilton's bank but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alexander hamilton's bank but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alexander hamilton's bank but the
+clearinghouse literally has been around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearinghouse literally has been around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearinghouse literally has been around
+since the 1850s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the 1850s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the 1850s
+it was a place where people took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a place where people took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a place where people took
+physical checks negotiable orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical checks negotiable orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical checks negotiable orders
+withdraw and had to take them into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw and had to take them into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw and had to take them into a
+warehouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse
+and clear them but even union pay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clear them but even union pay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clear them but even union pay in
+china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china
+which was formed amongst 85 banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was formed amongst 85 banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was formed amongst 85 banks
+initially and some say maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially and some say maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially and some say maybe
+the people's bank of china owns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people's bank of china owns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people's bank of china owns
+something of it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of it too
+but union pay is bank consortium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but union pay is bank consortium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but union pay is bank consortium
+next in this sort of architecture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next in this sort of architecture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next in this sort of architecture of the
+payment landscape the card companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment landscape the card companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment landscape the card companies
+i would note that visa was a consortium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would note that visa was a consortium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would note that visa was a consortium
+bank of america was a california bank it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank of america was a california bank it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank of america was a california bank it
+was not a national bank at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not a national bank at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not a national bank at the time
+and bank america wanted to offer its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bank america wanted to offer its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bank america wanted to offer its
+california credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+california credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+california credit card
+across the country and formed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country and formed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country and formed a
+consortium it later became an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consortium it later became an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consortium it later became an
+independent company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent company
+it later went public and it's got a 373
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it later went public and it's got a 373
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it later went public and it's got a 373
+billion dollar market value as of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollar market value as of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollar market value as of last
+friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday
+now we we sometimes talk about the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we we sometimes talk about the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we we sometimes talk about the big
+tech firms the big tech firms the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech firms the big tech firms the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech firms the big tech firms the big
+four microsoft and google and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four microsoft and google and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four microsoft and google and
+amazon and apple they all have market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon and apple they all have market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon and apple they all have market
+values above this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values above this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values above this
+but visa is one of the 10 highest market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but visa is one of the 10 highest market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but visa is one of the 10 highest market
+cad companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cad companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cad companies
+in the country maybe in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the country maybe in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the country maybe in the world
+and then of course mastercard and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course mastercard and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course mastercard and so
+we're discovering the down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're discovering the down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're discovering the down
+so that's kind of the base layer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of the base layer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of the base layer but
+then there's something that you and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's something that you and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's something that you and i
+don't think a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think a lot about
+is payment service providers and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is payment service providers and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is payment service providers and these
+companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies
+have gone through a significant wave of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone through a significant wave of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone through a significant wave of
+consolidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation
+these were data companies basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were data companies basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were data companies basically
+expanded around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded around
+20 years ago fi serve is a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years ago fi serve is a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years ago fi serve is a an
+agglomeration of three or four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agglomeration of three or four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agglomeration of three or four different
+companies that have come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that have come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that have come together
+over the last few years but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last few years but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last few years but these
+dominant companies here in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant companies here in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant companies here in the u.s
+are the backbones of the payment network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the backbones of the payment network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the backbones of the payment network
+right in the middle of that earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the middle of that earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the middle of that earlier
+chart that we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart that we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart that we talked about
+45 to 80 billion dollars of market value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 to 80 billion dollars of market value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 to 80 billion dollars of market value
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+and now we get to the startups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the startups starting with paypal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the startups starting with paypal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the startups starting with paypal with
+124 billion dollars of value and square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+124 billion dollars of value and square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+124 billion dollars of value and square
+and then some companies you might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some companies you might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some companies you might not be
+as familiar with but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as familiar with but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as familiar with but
+each one of these companies founded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these companies founded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these companies founded
+usually in the 20-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in the 20-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in the 20-year
+time frame i'll put western union to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time frame i'll put western union to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time frame i'll put western union to the
+side western union was that company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side western union was that company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side western union was that company that
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+in the 1850s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1850s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1850s
+these are publicly uh um traded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are publicly uh um traded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are publicly uh um traded
+companies you can look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies you can look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies you can look at their
+financials if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financials if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financials if you were
+actually going to go and compete in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to go and compete in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to go and compete in this
+space i'd largely recommend you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space i'd largely recommend you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space i'd largely recommend you've got
+to pull these financials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull these financials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull these financials
+read their public statements see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read their public statements see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read their public statements see how
+they make their money but then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make their money but then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make their money but then there's
+the private companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private companies
+and all i could do to value these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all i could do to value these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all i could do to value these
+companies that go go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that go go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that go go to
+forbes and crunch base and some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbes and crunch base and some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbes and crunch base and some other
+sources to say what was their last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources to say what was their last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources to say what was their last
+funding round stripe has not gone public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding round stripe has not gone public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding round stripe has not gone public
+yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+pay tm in india has not gone public yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay tm in india has not gone public yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay tm in india has not gone public yet
+but these are their last funding rounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are their last funding rounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are their last funding rounds
+plaid was purchased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaid was purchased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaid was purchased
+for 5.3 billion by visa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 5.3 billion by visa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 5.3 billion by visa
+but it sort of gives you that sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it sort of gives you that sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it sort of gives you that sense
+putting aside whether these values will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting aside whether these values will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting aside whether these values will
+persist or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist or not
+and there's hundreds thousands of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's hundreds thousands of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's hundreds thousands of other
+companies in this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in this space
+uh competing as i said there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh competing as i said there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh competing as i said there's
+a lot of consolidation and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of consolidation and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of consolidation and one of the
+consolidations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidations
+is around payment service providers just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around payment service providers just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around payment service providers just
+in the last 18 months four big mergers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last 18 months four big mergers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last 18 months four big mergers
+one in europe three in the us basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in europe three in the us basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in europe three in the us basically
+consolidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation
+in the middle of this technology first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of this technology first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of this technology first
+data which was one of the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which was one of the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which was one of the biggest
+companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies
+that basically was on the merchant side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically was on the merchant side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically was on the merchant side
+helping merchants with their point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping merchants with their point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping merchants with their point of
+sale world pay that does this annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale world pay that does this annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale world pay that does this annual
+report that i talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report that i talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report that i talked about
+and total system services all bought in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and total system services all bought in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and total system services all bought in
+the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last
+15 months and then in europe world line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 months and then in europe world line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 months and then in europe world line
+bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought
+uh in geneco which was like across york
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in geneco which was like across york
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in geneco which was like across york
+merger but we're seeing a lot of mergers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merger but we're seeing a lot of mergers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merger but we're seeing a lot of mergers
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+in the data aggregator side visa bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data aggregator side visa bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data aggregator side visa bought
+plaid as we talked about and so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaid as we talked about and so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaid as we talked about and so far
+recently announced for over a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently announced for over a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently announced for over a billion
+dollars buying galileo galileo is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars buying galileo galileo is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars buying galileo galileo is a
+smaller competitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller competitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller competitor
+plaid that is in this sort of api
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaid that is in this sort of api
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaid that is in this sort of api
+data aggregator space a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data aggregator space a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data aggregator space a really important
+space in payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in payments
+so far which we'll talk about in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far which we'll talk about in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far which we'll talk about in our
+next couple of classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next couple of classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next couple of classes
+sort of started as a credit provider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of started as a credit provider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of started as a credit provider
+not in the payment side but here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the payment side but here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the payment side but here that
+it's interesting that sofi is going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting that sofi is going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting that sofi is going back
+and saying we want to get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying we want to get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying we want to get to that
+payment side we want to sort of acquire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment side we want to sort of acquire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment side we want to sort of acquire
+galileo and the api side um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galileo and the api side um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galileo and the api side um
+and so a little talk and we've only got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a little talk and we've only got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a little talk and we've only got
+a few minutes left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes left
+we already talked about crypto projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already talked about crypto projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already talked about crypto projects
+but the crypto land is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the crypto land is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the crypto land is here
+and they're saying maybe a digital token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're saying maybe a digital token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're saying maybe a digital token
+a digital token backed by us dollars or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a digital token backed by us dollars or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a digital token backed by us dollars or
+backed by euro or yen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed by euro or yen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed by euro or yen
+would be the way to address these pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the way to address these pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the way to address these pain
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+some are retail projects mostly tether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are retail projects mostly tether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are retail projects mostly tether
+and others on the retail side are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others on the retail side are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others on the retail side are about
+cryptocurrency exchanges but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency exchanges but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency exchanges but the
+wholesale projects are interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale projects are interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale projects are interesting
+14 large banks have come together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 large banks have come together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 large banks have come together and
+formed this thing called finality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed this thing called finality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed this thing called finality
+without an eye it's ethanality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without an eye it's ethanality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without an eye it's ethanality
+jp morgan has said jpmorgan coin these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jp morgan has said jpmorgan coin these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jp morgan has said jpmorgan coin these
+are trying to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to use
+digital tokens representing fiat money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital tokens representing fiat money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital tokens representing fiat money
+to smooth out pain points and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to smooth out pain points and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to smooth out pain points and then the
+messaging companies telegram the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messaging companies telegram the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messaging companies telegram the world's
+largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest
+secure or encrypted messaging company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure or encrypted messaging company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure or encrypted messaging company
+with 400 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 400 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 400 million
+members or customers they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members or customers they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members or customers they're trying to
+have a token called graham even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a token called graham even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a token called graham even though
+it's held up in the securities law case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's held up in the securities law case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's held up in the securities law case
+that they have with the securities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have with the securities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have with the securities and
+exchange commission here in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange commission here in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange commission here in the u.s
+and that sort of sets the stage i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sort of sets the stage i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sort of sets the stage i'm
+going to skip over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip over
+that bitcoin and all of these payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bitcoin and all of these payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bitcoin and all of these payment
+tokens are out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens are out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens are out there
+and talk about the goals they're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about the goals they're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about the goals they're trying
+to do the goals they're trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the goals they're trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the goals they're trying to do
+are the same things addressing pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same things addressing pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same things addressing pain
+points extending settlement to 24 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points extending settlement to 24 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points extending settlement to 24 hours
+a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day
+seven days a week and lowering costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven days a week and lowering costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven days a week and lowering costs
+that's why jpmorgan has jp morgan coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why jpmorgan has jp morgan coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why jpmorgan has jp morgan coin
+it might be a little bit of hype but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be a little bit of hype but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be a little bit of hype but
+there's some reality too that they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some reality too that they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some reality too that they think
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that between their project and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that between their project and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that between their project and this
+competitive project finality at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive project finality at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive project finality at the
+wholesale payment space they can lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale payment space they can lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale payment space they can lower
+cost in the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost in the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost in the cross
+order space so facebook comes along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order space so facebook comes along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order space so facebook comes along and
+facebook says well maybe we can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook says well maybe we can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook says well maybe we can do it
+maybe we can do it with a worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can do it with a worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can do it with a worldwide
+currency they announced it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency they announced it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency they announced it was
+it didn't lack ambition mark zuckerberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't lack ambition mark zuckerberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't lack ambition mark zuckerberg
+and facebook announced a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and facebook announced a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and facebook announced a new
+global currency to to meet the needs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global currency to to meet the needs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global currency to to meet the needs of
+billions of people they talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of people they talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of people they talked about
+financial inclusion they talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial inclusion they talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial inclusion they talked about
+cross-border pain points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-border pain points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-border pain points
+and they said this this is the wave of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said this this is the wave of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said this this is the wave of
+the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+it's run into a lot of central bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's run into a lot of central bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's run into a lot of central bank
+concerns around the globe it's run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns around the globe it's run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns around the globe it's run into
+significant public sector concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant public sector concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant public sector concerns
+around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe
+it's still uncertain whether it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still uncertain whether it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still uncertain whether it will
+take off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off
+but it's a significant feature of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a significant feature of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a significant feature of this
+payment space that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment space that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment space that
+one needs to understand even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one needs to understand even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one needs to understand even if it's
+just a catalyst for change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a catalyst for change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a catalyst for change
+both china and the us reacted quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both china and the us reacted quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both china and the us reacted quickly
+with the fed now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fed now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fed now
+project here in the us and the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project here in the us and the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project here in the us and the central
+bank digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank digital
+currency project in china so i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency project in china so i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency project in china so i'm going
+to close on just a little chart that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to close on just a little chart that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to close on just a little chart that
+shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows
+libra versus central bank digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libra versus central bank digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libra versus central bank digital
+currency just say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency just say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency just say something about
+china's project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china's project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china's project
+china's project not yet live digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china's project not yet live digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china's project not yet live digital
+currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency
+electronic payment program the issuer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic payment program the issuer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic payment program the issuer is
+the people's bank of china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people's bank of china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people's bank of china
+and this is a really important uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a really important uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a really important uh
+question that is on a lot of people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that is on a lot of people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that is on a lot of people's
+mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+if a central bank issues a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a central bank issues a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a central bank issues a digital
+representation of money directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of money directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of money directly
+what's the role of the commercial banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the role of the commercial banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the role of the commercial banks
+commercial banks in most countries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks in most countries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks in most countries are
+the issuer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issuer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issuer
+of digital money i know we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of digital money i know we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of digital money i know we think about
+central banks in the 180 countries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks in the 180 countries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks in the 180 countries that
+have money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have money
+and they're really important but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're really important but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're really important but it's
+commercial banks that keep those ledgers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks that keep those ledgers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks that keep those ledgers
+the commercial banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commercial banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commercial banks
+with some backing of their governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some backing of their governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some backing of their governments
+either implicit or explicit with deposit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either implicit or explicit with deposit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either implicit or explicit with deposit
+insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance
+you and i have a liability to our banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and i have a liability to our banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and i have a liability to our banks
+to bank america to barclays to some bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bank america to barclays to some bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bank america to barclays to some bank
+in asia the people's bank of china is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in asia the people's bank of china is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in asia the people's bank of china is
+sort of saying no we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of saying no we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of saying no we will
+issue this directly but we'll have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue this directly but we'll have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue this directly but we'll have the
+commercial banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks
+involved in the commercial banks you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the commercial banks you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the commercial banks you'll
+get your digital wallet from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your digital wallet from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your digital wallet from the
+commercial banks there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks there were
+announcements as of early april 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcements as of early april 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcements as of early april 2020
+that sort of update us but we don't yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of update us but we don't yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of update us but we don't yet
+have the full picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the full picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the full picture
+it looks like it's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like it's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like it's basically a
+centralized private network run by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized private network run by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized private network run by the
+pboc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pboc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pboc
+it does look like alipay and wechat pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does look like alipay and wechat pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does look like alipay and wechat pay
+will have to use this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to use this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to use this system
+so some question is how different will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some question is how different will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some question is how different will
+it really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really be
+it looks like by government fiat rolled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like by government fiat rolled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like by government fiat rolled
+out by city and region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by city and region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by city and region
+that merchants will have to accept dcep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that merchants will have to accept dcep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that merchants will have to accept dcep
+so the qr system when those buses will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the qr system when those buses will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the qr system when those buses will
+have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have
+dcep alipay and wechat pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dcep alipay and wechat pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dcep alipay and wechat pay
+alipay has taken out a bunch of patents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alipay has taken out a bunch of patents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alipay has taken out a bunch of patents
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+on how to interface with dcep so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to interface with dcep so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to interface with dcep so it's a
+work in progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in progress
+but it's an important feature of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's an important feature of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's an important feature of this
+and and if you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if you're thinking about
+payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+this is really important and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really important and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really important and what's
+fascinating is central banks around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating is central banks around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating is central banks around the
+globe are then looking to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe are then looking to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe are then looking to see what
+china's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china's done
+sweden was already looking at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweden was already looking at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweden was already looking at an
+electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+digital central bank currency the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital central bank currency the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital central bank currency the
+e-corona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-corona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-corona
+and they were sort of at the forefront
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were sort of at the forefront
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were sort of at the forefront
+but now you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you can go
+central bank around central bank france
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank around central bank france
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank around central bank france
+has made announcements the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has made announcements the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has made announcements the united
+kingdom has made announcements in 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kingdom has made announcements in 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kingdom has made announcements in 2020
+all sort of in this milieu of how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of in this milieu of how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of in this milieu of how do we
+address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address
+pain points do we as a central bank have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain points do we as a central bank have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain points do we as a central bank have
+a responsibility to our citizens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a responsibility to our citizens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a responsibility to our citizens to
+continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to
+offer a digital currency when the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer a digital currency when the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer a digital currency when the paper
+currency is going away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency is going away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency is going away
+and important public policy questions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and important public policy questions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and important public policy questions of
+what does this do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this do
+does it destabilize commercial banks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it destabilize commercial banks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it destabilize commercial banks so
+i think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's
+a bit of a rat
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4UZD-arBlzg.txt b/4UZD-arBlzg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8774963c64e125142bb482804a8958480fcfa3b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4UZD-arBlzg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you know um we're just really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um we're just really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um we're just really really
+excited to have these two folks here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to have these two folks here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to have these two folks here um
+we've been waiting a long time for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been waiting a long time for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been waiting a long time for them
+come um and I'm just I'm going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come um and I'm just I'm going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come um and I'm just I'm going to give
+you a little it's going to be quick I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little it's going to be quick I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little it's going to be quick I'm
+going to go um I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go um I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go um I'm going to tell you
+about the show as a whole um but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the show as a whole um but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the show as a whole um but I'm
+going to let you figure that out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let you figure that out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let you figure that out because
+there's a lot of information out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of information out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of information out in
+front you can pick up um a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front you can pick up um a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front you can pick up um a little
+booklet that we made and a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booklet that we made and a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booklet that we made and a little bit of
+little bit of you know biographical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of you know biographical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of you know biographical
+information you can find out more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you can find out more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you can find out more about
+what we're doing here the one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing here the one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing here the one thing I
+wanted to tell you definitely though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to tell you definitely though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to tell you definitely though
+we're having call to come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having call to come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having call to come together
+tomorrow between 1:30 and 6:30 um where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow between 1:30 and 6:30 um where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow between 1:30 and 6:30 um where
+we've gotten um how many nine different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gotten um how many nine different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gotten um how many nine different
+people from around MIT to come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from around MIT to come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from around MIT to come together
+and talk about science technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about science technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about science technology and
+social responsibility it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social responsibility it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social responsibility it's going to be
+very very interesting each of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very interesting each of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very interesting each of them are
+going to talk 15 minutes um so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk 15 minutes um so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk 15 minutes um so you can
+come in and out um what you want there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and out um what you want there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and out um what you want there's
+uh I think there's a schedule somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think there's a schedule somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think there's a schedule somewhere
+um it's probably out on the table with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's probably out on the table with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's probably out on the table with
+them rest books so that is for tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them rest books so that is for tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them rest books so that is for tomorrow
+just so you know so um my name's r all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you know so um my name's r all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you know so um my name's r all
+most of you know me I'm the ass director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you know me I'm the ass director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you know me I'm the ass director
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um I'm just going to introduce Harold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm just going to introduce Harold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm just going to introduce Harold
+and John right quickly and then they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and John right quickly and then they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and John right quickly and then they can
+proceed so um harer is there um he his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed so um harer is there um he his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed so um harer is there um he his
+his talk here earlier this year in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his talk here earlier this year in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his talk here earlier this year in
+February fantastic um his work I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February fantastic um his work I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February fantastic um his work I would
+say um celebrates the um f morality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um celebrates the um f morality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um celebrates the um f morality and
+energy of everyday life expan video um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of everyday life expan video um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of everyday life expan video um
+photography drawing and teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography drawing and teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography drawing and teaching
+actually um so over the past 15 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um so over the past 15 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um so over the past 15 years
+he's been he drawing C Sculpture Park um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's been he drawing C Sculpture Park um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's been he drawing C Sculpture Park um
+diverse Works uh p and in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse Works uh p and in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse Works uh p and in and
+international extensively he also was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international extensively he also was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international extensively he also was in
+the 2004 Whitney B and in 2002 started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2004 Whitney B and in 2002 started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2004 Whitney B and in 2002 started
+website called learning to love you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website called learning to love you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website called learning to love you more
+with marand July he was also here last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with marand July he was also here last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with marand July he was also here last
+year should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year should I
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+film I've heard of um now John meled is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film I've heard of um now John meled is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film I've heard of um now John meled is
+a um he actually an old friend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um he actually an old friend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um he actually an old friend the
+director of christopheros and um so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of christopheros and um so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of christopheros and um so it's
+for that so I wanted to also say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that so I wanted to also say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that so I wanted to also say that
+Kristof is very sad that he's not here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kristof is very sad that he's not here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kristof is very sad that he's not here
+tonight to personally introduce him um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight to personally introduce him um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight to personally introduce him um
+but John's been working in performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but John's been working in performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but John's been working in performance
+since the late 1970s um first in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the late 1970s um first in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the late 1970s um first in New
+York City then in La where in 1985 he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York City then in La where in 1985 he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York City then in La where in 1985 he
+founded and still directs the Los
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded and still directs the Los
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded and still directs the Los
+Angeles poverty department or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles poverty department or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles poverty department or
+LAPD uh which is a Grassroots Ensemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LAPD uh which is a Grassroots Ensemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LAPD uh which is a Grassroots Ensemble
+Theater founded to work in and with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theater founded to work in and with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theater founded to work in and with the
+homeless community on skro in La um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeless community on skro in La um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeless community on skro in La um in
+2001 he started working with Apple shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 he started working with Apple shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 he started working with Apple shop
+which is a mediate Art Center in Eastern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a mediate Art Center in Eastern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a mediate Art Center in Eastern
+Kentucky to create RFK and eky which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kentucky to create RFK and eky which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kentucky to create RFK and eky which is
+on you up front um he's one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you up front um he's one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you up front um he's one of the most
+dedicated Innovative and radical artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated Innovative and radical artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated Innovative and radical artists
+of our time we're very proud to have him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our time we're very proud to have him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our time we're very proud to have him
+and learn more about his SP car is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learn more about his SP car is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learn more about his SP car is going
+to be um doing a little bit intervie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be um doing a little bit intervie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be um doing a little bit intervie
+it's mostly going to be John talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mostly going to be John talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mostly going to be John talking
+about projects so thanks very much for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coming okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming okay good
+working all okay yeah thanks a lot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working all okay yeah thanks a lot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working all okay yeah thanks a lot for
+coming and thanks for the introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and thanks for the introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and thanks for the introduction
+Lissa uh I'm really happy to be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lissa uh I'm really happy to be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lissa uh I'm really happy to be here
+with John mait who has always been one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with John mait who has always been one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with John mait who has always been one
+of my heroes um and a really early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my heroes um and a really early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my heroes um and a really early
+inspiration for me and the work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration for me and the work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration for me and the work that
+I've done so uh we're just going to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done so uh we're just going to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done so uh we're just going to sort
+of show and and John's going to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of show and and John's going to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of show and and John's going to read
+some some of his pieces and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some of his pieces and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some of his pieces and then we're
+going to have a little discussion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a little discussion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a little discussion in
+between and I think we want to also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and I think we want to also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and I think we want to also just
+open it up to to you all if if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open it up to to you all if if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open it up to to you all if if you have
+a question feel free to to let us know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question feel free to to let us know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question feel free to to let us know
+what that is and we'll try to work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is and we'll try to work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is and we'll try to work that
+in as we go along and thanks for waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as we go along and thanks for waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as we go along and thanks for waiting
+sorry about the technical difficulties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about the technical difficulties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about the technical difficulties
+And Delay here so John's going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And Delay here so John's going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And Delay here so John's going to start
+off by reading an early piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by reading an early piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by reading an early piece
+monologue uh yeah actually it's um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monologue uh yeah actually it's um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monologue uh yeah actually it's um it's
+it's sort of the piece that got me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of the piece that got me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of the piece that got me to
+La um and it's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+La um and it's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+La um and it's something that
+uh it was yeah I was living in New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was yeah I was living in New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was yeah I was living in New York
+they were filling in the Hudson River
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were filling in the Hudson River
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were filling in the Hudson River
+you know with uh it was sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with uh it was sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with uh it was sort of an
+alchemical uh idea you take Dirty River
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alchemical uh idea you take Dirty River
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alchemical uh idea you take Dirty River
+water and you mix in a lot of sand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and you mix in a lot of sand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and you mix in a lot of sand and
+then you create the world's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you create the world's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you create the world's most
+expensive piece of real estate and um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive piece of real estate and um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive piece of real estate and um so
+they were doing this in in uh but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were doing this in in uh but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were doing this in in uh but there
+were a few you know bad apples who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a few you know bad apples who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a few you know bad apples who
+slowed it down quite a bit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowed it down quite a bit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowed it down quite a bit with
+environmental impact studies for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact studies for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact studies for about
+10 years and during that time this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years and during that time this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years and during that time this is
+like uh what's now Battery Park City and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh what's now Battery Park City and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh what's now Battery Park City and
+the world financial center um and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world financial center um and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world financial center um and uh so
+for about 10 years it was just a sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about 10 years it was just a sand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about 10 years it was just a sand
+dune on the west side of New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dune on the west side of New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dune on the west side of New York
+and uh it was a great place to like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it was a great place to like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it was a great place to like you
+know go get some fa nature or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know go get some fa nature or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know go get some fa nature or something
+like that and see the sunset and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and see the sunset and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and see the sunset and stuff
+and eventually um uh art on the beach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually um uh art on the beach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually um uh art on the beach
+took it over and they during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it over and they during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it over and they during the
+summertime they had commissions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summertime they had commissions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summertime they had commissions of
+different artists uh and they would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different artists uh and they would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different artists uh and they would be
+usually like a sculptural manifestation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually like a sculptural manifestation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually like a sculptural manifestation
+there' be like about nine or so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there' be like about nine or so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there' be like about nine or so uh
+collaborations and then there'd be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborations and then there'd be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborations and then there'd be a
+performative element which each one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performative element which each one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performative element which each one so
+each week one of those would you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each week one of those would you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each week one of those would you know
+turn and open up like that and uh so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and open up like that and uh so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and open up like that and uh so in
+8 in ' 84
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 in ' 84
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 in ' 84
+um I I did one with with uh Erica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I did one with with uh Erica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I did one with with uh Erica
+Rothenberg and uh Lori Hawkinson who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rothenberg and uh Lori Hawkinson who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rothenberg and uh Lori Hawkinson who was
+an architect in New York and um we built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an architect in New York and um we built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an architect in New York and um we built
+a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big
+um a big orange megaphone that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a big orange megaphone that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a big orange megaphone that was
+pointed across the street at the uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed across the street at the uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed across the street at the uh then
+World Trade Centers and uh it was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Trade Centers and uh it was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Trade Centers and uh it was called
+the freedom of expression National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freedom of expression National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freedom of expression National
+monument and the idea is You' go up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monument and the idea is You' go up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monument and the idea is You' go up that
+ramp and you could uh say whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp and you could uh say whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp and you could uh say whatever you
+had to say the powers that be and so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to say the powers that be and so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to say the powers that be and so as
+we conceptualized the thing I knew I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conceptualized the thing I knew I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conceptualized the thing I knew I
+could use this in some sense in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use this in some sense in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use this in some sense in a
+performance and the performance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and the performance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and the performance I
+decided to do was about um was was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to do was about um was was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to do was about um was was about
+uh at that point you know like it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at that point you know like it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at that point you know like it was
+about homelessness basically and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about homelessness basically and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about homelessness basically and also
+about sort of one of there was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of one of there was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of one of there was a big
+International banking uh Ponzi scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International banking uh Ponzi scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International banking uh Ponzi scheme
+that was happening at that time as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was happening at that time as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was happening at that time as well
+um and so uh it was about those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so uh it was about those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so uh it was about those two
+things and then it happened that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then it happened that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then it happened that um
+while I had to write it uh which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I had to write it uh which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I had to write it uh which was the
+early part of the summer I was in LA um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early part of the summer I was in LA um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early part of the summer I was in LA um
+and it turned out and so it was 84 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turned out and so it was 84 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turned out and so it was 84 it
+was right before the Olympics turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right before the Olympics turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right before the Olympics turned out
+there was a lot of uh Civic activity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of uh Civic activity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of uh Civic activity in
+Los Angeles a lot of deep thought going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Los Angeles a lot of deep thought going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Los Angeles a lot of deep thought going
+on in the city council where there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the city council where there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the city council where there were
+suggestions like how can we make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions like how can we make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions like how can we make the
+city good for the you the Olympics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city good for the you the Olympics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city good for the you the Olympics and
+one was to like well let's open up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was to like well let's open up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was to like well let's open up the
+internment camps in that were used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internment camps in that were used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internment camps in that were used for
+Japanese Americans during World War II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese Americans during World War II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese Americans during World War II
+and you know send the homeless people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know send the homeless people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know send the homeless people
+there to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to sort of
+um and and uh so I started going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and uh so I started going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and uh so I started going to
+government hearings and I met and I met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government hearings and I met and I met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government hearings and I met and I met
+all these um these Grassroots activists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these um these Grassroots activists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these um these Grassroots activists
+who are working in tandem with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are working in tandem with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are working in tandem with uh
+lawyers mounting class action suits uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers mounting class action suits uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers mounting class action suits uh
+against the County of Los Angeles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the County of Los Angeles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the County of Los Angeles to
+enforce the constitution of the State of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce the constitution of the State of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce the constitution of the State of
+California which means giving homeless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California which means giving homeless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California which means giving homeless
+people decent places to go to uh to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people decent places to go to uh to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people decent places to go to uh to live
+and stuff um so as a result I was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff um so as a result I was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff um so as a result I was able
+to make I was able to make a monologue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make I was able to make a monologue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make I was able to make a monologue
+that was like very accurate and uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like very accurate and uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like very accurate and uh as
+accurate as and as hallucinated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate as and as hallucinated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate as and as hallucinated as
+reality you know and so um so I so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality you know and so um so I so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality you know and so um so I so I was
+about I played two characters one was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I played two characters one was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I played two characters one was uh
+named Moto and the other was his friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Moto and the other was his friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Moto and the other was his friend
+other not identified otherwise and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other not identified otherwise and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other not identified otherwise and they
+and sometimes I would use the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes I would use the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes I would use the uh the
+megaphone and then sometimes I'd run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megaphone and then sometimes I'd run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megaphone and then sometimes I'd run
+down I had a little megaphone and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I had a little megaphone and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I had a little megaphone and like
+that so I'm going to read the opening of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I'm going to read the opening of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I'm going to read the opening of
+that and I have some on on the DVD if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I have some on on the DVD if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I have some on on the DVD if
+we're we should be able to find uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we should be able to find uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we should be able to find uh
+something that says Olympic up update or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that says Olympic up update or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that says Olympic up update or
+something like that and then we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and then we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and then we can get
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um we can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can get the
+uh the Olympic yeah we can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Olympic yeah we can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Olympic yeah we can get the
+Olympic hymn and then that's just after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olympic hymn and then that's just after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olympic hymn and then that's just after
+that it's just visuals and I'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just visuals and I'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just visuals and I'll sort of
+fill in the blanks over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in the blanks over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in the blanks over
+here which which one it's on the the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which which one it's on the the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which which one it's on the the one
+that has a bunch of different things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a bunch of different things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a bunch of different things I
+think it's called MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dis Olympic update let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis Olympic update let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis Olympic update let's take a
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah it's that one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah it's that one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah it's that one okay
+art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+beautiful so we're dispensing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful so we're dispensing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful so we're dispensing with the
+national anthem which comes later and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national anthem which comes later and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national anthem which comes later and uh
+oh okay okay so uh so the opening of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay okay so uh so the opening of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay okay so uh so the opening of
+this piece was uh me and Moto uh we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece was uh me and Moto uh we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece was uh me and Moto uh we just
+came from Los Angeles and on behalf of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from Los Angeles and on behalf of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from Los Angeles and on behalf of
+the city of Los Angeles hope home of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city of Los Angeles hope home of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city of Los Angeles hope home of the
+1984 Olympics and the homeless capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1984 Olympics and the homeless capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1984 Olympics and the homeless capital
+of America Moto and I have been asked by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of America Moto and I have been asked by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of America Moto and I have been asked by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+laoc the Los Angeles committee for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laoc the Los Angeles committee for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laoc the Los Angeles committee for the
+organizing of Olympics to travel this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing of Olympics to travel this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing of Olympics to travel this
+land and to tell the traveled this land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and to tell the traveled this land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and to tell the traveled this land
+during the Olympics and to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the Olympics and to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the Olympics and to tell the
+people of the Our Land This Olympic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of the Our Land This Olympic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of the Our Land This Olympic
+update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update
+report and they asked us to do this they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report and they asked us to do this they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report and they asked us to do this they
+paid us uh to do this they gave us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid us uh to do this they gave us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid us uh to do this they gave us
+oneway bus tickets to travel America and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneway bus tickets to travel America and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneway bus tickets to travel America and
+to come here they gave us oneway bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come here they gave us oneway bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come here they gave us oneway bus
+tickets they paid for them and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets they paid for them and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets they paid for them and this is
+called Greyhound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Greyhound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Greyhound
+therapy and we were in Los Angeles for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy and we were in Los Angeles for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy and we were in Los Angeles for
+the Olympics and what the Olympics were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Olympics and what the Olympics were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Olympics and what the Olympics were
+like the Olympics were just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Olympics were just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Olympics were just like the
+movie Blue Thunder because Blue Thunder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie Blue Thunder because Blue Thunder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie Blue Thunder because Blue Thunder
+was in Los Angeles and just like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in Los Angeles and just like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in Los Angeles and just like in the
+movie Blue Thunder there were super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie Blue Thunder there were super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie Blue Thunder there were super
+helicopters like Blue Thunder from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters like Blue Thunder from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters like Blue Thunder from the
+LAPD Skywatch watching down from the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LAPD Skywatch watching down from the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LAPD Skywatch watching down from the sky
+and there there were Olympic helicopters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there there were Olympic helicopters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there there were Olympic helicopters
+all over the city um they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the city um they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the city um they were
+everywhere the shiny ones and not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere the shiny ones and not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere the shiny ones and not the
+puffy helicopters that are round like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puffy helicopters that are round like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puffy helicopters that are round like
+balls but the long skinny ones like Blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls but the long skinny ones like Blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls but the long skinny ones like Blue
+Thunder that look like giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thunder that look like giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thunder that look like giant
+grasshoppers and they can see through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasshoppers and they can see through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasshoppers and they can see through
+walls and they can point right at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls and they can point right at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls and they can point right at you
+and they know how cold or how hot you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they know how cold or how hot you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they know how cold or how hot you
+are and they can find you and shoot you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and they can find you and shoot you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and they can find you and shoot you
+down just because you're warm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down just because you're warm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down just because you're warm thinking
+the wrong thoughts and you thought there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong thoughts and you thought there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong thoughts and you thought there
+weren't any more of them because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't any more of them because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't any more of them because because
+in Blue Thunder Roy Snider shot them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Blue Thunder Roy Snider shot them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Blue Thunder Roy Snider shot them
+down with the oldfashioned bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with the oldfashioned bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with the oldfashioned bubble
+helicopter and got the tape to the TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter and got the tape to the TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter and got the tape to the TV
+station that showed how they were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station that showed how they were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station that showed how they were going
+to look through walls and go into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look through walls and go into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look through walls and go into your
+mind and read it even when you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and read it even when you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and read it even when you were
+sleeping but now now there are Olympic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping but now now there are Olympic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping but now now there are Olympic
+helicopters and they fly over the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters and they fly over the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters and they fly over the city
+and they sit on the sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they sit on the sides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they sit on the sides of the
+skyscrapers like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skyscrapers like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skyscrapers like the
+17year locusts like when the 17 year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17year locusts like when the 17 year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17year locusts like when the 17 year
+locusts came and they covered all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locusts came and they covered all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locusts came and they covered all the
+trees in all of Ohio and they ate at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees in all of Ohio and they ate at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees in all of Ohio and they ate at at
+at8 at8 at8 at all the leaves off of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at8 at8 at8 at all the leaves off of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at8 at8 at8 at all the leaves off of all
+of the trees in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trees in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trees in all of
+Ohio and now the Olympic helicopters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohio and now the Olympic helicopters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohio and now the Olympic helicopters
+they sit on the sides of the buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sit on the sides of the buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sit on the sides of the buildings
+reading thoughts and looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading thoughts and looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading thoughts and looking for
+terrorists and then the lipd they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorists and then the lipd they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorists and then the lipd they come
+in down to the skidrow park at 6 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in down to the skidrow park at 6 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in down to the skidrow park at 6 then
+gladus across the street from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gladus across the street from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gladus across the street from the
+Catholic Worker hippie kitchen and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic Worker hippie kitchen and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic Worker hippie kitchen and the
+Regal hotel and they make everyone lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regal hotel and they make everyone lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regal hotel and they make everyone lie
+down on the ground with their heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on the ground with their heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on the ground with their heads
+behind their hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind their hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind their hands
+and they talk through the walkie-talkies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they talk through the walkie-talkies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they talk through the walkie-talkies
+to the Olympic helicopters and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Olympic helicopters and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Olympic helicopters and the
+Olympic helicopters H we got some Camas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olympic helicopters H we got some Camas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olympic helicopters H we got some Camas
+down and the Olympic helicopters read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the Olympic helicopters read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the Olympic helicopters read
+the minds of the people lying on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minds of the people lying on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minds of the people lying on the
+ground and they signal to the LAPD yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and they signal to the LAPD yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and they signal to the LAPD yes
+we do we got some and the LAPD they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do we got some and the LAPD they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do we got some and the LAPD they take
+them away they take them away and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them away they take them away and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them away they take them away and they
+put them in jail so that we can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in jail so that we can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in jail so that we can have the
+Olympics and if you're a terrorist you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olympics and if you're a terrorist you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olympics and if you're a terrorist you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+pretend that you're not by thinking cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend that you're not by thinking cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend that you're not by thinking cool
+thoughts all day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts all day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts all day
+long but when you fall asleep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long but when you fall asleep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long but when you fall asleep the
+terrorist thoughts will come back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorist thoughts will come back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorist thoughts will come back into
+your head and the Olympic helicopters no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head and the Olympic helicopters no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head and the Olympic helicopters no
+matter where you are they will feel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter where you are they will feel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter where you are they will feel the
+heat and they will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and they will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and they will find
+you and now that all the terrorists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and now that all the terrorists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and now that all the terrorists have
+been plucked up and carried off to jail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been plucked up and carried off to jail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been plucked up and carried off to jail
+by the Olympic helicopters you can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Olympic helicopters you can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Olympic helicopters you can get a
+bed at the Wine Guard Center or at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed at the Wine Guard Center or at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed at the Wine Guard Center or at the
+Midnight Mission and before the Olympics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Midnight Mission and before the Olympics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Midnight Mission and before the Olympics
+you could hardly ever could and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could hardly ever could and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could hardly ever could and you have
+to sleep outside in a box box box box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sleep outside in a box box box box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sleep outside in a box box box box
+box all around the Midnight Mission on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box all around the Midnight Mission on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box all around the Midnight Mission on
+Main Street box box box back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Main Street box box box back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Main Street box box box back in the
+alley in your box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alley in your box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alley in your box
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+back and it's okay it's good because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and it's okay it's good because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and it's okay it's good because if
+you're sleeping there with everyone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sleeping there with everyone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sleeping there with everyone in
+boxes you're not going to get into any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes you're not going to get into any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes you're not going to get into any
+trouble not like the old lady who slept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble not like the old lady who slept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble not like the old lady who slept
+all alone in the goofy car decorated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all alone in the goofy car decorated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all alone in the goofy car decorated
+with balls in the vacant lot Fifth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with balls in the vacant lot Fifth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with balls in the vacant lot Fifth and
+wall she got cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that was great um I haven't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was great um I haven't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was great um I haven't I
+hadn't heard that one before so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't heard that one before so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't heard that one before so that was
+that was really amazing one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really amazing one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really amazing one of the
+things I was I was thinking about was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I was I was thinking about was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I was I was thinking about was
+that in that role you were sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that role you were sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that role you were sort of
+playing a homeless person yeah and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a homeless person yeah and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a homeless person yeah and then
+you went on with LAPD to actually work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went on with LAPD to actually work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went on with LAPD to actually work
+with homeless people who then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with homeless people who then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with homeless people who then
+represented themselves right but at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented themselves right but at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented themselves right but at that
+point you'd also you'd been in Los
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you'd also you'd been in Los
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you'd also you'd been in Los
+Angeles and you had had you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles and you had had you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles and you had had you started
+working with a legal aid organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a legal aid organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a legal aid organization
+well when I wrote that I like I went out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when I wrote that I like I went out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when I wrote that I like I went out
+there in uh you know in June of ' 84 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in uh you know in June of ' 84 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in uh you know in June of ' 84 and
+went to all these hearings and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to all these hearings and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to all these hearings and stuff
+like that and started working on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and started working on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and started working on this
+piece and then I started and I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and then I started and I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and then I started and I started
+volunteering I went to government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteering I went to government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteering I went to government
+hearings and started volunteering with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearings and started volunteering with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearings and started volunteering with
+these uh Grassroots activists who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh Grassroots activists who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh Grassroots activists who were
+who were um yeah mobilizing homeless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were um yeah mobilizing homeless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were um yeah mobilizing homeless
+people to go to the city and testify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to go to the city and testify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to go to the city and testify
+about the conditions of the hotels they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the conditions of the hotels they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the conditions of the hotels they
+were sent to and stuff like that um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sent to and stuff like that um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sent to and stuff like that um but
+then I Then I then I did this in August
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I Then I then I did this in August
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I Then I then I did this in August
+in New York and during July I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New York and during July I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New York and during July I think I
+was in Upstate New York writing it so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in Upstate New York writing it so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in Upstate New York writing it so I
+was just sort of tiptoeing and I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just sort of tiptoeing and I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just sort of tiptoeing and I didn't
+didn't you're you know I didn't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't you're you know I didn't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't you're you know I didn't know I
+was moving to Los Angeles I didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was moving to Los Angeles I didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was moving to Los Angeles I didn't know
+I was uh I didn't know much MH so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was uh I didn't know much MH so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was uh I didn't know much MH so that
+was that was in ' 84 and then in ' 85
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that was in ' 84 and then in ' 85
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that was in ' 84 and then in ' 85
+you wound up moving to Los Angeles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wound up moving to Los Angeles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wound up moving to Los Angeles and
+starting Los Angeles poverty Department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting Los Angeles poverty Department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting Los Angeles poverty Department
+yeah and then in ' 86 did your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then in ' 86 did your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then in ' 86 did your first
+performance with them with the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance with them with the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance with them with the group
+right yeah what happened was I because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah what happened was I because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah what happened was I because I
+it was it was um I felt like I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it was um I felt like I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it was um I felt like I had
+fallen into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallen into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallen into a
+a significant you know meaningful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a significant you know meaningful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a significant you know meaningful and
+and situation in La just because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and situation in La just because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and situation in La just because because
+uh because of the connections I had made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because of the connections I had made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because of the connections I had made
+there when I was writing this P or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when I was writing this P or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when I was writing this P or
+researching this piece which were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching this piece which were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching this piece which were you
+know working with like I said there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know working with like I said there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know working with like I said there were
+these people uh the Catholic Worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people uh the Catholic Worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people uh the Catholic Worker
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+a among its other it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a among its other it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a among its other it's a it's a
+left-wing Catholic organization you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-wing Catholic organization you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-wing Catholic organization you know
+Lay Lay Lay Catholic you know dissident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lay Lay Lay Catholic you know dissident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lay Lay Lay Catholic you know dissident
+Catholics um who started in the 30s in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholics um who started in the 30s in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholics um who started in the 30s in
+New York by Dorothy Day and uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York by Dorothy Day and uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York by Dorothy Day and uh it's
+still there in the Village and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there in the Village and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there in the Village and they they
+provide Hospitality to homeless people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide Hospitality to homeless people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide Hospitality to homeless people
+they're also like the first people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also like the first people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also like the first people in
+the country to demonstrate against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country to demonstrate against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country to demonstrate against the
+bomb for example you know so um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb for example you know so um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb for example you know so um so
+they're a bunch of Catholic pacifist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a bunch of Catholic pacifist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a bunch of Catholic pacifist
+dissidents and uh it turned out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissidents and uh it turned out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissidents and uh it turned out by
+accident they were the when I went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident they were the when I went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident they were the when I went to
+these government earings they were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these government earings they were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these government earings they were the
+people who were doing this organizing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were doing this organizing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were doing this organizing so
+even though I had sort of read Dorothy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though I had sort of read Dorothy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though I had sort of read Dorothy
+day's books and lived four blocks away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day's books and lived four blocks away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day's books and lived four blocks away
+in the East Village and sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the East Village and sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the East Village and sort of you know
+been really into it I'd never actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been really into it I'd never actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been really into it I'd never actually
+gone down there you know and so suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone down there you know and so suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone down there you know and so suddenly
+by accident there you know there I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by accident there you know there I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by accident there you know there I was
+across the country on the other ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country on the other ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country on the other ex
+that's when you actually yeah so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you actually yeah so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you actually yeah so anyway
+and because what they had this later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because what they had this later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because what they had this later
+that at Christmas the end of ' 84 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at Christmas the end of ' 84 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at Christmas the end of ' 84 they
+had uh they organized a tent city across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh they organized a tent city across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh they organized a tent city across
+the street from City Hall in La where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street from City Hall in La where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street from City Hall in La where
+they housed like 300 homeless people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they housed like 300 homeless people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they housed like 300 homeless people and
+again it was all orchestrated with Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it was all orchestrated with Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it was all orchestrated with Le
+lawsuits class action suits which later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawsuits class action suits which later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawsuits class action suits which later
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+decade and in the late ' 80s it became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade and in the late ' 80s it became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade and in the late ' 80s it became
+illegal for nonprofit law uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal for nonprofit law uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal for nonprofit law uh
+organizations getting money from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations getting money from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations getting money from the
+government Pur Sue to mount class action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government Pur Sue to mount class action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government Pur Sue to mount class action
+suits which effectively like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits which effectively like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits which effectively like you know
+defang the the few nonprofit lawyers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defang the the few nonprofit lawyers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defang the the few nonprofit lawyers
+that are out there because instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are out there because instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are out there because instead
+of because you know effective lawsuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of because you know effective lawsuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of because you know effective lawsuits
+are about money right so if you can sue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about money right so if you can sue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about money right so if you can sue
+on behalf of 30,000 homeless people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on behalf of 30,000 homeless people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on behalf of 30,000 homeless people
+that's a lot of bucks if you sue on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of bucks if you sue on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of bucks if you sue on
+behalf of one homeless person about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behalf of one homeless person about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behalf of one homeless person about you
+know not receiving their $200 then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not receiving their $200 then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not receiving their $200 then they
+can laugh that off and keep you busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can laugh that off and keep you busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can laugh that off and keep you busy
+doing meaningless work and is what which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing meaningless work and is what which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing meaningless work and is what which
+is what was perfected later on in sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what was perfected later on in sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what was perfected later on in sort
+of the high Reagan period but this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the high Reagan period but this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the high Reagan period but this was
+earlier in the Reagan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the Reagan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the Reagan
+period so what was the formation of Los
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so what was the formation of Los
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so what was the formation of Los
+Angeles poverty Department how did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles poverty Department how did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles poverty Department how did you
+actually get that together oh yeah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get that together oh yeah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get that together oh yeah well
+it was sort of an accident you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was sort of an accident you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was sort of an accident you know um
+like I said I was following my nose but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said I was following my nose but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said I was following my nose but
+this free Law Center on skid Ro that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this free Law Center on skid Ro that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this free Law Center on skid Ro that I
+started working with the crew out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started working with the crew out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started working with the crew out a
+Catholic Worker uh they were you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic Worker uh they were you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic Worker uh they were you know
+the director Nancy mini she was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the director Nancy mini she was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the director Nancy mini she was sort of
+into it and at that time another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it and at that time another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it and at that time another thing
+that's been disappeared I mean now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been disappeared I mean now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been disappeared I mean now the
+whole California Arts Council has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole California Arts Council has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole California Arts Council has been
+disappeared well it's still exist but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared well it's still exist but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared well it's still exist but
+they don't give out any money they send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't give out any money they send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't give out any money they send
+out a uh a newsletter on email but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a uh a newsletter on email but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a uh a newsletter on email but at
+that time at that time they had a they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time at that time they had a they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time at that time they had a they
+had a really vital program which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a really vital program which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a really vital program which was
+Artisan communities and they gave out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Artisan communities and they gave out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Artisan communities and they gave out a
+lot of money and they I did that myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money and they I did that myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money and they I did that myself
+later yeah so um so with with Nancy midy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later yeah so um so with with Nancy midy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later yeah so um so with with Nancy midy
+we wrote a grant to them and then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote a grant to them and then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote a grant to them and then some
+um Harriet Barlo up in Blue Mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Harriet Barlo up in Blue Mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Harriet Barlo up in Blue Mountain
+Center and Upstate New York where I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center and Upstate New York where I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center and Upstate New York where I had
+gone to actually write the thing she uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to actually write the thing she uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to actually write the thing she uh
+she also raised some money for me to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she also raised some money for me to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she also raised some money for me to go
+back out there for in the in the fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out there for in the in the fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out there for in the in the fall
+and work on or no I guess in the fall I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work on or no I guess in the fall I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work on or no I guess in the fall I
+went and worked on my own dime on the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went and worked on my own dime on the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went and worked on my own dime on the um
+tent city but then in the spring there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tent city but then in the spring there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tent city but then in the spring there
+we got raise some money so I could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got raise some money so I could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got raise some money so I could be
+there for three or four or five months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for three or four or five months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for three or four or five months
+not knowing what would happen and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowing what would happen and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowing what would happen and then
+this grant came in and so then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this grant came in and so then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this grant came in and so then we're
+obliged to start these workshops and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliged to start these workshops and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliged to start these workshops and by
+that time they'd already offered me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time they'd already offered me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time they'd already offered me a
+job working as a homeless advocate so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job working as a homeless advocate so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job working as a homeless advocate so I
+took I had taken that job so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took I had taken that job so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took I had taken that job so I was
+helping people get uh welfare benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people get uh welfare benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people get uh welfare benefits
+or housing or their belongings that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or housing or their belongings that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or housing or their belongings that have
+been taken away from them by their hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taken away from them by their hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taken away from them by their hotel
+this is with no social work training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is with no social work training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is with no social work training
+really or this is no and with no art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really or this is no and with no art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really or this is no and with no art
+training either you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training either you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training either you know
+so it was good uh so yeah that's how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was good uh so yeah that's how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was good uh so yeah that's how I
+got my legal training but you had come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my legal training but you had come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my legal training but you had come
+out of doing performance work of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of doing performance work of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of doing performance work of your
+own in New York that didn't have social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own in New York that didn't have social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own in New York that didn't have social
+component to it and then TR transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component to it and then TR transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component to it and then TR transition
+into that through the social service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that through the social service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that through the social service
+work that you were doing in Los
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that you were doing in Los
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that you were doing in Los
+Angeles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles
+um well i' done some stuff that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well i' done some stuff that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well i' done some stuff that was
+social but I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social but I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social but I mean
+yeah I mean 50% of the stuff I had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean 50% of the stuff I had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean 50% of the stuff I had done
+before I say was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I say was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I say was you
+know about social stuff and 50% was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about social stuff and 50% was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about social stuff and 50% was
+about personal hallucinations you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about personal hallucinations you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about personal hallucinations you know
+and um but um anyway that's yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um but um anyway that's yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um but um anyway that's yeah that
+that was my credential that I was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was my credential that I was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was my credential that I was like
+inquiring artist wants to know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquiring artist wants to know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquiring artist wants to know you know
+right and um so yeah so then I was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and um so yeah so then I was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and um so yeah so then I was doing
+these welfare cases and and so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these welfare cases and and so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these welfare cases and and so when I
+got the Grant from the from California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the Grant from the from California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the Grant from the from California
+Arts Cent was like yikes we really got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arts Cent was like yikes we really got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arts Cent was like yikes we really got
+to do this thing you know so I gave uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this thing you know so I gave uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this thing you know so I gave uh
+George fry and Leroy Sunshine Mills a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George fry and Leroy Sunshine Mills a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George fry and Leroy Sunshine Mills a
+bunch of Flyers they were clients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Flyers they were clients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Flyers they were clients of
+mine and sunshine is I just I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine and sunshine is I just I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine and sunshine is I just I just
+talked to him yesterday I mean we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to him yesterday I mean we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to him yesterday I mean we we
+stay in touch he's still in I saw him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in touch he's still in I saw him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in touch he's still in I saw him
+earlier in the week in La um at an LAPD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the week in La um at an LAPD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the week in La um at an LAPD
+thing um so anyway they P I said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um so anyway they P I said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um so anyway they P I said you
+know pass these flyers out you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pass these flyers out you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pass these flyers out you know and
+and a lot of people it turned out a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of people it turned out a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of people it turned out a lot
+of people came you know and the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people came you know and the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people came you know and the most
+people came with like um you know full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people came with like um you know full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people came with like um you know full
+this is La they came with screenplays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is La they came with screenplays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is La they came with screenplays
+you know that no one had ever read or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that no one had ever read or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that no one had ever read or
+entire hip-hop albums that no one ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire hip-hop albums that no one ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire hip-hop albums that no one ever
+heard you know and so nobody really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard you know and so nobody really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard you know and so nobody really
+wanted to uh no one wanted to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to uh no one wanted to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to uh no one wanted to take the
+time to listen to your entire novel when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to listen to your entire novel when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to listen to your entire novel when
+they were holding on to the greatest rap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were holding on to the greatest rap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were holding on to the greatest rap
+album that ever happened you know so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+album that ever happened you know so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+album that ever happened you know so it
+was sort of like uh we had we had all 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of like uh we had we had all 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of like uh we had we had all 12
+or 15 of the greatest works going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 15 of the greatest works going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 15 of the greatest works going on
+simultaneously you know it's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously you know it's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously you know it's really the
+way it worked out so um so then so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it worked out so um so then so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it worked out so um so then so our
+first the first thing we did indoors was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the first thing we did indoors was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the first thing we did indoors was
+called south of the clouds and it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called south of the clouds and it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called south of the clouds and it was a
+series of monologues based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of monologues based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of monologues based on the
+premise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premise
+that you know I mean most AR I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know I mean most AR I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know I mean most AR I think is
+is like pragmatic and nuts and btsy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like pragmatic and nuts and btsy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like pragmatic and nuts and btsy you
+know but this was like well what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but this was like well what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but this was like well what happens
+if somebody doesn't show up well then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody doesn't show up well then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody doesn't show up well then we
+just leave that part out you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave that part out you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave that part out you know and
+also because people didn't seem to be be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because people didn't seem to be be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because people didn't seem to be be
+good at like sharing the stage we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at like sharing the stage we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at like sharing the stage we
+thought well monologues you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought well monologues you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought well monologues you know and
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+um yeah so we did that and sure enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so we did that and sure enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so we did that and sure enough
+after the first weekend somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first weekend somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first weekend somebody
+somebody did disappear and rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody did disappear and rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody did disappear and rather than
+drop out his modog we had someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop out his modog we had someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop out his modog we had someone else
+do it and with an update on where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and with an update on where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and with an update on where we
+thought this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this guy
+was which included San Francisco and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was which included San Francisco and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was which included San Francisco and
+eventually uh uh kidnapped by martians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually uh uh kidnapped by martians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually uh uh kidnapped by martians
+you know and um and later on the show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and um and later on the show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and um and later on the show
+you saw sfai was about we brought him up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw sfai was about we brought him up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw sfai was about we brought him up
+there two years later to explain what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there two years later to explain what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there two years later to explain what
+had happened to him during the interim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had happened to him during the interim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had happened to him during the interim
+which which he did in part of that show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which he did in part of that show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which he did in part of that show
+um but so then you transitioned into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but so then you transitioned into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but so then you transitioned into
+pieces where everyone was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces where everyone was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces where everyone was sort of
+working together it wasn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together it wasn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together it wasn't just
+monologues yeah the second show we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monologues yeah the second show we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monologues yeah the second show we
+really gave into the chaos you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gave into the chaos you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gave into the chaos you know and
+we and and created show called uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and and created show called uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and and created show called uh which
+we're going to see a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see a little bit of
+called um I'll tell a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called um I'll tell a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called um I'll tell a little bit about
+it though first called no stone for stud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it though first called no stone for stud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it though first called no stone for stud
+Schwarz and it was really it was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schwarz and it was really it was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schwarz and it was really it was about
+um yeah it was about giving into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it was about giving into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it was about giving into the
+chaos and creating and um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos and creating and um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos and creating and um so the
+veracity the veracity of the show was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veracity the veracity of the show was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veracity the veracity of the show was
+sort of the the uh the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the uh the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the uh the energy of the
+show it was a totally uh it was it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it was a totally uh it was it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it was a totally uh it was it was a
+goofy little story that that Jim Beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goofy little story that that Jim Beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goofy little story that that Jim Beam
+had come up with about a guy who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had come up with about a guy who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had come up with about a guy who was
+being who had organized the wrong union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being who had organized the wrong union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being who had organized the wrong union
+he was supposed to have organized the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was supposed to have organized the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was supposed to have organized the uh
+Teamsters but he organized the AFL CIO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Teamsters but he organized the AFL CIO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Teamsters but he organized the AFL CIO
+and as a result don't do that he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result don't do that he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result don't do that he was
+being chased all around the the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being chased all around the the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being chased all around the the world
+ultimately by the teamsters and um so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately by the teamsters and um so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately by the teamsters and um so it
+was a goofy little story you know and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a goofy little story you know and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a goofy little story you know and I
+wrapped a uh Sunset monologue sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped a uh Sunset monologue sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped a uh Sunset monologue sort of
+thing around it um be so that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing around it um be so that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing around it um be so that at the
+beginning uh the narrator is lying dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning uh the narrator is lying dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning uh the narrator is lying dead
+on the stage he gets up tells the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the stage he gets up tells the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the stage he gets up tells the story
+and at the end you see him get killed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end you see him get killed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end you see him get killed um
+and the reason was at that time there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason was at that time there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason was at that time there
+was there had been three or four uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there had been three or four uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there had been three or four uh sort
+of Point Blank shootings assassinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Point Blank shootings assassinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Point Blank shootings assassinations
+you know of of homeless people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of of homeless people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of of homeless people who were
+sleeping not in skido where there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping not in skido where there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping not in skido where there are
+thousands of people sleeping but like on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people sleeping but like on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people sleeping but like on
+the edge of skido and Jim Beam the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge of skido and Jim Beam the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge of skido and Jim Beam the main
+character was was somebody in that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character was was somebody in that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character was was somebody in that he
+was doing that he was sleeping near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing that he was sleeping near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing that he was sleeping near
+Chinatown near Union Station and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinatown near Union Station and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinatown near Union Station and uh and
+he was like a very uh very smart but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was like a very uh very smart but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was like a very uh very smart but
+very volatile schizophrenic guy who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very volatile schizophrenic guy who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very volatile schizophrenic guy who
+could create chaos uh you know easily so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could create chaos uh you know easily so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could create chaos uh you know easily so
+he's a really vulnerable person in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a really vulnerable person in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a really vulnerable person in a
+really uh in a really chaotic situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh in a really chaotic situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh in a really chaotic situation
+which made it all more combustible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which made it all more combustible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which made it all more combustible so
+um yeah so he so he narrated the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so he so he narrated the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so he so he narrated the story
+he he got up he narrated the story The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he got up he narrated the story The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he got up he narrated the story The
+Catch was he would often get stuck on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catch was he would often get stuck on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catch was he would often get stuck on in
+particular things and would go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular things and would go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular things and would go into
+litanies of like so of like this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litanies of like so of like this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litanies of like so of like this person
+begat that person or or the the lineups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begat that person or or the the lineups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begat that person or or the the lineups
+of the he was very into the the Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the he was very into the the Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the he was very into the the Boston
+Celtics of the kozi era actually and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celtics of the kozi era actually and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celtics of the kozi era actually and he
+started talking about the lineup um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started talking about the lineup um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started talking about the lineup um so I
+end up playing his stunk double and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up playing his stunk double and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up playing his stunk double and when
+he would when he would uh bog down I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would when he would uh bog down I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would when he would uh bog down I
+would jump in and continue the narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would jump in and continue the narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would jump in and continue the narrative
+which would piss him off sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would piss him off sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would piss him off sufficiently
+that he would jump back in and get me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would jump back in and get me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would jump back in and get me
+out of there so we can see the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of there so we can see the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of there so we can see the beginning
+of that it's called no stone for stws if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that it's called no stone for stws if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that it's called no stone for stws if
+you can find it on that is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find it on that is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find it on that is that the
+nooney no oh not let's see there two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nooney no oh not let's see there two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nooney no oh not let's see there two
+things on there wait oh no it's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on there wait oh no it's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on there wait oh no it's that's
+the one that's on the uh on the dbhs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so this is sort of similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is sort of similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is sort of similar to the
+performance that I saw in 1988 that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance that I saw in 1988 that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance that I saw in 1988 that was
+done the San Francisco Institute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the San Francisco Institute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the San Francisco Institute that
+was a much more chaotic one where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a much more chaotic one where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a much more chaotic one where you
+were sort of jumping in and filling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sort of jumping in and filling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sort of jumping in and filling in
+on people's roles and doing lines yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on people's roles and doing lines yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on people's roles and doing lines yeah
+this was the first one and then we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the first one and then we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the first one and then we took
+it we went to San Francisco for a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we went to San Francisco for a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we went to San Francisco for a month
+on a residency and made the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a residency and made the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a residency and made the second one
+which is the one you saw and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the one you saw and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the one you saw and we also
+showed this one at the beginning of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed this one at the beginning of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed this one at the beginning of that
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+residency I saw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residency I saw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residency I saw it
+all I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I was
+there me and kind of went over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+station we get in there about halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station we get in there about halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station we get in there about halfway
+down through there where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down through there where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down through there where
+P we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P we get
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+up I know you man I know you man I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I know you man I know you man I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I know you man I know you man I know
+you I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I know
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you looks like me I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+already it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already it's
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+guys the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+come on I'm sick of being your alter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+87 73
+
+ align:start position:0%
+87 73
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+87 73
+I take a ball wait a minute wait minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take a ball wait a minute wait minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take a ball wait a minute wait minute
+take a strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a strike
+three just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three just the
+wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall
+Lou I was camping Louisiana out of Miami
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lou I was camping Louisiana out of Miami
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lou I was camping Louisiana out of Miami
+beacho reue was on my [ __ ] your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beacho reue was on my [ __ ] your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beacho reue was on my [ __ ] your
+friends Schwarz your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+friends working for an old Irish priest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends working for an old Irish priest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends working for an old Irish priest
+wanted to become a dris monk he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to become a dris monk he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to become a dris monk he had
+three daughters wife gu wrote a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three daughters wife gu wrote a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three daughters wife gu wrote a book
+similar to Thomas Burton s story out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to Thomas Burton s story out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to Thomas Burton s story out
+work here as a b clean up the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work here as a b clean up the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work here as a b clean up the place
+introduced me to a friend of an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced me to a friend of an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced me to a friend of an old
+friend of his name TIG hey baby oh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of his name TIG hey baby oh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of his name TIG hey baby oh good
+to see you I've been seen you in a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see you I've been seen you in a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see you I've been seen you in a while
+yeah fing around yeah needed some money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah fing around yeah needed some money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah fing around yeah needed some money
+man oh I need money to B oh that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man oh I need money to B oh that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man oh I need money to B oh that's good
+what do you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you have to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+good pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good pick
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+than here D you what are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than here D you what are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than here D you what are you going to
+do what are you got to do for that M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what are you got to do for that M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what are you got to do for that M
+just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go
+down I got four grand can you take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I got four grand can you take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I got four grand can you take it
+that for real four just one round round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for real four just one round round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for real four just one round round
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SE no problem yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE no problem yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE no problem yeah yeah
+right man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right man
+yeah C this town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah C this town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah C this town
+don't start you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+s we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s we want to
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it wasn't easy inating the fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it wasn't easy inating the fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it wasn't easy inating the fight
+scene in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Louisiana and the next day I wondered if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louisiana and the next day I wondered if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louisiana and the next day I wondered if
+I was get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+shirt stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+man so those pieces weren't scripted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man so those pieces weren't scripted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man so those pieces weren't scripted in
+the they weren't written down right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the they weren't written down right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the they weren't written down right but
+you that you rehearsed them yeah yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you rehearsed them yeah yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you rehearsed them yeah yeah we
+rehearsed them yeah okay and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsed them yeah okay and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsed them yeah okay and that's a
+um yeah that also covered for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah that also covered for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah that also covered for like
+people not showing up and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people not showing up and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people not showing up and stuff like
+that because everyone would know all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because everyone would know all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because everyone would know all the
+roles it's in a certain point right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles it's in a certain point right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles it's in a certain point right that
+that was I that was one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was I that was one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was I that was one of the things
+when I saw the performance that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I saw the performance that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I saw the performance that really
+struck me was that you were sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck me was that you were sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck me was that you were sort of
+walking in and interacting in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking in and interacting in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking in and interacting in a way that
+I I think maybe my Concept in going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think maybe my Concept in going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think maybe my Concept in going into
+to see what this was going to be and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what this was going to be and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what this was going to be and the
+way it was introduced to me the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it was introduced to me the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it was introduced to me the idea of
+oh this is some some homeless people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is some some homeless people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is some some homeless people
+that are going to do a theater piece and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to do a theater piece and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to do a theater piece and
+I was sort of picturing like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was sort of picturing like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was sort of picturing like you know
+doing a version of Shakespeare or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a version of Shakespeare or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a version of Shakespeare or
+something like that and that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and that it was
+going to be kind of um soft in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be kind of um soft in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be kind of um soft in in this
+way and instead I walked in it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and instead I walked in it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and instead I walked in it was just
+utter chaos and this completely you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utter chaos and this completely you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utter chaos and this completely you know
+non-scripted seeming thing but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-scripted seeming thing but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-scripted seeming thing but at the
+same time that there were like there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time that there were like there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time that there were like there was
+lighting and there were there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting and there were there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting and there were there were
+things that were happening that kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that were happening that kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that were happening that kept
+making you go back and forth like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making you go back and forth like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making you go back and forth like this
+seems this seems sort of professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems this seems sort of professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems this seems sort of professional
+and it seems totally chaotic and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems totally chaotic and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems totally chaotic and you
+were running in and out all always sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were running in and out all always sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were running in and out all always sort
+of doing people's lines or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing people's lines or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing people's lines or or
+instigating something and that was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instigating something and that was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instigating something and that was what
+was so exciting to me was seeing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so exciting to me was seeing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so exciting to me was seeing you
+actually uh doing all of those things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh doing all of those things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh doing all of those things in
+a really physical way and and uh in not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really physical way and and uh in not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really physical way and and uh in not
+um in this kind of like what I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this kind of like what I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this kind of like what I guess I
+thought of as kind of like a tough love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as kind of like a tough love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as kind of like a tough love
+approach you know like sort of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach you know like sort of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach you know like sort of making
+holding everything together pulling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding everything together pulling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding everything together pulling it
+together making drawing out these really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together making drawing out these really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together making drawing out these really
+amazing performances from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing performances from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing performances from
+everybody I think in in in that show I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody I think in in in that show I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody I think in in in that show I
+mean we play it we played it on three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we play it we played it on three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we play it we played it on three
+sides and that later on the thing was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and that later on the thing was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and that later on the thing was on
+the backdrop we put on the floor as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backdrop we put on the floor as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backdrop we put on the floor as the
+boxing ring and played it uh you know on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxing ring and played it uh you know on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxing ring and played it uh you know on
+four with audience on four sides and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four with audience on four sides and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four with audience on four sides and the
+the the cast would sit in the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cast would sit in the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cast would sit in the audience
+and just like in rehearsal when somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like in rehearsal when somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like in rehearsal when somebody
+would be doing something people would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be doing something people would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be doing something people would be
+screaming stuff out you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming stuff out you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming stuff out you know like
+[ __ ] or talking about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[ __ ] or talking about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[ __ ] or talking about something
+irrelevant or you know something else so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant or you know something else so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant or you know something else so
+we kept that during the show right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kept that during the show right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kept that during the show right so
+people would be screaming things in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would be screaming things in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would be screaming things in from
+from the audience and then just jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the audience and then just jumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the audience and then just jumping
+out to do their scene and then I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to do their scene and then I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to do their scene and then I was
+continuing to be his double so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to be his double so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to be his double so that you
+know to keep the thing moving or yeah as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to keep the thing moving or yeah as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to keep the thing moving or yeah as
+you said if it was moving too well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said if it was moving too well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said if it was moving too well that
+i' that I'd mess come in to mess it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' that I'd mess come in to mess it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' that I'd mess come in to mess it up
+and get this other layer of of uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get this other layer of of uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get this other layer of of uh you
+know the real sort of unleash a lay of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the real sort of unleash a lay of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the real sort of unleash a lay of
+reality if it wasn't there vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality if it wasn't there vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality if it wasn't there vice versa
+something like that and it was like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and it was like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and it was like I
+said the the story initially Jim story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the the story initially Jim story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the the story initially Jim story
+was he was being chased by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he was being chased by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he was being chased by the
+um by the teamsters for organizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the teamsters for organizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the teamsters for organizing the
+wrong Union but but myself and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong Union but but myself and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong Union but but myself and some
+other people in the show you know for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people in the show you know for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people in the show you know for me
+what was important was the rapper the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was important was the rapper the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was important was the rapper the
+the Sunset Boulevard rapper which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sunset Boulevard rapper which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sunset Boulevard rapper which was
+that vulnerable people were being uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vulnerable people were being uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vulnerable people were being uh
+were in a chaotic environment and were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in a chaotic environment and were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in a chaotic environment and were
+even being assassinated as a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even being assassinated as a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even being assassinated as a you know
+that real element was indicative of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that real element was indicative of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that real element was indicative of of
+the the danger that everybody living on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the danger that everybody living on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the danger that everybody living on
+the streets was in um and so for me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streets was in um and so for me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streets was in um and so for me it
+was important that it not end with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was important that it not end with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was important that it not end with him
+being assassinated by the Mobsters so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being assassinated by the Mobsters so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being assassinated by the Mobsters so we
+had two guys who were real into that DJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two guys who were real into that DJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two guys who were real into that DJ
+and Julius um but that it happened some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Julius um but that it happened some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Julius um but that it happened some
+other way and because the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way and because the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way and because the whole thing
+was improvised you never knew which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was improvised you never knew which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was improvised you never knew which
+night how it was going to play out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night how it was going to play out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night how it was going to play out
+whether you know what what narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you know what what narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you know what what narrative
+would be apparent whether that he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be apparent whether that he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be apparent whether that he was
+killed by the by some skidrow assassin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed by the by some skidrow assassin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed by the by some skidrow assassin
+or by um the the teamster guys and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by um the the teamster guys and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by um the the teamster guys and in
+fact one time in one performance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact one time in one performance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact one time in one performance I
+tackled the DJ to prevent him from doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackled the DJ to prevent him from doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackled the DJ to prevent him from doing
+the teamster result you know so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teamster result you know so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teamster result you know so it was
+very live you know you didn't exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very live you know you didn't exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very live you know you didn't exactly
+know what was going to happen and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what was going to happen and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what was going to happen and you
+were sort of asserting your own control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sort of asserting your own control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sort of asserting your own control
+to a certain extent I mean like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain extent I mean like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain extent I mean like it's
+like participating you you were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like participating you you were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like participating you you were the
+director but in in in this case instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director but in in in this case instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director but in in in this case instead
+of just sort of like you know directing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just sort of like you know directing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just sort of like you know directing
+during the rehearsal during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the rehearsal during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the rehearsal during the
+performance to direct the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance to direct the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance to direct the the
+performance you would just like tackle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance you would just like tackle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance you would just like tackle
+someone yeah I was using I was using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone yeah I was using I was using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone yeah I was using I was using
+being the the authority of being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the the authority of being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the the authority of being the
+director to get away with causing a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director to get away with causing a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director to get away with causing a lot
+of trouble you know so I could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trouble you know so I could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trouble you know so I could be the
+bad guy the bad kid in class and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad guy the bad kid in class and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad guy the bad kid in class and the
+teacher at the same time I mean one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher at the same time I mean one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher at the same time I mean one of
+the I guess one of my my questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I guess one of my my questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I guess one of my my questions that
+were coming out of that was just what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were coming out of that was just what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were coming out of that was just what is
+your your what are your thoughts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your what are your thoughts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your what are your thoughts on
+working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with
+nontrained artist performers I realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nontrained artist performers I realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nontrained artist performers I realize
+that you two wer aren't like classically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you two wer aren't like classically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you two wer aren't like classically
+trained or something but you did go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained or something but you did go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained or something but you did go
+through uh being in New York and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh being in New York and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh being in New York and being
+exposed to to Performance and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to to Performance and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to to Performance and doing
+performance yourself and then bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance yourself and then bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance yourself and then bringing
+that to people who who hadn't had those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to people who who hadn't had those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to people who who hadn't had those
+experiences and working with them uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and working with them uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and working with them uh and
+and to you know I think to a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to you know I think to a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to you know I think to a large
+extent there is this sort of uh concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent there is this sort of uh concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent there is this sort of uh concern
+about people doing that that and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people doing that that and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people doing that that and and I
+get this a lot myself that somehow as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this a lot myself that somehow as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this a lot myself that somehow as a
+a trained artist in whatever way you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trained artist in whatever way you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trained artist in whatever way you're
+trained working with untrained people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained working with untrained people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained working with untrained people
+that there's this potential for sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's this potential for sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's this potential for sort of
+exploitation or um that you're you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitation or um that you're you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitation or um that you're you know
+imposing your will on on them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing your will on on them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing your will on on them or
+something so I just which I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so I just which I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so I just which I don't think
+that was what was sort of all broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was what was sort of all broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was what was sort of all broken
+open for me when I when I saw your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open for me when I when I saw your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open for me when I when I saw your
+performance I was just wanted to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance I was just wanted to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance I was just wanted to hear
+your comments on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your comments on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your comments on that
+Dynamic um well I mean in that case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic um well I mean in that case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic um well I mean in that case I
+was sort of setting up a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of setting up a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of setting up a situation where
+everybody could inflict their will on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody could inflict their will on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody could inflict their will on
+everybody else you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else you know
+right um and I think I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think I mean a couple things one is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I mean a couple things one is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I mean a couple things one is I
+don't believe in Talent you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe in Talent you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe in Talent you know I
+believe like in that everybody is cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe like in that everybody is cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe like in that everybody is cool
+you know in their own way and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in their own way and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in their own way and the other
+the other thing is um I think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is um I think I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is um I think I think
+you know you got to like I think you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you got to like I think you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you got to like I think you got
+you know I think you got to be willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think you got to be willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think you got to be willing
+to show your self off in a in a less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show your self off in a in a less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show your self off in a in a less
+than perfect light you know and that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than perfect light you know and that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than perfect light you know and that and
+that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes
+it that makes it's cool you know I it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that makes it's cool you know I it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that makes it's cool you know I it's
+actually sort of similar to this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of similar to this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of similar to this a
+visual artist Thomas herschhorn and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual artist Thomas herschhorn and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual artist Thomas herschhorn and the
+work that he does you're familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that he does you're familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that he does you're familiar with
+with his work a little bit yeah I know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his work a little bit yeah I know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his work a little bit yeah I know a
+little bit and uh you know the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and uh you know the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and uh you know the idea of
+uh the sort of like tyranny of quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sort of like tyranny of quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sort of like tyranny of quality
+the idea that uh something that's well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that uh something that's well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that uh something that's well
+acted means that there's actual meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acted means that there's actual meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acted means that there's actual meaning
+or content to it when in fact maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or content to it when in fact maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or content to it when in fact maybe
+that's just a purely superficial thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a purely superficial thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a purely superficial thing
+and that that something that seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that something that seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that something that seems like
+it's not quote unquote well acted could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quote unquote well acted could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quote unquote well acted could
+have a lot more meaning or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot more meaning or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot more meaning or you know
+energy within it yeah I mean this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy within it yeah I mean this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy within it yeah I mean this was
+about this was definitely about energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this was definitely about energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this was definitely about energy
+what was funny about it is like there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was funny about it is like there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was funny about it is like there
+was even uh um there was a lot written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was even uh um there was a lot written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was even uh um there was a lot written
+about this piece because it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this piece because it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this piece because it sort of
+exploded what was what you were supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded what was what you were supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded what was what you were supposed
+to be getting out of you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be getting out of you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be getting out of you know you
+weren't getting most people understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't getting most people understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't getting most people understood
+that you weren't getting like the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you weren't getting like the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you weren't getting like the story
+of how someone hit the street you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how someone hit the street you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how someone hit the street you know
+it was more about the something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was more about the something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was more about the something more
+ecent about everybody you know and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecent about everybody you know and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecent about everybody you know and about
+the environment but there was one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment but there was one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment but there was one person
+who wrote review about that this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wrote review about that this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wrote review about that this was the
+story of Jim Beam of stud schwarz's life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of Jim Beam of stud schwarz's life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of Jim Beam of stud schwarz's life
+you know that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that this was
+autobiography um and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autobiography um and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autobiography um and uh and
+um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you
+know I forget what the thought was but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I forget what the thought was but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I forget what the thought was but
+the thought the thought was basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thought the thought was basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thought the thought was basically
+that it wasn't an autobiography it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't an autobiography it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't an autobiography it was
+you know at all it was and on it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at all it was and on it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at all it was and on it was it
+was uh it had something to say on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh it had something to say on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh it had something to say on the
+energetic level it really captured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic level it really captured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic level it really captured the
+energy of skid roow basically and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of skid roow basically and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of skid roow basically and the
+and the sort of uh heightened uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sort of uh heightened uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sort of uh heightened uh you
+know life and death of being really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know life and death of being really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know life and death of being really
+close together humor as well no irony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together humor as well no irony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together humor as well no irony
+you know the biggest thing about moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the biggest thing about moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the biggest thing about moving
+from New York to there is like no irony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from New York to there is like no irony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from New York to there is like no irony
+you know and um so that was what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and um so that was what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and um so that was what was
+interesting about that show was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about that show was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about that show was it
+really captured the energy of the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really captured the energy of the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really captured the energy of the place
+not the story like I said was a be movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the story like I said was a be movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the story like I said was a be movie
+you know it wasn't and um yeah and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it wasn't and um yeah and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it wasn't and um yeah and then
+Jim went on to live at my house for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jim went on to live at my house for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jim went on to live at my house for two
+years actually stud Schwarz and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years actually stud Schwarz and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years actually stud Schwarz and
+um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um
+and during that time I tried to get him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and during that time I tried to get him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and during that time I tried to get him
+a a benefit that he'd been kick there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a benefit that he'd been kick there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a benefit that he'd been kick there's
+a SSI a disability benefit that he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a SSI a disability benefit that he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a SSI a disability benefit that he had
+been kicked off of during the during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been kicked off of during the during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been kicked off of during the during
+when Reagan came in he made everyone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Reagan came in he made everyone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Reagan came in he made everyone who
+was on SSI recertified to get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on SSI recertified to get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on SSI recertified to get their
+benefit so of course the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit so of course the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit so of course the people who are
+like the most uh disabled uh failed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the most uh disabled uh failed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the most uh disabled uh failed to
+negotiate the recertification and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate the recertification and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate the recertification and so uh
+similar thing has been going on lately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar thing has been going on lately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar thing has been going on lately
+too with the Bush Administration yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too with the Bush Administration yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too with the Bush Administration yeah so
+he ended up on the street and uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he ended up on the street and uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he ended up on the street and uh and so
+uh I got one time one night when it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I got one time one night when it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I got one time one night when it was
+raining somebody else in LAPD said take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raining somebody else in LAPD said take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raining somebody else in LAPD said take
+Jim home so I did but he stayed for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jim home so I did but he stayed for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jim home so I did but he stayed for two
+years and um during that time I tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and um during that time I tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and um during that time I tried to
+get him SSI and actually actually after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get him SSI and actually actually after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get him SSI and actually actually after
+one year I did get working with a lawyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one year I did get working with a lawyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one year I did get working with a lawyer
+Louise Monaco who specialized in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louise Monaco who specialized in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louise Monaco who specialized in these
+kind of cases we got the money you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cases we got the money you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cases we got the money you know
+but he then the next year um he wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he then the next year um he wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he then the next year um he wouldn't
+take it and I spent a whole year trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it and I spent a whole year trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it and I spent a whole year trying
+to get him to take it and um it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get him to take it and um it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get him to take it and um it's it's
+not on our flight path but I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on our flight path but I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on our flight path but I think I
+mentioned it to you when we talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it to you when we talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it to you when we talking
+there's a there's a little thing I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a little thing I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a little thing I did
+recently which sort of recounts that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently which sort of recounts that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently which sort of recounts that and
+it it it's look you know I'd say I come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it's look you know I'd say I come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it's look you know I'd say I come
+off pretty I mean you could see how like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off pretty I mean you could see how like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off pretty I mean you could see how like
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+not you know pretty unflattering in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know pretty unflattering in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know pretty unflattering in a
+certain way you know and and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way you know and and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way you know and and I think
+that's what's important to like uh going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's important to like uh going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's important to like uh going
+back to your question before about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to your question before about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to your question before about um
+you know I think you how do how do how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think you how do how do how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think you how do how do how
+can you work with non-trained people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you work with non-trained people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you work with non-trained people
+blah blah blah just just by being you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah just just by being you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah just just by being you
+know keep it obnoxious yourself you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know keep it obnoxious yourself you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know keep it obnoxious yourself you know
+so we I mean we could see that there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we I mean we could see that there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we I mean we could see that there a
+little bit off the flight path I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit off the flight path I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit off the flight path I don't
+know what the time is like maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the time is like maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the time is like maybe we
+should move agent assets so I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should move agent assets so I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should move agent assets so I mean the
+uh LAPD continued with traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh LAPD continued with traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh LAPD continued with traveling
+projects that were part of La LAPD in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that were part of La LAPD in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that were part of La LAPD in
+specs America and then also went on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specs America and then also went on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specs America and then also went on to
+Europe as well yeah bringing bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe as well yeah bringing bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe as well yeah bringing bringing
+some of the the people from Los Angeles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the the people from Los Angeles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the the people from Los Angeles
+and then picking up people along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then picking up people along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then picking up people along the way
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+performances and then uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances and then uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances and then uh and then
+eventually we arrive at uh agents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we arrive at uh agents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we arrive at uh agents and
+assets which you have a clip from right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets which you have a clip from right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets which you have a clip from right
+yeah yeah so um many years later yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so um many years later yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so um many years later yeah we
+got we after the show that Harold first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got we after the show that Harold first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got we after the show that Harold first
+saw which was our first residency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw which was our first residency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw which was our first residency
+performance people got really interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance people got really interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance people got really interested
+in the notion of having us come and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notion of having us come and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notion of having us come and work
+in their community in an extended way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their community in an extended way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their community in an extended way so
+we did a whole series of performances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a whole series of performances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a whole series of performances
+called LAPD inspects America and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called LAPD inspects America and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called LAPD inspects America and then we
+went to Europe and Beyond where we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Europe and Beyond where we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Europe and Beyond where we would
+go and we would depending on the setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and we would depending on the setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and we would depending on the setting
+we would work with an Arts organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would work with an Arts organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would work with an Arts organization
+and a social service organization if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a social service organization if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a social service organization if
+there was one sometimes we just like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one sometimes we just like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one sometimes we just like in
+Philadelphia we just recruited people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia we just recruited people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia we just recruited people
+out of the subway in the welfare office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the subway in the welfare office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the subway in the welfare office
+and uh and so a lot of places we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and so a lot of places we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and so a lot of places we made
+first links between Arts organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first links between Arts organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first links between Arts organizations
+and Social Service organizations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Social Service organizations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Social Service organizations and
+stuff um and we it like it was like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff um and we it like it was like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff um and we it like it was like a
+miss and impossible kind of project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss and impossible kind of project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss and impossible kind of project
+where you go the ideal I mean the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you go the ideal I mean the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you go the ideal I mean the the
+best case scenario was six weeks in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best case scenario was six weeks in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best case scenario was six weeks in a
+city where you do all this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city where you do all this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city where you do all this kind of
+rounding people up and all that and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding people up and all that and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding people up and all that and you
+make a show and you have to present it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a show and you have to present it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a show and you have to present it
+in front of everybody and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of everybody and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of everybody and then you know
+so and sometimes we did it in much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and sometimes we did it in much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and sometimes we did it in much
+shorter frames of reference so we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter frames of reference so we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter frames of reference so we did a
+lot of that um in into the mid90s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that um in into the mid90s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that um in into the mid90s and
+then um then there were a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um then there were a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um then there were a lot of other
+people in LAPD who would come up through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in LAPD who would come up through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in LAPD who would come up through
+the ranks who did directed a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ranks who did directed a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ranks who did directed a lot of
+shows uh in the mid 90s um Kevin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows uh in the mid 90s um Kevin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows uh in the mid 90s um Kevin
+Williams who you saw at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams who you saw at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams who you saw at the beginning of
+that doing doing the very beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doing doing the very beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doing doing the very beginning of
+it he um he did some and then there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it he um he did some and then there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it he um he did some and then there was
+another guy named David hinda who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another guy named David hinda who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another guy named David hinda who who
+did a lot of shows and um and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a lot of shows and um and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a lot of shows and um and then uh
+somewhere around the time that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around the time that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around the time that that
+um that uh Clinton did the welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh Clinton did the welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh Clinton did the welfare
+reform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it was right also when kisawa died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was right also when kisawa died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was right also when kisawa died
+and I happen to see the mo the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I happen to see the mo the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I happen to see the mo the movie
+Redbeard with a friend of mine we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redbeard with a friend of mine we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redbeard with a friend of mine we were
+watching a lot of uh kirisawa movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching a lot of uh kirisawa movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching a lot of uh kirisawa movies
+after he died and that movie had such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he died and that movie had such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he died and that movie had such a
+had such a what I thought is such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had such a what I thought is such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had such a what I thought is such an
+accurate portrayal of of poverty that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate portrayal of of poverty that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate portrayal of of poverty that um
+I thought LAPD would really connect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought LAPD would really connect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought LAPD would really connect to
+this so we did a plus well so we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we did a plus well so we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we did a plus well so we did a
+performance um where we showed the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance um where we showed the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance um where we showed the movie
+not on not on a screen but on a TV and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on not on a screen but on a TV and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on not on a screen but on a TV and
+then with having the cast alongside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with having the cast alongside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with having the cast alongside and
+like in a really small room like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a really small room like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a really small room like to
+these pillars with two rows of audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pillars with two rows of audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pillars with two rows of audience
+on the other side where we played the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side where we played the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side where we played the
+movie in Japanese with no subtitles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie in Japanese with no subtitles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie in Japanese with no subtitles and
+then we did the then we did the lines uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we did the then we did the lines uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we did the then we did the lines uh
+in English and also sometimes abstracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English and also sometimes abstracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English and also sometimes abstracted
+movement or did group uh Coral kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement or did group uh Coral kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement or did group uh Coral kind of
+reactions and stuff like that um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and stuff like that um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and stuff like that um so
+there was no there was no it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no there was no it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no there was no it wasn't
+improvised you know it was totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvised you know it was totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvised you know it was totally
+scripted there was no personal stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripted there was no personal stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripted there was no personal stories
+involved because a lot of um we did get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved because a lot of um we did get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved because a lot of um we did get
+into a lot of personal stories during in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a lot of personal stories during in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a lot of personal stories during in
+a lot of shows uh that we had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of shows uh that we had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of shows uh that we had done
+um and out of that I think then came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and out of that I think then came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and out of that I think then came
+agents and assets which um which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents and assets which um which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents and assets which um which is uh
+taken um is another scripted show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken um is another scripted show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken um is another scripted show the
+found text is from uh the uh the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found text is from uh the uh the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found text is from uh the uh the US
+Congress uh a um a hearing of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress uh a um a hearing of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress uh a um a hearing of the uh
+house intelligence committee which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house intelligence committee which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house intelligence committee which uh
+which is has been in the news a lot now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is has been in the news a lot now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is has been in the news a lot now
+uh and they they're because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they they're because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they they're because they're
+supposed to have oversight of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to have oversight of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to have oversight of you know
+the intelligence gathering agencies at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intelligence gathering agencies at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intelligence gathering agencies at
+the time we did it Porter gos who's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we did it Porter gos who's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we did it Porter gos who's now
+the head of the CIA was the head of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head of the CIA was the head of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head of the CIA was the head of the
+committee and um and there was in '96
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee and um and there was in '96
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee and um and there was in '96
+there were articles in the New York in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were articles in the New York in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were articles in the New York in
+the San Jose Mercury News going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the San Jose Mercury News going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the San Jose Mercury News going back to
+the 80s to the Contra era saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 80s to the Contra era saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 80s to the Contra era saying that
+that CIA had allowed uh funding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that CIA had allowed uh funding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that CIA had allowed uh funding of the
+contras in Nicaragua by by looking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contras in Nicaragua by by looking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contras in Nicaragua by by looking the
+other way uh at the importation of crack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way uh at the importation of crack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way uh at the importation of crack
+cocaine into South Central Los Angeles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocaine into South Central Los Angeles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocaine into South Central Los Angeles
+so when this came out in 96 it created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when this came out in 96 it created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when this came out in 96 it created a
+big fur in South Central Los Angeles um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big fur in South Central Los Angeles um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big fur in South Central Los Angeles um
+and resulted in some hearings happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and resulted in some hearings happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and resulted in some hearings happening
+including the one that we took the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the one that we took the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the one that we took the the
+uh script from but what's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh script from but what's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh script from but what's interesting
+about the script is that is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the script is that is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the script is that is that they're
+doing this inquiry but uh they have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this inquiry but uh they have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this inquiry but uh they have um
+it's they do such a bad job you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's they do such a bad job you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's they do such a bad job you know
+that we decided to do it very straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we decided to do it very straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we decided to do it very straight
+and with all because it's so transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with all because it's so transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with all because it's so transparent
+you can see the lies and the and the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the lies and the and the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the lies and the and the and
+the basically they're just doing it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basically they're just doing it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basically they're just doing it to
+cover up for the most part and uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover up for the most part and uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover up for the most part and uh so we
+did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it
+um totally straight and uh but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um totally straight and uh but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um totally straight and uh but with
+people who were in LAPD or in a women's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were in LAPD or in a women's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were in LAPD or in a women's
+drug program that we were working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug program that we were working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug program that we were working with
+at the time uh doing all the text so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time uh doing all the text so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time uh doing all the text so it
+was like the people who were the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like the people who were the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like the people who were the on the
+ground Experts of the effects of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground Experts of the effects of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground Experts of the effects of this
+these policies were the witnesses you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these policies were the witnesses you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these policies were the witnesses you
+know really monitoring the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know really monitoring the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know really monitoring the the the
+government in a certain way and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government in a certain way and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government in a certain way and then
+after afterwards we always have these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after afterwards we always have these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after afterwards we always have these uh
+panels that address different issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels that address different issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels that address different issues
+that are brought up by the by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are brought up by the by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are brought up by the by the
+performance and the issues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and the issues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and the issues are
+everything from the know like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from the know like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from the know like uh
+treatment versus incarceration which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment versus incarceration which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment versus incarceration which is
+there was a ballot initiative when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a ballot initiative when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a ballot initiative when we
+were uh on the in play when we first did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh on the in play when we first did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh on the in play when we first did
+the uh when the when we first did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh when the when we first did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh when the when we first did the
+show and then but it's also covers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show and then but it's also covers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show and then but it's also covers like
+uh Afghanistan for example which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Afghanistan for example which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Afghanistan for example which is
+where all the where where the CIA is had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the where where the CIA is had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the where where the CIA is had
+was you know was complicit with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know was complicit with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know was complicit with the the
+Northern Alliance in uh and Drug runners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Alliance in uh and Drug runners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Alliance in uh and Drug runners
+in fighting the the Soviets and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fighting the the Soviets and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fighting the the Soviets and then
+they reinitiated that in order to fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they reinitiated that in order to fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they reinitiated that in order to fight
+the Taliban and then it goes back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Taliban and then it goes back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Taliban and then it goes back to the
+Vietnam era when they were using um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam era when they were using um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam era when they were using um you
+know the M Villages and stuff as as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the M Villages and stuff as as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the M Villages and stuff as as as
+um as to work with uh the CIA and cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as to work with uh the CIA and cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as to work with uh the CIA and cover
+operations and stuff so we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and stuff so we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and stuff so we were able to
+like go from like inner city concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go from like inner city concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go from like inner city concerns
+and prison reform and all kinds of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prison reform and all kinds of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prison reform and all kinds of stuff
+to monitoring foreign policy and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to monitoring foreign policy and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to monitoring foreign policy and we've
+done the show a bunch of times usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the show a bunch of times usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the show a bunch of times usually
+in conjunction with an election where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conjunction with an election where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conjunction with an election where we
+thought there was going to be a ballot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought there was going to be a ballot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought there was going to be a ballot
+initiative so that means we've gotten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative so that means we've gotten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative so that means we've gotten to
+look at you know the 2000 election the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you know the 2000 election the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you know the 2000 election the
+2002 election the the runup to the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 election the the runup to the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 election the the runup to the war
+in Iraq the 2004 election um Etc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Iraq the 2004 election um Etc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Iraq the 2004 election um Etc and
+we're actually making a book out of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually making a book out of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually making a book out of all
+these conversations which include uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conversations which include uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conversations which include uh
+policy Advocates drug war historians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy Advocates drug war historians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy Advocates drug war historians
+journalists who were like Robert Perry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalists who were like Robert Perry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalists who were like Robert Perry
+who who were given you know who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who were given you know who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who were given you know who who
+suffered severe consequences from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffered severe consequences from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffered severe consequences from
+reporting Iran Contra in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting Iran Contra in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting Iran Contra in the first place
+breaking a lot of the stories to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking a lot of the stories to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking a lot of the stories to people
+who are involved in arts and Recovery uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are involved in arts and Recovery uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are involved in arts and Recovery uh
+recovery programs to people who are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery programs to people who are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery programs to people who are you
+know in the programs so anyway here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the programs so anyway here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the programs so anyway here's a
+short excerpt of the show and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I would like to advise members and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to advise members and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to advise members and
+public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh Mr Lewis Mr I doo appreciate you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Mr Lewis Mr I doo appreciate you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Mr Lewis Mr I doo appreciate you're
+making effort to come be with us here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making effort to come be with us here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making effort to come be with us here
+today and I would like to express my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and I would like to express my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and I would like to express my
+appreciation for your long service to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation for your long service to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation for your long service to
+the country Mr H what if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country Mr H what if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country Mr H what if the
+CIA pardon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIA pardon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIA pardon
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one now Mr Hills what exactly were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now Mr Hills what exactly were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now Mr Hills what exactly were the
+CIA legal and Regulatory responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIA legal and Regulatory responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIA legal and Regulatory responsibility
+from 1979 to '96 regard the reporting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1979 to '96 regard the reporting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1979 to '96 regard the reporting of
+potential crime and the maintenance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential crime and the maintenance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential crime and the maintenance of
+relationship with person suspected of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with person suspected of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with person suspected of
+involvement in drug trafficking well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement in drug trafficking well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement in drug trafficking well it
+was a mov Fe so the requirements kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a mov Fe so the requirements kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a mov Fe so the requirements kept
+changing from 1976 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing from 1976 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing from 1976 to
+1982 it was an issue that was not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1982 it was an issue that was not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1982 it was an issue that was not really
+addressed from 1982 to 1995 in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed from 1982 to 1995 in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed from 1982 to 1995 in an
+agreement then hammered out between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement then hammered out between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement then hammered out between
+attorney general Smith and the rean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attorney general Smith and the rean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attorney general Smith and the rean
+administration there was no requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration there was no requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration there was no requirement
+to report allegations of drug traffing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to report allegations of drug traffing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to report allegations of drug traffing
+with respect to non employes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to non employes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to non employes of the
+intelligence agency and during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence agency and during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence agency and during that
+period that is not included AG of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period that is not included AG of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period that is not included AG of the
+CIA did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+include Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include Mr
+Bish good afternoon and thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bish good afternoon and thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bish good afternoon and thank you very
+much Mr chairman let me apologize to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Mr chairman let me apologize to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Mr chairman let me apologize to my
+dequen in getting here but I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dequen in getting here but I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dequen in getting here but I had a
+2-hour mechanical delay with my flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2-hour mechanical delay with my flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2-hour mechanical delay with my flight
+and I didn't want to rush that but I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't want to rush that but I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't want to rush that but I am
+delighted to be here I've read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delighted to be here I've read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delighted to be here I've read the
+report and I I have a few observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report and I I have a few observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report and I I have a few observations
+to make the first of which is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the first of which is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the first of which is that I
+want to join my colleagues in committing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to join my colleagues in committing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to join my colleagues in committing
+you Mr hitch as you retire from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Mr hitch as you retire from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Mr hitch as you retire from the
+CIA I want to take this opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIA I want to take this opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIA I want to take this opportunity to
+join them and thanking you for service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join them and thanking you for service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join them and thanking you for service
+to the agency and to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the agency and to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the agency and to our
+country I would also like to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country I would also like to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country I would also like to make the
+observation that allegations of CIA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that allegations of CIA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that allegations of CIA
+involvement in the introduction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement in the introduction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement in the introduction and
+distribution of C cocaine is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of C cocaine is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of C cocaine is very very
+serious and it really created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious and it really created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious and it really created a
+firestorm in minority communities it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firestorm in minority communities it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firestorm in minority communities it
+immediately generated comparisons to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately generated comparisons to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately generated comparisons to the
+Tuskegee simplus state where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuskegee simplus state where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuskegee simplus state where
+African-Americans were injected with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-Americans were injected with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-Americans were injected with
+simplus germs and were left untreated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplus germs and were left untreated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplus germs and were left untreated
+for the perpect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stud the introduction of drugs or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stud the introduction of drugs or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stud the introduction of drugs or the
+allegation of the introduction of crack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegation of the introduction of crack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegation of the introduction of crack
+cocaine into our community is equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocaine into our community is equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocaine into our community is equally
+bad and reprehensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and reprehensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and reprehensible
+it seems like uh if they really serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like uh if they really serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like uh if they really serious
+they wouldn't be sending money to fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wouldn't be sending money to fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wouldn't be sending money to fund
+uh a group like the military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a group like the military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a group like the military
+paramilitary who and just as involved as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramilitary who and just as involved as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramilitary who and just as involved as
+anyone else in columia uh so um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else in columia uh so um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else in columia uh so um how
+serious you think it is and and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious you think it is and and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious you think it is and and I was
+struck by um a comparison you made with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck by um a comparison you made with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck by um a comparison you made with
+the Nixon Administration and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nixon Administration and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nixon Administration and their
+success in on Turkey it seemed like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success in on Turkey it seemed like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success in on Turkey it seemed like they
+may have been more serious and what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have been more serious and what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have been more serious and what was
+distinctive about the Nixon era was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive about the Nixon era was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive about the Nixon era was that
+they took this idea of extrating or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took this idea of extrating or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took this idea of extrating or
+eliminating drugs domestically and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating drugs domestically and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating drugs domestically and they
+combined it with foreign policy using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined it with foreign policy using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined it with foreign policy using a
+military metaphor to create the drug war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military metaphor to create the drug war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military metaphor to create the drug war
+and the thing about the drug war is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing about the drug war is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing about the drug war is in
+fact uh you know applying diplomacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact uh you know applying diplomacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact uh you know applying diplomacy
+intelligence military operations abroad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence military operations abroad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence military operations abroad
+to eliminating the supply and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eliminating the supply and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eliminating the supply and the
+smuggling of Narcotics into the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smuggling of Narcotics into the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smuggling of Narcotics into the United
+States and then the metaphor has under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and then the metaphor has under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and then the metaphor has under
+subsequent Administration been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent Administration been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent Administration been
+elaborated applying domestic situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborated applying domestic situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborated applying domestic situations
+so we've had a kind of militarization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've had a kind of militarization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've had a kind of militarization of
+Narcotics policy and the militarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Narcotics policy and the militarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Narcotics policy and the militarization
+of law enforcement over drugs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of law enforcement over drugs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of law enforcement over drugs in the
+country s would you also comment on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country s would you also comment on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country s would you also comment on that
+yeah um mainstream politicians that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um mainstream politicians that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um mainstream politicians that
+devise these programs are thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devise these programs are thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devise these programs are thinking about
+you know all those bad people Liv you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all those bad people Liv you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all those bad people Liv you
+know they're thinking you know thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're thinking you know thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're thinking you know thinking
+the moral argument that everyone's bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral argument that everyone's bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral argument that everyone's bad
+and in the same way in Colonia and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the same way in Colonia and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the same way in Colonia and other
+countries the people who grow the drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries the people who grow the drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries the people who grow the drugs
+who um who are are also considered evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who um who are are also considered evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who um who are are also considered evil
+and so when we I think we have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when we I think we have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when we I think we have to be
+really careful about when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really careful about when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really careful about when we talk about
+the war drugs because we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war drugs because we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war drugs because we found
+that before there was people members of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before there was people members of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before there was people members of
+the black caucus that wanted to send Aid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black caucus that wanted to send Aid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black caucus that wanted to send Aid
+to Colombia because they didn't want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Colombia because they didn't want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Colombia because they didn't want the
+drugs to come into their communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs to come into their communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs to come into their communities
+that means that they weren't thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that they weren't thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that they weren't thinking
+about who were the victims of the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about who were the victims of the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about who were the victims of the drug
+war in Columbia you know why are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war in Columbia you know why are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war in Columbia you know why are their
+compassing was addicted to Growing coca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassing was addicted to Growing coca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassing was addicted to Growing coca
+and um we're we're supporting um their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we're we're supporting um their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we're we're supporting um their
+their their death and their destruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their death and their destruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their death and their destruction
+the destruction of the ecosystem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the destruction of the ecosystem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the destruction of the ecosystem in
+Colombia in in Colombia there's 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia in in Colombia there's 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia in in Colombia there's 2
+million displaced people and and of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million displaced people and and of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million displaced people and and of the
+inside the country that no longer have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the country that no longer have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the country that no longer have a
+place to live or work or or or make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to live or work or or or make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to live or work or or or make
+money or anything like that and of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or anything like that and of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or anything like that and of those
+displaced people about 70% are afro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced people about 70% are afro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced people about 70% are afro
+Colombian people don't even realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombian people don't even realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombian people don't even realize that
+from a from a quart to a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a from a quart to a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a from a quart to a third
+population in Colombia are of African
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in Colombia are of African
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in Colombia are of African
+ancestry and and so there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestry and and so there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestry and and so there are a lot of
+racial elements to this drug war not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial elements to this drug war not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial elements to this drug war not
+only in the United States but also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in the United States but also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in the United States but also in
+Colombia and so when we want to um talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia and so when we want to um talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia and so when we want to um talk
+about making changes I think we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making changes I think we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making changes I think we really
+need to to broaden our minds and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to to broaden our minds and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to to broaden our minds and think
+beyond our borders so we have to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond our borders so we have to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond our borders so we have to try to
+look at like the recovery of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at like the recovery of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at like the recovery of the people
+that's been victimized by these drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been victimized by these drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been victimized by these drugs
+right cuz those are the people that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cuz those are the people that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cuz those are the people that we
+really have to try to help right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to try to help right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to try to help right the
+innocent people right we have to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent people right we have to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent people right we have to realize
+that that I think myself personally that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I think myself personally that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I think myself personally that
+that that the government is is is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the government is is is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the government is is is is the
+government is like the enemy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people okay so so that was showing both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay so so that was showing both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay so so that was showing both
+the recreation of the original uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recreation of the original uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recreation of the original uh
+hearing and then as a uh a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing and then as a uh a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing and then as a uh a discussion
+that happened afterwards and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened afterwards and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened afterwards and that was
+yeah with with various people who had uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah with with various people who had uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah with with various people who had uh
+their own expertise in those on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own expertise in those on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own expertise in those on those
+issues right and then yeah and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues right and then yeah and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues right and then yeah and that was
+that was in 2000 that was in January of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in 2000 that was in January of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in 2000 that was in January of
+2001 I guess so we thought the next war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 I guess so we thought the next war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 I guess so we thought the next war
+was going to be in Colombia but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be in Colombia but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be in Colombia but you know
+we wrong anyway so that that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrong anyway so that that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrong anyway so that that that's a
+really uh Great lead into the uh RFK and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh Great lead into the uh RFK and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh Great lead into the uh RFK and
+eky piece because it's really using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eky piece because it's really using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eky piece because it's really using a
+similar structure the one that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar structure the one that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar structure the one that you
+developed with agents and assets of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed with agents and assets of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed with agents and assets of of
+recreation and the addition of extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreation and the addition of extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreation and the addition of extra
+sort of forums to to go deeper into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of forums to to go deeper into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of forums to to go deeper into
+whatever those issues are that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever those issues are that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever those issues are that are
+brought up by the recreation and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up by the recreation and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up by the recreation and so then
+do you want to kind of quickly go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to kind of quickly go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to kind of quickly go into
+uh what happened with RFK yeah sure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what happened with RFK yeah sure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what happened with RFK yeah sure so
+uh I was invited down to uh Harold and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I was invited down to uh Harold and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I was invited down to uh Harold and I
+we were both actually invited down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were both actually invited down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were both actually invited down to
+Apple shop in uh Eastern Kentucky and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple shop in uh Eastern Kentucky and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple shop in uh Eastern Kentucky and um
+we tried to get a couple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried to get a couple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried to get a couple different
+projects off the ground and then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects off the ground and then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects off the ground and then for
+various reasons they didn't work out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various reasons they didn't work out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various reasons they didn't work out and
+then um this project did get off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um this project did get off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um this project did get off the
+ground and it was us it was picking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and it was us it was picking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and it was us it was picking up
+on the strategy of this using a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the strategy of this using a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the strategy of this using a a
+hearing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing of
+um and it turned out to be a hearing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it turned out to be a hearing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it turned out to be a hearing of
+Robert Kennedy going there in ' 68 to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Kennedy going there in ' 68 to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Kennedy going there in ' 68 to as
+a field hearing for the Senate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field hearing for the Senate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field hearing for the Senate
+investigating uh this hunger but they he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating uh this hunger but they he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating uh this hunger but they he
+actually used it to give a platform to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used it to give a platform to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used it to give a platform to
+to people in the area to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people in the area to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people in the area to talk about
+environmental concerns uh uh jobs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental concerns uh uh jobs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental concerns uh uh jobs and
+and uh you know poverty and also it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know poverty and also it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know poverty and also it
+happened right after the T offensive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened right after the T offensive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened right after the T offensive uh
+so the so the war was also uh involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so the war was also uh involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so the war was also uh involved
+as an issue and and uh and I chose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an issue and and uh and I chose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an issue and and uh and I chose that
+because after spending a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after spending a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after spending a little bit of
+time there it was clear that the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there it was clear that the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there it was clear that the people
+down there were not really that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there were not really that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there were not really that
+interested in having outside they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in having outside they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in having outside they were
+sick of having Outsiders come in and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick of having Outsiders come in and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick of having Outsiders come in and and
+sessing out what was going on down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessing out what was going on down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessing out what was going on down there
+so I figured if I picked something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I figured if I picked something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I figured if I picked something that
+existed down there and the motto for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed down there and the motto for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed down there and the motto for the
+project being uh to re recreate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project being uh to re recreate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project being uh to re recreate
+everything and create nothing and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and create nothing and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and create nothing and um
+that that would be that would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would be that would be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would be that would be uh
+better you know then I could say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you know then I could say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you know then I could say well
+I'm just ignorant and um which was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just ignorant and um which was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just ignorant and um which was and
+uh so but what happened actually was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so but what happened actually was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so but what happened actually was
+that that that event had a really uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that event had a really uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that event had a really uh a
+big glow around it it was really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big glow around it it was really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big glow around it it was really a
+treasured event in the in the area more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasured event in the in the area more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasured event in the in the area more
+than I knew when I decided to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I knew when I decided to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I knew when I decided to do that
+because um you know because obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um you know because obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um you know because obviously
+there was the star power of Kennedy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the star power of Kennedy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the star power of Kennedy and
+there Kennedy's and there was he was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Kennedy's and there was he was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Kennedy's and there was he was the
+first actual uh you know National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first actual uh you know National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first actual uh you know National
+politician to go down there Nixon did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politician to go down there Nixon did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politician to go down there Nixon did
+when Nixon came back after Watergate he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Nixon came back after Watergate he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Nixon came back after Watergate he
+actually went to uh that area as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually went to uh that area as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually went to uh that area as well as
+his first appearance but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his first appearance but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his first appearance but that's
+different um and so so it had so it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um and so so it had so it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um and so so it had so it it
+it had all those sort of like Nostalgia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had all those sort of like Nostalgia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had all those sort of like Nostalgia
+um cultural heritage all those kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cultural heritage all those kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cultural heritage all those kind of
+elements as well as being something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements as well as being something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements as well as being something that
+looked at all these uh serious issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at all these uh serious issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at all these uh serious issues
+then and now and like the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and now and like the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and now and like the rest of the
+country you know the the political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country you know the the political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country you know the the political
+dialogue I mean this is why it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue I mean this is why it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue I mean this is why it was
+interesting to me the political dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to me the political dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to me the political dialogue
+then is not what it is now and so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is not what it is now and so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is not what it is now and so it was
+a way of um it turned out to be a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of um it turned out to be a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of um it turned out to be a way of
+convening people around to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convening people around to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convening people around to talk about
+things that were still still issues um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that were still still issues um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that were still still issues um
+in a and but to expand the the political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a and but to expand the the political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a and but to expand the the political
+context in which you could of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context in which you could of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context in which you could of the
+conversation um and then like I say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation um and then like I say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation um and then like I say you
+know the the war the whole War thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the war the whole War thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the war the whole War thing
+showed up as well like I started doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed up as well like I started doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed up as well like I started doing
+the project in 2000 or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project in 2000 or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project in 2000 or something like
+that and so so but we did it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so so but we did it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so so but we did it right
+before the election in 04 so that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the election in 04 so that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the election in 04 so that all
+became uh relevant also so um went and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became uh relevant also so um went and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became uh relevant also so um went and
+what I what I did do is I scrambled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I what I did do is I scrambled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I what I did do is I scrambled the
+because it was a it was a recreation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was a it was a recreation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was a it was a recreation of
+it went from initially being the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went from initially being the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went from initially being the idea of
+doing one hearing the central hearing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing one hearing the central hearing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing one hearing the central hearing of
+this visit to actually sort of rracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this visit to actually sort of rracing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this visit to actually sort of rracing
+the whole route which was a 200 mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole route which was a 200 mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole route which was a 200 mile
+route through the mountains in two days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route through the mountains in two days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route through the mountains in two days
+with stops in about 10 different places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stops in about 10 different places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stops in about 10 different places
+little hamlets and people's houses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hamlets and people's houses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hamlets and people's houses and
+stuff and uh and we actually did it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and uh and we actually did it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and uh and we actually did it in
+four days and we put we put a few vents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four days and we put we put a few vents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four days and we put we put a few vents
+at each end but we also sort of shuffled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each end but we also sort of shuffled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each end but we also sort of shuffled
+the deck and put some right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deck and put some right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deck and put some right in the
+middle so it wasn't just a recreation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle so it wasn't just a recreation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle so it wasn't just a recreation it
+was like in one place there was a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like in one place there was a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like in one place there was a one
+room Schoolhouse that was still standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room Schoolhouse that was still standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room Schoolhouse that was still standing
+that we re um we did a cosmetic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we re um we did a cosmetic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we re um we did a cosmetic the
+Kennedy had actually spoken yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kennedy had actually spoken yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kennedy had actually spoken yeah that
+he'd spoken and that we had archival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd spoken and that we had archival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd spoken and that we had archival
+footage of him speaking and that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage of him speaking and that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage of him speaking and that that we
+knew the teacher she was still alive we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the teacher she was still alive we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the teacher she was still alive we
+had from her we got all the pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had from her we got all the pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had from her we got all the pictures of
+the kids which you can see out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids which you can see out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids which you can see out there
+some of the kids were there the cook was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the kids were there the cook was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the kids were there the cook was
+there uh Peter Edelman two of Kennedy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh Peter Edelman two of Kennedy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh Peter Edelman two of Kennedy's
+AIDS were there Peter Edelman who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIDS were there Peter Edelman who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIDS were there Peter Edelman who
+organized the tour and Bill Arnon who uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized the tour and Bill Arnon who uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized the tour and Bill Arnon who uh
+played a part in the he played somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played a part in the he played somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played a part in the he played somebody
+else in the show people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in the show people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in the show people who were
+originally there in 68 came back for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally there in 68 came back for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally there in 68 came back for the
+recreation yeah and Bill Grier who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreation yeah and Bill Grier who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreation yeah and Bill Grier who
+writes for the nation had WR had written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes for the nation had WR had written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes for the nation had WR had written
+me an email he had covered it as a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an email he had covered it as a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an email he had covered it as a young
+reporter for the Louisville paper so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter for the Louisville paper so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter for the Louisville paper so he
+wrote me this description of what had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote me this description of what had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote me this description of what had
+happened in this one little room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in this one little room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in this one little room and
+because we had the archival footage we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we had the archival footage we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we had the archival footage we
+recognized so we were able to put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized so we were able to put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized so we were able to put this
+all together as sort of an installation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together as sort of an installation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together as sort of an installation
+going into a community conversation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into a community conversation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into a community conversation so
+it kept flipping modalities and we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kept flipping modalities and we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kept flipping modalities and we had
+uh pancake breakfast every morning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pancake breakfast every morning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pancake breakfast every morning and
+an unlimited Supply of um of clothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unlimited Supply of um of clothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unlimited Supply of um of clothing
+from uh that we got from East lecher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh that we got from East lecher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh that we got from East lecher
+Ministries lecher is one of the counties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ministries lecher is one of the counties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ministries lecher is one of the counties
+down there and we got it the deal was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there and we got it the deal was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there and we got it the deal was we
+just didn't bring any of it back that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just didn't bring any of it back that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just didn't bring any of it back that
+was that was the deal we C with them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that was the deal we C with them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that was the deal we C with them and
+um we had a couple we had an ed we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we had a couple we had an ed we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we had a couple we had an ed we had
+we found Dexter the Democrat who uh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found Dexter the Democrat who uh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found Dexter the Democrat who uh has
+a couple he had like an edzel and we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple he had like an edzel and we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple he had like an edzel and we had
+a couple we had a couple old cars you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple we had a couple old cars you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple we had a couple old cars you
+know period period CLS and period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know period period CLS and period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know period period CLS and period
+vehicles and things like that to yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles and things like that to yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles and things like that to yeah
+but the idea was never to like collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea was never to like collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea was never to like collapse
+this moment into that moment the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment into that moment the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment into that moment the idea
+was to have both moments present which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to have both moments present which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to have both moments present which
+worked out really well budgetarily as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out really well budgetarily as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out really well budgetarily as
+well you know um and so I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know um and so I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know um and so I think the
+little bit we're going to show is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit we're going to show is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit we're going to show is
+actually we made three DVDs about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we made three DVDs about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we made three DVDs about
+particular issues that we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular issues that we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular issues that we then
+distributed in the community for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed in the community for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed in the community for
+starting conversations after the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting conversations after the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting conversations after the project
+and this one is about the war and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is about the war and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is about the war and
+because of um because of Harold's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of um because of Harold's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of um because of Harold's
+project I thought this would be a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project I thought this would be a cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project I thought this would be a cool
+one to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to to
+show down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's play the movie then we'll consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's play the movie then we'll consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's play the movie then we'll consider
+the questions later although the war in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions later although the war in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions later although the war in
+Vietnam was not on Ken's agenda the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam was not on Ken's agenda the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam was not on Ken's agenda the
+people of Eastern Kentucky repeatedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of Eastern Kentucky repeatedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of Eastern Kentucky repeatedly
+asked him how he felt about it his visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked him how he felt about it his visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked him how he felt about it his visit
+happened in 1968 at the height of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in 1968 at the height of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in 1968 at the height of the
+war and money is appropriated for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war and money is appropriated for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war and money is appropriated for the
+war on poverty in 1963 were already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war on poverty in 1963 were already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war on poverty in 1963 were already
+being rechanneled to fund the war about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being rechanneled to fund the war about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being rechanneled to fund the war about
+the Vietnam situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+air boys are getting killed and money's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air boys are getting killed and money's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air boys are getting killed and money's
+spent on it and the people are hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on it and the people are hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on it and the people are hungry
+the people are homeless and do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people are homeless and do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people are homeless and do not have
+decent homes or decent clothing and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent homes or decent clothing and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent homes or decent clothing and uh
+we as American Negroes are having to PO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as American Negroes are having to PO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as American Negroes are having to PO
+and uh speak out for our livs to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh speak out for our livs to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh speak out for our livs to take a
+decent responsibility in this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent responsibility in this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent responsibility in this great
+nation I'm John ker out Community Action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation I'm John ker out Community Action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation I'm John ker out Community Action
+program in dickon County I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program in dickon County I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program in dickon County I've been
+working with this group of high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with this group of high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with this group of high school
+students from ever high school and neor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students from ever high school and neor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students from ever high school and neor
+high schools in Eastern Kentucky for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high schools in Eastern Kentucky for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high schools in Eastern Kentucky for
+some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time
+now as I said our people are becoming an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as I said our people are becoming an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as I said our people are becoming an
+informed people they know their enemy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed people they know their enemy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed people they know their enemy
+now they're not so much worried about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're not so much worried about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're not so much worried about a
+tobacco farmer a [ __ ] in AR eyes paty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tobacco farmer a [ __ ] in AR eyes paty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tobacco farmer a [ __ ] in AR eyes paty
+or a sausage grinder a peanut picker or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a sausage grinder a peanut picker or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a sausage grinder a peanut picker or
+a black p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a black p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a black p
+w it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w it's
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we had many like this before nothing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had many like this before nothing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had many like this before nothing's
+ever come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever come up
+all the welfare program with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the welfare program with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the welfare program with the
+millions of dollars that's been poured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars that's been poured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars that's been poured
+into it you go from house to house and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it you go from house to house and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it you go from house to house and
+find one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p all these things are need c but our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p all these things are need c but our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p all these things are need c but our
+are is be the War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are is be the War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are is be the War
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machine
+that's what they teach their boys they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they teach their boys they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they teach their boys they
+teach of G are K but they can't take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach of G are K but they can't take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach of G are K but they can't take the
+G around I to college cuz they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G around I to college cuz they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G around I to college cuz they don't
+have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+money because they don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inluence I was uh you're at Alis College
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inluence I was uh you're at Alis College
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inluence I was uh you're at Alis College
+I was teaching sociology 240 sociology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was teaching sociology 240 sociology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was teaching sociology 240 sociology
+in the southern appach reging and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the southern appach reging and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the southern appach reging and also
+teaching history teaching English as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching history teaching English as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching history teaching English as
+well um these times were as Bill said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um these times were as Bill said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um these times were as Bill said
+very terrible times uh the Civil RS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very terrible times uh the Civil RS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very terrible times uh the Civil RS
+movement was one of the great Ms of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement was one of the great Ms of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement was one of the great Ms of our
+country and it was had its height to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and it was had its height to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and it was had its height to
+some degree uh the African-Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some degree uh the African-Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some degree uh the African-Americans
+have paid a terrible price uh with EV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have paid a terrible price uh with EV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have paid a terrible price uh with EV
+ever's death and with the death of uh Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever's death and with the death of uh Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever's death and with the death of uh Dr
+Martin Luther King and freom Riders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin Luther King and freom Riders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin Luther King and freom Riders and
+all the others that were involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the others that were involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the others that were involved in
+that but they Lear actually won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but they Lear actually won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but they Lear actually won the
+Warfare Freedom the real Warfare Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warfare Freedom the real Warfare Freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warfare Freedom the real Warfare Freedom
+which was being and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was being and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was being and
+here uh many of our students have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh many of our students have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh many of our students have been
+drafted and were being drafted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drafted and were being drafted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drafted and were being drafted for
+service in Vietnam and many were dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service in Vietnam and many were dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service in Vietnam and many were dying
+uh many people from East Kentucky were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh many people from East Kentucky were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh many people from East Kentucky were
+dying and throughout Kentucky uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying and throughout Kentucky uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying and throughout Kentucky uh in
+Vietnam and being wounded there as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam and being wounded there as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam and being wounded there as well
+and so it was really a difficult time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it was really a difficult time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it was really a difficult time
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+students I heard that Kennedy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students I heard that Kennedy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students I heard that Kennedy was
+to have hearings on poty East Kentucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have hearings on poty East Kentucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have hearings on poty East Kentucky
+in joining County and be conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in joining County and be conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in joining County and be conducting
+these in various places immedately I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in various places immedately I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in various places immedately I
+told my wife that I want Robert Kennedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told my wife that I want Robert Kennedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told my wife that I want Robert Kennedy
+to come to Al College this leadership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come to Al College this leadership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come to Al College this leadership
+might Inspire I believe to our students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might Inspire I believe to our students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might Inspire I believe to our students
+and might cause them to Aspire toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and might cause them to Aspire toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and might cause them to Aspire toward
+better things and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better things and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better things and uh the
+students questions that asking because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students questions that asking because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students questions that asking because
+we were asked to sit down front and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were asked to sit down front and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were asked to sit down front and ask
+all the questions and so uh I said pleas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the questions and so uh I said pleas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the questions and so uh I said pleas
+don't ask him cranial questions ask him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ask him cranial questions ask him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ask him cranial questions ask him
+hard questions because the way I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard questions because the way I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard questions because the way I read
+him from the way I hear him is that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him from the way I hear him is that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him from the way I hear him is that he's
+a person who speaks from the heart as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person who speaks from the heart as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person who speaks from the heart as
+all his family does and so uh and I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all his family does and so uh and I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all his family does and so uh and I said
+be sure and don't ask him don't ask him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure and don't ask him don't ask him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure and don't ask him don't ask him
+anything about the Vietnam War because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the Vietnam War because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the Vietnam War because
+the media is beating him to death on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the media is beating him to death on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the media is beating him to death on the
+Vietnam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam
+Mor and so uh we came to the uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mor and so uh we came to the uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mor and so uh we came to the uh to the
+uh Christian call we sat on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Christian call we sat on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Christian call we sat on the right
+hand side as you go in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side as you go in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side as you go in on
+front uh Senator Kennedy came in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front uh Senator Kennedy came in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front uh Senator Kennedy came in with
+Senator trooper I think and certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senator trooper I think and certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senator trooper I think and certainly
+with Carl Perkins and some others there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Carl Perkins and some others there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Carl Perkins and some others there
+hold onaj Al a lot of media people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold onaj Al a lot of media people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold onaj Al a lot of media people with
+them and my students uh seemed impressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and my students uh seemed impressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and my students uh seemed impressed
+with them a lot of students were around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them a lot of students were around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them a lot of students were around
+they were excited and uh after he spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were excited and uh after he spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were excited and uh after he spoke
+just a moment after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a moment after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a moment after the
+invitation uh my smartest student whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitation uh my smartest student whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitation uh my smartest student whose
+name was Barbara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name was Barbara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name was Barbara
+Thompson uh sh hand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson uh sh hand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson uh sh hand up
+and she said to him s k what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she said to him s k what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she said to him s k what do you
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about what I have said regarding Vietnam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what I have said regarding Vietnam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what I have said regarding Vietnam
+I've said many times and just last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said many times and just last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said many times and just last
+Thursday in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday in
+Chicago I made a statement and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago I made a statement and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago I made a statement and it's
+undeniable that the enemy in Vietnam can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undeniable that the enemy in Vietnam can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undeniable that the enemy in Vietnam can
+s can strike savagely and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s can strike savagely and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s can strike savagely and it will
+throughout all of South Vietnam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout all of South Vietnam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout all of South Vietnam
+and the Ted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Ted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Ted
+offensive shatters the mask of Illusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offensive shatters the mask of Illusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offensive shatters the mask of Illusion
+that we have all Ed to Blind ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have all Ed to Blind ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have all Ed to Blind ourselves
+from the true circumstances of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+war it's not all these things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war it's not all these things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war it's not all these things that
+happen it's not because our soldiers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it's not because our soldiers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it's not because our soldiers are
+not great it's not because they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not great it's not because they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not great it's not because they're not
+effective fighting people but what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective fighting people but what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective fighting people but what it is
+is the misguided nature of this war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the misguided nature of this war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the misguided nature of this war
+because what we're trying to do is solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we're trying to do is solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we're trying to do is solve
+by military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by military
+might questions that can only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might questions that can only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might questions that can only be
+resolved by the will and the conviction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved by the will and the conviction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved by the will and the conviction
+of the South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vietnamese you can't expect people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnamese you can't expect people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnamese you can't expect people to
+risk their lives you can't expect people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk their lives you can't expect people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk their lives you can't expect people
+to endure hardship unless they feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to endure hardship unless they feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to endure hardship unless they feel that
+they have stake in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have stake in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have stake in
+society political reform economic reform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society political reform economic reform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society political reform economic reform
+are not fancy slogans or idealistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not fancy slogans or idealistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not fancy slogans or idealistic
+Concepts that can be postponed until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts that can be postponed until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts that can be postponed until the
+end of the war I don't know what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the war I don't know what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the war I don't know what they
+all to do about the Vietnam War they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to do about the Vietnam War they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to do about the Vietnam War they all
+do like Truman did let's B B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like Truman did let's B B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like Truman did let's B B
+all well that's an interesting concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all well that's an interesting concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all well that's an interesting concept
+but the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the United
+States the United States cannot conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the United States cannot conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the United States cannot conduct
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+war based upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war based upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war based upon the
+subordination of moral standards just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subordination of moral standards just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subordination of moral standards just
+for immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for immediate
+success there are more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to okay before we go on let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay before we go on let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay before we go on let's let's
+let's see what we have here raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what we have here raise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what we have here raise your
+hand how many think that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand how many think that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand how many think that we should
+continue the Vietnam War the way we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the Vietnam War the way we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the Vietnam War the way we're
+conducting it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting it now
+anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone
+now I'm going to ask this very gingerly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to ask this very gingerly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to ask this very gingerly
+is there anyone else out there who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anyone else out there who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anyone else out there who
+thinks like the guy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back just a few weeks ago during the Ted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back just a few weeks ago during the Ted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back just a few weeks ago during the Ted
+offens there was a picture and it was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offens there was a picture and it was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offens there was a picture and it was in
+papers throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers throughout the
+world and a suspected vietcom was taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and a suspected vietcom was taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and a suspected vietcom was taken
+to the chief of security of South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the chief of security of South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the chief of security of South
+Vietnam and the picture show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam and the picture show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam and the picture show the
+security Chief taking a pistol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security Chief taking a pistol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security Chief taking a pistol and
+summarily executing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarily executing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarily executing that
+Soldier clearly that is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soldier clearly that is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soldier clearly that is in
+contravention of the Geneva Convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contravention of the Geneva Convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contravention of the Geneva Convention
+on the rules of War now our enemy brutal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the rules of War now our enemy brutal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the rules of War now our enemy brutal
+our enemy has done that hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our enemy has done that hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our enemy has done that hundreds of
+times but the reason we wage a war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but the reason we wage a war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but the reason we wage a war
+against Communists is not to become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Communists is not to become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Communists is not to become more
+like them but to preserve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like them but to preserve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like them but to preserve the
+differences between us and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between us and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between us and the
+Comm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that picture appeared on the front pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture appeared on the front pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture appeared on the front pages
+of newspapers throughout the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of newspapers throughout the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of newspapers throughout the world and
+some of our oldest allies some of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our oldest allies some of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our oldest allies some of our
+best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best
+allies said more in sorrow than an anger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allies said more in sorrow than an anger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allies said more in sorrow than an anger
+what is happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is happened to
+America what we are trying to do by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America what we are trying to do by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America what we are trying to do by
+stopping the domino effect is to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping the domino effect is to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping the domino effect is to create
+a great society throughout all Naia that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great society throughout all Naia that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great society throughout all Naia that
+is a pretension we should give adequate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretension we should give adequate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretension we should give adequate
+we should give adequate assistance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should give adequate assistance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should give adequate assistance to
+people in Asia but we cannot establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Asia but we cannot establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Asia but we cannot establish
+in Asia a great society if we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Asia a great society if we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Asia a great society if we are
+unwilling and unable to create one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwilling and unable to create one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwilling and unable to create one here
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+America we speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America we speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America we speak
+extravagantly about a struggle for 250 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extravagantly about a struggle for 250 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extravagantly about a struggle for 250 a
+250 million Asians how can we speak of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 million Asians how can we speak of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 million Asians how can we speak of
+such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a
+struggle when a conflict in a country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle when a conflict in a country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle when a conflict in a country
+with 15 million people so strains our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 15 million people so strains our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 15 million people so strains our
+resources and divides our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and divides our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and divides our
+country we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country we were
+told Vietnam will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told Vietnam will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told Vietnam will
+settle all the difficulties in Asia that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle all the difficulties in Asia that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle all the difficulties in Asia that
+it will somehow preserve the security of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will somehow preserve the security of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will somehow preserve the security of
+the United States but that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States but that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States but that is a
+prayerful wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prayerful wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prayerful wish
+based upon mindless hope allowing us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based upon mindless hope allowing us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based upon mindless hope allowing us to
+justify the already great sacrifices we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify the already great sacrifices we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify the already great sacrifices we
+have already made the truth is Vietnam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already made the truth is Vietnam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already made the truth is Vietnam
+will not protect America from its from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not protect America from its from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not protect America from its from
+its enemies what it will do if we follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its enemies what it will do if we follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its enemies what it will do if we follow
+the same path for the next decade or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same path for the next decade or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same path for the next decade or
+Beyond will involve the United States in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond will involve the United States in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond will involve the United States in
+a land war on the mainland of Asia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a land war on the mainland of Asia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a land war on the mainland of Asia and
+our best and brightest military leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our best and brightest military leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our best and brightest military leaders
+have told us for many years now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have told us for many years now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have told us for many years now that
+will only lead to National tragedy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only lead to National tragedy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only lead to National tragedy but
+we have a more immediate interest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a more immediate interest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a more immediate interest to
+preserve the lives of our young fighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the lives of our young fighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the lives of our young fighting
+men and to conserve the assets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and to conserve the assets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and to conserve the assets of
+America the best way to save our most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America the best way to save our most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America the best way to save our most
+precious state in Vietnam is to P the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious state in Vietnam is to P the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious state in Vietnam is to P the
+expansion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+war the best way to in casualties in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war the best way to in casualties in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war the best way to in casualties in
+Vietnam is to end the war we Face an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam is to end the war we Face an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam is to end the war we Face an
+enemy that we are unable to defeat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemy that we are unable to defeat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemy that we are unable to defeat and
+we are unable to break our enemy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are unable to break our enemy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are unable to break our enemy's
+spirit so what we must now do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit so what we must now do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit so what we must now do is
+actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively
+seek peaceful settlement and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek peaceful settlement and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek peaceful settlement and in this
+peaceful settlement we must bring in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaceful settlement we must bring in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaceful settlement we must bring in the
+be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at
+calm in the Society of South Vietnam not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calm in the Society of South Vietnam not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calm in the Society of South Vietnam not
+because we want to but because that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to but because that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to but because that is
+the only way of peace settlement will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way of peace settlement will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way of peace settlement will
+ever be achieved what we must not do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever be achieved what we must not do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever be achieved what we must not do is
+confuse the presti attacked to a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse the presti attacked to a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse the presti attacked to a single
+policy of American Military mind with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy of American Military mind with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy of American Military mind with
+the overall interest of the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall interest of the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall interest of the United
+States we should not be unwilling to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States we should not be unwilling to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States we should not be unwilling to
+risk for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk for
+peace if we are so willing to risk the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace if we are so willing to risk the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace if we are so willing to risk the
+lives of our soldiers at War this nation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives of our soldiers at War this nation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives of our soldiers at War this nation
+must be told the truth and the truth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be told the truth and the truth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be told the truth and the truth in
+all its reality not only because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all its reality not only because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all its reality not only because that's
+the right thing to do because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing to do because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing to do because if you
+don't tell the truth you will never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell the truth you will never be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell the truth you will never be
+able to Garner the necessary public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to Garner the necessary public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to Garner the necessary public
+community that will follow us and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that will follow us and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that will follow us and that
+we will need to follow us through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will need to follow us through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will need to follow us through these
+shadow days that lie ahead no war has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow days that lie ahead no war has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow days that lie ahead no war has
+ever required more bravery from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever required more bravery from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever required more bravery from its
+government from its citizens bravery not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government from its citizens bravery not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government from its citizens bravery not
+just under Fire our bravery not just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just under Fire our bravery not just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just under Fire our bravery not just to
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+sacrifice but The Bravery to discard the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice but The Bravery to discard the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice but The Bravery to discard the
+comfort of Illusion what we have now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfort of Illusion what we have now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfort of Illusion what we have now is
+a situation where the people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where the people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where the people in the
+highest levels of government will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest levels of government will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest levels of government will not
+tell us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+truth this is a great nation this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth this is a great nation this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth this is a great nation this is a
+strong Nation they would rather not tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong Nation they would rather not tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong Nation they would rather not tell
+us the truth then risk the repercussions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the truth then risk the repercussions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the truth then risk the repercussions
+of okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so
+um having been at the actual performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um having been at the actual performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um having been at the actual performance
+and this was just before the 2004
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was just before the 2004
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was just before the 2004
+election it was I think the the feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election it was I think the the feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election it was I think the the feeling
+everyone was having was like wow this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was having was like wow this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was having was like wow this is
+what Robert Kennedy was saying in ' 68
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Robert Kennedy was saying in ' 68
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Robert Kennedy was saying in ' 68
+and wouldn't it be great if Carrie was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wouldn't it be great if Carrie was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wouldn't it be great if Carrie was
+saying this in 2004 and of course he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this in 2004 and of course he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this in 2004 and of course he
+wasn't and so it was a really just it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't and so it was a really just it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't and so it was a really just it
+was sort of this uh amazing and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of this uh amazing and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of this uh amazing and sort of
+disheartening combination of of feelings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disheartening combination of of feelings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disheartening combination of of feelings
+that were sort of going on there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were sort of going on there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were sort of going on there and
+then just to see the sort of parallels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just to see the sort of parallels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just to see the sort of parallels
+that were occurring between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were occurring between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were occurring between those two
+time periods and that and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time periods and that and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time periods and that and then also
+knowing that Kennedy uh would declare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that Kennedy uh would declare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that Kennedy uh would declare
+that he was he was running for president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was he was running for president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was he was running for president
+soon after this visit to Eastern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after this visit to Eastern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after this visit to Eastern
+Kentucky and then go on to win the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kentucky and then go on to win the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kentucky and then go on to win the the
+California primary and and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California primary and and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California primary and and be
+assassinated that same day so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assassinated that same day so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assassinated that same day so that the
+the hope that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hope that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hope that uh
+Kennedy's direction that he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kennedy's direction that he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kennedy's direction that he was
+indicating that he would actually sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating that he would actually sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating that he would actually sort
+of pull out of Vietnam was was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pull out of Vietnam was was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pull out of Vietnam was was sort of
+ended at that at that point and a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended at that at that point and a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended at that at that point and a whole
+sort of direction that the the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of direction that the the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of direction that the the US
+government and society would have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and society would have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and society would have gone
+in sort of was shattered so it was a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of was shattered so it was a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of was shattered so it was a it
+was a very poignant thing to to um have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very poignant thing to to um have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very poignant thing to to um have
+that recreated and realize this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that recreated and realize this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that recreated and realize this the
+significance of that of that moment um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of that of that moment um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of that of that moment um
+and that was that was you know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was that was you know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was that was you know an
+amazing thing to experience there uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing thing to experience there uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing thing to experience there uh do
+you have any there was one it was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any there was one it was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any there was one it was also
+right after you know Abu grave so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after you know Abu grave so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after you know Abu grave so the
+business about the photograph he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business about the photograph he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business about the photograph he was
+referring to is this famous photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to is this famous photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to is this famous photograph
+of somebody being shot at Point Blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of somebody being shot at Point Blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of somebody being shot at Point Blank
+and so of you know so it resonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so of you know so it resonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so of you know so it resonated
+against that as well and the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that as well and the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that as well and the other thing
+is where Alice Lloyd College um at was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where Alice Lloyd College um at was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where Alice Lloyd College um at was
+was founded by a by a Bostonian who went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was founded by a by a Bostonian who went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was founded by a by a Bostonian who went
+down there and carved a you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there and carved a you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there and carved a you know a
+settlement school out of the Wilderness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement school out of the Wilderness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement school out of the Wilderness
+Alice Lloyd um since since 68 it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice Lloyd um since since 68 it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice Lloyd um since since 68 it had
+sort of been uh the board of directors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of been uh the board of directors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of been uh the board of directors
+had shifted quite a bit and so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had shifted quite a bit and so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had shifted quite a bit and so that it
+had become a very uh very conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had become a very uh very conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had become a very uh very conservative
+uh School although although still giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh School although although still giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh School although although still giving
+free tuition uh to to kids from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free tuition uh to to kids from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free tuition uh to to kids from
+Appalachia um so so it was sort of a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Appalachia um so so it was sort of a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Appalachia um so so it was sort of a it
+was sort of a coup to actually be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of a coup to actually be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of a coup to actually be on the
+that college campus saying those saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that college campus saying those saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that college campus saying those saying
+those words uh to those students and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those words uh to those students and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those words uh to those students and in
+fact if we had gone on a little longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if we had gone on a little longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if we had gone on a little longer
+with this tape there it shows some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this tape there it shows some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this tape there it shows some of
+the rehearsal process where where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rehearsal process where where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rehearsal process where where the
+the kids immediately took it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids immediately took it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids immediately took it into a
+conversation about Iraq you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation about Iraq you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation about Iraq you know just
+totally flipped out and then apologized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally flipped out and then apologized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally flipped out and then apologized
+to me after an hour of impassion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me after an hour of impassion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me after an hour of impassion
+conversation for not doing what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation for not doing what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation for not doing what I
+thought what they thought I wanted them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought what they thought I wanted them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought what they thought I wanted them
+to do but but in fact they'd done it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do but but in fact they'd done it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do but but in fact they'd done it but
+their their views of the war were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their views of the war were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their views of the war were like
+uh you know quite shocking to me but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know quite shocking to me but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know quite shocking to me but it
+was an incredible conversation yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an incredible conversation yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an incredible conversation yeah and
+so this of course too was just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this of course too was just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this of course too was just one
+aspect of of the recreation that hit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of of the recreation that hit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of of the recreation that hit on
+all of these other issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these other issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these other issues
+um and and that we're not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and that we're not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and that we're not going to go
+into but one of one of the things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into but one of one of the things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into but one of one of the things I
+wanted to to ask in relationship to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to to ask in relationship to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to to ask in relationship to this
+was that the uh oftentimes in in your in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that the uh oftentimes in in your in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that the uh oftentimes in in your in
+the history of the work that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of the work that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of the work that we've been
+going over you sort of crossed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over you sort of crossed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over you sort of crossed the
+balance between an an art project and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between an an art project and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between an an art project and
+art context and Social Service kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art context and Social Service kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art context and Social Service kinds of
+of situations and one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of situations and one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of situations and one of the things that
+happened as part of the tour was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened as part of the tour was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened as part of the tour was uh
+bringing in to into play this group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing in to into play this group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing in to into play this group of
+of people who are involved with a Head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who are involved with a Head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who are involved with a Head
+Start program in fliming neon and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Start program in fliming neon and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Start program in fliming neon and having
+them do a presentation about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do a presentation about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do a presentation about their
+experiences over the last uh that period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences over the last uh that period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences over the last uh that period
+of time since Kennedy had been there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time since Kennedy had been there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time since Kennedy had been there
+originally um um and I guess one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally um um and I guess one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally um um and I guess one of the
+things I'm wondering is sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'm wondering is sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'm wondering is sort of the the
+hard impact that that occurs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard impact that that occurs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard impact that that occurs in
+relationship to doing an art project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to doing an art project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to doing an art project
+that it seems like happens with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it seems like happens with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it seems like happens with your
+work is that you actually have real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is that you actually have real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is that you actually have real
+effects um that go beyond the art World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects um that go beyond the art World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects um that go beyond the art World
+effects yeah sometimes um sometimes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects yeah sometimes um sometimes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects yeah sometimes um sometimes yeah
+I in that case the uh Head Start you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in that case the uh Head Start you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in that case the uh Head Start you
+know is a program of a preschool program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is a program of a preschool program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is a program of a preschool program
+for for kids who who are living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for kids who who are living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for kids who who are living in
+poverty right and it started uh as part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty right and it started uh as part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty right and it started uh as part
+of the war on poverty and it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the war on poverty and it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the war on poverty and it's actually
+the the only the most philosophically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the only the most philosophically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the only the most philosophically
+intact program out of that period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact program out of that period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact program out of that period
+because the funding although the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the funding although the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the funding although the the
+Bush Administration has tried to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bush Administration has tried to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bush Administration has tried to change
+this the funding goes directly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the funding goes directly from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the funding goes directly from the
+federal government to the program so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government to the program so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government to the program so
+like for example last time they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example last time they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example last time they were
+trying to reauthorize they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to reauthorize they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to reauthorize they wanted to
+reroot the money to the State Board of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reroot the money to the State Board of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reroot the money to the State Board of
+Education which would have as had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education which would have as had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education which would have as had the
+effect of still the same amount of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of still the same amount of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of still the same amount of money
+going to kids that age but not to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kids that age but not to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kids that age but not to the
+poorest kids in in the state you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest kids in in the state you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest kids in in the state you know
+would have gone to other kids so um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have gone to other kids so um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have gone to other kids so um so
+philosophically it was important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophically it was important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophically it was important to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight that program because we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight that program because we were
+trying to give a sense of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to give a sense of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to give a sense of what the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of that of the war on poverty was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of that of the war on poverty was
+about also the two women Alise Jones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about also the two women Alise Jones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about also the two women Alise Jones and
+Jill hatch Who Run It are like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jill hatch Who Run It are like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jill hatch Who Run It are like really
+extraordinary and just fun to be around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary and just fun to be around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary and just fun to be around
+and and the program most of the staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the program most of the staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the program most of the staff
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teachers the bus drivers the cooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teachers the bus drivers the cooks
+are all women who have who started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all women who have who started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all women who have who started out
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+as kids in the program program so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as kids in the program program so it's
+been a real um you know an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a real um you know an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a real um you know an amazing
+uh way of way of you know realizing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh way of way of you know realizing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh way of way of you know realizing uh
+development in people and in the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in people and in the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in people and in the region
+and they after after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they after after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they after after the
+project um Alise came to me and and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um Alise came to me and and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um Alise came to me and and she
+liked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked the
+way me and my cohorts working in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way me and my cohorts working in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way me and my cohorts working in the
+community and they wanted to us to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and they wanted to us to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and they wanted to us to work
+with the header program around uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the header program around uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the header program around uh
+changing the conversation around drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the conversation around drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the conversation around drug
+issues in the community and there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in the community and there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in the community and there's like
+there's a huge uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge uh
+prescription drug mainly oxycotton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription drug mainly oxycotton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription drug mainly oxycotton
+epidemic in that area um which oxycotton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemic in that area um which oxycotton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemic in that area um which oxycotton
+you know is a p is a heroin morphine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is a p is a heroin morphine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is a p is a heroin morphine
+based uh painkiller which was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based uh painkiller which was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based uh painkiller which was actually
+sort of Target marketed to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Target marketed to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Target marketed to the to the
+coal mining areas um and uh so and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal mining areas um and uh so and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal mining areas um and uh so and the
+coners the conversation about it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coners the conversation about it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coners the conversation about it has
+basically been you know that it's a law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically been you know that it's a law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically been you know that it's a law
+it's been in the law enforcement context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been in the law enforcement context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been in the law enforcement context
+like lock them up you know and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lock them up you know and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lock them up you know and uh so
+they so atast wanted to change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they so atast wanted to change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they so atast wanted to change that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation and and make it more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation and and make it more about
+a you know um put it more in a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know um put it more in a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know um put it more in a public
+health context so over the last year uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health context so over the last year uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health context so over the last year uh
+we we me and my wife H browers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we me and my wife H browers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we me and my wife H browers and
+Michael Hunt who originally brought me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Hunt who originally brought me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Hunt who originally brought me
+down to Eastern Kentucky have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to Eastern Kentucky have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to Eastern Kentucky have been
+working with uh the staff of headart in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with uh the staff of headart in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with uh the staff of headart in
+the Four County area so like a well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Four County area so like a well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Four County area so like a well one
+of the four counties that that lklp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the four counties that that lklp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the four counties that that lklp
+works with so about 40 women and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with so about 40 women and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with so about 40 women and um and
+getting uh mainly we did little a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh mainly we did little a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh mainly we did little a little
+bit of theater stuff for them last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of theater stuff for them last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of theater stuff for them last
+summer and then we mainly did a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer and then we mainly did a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer and then we mainly did a lot of
+community organizing where where they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community organizing where where they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community organizing where where they um
+are leading bi-weekly conversations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are leading bi-weekly conversations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are leading bi-weekly conversations in
+each Community each of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Community each of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Community each of these three
+communities uh for the parents for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities uh for the parents for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities uh for the parents for the
+anybody in the community to come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody in the community to come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody in the community to come and
+talk about um about the drug problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about um about the drug problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about um about the drug problem so
+that means that included in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that included in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that included in the
+conversation are people you know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation are people you know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation are people you know who
+have kicked drugs who are trying to kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kicked drugs who are trying to kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kicked drugs who are trying to kick
+drugs the sheriff um and so it's created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs the sheriff um and so it's created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs the sheriff um and so it's created
+a conversation that you know really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conversation that you know really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conversation that you know really
+hasn't gone on there before and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't gone on there before and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't gone on there before and it's
+it's really uh it's it's it's been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really uh it's it's it's been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really uh it's it's it's been very
+cool um and it's really yeah it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool um and it's really yeah it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool um and it's really yeah it's really
+had it's definitely having a a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it's definitely having a a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it's definitely having a a huge
+impact in opening up um different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact in opening up um different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact in opening up um different ways
+of looking at the at the problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at the at the problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at the at the problem and
+because because you know Head Start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because you know Head Start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because you know Head Start
+themselves have to really uh they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves have to really uh they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves have to really uh they've
+done a lot of advocacy just to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of advocacy just to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of advocacy just to keep
+their own program alive you know they so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own program alive you know they so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own program alive you know they so
+they know how to you know they they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know how to you know they they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know how to you know they they know
+how to go from local conversation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to go from local conversation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to go from local conversation to
+taking it to Frankfurt which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it to Frankfurt which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it to Frankfurt which is the
+capital and you know taking it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and you know taking it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and you know taking it to the
+congressman and and really try so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congressman and and really try so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congressman and and really try so it's
+all in process but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in process but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in process but it's
+um it's uh it's really you know it's I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's uh it's really you know it's I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's uh it's really you know it's I'm
+pretty excited about it right now yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty excited about it right now yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty excited about it right now yeah
+the the other question you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the other question you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the other question you kind of
+touched on it earlier was the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched on it earlier was the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched on it earlier was the idea that
+you're you're going in in some in into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're going in in some in into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're going in in some in into
+these situations often times without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these situations often times without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these situations often times without a
+lot of knowledge about what what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of knowledge about what what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of knowledge about what what's going
+on but by working on the project you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but by working on the project you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but by working on the project you
+yourself become educated um on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself become educated um on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself become educated um on the
+issues and history through the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and history through the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and history through the sort of
+experiential process and how in a way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiential process and how in a way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiential process and how in a way it
+seems like that's almost like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like that's almost like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like that's almost like a
+motivation is for you to personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation is for you to personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation is for you to personally
+become educated and then through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become educated and then through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become educated and then through that
+you you make it available in to a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you make it available in to a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you make it available in to a larger
+larger public as well you mean my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger public as well you mean my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger public as well you mean my
+motivation is to get educated partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation is to get educated partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation is to get educated partly
+yeah yeah definitely yeah and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah definitely yeah and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah definitely yeah and that's
+that's a that's one at very at very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's one at very at very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's one at very at very
+least that's the that's a result is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that's the that's a result is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that's the that's a result is that
+you're becoming educated through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're becoming educated through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're becoming educated through your
+own projects that therefore you to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own projects that therefore you to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own projects that therefore you to to do
+research and not just in a traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and not just in a traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and not just in a traditional
+way but through experiential and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but through experiential and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but through experiential and uh
+person personto person kinds of of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person personto person kinds of of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person personto person kinds of of ways
+where you're you're learning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're you're learning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're you're learning about
+things that you might otherwise not ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you might otherwise not ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you might otherwise not ever
+be able to learn about other than going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to learn about other than going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to learn about other than going
+into these places directly and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these places directly and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these places directly and having
+those kinds of conversations and process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of conversations and process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of conversations and process
+well I know I know when I when I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I know I know when I when I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I know I know when I when I started
+lipd for example I thought like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipd for example I thought like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipd for example I thought like you know
+because it was the Reagan years and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was the Reagan years and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was the Reagan years and that
+was like motivation for doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like motivation for doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like motivation for doing something
+you know and um you know so I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and um you know so I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and um you know so I thought
+well I could go you know I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I could go you know I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I could go you know I could do
+something about I mean I wasn't thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about I mean I wasn't thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about I mean I wasn't thinking
+yeah I could do something about um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I could do something about um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I could do something about um the
+war in Central America you know but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war in Central America you know but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war in Central America you know but I
+felt like I want to do something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like I want to do something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like I want to do something that I
+would actually could know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually could know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually could know about
+firsthand and I guess I could have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firsthand and I guess I could have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firsthand and I guess I could have gone
+to Central America a lot of other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Central America a lot of other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Central America a lot of other people
+did but I thought you know I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did but I thought you know I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did but I thought you know I wanted to
+yeah know about something firstand not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah know about something firstand not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah know about something firstand not
+from reading the newspapers or reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from reading the newspapers or reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from reading the newspapers or reading
+books you know or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books you know or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books you know or something like that
+which of course has become you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course has become you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course has become you know
+probably more important now that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more important now that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more important now that the
+news is more and more controlled than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news is more and more controlled than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news is more and more controlled than it
+was even then you know um so yeah there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was even then you know um so yeah there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was even then you know um so yeah there
+was a notion being on the front line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a notion being on the front line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a notion being on the front line and
+being able to really find your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to really find your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to really find your own
+Impressions and in in skid Ro like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impressions and in in skid Ro like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impressions and in in skid Ro like I
+said I was able to do it because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I was able to do it because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I was able to do it because because
+I was uh you know I was I was a I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was uh you know I was I was a I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was uh you know I was I was a I was
+taken in by and able to work with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken in by and able to work with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken in by and able to work with all
+these people who had been working there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people who had been working there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people who had been working there
+for a really long time and who had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a really long time and who had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a really long time and who had the
+trust of the neighborhood and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust of the neighborhood and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust of the neighborhood and you know
+so I learned from them and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I learned from them and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I learned from them and then in
+Kentucky I had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kentucky I had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kentucky I had the
+um I was given an insanely long uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was given an insanely long uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was given an insanely long uh
+period to develop a project like nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period to develop a project like nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period to develop a project like nobody
+else uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh in the
+right mind would do that probably it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mind would do that probably it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mind would do that probably it's
+an unusual opportunity I mean in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unusual opportunity I mean in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unusual opportunity I mean in other
+words it wasn't going okay here's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it wasn't going okay here's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it wasn't going okay here's like
+come down here for two weeks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down here for two weeks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down here for two weeks and
+research your project it was like I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research your project it was like I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research your project it was like I did
+like a year of research you know being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a year of research you know being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a year of research you know being
+there going talking to people tracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there going talking to people tracing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there going talking to people tracing
+the route going to going to the library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the route going to going to the library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the route going to going to the library
+here getting the transcripts going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here getting the transcripts going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here getting the transcripts going back
+there talking to people up hanging out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there talking to people up hanging out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there talking to people up hanging out
+at the post office all day and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the post office all day and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the post office all day and having
+the postmistress you know actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the postmistress you know actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the postmistress you know actually this
+is one of the big breakthroughs you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the big breakthroughs you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the big breakthroughs you know
+everybody who came in the post office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody who came in the post office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody who came in the post office
+said where were you when Kennedy came do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said where were you when Kennedy came do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said where were you when Kennedy came do
+you remember and then they take me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember and then they take me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember and then they take me to
+their house and they take me to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their house and they take me to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their house and they take me to somebody
+else and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and then
+that so but that's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so but that's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so but that's the kind of
+opportunity you really need and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity you really need and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity you really need and it's
+really hard to get that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to get that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to get that kind of
+opportunity okay maybe we'll open up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity okay maybe we'll open up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity okay maybe we'll open up to
+a couple questions anybody out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple questions anybody out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple questions anybody out there
+have any questions about any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions about any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions about any of the
+stuff we've been talking about somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we've been talking about somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we've been talking about somebody
+must yeah this is just really basic I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must yeah this is just really basic I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must yeah this is just really basic I
+might have even missed something for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have even missed something for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have even missed something for one
+thing I want to say I think it's amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to say I think it's amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to say I think it's amazing
+to see this I mean the resonance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this I mean the resonance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this I mean the resonance between
+then and now is just unbelievable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and now is just unbelievable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and now is just unbelievable but
+who are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are your
+actors I don't know know who your actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors I don't know know who your actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors I don't know know who your actors
+were in this group and did they travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in this group and did they travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in this group and did they travel
+with you the route was the same Kennedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you the route was the same Kennedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you the route was the same Kennedy
+in all the places yeah I thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all the places yeah I thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all the places yeah I thought about
+first of all it was all people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it was all people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it was all people from
+Eastern Kentucky with two exceptions one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastern Kentucky with two exceptions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastern Kentucky with two exceptions one
+was um one was Bill arnone who was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um one was Bill arnone who was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um one was Bill arnone who was one
+of Kennedy's AIDS who heard about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Kennedy's AIDS who heard about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Kennedy's AIDS who heard about the
+project and came down and played a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and came down and played a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and came down and played a part
+and uh and then another friend of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and then another friend of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and then another friend of mine
+from New York who played uh Kennedy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from New York who played uh Kennedy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from New York who played uh Kennedy's
+other Aid actually um but uh it was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Aid actually um but uh it was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Aid actually um but uh it was all
+local actors you know local people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local actors you know local people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local actors you know local people you
+know local people most of them acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know local people most of them acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know local people most of them acting
+for the first time and uh yeah Jack fa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time and uh yeah Jack fa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time and uh yeah Jack fa
+who who was our Kennedy and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who was our Kennedy and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who was our Kennedy and when we
+called him up actually he got in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called him up actually he got in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called him up actually he got in the
+project sort of late because the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project sort of late because the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project sort of late because the the the
+original person we had playing the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original person we had playing the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original person we had playing the role
+um is he's a former coal miner now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is he's a former coal miner now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is he's a former coal miner now
+working as a nurse and and there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working as a nurse and and there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working as a nurse and and there were
+too much attrition in the nurses ranks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much attrition in the nurses ranks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much attrition in the nurses ranks
+and he couldn't get off the time so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he couldn't get off the time so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he couldn't get off the time so we
+called Jack who actually had done some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Jack who actually had done some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Jack who actually had done some
+Community Theater uh and one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Theater uh and one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Theater uh and one of our
+other cast members told him about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cast members told him about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cast members told him about it and
+he said well you know really I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said well you know really I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said well you know really I could
+probably do a better Teddy Kennedy than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do a better Teddy Kennedy than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do a better Teddy Kennedy than
+a Bobby Kennedy and uh but I said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Bobby Kennedy and uh but I said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Bobby Kennedy and uh but I said you
+know it wasn't it it wasn't about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it wasn't it it wasn't about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it wasn't it it wasn't about it
+wasn't about a localite contest you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't about a localite contest you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't about a localite contest you know
+it was about it was about Spirit that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was about it was about Spirit that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was about it was about Spirit that's
+what it was about so it was even better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was about so it was even better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was about so it was even better
+than he looked like tny K and uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than he looked like tny K and uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than he looked like tny K and uh but
+anyway they were all loc they were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway they were all loc they were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway they were all loc they were all
+local people and uh n Fields who worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local people and uh n Fields who worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local people and uh n Fields who worked
+on the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the project
+um is a is a there were four people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is a is a there were four people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is a is a there were four people that
+worked all the time uh Andre at browers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked all the time uh Andre at browers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked all the time uh Andre at browers
+Michael Hunt me and uh and Nell who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Hunt me and uh and Nell who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Hunt me and uh and Nell who's
+local person who's been been involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local person who's been been involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local person who's been been involved in
+the community forever and so she she and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community forever and so she she and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community forever and so she she and
+all of us worked really hard recruiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us worked really hard recruiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us worked really hard recruiting
+people but she has like incredible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but she has like incredible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but she has like incredible uh
+Street credentials in in the holler and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street credentials in in the holler and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street credentials in in the holler and
+so uh that helped us a lot in getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that helped us a lot in getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that helped us a lot in getting a
+cast together and we thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast together and we thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast together and we thought about
+switching switching cides at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching switching cides at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching switching cides at each
+location but and we could have but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location but and we could have but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location but and we could have but we
+didn't and I mean you know we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't and I mean you know we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't and I mean you know we had to
+rehearse uh you know we were drive like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearse uh you know we were drive like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearse uh you know we were drive like
+a 100 miles to rehears with some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 100 miles to rehears with some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 100 miles to rehears with some people
+up in Vortex and then over to Neon to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in Vortex and then over to Neon to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in Vortex and then over to Neon to do
+the other rehearsal and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other rehearsal and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other rehearsal and stuff
+another question yeah I'm curious about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question yeah I'm curious about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question yeah I'm curious about
+you mentioned app shop Kentucky I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned app shop Kentucky I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned app shop Kentucky I'm
+curious about how a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about how a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about how a little bit about
+them and how you work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and how you work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and how you work with
+them well apples shop is a uh also grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well apples shop is a uh also grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well apples shop is a uh also grew
+out of the world war on uh poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the world war on uh poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the world war on uh poverty
+actually there were like um Carl Perkins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there were like um Carl Perkins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there were like um Carl Perkins
+who traveled with with Kennedy on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who traveled with with Kennedy on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who traveled with with Kennedy on this
+whole tour was the 35-year congressman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole tour was the 35-year congressman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole tour was the 35-year congressman
+from uh from that area and he so he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from that area and he so he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from that area and he so he was
+pretty powerful in the Congress you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty powerful in the Congress you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty powerful in the Congress you know
+like per and he was really into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like per and he was really into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like per and he was really into
+technical education um like Perkins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical education um like Perkins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical education um like Perkins
+grants that you hear about are are named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grants that you hear about are are named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grants that you hear about are are named
+after him and um and he he uh and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after him and um and he he uh and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after him and um and he he uh and some
+other people they funded a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people they funded a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people they funded a certain
+number of video workshops film and video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of video workshops film and video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of video workshops film and video
+workshops around the country and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshops around the country and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshops around the country and they
+were all located in in inner cities with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all located in in inner cities with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all located in in inner cities with
+the notion that people would learn these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion that people would learn these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion that people would learn these
+skills and get good jobs but he got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills and get good jobs but he got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills and get good jobs but he got one
+for Eastern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Eastern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Eastern
+Kentucky uh which which was at Apples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kentucky uh which which was at Apples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kentucky uh which which was at Apples
+shop and um and or what became apples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop and um and or what became apples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop and um and or what became apples
+shop you know and uh but those guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop you know and uh but those guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop you know and uh but those guys
+decided uh as it evolved they decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided uh as it evolved they decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided uh as it evolved they decided
+Well they didn't want to leave they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well they didn't want to leave they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well they didn't want to leave they
+didn't want to leave Eastern Kentucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to leave Eastern Kentucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to leave Eastern Kentucky
+and uh and and like everyone else had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and and like everyone else had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and and like everyone else had to
+do to get a job they wanted to uh stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to get a job they wanted to uh stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to get a job they wanted to uh stay
+in the community and represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the community and represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the community and represent the
+community from the from their own point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community from the from their own point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community from the from their own point
+of view rather than being represented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view rather than being represented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view rather than being represented by
+camera Crews coming in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera Crews coming in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera Crews coming in from
+elsewhere and uh so now there're still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere and uh so now there're still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere and uh so now there're still a
+filmmakers collective they' made over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers collective they' made over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers collective they' made over
+100 documentaries there's a community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 documentaries there's a community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 documentaries there's a community
+radio station which you can get on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio station which you can get on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio station which you can get on the
+web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web
+WMT uh which is very eclectic Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WMT uh which is very eclectic Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WMT uh which is very eclectic Community
+radio so sometimes it's Bluegrass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio so sometimes it's Bluegrass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio so sometimes it's Bluegrass and
+sometimes it's democracy now and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's democracy now and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's democracy now and it's
+all kinds of stuff and uh and uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of stuff and uh and uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of stuff and uh and uh they
+have uh they do a lot of media training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh they do a lot of media training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh they do a lot of media training
+with youth um our project has been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with youth um our project has been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with youth um our project has been a
+project of apples shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project of apples shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project of apples shop
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and they have a traditional music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have a traditional music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have a traditional music
+project they have a music school in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project they have a music school in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project they have a music school in the
+summertime which would be definitely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summertime which would be definitely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summertime which would be definitely a
+nice way to spend a week in June
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way to spend a week in June
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way to spend a week in June
+so anybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay thanks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thanks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thanks a
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4sgPXcoN59w.txt b/4sgPXcoN59w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3302e2283a5c45e9a613d3b86328f43bf1544ca9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4sgPXcoN59w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so my primary research interest is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my primary research interest is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my primary research interest is in
+neutrino physics neutrinos are one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino physics neutrinos are one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino physics neutrinos are one of
+the standard model particles the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard model particles the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard model particles the thing
+that's interesting about neutrinos is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting about neutrinos is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting about neutrinos is
+that the standard model that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the standard model that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the standard model that we have
+tells us how particles are supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us how particles are supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us how particles are supposed to
+behave and the neutrinos are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave and the neutrinos are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave and the neutrinos are not
+following the rules of our standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the rules of our standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the rules of our standard
+model we don't completely understand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we don't completely understand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we don't completely understand why
+but it's one of our first clues that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's one of our first clues that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's one of our first clues that we
+have had of the particles that we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had of the particles that we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had of the particles that we really
+know and understand that there must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and understand that there must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and understand that there must be
+beyond the standard model physics so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the standard model physics so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the standard model physics so we
+are using that to try to look for beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using that to try to look for beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using that to try to look for beyond
+standard model physics and that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model physics and that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model physics and that's what I
+love to do
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4ysFC9vd3GE.txt b/4ysFC9vd3GE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f368b128141a6e746d163b31196c081b5cc1a122
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4ysFC9vd3GE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7050 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so welcome everybody my name is Jan Gd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome everybody my name is Jan Gd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome everybody my name is Jan Gd
+and assistant professor of physics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assistant professor of physics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assistant professor of physics in
+the physics department and I will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics department and I will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics department and I will be
+your instructor of this semester on ao3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instructor of this semester on ao3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instructor of this semester on ao3
+so of course one first question you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course one first question you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course one first question you have
+is why do we want to learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why do we want to learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why do we want to learn about
+vibrations and waves why do we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations and waves why do we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations and waves why do we learn
+about this why do we even care right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this why do we even care right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this why do we even care right the
+answer is really really simple if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is really really simple if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is really really simple if you
+look at this slide you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this slide you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this slide you can see that the
+reason you can follow this class it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you can follow this class it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you can follow this class it's
+because I am producing sound wave by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I am producing sound wave by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I am producing sound wave by
+oscillating the air and you can receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating the air and you can receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating the air and you can receive
+those sound waves and you can see me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sound waves and you can see me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sound waves and you can see me
+that's all really amazing by yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all really amazing by yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all really amazing by yourself
+because there are a lot of photons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are a lot of photons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are a lot of photons or
+electromagnetic waves they are bouncing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves they are bouncing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves they are bouncing
+around in this room and you I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in this room and you I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in this room and you I actually
+receive those electromagnetic waves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive those electromagnetic waves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive those electromagnetic waves and
+that translates it to your brain waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that translates it to your brain waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that translates it to your brain waves
+you start to think about well what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to think about well what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to think about well what is
+this instructors trying to tell you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instructors trying to tell you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instructors trying to tell you and
+of course all those things we learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course all those things we learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course all those things we learn from
+archery is closely connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archery is closely connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archery is closely connected to
+probability density waves which you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density waves which you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density waves which you will
+learn from AO for content quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from AO for content quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from AO for content quantum
+physics and the finally is also closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and the finally is also closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and the finally is also closely
+related to a recent discovery of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to a recent discovery of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to a recent discovery of the
+gravitational waves when we are sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational waves when we are sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational waves when we are sitting
+here maybe they are already some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe they are already some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe they are already some
+spacetime distortion already passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacetime distortion already passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacetime distortion already passing
+through our body and you don't feel it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our body and you don't feel it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our body and you don't feel it
+okay when I'm moving around like this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when I'm moving around like this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when I'm moving around like this I
+am creating also the gravitational waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am creating also the gravitational waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am creating also the gravitational waves
+but it's so small to be that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's so small to be that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's so small to be that okay so
+that's actually really cool so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually really cool so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually really cool so the
+take-home message is that we cannot even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take-home message is that we cannot even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take-home message is that we cannot even
+recognize the universe without using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the universe without using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the universe without using
+waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+and the vibrations so that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vibrations so that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vibrations so that's actually
+why we care about this subject and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we care about this subject and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we care about this subject and the
+last issue why this subject so cool even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last issue why this subject so cool even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last issue why this subject so cool even
+without quantum without any fancy names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without quantum without any fancy names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without quantum without any fancy names
+okay so what is actually the relation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is actually the relation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is actually the relation of
+a o3 to other class or other field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a o3 to other class or other field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a o3 to other class or other field of
+studies it's closely related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies it's closely related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies it's closely related to
+classical mechanics which I would use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics which I would use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics which I would use it
+immediately and I hope you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and I hope you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and I hope you still
+remember what you have learned from iyo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what you have learned from iyo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what you have learned from iyo
+to electromagnetic force is H because is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to electromagnetic force is H because is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to electromagnetic force is H because is
+related also and we are going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related also and we are going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related also and we are going to use the
+technique we learn from this class to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique we learn from this class to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique we learn from this class to
+understand optics quantum mechanics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand optics quantum mechanics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand optics quantum mechanics and
+also there are many many practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there are many many practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there are many many practical
+applications which you will learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications which you will learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications which you will learn from
+this course this is the concrete goal we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course this is the concrete goal we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course this is the concrete goal we
+care about the future of our space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the future of our space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the future of our space-time
+we would like to predict what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to predict what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to predict what is going
+to happen when we set up experiment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen when we set up experiment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen when we set up experiment we
+would like to design experiments which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to design experiments which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to design experiments which
+can improve our understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can improve our understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can improve our understanding of the
+nature but without using the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature but without using the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature but without using the most
+powerful tool is very very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tool is very very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tool is very very difficult to
+make progress so the most powerful tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make progress so the most powerful tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make progress so the most powerful tool
+we have is mathematics okay you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is mathematics okay you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is mathematics okay you will see
+that it really works in this class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really works in this class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really works in this class but
+the first thing which we have to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing which we have to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing which we have to learn
+is how to translate physical situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how to translate physical situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how to translate physical situations
+into mathematics so that we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into mathematics so that we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into mathematics so that we can actually
+employee this very really wonderful tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee this very really wonderful tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee this very really wonderful tool
+to help us to solve problems once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us to solve problems once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us to solve problems once we
+have that we will start to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that we will start to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that we will start to look at
+single harmonic oscillator then we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single harmonic oscillator then we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single harmonic oscillator then we try
+to cover all those oscillators together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover all those oscillators together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover all those oscillators together
+to see how they interact with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how they interact with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how they interact with each other
+finally we we go to infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we we go to infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we we go to infinite number of
+oscillators sounds scary but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators sounds scary but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators sounds scary but it's
+actually not that scary after all and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not that scary after all and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not that scary after all and we
+will see waves because waves are as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see waves because waves are as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see waves because waves are as
+coming from any number of isolating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from any number of isolating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from any number of isolating
+particles if you think about it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles if you think about it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles if you think about it okay
+then we will do food at the composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will do food at the composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will do food at the composition
+of waves to see what we can learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of waves to see what we can learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of waves to see what we can learn about
+it we learn how to put together physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we learn how to put together physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we learn how to put together physical
+systems that brings us to the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that brings us to the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that brings us to the issue of
+boundary conditions and we will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions and we will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions and we will also
+enjoy what we have learned by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy what we have learned by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy what we have learned by looking at
+the phenomena related to electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomena related to electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomena related to electromagnetic
+waves and practical application and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and practical application and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and practical application and
+optics okay do any questions if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics okay do any questions if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics okay do any questions if you have
+any questions please stop me any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions please stop me any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions please stop me any time
+okay so if you don't stop me and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you don't stop me and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you don't stop me and I'm
+going to continue and talking okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue and talking okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue and talking okay okay
+so that's get started so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's get started so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's get started so the first
+example the concrete example I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the concrete example I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the concrete example I'm going
+to talk about is a spring block massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about is a spring block massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about is a spring block massive
+block system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block system
+okay so this is actually what I have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is actually what I have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is actually what I have on
+that a table so basically I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a table so basically I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a table so basically I have a
+highly idealized the spring this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly idealized the spring this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly idealized the spring this is
+ideal spring with spring constant K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal spring with spring constant K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal spring with spring constant K and
+the natural length l0 okay so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural length l0 okay so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural length l0 okay so that is
+actually what I have and at T equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what I have and at T equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what I have and at T equal to
+zero okay at T equal to zero what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay at T equal to zero what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay at T equal to zero what I'm
+going to do is I am going to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I am going to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I am going to actually
+move this mass a little bit and I hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this mass a little bit and I hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this mass a little bit and I hold
+this mass still and release that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mass still and release that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mass still and release that really
+carefully okay so that is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully okay so that is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully okay so that is actually the
+experiment which I am going to do and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment which I am going to do and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment which I am going to do and we
+were wondering what is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were wondering what is going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were wondering what is going to happen
+afterward with a well the the mass as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward with a well the the mass as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward with a well the the mass as
+you move where they stay there where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move where they stay there where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move where they stay there where you
+just disappear I don't know before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just disappear I don't know before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just disappear I don't know before I
+solve this question okay now I have put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this question okay now I have put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this question okay now I have put
+together a concrete question to you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a concrete question to you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a concrete question to you but
+I don't know how to proceed because okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how to proceed because okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how to proceed because okay
+you say everything words what I am going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say everything words what I am going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say everything words what I am going
+to do I mean I don't know right so as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do I mean I don't know right so as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do I mean I don't know right so as I
+mentioned before there is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before there is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before there is a pretty
+powerful tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tool
+mathematics right so I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics right so I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics right so I'm going to use
+that okay even though I don't know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay even though I don't know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay even though I don't know why
+mathematics can work have you thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics can work have you thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics can work have you thought
+about it okay so that's try it and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it okay so that's try it and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it okay so that's try it and see
+how we can make progress so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can make progress so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can make progress so the first
+thing which you can do okay in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which you can do okay in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which you can do okay in order to
+make progress is to define a coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make progress is to define a coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make progress is to define a coordinate
+system okay so here I define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so here I define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so here I define a
+coordinate system which is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system which is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system which is in the
+horizontal direction is the X direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal direction is the X direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal direction is the X direction
+and the X equal to 0 the origin is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the X equal to 0 the origin is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the X equal to 0 the origin is the
+price which the spring is not stretched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price which the spring is not stretched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price which the spring is not stretched
+is that it is natural lens that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it is natural lens that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it is natural lens that's
+actually what I defined as X equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what I defined as X equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what I defined as X equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+and once I define this I can now express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once I define this I can now express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once I define this I can now express
+what is actually the initial position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is actually the initial position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is actually the initial position of
+the mass by this coordinate system X 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass by this coordinate system X 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass by this coordinate system X 0
+it can be expressed as X initial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be expressed as X initial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be expressed as X initial and
+also initially I said that this mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also initially I said that this mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also initially I said that this mass is
+not moving therefore the velocity at 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving therefore the velocity at 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving therefore the velocity at 0
+is still okay so now I can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still okay so now I can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still okay so now I can also
+formulate my question really concretely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate my question really concretely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate my question really concretely
+with some mathematics basically you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some mathematics basically you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some mathematics basically you can
+see that at time equal to T I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that at time equal to T I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that at time equal to T I was
+wondering where is this mass so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering where is this mass so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering where is this mass so actually
+the question is what is as X as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what is as X as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what is as X as a
+function P okay so you can see that once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function P okay so you can see that once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function P okay so you can see that once
+you I have the mathematics to help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I have the mathematics to help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I have the mathematics to help me
+everything become pretty simple so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything become pretty simple so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything become pretty simple so once
+I have those defined I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have those defined I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have those defined I would like to
+predict what is going to happen at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what is going to happen at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what is going to happen at time
+equal to T therefore I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to T therefore I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to T therefore I would like to
+make use physical laws right so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use physical laws right so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use physical laws right so actually
+help me to stop this puppet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me to stop this puppet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me to stop this puppet so
+apparently what we are going to use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently what we are going to use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently what we are going to use is
+Newton's law and I'm going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's law and I'm going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's law and I'm going to go through
+this example really really slowly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example really really slowly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example really really slowly so
+that everybody is on the same page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody is on the same page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody is on the same page
+so the first thing which I usually do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing which I usually do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing which I usually do is
+now I would like to do a force diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I would like to do a force diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I would like to do a force diagram
+analysis okay so I have this mass this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis okay so I have this mass this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis okay so I have this mass this
+setup is on the earth and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup is on the earth and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup is on the earth and the question
+is how many force how many forces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how many force how many forces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how many force how many forces are
+acting on this mass can anybody answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on this mass can anybody answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on this mass can anybody answer
+my question to any different sorry okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question to any different sorry okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question to any different sorry okay
+very good so we have two and three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so we have two and three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so we have two and three and
+the answer is actually three okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is actually three okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is actually three okay so
+look at this same Union and the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this same Union and the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this same Union and the product
+here so this is you the most difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is you the most difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is you the most difficult
+part of the question actually so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the question actually so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the question actually so once
+you pass this step everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pass this step everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pass this step everything is
+straight forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight forward
+it's just mathematics okay it's not my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just mathematics okay it's not my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just mathematics okay it's not my
+problem anymore but the maths Department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem anymore but the maths Department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem anymore but the maths Department
+they have problems okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have problems okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have problems okay
+all right so now let's look at this mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now let's look at this mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now let's look at this mess
+okay there are three force the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are three force the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are three force the first one
+as you mentioned correctly is f spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you mentioned correctly is f spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you mentioned correctly is f spring
+okay it's putting the mass and since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's putting the mass and since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's putting the mass and since we
+are working on earth okay we have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are working on earth okay we have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are working on earth okay we have not
+yet moved the whole class to moon or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet moved the whole class to moon or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet moved the whole class to moon or
+somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else
+but there will be gravitational force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there will be gravitational force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there will be gravitational force
+pointing downward okay but this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing downward okay but this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing downward okay but this thing is
+actually putting this whole set up is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually putting this whole set up is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually putting this whole set up is on
+a table of friction this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table of friction this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table of friction this table
+therefore there will be no more force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore there will be no more force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore there will be no more force
+right so don't forget this one there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so don't forget this one there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so don't forget this one there
+will be normal force so the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be normal force so the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be normal force so the answer is
+that we have three forces okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have three forces okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have three forces okay
+the normal force is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal force is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal force is actually a
+complicated subject which you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated subject which you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated subject which you need to
+understand that with quantum physics a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that with quantum physics a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that with quantum physics a
+shooting okay okay so now I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting okay okay so now I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting okay okay so now I have the
+three force and now I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three force and now I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three force and now I can actually
+calculate the total force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the total force F F is equal to FS plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total force F F is equal to FS plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total force F F is equal to FS plus
+F n Pass okay so since we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F n Pass okay so since we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F n Pass okay so since we know that the
+mass okay it's moving in the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass okay it's moving in the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass okay it's moving in the horizontal
+direction the mass didn't suddenly jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the mass didn't suddenly jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the mass didn't suddenly jump
+and disappear right so it's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disappear right so it's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disappear right so it's there
+therefore we know that the normal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we know that the normal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we know that the normal force
+is issue D equal to minus FG which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is issue D equal to minus FG which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is issue D equal to minus FG which is
+actually mg in the Y direction and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mg in the Y direction and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mg in the Y direction and here
+I define Y is actually pointing up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I define Y is actually pointing up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I define Y is actually pointing up and
+the X is pointing to the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X is pointing to the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X is pointing to the right hand side
+okay therefore what this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay therefore what this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay therefore what this is going to
+happen is that the total force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that the total force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that the total force is
+actually just FS okay and this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just FS okay and this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just FS okay and this is equal
+to minus K which is the spring constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus K which is the spring constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus K which is the spring constant
+and X which is the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X which is the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X which is the position of the
+little mass at time equal to P okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mass at time equal to P okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mass at time equal to P okay so
+once we have those once we have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have those once we have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have those once we have those
+forces and the total force actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and the total force actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and the total force actually we
+can use Newton's law so f is equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use Newton's law so f is equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use Newton's law so f is equal to a
+and this is actually equal to n t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually equal to n t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually equal to n t
+squared XT DT squared in the X direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared XT DT squared in the X direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared XT DT squared in the X direction
+and that is actually equal to n X double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is actually equal to n X double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is actually equal to n X double
+dot G X so here is the my notation I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot G X so here is the my notation I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot G X so here is the my notation I'm
+going to use each of the dot it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use each of the dot it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use each of the dot it's
+actually differentiation with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually differentiation with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually differentiation with respect to
+two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay
+so so this is actually equal to minus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is actually equal to minus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is actually equal to minus K
+X T in the X direction so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X T in the X direction so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X T in the X direction so you can see
+that here essentially what you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here essentially what you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here essentially what you already
+know about Newton's law and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about Newton's law and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about Newton's law and that is
+actually coming from the force analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually coming from the force analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually coming from the force analysis
+okay so in this example it's simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this example it's simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this example it's simple
+enough such that you can write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough such that you can write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough such that you can write it down
+immediately but in the later examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately but in the later examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately but in the later examples
+since we've got very complicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we've got very complicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we've got very complicated and
+things will be slightly more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will be slightly more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will be slightly more difficult
+therefore you'll really need help from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you'll really need help from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you'll really need help from
+the force diagram okay so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force diagram okay so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force diagram okay so now we have
+everything in the X Direction therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the X Direction therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the X Direction therefore
+I can drop the X hat therefore finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can drop the X hat therefore finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can drop the X hat therefore finally
+my equation of motion is X double dot T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my equation of motion is X double dot T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my equation of motion is X double dot T
+and this is equal to minus K over N X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to minus K over N X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to minus K over N X of
+T okay to make my life easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay to make my life easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay to make my life easier
+okay I am going to define Omega equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I am going to define Omega equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I am going to define Omega equal to
+square root of K over N okay you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of K over N okay you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of K over N okay you will
+see why afterward okay it looks really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why afterward okay it looks really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why afterward okay it looks really
+weird why professor D wants to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird why professor D wants to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird why professor D wants to do this
+but afterwards you will see that Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but afterwards you will see that Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but afterwards you will see that Omega
+really have a meaning and that is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a meaning and that is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a meaning and that is equal
+to minus Omega square X okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus Omega square X okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus Omega square X okay so we have
+solved this problem actually right as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved this problem actually right as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved this problem actually right as a
+physicist okay now the problem is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist okay now the problem is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist okay now the problem is what
+essentially the solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the solution to this
+differential second-order differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential second-order differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential second-order differential
+equation and as I mentioned this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and as I mentioned this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and as I mentioned this is
+actually not the content of ao3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not the content of ao3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not the content of ao3
+actually is the content of 1803 maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is the content of 1803 maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is the content of 1803 maybe
+okay how many of you actually have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many of you actually have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many of you actually have taken
+1803 who everybody knows the solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1803 who everybody knows the solution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1803 who everybody knows the solution so
+very good and safe okay so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good and safe okay so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good and safe okay so what is the
+solution the solution is X of T equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the solution is X of T equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the solution is X of T equal to
+a cosine Omega T plus P sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine Omega T plus P sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine Omega T plus P sine
+Omega T so my friends from the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T so my friends from the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T so my friends from the math
+department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department
+tell me secretly that this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me secretly that this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me secretly that this is actually
+the solution okay and I trust him okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution okay and I trust him okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution okay and I trust him okay
+he know her okay so that's really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he know her okay so that's really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he know her okay so that's really nice
+now I have the solution and how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have the solution and how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have the solution and how do I
+know this is the only solution how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is the only solution how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is the only solution how do I
+know actually there are two unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know actually there are two unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know actually there are two unknowns
+right just or to remind you about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just or to remind you about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just or to remind you about what
+you have learned there are two unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have learned there are two unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have learned there are two unknowns
+and if you practice its seen into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you practice its seen into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you practice its seen into this
+equation you satisfy that equation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you satisfy that equation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you satisfy that equation okay
+if you don't trust me you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't trust me you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't trust me you can do it
+after outline it's always good to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after outline it's always good to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after outline it's always good to check
+okay so to make sure that I didn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to make sure that I didn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to make sure that I didn't make
+a mistake but that's very good news so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mistake but that's very good news so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mistake but that's very good news so
+that means we will have a two unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we will have a two unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we will have a two unknowns
+and also is satisfied the the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also is satisfied the the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also is satisfied the the equation
+so by uniqueness theorem this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by uniqueness theorem this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by uniqueness theorem this is
+actually the one and the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the one and the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the one and the only one
+solution in my universe also yours which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in my universe also yours which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in my universe also yours which
+satisfied the equation okay so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied the equation okay so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied the equation okay so because
+of the uniqueness theorem okay so I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uniqueness theorem okay so I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uniqueness theorem okay so I hope
+I have convinced you that we have solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have convinced you that we have solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have convinced you that we have solved
+this equation so now I take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation so now I take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation so now I take my
+physicists head back and now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists head back and now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists head back and now is
+essentially my job again so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially my job again so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially my job again so now we have
+the solution and we need to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution and we need to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution and we need to determine
+what essentially these two unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what essentially these two unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what essentially these two unknown
+coefficients so what I'm going to use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so what I'm going to use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so what I'm going to use is
+to use the two initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+okay the first initial condition is s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first initial condition is s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first initial condition is s of
+0 equal to X initial the second one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 equal to X initial the second one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 equal to X initial the second one is
+that since I'd released this mass read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since I'd released this mass read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since I'd released this mass read
+it really carefully with and initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really carefully with and initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really carefully with and initial
+velocity is zero therefore I have X dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is zero therefore I have X dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is zero therefore I have X dot
+0 equal to 0 ok from from this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 equal to 0 ok from from this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 equal to 0 ok from from this you can
+solve practice to condition in to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve practice to condition in to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve practice to condition in to this
+equation you can actually figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you can actually figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you can actually figure out
+that a is equal to X initial okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is equal to X initial okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is equal to X initial okay and
+the P is equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P is equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P is equal to 0
+any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay very good so now we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very good so now we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very good so now we have the
+solution so finally what is there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so finally what is there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so finally what is there in the
+solution the solution we get is X of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the solution we get is X of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the solution we get is X of T
+equal to X initial cosine Omega T okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X initial cosine Omega T okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X initial cosine Omega T okay
+so this is actually the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually the amplitude of the
+oscillation and this is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and this is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and this is actually the
+angular velocity okay so you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity okay so you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity okay so you may be
+asking why angular where is the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking why angular where is the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking why angular where is the angular
+coming from right because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from right because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from right because this is
+actually a one-dimensional motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a one-dimensional motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a one-dimensional motion and
+where's the end angular velocity coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the end angular velocity coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the end angular velocity coming
+from and I will ever explain that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and I will ever explain that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and I will ever explain that in the
+later lecture the part of the lecture ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later lecture the part of the lecture ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later lecture the part of the lecture ok
+and also this is really a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also this is really a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also this is really a harmonic
+oscillation so what we are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation so what we are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation so what we are actually
+pretty thing is that this mass is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty thing is that this mass is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty thing is that this mass is going
+to do this ok have a fixed amplitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this ok have a fixed amplitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this ok have a fixed amplitude and
+they essentially going to go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they essentially going to go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they essentially going to go back and
+forth with the angular frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth with the angular frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth with the angular frequency of
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+okay so we can now do a experiment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can now do a experiment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can now do a experiment to
+verify if this is actually really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify if this is actually really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify if this is actually really the
+case okay so there's a small difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay so there's a small difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay so there's a small difference
+there's another spring here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another spring here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another spring here but
+essentially the solution would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the solution would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the solution would be very
+very similar you will you may get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar you will you may get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar you will you may get this
+in in the you know pset or for exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the you know pset or for exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the you know pset or for exam
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+so now I can turn on the air so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I can turn on the air so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I can turn on the air so that I
+make this surface friction this and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this surface friction this and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this surface friction this and and
+you can see that now I actually move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that now I actually move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that now I actually move
+this thing slightly away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing slightly away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing slightly away from the
+equilibrium position and I'd release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position and I'd release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position and I'd release
+that carefully so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carefully so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carefully so you can see that
+really it's actually going back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's actually going back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's actually going back and
+forth harmonically okay I can I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth harmonically okay I can I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth harmonically okay I can I can
+change the Embry to and see what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the Embry to and see what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the Embry to and see what will
+happen whoa the amplitudes becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen whoa the amplitudes becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen whoa the amplitudes becoming
+bigger and you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and you can see that the
+oscillation amplitude is really depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation amplitude is really depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation amplitude is really depends
+on where you put that initially which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on where you put that initially which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on where you put that initially which is
+paired to the equilibrium position I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired to the equilibrium position I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired to the equilibrium position I can
+actually make a small amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make a small amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make a small amplitude
+oscillation also now you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation also now you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation also now you can see that
+now the amplitude is small but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the amplitude is small but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the amplitude is small but still
+oscillating back and forth okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating back and forth okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating back and forth okay so
+that's very encouraging let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very encouraging let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very encouraging let's take
+another example which I actually rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example which I actually rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example which I actually rotate
+the whole thing by 90 degree okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing by 90 degree okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing by 90 degree okay you
+are going to get a question about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to get a question about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to get a question about this
+system in your pset the amazing thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in your pset the amazing thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in your pset the amazing thing is
+that the solution is the same ooh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the solution is the same ooh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the solution is the same ooh what
+is that and if you don't believe me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that and if you don't believe me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that and if you don't believe me that
+mean to the experiment okay I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to the experiment okay I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to the experiment okay I actually
+shift the position okay I change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the position okay I change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the position okay I change the
+position and I reduce that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and I reduce that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and I reduce that really
+carefully you see that this mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully you see that this mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully you see that this mass is
+oscillating up and down the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating up and down the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating up and down the amplitude
+did not change the frequency did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not change the frequency did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not change the frequency did not
+change as a function of time it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change as a function of time it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change as a function of time it really
+mad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad
+with the solution we found here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the solution we found here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the solution we found here it's
+true the amazing no the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the amazing no the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the amazing no the problem is that
+we are so used to this already you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are so used to this already you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are so used to this already you have
+seen this maybe a hundred times before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this maybe a hundred times before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this maybe a hundred times before
+my lecture so therefore you got so used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lecture so therefore you got so used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lecture so therefore you got so used
+to this there for you when I say okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this there for you when I say okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this there for you when I say okay I
+make a petition this what happened you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a petition this what happened you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a petition this what happened you
+are just so used to this or you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just so used to this or you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just so used to this or you don't
+feel the excitement but for me after I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel the excitement but for me after I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel the excitement but for me after I
+teach this class so many times I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach this class so many times I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach this class so many times I still
+find this thing really amazing why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this thing really amazing why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this thing really amazing why is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+this means that actually mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that actually mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that actually mathematics
+really works first of all that means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really works first of all that means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really works first of all that means we
+can use the same tool for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the same tool for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the same tool for the
+understanding of gravitational waves for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of gravitational waves for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of gravitational waves for
+the prediction of the higgs boson for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction of the higgs boson for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction of the higgs boson for
+the calculation of the property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation of the property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation of the property of
+laQuan plasma in the early universe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laQuan plasma in the early universe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laQuan plasma in the early universe and
+also at the same time the motion out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also at the same time the motion out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also at the same time the motion out of
+this spring mass system we actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spring mass system we actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spring mass system we actually use
+always the same tool the mathematics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the same tool the mathematics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the same tool the mathematics to
+understand this system and nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this system and nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this system and nobody
+understand why if you understand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why if you understand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why if you understand why
+please tell me I would like to know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please tell me I would like to know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please tell me I would like to know I
+would be very proud of you learn it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very proud of you learn it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very proud of you learn it the
+cut said once but in my opinion all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut said once but in my opinion all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut said once but in my opinion all
+things in nature occur mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in nature occur mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in nature occur mathematically
+apparently his right Albert Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently his right Albert Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently his right Albert Einstein
+also once said the most incomprehensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also once said the most incomprehensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also once said the most incomprehensible
+thing about the universe is that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the universe is that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the universe is that it is
+comprehensible so I always say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensible so I always say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensible so I always say this is
+really something really we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really something really we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really something really we need to
+appreciate and I really need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate and I really need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate and I really need to think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+why this is the case any questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is the case any questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is the case any questions okay
+so you may say come on this is we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may say come on this is we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may say come on this is we just
+solve the problem of ideal spring right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem of ideal spring right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem of ideal spring right
+who cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares
+it's so so simple so easy and you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so so simple so easy and you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so so simple so easy and you are
+making really a big thing out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making really a big thing out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making really a big thing out of this
+right but actually what we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but actually what we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but actually what we have been
+solving is really really much more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving is really really much more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving is really really much more than
+that this equation is actually much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this equation is actually much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this equation is actually much more
+than just a spring mass system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just a spring mass system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just a spring mass system okay
+actually if you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you think about this
+question carefully there's really no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question carefully there's really no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question carefully there's really no
+Hookes law forever right Hookes law will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hookes law forever right Hookes law will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hookes law forever right Hookes law will
+give you a potential proportional to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a potential proportional to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a potential proportional to x
+squared and if you are so far away you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and if you are so far away you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and if you are so far away you
+push the spool of spring so already if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the spool of spring so already if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the spool of spring so already if
+really you know hard it can store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know hard it can store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know hard it can store the
+energy of the whole universe does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the whole universe does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the whole universe does that
+make sense no right some point is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense no right some point is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense no right some point is to
+break down right so there's really no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down right so there's really no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down right so there's really no
+Hookes law but this also Hookes law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hookes law but this also Hookes law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hookes law but this also Hookes law
+everywhere right if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere right if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere right if you look at this
+system it follows the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it follows the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it follows the harmonic
+oscillation if we look at this system I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation if we look at this system I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation if we look at this system I
+perturb this it goes back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb this it goes back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb this it goes back and forth
+right it's almost like everywhere why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's almost like everywhere why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's almost like everywhere why is
+this the case I'm trying to I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the case I'm trying to I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the case I'm trying to I'm going to
+answer this question immediately so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this question immediately so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this question immediately so
+let's take a look at example so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at example so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at example so if I
+consider a potential this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a potential this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a potential this is an
+artificial potential which you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial potential which you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial potential which you can find
+in George's book okay so B is equal to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in George's book okay so B is equal to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in George's book okay so B is equal to e
+times L over X plus X over L and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times L over X plus X over L and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times L over X plus X over L and if you
+practice as a function of X then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice as a function of X then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice as a function of X then
+basically you get this funny shape okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you get this funny shape okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you get this funny shape okay
+it's not like proportional to x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like proportional to x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like proportional to x squared
+therefore you will see that okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you will see that okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you will see that okay the
+resulting motion of the particle if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting motion of the particle if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting motion of the particle if I
+put a particle in this potential it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a particle in this potential it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a particle in this potential it's
+not going to be harmonic motion okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be harmonic motion okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be harmonic motion okay
+but if I join in drilling in and ruining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I join in drilling in and ruining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I join in drilling in and ruining
+and basically you will see that if I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically you will see that if I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically you will see that if I am
+patient enough i drooling enough you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient enough i drooling enough you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient enough i drooling enough you see
+the ha this is a parabola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ha this is a parabola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ha this is a parabola
+again you follow Hookes law okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you follow Hookes law okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you follow Hookes law okay so that
+is actually really cool so if I consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually really cool so if I consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually really cool so if I consider
+a arbitrary we of X okay we can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a arbitrary we of X okay we can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a arbitrary we of X okay we can do a
+Taylor expansion okay to this potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor expansion okay to this potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor expansion okay to this potential
+so basically the V of X will be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the V of X will be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the V of X will be equal to
+the 0 plus the prong 0 divided by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0 plus the prong 0 divided by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0 plus the prong 0 divided by 1
+factorial times X plus 3 double prong 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial times X plus 3 double prong 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial times X plus 3 double prong 0
+over 2 factorial x squared plus 3 triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 factorial x squared plus 3 triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 factorial x squared plus 3 triple
+prime 0 divided by 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime 0 divided by 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime 0 divided by 3
+toriel X plus infinite number of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toriel X plus infinite number of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toriel X plus infinite number of times
+and we 0 is the position of where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we 0 is the position of where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we 0 is the position of where you
+have minimum potential okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minimum potential okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minimum potential okay so that's
+actually where the equilibrium position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually where the equilibrium position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually where the equilibrium position
+is okay so in my coordinate system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so in my coordinate system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so in my coordinate system okay
+it's the same as the coordinate system I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same as the coordinate system I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same as the coordinate system I
+use for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for the
+so in the spring mass question okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the spring mass question okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the spring mass question okay so
+if I calculate the force the force F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I calculate the force the force F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I calculate the force the force F of
+X will be equal to minus D DX V of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X will be equal to minus D DX V of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X will be equal to minus D DX V of X and
+that will be equal to minus V from the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be equal to minus V from the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be equal to minus V from the V
+prime 0 minus V double prime 0 X minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime 0 minus V double prime 0 X minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime 0 minus V double prime 0 X minus 1
+over 2 we doubled triple prime 0 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 we doubled triple prime 0 x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 we doubled triple prime 0 x
+squared plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus
+many other turns okay since I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other turns okay since I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other turns okay since I have
+mentioned that we of zero debris of 0 B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that we of zero debris of 0 B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that we of zero debris of 0 B
+X we opt zero is actually the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X we opt zero is actually the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X we opt zero is actually the position
+of the minima right there for the prong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the minima right there for the prong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the minima right there for the prong
+of the Rock will be equal to zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Rock will be equal to zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Rock will be equal to zero okay
+therefore this turn is coming so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this turn is coming so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this turn is coming so what is
+issued up over is the remaining turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued up over is the remaining turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued up over is the remaining turns
+here okay now if I assume that X is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay now if I assume that X is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay now if I assume that X is very
+small what is going to happen anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small what is going to happen anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small what is going to happen anybody
+know when X is very small what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when X is very small what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when X is very small what is going
+to happen and body have the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so when X is very small he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so when X is very small he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so when X is very small he said
+that the higher order terms or becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the higher order terms or becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the higher order terms or becomes
+negligible okay so that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible okay so that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible okay so that is actually
+correct so when X is very small then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so when X is very small then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so when X is very small then I
+only need to consider the leading order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to consider the leading order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to consider the leading order
+term but how small is the question right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but how small is the question right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but how small is the question right
+how small is small actually what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how small is small actually what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how small is small actually what you can
+do is to take the ratio between between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to take the ratio between between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to take the ratio between between
+these two times right so if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two times right so if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two times right so if you take the
+ratio then basically you get a condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio then basically you get a condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio then basically you get a condition
+X we triple dot the Rope should be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X we triple dot the Rope should be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X we triple dot the Rope should be much
+smaller then we double Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that is issue the condition which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is issue the condition which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is issue the condition which is
+required to satisfy it so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to satisfy it so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to satisfy it so that we
+actually can ignore all the highroad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can ignore all the highroad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can ignore all the highroad
+attachment then the whole question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment then the whole question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment then the whole question
+becomes f of X equal to minus V double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes f of X equal to minus V double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes f of X equal to minus V double
+prime 0 X and that is actually Hookes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime 0 X and that is actually Hookes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime 0 X and that is actually Hookes
+law so you can see that first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so you can see that first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so you can see that first of all
+there's no Hookes law in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Hookes law in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Hookes law in general
+secondly Hookes law is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly Hookes law is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly Hookes law is actually
+applicable almost everywhere when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable almost everywhere when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable almost everywhere when you
+have a well-behaved potential and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a well-behaved potential and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a well-behaved potential and if you
+only perturb the system really slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only perturb the system really slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only perturb the system really slightly
+with very small amplitude then he always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very small amplitude then he always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very small amplitude then he always
+works so what I would like to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so what I would like to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so what I would like to say is
+that after we have done this exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after we have done this exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after we have done this exercise
+you see that actually we have solved all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that actually we have solved all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that actually we have solved all
+the possible systems okay which have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible systems okay which have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible systems okay which have a
+well behaved behaved potential it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well behaved behaved potential it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well behaved behaved potential it has a
+minimum and if I have the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and if I have the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and if I have the amplitude
+small enough then the system is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough then the system is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough then the system is going to
+do simple harmonic oscillation any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do simple harmonic oscillation any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do simple harmonic oscillation any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay no question then we'll continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no question then we'll continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no question then we'll continue
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's come back to this equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's come back to this equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's come back to this equation of
+motion X double dot plus Omega square X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion X double dot plus Omega square X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion X double dot plus Omega square X
+this is equal to zero there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to zero there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to zero there are two
+important properties of this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important properties of this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important properties of this linear
+equation of motion okay the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion okay the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion okay the first one is
+that if X 1 if X 1 of T and X 2 of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if X 1 if X 1 of T and X 2 of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if X 1 if X 1 of T and X 2 of T
+oppose solutions then X 1 2 pushes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppose solutions then X 1 2 pushes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppose solutions then X 1 2 pushes the
+superposition of the first a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of the first a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of the first a second
+solution is also a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the second thing which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing which is very
+interesting about this equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this equation of
+motion is that there's a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is that there's a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is that there's a change
+translation imbalance so this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation imbalance so this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation imbalance so this means that
+if X of T is a solution then XT prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if X of T is a solution then XT prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if X of T is a solution then XT prime
+equal to X T plus a it's also a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X T plus a it's also a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X T plus a it's also a solution
+okay so that is really cool because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is really cool because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is really cool because that
+means if I change T equal to zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I change T equal to zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I change T equal to zero okay
+so I shift the zero time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I shift the zero time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I shift the zero time okay
+the whole physics did not change so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole physics did not change so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole physics did not change so this
+is actually because of the chain duel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually because of the chain duel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually because of the chain duel so
+if you have this chain though or T X T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have this chain though or T X T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have this chain though or T X T
+plus a PT that is equal to t t plus a PT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a PT that is equal to t t plus a PT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a PT that is equal to t t plus a PT
+t x three-prong TT prime evaluated at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t x three-prong TT prime evaluated at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t x three-prong TT prime evaluated at T
+prime equal to t plus a and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime equal to t plus a and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime equal to t plus a and that is
+equal to T X T Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t prime equal to P positive so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t prime equal to P positive so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t prime equal to P positive so that
+means if I have changed that the T equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I have changed that the T equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I have changed that the T equal
+to zero to a Dupre's okay the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero to a Dupre's okay the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero to a Dupre's okay the whole
+equation of motion is still the same on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion is still the same on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion is still the same on
+the other hand if the K or say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if the K or say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if the K or say the
+potential is time-dependent then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is time-dependent then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is time-dependent then that
+may break this symmetry okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may break this symmetry okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may break this symmetry okay any
+questions okay so before we take a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so before we take a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so before we take a few
+minute break a five minute break I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute break a five minute break I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute break a five minute break I would
+like to discuss further about this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to discuss further about this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to discuss further about this point
+this linear and the nonlinear effect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear and the nonlinear effect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear and the nonlinear effect so
+you can see that the force is linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the force is linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the force is linearly
+dependent on X right but what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on X right but what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on X right but what will
+happen if I increase X more something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if I increase X more something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if I increase X more something
+will happen that means the higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen that means the higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen that means the higher order
+turn should also be taken into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn should also be taken into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn should also be taken into account
+carefully okay so that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully okay so that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully okay so that means the
+solution of this kind X initial cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of this kind X initial cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of this kind X initial cosine
+Omega T will not work perfectly okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T will not work perfectly okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T will not work perfectly okay in
+ao3 we only consider the linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ao3 we only consider the linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ao3 we only consider the linear time
+most of the time but actually I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time but actually I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time but actually I would
+like to make sure that everybody at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to make sure that everybody at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to make sure that everybody at this
+point the higher-order contribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the higher-order contribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the higher-order contribution is
+actually visible in our daily life so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually visible in our daily life so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually visible in our daily life so
+that means actually give you a concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means actually give you a concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means actually give you a concrete
+example so so here I have two pendulums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so so here I have two pendulums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so so here I have two pendulums
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so I can now perturb this pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can now perturb this pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can now perturb this pendulum
+slightly and you will see that huh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly and you will see that huh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly and you will see that huh it
+goes back and forth and following simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back and forth and following simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back and forth and following simple
+harmonic motion okay so if I have Bose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic motion okay so if I have Bose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic motion okay so if I have Bose
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+sorry oscillating and we small amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oscillating and we small amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oscillating and we small amplitude
+what is going to happen is that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen is that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen is that both
+pendulums reach maximum amplitude at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulums reach maximum amplitude at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulums reach maximum amplitude at the
+same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time
+you can see see that very clearly okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see see that very clearly okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see see that very clearly okay I
+don't need to do this for thee you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to do this for thee you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to do this for thee you see
+that they always reach Maxima at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they always reach Maxima at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they always reach Maxima at the
+same time when the amplitude is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time when the amplitude is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time when the amplitude is small
+why that is because the higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is because the higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is because the higher order
+terms are not important okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are not important okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are not important okay so now
+let's do an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do an experiment
+and now I go crazy I make the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I go crazy I make the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I go crazy I make the amplitude
+very very large so that I break that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very large so that I break that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very large so that I break that
+approximation okay so that see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation okay so that see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation okay so that see what
+happened so now I do this then I release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened so now I do this then I release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened so now I do this then I release
+them at the same time and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at the same time and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at the same time and see what
+happened you see that are originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened you see that are originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened you see that are originally
+they are in phase they are reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in phase they are reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in phase they are reaching
+Maxima at the same time but if we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima at the same time but if we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima at the same time but if we are
+patient enough if you see that now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient enough if you see that now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient enough if you see that now they
+are oscillation is oscillating actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oscillation is oscillating actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oscillation is oscillating actually
+at different frequency okay originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different frequency okay originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different frequency okay originally
+the solution the Omega is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution the Omega is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution the Omega is really
+independent of the amplitude right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the amplitude right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the amplitude right so
+they should actually be oscillating at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should actually be oscillating at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should actually be oscillating at
+the same frequency but here you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same frequency but here you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same frequency but here you can see
+here when you increase the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when you increase the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when you increase the amplitude
+then you need to consider also the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to consider also the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to consider also the long
+linear if at okay so any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear if at okay so any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear if at okay so any questions
+before we take a five-minute break okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we take a five-minute break okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we take a five-minute break okay
+so if not then we will take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if not then we will take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if not then we will take a
+five-minute break and we come back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-minute break and we come back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-minute break and we come back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so welcome back everybody so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome back everybody so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome back everybody so we will
+continue the discussion of this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the discussion of this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the discussion of this equation
+of motion X double dot plus Omega square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion X double dot plus Omega square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion X double dot plus Omega square
+X equal to zero okay so there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X equal to zero okay so there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X equal to zero okay so there are three
+possible way to write the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible way to write the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible way to write the solution to
+this equation so the first one as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation so the first one as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation so the first one as I
+mentioned before X of T equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before X of T equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before X of T equal to a
+cosine Omega T plus P sine Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T plus P sine Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T plus P sine Omega T
+alright so this is the functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so this is the functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so this is the functional form
+we have been using before and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been using before and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been using before and we can
+actually also rewrite it in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also rewrite it in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also rewrite it in a different
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+okay so X of T equal to a capital a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so X of T equal to a capital a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so X of T equal to a capital a
+cosine Omega T plus Phi you may say with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T plus Phi you may say with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T plus Phi you may say with
+a second you just promise me that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second you just promise me that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second you just promise me that this
+is the first one the one is the one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first one the one is the one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first one the one is the one and
+the only one solution in the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one solution in the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one solution in the universe
+which will actually satisfy the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will actually satisfy the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will actually satisfy the equation
+of motion right now you have you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion right now you have you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion right now you have you write
+another one what is going on why right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one what is going on why right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one what is going on why right
+but actually they are the same right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually they are the same right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually they are the same right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this is a should be a cosine Phi cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a should be a cosine Phi cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a should be a cosine Phi cosine
+Omega t minus a sine Phi sine Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega t minus a sine Phi sine Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega t minus a sine Phi sine Omega T
+okay so the good thing is that a and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the good thing is that a and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the good thing is that a and the
+Phi arbitrary constant so that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi arbitrary constant so that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi arbitrary constant so that actually
+you can use two initial conditions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use two initial conditions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use two initial conditions to
+determine the arbitrary constants so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the arbitrary constants so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the arbitrary constants so you
+can see that one and two come pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that one and two come pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that one and two come pretty
+equivalent okay okay so I hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent okay okay so I hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent okay okay so I hope that
+solves some of the questions because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves some of the questions because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves some of the questions because
+people you really find it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you really find it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you really find it really
+confusing why we have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing why we have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing why we have different
+presentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations
+of the solution okay so there's a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the solution okay so there's a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the solution okay so there's a third
+one which you say should be much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which you say should be much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which you say should be much more
+fancier okay the third one is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier okay the third one is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier okay the third one is that I
+have X of T this is actually a real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X of T this is actually a real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X of T this is actually a real part
+of a began the amplitude exponential I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a began the amplitude exponential I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a began the amplitude exponential I
+Omega T plus 5 where I is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T plus 5 where I is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T plus 5 where I is equal to
+square root of minus 1 wait a second we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of minus 1 wait a second we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of minus 1 wait a second we
+say professor Lee why are you writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say professor Lee why are you writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say professor Lee why are you writing
+such a horrible solution right 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a horrible solution right 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a horrible solution right 3d
+strange but I will explain you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange but I will explain you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange but I will explain you why
+okay so Street is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Street is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Street is actually a
+mathematical trick okay I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical trick okay I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical trick okay I'm not going to
+prove anything here because I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove anything here because I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove anything here because I know
+physicists ok but I would like to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists ok but I would like to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists ok but I would like to share
+with you what I think is going on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you what I think is going on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you what I think is going on I
+think sorry it's actually just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think sorry it's actually just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think sorry it's actually just a
+mathematical trick from the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical trick from the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical trick from the math
+department in principle I can ride it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department in principle I can ride it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department in principle I can ride it in
+a even more horrible way X of T equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a even more horrible way X of T equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a even more horrible way X of T equal to
+a real part of a cosine Omega T plus Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real part of a cosine Omega T plus Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real part of a cosine Omega T plus Phi
+plus I F of T and F of T is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I F of T and F of T is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I F of T and F of T is a real
+function in principle I can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in principle I can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in principle I can do that
+right it's even more horrible why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's even more horrible why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's even more horrible why is
+that because I now have this function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I now have this function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I now have this function I
+take a real part and then I should take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a real part and then I should take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a real part and then I should take
+the 2 out of this or this operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 out of this or this operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 out of this or this operation
+right so f of T is actually a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so f of T is actually a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so f of T is actually a real
+function it can be something arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it can be something arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it can be something arbitrary
+and I can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can now
+Pratt the locus of this function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pratt the locus of this function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pratt the locus of this function the
+solution and the complex plan okay now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and the complex plan okay now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and the complex plan okay now I
+am plotting this solution and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am plotting this solution and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am plotting this solution and this
+camper friend what is going to happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camper friend what is going to happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camper friend what is going to happen is
+that you are going to have that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are going to have that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are going to have that is
+actually what you want to get if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what you want to get if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what you want to get if I'm
+lucky if this f of T is confined in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky if this f of T is confined in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky if this f of T is confined in some
+specific region if I'm not lucky then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific region if I'm not lucky then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific region if I'm not lucky then it
+goes out of the pregnant I couldn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out of the pregnant I couldn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out of the pregnant I couldn't see
+it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+maybe it go to the moon or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it go to the moon or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it go to the moon or something
+okay but if you are smart enough and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you are smart enough and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you are smart enough and I'm
+sure you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you are
+if I choose F of T equal to a sine Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I choose F of T equal to a sine Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I choose F of T equal to a sine Omega
+T plus Phi can anybody tell me what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T plus Phi can anybody tell me what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T plus Phi can anybody tell me what is
+going to happen circle very good if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen circle very good if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen circle very good if I
+Pratt the locals again of this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pratt the locals again of this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pratt the locals again of this function
+real axis legionary axis then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real axis legionary axis then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real axis legionary axis then you
+actually get a circle some miracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a circle some miracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a circle some miracle
+happen right if you choose the F of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen right if you choose the F of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen right if you choose the F of T
+correctly wisely okay then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly wisely okay then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly wisely okay then you can
+actually turn all this mass into order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turn all this mass into order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turn all this mass into order
+okay any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I can now follow up about this so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can now follow up about this so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can now follow up about this so now
+I have X of T this is equal to the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have X of T this is equal to the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have X of T this is equal to the real
+part of a cosine Omega T plus Phi plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a cosine Omega T plus Phi plus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a cosine Omega T plus Phi plus I
+a sine Omega T plus Phi okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sine Omega T plus Phi okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sine Omega T plus Phi okay
+and just a reminder exponential I theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just a reminder exponential I theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just a reminder exponential I theta
+is equal to cosine theta plus I sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to cosine theta plus I sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to cosine theta plus I sine
+theta therefore I arrive this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta therefore I arrive this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta therefore I arrive this this is a
+real part of a exponential I Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of a exponential I Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of a exponential I Omega T
+plus Phi okay so if I do this I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Phi okay so if I do this I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Phi okay so if I do this I really
+care for the I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care for the I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care for the I look at this
+the position of the point at a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of the point at a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of the point at a specific
+time so now time is equal to T okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so now time is equal to T okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so now time is equal to T okay and
+this is the real axis and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the real axis and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the real axis and this is the
+missionary axis so I have this cone here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missionary axis so I have this cone here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missionary axis so I have this cone here
+okay so at time equal to T what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at time equal to T what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at time equal to T what you're
+getting is that X is actually okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is that X is actually okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is that X is actually okay
+before taking the real part a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before taking the real part a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before taking the real part a
+exponential I Omega T plus Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega T plus Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega T plus Phi
+essentially here and this factor shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially here and this factor shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially here and this factor shows
+the amplitude amplitude is a and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude amplitude is a and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude amplitude is a and the
+angle between this vector pointing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between this vector pointing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between this vector pointing to
+the position of this function is Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of this function is Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of this function is Omega T
+plus Phi okay so this I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fire the angle between this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fire the angle between this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fire the angle between this vector
+and real axis okay so that's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and real axis okay so that's pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and real axis okay so that's pretty cool
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+why because now I understand why I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because now I understand why I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because now I understand why I call
+this Omega angular velocity or angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Omega angular velocity or angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Omega angular velocity or angular
+frequency right because the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right because the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right because the solution to
+the equation of motion which we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of motion which we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of motion which we have
+actually right before okay it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually right before okay it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually right before okay it's actually
+the real part of the wrote a rotation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part of the wrote a rotation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part of the wrote a rotation in
+the complex plane okay if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex plane okay if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex plane okay if you think
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+so that means now I see this particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means now I see this particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means now I see this particle
+going up and down okay I see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up and down okay I see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up and down okay I see this
+particle going up and down you can sink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle going up and down you can sink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle going up and down you can sink
+about that it is earth if there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that it is earth if there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that it is earth if there's an
+edge of dimension which you couldn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of dimension which you couldn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of dimension which you couldn't see
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+actually this particle in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this particle in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this particle in the in the
+dimension we we can see in the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension we we can see in the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension we we can see in the extra
+dimension which is hidden is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension which is hidden is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension which is hidden is actually
+rotating and what we see the reality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating and what we see the reality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating and what we see the reality is
+a projection to the real axis you see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a projection to the real axis you see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a projection to the real axis you see so
+in in reality this particle is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in reality this particle is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in reality this particle is actually
+rotating okay if you add the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating okay if you add the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating okay if you add the imaginary
+etre dimension okay so that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etre dimension okay so that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etre dimension okay so that is actually
+pretty cool but the pure the artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool but the pure the artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool but the pure the artificial
+right so you can see that I can choose f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can see that I can choose f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can see that I can choose f
+of T to be a different function and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T to be a different function and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T to be a different function and then
+then this whole picture is different but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this whole picture is different but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this whole picture is different but
+I also will create a lot of trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also will create a lot of trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also will create a lot of trouble
+because then the mathematics become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then the mathematics become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then the mathematics become
+complicated I didn't get anything but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated I didn't get anything but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated I didn't get anything but by
+choosing this functional form you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing this functional form you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing this functional form you
+actually arrive a very beautiful picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually arrive a very beautiful picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually arrive a very beautiful picture
+okay and not the sink which is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and not the sink which is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and not the sink which is very very
+cool about this is that if I write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool about this is that if I write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool about this is that if I write this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+in this form in the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this form in the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this form in the exponential
+functional form okay since we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form okay since we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form okay since we are
+dealing with differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with differential equations
+there is a very good property about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a very good property about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a very good property about
+exponential function that is it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function that is it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function that is it is
+actually a Phoenix function to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a Phoenix function to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a Phoenix function to know what
+is a Phoenix Phoenix is actually some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Phoenix Phoenix is actually some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Phoenix Phoenix is actually some
+kind of animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of animal
+long live bird which is cycle a cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long live bird which is cycle a cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long live bird which is cycle a cycle
+decode regenerate your report so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode regenerate your report so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode regenerate your report so
+basically when when when this pin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically when when when this pin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically when when when this pin is
+died you layer your egg in the fire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died you layer your egg in the fire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died you layer your egg in the fire and
+you report ok this is actually the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you report ok this is actually the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you report ok this is actually the same
+as this function I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this function I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this function I can do
+differentiation so your exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation so your exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation so your exponential
+function I differentiate differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I differentiate differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I differentiate differentiate
+differentiate still exponential function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate still exponential function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate still exponential function
+right so that is very nice because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that is very nice because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that is very nice because when
+we deal with differential equation then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deal with differential equation then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deal with differential equation then
+you can actually remove all those dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually remove all those dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually remove all those dot
+and make them become just a exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make them become just a exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make them become just a exponential
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ok so it's a really a very nice property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so it's a really a very nice property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so it's a really a very nice property
+so the first property which is very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first property which is very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first property which is very nice
+is that it cannot be killed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it cannot be killed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it cannot be killed by
+differentiation you will see how useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation you will see how useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation you will see how useful
+this is in the following lectures ok the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in the following lectures ok the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in the following lectures ok the
+second thing which is really nice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing which is really nice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing which is really nice is
+that it has a very nice property so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has a very nice property so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has a very nice property so
+basically explanation I theta one times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically explanation I theta one times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically explanation I theta one times
+exponential I seek a two and I will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I seek a two and I will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I seek a two and I will give
+you exponential I theta one plus theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exponential I theta one plus theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exponential I theta one plus theta
+two I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I
+so what does that mean that means if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean that means if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean that means if I
+have a solution in this form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solution in this form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solution in this form a
+exponential I Omega T plus Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega T plus Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega T plus Phi
+okay and I do a tiny translation T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I do a tiny translation T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I do a tiny translation T
+become Timmy process a okay then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become Timmy process a okay then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become Timmy process a okay then this
+become a exponential I Omega T plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a exponential I Omega T plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a exponential I Omega T plus a
+plus Phi so this means that times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Phi so this means that times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Phi so this means that times
+translation okay time translation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation okay time translation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation okay time translation in
+this notation is just a rotation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation is just a rotation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation is just a rotation in the
+complex plane you see so now T we can t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex plane you see so now T we can t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex plane you see so now T we can t
+plus a then you are actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a then you are actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a then you are actually just
+changing the angle between this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the angle between this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the angle between this vector
+and in the x axis okay so as time goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the x axis okay so as time goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the x axis okay so as time goes
+on what is going to happen is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what is going to happen is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what is going to happen is that this
+single will go around and run around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single will go around and run around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single will go around and run around and
+the physics is always the same no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics is always the same no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics is always the same no matter
+when do you start hunting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do you start hunting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do you start hunting and
+translation is just a rotation in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation is just a rotation in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation is just a rotation in this
+play any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I think this is actually a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think this is actually a basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think this is actually a basic
+slide just to remind you about Euler's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide just to remind you about Euler's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide just to remind you about Euler's
+formula so basically the exponential I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so basically the exponential I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so basically the exponential I
+Phi is equal to cosine Phi plus I sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi is equal to cosine Phi plus I sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi is equal to cosine Phi plus I sine
+Phi and I think you'll be useful if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi and I think you'll be useful if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi and I think you'll be useful if you
+are not familiar with this it is useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not familiar with this it is useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not familiar with this it is useful
+to hed and review a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hed and review a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hed and review a little bit about
+exponential function which will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function which will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function which will be very
+useful for this class okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for this class okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for this class okay so I'm
+running a bit faster today so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a bit faster today so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a bit faster today so I think
+let's take a look at what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at what we have
+learned today we have analyzed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned today we have analyzed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned today we have analyzed the
+physics of a harmonic oscillator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of a harmonic oscillator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of a harmonic oscillator so
+basically we we start by asking asking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we we start by asking asking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we we start by asking asking a
+really just a verbal question okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a verbal question okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a verbal question okay what
+is going to happen to this mess on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen to this mess on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen to this mess on the
+table attached to a spring and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table attached to a spring and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table attached to a spring and what we
+have learned is that we actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned is that we actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned is that we actually use
+mathematics basically we translate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics basically we translate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics basically we translate all
+what we have learned about this about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have learned about this about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have learned about this about
+about this amass into mathematics by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this amass into mathematics by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this amass into mathematics by
+first define a coordinate system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first define a coordinate system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first define a coordinate system okay
+plan I write everything in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan I write everything in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan I write everything in terms of the
+that coordinates using the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that coordinates using the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that coordinates using the coordinate
+system then I use Newton's law to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system then I use Newton's law to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system then I use Newton's law to help
+us to solve this question okay and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to solve this question okay and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to solve this question okay and we
+have analyzed the physics of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have analyzed the physics of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have analyzed the physics of this
+harmonic oscillator and Hookes law we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator and Hookes law we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator and Hookes law we
+found that initially not only works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that initially not only works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that initially not only works for
+this as spring mass system he also works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as spring mass system he also works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as spring mass system he also works
+for oscillates all kinds of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oscillates all kinds of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oscillates all kinds of different
+small oscillations apart about a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small oscillations apart about a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small oscillations apart about a point
+of equilibrium okay so basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equilibrium okay so basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equilibrium okay so basically it's
+actually a universal solution what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a universal solution what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a universal solution what we
+have been doing and we have found that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been doing and we have found that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been doing and we have found that a
+complex exponential function is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential function is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential function is actually
+a beautiful way to present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful way to present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful way to present
+solution to the equation of motion we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the equation of motion we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the equation of motion we
+have been starting okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been starting okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been starting okay
+so everything is nice and good however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything is nice and good however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything is nice and good however
+life is hard because there are many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is hard because there are many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is hard because there are many many
+things which actually we ignore and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which actually we ignore and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which actually we ignore and in
+this example okay one appearance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example okay one appearance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example okay one appearance in
+which we actually ignore is the drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we actually ignore is the drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we actually ignore is the drag
+force right so you can see that before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force right so you can see that before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force right so you can see that before I
+was actually making this pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually making this pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually making this pendulum
+oscillates back and forth right what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates back and forth right what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates back and forth right what is
+going to what what is happening now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to what what is happening now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to what what is happening now they
+are now oscillating anymore why why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now oscillating anymore why why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now oscillating anymore why why are
+they stopping right apparently something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stopping right apparently something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stopping right apparently something
+is missing right when I actually move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is missing right when I actually move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is missing right when I actually move
+this system okay if I turn off that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system okay if I turn off that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system okay if I turn off that the
+air so that there is friction then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air so that there is friction then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air so that there is friction then it
+doesn't really move right if I increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really move right if I increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really move right if I increase
+a bit yeah so that you side have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit yeah so that you side have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit yeah so that you side have some
+slight freedom then actually you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight freedom then actually you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight freedom then actually you can see
+that you move a bit then you start right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you move a bit then you start right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you move a bit then you start right
+if I increase it some more you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I increase it some more you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I increase it some more you can see
+that you can see that the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see that the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see that the amplitude
+becomes smaller and smaller so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes smaller and smaller so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes smaller and smaller so in the
+following lecture what we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following lecture what we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following lecture what we are going to
+do is to study how to actually include a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to study how to actually include a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to study how to actually include a
+track force in tool again and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track force in tool again and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track force in tool again and of course
+using the same machinery which we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same machinery which we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same machinery which we have
+done from here and see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done from here and see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done from here and see if we can
+actually solve this problem okay thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve this problem okay thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve this problem okay thank
+you very much we actually end up earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much we actually end up earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much we actually end up earlier
+today sorry for that and maybe I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today sorry for that and maybe I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today sorry for that and maybe I will
+make the lecture longer next time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the lecture longer next time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the lecture longer next time okay
+and if you have any questions about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have any questions about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have any questions about what
+we have covered today and here available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have covered today and here available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have covered today and here available
+for you to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/59Dd5T6crKw.txt b/59Dd5T6crKw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4812568aedc0c65d4de5e2a3086e8e95166edb82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/59Dd5T6crKw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15547 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've got a lot to cover but i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got a lot to cover but i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got a lot to cover but i'm
+going to start with a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with a little
+background about the internet and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background about the internet and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background about the internet and the
+payment riddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment riddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment riddle
+something about money which is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about money which is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about money which is at the
+core really of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core really of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core really of all
+classes on finance but we usually take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes on finance but we usually take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes on finance but we usually take
+for granted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for granted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for granted
+and then satoshi nakamoto's innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then satoshi nakamoto's innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then satoshi nakamoto's innovation
+who was satoshi nakamoto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was satoshi nakamoto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was satoshi nakamoto
+what is that innovation a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that innovation a bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that innovation a bit about
+crypto markets the blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto markets the blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto markets the blockchain technology
+use cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cases
+and then the core really is how to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the core really is how to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the core really is how to think
+about viability of those use cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about viability of those use cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about viability of those use cases
+a little touch on central bank digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little touch on central bank digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little touch on central bank digital
+currencies and ground truths so a lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies and ground truths so a lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies and ground truths so a lot to
+cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover
+if we don't get through it all we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't get through it all we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't get through it all we will
+talk about this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this again
+when we talk about payments and class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about payments and class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about payments and class
+six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+um in terms of some of the readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of some of the readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of some of the readings
+i shared with you two write-ups that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i shared with you two write-ups that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i shared with you two write-ups that
+were done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done
+for a class that neha narula and i teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a class that neha narula and i teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a class that neha narula and i teach
+an online class called cryptocurrency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an online class called cryptocurrency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an online class called cryptocurrency
+which is available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is available
+through mit and those two write-ups the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through mit and those two write-ups the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through mit and those two write-ups the
+economics of money and technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics of money and technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics of money and technology
+i'm sorry and the response is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry and the response is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry and the response is a big
+finance sort of give you some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance sort of give you some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance sort of give you some of
+the challenges and how to think through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenges and how to think through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenges and how to think through
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+technologies also the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies also the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies also the bank
+of international settlement did a review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of international settlement did a review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of international settlement did a review
+just earlier in 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just earlier in 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just earlier in 2020
+uh about the central bank digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about the central bank digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about the central bank digital
+currency space because so much is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency space because so much is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency space because so much is going
+on there and particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there and particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there and particularly
+after facebook announced their libra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after facebook announced their libra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after facebook announced their libra
+project in june
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in june
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in june
+of 2019 many central banks took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2019 many central banks took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2019 many central banks took
+note and said wait maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and said wait maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and said wait maybe there's
+something going on here that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something going on here that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something going on here that we
+too need to do more now before facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too need to do more now before facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too need to do more now before facebook
+libra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libra
+there were many projects the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many projects the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many projects the bank
+the one of the world's largest central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the world's largest central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the world's largest central
+banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks
+the rick's bank in sweden was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rick's bank in sweden was already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rick's bank in sweden was already
+looking at an e-chrono project there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at an e-chrono project there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at an e-chrono project there
+were other projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were other projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were other projects
+but all of a sudden that facebook lever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of a sudden that facebook lever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of a sudden that facebook lever
+project kicked into high gear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project kicked into high gear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project kicked into high gear
+central bankers around the globe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bankers around the globe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bankers around the globe and
+particularly china's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly china's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly china's
+look and review and announcements around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and review and announcements around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and review and announcements around
+a digital currency electronic payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a digital currency electronic payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a digital currency electronic payments
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+also got kicked into gear so regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also got kicked into gear so regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also got kicked into gear so regardless
+of where you come out whether blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where you come out whether blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where you come out whether blockchain
+technology cryptocurrencies are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology cryptocurrencies are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology cryptocurrencies are getting
+rolled into the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled into the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled into the stack
+rolled into the technology stock a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled into the technology stock a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled into the technology stock a big
+finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance
+what we can say as of 2020 what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can say as of 2020 what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can say as of 2020 what's
+really the case is that cryptocurrencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the case is that cryptocurrencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the case is that cryptocurrencies
+and blockchain technology have at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blockchain technology have at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blockchain technology have at least
+been a catalyst for change an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a catalyst for change an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a catalyst for change an important
+catalyst for change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst for change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst for change
+pushing upon big finance pushing upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing upon big finance pushing upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing upon big finance pushing upon
+central banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks
+to reconsider how they do payments how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reconsider how they do payments how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reconsider how they do payments how
+they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do
+the basics of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i laid out a few questions again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i laid out a few questions again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i laid out a few questions again
+romaine we'll look for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine we'll look for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine we'll look for some
+uh hands we're gonna keep this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hands we're gonna keep this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hands we're gonna keep this a little
+shorter than we usually do just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter than we usually do just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter than we usually do just because
+we have so much to cover but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so much to cover but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so much to cover but
+how does bitcoin fit into the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does bitcoin fit into the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does bitcoin fit into the history of
+money what are the strategic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money what are the strategic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money what are the strategic and
+tactical considerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical considerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical considerations
+assessing viability and value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessing viability and value
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessing viability and value
+propositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions
+and how are these central banks thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how are these central banks thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how are these central banks thinking
+about what they're doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they're doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they're doing and
+remain if we can just see if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain if we can just see if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain if we can just see if we could
+get one or two people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one or two people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one or two people and
+kind of each of these three questions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of each of these three questions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of each of these three questions um
+and these are the central questions i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the central questions i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the central questions i'm
+going to try to cover in the next hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to cover in the next hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to cover in the next hour
+or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so
+okay sounds good who would like to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sounds good who would like to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sounds good who would like to get
+us started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm watching for your blue hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quiet day today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you wish gary i'm also happy to cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wish gary i'm also happy to cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wish gary i'm also happy to cold
+call all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call all right
+well i'm gonna i'm gonna start i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm gonna i'm gonna start i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm gonna i'm gonna start i'm gonna
+kind of just go and then but i i hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of just go and then but i i hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of just go and then but i i hope
+that everybody come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody come in
+i start with this scene and and i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i start with this scene and and i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i start with this scene and and i don't
+know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if
+anybody wants to raise a blue hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody wants to raise a blue hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody wants to raise a blue hand and
+can tell me what movie this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell me what movie this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell me what movie this is from
+and and the era but this is the opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the era but this is the opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the era but this is the opening
+scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene
+of a movie from the mid-1990s the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a movie from the mid-1990s the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a movie from the mid-1990s the net
+1995 sandra bullock now i start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1995 sandra bullock now i start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1995 sandra bullock now i start with
+this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because
+pizza net was actually real now the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza net was actually real now the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza net was actually real now the the
+this this cyber security sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this cyber security sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this cyber security sort of
+spy thriller with sandra bullock sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spy thriller with sandra bullock sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spy thriller with sandra bullock sort of
+cracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracking
+through the computer network remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the computer network remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the computer network remember
+let's place this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's place this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's place this
+mid-1990s it was only the early 1990s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-1990s it was only the early 1990s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-1990s it was only the early 1990s
+that tim's burner live associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tim's burner live associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tim's burner live associated with
+mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit
+actually came up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually came up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually came up with the
+protocols that connects the world wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols that connects the world wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols that connects the world wide
+web the internet had been around for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web the internet had been around for
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+web the internet had been around for
+some time coming out of dorpa and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time coming out of dorpa and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time coming out of dorpa and the
+department of defense in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of defense in the u.s
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of defense in the u.s
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and academic institutions but by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and academic institutions but by the
+early 90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 90s
+there was actually something that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+of us in the public could use
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+beyond universities beyond the defense
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+ align:start position:0%
+beyond universities beyond the defense
+establishment and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment and the like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment and the like
+but what hadn't been solved what hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what hadn't been solved what hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what hadn't been solved what hadn't
+been solved by 1995
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been solved by 1995
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been solved by 1995
+was how to move money on the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how to move money on the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how to move money on the internet
+and pizza hut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pizza hut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pizza hut
+founded something called pizza net which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded something called pizza net which
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded something called pizza net which
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thought to be the first
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thought to be the first
+commercial use where you could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial use where you could actually
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial use where you could actually
+order something online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order something online
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+order something online
+just 25 years ago order something online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 25 years ago order something online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 25 years ago order something online
+through pizza nut there was only sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through pizza nut there was only sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through pizza nut there was only sort of
+one problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem
+you ordered the pizza and guess what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ordered the pizza and guess what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ordered the pizza and guess what you
+couldn't pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't pay
+online nobody had figured out how to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online nobody had figured out how to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online nobody had figured out how to pay
+online you had to have the pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online you had to have the pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online you had to have the pizza
+delivery at your door and you pay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery at your door and you pay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery at your door and you pay so
+just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think
+it's in the middle of the corona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the middle of the corona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the middle of the corona
+lockdown we're sheltering at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lockdown we're sheltering at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lockdown we're sheltering at home
+and if it weren't for these inventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it weren't for these inventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it weren't for these inventions
+of 25 years ago we're about to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 25 years ago we're about to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 25 years ago we're about to discuss
+you would be paying for that pizza at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be paying for that pizza at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be paying for that pizza at
+the door when the delivery truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door when the delivery truck
+arrived or for your groceries or for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived or for your groceries or for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived or for your groceries or for any
+other household goods that you have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other household goods that you have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other household goods that you have so
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+riddle what i call the payments riddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riddle what i call the payments riddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riddle what i call the payments riddle
+what others call it payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what others call it payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what others call it payments
+riddle uh was at the core of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riddle uh was at the core of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riddle uh was at the core of this
+new technology the internet now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technology the internet now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technology the internet now the
+internet has been fully adopted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet has been fully adopted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet has been fully adopted
+into the technology stack of finance by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the technology stack of finance by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the technology stack of finance by
+now but in the mid 1990s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but in the mid 1990s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but in the mid 1990s
+it was in essence fintech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in essence fintech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in essence fintech
+but the question is how to move value on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the question is how to move value on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the question is how to move value on
+the internet to do it securely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet to do it securely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet to do it securely
+efficiently and really importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently and really importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently and really importantly
+similar to the packets of data that move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the packets of data that move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the packets of data that move
+on the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet
+as packets of data and thus peer-to-peer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as packets of data and thus peer-to-peer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as packets of data and thus peer-to-peer
+see the internet doesn't really have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the internet doesn't really have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the internet doesn't really have a
+central controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central controller
+all the data that we're live streaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data that we're live streaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data that we're live streaming
+right now between and amongst us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now between and amongst us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now between and amongst us
+between 78 participants on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 78 participants on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 78 participants on this
+zoom meeting right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom meeting right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom meeting right now
+is through packets of data and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is through packets of data and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is through packets of data and it's not
+through one central controller even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one central controller even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one central controller even
+though we think well zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we think well zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we think well zoom
+might be controlling all this but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be controlling all this but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be controlling all this but the
+challenge really was how could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge really was how could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge really was how could you
+prohibit double spending how could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibit double spending how could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibit double spending how could you
+send a packet of data to one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a packet of data to one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a packet of data to one person
+and ensure that that packet of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ensure that that packet of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ensure that that packet of data
+wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't
+also sent to another in essence double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sent to another in essence double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sent to another in essence double
+spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending
+having some data like an email that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some data like an email that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some data like an email that we
+might send to two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might send to two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might send to two people
+they're both reading the same email they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both reading the same email they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both reading the same email they
+don't know that each are reading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that each are reading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that each are reading the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+email so that was this payments riddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email so that was this payments riddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email so that was this payments riddle
+secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure
+efficient packets of data but avoiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient packets of data but avoiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient packets of data but avoiding
+double spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double spending
+lots of challenges lots of attempts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of challenges lots of attempts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of challenges lots of attempts
+and there were dozens of attempts some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were dozens of attempts some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were dozens of attempts some
+that even went to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even went to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even went to go
+on to get patents and started businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to get patents and started businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to get patents and started businesses
+raised money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised money
+some of them through the earlier days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them through the earlier days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them through the earlier days of
+venture capital were back like cyber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital were back like cyber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital were back like cyber
+cash and digi catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash and digi catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash and digi catch
+and e-gold b-money all of these failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e-gold b-money all of these failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e-gold b-money all of these failed
+all of them dozens more beyond what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them dozens more beyond what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them dozens more beyond what i
+list here in the 1990s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list here in the 1990s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list here in the 1990s
+and the hurdles were well of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hurdles were well of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hurdles were well of course the
+same hurdles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same hurdles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same hurdles that
+any startup would have around merchant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any startup would have around merchant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any startup would have around merchant
+adoption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption
+would the with the stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the with the stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the with the stores
+actually adopt it but this issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually adopt it but this issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually adopt it but this issue of
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+spending and the only sort of solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending and the only sort of solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending and the only sort of solution
+to double spending was using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to double spending was using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to double spending was using
+centralization that there was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralization that there was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralization that there was one
+central computer one central controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central computer one central controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central computer one central controller
+to avoid the double spending or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid the double spending or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid the double spending or the
+other side of it how did you form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of it how did you form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of it how did you form
+consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus
+if you didn't have a central controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't have a central controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't have a central controller
+how to form consensus on the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to form consensus on the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to form consensus on the state of
+who had the money and who didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had the money and who didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had the money and who didn't have
+the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money
+so this sort of central payments riddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sort of central payments riddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sort of central payments riddle
+a big issue in the 1990s attracted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big issue in the 1990s attracted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big issue in the 1990s attracted the
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+of a crypto cryptography group called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a crypto cryptography group called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a crypto cryptography group called
+the cypherpunk community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cypherpunk community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cypherpunk community
+i kid you not it's called cypherpunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kid you not it's called cypherpunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kid you not it's called cypherpunk
+community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+it was an email list that it started in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an email list that it started in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an email list that it started in
+the late 1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 1980s
+and had gone once for some time and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had gone once for some time and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had gone once for some time and so
+um there were early digital solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there were early digital solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there were early digital solutions
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+were another a little bit different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were another a little bit different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were another a little bit different and
+some of the cryptography that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the cryptography that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the cryptography that was
+brought to it was not brought from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought to it was not brought from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought to it was not brought from the
+cipher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cipher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cipher
+punk community it was brought to bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punk community it was brought to bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punk community it was brought to bear
+from great cryptographers some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from great cryptographers some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from great cryptographers some of them
+at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit
+some elsewhere that came together by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some elsewhere that came together by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some elsewhere that came together by
+1996 with a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 with a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 with a solution
+it's just updated today the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just updated today the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just updated today the same
+solution we use now secure socket layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we use now secure socket layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we use now secure socket layer
+and transport layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transport layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transport layer
+security these two protocols on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security these two protocols on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security these two protocols on top of
+tin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tin
+berners-lee protocols about the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berners-lee protocols about the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berners-lee protocols about the world
+wide web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide web
+from four or five years earlier these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from four or five years earlier these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from four or five years earlier these
+are the main protocols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the main protocols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the main protocols
+there are many others that were added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many others that were added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many others that were added
+but these are the main protocols that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are the main protocols that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are the main protocols that
+allowed us to secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed us to secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed us to secure
+the internet it's how we do it right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet it's how we do it right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet it's how we do it right now
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+a transfer of data that's secure by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transfer of data that's secure by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transfer of data that's secure by the
+use of cryptography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of cryptography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of cryptography
+and what did that lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what did that lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what did that lead to
+that led to a lot of things where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led to a lot of things where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led to a lot of things where we
+could accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could accept
+visas and mastercard american express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visas and mastercard american express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visas and mastercard american express
+by the mid-1990s amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the mid-1990s amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the mid-1990s amazon
+ebay were both formed in 1995.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ebay were both formed in 1995.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ebay were both formed in 1995.
+it's a founder's uh dream to get formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a founder's uh dream to get formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a founder's uh dream to get formed
+right when a technology is transitioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when a technology is transitioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when a technology is transitioning
+if amazon if jeff bezos had been formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if amazon if jeff bezos had been formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if amazon if jeff bezos had been formed
+in 1992 would it still have been around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1992 would it still have been around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1992 would it still have been around
+by 1996
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1996
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1996
+when the secure socket layer and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the secure socket layer and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the secure socket layer and the
+cryptography was there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography was there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography was there for
+him to get going if jeff bezos decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to get going if jeff bezos decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to get going if jeff bezos decided
+to form it in 1998 or 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form it in 1998 or 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form it in 1998 or 99
+might have been too late now there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been too late now there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been too late now there's a
+lot of things that amazon got right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things that amazon got right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things that amazon got right and
+visas got right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visas got right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visas got right but
+i'm saying timing was one that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm saying timing was one that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm saying timing was one that was
+remarkable paypal came along in 1998
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable paypal came along in 1998
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable paypal came along in 1998
+and interestingly the first mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interestingly the first mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interestingly the first mobile
+payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+was actually uh ericsson teaming up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually uh ericsson teaming up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually uh ericsson teaming up with
+telenor in 1999 now that product is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telenor in 1999 now that product is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telenor in 1999 now that product is not
+around today or maybe somebody will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around today or maybe somebody will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around today or maybe somebody will
+correct me and say there's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct me and say there's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct me and say there's still a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+but one of the early ones that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the early ones that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the early ones that really
+took off was alley pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took off was alley pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took off was alley pack
+and then m pesa in kenya now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then m pesa in kenya now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then m pesa in kenya now
+all of this still left the payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this still left the payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this still left the payments
+riddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riddle
+that payments riddle was still there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that payments riddle was still there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that payments riddle was still there to
+some in that cipher cypherpunk community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in that cipher cypherpunk community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in that cipher cypherpunk community
+now the internet could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the internet could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the internet could get
+commercialized the internet could move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialized the internet could move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialized the internet could move
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+we had this way through cryptography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this way through cryptography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this way through cryptography
+just to secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to secure
+payments but there was still this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments but there was still this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments but there was still this
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+and it goes to the heart of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes to the heart of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes to the heart of what is
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+and so i'm going to turn a little bit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm going to turn a little bit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm going to turn a little bit to
+chat about money but just see if romaine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat about money but just see if romaine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat about money but just see if romaine
+has any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has any questions so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has any questions so far
+nobody at the moment okay so i like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody at the moment okay so i like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody at the moment okay so i like to
+go back in time i like to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back in time i like to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back in time i like to go back
+23 2400 years in talking about money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 2400 years in talking about money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 2400 years in talking about money
+it's not the first time money was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the first time money was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the first time money was
+discussed because money was really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed because money was really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed because money was really an
+invention of humankind thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of humankind thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of humankind thousands of
+years before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years before that
+but i like to go back to plato and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i like to go back to plato and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i like to go back to plato and
+aristotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle
+plato did not write extensively on money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato did not write extensively on money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato did not write extensively on money
+but what he did write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what he did write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what he did write
+is interesting is that money is a symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting is that money is a symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting is that money is a symbol
+devised for the purpose of exchanges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devised for the purpose of exchanges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devised for the purpose of exchanges to
+think you and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you and i
+are going to exchange something at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to exchange something at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to exchange something at the
+time maybe it was a goat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe it was a goat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe it was a goat
+for wheat maybe i needed the goat today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for wheat maybe i needed the goat today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for wheat maybe i needed the goat today
+you needed the wheat tomorrow but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you needed the wheat tomorrow but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you needed the wheat tomorrow but we can
+we can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use this
+symbol as plato wrote as a purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol as plato wrote as a purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol as plato wrote as a purpose of
+that exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exchange
+and interestingly separately plato wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interestingly separately plato wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interestingly separately plato wrote
+plato wasn't in for using gold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato wasn't in for using gold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato wasn't in for using gold and
+silver for money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver for money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver for money
+now this is interesting in contrast to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is interesting in contrast to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is interesting in contrast to
+plato's student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato's student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato's student
+aristotle now aristotle wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle now aristotle wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle now aristotle wrote
+extensively about money it seemed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively about money it seemed like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively about money it seemed like
+aristotle wrote extensively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle wrote extensively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle wrote extensively
+about many things but one of them was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about many things but one of them was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about many things but one of them was
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+and aristotle wrote that it solves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aristotle wrote that it solves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aristotle wrote that it solves the
+problem of commensurability the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of commensurability the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of commensurability the same
+sort of issue that plato is grappling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of issue that plato is grappling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of issue that plato is grappling
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ability you need rice you need grains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability you need rice you need grains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability you need rice you need grains
+i need goats how do we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need goats how do we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need goats how do we have some
+commensurability between that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commensurability between that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commensurability between that
+or or the second point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or the second point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or the second point here
+money is a guarantee that we have what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is a guarantee that we have what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is a guarantee that we have what
+we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want
+in the future so this is sort of a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future so this is sort of a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future so this is sort of a time
+commensurability i need something today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commensurability i need something today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commensurability i need something today
+you need something tomorrow so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need something tomorrow so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need something tomorrow so these two
+forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of
+marrying up needs and wants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marrying up needs and wants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marrying up needs and wants and
+values aristotle talked also as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values aristotle talked also as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values aristotle talked also as a
+as a philosopher about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a philosopher about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a philosopher about
+what his values and then talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what his values and then talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what his values and then talked about
+four absolute values now i hate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four absolute values now i hate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four absolute values now i hate to
+disagree with aristotle but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree with aristotle but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree with aristotle but you know
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+over time there are many of aristotle's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time there are many of aristotle's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time there are many of aristotle's
+great writings that have been challenged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great writings that have been challenged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great writings that have been challenged
+about the earth and about the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the earth and about the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the earth and about the solar
+system about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system about
+the heavens the skies the bodies so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavens the skies the bodies so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavens the skies the bodies so why
+not say that baby aristotle didn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not say that baby aristotle didn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not say that baby aristotle didn't quite
+have it right about money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it right about money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it right about money
+talked about durability portability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about durability portability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about durability portability
+divisibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisibility
+i still sort of agree and most monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still sort of agree and most monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still sort of agree and most monetary
+economists would agree on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists would agree on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists would agree on that
+it's this fourth point did it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this fourth point did it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this fourth point did it have
+intrinsic value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic value
+i find myself more associated with plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i find myself more associated with plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i find myself more associated with plato
+that said it was just a symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said it was just a symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said it was just a symbol
+it's it's but a symbol and so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's but a symbol and so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's but a symbol and so today
+when we think about money we often think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think about money we often think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think about money we often think
+of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of six
+key characteristics is it durable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key characteristics is it durable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key characteristics is it durable
+portable divisible these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portable divisible these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portable divisible these were
+air styles seem to to 2300 years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air styles seem to to 2300 years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air styles seem to to 2300 years later
+people still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people still
+tend to agree but rather than intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to agree but rather than intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to agree but rather than intrinsic
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+that it's uniform acceptable and stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's uniform acceptable and stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's uniform acceptable and stable
+we'll talk a little bit more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a little bit more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a little bit more about that
+when we get to the economics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to the economics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to the economics of
+cryptocurrencies but remember instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrencies but remember instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrencies but remember instead of
+intrinsic value that it's uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic value that it's uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic value that it's uniform
+that it's the same unit of account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the same unit of account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the same unit of account
+within some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within some
+local or national economy that others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local or national economy that others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local or national economy that others
+accept it because if others don't accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it because if others don't accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it because if others don't accept
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+how can i know that that's what i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can i know that that's what i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can i know that that's what i take
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+i can use tomorrow and then its value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can use tomorrow and then its value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can use tomorrow and then its value is
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+and we think over the last three hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think over the last three hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think over the last three hundred
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+years about institutions that help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years about institutions that help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years about institutions that help
+ensure that a currency value is stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that a currency value is stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that a currency value is stable
+we call them central banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call them central banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call them central banks
+so instead of an intrinsic value that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of an intrinsic value that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of an intrinsic value that we
+humans create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans create
+some form of acceptability uniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form of acceptability uniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form of acceptability uniformity
+and stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stability
+questions we've done so far but i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we've done so far but i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we've done so far but i'll
+give our students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give our students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give our students
+a few seconds to raise their hand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few seconds to raise their hand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few seconds to raise their hand if
+they want to yes we have a question from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to yes we have a question from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to yes we have a question from
+hassan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hassan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hassan
+please hassan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello professor yeah um i mean uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello professor yeah um i mean uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello professor yeah um i mean uh my
+question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is
+uh when he said that people could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when he said that people could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when he said that people could
+exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange
+things for other things um as a mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for other things um as a mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for other things um as a mean of
+as i mean so i mean how how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mean so i mean how how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mean so i mean how how could
+how could the cryptocurrency survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could the cryptocurrency survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could the cryptocurrency survive
+if there is no intrinsic value in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is no intrinsic value in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is no intrinsic value in it and
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+so volatile and when he said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so volatile and when he said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so volatile and when he said that
+central banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks
+make sure that these currencies um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that these currencies um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that these currencies um are
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+it's because like for instance in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because like for instance in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because like for instance in my
+country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+the the central bank has to have gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the central bank has to have gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the central bank has to have gold
+and other currencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other currencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other currencies
+to uh support the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh support the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh support the uh
+our currency our local good our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our currency our local good our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our currency our local good our
+local currency so i'm just baffled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local currency so i'm just baffled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local currency so i'm just baffled
+to to to see like someone speaks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to see like someone speaks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to see like someone speaks about
+well you know what it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know what it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know what it's it's
+it's only a symbol okay i know that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a symbol okay i know that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a symbol okay i know that it
+is a symbol but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a symbol but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a symbol but
+it has to have some value in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to have some value in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to have some value in it
+otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise
+the other party would not accept it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other party would not accept it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other party would not accept it as
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+as a mean of exchange if that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a mean of exchange if that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a mean of exchange if that makes
+sense so hassan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so hassan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so hassan is
+is associating himself more with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associating himself more with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associating himself more with
+aristotle than plato and i find myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle than plato and i find myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle than plato and i find myself
+more associated with plato than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more associated with plato than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more associated with plato than
+aristotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle
+so this is a worthy debate that's gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a worthy debate that's gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a worthy debate that's gone
+on for well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for well
+well over a couple thousand years but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well over a couple thousand years but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well over a couple thousand years but
+when when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when i
+say that it doesn't have intrinsic value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it doesn't have intrinsic value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it doesn't have intrinsic value
+and it's more about uniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's more about uniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's more about uniformity
+acceptability and stability think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptability and stability think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptability and stability think about
+i'll take the us dollar i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll take the us dollar i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll take the us dollar i don't know
+what's your country uh i'm from bahrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your country uh i'm from bahrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your country uh i'm from bahrain
+so i'm not as familiar with your central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm not as familiar with your central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm not as familiar with your central
+bank but let's take the u.s dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank but let's take the u.s dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank but let's take the u.s dollar
+instead of bahrain if you walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of bahrain if you walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of bahrain if you walk
+into the federal reserve the u.s federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the federal reserve the u.s federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the federal reserve the u.s federal
+reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve
+and you have a hundred dollar bill you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a hundred dollar bill you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a hundred dollar bill you
+know paper currency 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know paper currency 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know paper currency 100
+what will they give you i mean other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will they give you i mean other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will they give you i mean other
+than that they would probably send you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that they would probably send you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that they would probably send you
+on your way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your way
+and the security guard would say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the security guard would say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the security guard would say we're
+we're in this corona virus period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in this corona virus period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in this corona virus period
+nobody's allowed in the building but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's allowed in the building but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's allowed in the building but
+what what would they do if you showed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what would they do if you showed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what would they do if you showed up
+at the you know the new york federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the you know the new york federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the you know the new york federal
+reserve or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve or the
+you know richmond federal reserve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know richmond federal reserve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know richmond federal reserve and
+you said i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said i
+i want i want something for this hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want i want something for this hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want i want something for this hundred
+dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+i suppose that a few uh years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i suppose that a few uh years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i suppose that a few uh years ago
+that they would give me like a gold if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would give me like a gold if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would give me like a gold if
+that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense
+okay so we got rid of that in 1933.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we got rid of that in 1933.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we got rid of that in 1933.
+so a few years ago would be like at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a few years ago would be like at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a few years ago would be like at the
+beginning of the great depression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the great depression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the great depression
+under president roosevelt what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under president roosevelt what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under president roosevelt what would
+they give you in 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you in 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you in 2020
+they would give me i think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would give me i think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would give me i think uh
+the government's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government's uh
+that the government basically uh would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the government basically uh would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the government basically uh would
+support this piece of paper i assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support this piece of paper i assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support this piece of paper i assume
+so so you're getting at the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you're getting at the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you're getting at the government
+which sort of ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of ensure
+through its means and methods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through its means and methods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through its means and methods that
+it's acceptable by other citizens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's acceptable by other citizens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's acceptable by other citizens
+and it's acceptable by the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's acceptable by the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's acceptable by the government
+how they do that they say well we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they do that they say well we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they do that they say well we'll
+take it for u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it for u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it for u.s
+taxes we'll take it for bahrainian taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes we'll take it for bahrainian taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes we'll take it for bahrainian taxes
+and in most economies the governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in most economies the governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in most economies the governments
+are anywhere from a quarter to a half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are anywhere from a quarter to a half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are anywhere from a quarter to a half of
+the economy in some way so they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy in some way so they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy in some way so they will
+accept it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it for
+government yes they'll ensure that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government yes they'll ensure that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government yes they'll ensure that other
+people accept it through what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people accept it through what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people accept it through what's called
+legal tender laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal tender laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal tender laws
+through the coercive power of the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the coercive power of the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the coercive power of the state
+they will say others might must accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will say others might must accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will say others might must accept
+it and this is not a new thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and this is not a new thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and this is not a new thing
+genghis khan was doing this in china uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genghis khan was doing this in china uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genghis khan was doing this in china uh
+and it was pretty coercive it was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was pretty coercive it was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was pretty coercive it was kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+you know the coercive power of the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the coercive power of the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the coercive power of the state
+you must accept the official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must accept the official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must accept the official
+currency so acceptability can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency so acceptability can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency so acceptability can be
+accepted by the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted by the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted by the government
+it could be acceptability that others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be acceptability that others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be acceptability that others
+must accept it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must accept it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must accept it
+broad debts public and private and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad debts public and private and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad debts public and private and they
+can work on stability inform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work on stability inform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work on stability inform
+central banks to ensure that now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks to ensure that now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks to ensure that now what
+does it mean by stability it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean by stability it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean by stability it means
+addressing the official sector to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing the official sector to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing the official sector to the
+supply and pricing of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply and pricing of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply and pricing of money
+supply and pricing the supply we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply and pricing the supply we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply and pricing the supply we talk
+about the monetary supply the pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the monetary supply the pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the monetary supply the pricing
+is through interest rates but can you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is through interest rates but can you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is through interest rates but can you go
+into the u.s central bank can you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the u.s central bank can you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the u.s central bank can you go
+into bahrain and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into bahrain and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into bahrain and actually
+get gold no you can go in and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get gold no you can go in and get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get gold no you can go in and get a
+hundred dollar bill and they might give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollar bill and they might give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollar bill and they might give
+you 520s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 520s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 520s
+if you really want they'll give you 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really want they'll give you 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really want they'll give you 100
+ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+but you still have just a physical piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you still have just a physical piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you still have just a physical piece
+of paper or a digital representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper or a digital representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper or a digital representation
+that i would contend i'm sort of with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i would contend i'm sort of with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i would contend i'm sort of with
+plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato
+it's just a symbol it's a symbol that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a symbol it's a symbol that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a symbol it's a symbol that
+our society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our society
+no matter whether it's small or big has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter whether it's small or big has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter whether it's small or big has
+come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together
+and it represents a store of value it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it represents a store of value it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it represents a store of value it
+represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents
+a means of exchange but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a means of exchange but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a means of exchange but it
+frankly doesn't have intrinsic value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly doesn't have intrinsic value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly doesn't have intrinsic value the
+way aristotle talked about it it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way aristotle talked about it it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way aristotle talked about it it has
+only value because we humans place a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only value because we humans place a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only value because we humans place a
+value upon it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value upon it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value upon it
+but uh hassan are you on still on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh hassan are you on still on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh hassan are you on still on the
+other side do you feel gold has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side do you feel gold has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side do you feel gold has
+intrinsic value yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic value yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic value yes
+i i think because it's uh scarce nettle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i think because it's uh scarce nettle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i think because it's uh scarce nettle
+and i know that prices could go up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i know that prices could go up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i know that prices could go up and
+down but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but still
+i could i know that i could sell it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could i know that i could sell it one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could i know that i could sell it one
+day and get money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and get money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and get money
+or get whatever so gold gold is but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or get whatever so gold gold is but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or get whatever so gold gold is but what
+we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now
+call an element it's it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call an element it's it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call an element it's it's on the
+periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table
+it's it's it's got great attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's got great attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's got great attributes
+because it's scarce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's scarce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's scarce
+it takes a lot of human resources to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a lot of human resources to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a lot of human resources to get
+it out of the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out of the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out of the ground
+the other thing about gold it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing about gold it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing about gold it's
+divisible it's portable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible it's portable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible it's portable
+it's uniform it doesn't oxidize so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uniform it doesn't oxidize so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uniform it doesn't oxidize so it's
+a really good base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good base
+sort of element in that way as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of element in that way as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of element in that way as well
+and now we have give or take 10 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have give or take 10 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have give or take 10 000
+years of acceptability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of acceptability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of acceptability
+that it's a human shared narrative some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a human shared narrative some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a human shared narrative some
+of it not good some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it not good some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it not good some of
+about war and slavery and all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about war and slavery and all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about war and slavery and all sorts of
+challenges in human history but gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges in human history but gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges in human history but gold
+and to a lesser extent silver were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to a lesser extent silver were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to a lesser extent silver were very
+acceptable and stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable and stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable and stable
+but think about this for a moment all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but think about this for a moment all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but think about this for a moment all
+the world's gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world's gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world's gold
+that's ever been mined if you take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ever been mined if you take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ever been mined if you take all
+of that gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that gold
+it can fit in four olympic sized pools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can fit in four olympic sized pools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can fit in four olympic sized pools
+four olympic sized poles you can put all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four olympic sized poles you can put all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four olympic sized poles you can put all
+that gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gold
+into one space now it's spread around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one space now it's spread around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one space now it's spread around
+the world in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world in
+in jewelry and in secure walks but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in jewelry and in secure walks but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in jewelry and in secure walks but it's
+only four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four
+olympic size pools i would kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olympic size pools i would kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olympic size pools i would kind of
+contend that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contend that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contend that's
+that's just a symbol uh again it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a symbol uh again it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a symbol uh again it has
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+you know kind of features that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of features that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of features that make
+adorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adorable
+and and it's got 10 000 years of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's got 10 000 years of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's got 10 000 years of human
+narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative
+um and acceptability and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and acceptability and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and acceptability and uh
+i can assure you that uh those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can assure you that uh those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can assure you that uh those who
+are really at times of trouble would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really at times of trouble would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really at times of trouble would
+probably take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably take
+a piece of gold if it was really in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of gold if it was really in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of gold if it was really in
+times of war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of war
+and despair take a piece of gold over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and despair take a piece of gold over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and despair take a piece of gold over
+bitcoin but on the other hand we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin but on the other hand we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin but on the other hand we're
+going to get into what bitcoin is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get into what bitcoin is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get into what bitcoin is and
+how it creates some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it creates some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it creates some
+digital scarce store value so hassan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital scarce store value so hassan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital scarce store value so hassan
+we we could keep going with a lively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we could keep going with a lively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we could keep going with a lively
+debate but i hope that helps at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate but i hope that helps at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate but i hope that helps at least
+frame the sides of this thing yeah i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame the sides of this thing yeah i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame the sides of this thing yeah i
+just have one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have one thing
+uh to to say now i mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to say now i mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to say now i mean if
+if the u.s for some reason collapsed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the u.s for some reason collapsed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the u.s for some reason collapsed
+what would happen to the whole monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen to the whole monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen to the whole monetary
+system i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system i mean
+it's it's very dangerous that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very dangerous that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very dangerous that makes
+sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because
+you're asking what happens if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking what happens if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking what happens if the
+nation's currency collapses and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation's currency collapses and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation's currency collapses and we have
+we have history of that we we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have history of that we we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have history of that we we don't have
+recent history when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent history when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent history when
+a world's dominant currency collapses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a world's dominant currency collapses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a world's dominant currency collapses
+but we've certainly in a history of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've certainly in a history of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've certainly in a history of many
+countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+currencies collapsing in fact right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies collapsing in fact right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies collapsing in fact right now
+venezuela's currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venezuela's currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venezuela's currency
+basically collapses and what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically collapses and what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically collapses and what happens in
+countries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that
+where the currencies enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the currencies enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the currencies enter
+hyperinflation and start to collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperinflation and start to collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperinflation and start to collapse
+you start to see communities reach out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to see communities reach out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to see communities reach out
+to another symbol some other symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another symbol some other symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another symbol some other symbol
+that is acceptable and has stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is acceptable and has stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is acceptable and has stability
+it might be in the common time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be in the common time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be in the common time in the
+current time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current time
+that those people will reach out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those people will reach out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those people will reach out to the
+us dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us dollar
+and your question is what if the dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your question is what if the dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your question is what if the dollar
+collapses but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapses but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapses but in
+in monetary history says that usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in monetary history says that usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in monetary history says that usually
+that when a currency goes bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when a currency goes bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when a currency goes bad
+people reach out to the better currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people reach out to the better currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people reach out to the better currency
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it could be a neighboring country it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a neighboring country it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a neighboring country it
+could be a different metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a different metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a different metal
+like when when we had challenges between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when when we had challenges between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when when we had challenges between
+different base metals or even earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different base metals or even earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different base metals or even earlier
+times when we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when we had
+uh money that looked a little different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh money that looked a little different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh money that looked a little different
+than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we
+currently looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me hold that about what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me hold that about what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me hold that about what happens to
+the us dollar for a moment and just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us dollar for a moment and just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us dollar for a moment and just say
+the roll of money because we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roll of money because we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roll of money because we'll we'll
+lose time and i want to get going as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose time and i want to get going as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose time and i want to get going as to
+what cryptocurrency and blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cryptocurrency and blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cryptocurrency and blockchain
+technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is
+so the role of money these three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the role of money these three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the role of money these three things
+a medium of exchange as plato and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a medium of exchange as plato and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a medium of exchange as plato and
+aristotle talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle talked about
+a store of value that aristotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a store of value that aristotle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a store of value that aristotle
+basically said that i can hold it today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically said that i can hold it today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically said that i can hold it today
+for something tomorrow that's a store of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something tomorrow that's a store of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something tomorrow that's a store of
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+and it also then becomes a unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also then becomes a unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also then becomes a unit of
+account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+the us dollar is a unit account in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us dollar is a unit account in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us dollar is a unit account in the
+u.s the yen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s the yen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s the yen
+in japan the euro in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in japan the euro in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in japan the euro in
+in europe a unit of account these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in europe a unit of account these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in europe a unit of account these three
+rolls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls
+of money and it's looked very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money and it's looked very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money and it's looked very different
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+cowie shells are in greece but today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cowie shells are in greece but today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cowie shells are in greece but today
+i put here an alipay mobile wallet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put here an alipay mobile wallet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put here an alipay mobile wallet
+that's sort of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of what we
+use dominantly around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use dominantly around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use dominantly around
+the world we talked a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world we talked a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world we talked a little bit about
+fiat currency when hassan and i were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat currency when hassan and i were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat currency when hassan and i were
+going back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and forth
+a fiat currency is a representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fiat currency is a representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fiat currency is a representation
+of some central bank liability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some central bank liability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some central bank liability
+central banks an invention of the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks an invention of the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks an invention of the late
+17th century both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th century both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th century both in
+england and in sweden just about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+england and in sweden just about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+england and in sweden just about the
+same decade in the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same decade in the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same decade in the late
+17th century was a check on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th century was a check on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th century was a check on the
+sovereign you see the king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereign you see the king
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereign you see the king
+the king in england using that story for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the king in england using that story for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the king in england using that story for
+a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment
+the king was at yet another war with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the king was at yet another war with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the king was at yet another war with
+france
+
+ align:start position:0%
+france
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+france
+and wanted to borrow money uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wanted to borrow money uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wanted to borrow money uh
+and and when the king wanted to borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and when the king wanted to borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and when the king wanted to borrow
+money going to the noble lords the noble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money going to the noble lords the noble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money going to the noble lords the noble
+lord said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lord said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lord said
+enough already king and said we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough already king and said we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough already king and said we need
+some mechanism to control how much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mechanism to control how much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mechanism to control how much you
+can borrow and how much you can borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can borrow and how much you can borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can borrow and how much you can borrow
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+in essence of representation of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence of representation of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence of representation of money
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they set up the bank of england and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they set up the bank of england and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they set up the bank of england and in
+sweden it was a check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweden it was a check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweden it was a check
+also on the sovereign for a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on the sovereign for a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on the sovereign for a little bit
+different political reasons than a war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different political reasons than a war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different political reasons than a war
+with france
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with france
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with france
+and there we had the initial sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there we had the initial sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there we had the initial sort of
+central banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks
+here in the u.s we went about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the u.s we went about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the u.s we went about it
+alexander hamilton thought we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alexander hamilton thought we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alexander hamilton thought we should
+have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something
+that was during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1790s by the 1830s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1790s by the 1830s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1790s by the 1830s
+andrew jackson said enough with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andrew jackson said enough with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andrew jackson said enough with this
+sort of centralized banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of centralized banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of centralized banking
+and then we went for nearly 80 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we went for nearly 80 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we went for nearly 80 years
+about 75 years from the 1830s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 75 years from the 1830s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 75 years from the 1830s
+to the 19 teens with no central bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 19 teens with no central bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 19 teens with no central bank
+we had crisis after crisis and we formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had crisis after crisis and we formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had crisis after crisis and we formed
+one during president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one during president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one during president
+wilson's time one of the great uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wilson's time one of the great uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wilson's time one of the great uh
+sort of progressive uh movements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of progressive uh movements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of progressive uh movements of the
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+and just about 100 years ago but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just about 100 years ago but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just about 100 years ago but
+fiat currencies are representations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat currencies are representations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat currencies are representations of
+liabilities and hassan was saying well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liabilities and hassan was saying well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liabilities and hassan was saying well
+but don't they have something behind it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't they have something behind it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't they have something behind it
+what they have behind it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they have behind it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they have behind it is the
+government's ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government's ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government's ability to
+of course tax the government's ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course tax the government's ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course tax the government's ability
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+uh be trusted to keep its promises to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be trusted to keep its promises to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be trusted to keep its promises to
+keep that currency stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that currency stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that currency stable
+but again just like when that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again just like when that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again just like when that that
+english king was at war with france
+
+ align:start position:0%
+english king was at war with france
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+english king was at war with france
+sometimes sometimes they over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes sometimes they over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes sometimes they over
+print the money sometimes it gets out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print the money sometimes it gets out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print the money sometimes it gets out of
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+and central banks lose control um but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and central banks lose control um but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and central banks lose control um but it
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+very big network effects that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big network effects that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big network effects that we talked
+about the acceptance for taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the acceptance for taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the acceptance for taxes
+for legal tender it's accepted through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for legal tender it's accepted through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for legal tender it's accepted through
+what mandel would say was an optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mandel would say was an optimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mandel would say was an optimum
+currency area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency area
+now we have 180 currencies around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have 180 currencies around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have 180 currencies around the
+globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe
+and some work well and some don't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some work well and some don't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some work well and some don't work
+so well like venezuela right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well like venezuela right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well like venezuela right now
+and so in the midst of all of that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in the midst of all of that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in the midst of all of that you
+know the question isn't this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the question isn't this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the question isn't this a little
+humorous is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humorous is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humorous is
+what's money's future is it digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's money's future is it digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's money's future is it digital
+currencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies
+or is it like in in you know kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it like in in you know kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it like in in you know kind of the
+fun movie star wars is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun movie star wars is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun movie star wars is it
+uh uh these types of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh these types of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh these types of things
+credit chips and the like now i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit chips and the like now i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit chips and the like now i would
+say if you're a star trek fan in star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you're a star trek fan in star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you're a star trek fan in star
+trek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trek
+gene rottenberry didn't have a currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene rottenberry didn't have a currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene rottenberry didn't have a currency
+if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go
+through all the original star treks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the original star treks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the original star treks and
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+they actually didn't have any money that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually didn't have any money that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually didn't have any money that
+was gene rottenberry's future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was gene rottenberry's future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was gene rottenberry's future
+so he sort of dispensed with all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he sort of dispensed with all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he sort of dispensed with all this
+plato and aristotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato and aristotle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato and aristotle
+let's now let's sort of go a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now let's sort of go a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now let's sort of go a little bit
+more serious and then talk about satoshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more serious and then talk about satoshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more serious and then talk about satoshi
+nakamoto but romaine any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nakamoto but romaine any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nakamoto but romaine any questions
+um none so far let's give it a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um none so far let's give it a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um none so far let's give it a few
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nope i think we're good to go so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope i think we're good to go so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope i think we're good to go so with
+that foundation let's go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that foundation let's go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that foundation let's go back to the
+payments riddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments riddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments riddle
+so we get through the 1990s the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get through the 1990s the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get through the 1990s the internet
+is taking off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking off
+we figure out how to secure it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figure out how to secure it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figure out how to secure it and the
+and the credit card companies find a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the credit card companies find a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the credit card companies find a way
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+move money some startups happen paypal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move money some startups happen paypal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move money some startups happen paypal
+and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like
+start up in this area the fintech of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start up in this area the fintech of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start up in this area the fintech of the
+late 1990s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1990s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1990s
+mobile payments start by the naughts we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile payments start by the naughts we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile payments start by the naughts we
+already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have
+alipay and m payson in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alipay and m payson in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alipay and m payson in
+africa but this payment riddle is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africa but this payment riddle is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africa but this payment riddle is still
+there and that cipher punk mailing list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that cipher punk mailing list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that cipher punk mailing list
+is still there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still there
+and on halloween night in 2008
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on halloween night in 2008
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on halloween night in 2008
+an 8-page paper is written and is put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 8-page paper is written and is put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 8-page paper is written and is put up
+on the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet
+on this cypherpunk mailing list that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this cypherpunk mailing list that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this cypherpunk mailing list that
+might only be a couple hundred people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might only be a couple hundred people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might only be a couple hundred people
+i've been working on a new electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've been working on a new electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've been working on a new electronic
+cash system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash system
+peer-to-peer no trusted third party no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer-to-peer no trusted third party no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer-to-peer no trusted third party no
+central authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central authority
+and what satoshi nakamoto wrote in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what satoshi nakamoto wrote in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what satoshi nakamoto wrote in that
+eight-page paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight-page paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight-page paper
+what nakamoto-san wrote was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bitcoin white paper had never used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin white paper had never used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin white paper had never used the
+word blockchain technology we've come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word blockchain technology we've come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word blockchain technology we've come to
+call it blockchain technology so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it blockchain technology so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it blockchain technology so what
+what is the blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the blockchain technology
+fundamentally it's a it's a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally it's a it's a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally it's a it's a shared
+accounting system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting system
+a shared accounting system or shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shared accounting system or shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shared accounting system or shared
+database system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database system
+so satoshi nakamoto had time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so satoshi nakamoto had time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so satoshi nakamoto had time
+stamped ledgers and a timestamp ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamped ledgers and a timestamp ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamped ledgers and a timestamp ledger
+with cryptography to secure it was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cryptography to secure it was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cryptography to secure it was not
+new a timestamp ledger my little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new a timestamp ledger my little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new a timestamp ledger my little
+illustration here uh neha narula and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration here uh neha narula and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration here uh neha narula and i
+use this so i want to give her credit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this so i want to give her credit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this so i want to give her credit as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+um represents blocks of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um represents blocks of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um represents blocks of data
+blocks of data and between these blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of data and between these blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of data and between these blocks
+of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data
+a cryptographic hash function a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cryptographic hash function a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cryptographic hash function a
+cryptographic hash function we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic hash function we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic hash function we use
+every day of our lives just we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day of our lives just we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day of our lives just we don't
+know we're using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're using it
+somewhere on the internet to commit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere on the internet to commit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere on the internet to commit to
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+this this technology this this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this technology this this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this technology this this idea of
+taking a block of data and adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a block of data and adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a block of data and adding
+another block of data and having a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another block of data and having a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another block of data and having a hash
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+in between was an innovation of the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between was an innovation of the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between was an innovation of the late
+1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s
+two bell labs scientists haber and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bell labs scientists haber and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bell labs scientists haber and
+stoneta wrote a paper about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoneta wrote a paper about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoneta wrote a paper about it
+even started a company to notarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even started a company to notarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even started a company to notarize
+legal documents by 1995 a little startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal documents by 1995 a little startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal documents by 1995 a little startup
+called surety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called surety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called surety
+that existed that existed but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that existed that existed but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that existed that existed but what
+nakamoto-san
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nakamoto-san
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nakamoto-san
+figured out was how to have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out was how to have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out was how to have multiple
+parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties
+nakamoto-san solved the consensus riddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nakamoto-san solved the consensus riddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nakamoto-san solved the consensus riddle
+or what some people call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what some people call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what some people call
+byzantine generals problem the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byzantine generals problem the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byzantine generals problem the problem
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+what if i don't know the other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i don't know the other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i don't know the other people
+keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping
+the ledger again the byzantine generals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ledger again the byzantine generals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ledger again the byzantine generals
+problem was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was not
+new it wasn't even about money the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new it wasn't even about money the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new it wasn't even about money the
+byzantine generals problem would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byzantine generals problem would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byzantine generals problem would have
+been written about in the early 1980s it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been written about in the early 1980s it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been written about in the early 1980s it
+was a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a computer
+systems problem if you tie various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems problem if you tie various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems problem if you tie various
+computers together what if one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers together what if one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers together what if one of them
+fails or even in an airplane what if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails or even in an airplane what if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails or even in an airplane what if one
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+engines fails it's the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines fails it's the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines fails it's the question of
+thought tolerance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought tolerance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought tolerance
+but what satoshi nakamoto did was solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what satoshi nakamoto did was solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what satoshi nakamoto did was solved
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+through something called proof of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through something called proof of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through something called proof of work
+and we don't have the time to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have the time to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have the time to go through
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+but what this what this provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what this what this provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what this what this provided
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+was a decentralized auditable database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a decentralized auditable database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a decentralized auditable database
+now in the case of bitcoin 10 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the case of bitcoin 10 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the case of bitcoin 10 000
+computers around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers around the globe
+maintain this auditable database and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain this auditable database and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain this auditable database and
+this audible database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this audible database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this audible database
+builds a block of data on top of a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds a block of data on top of a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds a block of data on top of a block
+of data on top of a block of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data on top of a block of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data on top of a block of data
+but it's shared accounting system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's shared accounting system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's shared accounting system
+maintains it there was one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains it there was one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains it there was one other
+thing that went on in this period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that went on in this period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that went on in this period of
+time in the late 1990s a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the late 1990s a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the late 1990s a computer
+scientist nick saba wrote a paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist nick saba wrote a paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist nick saba wrote a paper and
+coined the phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coined the phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coined the phrase
+smart contracts again not an original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart contracts again not an original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart contracts again not an original
+idea but what nick sabo said what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but what nick sabo said what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but what nick sabo said what if we
+could take a set of promises put them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take a set of promises put them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take a set of promises put them in
+digital form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital form
+and then the parties can perform against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the parties can perform against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the parties can perform against
+them in essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in essence
+what if we automate and computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we automate and computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we automate and computer
+code the movement of a property right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code the movement of a property right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code the movement of a property right
+now i grew up in baltimore maryland my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i grew up in baltimore maryland my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i grew up in baltimore maryland my
+dad had a vending machine business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad had a vending machine business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad had a vending machine business
+you know cigarette machines and canning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know cigarette machines and canning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know cigarette machines and canning
+machines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and
+and uh and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and the like
+a vending machine is a smart contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vending machine is a smart contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vending machine is a smart contract
+it's a conditional movement of property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a conditional movement of property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a conditional movement of property
+right it's the pack of gum if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the pack of gum if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the pack of gum if you put
+some money in the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money in the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money in the machine
+so you can think of a smart contract as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think of a smart contract as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think of a smart contract as
+digitizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitizing
+basically a vending machine they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a vending machine they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a vending machine they're not
+necessarily smart they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily smart they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily smart they're not
+necessarily legal contracts so i'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily legal contracts so i'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily legal contracts so i'd be
+cautioned about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautioned about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautioned about that
+but these two concepts came together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these two concepts came together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these two concepts came together
+smart contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart contracts
+meaning can i digitize the movement of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning can i digitize the movement of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning can i digitize the movement of a
+property right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property right
+and then this accounting system of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this accounting system of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this accounting system of a
+shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared
+ledger that multiple parties can share a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger that multiple parties can share a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger that multiple parties can share a
+ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger
+with no central controller that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no central controller that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no central controller that that's
+kind of the conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the conceptual
+framework um i want to pause for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework um i want to pause for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework um i want to pause for a
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+romaine and take questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine and take questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine and take questions on
+what i usually cover what i usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i usually cover what i usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i usually cover what i usually
+cover in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in
+a lot more time than the few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more time than the few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more time than the few minutes
+that i just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions from the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions from the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions from the students
+this must be because we just went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be because we just went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be because we just went
+through holiday time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through holiday time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through holiday time
+and um we had our zoom easters and zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we had our zoom easters and zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we had our zoom easters and zoom
+seders um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seders um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seders um
+there are no hands raised for now ah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no hands raised for now ah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no hands raised for now ah we
+do have one question from celie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have one question from celie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have one question from celie
+please okay so i was just wondering can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please okay so i was just wondering can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please okay so i was just wondering can
+you explain a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explain a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explain a little more
+um the issues of the decentralized auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the issues of the decentralized auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the issues of the decentralized auto
+audible database you mentioned very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audible database you mentioned very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audible database you mentioned very
+briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly
+um when it had first come out and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when it had first come out and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when it had first come out and how
+these were solved but can you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were solved but can you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were solved but can you like
+i just to understand what issues they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just to understand what issues they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just to understand what issues they
+were solving can you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were solving can you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were solving can you kind of
+explain so what not if i understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain so what not if i understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain so what not if i understand the
+question what nakamura-san was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what nakamura-san was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what nakamura-san was trying to
+solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+was what uh has been come to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what uh has been come to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what uh has been come to call
+double spending can you can you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double spending can you can you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double spending can you can you in a
+digital way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital way
+move a representation of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move a representation of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move a representation of value
+in a digital way move that without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a digital way move that without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a digital way move that without
+having a central authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a central authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a central authority
+we move digitally representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move digitally representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move digitally representation of
+values every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values every day
+when you go online and buy something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go online and buy something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go online and buy something you
+go to expedia you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to expedia you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to expedia you go
+to amazon you go to ali
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to amazon you go to ali
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to amazon you go to ali
+baba we move digitally representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baba we move digitally representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baba we move digitally representation of
+values we no longer have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values we no longer have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values we no longer have
+much of our economy on physical cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of our economy on physical cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of our economy on physical cash
+but we we always have some central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we we always have some central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we we always have some central
+authority a bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority a bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority a bank
+a payments company that we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a payments company that we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a payments company that we'll talk about
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+class six uh some central authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class six uh some central authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class six uh some central authority
+controlling that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling that to
+ensure that you actually have that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that you actually have that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that you actually have that value
+to authenticate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to authenticate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to authenticate
+and authorize the movement of that money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and authorize the movement of that money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and authorize the movement of that money
+so what satoshi nakamoto was solving for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what satoshi nakamoto was solving for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what satoshi nakamoto was solving for
+is what if there was no central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what if there was no central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what if there was no central
+authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority
+and it was a shared database or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a shared database or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a shared database or
+ledger or what i call a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger or what i call a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger or what i call a shared
+accounting system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting system
+that would be the core core thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the core core thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the core core thing uh
+this this kind of riddle from the 1990s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this kind of riddle from the 1990s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this kind of riddle from the 1990s
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+send packets of data around the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send packets of data around the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send packets of data around the internet
+with this out of central authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this out of central authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this out of central authority
+maybe you do that and i don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you do that and i don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you do that and i don't think it's
+a surprise this happened in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surprise this happened in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surprise this happened in the middle
+of the financial crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the financial crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the financial crisis
+halloween in the middle financial crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halloween in the middle financial crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halloween in the middle financial crisis
+when when trust in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when trust in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when trust in
+central authorities was quite low and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central authorities was quite low and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central authorities was quite low and
+especially trust in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially trust in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially trust in
+wall street and banking and and banks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall street and banking and and banks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall street and banking and and banks in
+europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe
+was quite low um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was quite low um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was quite low um
+this burst of innovation came at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this burst of innovation came at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this burst of innovation came at that
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+i i hope that helps and and i think as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i hope that helps and and i think as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i hope that helps and and i think as
+we're going to chat through today and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to chat through today and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to chat through today and in
+other classes the question is are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes the question is are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes the question is are there
+other applications see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications see
+see this goes to the heart of finance it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this goes to the heart of finance it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this goes to the heart of finance it
+goes to the heart of the plumbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the heart of the plumbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the heart of the plumbing
+satoshi nakamoto's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satoshi nakamoto's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satoshi nakamoto's
+innovation still survives 12 years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation still survives 12 years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation still survives 12 years later
+in in this adversarial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this adversarial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this adversarial
+adversarial sort of off the grid way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversarial sort of off the grid way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversarial sort of off the grid way
+bitcoin still survives 12 years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin still survives 12 years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin still survives 12 years later
+but are there other applications in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are there other applications in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are there other applications in
+finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance
+where a shared database system a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a shared database system a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a shared database system a
+shared accounting system is the best way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared accounting system is the best way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared accounting system is the best way
+to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go
+and we've had inventions like this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've had inventions like this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've had inventions like this uh
+infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure
+technologies that have radically changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that have radically changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that have radically changed
+finance and one of them from several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and one of them from several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and one of them from several
+hundred years ago was the joint stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years ago was the joint stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years ago was the joint stock
+company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+when i talk about a technology stack one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i talk about a technology stack one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i talk about a technology stack one
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+several centuries ago was can we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several centuries ago was can we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several centuries ago was can we have
+a shared ownership of a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shared ownership of a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shared ownership of a company
+and when that was sort of invented i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when that was sort of invented i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when that was sort of invented i
+guess some people would have said what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess some people would have said what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess some people would have said what
+do we need that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we need that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we need that for
+this instead of a shared company is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instead of a shared company is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instead of a shared company is a
+shared database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared database
+and and so that's the debate is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so that's the debate is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so that's the debate is it
+really uh needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh needed
+will it be useful in the future it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it be useful in the future it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it be useful in the future it has
+led to a crypto market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to a crypto market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to a crypto market
+about 200 billion dollars as of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200 billion dollars as of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200 billion dollars as of
+yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday
+two-thirds of which is is bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds of which is is bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds of which is is bitcoin
+um highly volatile uh hassan would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um highly volatile uh hassan would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um highly volatile uh hassan would say
+but what's the intrinsic value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the intrinsic value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the intrinsic value
+it is a digital scare store of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a digital scare store of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a digital scare store of value
+and it's only has value because somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's only has value because somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's only has value because somebody
+else will move it when bitcoin was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else will move it when bitcoin was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else will move it when bitcoin was
+or rolled out in 2009 nobody saw that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rolled out in 2009 nobody saw that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rolled out in 2009 nobody saw that it
+had value it was just a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had value it was just a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had value it was just a kind of
+interesting uh project but by 2010
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh project but by 2010
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh project but by 2010
+one uh person who was in the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh person who was in the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh person who was in the community
+said let's see if i could get anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said let's see if i could get anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said let's see if i could get anybody
+to give me something uh commercially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me something uh commercially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me something uh commercially
+and it was actually pizza it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was actually pizza it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was actually pizza it wasn't
+pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza
+net the sandra bullock uh uh movie we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net the sandra bullock uh uh movie we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net the sandra bullock uh uh movie we
+started with in 1995
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with in 1995
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with in 1995
+but 15 years later in 2010
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 15 years later in 2010
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 15 years later in 2010
+a crypto enthusiast in florida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crypto enthusiast in florida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crypto enthusiast in florida
+uh put out on an email list i will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put out on an email list i will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put out on an email list i will give
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ten thousand bitcoin if you send me two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten thousand bitcoin if you send me two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten thousand bitcoin if you send me two
+pizzas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizzas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizzas
+two pizzas ten thousand bitcoin in may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pizzas ten thousand bitcoin in may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pizzas ten thousand bitcoin in may
+of 2010
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2010
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2010
+it took about a week before anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took about a week before anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took about a week before anybody
+responded but two pizzas showed up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded but two pizzas showed up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded but two pizzas showed up at
+his door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his door
+and sure enough uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sure enough uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sure enough uh uh uh
+this this crypto enthusiast in florida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this crypto enthusiast in florida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this crypto enthusiast in florida
+sent the 10 000 bitcoin now at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent the 10 000 bitcoin now at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent the 10 000 bitcoin now at the time
+there wasn't a crypto market at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't a crypto market at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't a crypto market at the time
+it was thought that the two pizzas were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was thought that the two pizzas were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was thought that the two pizzas were
+worth about forty two dollars that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth about forty two dollars that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth about forty two dollars that he
+had paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had paid
+uh ten thousand bitcoin for that ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ten thousand bitcoin for that ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ten thousand bitcoin for that ten
+thousand bitcoin today would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand bitcoin today would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand bitcoin today would be
+well valued about 65 million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well valued about 65 million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well valued about 65 million dollars
+so ten years later you kind of go well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ten years later you kind of go well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ten years later you kind of go well
+that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was
+that was kind of an interesting time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of an interesting time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of an interesting time to
+do that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that um
+it's led to different sectors there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's led to different sectors there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's led to different sectors there's
+thousands of these coins the payment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of these coins the payment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of these coins the payment or
+store value tokens or the dominant about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store value tokens or the dominant about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store value tokens or the dominant about
+three quarters of the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quarters of the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quarters of the market
+uh some of you may have heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of you may have heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of you may have heard of
+ethereum but platform tokens where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethereum but platform tokens where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethereum but platform tokens where
+vitalik budaran rolled out this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitalik budaran rolled out this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitalik budaran rolled out this thing
+called ethereum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ethereum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ethereum
+and ethereum is a conceptually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ethereum is a conceptually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ethereum is a conceptually a
+worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide
+shared computer uh it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared computer uh it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared computer uh it has
+many attributes of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many attributes of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many attributes of of of
+a operating system i wouldn't compare it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a operating system i wouldn't compare it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a operating system i wouldn't compare it
+and contrast it with ios and android but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contrast it with ios and android but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contrast it with ios and android but
+it does have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does have
+attributes similar to a worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes similar to a worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes similar to a worldwide
+platform layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform layer
+operating system upon which distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system upon which distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system upon which distributed
+applications or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications or
+dapps can be put on top so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dapps can be put on top so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dapps can be put on top so this is this
+ecosystem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem
+there's a few dozen payment or store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few dozen payment or store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few dozen payment or store
+value tokens there's dozens of platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value tokens there's dozens of platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value tokens there's dozens of platform
+tokens there's a thousand to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens there's a thousand to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens there's a thousand to two
+thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+applications placed on top the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications placed on top the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications placed on top the
+conceptual framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual framework
+in these applications is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these applications is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these applications is they're
+decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized
+will anybody use them different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will anybody use them different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will anybody use them different
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+um along the way so what has this led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um along the way so what has this led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um along the way so what has this led to
+it's led to blockchain use cases around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's led to blockchain use cases around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's led to blockchain use cases around
+speculative investing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculative investing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculative investing
+crowd funding through initial coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd funding through initial coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd funding through initial coin
+offerings from 2017
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings from 2017
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings from 2017
+to 2019 nearly 30 billion dollars was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2019 nearly 30 billion dollars was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2019 nearly 30 billion dollars was
+raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised
+by basically selling a token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by basically selling a token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by basically selling a token
+before you had a business you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you had a business you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you had a business you might have
+a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea
+you might have be legitimate players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have be legitimate players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have be legitimate players
+and you raised money off of this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you raised money off of this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you raised money off of this you
+weren't selling equity you were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't selling equity you were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't selling equity you were not
+selling debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling debt
+you were selling a token that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were selling a token that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were selling a token that could be
+used on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used on some
+site in the future now those tokens have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site in the future now those tokens have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site in the future now those tokens have
+largely been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely been
+in 2020 this is those tokens are largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2020 this is those tokens are largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2020 this is those tokens are largely
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+crypto exchanges for gaming for gambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto exchanges for gaming for gambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto exchanges for gaming for gambling
+for something called decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something called decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something called decentralized
+finance and file sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and file sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and file sharing
+now there's something that's consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's something that's consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's something that's consistent
+about the first three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first three
+crypto exchanges gaming and gambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto exchanges gaming and gambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto exchanges gaming and gambling
+some of the users of these gaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the users of these gaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the users of these gaming
+gambling and exchange sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling and exchange sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling and exchange sites
+want a sort of a basis of staying off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a sort of a basis of staying off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a sort of a basis of staying off
+the grid they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid they want
+censorship resistance see the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censorship resistance see the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censorship resistance see the thing
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+cryptocurrencies the good and the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrencies the good and the bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrencies the good and the bad
+sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+is the official sector though they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the official sector though they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the official sector though they can
+track some of it they can't track all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track some of it they can't track all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track some of it they can't track all of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+that it's some way sometimes to stay off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's some way sometimes to stay off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's some way sometimes to stay off
+the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid
+i'm not advising this i'm just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not advising this i'm just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not advising this i'm just saying
+the economics of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics of it
+some of that is about censorship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that is about censorship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that is about censorship
+resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance
+all of the other uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the other uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the other uses
+has been around blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been around blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been around blockchain technology
+and the uses really are potential uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uses really are potential uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uses really are potential uses
+they haven't taken off can we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't taken off can we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't taken off can we use
+it in payment systems can we use it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in payment systems can we use it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in payment systems can we use it in
+trade finance can we use it in clearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade finance can we use it in clearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade finance can we use it in clearing
+settling and processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settling and processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settling and processing
+and there are hundreds of projects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are hundreds of projects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are hundreds of projects that
+have been in proof of concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been in proof of concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been in proof of concept
+or pilot stages none that have truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pilot stages none that have truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pilot stages none that have truly
+broken out yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken out yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken out yet
+and this is why i say it hasn't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is why i say it hasn't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is why i say it hasn't come
+into the technology staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the technology staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the technology staff
+you can by the way get your mit diploma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can by the way get your mit diploma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can by the way get your mit diploma
+on a blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a blockchain technology
+i'm saying that if you do you can decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm saying that if you do you can decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm saying that if you do you can decide
+um uh also to get it in paper for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh also to get it in paper for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh also to get it in paper for
+i thought uh romaine actually we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought uh romaine actually we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought uh romaine actually we had a
+poll to just to see how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poll to just to see how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poll to just to see how many people
+there's a poll on use of cryptocurrency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a poll on use of cryptocurrency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a poll on use of cryptocurrency
+or something uh the first of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something uh the first of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something uh the first of those two
+polls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polls
+um if if folks don't mind just giving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if if folks don't mind just giving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if if folks don't mind just giving a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+uh flavor for have you ever owned crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flavor for have you ever owned crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flavor for have you ever owned crypto
+and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+so um it looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um it looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um it looks like a
+third have owned bitcoin or ethereum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third have owned bitcoin or ethereum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third have owned bitcoin or ethereum or
+altcoins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altcoins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altcoins
+and we have does bitcoin exhibit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have does bitcoin exhibit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have does bitcoin exhibit the
+three rolls of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three rolls of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three rolls of money
+uh a little over half yes and a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a little over half yes and a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a little over half yes and a little
+less than half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than half
+no i'm going to ask if somebody one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i'm going to ask if somebody one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i'm going to ask if somebody one
+person on the yes side one person on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person on the yes side one person on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person on the yes side one person on the
+nose side just wants to articulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose side just wants to articulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose side just wants to articulate
+why it does not uh exhibit the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it does not uh exhibit the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it does not uh exhibit the three
+roles of money the store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles of money the store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles of money the store
+value medium of exchange unit of account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value medium of exchange unit of account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value medium of exchange unit of account
+um and one and for this romaine we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and one and for this romaine we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and one and for this romaine we'll
+cold call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold call
+so if somebody wants to take the lead on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if somebody wants to take the lead on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if somebody wants to take the lead on
+either side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side
+any volunteers camilo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and if you could declare which side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if you could declare which side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if you could declare which side
+you're on so somebody can volunteer on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on so somebody can volunteer on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on so somebody can volunteer on
+the other side as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side as well
+yeah i'm i am on the no side i mean i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'm i am on the no side i mean i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'm i am on the no side i mean i
+i alright so just for a moment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i alright so just for a moment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i alright so just for a moment so
+somebody on the optimist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody on the optimist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody on the optimist
+positive side please volunteer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive side please volunteer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive side please volunteer but
+camilla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camilla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camilla
+yeah i know i mean i i think that still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i know i mean i i think that still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i know i mean i i think that still
+as a medium of exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a medium of exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a medium of exchange
+uh bitcoin and the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bitcoin and the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bitcoin and the rest of the
+cryptocurrencies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrencies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrencies are
+really limited if i want to go to i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really limited if i want to go to i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really limited if i want to go to i
+don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+to publix and buy something uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to publix and buy something uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to publix and buy something uh with
+bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin
+it would be so hard i'll have to find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be so hard i'll have to find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be so hard i'll have to find an
+app that translate my bitcoin to real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app that translate my bitcoin to real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app that translate my bitcoin to real
+money and then try to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and then try to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and then try to pay
+and there is also a questionable thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is also a questionable thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is also a questionable thing
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+the store of value you know bitcoin at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the store of value you know bitcoin at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the store of value you know bitcoin at
+least and ethereum i think it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least and ethereum i think it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least and ethereum i think it's also
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+has been fluctuating so much that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been fluctuating so much that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been fluctuating so much that
+uh you never know how much value are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you never know how much value are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you never know how much value are you
+getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+for a bitcoin day today so i think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a bitcoin day today so i think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a bitcoin day today so i think there
+is still a long way before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still a long way before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still a long way before
+like fulfilling the the essentials of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fulfilling the the essentials of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fulfilling the the essentials of
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+all right so i think camilo is saying i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i think camilo is saying i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i think camilo is saying i
+can't go to publix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go to publix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go to publix
+not a medium of exchange where i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a medium of exchange where i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a medium of exchange where i want to
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+and it's kind of this volatile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of this volatile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of this volatile
+uh store of value and you didn't address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh store of value and you didn't address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh store of value and you didn't address
+a unit of a cap but let's see if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit of a cap but let's see if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit of a cap but let's see if there's
+somebody on the other side who just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody on the other side who just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody on the other side who just
+wants to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to kind of
+articulate the other side of this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate the other side of this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate the other side of this we
+have devin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have devin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have devin
+devin please i can give the counter at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devin please i can give the counter at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devin please i can give the counter at
+least in my opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in my opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in my opinion
+um i don't think that the idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i don't think that the idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i don't think that the idea of a
+store value in the medium exchange are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store value in the medium exchange are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store value in the medium exchange are
+shortcomings of the currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcomings of the currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcomings of the currency
+i think their shortcomings of the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think their shortcomings of the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think their shortcomings of the market
+in which it operates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which it operates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which it operates
+um so you can use it to exchange value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can use it to exchange value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can use it to exchange value
+if the infrastructure isn't there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the infrastructure isn't there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the infrastructure isn't there that's
+not the currency's fault that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the currency's fault that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the currency's fault that's
+sort of the market participants and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the market participants and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the market participants and then
+with the store of value it does store a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the store of value it does store a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the store of value it does store a
+value and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and that
+value does fluctuate that's true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value does fluctuate that's true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value does fluctuate that's true but
+again i think that's because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i think that's because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i think that's because of the
+market it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market it's in
+and speculation going on around these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and speculation going on around these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and speculation going on around these
+currencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh camilla do you want to you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh camilla do you want to you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh camilla do you want to you know you
+both are unmuted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both are unmuted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both are unmuted
+you can cross and devin can stay on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cross and devin can stay on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cross and devin can stay on
+muted too is any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muted too is any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muted too is any
+reply just uh for 30 seconds no no i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reply just uh for 30 seconds no no i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reply just uh for 30 seconds no no i i
+just want to say that although it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to say that although it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to say that although it's true
+that the value of the bitcoin it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the value of the bitcoin it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the value of the bitcoin it
+fluctuates with the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuates with the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuates with the market
+the point is that if you want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that if you want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that if you want a
+worldwide accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide accepted
+uh medium of exchange it cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh medium of exchange it cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh medium of exchange it cannot
+fluctuate as much as bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate as much as bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate as much as bitcoin
+otherwise the financial system and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the financial system and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the financial system and even
+you know people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people who
+who have savings wouldn't uh have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have savings wouldn't uh have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have savings wouldn't uh have their
+savings in bitcoin i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings in bitcoin i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings in bitcoin i mean
+you are not going to put your funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not going to put your funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not going to put your funding
+you know your your savings account into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your your savings account into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your your savings account into
+bitcoin because you might get lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin because you might get lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin because you might get lost
+overnight so and devon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overnight so and devon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overnight so and devon
+i i agree um that it does fluctuate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i agree um that it does fluctuate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i agree um that it does fluctuate
+overnight i wouldn't put my savings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overnight i wouldn't put my savings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overnight i wouldn't put my savings in
+it i never have i never will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it i never have i never will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it i never have i never will
+um but i do think it kind of comes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but i do think it kind of comes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but i do think it kind of comes down
+to what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what is the
+exact definition of the question you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact definition of the question you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact definition of the question you're
+trying to answer like can you store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to answer like can you store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to answer like can you store
+value in it yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in it yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in it yes
+is the value gonna be the same tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value gonna be the same tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value gonna be the same tomorrow
+maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not
+and that's something that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's something that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's something that might
+stabilize over time as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize over time as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize over time as
+like if it gets used more for day-to-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if it gets used more for day-to-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if it gets used more for day-to-day
+interactions like going to the shop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions like going to the shop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions like going to the shop and
+it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+kind of speculation and sort of hype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of speculation and sort of hype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of speculation and sort of hype
+around it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it then
+maybe we can kind of converge to a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can kind of converge to a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can kind of converge to a point
+where it does satisfy everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it does satisfy everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it does satisfy everything
+fully yeah and and this debate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully yeah and and this debate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully yeah and and this debate that
+devin and camilla are helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devin and camilla are helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devin and camilla are helping
+frame is a debate that's a worthy debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is a debate that's a worthy debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is a debate that's a worthy debate
+i will tell you that i'm not a bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will tell you that i'm not a bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will tell you that i'm not a bitcoin
+maximalist but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximalist but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximalist but i
+actually i'm probably a little closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i'm probably a little closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i'm probably a little closer to
+devon than camilo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devon than camilo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devon than camilo
+on this in terms of it is a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this in terms of it is a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this in terms of it is a digital
+scarce store of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarce store of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarce store of value
+will it be worth something 10 years from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it be worth something 10 years from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it be worth something 10 years from
+now maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now maybe not
+maybe not but it is survived kind of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not but it is survived kind of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not but it is survived kind of in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+swamp this this uncertain sort of world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swamp this this uncertain sort of world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swamp this this uncertain sort of world
+for 12 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 12 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 12 years
+and uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it
+it has some value to some folks hasan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has some value to some folks hasan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has some value to some folks hasan
+earlier would say but it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier would say but it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier would say but it doesn't have
+intrinsic value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic value
+and i would say well it's just a symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i would say well it's just a symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i would say well it's just a symbol
+uh in any regard it can be a medium of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in any regard it can be a medium of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in any regard it can be a medium of
+exchange in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange in
+in certain places but it needs an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain places but it needs an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain places but it needs an
+infrastructure camilo is absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure camilo is absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure camilo is absolutely
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+the state treasurer of ohio in late 2018
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state treasurer of ohio in late 2018
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state treasurer of ohio in late 2018
+had announced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had announced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had announced
+a straight state controller i think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight state controller i think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight state controller i think it
+might have been in ohio an elected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been in ohio an elected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been in ohio an elected
+office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office
+that the state of ohio would accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the state of ohio would accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the state of ohio would accept
+bitcoin for taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin for taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin for taxes
+was it just uh for political reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it just uh for political reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it just uh for political reasons
+that this gentleman announced it uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this gentleman announced it uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this gentleman announced it uh that
+he thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought it was
+associating himself with a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associating himself with a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associating himself with a new
+innovation in the in the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation in the in the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation in the in the economy
+but they needed an infrastructure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they needed an infrastructure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they needed an infrastructure to
+accept the bitcoin they had to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the bitcoin they had to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the bitcoin they had to convert
+it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for
+one percent fee uh to to us dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one percent fee uh to to us dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one percent fee uh to to us dollars
+uh for sure it's not much of a unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for sure it's not much of a unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for sure it's not much of a unit of
+account but sometimes it becomes a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account but sometimes it becomes a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account but sometimes it becomes a unit
+of account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of account
+inside of these other de centralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of these other de centralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of these other de centralized
+apps inside the ico space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps inside the ico space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps inside the ico space
+so it sort of probably exhibits one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it sort of probably exhibits one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it sort of probably exhibits one out
+of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three
+mostly it's a speculative store value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly it's a speculative store value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly it's a speculative store value
+it can be a medium of exchange it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be a medium of exchange it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be a medium of exchange it can be
+a unit of account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit of account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit of account
+but it hasn't adopted this a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it hasn't adopted this a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it hasn't adopted this a number of
+years ago the financial stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago the financial stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago the financial stability
+um uh board um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh board um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh board um
+a worldwide organization of 20 the g20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a worldwide organization of 20 the g20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a worldwide organization of 20 the g20
+finance ministers and central bankers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance ministers and central bankers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance ministers and central bankers
+uh decided that they would no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decided that they would no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decided that they would no longer
+call bitcoin and others crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call bitcoin and others crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call bitcoin and others crypto
+currencies and they call them crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies and they call them crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies and they call them crypto
+assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets
+so they were associating more with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were associating more with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were associating more with
+camillo's side they were saying we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camillo's side they were saying we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camillo's side they were saying we're
+not going to give this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to give this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to give this the
+kind of word to call it a currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of word to call it a currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of word to call it a currency
+and yet the u.s department of treasury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet the u.s department of treasury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet the u.s department of treasury
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+seven years ago had to address itself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years ago had to address itself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years ago had to address itself to
+the question of whether bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of whether bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of whether bitcoin
+and other similar digital assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other similar digital assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other similar digital assets
+were currency under u.s bank secrecy act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were currency under u.s bank secrecy act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were currency under u.s bank secrecy act
+laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws
+against uh money laundering and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against uh money laundering and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against uh money laundering and the like
+and for that purpose they said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that purpose they said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that purpose they said that
+bitcoin was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin was a
+virtual currency so there's the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual currency so there's the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual currency so there's the us
+department of treasury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of treasury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of treasury
+fitting it into a box now i dare say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting it into a box now i dare say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting it into a box now i dare say
+they needed to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed to somehow
+address this public policy issue as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address this public policy issue as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address this public policy issue as to
+whether it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it was
+going to be regulated under the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be regulated under the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be regulated under the bank
+secrecy access somehow they had to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy access somehow they had to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy access somehow they had to call
+it a currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a currency
+call it a virtual currency another part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a virtual currency another part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a virtual currency another part
+of the u.s department of treasury about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the u.s department of treasury about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the u.s department of treasury about
+the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time
+said it was going to be treated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it was going to be treated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it was going to be treated as
+property for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property for
+tax purposes so inside the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax purposes so inside the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax purposes so inside the u.s
+treasury department uh clearly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasury department uh clearly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasury department uh clearly for
+purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes
+of trying to decide how it is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to decide how it is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to decide how it is going to
+be taxed how it's going to be treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taxed how it's going to be treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taxed how it's going to be treated
+for anti-money laundering laws one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anti-money laundering laws one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anti-money laundering laws one part
+of the treasury called a virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the treasury called a virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the treasury called a virtual
+currency another part of the treasury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency another part of the treasury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency another part of the treasury
+u.s treasury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s treasury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s treasury
+called it property rather than currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it property rather than currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it property rather than currency
+and that fit into that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that fit into that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that fit into that so
+i think i'll move on a little bit but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i'll move on a little bit but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i'll move on a little bit but um
+we can uh take down the poll i think or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can uh take down the poll i think or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can uh take down the poll i think or
+do i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i do
+do i do that you uh so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i do that you uh so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i do that you uh so if
+every every person should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every person should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every person should be able to
+close that little polling window i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close that little polling window i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close that little polling window i do
+not have control over it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have control over it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have control over it
+oh okay um then i need to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay um then i need to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay um then i need to do that
+here for a second so that it closes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a second so that it closes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a second so that it closes okay
+so there's a lot of challenges of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of challenges of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of challenges of this
+shared accounting system scalability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared accounting system scalability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared accounting system scalability
+performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+you can move about seven or ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can move about seven or ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can move about seven or ten
+transactions on bitcoin per second you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions on bitcoin per second you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions on bitcoin per second you
+can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move
+10 to 20 transactions a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to 20 transactions a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to 20 transactions a second
+on ethereum that's kind of not the shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ethereum that's kind of not the shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ethereum that's kind of not the shock
+that we need to the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to the system
+our shared centralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our shared centralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our shared centralized
+equity clearing system here in the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity clearing system here in the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity clearing system here in the us
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+depository trust dtcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depository trust dtcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depository trust dtcc
+needs to move the securities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to move the securities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to move the securities and
+exchange commission sort of saying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange commission sort of saying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange commission sort of saying you
+need to be able to move about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to move about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to move about 100
+million transactions a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million transactions a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million transactions a day
+well guess what in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well guess what in the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well guess what in the middle of the
+most volatile time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most volatile time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most volatile time
+in february dtcc was moving 350 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in february dtcc was moving 350 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in february dtcc was moving 350 million
+transactions and when i say transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and when i say transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and when i say transactions
+it could be for 100 shares it could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be for 100 shares it could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be for 100 shares it could be a
+thousand shares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand shares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand shares
+the volumes and shares was higher but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volumes and shares was higher but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volumes and shares was higher but
+i'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm talking about
+how many transactions were moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many transactions were moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many transactions were moving
+through that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that system
+blockchain technology by and large has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology by and large has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology by and large has a
+bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of
+issues still to sort through is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues still to sort through is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues still to sort through is the
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+from public policy issues commercial use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from public policy issues commercial use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from public policy issues commercial use
+cases and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and the like
+now the question is for the 2020s as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is for the 2020s as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is for the 2020s as the
+scalability performance and efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability performance and efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability performance and efficiency
+issues as privacy and security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues as privacy and security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues as privacy and security
+as some of these are worked through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some of these are worked through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some of these are worked through
+is a shared accounting system a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a shared accounting system a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a shared accounting system a shared
+ledger system something that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger system something that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger system something that's going to
+take off and i go back to economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off and i go back to economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off and i go back to economic
+work from the 1930s by coast and i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work from the 1930s by coast and i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work from the 1930s by coast and i just
+sort of captured in a little slide here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of captured in a little slide here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of captured in a little slide here
+the trade-offs of centralization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade-offs of centralization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade-offs of centralization and
+decentralization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralization
+and this is a cost curve but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a cost curve but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a cost curve but
+centralization does lead to cost about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralization does lead to cost about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralization does lead to cost about a
+single point of failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single point of failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single point of failure
+about economic rents and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about economic rents and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about economic rents and about
+uh capture you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capture you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capture you know we
+all know that we pay more for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know that we pay more for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know that we pay more for something
+that's highly centralized if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's highly centralized if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's highly centralized if you want to
+build an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build an
+app on top of ios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app on top of ios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app on top of ios
+or on top apple's ios or an app on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on top apple's ios or an app on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on top apple's ios or an app on top
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+google's android you're going to pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google's android you're going to pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google's android you're going to pay a
+fee because they're the two dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee because they're the two dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee because they're the two dominant
+pipes if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipes if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipes if you
+need to deal with certain centralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to deal with certain centralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to deal with certain centralized
+financial systems there's more economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial systems there's more economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial systems there's more economic
+rents and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rents and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rents and in fact
+financial sector in the us takes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector in the us takes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector in the us takes about
+seven and a half percent of our economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and a half percent of our economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and a half percent of our economy
+that's double what it took in the 1960s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's double what it took in the 1960s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's double what it took in the 1960s
+now it's a bigger economy it's a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's a bigger economy it's a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's a bigger economy it's a bigger
+financial sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector
+but does it necessarily need to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does it necessarily need to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does it necessarily need to take
+seven and a half percent of our economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and a half percent of our economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and a half percent of our economy
+so some would say all right those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some would say all right those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some would say all right those are
+some of the costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the costs
+of centralization and then there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of centralization and then there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of centralization and then there's also
+cost of decentralization coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of decentralization coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of decentralization coordination
+governance security scalability now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance security scalability now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance security scalability now
+coast was writing in the 1930s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast was writing in the 1930s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast was writing in the 1930s
+why do you bring together certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you bring together certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you bring together certain
+attributes inside of a firm it was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes inside of a firm it was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes inside of a firm it was about
+the theory of the firm and why some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of the firm and why some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of the firm and why some
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+are inside a firm and it was the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inside a firm and it was the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inside a firm and it was the cost
+the cost of information the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of information the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of information the cost of
+coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination
+that you bring some things inside some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you bring some things inside some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you bring some things inside some
+things are left out the question is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are left out the question is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are left out the question is is
+will this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will this
+change this balance somehow vitalik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this balance somehow vitalik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this balance somehow vitalik
+budaran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budaran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budaran
+talked about a trilemma and said it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a trilemma and said it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a trilemma and said it's
+hard to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get
+all three of these to get security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three of these to get security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three of these to get security
+decentralization and scalability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralization and scalability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralization and scalability
+so budaran is the innovator at 19 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so budaran is the innovator at 19 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so budaran is the innovator at 19 of the
+ethereum network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethereum network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethereum network
+he's now 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's now 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's now 25
+maybe but vitalik buran said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe but vitalik buran said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe but vitalik buran said
+look you can get decentralization like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you can get decentralization like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you can get decentralization like
+in bitcoin and security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bitcoin and security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bitcoin and security
+it's reasonably secure but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reasonably secure but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reasonably secure but it's not
+scalable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalable
+you maybe can get towards scalability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe can get towards scalability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe can get towards scalability
+but you're probably going to tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're probably going to tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're probably going to tend
+towards more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards more
+centralization now one of mit's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralization now one of mit's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralization now one of mit's
+award-winning computer scientist silvio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award-winning computer scientist silvio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award-winning computer scientist silvio
+mccalley says no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mccalley says no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mccalley says no
+he disagreed he says you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he disagreed he says you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he disagreed he says you can actually
+solve for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for this
+silvio uh won the touring award he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silvio uh won the touring award he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silvio uh won the touring award he's
+sort of the father uh considered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the father uh considered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the father uh considered the
+father of something called zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father of something called zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father of something called zero
+knowledge proofs and said no you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge proofs and said no you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge proofs and said no you can
+solve for this and silvio actually took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for this and silvio actually took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for this and silvio actually took
+a leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leave
+a sabbatical and leave to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sabbatical and leave to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sabbatical and leave to create a
+cryptocurrency and a company around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency and a company around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency and a company around
+al grant and i'm not i'm not sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+al grant and i'm not i'm not sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+al grant and i'm not i'm not sort of
+marketing for him but i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing for him but i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing for him but i'm just
+i'm just commenting there's this debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just commenting there's this debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just commenting there's this debate
+can you solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you solve
+basically what satoshi nakamoto wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what satoshi nakamoto wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what satoshi nakamoto wanted
+decentralization in a scalable way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralization in a scalable way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralization in a scalable way and
+have it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it be
+secure so how does one assess use cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure so how does one assess use cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure so how does one assess use cases
+because this class is ultimately about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this class is ultimately about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this class is ultimately about
+sort of sorting through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sorting through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sorting through this
+well first he asked the question is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first he asked the question is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first he asked the question is the
+project a project that actually uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project a project that actually uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project a project that actually uses
+cryptocurrency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency
+or it services it and i give examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it services it and i give examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it services it and i give examples of
+companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies
+uh they're in custody and software and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're in custody and software and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're in custody and software and
+exchange operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange operation
+binance is a big crypto exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binance is a big crypto exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binance is a big crypto exchange
+coinbase is both an exchange in custody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase is both an exchange in custody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase is both an exchange in custody
+fidelity one of the world's largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fidelity one of the world's largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fidelity one of the world's largest
+asset managers said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset managers said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset managers said
+we'll take custody and hold your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take custody and hold your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take custody and hold your
+cryptocurrencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrencies
+so you could be on one side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could be on one side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could be on one side of the
+divide and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and say
+we're gonna we're gonna be even like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna we're gonna be even like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna we're gonna be even like a
+hardware company bitmain and create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware company bitmain and create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware company bitmain and create
+the hardware in this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware in this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware in this space
+those are kind of uh use classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are kind of uh use classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are kind of uh use classic
+uh uh strategy analysis to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh strategy analysis to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh strategy analysis to think about
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+the sort of rougher side of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of rougher side of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of rougher side of this is
+how do you consider what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you consider what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you consider what are the
+strategic questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic questions about
+actually using blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using blockchain technology
+what are the value creation propositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the value creation propositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the value creation propositions
+and i think it's embedded in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think it's embedded in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think it's embedded in this
+is is it worthwhile to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it worthwhile to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it worthwhile to have
+decentralized computing versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized computing versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized computing versus
+centralized computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized computing
+is there is there an area that you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is there an area that you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is there an area that you think
+has such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has such
+high economic rents that a decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high economic rents that a decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high economic rents that a decentralized
+competitor can come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor can come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor can come in
+you could create the case that if uber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could create the case that if uber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could create the case that if uber
+and lyft didn't exist today that uber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lyft didn't exist today that uber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lyft didn't exist today that uber
+and lyft you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lyft you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lyft you could say
+could be created on a decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be created on a decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be created on a decentralized
+ledger system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger system
+but nobody truly had control of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nobody truly had control of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nobody truly had control of the
+ledger system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger system and
+all the ride uh of sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ride uh of sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ride uh of sharing
+could be with drivers and users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be with drivers and users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be with drivers and users
+using that decentralized app but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that decentralized app but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that decentralized app but then
+again who would have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again who would have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again who would have actually
+who would have actually gone into city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would have actually gone into city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would have actually gone into city
+after city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after city
+airport after airport and sort of done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport after airport and sort of done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport after airport and sort of done
+what uber and lyft and others have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uber and lyft and others have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uber and lyft and others have done
+to get into the system so i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into the system so i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into the system so i think the
+basic value question is centralization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic value question is centralization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic value question is centralization
+versus decentralization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus decentralization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus decentralization and
+secondly are you filling a gap in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly are you filling a gap in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly are you filling a gap in the
+fiat currency system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat currency system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat currency system
+fiat currencies work pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat currencies work pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat currencies work pretty well
+now we're going to talk in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to talk in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to talk in the next
+class about the pain points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class about the pain points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class about the pain points
+and there are a lot of pain points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a lot of pain points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a lot of pain points in
+the payment system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment system
+uh that take considerable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that take considerable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that take considerable uh
+challenges and costs overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and costs overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and costs overcome
+clearly strategically what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly strategically what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly strategically what are the
+competitors doing traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors doing traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors doing traditional
+competitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors
+those using blockchain why use append
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those using blockchain why use append
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those using blockchain why use append
+only logs this this invention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only logs this this invention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only logs this this invention
+of this ledger system why have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this ledger system why have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this ledger system why have multiple
+party consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party consensus
+multiple-party consensus is a cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple-party consensus is a cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple-party consensus is a cost
+so if you're going to use it for trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're going to use it for trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're going to use it for trade
+finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance
+you're going to try to solve something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to try to solve something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to try to solve something
+in trade finance for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trade finance for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trade finance for instance
+what is it solving what are the costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it solving what are the costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it solving what are the costs
+it can lower verification and networking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can lower verification and networking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can lower verification and networking
+cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+that's the core of its economics but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the core of its economics but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the core of its economics but it
+comes with some costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with some costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with some costs
+there are also a series of tactical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also a series of tactical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also a series of tactical
+considerations literally what data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations literally what data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations literally what data is
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+put in who is the multiple share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in who is the multiple share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in who is the multiple share
+stakeholders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders
+what are the trade-offs and i think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the trade-offs and i think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the trade-offs and i think what
+we've found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've found
+by and large is there not that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and large is there not that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and large is there not that many
+projects that have taken off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that have taken off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that have taken off
+i have here a little bit deeper dive if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have here a little bit deeper dive if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have here a little bit deeper dive if
+you get so close to a project that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get so close to a project that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get so close to a project that you
+think all right now let's think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all right now let's think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all right now let's think about it
+i come back to this question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i come back to this question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i come back to this question about
+multiple parties shared ledgers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple parties shared ledgers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple parties shared ledgers
+in bitcoin the multiple-party shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bitcoin the multiple-party shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bitcoin the multiple-party shared
+ledger has worked in part because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger has worked in part because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger has worked in part because
+there was a desire to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a desire to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a desire to have a
+censorship-resistant token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censorship-resistant token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censorship-resistant token
+a token that could be global truly move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a token that could be global truly move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a token that could be global truly move
+around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe
+at times away from what the official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times away from what the official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times away from what the official
+sector might ban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector might ban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector might ban
+away from certain money laundering any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from certain money laundering any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from certain money laundering any
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+terrorism laws that's part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorism laws that's part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorism laws that's part of it
+but also that it was at least initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also that it was at least initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also that it was at least initially
+hard to track and trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to track and trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to track and trace
+it's actually gotten easier to track and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually gotten easier to track and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually gotten easier to track and
+trace over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace over time
+but but really the question is if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but really the question is if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but really the question is if you're
+going to think about using blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about using blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about using blockchain
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+what verification costs are you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what verification costs are you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what verification costs are you really
+lowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering
+and why have this multiple party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why have this multiple party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why have this multiple party
+distributed ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed ledger
+a little bit like a shared stock company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit like a shared stock company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit like a shared stock company
+still has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has a lot of
+centralization you have thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralization you have thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralization you have thousands of
+people that control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that control
+a shared stock company this invention of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shared stock company this invention of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shared stock company this invention of
+several centuries ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several centuries ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several centuries ago
+but you still have the management team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you still have the management team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you still have the management team
+that controls it how do you deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that controls it how do you deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that controls it how do you deal with
+that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here
+so what have we found we found that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what have we found we found that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what have we found we found that the
+incumbents big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents big
+finance by and large have stayed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance by and large have stayed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance by and large have stayed over
+to the left-hand side of this screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left-hand side of this screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left-hand side of this screen
+they stay towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stay towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stay towards
+traditional databases they haven't gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional databases they haven't gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional databases they haven't gone
+to the cryptocurrency sort of side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cryptocurrency sort of side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cryptocurrency sort of side of
+the screen permissionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen permissionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen permissionless
+open protocols they're exploring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open protocols they're exploring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open protocols they're exploring a
+little bit the middle what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the middle what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the middle what's called
+private blockchain private blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private blockchain private blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private blockchain private blockchain
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+20 or 50 companies get together maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 or 50 companies get together maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 or 50 companies get together maybe
+like in australia there is much fanfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in australia there is much fanfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in australia there is much fanfare
+in 2016 into actually 2017
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2016 into actually 2017
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2016 into actually 2017
+there was much fanfare that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was much fanfare that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was much fanfare that the
+australian stock exchange would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+australian stock exchange would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+australian stock exchange would use
+a permissioned blockchain technology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a permissioned blockchain technology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a permissioned blockchain technology to
+update their central clearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update their central clearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update their central clearing
+now many people would tell you by 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now many people would tell you by 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now many people would tell you by 2020
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+what the australians have done was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the australians have done was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the australians have done was
+inspired by blockchain technology but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired by blockchain technology but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired by blockchain technology but it
+no longer looks like blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer looks like blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer looks like blockchain
+technology it's a decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology it's a decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology it's a decentralized
+distributed database but with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed database but with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed database but with the
+australian regulator said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+australian regulator said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+australian regulator said is
+we need somebody to control this we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need somebody to control this we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need somebody to control this we need
+a central controller the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a central controller the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a central controller the
+complete opposite of what satoshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete opposite of what satoshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete opposite of what satoshi
+nakamoto was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nakamoto was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nakamoto was talking about
+nakamoto was saying no central authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nakamoto was saying no central authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nakamoto was saying no central authority
+but the australians said well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the australians said well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the australians said well this is
+the central clearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central clearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central clearing
+the the sort of the plumbing the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sort of the plumbing the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sort of the plumbing the central
+plumbing of the australian stock market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumbing of the australian stock market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumbing of the australian stock market
+no no we need somebody who has kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no we need somebody who has kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no we need somebody who has kind of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+overall uh plays the overall referee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall uh plays the overall referee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall uh plays the overall referee
+role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role
+so to speak so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak so
+incumbents by and large are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents by and large are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents by and large are using
+traditional databases they're exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional databases they're exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional databases they're exploring
+some of these permission databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these permission databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these permission databases
+they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not
+really off to the side um romaine any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really off to the side um romaine any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really off to the side um romaine any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+we've done so far we have 12 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done so far we have 12 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done so far we have 12 minutes
+left all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left all right
+so uh let me just say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let me just say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let me just say something about
+central bank initiatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank initiatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank initiatives
+uh central banks and we'll chat about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh central banks and we'll chat about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh central banks and we'll chat about
+this a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit more
+when we do payments central banks have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do payments central banks have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do payments central banks have
+taken note of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken note of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken note of this
+and they've thought both can i use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've thought both can i use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've thought both can i use the
+blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology
+for our payment systems because central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our payment systems because central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our payment systems because central
+banks in most countries control those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks in most countries control those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks in most countries control those
+payment systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems
+or can we actually create a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can we actually create a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can we actually create a digital
+currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency
+at first i mean bitcoin was not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first i mean bitcoin was not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first i mean bitcoin was not really
+on the radar of central bankers by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the radar of central bankers by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the radar of central bankers by
+2018 it became on the radar because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2018 it became on the radar because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2018 it became on the radar because the
+market had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market had
+taken off and it was for a brief moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken off and it was for a brief moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken off and it was for a brief moment
+worth almost a trillion dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth almost a trillion dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth almost a trillion dollars
+it's back down to 200 billion now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's back down to 200 billion now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's back down to 200 billion now but
+they took note and in some countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took note and in some countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took note and in some countries
+like sweden they really said maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sweden they really said maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sweden they really said maybe we
+should be doing something here we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be doing something here we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be doing something here we should
+be creating a crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be creating a crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be creating a crypto
+equivalent a digital currency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent a digital currency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent a digital currency and
+one of the readings was a bank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the readings was a bank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the readings was a bank of
+international settlement reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international settlement reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international settlement reading
+which showed three different ways that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which showed three different ways that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which showed three different ways that a
+central bank could do a digital currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank could do a digital currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank could do a digital currency
+and this is just for your reference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just for your reference to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just for your reference to
+remind you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you that
+it was in the reading but going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in the reading but going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in the reading but going back to
+these projects a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these projects a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these projects a little bit
+some of the projects are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the projects are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the projects are just
+papers ecuador tried to do a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers ecuador tried to do a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers ecuador tried to do a project
+actually a dollar denominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a dollar denominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a dollar denominated
+cryptocurrency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency
+and it failed because nobody in ecuador
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it failed because nobody in ecuador
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it failed because nobody in ecuador
+wanted to use it ecuador was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use it ecuador was already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use it ecuador was already
+dollarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollarized
+but the one to want most closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the one to want most closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the one to want most closely
+china which might be a hybrid and i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china which might be a hybrid and i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china which might be a hybrid and i'll
+go back to the chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the chart
+in a second china has announced they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second china has announced they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second china has announced they're
+doing a digital currency electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a digital currency electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a digital currency electronic
+payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment
+it will be fully backed by the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be fully backed by the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be fully backed by the central
+bank it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank it will be
+fully a remmb or digital hawaii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully a remmb or digital hawaii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully a remmb or digital hawaii
+and in a sense it may be as much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a sense it may be as much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a sense it may be as much a
+reaction to bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to bitcoin
+as it's a reaction to alipay and wechat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's a reaction to alipay and wechat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's a reaction to alipay and wechat
+pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+being dominant in the retail payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being dominant in the retail payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being dominant in the retail payment
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+in china and it's also a reaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china and it's also a reaction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china and it's also a reaction to
+facebook that was starting something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook that was starting something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook that was starting something
+called the libra project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the libra project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the libra project
+so this again is a central tenant where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this again is a central tenant where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this again is a central tenant where
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+am where i think of this is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am where i think of this is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am where i think of this is that the
+central banks are reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks are reacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks are reacting
+in part because big tech has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because big tech has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because big tech has been
+reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting
+and and startups are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and startups are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and startups are there
+and they're saying maybe we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're saying maybe we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're saying maybe we can do
+something better um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better um
+the opportunities that they see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunities that they see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunities that they see the
+opportunities is that they say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities is that they say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities is that they say well
+maybe we can stay in the means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can stay in the means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can stay in the means of
+payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment
+we can promote greater competition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can promote greater competition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can promote greater competition and
+we can address some pain points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can address some pain points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can address some pain points
+but on the other side the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the other side the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the other side the other side
+they're really worried they're deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really worried they're deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really worried they're deeply
+worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried
+that if they offer the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they offer the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they offer the public
+a digital representation of central bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a digital representation of central bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a digital representation of central bank
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+that they might disintermediate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they might disintermediate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they might disintermediate the
+commercial banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks
+the central strategic question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central strategic question for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central strategic question for
+central banks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks is
+can we offer the public a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we offer the public a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we offer the public a digital
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+of that which is paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that which is paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that which is paper
+so i've covered central bank digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've covered central bank digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've covered central bank digital
+currencies uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies uh
+too quickly i'm going to come back to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too quickly i'm going to come back to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too quickly i'm going to come back to it
+when we talk about payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about payment
+systems as well but romaine we only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems as well but romaine we only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems as well but romaine we only have
+a few minutes so i'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes so i'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes so i'm going to take
+uh questions yeah we have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh questions yeah we have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh questions yeah we have a question
+from victor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from victor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from victor
+hi professor um i wanted to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi professor um i wanted to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi professor um i wanted to come back to
+the previous point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous point about
+handling databases through a private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling databases through a private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling databases through a private
+blockchain network because i didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain network because i didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain network because i didn't
+fully understand how does it work could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully understand how does it work could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully understand how does it work could
+you give me some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me some more
+guidance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance so
+um satoshi nakamoto's concept is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um satoshi nakamoto's concept is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um satoshi nakamoto's concept is that
+you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could
+have hundreds or thousands of folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hundreds or thousands of folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hundreds or thousands of folks
+computers sharing a database and it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers sharing a database and it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers sharing a database and it's an
+open database and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open database and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open database and that that
+database can secure the ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database can secure the ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database can secure the ledger
+through this concept of a log structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this concept of a log structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this concept of a log structure
+block of data block of data block of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of data block of data block of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of data block of data block of
+data with cryptography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the commercial banks and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the commercial banks and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the commercial banks and the
+financial firms said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial firms said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial firms said we
+we're we're not comfortable of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're not comfortable of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're not comfortable of having
+hundreds or thousands of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds or thousands of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds or thousands of people
+share a database in fact we can't under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a database in fact we can't under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a database in fact we can't under
+various guidelines of privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various guidelines of privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various guidelines of privacy
+of data protection we can't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data protection we can't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data protection we can't have
+hundreds of people share that database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of people share that database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of people share that database
+but they're they're they're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're they're they're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're they're they're looking at
+maybe we can have a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can have a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can have a shared
+form of cooperation or what somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of cooperation or what somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of cooperation or what somebody
+might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call
+coopetition will cooperate around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coopetition will cooperate around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coopetition will cooperate around the
+trade finance platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we'll compete on top of it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll compete on top of it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll compete on top of it for
+the provision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the provision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the provision of
+of lines of credit and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lines of credit and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lines of credit and and and
+trade financing and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade financing and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade financing and so forth
+so they've come together and said maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they've come together and said maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they've come together and said maybe
+we can have a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have a shared
+closed system amongst 20 banks 16 banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed system amongst 20 banks 16 banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed system amongst 20 banks 16 banks
+30 banks and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 banks and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 banks and the like
+and so there's five or six big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's five or six big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's five or six big
+consortiums trying to put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consortiums trying to put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consortiums trying to put together
+a trade finance private shared ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trade finance private shared ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trade finance private shared ledger
+now once you have that once you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once you have that once you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once you have that once you say
+it's only these 18 firms will share it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only these 18 firms will share it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only these 18 firms will share it
+this form of cooperating on a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form of cooperating on a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form of cooperating on a shared
+database but competing on top of it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database but competing on top of it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database but competing on top of it that
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+of coopetation you don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coopetation you don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coopetation you don't necessarily
+need a token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a token
+so there's no cryptocurrency it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no cryptocurrency it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no cryptocurrency it's just a
+shared blockchain technology database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared blockchain technology database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared blockchain technology database
+some call it a digital uh ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some call it a digital uh ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some call it a digital uh ledger
+technology dlt to contrast it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology dlt to contrast it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology dlt to contrast it with
+crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto
+currencies i'm a little bit looser in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies i'm a little bit looser in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies i'm a little bit looser in
+the vocabulary admittedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vocabulary admittedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vocabulary admittedly
+but that's how it that's the conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's how it that's the conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's how it that's the conceptual
+framework for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for it
+if that helps yeah thank you let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that helps yeah thank you let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that helps yeah thank you let me just
+say a couple ground truths and clothes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a couple ground truths and clothes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a couple ground truths and clothes
+um i really do think and and i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i really do think and and i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i really do think and and i don't
+know which side to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which side to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which side to end up
+on devon or camilla's side in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on devon or camilla's side in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on devon or camilla's side in terms of
+is it money but i think nakamoto solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it money but i think nakamoto solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it money but i think nakamoto solved
+the payment riddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment riddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment riddle
+avoiding double spending it's lasted 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoiding double spending it's lasted 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoiding double spending it's lasted 12
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+whether you like it whether you love it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you like it whether you love it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you like it whether you love it
+hate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate it
+two is i'm sorry hassan i'm kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is i'm sorry hassan i'm kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is i'm sorry hassan i'm kind of
+monies but a social and economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monies but a social and economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monies but a social and economic
+construct i'm i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct i'm i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct i'm i'm
+deeply with plato on that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply with plato on that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply with plato on that one
+but i respect those that believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i respect those that believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i respect those that believe
+otherwise i mean there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise i mean there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise i mean there's a
+good debate that's gone on a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good debate that's gone on a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good debate that's gone on a couple
+thousand years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand years
+we already live in an age of digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already live in an age of digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already live in an age of digital
+money and in fact the corona crisis will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and in fact the corona crisis will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and in fact the corona crisis will
+accelerate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate that
+um we we will still have physical paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we we will still have physical paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we we will still have physical paper
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+but we'll use it less and less in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll use it less and less in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll use it less and less in a
+transaction and and physical paper money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and and physical paper money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and and physical paper money
+is more and more just a store of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more and more just a store of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more and more just a store of value
+that we're not using physical paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not using physical paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not using physical paper
+money much as a medium of exchange right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money much as a medium of exchange right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money much as a medium of exchange right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+a pen only logs in multi-party consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pen only logs in multi-party consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pen only logs in multi-party consensus
+actually does provide an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does provide an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does provide an alternative
+but it doesn't mean it's everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't mean it's everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't mean it's everybody's
+alternative it can address verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative it can address verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative it can address verification
+costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs
+but it doesn't make sense to adopt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't make sense to adopt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't make sense to adopt it
+unless there's really some viability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless there's really some viability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless there's really some viability and
+a value proposition of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value proposition of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value proposition of that
+shared ledger system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared ledger system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared ledger system
+we didn't talk much about it but i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't talk much about it but i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't talk much about it but i will
+say one brown truth is is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one brown truth is is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one brown truth is is that the
+crypto markets that 200 billion dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto markets that 200 billion dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto markets that 200 billion dollar
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+it's ripe with scams and frauds it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ripe with scams and frauds it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ripe with scams and frauds it just
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um and so what's happened by 2020 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so what's happened by 2020 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so what's happened by 2020 is
+crypto currencies have evolved to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto currencies have evolved to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto currencies have evolved to be a
+speculative asset class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculative asset class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculative asset class
+generally not that correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally not that correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally not that correlated with
+equities and bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equities and bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equities and bonds
+and i'll give you one statistic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll give you one statistic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll give you one statistic the
+worldwide stock of gold that gold that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide stock of gold that gold that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide stock of gold that gold that
+could be in four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be in four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be in four
+olympic size pools collectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olympic size pools collectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olympic size pools collectively
+is worth nine or ten trillion dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth nine or ten trillion dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth nine or ten trillion dollars
+roughly collectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly collectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly collectively
+so some people would say a speculative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some people would say a speculative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some people would say a speculative
+store of value that's only worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store of value that's only worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store of value that's only worth
+two percent of that 200 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two percent of that 200 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two percent of that 200 billion
+might be worthwhile in in a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be worthwhile in in a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be worthwhile in in a big
+portfolio of a family office or a hedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio of a family office or a hedge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio of a family office or a hedge
+fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund
+um the ico boom and bust raised about 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the ico boom and bust raised about 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the ico boom and bust raised about 30
+billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion
+not much is being raised there now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much is being raised there now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much is being raised there now but
+it's worthwhile to take note of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worthwhile to take note of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worthwhile to take note of
+most of this is lightly regulated and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of this is lightly regulated and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of this is lightly regulated and so
+retail investors are not getting much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail investors are not getting much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail investors are not getting much
+protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection
+i i think that's unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i think that's unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i think that's unfortunate
+but i still come back to the last point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i still come back to the last point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i still come back to the last point
+i think it's been a catalyst for change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's been a catalyst for change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's been a catalyst for change
+i think it might be one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it might be one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it might be one of these
+technologies we look back in decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies we look back in decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies we look back in decades
+and say it was a remarkable catalyst for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say it was a remarkable catalyst for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say it was a remarkable catalyst for
+change for central bankers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change for central bankers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change for central bankers
+and to think through whether it's trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to think through whether it's trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to think through whether it's trade
+finance or other areas in finance was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance or other areas in finance was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance or other areas in finance was
+there a way to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a way to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a way to form
+some cooperation and compete on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cooperation and compete on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cooperation and compete on top of
+it some coopetation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some coopetation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some coopetation
+but just like we didn't know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just like we didn't know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just like we didn't know that the
+internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet
+and geolocation devices would lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and geolocation devices would lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and geolocation devices would lead to
+disruption in rides and we you know uber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption in rides and we you know uber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption in rides and we you know uber
+and lyft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lyft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lyft
+we couldn't predict in in the 1990s that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't predict in in the 1990s that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't predict in in the 1990s that
+the taxi business in new york was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taxi business in new york was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taxi business in new york was going
+to be completely disrupted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be completely disrupted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be completely disrupted
+we don't know what blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what blockchain technology
+and cryptocurrencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cryptocurrencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cryptocurrencies
+will disrupt later in the 2020s or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will disrupt later in the 2020s or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will disrupt later in the 2020s or in
+the 2030s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2030s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2030s
+so so that's kind of my wrap on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's kind of my wrap on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's kind of my wrap on it
+you can sort of get a sense of why i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of get a sense of why i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of get a sense of why i'm
+not going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to say
+i'm a maximalist in this area but i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a maximalist in this area but i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a maximalist in this area but i'm
+also not all the way a minimalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not all the way a minimalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not all the way a minimalist
+the minimalist would say no none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimalist would say no none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimalist would say no none of
+these ground truths matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ground truths matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ground truths matter
+i think it's a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's a really important
+technology if nothing else because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology if nothing else because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology if nothing else because it's
+been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a
+remarkable catalyst for change on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable catalyst for change on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable catalyst for change on how
+central banks and others think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks and others think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks and others think about
+payment systems which we'll take up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems which we'll take up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems which we'll take up
+in our next class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our next class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our next class
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6Bzq25m68BE.txt b/6Bzq25m68BE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c58aa98ca5d0fdf58e8554885850812ab313eea5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6Bzq25m68BE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8099 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+moving on to the class material so last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on to the class material so last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on to the class material so last
+class we were talking about um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we were talking about um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we were talking about um sort of
+the AC grid and AC to DC interface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AC grid and AC to DC interface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AC grid and AC to DC interface and
+we'll come back to that kind of topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that kind of topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that kind of topic
+what I'd like to do today is return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do today is return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do today is return to
+some topics about power converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some topics about power converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some topics about power converter
+analysis and particularly as related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and particularly as related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and particularly as related to
+DC to DC power conversion because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC to DC power conversion because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC to DC power conversion because we're
+going to see that that underpins a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see that that underpins a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see that that underpins a lot
+of kinds of Power conversion not only DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kinds of Power conversion not only DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kinds of Power conversion not only DC
+to DC but DC to AC and AC to DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to DC but DC to AC and AC to DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to DC but DC to AC and AC to DC
+okay and I'd like to return to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'd like to return to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'd like to return to the
+notion of analyzing power converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of analyzing power converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of analyzing power converter
+circuits and particularly in periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits and particularly in periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits and particularly in periodic
+steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady
+state okay and I was sort of subtly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay and I was sort of subtly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay and I was sort of subtly
+using what I'm going to talk about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using what I'm going to talk about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using what I'm going to talk about right
+now in sort of the first couple lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in sort of the first couple lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in sort of the first couple lectures
+but I'm going to return to it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to return to it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to return to it and the
+real question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real question is
+um what tools do we use to take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what tools do we use to take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what tools do we use to take an
+arbitrary power converter and understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary power converter and understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary power converter and understand
+what kind of conversion function it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of conversion function it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of conversion function it can
+do okay and let's just think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay and let's just think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay and let's just think about what
+we do for circuit analysis generally one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do for circuit analysis generally one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do for circuit analysis generally one
+of the main things we might use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main things we might use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main things we might use is
+kirkov current law right which basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kirkov current law right which basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kirkov current law right which basically
+says if I have a bunch of currents you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if I have a bunch of currents you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if I have a bunch of currents you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+i1 I2 up to you know some I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 I2 up to you know some I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 I2 up to you know some I
+in coming into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in coming into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in coming into a
+node the KCl just basically says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node the KCl just basically says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node the KCl just basically says that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+summation you know over the J currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation you know over the J currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation you know over the J currents
+of I subj Has to add up to zero okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I subj Has to add up to zero okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I subj Has to add up to zero okay and
+that's basically conservation of charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically conservation of charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically conservation of charge
+assuming no charge builds up at any node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming no charge builds up at any node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming no charge builds up at any node
+right well I could take this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well I could take this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well I could take this equation
+and take the average of each side so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the average of each side so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the average of each side so let
+me take the time average of this side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me take the time average of this side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me take the time average of this side of
+the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and doing an average you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and doing an average you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and doing an average you know
+one over T the integral over T that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over T the integral over T that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over T the integral over T that's
+basically an integral and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically an integral and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically an integral and I can
+interchange the order of the uh integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange the order of the uh integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange the order of the uh integral
+and the sum so I could equally write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sum so I could equally write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sum so I could equally write the
+following the summation over J of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the summation over J of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the summation over J of the
+average values of I subj is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average values of I subj is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average values of I subj is equal to
+zero okay so this is average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so this is average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so this is average
+KCl okay what is says is and it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KCl okay what is says is and it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KCl okay what is says is and it and it
+makes sense right if instantaneously all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right if instantaneously all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right if instantaneously all
+the currents add to zero then the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the currents add to zero then the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the currents add to zero then the sum of
+the averages of the currents also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the averages of the currents also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the averages of the currents also have
+to add to zero right I mean that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add to zero right I mean that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add to zero right I mean that's sort
+of what would I say intuitively obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what would I say intuitively obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what would I say intuitively obvious
+that that's true but it's mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's true but it's mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's true but it's mathematically
+true um and you could do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true um and you could do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true um and you could do the same thing
+for kvl adding voltages around the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kvl adding voltages around the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kvl adding voltages around the loop
+right so I could have an average version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I could have an average version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I could have an average version
+of kvl which says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kvl which says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kvl which says that the
+summation of the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the average
+voltages uh around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages uh around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages uh around
+terminals in a loop adds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals in a loop adds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals in a loop adds to
+zero okay so we could put these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so we could put these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so we could put these two
+together as two new analysis techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together as two new analysis techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together as two new analysis techniques
+that we could do when we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could do when we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could do when we were talking
+about um doing circuit analysis right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um doing circuit analysis right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um doing circuit analysis right
+where we're thinking about the averages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're thinking about the averages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're thinking about the averages
+of currents going into a node or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of currents going into a node or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of currents going into a node or the
+average voltages around a loop all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average voltages around a loop all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average voltages around a loop all
+right and just to remind you what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and just to remind you what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and just to remind you what what
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+what other tools do we have at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other tools do we have at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other tools do we have at our
+disposal well we said um previously that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposal well we said um previously that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposal well we said um previously that
+we said okay in periodic steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said okay in periodic steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said okay in periodic steady
+state we know that the um if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we know that the um if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we know that the um if I have a
+cap capacitor right and I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap capacitor right and I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap capacitor right and I have some
+current IC the average value of IC has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current IC the average value of IC has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current IC the average value of IC has
+to be equal to zero because IC is cdvd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to zero because IC is cdvd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to zero because IC is cdvd
+and the average dvdt is zero in periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the average dvdt is zero in periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the average dvdt is zero in periodic
+steady state likewise for an inductor I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state likewise for an inductor I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state likewise for an inductor I
+have some voltage across the inductor V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some voltage across the inductor V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some voltage across the inductor V
+subel and what I can say is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subel and what I can say is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subel and what I can say is the the
+average of the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the inductor
+voltage is equal to zero in periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is equal to zero in periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is equal to zero in periodic
+steady state okay so those are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state okay so those are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state okay so those are sort of
+four things I can use as circuit rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four things I can use as circuit rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four things I can use as circuit rules
+to help me analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help me analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help me analyze
+something one more I thing I might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something one more I thing I might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something one more I thing I might say
+is okay if I have a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay if I have a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay if I have a power
+converter right and I have some input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter right and I have some input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter right and I have some input
+power here and some output power here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power here and some output power here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power here and some output power here
+you know input power is coming in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know input power is coming in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know input power is coming in this
+way p in and output Power is coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way p in and output Power is coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way p in and output Power is coming out
+this way P out if I assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way P out if I assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way P out if I assume that the
+efficiency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is
+100% right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% right so
+if there's no loss then I need to have p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no loss then I need to have p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no loss then I need to have p
+in equals P out where we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equals P out where we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equals P out where we're talking
+about the average power flowing in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the average power flowing in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the average power flowing in and
+out right so that's just conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right so that's just conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right so that's just conservation of
+energy which I often use because even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which I often use because even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which I often use because even
+though real power converters aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though real power converters aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though real power converters aren't
+lless I might make an assumption for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lless I might make an assumption for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lless I might make an assumption for
+first order analysis that assumes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order analysis that assumes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order analysis that assumes they
+are lossless all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lossless all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lossless all
+right so let's go back and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's go back and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's go back and think about
+how we might use that and let's come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we might use that and let's come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we might use that and let's come
+back to our really simple you know first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our really simple you know first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our really simple you know first
+switching regulator example right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching regulator example right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching regulator example right so we
+said okay maybe I have some voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay maybe I have some voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay maybe I have some voltage
+V1 and here I'm going to put a capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and here I'm going to put a capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and here I'm going to put a capacitor
+in parallel with V1 just to illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel with V1 just to illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel with V1 just to illustrate
+that maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe there's
+um some local source of charge that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some local source of charge that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some local source of charge that's
+holding this voltage okay and I will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding this voltage okay and I will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding this voltage okay and I will go
+have some single pole double throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some single pole double throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some single pole double throw
+switch like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch like
+this okay an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay an
+inductor another capacitor that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor another capacitor that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor another capacitor that I'll
+call C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call C2
+here and a resistor and I'll call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a resistor and I'll call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a resistor and I'll call this
+V2 okay um in principle I don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 okay um in principle I don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 okay um in principle I don't need
+capacitor C want if I have a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor C want if I have a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor C want if I have a perfect
+voltage source here but I'll draw it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage source here but I'll draw it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage source here but I'll draw it in
+because we often for filtering purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we often for filtering purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we often for filtering purposes
+practically put a capacitor there too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically put a capacitor there too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically put a capacitor there too
+okay and we said we can Define operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we said we can Define operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we said we can Define operation
+of this Circuit by the switch State here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Circuit by the switch State here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Circuit by the switch State here
+right so maybe when the switch is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so maybe when the switch is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so maybe when the switch is in the
+up position I'll say my switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up position I'll say my switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up position I'll say my switching
+function Q of T is equal to one and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Q of T is equal to one and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Q of T is equal to one and when
+the switch is in the down position I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch is in the down position I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch is in the down position I'll
+say my switching function Q of T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say my switching function Q of T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say my switching function Q of T is
+equal to zero and we'll see later that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and we'll see later that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and we'll see later that
+that's useful to mathematically model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useful to mathematically model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useful to mathematically model
+things Okay so this is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Okay so this is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Okay so this is basically the
+notion of this converter we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of this converter we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of this converter we were
+considering last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering last
+time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in
+practice you know how do we build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you know how do we build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you know how do we build this
+thing what I would really do is I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing what I would really do is I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing what I would really do is I would
+come back and say okay uh we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and say okay uh we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and say okay uh we'll have
+some voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some voltage
+V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1
+C1 and I will have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and I will have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and I will have two
+switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'll operate these two switches in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll operate these two switches in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll operate these two switches in a
+complimentary fashion and that serves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary fashion and that serves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary fashion and that serves
+the same function as the single pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same function as the single pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same function as the single pole
+double throw switch so this switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double throw switch so this switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double throw switch so this switch
+closes when Q of T is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closes when Q of T is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closes when Q of T is equal to
+one and this switch closes when Q of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this switch closes when Q of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this switch closes when Q of T
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now what do we you know what would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do we you know what would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do we you know what would we
+look at in this system well let's we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at in this system well let's we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at in this system well let's we can
+consider the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the voltage
+here that I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that I'll call
+VX or here it's VX okay I often have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX or here it's VX okay I often have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX or here it's VX okay I often have I
+also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have
+VL okay and a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+iil all right and how are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iil all right and how are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iil all right and how are we going to
+analyze this thing well let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze this thing well let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze this thing well let's consider
+periodic steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic steady state
+operation so what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to switch this I'm going to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to switch this I'm going to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to switch this I'm going to switch
+the switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch
+switches like so here's Q of T when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches like so here's Q of T when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches like so here's Q of T when the
+the top switch is on it's on and I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top switch is on it's on and I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top switch is on it's on and I'll do
+that for time DT and then I'll hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for time DT and then I'll hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for time DT and then I'll hold the
+top switch off for Time 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top switch off for Time 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top switch off for Time 1 minus
+DT and operate like this okay t plus DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and operate like this okay t plus DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and operate like this okay t plus DT
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+forth okay so I've got my periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth okay so I've got my periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth okay so I've got my periodic
+switching with some period T okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching with some period T okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching with some period T okay so
+what happens in this circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I were look at this voltage VX when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were look at this voltage VX when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were look at this voltage VX when
+I've closed this switch VX is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've closed this switch VX is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've closed this switch VX is equal to
+V1 when I open this switch and close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 when I open this switch and close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 when I open this switch and close
+this switch VX is equal to zero so VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switch VX is equal to zero so VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switch VX is equal to zero so VX
+here looks just like Q of T except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here looks just like Q of T except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here looks just like Q of T except that
+it's scaled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V1 and so forth okay and this is a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and so forth okay and this is a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and so forth okay and this is a value
+V1 this is DT this is T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 this is DT this is T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 this is DT this is T
+okay so how would I go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how would I go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how would I go about
+analyzing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing this
+circuit well I can write kvl for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit well I can write kvl for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit well I can write kvl for this
+circuit right and maybe what I'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit right and maybe what I'll do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit right and maybe what I'll do is
+I'll think about average kvl so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll think about average kvl so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll think about average kvl so I could
+write for example VX minus VL minus V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write for example VX minus VL minus V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write for example VX minus VL minus V2
+is equal to zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I could take the average of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could take the average of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could take the average of this
+which would give me the average value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would give me the average value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would give me the average value of
+VX minus the average value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VL minus the average value of V2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VL minus the average value of V2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VL minus the average value of V2 is
+equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero
+okay if I think about that though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I think about that though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I think about that though the
+average value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of
+VL is zero in periodic steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VL is zero in periodic steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VL is zero in periodic steady
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+okay so if I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I look at this
+equation right this equation is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right this equation is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right this equation is just
+average kvl I'm taking the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average kvl I'm taking the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average kvl I'm taking the average
+voltage around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage around a
+loop so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so I'm
+using what's on the board behind the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using what's on the board behind the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using what's on the board behind the top
+board here and then I'm saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board here and then I'm saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board here and then I'm saying the
+average value across the inductor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value across the inductor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value across the inductor is
+zero and that gives me that the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that gives me that the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that gives me that the average
+value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of
+V2 is equal to the average value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 is equal to the average value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 is equal to the average value of
+VX okay and we might write the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX okay and we might write the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX okay and we might write the average
+value of V2 of t as is just Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V2 all right well what is the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 all right well what is the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 all right well what is the average
+value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of
+VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX
+uh you know it's this average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it's this average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it's this average
+value and it's V1 for DT of the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and it's V1 for DT of the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and it's V1 for DT of the time and
+zero for 1 minus DT of the time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for 1 minus DT of the time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for 1 minus DT of the time so
+that's just going to be equal to D * V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just going to be equal to D * V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just going to be equal to D * V1
+okay and this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is the same
+result that we got when we analyzed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that we got when we analyzed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that we got when we analyzed this
+circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit
+before okay the only thing the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay the only thing the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay the only thing the only
+thing that's any different is I've kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's any different is I've kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's any different is I've kind
+of explicitly used average kvl and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of explicitly used average kvl and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of explicitly used average kvl and I've
+explicitly used the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly used the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly used the fact that the
+average voltage across the inductor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average voltage across the inductor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average voltage across the inductor is
+zero and I'm showing it to you in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I'm showing it to you in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I'm showing it to you in this
+very basic circuit because it gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very basic circuit because it gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very basic circuit because it gets a
+little trickier and much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trickier and much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trickier and much more
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+circuits okay so there any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits okay so there any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits okay so there any questions
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result what that means is then my output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result what that means is then my output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result what that means is then my output
+voltage in this circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage in this circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage in this circuit
+you know if I'm I'm switching these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I'm I'm switching these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I'm I'm switching these
+functions with some period and some Duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions with some period and some Duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions with some period and some Duty
+ratio V2 will settle to dv1 D is a duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio V2 will settle to dv1 D is a duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio V2 will settle to dv1 D is a duty
+ratio it's between Z and one so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio it's between Z and one so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio it's between Z and one so I can
+control V2 to be anything less than V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control V2 to be anything less than V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control V2 to be anything less than V1
+and as we said before ideally everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we said before ideally everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we said before ideally everything
+lossless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lossless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lossless
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's think about a different aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about a different aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about a different aspect
+of this circuit just to illustrate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this circuit just to illustrate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this circuit just to illustrate these
+analysis techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis techniques
+teques um let's take a look at um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teques um let's take a look at um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teques um let's take a look at um for
+example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this
+current I'm going to call this current I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I'm going to call this current I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I'm going to call this current I
+sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+okay so it's the current through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's the current through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's the current through this
+switch and the thing I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and the thing I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and the thing I'm going to do is
+let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+assume that and we often do this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that and we often do this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that and we often do this when
+we're analyzing dcdc converters pwm dcdc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're analyzing dcdc converters pwm dcdc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're analyzing dcdc converters pwm dcdc
+converters let me assume that my indu s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters let me assume that my indu s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters let me assume that my indu s
+and my capacitors are really big okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my capacitors are really big okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my capacitors are really big okay
+what what do I mean by really big if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do I mean by really big if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do I mean by really big if you
+let it go to Infinity then it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it go to Infinity then it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it go to Infinity then it's really
+big but what I'm really saying is let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big but what I'm really saying is let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big but what I'm really saying is let me
+assume that I L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that I L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that I L of
+T is approximately equal to it's a DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is approximately equal to it's a DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is approximately equal to it's a DC
+value and V1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and V1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and V1 of
+T is a is approximately equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is a is approximately equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is a is approximately equal
+to you know the DC input and V2 of T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know the DC input and V2 of T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know the DC input and V2 of T is
+a approximately equal to V2 so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a approximately equal to V2 so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a approximately equal to V2 so I'm
+basically assuming that the capacitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically assuming that the capacitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically assuming that the capacitors
+are so big that there's no voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so big that there's no voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so big that there's no voltage
+Ripple on them and the inductor current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple on them and the inductor current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple on them and the inductor current
+is the inductor is so big that its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the inductor is so big that its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the inductor is so big that its
+current Ripple is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current Ripple is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current Ripple is zero
+right any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any questions about
+that so what does that mean what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what does that mean what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what does that mean what would
+iy look like well let's plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when Q of T is 1 this switch is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Q of T is 1 this switch is closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Q of T is 1 this switch is closed
+so I Y ought to exactly equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I Y ought to exactly equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I Y ought to exactly equal
+I right so um here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I right so um here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I right so um here's
+iy it's going to be equal to I when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iy it's going to be equal to I when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iy it's going to be equal to I when the
+switch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on okay and then when the switch is off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay and then when the switch is off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay and then when the switch is off
+obviously iy goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously iy goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously iy goes to
+zero okay so I have this p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so I have this p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so I have this p
+pulsating waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now what's the value of iy I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the value of iy I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the value of iy I'm sorry
+what's the value of iil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the value of iil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the value of iil
+here well okay I could call this current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well okay I could call this current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well okay I could call this current
+I2 and I'm assuming since this capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 and I'm assuming since this capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 and I'm assuming since this capacitor
+voltage is really really big I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is really really big I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is really really big I can
+assume the capacitor is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the capacitor is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the capacitor is really really
+big this capacitor Ripple voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big this capacitor Ripple voltage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big this capacitor Ripple voltage is
+really small so the Ripple current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small so the Ripple current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small so the Ripple current
+through the resistor is really small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the resistor is really small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the resistor is really small so
+this is approximately equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is approximately equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is approximately equal to
+I2 right and what do I know about let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 right and what do I know about let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 right and what do I know about let me
+call this capacitor C2 and let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this capacitor C2 and let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this capacitor C2 and let me call
+this current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this current
+ic2 what do I know about the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ic2 what do I know about the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ic2 what do I know about the average
+value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ic2 zero so that means that the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ic2 zero so that means that the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ic2 zero so that means that the average
+value of current I2 must equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of current I2 must equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of current I2 must equal the
+average value of current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of current
+iil or put another way iil also has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iil or put another way iil also has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iil or put another way iil also has to
+equal I2 right there's no average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal I2 right there's no average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal I2 right there's no average
+current coming down here so whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current coming down here so whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current coming down here so whatever the
+average is going through the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is going through the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is going through the inductor
+just can go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can go to the
+resistor does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor does that make sense
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+what can I say about the average value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I say about the average value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I say about the average value
+of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I
+suby well the average value of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby well the average value of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby well the average value of I
+suby is whatever the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby is whatever the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby is whatever the you know the
+average value of this waveform is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of this waveform is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of this waveform is and
+I'll call that capital i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call that capital i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call that capital i
+y and that's going to be the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and that's going to be the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and that's going to be the average
+value of this PW PW form well it's I2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this PW PW form well it's I2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this PW PW form well it's I2
+for a fraction D of the time and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a fraction D of the time and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a fraction D of the time and zero
+for 1 minus D of the time right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 1 minus D of the time right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 1 minus D of the time right so this
+must exact be equal to D I2 which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must exact be equal to D I2 which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must exact be equal to D I2 which is the
+same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so now I know the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so now I know the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so now I know the average
+current coming this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way what's the average current going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what's the average current going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what's the average current going
+through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capacitor in periodic city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor in periodic city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor in periodic city
+state z z zero so if I did you know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state z z zero so if I did you know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state z z zero so if I did you know if I
+if I introduced this as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I introduced this as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I introduced this as my
+node right there's no average current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node right there's no average current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node right there's no average current
+coming here so that must mean if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming here so that must mean if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming here so that must mean if this is
+current i1 the average of i1 must equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current i1 the average of i1 must equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current i1 the average of i1 must equal
+the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average of
+iy right because no average current in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iy right because no average current in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iy right because no average current in
+through the capacitor okay so then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the capacitor okay so then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the capacitor okay so then I
+could say that okay this also by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say that okay this also by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say that okay this also by by
+average case TL also has to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i1 all right so what I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 all right so what I can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 all right so what I can say
+then is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is that
+i1 is equal to D *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I2 all right so what I've really figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 all right so what I've really figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 all right so what I've really figured
+out is the current conversion ratio I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is the current conversion ratio I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is the current conversion ratio I
+could have written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have written
+I2 the output current the average output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 the output current the average output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 the output current the average output
+current is equal to 1 overd times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is equal to 1 overd times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is equal to 1 overd times the
+average input current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average input current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average input current
+right so um I have this as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um I have this as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um I have this as a result
+which I got by uh basically looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I got by uh basically looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I got by uh basically looking at
+averages of currents and knowing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages of currents and knowing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages of currents and knowing that
+the currents through the capacitors were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the currents through the capacitors were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the currents through the capacitors were
+zero right there's another way I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right there's another way I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right there's another way I could
+have gotten to that right I said that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten to that right I said that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten to that right I said that uh
+uh V1 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh V1 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh V1 is equal to
+what or V2 is equal to what V2 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what or V2 is equal to what V2 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what or V2 is equal to what V2 is equal
+to dv1 right so I could said uh V2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dv1 right so I could said uh V2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dv1 right so I could said uh V2 is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dv1 so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dv1 so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dv1 so if I
+multiplied each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied each
+side by so suppose I multiplied this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side by so suppose I multiplied this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side by so suppose I multiplied this
+side by I2 I could have the output power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side by I2 I could have the output power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side by I2 I could have the output power
+P out is equal to V2 * I2 all right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P out is equal to V2 * I2 all right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P out is equal to V2 * I2 all right well
+if I substitute this in V2 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I substitute this in V2 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I substitute this in V2 is equal to
+dv1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and I2 is equal to 1/ D *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i1 so that has to be if these two cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 so that has to be if these two cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 so that has to be if these two cancel
+has to be equal to V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be equal to V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be equal to V1
+i1 okay so another way I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 okay so another way I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 okay so another way I could have
+gotten at this result is by knowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten at this result is by knowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten at this result is by knowing the
+voltage conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage conversion
+ratio and the fact that power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and the fact that power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and the fact that power is
+conserved I could have gotten to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved I could have gotten to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved I could have gotten to this
+current conversion ratio or the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current conversion ratio or the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current conversion ratio or the current
+conversion ratio is the exact inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion ratio is the exact inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion ratio is the exact inverse of
+the voltage conversion ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage conversion ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage conversion ratio
+because there's no power lost in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no power lost in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no power lost in the
+converter okay so sort of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay so sort of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay so sort of these
+tools that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that we
+have average kvl average KCl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have average kvl average KCl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have average kvl average KCl
+conservation of energy periodic steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of energy periodic steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of energy periodic steady
+state relations can let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state relations can let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state relations can let me go
+through a given power converter and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a given power converter and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a given power converter and sort
+of figure out the relationships between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of figure out the relationships between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of figure out the relationships between
+the DC put and the DC output quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DC put and the DC output quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DC put and the DC output quantities
+in periodic steady state and we'll often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in periodic steady state and we'll often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in periodic steady state and we'll often
+do that as a first step when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that as a first step when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that as a first step when we're
+looking at some power converter in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some power converter in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some power converter in order
+to know kind of what is it doing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know kind of what is it doing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know kind of what is it doing what
+can can it do in this case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can it do in this case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can it do in this case this
+converter can step down voltage this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter can step down voltage this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter can step down voltage this
+converter can create a V2 that's smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter can create a V2 that's smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter can create a V2 that's smaller
+than V1 but it couldn't for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than V1 but it couldn't for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than V1 but it couldn't for example
+create a voltage that was bigger than V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a voltage that was bigger than V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a voltage that was bigger than V1
+because the average analysis tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's uh one thing I should say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's uh one thing I should say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's uh one thing I should say about
+doing this kind of analysis because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this kind of analysis because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this kind of analysis because I
+mean this is I'm I'm doing sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is I'm I'm doing sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is I'm I'm doing sort of the
+world's simplest case here and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's simplest case here and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's simplest case here and you'll
+need to use these techniques on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use these techniques on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use these techniques on all
+kinds of converters the thing that often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of converters the thing that often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of converters the thing that often
+messes people up okay the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messes people up okay the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messes people up okay the thing that
+will make you make a mistake and get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make you make a mistake and get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make you make a mistake and get the
+wrong answer in your analysis the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong answer in your analysis the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong answer in your analysis the number
+one thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing is the
+following these state stat ments are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following these state stat ments are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following these state stat ments are all
+about average currents and voltages do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about average currents and voltages do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about average currents and voltages do
+not mistake the average for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mistake the average for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mistake the average for the
+instantaneous right so in other words I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous right so in other words I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous right so in other words I
+can say that the average value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say that the average value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say that the average value of
+iy is equal to um which is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iy is equal to um which is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iy is equal to um which is equal to the
+average value of i1 which we calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of i1 which we calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of i1 which we calculated
+over here is D *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is D *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is D *
+I2 right but that's true of the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 right but that's true of the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 right but that's true of the average
+value but here's iy it's almost never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but here's iy it's almost never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but here's iy it's almost never
+equal to its average value except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to its average value except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to its average value except that
+these instantaneous points right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these instantaneous points right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these instantaneous points right so if
+you take and say oh I know the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take and say oh I know the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take and say oh I know the average
+value but then you substitute it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but then you substitute it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but then you substitute it for the
+instantaneous value you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous value you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous value you're going to get
+strange results okay so just keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange results okay so just keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange results okay so just keep in
+mind you know separate out in your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind you know separate out in your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind you know separate out in your mind
+when you're talking about averages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking about averages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking about averages and
+when you're talking about instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking about instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking about instantaneous
+waveforms and the waveforms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms and the waveforms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms and the waveforms in the
+circuit that obviously the average is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that obviously the average is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that obviously the average is
+equal to the instantaneous is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the instantaneous is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the instantaneous is if you
+have an inductor current or capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an inductor current or capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an inductor current or capacitor
+voltage and the Ripple is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and the Ripple is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and the Ripple is
+small okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um what would I do you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um what would I do you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um what would I do you know how
+would I implement this converter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I implement this converter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I implement this converter okay
+and we're going to talk a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk a lot about
+switch implementation what I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch implementation what I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch implementation what I might
+typically do in this kind of design is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically do in this kind of design is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically do in this kind of design is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following okay I
+might get a moss fat for a switch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get a moss fat for a switch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get a moss fat for a switch a
+power mosfet for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power mosfet for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power mosfet for a
+switch and make my other switch a diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and then I can turn on this switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I can turn on this switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I can turn on this switch
+by controlling its gate voltage so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by controlling its gate voltage so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by controlling its gate voltage so I can
+modulate this switch on and off and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate this switch on and off and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate this switch on and off and when
+I turn this switch off the diode will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I turn this switch off the diode will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I turn this switch off the diode will
+carry the positive inductor current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry the positive inductor current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry the positive inductor current and
+I can convert energy okay and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can convert energy okay and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can convert energy okay and this is
+this is a converter that will let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a converter that will let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a converter that will let me
+clearly take energy from this side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly take energy from this side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly take energy from this side and
+put it to this side I've got a resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it to this side I've got a resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it to this side I've got a resistor
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+let's and and this by the way is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's and and this by the way is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's and and this by the way is known
+as a buck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a buck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a buck
+converter if I haven't mentioned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter if I haven't mentioned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter if I haven't mentioned that
+because it bucks the input voltage down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it bucks the input voltage down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it bucks the input voltage down
+or it steps the input voltage down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it steps the input voltage down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it steps the input voltage down
+okay let's talk about what else I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk about what else I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk about what else I could
+do as another example of using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as another example of using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as another example of using these
+tools suppose I was to take this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools suppose I was to take this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools suppose I was to take this kind of
+converter and let's forget about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and let's forget about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and let's forget about the
+switch implementation for a moment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch implementation for a moment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch implementation for a moment but
+suppose I was to come over here and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I was to come over here and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I was to come over here and say
+okay I have a Source over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have a Source over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have a Source over
+here and a load over here what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a load over here what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a load over here what happens
+if I just switch those two things I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just switch those two things I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just switch those two things I'll
+switch the two ports I'll switch where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch the two ports I'll switch where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch the two ports I'll switch where
+the source is and where the load is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source is and where the load is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source is and where the load is
+okay so let's draw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's draw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's draw that
+case okay and I'll make the I I'll keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay and I'll make the I I'll keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay and I'll make the I I'll keep
+making the I'll make the left side V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the I'll make the left side V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the I'll make the left side V2
+and the right side V1 so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right side V1 so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right side V1 so here we
+go here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here's
+C2 I put my resistor over here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 I put my resistor over here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 I put my resistor over here now
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2
+okay and um I'll go back to my single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um I'll go back to my single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um I'll go back to my single
+pole double throw switch notation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole double throw switch notation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole double throw switch notation like
+this just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Simplicity here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity here's
+C1 and here's V1 and I'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and here's V1 and I'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and here's V1 and I'm going to make
+the same kind of assumption let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of assumption let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of assumption let me
+assume that uh the inductor the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that uh the inductor the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that uh the inductor the the
+inductor is really big the capacitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor is really big the capacitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor is really big the capacitors
+are really big so their Ripple current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really big so their Ripple current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really big so their Ripple current
+in the capacit and the Ripple current in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the capacit and the Ripple current in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the capacit and the Ripple current in
+the inductor and the Ripple capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor and the Ripple capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor and the Ripple capacitor
+voltage are both small okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage are both small okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage are both small okay the
+capacitor voltage Ripple is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor voltage Ripple is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor voltage Ripple is
+small okay um I will again redefine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay um I will again redefine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay um I will again redefine this
+voltage VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage VX
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but maybe just for fun I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but maybe just for fun I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but maybe just for fun I'll
+redefine my switching function you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine my switching function you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine my switching function you could
+have done it either way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done it either way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done it either way
+um in this case I'm going to say Q of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case I'm going to say Q of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case I'm going to say Q of T
+is equal to one when the switch is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one when the switch is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one when the switch is in
+the down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+position and Q of T is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero when the switch is in the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when the switch is in the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when the switch is in the up
+position now why am I choosing it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position now why am I choosing it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position now why am I choosing it to
+Define that way I could do it either way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define that way I could do it either way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define that way I could do it either way
+I wanted it doesn't matter uh I happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted it doesn't matter uh I happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted it doesn't matter uh I happen
+to Define it this way because in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define it this way because in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define it this way because in the
+kind of converter we're doing that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of converter we're doing that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of converter we're doing that's the
+way you usually Define it okay um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you usually Define it okay um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you usually Define it okay um so
+let's think about what happens here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what happens here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what happens here I'm
+going to do the same thing I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the same thing I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the same thing I did
+before okay so here's Q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay so here's Q of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay so here's Q of
+T it's going to be one for some fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T it's going to be one for some fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T it's going to be one for some fraction
+of the time DT and zero for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time DT and zero for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time DT and zero for the
+remainder of the cycle T and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of the cycle T and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of the cycle T and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+okay what what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what what's going to
+happen um to VX in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen um to VX in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen um to VX in this
+case VX is going to do the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when the switch is in the one position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the switch is in the one position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the switch is in the one position
+VX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero okay when the switch is when Q of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay when the switch is when Q of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay when the switch is when Q of T
+is zero and the switch is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and the switch is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and the switch is in the
+opposition VX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V2 so it's going to switch oppositely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 so it's going to switch oppositely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 so it's going to switch oppositely
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time okay and this is V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay and this is V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay and this is V2
+all right and again I'm assuming C2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and again I'm assuming C2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and again I'm assuming C2 is
+really big so that V2 has no Ripple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big so that V2 has no Ripple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big so that V2 has no Ripple and
+I can write it as a capital letter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write it as a capital letter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write it as a capital letter that
+is a DC quantity all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a DC quantity all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a DC quantity all
+right so what can I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what can I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what can I say
+here what do I know about the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what do I know about the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what do I know about the average
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VX has to be V1 why let me Define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX has to be V1 why let me Define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX has to be V1 why let me Define this
+time I'll Define the conductor voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'll Define the conductor voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'll Define the conductor voltage
+this way here's V sub L right so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way here's V sub L right so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way here's V sub L right so if I
+have V1 minus V sub L minus V subx is z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have V1 minus V sub L minus V subx is z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have V1 minus V sub L minus V subx is z
+the average value Capital V1 minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average value Capital V1 minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average value Capital V1 minus the
+average value of VL minus the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of VL minus the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of VL minus the average
+value of VX is zero the average value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of VX is zero the average value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of VX is zero the average value of
+VL is zero so hence V1 must equal VX on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VL is zero so hence V1 must equal VX on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VL is zero so hence V1 must equal VX on
+average okay so that means that if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average okay so that means that if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average okay so that means that if I was
+to plot the uh I'm sorry this is VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot the uh I'm sorry this is VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot the uh I'm sorry this is VX
+right if I was to find the average value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I was to find the average value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I was to find the average value
+of VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of VX
+the average value of VX is equal to if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average value of VX is equal to if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average value of VX is equal to if
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is DT and this is T it must be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is DT and this is T it must be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is DT and this is T it must be equal to
+1 minus D V1 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus D V1 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus D V1 uh
+V2 okay and as exactly was said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 okay and as exactly was said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 okay and as exactly was said this
+also has to ends up having to equal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has to ends up having to equal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has to ends up having to equal uh
+the average value of VX which we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average value of VX which we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average value of VX which we know
+is 1us d v V2 also has to be equal to V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1us d v V2 also has to be equal to V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1us d v V2 also has to be equal to V1
+right or I could rewrite this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or I could rewrite this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or I could rewrite this as
+V2 is equal to V1 over 1us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 is equal to V1 over 1us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 is equal to V1 over 1us
+D okay and remember D is some Duty ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay and remember D is some Duty ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay and remember D is some Duty ratio
+it's a fraction of time so I have D zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fraction of time so I have D zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fraction of time so I have D zero
+is less than D is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than D is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than D is less than
+one okay that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody so what do this converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so what do this converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so what do this converter
+do well that means that uh if 0 is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well that means that uh if 0 is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well that means that uh if 0 is less
+than D is less than one that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than D is less than one that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than D is less than one that means that
+if D was equal to zero V2 would be V1 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if D was equal to zero V2 would be V1 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if D was equal to zero V2 would be V1 as
+I make D bigger and bigger and bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make D bigger and bigger and bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make D bigger and bigger and bigger
+this denominator gets smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this denominator gets smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this denominator gets smaller and
+smaller and smaller and V2 gets bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and V2 gets bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and V2 gets bigger
+bigger and bigger and bigger so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger and bigger so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger and bigger so what I
+get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is
+V1 uh is less than V2 is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 uh is less than V2 is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 uh is less than V2 is less than
+infinity right what this says is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity right what this says is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity right what this says is this
+version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the
+circuit I can make V2 anything bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit I can make V2 anything bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit I can make V2 anything bigger
+than V1 that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than V1 that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than V1 that I
+want in periodic steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in periodic steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in periodic steady
+state right that's kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right that's kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right that's kind of interesting
+this is no longer you know before I kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is no longer you know before I kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is no longer you know before I kind
+of picture this circuit over here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of picture this circuit over here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of picture this circuit over here is
+something where I synthesize an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where I synthesize an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where I synthesize an average
+value and I just filter it that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and I just filter it that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and I just filter it that's not
+quite what's happening over here or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite what's happening over here or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite what's happening over here or it's
+not maybe it's not as simple to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maybe it's not as simple to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maybe it's not as simple to think
+about it that way um but I can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it that way um but I can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it that way um but I can get this
+conversion result I could also figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion result I could also figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion result I could also figure
+out what it's doing about the currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what it's doing about the currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what it's doing about the currents
+right so if I said okay I have i1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I said okay I have i1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I said okay I have i1 over
+here and on average this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and on average this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and on average this would be
+i1 you know approximately equal capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 you know approximately equal capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 you know approximately equal capital
+i1 and I have I2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 and I have I2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 and I have I2 over
+here Capital I2 what should I have well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Capital I2 what should I have well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Capital I2 what should I have well
+I think what I'm going to end up with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what I'm going to end up with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what I'm going to end up with it
+has to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be that
+I2 ought to equal i1 * 1 - d right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 ought to equal i1 * 1 - d right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 ought to equal i1 * 1 - d right
+because that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that means that
+um V2 * I2 ought to equal V1 * i1 so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um V2 * I2 ought to equal V1 * i1 so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um V2 * I2 ought to equal V1 * i1 so I
+can kind of infer this current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of infer this current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of infer this current
+conversion ratio so the output voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion ratio so the output voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion ratio so the output voltage
+V2 has to be bigger than the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 has to be bigger than the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 has to be bigger than the input
+voltage and the output current I2 has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and the output current I2 has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and the output current I2 has to
+be smaller than the input current to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be smaller than the input current to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be smaller than the input current to get
+100% efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% efficiency
+okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that what makes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what makes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what makes this
+work well I'm going to make I'm G to I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well I'm going to make I'm G to I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well I'm going to make I'm G to I'm
+going to make an assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make an assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make an assumption
+here and I've kind of been assuming this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I've kind of been assuming this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I've kind of been assuming this
+that V1 is greater than zero and V2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that V1 is greater than zero and V2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that V1 is greater than zero and V2 is
+greater than zero and so forth if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero and so forth if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero and so forth if we
+looked at building this converter just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at building this converter just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at building this converter just
+the way I looked at implementing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I looked at implementing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I looked at implementing the
+other this other converter the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other this other converter the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other this other converter the way you
+would typically implement this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would typically implement this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would typically implement this thing is
+like this okay you would perhaps um come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay you would perhaps um come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay you would perhaps um come
+and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here is
+V2 and what I would usually do is i'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 and what I would usually do is i'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 and what I would usually do is i'
+build my switch pair like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build my switch pair like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build my switch pair like
+this I'd make the bottom switch a mosfet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'd make the bottom switch a mosfet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'd make the bottom switch a mosfet
+and the top switch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the top switch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the top switch a
+diode okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I put V1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put V1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put V1 over
+here okay and basically the reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and basically the reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and basically the reason I
+made the switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the switching
+function Q oft that way is because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Q oft that way is because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Q oft that way is because this
+switch is now the quote unquote active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch is now the quote unquote active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch is now the quote unquote active
+switch okay or in the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch okay or in the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch okay or in the simplest
+implementation this is the most this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation this is the most this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation this is the most this is
+active switch and I switch these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active switch and I switch these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active switch and I switch these two
+switches so when the DI when the switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches so when the DI when the switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches so when the DI when the switch
+turns on the diode turns off and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns on the diode turns off and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns on the diode turns off and vice
+versa and V2 will grow to be bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa and V2 will grow to be bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa and V2 will grow to be bigger than
+V1 so if I need a big voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 so if I need a big voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 so if I need a big voltage
+that's the way I order from a you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way I order from a you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way I order from a you know I
+have a small battery and I need a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a small battery and I need a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a small battery and I need a much
+higher voltage to run my stuff this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher voltage to run my stuff this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher voltage to run my stuff this is a
+great converter to do it for that reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great converter to do it for that reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great converter to do it for that reason
+it's called a boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converter because it can take a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter because it can take a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter because it can take a small
+input voltage and boost it to a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage and boost it to a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage and boost it to a bigger
+output voltage okay in this case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage okay in this case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage okay in this case you
+know my source is on the right and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my source is on the right and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my source is on the right and my
+load resistor is on the left so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load resistor is on the left so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load resistor is on the left so you can
+infer that kind of power is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer that kind of power is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer that kind of power is going to
+flow from right to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from right to left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from right to left
+very often people like to draw these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often people like to draw these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often people like to draw these
+things with power flowing left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with power flowing left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with power flowing left to right
+maybe because that's the way people read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe because that's the way people read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe because that's the way people read
+or you I don't know there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you I don't know there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you I don't know there there's
+nothing fundamental about it you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing fundamental about it you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing fundamental about it you can do
+it any way you want but it might look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it any way you want but it might look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it any way you want but it might look a
+little bit more familiar to some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more familiar to some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more familiar to some people
+if you drew it the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you drew it the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you drew it the other way
+right like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and we have a boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we have a boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we have a boost
+converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um let's think about what this converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's think about what this converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's think about what this converter
+is really doing how is this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really doing how is this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really doing how is this thing
+working really okay what's what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working really okay what's what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working really okay what's what's going
+on with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with its
+operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+okay um we can look at it from a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um we can look at it from a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um we can look at it from a couple
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+perspectives one way to look at it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives one way to look at it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives one way to look at it is
+this I'm showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm showing
+you the voltage VX here right why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the voltage VX here right why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the voltage VX here right why don't
+I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+current iil and I'm going to draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current iil and I'm going to draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current iil and I'm going to draw the
+current iil this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way okay in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay in this
+example so when the switch is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so when the switch is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so when the switch is in the
+down position what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down position what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down position what
+happens V1 is basically a applied across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens V1 is basically a applied across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens V1 is basically a applied across
+the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor
+right so if v1's applied across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if v1's applied across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if v1's applied across the
+inductor what happens to the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor what happens to the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor what happens to the inductor
+current we've said the Ripple is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current we've said the Ripple is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current we've said the Ripple is small
+but let's let's just now not think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's let's just now not think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's let's just now not think it's
+inductor infinitely big what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor infinitely big what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor infinitely big what's going to
+happen to the inductor current during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to the inductor current during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to the inductor current during
+that time well if I'm applying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time well if I'm applying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time well if I'm applying a
+positive voltage across an inductor I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive voltage across an inductor I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive voltage across an inductor I
+got to have a constant didt right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have a constant didt right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have a constant didt right so in
+that first part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first part of the
+cycle right if I were to plot I subel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle right if I were to plot I subel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle right if I were to plot I subel
+and this is I should say I sub L of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is I should say I sub L of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is I should say I sub L of T
+I'm I'm looking at its Ripple now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm looking at its Ripple now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm looking at its Ripple now I'm
+including its Ripple in the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including its Ripple in the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including its Ripple in the first part
+of the cycle when the switch is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cycle when the switch is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cycle when the switch is in the
+down position I'm applying a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down position I'm applying a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down position I'm applying a voltage
+across the inductor the inductor current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the inductor the inductor current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the inductor the inductor current
+is ramping up right what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ramping up right what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ramping up right what does that mean
+I'm storing energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm storing energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm storing energy in the
+inductor right I'm taking energy out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor right I'm taking energy out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor right I'm taking energy out of
+the input right I have a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input right I have a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input right I have a positive
+current coming out of the input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current coming out of the input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current coming out of the input and
+it's and it's basically going into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and it's basically going into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and it's basically going into this
+inductor Okay so power is being drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor Okay so power is being drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor Okay so power is being drawn
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+V1 I'm charging up the inductor I had 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 I'm charging up the inductor I had 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 I'm charging up the inductor I had 1
+12 l i small squared here now I have 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 l i small squared here now I have 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 l i small squared here now I have 12
+Li slightly bigger squared here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li slightly bigger squared here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li slightly bigger squared here okay so
+I put energy into this inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put energy into this inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put energy into this inductor
+okay what happens in the second half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what happens in the second half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what happens in the second half of
+the cycle in the second half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle in the second half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle in the second half of the
+cycle I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle I
+reconnect the the other end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconnect the the other end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconnect the the other end of the
+inductor to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor to the
+V2 right now is V2 bigger or smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 right now is V2 bigger or smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 right now is V2 bigger or smaller
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V1 bigger right because we said this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 bigger right because we said this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 bigger right because we said this is
+a boost converter it makes a big V2 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boost converter it makes a big V2 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boost converter it makes a big V2 that
+means in the second part of the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in the second part of the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in the second part of the cycle
+when I have the switch in the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have the switch in the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have the switch in the up
+position okay the voltage across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position okay the voltage across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position okay the voltage across the
+inductor ought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor ought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor ought to be
+negative all right and so that means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative all right and so that means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative all right and so that means I
+ought to have a negative constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to have a negative constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to have a negative constant
+voltage across the inductor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across the inductor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across the inductor and the
+current ought to ramp down okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current ought to ramp down okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current ought to ramp down okay so in
+the second part of cycle the current's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part of cycle the current's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part of cycle the current's
+going to ramp down like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ramp down like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ramp down like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay and so what what does that mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so what what does that mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so what what does that mean if
+the current in the inductor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current in the inductor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current in the inductor is
+decreasing is energy going into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing is energy going into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing is energy going into the
+inductor or out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor or out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor or out of the
+inductor current energy is coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current energy is coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current energy is coming out of
+the inductor so that's true so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor so that's true so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor so that's true so we're
+taking it we in the first part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it we in the first part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it we in the first part of the
+cycle we put energy into the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle we put energy into the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle we put energy into the inductor
+the second part of the cycle are taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part of the cycle are taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part of the cycle are taking
+energy out of the inductor well where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy out of the inductor well where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy out of the inductor well where is
+that energy going it's got to be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy going it's got to be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy going it's got to be going
+to the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output
+right I have current flowing this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have current flowing this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have current flowing this way
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+okay the other thing that's true is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the other thing that's true is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the other thing that's true is even
+in the second part of the cycle right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second part of the cycle right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second part of the cycle right
+there's still current coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still current coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still current coming from the
+input through the inductor to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input through the inductor to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input through the inductor to the
+output right so I also have power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output right so I also have power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output right so I also have power
+flowing from the input to the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing from the input to the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing from the input to the output
+right so in the first half of the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in the first half of the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in the first half of the cycle
+I'm taking energy out of the input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking energy out of the input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking energy out of the input and
+putting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in the
+inductor in the second part of the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor in the second part of the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor in the second part of the cycle
+I'm taking energy out of the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking energy out of the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking energy out of the inductor
+plus more energy out of the input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus more energy out of the input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus more energy out of the input and
+putting it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it to the
+output okay and it just works out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output okay and it just works out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output okay and it just works out that
+when I do this periodic steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this periodic steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this periodic steady state
+analysis thing what this thing has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis thing what this thing has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis thing what this thing has to do
+when it settles down such that the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it settles down such that the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it settles down such that the end
+of the cycle is just like the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cycle is just like the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cycle is just like the beginning
+of the cycle and the next cycle looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cycle and the next cycle looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cycle and the next cycle looks
+exactly the same right does the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same right does the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same right does the same
+thing that the output voltage has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that the output voltage has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that the output voltage has to be
+bigger than the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the input
+voltage okay now I don't know about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay now I don't know about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay now I don't know about you
+but that like when I first saw that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that like when I first saw that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that like when I first saw that that
+kind of I thought it was kind of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of I thought it was kind of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of I thought it was kind of cool
+right I mean it's very easy to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean it's very easy to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean it's very easy to make a
+voltage divide this is kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage divide this is kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage divide this is kind of like a
+voltage UND divider right makes makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage UND divider right makes makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage UND divider right makes makes
+bigger voltages let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger voltages let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger voltages let's take a look at
+this in practice mon set up up a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in practice mon set up up a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in practice mon set up up a nice
+demo of an actual boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo of an actual boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo of an actual boost
+converter and we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see a converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a converter
+running this by the way this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this by the way this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this by the way this particular
+converter was designed by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter was designed by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter was designed by an
+undergraduate MIT who's now a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate MIT who's now a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate MIT who's now a famous
+Power Electronics designer as well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power Electronics designer as well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power Electronics designer as well as a
+high school student so um pretty early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school student so um pretty early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school student so um pretty early
+design for the high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for the high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for the high school
+student so let's see if we can get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student so let's see if we can get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student so let's see if we can get uh
+waveforms up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms up
+here okay so what do we see on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so what do we see on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so what do we see on the
+screen up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen up
+here my orange which is the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my orange which is the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my orange which is the inductor
+current is actually the the deep blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is actually the the deep blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is actually the the deep blue
+waveform on the right right the yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform on the right right the yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform on the right right the yellow
+is exactly what you're seeing it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly what you're seeing it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly what you're seeing it's the
+voltage across the bottom switch okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across the bottom switch okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across the bottom switch okay
+and the input voltage is the light blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the input voltage is the light blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the input voltage is the light blue
+and the output voltage is the purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the output voltage is the purple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the output voltage is the purple
+okay so what you can see is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what you can see is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what you can see is that we
+are and and we don't we don't have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and and we don't we don't have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and and we don't we don't have all
+the waveforms quite lined up here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waveforms quite lined up here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waveforms quite lined up here in
+terms of the magnitudes and where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the magnitudes and where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the magnitudes and where the
+voltages are but we can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right but the point is in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but the point is in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but the point is in the first
+part of the cycle I grab energy from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cycle I grab energy from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cycle I grab energy from the
+input and I put in the inductor inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and I put in the inductor inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and I put in the inductor inductor
+current ramps up second part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current ramps up second part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current ramps up second part of the
+cycle that energy and more energy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle that energy and more energy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle that energy and more energy from
+the inputs being thrown to the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs being thrown to the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs being thrown to the output
+and I rinse and repeat that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I rinse and repeat that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I rinse and repeat that and the
+thing that lets me get the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that lets me get the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that lets me get the voltage
+higher at the output and the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher at the output and the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher at the output and the input
+outside of the fact that the math says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the fact that the math says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the fact that the math says
+so is that when I turn turn the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is that when I turn turn the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is that when I turn turn the bottom
+switch off okay when I when I turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch off okay when I when I turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch off okay when I when I turn this
+switch from here to here or I or if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from here to here or I or if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from here to here or I or if I
+turn the bottom switch off this inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the bottom switch off this inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the bottom switch off this inductor
+current doesn't want to go to zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current doesn't want to go to zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current doesn't want to go to zero right
+and V is equal to LD IDT the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V is equal to LD IDT the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V is equal to LD IDT the inductor
+will generate whatever voltage it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generate whatever voltage it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generate whatever voltage it has to
+to keep the current flowing and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the current flowing and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the current flowing and so what
+it does is it generates enough voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is it generates enough voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is it generates enough voltage
+to um deliver energy to the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um deliver energy to the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um deliver energy to the top of the
+device I could let's see do I have if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device I could let's see do I have if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device I could let's see do I have if I
+looked at this waveform right if I turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this waveform right if I turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this waveform right if I turn
+this switch off and I have a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switch off and I have a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switch off and I have a positive
+current going this way you know even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current going this way you know even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current going this way you know even if
+the diode's off this inductor is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diode's off this inductor is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diode's off this inductor is going
+to generate a big negative voltage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate a big negative voltage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate a big negative voltage to
+try to keep current flowing and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to keep current flowing and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to keep current flowing and it's
+going to generate voltage until it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generate voltage until it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generate voltage until it turns
+this diode off turns this diode on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diode off turns this diode on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diode off turns this diode on so
+current can then keep flowing from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current can then keep flowing from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current can then keep flowing from the
+lower input voltage to the higher output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower input voltage to the higher output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower input voltage to the higher output
+voltage via this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage via this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage via this
+negative um voltage across the induct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative um voltage across the induct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative um voltage across the induct
+right so it's sort of this ability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's sort of this ability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's sort of this ability of
+the inductor to force current flow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor to force current flow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor to force current flow is
+what lets me generate the output voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what lets me generate the output voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what lets me generate the output voltage
+is higher than the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher than the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher than the input
+voltage okay yeah when you first turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the ah because if I have this bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ah because if I have this bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ah because if I have this bottom
+switch on that's an excellent question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch on that's an excellent question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch on that's an excellent question
+why why does the current ramp up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why does the current ramp up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why does the current ramp up
+linearly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly in the
+inductor okay if this switches on I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor okay if this switches on I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor okay if this switches on I've
+imposed zero voltage here I've got V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed zero voltage here I've got V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed zero voltage here I've got V1
+across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the
+inductor right so I got V is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ldt that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT is equal to 1 / L * V which in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is equal to 1 / L * V which in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is equal to 1 / L * V which in this
+case is V1 right so the slope of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is V1 right so the slope of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is V1 right so the slope of that
+current is simply the input voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is simply the input voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is simply the input voltage
+divided by the inductance if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the inductance if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the inductance if the
+inductance is Big that slope is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance is Big that slope is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance is Big that slope is small
+but I'm nonetheless putting energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm nonetheless putting energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm nonetheless putting energy in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+inductor yeah I have a sort of follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor yeah I have a sort of follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor yeah I have a sort of follow
+question how how does how do the slopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how how does how do the slopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how how does how do the slopes
+know to change um with the D cycle it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to change um with the D cycle it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to change um with the D cycle it
+seems like magic that St and periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like magic that St and periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like magic that St and periodic
+stady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stady
+St uh first of all not all converters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St uh first of all not all converters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St uh first of all not all converters
+that you could conceive of will reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could conceive of will reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could conceive of will reach
+steady state okay and that's this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state okay and that's this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state okay and that's this this
+kind of average analysis we're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of average analysis we're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of average analysis we're doing is
+one of the things you use to do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you use to do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you use to do that so
+I've seen converters where people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen converters where people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen converters where people had
+some conversion idea but it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some conversion idea but it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some conversion idea but it turns out
+that no matter what you do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no matter what you do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no matter what you do in the
+converter it has a positive average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter it has a positive average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter it has a positive average
+voltage across the inductor which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across the inductor which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across the inductor which means
+the inductor current rans up until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor current rans up until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor current rans up until
+something blows up right um what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something blows up right um what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something blows up right um what happens
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+case is suppose the output voltage was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is suppose the output voltage was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is suppose the output voltage was
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+small okay well in that case then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay well in that case then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay well in that case then the
+inductor current would ramp up with V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current would ramp up with V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current would ramp up with V1
+over L slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L slope
+it would ramp down but not with as great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would ramp down but not with as great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would ramp down but not with as great
+a slope and the inductor current would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slope and the inductor current would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slope and the inductor current would
+keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+increasing right and it would start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing right and it would start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing right and it would start to
+pump more and more charge to the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump more and more charge to the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump more and more charge to the output
+until the output voltage comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the output voltage comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the output voltage comes
+up all right so sort of what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all right so sort of what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all right so sort of what happens is
+the there's a a feedback loop that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's a a feedback loop that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's a a feedback loop that's
+sort of driving the inductor current to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of driving the inductor current to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of driving the inductor current to
+keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+increasing and and that drives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and and that drives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and and that drives the
+output voltage up further for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage up further for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage up further for a given
+resistance until you hit some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance until you hit some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance until you hit some
+equilibrium and that equilibrium is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and that equilibrium is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and that equilibrium is the
+output voltage is now big enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage is now big enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage is now big enough that
+the negative volt seconds on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative volt seconds on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative volt seconds on the
+inductor is the same as the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor is the same as the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor is the same as the positive
+volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt
+seconds okay so will all converters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay so will all converters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay so will all converters that
+you could think of all combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think of all combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think of all combinations of
+switches inductors and capacitor do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches inductors and capacitor do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches inductors and capacitor do this
+no some will just blow up on you others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no some will just blow up on you others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no some will just blow up on you others
+will come to a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come to a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come to a nice
+happy periodic steady state operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy periodic steady state operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy periodic steady state operation
+and that's usually the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's usually the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's usually the kind of
+converters we aim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters we aim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters we aim
+for excellent question other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thetically frequency which make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thetically frequency which make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thetically frequency which make a
+difference D cyes the same that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference D cyes the same that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference D cyes the same that's an
+excellent question the question is does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question the question is does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question the question is does
+the frequency make a difference as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency make a difference as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency make a difference as long
+as you're doing the right duty cycle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're doing the right duty cycle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're doing the right duty cycle and
+the answer is on the one hand no nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is on the one hand no nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is on the one hand no nothing
+about this um said what the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this um said what the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this um said what the period
+capital t is right in this mode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital t is right in this mode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital t is right in this mode of
+operation what does change is however um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this Ripple right so if I made T bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Ripple right so if I made T bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Ripple right so if I made T bigger
+I'd get more current Ripple and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd get more current Ripple and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd get more current Ripple and I've
+started off the analysis saying oh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off the analysis saying oh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off the analysis saying oh I'm
+going to assume all my ripples are small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume all my ripples are small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume all my ripples are small
+well depending upon you know how big L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well depending upon you know how big L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well depending upon you know how big L
+has to be in order for my ripple to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be in order for my ripple to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be in order for my ripple to be
+quote unquote small depends upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote unquote small depends upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote unquote small depends upon the
+period so we'll talk a lot about how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so we'll talk a lot about how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so we'll talk a lot about how do
+I pick my period how do I pick my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick my period how do I pick my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick my period how do I pick my
+inductors all those things so it matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductors all those things so it matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductors all those things so it matters
+in the practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the practical
+sense but if I had big enough components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but if I had big enough components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but if I had big enough components
+not in the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the theoretical
+sense any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions let me just um note a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions let me just um note a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions let me just um note a couple
+of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things this is and what I'm about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things this is and what I'm about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things this is and what I'm about to
+tell you is completely unimportant from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you is completely unimportant from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you is completely unimportant from
+a practical perspective right but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a practical perspective right but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a practical perspective right but it's
+an interesting thing to observe let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting thing to observe let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting thing to observe let me
+come back to this Buck converter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this Buck converter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this Buck converter here
+this is a stepping down converter if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a stepping down converter if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a stepping down converter if I
+ask asked what is the actual thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask asked what is the actual thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask asked what is the actual thing that
+this switch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switch is
+doing okay this has some V switch and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay this has some V switch and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay this has some V switch and I
+switch right it turns out that if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch right it turns out that if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch right it turns out that if you go
+analyze this and I put it in the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze this and I put it in the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze this and I put it in the lecture
+notes even though I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes even though I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes even though I'm not going to go
+through it in detail if you turn around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it in detail if you turn around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it in detail if you turn around
+and ask what is this switch physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask what is this switch physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask what is this switch physically
+doing it's absorbing power in DC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it's absorbing power in DC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it's absorbing power in DC and
+voltage and current components on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and current components on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and current components on the
+switch right like so so the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch right like so so the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch right like so so the current
+through the switch has a DC term and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the switch has a DC term and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the switch has a DC term and a
+bunch of AC terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of AC terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of AC terms
+right and so does the voltage turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so does the voltage turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so does the voltage turns out
+if I looked at the DC voltage times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I looked at the DC voltage times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I looked at the DC voltage times the
+DC current the switch is absorbing power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC current the switch is absorbing power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC current the switch is absorbing power
+from the DC waveforms and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the DC waveforms and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the DC waveforms and it's
+generating AC waveforms in the in the AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating AC waveforms in the in the AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating AC waveforms in the in the AC
+components of those waveforms so in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of those waveforms so in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of those waveforms so in some
+sense this switch what it's really doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this switch what it's really doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this switch what it's really doing
+is it's taking DC power and DC waveforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's taking DC power and DC waveforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's taking DC power and DC waveforms
+and turning into power to AC waveforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turning into power to AC waveforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turning into power to AC waveforms
+if I ask what this switch was doing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I ask what this switch was doing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I ask what this switch was doing down
+here this guy down here he's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this guy down here he's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this guy down here he's actually
+doing the opposite so I can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the opposite so I can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the opposite so I can think of
+this is quote unquote an inverting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is quote unquote an inverting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is quote unquote an inverting
+switch it takes DC and turns it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch it takes DC and turns it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch it takes DC and turns it into a
+power and DC waveforms and turns into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and DC waveforms and turns into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and DC waveforms and turns into
+power and AC waveforms and this switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and AC waveforms and this switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and AC waveforms and this switch
+does the exact opposite and turns it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the exact opposite and turns it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the exact opposite and turns it
+back into DC waveforms and between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into DC waveforms and between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into DC waveforms and between the
+two of them they give you the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them they give you the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them they give you the voltage
+conversion so the switch in our power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion so the switch in our power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion so the switch in our power
+converter could also be thought of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter could also be thought of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter could also be thought of as a
+fun funny kind of change where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun funny kind of change where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun funny kind of change where the
+energy is in the waveforms it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is in the waveforms it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is in the waveforms it's
+processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+kind of device now that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of device now that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of device now that's not
+necessarily important or helpful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily important or helpful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily important or helpful for
+analyzing power converters but it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing power converters but it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing power converters but it's just
+kind of an interesting fact to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an interesting fact to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an interesting fact to
+understand the function of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the function of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the function of what the
+switch is doing it's moving energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch is doing it's moving energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch is doing it's moving energy
+around in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in
+frequency okay without losing any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it the last thing I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the last thing I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the last thing I'll
+note is just that we can view and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note is just that we can view and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note is just that we can view and again
+you don't have to view things this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to view things this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to view things this way
+but we might view both the buck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we might view both the buck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we might view both the buck
+converter and the Boost converter as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and the Boost converter as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and the Boost converter as uh
+sort of two connections of one structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of two connections of one structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of two connections of one structure
+right all I did was really flip it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all I did was really flip it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all I did was really flip it
+around okay but I could block this off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay but I could block this off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay but I could block this off
+and just think of this structure from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here here and here sorry here here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here and here sorry here here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here and here sorry here here and
+here okay as being this cell that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay as being this cell that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay as being this cell that sort
+of has one capacitor one inductor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of has one capacitor one inductor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of has one capacitor one inductor and
+one single pole double throw switch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one single pole double throw switch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one single pole double throw switch and
+that's also buried into this circuit one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also buried into this circuit one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also buried into this circuit one
+inductor one capacitor and one single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor one capacitor and one single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor one capacitor and one single
+pole double throw switch and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole double throw switch and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole double throw switch and the only
+reason I mentioned that is because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I mentioned that is because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I mentioned that is because you
+can build other kinds of converters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build other kinds of converters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build other kinds of converters that
+have different connections to this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different connections to this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different connections to this that
+will give you different power converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you different power converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you different power converter
+functions okay and we will introduce one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay and we will introduce one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay and we will introduce one
+of those next class so um what I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those next class so um what I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those next class so um what I wanted
+you to take away from this class was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to take away from this class was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to take away from this class was
+first of all what are the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all what are the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all what are the kind of
+techniques that we can use to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that we can use to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that we can use to analyze
+power converters is average voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power converters is average voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power converters is average voltage
+average current average kvl average KCl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average current average kvl average KCl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average current average kvl average KCl
+uh inductor and capacitor constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inductor and capacitor constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inductor and capacitor constraints
+and we can use that to say how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can use that to say how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can use that to say how does
+power flow through the converters and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power flow through the converters and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power flow through the converters and I
+wanted to start talking about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to start talking about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to start talking about some of
+the functions we can do so we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions we can do so we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions we can do so we've seen
+now a buck converter and a boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a buck converter and a boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a buck converter and a boost
+converter and next time we'll move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and next time we'll move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and next time we'll move on
+and and look at some other uh approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and look at some other uh approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and look at some other uh approaches
+have a great day
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7Ken5EC4OrU.txt b/7Ken5EC4OrU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c3eba6ec3b670d2c0bfad69b3f702b596add97a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7Ken5EC4OrU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10839 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh hope you all had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh hope you all had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh hope you all had a
+good weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good weekend
+and uh if you recall last time uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you recall last time uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you recall last time uh we
+were talking about the fir D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about the fir D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about the fir D
+distribution B Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution B Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution B Einstein
+distribution and uh uh uh as you say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and uh uh uh as you say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and uh uh uh as you say for
+this is the average Lum of particles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the average Lum of particles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the average Lum of particles in
+one Quantum state right so uh at certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Quantum state right so uh at certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Quantum state right so uh at certain
+energy and with a certain temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and with a certain temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and with a certain temperature
+and with certain chical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with certain chical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with certain chical
+potential and uh uh we stated that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and uh uh we stated that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and uh uh we stated that for
+Fons and photons uh at thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons and photons uh at thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons and photons uh at thermal
+equilibrium uh the chemical potential mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh the chemical potential mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh the chemical potential mu
+equals zero uh however I caution you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero uh however I caution you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero uh however I caution you uh
+if you do any light iMed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do any light iMed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do any light iMed
+devices uh or if you do solar cells uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices uh or if you do solar cells uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices uh or if you do solar cells uh
+the um cam potential uh of photons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um cam potential uh of photons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um cam potential uh of photons the
+immediate photons is not zero and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate photons is not zero and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate photons is not zero and that's
+because uh in this case the photon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh in this case the photon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh in this case the photon is
+interacting with electrons uh holes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with electrons uh holes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with electrons uh holes and
+uh uh you have see electron holes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you have see electron holes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you have see electron holes are
+not at the equilibrium and that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the equilibrium and that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the equilibrium and that's in
+this case you actually have a m not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you actually have a m not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you actually have a m not
+equaling zero and that's why uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equaling zero and that's why uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equaling zero and that's why uh the
+light emitted from light emitting di or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light emitted from light emitting di or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light emitted from light emitting di or
+laser can be much higher than the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser can be much higher than the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser can be much higher than the black
+body uh radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body uh radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body uh radiation
+intensity and uh uh we um uh and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and uh uh we um uh and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and uh uh we um uh and from
+there once we have this average L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there once we have this average L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there once we have this average L of
+particles we will we discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles we will we discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles we will we discuss the
+applications uh essentially uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications uh essentially uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications uh essentially uh what we
+have discussed now is quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have discussed now is quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have discussed now is quantum mechanics
+tells me what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me what's the
+energy of any matter I give you right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of any matter I give you right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of any matter I give you right a
+crystal what's electron energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal what's electron energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal what's electron energy levels
+what's the Fon energy levels a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Fon energy levels a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Fon energy levels a molecule
+atom right in principle we can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom right in principle we can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom right in principle we can solve
+those are the quantum mechanically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the quantum mechanically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the quantum mechanically
+allowable ground state energ there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable ground state energ there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable ground state energ there's no
+temperature there right and then we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature there right and then we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature there right and then we add
+it to uh uh the each Quantum State the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to uh uh the each Quantum State the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to uh uh the each Quantum State the
+distribution function f right that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function f right that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function f right that's how
+many so this is the energy of a Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many so this is the energy of a Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many so this is the energy of a Quantum
+State this is how many particles we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State this is how many particles we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State this is how many particles we have
+at that Quantum State and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that Quantum State and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that Quantum State and then we
+discuss the density of States that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the density of States that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the density of States that's a
+per near the energy level how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per near the energy level how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per near the energy level how many of
+this Quantum States right so we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Quantum States right so we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Quantum States right so we're doing
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+counting and uh by this time uh what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting and uh by this time uh what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting and uh by this time uh what I'm
+hoping is using so we show the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping is using so we show the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping is using so we show the black
+body radiation in that case is H new and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body radiation in that case is H new and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body radiation in that case is H new and
+the both Einstein distribution then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the both Einstein distribution then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the both Einstein distribution then the
+state of photons and you can easily say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of photons and you can easily say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of photons and you can easily say
+the black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black body
+radiational based on uh this Expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiational based on uh this Expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiational based on uh this Expressions
+if you need a chair there other chairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need a chair there other chairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need a chair there other chairs
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+front and uh uh then if you take so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and uh uh then if you take so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and uh uh then if you take so this
+this gives the energy density right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives the energy density right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives the energy density right and
+uh if you take a temperature der
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you take a temperature der
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you take a temperature der
+derivative of that energy density you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that energy density you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that energy density you
+get the specific heat uh although for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the specific heat uh although for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the specific heat uh although for
+photons we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons we
+seldom talk about specific heat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seldom talk about specific heat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seldom talk about specific heat and
+that's why uh see for fance the lce we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why uh see for fance the lce we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why uh see for fance the lce we
+can measure it so we use specific heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure it so we use specific heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure it so we use specific heat
+and at a low temperature you get a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at a low temperature you get a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at a low temperature you get a t
+cubic power and that's very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic power and that's very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic power and that's very similar to
+what black body radiation normal T Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what black body radiation normal T Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what black body radiation normal T Force
+Power that's energy and the temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power that's energy and the temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power that's energy and the temp
+temperature derivative give you TQ power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature derivative give you TQ power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature derivative give you TQ power
+right so uh at the end of last lecture I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh at the end of last lecture I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh at the end of last lecture I
+said uh I'm going to tell you I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh I'm going to tell you I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh I'm going to tell you I could
+just stop here and move to next chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stop here and move to next chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stop here and move to next chapter
+but I'm going to use half of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to use half of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to use half of today's
+lecture to tell you uh statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to tell you uh statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to tell you uh statistical
+Foundation because there are some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation because there are some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation because there are some very
+useful language uh I'm not going to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful language uh I'm not going to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful language uh I'm not going to test
+you as I said but I thought it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as I said but I thought it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as I said but I thought it's really
+beautiful so it's good that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful so it's good that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful so it's good that you have
+some you know the terminologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know the terminologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know the terminologies
+here so uh in uh statistics what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so uh in uh statistics what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so uh in uh statistics what we want
+if I have for example uh a system um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have for example uh a system um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have for example uh a system um
+like the equilibrium with surrounding I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the equilibrium with surrounding I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the equilibrium with surrounding I
+want to measure its energy or I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure its energy or I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure its energy or I want to
+measure its temperature so what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure its temperature so what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure its temperature so what I have
+is a Time average I do certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Time average I do certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Time average I do certain amount of
+measurement over certain period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement over certain period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement over certain period of time
+right because instantaneously those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because instantaneously those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because instantaneously those
+quantities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities are
+fluctuated right and so I uh one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuated right and so I uh one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuated right and so I uh one way to
+find the quantity that we report is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the quantity that we report is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the quantity that we report is the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+average but the uh in statistical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but the uh in statistical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but the uh in statistical uh
+mechanics uh the uh the framework is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics uh the uh the framework is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics uh the uh the framework is
+developed most along the emble average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed most along the emble average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed most along the emble average
+there is time average for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is time average for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is time average for example if you
+do molecular Dynamic simulation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do molecular Dynamic simulation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do molecular Dynamic simulation right
+you actually solve the equation motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually solve the equation motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually solve the equation motion
+and you get the trajectory of the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get the trajectory of the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get the trajectory of the atoms
+and you see how to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see how to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see how to do the
+averaging and uh uh the emble average is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging and uh uh the emble average is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging and uh uh the emble average is
+based on not considering time history so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on not considering time history so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on not considering time history so
+if I have a system there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a system there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a system there are many
+Quantum quantum mechanics say okay I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum quantum mechanics say okay I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum quantum mechanics say okay I can
+go to solve in principle Shing equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to solve in principle Shing equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to solve in principle Shing equation
+I find all Quantum states of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find all Quantum states of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find all Quantum states of the system
+right so uh I have uh uh Quantum state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh I have uh uh Quantum state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh I have uh uh Quantum state
+one and all those Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States and this Omega is typically much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and this Omega is typically much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and this Omega is typically much
+much larger than the number of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger than the number of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger than the number of particles
+you have in fact we'll see soon even one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in fact we'll see soon even one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in fact we'll see soon even one
+atom the quantum State say allowable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom the quantum State say allowable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom the quantum State say allowable
+Quantum state in this room from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum state in this room from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum state in this room from one
+molecule will be much much larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule will be much much larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule will be much much larger than
+the total number of molecules in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of molecules in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of molecules in this
+room so this is a huge L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room so this is a huge L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room so this is a huge L
+Omega right and uh uh the ample averages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega right and uh uh the ample averages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega right and uh uh the ample averages
+actually looking at the each of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looking at the each of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looking at the each of this
+Quantum State the time Evolution you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum State the time Evolution you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum State the time Evolution you can
+but right now let's don't think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right now let's don't think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right now let's don't think about
+time right each Quantum State what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right each Quantum State what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right each Quantum State what's the
+probability so if you do a statistic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so if you do a statistic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so if you do a statistic uh
+uh averages is what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh averages is what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh averages is what's the
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+observing Quantum State I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing Quantum State I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing Quantum State I
+right so that's the and in that Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the and in that Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the and in that Quantum
+State what's this quantity XI for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State what's this quantity XI for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State what's this quantity XI for
+example what's the energy of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what's the energy of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what's the energy of that
+Quantum State what's the momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum State what's the momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum State what's the momentum of
+that Quantum State microscopic right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Quantum State microscopic right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Quantum State microscopic right
+we're we're talking right and if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're talking right and if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're talking right and if I can
+another the probability and know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the probability and know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the probability and know for
+that say one say of the system in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say one say of the system in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say one say of the system in my
+Ensemble this is a man State form emble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble this is a man State form emble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble this is a man State form emble
+right so if I now the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I now the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I now the probability of
+observing that Quantum state in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing that Quantum state in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing that Quantum state in the
+emble and then now the in the value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble and then now the in the value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble and then now the in the value that
+I'm interested in that specific emble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in that specific emble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in that specific emble
+then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my
+average this emble average is then x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average this emble average is then x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average this emble average is then x i
+pi and sum over all the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and sum over all the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and sum over all the quantum
+state so so this is the concept of emble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so so this is the concept of emble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so so this is the concept of emble
+average and that in statistics we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and that in statistics we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and that in statistics we do
+most of the time we don't actually try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time we don't actually try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time we don't actually try
+to solve the time history because time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the time history because time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the time history because time
+history like I say is only a a tool that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history like I say is only a a tool that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history like I say is only a a tool that
+was develop of a computer was uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was develop of a computer was uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was develop of a computer was uh so
+become very powerful you saw for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very powerful you saw for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very powerful you saw for example
+like I said the molecular Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said the molecular Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said the molecular Dynamics
+right so there is a very fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there is a very fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there is a very fundamental
+assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+when these two different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these two different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these two different ways of
+averaging are equal to each other a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging are equal to each other a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging are equal to each other a
+system when the time average equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system when the time average equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system when the time average equals
+emble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble
+average that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average that's called
+aroic okay so arotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is when the time average equals in sble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the time average equals in sble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the time average equals in sble
+average and most systems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and most systems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and most systems are
+aorded it's a uh um it turns out that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aorded it's a uh um it turns out that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aorded it's a uh um it turns out that uh
+starting L orotic system is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting L orotic system is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting L orotic system is actually a
+active branch of statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active branch of statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active branch of statistical
+physics right so uh a GIC system is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics right so uh a GIC system is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics right so uh a GIC system is the
+one that after some time it turns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that after some time it turns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that after some time it turns to
+equilibrium it samples all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium it samples all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium it samples all the
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+okay and uh but there is there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh but there is there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh but there is there are
+interesting examples of long orotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting examples of long orotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting examples of long orotic
+system I can help to give you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I can help to give you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I can help to give you one
+example and this example is a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and this example is a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and this example is a famous
+problem is FPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is FPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is FPU
+problem is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+firmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pasta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasta
+ulum so it turns out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulum so it turns out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulum so it turns out in
+1950s when the computer was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s when the computer was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s when the computer was just
+becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming
+available and uh uh say uh this firy Pam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and uh uh say uh this firy Pam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and uh uh say uh this firy Pam
+they published a report it was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they published a report it was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they published a report it was another
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+paper and what they reported is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and what they reported is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and what they reported is they
+simulated a onedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated a onedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated a onedimensional
+atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chain right and and the Sprint is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain right and and the Sprint is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain right and and the Sprint is not
+harmonic right before when we studed Fon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic right before when we studed Fon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic right before when we studed Fon
+we studied harmonic KX FAL KX right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we studied harmonic KX FAL KX right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we studied harmonic KX FAL KX right and
+they added a say higher order term long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they added a say higher order term long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they added a say higher order term long
+linear term right and uh uh what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term right and uh uh what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term right and uh uh what that
+long linear term this is the later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long linear term this is the later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long linear term this is the later on
+we'll discussing more is the ca for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discussing more is the ca for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discussing more is the ca for
+scattering if I have a perfect Crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering if I have a perfect Crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering if I have a perfect Crystal
+or that Sprint just say we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that Sprint just say we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that Sprint just say we have the
+fullon picture there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fullon picture there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fullon picture there
+you have infinite thermal connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have infinite thermal connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have infinite thermal connectivity
+because the wave is not interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the wave is not interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the wave is not interacting with
+each other so if I have a crystal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so if I have a crystal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so if I have a crystal I
+create a disturbance here they do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a disturbance here they do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a disturbance here they do not
+interact they propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact they propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact they propagate
+infinite so a perfect Crystal with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite so a perfect Crystal with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite so a perfect Crystal with a
+perfect harmonic Sprint has infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect harmonic Sprint has infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect harmonic Sprint has infinite
+thermal conductivity right and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conductivity right and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conductivity right and most
+material has a fin thermal conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material has a fin thermal conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material has a fin thermal conductivity
+because those Springs are long say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those Springs are long say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those Springs are long say
+higher order terms that start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order terms that start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order terms that start to
+interact different modes that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact different modes that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact different modes that's a
+scattering that's we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering that's we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering that's we're going to talk
+more right so the reason they study long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more right so the reason they study long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more right so the reason they study long
+harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic
+Sprint is look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprint is look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprint is look at the
+scattering in this Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering in this Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering in this Atomic
+chain but what they found is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain but what they found is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain but what they found is very
+interesting and they found that if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and they found that if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and they found that if they
+put one mode putting energy into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put one mode putting energy into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put one mode putting energy into one
+mode after some time the energy of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode after some time the energy of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode after some time the energy of this
+mode gave to other modes right but after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode gave to other modes right but after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode gave to other modes right but after
+a long time of simulating so if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time of simulating so if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time of simulating so if it's a
+uh in normal system we going to approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in normal system we going to approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in normal system we going to approach
+equinum so every modes get some energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equinum so every modes get some energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equinum so every modes get some energy
+right that's the you put you input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the you put you input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the you put you input
+energy in one mode and they eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in one mode and they eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in one mode and they eventually
+equal partition and air mode get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal partition and air mode get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal partition and air mode get some
+energy but what they found is after some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but what they found is after some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but what they found is after some
+time all energy came back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all energy came back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all energy came back to this
+mode okay so what does that imply is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode okay so what does that imply is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode okay so what does that imply is
+this system is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system is not
+erotic it doesn't never approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erotic it doesn't never approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erotic it doesn't never approach
+equilibrium and uh uh um so from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and uh uh um so from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and uh uh um so from that
+what they imply I'm very interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they imply I'm very interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they imply I'm very interested in
+this because they also imply they this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because they also imply they this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because they also imply they this
+Atomic CH has the infinite thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic CH has the infinite thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic CH has the infinite thermal
+conductivity energy level dissipate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity energy level dissipate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity energy level dissipate
+right and that was actually motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that was actually motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that was actually motivation
+when I uh got a call from uh uh friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I uh got a call from uh uh friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I uh got a call from uh uh friend
+Intel he said I we look at the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel he said I we look at the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel he said I we look at the solution
+for H spreading right Thal management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for H spreading right Thal management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for H spreading right Thal management
+and I look I say okay Thal management he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I look I say okay Thal management he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I look I say okay Thal management he
+say the the skinny no is going to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the the skinny no is going to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the the skinny no is going to more
+slow is going to come to an end we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow is going to come to an end we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow is going to come to an end we're
+going to make uh rather than just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make uh rather than just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make uh rather than just a
+shrink the gate but we're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink the gate but we're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink the gate but we're going to make
+a more products so I look at my cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more products so I look at my cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more products so I look at my cell
+phone right if you look at your iPad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone right if you look at your iPad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone right if you look at your iPad
+it's all metal here right and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all metal here right and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all metal here right and some of
+the old cell phone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old cell phone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old cell phone is
+plastic right huh it's glass not glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic right huh it's glass not glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic right huh it's glass not glass
+they're Metals this is very pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Metals this is very pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Metals this is very pretty
+heavy well it's actually uh say iPad is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy well it's actually uh say iPad is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy well it's actually uh say iPad is
+aluminum in backing yeah but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum in backing yeah but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum in backing yeah but that
+backing is glass is all all glass the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backing is glass is all all glass the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backing is glass is all all glass the
+iPhone backing is glass yeah but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhone backing is glass yeah but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhone backing is glass yeah but there
+should be metal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be metal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be metal here
+right okay uh I think I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay uh I think I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay uh I think I see
+basically metal is used to spread out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically metal is used to spread out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically metal is used to spread out
+heat you see while your iPad backside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat you see while your iPad backside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat you see while your iPad backside
+there's luminance spread out the here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's luminance spread out the here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's luminance spread out the here
+right right so I say can I turn pmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so I say can I turn pmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so I say can I turn pmer
+into a good heat conductor right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a good heat conductor right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a good heat conductor right so I
+said oh I remember say FPU problem maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh I remember say FPU problem maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh I remember say FPU problem maybe
+polymer chain is infinite heat conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer chain is infinite heat conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer chain is infinite heat conductor
+so we that's how we actually started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we that's how we actually started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we that's how we actually started
+some polymer work and we able to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some polymer work and we able to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some polymer work and we able to turn
+polymer at least made it as good as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer at least made it as good as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer at least made it as good as the
+most metals we we achieved a 300 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most metals we we achieved a 300 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most metals we we achieved a 300 times
+Improvement in the molecular chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement in the molecular chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement in the molecular chain
+Direction that's just a fiber a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction that's just a fiber a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction that's just a fiber a single
+molecule we don't know yet the the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule we don't know yet the the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule we don't know yet the the this
+C ction say may even be much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C ction say may even be much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C ction say may even be much higher
+maybe even Divergent we have not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even Divergent we have not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even Divergent we have not been
+able to measure it right so this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to measure it right so this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to measure it right so this a
+thinking about those fundamental aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about those fundamental aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about those fundamental aspect
+sometimes give you motivation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes give you motivation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes give you motivation which
+directions you want to look at so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions you want to look at so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions you want to look at so but
+that's just a there are not many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a there are not many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a there are not many
+systems that's long orotic most systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that's long orotic most systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that's long orotic most systems
+are orotic so we can have the Ensemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are orotic so we can have the Ensemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are orotic so we can have the Ensemble
+average equals time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average equals time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average equals time
+average and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay so um what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so um what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so um what uh
+uh with this I'm going to say there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with this I'm going to say there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with this I'm going to say there are
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+symol okay and this uh there I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symol okay and this uh there I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symol okay and this uh there I'm going
+to discuss three major uh emles you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss three major uh emles you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss three major uh emles you can
+construct your own example one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct your own example one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct your own example one so
+depends on the microscopic constraint to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the microscopic constraint to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the microscopic constraint to
+the total system there there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total system there there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total system there there are three
+type one is I give you a system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one is I give you a system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one is I give you a system and
+that's close system and I fix the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's close system and I fix the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's close system and I fix the total
+number of particles the volume and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles the volume and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles the volume and the
+energy right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right so this
+example has a fixed amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example has a fixed amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example has a fixed amount of energy
+fixed amount of L particle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed amount of L particle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed amount of L particle and
+volume and that's a isolated system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and that's a isolated system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and that's a isolated system
+right energy is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right energy is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right energy is a constant
+and uh it means it doesn't interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it means it doesn't interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it means it doesn't interact with
+the surrounding volume is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surrounding volume is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surrounding volume is constant
+number of particles is constant right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles is constant right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles is constant right
+that's isolated system so uh it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's isolated system so uh it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's isolated system so uh it turns
+out that the probability so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the probability so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the probability so what I'm
+looking at is what's the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is what's the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is what's the probability of
+observing a Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing a Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing a Quantum
+state of this macroscopic system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of this macroscopic system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of this macroscopic system which
+has many Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many Quantum
+States right so this is a one type of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States right so this is a one type of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States right so this is a one type of of
+constraint and the last type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and the last type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and the last type of
+constraint is I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is I don't
+do a isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a isolated
+system rather than the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system rather than the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system rather than the energy is
+constant I have its temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I have its temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I have its temperature is
+constant right so I have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VT and in this case temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT and in this case temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT and in this case temperature is
+constant so the energy can fluu it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so the energy can fluu it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so the energy can fluu it and
+it can interact with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can interact with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can interact with the
+surrounding right environment that I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding right environment that I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding right environment that I say
+let's say environment is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say environment is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say environment is a constant
+temperature and the third is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the third is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the third is a
+system that I don't need to fix L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that I don't need to fix L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that I don't need to fix L of
+particles you can have mass exchange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles you can have mass exchange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles you can have mass exchange the
+particle exchange with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle exchange with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle exchange with the
+surrounding right so if the particle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding right so if the particle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding right so if the particle is
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+exchange at at the equilibrium when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange at at the equilibrium when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange at at the equilibrium when a
+system is at the theral equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is at the theral equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is at the theral equilibrium
+temperature is equal when a system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is equal when a system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is equal when a system is
+like the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the mass
+equilibrium right the partical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium right the partical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium right the partical
+equilibrium the chemical potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the chemical potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the chemical potential is
+equal right so I deal with the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal right so I deal with the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal right so I deal with the system
+the chemical potential volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential volume
+temperature fixed the L of particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature fixed the L of particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature fixed the L of particles are
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+fixed right so now for each of this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed right so now for each of this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed right so now for each of this I
+can take a system and I make this make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a system and I make this make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a system and I make this make
+an emble and this case I make an sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emble and this case I make an sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emble and this case I make an sample
+of quantum State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantum State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantum State
+I I Quantum state that has a fixed L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I Quantum state that has a fixed L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I Quantum state that has a fixed L of
+NV U right what's the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NV U right what's the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NV U right what's the probability of
+observing this Quantum State that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing this Quantum State that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing this Quantum State that's the
+P that's what I want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P that's what I want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P that's what I want to find
+out and similarly for this one is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and similarly for this one is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and similarly for this one is again
+a ice Quantum State what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ice Quantum State what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ice Quantum State what's the
+probability but in this case I have N I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but in this case I have N I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but in this case I have N I
+have V I have t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have V I have t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have V I have t
+right I do not have fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I do not have fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I do not have fixed
+energy and this system may have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and this system may have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and this system may have a
+specific energy EI rather than a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific energy EI rather than a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific energy EI rather than a given
+energy what's the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy what's the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy what's the probability of
+observing this Quantum State specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing this Quantum State specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing this Quantum State specific
+Quantum state in the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum state in the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum state in the whole
+emble that I have many many of the such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble that I have many many of the such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble that I have many many of the such
+States right and same is for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States right and same is for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States right and same is for this
+right so this in this case the I Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this in this case the I Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this in this case the I Quantum
+State can have EI and n i and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State can have EI and n i and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State can have EI and n i and the
+particle is also not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is also not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is also not
+fixed and uh I have mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and uh I have mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and uh I have mu
+VT so those are the question we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT so those are the question we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT so those are the question we want to
+answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+Pi right pi and here is EI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi right pi and here is EI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi right pi and here is EI
+and uh uh with the rest Mt and here is p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh with the rest Mt and here is p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh with the rest Mt and here is p
+e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and
+n and the rest of the fixed quantity mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and the rest of the fixed quantity mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and the rest of the fixed quantity mu
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+T so we want to find out what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so we want to find out what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so we want to find out what's the
+probability and uh we have specific LS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and uh we have specific LS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and uh we have specific LS
+for this three different constraint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this three different constraint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this three different constraint and
+in sample form here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+micronal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here is
+canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+canonical and here is Grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+canonical what what what's what's Li you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical what what what's what's Li you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical what what what's what's Li you
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get okay Grand canle so three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay Grand canle so three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay Grand canle so three different
+canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical
+emles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emles
+okay and the study point is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the study point is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the study point is the
+microcononical and once you settle on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcononical and once you settle on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcononical and once you settle on
+that microcononical you can derive all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that microcononical you can derive all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that microcononical you can derive all
+the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution
+probability for all other canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for all other canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for all other canonical
+systems so the microcononical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+emble and the uh for so if I have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble and the uh for so if I have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble and the uh for so if I have uh
+total of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of
+Omega systems in this emble micronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega systems in this emble micronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega systems in this emble micronic
+right and the probability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the probability for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the probability for
+microcononical there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcononical there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcononical there's no
+proof it's a principle is that for such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof it's a principle is that for such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof it's a principle is that for such
+a system everybody has equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so equal probab ility so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so equal probab ility so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so equal probab ility so in this
+case is equal probability because I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is equal probability because I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is equal probability because I have
+a total of Omega Quantum State each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total of Omega Quantum State each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total of Omega Quantum State each
+Quantum state is one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum state is one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum state is one over
+Omega so this is a equal probability uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so this is a equal probability uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so this is a equal probability uh
+assumption and based on this it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and based on this it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and based on this it was
+Borman uh say for such a system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Borman uh say for such a system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Borman uh say for such a system and
+Borman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principle conncted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the number of emble in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of emble in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of emble in the
+system is a direct measure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is a direct measure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is a direct measure of the
+entropy of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of this
+system so the Bosman principle say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so the Bosman principle say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so the Bosman principle say the
+entropy of such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of such a
+system which is a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is a function of the
+microscopic constraint NV mu uh U right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic constraint NV mu uh U right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic constraint NV mu uh U right
+so entropy is a function n v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so entropy is a function n v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so entropy is a function n v
+u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+KB log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB log
+Omega that's a bman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principle bman was uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle bman was uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle bman was uh very
+depressed uh he was a great scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed uh he was a great scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed uh he was a great scientist
+and didn't get a right get a recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he actually uh jumped into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually uh jumped into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually uh jumped into
+Lake and so if you have a chance to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lake and so if you have a chance to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lake and so if you have a chance to go
+to Vienna is Tombstone is s equal K log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Vienna is Tombstone is s equal K log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Vienna is Tombstone is s equal K log
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+okay so what I say the here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I say the here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I say the here is the
+entropy uh this one you have to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy uh this one you have to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy uh this one you have to also
+take a lot of probability and by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a lot of probability and by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a lot of probability and by taking
+logarithm you actually make the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm you actually make the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm you actually make the entropy
+a addi additive quantity if you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a addi additive quantity if you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a addi additive quantity if you have two
+subsystems the total entropy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems the total entropy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems the total entropy of the
+system is the entropy the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is the entropy the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is the entropy the sum of the
+entropy of each system okay because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of each system okay because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of each system okay because if
+you have two systems each one has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two systems each one has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two systems each one has the
+Omega the total combination of state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega the total combination of state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega the total combination of state is
+Omega 1 * Omega 2 so that makes the no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 * Omega 2 so that makes the no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 * Omega 2 so that makes the no
+give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the
+summation okay so uh this uh the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation okay so uh this uh the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation okay so uh this uh the fact
+that I have function s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have function s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have function s
+is function of MV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is function of MV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is function of MV
+mu uh this are called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu uh this are called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu uh this are called a
+thermodynamic function thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential so it turns out for a microc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so it turns out for a microc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so it turns out for a microc
+canonic ample the thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonic ample the thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonic ample the thermodynamic
+potential is the entropy if you know iny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is the entropy if you know iny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is the entropy if you know iny
+as a function n you know everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function n you know everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function n you know everything
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+system okay but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay but if you
+know this as a function of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this as a function of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this as a function of other
+variables like a mu or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables like a mu or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables like a mu or
+temperature you do not have that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you do not have that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you do not have that right
+potential you don't not have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you don't not have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you don't not have all the
+information okay so why is that so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay so why is that so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay so why is that so if I
+uh say I know the S of the system I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say I know the S of the system I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say I know the S of the system I can
+find all other quantities because uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find all other quantities because uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find all other quantities because uh if
+I look at this s is a function of m u so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at this s is a function of m u so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at this s is a function of m u so
+I have uh D DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have uh D DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have uh D DS
+du and I can keep my n my way constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du and I can keep my n my way constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du and I can keep my n my way constant
+do right if I write write into partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right if I write write into partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right if I write write into partial
+DS d uh V and I write U and N constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS d uh V and I write U and N constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS d uh V and I write U and N constant
+DV plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV plus
+DS d uh n and I have u v constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS d uh n and I have u v constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS d uh n and I have u v constant
+DN right this is a uh just a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN right this is a uh just a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN right this is a uh just a partial
+derivatives and if you go to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and if you go to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and if you go to think about
+what you write in typical thody dyamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you write in typical thody dyamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you write in typical thody dyamics
+you write U equals TDS minus PD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write U equals TDS minus PD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write U equals TDS minus PD
+way right so with that I can say really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right so with that I can say really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right so with that I can say really
+what I have du uh DSD is 1/ T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have du uh DSD is 1/ T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have du uh DSD is 1/ T
+du right so if I I know this function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du right so if I I know this function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du right so if I I know this function I
+know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+temperature and DS DV is really p over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and DS DV is really p over T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and DS DV is really p over T
+DV so another the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV so another the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV so another the
+pressure and say dsdn is a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and say dsdn is a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and say dsdn is a chemical
+potential over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential over T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential over T
+DN and using this you could re write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN and using this you could re write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN and using this you could re write it
+into your more familiar form this is Du
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your more familiar form this is Du
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your more familiar form this is Du
+equal T DS Min p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal T DS Min p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal T DS Min p
+DV and plus mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV and plus mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV and plus mu
+DN right this is the form that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN right this is the form that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN right this is the form that you're
+more familiar so what it means if I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more familiar so what it means if I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more familiar so what it means if I know
+this function I can find mu I can find P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function I can find mu I can find P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function I can find mu I can find P
+I can find T of the system so I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find T of the system so I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find T of the system so I know
+everything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+okay but say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but say uh
+typically we do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we do not
+do uh uh microcononical emble you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh uh microcononical emble you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh uh microcononical emble you uh
+microcononical emble is harder to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcononical emble is harder to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcononical emble is harder to work
+with and many times we like to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and many times we like to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and many times we like to work with
+the system at a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system at a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system at a constant
+temperature okay or if you uh recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay or if you uh recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay or if you uh recall
+when I deal with uh electron we say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I deal with uh electron we say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I deal with uh electron we say okay
+I take a one system and then this there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take a one system and then this there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take a one system and then this there
+could be electron in electron out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be electron in electron out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be electron in electron out so
+that's how we write the uh fir Rock both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we write the uh fir Rock both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we write the uh fir Rock both
+Einstein distributions right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein distributions right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein distributions right so that's
+actually the gr can the result of gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the gr can the result of gr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the gr can the result of gr
+canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical
+emble so let's move on to say if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble so let's move on to say if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble so let's move on to say if I have
+here uh microc colonic emble what be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh microc colonic emble what be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh microc colonic emble what be
+colonic emble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay
+emble and uh again I want to find what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble and uh again I want to find what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble and uh again I want to find what's
+the probability of a Quantum system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of a Quantum system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of a Quantum system
+Quantum state that has energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum state that has energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum state that has energy
+EI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI
+right but unlike a micronic sampol which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but unlike a micronic sampol which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but unlike a micronic sampol which
+will every system has equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will every system has equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will every system has equal
+right this one is no longer equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this one is no longer equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this one is no longer equal
+right uh and if we want to use what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and if we want to use what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and if we want to use what we
+just learned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learned on
+microcolon to derive expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcolon to derive expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcolon to derive expression for the
+probability in this canonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability in this canonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability in this canonic
+example what you do is include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what you do is include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what you do is include the
+environment right because this system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment right because this system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment right because this system is
+not isolated but if I include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environment right here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environment right and uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment right and uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment right and uh all
+together this is a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is a closed
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+okay and when I have one Quantum state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when I have one Quantum state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when I have one Quantum state
+of this system itself at the energy EI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this system itself at the energy EI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this system itself at the energy EI
+the environment has many many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment has many many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment has many many other
+states right so the environment will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states right so the environment will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states right so the environment will
+have omega I State Quantum state so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have omega I State Quantum state so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have omega I State Quantum state so I
+have to quantize my environment because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to quantize my environment because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to quantize my environment because
+each combination gives me a system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each combination gives me a system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each combination gives me a system in
+the microeconomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microeconomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microeconomic
+emble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble
+right so if my this Omega T is the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if my this Omega T is the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if my this Omega T is the total
+Quantum state of combined total of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum state of combined total of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum state of combined total of
+combined system plus environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined system plus environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined system plus environment
+together right is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right is a
+system plus environment together that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system plus environment together that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system plus environment together that
+gives me the total number of states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the total number of states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the total number of states and
+then Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Omega
+I is the uh when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is the uh when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is the uh when the
+system is at a one Quantum State the ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is at a one Quantum State the ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is at a one Quantum State the ice
+Quantum state with energ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum state with energ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum state with energ
+EI what's the number of states of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI what's the number of states of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI what's the number of states of the
+environment right so if this is Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment right so if this is Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment right so if this is Omega T
+and the combined is UT that's a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the combined is UT that's a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the combined is UT that's a total
+energy right and the entropy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right and the entropy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right and the entropy of the
+combined en system environment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+St okay and in this case the uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St okay and in this case the uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St okay and in this case the uh energy
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+I have I combine the system plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have I combine the system plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have I combine the system plus
+environment is my isolated system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is my isolated system right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is my isolated system right
+so the when the system itself at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the when the system itself at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the when the system itself at the
+EI the energy of the environment is U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI the energy of the environment is U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI the energy of the environment is U
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+EI they add together is give me constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI they add together is give me constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI they add together is give me constant
+U right say U Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+EI that's the uh environment the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI that's the uh environment the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI that's the uh environment the energy
+of the environment so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the environment so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the environment so my
+probability uh uh no say uh yeah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh uh no say uh yeah this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh uh no say uh yeah this is
+the uh this is the uh States Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh this is the uh States Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh this is the uh States Quantum
+states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environment right so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment right so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment right so my
+probability of counting of the system EI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of counting of the system EI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of counting of the system EI
+at certain temperature and of course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at certain temperature and of course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at certain temperature and of course I
+can write say volume uh say Lum density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write say volume uh say Lum density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write say volume uh say Lum density
+right that's my microscopic constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's my microscopic constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's my microscopic constraint
+is is one that's one Quantum state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is one that's one Quantum state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is one that's one Quantum state of
+the system how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system how many
+states this is total count right how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states this is total count right how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states this is total count right how
+much State environment that also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much State environment that also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much State environment that also have
+the say when the system is at the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the say when the system is at the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the say when the system is at the energy
+EI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI
+I and divided by Omega T that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and divided by Omega T that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and divided by Omega T that's
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+right so now I need to do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now I need to do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now I need to do a little bit
+math using the fact that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math using the fact that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math using the fact that it's a
+microcononical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcononical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcononical
+emble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble
+to derive what's this probability so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive what's this probability so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive what's this probability so let
+me say here is uh Omega I I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me say here is uh Omega I I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me say here is uh Omega I I have this
+energy but say my real average energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but say my real average energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but say my real average energy of
+the system is Yu EI is just a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is Yu EI is just a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is Yu EI is just a specific
+Quantum States what's the energy of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum States what's the energy of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum States what's the energy of that
+state right so the average energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right so the average energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right so the average energy
+because in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this case
+the average energy can fluctuate because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average energy can fluctuate because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average energy can fluctuate because
+a constant temperature energy can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant temperature energy can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant temperature energy can
+fluctuate right so I can write this U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate right so I can write this U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate right so I can write this U
+Min EI in terms of U Min U which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min EI in terms of U Min U which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min EI in terms of U Min U which is the
+average energy of the system plus U Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy of the system plus U Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy of the system plus U Mass
+EI which is deviation U Mass EI is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI which is deviation U Mass EI is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI which is deviation U Mass EI is
+deviation from the equilibrium the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from the equilibrium the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from the equilibrium the
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so that that's just a function I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's just a function I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's just a function I'm
+rewriting variables and divided by Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+uh I could write now I can go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I could write now I can go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I could write now I can go back to
+use The Bard man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use The Bard man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use The Bard man
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+Omega and S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and S
+relation right so I have omega for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation right so I have omega for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation right so I have omega for the
+environment at this energy and Omega for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment at this energy and Omega for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment at this energy and Omega for
+the total so I can write in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s so I have really uh if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so I have really uh if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so I have really uh if you look at
+it's inversion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's inversion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's inversion so
+exponential s uh when the system uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential s uh when the system uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential s uh when the system uh the
+energy is uh U tus U plus uus EI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is uh U tus U plus uus EI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is uh U tus U plus uus EI
+this is just a variable inside divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a variable inside divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a variable inside divide by
+KB and I have log already uh I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB and I have log already uh I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB and I have log already uh I have
+exponential already you will see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential already you will see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential already you will see the
+bman factor and here I have e s of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bman factor and here I have e s of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bman factor and here I have e s of the
+total of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of the system
+UT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB
+right so I'm using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm using the
+result return s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result return s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result return s
+and log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and log
+Omega and here I'm going to expand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and here I'm going to expand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and here I'm going to expand this
+s I'm going to expand the reason I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s I'm going to expand the reason I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s I'm going to expand the reason I write
+into this is I'm going to expand this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this is I'm going to expand this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this is I'm going to expand this is
+the equilibrium the average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium the average of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium the average of the
+system this is the average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is the average of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is the average of the
+environment U Min U and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment U Min U and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment U Min U and this is a
+deviation from that average so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from that average so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from that average so I can
+write this in terms ofal s equals s u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this in terms ofal s equals s u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this in terms ofal s equals s u
+tus U plus DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+EI that's a tailor expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+DSD given the microcononical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSD given the microcononical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSD given the microcononical
+in Sample DSD is 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T okay so now if you go one more step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so now if you go one more step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so now if you go one more step
+this is 1 / T here we have 1 / T and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 1 / T here we have 1 / T and U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 1 / T here we have 1 / T and U
+Min eii so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min eii so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min eii so what I
+have then is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have then is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have then is a
+p uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p uh
+EI real T I don't need to carry M way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI real T I don't need to carry M way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI real T I don't need to carry M way
+which is is a fixed doesn't change so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is a fixed doesn't change so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is a fixed doesn't change so is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+exponential uh s u t u and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh s u t u and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh s u t u and uh
+plus um uus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eii over T and I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eii over T and I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eii over T and I should have
+KB and here I should also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB and here I should also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB and here I should also have
+KB divide by exponential X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+okay right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so uh
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+entropy of average entropy here of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of average entropy here of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of average entropy here of the
+total system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total system
+minus the uh uh the system so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the uh uh the system so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the uh uh the system so this is
+really the entropy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the entropy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the entropy of the
+environment right the entropy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment right the entropy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment right the entropy of the
+environment this is the total entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment this is the total entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment this is the total entropy
+so s OT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so s OT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so s OT
+T is the S OT T minus U that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is the S OT T minus U that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is the S OT T minus U that's the
+entropy of environment s u that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of environment s u that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of environment s u that's the
+entropy of the system the additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of the system the additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of the system the additive
+property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+right so with that this SE cancel this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so with that this SE cancel this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so with that this SE cancel this
+one and what I have is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and what I have is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and what I have is now
+exponential uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh
+U Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Mass
+St over KB that's one and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St over KB that's one and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St over KB that's one and uh uh
+KBT and the other is exponential Mass EI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT and the other is exponential Mass EI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT and the other is exponential Mass EI
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+KBT this is a i FL I combine using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT this is a i FL I combine using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT this is a i FL I combine using the
+relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so this is the
+probability of a colonal system colonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a colonal system colonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a colonal system colonal
+emble when one Quantum state has energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble when one Quantum state has energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble when one Quantum state has energy
+EI and the system is at temperature T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI and the system is at temperature T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI and the system is at temperature T
+what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+probability right and the before here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability right and the before here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability right and the before here is
+Yo is a system average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yo is a system average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yo is a system average
+energy s is the system average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy s is the system average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy s is the system average
+entropy and temperature so this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and temperature so this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and temperature so this one is
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+of each Quantum State here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each Quantum State here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each Quantum State here is the
+quantity for each Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity for each Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity for each Quantum
+State and I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and I can write
+this as exponential Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as exponential Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as exponential Mass
+EI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI
+KBT over Z and that's Z One / Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT over Z and that's Z One / Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT over Z and that's Z One / Z is
+really this Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay what is U minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay what is U minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay what is U minus
+St yeah that's the hel free energy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St yeah that's the hel free energy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St yeah that's the hel free energy right
+F fals uus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F fals uus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F fals uus
+St so my thody damic potential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St so my thody damic potential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St so my thody damic potential for
+colonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonic
+system is actually f is f is U minus St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is actually f is f is U minus St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is actually f is f is U minus St
+if I know f as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know f as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know f as a function of
+T nway I need to know that function f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T nway I need to know that function f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T nway I need to know that function f is
+a function of NT then I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of NT then I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of NT then I know
+everything about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about this
+system okay so uh let's do a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps if uh if here is my probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps if uh if here is my probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps if uh if here is my probability of
+course I can find out what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I can find out what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I can find out what's the
+relation uh uh between Z and EI because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation uh uh between Z and EI because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation uh uh between Z and EI because
+my probability add up of P EI and T that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my probability add up of P EI and T that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my probability add up of P EI and T that
+has to equal sum of all Quantum state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to equal sum of all Quantum state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to equal sum of all Quantum state
+must be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be one
+normalization right and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization right and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization right and from
+here I can say my uh Z is really sum up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I can say my uh Z is really sum up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I can say my uh Z is really sum up
+over Mass EI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KBT okay and because f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT okay and because f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT okay and because f
+equals uus TS now I have a z I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uus TS now I have a z I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uus TS now I have a z I have this
+and I can find uh I can also write uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can find uh I can also write uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can find uh I can also write uh
+the uh Fram hortz uh free energy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay so from based on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so from based on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so from based on what the
+relation I have here the thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation I have here the thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation I have here the thermodynamic
+potential for canonical system which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for canonical system which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for canonical system which is
+uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n
+VT and if I not this function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT and if I not this function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT and if I not this function which is
+log KB t log Z this is the one I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log KB t log Z this is the one I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log KB t log Z this is the one I write
+rewrite this one and uh I I have f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this one and uh I I have f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this one and uh I I have f
+equals KBT log Z and if I know this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals KBT log Z and if I know this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals KBT log Z and if I know this uh
+um FR free energy I will be as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um FR free energy I will be as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um FR free energy I will be as a
+function Mt I should know everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Mt I should know everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Mt I should know everything
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+okay so you can say say now from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can say say now from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can say say now from
+uh the beauty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the beauty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the beauty is
+uh this Ensemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this Ensemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this Ensemble
+approach was uh uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach was uh uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach was uh uh is
+say uh once we start the microc canonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh once we start the microc canonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh once we start the microc canonic
+emble as a basic assumption equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble as a basic assumption equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble as a basic assumption equal
+probability you can derive probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you can derive probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you can derive probability
+for all other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+emles okay and if you happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emles okay and if you happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emles okay and if you happen to
+do molecular Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do molecular Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do molecular Dynamic
+simulation and and uh uh you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and and uh uh you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and and uh uh you will see
+that uh at the end there's actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh at the end there's actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh at the end there's actually very
+some sometimes most people don't discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sometimes most people don't discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sometimes most people don't discuss
+this is a when you simulate the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a when you simulate the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a when you simulate the system
+you typically simulate a a microcon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you typically simulate a a microcon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you typically simulate a a microcon
+insample you simulate the system with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insample you simulate the system with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insample you simulate the system with a
+fixed Lum of particle and total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed Lum of particle and total energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed Lum of particle and total energy
+and in fact you spend a lot of time try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact you spend a lot of time try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact you spend a lot of time try
+to maintain your energy constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain your energy constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain your energy constant
+otherwise your simulation blow up it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise your simulation blow up it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise your simulation blow up it's
+not stable but when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not stable but when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not stable but when you do
+analysis you actually go uh this is a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you actually go uh this is a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you actually go uh this is a as
+mentioned before you have to go to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before you have to go to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before you have to go to like
+a chapter 10 of my book and you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chapter 10 of my book and you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chapter 10 of my book and you actually
+use colonic ample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use colonic ample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use colonic ample
+result and bman statistics this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and bman statistics this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and bman statistics this is the
+BSM Factor here we mentioned before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BSM Factor here we mentioned before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BSM Factor here we mentioned before
+right so there is a inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there is a inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there is a inherent
+incon see inconsistency in this approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incon see inconsistency in this approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incon see inconsistency in this approach
+and people did discuss the ways to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people did discuss the ways to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people did discuss the ways to treat
+it in fact one way for example is to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in fact one way for example is to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in fact one way for example is to add
+uh thermostat to the molecular Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thermostat to the molecular Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thermostat to the molecular Dynamic
+simulation and there are different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and there are different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and there are different ways
+to add thermostat so you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add thermostat so you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add thermostat so you can actually
+you add an additional equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add an additional equation of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add an additional equation of motion
+to simulate to the environment so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate to the environment so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate to the environment so that
+that as a whole you can still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a whole you can still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a whole you can still be
+self-consistency so there are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistency so there are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistency so there are different
+thermostat uh constant the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermostat uh constant the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermostat uh constant the temperature
+thermostat there even constant pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermostat there even constant pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermostat there even constant pressure
+time thermostat but if you go to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time thermostat but if you go to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time thermostat but if you go to check
+all this paper actually variably come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this paper actually variably come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this paper actually variably come to
+this basic how you can go from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basic how you can go from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basic how you can go from one
+Ensemble result to another emble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble result to another emble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble result to another emble
+results okay so uh I spend a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results okay so uh I spend a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results okay so uh I spend a lot of time
+uh in talking going from micro colonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in talking going from micro colonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in talking going from micro colonal
+to colonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to colonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to colonal
+right the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the next one
+is here is closed system but constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here is closed system but constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here is closed system but constant
+temperature so energy exchange with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so energy exchange with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so energy exchange with
+environment now if you have open system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment now if you have open system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment now if you have open system
+and a constant temperature there's both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a constant temperature there's both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a constant temperature there's both
+energy and partic exchange with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and partic exchange with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and partic exchange with the
+environment and you do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and you do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and you do the same
+thing so you will find the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so you will find the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so you will find the next
+probability I'm not going to derive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I'm not going to derive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I'm not going to derive it
+now the GR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+colle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the probability of a Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability of a Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability of a Quantum
+system has a the energy EI has n n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has a the energy EI has n n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has a the energy EI has n n
+particle is uh exponential Mass EI Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is uh exponential Mass EI Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is uh exponential Mass EI Mass
+mu I KBT that's what the why we use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu I KBT that's what the why we use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu I KBT that's what the why we use that
+before and divided by by another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and divided by by another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and divided by by another
+partition function this one this Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function this one this Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function this one this Z is
+called a partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and same Z there partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and same Z there partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and same Z there partition
+function and uh uh uh see the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh uh uh see the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh uh uh see the factor
+here this is what I started I say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is what I started I say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is what I started I say this
+is a GBS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Factor right that's how we derive from D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor right that's how we derive from D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor right that's how we derive from D
+Einstein distribution we start with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein distribution we start with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein distribution we start with this
+probability and then we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and then we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and then we say
+normalization that will give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization that will give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization that will give me the
+partition function there right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function there right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function there right the
+normalization factor I use to use symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization factor I use to use symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization factor I use to use symbol
+a but here is symbol Z and same say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but here is symbol Z and same say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but here is symbol Z and same say here
+so this is a bband factor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a bband factor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a bband factor for
+canonical that's the uh Gibs factor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical that's the uh Gibs factor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical that's the uh Gibs factor for
+GR Canal for open system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GR Canal for open system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GR Canal for open system
+right so this is essentially what I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is essentially what I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is essentially what I say
+it's the statistical foundation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the statistical foundation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the statistical foundation and the
+Beautiful mathematical treatment once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beautiful mathematical treatment once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beautiful mathematical treatment once
+you start with microcononical and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with microcononical and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with microcononical and it's
+pretty uh it's a deep concept so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty uh it's a deep concept so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty uh it's a deep concept so I'm not
+uh asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh asking you
+to I'm I said I'm not going to test you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm I said I'm not going to test you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm I said I'm not going to test you
+but I want you to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want you to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want you to know the
+terminology okay uh now let's uh uh look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology okay uh now let's uh uh look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology okay uh now let's uh uh look
+uh look at a few examples how we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's
+apply this two few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this two few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this two few
+problems and uh uh I discuss electron I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and uh uh I discuss electron I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and uh uh I discuss electron I
+discuss Fon from the RO both understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss Fon from the RO both understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss Fon from the RO both understand
+and now let's go back to gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecule right uh if you recall in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right uh if you recall in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right uh if you recall in in
+chapter one we discussed the maximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter one we discussed the maximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter one we discussed the maximal
+distribution velocity we say okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution velocity we say okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution velocity we say okay the
+Vel the uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vel the uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vel the uh energy
+Alpha molecule is uh uh 12 m vx2 + v y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha molecule is uh uh 12 m vx2 + v y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha molecule is uh uh 12 m vx2 + v y
+squ plus VZ s and uh uh but you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ plus VZ s and uh uh but you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ plus VZ s and uh uh but you could
+also do Quantum particle in box solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do Quantum particle in box solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do Quantum particle in box solution
+right we solve this when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we solve this when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we solve this when you have a
+parle in a box and that is uh H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parle in a box and that is uh H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parle in a box and that is uh H bar
+Square 2 m KX S Plus K y² plus KZ Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square 2 m KX S Plus K y² plus KZ Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square 2 m KX S Plus K y² plus KZ Square
+you can do either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do either
+Quantum or classical I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum or classical I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum or classical I'm going to
+actually use the quantum loation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use the quantum loation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use the quantum loation here
+right this is essentially the uh HK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is essentially the uh HK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is essentially the uh HK
+gives you momentum right p² to M that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you momentum right p² to M that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you momentum right p² to M that's
+the quantum Quantum here and uh uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum Quantum here and uh uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum Quantum here and uh uh of
+course given the energy I can go to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course given the energy I can go to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course given the energy I can go to look
+at this is um a system at a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this is um a system at a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this is um a system at a constant
+temperature so I can use the canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so I can use the canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so I can use the canonical
+emble and the partition function for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle for one partic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle for one partic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle for one partic is
+Z1 right and that will be summing up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 right and that will be summing up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 right and that will be summing up all
+possible KX KY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible KX KY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible KX KY
+KZ KX KY KZ that's a summ up all or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ KX KY KZ that's a summ up all or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ KX KY KZ that's a summ up all or
+energy levels as uh what we were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels as uh what we were uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels as uh what we were uh
+showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing
+the Z where did we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z where did we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z where did we see
+Z right Z is sum up all energy Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z right Z is sum up all energy Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z right Z is sum up all energy Quantum
+States right so I sum up all Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States right so I sum up all Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States right so I sum up all Quantum
+States and the uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and the uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and the uh it's
+exponential EI which is the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential EI which is the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential EI which is the function of
+KX KY KZ KB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX KY KZ KB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX KY KZ KB
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+right so this is my partition function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is my partition function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is my partition function
+Z and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh and if I if I want to know what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if I if I want to know what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if I if I want to know what's the
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy I have my average energy e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I have my average energy e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I have my average energy e is
+just the again it's summation I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the again it's summation I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the again it's summation I can
+write a KX KY k z rather than three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a KX KY k z rather than three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a KX KY k z rather than three
+summation symbols and this is the e as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation symbols and this is the e as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation symbols and this is the e as a
+this combination of for each state was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this combination of for each state was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this combination of for each state was
+how much energy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy and the
+probability uh of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh of uh
+the state I of this Quantum state right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state I of this Quantum state right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state I of this Quantum state right
+that probability is what I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability is what I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability is what I have here
+EI KBT over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI KBT over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI KBT over
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+right so I have the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have the probability
+expression I have the energy expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I have the energy expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I have the energy expression
+I can go to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+average but there is a simpler way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but there is a simpler way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but there is a simpler way
+rather than doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than doing this
+summation and uh you can actually prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation and uh you can actually prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation and uh you can actually prove
+easily if I take a derivative of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily if I take a derivative of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily if I take a derivative of the uh
+of this Z you will say this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Z you will say this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Z you will say this one is
+actually is equals D log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is equals D log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is equals D log
+Z1 Dy or y equal KBT that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 Dy or y equal KBT that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 Dy or y equal KBT that's just a
+mathematical result and for convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical result and for convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical result and for convenience
+I if I find this I can just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if I find this I can just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if I find this I can just take the
+derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z1 okay right if you if you say because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 okay right if you if you say because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 okay right if you if you say because
+uh if I do derivative I will log I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I do derivative I will log I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I do derivative I will log I say
+this is a in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a in the
+denominator that gives me Z and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator that gives me Z and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator that gives me Z and the
+numerator gives me essential gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator gives me essential gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator gives me essential gives me
+probability and uh if I take a KBT as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and uh if I take a KBT as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and uh if I take a KBT as uh
+oh one over this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh one over this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh one over this should
+be uh that y should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh that y should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh that y should
+be now I think actually Dy should give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be now I think actually Dy should give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be now I think actually Dy should give
+me uh y should be one over KBT rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh y should be one over KBT rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh y should be one over KBT rather
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+KBT okay so if you do that you'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT okay so if you do that you'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT okay so if you do that you'll get a
+e in the the front that's e in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e in the the front that's e in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e in the the front that's e in the
+front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front
+Okay so uh that means I do not need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so uh that means I do not need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so uh that means I do not need to
+actually do this summation if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this summation if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this summation if I just
+find the Z1 my problem is solved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the Z1 my problem is solved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the Z1 my problem is solved and
+then to do Z1 I convert the summation if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to do Z1 I convert the summation if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to do Z1 I convert the summation if
+this one doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one doesn't change
+rapidly right I do my summation into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly right I do my summation into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly right I do my summation into
+integration using density of States if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration using density of States if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration using density of States if
+it change rapidly I cannot do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it change rapidly I cannot do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it change rapidly I cannot do
+that right so if it's a very the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so if it's a very the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so if it's a very the states
+are far apart or a KT I cannot do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are far apart or a KT I cannot do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are far apart or a KT I cannot do that
+integration to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration to
+summation uh summation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation uh summation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation uh summation to
+integration so now if because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so now if because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so now if because this
+states are closely spaced I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so you'll find out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you'll find out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you'll find out uh
+Z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1
+from this I can actually do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this I can actually do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this I can actually do my
+integration this exponential e KBT over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration this exponential e KBT over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration this exponential e KBT over
+density of States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of States
+D and zero to infinite and this density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and zero to infinite and this density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and zero to infinite and this density
+of states for particle un box given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states for particle un box given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states for particle un box given this
+dispersion energy with Vector relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion energy with Vector relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion energy with Vector relation
+you find that that is a way for pi we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that that is a way for pi we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that that is a way for pi we we
+did this before so I'm not going to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this before so I'm not going to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this before so I'm not going to we
+derive It h² 2 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive It h² 2 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive It h² 2 m
+h² and 32 we did it in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h² and 32 we did it in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h² and 32 we did it in the context of
+electron but they could be the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecule okay right so you substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule okay right so you substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule okay right so you substitute
+the dens sub stat energy to into it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dens sub stat energy to into it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dens sub stat energy to into it and
+uh uh you find out this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you find out this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you find out this one
+equals V the volume divide by Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals V the volume divide by Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals V the volume divide by Lambda
+cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic
+well this Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this Lambda
+cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic
+is uh Lambda itself not Lambda Cub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh Lambda itself not Lambda Cub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh Lambda itself not Lambda Cub
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself H
+Square 2 pi M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square 2 pi M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square 2 pi M
+KBT so this is your uh Lambda and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT so this is your uh Lambda and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT so this is your uh Lambda and this
+Lambda is called the thermal Dior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is called the thermal Dior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is called the thermal Dior
+wence okay is a thermal diic W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+length the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wavelength why why is it called theral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength why why is it called theral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength why why is it called theral
+wav length basically if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wav length basically if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wav length basically if you think about
+your energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your energy is
+KBT right you you go from that energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT right you you go from that energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT right you you go from that energy to
+momentum because KBT 12 KBT uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum because KBT 12 KBT uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum because KBT 12 KBT uh energy
+equals momentum P Square divide by uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals momentum P Square divide by uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals momentum P Square divide by uh uh
+2 m right from momentum you go convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 m right from momentum you go convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 m right from momentum you go convert
+into wavelength that's what you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into wavelength that's what you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into wavelength that's what you will
+get okay so it's called thermodo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay so it's called thermodo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay so it's called thermodo
+wence so from Z if I go into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wence so from Z if I go into here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wence so from Z if I go into here
+because Y is one or KBT so take a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Y is one or KBT so take a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Y is one or KBT so take a log
+and they take a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they take a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they take a derivative
+you find the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find the average
+energy of this equals mass D log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this equals mass D log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this equals mass D log
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+Dy and equals three halfes KBT that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and equals three halfes KBT that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and equals three halfes KBT that's a
+result we found uh in when we did uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result we found uh in when we did uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result we found uh in when we did uh the
+the maxw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maxw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maxw
+distribution okay came back to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay came back to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay came back to the same
+result but through a different this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result but through a different this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result but through a different this is a
+more sta regor statistical approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sta regor statistical approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sta regor statistical approach
+Foundation there and it says the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation there and it says the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation there and it says the average
+energy of a particle is 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a particle is 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a particle is 32
+KBT and recall we commanded the equid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT and recall we commanded the equid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT and recall we commanded the equid
+partition right if you have quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition right if you have quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition right if you have quadratic
+term energy here is 12 mvx squ or KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term energy here is 12 mvx squ or KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term energy here is 12 mvx squ or KX
+Square that's quadratic term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square that's quadratic term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square that's quadratic term
+right and if this energy do not separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if this energy do not separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if this energy do not separate
+the far apart part at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the far apart part at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the far apart part at high
+temperature and each mode contribute 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and each mode contribute 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and each mode contribute 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT that's equip partition so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT that's equip partition so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT that's equip partition so I have
+three moles here I have three half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KBT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT
+okay and uh um of course from here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh um of course from here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh um of course from here the
+specific heat of one molecule is Du D DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat of one molecule is Du D DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat of one molecule is Du D DT
+so 32 KB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 32 KB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 32 KB
+right specific heat of one molecule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right specific heat of one molecule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right specific heat of one molecule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KB and if it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB and if it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB and if it's one
+more right it's one more is 32 KB times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more right it's one more is 32 KB times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more right it's one more is 32 KB times
+avag godra constant and this two gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avag godra constant and this two gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avag godra constant and this two gives
+you the universal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the universal gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the universal gas
+constant right that's what you know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right that's what you know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right that's what you know from
+thermodynamics is a three half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics is a three half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics is a three half
+R right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R right
+but you say no that's not all three half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you say no that's not all three half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you say no that's not all three half
+that's only monotonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only monotonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only monotonic
+gas what about diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas what about diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas what about diatomic
+gas right what who remember that what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas right what who remember that what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas right what who remember that what's
+the specific of diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific of diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific of diatomic
+gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+huh five right five halves R so why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh five right five halves R so why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh five right five halves R so why is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay so let's go to uh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general okay and uh this is only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general okay and uh this is only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general okay and uh this is only one
+molecule let me uh uh add one more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule let me uh uh add one more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule let me uh uh add one more uh
+say uh comment that one I have dilute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh comment that one I have dilute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh comment that one I have dilute
+particles right uh here I have before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles right uh here I have before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles right uh here I have before
+that was one molecule if I have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+right and the uh energy right if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the uh energy right if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the uh energy right if my
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+is say summation of air or the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say summation of air or the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say summation of air or the molecule
+EI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI
+right and the KBT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the question
+is how I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how I do this
+submission right if it's dilute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission right if it's dilute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission right if it's dilute
+molecules that means the uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that means the uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that means the uh the uh
+dilute means really the energy levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilute means really the energy levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilute means really the energy levels of
+those molecule do not affect each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those molecule do not affect each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those molecule do not affect each other
+so my individual molecule solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my individual molecule solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my individual molecule solution is
+pretty much valid and all the have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much valid and all the have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much valid and all the have the
+same all those energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same all those energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same all those energy
+levels right so in that case I will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels right so in that case I will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels right so in that case I will have
+this is for each Quantum State identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for each Quantum State identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for each Quantum State identical
+Quantum State EI I have n molecules so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum State EI I have n molecules so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum State EI I have n molecules so I
+have exponential Z1 to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+okay but there is one trick that is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there is one trick that is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there is one trick that is say
+uh the molecules are indistinguishable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the molecules are indistinguishable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the molecules are indistinguishable
+if you do a comb ation if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do a comb ation if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do a comb ation if it's
+indistinguishable objects what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable objects what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable objects what do you do
+the count the probability of counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them so you divide by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so you divide by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so you divide by n
+factorial this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial this is
+a right so that's the if you the real if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right so that's the if you the real if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right so that's the if you the real if
+it's IND
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's IND
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's IND
+distinguishable but when when they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable but when when they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable but when when they are
+uh is dilute right so when I say dilute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is dilute right so when I say dilute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is dilute right so when I say dilute
+I say the molecule do not affect each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say the molecule do not affect each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say the molecule do not affect each
+other energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and uh uh when I say dilute one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh when I say dilute one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh when I say dilute one
+condition I can use dilute is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I can use dilute is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I can use dilute is the number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+states of one molecule in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of one molecule in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of one molecule in the
+box is is much larger than the L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box is is much larger than the L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box is is much larger than the L of
+particles the L of quantum state of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles the L of quantum state of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles the L of quantum state of one
+molecule right is much larger than the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right is much larger than the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right is much larger than the L
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+particles so the the particle do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so the the particle do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so the the particle do not
+influence each other and so the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence each other and so the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence each other and so the number
+of states is really KX KY KZ * 1 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states is really KX KY KZ * 1 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states is really KX KY KZ * 1 right
+each combination of KX KY KZ gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each combination of KX KY KZ gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each combination of KX KY KZ gives me
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+state so I have the density of states in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so I have the density of states in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so I have the density of states in
+integr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integr
+over uh say all energy and the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh say all energy and the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh say all energy and the energy is
+zero I can say roughly is three because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I can say roughly is three because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I can say roughly is three because
+the average energy is 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average energy is 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average energy is 32
+KBT and that gives me much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT and that gives me much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT and that gives me much
+larger than the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the total number of
+molecules and this actually gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and this actually gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and this actually gives me the
+condition if you do your math again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition if you do your math again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition if you do your math again uh
+we have dens of stat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have dens of stat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have dens of stat
+MV pi/ 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MV pi/ 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MV pi/ 6
+and 12 Lambda cubic much less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 12 Lambda cubic much less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 12 Lambda cubic much less than
+one so that's the uh mathematics what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's the uh mathematics what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's the uh mathematics what it
+means say Lambda cubic Lambda is theal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means say Lambda cubic Lambda is theal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means say Lambda cubic Lambda is theal
+wave length right so V divide by n if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave length right so V divide by n if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave length right so V divide by n if I
+move V to the N or this side that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move V to the N or this side that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move V to the N or this side that's a
+volume of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of one
+particle is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is much
+larger than the thero wavelength so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the thero wavelength so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the thero wavelength so the
+wave of each atom do not overw laap with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave of each atom do not overw laap with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave of each atom do not overw laap with
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+atoms right so that's the particle a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms right so that's the particle a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms right so that's the particle a
+dilute dilute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles okay so how I go from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles okay so how I go from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles okay so how I go from here to
+three5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three5
+KBT and uh uh if I have the total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT and uh uh if I have the total energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT and uh uh if I have the total energy
+here we only consider is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we only consider is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we only consider is
+translation uh so if I have the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation uh so if I have the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation uh so if I have the energy
+of one particle EI right here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one particle EI right here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one particle EI right here we have a
+translation plus you can also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation plus you can also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation plus you can also have
+rotation of the particle you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation of the particle you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation of the particle you can have
+the vibration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electronic so the total partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic so the total partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic so the total partition
+function for n molecules is really they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for n molecules is really they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for n molecules is really they
+of the uh here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh here we have
+translation um uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation um uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation um uh and
+rotation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and the
+vibration and the electronic partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration and the electronic partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration and the electronic partition
+function each of those to the N power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function each of those to the N power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function each of those to the N power
+and divide by m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+okay and from this n you go to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and from this n you go to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and from this n you go to take the
+average energy once you you find that Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy once you you find that Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy once you you find that Z
+you take a average energy take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a average energy take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a average energy take a
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+derivative right so it really depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative right so it really depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative right so it really depends on
+at the end how because it's a bman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end how because it's a bman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end how because it's a bman
+factor EI right my electronic energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor EI right my electronic energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor EI right my electronic energy is
+a few electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few electron
+volts okay let's think about this what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts okay let's think about this what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts okay let's think about this what's
+a specific heat right electron say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific heat right electron say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific heat right electron say
+energy level what this is a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level what this is a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level what this is a simple
+hydrogen model this is minus 13.6 e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen model this is minus 13.6 e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen model this is minus 13.6 e
+right this is Aus 13.6 IDE by 4 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is Aus 13.6 IDE by 4 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is Aus 13.6 IDE by 4 because
+the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N
+Square that's a big gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square that's a big gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square that's a big gap
+here right so the electronic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so the electronic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so the electronic energy
+normally are not excited because EI over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally are not excited because EI over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally are not excited because EI over
+KBT is a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT is a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT is a huge
+L and this negative right so electron do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and this negative right so electron do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and this negative right so electron do
+not go to higher energy level and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go to higher energy level and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go to higher energy level and they
+do not contribute to specific heat at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not contribute to specific heat at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not contribute to specific heat at
+room temperature because they when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature because they when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature because they when
+temperature change their energy they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature change their energy they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature change their energy they're
+still at the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still at the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still at the ground
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+right and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh
+vibration energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration energy
+level what uh do you not about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level what uh do you not about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level what uh do you not about the
+vibration frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydrogen if you think about the gas atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen if you think about the gas atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen if you think about the gas atom
+sperical absorption Spectrum right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperical absorption Spectrum right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperical absorption Spectrum right and
+uh uh in the infra fi Micron you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in the infra fi Micron you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in the infra fi Micron you got a
+lot of lines right those lines are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lines right those lines are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lines right those lines are the
+vibrational energy levels vibration plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational energy levels vibration plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational energy levels vibration plus
+rotation rotation is a small energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation rotation is a small energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation rotation is a small energy
+vibration is is actually this is many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration is is actually this is many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration is is actually this is many
+rotation attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation attached to
+vibration okay so vibration is a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration okay so vibration is a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration okay so vibration is a few
+Micron that means about 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron that means about 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron that means about 0
+2.3 to.5 electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.3 to.5 electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.3 to.5 electron
+volts right few micron one micron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts right few micron one micron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts right few micron one micron is
+1.24 electron volts right so uh if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.24 electron volts right so uh if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.24 electron volts right so uh if it's
+two Micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Micron
+is6 right four Micron 3 electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is6 right four Micron 3 electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is6 right four Micron 3 electron
+volts okay and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts okay and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts okay and uh
+KT is 26 M electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT is 26 M electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT is 26 M electron
+volts right 26 M electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts right 26 M electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts right 26 M electron
+volts so when you have this is 3 divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts so when you have this is 3 divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts so when you have this is 3 divide
+by 03 that EXP po- 10 so normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 03 that EXP po- 10 so normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 03 that EXP po- 10 so normally
+vibration at room temperature not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration at room temperature not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration at room temperature not
+excited okay and rotation turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited okay and rotation turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited okay and rotation turns
+out uh very uh low temperature just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh very uh low temperature just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh very uh low temperature just a
+rotation itself okay the energy needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation itself okay the energy needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation itself okay the energy needed
+to rotate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rotate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rotate the
+object and that's equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and that's equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and that's equivalent
+temperature okay is about 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay is about 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay is about 80
+kin so at room temperature rotation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kin so at room temperature rotation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kin so at room temperature rotation the
+molec rotational modes all rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molec rotational modes all rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molec rotational modes all rotational
+modes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes are
+excited and if you think about rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and if you think about rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and if you think about rotation
+is a two degree of Freedom right Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a two degree of Freedom right Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a two degree of Freedom right Theta
+5 right the energy is 1 12 Omega I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 right the energy is 1 12 Omega I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 right the energy is 1 12 Omega I
+Square now 12 I Omega square is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square now 12 I Omega square is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square now 12 I Omega square is
+quadratic equ partion say there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic equ partion say there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic equ partion say there will be
+another two uh * 1 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another two uh * 1 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another two uh * 1 12
+KT so if you go to look at the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT so if you go to look at the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT so if you go to look at the specific
+heat of molecule SO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat of molecule SO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat of molecule SO
+gas okay it's actually not just a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas okay it's actually not just a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas okay it's actually not just a step
+function and really depends on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and really depends on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and really depends on what the
+temperature range you're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature range you're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature range you're dealing
+with and uh specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and uh specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and uh specific
+he of constant volume specific he this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he of constant volume specific he this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he of constant volume specific he this a
+temperature and uh the translation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and uh the translation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and uh the translation is
+easily excited motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily excited motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily excited motion
+translation so this is a three halfes R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation so this is a three halfes R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation so this is a three halfes R
+universal gas constant per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal gas constant per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal gas constant per
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+okay and around the 80 K when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and around the 80 K when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and around the 80 K when the
+rotation start to kick in so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation start to kick in so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation start to kick in so there is a
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+range and when you go to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and when you go to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and when you go to higher
+temperature all the uh rotational energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature all the uh rotational energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature all the uh rotational energy
+are fully excited equip partition to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fully excited equip partition to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fully excited equip partition to be
+value it's not a sharp transition there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it's not a sharp transition there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it's not a sharp transition there
+so here you get five 23 are you that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you get five 23 are you that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you get five 23 are you that's
+where you say when you do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you say when you do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you say when you do your
+gas calculation you say this specific is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas calculation you say this specific is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas calculation you say this specific is
+a five five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a five five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a five five
+hals okay and when you go to thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hals okay and when you go to thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hals okay and when you go to thousands
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+degrees you add another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees you add another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees you add another
+vibration is 12 MV s + 12 KX s so two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration is 12 MV s + 12 KX s so two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration is 12 MV s + 12 KX s so two
+quadratic terms you add another 2 * 1 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic terms you add another 2 * 1 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic terms you add another 2 * 1 12
+KBT equip potition but this will require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT equip potition but this will require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT equip potition but this will require
+you go to thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to thousand
+degree right so that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree right so that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree right so that for
+gas you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas you can go
+to this a diatomic gas go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this a diatomic gas go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this a diatomic gas go to
+72 right if you have three more atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+72 right if you have three more atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+72 right if you have three more atoms
+you have to look more of those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to look more of those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to look more of those different
+modes per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes per
+modle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modle
+okay so uh that's the uh discussion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh that's the uh discussion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh that's the uh discussion on
+specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+heat and uh uh I think what's really for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and uh uh I think what's really for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and uh uh I think what's really for
+you probably most useful is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably most useful is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably most useful is
+understanding gas specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding gas specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding gas specific
+heat and uh the previous I spent most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and uh the previous I spent most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and uh the previous I spent most of
+today's lecture really discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture really discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture really discussing
+different emble I just want you to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different emble I just want you to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different emble I just want you to know
+there treatment this is the statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there treatment this is the statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there treatment this is the statistical
+Foundation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation of
+godic and emble average and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+godic and emble average and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+godic and emble average and different
+emble from microc colonic to colonal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble from microc colonic to colonal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble from microc colonic to colonal and
+gr conical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr conical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr conical
+embl and uh uh just uh briefly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embl and uh uh just uh briefly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embl and uh uh just uh briefly where
+we're going now if you look at what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going now if you look at what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going now if you look at what we
+have discussed so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have discussed so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have discussed so far
+uh uh I repeat this before what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I repeat this before what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I repeat this before what we know
+now is the energy of of atom of solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the energy of of atom of solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the energy of of atom of solid
+molecules that's a ground state energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that's a ground state energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that's a ground state energy
+quantum mechanical solution what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical solution what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical solution what are the
+lavable states of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lavable states of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lavable states of the
+system and I have the for each Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I have the for each Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I have the for each Quantum
+State at the equilibrium I can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State at the equilibrium I can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State at the equilibrium I can tell
+what's the average L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the average L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the average L of
+particles and I can count how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and I can count how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and I can count how many
+states and using the concept dens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and using the concept dens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and using the concept dens of
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+right so uh and of course my start point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh and of course my start point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh and of course my start point
+is really sum up all the discrete States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really sum up all the discrete States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really sum up all the discrete States
+but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this
+summation uh many times I can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation uh many times I can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation uh many times I can use the
+den sub States and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+den sub States and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+den sub States and of course the
+condition for that is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for that is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for that is that the
+separation of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of energy
+levels a lot far apart compared to KBT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels a lot far apart compared to KBT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels a lot far apart compared to KBT
+so I uh between two adjacent level I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I uh between two adjacent level I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I uh between two adjacent level I can
+actually convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually convert
+that summation using uh integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that summation using uh integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that summation using uh integration
+approximation right summation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation right summation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation right summation is
+actually accurate integration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually accurate integration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually accurate integration is
+approximation it's a reverse typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation it's a reverse typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation it's a reverse typically
+when we do integration we do discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do integration we do discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do integration we do discret
+summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation
+right and uh see the other common is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh see the other common is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh see the other common is on
+Quantum systems and that summation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum systems and that summation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum systems and that summation um
+becomes uh sometimes uh invalid because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh sometimes uh invalid because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh sometimes uh invalid because
+the separation is large so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation is large so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation is large so I want to
+show you uh we we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you uh we we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you uh we we discussed
+on electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before and uh I want to show a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and uh I want to show a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and uh I want to show a few
+slides on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides on the
+Fon specific here if you have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon specific here if you have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon specific here if you have n
+structures what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures what will
+happen Okay so this was actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay so this was actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay so this was actually a
+student mind and it took took me a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student mind and it took took me a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student mind and it took took me a while
+to to actually uh really uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to actually uh really uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to actually uh really uh say
+appreciate this um in fact my original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate this um in fact my original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate this um in fact my original
+concept was was not quite right um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept was was not quite right um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept was was not quite right um so
+it's a density of State summation if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a density of State summation if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a density of State summation if you
+want to get a specific heat of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get a specific heat of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get a specific heat of material
+you sum up density of States so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sum up density of States so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sum up density of States so if you
+have a slab right a wire uh uh a slab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a slab right a wire uh uh a slab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a slab right a wire uh uh a slab
+and a 3D if the uh in One Direction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 3D if the uh in One Direction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 3D if the uh in One Direction the
+um uh distance is very small they uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh distance is very small they uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh distance is very small they uh uh
+say uh you can you can look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh you can you can look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh you can you can look at your
+energy levels and they start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and they start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and they start with
+separate and you can say the dens sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate and you can say the dens sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate and you can say the dens sub
+state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of
+1D and 2D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D and 2D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D and 2D and
+3D uh uh began say 3D for the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D uh uh began say 3D for the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D uh uh began say 3D for the model
+that's a Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a Omega
+square right and uh 2D uh steps and 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square right and uh 2D uh steps and 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square right and uh 2D uh steps and 1D
+uh spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spikes
+this is a same actually for for electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a same actually for for electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a same actually for for electron
+they are similar Spike 1D and 2D we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are similar Spike 1D and 2D we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are similar Spike 1D and 2D we
+already say it's a staircase right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already say it's a staircase right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already say it's a staircase right it's
+steps for electron and for Fon it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps for electron and for Fon it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps for electron and for Fon it's
+pretty much similar except if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much similar except if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much similar except if you
+average them out you follow this Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average them out you follow this Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average them out you follow this Omega
+Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+control okay so if you add this together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control okay so if you add this together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control okay so if you add this together
+you get the uh um uh specific heat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the uh um uh specific heat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the uh um uh specific heat so
+this was a measurement that we did on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a measurement that we did on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a measurement that we did on uh
+titanium dioxide nanot tubes and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium dioxide nanot tubes and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium dioxide nanot tubes and you
+can't circular modes and the spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't circular modes and the spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't circular modes and the spacing
+between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+layers and you integrate you get what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and you integrate you get what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and you integrate you get what's
+the uh uh say specific heat tend for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh say specific heat tend for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh say specific heat tend for uh
+different uh say 3D 2D 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh say 3D 2D 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh say 3D 2D 1D
+structures okay and uh um there was a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures okay and uh um there was a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures okay and uh um there was a a
+experiment this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment this was a
+measurement and uh specific heat if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and uh specific heat if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and uh specific heat if you
+really want to say for for lates you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to say for for lates you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to say for for lates you
+want to see quantization effect you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see quantization effect you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see quantization effect you have
+to go to the very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the very low
+temperature and uh you can see this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and uh you can see this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and uh you can see this is
+the most of the case 3D is pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most of the case 3D is pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most of the case 3D is pretty good
+go to very low temperature start say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to very low temperature start say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to very low temperature start say the
+divisions okay and let me see whether in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions okay and let me see whether in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions okay and let me see whether in
+fact uh there are not any really much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact uh there are not any really much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact uh there are not any really much
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+on the electronic specific heat um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the electronic specific heat um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the electronic specific heat um uh
+Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+structures let me see whether there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures let me see whether there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures let me see whether there are
+any is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+no so the uh the for electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so the uh the for electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so the uh the for electronic
+structure actually calculating specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure actually calculating specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure actually calculating specific
+heat is not easy because remember uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat is not easy because remember uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat is not easy because remember uh we
+say uh you have to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh you have to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh you have to calculate the
+chemical potential because it's a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential because it's a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential because it's a direct
+system right and chemical potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right and chemical potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right and chemical potential is
+calculated by the L of particles equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated by the L of particles equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated by the L of particles equals
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+modes uh that's the one and the spin so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes uh that's the one and the spin so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes uh that's the one and the spin so
+how many uh oh not one is fir direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many uh oh not one is fir direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many uh oh not one is fir direct
+distribution because this is how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution because this is how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution because this is how many
+Quantum State each Quantum State how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum State each Quantum State how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum State each Quantum State how
+many particles you have so and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many particles you have so and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many particles you have so and then
+combine with the energy both F contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with the energy both F contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with the energy both F contain
+chemical potential and temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential and temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential and temperature so
+when this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this is a
+discrete it's not easy you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete it's not easy you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete it's not easy you have two
+equation you have to solve and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you have to solve and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you have to solve and that's
+why it's a little bit complex for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's a little bit complex for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's a little bit complex for
+electronic specific heat in Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic specific heat in Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic specific heat in Quantum
+systems okay for bulk is one over I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay for bulk is one over I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay for bulk is one over I say
+they just a specific increase with t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just a specific increase with t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just a specific increase with t
+right okay so what are we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so what are we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so what are we're going to go
+next is we know how to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is we know how to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is we know how to calculate
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+quantities and heat storage for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and heat storage for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and heat storage for
+example and uh uh we're Le looking into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and uh uh we're Le looking into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and uh uh we're Le looking into
+the transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transport
+process and then we need to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and then we need to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and then we need to find out
+long equilibrium so if I have 0.1 and 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long equilibrium so if I have 0.1 and 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long equilibrium so if I have 0.1 and 0
+2 and at a different temperature or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and at a different temperature or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and at a different temperature or
+different chemical potential what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chemical potential what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chemical potential what's the
+mass flux what's the heat flux so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass flux what's the heat flux so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass flux what's the heat flux so I have
+not discussed we have not discuss this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not discussed we have not discuss this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not discussed we have not discuss this
+quantity is say going from one to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is say going from one to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is say going from one to two
+what's the probability that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that's
+transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+and uh also what's the Velocity in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh also what's the Velocity in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh also what's the Velocity in fact
+I have shaded away have not really talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have shaded away have not really talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have shaded away have not really talk
+about what's the speed of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's the speed of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's the speed of the energy
+movement right we is speed of light the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement right we is speed of light the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement right we is speed of light the
+speed of sound but the uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of sound but the uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of sound but the uh when we
+discuss the speed of energy carrier you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the speed of energy carrier you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the speed of energy carrier you
+have to actually think about the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to actually think about the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to actually think about the energy
+packet and the group velocity and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and the group velocity and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and the group velocity and so uh
+in the next chapter uh next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next chapter uh next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next chapter uh next lecture
+we're going to start our philosophy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start our philosophy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start our philosophy is
+we'll first discuss wave when go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll first discuss wave when go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll first discuss wave when go through
+the interface there's reflection that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface there's reflection that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface there's reflection that's
+how we calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we calculate
+transmission right and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission right and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission right and then we'll
+discuss the wave as a packet the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the wave as a packet the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the wave as a packet the group
+velocity and then we go translate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and then we go translate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and then we go translate from
+the wave picture to see eventually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave picture to see eventually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave picture to see eventually we
+neglect the face carrying by the wave so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect the face carrying by the wave so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect the face carrying by the wave so
+that's uh in the next few lecture we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh in the next few lecture we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh in the next few lecture we'll
+focus on the waves and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the waves and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the waves and uh
+um that's pretty much in the so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's pretty much in the so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's pretty much in the so far
+we've been really building a foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been really building a foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been really building a foundation
+based on waves so go from wave eventure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on waves so go from wave eventure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on waves so go from wave eventure
+the forgetting wave because that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forgetting wave because that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forgetting wave because that's where
+the diffusion picture start to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+valid
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7LBGQHjgHEw.txt b/7LBGQHjgHEw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6ea5c9b8eb687cdb66f9979bc7727b69a79e345
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7LBGQHjgHEw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recrystallization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallization
+a large percentage of a chemist time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large percentage of a chemist time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large percentage of a chemist time in
+the laboratory is spent purifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory is spent purifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory is spent purifying
+chemicals learning to use a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals learning to use a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals learning to use a variety of
+different purification techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different purification techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different purification techniques
+efficiently and effectively is key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently and effectively is key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently and effectively is key to
+becoming a successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a successful
+experimentalist recrystallization is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalist recrystallization is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalist recrystallization is one
+powerful method for the purification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful method for the purification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful method for the purification of
+crystall and solids this video will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystall and solids this video will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystall and solids this video will
+outline the purification of napoline by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recrystallization the technique of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallization the technique of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallization the technique of
+recrystallization involves five main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallization involves five main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallization involves five main
+steps first an appropriate solvent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps first an appropriate solvent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps first an appropriate solvent is
+determined recrystallizations can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined recrystallizations can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined recrystallizations can be
+carried out using either one or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried out using either one or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried out using either one or a
+mixture of two solvents depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of two solvents depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of two solvents depending on the
+solubility of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility of the
+sample next the sample is dissolved in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample next the sample is dissolved in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample next the sample is dissolved in a
+minimal amount of the proper hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal amount of the proper hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal amount of the proper hot
+solvent at this point the solution can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent at this point the solution can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent at this point the solution can
+be decolorized and insoluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be decolorized and insoluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be decolorized and insoluble
+contaminants can be removed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminants can be removed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminants can be removed by
+performing a hot filtration the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing a hot filtration the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing a hot filtration the
+resulting solution is then cooled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting solution is then cooled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting solution is then cooled to
+induce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce
+crystallization and finally the purified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization and finally the purified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization and finally the purified
+crystals are collected by filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals are collected by filtration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals are collected by filtration
+washed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washed and
+dried this video will first outline the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dried this video will first outline the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dried this video will first outline the
+general procedure for carrying out a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general procedure for carrying out a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general procedure for carrying out a one
+solvent recrystallization of napthalene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent recrystallization of napthalene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent recrystallization of napthalene
+followed by instructions for adapting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by instructions for adapting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by instructions for adapting
+the procedure to a two solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedure to a two solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedure to a two solvent
+recrystallization choosing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallization choosing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallization choosing an
+appropriate solvent for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate solvent for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate solvent for a
+recrystallization is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallization is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallization is a very important
+step you won't get acceptable results if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you won't get acceptable results if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you won't get acceptable results if
+you don't pick carefully it is helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't pick carefully it is helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't pick carefully it is helpful
+to have a variety of solvents at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a variety of solvents at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a variety of solvents at your
+disposal if solubility data for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposal if solubility data for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposal if solubility data for your
+compounds has been published this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds has been published this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds has been published this will
+help you to narrow the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you to narrow the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you to narrow the range of
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+candidates once you have decided on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates once you have decided on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates once you have decided on a
+few Prime contenders you will perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few Prime contenders you will perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few Prime contenders you will perform
+solubility tests to find the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility tests to find the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility tests to find the ideal
+choice you will need a hot water bath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you will need a hot water bath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you will need a hot water bath
+for the solubility test as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recrystallization caution organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallization caution organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallization caution organic
+solvents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvents are
+flammable never heat over an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flame to set up a water bath place a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame to set up a water bath place a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame to set up a water bath place a
+large crystallizing dish about half full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large crystallizing dish about half full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large crystallizing dish about half full
+with water on a hot plate add some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with water on a hot plate add some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with water on a hot plate add some
+boiling stones and turn on the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling stones and turn on the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling stones and turn on the heat
+don't turn it up all the way start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't turn it up all the way start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't turn it up all the way start
+halfway and adjust from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway and adjust from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway and adjust from
+there to perform a solubility test place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to perform a solubility test place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to perform a solubility test place
+approximately 20 Mig of your compound in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 20 Mig of your compound in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 20 Mig of your compound in
+a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test
+tube add a half of a milliliter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube add a half of a milliliter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube add a half of a milliliter of the
+appropriate solvent and swirl wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate solvent and swirl wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate solvent and swirl wait a
+couple of minutes and then make note of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of minutes and then make note of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of minutes and then make note of
+whether or not the compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dissolves for example at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolves for example at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolves for example at room
+temperature napthalene is insoluble in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature napthalene is insoluble in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature napthalene is insoluble in
+ethanol and water but soluble in uine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol and water but soluble in uine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol and water but soluble in uine
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acetone if there is still solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetone if there is still solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetone if there is still solid
+remaining clamp the tube and heat it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining clamp the tube and heat it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining clamp the tube and heat it in
+the water bath until the solvent boils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water bath until the solvent boils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water bath until the solvent boils
+swirl the tube and make note of whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirl the tube and make note of whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirl the tube and make note of whether
+or not the compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not the compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not the compound
+dissolves after heating napthalene is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolves after heating napthalene is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolves after heating napthalene is
+still insoluble in water but it is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still insoluble in water but it is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still insoluble in water but it is now
+soluble in hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble in hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble in hot
+ethanol now that you have finished the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol now that you have finished the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol now that you have finished the
+solubility test how do you decide which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility test how do you decide which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility test how do you decide which
+solvent to use for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent to use for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent to use for your
+recrystallization the ideal solvent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallization the ideal solvent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallization the ideal solvent is
+one in which your compound is insoluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which your compound is insoluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which your compound is insoluble
+at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at room
+temperature but soluble at the boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but soluble at the boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but soluble at the boiling
+point remember at room temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point remember at room temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point remember at room temperature
+napthalene was soluble in both polline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napthalene was soluble in both polline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napthalene was soluble in both polline
+and acetone so neither of these will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and acetone so neither of these will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and acetone so neither of these will
+work after heating napthalene remained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work after heating napthalene remained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work after heating napthalene remained
+insoluble in water even at the boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble in water even at the boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble in water even at the boiling
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+this means that ethanol is the solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that ethanol is the solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that ethanol is the solvent
+of choice it dissolves the sample at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choice it dissolves the sample at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choice it dissolves the sample at its
+boiling point but not at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point but not at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point but not at room
+temperature now that we have decided on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature now that we have decided on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature now that we have decided on
+a solvent it is time to dissolve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solvent it is time to dissolve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solvent it is time to dissolve the
+sample in some hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample in some hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample in some hot
+ethanol get ready by heating some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol get ready by heating some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol get ready by heating some
+ethanol in the water bath remember to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol in the water bath remember to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol in the water bath remember to
+add some boiling stones and clamp the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some boiling stones and clamp the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some boiling stones and clamp the
+flask securely so that it doesn't tip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+place the sample in an Erland Meer flask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the sample in an Erland Meer flask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the sample in an Erland Meer flask
+but before adding solvent it is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before adding solvent it is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before adding solvent it is a good
+idea to set aside a small Crystal it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to set aside a small Crystal it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to set aside a small Crystal it may
+come in handy later if you have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in handy later if you have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in handy later if you have trouble
+getting crystals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form when dissolving your sample use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form when dissolving your sample use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form when dissolving your sample use a
+minimal amount of hot solvent this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal amount of hot solvent this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal amount of hot solvent this will
+ensure good recovery of crystals in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure good recovery of crystals in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure good recovery of crystals in the
+end add hot solvent in small amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end add hot solvent in small amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end add hot solvent in small amounts
+swirling and heating in between each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirling and heating in between each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirling and heating in between each
+addition until the sample just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dissolves caution if it won't dissolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolves caution if it won't dissolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolves caution if it won't dissolve
+it's probably an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+impurity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that the sample is in solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that the sample is in solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that the sample is in solution
+impurities can be removed through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities can be removed through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities can be removed through
+decoloration and hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoloration and hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoloration and hot
+filtration take a close look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration take a close look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration take a close look at the
+solution is it the right color for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is it the right color for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is it the right color for
+example if you're expecting white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you're expecting white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you're expecting white
+crystals and your solution is yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals and your solution is yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals and your solution is yellow
+then there is a soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is a soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is a soluble
+impurity one easy way to remove small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurity one easy way to remove small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurity one easy way to remove small
+amounts of colored impurities is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of colored impurities is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of colored impurities is with
+activated charcoal before adding any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated charcoal before adding any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated charcoal before adding any
+charcoal cool Your solution to slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal cool Your solution to slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal cool Your solution to slightly
+below the boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point caution adding charcoal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point caution adding charcoal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point caution adding charcoal to a
+boiling solution will cause it to boil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over add a small amount of charcoal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over add a small amount of charcoal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over add a small amount of charcoal to
+absorb the impurity do not add too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb the impurity do not add too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb the impurity do not add too much
+or the charcoal will also absorb your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compound swirl the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound swirl the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound swirl the
+flask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boil it in the water bath for 2 to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil it in the water bath for 2 to 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil it in the water bath for 2 to 3
+minutes charcoal is very fine and can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes charcoal is very fine and can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes charcoal is very fine and can be
+hard to remove by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to remove by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to remove by
+filtration it is easiest to add a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration it is easiest to add a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration it is easiest to add a small
+amount of a filtering agent such as sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of a filtering agent such as sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of a filtering agent such as sea
+light to absorb the charcoal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light to absorb the charcoal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light to absorb the charcoal and
+facilitate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate the
+filtration add only a small amount swirl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration add only a small amount swirl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration add only a small amount swirl
+the flask and heat it once again for 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flask and heat it once again for 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flask and heat it once again for 2
+to 3 minutes before performing a hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3 minutes before performing a hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3 minutes before performing a hot
+filtration if the solution is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration if the solution is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration if the solution is is
+colorless the decoloration step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless the decoloration step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless the decoloration step is
+unnecessary but you still need to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary but you still need to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary but you still need to look
+carefully for any undissolved solid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully for any undissolved solid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully for any undissolved solid in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+flask if you find any it can be removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask if you find any it can be removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask if you find any it can be removed
+by performing a hot gravity filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by performing a hot gravity filtration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by performing a hot gravity filtration
+with flued Filter paper vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with flued Filter paper vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with flued Filter paper vacuum
+filtrations cool the solution too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtrations cool the solution too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtrations cool the solution too much
+and crystals are lost on the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crystals are lost on the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crystals are lost on the filter
+paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+funnel before filtering Your solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel before filtering Your solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel before filtering Your solution
+add some excess solvent and heat it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some excess solvent and heat it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some excess solvent and heat it to
+the boiling point to ensure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boiling point to ensure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boiling point to ensure that the
+compound stays dissolved during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound stays dissolved during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound stays dissolved during the
+filtration wet the filter paper with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration wet the filter paper with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration wet the filter paper with
+some hot solvent and filter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution rinse the flask two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution rinse the flask two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution rinse the flask two or three
+times with hot solvent filtering each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rinse finally rinse the filter paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinse finally rinse the filter paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinse finally rinse the filter paper
+with hot solvent to minimize product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hot solvent to minimize product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hot solvent to minimize product
+loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crystals frequently form in the filtrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals frequently form in the filtrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals frequently form in the filtrate
+during the filtration but they easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the filtration but they easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the filtration but they easily
+redissolve with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heating caution your compound is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating caution your compound is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating caution your compound is no
+longer dissolved in a minimum amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer dissolved in a minimum amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer dissolved in a minimum amount of
+solvent before proceeding to The Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent before proceeding to The Next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent before proceeding to The Next
+Step you need to boil away the excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step you need to boil away the excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step you need to boil away the excess
+solvent remember to add a few boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent remember to add a few boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent remember to add a few boiling
+stones to the solution and boil until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones to the solution and boil until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones to the solution and boil until
+solid begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form at this point add a small amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form at this point add a small amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form at this point add a small amount of
+hot solvent to redissolve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solid when your sample is once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid when your sample is once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid when your sample is once again
+dissolved in the minimum amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved in the minimum amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved in the minimum amount of
+solvent set it side to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool cover the flask to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool cover the flask to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool cover the flask to prevent
+contamination with Airborne particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination with Airborne particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination with Airborne particles
+and allow it to cool to room temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+undisturbed the flask can also be placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undisturbed the flask can also be placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undisturbed the flask can also be placed
+in a beaker stuffed with a paper towel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a beaker stuffed with a paper towel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a beaker stuffed with a paper towel
+to slow down the Cooling and promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slow down the Cooling and promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slow down the Cooling and promote
+slow crystal growth this is especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow crystal growth this is especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow crystal growth this is especially
+helpful in a cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+laboratory ideally crystals will begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory ideally crystals will begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory ideally crystals will begin
+to form as the solution cools you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form as the solution cools you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form as the solution cools you may
+want to watch it can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to watch it can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to watch it can be very
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+if the solution reaches room temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the solution reaches room temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the solution reaches room temperature
+without crystal growth you may want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without crystal growth you may want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without crystal growth you may want to
+try a trick or two to jump start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+process first try scratching the side or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process first try scratching the side or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process first try scratching the side or
+bottom of the flask with a glass rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the flask with a glass rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the flask with a glass rod
+don't press too hard or you'll break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it if that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work try adding the seed Crystal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work try adding the seed Crystal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work try adding the seed Crystal that
+you set aside at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you forgot to set aside a seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Crystal you can also try dipping a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal you can also try dipping a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal you can also try dipping a glass
+rod in the solution letting it dry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod in the solution letting it dry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod in the solution letting it dry so
+that the minute crystals form on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the minute crystals form on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the minute crystals form on the
+surface and then dipping it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when crystallization has begun and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when crystallization has begun and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when crystallization has begun and your
+flask is at room temperature place it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask is at room temperature place it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask is at room temperature place it in
+an ice bath to drive the crystallization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ice bath to drive the crystallization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ice bath to drive the crystallization
+to completion leave it in the ice bath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to completion leave it in the ice bath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to completion leave it in the ice bath
+for at least 15 minutes before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least 15 minutes before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least 15 minutes before
+collecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting the
+crystals the final step in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals the final step in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals the final step in a
+recrystallization is collecting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallization is collecting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallization is collecting and
+washing the purified crystals to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing the purified crystals to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing the purified crystals to do this
+you will need a flask of ice cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will need a flask of ice cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will need a flask of ice cold
+solvent ethanol in this case and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent ethanol in this case and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent ethanol in this case and a
+vacuum filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+setup always use a clean dry flask to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup always use a clean dry flask to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup always use a clean dry flask to
+collect the filate in many cases a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the filate in many cases a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the filate in many cases a
+second batch of crystals can be obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second batch of crystals can be obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second batch of crystals can be obtained
+by concentrating the mother liquor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by concentrating the mother liquor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by concentrating the mother liquor and
+crystallizing a second time turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallizing a second time turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallizing a second time turn the
+vacuum on and wet the filter paper with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum on and wet the filter paper with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum on and wet the filter paper with
+a small amount of cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small amount of cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small amount of cold
+solvent pour the crystals and the mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent pour the crystals and the mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent pour the crystals and the mother
+liquor onto the funnel using cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquor onto the funnel using cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquor onto the funnel using cold
+solvent to transfer all of the crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent to transfer all of the crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent to transfer all of the crystals
+from the FL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flask use cold solvent to wash the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask use cold solvent to wash the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask use cold solvent to wash the
+crystals and pull air through them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals and pull air through them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals and pull air through them to
+begin the drying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin the drying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin the drying
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after pulling air through the crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after pulling air through the crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after pulling air through the crystals
+for a few minutes scrape the crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few minutes scrape the crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few minutes scrape the crystals
+onto a weighing dish and spread them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a weighing dish and spread them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a weighing dish and spread them out
+to facilitate drying depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to facilitate drying depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to facilitate drying depending on the
+compound the crystals can be dried in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound the crystals can be dried in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound the crystals can be dried in a
+desiccator an oven or on a vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desiccator an oven or on a vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desiccator an oven or on a vacuum
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+when one ideal solvent cannot be found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one ideal solvent cannot be found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one ideal solvent cannot be found
+for a crystallization it is possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a crystallization it is possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a crystallization it is possible to
+use a mixture of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a mixture of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a mixture of two
+solvents once again you must choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvents once again you must choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvents once again you must choose the
+solvents very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvents very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvents very
+carefully in the first solvent solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully in the first solvent solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully in the first solvent solvent
+one your sample should be soluble even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one your sample should be soluble even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one your sample should be soluble even
+at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature and in the second solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and in the second solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and in the second solvent
+solvent 2 your sample must remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent 2 your sample must remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent 2 your sample must remain
+insoluble even at the boiling point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble even at the boiling point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble even at the boiling point
+the two solvents must also be missable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two solvents must also be missable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two solvents must also be missable
+at all ratios so that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all ratios so that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all ratios so that they don't
+separate out into different layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate out into different layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate out into different layers
+during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recrystallization we know from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallization we know from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallization we know from our
+solubility tests that napthalene is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility tests that napthalene is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility tests that napthalene is
+soluble in both toine and acetone even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble in both toine and acetone even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble in both toine and acetone even
+at room temperature so which one should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at room temperature so which one should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at room temperature so which one should
+we choose to be our solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose to be our solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose to be our solvent
+one that depends entirely on our choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that depends entirely on our choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that depends entirely on our choice
+for solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for solvent
+2 we know from our Sol ubility tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 we know from our Sol ubility tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 we know from our Sol ubility tests
+that napthalene is insoluble in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that napthalene is insoluble in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that napthalene is insoluble in water
+even at the boiling point that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at the boiling point that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at the boiling point that makes
+water a very good candidate for solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too while acetone and water are missible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too while acetone and water are missible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too while acetone and water are missible
+toine and water are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toine and water are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toine and water are
+not the recrystallization of napthalene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the recrystallization of napthalene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the recrystallization of napthalene
+will be carried out using acetone as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be carried out using acetone as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be carried out using acetone as
+solvent 1 and water as solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two as before dissolve your sample in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two as before dissolve your sample in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two as before dissolve your sample in
+the minimal amount of hot solvent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimal amount of hot solvent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimal amount of hot solvent in
+this case solvent one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acetone add just enough hot solvent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetone add just enough hot solvent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetone add just enough hot solvent to
+obtain a clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution then add solvent two in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution then add solvent two in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution then add solvent two in this
+case water dropwise until the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case water dropwise until the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case water dropwise until the solution
+turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cloudy swirl and heat the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloudy swirl and heat the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloudy swirl and heat the solution to
+make sure that the cloudiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+persists and do not confuse cloudiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persists and do not confuse cloudiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persists and do not confuse cloudiness
+with the turbidity that is observed upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the turbidity that is observed upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the turbidity that is observed upon
+mixing two solvents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together once you have obtained a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together once you have obtained a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together once you have obtained a
+consistently cloudy solution add hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently cloudy solution add hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently cloudy solution add hot
+solvent one dropwise until the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent one dropwise until the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent one dropwise until the solution
+just turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+clear now you're ready to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear now you're ready to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear now you're ready to set the
+solution aside to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution aside to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution aside to
+cool once the crystallization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool once the crystallization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool once the crystallization is
+complete cool down a mixture of solvents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete cool down a mixture of solvents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete cool down a mixture of solvents
+in a ratio similar to that which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a ratio similar to that which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a ratio similar to that which you
+recrystallized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallized
+from the this cold mixture will be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the this cold mixture will be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the this cold mixture will be used
+to collect and wash your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect and wash your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect and wash your
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember this video is intended to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this video is intended to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this video is intended to help
+you prepare for lab by providing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prepare for lab by providing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prepare for lab by providing a
+demonstration of the proper experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of the proper experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of the proper experimental
+technique it is not intended as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique it is not intended as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique it is not intended as a
+replacement for reading your lab manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement for reading your lab manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement for reading your lab manual
+or the supplementary material in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the supplementary material in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the supplementary material in order
+to become a great experimentalist it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become a great experimentalist it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become a great experimentalist it is
+important that you understand both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you understand both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you understand both
+Theory and technique now it's your turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and technique now it's your turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and technique now it's your turn
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8I0BmT1ccuw.txt b/8I0BmT1ccuw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d9c0c03c8d01bb876a5a35f9e7b3f3f0dc929d22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8I0BmT1ccuw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2054 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: I wanted to give
+everybody a more conceptual
+
+idea of what big O notation as
+well as, hopefully, answer any
+
+lingering questions you might
+have about object-oriented
+
+programming.
+
+So I have these notes, and I
+type them up, and they're
+
+pretty detailed.
+
+So I'm just going to
+go through some
+
+points kind of quickly.
+
+Who's still kind of unclear
+about why we
+
+even due big O notation?
+
+So who can explain why we do
+big O notation quickly?
+
+What is it?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Exactly.
+
+So big O notation gives us an
+upper bound on how long
+
+something is going to take.
+
+Now, something that's important
+to remember is it's
+
+not a time bound.
+
+So something that's often
+confusing is that people say,
+
+oh, this is something that'll
+tell us how long our programs
+
+going to run.
+
+That's actually not the case.
+
+Big O notation informs
+how many steps
+
+something's going to take.
+
+And so why is that important?
+
+Well, I mean I look at all you
+guys, a couple of you have
+
+laptops out.
+
+Everybody's computer
+run something
+
+at a different speed.
+
+Right?
+
+But if we say something is big O
+of n, what we're saying here
+
+is we're saying that the worst
+case number of steps your
+
+program is going to take is
+going to be linear with
+
+respect to the size
+of the input.
+
+So if my computer is five
+times faster than your
+
+computer, my computer
+will probably run
+
+it five times faster.
+
+As the size of the input grows,
+I'm going to expect a
+
+linear speedup in the amount
+of time it's going to take.
+
+So why is that important?
+
+At the bottom of page one,
+big O notation, we are
+
+particularly concerned with the
+
+scalability of our functions.
+
+So what the O notation does is
+it might not predict what's
+
+going to be the fastest for
+really small inputs, for an
+
+array size 10.
+
+You guys know a little bit
+about graphs, right?
+
+We have a graph of
+x-squared, and we
+
+have a graph of x-cubed.
+
+There's a portion of time where
+the graph of x-squared
+
+is actually bigger
+than x-cubed.
+
+But then all of a sudden,
+there's a point where x-cubed
+
+just goes, whoosh, way bigger
+than x-squared.
+
+So if we're in some really small
+amount of input, big O
+
+notation might not tell us
+what's the best function.
+
+But in big O notation,
+we're not
+
+concerned about small inputs.
+
+We're concerned about
+really big inputs.
+
+We're concerned about filtering
+the genome.
+
+We're concerned about analyzing
+data from Hubble,
+
+really huge blocks of data.
+
+So if we're looking at a program
+that analyzes the
+
+human genome, like three million
+base pairs, some
+
+segment that we're looking at,
+and we have two algorithms.
+
+One runs in order n time,
+and one runs in
+
+order n-cubed time.
+
+What this means is regardless
+of the machine that we're
+
+running on, so this is algorithm
+1, this is algorithm
+
+2, regardless of the machine
+that we're running on, we'd
+
+expect algorithm 2 to run
+approximately n-cubed over n
+
+approximately n-squared
+slower.
+
+So with big O notation, you can
+compare two algorithms by
+
+just looking at the ratio
+of their big O run time.
+
+So if I'm looking at something
+that has an array of size two
+
+million as its input, is it
+clear that this is going to be
+
+a much better choice?
+
+Ok.
+
+So you'll run into that,
+especially a lot of you guys
+
+are taking this for
+the purposes
+
+of scientific computing.
+
+So you'll run into big
+O notation a lot.
+
+It's important to have a
+grasp of what it means.
+
+On the second page of the
+handout, I have some common
+
+ones that you'll see.
+
+The first one is
+constant time.
+
+We denote constant
+time as order 1.
+
+But you'll notice that I have
+here is order 1 is equal to
+
+order 10 is equal to order
+2 to the 100th.
+
+That's unexpected to a lot of
+people who are learning about
+
+big O notation.
+
+Why is this true?
+
+That seems kind of ridiculous.
+
+This is a really big number.
+
+This is really small number.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Exactly.
+
+So we look at a graph of 1 and
+a graph of 2 to the 100th.
+
+Ok.
+
+We'll see that even though 2 to
+the 100th is much higher,
+
+much bigger than 1, if this is
+our input size, as the size of
+
+our input grows, do we see any
+change in these two graphs?
+
+No.
+
+They're completely constant.
+
+When you're doing big O
+notation, if you run across an
+
+algorithm that does not depend
+on the size of the input, OK,
+
+it's always going
+to be order 1.
+
+Even if it's like 2 to the
+100th steps, if it's a
+
+constant number of times
+regardless of the size of the
+
+input, it's constant time.
+
+Other ones you'll see are
+logarithmic time.
+
+Any base for logarithmic time
+is about the same order.
+
+So order log base 2 of n is
+order log base 10 of n.
+
+This is the fastest time
+bound for search.
+
+Does anybody know what type
+of search we'd be doing in
+
+logarithmic time?
+
+Something maybe we--
+
+AUDIENCE: Bisection time
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Exactly.
+
+Bisection search is
+logarithmic time.
+
+Because we take our input.
+
+And at every step, we cut in
+half, cut in half, cut in
+
+half, and that's the fastest
+search we can do.
+
+The order n is linear time.
+
+Order n log n is the fastest
+time bound we have for sort.
+
+We'll be talking about sort
+in a couple of weeks.
+
+And order n-squared
+is quadratic time.
+
+Anything that is order n to
+some variable, so order
+
+n-squared, order n-cubed, order
+n-fourth, all of that is
+
+going to be less than order
+something to the power of n.
+
+So if we have something that's
+order 2 to the n, that's
+
+ridiculous.
+
+That's a computationally very
+intensive algorithm.
+
+So on page two, I have some
+questions for you.
+
+(1), (2), (3).
+
+Does order 100 n-squared
+equal order n-squared.
+
+Who says yes?
+
+All right.
+
+Very good.
+
+How about does order
+one quarter n-cubed
+
+equals order n-cubed?
+
+Does order n plus order
+n equals order n?
+
+The answer is yes
+to all of those.
+
+In the intuitive sense behind
+this is that big O notation
+
+deals with the limiting
+behavior of function.
+
+So I made some nifty graphs
+for you guys to look at.
+
+When we're comparing order 100
+n-squared to n-squared n cubed
+
+and 1/4 n-cubed, what people
+often think of is what I have
+
+here in the first figure.
+
+So these are the four functions
+I just mentioned.
+
+There's a legend in the
+top left-hand corner.
+
+And the scale of this is
+up to x equals 80.
+
+So you'll see at this
+scale, this line
+
+right here is 100 x-squared.
+
+So this is, I think, often a
+tripping point is that when
+
+people are conceptualizing
+functions, they're saying,
+
+well, yeah, 100 x-squared is
+much bigger than x-cubed,
+
+which is a lot bigger
+than 1/4 x-cubed.
+
+So for very small inputs,
+yes that's true.
+
+But what we're concerned about
+is the behavior as the input
+
+gets very, very large.
+
+So now, we're looking at
+a size of up to 1,000.
+
+So now we see here, x-cubed,
+even though it's a little bit
+
+smaller than 100 x-squared in
+the beginning, it shoots off.
+
+x-cubed is much bigger than
+either of the 2 x-squared.
+
+And even 1/4 x-cubed is becoming
+bigger than 100
+
+x-squared out of 1,000.
+
+So that's an intuitive sense why
+x-cubed no matter what the
+
+coefficient is in front of it is
+going to dominate any term
+
+with x-squared in it, because
+x-cubed is just going to go,
+
+whoosh, real big like that.
+
+And if we go out even further,
+let's go out to input size of
+
+50,000, we go out to an input
+size of 50,000, we see that
+
+even 100 x-squared versus just
+x-squared, alright? they're
+
+about the same.
+
+The x-cubed terms now, they're
+way above x-squared.
+
+So the two x-squared terms, 100
+versus just 1, as far as
+
+the coefficient goes, they're
+about the same.
+
+So this is the scale at which
+we're concerned about when
+
+we're talking about big O
+notation, the limiting
+
+behavior as your input size
+grows very large.
+
+50,000 is not even that large,
+if you think about the size of
+
+the genome.
+
+I mean does anybody here bio?
+
+What's like the size of
+the human genome.
+
+How many base pairs?
+
+Or even one gene or
+one chromosome.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: What's the biggest?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's over 50,000.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, over 50,000.
+
+And we're talking about the
+amount of data that we get
+
+back from the Hubble
+Space Telescope.
+
+I mean the resolution on those
+things are absolutely
+
+ridiculous.
+
+And you run all sorts of
+algorithms on those images to
+
+try and see if there's
+life in the universe.
+
+So we're very concerned about
+the big long term behavior of
+
+these functions.
+
+How about page three?
+
+One last question.
+
+Does order 100 n-squared
+plus 1/4
+
+n-cube equal order n-cubed?
+
+Who says yes?
+
+And so I have one more graph.
+
+Down here, these red dots
+are 100 x-squared.
+
+These blue circles
+are 1/4 x-cubed.
+
+And this line is the sum.
+
+We can see that this line is a
+little bit bigger than the 1/4
+
+x-cubed term.
+
+But really, this has no effect
+at this far out.
+
+So that's why we're just going
+to drop any lower order terms
+
+whenever you're approached with
+a big O expression that
+
+has a bunch of constant factors,
+it has all sorts of
+
+different powers of n and stuff,
+you're always just
+
+going to drop all the constant
+factors and just pick the
+
+biggest thing.
+
+So this line right here
+is order n-cubed.
+
+Is that clear to everybody?
+
+So now I've gotten through the
+basics of how we analyze this
+
+and why are we looking
+at this.
+
+Let's look at some code.
+
+So the first example, all of
+these things right here, in
+
+Python, we make the assumption
+that statements like this, x
+
+plus 1, x times y, all these
+mathematical operations are
+
+all constant time.
+
+That's something that
+you can just assume.
+
+So for this function down here,
+we have constant time,
+
+constant time, constant time,
+constant time operation.
+
+So we'd say, this function
+bar is what?
+
+What's its complexity?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Constant time.
+
+So the complexity of all these
+functions are just a 1,
+
+because it doesn't matter
+how big the input is.
+
+It's all going to run
+in constant time.
+
+For this multiplication
+function here,
+
+we use a for loop.
+
+Oftentimes, when we see for
+loops that's just going
+
+through the input, there's a
+signal to us that it's going
+
+to probably contain
+a factor of O(n).
+
+Why is that?
+
+What do we do in
+this for loop?
+
+We say for i in range y.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+How many times do we execute
+that for loop?
+
+Yeah, y times.
+
+So if y is really small, we
+execute that for loop just a
+
+few number of times.
+
+But if y is really large, we
+execute that for loop a whole
+
+bunch of times.
+
+So when we're analyzing this,
+we see this for loop and we
+
+say, ah, that for loop
+must be O(y).
+
+Does that make sense
+to everybody?
+
+OK, good.
+
+Let's look at a factorial.
+
+Can anybody tell me what the
+complexity of factorial is?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Order n.
+
+Why is it order n?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because it's
+self for loop.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+It's the exact same structure.
+
+We have a for loop that's
+going through
+
+range 1 to n plus 1.
+
+So that's dependent
+on the size of n.
+
+So this for loop is order n.
+
+And inside the for loop,
+we just do a
+
+constant time operation.
+
+That's the other thing.
+
+Just because we have this for
+loop doesn't mean that what's
+
+inside the for loop is
+going to be constant.
+
+But in this case, if we have
+order n times, we do a content
+
+time operation.
+
+Then this whole chunk of the
+for loop is order n.
+
+The rest of everything else
+is just constant time.
+
+So we have constant time plus
+order n times constant time
+
+plus constant time, they're
+going to be order n.
+
+How about this one?
+
+Factorial 2.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Exactly.
+
+This is also order n.
+
+The only thing that's different
+in this code is that
+
+we initialize its
+count variable.
+
+And inside the for
+loop, we also
+
+increment this count variable.
+
+But both result times equals
+num and count plus equal 1,
+
+both of these are constant
+time operations.
+
+So if we do n times 2 constant
+times operations, that's still
+
+going to be order n.
+
+So the takeaway from these two
+examples that I'm trying to
+
+demonstrate here is a single
+line of code can generate a
+
+pretty complex thing.
+
+But a collection of lines
+of code might
+
+still be constant time.
+
+So you have to look at
+every line of code
+
+and consider that.
+
+I've thrown in some
+conditionals here.
+
+What's the complexity
+of this guy?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+This is also linear.
+
+What's going on here?
+
+We initialize a variable count
+that's constant time.
+
+We go through character
+in a string.
+
+This is linear in the
+size of a string.
+
+Now we say if character equal,
+equal t, this character equal,
+
+equal t, that's also a constant
+time operation.
+
+That's just asking if this one
+thing equals this other thing.
+
+So we're looking at
+two characters.
+
+We're looking at two numbers.
+
+Equal, equal or not equal
+is generally a
+
+constant times operation.
+
+The exception to this might be
+a quality of certain types,
+
+like if you define a class and
+you define a quality method in
+
+your class, and the equality
+method of your class is not
+
+constant time, then this equal,
+equal check might not
+
+be constant time.
+
+But on two strings, equal,
+equal is constant time.
+
+And this is constant
+time as well.
+
+So linear in the size
+of a string.
+
+Something that's important when
+you're doing this for
+
+exams, it's a good idea to
+define what n is before you
+
+give the complexity bound.
+
+So here I'm saying n is equal
+to the size of a string.
+
+So now, I can say this
+function is order n.
+
+What I'm saying is that it's a
+linear with respect to the
+
+size or the length
+of a string.
+
+Because sometimes, like in the
+one where there is the input x
+
+and y, the running time was only
+linear in the size of y.
+
+So you want to define that n was
+equal to the size of y to
+
+say that it was order n.
+
+So always be clear.
+
+If it's not clear, be sure
+to explicitly state
+
+what n is equal to.
+
+This code's a little
+more tricky.
+
+What's going on here?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+That was perfect.
+
+So just to reiterate, the for
+loop we know is linear with
+
+respect to the size
+of a string.
+
+We have to go through every
+character in a string.
+
+Now, the second is if char in
+b string, when we're looking
+
+at big O notation, we're worried
+about the worst case
+
+complexity in upper bound.
+
+What's the worst case?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+If the character is not in b
+string, we have to look at
+
+every single character
+in b string before
+
+we can return false.
+
+So that is linear.
+
+This one single line, if
+character in b string, that
+
+one line is linear
+with respect to
+
+the size of b string.
+
+So how do we analyze the
+complexity of this?
+
+I want to be able to
+touch the screen.
+
+We have this for loop.
+
+This for loop is executed.
+
+Let's call n is the length
+of a string.
+
+This for loop is executed
+n times.
+
+Every time we execute
+this for loop, we
+
+execute this inner body.
+
+And what's the time bound
+on the inner body?
+
+Well, if we let m equal the
+length of b string, when we
+
+say that this check is order m
+every time we run it, then we
+
+run an order m operation
+order n times.
+
+So the complexity is--
+
+we use something of
+size m, n times.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Just order n, m.
+
+So we execute an order m check
+order n time, we say this
+
+function is order n, m.
+
+Does that make sense
+to everybody?
+
+Because you'll see the
+nested for loops.
+
+Nested for loops are very
+similar to this.
+
+While loops combine the best of
+conditionals with the best
+
+of for loops.
+
+Because a while loop has a
+chance to act like for loop,
+
+but a while loop can also
+have a conditional.
+
+It's actually possible to write
+a while loop that has a
+
+complex conditional that also
+executes a number of times.
+
+And so you could have one single
+line of code generating
+
+like an order n-squared
+complexity.
+
+Let's look at factorial 3.
+
+Who can tell the complexity
+of factorial 3?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+It's also linear.
+
+It's interesting that factorial
+is always linear
+
+despite its name.
+
+We have constant time
+operations.
+
+How many times does the
+while loop executed?
+
+AUDIENCE: n times.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, n times.
+
+And what's inside the body
+of the while loop?
+
+Constant time operations.
+
+So we execute a bunch of
+constant time operation n
+
+times order n.
+
+How about this char
+split example?
+
+This one's a little tricky
+because you're like, well,
+
+what's the complexity of len?
+
+In Python, len's actually a
+constant time operation.
+
+This example's very crafted
+such that all of the
+
+operations that are here
+are constant time.
+
+So appending to a list
+is constant time.
+
+And indexing a string
+is constant time.
+
+So what's the complexity
+of char split?
+
+Constant time.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Who would agree
+with constant time?
+
+And who would say it's
+linear time?
+
+OK, yeah.
+
+Very good.
+
+It is linear time.
+
+That's a correct intuition.
+
+We say while the length of the
+a string is not equal to the
+
+length of the result, these
+are two constant time
+
+operations.
+
+Well, what do we do?
+
+We append a value to the result,
+and then we add up
+
+this index.
+
+So when is this check
+going to be equal?
+
+This check's going to be equal
+when the length of the result
+
+is equal to the length
+of a string.
+
+And that's only going to
+happen after we've gone
+
+through the entire a string,
+and we've added each of its
+
+characters to result.
+
+So this is linear with respect
+to the size of a string.
+
+Something that's important to
+recognize is that not all
+
+string in the list operations
+are constant time.
+
+There's a website here that
+first off, it says C Python if
+
+you go to it.
+
+C Python just means Python
+implemented in C, which is
+
+actually what you're
+running, C Python.
+
+So don't worry about that.
+
+There's often two time
+bound complexities.
+
+It says the amortized time
+and the worst case time.
+
+And so if you're looking for big
+O notation, you don't want
+
+to use the amortized time.
+
+You want to use the
+worst case time.
+
+And it's important to note that
+operations like slicing
+
+and copying actually aren't
+constant time.
+
+If you slice a list or a string,
+the complexity of that
+
+operation is going to depend
+on how big your slice is.
+
+Does that makes sense?
+
+Does the way that a slice works
+is that walks through
+
+the list until it gets to the
+index, and then keeps walking
+
+until the final index, and
+then copies that and
+
+returns it to you.
+
+So slicing is not
+constant time.
+
+Copying is similarly
+not constant time.
+
+For this little snippet
+of code, this is just
+
+similar to what we--
+
+yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So this is
+what I was saying.
+
+You want to define what n is.
+
+So we say something like n
+equals the length of a string.
+
+And then you can say
+it's order n.
+
+It's important to define what
+you're saying the complexity
+
+is related to.
+
+So here, I'm saying if we let n
+equal to the size of z, can
+
+anybody tell me what the
+complexity of this
+
+snippet of code is?
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, precisesly.
+
+Order n-squared.
+
+Why?
+
+Well, because we execute
+this for i for loop
+
+here order n times.
+
+Each time through this for loop,
+the body of this for
+
+loop is, in fact, another
+for loop.
+
+So my approach to problems like
+this is just step back a
+
+minute and ignore
+the outer loop.
+
+Just concentrate on
+the inner loop.
+
+What's the runtime of
+this inner loop?
+
+Yeah.
+
+This is order n.
+
+We go through this.
+
+Now, go to the outer loop.
+
+Just ignore the body
+since we've already
+
+analyzed the body.
+
+Ignore it.
+
+What's the complexity
+of the outer loop?
+
+Also order n.
+
+So now you can combine
+the analysis.
+
+You can say for order n times,
+I execute this body.
+
+This body takes order n times.
+
+So if execute something that's
+order n order n times, that is
+
+order n squared complexity.
+
+So we just multiply how long it
+takes the outer body of the
+
+loop to take the inner
+body of the loop.
+
+And so in this fashion, I could
+give you now probably a
+
+four or five nested for loop,
+and you could tell me the
+
+complexity of it.
+
+Harder sometimes to understand
+is recursion.
+
+I don't know how important it is
+to understand this because
+
+I've never actually taught
+this class before.
+
+But Mitch did tell me
+to go over this.
+
+So I'd like to touch on it.
+
+So consider recursive
+factorial.
+
+What's the time complexity
+of this?
+
+How can we figure out
+the time complexity
+
+over a recursive function?
+
+The way we want to figure out
+the time complexity of a
+
+recursive function is just to
+figure out how many times
+
+we're executing said
+recursive function.
+
+So here I have recursive
+factorial of n.
+
+When I make a call to
+this, what do I do?
+
+I make a call to recursive
+factorial n minus 1.
+
+And then what does this do?
+
+This calls recursive factorial
+on a sub problem the
+
+size n minus 2.
+
+So oftentimes, when you're
+dealing with recursive
+
+problems to figure out the
+complexity, what you need to
+
+do is you need to figure out how
+many times you're going to
+
+make a recursive call before
+a result is returned.
+
+Intuitively, we can start
+to see a pattern.
+
+We can say, I called on n, and
+then n minus 1, and then n
+
+minus 2, and I keep calling
+recursive factorial until n is
+
+less than or equal to 0.
+
+When is n going to be less
+than or equal to 0?
+
+Well, when I get n minus n.
+
+So how many calls is that?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+This is n calls.
+
+So it's a good practice to get
+into being able to draw this
+
+out and work yourself through
+how many times you're running
+
+the recursion.
+
+And we see we're making n calls,
+we can say, oh, this
+
+must be linear in time.
+
+How about this one,
+this foo function?
+
+This one's a little
+harder to see.
+
+But what are we doing?
+
+We call foo on input of size n,
+which then makes a call to
+
+sub problem the size n/2, which
+makes the call to a sub
+
+problem of size n/4 and so on
+until I make a call to sub
+
+problem of some size.
+
+So this is n.
+
+This is 2 to the 1st.
+
+This is 2-squared.
+
+We start to see a pattern--
+
+2-squared, 2-cubed,
+2 to the fourth.
+
+So we're going to keep making
+calls on a smaller, and
+
+smaller, and smaller
+sub problem size.
+
+But instead of being linear like
+before, we're decreasing
+
+at an exponential rate.
+
+There's a bunch of different
+ways to try and work this out
+
+in your head.
+
+I wrote up one possible
+description.
+
+But when we're decreasing at
+this exponential rate, what's
+
+going to end up happening is
+that this recursive problem
+
+where we make a recursive call
+in the form to sub problem of
+
+size n/b, the complexity of that
+is always going to be log
+
+base b of n.
+
+So this is just like bisection
+search, where bisection
+
+search, we essentially do
+in bisection search.
+
+We restrict the problem size
+by half every time.
+
+And that leads to logarithmic
+time, actually
+
+log base 2 of n.
+
+This problem is also
+log base 2 of n.
+
+If we change this recursive call
+from n/2 to n/6, we get a
+
+cut time complexity of
+log base 6 of n.
+
+So try and work that through.
+
+You can read this
+closer later.
+
+Definitely ask me if you need
+more help on that one.
+
+The last one is how do we deal
+time complexity of something
+
+like Fibonacci?
+
+Fibonacci, fib n minus 1 plus
+fib n minus 2, initially, that
+
+kind of looks linear.
+
+Right?
+
+We just went over the recursive
+factorial, and it
+
+made the call to a sub problem
+the size n minus 1.
+
+And that was linear.
+
+Fibonacci's a little
+bit different.
+
+If you actually draw out in a
+tree, you start to see like at
+
+every level of the tree, we
+expand the call by 2.
+
+Now imagine this is just
+for Fibonacci of 6.
+
+Whenever you're doing big O
+complexity, you want to
+
+imagine it and put
+100,000, 50,000.
+
+And you could imagine how
+big that tree grows.
+
+Intuitively, the point to see
+here is that they're going to
+
+be about n levels to get
+down to 1 from your
+
+initial input of 6.
+
+So to get down to 1 from an
+initial input of size n is
+
+going to take about n levels.
+
+The branching factor of this
+tree at each level is 2.
+
+So if we have n levels, and at
+each level, we increase our
+
+branching factor by another 2,
+we can say that a loose bound
+
+on the complexity of this
+is actually 2 to the n.
+
+This is something that's even
+less intuitive, I think, than
+
+what we did before with
+the logarithms.
+
+So try and work through
+it again.
+
+Play with it a little bit.
+
+There's actually a tighter bound
+on this, which is like
+
+1.62 to the n, which is a lot
+more complicated math that you
+
+could look up.
+
+But for the purposes of this
+class, it's sufficient to say
+
+that Fibonacci is order
+2 to the n.
+
+So does that roughly clear up
+some time complexities stuff
+
+for you guys?
+
+OK, awesome.
+
+Does anybody have the time?
+
+I forgot my watch today.
+
+AUDIENCE: 12:42.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, excellent.
+
+That gives us a little bit
+of time to talk about
+
+object-oriented programming.
+
+Does anybody had any specific
+questions that object-oriented
+
+programming?
+
+How about this?
+
+How many of you guys finished
+the problem set and turned it
+
+in already?
+
+Or did any of you guys not turn
+in the problem set yet?
+
+I'll talk loosely about it then,
+not too specifically.
+
+Does anybody have any questions
+from, I guess, at
+
+least the first part?
+
+We're making some classes,
+making some trigger classes.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Self dot what?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: When we
+have like self--
+
+we have like the
+getter methods.
+
+So what's important
+about that?
+
+I'll Tell you what's important
+about that.
+
+So we have a class.
+
+Let's say we have
+a class person.
+
+So we define our INIT method
+to just take a name.
+
+And so now, what the problems
+that ask you to do was to
+
+define a getter method.
+
+Define a getter method
+called get_name that
+
+just returns the attribute.
+
+So what's the point of this?
+
+Because I can just say
+Sally equals person.
+
+So here, I defined a
+person named Sally.
+
+And I initialized a person
+with the string Sally.
+
+If I just look at sally.name,
+that's going to just directly
+
+print the attribute.
+
+So why do we need this
+get name function?
+
+What's the point of this
+additional getter method?
+
+Does anybody know why that is?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So that's what it does.
+
+This get_name does return
+the attribute name.
+
+But we don't need this method
+to just look at
+
+the attribute name.
+
+Let's actually code this up.
+
+So we have class person.
+
+So if we run this code, and
+over here in the shell, we
+
+define Sally equals person
+with the name Sally.
+
+If I just print sally.name,
+it prints the attribute.
+
+So why did I need to provide
+this getter method called
+
+get_name that does
+the same thing?
+
+That's the question.
+
+That seems sort of redundant.
+
+But there's actually a pretty
+big important reason for it.
+
+Let's say we set s name equal
+to the attribute sally.name.
+
+If we look at s name,
+we see Sally.
+
+Now if I say--
+
+actually, I'm not sure if this
+is the correct reasoning.
+
+This is going to be better.
+
+Let's say Sally equals
+a person Sally
+
+who's taking what?
+
+1803, 605, 11.1.
+
+So now I can look at the
+attribute classes to show
+
+Sally's classes, which
+are weird flows.
+
+And I can also use
+sally.getclasses to look at
+
+Sally's classes.
+
+If I set a variable s classes
+equal to sally.classes, this
+
+binds this variable s classes
+to the attribute
+
+sally.classes.
+
+Now if I say sclasses.append
+1401, if I now look at the
+
+attribute sally.classes,
+it now has 1401 in it.
+
+This is not safe.
+
+This is not type safe.
+
+Because the reason for that is
+if you define a class, and you
+
+access the classes' attributes
+directly instead of through a
+
+getter method, you
+can then do this.
+
+And sometimes, it's
+accidental.
+
+You'll set some variable equal
+to some attribute of a class.
+
+Then later on in your code,
+you'll alter that variable.
+
+But that variable is not a
+copy of the attribute.
+
+Yes, you can make copies of that
+attribute and stuff, but
+
+the overall takeaway is that in
+programming, we try to do
+
+something called defensive
+programming.
+
+This isn't defensive.
+
+Because it is possible if you
+code it incorrectly to alter
+
+the attribute the instance
+of the class.
+
+But if we use the getter
+method, if instead of
+
+sally.classes, instead of
+directly accessing the
+
+attribute here, we have
+set s classes equal to
+
+sally.getclasses.
+
+And then, we had changed
+s classes around.
+
+That wouldn't have happened,
+because the getter method, it
+
+does return self.classes.
+
+But in the way that Python is
+scoped and when we return
+
+something, we're not returning
+the exact same thing, the
+
+reference that we're returning
+a copy of it.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+All right.
+
+Cool.
+
+Other questions about classes?
+
+We have a little class appear
+if there's like some basic
+
+stuff that you'd like
+explained again.
+
+Now's the time.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So here, I'm setting
+just some variable s
+
+classes equal to the attribute
+sally classes.
+
+it's just like setting any sort
+of variable equal to some
+
+other quantity.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you appending the
+variable, but it also appended
+
+like the attribute of Sally?
+
+PROFESSOR: So what I did here
+was I set the variable s
+
+classes equal to this attribute
+sallly.classes.
+
+And then, because I know this is
+a list, I appended another
+
+value to it.
+
+But this is the same as when
+we have two lists.
+
+If we have a list called a, and
+we say a is equal to 1, 2,
+
+3, then I say b is equal to a.
+
+What is b?
+
+Now If I say b.append 1401,
+what does b look like?
+
+What does a look like?
+
+Because they're aliases
+of each other.
+
+So what I did here, when I set
+s classes directly equal to
+
+the attribute sally.classes,
+I made s classes an
+
+alias of the attribute.
+
+But the problem with that is
+that then I can change them.
+
+And because they're
+aliases, the
+
+attribute itself has changed.
+
+And we don't want to do that
+in object-oriented
+
+programming.
+
+We need to find an object.
+
+The only way you should be able
+to change an attribute is
+
+through some method of the
+class that allows you to
+
+change that attribute.
+
+So if I want to be able to add
+a class to Sally's class
+
+lists, I should define a method
+called define add class
+
+that does self.classes.append
+new class.
+
+While technically, it's possible
+to directly access an
+
+attribute, it's really bad
+practice to do so simply
+
+because this unexpected
+behavior can result.
+
+And also because if you say,
+oh, well, it's not going to
+
+matter for this one time,
+I'll remember how to
+
+do the right thing.
+
+The problem with that is it's
+often the case that you're not
+
+the only person using
+your code.
+
+So it's a better practice to
+provide all the sorts of
+
+methods that you would need to
+do with the class in order to
+
+get an access and change
+attributes as
+
+methods within the class.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+So yeah, this is maybe our one
+violation if you guys have
+
+been attending my recitation.
+
+Our mantra of programmers
+are lazy.
+
+This is less lazy than just
+directly accessing the
+
+attributes.
+
+But even though we know that
+programmers are super, super
+
+lazy, programmers also like
+to be super, super safe.
+
+So when there's a trade off
+between defensive programming
+
+and being lazy, always pick
+defensive programming.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9M0dd86FUoA.txt b/9M0dd86FUoA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..270b4b5bca2b69313da7175f16b2ebe4d44b8527
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9M0dd86FUoA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2363 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this final chapter we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this final chapter we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this final chapter we're going to
+look into optimizing digital systems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into optimizing digital systems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into optimizing digital systems to
+make them smaller faster higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them smaller faster higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them smaller faster higher
+performance more energy efficient and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance more energy efficient and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance more energy efficient and so
+on it would be wonderful if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it would be wonderful if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it would be wonderful if we could
+achieve all these goals at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve all these goals at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve all these goals at the same time
+and for some circuits we can but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for some circuits we can but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for some circuits we can but in
+general optimizing in one dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general optimizing in one dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general optimizing in one dimension
+usually means doing less well in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually means doing less well in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually means doing less well in another
+in other words there are design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words there are design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words there are design
+trade-offs to be made making trade-offs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs to be made making trade-offs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs to be made making trade-offs
+correctly requires that we have a clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly requires that we have a clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly requires that we have a clear
+understanding of our design goals for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of our design goals for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of our design goals for
+the system consider two different design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system consider two different design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system consider two different design
+teams one is charged with building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams one is charged with building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams one is charged with building a
+high end graphics card for gaming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high end graphics card for gaming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high end graphics card for gaming the
+other with building the Apple watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other with building the Apple watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other with building the Apple watch the
+team building the graphics card is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team building the graphics card is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team building the graphics card is
+mostly concerned with performance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly concerned with performance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly concerned with performance and
+within limits is willing to trade off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within limits is willing to trade off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within limits is willing to trade off
+cost and power consumption to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and power consumption to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and power consumption to achieve
+their performance goals graphics cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their performance goals graphics cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their performance goals graphics cards
+have a set size so there's a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a set size so there's a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a set size so there's a high
+priority in making the system small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority in making the system small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority in making the system small
+enough to meet the required size but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to meet the required size but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to meet the required size but
+there's little to be gained by making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's little to be gained by making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's little to be gained by making it
+smaller than that the team building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that the team building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that the team building the
+watch has very different goals size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch has very different goals size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch has very different goals size and
+power consumption are critical since it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power consumption are critical since it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power consumption are critical since it
+has to fit on a wrist and run all day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to fit on a wrist and run all day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to fit on a wrist and run all day
+without leaving scorch marks on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without leaving scorch marks on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without leaving scorch marks on the
+wearer's wrist suppose both teams are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearer's wrist suppose both teams are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearer's wrist suppose both teams are
+thinking about pipelining part of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about pipelining part of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about pipelining part of their
+logic for increased performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic for increased performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic for increased performance
+pipelining registers are an obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelining registers are an obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelining registers are an obvious
+additional cost the overlap execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional cost the overlap execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional cost the overlap execution
+and hierarchy clock made possible by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hierarchy clock made possible by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hierarchy clock made possible by
+pipelining would increase the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelining would increase the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelining would increase the power
+consumption and the need to dissipate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and the need to dissipate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and the need to dissipate
+that power somehow you can imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that power somehow you can imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that power somehow you can imagine the
+two teams might come to very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two teams might come to very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two teams might come to very different
+conclusions about the correct course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions about the correct course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions about the correct course of
+action this chapter takes a look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action this chapter takes a look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action this chapter takes a look at some
+of the possible trade-offs but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the possible trade-offs but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the possible trade-offs but as
+designers you'll have to pick and choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers you'll have to pick and choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers you'll have to pick and choose
+which trade-offs are right for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which trade-offs are right for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which trade-offs are right for your
+design this is the sort of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design this is the sort of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design this is the sort of design
+challenge on which good engineers thrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge on which good engineers thrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge on which good engineers thrive
+nothing is more satisfying than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is more satisfying than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is more satisfying than
+delivering more than anyone thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering more than anyone thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering more than anyone thought
+possible within the specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible within the specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible within the specified
+constraints our first optimization topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints our first optimization topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints our first optimization topic
+is power dissipation where the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is power dissipation where the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is power dissipation where the usual
+goal is to either meet a certain power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to either meet a certain power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to either meet a certain power
+budget or to minimize power consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget or to minimize power consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget or to minimize power consumption
+while meeting all the other design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while meeting all the other design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while meeting all the other design
+targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets
+in CMOS circuits there are several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in CMOS circuits there are several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in CMOS circuits there are several
+sources of power dissipation some under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of power dissipation some under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of power dissipation some under
+our control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our control
+some not static power dissipation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some not static power dissipation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some not static power dissipation is
+power that is consumed even when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power that is consumed even when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power that is consumed even when the
+circuit is idle in other words no nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit is idle in other words no nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit is idle in other words no nodes
+are changing value using our simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are changing value using our simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are changing value using our simple
+switched model for the operation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched model for the operation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched model for the operation of
+MOSFETs we'd expect CMOS circuits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MOSFETs we'd expect CMOS circuits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MOSFETs we'd expect CMOS circuits to
+have zero static power dissipation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero static power dissipation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero static power dissipation and
+in the early days of CMOS we came pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early days of CMOS we came pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early days of CMOS we came pretty
+close to meeting that ideal but as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to meeting that ideal but as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to meeting that ideal but as the
+physical dimensions of the MOSFET have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical dimensions of the MOSFET have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical dimensions of the MOSFET have
+shrunk and the operating voltages have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrunk and the operating voltages have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrunk and the operating voltages have
+been lowered there are two sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been lowered there are two sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been lowered there are two sources of
+static power dissipation in MOSFETs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static power dissipation in MOSFETs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static power dissipation in MOSFETs that
+have begun to loom large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have begun to loom large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have begun to loom large
+we'll discuss the effects as they appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss the effects as they appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss the effects as they appear
+in in channel MOSFETs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in channel MOSFETs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in channel MOSFETs
+but keep in mind that they appear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but keep in mind that they appear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but keep in mind that they appear in
+p-channel MOSFETs to the first effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-channel MOSFETs to the first effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-channel MOSFETs to the first effect
+depends on the thickness of the MOSFETs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the thickness of the MOSFETs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the thickness of the MOSFETs
+gate oxide showing us the thin yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate oxide showing us the thin yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate oxide showing us the thin yellow
+layer in the MOSFET diagram on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer in the MOSFET diagram on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer in the MOSFET diagram on the left
+in each new generation of integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each new generation of integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each new generation of integrated
+circuit technology the thickness of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit technology the thickness of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit technology the thickness of this
+layer has shrunk as part of the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer has shrunk as part of the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer has shrunk as part of the general
+reduction in all the physical dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in all the physical dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in all the physical dimensions
+the thinner insulating layer means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thinner insulating layer means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thinner insulating layer means
+stronger electrical fields that cause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger electrical fields that cause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger electrical fields that cause a
+deeper inversion layer that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper inversion layer that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper inversion layer that leads to
+emphasis that carry more current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis that carry more current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis that carry more current
+producing faster gate speeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing faster gate speeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing faster gate speeds
+unfortunately the layers are now thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the layers are now thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the layers are now thin
+enough that electrons can tunnel through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that electrons can tunnel through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that electrons can tunnel through
+the insulator creating a small flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the insulator creating a small flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the insulator creating a small flow of
+current from the gate to the substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current from the gate to the substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current from the gate to the substrate
+with billions of n FETs in a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with billions of n FETs in a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with billions of n FETs in a single
+circuit even tiny currents can add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit even tiny currents can add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit even tiny currents can add up to
+non negligible power drain the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non negligible power drain the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non negligible power drain the second
+effect is caused by current flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is caused by current flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is caused by current flowing
+between the drain and source of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the drain and source of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the drain and source of an
+infant that is in theory not conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant that is in theory not conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant that is in theory not conducting
+because vgs is less than the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because vgs is less than the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because vgs is less than the threshold
+voltage appropriately this effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage appropriately this effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage appropriately this effect is
+called sub threshold conduction and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called sub threshold conduction and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called sub threshold conduction and is
+exponentially related to vgs minus vth a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially related to vgs minus vth a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially related to vgs minus vth a
+negative value when the infant is off so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value when the infant is off so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value when the infant is off so
+as VT H has been reduced in each new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as VT H has been reduced in each new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as VT H has been reduced in each new
+generation of technology vgs minus vth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of technology vgs minus vth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of technology vgs minus vth
+is less negative and the sub threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less negative and the sub threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less negative and the sub threshold
+conduction has increased one fix has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction has increased one fix has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction has increased one fix has
+been to change the geometry of the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been to change the geometry of the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been to change the geometry of the end
+FET so the conducting channel is a tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FET so the conducting channel is a tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FET so the conducting channel is a tall
+narrow fin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow fin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow fin
+with the gate terminal wrapped around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the gate terminal wrapped around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the gate terminal wrapped around
+three sides sometimes referred to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sides sometimes referred to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sides sometimes referred to as a
+tri-gate configuration this has reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri-gate configuration this has reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri-gate configuration this has reduced
+the sub-threshold conduction by an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub-threshold conduction by an order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub-threshold conduction by an order
+of magnitude or more solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude or more solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude or more solving this
+particular problem for now either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem for now either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem for now either of
+these effects is under the control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these effects is under the control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these effects is under the control of
+the system designer except of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system designer except of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system designer except of course if
+they're free to choose an older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're free to choose an older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're free to choose an older
+manufacturing process we mentioned them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing process we mentioned them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing process we mentioned them
+here so that you're aware that newer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that you're aware that newer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that you're aware that newer
+technologies often bring additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies often bring additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies often bring additional
+costs that then become part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs that then become part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs that then become part of the
+trade-off process a designer does have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off process a designer does have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off process a designer does have
+some control over the dynamic power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some control over the dynamic power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some control over the dynamic power
+dissipation of the circuit the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation of the circuit the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation of the circuit the amount of
+power spent causing the nose to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power spent causing the nose to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power spent causing the nose to change
+value during a sequence of computations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value during a sequence of computations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value during a sequence of computations
+each time a node changes from 0 to 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time a node changes from 0 to 1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time a node changes from 0 to 1 or
+1 to 0 currents flow through the MOSFET
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to 0 currents flow through the MOSFET
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to 0 currents flow through the MOSFET
+pull-up and pulldown networks charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull-up and pulldown networks charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull-up and pulldown networks charging
+in discharging the output nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in discharging the output nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in discharging the output nodes
+capacitance and thus changing its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance and thus changing its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance and thus changing its
+voltage consider the operation of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage consider the operation of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage consider the operation of an
+inverter as the voltage of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter as the voltage of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter as the voltage of the input
+changes the pull-up and pulldown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the pull-up and pulldown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the pull-up and pulldown
+networks turn on and off connecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks turn on and off connecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks turn on and off connecting the
+inverters output node to VDD or ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverters output node to VDD or ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverters output node to VDD or ground
+this charges or discharges the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this charges or discharges the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this charges or discharges the
+capacitance of the output node changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance of the output node changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance of the output node changing
+his voltage we can compute the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his voltage we can compute the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his voltage we can compute the energy
+required by integrating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required by integrating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required by integrating the
+instantaneous power associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous power associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous power associated with the
+current flow into and out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow into and out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow into and out of the
+capacitor times the voltage across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor times the voltage across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor times the voltage across the
+capacitor over the time taken by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor over the time taken by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor over the time taken by the
+output transition the instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output transition the instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output transition the instantaneous
+power dissipated across the resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power dissipated across the resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power dissipated across the resistance
+of the MOSFET channel is simply IDs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the MOSFET channel is simply IDs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the MOSFET channel is simply IDs
+trans VDS here's the power calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans VDS here's the power calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans VDS here's the power calculation
+using the energy integral for the 1 to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the energy integral for the 1 to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the energy integral for the 1 to 0
+transition of the output node where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition of the output node where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition of the output node where
+we're measuring IDs using the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're measuring IDs using the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're measuring IDs using the equation
+for the current flowing out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the current flowing out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the current flowing out of the
+output nodes capacitor I equals C DV DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output nodes capacitor I equals C DV DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output nodes capacitor I equals C DV DT
+assuming that the input signal is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the input signal is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the input signal is a
+toxic of period T clock and that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic of period T clock and that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic of period T clock and that each
+transition is taking half a clock cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition is taking half a clock cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition is taking half a clock cycle
+we can work through the math to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can work through the math to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can work through the math to
+determine that the power dissipated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine that the power dissipated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine that the power dissipated
+through the pulldown network is 1/2 F C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the pulldown network is 1/2 F C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the pulldown network is 1/2 F C
+VDD squared where the frequency F tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDD squared where the frequency F tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDD squared where the frequency F tells
+us the number of such transitions per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the number of such transitions per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the number of such transitions per
+second C is the nodal capacitance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second C is the nodal capacitance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second C is the nodal capacitance and
+VDD the power supply voltage is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDD the power supply voltage is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDD the power supply voltage is the
+starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting
+voltage of the noodle capacitor there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage of the noodle capacitor there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage of the noodle capacitor there's
+a similar integral for the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar integral for the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar integral for the current
+dissipated by the pull-up network when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipated by the pull-up network when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipated by the pull-up network when
+charging the capacitor and it yields the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging the capacitor and it yields the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging the capacitor and it yields the
+same result so one complete cycle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same result so one complete cycle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same result so one complete cycle of
+charging then discharging dissipates F C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging then discharging dissipates F C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging then discharging dissipates F C
+V squared Watts note that all this power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V squared Watts note that all this power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V squared Watts note that all this power
+has come from the power supply the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has come from the power supply the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has come from the power supply the first
+half is dissipated when the output node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half is dissipated when the output node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half is dissipated when the output node
+is charged and the other half stored as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is charged and the other half stored as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is charged and the other half stored as
+energy in the capacitor then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the capacitor then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the capacitor then the
+capacitors energy is dissipated as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors energy is dissipated as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors energy is dissipated as it
+discharges these results are summarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharges these results are summarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharges these results are summarized
+in the lower-left we've added the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lower-left we've added the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lower-left we've added the
+calculation for the power dissipation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for the power dissipation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for the power dissipation of
+an entire circuit assuming n of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire circuit assuming n of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire circuit assuming n of the
+circus nodes change each clock cycle how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circus nodes change each clock cycle how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circus nodes change each clock cycle how
+much power could be consumed by a modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much power could be consumed by a modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much power could be consumed by a modern
+integrated circuit here is a quick back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated circuit here is a quick back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated circuit here is a quick back
+of the envelope estimate for a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the envelope estimate for a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the envelope estimate for a current
+generation CPU chip it's operating at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation CPU chip it's operating at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation CPU chip it's operating at
+say 1 gigahertz and will have 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 1 gigahertz and will have 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 1 gigahertz and will have 100
+million internal nodes that could change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million internal nodes that could change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million internal nodes that could change
+each clock cycle each nodal capacitance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each clock cycle each nodal capacitance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each clock cycle each nodal capacitance
+is around 1 femtofarad and the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around 1 femtofarad and the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around 1 femtofarad and the power
+supply is about 1 volt with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply is about 1 volt with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply is about 1 volt with these
+numbers the estimated power consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers the estimated power consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers the estimated power consumption
+is a hundred watts we all know how hot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hundred watts we all know how hot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hundred watts we all know how hot a
+hundred watt light bulb gets you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred watt light bulb gets you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred watt light bulb gets you can see
+it would be hard to keep the CPU from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be hard to keep the CPU from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be hard to keep the CPU from
+overheating this is way too much power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheating this is way too much power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheating this is way too much power
+to be dissipated in many applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be dissipated in many applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be dissipated in many applications
+and modern CPUs intended say for laptops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modern CPUs intended say for laptops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modern CPUs intended say for laptops
+only dissipate a fraction of this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only dissipate a fraction of this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only dissipate a fraction of this energy
+so the CPU designers must have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the CPU designers must have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the CPU designers must have some
+tricks up their sleeve some of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks up their sleeve some of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks up their sleeve some of which
+we'll see in a minute but first notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see in a minute but first notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see in a minute but first notice
+how important it's been to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how important it's been to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how important it's been to be able to
+reduce the power supply voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the power supply voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the power supply voltage and
+modern integrated circuits if we're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern integrated circuits if we're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern integrated circuits if we're able
+to reduce the power supply voltage from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the power supply voltage from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the power supply voltage from
+3.3 volts to 1 volt that alone accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.3 volts to 1 volt that alone accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.3 volts to 1 volt that alone accounts
+for more than a factor of 10 and power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than a factor of 10 and power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than a factor of 10 and power
+dissipation so the newer circuit can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation so the newer circuit can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation so the newer circuit can be
+say five times larger and two times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say five times larger and two times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say five times larger and two times
+faster with the same power budget newer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster with the same power budget newer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster with the same power budget newer
+technology trends are showing here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology trends are showing here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology trends are showing here the
+net effect is that newer chips would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net effect is that newer chips would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net effect is that newer chips would
+naturally dissipate more power if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally dissipate more power if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally dissipate more power if we
+could afford to have them do so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could afford to have them do so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could afford to have them do so we have
+to be very clever in how we use more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very clever in how we use more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very clever in how we use more and
+faster MOSFETs in order not to run up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster MOSFETs in order not to run up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster MOSFETs in order not to run up
+against the power dissipation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the power dissipation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the power dissipation
+constraints we face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to see what we can do to reduce power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what we can do to reduce power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what we can do to reduce power
+consumption consider the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption consider the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption consider the following
+diagram of an arithmetic and logic unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of an arithmetic and logic unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of an arithmetic and logic unit
+ALU like the one you'll design in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ALU like the one you'll design in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ALU like the one you'll design in the
+final lab in this part of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final lab in this part of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final lab in this part of the course
+there are four independent component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four independent component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four independent component
+modules performing the separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules performing the separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules performing the separate
+arithmetic boolean shifting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic boolean shifting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic boolean shifting in
+comparison operations typically found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison operations typically found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison operations typically found in
+a nail you some of the ALU control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nail you some of the ALU control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nail you some of the ALU control
+signals are used to select the desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals are used to select the desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals are used to select the desired
+result in a particular clock cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in a particular clock cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in a particular clock cycle
+basically ignoring the answers produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically ignoring the answers produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically ignoring the answers produced
+by the other modules of course just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the other modules of course just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the other modules of course just
+because the other answers aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the other answers aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the other answers aren't
+selected doesn't mean we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected doesn't mean we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected doesn't mean we didn't
+dissipate energy in computing them this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipate energy in computing them this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipate energy in computing them this
+suggests an opportunity for saving power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests an opportunity for saving power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests an opportunity for saving power
+suppose if we could somehow turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose if we could somehow turn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose if we could somehow turn off
+modules whose outputs we didn't need one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules whose outputs we didn't need one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules whose outputs we didn't need one
+way to prevent them from dissipating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to prevent them from dissipating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to prevent them from dissipating
+power is to prevent the modules inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is to prevent the modules inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is to prevent the modules inputs
+from changing thus ensuring that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from changing thus ensuring that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from changing thus ensuring that no
+internal nodes would change and hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal nodes would change and hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal nodes would change and hence
+reducing the dynamic power dissipation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the dynamic power dissipation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the dynamic power dissipation
+of the off module to zero one idea is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the off module to zero one idea is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the off module to zero one idea is to
+put latches on the inputs to each module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put latches on the inputs to each module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put latches on the inputs to each module
+only opening a modules input latch if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only opening a modules input latch if an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only opening a modules input latch if an
+answer was required from that module in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was required from that module in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was required from that module in
+the current cycle if a modules latch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current cycle if a modules latch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current cycle if a modules latch
+stayed closed its internal nodes would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed closed its internal nodes would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed closed its internal nodes would
+remain unchanged eliminating the modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain unchanged eliminating the modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain unchanged eliminating the modules
+dynamic power dissipation this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic power dissipation this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic power dissipation this could
+save a substantial amount of power for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save a substantial amount of power for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save a substantial amount of power for
+example the shifter circuitry has many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the shifter circuitry has many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the shifter circuitry has many
+internal nodes and so has a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal nodes and so has a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal nodes and so has a large
+dynamic power dissipation but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic power dissipation but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic power dissipation but there are
+comparatively few shift operations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively few shift operations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively few shift operations in
+most programs so with our proposed fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most programs so with our proposed fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most programs so with our proposed fix
+most of the time those energy costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time those energy costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time those energy costs
+wouldn't be incurred a more draconian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be incurred a more draconian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be incurred a more draconian
+approach to power conservation is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to power conservation is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to power conservation is to
+literally turn off unused portions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally turn off unused portions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally turn off unused portions of
+the circuit by switching off their power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit by switching off their power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit by switching off their power
+supply this is more complicated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply this is more complicated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply this is more complicated to
+achieve so this technique is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve so this technique is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve so this technique is usually
+reserved for special power saving modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved for special power saving modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved for special power saving modes
+of operation where we can afford the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operation where we can afford the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operation where we can afford the
+time it takes to reliably power the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes to reliably power the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes to reliably power the
+circuitry back up another idea is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry back up another idea is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry back up another idea is to
+slow the clock reducing the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow the clock reducing the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow the clock reducing the frequency of
+nodal transitions when there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal transitions when there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal transitions when there's nothing
+for the circuit to do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the circuit to do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the circuit to do this is
+particularly effective for devices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly effective for devices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly effective for devices that
+interact with the real world where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the real world where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the real world where the
+timescale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timescale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timescale
+for significant external events are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for significant external events are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for significant external events are
+measured in milliseconds the device can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in milliseconds the device can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in milliseconds the device can
+run slowly until an external event needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run slowly until an external event needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run slowly until an external event needs
+attention then speed up the clock while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention then speed up the clock while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention then speed up the clock while
+it deals with the event all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it deals with the event all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it deals with the event all of these
+techniques and more are used in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and more are used in modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and more are used in modern
+mobile devices to conserve battery power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile devices to conserve battery power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile devices to conserve battery power
+without limiting the ability to deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without limiting the ability to deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without limiting the ability to deliver
+bursts of performance there is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts of performance there is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts of performance there is much more
+innovation waiting to be done in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation waiting to be done in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation waiting to be done in this
+area something you may be asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area something you may be asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area something you may be asked to
+tackle as designers one last question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle as designers one last question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle as designers one last question is
+whether computation has to consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether computation has to consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether computation has to consume
+energy there have been some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there have been some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there have been some interesting
+theoretical speculations about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical speculations about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical speculations about this
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+see section 6.5 of the course notes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see section 6.5 of the course notes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see section 6.5 of the course notes to
+read more
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9_UKNSPPrZ4.txt b/9_UKNSPPrZ4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f17c1f9e91e0adb0e0705cdc64911c3ab2cd6438
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9_UKNSPPrZ4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18155 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's get started everyone all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started everyone all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started everyone all right so
+uh just to remind you guys where we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just to remind you guys where we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just to remind you guys where we were
+we're talking about land issues and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about land issues and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about land issues and in
+the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous
+um lecture we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lecture we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lecture we talked about
+um moral hazard issues and like how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um moral hazard issues and like how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um moral hazard issues and like how do
+we think about moral hazard in land and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about moral hazard in land and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about moral hazard in land and
+the second kind of piece of the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second kind of piece of the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second kind of piece of the land
+puzzle that I want to talk about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle that I want to talk about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle that I want to talk about today
+is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+land titling and sort of the impacts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land titling and sort of the impacts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land titling and sort of the impacts of
+land title okay so that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land title okay so that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land title okay so that's going to be
+the main thing today so there's a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing today so there's a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing today so there's a few
+other things I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things I just wanted to
+um uh finish up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh finish up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh finish up
+um on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on on
+land uh on sort of more Hazard firms uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land uh on sort of more Hazard firms uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land uh on sort of more Hazard firms uh
+stuff first so I think we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff first so I think we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff first so I think we basically
+finished the we finished the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished the we finished the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished the we finished the discussion
+of the experimental paper the last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experimental paper the last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experimental paper the last thing
+I just wanted to mention was if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to mention was if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to mention was if you
+think about sort of the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about sort of the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about sort of the theoretical
+models that I outlined um last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that I outlined um last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that I outlined um last time we
+talked about both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about both
+um more Hazard models and limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more Hazard models and limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more Hazard models and limited
+liability models like a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability models like a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability models like a sort of
+insurance kind of motives and limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance kind of motives and limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance kind of motives and limited
+liability sort of challenges and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability sort of challenges and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability sort of challenges and you
+might want to kind of like distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to kind of like distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to kind of like distinguish
+between those two right and here I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two right and here I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two right and here I don't
+know of like a super great paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of like a super great paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of like a super great paper that
+does that so I just wanted to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that so I just wanted to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that so I just wanted to sort of
+mention this because like you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this because like you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this because like you know it
+seems like a natural thing that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a natural thing that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a natural thing that you'd
+like to sort of distinguish between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to sort of distinguish between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to sort of distinguish between
+those two there's a paper by lafonte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two there's a paper by lafonte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two there's a paper by lafonte
+matusi that sort of thinks about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matusi that sort of thinks about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matusi that sort of thinks about this
+this is as far as I know the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is as far as I know the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is as far as I know the original
+limited liability sharecropping kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited liability sharecropping kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited liability sharecropping kind of
+paper at least the best you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper at least the best you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper at least the best you know
+whenever you say original you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you say original you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you say original you know it's
+always a risk of someone to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a risk of someone to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a risk of someone to find
+something from before that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from before that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from before that that's the
+one I know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I know of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+but in their paper sort of the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in their paper sort of the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in their paper sort of the idea
+the way they think about this they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they think about this they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they think about this they think
+of it this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it this idea of
+um a working capital okay so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a working capital okay so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a working capital okay so you know
+working capital is like you know money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working capital is like you know money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working capital is like you know money
+that you have sort of uh available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have sort of uh available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have sort of uh available to
+you right in the short run uh for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right in the short run uh for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right in the short run uh for you
+know buying things like uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know buying things like uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know buying things like uh you know
+paying your rent or buying your in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying your rent or buying your in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying your rent or buying your in
+fertilizer inputs or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer inputs or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer inputs or whatever
+um and their idea is that that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and their idea is that that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and their idea is that that sort of
+that word in capital is sort of is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word in capital is sort of is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word in capital is sort of is the
+thing that's going to be determined with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's going to be determined with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's going to be determined with
+a limited liability constraint right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limited liability constraint right for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limited liability constraint right for
+how much you can pay up front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you can pay up front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you can pay up front
+so in their model they basically say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in their model they basically say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in their model they basically say
+like you know instead of saying L has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know instead of saying L has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know instead of saying L has to
+be greater than zero has to they put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than zero has to they put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than zero has to they put in
+this constraint that the amount that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constraint that the amount that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constraint that the amount that you
+pay this L is the is the payment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay this L is the is the payment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay this L is the is the payment in the
+low State remember from the model we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low State remember from the model we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low State remember from the model we had
+last time so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time so um
+greater than k then the higher K uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than k then the higher K uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than k then the higher K uh the
+more the contract looks like a rental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the contract looks like a rental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the contract looks like a rental
+contract rather than a share profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract rather than a share profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract rather than a share profit
+contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so that's fine whereas in a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's fine whereas in a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's fine whereas in a risk
+conversion model then what should matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion model then what should matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion model then what should matter
+is your total wealth not just the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your total wealth not just the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your total wealth not just the amount
+of like liquid kind of assets you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like liquid kind of assets you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like liquid kind of assets you have
+okay so that's kind of the test they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's kind of the test they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's kind of the test they use
+to sort of argue for limited liability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of argue for limited liability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of argue for limited liability
+so what do you think of this as like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think of this as like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think of this as like a
+it's a good idea bad idea what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good idea bad idea what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good idea bad idea what do you
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+it's plausible not plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what do you think that wealth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what do you think that wealth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what do you think that wealth is
+pretty highly correlated yeah I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty highly correlated yeah I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty highly correlated yeah I suppose
+we can measure them both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I mean another I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't we also think that Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we also think that Universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we also think that Universal
+version is increasingly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version is increasingly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version is increasingly well
+so that you know that's that yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you know that's that yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you know that's that yeah that's
+the idea exactly right so so whiskey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea exactly right so so whiskey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea exactly right so so whiskey
+version would be decreasing so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version would be decreasing so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version would be decreasing so the idea
+of the test is risk aversion should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the test is risk aversion should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the test is risk aversion should be
+it is a risk aversion model then kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a risk aversion model then kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a risk aversion model then kind of
+you know the determinants of whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the determinants of whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the determinants of whatever
+sharecropping whatever should be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharecropping whatever should be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharecropping whatever should be your
+total wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total wealth
+right because that's you know in a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's you know in a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's you know in a risk
+right in a risk version model like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in a risk version model like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in a risk version model like you
+know you're you're um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um well I'm not gonna try to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I'm not gonna try to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I'm not gonna try to write down
+because I'll get it wrong but your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'll get it wrong but your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'll get it wrong but your
+utility is a function of your total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is a function of your total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is a function of your total
+consumption your total consumption is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption your total consumption is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption your total consumption is a
+function of your total wealth right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of your total wealth right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of your total wealth right and
+you can use your total wealth to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use your total wealth to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use your total wealth to kind of
+smooth your consumption choices so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth your consumption choices so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth your consumption choices so
+that's kind of what's what's driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of what's what's driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of what's what's driving
+risk aversion that's why risky version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion that's why risky version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion that's why risky version
+should be function of total wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be function of total wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be function of total wealth
+whereas the limited liability is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the limited liability is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the limited liability is like
+you have cash insurance pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yes exactly the idea is if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes exactly the idea is if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes exactly the idea is if it's a
+function of total wealth it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of total wealth it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of total wealth it should be
+the risk aversion model if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk aversion model if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk aversion model if it's a
+function of the limited liability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the limited liability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the limited liability
+they're going to argue with the oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to argue with the oh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to argue with the oh sorry
+it's a function of working capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of working capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of working capital
+they're going to argue it's the limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to argue it's the limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to argue it's the limited
+liability model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to what I was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what I was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what I was doing
+good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea
+a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I were to put up the results season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to put up the results season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to put up the results season
+there's a good test yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good test yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good test yeah
+those two things are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's true but like again that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but like again that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but like again that's sort
+of related question to Aaron so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of related question to Aaron so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of related question to Aaron so suppose
+I can run a regression suppose I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can run a regression suppose I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can run a regression suppose I get
+data right and I run like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right and I run like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right and I run like you know
+sharecropping is equal to like Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharecropping is equal to like Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharecropping is equal to like Alpha
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Alpha K plus beta W plus Epsilon where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha K plus beta W plus Epsilon where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha K plus beta W plus Epsilon where
+this is like working capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this thing is your total total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing is your total total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing is your total total
+wealth right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to run this regression number one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to run this regression number one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to run this regression number one I
+have to be able to measure these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to measure these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to measure these two
+things separately and number two I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things separately and number two I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things separately and number two I have
+to have some variation so you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some variation so you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some variation so you're right
+for some households they'll be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some households they'll be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some households they'll be the same
+but that's not those aren't the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not those aren't the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not those aren't the ones
+we're going to identify this thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to identify this thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to identify this thing I
+mean if everyone sort of looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if everyone sort of looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if everyone sort of looked like
+that then you wouldn't be able to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then you wouldn't be able to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then you wouldn't be able to run
+this regression so this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regression so this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regression so this is going to be
+identified off of some households that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified off of some households that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified off of some households that
+have different amounts of working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different amounts of working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different amounts of working
+capital and some obviously different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and some obviously different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and some obviously different
+amounts of wealth so yeah some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of wealth so yeah some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of wealth so yeah some of them
+will have none of anything but then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have none of anything but then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have none of anything but then some
+must have some wealth and not much work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have some wealth and not much work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have some wealth and not much work
+in Capital One so I must have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Capital One so I must have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Capital One so I must have some
+working capital well that's that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working capital well that's that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working capital well that's that's what
+can identify this regression so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can identify this regression so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can identify this regression so suppose
+you can run this regression and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run this regression and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run this regression and you get
+some coefficients Alpha and beta like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some coefficients Alpha and beta like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some coefficients Alpha and beta like
+does that what do you think that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that what do you think that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that what do you think that tells
+you or because it's like a good test or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or because it's like a good test or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or because it's like a good test or
+not a good test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why do we think that we're at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we think that we're at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we think that we're at the
+capital is this good measure political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is this good measure political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is this good measure political
+liability like sorry you guys I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability like sorry you guys I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability like sorry you guys I'm sorry
+like what why do we think working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what why do we think working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what why do we think working
+capital was like the limit like couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital was like the limit like couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital was like the limit like couldn't
+someone be taken to court and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone be taken to court and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone be taken to court and
+get total well extracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get total well extracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get total well extracted
+yeah so right so so number one is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so right so so number one is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so right so so number one is it
+could go the other way right so so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go the other way right so so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go the other way right so so it
+could be like you know if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be like you know if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be like you know if you have
+wealth you could go to court and get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth you could go to court and get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth you could go to court and get the
+wealth right you know could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so that's one reason so I agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's one reason so I agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's one reason so I agree
+with you so in you know certainly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you so in you know certainly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you so in you know certainly a
+well-functioning legal system absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-functioning legal system absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-functioning legal system absolutely
+they go after your total ads that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go after your total ads that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go after your total ads that can
+make you sell liquid assets or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you sell liquid assets or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you sell liquid assets or whatever
+and so but that's one what's one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so but that's one what's one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so but that's one what's one thing
+what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I'm in yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so um actually I'm not sure I agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so um actually I'm not sure I agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so um actually I'm not sure I agree
+with that uh but you're right that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that uh but you're right that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that uh but you're right that they
+certainly there could be measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly there could be measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly there could be measurement
+error and they're correlated in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and they're correlated in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and they're correlated in their
+career measurement era so I agree that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career measurement era so I agree that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career measurement era so I agree that's
+going to be a problem for sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a problem for sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a problem for sort of
+interpreting this regression so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting this regression so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting this regression so that's
+all kind of related to the measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kind of related to the measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kind of related to the measurement
+issues but but the reason I'm not sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues but but the reason I'm not sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues but but the reason I'm not sure I
+agree is like actually like your wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree is like actually like your wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree is like actually like your wealth
+total wealth of most of it's in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total wealth of most of it's in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total wealth of most of it's in your
+land that might be relatively easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land that might be relatively easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land that might be relatively easy to
+value compared to actually adding up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value compared to actually adding up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value compared to actually adding up
+your working capital like you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your working capital like you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your working capital like you know it
+may be sort of hard to met hard to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be sort of hard to met hard to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be sort of hard to met hard to find
+that people might so it's not obvious to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people might so it's not obvious to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people might so it's not obvious to
+me which is a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me which is a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me which is a better
+measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+yes I agree so if you have measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I agree so if you have measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I agree so if you have measurement
+error in one if one thing is measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in one if one thing is measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in one if one thing is measured
+poorly and they're correlated that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly and they're correlated that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly and they're correlated that could
+be a problem in this regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a problem in this regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a problem in this regression
+yeah uh I don't have the idea of playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh I don't have the idea of playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh I don't have the idea of playing
+in that but I feel like having no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that but I feel like having no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that but I feel like having no
+working capital is making more resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working capital is making more resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working capital is making more resource
+yeah so why tell me more about that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so why tell me more about that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so why tell me more about that well
+it's just like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it just seems like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just seems like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just seems like you're
+things like that I don't know it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that I don't know it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that I don't know it just
+seems like there's there's the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like there's there's the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like there's there's the direct
+relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so that's exactly so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's exactly so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's exactly so that's the
+second thing I think there's a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing I think there's a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing I think there's a potential
+challenge with this aggression actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge with this aggression actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge with this aggression actually
+I agree with you so if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I agree with you so if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I agree with you so if you think about
+if we if you if you um it's if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if you if you um it's if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if you if you um it's if you if
+you take any behavioral economics you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take any behavioral economics you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take any behavioral economics you'll
+see that people make all kinds of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that people make all kinds of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that people make all kinds of risk
+aversion decisions based on things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion decisions based on things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion decisions based on things that
+don't look like you know the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look like you know the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look like you know the standard
+economic models that's usually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic models that's usually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic models that's usually you
+should be maximize making you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be maximize making you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be maximize making you know what
+should matter is your total wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should matter is your total wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should matter is your total wealth
+because that's that's going to affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's that's going to affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's that's going to affect
+the degree you can kind of smooth your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree you can kind of smooth your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree you can kind of smooth your
+consumption from period to period or and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption from period to period or and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption from period to period or and
+or you're directly risk-averse over your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're directly risk-averse over your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're directly risk-averse over your
+total wealth but we know people make all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total wealth but we know people make all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total wealth but we know people make all
+kinds of decisions that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of decisions that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of decisions that look like
+they're not like that right so we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not like that right so we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not like that right so we look
+we know people sort of think about cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know people sort of think about cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know people sort of think about cash
+on hand they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on hand they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on hand they
+um you know they make decisions over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know they make decisions over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know they make decisions over
+sort of you know much smaller lotteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know much smaller lotteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know much smaller lotteries
+so it's I think very easy to think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's I think very easy to think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's I think very easy to think that
+sort of if I have some cash on hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of if I have some cash on hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of if I have some cash on hand
+that's very liquid and then a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very liquid and then a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very liquid and then a bunch of
+stuff that's illiquid I might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's illiquid I might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's illiquid I might be
+thinking about the sort of liquid piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the sort of liquid piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the sort of liquid piece
+when I'm making my sort of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm making my sort of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm making my sort of think
+thinking about my risk aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about my risk aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about my risk aversion
+decisions even though our good economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions even though our good economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions even though our good economic
+models says that that shouldn't be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models says that that shouldn't be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models says that that shouldn't be the
+case so I think that's exactly sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so I think that's exactly sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so I think that's exactly sort of
+the second set of concerns here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second set of concerns here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second set of concerns here there's
+a there's an also a non-behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's an also a non-behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's an also a non-behavioral
+economic story to that which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic story to that which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic story to that which is just
+like if there are costs of taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if there are costs of taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if there are costs of taking the
+sort of non-working Capital piece of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of non-working Capital piece of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of non-working Capital piece of my
+wealth that's like not liquid like I own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth that's like not liquid like I own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth that's like not liquid like I own
+a lot of land yes I own that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of land yes I own that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of land yes I own that but
+actually there could be some costs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there could be some costs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there could be some costs of
+sort of using that for for consumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of using that for for consumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of using that for for consumptions
+moving and even sort of straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and even sort of straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and even sort of straightforward
+economic model might say that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic model might say that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic model might say that actually
+I'm going to be the working capital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be the working capital is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be the working capital is
+more liquid and therefore I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more liquid and therefore I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more liquid and therefore I'm going to
+be more risk-averse so you know my risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more risk-averse so you know my risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more risk-averse so you know my risk
+conversion will be determined by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion will be determined by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion will be determined by that
+piece not the overall so I think both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece not the overall so I think both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece not the overall so I think both of
+these are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are are
+challenged with this test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged with this test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged with this test
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+they find that that you know the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find that that you know the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find that that you know the little
+working capital is more predictive than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working capital is more predictive than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working capital is more predictive than
+than total wealth and they argue that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than total wealth and they argue that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than total wealth and they argue that's
+an Evidence of sharecropping but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Evidence of sharecropping but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Evidence of sharecropping but I think
+these are some some reasons why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some some reasons why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some some reasons why you
+might not think this is the final word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not think this is the final word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not think this is the final word
+on that and I just wanted to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and I just wanted to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and I just wanted to sort of
+think that through because I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that through because I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that through because I think that
+that's a like this test is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a like this test is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a like this test is an example of
+sort of taking the theory super duper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of taking the theory super duper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of taking the theory super duper
+seriously uh and sort of you know but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously uh and sort of you know but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously uh and sort of you know but I
+think for the reasons that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for the reasons that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for the reasons that we talked
+about like actually it's not totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like actually it's not totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like actually it's not totally
+obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious
+that's that's all I want to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's all I want to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's all I want to say about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um okay other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um oh and the final thing I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh and the final thing I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh and the final thing I want to say
+about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is
+as I mentioned you know I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned you know I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned you know I think that the
+there are important implications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are important implications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are important implications of
+these two different models for a land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two different models for a land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two different models for a land
+reform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform
+right so um you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um you know so
+on you know as we talked about under a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know as we talked about under a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know as we talked about under a
+limited liability right this could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited liability right this could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited liability right this could have
+a really big long run effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really big long run effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really big long run effect
+because it relaxes kind of your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it relaxes kind of your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it relaxes kind of your uh
+liability constraint you don't pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability constraint you don't pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability constraint you don't pay
+anybody right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody right right
+um you know under risk aversion it it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know under risk aversion it it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know under risk aversion it it it
+would you you might have less risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you you might have less risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you you might have less risk
+conversion because you're not wealthier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion because you're not wealthier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion because you're not wealthier
+because you don't own the land right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't own the land right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't own the land right so
+on a purist conversion store you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a purist conversion store you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a purist conversion store you would
+go you would be a little bit richer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go you would be a little bit richer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go you would be a little bit richer but
+um on the other hand if you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other hand if you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other hand if you're still
+risk-averse sharecropping by again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-averse sharecropping by again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-averse sharecropping by again in
+kind of emergingly as a way of ensuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of emergingly as a way of ensuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of emergingly as a way of ensuring
+some of the risks that you're still sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the risks that you're still sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the risks that you're still sort
+of faced against so that is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of faced against so that is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of faced against so that is this
+prediction that you know it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction that you know it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction that you know it would be
+really interesting to sort of see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting to sort of see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting to sort of see what
+happens like if we do a land reform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens like if we do a land reform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens like if we do a land reform
+does this kind of institution emerge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this kind of institution emerge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this kind of institution emerge
+endogenously again or not and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenously again or not and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenously again or not and sort of
+you know how does that how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how does that how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how does that how does that
+happen and that's not a paper that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and that's not a paper that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and that's not a paper that I
+have a that I think that there's a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a that I think that there's a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a that I think that there's a uh a
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on
+more generally I think that if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally I think that if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally I think that if you think
+about the the paper we saw about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the paper we saw about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the paper we saw about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh moral hazard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh moral hazard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh moral hazard
+another prediction of a land reform is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another prediction of a land reform is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another prediction of a land reform is
+that it should lead to substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it should lead to substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it should lead to substantial
+productivity improvements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity improvements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity improvements
+right so this one is this one in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this one is this one in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this one is this one in some
+sense is about sort of you know how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is about sort of you know how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is about sort of you know how do
+we share kind of what's going so several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we share kind of what's going so several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we share kind of what's going so several
+things number one the Land Reform should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things number one the Land Reform should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things number one the Land Reform should
+sort of make the you're just if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of make the you're just if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of make the you're just if you're
+just giving the land if you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giving the land if you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giving the land if you're just
+redistributing it that should make you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributing it that should make you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributing it that should make you a
+little richer number two this is unclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little richer number two this is unclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little richer number two this is unclear
+what's going to happen to sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen to sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen to sort of the
+form of a contract number three if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a contract number three if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a contract number three if
+there's moral hazard going on and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's moral hazard going on and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's moral hazard going on and you
+don't end up back in the sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't end up back in the sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't end up back in the sort of the the
+share Arrangement then you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share Arrangement then you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share Arrangement then you might think
+there's going to be substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be substantial
+um increases in output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's a little hard to tell people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a little hard to tell people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a little hard to tell people
+without the mask on but okay so it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the mask on but okay so it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the mask on but okay so it would
+be really nice I think to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really nice I think to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really nice I think to understand
+what the implications of land reform are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the implications of land reform are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the implications of land reform are
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+my own view is that I feel like there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own view is that I feel like there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own view is that I feel like there is
+an awesome Land Reform paper waiting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an awesome Land Reform paper waiting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an awesome Land Reform paper waiting to
+be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written
+and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular
+a lot of first of all there were a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of first of all there were a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of first of all there were a lot
+of a lot more failed land reforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot more failed land reforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot more failed land reforms
+successful land reforms right there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful land reforms right there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful land reforms right there was
+a huge amount of political pushback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of political pushback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of political pushback
+against Land Reform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Land Reform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Land Reform
+um for sort of I think obvious reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for sort of I think obvious reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for sort of I think obvious reasons
+like the people who were gonna get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the people who were gonna get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the people who were gonna get their
+land taken away from them were a upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land taken away from them were a upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land taken away from them were a upset
+and be wealthy and so it's not totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be wealthy and so it's not totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be wealthy and so it's not totally
+surprising they were able to push back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising they were able to push back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising they were able to push back
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so a lot of them didn't work but some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of them didn't work but some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of them didn't work but some of
+them did at least a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them did at least a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them did at least a few
+um at least I think there were some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least I think there were some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least I think there were some you
+know examples and so some of them had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know examples and so some of them had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know examples and so some of them had
+sharp discontinuities and the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp discontinuities and the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp discontinuities and the amount of
+land people could retain like up to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land people could retain like up to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land people could retain like up to one
+hectare up to five hectares or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hectare up to five hectares or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hectare up to five hectares or whatever
+so it feels like you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it feels like you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it feels like you should be able to
+if you had like the right data I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had like the right data I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had like the right data I could
+imagine you could sort of match you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you could sort of match you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you could sort of match you've
+had pre-period data on sort of what land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had pre-period data on sort of what land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had pre-period data on sort of what land
+Parcels were and you could somehow match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parcels were and you could somehow match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parcels were and you could somehow match
+everything you could find discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you could find discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you could find discontinuity
+to prepare your data you could try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prepare your data you could try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prepare your data you could try to do
+that uh so I um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you can sort of watch what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can sort of watch what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can sort of watch what
+happened both to the people who got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened both to the people who got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened both to the people who got
+wealthier to the land did it get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthier to the land did it get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthier to the land did it get more
+productive to the contract form all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive to the contract form all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive to the contract form all that
+stuff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh there's a paper by kidamora in Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a paper by kidamora in Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a paper by kidamora in Japan
+which sort of tries something similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of tries something similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of tries something similar to
+this but without the Micro Data they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but without the Micro Data they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but without the Micro Data they
+have to sort of aggregate things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sort of aggregate things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sort of aggregate things up
+um there's a pair uh join us to Corey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a pair uh join us to Corey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a pair uh join us to Corey
+who's a grad student actually on the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a grad student actually on the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a grad student actually on the job
+market this year I tried at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market this year I tried at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market this year I tried at some point
+to study this in Finland for some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study this in Finland for some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study this in Finland for some reason
+we didn't work out I don't remember why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't work out I don't remember why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't work out I don't remember why
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+um working with a grad student a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um working with a grad student a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um working with a grad student a number
+of years ago spent a summer you know or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years ago spent a summer you know or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years ago spent a summer you know or
+or this where students spent a summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this where students spent a summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this where students spent a summer
+working with me looking around for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with me looking around for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with me looking around for
+examples all around the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples all around the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples all around the world of
+examples where we had that could find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where we had that could find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where we had that could find
+the discontinuity and the successful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discontinuity and the successful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discontinuity and the successful and
+the landform that happened and the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the landform that happened and the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the landform that happened and the data
+and we didn't come up with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't come up with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't come up with any
+um but I'm just going to leave this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I'm just going to leave this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I'm just going to leave this out
+here as like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as like a
+something I would like to see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I would like to see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I would like to see in the
+paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on
+because you know an important part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know an important part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know an important part of
+like a PhD class is like not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a PhD class is like not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a PhD class is like not just
+showing you the papers that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the papers that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the papers that have been
+written but sort of mentioning papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written but sort of mentioning papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written but sort of mentioning papers
+that haven't been written yet because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that haven't been written yet because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that haven't been written yet because
+that's kind of of course the goal so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of of course the goal so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of of course the goal so um
+anyway so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so uh
+some related studies here are two that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some related studies here are two that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some related studies here are two that
+came out sort of relatively recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out sort of relatively recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out sort of relatively recently
+that are sort of related there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sort of related there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sort of related there's also
+sort of a paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a paper by
+um by abishad and co-authors looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by abishad and co-authors looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by abishad and co-authors looking at
+um a tenancy reform in West Bengal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a tenancy reform in West Bengal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a tenancy reform in West Bengal uh
+which basically as I understand it gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically as I understand it gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically as I understand it gave
+existing sharecrop people greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing sharecrop people greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing sharecrop people greater
+protections and greater rights but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protections and greater rights but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protections and greater rights but
+didn't actually change sort of totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't actually change sort of totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't actually change sort of totally
+go all the way to the farm ownership but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the way to the farm ownership but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the way to the farm ownership but
+that's one other that is another one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one other that is another one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one other that is another one you
+can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at
+um by Galan which is a study of Colombia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by Galan which is a study of Colombia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by Galan which is a study of Colombia
+which looks at um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there was this program that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this program that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this program that sort of
+provided land for the poorest this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided land for the poorest this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided land for the poorest this is
+closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer
+um I don't think it's quite the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't think it's quite the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't think it's quite the same uh
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+for a variety of reasons but but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a variety of reasons but but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a variety of reasons but but I'll
+mention this one is when you could look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this one is when you could look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this one is when you could look
+at those were paper by Montero which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those were paper by Montero which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those were paper by Montero which is
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+an already on that haciendas sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an already on that haciendas sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an already on that haciendas sort of
+large haciendas were reorganized into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large haciendas were reorganized into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large haciendas were reorganized into
+worker cooperatives but of course worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker cooperatives but of course worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker cooperatives but of course worker
+Cooperative is not the same as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative is not the same as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative is not the same as sort of
+divvying everything up they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divvying everything up they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divvying everything up they kind of
+individually to the individual workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually to the individual workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually to the individual workers
+so these papers are sort of closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these papers are sort of closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these papers are sort of closer and
+sort of interested and I would recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of interested and I would recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of interested and I would recommend
+these uh plus the sort of West Bengal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh plus the sort of West Bengal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh plus the sort of West Bengal
+paper all these in the western God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper all these in the western God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper all these in the western God
+people were sort of interested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were sort of interested in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were sort of interested in this
+topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's what I want to say on on more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I want to say on on more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I want to say on on more
+Hazard and land reform before I move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hazard and land reform before I move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hazard and land reform before I move on
+to land titling any last questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to land titling any last questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to land titling any last questions or
+comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the discussion thus far yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are they then required to uh farm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they then required to uh farm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they then required to uh farm that
+land or can they become landowners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land or can they become landowners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land or can they become landowners
+themselves I think it depends okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I'm going to talk about some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to talk about some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to talk about some of this
+yeah I think it would depend that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think it would depend that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think it would depend that would
+be one of the things you could decide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one of the things you could decide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one of the things you could decide in
+principle but that's actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle but that's actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle but that's actually kind of
+related to the like to some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the like to some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the like to some of these
+other questions like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions like you know
+in the or could they or they choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the or could they or they choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the or could they or they choose to
+become sharecroppers again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become sharecroppers again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become sharecroppers again
+you know could they would they choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know could they would they choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know could they would they choose to
+sort of sell the land pocket the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sell the land pocket the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sell the land pocket the money
+or exit farming entirely like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or exit farming entirely like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or exit farming entirely like maybe
+that's another thing they could do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another thing they could do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another thing they could do is
+they could sell the land and move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could sell the land and move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could sell the land and move to the
+city right so you know there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city right so you know there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city right so you know there's lots of
+lots if you have that kind of complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots if you have that kind of complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots if you have that kind of complete
+ownership you know you can do what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership you know you can do what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership you know you can do what you
+want with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want with that
+but in many cases but in some cases no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in many cases but in some cases no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in many cases but in some cases no
+and actually that understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually that understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually that understanding of
+whether or not like whether that D that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not like whether that D that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not like whether that D that
+like whether you get the land and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whether you get the land and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whether you get the land and it's
+fully sellable and transferable versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully sellable and transferable versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully sellable and transferable versus
+you get the land and you but you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the land and you but you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the land and you but you can't
+get rid of it has huge implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of it has huge implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of it has huge implications
+right because you might decide you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you might decide you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you might decide you don't
+want to be a farmer anymore uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a farmer anymore uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a farmer anymore uh and so
+the efficient thing to do is sell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficient thing to do is sell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficient thing to do is sell the
+farm and move the city but like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm and move the city but like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm and move the city but like if
+you're tied to the land then you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're tied to the land then you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're tied to the land then you can be
+stuck with that and I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with that and I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with that and I'm going to talk
+about some related diffusion land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some related diffusion land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some related diffusion land
+titling section right now actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titling section right now actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titling section right now actually
+okay so the discussion thus far has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the discussion thus far has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the discussion thus far has been
+about contract type essentially Owen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about contract type essentially Owen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about contract type essentially Owen
+versus rent and the implications kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus rent and the implications kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus rent and the implications kind of
+from raw hazard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from raw hazard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from raw hazard
+but what I want to talk about now is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I want to talk about now is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I want to talk about now is is
+this idea that can this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that can this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that can this is kind of
+related actually to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related actually to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related actually to this point
+conditional on kind of owning there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on kind of owning there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on kind of owning there are
+different degrees of ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different degrees of ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different degrees of ownership
+right and those can matter in really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and those can matter in really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and those can matter in really
+important ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ways
+in particular many people in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular many people in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular many people in many
+developing countries do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries do not have
+well-protected formal titles to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-protected formal titles to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-protected formal titles to their
+land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land
+okay so you know when you think of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know when you think of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know when you think of like
+you know uh uh a land title you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh uh a land title you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh uh a land title you probably
+think of a deed that sort of says like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a deed that sort of says like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a deed that sort of says like
+this is my land and I can like if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my land and I can like if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my land and I can like if I want
+to sell the how sell it or mortgage it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell the how sell it or mortgage it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell the how sell it or mortgage it
+or whatever like that piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever like that piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever like that piece of paper
+saying this is the land this is my title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is the land this is my title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is the land this is my title
+to the land is really important right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the land is really important right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the land is really important right
+and so if you don't have formal title to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you don't have formal title to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you don't have formal title to
+your land right maybe you own it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your land right maybe you own it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your land right maybe you own it but
+it's kind of some informal understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of some informal understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of some informal understanding
+that you kind of own it that can create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you kind of own it that can create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you kind of own it that can create
+all kinds of distortions for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of distortions for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of distortions for example
+um it might have reduced investment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it might have reduced investment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it might have reduced investment so
+for example you know if I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you know if I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you know if I don't know
+that I own the land forever then I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I own the land forever then I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I own the land forever then I might
+not want to put a lot of fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to put a lot of fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to put a lot of fixed
+investments into my land because I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments into my land because I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments into my land because I could
+be worried that I'm going to expropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worried that I'm going to expropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worried that I'm going to expropriate
+and sort of lose the return to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of lose the return to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of lose the return to that
+investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment
+um I may have to put in costly effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I may have to put in costly effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I may have to put in costly effort to
+prevent expropriation so for example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent expropriation so for example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent expropriation so for example I
+may have to stick around like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to stick around like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to stick around like you know
+if I own the land and I have clear title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I own the land and I have clear title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I own the land and I have clear title
+to it I can go work in the city and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it I can go work in the city and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it I can go work in the city and be
+be be hap confident that my landlord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be be hap confident that my landlord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be be hap confident that my landlord
+still be there until Beyond to me if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be there until Beyond to me if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be there until Beyond to me if my
+title is not great I may actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title is not great I may actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title is not great I may actually have
+to be there to prevent someone else from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be there to prevent someone else from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be there to prevent someone else from
+coming and taking it right so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and taking it right so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and taking it right so there
+there are things you have to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things you have to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things you have to do and
+we're going to talk about all these but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about all these but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about all these but
+this is an overview another is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an overview another is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an overview another is
+misallocation right so if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misallocation right so if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misallocation right so if you think
+about the the coast theorem which if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the coast theorem which if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the coast theorem which if you
+guys have heard of the coast theorem yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have heard of the coast theorem yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have heard of the coast theorem yes
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+right always for I always assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right always for I always assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right always for I always assume that
+everyone's in some sense I sometimes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's in some sense I sometimes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's in some sense I sometimes I
+assume that everyone's heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that everyone's heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that everyone's heard of
+everything because that then what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything because that then what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything because that then what would
+be the point of having the class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the point of having the class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the point of having the class so
+um so uh in the coast here co-serum idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh in the coast here co-serum idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh in the coast here co-serum idea
+basically says if we have good formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says if we have good formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says if we have good formal
+transferable property rights then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferable property rights then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferable property rights then the
+property should end up being you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property should end up being you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property should end up being you know
+out uh owned by sort of the person who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh owned by sort of the person who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh owned by sort of the person who's
+gonna the most efficient owner right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna the most efficient owner right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna the most efficient owner right and
+if we have a transfer if it's oh if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a transfer if it's oh if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a transfer if it's oh if we
+have full ownership in markets we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have full ownership in markets we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have full ownership in markets we'll be
+able to do that because if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that because if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that because if I have a
+higher value of the land than you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher value of the land than you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher value of the land than you do
+I'll offer to buy the land from for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll offer to buy the land from for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll offer to buy the land from for more
+and eventually the land will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually the land will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually the land will get
+allocated people with sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated people with sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated people with sort of the the
+highest uh diet of land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest uh diet of land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest uh diet of land
+but if I can't sell the land then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I can't sell the land then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I can't sell the land then we
+could end up in a world with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could end up in a world with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could end up in a world with
+misallocation and people who are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misallocation and people who are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misallocation and people who are sort of
+not particularly good Farmers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not particularly good Farmers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not particularly good Farmers or
+whatever may end up only land because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever may end up only land because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever may end up only land because
+they can't sell it to people who better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't sell it to people who better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't sell it to people who better
+farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the fourth one is that I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fourth one is that I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fourth one is that I can't
+either sell or mortgage the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either sell or mortgage the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either sell or mortgage the property
+um for in you know or use it for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for in you know or use it for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for in you know or use it for other
+transactions so you know if you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions so you know if you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions so you know if you ever
+um none of you have I suspect I suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um none of you have I suspect I suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um none of you have I suspect I suspect
+none of you have bought a house yet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of you have bought a house yet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of you have bought a house yet but
+when you do someday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do someday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do someday
+um uh you know you will probably get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know you will probably get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know you will probably get a
+mortgage and the mortgage basically says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage and the mortgage basically says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage and the mortgage basically says
+I pledge you know I'm there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pledge you know I'm there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pledge you know I'm there's actually
+two documents in the US at least if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two documents in the US at least if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two documents in the US at least if you
+if you buy a house one is a loan saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you buy a house one is a loan saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you buy a house one is a loan saying
+I'm bar which is which is actually as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm bar which is which is actually as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm bar which is which is actually as I
+discovered when I bought a house the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered when I bought a house the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered when I bought a house the
+short document which basically says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short document which basically says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short document which basically says I
+owe the bank you know X thousand dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owe the bank you know X thousand dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owe the bank you know X thousand dollars
+then the more complicated document is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the more complicated document is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the more complicated document is
+the mortgage which basically says and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mortgage which basically says and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mortgage which basically says and if
+I don't pay the loan you can take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't pay the loan you can take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't pay the loan you can take my
+that my house and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my house and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my house and
+um and I'm pledging the house as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm pledging the house as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm pledging the house as
+collateral for the loan and the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral for the loan and the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral for the loan and the idea is
+that sort of the ability to sort of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of the ability to sort of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of the ability to sort of have
+good titles is important because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good titles is important because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good titles is important because then
+you can sort of use them as collateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of use them as collateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of use them as collateral
+uh for loans and it sort of can relax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for loans and it sort of can relax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for loans and it sort of can relax
+your credit constraints right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your credit constraints right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your credit constraints right and
+um there was a big argument by DeSoto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there was a big argument by DeSoto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there was a big argument by DeSoto
+and I guess I think the late 80s early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess I think the late 80s early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess I think the late 80s early
+90s or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s or so
+um which was basically arguing that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which was basically arguing that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which was basically arguing that sort
+of the lack of formal title was creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lack of formal title was creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lack of formal title was creating
+a lot of credit constraints and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of credit constraints and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of credit constraints and sort of
+uh putting limitations on people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh putting limitations on people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh putting limitations on people's
+ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to
+um to borrow okay so what I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to borrow okay so what I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to borrow okay so what I want to talk
+about now is like how what do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now is like how what do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now is like how what do we know
+about all this stuff and some sense kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all this stuff and some sense kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all this stuff and some sense kind
+of DeSoto kind of would say this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DeSoto kind of would say this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DeSoto kind of would say this is a
+huge problem and then there was all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge problem and then there was all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge problem and then there was all this
+like evident like work trying to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like evident like work trying to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like evident like work trying to sort of
+understand it and you'll see kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it and you'll see kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it and you'll see kind of
+where I think we are on some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I think we are on some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I think we are on some of
+okay questions overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions overview
+yeah no good good okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no good good okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no good good okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so as an aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as an aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as an aside
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me just say that the institutions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say that the institutions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say that the institutions of
+property rights are complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights are complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights are complicated
+okay and by this I'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by this I'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by this I'm going to give you
+an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows
+so suppose you were buying a house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose you were buying a house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose you were buying a house
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and someone offered you in exchange for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone offered you in exchange for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone offered you in exchange for
+all the thousands of dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the thousands of dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the thousands of dollars
+what's called a quick claim deed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a quick claim deed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a quick claim deed
+Acclaim deed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acclaim deed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acclaim deed
+this is a definition that you can like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a definition that you can like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a definition that you can like I
+got from Wikipedia a quick claim deed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got from Wikipedia a quick claim deed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got from Wikipedia a quick claim deed
+says phone the owner or grantor of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says phone the owner or grantor of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says phone the owner or grantor of this
+deed terminates or quits any right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deed terminates or quits any right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deed terminates or quits any right or
+claim to the property thereby allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim to the property thereby allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim to the property thereby allowing
+the right or the claim to transfer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right or the claim to transfer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right or the claim to transfer to
+the person you're granting it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person you're granting it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person you're granting it to
+but unlike most other property Deeds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but unlike most other property Deeds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but unlike most other property Deeds a
+quick claim deed does not contains no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick claim deed does not contains no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick claim deed does not contains no
+title Covenant and thus does not offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title Covenant and thus does not offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title Covenant and thus does not offer
+any guaranteer warranty assets out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any guaranteer warranty assets out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any guaranteer warranty assets out of
+the title so the grantees entitled only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title so the grantees entitled only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title so the grantees entitled only
+to whatever interest the grantor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever interest the grantor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever interest the grantor
+actually like may or may not possess at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like may or may not possess at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like may or may not possess at
+the time of the transfer right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the transfer right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the transfer right so this
+means that the person issuing this deed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the person issuing this deed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the person issuing this deed
+does not guarantee that he or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not guarantee that he or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not guarantee that he or she
+actually owns the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually owns the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually owns the property
+or if she does that there's like no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if she does that there's like no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if she does that there's like no one
+else has a claim on the property it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else has a claim on the property it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else has a claim on the property it's
+it's just sort of saying this D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just sort of saying this D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just sort of saying this D
+basically says if I happen to own any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says if I happen to own any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says if I happen to own any
+anything in this property whatever I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in this property whatever I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in this property whatever I may
+or may not own it's yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not own it's yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not own it's yours
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so would you buy that house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so would you buy that house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so would you buy that house
+what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+okay anyone else well if you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyone else well if you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyone else well if you have some
+mechanism verifying okay um right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+this I think this like salmon I when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think this like salmon I when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think this like salmon I when I
+first remember this I thought this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first remember this I thought this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first remember this I thought this
+sounded insane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded insane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded insane
+okay like why would I possibly do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like why would I possibly do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like why would I possibly do this
+it turns out every deed essentially 95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out every deed essentially 95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out every deed essentially 95
+of deeds in the state of Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deeds in the state of Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deeds in the state of Massachusetts
+including my house uh come with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including my house uh come with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including my house uh come with this
+form of deed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of deed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of deed
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and uh and why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and why is that
+um so and why does this possibly work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so and why does this possibly work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so and why does this possibly work so
+I think as you were sort of saying Reka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think as you were sort of saying Reka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think as you were sort of saying Reka
+it's not the quick claim to eat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the quick claim to eat in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the quick claim to eat in
+isolation so what basically happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation so what basically happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation so what basically happens is
+so we we here in Massachusetts have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we here in Massachusetts have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we here in Massachusetts have very
+good but very good land records but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but very good land records but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but very good land records but not
+perfect land records okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect land records okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect land records okay so
+um when you buy that when you buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you buy that when you buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you buy that when you buy the
+quit claim deed you can go or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit claim deed you can go or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit claim deed you can go or your
+lawyer can go and search go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer can go and search go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer can go and search go to the
+registry of deeds and search the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registry of deeds and search the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registry of deeds and search the history
+of quit claim deeds back to your house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quit claim deeds back to your house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quit claim deeds back to your house
+and they can say well you know uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can say well you know uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can say well you know uh you
+know so and so has a quick claim deed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so and so has a quick claim deed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so and so has a quick claim deed
+from some previous persons previously so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some previous persons previously so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some previous persons previously so
+and so and so forth so it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and so forth so it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and so forth so it looks like
+maybe there's something kind of going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's something kind of going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's something kind of going on
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+that looks and that's gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks and that's gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks and that's gives you
+reasonably good assurance that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably good assurance that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably good assurance that the
+person who's giving you the deed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's giving you the deed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's giving you the deed
+probably owns the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably owns the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably owns the house
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if not you also buy title insurance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not you also buy title insurance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not you also buy title insurance so
+when you buy a house at least here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you buy a house at least here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you buy a house at least here you
+have to buy insurance against the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to buy insurance against the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to buy insurance against the fact
+that maybe they don't actually own a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe they don't actually own a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe they don't actually own a
+house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house
+okay so and it's a small enough risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and it's a small enough risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and it's a small enough risk
+because of the pretty good information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the pretty good information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the pretty good information
+that actually that's a you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually that's a you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually that's a you know that
+that insurance is not uh I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that insurance is not uh I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that insurance is not uh I don't think
+it's particularly competitively priced I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's particularly competitively priced I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's particularly competitively priced I
+will say but I think that insurance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say but I think that insurance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say but I think that insurance is
+not you know that expensive compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know that expensive compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know that expensive compared to
+the cost of the house because as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of the house because as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of the house because as you
+were saying right now they have pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying right now they have pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying right now they have pretty
+good information so this is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good information so this is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good information so this is a pretty
+small risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small risk
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+the only point I'm sort of making is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only point I'm sort of making is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only point I'm sort of making is
+that actually I first of all I used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually I first of all I used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually I first of all I used to
+love this example because I still can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love this example because I still can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love this example because I still can't
+get over the fact that this is like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get over the fact that this is like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get over the fact that this is like how
+this actually works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually works
+um but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think
+the the broader Point here is it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the broader Point here is it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the broader Point here is it's not
+just like you have to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you have to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you have to think about the
+whole kind of set of Institutions kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole kind of set of Institutions kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole kind of set of Institutions kind
+of in their entirety and how all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in their entirety and how all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in their entirety and how all the
+sort of different pieces of them work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of different pieces of them work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of different pieces of them work
+together like this kind of like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together like this kind of like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together like this kind of like not
+super great deed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super great deed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super great deed
+um you know Works kind of reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know Works kind of reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know Works kind of reasonably
+well as part of sort of a three-part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as part of sort of a three-part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as part of sort of a three-part
+process where you have these like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process where you have these like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process where you have these like
+reasonable Deeds very good records and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable Deeds very good records and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable Deeds very good records and
+title insurance for kind of the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title insurance for kind of the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title insurance for kind of the third
+piece of it and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of it and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of it and so you know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I think the institutional details are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the institutional details are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the institutional details are
+really important and if you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and if you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and if you try to
+understand them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand them
+um they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they are
+they're important for understanding them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're important for understanding them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're important for understanding them
+and if you're ever going to do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're ever going to do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're ever going to do anything
+in this context another thing which by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this context another thing which by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this context another thing which by
+the way is also kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is also kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is also kind of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me make one other sort of General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make one other sort of General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make one other sort of General
+institutional point you may think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional point you may think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional point you may think that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+why would there be any possible downside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would there be any possible downside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would there be any possible downside
+to land tied away right it seems like of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to land tied away right it seems like of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to land tied away right it seems like of
+course we should issue kind of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we should issue kind of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we should issue kind of really
+good titles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good titles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good titles
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+let me just point out that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just point out that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just point out that the the
+process of actually going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of actually going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of actually going through
+entitling land is very very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitling land is very very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitling land is very very complicated
+so if you're in a world with informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're in a world with informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're in a world with informal
+kind of boundaries or whatever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of boundaries or whatever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of boundaries or whatever and
+you're going to title them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to title them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to title them
+everyone understands that whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone understands that whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone understands that whatever
+titles get marked down and the lineator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles get marked down and the lineator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles get marked down and the lineator
+are going to be the actual land border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be the actual land border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be the actual land border
+definitions kind of now and forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions kind of now and forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions kind of now and forever
+and so every possible dispute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so every possible dispute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so every possible dispute
+over every possible border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over every possible border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over every possible border
+kind of has to be adjudicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of has to be adjudicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of has to be adjudicated and
+settled before kind of the titling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled before kind of the titling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled before kind of the titling is
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+so you might imagine that there's lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might imagine that there's lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might imagine that there's lots
+of borders that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of borders that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of borders that you know
+we don't actually need to sort of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't actually need to sort of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't actually need to sort of really
+worry about it's kind of like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it's kind of like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it's kind of like you know
+we have our land or there's kind of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our land or there's kind of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our land or there's kind of some
+forest in between and we kind of know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest in between and we kind of know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest in between and we kind of know
+roughly kind of where the thing is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly kind of where the thing is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly kind of where the thing is and
+that's like fine for you know for a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like fine for you know for a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like fine for you know for a lot
+of for us because you and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for us because you and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for us because you and I don't
+actually particularly care whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually particularly care whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually particularly care whether the
+border is like on this side of the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border is like on this side of the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border is like on this side of the table
+or like a foot over here on this side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like a foot over here on this side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like a foot over here on this side of
+the table because like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table because like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table because like it's
+approximately the border and we're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the border and we're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the border and we're kind
+of we're good right it seems like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we're good right it seems like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we're good right it seems like it's
+fine but if the government is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but if the government is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but if the government is going to
+come on and say like this is the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on and say like this is the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on and say like this is the answer
+every single one of those disputes has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single one of those disputes has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single one of those disputes has
+to be allocated adjudicated so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be allocated adjudicated so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be allocated adjudicated so in
+sometimes you move from a world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you move from a world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you move from a world where
+disputes are only adjudicated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disputes are only adjudicated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disputes are only adjudicated in the
+sort of small set of cases where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of small set of cases where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of small set of cases where they
+actually matter to a world where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually matter to a world where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually matter to a world where you
+have to actually adjudicate everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to actually adjudicate everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to actually adjudicate everything
+kind of upfront and that could be costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of upfront and that could be costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of upfront and that could be costly
+I'm not saying by the way it's not worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying by the way it's not worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying by the way it's not worth
+it I'm just saying it's worth kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm just saying it's worth kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm just saying it's worth kind of
+thinking those thinking those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking those thinking those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking those thinking those things
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+um there are other sort of issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are other sort of issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are other sort of issues that
+if you are interested in this stuff get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are interested in this stuff get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are interested in this stuff get
+kind of complicated for example another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of complicated for example another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of complicated for example another
+reason why we have these crazy deeds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why we have these crazy deeds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why we have these crazy deeds in
+Massachusetts is there's a common law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts is there's a common law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts is there's a common law
+principle called adverse possession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle called adverse possession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle called adverse possession
+which basically means if I'm using land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically means if I'm using land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically means if I'm using land
+for a certain number of years and no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a certain number of years and no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a certain number of years and no one
+has explicitly given me permission to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has explicitly given me permission to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has explicitly given me permission to
+use it I'm just nor stop me from using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it I'm just nor stop me from using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it I'm just nor stop me from using
+it I just kind of do it and nobody sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I just kind of do it and nobody sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I just kind of do it and nobody sort
+of says anything after a certain number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of says anything after a certain number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of says anything after a certain number
+of years that land actually becomes mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years that land actually becomes mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years that land actually becomes mine
+that's sort of a common law principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a common law principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a common law principle
+um and so actually another reason maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so actually another reason maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so actually another reason maybe
+crazy we don't know actually what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy we don't know actually what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy we don't know actually what what's
+happened with all that kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened with all that kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened with all that kind of like
+usage stuff and in fact there'd be sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage stuff and in fact there'd be sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage stuff and in fact there'd be sort
+of reasonable reasons to have those kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasonable reasons to have those kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasonable reasons to have those kind
+of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things
+um to sort of formally recognize kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to sort of formally recognize kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to sort of formally recognize kind of
+things have been happening kind of over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have been happening kind of over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have been happening kind of over
+time so my only point is I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so my only point is I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so my only point is I actually
+think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the
+the details of how do you do all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of how do you do all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of how do you do all this
+titling are probably a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titling are probably a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titling are probably a lot more
+complicated than you might at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than you might at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than you might at first
+think of like oh it's your house I sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of like oh it's your house I sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of like oh it's your house I sent
+you a little deed right down like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little deed right down like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little deed right down like we're
+done like the actual process of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done like the actual process of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done like the actual process of doing
+that's interesting and I suspect there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting and I suspect there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting and I suspect there's
+probably some interesting and good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably some interesting and good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably some interesting and good
+research to be done on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research to be done on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research to be done on the
+the details of how do you do that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of how do you do that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of how do you do that like
+there could be really interesting papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be really interesting papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be really interesting papers
+on sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sort of the
+um the adjudication process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the adjudication process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the adjudication process
+um I at one point wanted to do a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I at one point wanted to do a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I at one point wanted to do a paper
+on the education process for and how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the education process for and how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the education process for and how do
+you actually get communities to agree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually get communities to agree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually get communities to agree on
+sort of what the titles are and maybe if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what the titles are and maybe if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what the titles are and maybe if
+you enter other different you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enter other different you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enter other different you know how
+does kind of the political environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does kind of the political environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does kind of the political environment
+sort of affect kind of that adjudication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of affect kind of that adjudication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of affect kind of that adjudication
+process like I think there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process like I think there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process like I think there's lots of
+interesting stuff there so I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stuff there so I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stuff there so I just want
+to sort of mention that before I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of mention that before I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of mention that before I sort of
+talk about bitfolio we know yeah what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about bitfolio we know yeah what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about bitfolio we know yeah what
+are you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you think about this
+liability stuff is it like that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability stuff is it like that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability stuff is it like that we are
+sure that land is being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that land is being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that land is being used
+developing countries and we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries and we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries and we're trying to
+figure out why that is or is it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out why that is or is it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out why that is or is it like
+there are these problems I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these problems I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these problems I'm going to
+talk a little bit about that later so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about that later so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about that later so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's come back to that at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's come back to that at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's come back to that at the end of
+the lecture and see let me see if some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture and see let me see if some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture and see let me see if some
+of the papers I'm going to answer solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the papers I'm going to answer solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the papers I'm going to answer solve
+your question answer some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question answer some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question answer some of your
+questions because there are at least a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions because there are at least a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions because there are at least a
+few that are going to show inefficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few that are going to show inefficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few that are going to show inefficiency
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so so now I want to talk about kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now I want to talk about kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now I want to talk about kind of
+the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four
+after my little side the four about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after my little side the four about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after my little side the four about
+institutions the four little pieces four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions the four little pieces four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions the four little pieces four
+sort of pieces here what are the impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pieces here what are the impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pieces here what are the impacts
+on investment on uh effort to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on investment on uh effort to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on investment on uh effort to prevent
+expropriation misallocation which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expropriation misallocation which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expropriation misallocation which is a
+bit kind of related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry inability and inability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry inability and inability for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry inability and inability for
+collateral I think all of these actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral I think all of these actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral I think all of these actually
+in some things that are trying to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some things that are trying to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some things that are trying to answer
+versions of the efficiency consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the efficiency consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the efficiency consequences
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+right not only one of them is like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not only one of them is like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not only one of them is like is
+the wrong people own it but all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong people own it but all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong people own it but all these
+are say we're saying on net does all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are say we're saying on net does all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are say we're saying on net does all
+this stuff have inefficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff have inefficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff have inefficiency
+consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences
+not necessarily because of more Hazard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily because of more Hazard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily because of more Hazard
+but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry and I think the answer to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and I think the answer to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and I think the answer to your
+question I think the point like paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I think the point like paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I think the point like paper
+that we read last time was that the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we read last time was that the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we read last time was that the more
+that there that does sort of show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there that does sort of show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there that does sort of show the
+efficiency consequences of the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency consequences of the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency consequences of the sort of
+the of the sharecropping Arrangements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the sharecropping Arrangements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the sharecropping Arrangements
+Associated right right that was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated right right that was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated right right that was kind of
+the point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point so
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the first thing I want to talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing I want to talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing I want to talk about is
+investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment
+and how does investment change with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does investment change with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does investment change with
+better property rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better property rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better property rights
+so uh Goldstein law are going to study a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh Goldstein law are going to study a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh Goldstein law are going to study a
+land demarcation uh paper in Benin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land demarcation uh paper in Benin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land demarcation uh paper in Benin
+now note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now note
+um this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is not
+the titling piece this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the titling piece this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the titling piece this is the
+demarcation piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demarcation piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demarcation piece
+okay so I don't think they actually then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I don't think they actually then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I don't think they actually then
+fully title everything but they're sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully title everything but they're sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully title everything but they're sort
+of just sort of going through the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just sort of going through the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just sort of going through the like
+you know where exactly is the are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where exactly is the are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where exactly is the are the
+borders peace and let's all agree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borders peace and let's all agree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borders peace and let's all agree on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay so it's but you can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's but you can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's but you can think of this
+as part of the process of moving towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the process of moving towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the process of moving towards
+clarifying property rights okay so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarifying property rights okay so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarifying property rights okay so and
+there's an expectation this will form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an expectation this will form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an expectation this will form
+the basis of a future property titling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of a future property titling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of a future property titling
+but they haven't actually done that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they haven't actually done that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they haven't actually done that at
+the time of the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the study
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um what I want to talk about for a sec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I want to talk about for a sec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I want to talk about for a sec
+here is this experimental design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this experimental design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this experimental design
+so um take a minute and have a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um take a minute and have a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um take a minute and have a look at
+this and if you can't read it hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if you can't read it hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if you can't read it hopefully
+you still have your hand out from last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have your hand out from last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have your hand out from last
+time because it's reproducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because it's reproducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because it's reproducing the
+handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I want to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to compare
+the design the experimental design they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design the experimental design they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design the experimental design they
+did on the left with the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did on the left with the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did on the left with the experimental
+design that that one could have done on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that that one could have done on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that that one could have done on
+the right and I'm gonna I will I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and I'm gonna I will I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and I'm gonna I will I will
+put as an aside I put this up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put as an aside I put this up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put as an aside I put this up there
+because I put this once as an exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I put this once as an exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I put this once as an exam
+question and I feel like people did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and I feel like people did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and I feel like people did not
+fully know the answer so I decided to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully know the answer so I decided to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully know the answer so I decided to go
+in the lecture rather than on the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture rather than on the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture rather than on the exam
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so what do you think what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think what's the
+difference between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two
+experimental designs so what's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental designs so what's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental designs so what's different
+about these two experimental designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these two experimental designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these two experimental designs
+just random it says random it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just random it says random it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just random it says random it's a
+randomized experiment right we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized experiment right we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized experiment right we're going
+to randomize uh these two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to randomize uh these two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to randomize uh these two different
+um you know we're going to randomize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know we're going to randomize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know we're going to randomize
+Villages into the getting this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages into the getting this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages into the getting this kind of
+land titling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land titling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land titling
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+treatment or not and let's forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment or not and let's forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment or not and let's forget about
+this like I don't remember what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like I don't remember what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like I don't remember what this
+emiko thing is exactly let's forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emiko thing is exactly let's forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emiko thing is exactly let's forget
+about this I think it's actually not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I think it's actually not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I think it's actually not uh
+essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential
+to this so that's not essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this so that's not essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this so that's not essential
+so what's the difference between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the difference between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the difference between these
+two designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um in the left hand you have you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the left hand you have you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the left hand you have you're
+working only with villages that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working only with villages that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working only with villages that are
+interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+and on the right hand you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the right hand you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the right hand you are
+working with villages are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with villages are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with villages are both
+interested and not interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nope well not really so I get to so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope well not really so I get to so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope well not really so I get to so what
+do you mean working with I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you mean working with I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you mean working with I mean
+uh you're used to like freedom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're used to like freedom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're used to like freedom and
+control people only from a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control people only from a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control people only from a subset of
+people that self-selected and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that self-selected and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that self-selected and being
+interested in this design on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this design on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this design on the left
+one yeah yes and on the right hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah yes and on the right hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah yes and on the right hand you
+have controls that could be either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have controls that could be either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have controls that could be either
+interested or not right and on the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested or not right and on the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested or not right and on the and
+treated people that are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated people that are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated people that are interested in
+our interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+uh yes I think that is the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes I think that is the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes I think that is the main
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh I guess yeah like you might only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I guess yeah like you might only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I guess yeah like you might only be
+interested in the population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and informed in any way so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and informed in any way so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and informed in any way so if you're
+looking to find like a treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah interesting population yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah interesting population yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah interesting population yeah
+what are you gonna say um the last piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you gonna say um the last piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you gonna say um the last piece
+is the eligibility part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the eligibility part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the eligibility part
+so I'm on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm on the left hand side
+there are eligible Villages that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are eligible Villages that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are eligible Villages that are
+interested that are stratified Ben can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested that are stratified Ben can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested that are stratified Ben can
+stream in the control groups whereas on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream in the control groups whereas on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream in the control groups whereas on
+the left hand side like once you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side like once you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side like once you're in
+the treatment group if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment group if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment group if you're interested
+in eligible you're always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in eligible you're always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in eligible you're always going to be
+treated you're always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated you're always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated you're always going to be
+treated if you are interested and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated if you are interested and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated if you are interested and
+eligible and like not moderate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible and like not moderate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible and like not moderate into
+treatment after United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment after United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment after United States
+yeah so so how we deal with interest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so how we deal with interest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so how we deal with interest and
+how we deal with eligibility we deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we deal with eligibility we deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we deal with eligibility we deal
+with them at different stages of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them at different stages of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them at different stages of this
+design and before okay so now my next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and before okay so now my next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and before okay so now my next
+question so that's the key difference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so that's the key difference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so that's the key difference so
+which is better which is the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is better which is the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is better which is the better
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Because treatment group is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because treatment group is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because treatment group is the same
+control groups will be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control groups will be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control groups will be different
+okay so Ahmed says maybe it tend to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Ahmed says maybe it tend to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Ahmed says maybe it tend to ask
+what you're going to estimate Rebecca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to estimate Rebecca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to estimate Rebecca
+why do you think the left one's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think the left one's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think the left one's better
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+are I mean the the classification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I mean the the classification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I mean the the classification of
+like knowing what types of people are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like knowing what types of people are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like knowing what types of people are in
+the control group like you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right we don't know who's over here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we don't know who's over here yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we don't know who's over here yeah
+um and also we're getting like pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and also we're getting like pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and also we're getting like pretty
+intense selection effects on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+when you say selection if that's what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say selection if that's what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say selection if that's what do
+you mean so does this give you the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean so does this give you the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean so does this give you the right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is this is are both these designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is are both these designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is are both these designs
+internally valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they ask you a question so do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they ask you a question so do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they ask you a question so do these
+designs differ in terms of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs differ in terms of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs differ in terms of their
+internal fluidity or external ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal fluidity or external ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal fluidity or external ability
+let me ask those more to the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry
+I mean it was just addressing which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it was just addressing which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it was just addressing which one
+was better was I it was just a dressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was better was I it was just a dressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was better was I it was just a dressing
+uh which one's better which one I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which one's better which one I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which one's better which one I think
+that if power is not an issue I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if power is not an issue I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if power is not an issue I would
+say the right hand side okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the right hand side okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the right hand side okay but
+we're gonna live in a finite world so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna live in a finite world so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna live in a finite world so
+which one do you say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the final number we gotta find number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final number we gotta find number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final number we gotta find number
+whoops we have a fine number of villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops we have a fine number of villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops we have a fine number of villages
+let's suppose we have 600 villagers over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose we have 600 villagers over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose we have 600 villagers over
+here or a Thousand Villages finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or a Thousand Villages finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or a Thousand Villages finite
+number of villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hours to visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours to visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours to visit
+you guys speak louder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniforms well so how are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniforms well so how are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniforms well so how are we going to
+estimate this so let's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this so let's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this so let's you know
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the left hand one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can run y equals Alpha tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus Epsilon and on the right hand one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Epsilon and on the right hand one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Epsilon and on the right hand one
+we could run an IV regression right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could run an IV regression right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could run an IV regression right
+because not everyone on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not everyone on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not everyone on the right hand
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+not everyone Lottery will ultimately get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone Lottery will ultimately get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone Lottery will ultimately get
+treated so that's a nice case to run IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated so that's a nice case to run IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated so that's a nice case to run IV
+right so we can run IV of where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we can run IV of where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we can run IV of where we can
+run like y equals Alpha tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run like y equals Alpha tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run like y equals Alpha tree
+Alpha get the treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get treatment
+plus Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Epsilon
+and we can run and we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can run and we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can run and we can use
+the lottery is an instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so my first question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so my first question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so my first question is
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+do the are these different in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the are these different in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the are these different in terms of
+internal validity so like I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal validity so like I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal validity so like I think the
+things we want to think about are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we want to think about are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we want to think about are like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one is like you know are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is like you know are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is like you know are these
+internally valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right the second is like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the second is like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the second is like you know
+external validity or like what late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does alpha estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and three is what's the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three is what's the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three is what's the power
+what's the system of power here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the system of power here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the system of power here
+okay uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh who knows so let's let's just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who knows so let's let's just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who knows so let's let's just say
+it's something let's I don't remember uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something let's I don't remember uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something let's I don't remember uh
+let's say it's something that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's something that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's something that you can
+only investigate if you go in and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only investigate if you go in and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only investigate if you go in and like
+go to the village and like do some and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the village and like do some and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the village and like do some and
+talk to people and do some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to people and do some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to people and do some stuff
+so this would say require some uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would say require some uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would say require some uh some
+digging around to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging around to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging around to figure out
+yeah so I think on two yeah um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I think on two yeah um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I think on two yeah um is
+contingent on whether you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingent on whether you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingent on whether you think that
+like this policy could be implemented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this policy could be implemented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this policy could be implemented in
+the event that a village wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event that a village wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event that a village wasn't
+interested and also what drives being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and also what drives being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and also what drives being
+interested or not so if you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested or not so if you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested or not so if you think that
+it's just going to be like categorically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to be like categorically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to be like categorically
+impossible to ever implement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to ever implement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to ever implement this
+in a population where people are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a population where people are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a population where people are not
+interested in taking up the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in taking up the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in taking up the treatment
+then like it's not interesting to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like it's not interesting to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like it's not interesting to you
+like what would like measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what would like measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what would like measuring the
+effect in that population because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in that population because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in that population because it's
+like you can't Implement them all so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can't Implement them all so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can't Implement them all so I
+agree so you're right so it's not if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree so you're right so it's not if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree so you're right so it's not if you
+could never implement this policy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could never implement this policy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could never implement this policy and
+Village that we're interested then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village that we're interested then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village that we're interested then the
+latest not interesting the the late of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest not interesting the the late of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest not interesting the the late of
+like what would be the average shoe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what would be the average shoe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what would be the average shoe in
+fact the entire population is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the entire population is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the entire population is not
+irrelevantly what would you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevantly what would you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevantly what would you say
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+but sorry wait another question though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sorry wait another question though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sorry wait another question though
+so does does the left hand side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does does the left hand side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does does the left hand side and
+differ on the right hand side do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ on the right hand side do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ on the right hand side do they
+estimate the same late or different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the same late or different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the same late or different
+lates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are you drowning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you drowning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you drowning
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+population of like are you including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of like are you including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of like are you including
+when Villages say that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Villages say that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Villages say that they're not
+interested in being not treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in being not treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in being not treated
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+uh yeah of course right so so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah of course right so so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah of course right so so how do we
+estimate how do we run this regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate how do we run this regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate how do we run this regression
+okay so how do we run this progression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we run this progression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we run this progression
+so in this regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this regression
+I let's forget about the eligibles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I let's forget about the eligibles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I let's forget about the eligibles
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+just to make the life more simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make the life more simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make the life more simple
+I take these people over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take these people over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take these people over here
+only these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only these people
+and regress and run a regression on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regress and run a regression on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regress and run a regression on
+treatment control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment control
+in this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one
+might I have to condition on when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might I have to condition on when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might I have to condition on when I
+randomize right so I take all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize right so I take all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize right so I take all these
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+and I compare them to all these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I compare them to all these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I compare them to all these people
+so I so I have data so I do all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I so I have data so I do all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I so I have data so I do all that
+so that's using the regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they're not measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're not measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're not measuring
+so they're not they're going to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're not they're going to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're not they're going to the same
+language why because first you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language why because first you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language why because first you've
+cleaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaved
+to home in the only Villages that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to home in the only Villages that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to home in the only Villages that are
+interested and informed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and informed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and informed
+um and then you are treated versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you are treated versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you are treated versus
+control population is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control population is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control population is going to be
+conditional and being interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional and being interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional and being interested in the
+other case uh you're looking at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other case uh you're looking at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other case uh you're looking at all
+Villages and then you're just seeing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages and then you're just seeing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages and then you're just seeing a
+like incentive to get treated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like incentive to get treated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like incentive to get treated and
+comparing that against a control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing that against a control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing that against a control
+population that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that's like
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+who are not interested yeah so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are not interested yeah so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are not interested yeah so it is
+definitely the case the sample here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely the case the sample here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely the case the sample here is
+very different right this includes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different right this includes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different right this includes all
+the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are
+um interested or not interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um interested or not interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um interested or not interested
+does anyone does anyone disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone does anyone disagree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone does anyone disagree
+you disagree yes no okay yeah Paula but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you disagree yes no okay yeah Paula but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you disagree yes no okay yeah Paula but
+then if you do like the classic like IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you do like the classic like IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you do like the classic like IV
+thing of like how many of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of like how many of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of like how many of people
+actually like took it up then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like took it up then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like took it up then you get
+the lady exactly for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so say more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so say more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so say more
+um so like if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so like if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so like if you take the
+average from or for any alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average from or for any alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average from or for any alternative
+design the difference between the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the difference between the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the difference between the left
+branch and the right branch and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and the right branch and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and the right branch and then you
+divide it by the percent of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it by the percent of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it by the percent of people who
+took up the treatment then you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took up the treatment then you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took up the treatment then you would get
+the coefficient for the treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient for the treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient for the treatment effect
+for the people who decided to take up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the people who decided to take up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the people who decided to take up
+the program or The Villages right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program or The Villages right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program or The Villages right so
+actually these are the so so I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually these are the so so I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually these are the so so I actually
+agree with you so they are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with you so they are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with you so they are different
+samples but they're going to get you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples but they're going to get you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples but they're going to get you the
+exact same weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same weight
+okay so why are they going to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why are they going to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why are they going to get you
+the exact same lead okay well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same lead okay well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same lead okay well there's
+this control group and I agree with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this control group and I agree with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this control group and I agree with you
+there's gonna have lots of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna have lots of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna have lots of people who
+aren't interested in there but none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't interested in there but none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't interested in there but none of
+those people are gonna take it up if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people are gonna take it up if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people are gonna take it up if
+offered okay so we got a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered okay so we got a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered okay so we got a bunch of
+controls Who Don't Do Anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls Who Don't Do Anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls Who Don't Do Anything
+so who are the people who are in do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who are the people who are in do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who are the people who are in do in
+this treatment group and we gotta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this treatment group and we gotta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this treatment group and we gotta
+compare everybody over here to everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare everybody over here to everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare everybody over here to everybody
+over here who are the ones who are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here who are the ones who are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here who are the ones who are going
+to get the treatment well the only ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the treatment well the only ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the treatment well the only ones
+who are going to get the treatment are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are going to get the treatment are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are going to get the treatment are
+the ones who are interested and eligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones who are interested and eligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones who are interested and eligible
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so over here we're getting we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over here we're getting we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over here we're getting we're gonna
+be comparing sort of a change for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be comparing sort of a change for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be comparing sort of a change for the
+interest and eligible group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and eligible group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and eligible group
+and no change for the non-intercept or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no change for the non-intercept or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no change for the non-intercept or
+not eligible group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not eligible group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not eligible group
+to some kind of way leverage with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some kind of way leverage with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some kind of way leverage with the
+same proportions of interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same proportions of interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same proportions of interested
+ineligible people but with no treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ineligible people but with no treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ineligible people but with no treatment
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+so the only difference between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only difference between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only difference between this
+group and this group is the interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and this group is the interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and this group is the interested
+and eligible people get the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eligible people get the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eligible people get the treatment
+and the controls do not and the sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the controls do not and the sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the controls do not and the sorry
+and the interested ineligible controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interested ineligible controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interested ineligible controls
+do not get the treatment otherwise these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not get the treatment otherwise these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not get the treatment otherwise these
+these are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the same
+and over here it's exactly the same set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here it's exactly the same set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here it's exactly the same set
+of people we're taking the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people we're taking the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people we're taking the industry
+knowledgeable and we're comparing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledgeable and we're comparing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledgeable and we're comparing the
+ones we have the treatment of the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we have the treatment of the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we have the treatment of the ones
+who don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't
+now we have a bunch of kind of control a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a bunch of kind of control a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a bunch of kind of control a
+bunch of people in the in this sample we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people in the in this sample we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people in the in this sample we
+have a bunch of people who are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of people who are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of people who are in the
+treatment group who are not eligible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment group who are not eligible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment group who are not eligible in
+our interstates who don't get treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our interstates who don't get treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our interstates who don't get treated
+and with the analogous people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the analogous people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the analogous people in the
+control and that's why we have to use IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and that's why we have to use IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and that's why we have to use IV
+right if you compare just the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you compare just the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you compare just the reduced
+form estimates they would be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form estimates they would be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form estimates they would be different
+because you've got all these people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've got all these people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've got all these people who
+aren't doing anything but the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't doing anything but the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't doing anything but the sort of
+the relevant uh set of compliers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevant uh set of compliers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevant uh set of compliers is
+exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same
+yes oh I'm sorry let me say one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh I'm sorry let me say one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh I'm sorry let me say one last
+thing under the assumption under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing under the assumption under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing under the assumption under the
+assumption that being offered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that being offered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that being offered the
+treatment and turning it down like over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and turning it down like over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and turning it down like over
+here is no different than being asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is no different than being asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is no different than being asked
+over here so that's the so under that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so that's the so under that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so that's the so under that
+assumption they are identical so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption they are identical so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption they are identical so I
+recognize okay so then is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize okay so then is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize okay so then is the difference
+that in on the right hand side you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in on the right hand side you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in on the right hand side you're
+just like throwing away a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like throwing away a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like throwing away a bunch of
+people that could have otherwise been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that could have otherwise been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that could have otherwise been
+interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+useless people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless people
+you're throwing away useless people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're throwing away useless people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're throwing away useless people on
+the right hand side so you're I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side so you're I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side so you're I mean by
+by useless I mean obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry useless for the point of view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry useless for the point of view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry useless for the point of view of
+estimating this regression they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating this regression they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating this regression they have
+many wonderful uses in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many wonderful uses in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many wonderful uses in the world
+obviously but for the point of this view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously but for the point of this view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously but for the point of this view
+of this regression they are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this regression they are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this regression they are just
+nuisance like they are uh people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuisance like they are uh people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuisance like they are uh people who are
+in your treatment group and in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your treatment group and in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your treatment group and in your
+control group but who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group but who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group but who are
+um never takers right so they're never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um never takers right so they're never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um never takers right so they're never
+so they're just in but you know but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're just in but you know but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're just in but you know but the
+problem is in in this design in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is in in this design in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is in in this design in the
+control group you don't know who the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group you don't know who the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group you don't know who the
+never takers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never takers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never takers are
+right so we can't drop them we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we can't drop them we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we can't drop them we have to
+include them in the treatment group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include them in the treatment group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include them in the treatment group and
+the control group is that what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control group is that what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control group is that what you're
+saying so so so so yes so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying so so so so yes so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying so so so so yes so what this
+design allows you to do is figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design allows you to do is figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design allows you to do is figure out
+who the never takers are and drop them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the never takers are and drop them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the never takers are and drop them
+from the sample and in this design you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sample and in this design you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sample and in this design you
+can't do that because I don't know know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that because I don't know know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that because I don't know know
+who like I know who the never takers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who like I know who the never takers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who like I know who the never takers are
+in the treatment in the treatment arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the treatment in the treatment arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the treatment in the treatment arm
+but I don't know who the comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know who the comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know who the comparable
+never takers are in the control arm so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never takers are in the control arm so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never takers are in the control arm so I
+have to include all of them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to include all of them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to include all of them in the
+treatment group and all of them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment group and all of them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment group and all of them in the
+control group for them to be comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group for them to be comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group for them to be comparable
+yeah Aaron I guess one one question on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Aaron I guess one one question on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Aaron I guess one one question on
+this though is like you know from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this though is like you know from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this though is like you know from the
+standpoint of experimental design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of experimental design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of experimental design and
+thinking X and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking X and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking X and D
+um you know we're doing this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know we're doing this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know we're doing this on the
+right hand side we're doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side we're doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side we're doing this
+organization before we talk to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization before we talk to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization before we talk to any
+Villages about their level of Interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages about their level of Interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages about their level of Interest
+so yeah there's a risk that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah there's a risk that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah there's a risk that we
+do this treatment assignment and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this treatment assignment and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this treatment assignment and then we
+go and there's like two Villages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and there's like two Villages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and there's like two Villages that
+are that are actually interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that are actually interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that are actually interested in
+taking back and then which one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking back and then which one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking back and then which one on the
+right hand side on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side on the right hand side
+right yeah so that's just like I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so that's just like I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so that's just like I don't I
+I guess separate from this from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess separate from this from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess separate from this from this
+issue of who are never takers there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of who are never takers there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of who are never takers there's
+like I guess this falls into the bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I guess this falls into the bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I guess this falls into the bucket
+of power but like you're running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power but like you're running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power but like you're running the
+risk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk that
+based on how you've constrained yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on how you've constrained yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on how you've constrained yourself
+from the start of the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the start of the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the start of the experiment
+you might have enough people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have enough people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have enough people
+yes right yes yes that's not an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right yes yes that's not an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right yes yes that's not an issue
+that's also true yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so does everyone agree yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so does everyone agree yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so does everyone agree yeah and
+then just like continuing on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just like continuing on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just like continuing on what the
+area maybe like in the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area maybe like in the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area maybe like in the right hand side
+like it makes less sense because it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it makes less sense because it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it makes less sense because it will
+be more expensive and you're including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more expensive and you're including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more expensive and you're including
+people that you shouldn't include but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that you shouldn't include but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that you shouldn't include but uh
+if you're doing the left hand side maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing the left hand side maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing the left hand side maybe
+you should be careful to see how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be careful to see how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be careful to see how many
+people I've seen because maybe like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I've seen because maybe like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I've seen because maybe like you
+think you find that effect but you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you find that effect but you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you find that effect but you got
+some different people that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some different people that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some different people that were
+interested in that in the country no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that in the country no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that in the country no so
+I don't I'm sorry I don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't I'm sorry I don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't I'm sorry I don't understand
+what you're saying so is like in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying so is like in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying so is like in terms
+of external validity and you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of external validity and you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of external validity and you have to be
+careful with the first version because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful with the first version because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful with the first version because
+maybe not enough people will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not enough people will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not enough people will be
+interested no externability is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested no externability is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested no externability is the same
+so externability is identical here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so externability is identical here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so externability is identical here
+that's why I'm saying you get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I'm saying you get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I'm saying you get the same
+weight so the late may not going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so the late may not going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so the late may not going back to
+your earlier point the late may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your earlier point the late may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your earlier point the late may not be
+the late of like what would the late be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late of like what would the late be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late of like what would the late be
+if I like you know asked this if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I like you know asked this if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I like you know asked this if I was
+able to persuade everyone through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to persuade everyone through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to persuade everyone through this
+program but the lates in the left-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but the lates in the left-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but the lates in the left-hand
+design late in the right-hand design are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design late in the right-hand design are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design late in the right-hand design are
+the same I think silencing is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same I think silencing is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same I think silencing is one of
+just very few people in the country are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just very few people in the country are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just very few people in the country are
+interested yeah and then at least you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested yeah and then at least you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested yeah and then at least you
+like see that not much is happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like see that not much is happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like see that not much is happening in
+the right hand side and then on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side and then on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side and then on the
+left-hand side you're like oh wow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side you're like oh wow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side you're like oh wow in
+these four Villages that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four Villages that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four Villages that we're
+interested like something happens with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested like something happens with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested like something happens with
+them no no but you know that too you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them no no but you know that too you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them no no but you know that too you
+know that you you have this you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you you have this you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you you have this you have
+this information over here you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information over here you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information over here you know what
+fact people are interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolutely and but you know this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely and but you know this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely and but you know this that
+piece of data you get in the same both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of data you get in the same both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of data you get in the same both
+both designs yeah so on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both designs yeah so on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both designs yeah so on the right hand
+side if you were to then go to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side if you were to then go to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side if you were to then go to all
+pan to inform them and then be like are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan to inform them and then be like are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan to inform them and then be like are
+you interested would that just like do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you interested would that just like do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you interested would that just like do
+nothing uh do these become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing uh do these become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing uh do these become
+the same again well the problem is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same again well the problem is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same again well the problem is in
+reality you can't do like it's not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality you can't do like it's not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality you can't do like it's not quite
+credible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible
+if you're going to inform them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to inform them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to inform them and then
+be like oh sorry you're not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like oh sorry you're not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like oh sorry you're not going to get
+it like the question is like okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like the question is like okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like the question is like okay you
+have to be able to you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to you want to be
+basically inform them in exactly an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically inform them in exactly an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically inform them in exactly an
+identical way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical way
+so it's not the same to say are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not the same to say are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not the same to say are you
+interested and if so we're gonna do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and if so we're gonna do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and if so we're gonna do the
+program today versus hypothetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program today versus hypothetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program today versus hypothetically
+speaking if we did this program would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking if we did this program would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking if we did this program would
+you be interested in it those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be interested in it those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be interested in it those are
+different questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different questions
+well could you could you ask the one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well could you could you ask the one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well could you could you ask the one of
+the I see I think and then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I see I think and then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I see I think and then you have to
+ask the same question and that is I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the same question and that is I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the same question and that is I gave
+you the left-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wait wait uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait wait uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait wait uh
+you were if you were asking people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were if you were asking people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were if you were asking people
+right hand side and left wing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side and left wing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side and left wing
+um hypothetically like we had this if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hypothetically like we had this if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hypothetically like we had this if we
+had this program would you be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this program would you be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this program would you be interested
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then
+also asking the right hand side like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also asking the right hand side like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also asking the right hand side like
+it is it is the same thing yeah but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is the same thing yeah but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is the same thing yeah but that
+is the left-hand design yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the left-hand design yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the left-hand design yes yes
+as long as you're measuring that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you're measuring that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you're measuring that yeah
+the right wing of the alternative if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right wing of the alternative if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right wing of the alternative if you
+do it in exactly the same way yeah then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in exactly the same way yeah then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in exactly the same way yeah then
+that's this design right I guess I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this design right I guess I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this design right I guess I guess
+okay so did everyone agree so so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so did everyone agree so so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so did everyone agree so so they're
+they're both valid internally they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both valid internally they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both valid internally they
+actually get you the same late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get you the same late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get you the same late
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so which is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are they are they equal or is there like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they are they equal or is there like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they are they equal or is there like
+a strict version of bet a strict one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strict version of bet a strict one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strict version of bet a strict one
+that's better or worse someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better or worse someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better or worse someone else
+somebody else nobody else I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else nobody else I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else nobody else I haven't
+heard from it but what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I mean atlantation is we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean atlantation is we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean atlantation is we were
+estimating the exact same thing we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the exact same thing we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the exact same thing we would
+ever have a lot less than I do why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever have a lot less than I do why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever have a lot less than I do why
+um I think standard errors are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think standard errors are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think standard errors are always
+much larger because they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger because they're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger because they're like
+essentially fighting to estimate by each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially fighting to estimate by each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially fighting to estimate by each
+other so like uh symphonics yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I was in Minnesota yeah so yes so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I was in Minnesota yeah so yes so yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I was in Minnesota yeah so yes so yes
+you're right so the reason so yes your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right so the reason so yes your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right so the reason so yes your
+power is going to be greater in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is going to be greater in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is going to be greater in this in
+this one and this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and this one and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+one sort of reasonable way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sort of reasonable way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sort of reasonable way to think
+about your power is that your power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your power is that your power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your power is that your power is
+like your power and life you're like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your power and life you're like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your power and life you're like you
+can sort of think about your physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of think about your physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of think about your physical
+power as sort of like the t-test on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power as sort of like the t-test on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power as sort of like the t-test on the
+reduced form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form
+right and the t-test on the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the t-test on the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the t-test on the reduced
+because like in some sense both cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like in some sense both cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like in some sense both cases
+you're estimated to reduce form and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're estimated to reduce form and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're estimated to reduce form and in
+the IV you take that reduce form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IV you take that reduce form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IV you take that reduce form and
+divide it by the first stage but in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it by the first stage but in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it by the first stage but in some
+sense your power is never going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense your power is never going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense your power is never going to be
+better than the reduced form your sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the reduced form your sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the reduced form your sort
+of physical Precision is never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physical Precision is never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physical Precision is never going to
+be better than it you're yeah your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better than it you're yeah your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better than it you're yeah your your
+t-stat is never be better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-stat is never be better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-stat is never be better than the
+reduced form T stat because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form T stat because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form T stat because you're
+taking that and then dividing it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that and then dividing it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that and then dividing it by
+something that's not perfectly estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not perfectly estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not perfectly estimated
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+which of these has a better t-stat like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these has a better t-stat like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these has a better t-stat like
+uh on the uh reduced form well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the uh reduced form well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the uh reduced form well
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+uh so sorry I probably have to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so sorry I probably have to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so sorry I probably have to write
+this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's suppose that fraction Alpha are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that fraction Alpha are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that fraction Alpha are
+interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and beta is the um treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's my t-stat my t-stat is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's my t-stat my t-stat is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's my t-stat my t-stat is going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh for the right hand side I don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the right hand side I don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the right hand side I don't care
+about this because I'm only sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this because I'm only sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this because I'm only sort of
+restricting my sample people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting my sample people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting my sample people who are
+interested so sorry so sorry my T set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested so sorry so sorry my T set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested so sorry so sorry my T set is
+going to be rough and N is my and N is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be rough and N is my and N is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be rough and N is my and N is
+the total sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total sample
+total number of villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's my t-stat it's roughly going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's my t-stat it's roughly going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's my t-stat it's roughly going
+to be proportional to Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be proportional to Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be proportional to Beta
+divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+the square root of alpha times that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of alpha times that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of alpha times that so
+so the your standard error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the your standard error is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the your standard error is
+proportional to the so t-stat is beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the so t-stat is beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the so t-stat is beta
+divided by the standard error standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the standard error standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the standard error standard
+error is proportional to the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is proportional to the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is proportional to the square root
+of the sample size so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sample size so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sample size so
+my sample size I've reduced by Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sample size I've reduced by Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sample size I've reduced by Alpha
+right because I had to but I'm apply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I had to but I'm apply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I had to but I'm apply by
+Alpha because although all who aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha because although all who aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha because although all who aren't
+assured I Chuck them out so my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assured I Chuck them out so my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assured I Chuck them out so my my
+reduced form t-stat looks something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form t-stat looks something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form t-stat looks something like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+now I'm sorry this is the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm sorry this is the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm sorry this is the left hand side
+now on the right hand side version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my t-stat is going to be roughly equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my t-stat is going to be roughly equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my t-stat is going to be roughly equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+well I got everybody in there but only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I got everybody in there but only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I got everybody in there but only a
+fraction Alpha of them have a treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction Alpha of them have a treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction Alpha of them have a treatment
+right so it's roughly equal to Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's roughly equal to Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's roughly equal to Alpha
+times beta and I have the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times beta and I have the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times beta and I have the full
+sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you can see that this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that this one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh did I do this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I did something wrong hold on no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my standard error proportional to 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my standard error proportional to 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my standard error proportional to 1 over
+the square root of the sample size sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of the sample size sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of the sample size sorry
+bigger sample size means a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger sample size means a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger sample size means a smaller
+standard error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard error
+uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah
+there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry that's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that's correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that's correct
+okay so what is this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is this this is
+proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+root Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Alpha
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+root n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root n
+no times root n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no times root n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no times root n
+and this one is proportional to Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is proportional to Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is proportional to Alpha
+Beta times the square root of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta times the square root of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta times the square root of n
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the statist the T stat is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statist the T stat is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statist the T stat is going to be
+much bigger on the left hand side on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger on the left hand side on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger on the left hand side on the
+left-hand version rather than the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand version rather than the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand version rather than the right
+hand version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand version
+because and and why it's because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and and why it's because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and and why it's because of the
+question of do I want to sort of reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of do I want to sort of reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of do I want to sort of reduce
+my power like I have the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my power like I have the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my power like I have the same kind of
+alpha problem and do I want to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha problem and do I want to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha problem and do I want to deal with
+it by just sort of having a larger stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by just sort of having a larger stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by just sort of having a larger stand
+by reducing the first stage or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reducing the first stage or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reducing the first stage or by
+reducing sort of or dealing with a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing sort of or dealing with a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing sort of or dealing with a more
+sample size and the answer is because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size and the answer is because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size and the answer is because of
+this square root of n thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this square root of n thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this square root of n thing
+um your power is going to be left better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your power is going to be left better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your power is going to be left better
+if you can sort of deal with it uh up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can sort of deal with it uh up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can sort of deal with it uh up
+front rather than just have to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front rather than just have to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front rather than just have to estimate
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+no cryological compute no yeah sorry why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cryological compute no yeah sorry why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cryological compute no yeah sorry why
+is that why we've been preparing out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that why we've been preparing out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that why we've been preparing out the
+end and when we have the same sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and when we have the same sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and when we have the same sound
+no so in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so in this example
+so remember I said suppose we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember I said suppose we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember I said suppose we had a
+Thousand Villages over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thousand Villages over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thousand Villages over here
+I saw like a Thousand Villages to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw like a Thousand Villages to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw like a Thousand Villages to work
+within the experiment I have a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the experiment I have a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the experiment I have a thousand
+villagers totals that I can work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villagers totals that I can work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villagers totals that I can work with
+and my question is do I want to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my question is do I want to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my question is do I want to sort of
+screen about X post or screen them X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen about X post or screen them X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen about X post or screen them X
+Auntie or screen to that exposed same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Auntie or screen to that exposed same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Auntie or screen to that exposed same
+Thousand Villages and my point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thousand Villages and my point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thousand Villages and my point is that
+so so it's even better by the way if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's even better by the way if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's even better by the way if I
+if I have a Thousand Villages to survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a Thousand Villages to survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a Thousand Villages to survey
+it's that's like way way better over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that's like way way better over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that's like way way better over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+right because I don't even have to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I don't even have to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I don't even have to then
+it's just like you know beta over you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like you know beta over you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like you know beta over you
+know beta times root a thousand and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know beta times root a thousand and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know beta times root a thousand and over
+here it's like you know beta times you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's like you know beta times you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's like you know beta times you
+know whatever Alpha thousand or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whatever Alpha thousand or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whatever Alpha thousand or whatever
+so it's it's like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's like um
+it's uh or Alpha Beta 100. so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh or Alpha Beta 100. so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh or Alpha Beta 100. so it's like
+way better if I can service it was way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way better if I can service it was way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way better if I can service it was way
+better I was making a harder case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I was making a harder case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I was making a harder case for
+myself where I only have a fixed number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself where I only have a fixed number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself where I only have a fixed number
+of villages up front and my question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of villages up front and my question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of villages up front and my question is
+and so I have there's a where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I have there's a where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I have there's a where there's a
+cost to left-hand side of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to left-hand side of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to left-hand side of having a
+smaller sample over here I'm saying even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller sample over here I'm saying even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller sample over here I'm saying even
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+even with like a smaller sample a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with like a smaller sample a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with like a smaller sample a
+smaller amount of data I still want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller amount of data I still want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller amount of data I still want the
+left hand design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+um Alpha whereas on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Alpha whereas on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Alpha whereas on the left hand side
+you don't need to estimate no I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to estimate no I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to estimate no I think
+it's not just that no because I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just that no because I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just that no because I know
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not that the problem the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that the problem the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that the problem the problem
+yeah because you know when eclipses for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because you know when eclipses for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because you know when eclipses for
+treatment so like Alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here right right yeah but I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right right yeah but I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right right yeah but I don't think
+that's the issue I think the issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the issue I think the issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the issue I think the issue is
+like I think really where this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think really where this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think really where this comes
+from is on the right hand side I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is on the right hand side I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is on the right hand side I don't
+know who always who who the compliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who always who who the compliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who always who who the compliers
+are and who the never takers are and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and who the never takers are and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and who the never takers are and I
+have to lump them all in together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to lump them all in together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to lump them all in together
+whereas on the left-hand side I know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas on the left-hand side I know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas on the left-hand side I know who
+the never takers are for sure and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the never takers are for sure and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the never takers are for sure and I just
+get rid of them from my sample and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of them from my sample and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of them from my sample and and
+that's where I think the the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I think the the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I think the the real
+efficiency gains are coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay clear
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+so that's why it is always a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why it is always a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why it is always a good idea
+if you're ever doing this to do as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're ever doing this to do as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're ever doing this to do as much
+screening as you can up before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening as you can up before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening as you can up before the
+randomization so that your first stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization so that your first stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization so that your first stage
+conditional on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on
+um on randomizing people into treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on randomizing people into treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on randomizing people into treatment
+and control your first stages as close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control your first stages as close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control your first stages as close
+to one as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one as possible
+like it's always better to sort of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's always better to sort of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's always better to sort of do
+that screening xante
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that screening xante
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that screening xante
+or in general it is better gosh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in general it is better gosh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in general it is better gosh I
+clearly I'm talking a lot because my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly I'm talking a lot because my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly I'm talking a lot because my
+computer keeps like turning off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer keeps like turning off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer keeps like turning off
+so my final question that I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my final question that I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my final question that I wanted to
+ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a
+as I said writing exam questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said writing exam questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said writing exam questions that
+people seem confused about is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem confused about is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem confused about is a good
+diagnostic for things that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic for things that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic for things that should be
+taught in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught in lecture
+um I try to avoid doing that but every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I try to avoid doing that but every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I try to avoid doing that but every
+once in a while it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in a while it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in a while it happens
+um my final question is is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my final question is is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my final question is is there a
+reason that you would prefer the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that you would prefer the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that you would prefer the right
+hand design and I will try to get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand design and I will try to get my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand design and I will try to get my
+computer back so it can show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer back so it can show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer back so it can show you the
+right hand design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand design
+in a second so I just told you all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second so I just told you all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second so I just told you all the
+reasons the left-hand side design is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons the left-hand side design is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons the left-hand side design is
+better because it gets you the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because it gets you the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because it gets you the same
+internal ability the same external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal ability the same external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal ability the same external
+Mobility but much better power is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobility but much better power is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobility but much better power is there
+a reason you prefer the left-hand design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reason you prefer the left-hand design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reason you prefer the left-hand design
+yeah Paulo what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Paulo what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Paulo what do you think
+oh no sorry for the right is the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no sorry for the right is the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no sorry for the right is the reason
+before the right sorry you do half as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the right sorry you do half as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the right sorry you do half as
+much screening and so your cost will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much screening and so your cost will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much screening and so your cost will
+basically yeah exactly so if it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically yeah exactly so if it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically yeah exactly so if it turns
+out that the screening step is super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the screening step is super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the screening step is super
+duper expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duper expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duper expensive
+right then you might want the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then you might want the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then you might want the left hand
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+right because here on the left I gotta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because here on the left I gotta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because here on the left I gotta
+screen everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen everybody
+and on the right I only screen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the right I only screen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the right I only screen the
+treatment group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment group
+so if it turns out that like that step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it turns out that like that step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it turns out that like that step
+is so the other thing you have to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the other thing you have to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the other thing you have to do in
+practicing thermal design is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing thermal design is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing thermal design is you have
+different costs at different levels so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different costs at different levels so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different costs at different levels so
+there's like a screening cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a screening cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a screening cost
+and there's like a data collection cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's like a data collection cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's like a data collection cost
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+your data collection is really expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data collection is really expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data collection is really expensive
+like I'm going door-to-door and running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm going door-to-door and running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm going door-to-door and running
+a survey it's really expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a survey it's really expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a survey it's really expensive
+sometimes your data collection is free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes your data collection is free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes your data collection is free
+like if you're getting admin data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you're getting admin data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you're getting admin data and
+like you just get all of it like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you just get all of it like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you just get all of it like for
+free like there's no cost there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free like there's no cost there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free like there's no cost there and
+actually maybe screening people is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe screening people is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe screening people is
+costly so in practice like if the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly so in practice like if the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly so in practice like if the number
+if the total number n here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the total number n here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the total number n here is
+you know maybe maybe large uh but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe maybe large uh but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe maybe large uh but these
+different steps of different costs then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different steps of different costs then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different steps of different costs then
+you have to sort of think through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to sort of think through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to sort of think through the
+cost in this and that's I think the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost in this and that's I think the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost in this and that's I think the one
+caveat I would make to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveat I would make to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveat I would make to this
+okay clear questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay clear questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay clear questions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so that's mostly what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's mostly what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's mostly what I want
+to say about the experimental design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about the experimental design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about the experimental design and
+I thought this was a nice example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought this was a nice example okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought this was a nice example okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay back to land reform right back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay back to land reform right back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay back to land reform right back to
+the land titling substantive okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land titling substantive okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land titling substantive okay so
+what do they show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they show
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+so the first stage so even here by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first stage so even here by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first stage so even here by the
+way their first stage is not uh is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way their first stage is not uh is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way their first stage is not uh is not
+um or the the the the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the impact on sort of clear Borders or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact on sort of clear Borders or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact on sort of clear Borders or
+whatever is only is not one so going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is only is not one so going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is only is not one so going
+through this whole process only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this whole process only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this whole process only
+increases it by a third or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases it by a third or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases it by a third or whatever
+that's or by quarter that's fine it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's or by quarter that's fine it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's or by quarter that's fine it is
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+um but then they actually do look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then they actually do look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then they actually do look like
+they find some impacts on things on tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find some impacts on things on tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find some impacts on things on tree
+planting and perennial crops and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting and perennial crops and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting and perennial crops and the
+idea is these are things with very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is these are things with very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is these are things with very long
+time Horizons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Horizons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Horizons
+right so I plant a tree like I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I plant a tree like I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I plant a tree like I need to
+know that like a I'm gonna still own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that like a I'm gonna still own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that like a I'm gonna still own
+this land when it's time to like collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this land when it's time to like collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this land when it's time to like collect
+the crops from the tree and B no one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crops from the tree and B no one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crops from the tree and B no one is
+going to come and cut down my tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come and cut down my tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come and cut down my tree and
+so that requires kind of pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that requires kind of pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that requires kind of pretty good
+property rights and clear borders and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights and clear borders and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights and clear borders and so
+uh they say same thing with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they say same thing with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they say same thing with you know
+parental crop is going to come back year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parental crop is going to come back year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parental crop is going to come back year
+after year so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after year so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after year so
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+these things suggest that sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things suggest that sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things suggest that sort of the
+clear property rights actually do change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear property rights actually do change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear property rights actually do change
+my time Horizon and that they lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my time Horizon and that they lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my time Horizon and that they lead
+people to sort of like take these longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to sort of like take these longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to sort of like take these longer
+term investments and so that shows one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term investments and so that shows one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term investments and so that shows one
+type of uh inefficiency from having like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of uh inefficiency from having like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of uh inefficiency from having like
+unclear borders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear borders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear borders
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+clear questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so that was number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was number one
+substantively remembering this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantively remembering this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantively remembering this was
+investment increases with good property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment increases with good property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment increases with good property
+rights so because of this time Rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights so because of this time Rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights so because of this time Rising
+Point Investments sort of are I pay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point Investments sort of are I pay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point Investments sort of are I pay I
+pay AFX cost now helping it returns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay AFX cost now helping it returns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay AFX cost now helping it returns in
+the future if I own the thing I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future if I own the thing I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future if I own the thing I'm going
+to get with those capitals returns by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get with those capitals returns by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get with those capitals returns by
+the way even if I sell it I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way even if I sell it I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way even if I sell it I still
+capture the returns the sale price so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the returns the sale price so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the returns the sale price so
+I'd make these longer term investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd make these longer term investments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd make these longer term investments
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+second question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question
+is do I have to do inefficient actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do I have to do inefficient actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do I have to do inefficient actions
+in order to protect my property rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to protect my property rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to protect my property rights
+if they're less clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're less clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're less clear
+okay so if my property rights are bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if my property rights are bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if my property rights are bad
+maybe I should do things inefficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should do things inefficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should do things inefficiently
+to sort of like protect the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of like protect the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of like protect the property
+right so if I give you better property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I give you better property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I give you better property
+rights I can sort of not take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights I can sort of not take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights I can sort of not take those
+inefficient actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient actions
+so here are some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are some examples
+um so this is one from Ghana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is one from Ghana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is one from Ghana
+where people have weak property rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people have weak property rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people have weak property rights
+on plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on plots
+there are competing kind of claims to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are competing kind of claims to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are competing kind of claims to
+the land uh like whatever this lineage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land uh like whatever this lineage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land uh like whatever this lineage
+thing in the village and it's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the village and it's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the village and it's never
+quite clear as they argue in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite clear as they argue in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite clear as they argue in the paper
+whether you have the right to farm this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have the right to farm this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have the right to farm this
+land or not just unclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land or not just unclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land or not just unclear
+and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular
+so as you may know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you may know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you may know
+um you know you want to leave your land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you want to leave your land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you want to leave your land
+fallow or sort of not sort of farm it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallow or sort of not sort of farm it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallow or sort of not sort of farm it
+every so every so many years to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every so every so many years to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every so every so many years to allow
+the land to kind of regenerate itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land to kind of regenerate itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land to kind of regenerate itself
+but the problem is if I if I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is if I if I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is if I if I'm not
+actively farming the land someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively farming the land someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively farming the land someone else
+may say well that land no you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may say well that land no you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may say well that land no you're not
+using that land I'm going to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that land I'm going to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that land I'm going to take that
+land and so in this context the the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and so in this context the the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and so in this context the the idea
+is that following your land is a risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that following your land is a risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that following your land is a risky
+thing to do if you have an insecure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do if you have an insecure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do if you have an insecure
+property rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights
+and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um
+the the idea here is what they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the idea here is what they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the idea here is what they want to
+say is people who have power in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is people who have power in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is people who have power in this
+relationship or in this in this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship or in this in this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship or in this in this area
+they're the ones who are less worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the ones who are less worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the ones who are less worried
+about their property rights it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their property rights it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their property rights it's not
+kind of a landfilling paper just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a landfilling paper just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a landfilling paper just sort of
+says in this event of sort of like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says in this event of sort of like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says in this event of sort of like you
+know who if I'm sort of really powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who if I'm sort of really powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who if I'm sort of really powerful
+in the village I'm not really worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the village I'm not really worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the village I'm not really worried
+you're going to take my land because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to take my land because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to take my land because
+like I can boot you out if you did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I can boot you out if you did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I can boot you out if you did that
+but if I'm not very powerful then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I'm not very powerful then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I'm not very powerful then that's
+a real risk for me and what they argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real risk for me and what they argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real risk for me and what they argue
+is that the people who are not powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the people who are not powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the people who are not powerful
+don't follow their land as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't follow their land as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't follow their land as much
+uh for this reason okay so that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this reason okay so that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this reason okay so that's that
+argument of the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of the paper
+um so so they show for example that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so they show for example that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so they show for example that like
+office holders don't sort of follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office holders don't sort of follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office holders don't sort of follow
+their land people who hold inherited I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their land people who hold inherited I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their land people who hold inherited I'm
+sorry do follow follow their land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry do follow follow their land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry do follow follow their land
+inherit uh off people uh follow their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherit uh off people uh follow their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherit uh off people uh follow their
+land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land
+um and uh so I'm not gonna go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh so I'm not gonna go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh so I'm not gonna go through
+that in a lot of detail and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a lot of detail and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a lot of detail and the question
+you want to think about if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think about if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think about if you're
+thinking with this paper is like what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking with this paper is like what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking with this paper is like what is
+this correlated with and what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this correlated with and what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this correlated with and what are the
+mid variables and let me not go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid variables and let me not go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid variables and let me not go into
+that if you're interested you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're interested you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're interested you can read
+the paper but the point is this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper but the point is this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper but the point is this is one
+potential example of uh of a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential example of uh of a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential example of uh of a kind of
+inefficient action people could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient action people could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient action people could take
+another one that I want to talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one that I want to talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one that I want to talk about in
+a little more maybe a little more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more maybe a little more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more maybe a little more detail
+is this paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this paper by
+um field uh in Peru this is a land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um field uh in Peru this is a land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um field uh in Peru this is a land
+titling paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titling paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titling paper
+so in in this period basically they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in this period basically they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in this period basically they they
+rapidly start issuing titles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly start issuing titles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly start issuing titles
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+these are actually Urban gonna be Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are actually Urban gonna be Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are actually Urban gonna be Urban
+households okay so people you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households okay so people you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households okay so people you can think
+of people like in kind of like less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people like in kind of like less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people like in kind of like less
+formal areas maybe in some areas who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal areas maybe in some areas who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal areas maybe in some areas who
+don't really have clear title over their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have clear title over their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have clear title over their
+lands they're going to go through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lands they're going to go through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lands they're going to go through and
+title all these places and they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title all these places and they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title all these places and they want to
+say does it change does just the act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say does it change does just the act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say does it change does just the act of
+getting that title and having that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that title and having that clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that title and having that clear
+property rights mean that you no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights mean that you no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights mean that you no longer
+have to like stick around the the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to like stick around the the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to like stick around the the house
+to sort of protect your house okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of protect your house okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of protect your house okay
+that's kind of the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the idea
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and it's gonna be a different death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gonna be a different death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gonna be a different death
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+okay so in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this paper
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so it's like basically like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like basically like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like basically like you know
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+areas that get the title it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that get the title it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that get the title it's a
+different diff area is going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different diff area is going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different diff area is going to get the
+titling program first areas that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titling program first areas that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titling program first areas that don't
+get the title link program I haven't had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the title link program I haven't had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the title link program I haven't had
+it yet and people who had titles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yet and people who had titles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yet and people who had titles to
+begin with who shouldn't be affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with who shouldn't be affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with who shouldn't be affected
+versus kind of the ones who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus kind of the ones who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus kind of the ones who were
+Untitled to begin with right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Untitled to begin with right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Untitled to begin with right so that's
+kind of a different diff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a different diff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a different diff
+so um you know lo and behold the titling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know lo and behold the titling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know lo and behold the titling
+program gives you a title you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program gives you a title you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program gives you a title you know
+probability 0.78 that's not that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 0.78 that's not that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 0.78 that's not that as the
+program kind of worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program kind of worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program kind of worked
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh you know does it sort of um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know does it sort of um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know does it sort of um it
+kind of reduces your risk of eviction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reduces your risk of eviction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reduces your risk of eviction or
+property Invasion substantially at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property Invasion substantially at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property Invasion substantially at least
+your perceived risk so it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your perceived risk so it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your perceived risk so it looks like
+people are sort of updating about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are sort of updating about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are sort of updating about their
+risks based on sort of titles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks based on sort of titles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks based on sort of titles
+um you know and so forth and or do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know and so forth and or do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know and so forth and or do I
+consider it secure that goes up so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it secure that goes up so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it secure that goes up so in
+general it seems like this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it seems like this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it seems like this is sort of
+changing people's security about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing people's security about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing people's security about their
+houses and the question kind of is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses and the question kind of is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses and the question kind of is what
+does this do to their sort of Labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this do to their sort of Labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this do to their sort of Labor
+Market outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market outcomes
+and and in particular what you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in particular what you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in particular what you can see
+is they so what happens is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they so what happens is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they so what happens is they
+basically they they end up kind of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they they end up kind of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they they end up kind of more
+in the in the labor force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the labor force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the labor force
+but I think what's more interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think what's more interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think what's more interesting is
+kind of why and in particular they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of why and in particular they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of why and in particular they they
+these kind of things are I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of things are I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of things are I think
+actually to me the two most interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to me the two most interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to me the two most interesting
+results they're sort of you know am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results they're sort of you know am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results they're sort of you know am I
+using my residence for my economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using my residence for my economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using my residence for my economic
+activity do I kind of have to work from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity do I kind of have to work from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity do I kind of have to work from
+home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home
+because I need to be home to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I need to be home to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I need to be home to kind of
+protect the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect the house
+that goes down with titling and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes down with titling and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes down with titling and do
+people have kind of really long commutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have kind of really long commutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have kind of really long commutes
+are they kind of going really far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they kind of going really far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they kind of going really far away
+uh for work that actually goes up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for work that actually goes up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for work that actually goes up so
+people are this is an urban space where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are this is an urban space where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are this is an urban space where
+people aren't actually sort of selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't actually sort of selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't actually sort of selling
+their land and this is not a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their land and this is not a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their land and this is not a case where
+sort of the the title let me sold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the title let me sold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the title let me sold the
+house and move somewhere else what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and move somewhere else what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and move somewhere else what this
+case is doing is sort of saying I I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is doing is sort of saying I I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is doing is sort of saying I I want
+there are good opportunities really far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are good opportunities really far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are good opportunities really far
+away in this big metro area but I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in this big metro area but I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in this big metro area but I have
+to kind of leave my leave my house kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of leave my leave my house kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of leave my leave my house kind
+of alone for the day and be confident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alone for the day and be confident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alone for the day and be confident
+it's gonna be there when I come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be there when I come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be there when I come back
+and they show that goes up kind of with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they show that goes up kind of with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they show that goes up kind of with
+better titles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better titles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better titles
+okay and so the implication of that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the implication of that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the implication of that also
+is that the titling was causing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the titling was causing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the titling was causing an
+inefficiency the lack of titling was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency the lack of titling was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency the lack of titling was
+causing an inefficiency because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing an inefficiency because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing an inefficiency because people
+weren't able to these were jobs they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't able to these were jobs they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't able to these were jobs they
+clearly prefer by reveal preference but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly prefer by reveal preference but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly prefer by reveal preference but
+weren't able to sort of do uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't able to sort of do uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't able to sort of do uh because
+they were worried about protecting their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were worried about protecting their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were worried about protecting their
+houses yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses yeah
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a power question so um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a power question so um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a power question so um you know
+could you run suppose this thing suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you run suppose this thing suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you run suppose this thing suppose
+this thing was randomized so we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing was randomized so we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing was randomized so we didn't
+have to worry about pre-trans or any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about pre-trans or any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about pre-trans or any of
+that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff
+so we said like title areas not title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said like title areas not title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said like title areas not title
+areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+if you had enough of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had enough of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had enough of them
+you could just compare in general what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just compare in general what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just compare in general what
+happens in the title areas what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the title areas what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the title areas what happens
+in the non-title areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the non-title areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the non-title areas
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking
+uh actually the ideal thing I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually the ideal thing I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually the ideal thing I think
+would be to say either sort of at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to say either sort of at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to say either sort of at the
+house level or at the person level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house level or at the person level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house level or at the person level and
+follow and the place where it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow and the place where it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow and the place where it's a little
+complicated is if you have so you either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated is if you have so you either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated is if you have so you either
+want to track how what's happening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to track how what's happening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to track how what's happening to
+houses as kind of a unit or what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses as kind of a unit or what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses as kind of a unit or what's
+happening to people kind of as a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to people kind of as a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to people kind of as a unit
+what you might not want to do is track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might not want to do is track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might not want to do is track
+like people in location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people in location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people in location
+so you you might not want to just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you might not want to just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you might not want to just kind
+of do a cross-sectional exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do a cross-sectional exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do a cross-sectional exposed
+interview of kind of who happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview of kind of who happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview of kind of who happens to be
+in that house at the time because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that house at the time because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that house at the time because that
+could be because people could swap back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be because people could swap back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be because people could swap back
+and forth between the places so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between the places so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between the places so you see
+what I'm saying so I think what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying so I think what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying so I think what you
+really want to do is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to do is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to do is um
+yeah I mean it's a thing like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean it's a thing like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean it's a thing like what
+happened what happens then you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened what happens then you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened what happens then you're asking
+kind of questions about the land right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of questions about the land right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of questions about the land right
+and that's yes I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's yes I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's yes I mean
+with the caveat the whole city is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the caveat the whole city is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the caveat the whole city is kind
+of operating in general equilibrium so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operating in general equilibrium so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operating in general equilibrium so
+you know in even better cases if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in even better cases if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in even better cases if you
+have kind of like isolated cities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of like isolated cities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of like isolated cities that
+are kind of like separate from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of like separate from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of like separate from each
+other so if the city if if you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so if the city if if you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so if the city if if you're in a
+world where the city is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where the city is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where the city is in
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so for people I think you're in good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for people I think you're in good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for people I think you're in good
+shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+ex-anti people tracking them over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex-anti people tracking them over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex-anti people tracking them over time
+that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the
+no I guess if the city is an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I guess if the city is an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I guess if the city is an equilibrium
+that's fine too actually you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine too actually you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine too actually you're gonna
+you're gonna get kind of what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get kind of what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get kind of what is the
+I don't see the actions that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see the actions that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see the actions that's probably
+okay because in the in the pre-period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because in the in the pre-period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because in the in the pre-period
+when they're not titled you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're not titled you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're not titled you're going to
+get you're gonna you're gonna re-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you're gonna you're gonna re-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you're gonna you're gonna re-off
+kind of what is the difference of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what is the difference of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what is the difference of the
+the marginal return to this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal return to this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal return to this property
+being telegrams that's still validated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being telegrams that's still validated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being telegrams that's still validated
+but yes I think you you do I think want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes I think you you do I think want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes I think you you do I think want
+to think through kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through kind of
+if you're asking kind of equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're asking kind of equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're asking kind of equilibrium
+questions what are the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions what are the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions what are the sort of
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions yeah in this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions yeah in this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions yeah in this kind of
+sense why don't you see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense why don't you see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense why don't you see more
+cultures or what more insurance company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures or what more insurance company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures or what more insurance company
+maybe Rising uh maybe provided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Rising uh maybe provided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Rising uh maybe provided by the
+powerful individuals Insurance yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful individuals Insurance yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful individuals Insurance yeah yeah
+um if you'll go away I'll guarantee like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you'll go away I'll guarantee like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you'll go away I'll guarantee like
+where it's gonna take over it and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's gonna take over it and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's gonna take over it and if
+they do uh give you some money for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do uh give you some money for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do uh give you some money for it
+it's a good question so that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question so that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question so that's actually
+really interesting so I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting so I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting so I don't know I
+mean and you also do hear about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and you also do hear about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and you also do hear about like
+protection payments for example uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection payments for example uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection payments for example uh you
+know by informal off you know often they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know by informal off you know often they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know by informal off you know often they
+end up being like by gangs and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being like by gangs and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being like by gangs and things
+um which are provide which which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which are provide which which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which are provide which which are
+maybe better able to be in the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe better able to be in the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe better able to be in the business
+the problem is the formal sector can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is the formal sector can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is the formal sector can't
+really do it because you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do it because you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do it because you don't have the
+formal title so it becomes really tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal title so it becomes really tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal title so it becomes really tricky
+to sort of like be like well I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of like be like well I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of like be like well I don't
+like what are you like doing this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what are you like doing this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what are you like doing this thing
+through the form I think providing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the form I think providing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the form I think providing this
+kind of insurance through the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of insurance through the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of insurance through the formal
+sector is difficult if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector is difficult if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector is difficult if you don't have
+title because the formal sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title because the formal sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title because the formal sector
+needs paperwork basically uh so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs paperwork basically uh so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs paperwork basically uh so I don't
+know of any I could be wrong I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of any I could be wrong I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of any I could be wrong I don't
+know of any examples of the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of any examples of the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of any examples of the formal
+sector providing insurance against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector providing insurance against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector providing insurance against
+evictions for like squatter for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evictions for like squatter for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evictions for like squatter for people
+who don't have formal title I could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't have formal title I could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't have formal title I could be
+wrong and that would be super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and that would be super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and that would be super
+interesting actually if you found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting actually if you found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting actually if you found
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+um I do think there are all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I do think there are all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I do think there are all these
+informal institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal institutions
+um like gangs for example which you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like gangs for example which you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like gangs for example which you know
+on the one hand are just taxing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand are just taxing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand are just taxing people
+so they're providing that's like a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're providing that's like a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're providing that's like a lot
+of those payments are just pure straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those payments are just pure straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those payments are just pure straight
+rent extraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent extraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent extraction
+um but they sometimes are offering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they sometimes are offering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they sometimes are offering
+services in exchange for that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services in exchange for that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services in exchange for that and
+provide and and because they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide and and because they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide and and because they kind of
+operate kind of more informally they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate kind of more informally they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate kind of more informally they can
+maybe enforce these things kind of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe enforce these things kind of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe enforce these things kind of more
+informally I don't know of any examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally I don't know of any examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally I don't know of any examples
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+informal institutions like that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal institutions like that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal institutions like that are
+providing either kind of good property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing either kind of good property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing either kind of good property
+protection against sort of expropriation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection against sort of expropriation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection against sort of expropriation
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+um insurance but I think that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um insurance but I think that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um insurance but I think that would be
+if you found one that would be super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you found one that would be super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you found one that would be super
+interesting to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to study
+I think I'm super cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'm super cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'm super cool
+okay you're right absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're right absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're right absolutely
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+questions or comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so number three in our list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so number three in our list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so number three in our list of
+sort of like what are the problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like what are the problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like what are the problems with
+poor property rights is misallocation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor property rights is misallocation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor property rights is misallocation so
+I think somebody asked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think somebody asked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think somebody asked about
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+tradable property rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradable property rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradable property rights
+um should lead to efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um should lead to efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um should lead to efficiency
+improvements like that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements like that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements like that's kind of the
+coast theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast theorem
+as an aside we have a student a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an aside we have a student a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an aside we have a student a current
+grad student now who's actually working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad student now who's actually working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad student now who's actually working
+on some of this stuff in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of this stuff in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of this stuff in the context of
+fisheries and tradable fishing permits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fisheries and tradable fishing permits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fisheries and tradable fishing permits
+and like exactly kind of asking these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like exactly kind of asking these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like exactly kind of asking these
+kind of co-star questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of co-star questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of co-star questions
+um what about land so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what about land so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what about land so
+this is another paper what I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another paper what I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another paper what I'm sort of
+looking for like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great land Coast theorem paper I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great land Coast theorem paper I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great land Coast theorem paper I'm going
+to tell you about two that are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about two that are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about two that are sort of
+relevant but I don't think quite you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant but I don't think quite you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant but I don't think quite you
+know have exactly what we want uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have exactly what we want uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have exactly what we want uh here
+but let me tell you that let me tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me tell you that let me tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me tell you that let me tell you
+the two the two papers that I that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two the two papers that I that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two the two papers that I that I
+know of that sort of think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of that sort of think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of that sort of think about this
+and also I should say by the way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I should say by the way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I should say by the way I'm
+always open to like oh Ben you forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always open to like oh Ben you forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always open to like oh Ben you forgot
+about this paper like you know so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this paper like you know so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this paper like you know so if the
+papers actually wear out you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers actually wear out you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers actually wear out you should
+always let me know it's a lot to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always let me know it's a lot to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always let me know it's a lot to keep
+track of so one paper that I that I I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of so one paper that I that I I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of so one paper that I that I I is
+not particularly well known but I happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not particularly well known but I happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not particularly well known but I happen
+to like it because I think it asks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like it because I think it asks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like it because I think it asks a
+very clear question is this paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear question is this paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear question is this paper by
+rebellion and vanderwall about Vietnam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebellion and vanderwall about Vietnam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebellion and vanderwall about Vietnam
+so Vietnam like was a con was like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Vietnam like was a con was like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Vietnam like was a con was like a
+strict communist country at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict communist country at one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict communist country at one point
+and then sort of you know had a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sort of you know had a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sort of you know had a bunch of
+reforms and sort of relaxed some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reforms and sort of relaxed some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reforms and sort of relaxed some of the
+that and allowed sort of more tradable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and allowed sort of more tradable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and allowed sort of more tradable
+more things that look more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more things that look more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more things that look more like
+ownership properties so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership properties so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership properties so in particular
+they're going to study the introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to study the introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to study the introduction
+of private tradable land in Vietnam so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of private tradable land in Vietnam so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of private tradable land in Vietnam so
+it looks to be like the land was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks to be like the land was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks to be like the land was
+allocated by the government couldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated by the government couldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated by the government couldn't be
+traded and then that then it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded and then that then it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded and then that then it becomes
+tradable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradable
+and they want to argue that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they want to argue that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they want to argue that basically
+after privatization what happened is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after privatization what happened is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after privatization what happened is the
+high productivity Farmers end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high productivity Farmers end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high productivity Farmers end up with
+kind of uh more land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh more land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh more land
+which we would expect in sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we would expect in sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we would expect in sort of a
+standard kind of Coast theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard kind of Coast theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard kind of Coast theorem
+logic right I'm a good farmer you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic right I'm a good farmer you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic right I'm a good farmer you're a
+bad farmer I should buy your land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad farmer I should buy your land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad farmer I should buy your land
+you know to some point right if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to some point right if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to some point right if there's
+kind of concave right you know if land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of concave right you know if land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of concave right you know if land
+productivity is concave in in size then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity is concave in in size then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity is concave in in size then
+you know I shouldn't necessarily buy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I shouldn't necessarily buy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I shouldn't necessarily buy all
+the land but like on the margin like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land but like on the margin like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land but like on the margin like you
+know we could see an allocation of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we could see an allocation of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we could see an allocation of of
+the the if we call the same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the if we call the same amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the if we call the same amount of
+land the marginal productivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land the marginal productivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land the marginal productivity of the
+good Farmers would be lower than the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Farmers would be lower than the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Farmers would be lower than the low
+Farmers that's not an equilibrium we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farmers that's not an equilibrium we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farmers that's not an equilibrium we
+should have more land to the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have more land to the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have more land to the equilibrium
+we allocate we're equalized marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we allocate we're equalized marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we allocate we're equalized marginal
+products of land should have more land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of land should have more land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of land should have more land
+for the higher Farmers standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the higher Farmers standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the higher Farmers standard
+so how do they do this well they do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do they do this well they do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do they do this well they do this
+kind of structurally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of structurally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of structurally
+and they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say
+in the pre-period they estimate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pre-period they estimate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pre-period they estimate some
+characteristics that make you kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that make you kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that make you kind of a
+more productive farmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more productive farmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more productive farmer
+then they write down a functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they write down a functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they write down a functional form
+where basically they they have this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically they they have this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically they they have this kind
+of C function which is sort of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C function which is sort of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C function which is sort of saying
+that the the C function is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the C function is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the C function is sort of the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the productivity function is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the productivity function is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the productivity function is a function
+of how much land you have and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much land you have and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much land you have and how much
+um uh uh and these X characteristics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh and these X characteristics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh and these X characteristics and
+they write it down parametrically like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they write it down parametrically like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they write it down parametrically like
+this in logs which means that in levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in logs which means that in levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in logs which means that in levels
+these things are complements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are complements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are complements
+okay so people with more X should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so people with more X should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so people with more X should have
+more l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more l
+in that functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that functional form
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um and so if if this B coefficient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so if if this B coefficient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so if if this B coefficient is
+concave it is less than one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave it is less than one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave it is less than one this is
+concave in land and we get the interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave in land and we get the interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave in land and we get the interior
+solution what I basically just describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution what I basically just describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution what I basically just describe
+that basically you know you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically you know you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically you know you have the
+people with better X's or the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with better X's or the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with better X's or the ones
+getting more land but they don't get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more land but they don't get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more land but they don't get all
+the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+um they then test whether land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they then test whether land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they then test whether land
+allocations increase with this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations increase with this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations increase with this kind of
+predicted optimal plant so that which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted optimal plant so that which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted optimal plant so that which is
+all function of their X's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all function of their X's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all function of their X's so
+I think this is a very sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is a very sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is a very sort of like
+structural kind of approach to this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural kind of approach to this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural kind of approach to this it
+requires getting these X's kind of right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires getting these X's kind of right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires getting these X's kind of right
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+um it also requires our other emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it also requires our other emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it also requires our other emitted
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+um that are kind of correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that are kind of correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that are kind of correlated with
+these X's so I don't think this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these X's so I don't think this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these X's so I don't think this is this
+is perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perfect
+um uh you know for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know for example
+um you know there could be other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there could be other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there could be other things
+like for example the X's might influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example the X's might influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example the X's might influence
+the production function like if I'm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production function like if I'm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production function like if I'm like
+politically connected maybe I like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically connected maybe I like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically connected maybe I like you
+know look like I'm a good farmer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know look like I'm a good farmer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know look like I'm a good farmer I
+cannot sell at high prices and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot sell at high prices and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot sell at high prices and maybe
+also get some some uh some output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get some some uh some output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get some some uh some output
+um you know other things could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know other things could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know other things could be
+changing besides property rights it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing besides property rights it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing besides property rights it's
+kind of just like a diff essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of just like a diff essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of just like a diff essentially
+um I mean it's a different dip by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean it's a different dip by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean it's a different dip by the
+l-star thing but you know there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l-star thing but you know there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l-star thing but you know there could be
+other things that are changing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that are changing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that are changing that
+change the allocation of land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the allocation of land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the allocation of land
+um a big one is actually their outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a big one is actually their outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a big one is actually their outcome
+the reason this is the C you might this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason this is the C you might this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason this is the C you might this
+is actually it's consumption not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually it's consumption not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually it's consumption not
+production so that's that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so that's that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so that's that's a little
+weird it's not necessarily what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird it's not necessarily what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird it's not necessarily what you want
+um and it's a very functional form uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's a very functional form uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's a very functional form uh
+production so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+uh very functional form dependent it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very functional form dependent it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very functional form dependent it's
+very very simple functional form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very simple functional form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very simple functional form so
+I'm not gonna go through this in a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna go through this in a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna go through this in a lot
+of detail but I think that though in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of detail but I think that though in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of detail but I think that though in
+principle though this is a cool idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle though this is a cool idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle though this is a cool idea to
+sort of say look you know here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say look you know here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say look you know here's what
+the efficient allocation would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficient allocation would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficient allocation would look like
+you know we relax property rates over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we relax property rates over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we relax property rates over
+here not over here do certain if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here not over here do certain if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here not over here do certain if we had
+that expert if you know does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expert if you know does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expert if you know does the
+allocation move kind of more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation move kind of more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation move kind of more in the
+direction of kind of more to sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of kind of more to sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of kind of more to sort of the
+high tfp kind of focus yes well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question
+maybe it's not so much that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not so much that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not so much that it's
+structural maybe it's this is all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural maybe it's this is all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural maybe it's this is all these
+data issues and not having a second diff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data issues and not having a second diff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data issues and not having a second diff
+maybe that's the problem maybe you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's the problem maybe you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's the problem maybe you're
+right you I mean at some level you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you I mean at some level you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you I mean at some level you're
+right you do have to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well one thing I could do for example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one thing I could do for example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one thing I could do for example is
+I could not protect it on X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay fine it was a fair it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay fine it was a fair it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay fine it was a fair it's a very
+fair question so um you know I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair question so um you know I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair question so um you know I could
+estimate individual farmer fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate individual farmer fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate individual farmer fixed
+characteristics and sort of say like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and sort of say like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and sort of say like I
+could just I could regret take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just I could regret take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just I could regret take the
+production function I could estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function I could estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function I could estimate
+like a farm production function and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a farm production function and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a farm production function and then
+a far more fixed effects and the farmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a far more fixed effects and the farmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a far more fixed effects and the farmer
+fixed effects is kind of your residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed effects is kind of your residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed effects is kind of your residual
+tfp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tfp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tfp
+right and then I could see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I could see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I could see whether
+individual farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual farmers
+who seem more productive get more land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who seem more productive get more land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who seem more productive get more land
+kind of when they free it up that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of when they free it up that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of when they free it up that would
+be sort of a less that it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of a less that it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of a less that it's still
+parametric in that sort of I have to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric in that sort of I have to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric in that sort of I have to I
+have to kind of partial out other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to kind of partial out other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to kind of partial out other stuff
+to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your
+piece of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of it
+um but that would be one way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that would be one way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that would be one way to do it
+so another way to do it would be to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another way to do it would be to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another way to do it would be to it's
+not perfect it's got other downsides but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not perfect it's got other downsides but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not perfect it's got other downsides but
+um you know to sort of say look I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know to sort of say look I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know to sort of say look I'm
+gonna un I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+estimate the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like average productivity I could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like average productivity I could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like average productivity I could take
+something simple I could do average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something simple I could do average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something simple I could do average
+productivity of land yeah maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity of land yeah maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity of land yeah maybe that's
+the same it's the same as sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same it's the same as sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same it's the same as sort of the
+section so maybe maybe that's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section so maybe maybe that's the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section so maybe maybe that's the answer
+is is it you know so a better data B an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it you know so a better data B an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it you know so a better data B an
+extra diff and see I think maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra diff and see I think maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra diff and see I think maybe a
+richer structure where I don't sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer structure where I don't sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer structure where I don't sort of
+load it all onto a couple of x's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load it all onto a couple of x's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load it all onto a couple of x's
+maybe better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe better
+fair fair question though fair question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so um but what do you see the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um but what do you see the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um but what do you see the basic
+point is the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the the the the
+land deficit is sort of you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land deficit is sort of you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land deficit is sort of you know uh
+l-star over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l-star over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l-star over
+um these are the people that should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are the people that should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are the people that should have
+more land this is like l-star over l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more land this is like l-star over l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more land this is like l-star over l
+right optimal Bank compared to actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right optimal Bank compared to actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right optimal Bank compared to actual
+land and this is the change in land kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and this is the change in land kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and this is the change in land kind
+of during the reform period so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of during the reform period so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of during the reform period so in
+general just sort of says during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general just sort of says during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general just sort of says during this
+sort of five year period the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of five year period the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of five year period the people who
+we predict to get more land do actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we predict to get more land do actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we predict to get more land do actually
+get more land so I think it suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more land so I think it suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more land so I think it suggests
+it's reallocation in the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reallocation in the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reallocation in the sort of
+productivity Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity Dimension
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+with the kernel Academy as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the last thing I want to say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the last thing I want to say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the last thing I want to say for
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+is um that this Coast process this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um that this Coast process this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um that this Coast process this
+reallocation process can take a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reallocation process can take a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reallocation process can take a really
+long time okay and here's a nice example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time okay and here's a nice example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time okay and here's a nice example
+of this is by paper by Bleakley and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is by paper by Bleakley and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is by paper by Bleakley and
+fairy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's called land openings on the Georgia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called land openings on the Georgia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called land openings on the Georgia
+Frontier and the coast theorem that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier and the coast theorem that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier and the coast theorem that's
+short in the long run so this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short in the long run so this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short in the long run so this paper
+study land allocations in the U.S state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study land allocations in the U.S state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study land allocations in the U.S state
+of Georgia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Georgia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Georgia
+and the frontier in Georgia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frontier in Georgia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frontier in Georgia
+like this was a long time ago if Georgia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this was a long time ago if Georgia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this was a long time ago if Georgia
+was the frontier for those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the frontier for those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the frontier for those of you who
+know that you said the US was settled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you said the US was settled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you said the US was settled
+from approximately settled certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from approximately settled certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from approximately settled certainly
+from coast to coast mostly from east to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from coast to coast mostly from east to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from coast to coast mostly from east to
+west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+with some caveats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some caveats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some caveats
+um by the the the colonists and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the the the colonists and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the the the colonists and and so
+on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh
+so the the frontier was opened by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the frontier was opened by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the frontier was opened by the
+U.S government to settlers in waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S government to settlers in waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S government to settlers in waves
+heading west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading west
+uh and different waves use different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and different waves use different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and different waves use different
+parcel sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parcel sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parcel sizes
+okay so at some area I think they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at some area I think they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at some area I think they get
+like 40 acre Parcels now they got 160
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 40 acre Parcels now they got 160
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 40 acre Parcels now they got 160
+acre Parcels or something like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acre Parcels or something like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acre Parcels or something like that and
+there's a discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a discontinuity
+right of the border between which of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of the border between which of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of the border between which of the
+areas where it was divided into kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where it was divided into kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where it was divided into kind of
+big plots and the area was divided into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big plots and the area was divided into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big plots and the area was divided into
+small plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small plots
+and they argue is that in the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they argue is that in the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they argue is that in the long run
+plot size if the COS theorem is true the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot size if the COS theorem is true the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot size if the COS theorem is true the
+optimal sort of plot sizes should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal sort of plot sizes should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal sort of plot sizes should be
+should converge to the same thing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should converge to the same thing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should converge to the same thing on
+both sides of this border like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides of this border like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides of this border like there's
+an optimal Farm size in Georgia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optimal Farm size in Georgia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optimal Farm size in Georgia and
+you know we should buy and sell Farms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we should buy and sell Farms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we should buy and sell Farms to
+get to the optimal Farm size so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the optimal Farm size so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the optimal Farm size so the
+initial allocation of big farms versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial allocation of big farms versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial allocation of big farms versus
+small farms shouldn't matter in the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small farms shouldn't matter in the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small farms shouldn't matter in the long
+run okay and the question is how long is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run okay and the question is how long is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run okay and the question is how long is
+the long run that is the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run that is the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run that is the question of
+this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and the answer is the long Run's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is the long Run's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is the long Run's about
+100 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years
+okay so they take they trace kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they take they trace kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they take they trace kind of the
+the the parcel size across this border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the parcel size across this border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the parcel size across this border
+for like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+uh over time and it doesn't really kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over time and it doesn't really kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over time and it doesn't really kind
+of converge uh until you know almost 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of converge uh until you know almost 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of converge uh until you know almost 100
+years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later
+um so I just want to say like the coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I just want to say like the coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I just want to say like the coast
+theorem works but the coast theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem works but the coast theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem works but the coast theorem is
+slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow
+so uh just worth keeping in mind as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh just worth keeping in mind as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh just worth keeping in mind as well
+okay I'm out of time I'll stop here I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm out of time I'll stop here I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm out of time I'll stop here I'll
+just finish up the last few things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just finish up the last few things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just finish up the last few things about
+um about land the paper I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about land the paper I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about land the paper I'm going to
+start with uh very briefly next time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I'll talk I'll talk a little I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll talk I'll talk a little I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll talk I'll talk a little I'll
+talk a little bit about this Boston Rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about this Boston Rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about this Boston Rose
+and so I paper if you want to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I paper if you want to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I paper if you want to have a
+quick look at it and then we'll switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick look at it and then we'll switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick look at it and then we'll switch
+to the I think the PF lectures are next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I think the PF lectures are next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I think the PF lectures are next
+on redistribution uh are the are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on redistribution uh are the are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on redistribution uh are the are the
+next ones so that's the that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next ones so that's the that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next ones so that's the that's what's
+coming next okay I'll see you guys on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming next okay I'll see you guys on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming next okay I'll see you guys on
+uh Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AYF3spOVbBk.txt b/AYF3spOVbBk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c3082c49a6a80a17840dafab5a892d74703c58f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AYF3spOVbBk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9075 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so a complicated aircraft will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so a complicated aircraft will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so a complicated aircraft will
+have a lot of systems these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of systems these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of systems these are the
+systems from the Canada regional jet I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how well did I fly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well did I fly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well did I fly it
+we landed in once at Toronto and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we landed in once at Toronto and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we landed in once at Toronto and I was
+doing this and the captain said to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this and the captain said to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this and the captain said to me
+well it was a young guy he said well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it was a young guy he said well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it was a young guy he said well you
+know nobody nobody was born knowing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nobody nobody was born knowing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nobody nobody was born knowing how
+to fly fifty three thousand pound jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly fifty three thousand pound jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly fifty three thousand pound jet
+anyway this is the kind of stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is the kind of stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is the kind of stuff you
+have to learn for the big aircraft here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn for the big aircraft here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn for the big aircraft here
+are these systems that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these systems that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these systems that we're going to
+talk about that you have on a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that you have on a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that you have on a small
+aircraft the engine first of all what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft the engine first of all what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft the engine first of all what
+are the types you might remember you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the types you might remember you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the types you might remember you
+know the cool old days you had these big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the cool old days you had these big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the cool old days you had these big
+radial engines and they went up to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial engines and they went up to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial engines and they went up to you
+know 3,500 horsepower I think was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 3,500 horsepower I think was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 3,500 horsepower I think was the
+biggest one but your typical world war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest one but your typical world war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest one but your typical world war
+ii fighter might have a 2,000 horsepower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ii fighter might have a 2,000 horsepower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ii fighter might have a 2,000 horsepower
+radial engine turboprops so we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial engine turboprops so we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial engine turboprops so we'll get
+into this more I have a special lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this more I have a special lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this more I have a special lecture
+on turbines and multi engine but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on turbines and multi engine but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on turbines and multi engine but it's a
+jet engine that's hooked into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet engine that's hooked into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet engine that's hooked into a
+propeller and that lets you land on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller and that lets you land on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller and that lets you land on
+shorter runways and it's more fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter runways and it's more fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter runways and it's more fuel
+efficient in at lower altitudes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient in at lower altitudes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient in at lower altitudes the
+popular examples the Pratt & Whitney pt6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular examples the Pratt & Whitney pt6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular examples the Pratt & Whitney pt6
+has been around since the 50s a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been around since the 50s a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been around since the 50s a
+competitor from the similar era was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor from the similar era was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor from the similar era was
+designed by Garrett those have typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed by Garrett those have typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed by Garrett those have typically
+slugged it out one of them is a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slugged it out one of them is a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slugged it out one of them is a free
+turbine so you have the PT six and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine so you have the PT six and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine so you have the PT six and this
+is a GE walther derivative they now call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a GE walther derivative they now call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a GE walther derivative they now call
+the GE advanced turboprop so the cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GE advanced turboprop so the cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GE advanced turboprop so the cold
+air comes in it gets burned and the hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air comes in it gets burned and the hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air comes in it gets burned and the hot
+is the hot exhaust gases spin this power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the hot exhaust gases spin this power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the hot exhaust gases spin this power
+turbine which has a shaft that drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine which has a shaft that drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine which has a shaft that drives
+the compressor and it also goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compressor and it also goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compressor and it also goes back
+this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's there's a second I think one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a second I think one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a second I think one of
+them drives the compressor and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them drives the compressor and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them drives the compressor and there's a
+second wheel there that it's exposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second wheel there that it's exposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second wheel there that it's exposed to
+the hot gases and it will drive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hot gases and it will drive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hot gases and it will drive the
+propeller so there's kind of a fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller so there's kind of a fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller so there's kind of a fluid
+coupling there through the air where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling there through the air where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling there through the air where's
+the garrett honey well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garrett honey well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garrett honey well
+product has a direct drive transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product has a direct drive transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product has a direct drive transmission
+that's more complicated but also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more complicated but also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more complicated but also a
+little bit more fuel-efficient so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more fuel-efficient so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more fuel-efficient so those
+are the two big designs you get a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two big designs you get a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two big designs you get a lot
+more reliability with a turboprop if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reliability with a turboprop if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reliability with a turboprop if you
+need power it's hard to make a piston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need power it's hard to make a piston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need power it's hard to make a piston
+engine reliable if it generates a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine reliable if it generates a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine reliable if it generates a lot of
+horsepower the disadvantage is nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horsepower the disadvantage is nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horsepower the disadvantage is nobody's
+really figured out how to make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really figured out how to make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really figured out how to make these
+things for less than half a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for less than half a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for less than half a million
+dollars you know new in a box and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars you know new in a box and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars you know new in a box and the
+most popular airframes for the turboprop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most popular airframes for the turboprop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most popular airframes for the turboprop
+for things that you might fly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things that you might fly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things that you might fly the
+beechcraft king air which is twin-engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beechcraft king air which is twin-engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beechcraft king air which is twin-engine
+and the Pilatus pc-12 which is a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Pilatus pc-12 which is a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Pilatus pc-12 which is a single
+turbo Jets which the FAA calls them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbo Jets which the FAA calls them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbo Jets which the FAA calls them
+treble Jets they're really turbo fans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treble Jets they're really turbo fans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treble Jets they're really turbo fans
+because of the bypass air we'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the bypass air we'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the bypass air we'll see that
+in the next slide these are one thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next slide these are one thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next slide these are one thing to
+remember about them is they're normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember about them is they're normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember about them is they're normally
+aspirated they actually do produce less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirated they actually do produce less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirated they actually do produce less
+and less power as you get up to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less power as you get up to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less power as you get up to higher
+altitudes which is important for taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitudes which is important for taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitudes which is important for taking
+off you know in Colorado on a hot day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off you know in Colorado on a hot day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off you know in Colorado on a hot day
+you have much lower noise and vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have much lower noise and vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have much lower noise and vibration
+maybe not a few Mountain one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not a few Mountain one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not a few Mountain one of them
+right over your ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over your ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over your ear
+that's the Cirrus jet which is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Cirrus jet which is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Cirrus jet which is kind of a
+cool simple personal jet they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool simple personal jet they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool simple personal jet they actually
+have sort of taken over the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of taken over the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of taken over the market
+starting in model airplanes going all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in model airplanes going all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in model airplanes going all
+the way up to the Boeing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up to the Boeing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up to the Boeing's
+and the air buses and the only gap where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the air buses and the only gap where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the air buses and the only gap where
+turbo jets have not taken over is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbo jets have not taken over is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbo jets have not taken over is in
+your family airplane right your four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your family airplane right your four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your family airplane right your four
+seater your six seater that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seater your six seater that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seater your six seater that's where
+nobody's figured out how to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's figured out how to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's figured out how to make a
+turbojet that really makes economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbojet that really makes economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbojet that really makes economic
+sense or even sense for the range they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense or even sense for the range they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense or even sense for the range they
+tend not to be as efficient at these low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend not to be as efficient at these low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend not to be as efficient at these low
+power settings the smaller the turbojet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power settings the smaller the turbojet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power settings the smaller the turbojet
+the less efficient it has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less efficient it has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less efficient it has been
+unfortunately so you wouldn't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately so you wouldn't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately so you wouldn't get the
+kind of range that you get out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of range that you get out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of range that you get out of a
+cirrus or assessment if you stuck a jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cirrus or assessment if you stuck a jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cirrus or assessment if you stuck a jet
+engine in there these are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine in there these are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine in there these are more
+vulnerable a bird will usually just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable a bird will usually just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable a bird will usually just you
+know get Cuisinart admire propeller but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know get Cuisinart admire propeller but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know get Cuisinart admire propeller but
+if it goes into the jet engine then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it goes into the jet engine then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it goes into the jet engine then you
+know it can destroy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it can destroy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it can destroy it
+so the single-engine jet well some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the single-engine jet well some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the single-engine jet well some
+single-engine Jets like fighters they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-engine Jets like fighters they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-engine Jets like fighters they
+just have an ejection seat the Cirrus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have an ejection seat the Cirrus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have an ejection seat the Cirrus
+England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England
+jet has a parachute for the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet has a parachute for the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet has a parachute for the whole
+aircraft to float yeah all right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft to float yeah all right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft to float yeah all right a
+turbojet again this is not really on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbojet again this is not really on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbojet again this is not really on the
+exam but it's just good general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam but it's just good general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam but it's just good general
+knowledge the the fresh air comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the the fresh air comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the the fresh air comes in
+here it gets compressed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it gets compressed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it gets compressed by the
+compressor once again that's normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor once again that's normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor once again that's normal
+aspiration so it's just a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspiration so it's just a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspiration so it's just a fixed
+compression ratio doesn't get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression ratio doesn't get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression ratio doesn't get more
+extreme like with the turbocharger and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme like with the turbocharger and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme like with the turbocharger and a
+piston engine at higher altitude notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piston engine at higher altitude notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piston engine at higher altitude notice
+this bypass air it's being spun that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bypass air it's being spun that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bypass air it's being spun that
+blade in the front is really acting like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade in the front is really acting like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade in the front is really acting like
+a propeller here's where the compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a propeller here's where the compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a propeller here's where the compressed
+air gets burned and drives these power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air gets burned and drives these power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air gets burned and drives these power
+turbines that drive the compressor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbines that drive the compressor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbines that drive the compressor and
+the fan in front so it seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fan in front so it seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fan in front so it seems like a
+really simple design but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple design but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple design but there's a
+tremendous amount of engineering in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of engineering in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of engineering in the
+blades and if anything is fabricated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades and if anything is fabricated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades and if anything is fabricated
+just slightly wrong you know the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slightly wrong you know the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slightly wrong you know the whole
+thing comes apart and explodes so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing comes apart and explodes so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing comes apart and explodes so that's
+one reason I think they're you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason I think they're you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason I think they're you know in
+the million dollar range for a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the million dollar range for a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the million dollar range for a typical
+business jet engine alright so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business jet engine alright so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business jet engine alright so let's go
+back to our world which unfortunately is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our world which unfortunately is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our world which unfortunately is
+going to be the reciprocating piston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the reciprocating piston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the reciprocating piston
+engine kind of like in your car the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine kind of like in your car the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine kind of like in your car the
+designs I don't know the fundamentals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs I don't know the fundamentals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs I don't know the fundamentals
+may not have changed that much since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have changed that much since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have changed that much since the
+Wright brothers but certainly you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wright brothers but certainly you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wright brothers but certainly you know
+the designs that in your modern session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the designs that in your modern session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the designs that in your modern session
+or Piper the basic geometry the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Piper the basic geometry the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Piper the basic geometry the engine
+design that's really all from the 1950s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that's really all from the 1950s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that's really all from the 1950s
+the good news is that with numerically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news is that with numerically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news is that with numerically
+controlled machine tools and such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled machine tools and such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled machine tools and such
+they're much more reliable than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much more reliable than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much more reliable than they
+used to be people you know engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be people you know engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be people you know engine
+failure was an everyday event at a busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure was an everyday event at a busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure was an everyday event at a busy
+Airport in the old days and now you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airport in the old days and now you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airport in the old days and now you know
+I've flown for I don't know 4,000 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've flown for I don't know 4,000 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've flown for I don't know 4,000 plus
+hours with Pistons and I've never had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours with Pistons and I've never had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours with Pistons and I've never had
+any kind of real engine problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of real engine problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of real engine problem the
+horizontal opposition supposedly smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal opposition supposedly smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal opposition supposedly smooth
+things out they may ask you about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out they may ask you about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out they may ask you about that
+i'ma test like the turbojet it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'ma test like the turbojet it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'ma test like the turbojet it's
+normally aspirated so the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally aspirated so the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally aspirated so the performance
+degrades as you go to hot and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrades as you go to hot and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrades as you go to hot and high
+elevations where the air is thinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevations where the air is thinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevations where the air is thinner
+we'll talk about that in the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that in the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that in the performance
+calculations you directly drive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations you directly drive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations you directly drive the
+propeller so if the engines spinning at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller so if the engines spinning at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller so if the engines spinning at
+2500 rpm the propeller spending at 2500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2500 rpm the propeller spending at 2500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2500 rpm the propeller spending at 2500
+rpm there's no transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rpm there's no transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rpm there's no transmission
+the coolness the air it's called air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coolness the air it's called air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coolness the air it's called air
+cooled and the air flows over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled and the air flows over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled and the air flows over the
+cylinders but there's also a lot of oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders but there's also a lot of oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders but there's also a lot of oil
+circulating which has a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating which has a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating which has a significant
+cooling function the lowest cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling function the lowest cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling function the lowest cost and
+simplest airplanes have a carburetor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest airplanes have a carburetor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest airplanes have a carburetor
+rather than fuel injection and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than fuel injection and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than fuel injection and you'll
+get 200 horsepower or less out of hay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 200 horsepower or less out of hay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 200 horsepower or less out of hay
+well I guess the latest fly combings can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess the latest fly combings can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess the latest fly combings can
+do 215 out of a four cylinder you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do 215 out of a four cylinder you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do 215 out of a four cylinder you can
+get a little bit fancier a plane like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little bit fancier a plane like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little bit fancier a plane like a
+Cirrus or the latest Cessnas will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cirrus or the latest Cessnas will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cirrus or the latest Cessnas will have
+fuel injection turbo charging sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel injection turbo charging sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel injection turbo charging sounds
+like the ideal thing for an aircraft why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ideal thing for an aircraft why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ideal thing for an aircraft why
+wouldn't you want that for a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't you want that for a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't you want that for a machine
+that goes through airs of all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes through airs of all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes through airs of all kinds of
+different densities it seems like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different densities it seems like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different densities it seems like the
+ideal thing just make the density back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal thing just make the density back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal thing just make the density back
+to sea level at least all the time which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sea level at least all the time which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sea level at least all the time which
+is called term turbo normalization the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called term turbo normalization the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called term turbo normalization the
+problem is that they share an oil system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that they share an oil system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that they share an oil system
+with the rest of the engines so when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rest of the engines so when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rest of the engines so when the
+turbocharger breaks it tends to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbocharger breaks it tends to cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbocharger breaks it tends to cause
+all the oil to leak out of the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the oil to leak out of the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the oil to leak out of the engine
+and now you have a broken in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have a broken in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have a broken in you know
+here what had been a perfectly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what had been a perfectly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what had been a perfectly good
+engine with a broken turbocharger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine with a broken turbocharger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine with a broken turbocharger
+becomes a real emergency so people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a real emergency so people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a real emergency so people you
+know except out west where you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know except out west where you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know except out west where you really
+need the performance because you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the performance because you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the performance because you are
+going up high a lot or you're starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up high a lot or you're starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up high a lot or you're starting
+from high and hot the turbochargers tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high and hot the turbochargers tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high and hot the turbochargers tend
+to be unpopular although it's an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be unpopular although it's an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be unpopular although it's an ideal
+engineering solution the more cylinders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering solution the more cylinders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering solution the more cylinders
+also the less vibration so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the less vibration so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the less vibration so if you have
+higher horsepower or if you just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher horsepower or if you just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher horsepower or if you just wanted
+to be smooth like the original SR 20s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be smooth like the original SR 20s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be smooth like the original SR 20s
+came with 6-cylinder 200 horsepower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came with 6-cylinder 200 horsepower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came with 6-cylinder 200 horsepower
+engines because they wanted to wanted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines because they wanted to wanted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines because they wanted to wanted it
+to be smoother Rotax is the most popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be smoother Rotax is the most popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be smoother Rotax is the most popular
+engine in the light sport in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine in the light sport in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine in the light sport in an
+experimental world that's a engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental world that's a engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental world that's a engine
+that's a little bit more like a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit more like a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit more like a car
+engine it revs pretty high it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine it revs pretty high it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine it revs pretty high it's got a
+water cooling you know radiator with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water cooling you know radiator with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water cooling you know radiator with
+antifreeze and the transmission gears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antifreeze and the transmission gears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antifreeze and the transmission gears
+the prop down to a lower speed all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prop down to a lower speed all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prop down to a lower speed all right
+here's your basic engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so up here in the some wonder head you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so up here in the some wonder head you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so up here in the some wonder head you
+have your intake and exhaust valves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your intake and exhaust valves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your intake and exhaust valves and
+your spark plug down here there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spark plug down here there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spark plug down here there's the
+crank case and crank shaft here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crank case and crank shaft here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crank case and crank shaft here's an
+exciting this is kind of an inline four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting this is kind of an inline four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting this is kind of an inline four
+but you get an idea of the power strokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get an idea of the power strokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get an idea of the power strokes
+people everybody used to know this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people everybody used to know this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people everybody used to know this in
+the old days because they were excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old days because they were excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old days because they were excited
+about a car so they had a lot of car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a car so they had a lot of car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a car so they had a lot of car
+related knowledge and it's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related knowledge and it's basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related knowledge and it's basically the
+same idea but now in the uber age we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea but now in the uber age we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea but now in the uber age we
+can't take that for granted so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't take that for granted so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't take that for granted so you've
+got your intake stroke top left and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got your intake stroke top left and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got your intake stroke top left and then
+the cylinder the piston is pushed back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cylinder the piston is pushed back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cylinder the piston is pushed back
+up to compress the air fuel mixture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to compress the air fuel mixture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to compress the air fuel mixture the
+spark plugs ignite notice how there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spark plugs ignite notice how there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spark plugs ignite notice how there's
+two of them here that gives you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them here that gives you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them here that gives you some
+redundancy as well as more uniformity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy as well as more uniformity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy as well as more uniformity of
+combustion which pushes the piston back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion which pushes the piston back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion which pushes the piston back
+down generating the power and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down generating the power and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down generating the power and then
+finally the piston rotates up and pushes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the piston rotates up and pushes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the piston rotates up and pushes
+the air out I think this might be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air out I think this might be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air out I think this might be called
+the Otto cycle I think a German guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Otto cycle I think a German guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Otto cycle I think a German guy
+invented this actually a French guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented this actually a French guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented this actually a French guy
+patented at first but maybe Otto reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patented at first but maybe Otto reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patented at first but maybe Otto reduced
+it to practice first anyway it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to practice first anyway it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to practice first anyway it's a
+European invention from the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European invention from the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European invention from the late
+18-hundreds and it really hasn't changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18-hundreds and it really hasn't changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18-hundreds and it really hasn't changed
+much force four-stroke cycle ok cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much force four-stroke cycle ok cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much force four-stroke cycle ok cooling
+as I said it's a combination of the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said it's a combination of the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said it's a combination of the air
+and the oil circulation the FA wants you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the oil circulation the FA wants you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the oil circulation the FA wants you
+to note with it if you're getting the AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note with it if you're getting the AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note with it if you're getting the AB
+the engine is going hot again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine is going hot again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine is going hot again this is
+probably not going to happen to you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not going to happen to you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not going to happen to you here
+at sea level but if you're climbing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sea level but if you're climbing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sea level but if you're climbing in
+your little airplane you know out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your little airplane you know out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your little airplane you know out of
+Wyoming on a hot day you might end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wyoming on a hot day you might end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wyoming on a hot day you might end up
+having to accept a slightly lower climb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to accept a slightly lower climb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to accept a slightly lower climb
+rate boost your air speed a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate boost your air speed a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate boost your air speed a little bit
+and lower the nose to get more cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower the nose to get more cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower the nose to get more cooling
+air the mixture control you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air the mixture control you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air the mixture control you don't see
+this in cars because they have automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in cars because they have automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in cars because they have automatic
+systems to adjust the air fuel mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to adjust the air fuel mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to adjust the air fuel mixture
+and get the right amount of air in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the right amount of air in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the right amount of air in there
+to course the right amount of fuel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to course the right amount of fuel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to course the right amount of fuel in
+there too corresponding to the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there too corresponding to the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there too corresponding to the density
+of the air but in aviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the air but in aviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the air but in aviation
+you know there's your little mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's your little mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's your little mixture
+knob where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob where
+you can lean out in the mixture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can lean out in the mixture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can lean out in the mixture the
+fuel-air mixture you start out rich when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel-air mixture you start out rich when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel-air mixture you start out rich when
+you're taking off because you're at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking off because you're at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking off because you're at a
+very high power setting and the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high power setting and the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high power setting and the extra
+rich mixture cools the engine if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich mixture cools the engine if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich mixture cools the engine if you go
+really extreme with this like you test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really extreme with this like you test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really extreme with this like you test
+taxi around for half an hour with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxi around for half an hour with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxi around for half an hour with the
+mixture control at full rich in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture control at full rich in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture control at full rich in some
+engines you may end up getting lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines you may end up getting lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines you may end up getting lead
+fouling on the spark plugs if you're up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fouling on the spark plugs if you're up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fouling on the spark plugs if you're up
+cruising and you lean it out too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruising and you lean it out too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruising and you lean it out too much
+and the engines going to get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the engines going to get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the engines going to get a little
+bit rough and some of the temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit rough and some of the temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit rough and some of the temperatures
+will go too high on the modern aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go too high on the modern aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go too high on the modern aircraft
+you have very sophisticated engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have very sophisticated engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have very sophisticated engine
+monitors that tell you all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitors that tell you all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitors that tell you all kinds of
+information about what the temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about what the temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about what the temperatures
+are they may help you lean to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they may help you lean to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they may help you lean to the
+optimum mixture it's kind of if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum mixture it's kind of if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum mixture it's kind of if you have
+an autopilot it's kind of a good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an autopilot it's kind of a good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an autopilot it's kind of a good good
+way to invest some of your time once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to invest some of your time once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to invest some of your time once
+you're in the crews carburetors how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the crews carburetors how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the crews carburetors how do
+they work if you fly a Piper or a Cessna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work if you fly a Piper or a Cessna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work if you fly a Piper or a Cessna
+you can say that you have a jet-powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say that you have a jet-powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say that you have a jet-powered
+aircraft because there is a jet in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft because there is a jet in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft because there is a jet in the
+carburettor that's letting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carburettor that's letting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carburettor that's letting the
+low-pressure air and this venturi pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-pressure air and this venturi pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-pressure air and this venturi pull
+little bits of fuel vapor out into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bits of fuel vapor out into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bits of fuel vapor out into the
+well I guess that throttle looks pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess that throttle looks pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess that throttle looks pretty
+well closed but ideally the throttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well closed but ideally the throttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well closed but ideally the throttle
+would be kind of open and the air would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be kind of open and the air would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be kind of open and the air would
+be going air fuel mixture would be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going air fuel mixture would be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going air fuel mixture would be going
+into the some wonders carb icing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the some wonders carb icing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the some wonders carb icing so
+remember lower pressure as the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember lower pressure as the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember lower pressure as the pressure
+falls the temperature will also fall so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls the temperature will also fall so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls the temperature will also fall so
+even if it's not below freezing outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's not below freezing outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's not below freezing outside
+it can become below freezing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can become below freezing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can become below freezing in the
+middle of the carburetor and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the carburetor and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the carburetor and therefore
+water vapor that has been in the air can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water vapor that has been in the air can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water vapor that has been in the air can
+turn into ice and eventually block the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into ice and eventually block the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into ice and eventually block the
+airflow to the engine so they tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airflow to the engine so they tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airflow to the engine so they tell you
+look well just detect that by loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look well just detect that by loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look well just detect that by loss of
+rpm you know you're flying along should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rpm you know you're flying along should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rpm you know you're flying along should
+be watching the rpm gauge so obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be watching the rpm gauge so obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be watching the rpm gauge so obviously
+you would notice this and take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would notice this and take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would notice this and take the
+recked action instead of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recked action instead of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recked action instead of having a
+machine that would figure this out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that would figure this out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that would figure this out and
+do it for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for you
+I guess one reason they don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess one reason they don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess one reason they don't want to
+just have carp eat all the on all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have carp eat all the on all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have carp eat all the on all the
+time is that it robs the engine of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is that it robs the engine of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is that it robs the engine of of
+some of its you know last 10 or 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of its you know last 10 or 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of its you know last 10 or 15
+horsepower or whatever so the carb heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horsepower or whatever so the carb heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horsepower or whatever so the carb heat
+because it makes the air hotter it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it makes the air hotter it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it makes the air hotter it's
+just like going up to a higher altitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like going up to a higher altitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like going up to a higher altitude
+or going up or flying on a hotter day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or going up or flying on a hotter day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or going up or flying on a hotter day
+the air is going to be thinner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air is going to be thinner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air is going to be thinner and
+therefore there are fewer molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore there are fewer molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore there are fewer molecules of
+the air to combust and you won't get as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air to combust and you won't get as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air to combust and you won't get as
+much power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question.what generates the carpi that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question.what generates the carpi that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question.what generates the carpi that's
+a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good question
+same thing that generates the cabin heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing that generates the cabin heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing that generates the cabin heat
+you basically run the air over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically run the air over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically run the air over the
+exhaust system before it goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaust system before it goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaust system before it goes to the
+carburetor before it comes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carburetor before it comes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carburetor before it comes into the
+cabin good question yeah so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabin good question yeah so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabin good question yeah so I think
+1950s cars you know had some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s cars you know had some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s cars you know had some kind of
+automatic mechanism for this it was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic mechanism for this it was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic mechanism for this it was you
+know bi-metal valve and I don't know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know bi-metal valve and I don't know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know bi-metal valve and I don't know we
+the mixture control hasn't been seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixture control hasn't been seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixture control hasn't been seen in
+automotive automobiles for quite a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automotive automobiles for quite a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automotive automobiles for quite a long
+time the ignition systems of aircraft is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the ignition systems of aircraft is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the ignition systems of aircraft is
+actually pretty well designed you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty well designed you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty well designed you have
+Magneto's you can see them here and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magneto's you can see them here and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magneto's you can see them here and here
+let me do this you can see them here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do this you can see them here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do this you can see them here at
+the bottom the left and right Magneto's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom the left and right Magneto's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom the left and right Magneto's
+are geared into the engine and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are geared into the engine and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are geared into the engine and they
+generate their own voltage so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate their own voltage so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate their own voltage so basically
+you don't need to have a working battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to have a working battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to have a working battery
+or working alternator to have a running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or working alternator to have a running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or working alternator to have a running
+engine unlike in a car all you need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine unlike in a car all you need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine unlike in a car all you need is
+that these one of the Magneto's is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these one of the Magneto's is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these one of the Magneto's is still
+connected and working properly so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected and working properly so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected and working properly so it's
+totally separate from what you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally separate from what you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally separate from what you might
+think of the aircraft's electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the aircraft's electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the aircraft's electrical
+system and for further burden see each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and for further burden see each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and for further burden see each
+magneto is connected to half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magneto is connected to half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magneto is connected to half of the
+spark plugs such that if you lose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spark plugs such that if you lose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spark plugs such that if you lose a
+magneto you still have one working spark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magneto you still have one working spark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magneto you still have one working spark
+plug in each cylinder does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in each cylinder does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in each cylinder does that make
+sense you can see that in this drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you can see that in this drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you can see that in this drawing
+here where each cylinder is being fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where each cylinder is being fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where each cylinder is being fed
+either from the green or the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either from the green or the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either from the green or the blue
+magneto to one of the two spark plugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magneto to one of the two spark plugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magneto to one of the two spark plugs
+and you can test to see if it runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can test to see if it runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can test to see if it runs
+smoothly on either Magneto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly on either Magneto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly on either Magneto
+your ignition switch on the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ignition switch on the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ignition switch on the airplane
+will have a right mag only switch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a right mag only switch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a right mag only switch the
+left mag only switch or both mags which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left mag only switch or both mags which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left mag only switch or both mags which
+is where you have normal operation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you have normal operation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you have normal operation but
+when you're testing on the ground you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're testing on the ground you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're testing on the ground you'll
+typically see if it works on either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically see if it works on either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically see if it works on either
+Magneto okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magneto okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magneto okay
+abnormal combustion what can you get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal combustion what can you get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal combustion what can you get you
+can get detonation which is the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get detonation which is the mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get detonation which is the mixture
+ignites before the spark ignites or pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignites before the spark ignites or pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignites before the spark ignites or pre
+ignition which is a slow burn before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignition which is a slow burn before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignition which is a slow burn before the
+spark and detonation I think is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spark and detonation I think is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spark and detonation I think is probably
+the one that's more common and it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's more common and it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's more common and it could
+be caused by you know improper leaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aviation fuel basically 100 low lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviation fuel basically 100 low lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviation fuel basically 100 low lead
+which has died blue is all that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has died blue is all that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has died blue is all that you're
+going to see in the continental US in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see in the continental US in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see in the continental US in
+the future though so low that means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future though so low that means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future though so low that means it's
+lower and lead than the stuff that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and lead than the stuff that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and lead than the stuff that they
+were making you know in the 1930s or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were making you know in the 1930s or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were making you know in the 1930s or
+whatever it's still pretty high Inlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's still pretty high Inlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's still pretty high Inlet
+it's like the super you know it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the super you know it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the super you know it's like
+the premium leaded gasoline I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the premium leaded gasoline I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the premium leaded gasoline I think of
+the 1970s most engines actually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s most engines actually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s most engines actually don't
+require this it's just that it takes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require this it's just that it takes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require this it's just that it takes so
+long to get anything done in aviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long to get anything done in aviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long to get anything done in aviation
+that they can't put an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can't put an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can't put an alternative
+certify and get an alternative fuel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certify and get an alternative fuel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certify and get an alternative fuel to
+the airports but you know your typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airports but you know your typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airports but you know your typical
+Cessna or your Robinson r44 with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessna or your Robinson r44 with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessna or your Robinson r44 with the
+carburetor it doesn't need this lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carburetor it doesn't need this lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carburetor it doesn't need this lead
+it's you know in the fuel and then gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know in the fuel and then gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know in the fuel and then gets
+spewed out in the atmosphere it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spewed out in the atmosphere it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spewed out in the atmosphere it's kind
+of a tragedy and it's been made worse by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a tragedy and it's been made worse by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a tragedy and it's been made worse by
+this ethanol stuff so the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ethanol stuff so the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ethanol stuff so the government
+says you'd have to put ethanol and car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you'd have to put ethanol and car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you'd have to put ethanol and car
+gasoline so you can't just go and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline so you can't just go and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline so you can't just go and take
+premium car gas from the gas station and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium car gas from the gas station and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium car gas from the gas station and
+pour it into your aircraft from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pour it into your aircraft from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pour it into your aircraft from a
+technical point of view even if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical point of view even if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical point of view even if it were
+legal regulatory wise because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal regulatory wise because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal regulatory wise because the
+ethanol will destroy a lot of the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol will destroy a lot of the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol will destroy a lot of the fuel
+system in the aircraft which wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in the aircraft which wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in the aircraft which wasn't
+engineered for it but if you did have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered for it but if you did have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered for it but if you did have
+ethanol free there are a few places that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol free there are a few places that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol free there are a few places that
+have no gas they get special ethanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no gas they get special ethanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no gas they get special ethanol
+free car gas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free car gas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free car gas and
+you know the lower performance aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the lower performance aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the lower performance aircraft
+engines will run just fine on there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines will run just fine on there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines will run just fine on there have
+been committees you know 20 years is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been committees you know 20 years is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been committees you know 20 years is
+kind of like the standard unit of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the standard unit of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the standard unit of time
+and aviation so for about 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aviation so for about 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aviation so for about 20 years
+people have been working on some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been working on some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been working on some kind of
+certified unleaded gasoline that'll work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified unleaded gasoline that'll work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified unleaded gasoline that'll work
+with most engines if you see clear fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with most engines if you see clear fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with most engines if you see clear fuel
+in the sump it usually means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sump it usually means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sump it usually means the
+airplanes been left out in the rain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes been left out in the rain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes been left out in the rain and
+some water has gotten in there and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some water has gotten in there and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some water has gotten in there and you
+got to make sure that you drain that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to make sure that you drain that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to make sure that you drain that out
+so there's drain plugs on the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's drain plugs on the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's drain plugs on the bottom of
+the wings typically and maybe one near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wings typically and maybe one near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wings typically and maybe one near
+the bottom of the engine that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the engine that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the engine that you can
+see if any water has gotten into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if any water has gotten into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if any water has gotten into the
+fuel system jet fuel is hazardous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel system jet fuel is hazardous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel system jet fuel is hazardous to
+piston engines the nozzles are designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piston engines the nozzles are designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piston engines the nozzles are designed
+so that they're physically incompatible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they're physically incompatible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they're physically incompatible
+you shouldn't be able to put jet fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't be able to put jet fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't be able to put jet fuel
+into a piston engine occasionally does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a piston engine occasionally does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a piston engine occasionally does
+happen I know a guy who was flying his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I know a guy who was flying his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I know a guy who was flying his
+Piper Malibu all around all around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Piper Malibu all around all around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Piper Malibu all around all around the
+world and he got some barrels of fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and he got some barrels of fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and he got some barrels of fuel
+delivered to him and he had to like pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered to him and he had to like pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered to him and he had to like pump
+it himself and I don't know for whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it himself and I don't know for whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it himself and I don't know for whatever
+reason there was jet fuel in there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason there was jet fuel in there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason there was jet fuel in there is
+the pizza here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pizza here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pizza here
+yeah well whenever the pizza's here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think I think we're yeah well well yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think we're yeah well well yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think we're yeah well well yeah
+well we'll take a break as soon as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll take a break as soon as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll take a break as soon as the
+pizza shows up all right fix propellers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza shows up all right fix propellers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza shows up all right fix propellers
+so your most basic trainer has a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your most basic trainer has a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your most basic trainer has a regular
+propeller that it's angle relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller that it's angle relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller that it's angle relative to
+the hub never changes there's also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hub never changes there's also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hub never changes there's also in
+higher performance aircraft constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher performance aircraft constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher performance aircraft constant
+speed propellers where there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed propellers where there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed propellers where there's an
+adjustment mechanism that you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment mechanism that you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment mechanism that you can read
+about a mechanical collection of Springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a mechanical collection of Springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a mechanical collection of Springs
+and spinning weights that'll try to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spinning weights that'll try to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spinning weights that'll try to keep
+the propeller at 1 rpm and that can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propeller at 1 rpm and that can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propeller at 1 rpm and that can be a
+lot more efficient in different phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more efficient in different phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more efficient in different phases
+of flight you can see from this that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flight you can see from this that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flight you can see from this that if
+you have a constant speed propeller the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a constant speed propeller the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a constant speed propeller the
+efficiency across a huge range of speeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency across a huge range of speeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency across a huge range of speeds
+is roughly constant whereas if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roughly constant whereas if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roughly constant whereas if you have
+a climb prop or a fixed prop or a cruise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a climb prop or a fixed prop or a cruise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a climb prop or a fixed prop or a cruise
+prop that it's only working optimally at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop that it's only working optimally at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop that it's only working optimally at
+certain air speeds all right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain air speeds all right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain air speeds all right so if you
+have a constant speed propeller you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant speed propeller you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant speed propeller you're
+now going to have three power lovers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to have three power lovers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to have three power lovers
+that's the business end of it from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the business end of it from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the business end of it from a
+pilot's point of view you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot's point of view you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot's point of view you'll have
+throttle which is the black one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throttle which is the black one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throttle which is the black one on the
+left the blue prop speed control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the blue prop speed control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the blue prop speed control and
+then the red mixture the FA they may ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the red mixture the FA they may ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the red mixture the FA they may ask
+you about this you know they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about this you know they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about this you know they have this
+doctrine it's not really true of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctrine it's not really true of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctrine it's not really true of all
+engines but the idea is that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines but the idea is that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines but the idea is that you don't
+want like a high power setting and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want like a high power setting and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want like a high power setting and a
+really low rpm setting they claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low rpm setting they claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low rpm setting they claim that
+that's making the propeller take such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's making the propeller take such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's making the propeller take such
+big bytes of the air to keep the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bytes of the air to keep the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bytes of the air to keep the low
+speed that it's somehow stressing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed that it's somehow stressing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed that it's somehow stressing the
+engine but again if not every engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine but again if not every engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine but again if not every engine
+manufacturer agrees with that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer agrees with that all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer agrees with that all right
+let's talk about well stirred well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about well stirred well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about well stirred well
+started on flight instruments to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started on flight instruments to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started on flight instruments to our
+pizza arrives so this is you know gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza arrives so this is you know gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza arrives so this is you know gonna
+be your reality I would say some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your reality I would say some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your reality I would say some of the
+test stuff concerns the steam gauges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test stuff concerns the steam gauges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test stuff concerns the steam gauges of
+the past that you still at low that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past that you still at low that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past that you still at low that you
+still see at flight schools and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still see at flight schools and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still see at flight schools and that
+there's they're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's they're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's they're there
+some things that we can learn from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that we can learn from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that we can learn from this
+though that we'll get into there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that we'll get into there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that we'll get into there are
+some advantages but anyway let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some advantages but anyway let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some advantages but anyway let's start
+with this six-pack because actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this six-pack because actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this six-pack because actually the
+electronic stuff is mostly trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic stuff is mostly trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic stuff is mostly trying to
+replicate what was done during World War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate what was done during World War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate what was done during World War
+two there's very little in a modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two there's very little in a modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two there's very little in a modern
+aircraft that isn't some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft that isn't some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft that isn't some kind of
+upgraded version of what was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgraded version of what was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgraded version of what was in the
+Boeing b-29 bomber so it's worth kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boeing b-29 bomber so it's worth kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boeing b-29 bomber so it's worth kind of
+knowing where it came from so you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing where it came from so you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing where it came from so you've got
+your six-pack you've got your airspeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your six-pack you've got your airspeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your six-pack you've got your airspeed
+indicator on the top left you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator on the top left you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator on the top left you've got
+your attitude indicator or artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attitude indicator or artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attitude indicator or artificial
+horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon
+you've got your altimeter on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got your altimeter on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got your altimeter on the top
+right vertical speed coming down around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right vertical speed coming down around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right vertical speed coming down around
+to the lower right which tells you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lower right which tells you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lower right which tells you how
+fast you're going up or how fast you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast you're going up or how fast you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast you're going up or how fast you're
+going down a directional gyro which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down a directional gyro which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down a directional gyro which is
+like a stabilized compass showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a stabilized compass showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a stabilized compass showing you
+where you're pointed assuming that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're pointed assuming that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're pointed assuming that's
+been adjusted properly it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been adjusted properly it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been adjusted properly it has to be
+reset to the compass and flight every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset to the compass and flight every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset to the compass and flight every
+now and then aah-ha is our pizza here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and then aah-ha is our pizza here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and then aah-ha is our pizza here
+you didn't see Eddie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't see Eddie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't see Eddie
+oh no okay and then you have a turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no okay and then you have a turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no okay and then you have a turn
+coordinator which is another backup gyro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinator which is another backup gyro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinator which is another backup gyro
+that tells you whether you're turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you whether you're turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you whether you're turning
+left or right and also the coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right and also the coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right and also the coordination
+that's just a ball we'll get into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a ball we'll get into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a ball we'll get into that
+in a little bit but whether the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit but whether the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit but whether the airplane
+is kind of pitch yaw improperly Yod all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of pitch yaw improperly Yod all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of pitch yaw improperly Yod all
+right so it says electric for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it says electric for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it says electric for a
+gyroscope to keep spinning that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyroscope to keep spinning that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyroscope to keep spinning that means
+it's being powered by electric what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being powered by electric what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being powered by electric what else
+could it be powered by and does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it be powered by and does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it be powered by and does anybody
+know what what else is there besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what else is there besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what else is there besides
+electricity that can make this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity that can make this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity that can make this thing
+spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin
+yeah vacuum so in the old days you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah vacuum so in the old days you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah vacuum so in the old days you know
+again this is not as common you'd have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is not as common you'd have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is not as common you'd have a
+vacuum pump on the engine that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum pump on the engine that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum pump on the engine that would
+generate a force to keep these gyro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a force to keep these gyro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a force to keep these gyro
+spinning and those were often failing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning and those were often failing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning and those were often failing
+which had some pretty bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had some pretty bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had some pretty bad
+I don't know somebody yeah I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know somebody yeah I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know somebody yeah I guess
+there's a few Piper warriors yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few Piper warriors yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few Piper warriors yeah that's
+a good reason not to take like the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good reason not to take like the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good reason not to take like the most
+basic airplane into the clouds because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic airplane into the clouds because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic airplane into the clouds because
+the idea is that you're supposed to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that you're supposed to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that you're supposed to sort
+of notice do they have and I guess some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notice do they have and I guess some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notice do they have and I guess some
+of them have a little warning light when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have a little warning light when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have a little warning light when
+the vacuum pump fails but you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum pump fails but you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum pump fails but you know in
+the in the most classic situation you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the most classic situation you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the most classic situation you're
+supposed to notice it's a pilot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to notice it's a pilot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to notice it's a pilot in the
+clouds that this artificial horizon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds that this artificial horizon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds that this artificial horizon is
+failing and it's inconsistent with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing and it's inconsistent with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing and it's inconsistent with this
+instrument and then you decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument and then you decide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument and then you decide what
+should the to to believe generally it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the to to believe generally it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the to to believe generally it's
+this one because it's more reliable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one because it's more reliable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one because it's more reliable and
+then you continue your flight to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you continue your flight to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you continue your flight to the
+cloud without the artificial horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud without the artificial horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud without the artificial horizon
+anyway it's ridiculous obviously so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's ridiculous obviously so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's ridiculous obviously so you
+know real IFR airplanes these days have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know real IFR airplanes these days have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know real IFR airplanes these days have
+two attitude indicators both powered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two attitude indicators both powered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two attitude indicators both powered by
+electric and you don't have to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and you don't have to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and you don't have to sort of
+notice the subtle sign of them failing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the subtle sign of them failing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the subtle sign of them failing
+there's just a big flag that pops up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a big flag that pops up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a big flag that pops up
+when they fail you know if they lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they fail you know if they lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they fail you know if they lose
+power for some reason for example all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power for some reason for example all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power for some reason for example all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+the pitot-static system so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pitot-static system so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pitot-static system so how do you
+know anything about your airspeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about your airspeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about your airspeed
+there's a tube somewhere on the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tube somewhere on the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tube somewhere on the airplane
+usually hanging out under the wing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually hanging out under the wing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually hanging out under the wing and
+your typical trainer or next to the nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your typical trainer or next to the nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your typical trainer or next to the nose
+you see them on jets where the ram air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see them on jets where the ram air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see them on jets where the ram air
+comes in and the more ram air pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and the more ram air pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and the more ram air pressure
+there is then the faster you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is then the faster you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is then the faster you're going
+that can be compared to the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be compared to the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be compared to the static
+pressure which comes in from a static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure which comes in from a static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure which comes in from a static
+port usually on the side of the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port usually on the side of the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port usually on the side of the airplane
+it has to be in you know some part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be in you know some part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be in you know some part of
+the airplane where the airflow is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane where the airflow is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane where the airflow is you
+know suitable for a static port so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suitable for a static port so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suitable for a static port so the
+ram air feeds only the airspeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ram air feeds only the airspeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ram air feeds only the airspeed
+indicator and the static source has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator and the static source has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator and the static source has to
+feed the altimeter in the vertical speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed the altimeter in the vertical speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed the altimeter in the vertical speed
+you got to read this book there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to read this book there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to read this book there's a
+couple questions about what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple questions about what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple questions about what happens if
+the pitot tube gets clogged or if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pitot tube gets clogged or if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pitot tube gets clogged or if the
+static port is blocked and taped over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static port is blocked and taped over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static port is blocked and taped over
+and that makes the instruments read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes the instruments read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes the instruments read
+inaccurately so I read about that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccurately so I read about that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccurately so I read about that for
+the test okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test okay
+airspeed indicator here's what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed indicator here's what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed indicator here's what I was
+talking about how in some ways the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how in some ways the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how in some ways the old
+stuff is better so look here's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is better so look here's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is better so look here's a good
+example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how you get more information out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you get more information out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you get more information out of this
+than out of the speed tape on the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than out of the speed tape on the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than out of the speed tape on the modern
+instrument this gives you all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument this gives you all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument this gives you all of the
+aircraft's performance basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft's performance basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft's performance basically you
+don't really need to refer to the manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need to refer to the manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need to refer to the manual
+to see a lot of important information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a lot of important information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a lot of important information
+well don't fly you know that the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well don't fly you know that the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well don't fly you know that the speed
+tape might only show you from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape might only show you from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape might only show you from here to
+here you know from like 120 knots up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know from like 120 knots up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know from like 120 knots up to
+150 or something but here you're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 or something but here you're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 or something but here you're seeing
+okay let's not fly faster than about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's not fly faster than about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's not fly faster than about two
+hundred and eight knots unless we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and eight knots unless we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and eight knots unless we have
+the flaps out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flaps out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flaps out
+let's not fly slower than about fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not fly slower than about fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not fly slower than about fifty
+eight knots and even with the flaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight knots and even with the flaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight knots and even with the flaps
+hanging down we don't want to fly slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging down we don't want to fly slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging down we don't want to fly slower
+than 55 knots because that's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 55 knots because that's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 55 knots because that's gonna be
+where it's gonna stall you know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's gonna stall you know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's gonna stall you know at
+certain CG configurations and a gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain CG configurations and a gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain CG configurations and a gross
+weight ok the yellow arc well the yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight ok the yellow arc well the yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight ok the yellow arc well the yellow
+arc is to be avoided unless the air is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc is to be avoided unless the air is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc is to be avoided unless the air is
+smooth so that was actually a great user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth so that was actually a great user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth so that was actually a great user
+interface and because cool Jets have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and because cool Jets have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and because cool Jets have the
+speed tape when they make the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed tape when they make the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed tape when they make the glass
+panels for little airplanes which really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels for little airplanes which really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels for little airplanes which really
+don't need that kind of precision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need that kind of precision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need that kind of precision and
+speed control they said well let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed control they said well let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed control they said well let's just
+have this thing that you know the jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this thing that you know the jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this thing that you know the jet
+pilots have all right how does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots have all right how does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots have all right how does the
+airspeed indicator work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed indicator work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed indicator work
+there's brass in there so it's a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's brass in there so it's a cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's brass in there so it's a cool
+you know old-school Sherlock Holmes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know old-school Sherlock Holmes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know old-school Sherlock Holmes
+style brass instrument the ram air is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style brass instrument the ram air is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style brass instrument the ram air is
+coming in there's a diaphragm that moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in there's a diaphragm that moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in there's a diaphragm that moves
+some levers and eventually the needle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some levers and eventually the needle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some levers and eventually the needle
+swings again you know you don't don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swings again you know you don't don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swings again you know you don't don't
+have to design one for your test just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to design one for your test just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to design one for your test just
+have to know that it's gonna respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know that it's gonna respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know that it's gonna respond to
+the ram air some of these little symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ram air some of these little symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ram air some of these little symbols
+are worth knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worth knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worth knowing
+probably VA is the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably VA is the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably VA is the most important
+because it's on the test I believe as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's on the test I believe as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's on the test I believe as
+something that's not indicated on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not indicated on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not indicated on the
+airspeed indicator that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed indicator that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed indicator that's the
+maneuvering speed that's the speed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuvering speed that's the speed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuvering speed that's the speed at
+which you can do extreme control inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can do extreme control inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can do extreme control inputs
+and not bend the airplane any faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not bend the airplane any faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not bend the airplane any faster
+than maneuvering speed it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than maneuvering speed it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than maneuvering speed it's possible
+that you could you know yank the yoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could you know yank the yoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could you know yank the yoke
+back so hard that you'd bend the wings a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so hard that you'd bend the wings a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so hard that you'd bend the wings a
+little better overstressed them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little better overstressed them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little better overstressed them the
+reason it's not indicated on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it's not indicated on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it's not indicated on the
+airspeed indicator is it varies by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed indicator is it varies by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed indicator is it varies by
+weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+and it's actually higher as something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually higher as something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually higher as something
+worth reading about it's higher if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth reading about it's higher if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth reading about it's higher if the
+airplane is heavier it's one of the few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane is heavier it's one of the few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane is heavier it's one of the few
+speeds where weight is helpful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds where weight is helpful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds where weight is helpful because
+if it's really heavy it's just harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's really heavy it's just harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's really heavy it's just harder to
+get the airplane to perform in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the airplane to perform in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the airplane to perform in some
+extreme manner VSO is also worth looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme manner VSO is also worth looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme manner VSO is also worth looking
+at that's basically the speed that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that's basically the speed that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that's basically the speed that's
+going to determine how fast you land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to determine how fast you land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to determine how fast you land
+that's the speed the airplane will stall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the speed the airplane will stall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the speed the airplane will stall
+and landing configuration so you usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and landing configuration so you usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and landing configuration so you usually
+want to be going at least 20% faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be going at least 20% faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be going at least 20% faster
+than that to give yourself a safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that to give yourself a safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that to give yourself a safety
+margin okay here's something from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin okay here's something from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin okay here's something from the
+New England air museum and Bradley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New England air museum and Bradley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New England air museum and Bradley
+Connecticut another great destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connecticut another great destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connecticut another great destination
+about half an hour's flight away huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half an hour's flight away huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half an hour's flight away huge
+airport great FBO that will give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport great FBO that will give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport great FBO that will give you a
+free car to use while you're there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free car to use while you're there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free car to use while you're there it's
+called signature flight support there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called signature flight support there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called signature flight support there
+anyway so this aircraft I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so this aircraft I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so this aircraft I think it's a
+p40 from world war ii and it can go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p40 from world war ii and it can go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p40 from world war ii and it can go up
+to 500 miles an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 500 miles an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 500 miles an hour
+all right altimeter this aircraft is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right altimeter this aircraft is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right altimeter this aircraft is at
+about 10,000 feet so notice it has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10,000 feet so notice it has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10,000 feet so notice it has this
+little triangular needle at one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little triangular needle at one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little triangular needle at one that's
+telling you this at 10,000 feet and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you this at 10,000 feet and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you this at 10,000 feet and then
+the longer needle is reading in hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longer needle is reading in hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longer needle is reading in hundreds
+so we're at about ten thousand two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're at about ten thousand two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're at about ten thousand two
+hundred and sure enough we can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and sure enough we can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and sure enough we can see it
+this is indicating you know ten thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is indicating you know ten thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is indicating you know ten thousand
+one hundred eighty so three needles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hundred eighty so three needles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hundred eighty so three needles
+usually the ones you're gonna deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the ones you're gonna deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the ones you're gonna deal with
+are this one at the top here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this one at the top here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this one at the top here for
+thousands of feet and this one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of feet and this one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of feet and this one for
+hundreds of feet okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of feet okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of feet okay
+so back in the old days before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back in the old days before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back in the old days before we
+decided to dig up all the coal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to dig up all the coal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to dig up all the coal and the
+oil and set it on fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil and set it on fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil and set it on fire
+this was our standard atmosphere and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was our standard atmosphere and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was our standard atmosphere and it
+was wonderful and it was always 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wonderful and it was always 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wonderful and it was always 15
+degrees at sea level and it was always -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees at sea level and it was always -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees at sea level and it was always -
+9 or 9 or - for pressure but now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 or 9 or - for pressure but now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 or 9 or - for pressure but now we've
+ruined it the standard atmosphere is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruined it the standard atmosphere is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruined it the standard atmosphere is the
+basis for a huge number of calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for a huge number of calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for a huge number of calculations
+the altimeter we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the altimeter we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the altimeter we're going to look at
+this again it has these anti furs that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again it has these anti furs that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again it has these anti furs that I
+guess provide a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess provide a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess provide a reference
+and some have the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some have the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some have the difference between
+what's in there and what's coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in there and what's coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in there and what's coming in
+will make the needles move that's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make the needles move that's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make the needles move that's about
+as much as I know not being a mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as I know not being a mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as I know not being a mechanical
+engineer an important factor though with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer an important factor though with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer an important factor though with
+all these altimeters as you can set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these altimeters as you can set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these altimeters as you can set it
+to correct it for whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to correct it for whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to correct it for whatever the
+prevailing pressure is locally so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevailing pressure is locally so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevailing pressure is locally so that's
+what you really need to know as a pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really need to know as a pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really need to know as a pilot
+that if they tell you the altimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they tell you the altimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they tell you the altimeter
+setting is three zero five three that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting is three zero five three that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting is three zero five three that
+you turn it until you see three two zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn it until you see three two zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn it until you see three two zero
+five three in the window it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five three in the window it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five three in the window it's worth
+knowing these altitude definitions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing these altitude definitions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing these altitude definitions the
+most important for determining aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important for determining aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important for determining aircraft
+performance is going to be density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is going to be density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is going to be density
+altitude that's kind of tracks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude that's kind of tracks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude that's kind of tracks the
+actual number of molecules that are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual number of molecules that are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual number of molecules that are in a
+given volume of air if you're flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given volume of air if you're flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given volume of air if you're flying
+along you'll be looking at indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along you'll be looking at indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along you'll be looking at indicated
+altitude that's kind of how aircrafts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude that's kind of how aircrafts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude that's kind of how aircrafts
+are tend to be separated everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tend to be separated everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tend to be separated everything else
+is kind of nice to know pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of nice to know pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of nice to know pressure
+altitude we talk about it a lot but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude we talk about it a lot but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude we talk about it a lot but I
+don't think it's really often used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's really often used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's really often used in
+practice for much actually above it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice for much actually above it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice for much actually above it I
+shouldn't say that because above 18,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say that because above 18,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say that because above 18,000
+feet it's used use always said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet it's used use always said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet it's used use always said the
+altimeter to flight level you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter to flight level you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter to flight level you know two
+to zero instead of 22,000 feet if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero instead of 22,000 feet if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero instead of 22,000 feet if the
+temperature standard pressure altitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature standard pressure altitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature standard pressure altitude
+and then see altitude are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see altitude are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see altitude are going to be
+the same so that'll be again 15 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so that'll be again 15 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so that'll be again 15 degrees
+at sea level and cooler as you go up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sea level and cooler as you go up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sea level and cooler as you go up the
+pressure altitude will also equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure altitude will also equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure altitude will also equal the
+true altitude so that's the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true altitude so that's the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true altitude so that's the actual
+height above sea level again in standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height above sea level again in standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height above sea level again in standard
+atmospheric conditions we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric conditions we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric conditions we'll talk about
+this in a few a few times in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a few a few times in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a few a few times in this class
+but when it's hot the entire Earth's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when it's hot the entire Earth's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when it's hot the entire Earth's
+atmosphere expands and if we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere expands and if we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere expands and if we were to
+cool the earth down near absolute zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool the earth down near absolute zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool the earth down near absolute zero
+the atmosphere would contract it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere would contract it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere would contract it might
+we might read on our altimeter that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might read on our altimeter that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might read on our altimeter that we
+were at 18,000 feet when we were only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at 18,000 feet when we were only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at 18,000 feet when we were only
+you know an inch above the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an inch above the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an inch above the ground
+because the Earth's atmosphere had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Earth's atmosphere had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Earth's atmosphere had
+shrunk to only two inches in size all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrunk to only two inches in size all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrunk to only two inches in size all
+right when you're flying indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when you're flying indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when you're flying indicated
+altitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude
+there's a expression called high to low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a expression called high to low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a expression called high to low
+look out below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look out below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look out below
+because if you go from an area where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you go from an area where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you go from an area where
+there's a low high pressure setting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a low high pressure setting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a low high pressure setting to
+an area where there's a low pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area where there's a low pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area where there's a low pressure
+setting you'll inadvertently descend by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting you'll inadvertently descend by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting you'll inadvertently descend by
+a thousand feet if you just follow what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand feet if you just follow what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand feet if you just follow what
+the altimeter is telling you without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the altimeter is telling you without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the altimeter is telling you without
+resetting the altimeter same issue when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resetting the altimeter same issue when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resetting the altimeter same issue when
+you go from high temperature to low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go from high temperature to low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go from high temperature to low
+temperature so I just came back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so I just came back from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so I just came back from
+Jacksonville Florida and the Cirrus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacksonville Florida and the Cirrus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacksonville Florida and the Cirrus
+someone from high temperature and at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone from high temperature and at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone from high temperature and at an
+indicated altitude of 3,500 feet I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated altitude of 3,500 feet I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated altitude of 3,500 feet I was
+actually a bit higher above the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a bit higher above the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a bit higher above the earth
+and here in cold New England so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here in cold New England so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here in cold New England so that's
+another thing to be aware of and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing to be aware of and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing to be aware of and this
+becomes important for instrument flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes important for instrument flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes important for instrument flying
+and very cold conditions like up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very cold conditions like up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very cold conditions like up in the
+Canadian Arctic if you fly indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian Arctic if you fly indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian Arctic if you fly indicated
+altitudes when it's extremely cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitudes when it's extremely cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitudes when it's extremely cold
+you'll be closer to the ground and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be closer to the ground and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be closer to the ground and they
+budgeted for when they design the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeted for when they design the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeted for when they design the
+procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure
+okay vertical speed if you want to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay vertical speed if you want to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay vertical speed if you want to you
+know maintain 500 feet per minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maintain 500 feet per minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maintain 500 feet per minute
+climb rate or descent rate for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb rate or descent rate for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb rate or descent rate for your
+passengers comfort then this instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers comfort then this instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers comfort then this instrument
+is your friend it does lag so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your friend it does lag so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your friend it does lag so you can't
+really use this - all these instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use this - all these instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use this - all these instruments
+are outputs not inputs your inputs as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are outputs not inputs your inputs as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are outputs not inputs your inputs as a
+pilot are the attitude and the power so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot are the attitude and the power so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot are the attitude and the power so
+you set a power you set an attitude like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set a power you set an attitude like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set a power you set an attitude like
+a little bit three degrees nose-up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit three degrees nose-up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit three degrees nose-up and
+then you use these instruments to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you use these instruments to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you use these instruments to verify
+that you're getting the performance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're getting the performance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're getting the performance that
+you want especially true for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want especially true for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want especially true for the
+vertical speed indicator because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical speed indicator because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical speed indicator because the
+instrument itself has slag in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument itself has slag in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument itself has slag in addition
+to the lags that come from just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lags that come from just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lags that come from just the
+inertia of the aircraft okay under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia of the aircraft okay under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia of the aircraft okay under the
+hood it's got this calibrated leak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hood it's got this calibrated leak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hood it's got this calibrated leak
+I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway it's not our fancy instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's not our fancy instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's not our fancy instrument
+than a mechanical engineer should tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a mechanical engineer should tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a mechanical engineer should tell
+you about all right gyroscopes the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about all right gyroscopes the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about all right gyroscopes the main
+property is you can use them for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is you can use them for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is you can use them for an
+aircraft instrument because it'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft instrument because it'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft instrument because it'll try to
+stay where it is relative to space it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay where it is relative to space it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay where it is relative to space it
+has to be corrected in instruments it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be corrected in instruments it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be corrected in instruments it's
+really where gyroscopic precession has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really where gyroscopic precession has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really where gyroscopic precession has
+to be considered because think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be considered because think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be considered because think about it
+you're going to be showing the pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be showing the pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be showing the pilot
+various things on the face of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things on the face of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things on the face of the
+instrument so you want to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument so you want to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument so you want to make sure that
+it's the the deflections correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the the deflections correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the the deflections correspond to
+what's happening out there in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening out there in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening out there in the real
+world again this is covered in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world again this is covered in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world again this is covered in the
+pilots handbook this just tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots handbook this just tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots handbook this just tells you
+again if you kick if you kick a gyro up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you kick if you kick a gyro up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you kick if you kick a gyro up
+at the top instead of the axis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top instead of the axis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top instead of the axis of the
+gyroscope rotating downward it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyroscope rotating downward it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyroscope rotating downward it's
+actually going to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to the left
+that's gyroscopic precession turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gyroscopic precession turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gyroscopic precession turn
+coordinator it has a gyro to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinator it has a gyro to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinator it has a gyro to tell you
+that little airplane if you're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little airplane if you're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little airplane if you're doing a
+standard rate turn it'll go to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard rate turn it'll go to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard rate turn it'll go to this
+point here that's a two minute turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here that's a two minute turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here that's a two minute turn
+that'll take you two minutes to go 360
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll take you two minutes to go 360
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll take you two minutes to go 360
+degrees and it's a back up to you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and it's a back up to you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and it's a back up to you know a
+vacuum powered attitude indicator it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum powered attitude indicator it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum powered attitude indicator it
+also has this completely separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has this completely separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has this completely separate
+function of a little ball in I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a little ball in I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a little ball in I think
+it's in kerosene actually so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in kerosene actually so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in kerosene actually so it's a
+little ball and fluid and in a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ball and fluid and in a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ball and fluid and in a perfectly
+coordinated turn you should actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated turn you should actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated turn you should actually
+feel like you're just standing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like you're just standing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like you're just standing on the
+ground at 1g and the ball should stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground at 1g and the ball should stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground at 1g and the ball should stay
+right there in the center all right turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there in the center all right turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there in the center all right turn
+coordinator it can tell you whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinator it can tell you whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinator it can tell you whether
+you're slipping skidding or coordinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're slipping skidding or coordinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're slipping skidding or coordinated
+so if you're coordinated as I said it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're coordinated as I said it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're coordinated as I said it's
+just like sitting in a chair and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like sitting in a chair and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like sitting in a chair and not
+moving if you're slipping if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving if you're slipping if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving if you're slipping if you have
+any trouble visualizing this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any trouble visualizing this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any trouble visualizing this you can
+just reflect on the fact that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reflect on the fact that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reflect on the fact that you have
+to step on the ball to fix the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to step on the ball to fix the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to step on the ball to fix the problem
+so here your airplane is in a right turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here your airplane is in a right turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here your airplane is in a right turn
+and it's telling you you have to step on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's telling you you have to step on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's telling you you have to step on
+the right rudder and bring the nose more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right rudder and bring the nose more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right rudder and bring the nose more
+around to the right in order to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to the right in order to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to the right in order to be
+coordinated so that is a slipping turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated so that is a slipping turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated so that is a slipping turn
+so here's our airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our airplane
+we've banked the wings but we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've banked the wings but we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've banked the wings but we've got the
+nose still kind of pointed where we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose still kind of pointed where we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose still kind of pointed where we used
+to be going so it's telling us you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be going so it's telling us you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be going so it's telling us you need
+to kick a little bit of right rudder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kick a little bit of right rudder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kick a little bit of right rudder and
+have a coordinated turn skidding is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a coordinated turn skidding is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a coordinated turn skidding is the
+other way for some reason we have too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way for some reason we have too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way for some reason we have too
+much right rudder in there and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much right rudder in there and we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much right rudder in there and we need
+to back off of it or hit some left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to back off of it or hit some left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to back off of it or hit some left
+rudder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudder
+and bring it back again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bring it back again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bring it back again this is
+something it'll become you eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it'll become you eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it'll become you eventually
+you develop a sort of a feel for it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you develop a sort of a feel for it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you develop a sort of a feel for it in
+the seat of your pants and you'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seat of your pants and you'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seat of your pants and you'll just
+do it naturally and actually modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it naturally and actually modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it naturally and actually modern
+aircraft don't have a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft don't have a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft don't have a whole lot of
+what's called adverse yaw so if you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called adverse yaw so if you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called adverse yaw so if you try
+to turn them they're not really going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn them they're not really going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn them they're not really going to
+get out of coordination to any large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of coordination to any large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of coordination to any large
+extent all right attitude indicator if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent all right attitude indicator if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent all right attitude indicator if
+you're either in level flight or on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're either in level flight or on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're either in level flight or on the
+ramp this little airplane pointer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp this little airplane pointer here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp this little airplane pointer here
+in the middle that little orange thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle that little orange thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle that little orange thing
+is just something that you can rotate up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just something that you can rotate up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just something that you can rotate up
+and down it's basically just a reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down it's basically just a reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down it's basically just a reminder
+for you of what attitude will produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you of what attitude will produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you of what attitude will produce
+level flight it might be a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level flight it might be a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level flight it might be a couple
+degrees pitched up or down but you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees pitched up or down but you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees pitched up or down but you just
+set it to whatever it is this is a gyro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it to whatever it is this is a gyro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it to whatever it is this is a gyro
+that's free to move in two directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's free to move in two directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's free to move in two directions
+and as it moves it moves this Bank index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as it moves it moves this Bank index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as it moves it moves this Bank index
+I guess on the face of the gyro is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess on the face of the gyro is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess on the face of the gyro is what
+they're calling it or maybe that just is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're calling it or maybe that just is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're calling it or maybe that just is
+the Bank index so it's moving the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bank index so it's moving the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bank index so it's moving the whole
+artificial horizon on the face of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial horizon on the face of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial horizon on the face of the
+gyro so it the important thing is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyro so it the important thing is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyro so it the important thing is it's a
+gyro with two gimbals in aerobatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyro with two gimbals in aerobatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyro with two gimbals in aerobatic
+airplanes this design doesn't work very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes this design doesn't work very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes this design doesn't work very
+well it tends to get damaged by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it tends to get damaged by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it tends to get damaged by the
+extreme maneuvers and g-forces as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme maneuvers and g-forces as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme maneuvers and g-forces as a
+pilot what do you need to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot what do you need to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot what do you need to know about
+this it's worth knowing how to read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's worth knowing how to read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's worth knowing how to read it
+on your in your flight training you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your in your flight training you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your in your flight training you'll
+do so-called steep turns where you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so-called steep turns where you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so-called steep turns where you'll
+Bank to a 45-degree angle it's mostly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank to a 45-degree angle it's mostly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank to a 45-degree angle it's mostly a
+visual maneuver where you look outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual maneuver where you look outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual maneuver where you look outside
+but the attitude indicator is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the attitude indicator is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the attitude indicator is a good
+reference again to see whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference again to see whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference again to see whether the
+picture that you've got of a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that you've got of a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that you've got of a natural
+horizon actually does correspond to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon actually does correspond to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon actually does correspond to a
+45-degree Bank if you go up I think if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45-degree Bank if you go up I think if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45-degree Bank if you go up I think if
+you go beyond 60 degree banks it's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go beyond 60 degree banks it's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go beyond 60 degree banks it's time
+for your aerobatic airplane and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your aerobatic airplane and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your aerobatic airplane and your
+parachute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachute
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+that that pointer at the top generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that pointer at the top generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that pointer at the top generally
+will be pointed up at the sky however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be pointed up at the sky however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be pointed up at the sky however
+you're maneuvering we'll see this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're maneuvering we'll see this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're maneuvering we'll see this in a
+in a moment here so you can see let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment here so you can see let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment here so you can see let's
+just pick a a level right turn so over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick a a level right turn so over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick a a level right turn so over
+here you say well that I think at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you say well that I think at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you say well that I think at the
+top isn't really pointed up at the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top isn't really pointed up at the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top isn't really pointed up at the sky
+it's just pointed off to the left but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just pointed off to the left but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just pointed off to the left but
+think about it they're just showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it they're just showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it they're just showing you
+the instrument as you would see it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instrument as you would see it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instrument as you would see it in
+the cockpit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cockpit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cockpit
+so because the airplanes turn to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because the airplanes turn to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because the airplanes turn to the
+right that top pointer would actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that top pointer would actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that top pointer would actually be
+correspond to straight up in this inch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to straight up in this inch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to straight up in this inch
+of the sky but as you see it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sky but as you see it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sky but as you see it's kind of
+the same picture you would get you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same picture you would get you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same picture you would get you're
+more or less not pitched but you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less not pitched but you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less not pitched but you are
+banked if you're going up climbing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banked if you're going up climbing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banked if you're going up climbing right
+bank you see you're just pitched up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank you see you're just pitched up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank you see you're just pitched up a
+couple degrees there's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple degrees there's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple degrees there's a little bit more
+blue here versus here as an instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue here versus here as an instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue here versus here as an instrument
+pilot you'll get very good at seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot you'll get very good at seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot you'll get very good at seeing
+small differences just one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small differences just one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small differences just one or two
+degrees a bank or pitch here yeah we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees a bank or pitch here yeah we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees a bank or pitch here yeah we're
+about to go into the magnetic compass so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to go into the magnetic compass so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to go into the magnetic compass so
+let's let's take a break here and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's take a break here and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's take a break here and we'll
+wrap this up after everybody has a pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap this up after everybody has a pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap this up after everybody has a pizza
+few things to remember about magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things to remember about magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things to remember about magnetic
+compasses and then we're off to Oshkosh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compasses and then we're off to Oshkosh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compasses and then we're off to Oshkosh
+which is going to be more fun the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be more fun the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be more fun the most
+important thing is that it only works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that it only works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that it only works
+when you're straight and level and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're straight and level and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're straight and level and the
+fundamental insight for this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental insight for this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental insight for this is the
+compass is a horizontal thing it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass is a horizontal thing it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass is a horizontal thing it's only
+designed to move horizontally so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to move horizontally so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to move horizontally so if you
+start tilting it tilting your aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start tilting it tilting your aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start tilting it tilting your aircraft
+one big part of it a big part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big part of it a big part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big part of it a big part of the
+problem is the compass tries to still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is the compass tries to still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is the compass tries to still
+point itself towards the magnetic north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point itself towards the magnetic north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point itself towards the magnetic north
+pole which will cause it to rotate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole which will cause it to rotate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole which will cause it to rotate a
+little bit it's a little bit hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit it's a little bit hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit it's a little bit hard to
+explain without thinking about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain without thinking about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain without thinking about it and
+reading about it in the pilots handbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about it in the pilots handbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about it in the pilots handbook
+but the takeaway is that because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the takeaway is that because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the takeaway is that because it has
+inertia and because it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia and because it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia and because it's not really
+fully free to rotate to point in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully free to rotate to point in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully free to rotate to point in three
+dimensions down to the North Pole you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions down to the North Pole you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions down to the North Pole you
+get all these bizarre errors like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all these bizarre errors like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all these bizarre errors like if you
+turn away from a heading of North it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn away from a heading of North it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn away from a heading of North it'll
+initially show a turn in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially show a turn in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially show a turn in the opposite
+direction and if you accelerate because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and if you accelerate because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and if you accelerate because
+of the inertia it'll let C accelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inertia it'll let C accelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inertia it'll let C accelerate
+north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north
+and yes alright we'll get into that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes alright we'll get into that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes alright we'll get into that in a
+moment even I can't remember just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment even I can't remember just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment even I can't remember just
+remember don't look at an unless you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember don't look at an unless you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember don't look at an unless you're
+straight and level the true magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and level the true magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and level the true magnetic
+actually the North Pole the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the North Pole the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the North Pole the magnetic
+north pole I heard recently there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north pole I heard recently there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north pole I heard recently there was
+some kind of significant movement anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of significant movement anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of significant movement anyway
+it's moved quite a bit since 1632 as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's moved quite a bit since 1632 as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's moved quite a bit since 1632 as you
+see here on this chart because true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here on this chart because true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here on this chart because true
+north is not equal to magnetic north and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north is not equal to magnetic north and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north is not equal to magnetic north and
+the kind of primary source of direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of primary source of direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of primary source of direction
+that you have in your aircraft is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have in your aircraft is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have in your aircraft is a
+magnetic source on the charts you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic source on the charts you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic source on the charts you end up
+getting these isogonic lines that tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting these isogonic lines that tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting these isogonic lines that tell
+you how much correction to apply so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how much correction to apply so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how much correction to apply so here
+you can see 14 degrees west that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see 14 degrees west that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see 14 degrees west that tells
+you because of East is least in west is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because of East is least in west is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because of East is least in west is
+best if we want to fly straight true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best if we want to fly straight true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best if we want to fly straight true
+north we actually have to steer 0 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north we actually have to steer 0 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north we actually have to steer 0 plus
+14 so 0 is the true north of course add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 so 0 is the true north of course add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 so 0 is the true north of course add
+14 and if we see 14 on our compass or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 and if we see 14 on our compass or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 and if we see 14 on our compass or
+between 10 and 20 on our compass between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 10 and 20 on our compass between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 10 and 20 on our compass between
+1 & 2 I guess it would be indicated then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 & 2 I guess it would be indicated then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 & 2 I guess it would be indicated then
+we're heading true north if you forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're heading true north if you forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're heading true north if you forget
+all of this stuff that I'm telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this stuff that I'm telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this stuff that I'm telling you
+which I hope you will because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I hope you will because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I hope you will because this is a
+very tedious area you can cheat so look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tedious area you can cheat so look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tedious area you can cheat so look
+at this vor the vor tells you this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this vor the vor tells you this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this vor the vor tells you this is
+the block island vor this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block island vor this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block island vor this is another
+great place to fly so you land there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great place to fly so you land there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great place to fly so you land there you
+walk to the beach you skip out on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk to the beach you skip out on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk to the beach you skip out on the
+ferry ride this is the best arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferry ride this is the best arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferry ride this is the best arguments
+for general aviation aircraft are almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for general aviation aircraft are almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for general aviation aircraft are almost
+always places that are islands and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always places that are islands and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always places that are islands and you
+can't drive there in your Honda Accord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't drive there in your Honda Accord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't drive there in your Honda Accord
+even if you wanted to so but you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you wanted to so but you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you wanted to so but you see
+here the zero magnetic line is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the zero magnetic line is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the zero magnetic line is not
+aligned the chart isn't true north so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned the chart isn't true north so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned the chart isn't true north so
+there's your true north there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's your true north there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's your true north there's just
+your magnetic so you can just see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your magnetic so you can just see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your magnetic so you can just see that
+the variation here is about 14 degrees C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation here is about 14 degrees C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation here is about 14 degrees C
+what it wouldn't even need and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it wouldn't even need and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it wouldn't even need and you can
+also that East is leased West's best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that East is leased West's best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that East is leased West's best
+rule you can read arrive it just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule you can read arrive it just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule you can read arrive it just by
+looking at any vor except don't look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at any vor except don't look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at any vor except don't look at
+a vor in Florida because that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vor in Florida because that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vor in Florida because that's where
+there is no variation but almost any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no variation but almost any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no variation but almost any
+other view are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other view are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other view are you
+and look at it and see what the rule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at it and see what the rule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at it and see what the rule is
+all right magnetic deviation if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right magnetic deviation if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right magnetic deviation if you have
+stuff in the airplane it will cause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the airplane it will cause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the airplane it will cause the
+compass to be a little bit inaccurate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass to be a little bit inaccurate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass to be a little bit inaccurate so
+they give you this compass card here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you this compass card here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you this compass card here
+underneath which will give you usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath which will give you usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath which will give you usually
+one or two degree changes at the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two degree changes at the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two degree changes at the most
+for how you would you know if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how you would you know if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how you would you know if you want
+to fly north magnetic heaven heading you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly north magnetic heaven heading you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly north magnetic heaven heading you
+might actually steer I don't know zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually steer I don't know zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually steer I don't know zero
+point steer a course of one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point steer a course of one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point steer a course of one or two
+degrees if you you know if you bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees if you you know if you bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees if you you know if you bring
+stuff into the aircraft that's heavy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff into the aircraft that's heavy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff into the aircraft that's heavy and
+metal or magnetic that can affect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal or magnetic that can affect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal or magnetic that can affect your
+compass and actually in an aircraft with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass and actually in an aircraft with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass and actually in an aircraft with
+heated windshields if you turn on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heated windshields if you turn on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heated windshields if you turn on the
+heated windshield through anti-icing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heated windshield through anti-icing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heated windshield through anti-icing and
+in jets it's kind of standard to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in jets it's kind of standard to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in jets it's kind of standard to fly
+with them on all the time the compass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them on all the time the compass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them on all the time the compass
+becomes useless the heated windshields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes useless the heated windshields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes useless the heated windshields
+throw it off by 90 degrees all right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it off by 90 degrees all right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it off by 90 degrees all right in
+the lowest end airplanes will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest end airplanes will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest end airplanes will have a
+directional gyro because of all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional gyro because of all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional gyro because of all those
+compass errors you as a pilot will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass errors you as a pilot will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass errors you as a pilot will
+basically just every 5 or 10 minutes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just every 5 or 10 minutes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just every 5 or 10 minutes if
+it's a really old and bad DG or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really old and bad DG or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really old and bad DG or maybe
+every half hour if it's a decent new one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every half hour if it's a decent new one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every half hour if it's a decent new one
+you'll just look up at the compass when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll just look up at the compass when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll just look up at the compass when
+you're in level and accelerated flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in level and accelerated flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in level and accelerated flight
+and you'll reset with this knob here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll reset with this knob here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll reset with this knob here
+down the bottom you'll twist that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the bottom you'll twist that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the bottom you'll twist that to
+align the directional gyro to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align the directional gyro to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align the directional gyro to the
+compass so the compass is the authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass so the compass is the authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass so the compass is the authority
+but it's only an authority when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's only an authority when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's only an authority when you're
+straight and level okay under the hood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and level okay under the hood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and level okay under the hood
+notice that this unlike the attitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this unlike the attitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this unlike the attitude
+indicator this only has one gimble and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator this only has one gimble and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator this only has one gimble and
+that's really the takeaway for why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the takeaway for why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the takeaway for why the
+attitude indicators tend to break more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude indicators tend to break more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude indicators tend to break more
+often than these other instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often than these other instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often than these other instruments
+because they have to gimbals and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have to gimbals and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have to gimbals and they're
+just a little more fragile overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little more fragile overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little more fragile overall
+horizontal situation you know everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal situation you know everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal situation you know everything
+and flying they've tried to make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flying they've tried to make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flying they've tried to make it more
+idiot-proof and the HSI is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiot-proof and the HSI is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiot-proof and the HSI is a great
+example of something that was figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of something that was figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of something that was figured
+out I don't know maybe in the 50s or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I don't know maybe in the 50s or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I don't know maybe in the 50s or
+maybe earlier they said what if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe earlier they said what if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe earlier they said what if we just
+take that DG and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that DG and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that DG and
+we put an indicator on here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put an indicator on here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put an indicator on here this is
+showing we're trying to go on a heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing we're trying to go on a heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing we're trying to go on a heading
+of about zero one zero just slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about zero one zero just slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about zero one zero just slightly
+north that's this yellow pointer we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north that's this yellow pointer we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north that's this yellow pointer we are
+actually going on a heading of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going on a heading of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going on a heading of about
+zero to zero maybe that's because of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to zero maybe that's because of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to zero maybe that's because of a
+wind correction there's a wind coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind correction there's a wind coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind correction there's a wind coming
+from the right and it also integrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the right and it also integrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the right and it also integrates
+your line see it shows you with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your line see it shows you with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your line see it shows you with this
+course deviation indicator that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course deviation indicator that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course deviation indicator that you're
+slightly to the right of the course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly to the right of the course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly to the right of the course the
+course is a little bit to your left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is a little bit to your left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is a little bit to your left and
+actually this person I think is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this person I think is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this person I think is this
+pilot is flying an instrument landing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot is flying an instrument landing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot is flying an instrument landing
+system approach this yellow trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system approach this yellow trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system approach this yellow trapezoid
+there on the left and right is showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the left and right is showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the left and right is showing
+you where you are relative as a guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where you are relative as a guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where you are relative as a guide
+slope so you're right on the glide slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so you're right on the glide slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so you're right on the glide slope
+so basically all the information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically all the information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically all the information that
+you need for your flight other than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need for your flight other than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need for your flight other than the
+attitude is on this single instrument if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude is on this single instrument if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude is on this single instrument if
+you have everything set up correctly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have everything set up correctly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have everything set up correctly the
+radios or the GPS you really don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radios or the GPS you really don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radios or the GPS you really don't need
+to look anywhere but here and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look anywhere but here and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look anywhere but here and at the
+attitude indicator it's a pretty nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude indicator it's a pretty nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude indicator it's a pretty nice
+idea and this is replicated in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and this is replicated in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and this is replicated in all the
+glass cockpits all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass cockpits all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass cockpits all right
+technically advanced aircraft here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically advanced aircraft here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically advanced aircraft here's a
+photograph of the latest and greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph of the latest and greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph of the latest and greatest
+Cirrus sr22 or xx cockpit you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cirrus sr22 or xx cockpit you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cirrus sr22 or xx cockpit you have two
+big screens ones usually called the PFD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big screens ones usually called the PFD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big screens ones usually called the PFD
+primary flight display ones the MFD the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary flight display ones the MFD the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary flight display ones the MFD the
+multifunction display that shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multifunction display that shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multifunction display that shows you
+maps and weather and traffic this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps and weather and traffic this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps and weather and traffic this idea
+came from the you know big jets from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the you know big jets from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the you know big jets from the
+80s I guess in 90s it was adopted in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s I guess in 90s it was adopted in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s I guess in 90s it was adopted in the
+Cirrus in 2003 pioneered with an MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cirrus in 2003 pioneered with an MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cirrus in 2003 pioneered with an MIT
+spin-off called Abidine which is a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin-off called Abidine which is a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin-off called Abidine which is a local
+company Garmin kind of took things over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company Garmin kind of took things over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company Garmin kind of took things over
+and most of the aircraft today come with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of the aircraft today come with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of the aircraft today come with
+Garmin g1000 is a brand name that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garmin g1000 is a brand name that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garmin g1000 is a brand name that you
+might have heard for a Garmin product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have heard for a Garmin product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have heard for a Garmin product
+that's pretty popular in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty popular in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty popular in some ways
+people with older aircraft are almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with older aircraft are almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with older aircraft are almost
+better off right now there's this huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off right now there's this huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off right now there's this huge
+stream of retrofit stuff that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of retrofit stuff that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of retrofit stuff that's very
+innovative more so than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative more so than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative more so than the
+comprehensive glass panels and usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive glass panels and usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive glass panels and usually
+for $30,000 or so an older plane can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for $30,000 or so an older plane can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for $30,000 or so an older plane can be
+brought up to the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up to the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up to the modern
+okay what if things are not going well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what if things are not going well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what if things are not going well
+at all the ultra lights tend to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the ultra lights tend to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the ultra lights tend to come
+apart in flight certified airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart in flight certified airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart in flight certified airplanes
+virtually never come apart they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually never come apart they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually never come apart they're just
+so over engineered that you know wings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over engineered that you know wings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over engineered that you know wings
+don't fall off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fall off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fall off
+struts don't fail but the two brothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struts don't fail but the two brothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struts don't fail but the two brothers
+the clap Myer brothers from Wisconsin I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clap Myer brothers from Wisconsin I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clap Myer brothers from Wisconsin I
+believe although the company they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe although the company they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe although the company they
+started serious is in Duluth Minnesota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started serious is in Duluth Minnesota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started serious is in Duluth Minnesota
+they said look this parachute would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said look this parachute would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said look this parachute would give
+people a lot of comfort and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people a lot of comfort and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people a lot of comfort and there are
+some situations in which it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some situations in which it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some situations in which it could be
+useful even in a certified airplane so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful even in a certified airplane so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful even in a certified airplane so
+they added it in the Cirrus and you pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they added it in the Cirrus and you pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they added it in the Cirrus and you pull
+it and the rocket shoots the parachute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the rocket shoots the parachute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the rocket shoots the parachute
+out and you float down it's becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and you float down it's becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and you float down it's becoming
+more and more popular I thought it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more popular I thought it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more popular I thought it was a
+weight a payload hogging waste of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight a payload hogging waste of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight a payload hogging waste of money
+when I bought the Cirrus in 2005 and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I bought the Cirrus in 2005 and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I bought the Cirrus in 2005 and now
+that the engine has 2000 hours out on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the engine has 2000 hours out on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the engine has 2000 hours out on it
+and I'm flying at night I think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm flying at night I think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm flying at night I think you know
+that's pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good
+it's a pretty good Parrish I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty good Parrish I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty good Parrish I mean I
+don't even mind the $15,000 that we paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even mind the $15,000 that we paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even mind the $15,000 that we paid
+to have it all repacked the at the 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have it all repacked the at the 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have it all repacked the at the 10
+year point all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summary so piston engines they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary so piston engines they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary so piston engines they're very
+fuel efficient compared to jets at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel efficient compared to jets at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel efficient compared to jets at these
+power settings they have quirks which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power settings they have quirks which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power settings they have quirks which
+sounds bad you know some wonder one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds bad you know some wonder one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds bad you know some wonder one
+cylinder might be running rough but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder might be running rough but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder might be running rough but you
+know it's better than in a jet world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's better than in a jet world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's better than in a jet world
+where things aren't perfect the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things aren't perfect the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things aren't perfect the engine
+just quits or explodes or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quits or explodes or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quits or explodes or something
+so turbine engine stall demand go bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so turbine engine stall demand go bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so turbine engine stall demand go bad
+when they go bet but when they do go bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they go bet but when they do go bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they go bet but when they do go bad
+it's often with no warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often with no warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often with no warning
+here's your six-pack the altimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your six-pack the altimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your six-pack the altimeter
+remember is essentially measuring our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is essentially measuring our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is essentially measuring our
+percentage of the atmosphere that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the atmosphere that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the atmosphere that you're
+above or below compass is full of errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above or below compass is full of errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above or below compass is full of errors
+except on your straight and level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except on your straight and level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except on your straight and level and
+also that the aircraft manufacturers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that the aircraft manufacturers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that the aircraft manufacturers are
+really systems integrators are buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really systems integrators are buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really systems integrators are buying
+the engine from somebody they're buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine from somebody they're buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine from somebody they're buying
+these instruments like the Garmin g1000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these instruments like the Garmin g1000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these instruments like the Garmin g1000
+from somebody study pitot-static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somebody study pitot-static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somebody study pitot-static
+failures and the compass errors are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures and the compass errors are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures and the compass errors are on
+the exam and they're not they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam and they're not they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam and they're not they're not
+intuitive questions this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive questions this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive questions this is another
+picture from that air museum and Bradley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture from that air museum and Bradley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture from that air museum and Bradley
+they have one of the handful it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have one of the handful it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have one of the handful it's not
+flying I don't think but it's restored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying I don't think but it's restored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying I don't think but it's restored
+b-29 bomber and if you want to know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b-29 bomber and if you want to know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b-29 bomber and if you want to know why
+I get defriended all the time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get defriended all the time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get defriended all the time on
+Facebook I posted this picture of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook I posted this picture of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook I posted this picture of their
+turret computer and I said I found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turret computer and I said I found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turret computer and I said I found the
+original iPad in the museum I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original iPad in the museum I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original iPad in the museum I was
+hashtag not funny all right any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashtag not funny all right any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashtag not funny all right any
+questions or should we going to Oshkosh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or should we going to Oshkosh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or should we going to Oshkosh
+we can have questions don't ask about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have questions don't ask about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have questions don't ask about
+those brass and knurled things because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those brass and knurled things because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those brass and knurled things because I
+was a math undergrad and EECS grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a math undergrad and EECS grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a math undergrad and EECS grad
+student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ArW8jbDPhcs.txt b/ArW8jbDPhcs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20a2db7a1cc348bbe1055e0ee44960a20a8a228e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ArW8jbDPhcs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,955 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop coreware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop coreware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop coreware at
+ocw.mit.edu in this demonstration we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu in this demonstration we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu in this demonstration we're
+going to illustrate in a simple way how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to illustrate in a simple way how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to illustrate in a simple way how
+molecules absorb light and emit fluores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules absorb light and emit fluores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules absorb light and emit fluores
+Ence as a result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ence as a result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ence as a result of the
+absorption we're going to use the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption we're going to use the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption we're going to use the D
+laser which is over here and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser which is over here and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser which is over here and we're going
+to for molecules we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for molecules we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for molecules we're going to use
+iodine that's molecular iodine in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine that's molecular iodine in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine that's molecular iodine in a in a
+vapor and what we'll do will tune the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor and what we'll do will tune the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor and what we'll do will tune the
+the Dil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dil
+laser in wavelength as it passes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser in wavelength as it passes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser in wavelength as it passes through
+the iodine vapor cell and observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iodine vapor cell and observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iodine vapor cell and observe the
+fluoresence as a function of D laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence as a function of D laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence as a function of D laser
+tuning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning
+again in order to uh observe the colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in order to uh observe the colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in order to uh observe the colors
+correctly you will have to adjust your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly you will have to adjust your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly you will have to adjust your
+monitor so that the colors come out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor so that the colors come out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor so that the colors come out as
+close to what they're supposed to be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to what they're supposed to be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to what they're supposed to be as
+possible so now we will get the D laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so now we will get the D laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so now we will get the D laser
+fired up so that you can observe the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired up so that you can observe the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired up so that you can observe the uh
+the iDine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iDine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iDine
+fluorescence now we're ready to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence now we're ready to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence now we're ready to look at
+FL Essence in molecular iodine induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FL Essence in molecular iodine induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FL Essence in molecular iodine induced
+by by this tunable D laser so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by this tunable D laser so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by this tunable D laser so here we
+see again we see our uh Dil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again we see our uh Dil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again we see our uh Dil
+laser and the beam from the Dil laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and the beam from the Dil laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and the beam from the Dil laser
+here it is my little card the beam from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is my little card the beam from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is my little card the beam from
+the Dil laser then is passed through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dil laser then is passed through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dil laser then is passed through
+this Vapor cell of iodine at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vapor cell of iodine at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vapor cell of iodine at room
+temperature molecular iodine that is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature molecular iodine that is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature molecular iodine that is and
+I don't know if you can see with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you can see with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you can see with the
+room lights on maybe you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room lights on maybe you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room lights on maybe you can see the
+streak in the middle of the tube which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streak in the middle of the tube which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streak in the middle of the tube which
+is the fluorescence in iodine induced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fluorescence in iodine induced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fluorescence in iodine induced by
+the Dil laser at this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dil laser at this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dil laser at this particular
+wavelength now the the fluorescence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength now the the fluorescence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength now the the fluorescence is
+made up of many of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of many of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of many of many
+wavelengths but sometimes you get a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths but sometimes you get a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths but sometimes you get a uh a
+big contrast in the colors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big contrast in the colors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big contrast in the colors in the
+fluoresence as compared with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence as compared with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence as compared with the
+exciting laser light so in order to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting laser light so in order to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting laser light so in order to show
+you this we've done the following we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this we've done the following we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this we've done the following we've
+taken the output the Dil laser as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the output the Dil laser as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the output the Dil laser as it
+passes through the cell and then we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes through the cell and then we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes through the cell and then we've
+scattered it by a scatter over here onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered it by a scatter over here onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered it by a scatter over here onto
+onto this onto this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto this onto this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto this onto this
+screen so that when we dim the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so that when we dim the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so that when we dim the room
+lights we'll be able to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights we'll be able to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights we'll be able to see the
+fluoresence over here the iine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence over here the iine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence over here the iine
+fluoresence inside the tube and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence inside the tube and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence inside the tube and the
+background will be the the color of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background will be the the color of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background will be the the color of the
+exciting D laser light so in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting D laser light so in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting D laser light so in this way
+and again if you've set your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if you've set your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if you've set your your
+monitors or your TV uh your TVs if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitors or your TV uh your TVs if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitors or your TV uh your TVs if if
+you adjusted the setting so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you adjusted the setting so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you adjusted the setting so that you can
+uh see the uh the actual colors will'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see the uh the actual colors will'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see the uh the actual colors will'll
+be able to show you on the tape so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to show you on the tape so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to show you on the tape so now
+we're going to dim the room lights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to dim the room lights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to dim the room lights and
+then tune the D lasers and see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then tune the D lasers and see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then tune the D lasers and see the
+fluoresence that can be excited in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence that can be excited in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence that can be excited in
+molecular iodine as a function of D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular iodine as a function of D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular iodine as a function of D
+laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser
+tuning here we are now we see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning here we are now we see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning here we are now we see that the
+fluoresence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence
+is r orange and the die laser is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is r orange and the die laser is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is r orange and the die laser is
+yellowish yellowish green now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellowish yellowish green now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellowish yellowish green now I'm going
+to tune the die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+laser and you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and you can see that the
+fluoresence gets fainted now here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence gets fainted now here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence gets fainted now here we are
+that's one color fluoresence now becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one color fluoresence now becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one color fluoresence now becomes
+orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now it's very strong the fluoresence now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's very strong the fluoresence now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's very strong the fluoresence now
+is very strong I tune some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more now sometime you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more now sometime you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more now sometime you see it
+flickering is because the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flickering is because the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flickering is because the laser
+wavelength is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is not
+stabilized and you're moving away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized and you're moving away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized and you're moving away from
+the from the absorption lines in iodine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the absorption lines in iodine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the absorption lines in iodine
+now we here we are we have and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we here we are we have and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we here we are we have and very
+bright fluoresence very intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright fluoresence very intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright fluoresence very intense
+fluoresence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence
+and it looks orangish but really it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks orangish but really it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks orangish but really it's
+not a Pure Color it's made up of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a Pure Color it's made up of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a Pure Color it's made up of of uh
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+wavelengths in the in the fluoresence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths in the in the fluoresence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths in the in the fluoresence
+and this depends again which states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this depends again which states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this depends again which states are
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+excited here we are this is weak weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absorption again now very faint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption again now very faint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption again now very faint
+absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here now the light from the die laser is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now the light from the die laser is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now the light from the die laser is
+is yellow and see there's absolutely no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yellow and see there's absolutely no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yellow and see there's absolutely no
+very little absorption over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little absorption over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little absorption over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and now the fluoresence is almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the fluoresence is almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the fluoresence is almost the
+same looks the same color as the as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same looks the same color as the as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same looks the same color as the as the
+D laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+light now we have intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fluoresence and let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence and let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence and let me go
+through and see what we can see oh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and see what we can see oh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and see what we can see oh this
+one now now it's fluoresence is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now now it's fluoresence is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now now it's fluoresence is is
+yellowish while over here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellowish while over here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellowish while over here the
+fluoresence was more oranges I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence was more oranges I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence was more oranges I said
+before these a mixture of fluoresence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before these a mixture of fluoresence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before these a mixture of fluoresence
+made up mixture of wavelength they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up mixture of wavelength they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up mixture of wavelength they're
+not pure wavelength here we are it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pure wavelength here we are it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pure wavelength here we are it's
+nice now you see a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice now you see a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice now you see a nice
+contrast now here's a nice contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast now here's a nice contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast now here's a nice contrast
+where fluoresence is orange and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where fluoresence is orange and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where fluoresence is orange and the
+laser light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser light is
+green here we are that's at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green here we are that's at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green here we are that's at the end of
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+Spectrum e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BRWxGlreKTs.txt b/BRWxGlreKTs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56495e592c4506e141b72ff1feaa7e3d913ea874
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BRWxGlreKTs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've gone through the first law and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've gone through the first law and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've gone through the first law and
+we've gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gone through
+heat engines which means it's time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat engines which means it's time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat engines which means it's time for
+the second law so we're ready for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law so we're ready for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law so we're ready for the
+second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+what I call a play in four acts so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call a play in four acts so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call a play in four acts so I'm
+going to present this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to present this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to present this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+by way of cloud services theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by way of cloud services theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by way of cloud services theorem
+we'll see what that is in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see what that is in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see what that is in a minute
+then we'll move on to reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and entropy
+and reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and irreversible processes and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and irreversible processes and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and irreversible processes and finally
+entropy maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we talked about entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about entropy
+in the first lecture with the baby book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first lecture with the baby book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first lecture with the baby book
+and I think everybody does have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think everybody does have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think everybody does have this
+feeling of entropy as being mixed upness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling of entropy as being mixed upness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling of entropy as being mixed upness
+and disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disorder
+and that's true that's true and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's true that's true and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's true that's true and so one
+could State the second law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could State the second law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could State the second law of
+Thermodynamics as something like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermodynamics as something like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermodynamics as something like the
+entropy the disorder of the universe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy the disorder of the universe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy the disorder of the universe is
+always increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rather like the statement that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather like the statement that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather like the statement that the
+energy of the universe is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the universe is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the universe is always
+constant um that's not obviously useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant um that's not obviously useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant um that's not obviously useful
+for us as as scientists and Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us as as scientists and Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us as as scientists and Engineers
+you know the entropy of the universe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the entropy of the universe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the entropy of the universe is
+always increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always increasing
+um so today we're going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so today we're going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so today we're going to take a
+different approach to the second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach to the second law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach to the second law
+which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very
+classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical
+and deductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deductive
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+by the end of today you will have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end of today you will have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end of today you will have seen
+the second law and entropy in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law and entropy in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law and entropy in this
+classical and deductive way you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical and deductive way you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical and deductive way you will
+have also gotten this sense for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also gotten this sense for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also gotten this sense for it
+there's more Hands-On sense for entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more Hands-On sense for entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more Hands-On sense for entropy
+as being disorder and mixed upness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being disorder and mixed upness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being disorder and mixed upness
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully
+have a better understanding there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a better understanding there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a better understanding there for
+having seen it in different ways so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having seen it in different ways so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having seen it in different ways so I
+call this a play in 4X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this a play in 4X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this a play in 4X
+I'm playing Forex clausius reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm playing Forex clausius reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm playing Forex clausius reversible
+irreversible and entropy maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right one
+clausius's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so this is cloud services theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this should look familiar because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should look familiar because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should look familiar because we
+arrived at this at the end of the Carnot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at this at the end of the Carnot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at this at the end of the Carnot
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+I didn't call it closes theorem and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't call it closes theorem and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't call it closes theorem and I
+told you that there was going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that there was going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that there was going to be
+something funky about this DQ over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something funky about this DQ over T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something funky about this DQ over T
+quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+and it's important right so so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's important right so so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's important right so so that's
+that's more or less why we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more or less why we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more or less why we did the
+Carnot cycle to motivate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carnot cycle to motivate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carnot cycle to motivate this
+is a cyclic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cyclic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cyclic process
+any acyclic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doesn't have to be a Carno engine can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be a Carno engine can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be a Carno engine can be
+anything at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all
+any cyclic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any cyclic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any cyclic process
+where the state variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the state variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the state variables
+return to starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to starting point
+which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh
+just rephrasing what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rephrasing what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rephrasing what it means
+to be a secret process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a secret process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a secret process
+and so this is super General right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is super General right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is super General right now
+we have any system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have any system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have any system
+with initial temperature initial volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with initial temperature initial volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with initial temperature initial volume
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+and uh you know it's a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know it's a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know it's a collection of
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+and you're going through any process at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going through any process at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going through any process at
+all that brings you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that brings you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that brings you back
+to the starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the starting point
+I like my new pen by the way I bought a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like my new pen by the way I bought a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like my new pen by the way I bought a
+bunch of different Sharpies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different Sharpies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different Sharpies
+fat thin ultra thin fine ultra fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat thin ultra thin fine ultra fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat thin ultra thin fine ultra fine
+Sharpie markers they have Sharpie brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharpie markers they have Sharpie brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharpie markers they have Sharpie brand
+markers now I was trying them all anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that was Scholastic there so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was Scholastic there so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was Scholastic there so we're
+going to use it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use it now
+two reversible processes and entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry give me a minute I'm gonna ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry give me a minute I'm gonna ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry give me a minute I'm gonna ask you
+guys a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's less than or equal to zero does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than or equal to zero does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than or equal to zero does
+anyone remember under what conditions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone remember under what conditions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone remember under what conditions is
+equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero
+we saw a case when it was equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw a case when it was equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw a case when it was equal to zero
+I almost took like forever like it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I almost took like forever like it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I almost took like forever like it was
+uh always in equilibrium for every step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh always in equilibrium for every step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh always in equilibrium for every step
+origin equilibrium right that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin equilibrium right that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin equilibrium right that's exactly
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+there's another word for that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another word for that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another word for that which
+means a reversible process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a reversible process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a reversible process
+but you're absolutely right always an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're absolutely right always an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're absolutely right always an
+equilibrium every step reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium every step reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium every step reversible
+process you get the equal sign the less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you get the equal sign the less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you get the equal sign the less
+than if you remember was the heat engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if you remember was the heat engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if you remember was the heat engine
+that was less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was less
+efficient than ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient than ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient than ideal
+all right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we're going to hypothesize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for which every step is reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a cyclic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+along two reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1
+and R2 and this is what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R2 and this is what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R2 and this is what I mean
+we have some State a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some State a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some State a
+we have some State B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some State B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some State B
+and there are two ways to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two ways to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two ways to get
+from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in both of these paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both of these paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both of these paths
+are reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's let's think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's let's think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's let's think about the
+different ways we can do this we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways we can do this we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways we can do this we can
+start at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we can go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can go back
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+so I'm going to call this minus R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to call this minus R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to call this minus R2
+right because they're going the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they're going the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they're going the opposite
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+of path R2 right so this is a clockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a clockwise cycle now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clockwise cycle now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clockwise cycle now we're going
+clockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise
+so let's calculate this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's calculate this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's calculate this thing
+the Q over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q over t
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+d q over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d q over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d q over t
+along path R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+DQ over T along path minus R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll rewrite the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean I'll just copy the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'll just copy the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'll just copy the first term
+and by virtue of the fact that path R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by virtue of the fact that path R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by virtue of the fact that path R2
+is reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reversible
+I can simply say it's the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can simply say it's the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can simply say it's the reverse
+of going from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+along path R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along path R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along path R2
+so going backwards along path R2 is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going backwards along path R2 is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going backwards along path R2 is just
+the opposite of going forwards along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite of going forwards along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite of going forwards along
+path R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path R2
+and by clouds use this theorem we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by clouds use this theorem we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by clouds use this theorem we know
+this is less than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to zero
+all right now we're going to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now we're going to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now we're going to consider
+going the other way we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the other way we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the other way we're going to start
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+and we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+along path R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along path R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along path R2
+and back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back
+along minus path R1 so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+counterclockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's do the same calculation DQ over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the same calculation DQ over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the same calculation DQ over t
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B
+d q over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d q over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d q over t
+along R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along R2
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+B to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B to a
+DQ over T along path minus R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ over T along path minus R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ over T along path minus R1
+and just as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is going to be the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be the negative
+of taking PATH R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and by classes theorem this is also less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by classes theorem this is also less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by classes theorem this is also less
+than or equal to zero so these are by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to zero so these are by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to zero so these are by
+calcius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clausius is a fellow with an S at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clausius is a fellow with an S at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clausius is a fellow with an S at the
+end of his name so that apostrophe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of his name so that apostrophe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of his name so that apostrophe is
+trying to be at the end after the S but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to be at the end after the S but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to be at the end after the S but
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+clausius's theorem I should say so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clausius's theorem I should say so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clausius's theorem I should say so by
+calcium is his theorem we have that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium is his theorem we have that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium is his theorem we have that both
+of these are less than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are less than or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are less than or equal to zero
+all right one way we went clockwise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right one way we went clockwise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right one way we went clockwise the
+other way we went counterclockwise but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way we went counterclockwise but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way we went counterclockwise but
+both were cyclic processes we started at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both were cyclic processes we started at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both were cyclic processes we started at
+a we returned a we started at a and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we returned a we started at a and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we returned a we started at a and we
+returned to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise
+and counterclockwise circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compare clockwise and counterclockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare clockwise and counterclockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare clockwise and counterclockwise
+circuits both of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits both of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits both of these things
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+both of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these things
+have to be less than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be less than or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be less than or equal to zero
+and so what do You observe about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's like you just take the negative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you just take the negative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you just take the negative of
+they're they're just the negative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're just the negative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're just the negative of
+each other right they're negative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other right they're negative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other right they're negative of
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+right so if if something has to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if if something has to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if if something has to be less
+than here right Y is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than here right Y is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than here right Y is less than or equal
+to zero and also a minus y is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and also a minus y is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and also a minus y is less than
+or equal to zero then what can you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to zero then what can you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to zero then what can you say
+about y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's two yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two yeah
+then y equals zero right okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then y equals zero right okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then y equals zero right okay that's the
+only way you can satisfy that so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way you can satisfy that so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way you can satisfy that so that's
+what's going on here so so that means um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here so so that means um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here so so that means um
+that term equals zero so let's write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term equals zero so let's write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term equals zero so let's write
+that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down
+from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B
+d q over T along reversible path one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d q over T along reversible path one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d q over T along reversible path one
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+from a to b d q over T along reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to b d q over T along reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to b d q over T along reversible
+path two equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that means
+from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B
+d q over t or reversal path one equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d q over t or reversal path one equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d q over t or reversal path one equals
+from a to b d q over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to b d q over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to b d q over t
+along a reversible path too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a reversible path too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a reversible path too
+just rearranging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rearranging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rearranging
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+what do we call a quantity whose change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we call a quantity whose change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we call a quantity whose change
+doesn't depend on the path you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on the path you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on the path you take
+from A to B we have two paths here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+path reversible one and path reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path reversible one and path reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path reversible one and path reversible
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+and this quantity integrated along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this quantity integrated along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this quantity integrated along that
+process doesn't depend on which process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process doesn't depend on which process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process doesn't depend on which process
+we took R1 or R2 what sort of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took R1 or R2 what sort of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took R1 or R2 what sort of a function
+do we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+path independent path independent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path independent path independent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path independent path independent and
+for thermal we have a specific uh like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thermal we have a specific uh like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thermal we have a specific uh like a
+fancy name for patented functions State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy name for patented functions State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy name for patented functions State
+functions right exactly that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions right exactly that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions right exactly that's great
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we're going to and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to and this is
+historically how this came about by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically how this came about by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically how this came about by the
+way this is this is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is this is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is this is based on
+a lot of data right don't don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of data right don't don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of data right don't don't worry
+that you're not as smart as people used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not as smart as people used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not as smart as people used
+to be in the past and somehow this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the past and somehow this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the past and somehow this isn't
+obvious to you this conclusion which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious to you this conclusion which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious to you this conclusion which I'm
+about to just hand you you know 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to just hand you you know 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to just hand you you know 19
+minutes into the hour is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes into the hour is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes into the hour is based on
+centuries of data right and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries of data right and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries of data right and people
+finally hypothesizing the existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally hypothesizing the existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally hypothesizing the existence
+maybe not centuries of data maybe like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not centuries of data maybe like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not centuries of data maybe like
+50 to 75 years of data entropy s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 to 75 years of data entropy s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 to 75 years of data entropy s
+as a new state function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+because it's seems to be something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's seems to be something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's seems to be something which
+has an exact differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+irreversible process any reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible process any reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible process any reversible
+process not any specific reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process not any specific reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process not any specific reversible
+process but any reversible process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but any reversible process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but any reversible process
+DQ over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ over t
+is equal to the exact differential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the exact differential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the exact differential of
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what that means here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means here
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+this is entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is entropy
+of B minus entropy of a or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B minus entropy of a or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B minus entropy of a or
+Delta entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta entropy
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so there you have it this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you have it this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you have it this is a very
+deductive way of postulating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductive way of postulating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductive way of postulating that
+entropy exists and it's a state function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy exists and it's a state function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy exists and it's a state function
+we found an integral of an integrand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found an integral of an integrand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found an integral of an integrand
+that doesn't depend on the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't depend on the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't depend on the path
+that's it from that you say I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it from that you say I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it from that you say I'm going to
+postulate that there exists entropy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate that there exists entropy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate that there exists entropy it's
+total differential is this for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total differential is this for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total differential is this for a
+reversible process which means I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible process which means I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible process which means I can
+calculate its change between states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate its change between states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate its change between states
+along any path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+along any reversible path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+let's keep moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep moving
+act three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act three
+reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+irreversible processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reversible and irreversible processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible and irreversible processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible and irreversible processes
+all right so we've hypothesized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we've hypothesized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we've hypothesized that
+there are reversible processes now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are reversible processes now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are reversible processes now let's
+hypothesize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+are irreversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+irreversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible
+and we're going to set up another one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to set up another one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to set up another one of
+these funny thought experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these funny thought experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these funny thought experiments
+consider States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B
+connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by both
+reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reversible and irreversible processes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible and irreversible processes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible and irreversible processes so
+here's State a here's State B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's State a here's State B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's State a here's State B
+and here I'll draw a nice smooth line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'll draw a nice smooth line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'll draw a nice smooth line
+let's say this is a very slow process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is a very slow process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is a very slow process
+call that reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that reversible
+and I'm going to draw a wiggly line this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to draw a wiggly line this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to draw a wiggly line this
+is a very fast process you're not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very fast process you're not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very fast process you're not very
+careful you carry it out in a rush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful you carry it out in a rush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful you carry it out in a rush
+I'll call that irreversible so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call that irreversible so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call that irreversible so we have
+two states connected by a reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states connected by a reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states connected by a reversible
+process and an irreversible process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and an irreversible process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and an irreversible process
+so now let's go back to Cloud shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's go back to Cloud shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's go back to Cloud shape
+let's calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ
+over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over t
+this equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a
+to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B
+d q over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+along the irreversible process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the irreversible process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the irreversible process
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+from B to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from B to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from B to a
+DQ over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ over t
+along the reversible process now why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the reversible process now why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the reversible process now why do
+I do it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I wanted to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to go
+from A to B and Back Again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can I go this way can I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I go this way can I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I go this way can I go
+counterclockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because
+the one on top is not reversible yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one on top is not reversible yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one on top is not reversible yeah
+exactly go backwards this is I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly go backwards this is I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly go backwards this is I told you
+you can't run this backwards I said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't run this backwards I said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't run this backwards I said it
+was irreversible right so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was irreversible right so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was irreversible right so you have to
+believe me because I'm in charge here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me because I'm in charge here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me because I'm in charge here so
+you can't run this backwards so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't run this backwards so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't run this backwards so if
+you're going to get from B to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can't be that way it's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that way it's got to be that way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it's got to be that way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it's got to be that way that's
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so there we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so that's that's the way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's that's the way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's that's the way and
+causation theorem says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reversible process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reversible process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reversible process
+backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to complete the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay now we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay now we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay now we're going to use
+this thing which we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+used before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus the reversible process equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the reversible process equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the reversible process equals
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+the forward process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we postulated this is the change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we postulated this is the change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we postulated this is the change of
+a state function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the integral of the exact integrand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the integral of the exact integrand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the integral of the exact integrand
+or the exact differential of the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the exact differential of the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the exact differential of the state
+function as we go from A to B all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as we go from A to B all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as we go from A to B all right
+so we're going to use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to use these
+we're going to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we get the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ
+over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over t
+is less than or equal to entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to entropy
+wait I'm sorry it shouldn't be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait I'm sorry it shouldn't be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait I'm sorry it shouldn't be the
+cyclic integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B
+d q over T is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+slow down wrap third time is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow down wrap third time is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow down wrap third time is going to be
+the charm here from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charm here from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charm here from A to B
+d q over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d q over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d q over t
+is less than or equal to the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entry of B minus entropy of a which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of B minus entropy of a which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of B minus entropy of a which is
+Delta entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta entropy
+this is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it
+this is combining the previous three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is combining the previous three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is combining the previous three
+slides right we're using Cloud Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides right we're using Cloud Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides right we're using Cloud Solutions
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+we have the less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the less than or equal
+from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+and it's a quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+for a reversible process you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a reversible process you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a reversible process you get the
+equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+for irreversible process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for irreversible process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for irreversible process
+you get the lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we're still just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're still just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're still just kind of
+playing with math right it doesn't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with math right it doesn't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with math right it doesn't feel
+like we're there yet you're just I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're there yet you're just I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're there yet you're just I'm
+just showing you some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get there
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so here's there this is where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's there this is where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's there this is where we're
+getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+entropy maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+an isolated system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is where the cosmologists get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where the cosmologists get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where the cosmologists get
+off and they say oh yeah I told you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and they say oh yeah I told you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and they say oh yeah I told you this
+was about the universe but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about the universe but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about the universe but you know
+again it's really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's really not
+okay so an isolated system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so an isolated system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so an isolated system
+any process from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any process from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any process from A to B
+Q over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q over t
+is less than or equal to the entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the entropy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the entropy of
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+minus the entropy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the entropy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the entropy of a
+and already we've come a really long way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and already we've come a really long way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and already we've come a really long way
+just to be able to write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be able to write that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be able to write that down
+so I want you to recognize that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want you to recognize that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want you to recognize that now
+we're going to isolate the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isolate the system so that DQ equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate the system so that DQ equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate the system so that DQ equals
+zero all I'm really doing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all I'm really doing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all I'm really doing here is
+thermally insulating it right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally insulating it right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally insulating it right I'm
+isolating the system I'm putting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolating the system I'm putting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolating the system I'm putting some
+thermal insulation around it I'm making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal insulation around it I'm making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal insulation around it I'm making
+sure that no heat can flow across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that no heat can flow across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that no heat can flow across the
+boundary that's what I'm doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary that's what I'm doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary that's what I'm doing here
+and so if DQ equals zero what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if DQ equals zero what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if DQ equals zero what is this
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+it's just zero it's zero right so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just zero it's zero right so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just zero it's zero right so I'm
+going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that integral to be zero and rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integral to be zero and rearrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integral to be zero and rearrange
+the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation
+and I get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get this
+very simple and as we'll see very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple and as we'll see very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple and as we'll see very
+profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never
+decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in an isolated system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what we just found this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this inequality orders the states in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality orders the states in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality orders the states in
+time this is the emergence of the era of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is the emergence of the era of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is the emergence of the era of
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+for thermodynamics we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thermodynamics we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thermodynamics we don't know
+anything about this system we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about this system we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about this system we don't know
+a thing about it right we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing about it right we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing about it right we don't know
+what A and B are we don't know what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what A and B are we don't know what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what A and B are we don't know what it's
+made of we don't know if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of we don't know if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of we don't know if this is the
+universe or your Beaker in your lab we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe or your Beaker in your lab we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe or your Beaker in your lab we
+don't know anything about it but we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know anything about it but we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know anything about it but we do
+know that no process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that no process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that no process
+can decrease its entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decrease its entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decrease its entropy
+because if a process goes from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if a process goes from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if a process goes from A to B
+then the entropy of B has to be at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the entropy of B has to be at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the entropy of B has to be at least
+as large as the entropy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as large as the entropy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as large as the entropy of a
+that's wacky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wacky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wacky
+this is actually a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a form
+of the second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's about two dozen statements on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's about two dozen statements on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's about two dozen statements on
+the second law and there's a website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law and there's a website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law and there's a website
+devoted to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted to them
+um it's kind of funny kind of a goofy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's kind of funny kind of a goofy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's kind of funny kind of a goofy
+website but uh this is one way you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website but uh this is one way you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website but uh this is one way you'll
+see it written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it written
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all right so so anyway that's crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so so anyway that's crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so so anyway that's crazy
+right that's crazy what was the equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's crazy what was the equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's crazy what was the equality
+for when did s of b equal s of a what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when did s of b equal s of a what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when did s of b equal s of a what
+kind of a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reversible reversible right so for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible reversible right so for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible reversible right so for a
+reversible process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+equals s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals s
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+irreversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+irreversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible
+was the inequality the less than right s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the inequality the less than right s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the inequality the less than right s
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+is less than S of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than S of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than S of B
+tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+so a reversible process is one for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a reversible process is one for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a reversible process is one for which
+things are always in equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are always in equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are always in equilibrium
+and the equal and the entropy Remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the equal and the entropy Remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the equal and the entropy Remains
+the Same any irreversible process will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Same any irreversible process will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Same any irreversible process will
+increase the entropy of this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we get to write another form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get to write another form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get to write another form of the
+second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law
+or it's called the combined statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combined statement of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined statement of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined statement of first
+in second laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right combined statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right combined statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right combined statement
+first we write the first law the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we write the first law the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we write the first law the change
+of energy of a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy of a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy of a system
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+the heat received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus the work done on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the change
+through addition or loss of mass so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through addition or loss of mass so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through addition or loss of mass so this
+is first the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is first the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is first the law
+and I like to call this bookkeeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I like to call this bookkeeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I like to call this bookkeeping
+right first law is not the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right first law is not the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right first law is not the energy of the
+universe's constant it's the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe's constant it's the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe's constant it's the energy of
+any system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any system
+changes only through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes only through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes only through
+additions and subtractions of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additions and subtractions of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additions and subtractions of energy
+that we can keep track of so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can keep track of so first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can keep track of so first of
+all goalkeeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all goalkeeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all goalkeeping
+work done on system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VW equals minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VW equals minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VW equals minus p
+DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV
+and heat received by System
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a reversible process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DQ equals t d s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ equals t d s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ equals t d s
+this comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes from
+two slides ago right we had DS equals DQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slides ago right we had DS equals DQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slides ago right we had DS equals DQ
+over T reversible Heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T reversible Heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T reversible Heating
+so I'm just rearranging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to combine these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take the first lab bookkeeping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the first lab bookkeeping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the first lab bookkeeping and
+substitute the mechanical expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute the mechanical expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute the mechanical expression for
+work I substitute this expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I substitute this expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I substitute this expression for
+heat for a reversible process and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat for a reversible process and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat for a reversible process and I get
+the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+d u equals t d s minus P DV plus mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d u equals t d s minus P DV plus mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d u equals t d s minus P DV plus mu
+DN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+this is for a reversible process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have this
+All State functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which sometimes is useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sometimes is useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sometimes is useful
+for calculations so this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for calculations so this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for calculations so this is going to be
+one of the you know the foundational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the you know the foundational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the you know the foundational
+most important Expressions equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important Expressions equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important Expressions equations
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that we use in in o2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'd have a question about the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have a question about the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have a question about the energy
+itself if it's not a reversible process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself if it's not a reversible process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself if it's not a reversible process
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+um we couldn't use TDS for DQ right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we couldn't use TDS for DQ right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we couldn't use TDS for DQ right if
+it's not process DQ is not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not process DQ is not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not process DQ is not going to be
+equal to this so then how would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this so then how would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this so then how would the
+internal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal energy
+or you for example still be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you for example still be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you for example still be a
+function if it's dependent on DQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if it's dependent on DQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if it's dependent on DQ
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um so this expression this expression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this expression this expression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this expression this expression is
+true always this is in general through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true always this is in general through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true always this is in general through
+this top expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this top expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this top expression
+um I think it's easier to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think it's easier to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think it's easier to understand
+because it's almost like your bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's almost like your bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's almost like your bank
+account what goes in what goes out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account what goes in what goes out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account what goes in what goes out if
+you track them you'll know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you track them you'll know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you track them you'll know the
+difference right it's a state function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right it's a state function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right it's a state function
+this down here is is not always true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down here is is not always true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down here is is not always true and
+it's less obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less obvious
+this is only true for a reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only true for a reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only true for a reversible
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+um for an irreversible process you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for an irreversible process you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for an irreversible process you're
+going to get the wrong expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the wrong expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the wrong expression here
+if you plug this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plug this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plug this in
+we'll actually see that an irreversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually see that an irreversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually see that an irreversal
+sorry interrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry interrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry interrupt
+what we'll see for an irreversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll see for an irreversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll see for an irreversible
+process that DQ is always less than TDS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that DQ is always less than TDS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that DQ is always less than TDS
+but at this level right now okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at this level right now okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at this level right now okay so I
+want to now ask you if that made sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to now ask you if that made sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to now ask you if that made sense
+or we should continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we should continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we should continue
+okay I think my question was like since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think my question was like since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think my question was like since
+we learned that state variables could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned that state variables could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned that state variables could
+only depend on other state variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depend on other state variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depend on other state variables
+like it seems like du is dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it seems like du is dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it seems like du is dependent on
+like DQ which is not right so thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like DQ which is not right so thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like DQ which is not right so thank you
+that is confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is confusing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there's a couple ways of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple ways of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple ways of thinking about
+that first of all entropy is funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first of all entropy is funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first of all entropy is funny
+it just is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just is okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+second of all this is not true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of all this is not true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of all this is not true in
+general it's only true for a reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it's only true for a reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it's only true for a reversible
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+and reversible processes don't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reversible processes don't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reversible processes don't exist
+they're figures of our figments of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're figures of our figments of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're figures of our figments of our
+imagination right they're they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination right they're they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination right they're they're the
+limits as things go arbitrarily slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits as things go arbitrarily slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits as things go arbitrarily slowly
+so in that sense it's funny another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that sense it's funny another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that sense it's funny another way
+to think about this if you remember from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this if you remember from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this if you remember from
+I think single single or multi is that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think single single or multi is that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think single single or multi is that t
+here or more specifically one over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or more specifically one over T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or more specifically one over T
+here is a constant of integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for those of you for whom that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you for whom that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you for whom that doesn't
+ring a bell just forget it but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring a bell just forget it but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring a bell just forget it but this is
+an integration constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can you know go go back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you know go go back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you know go go back to your
+Calculus textbooks and review what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calculus textbooks and review what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calculus textbooks and review what that
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um but anyway so I I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but anyway so I I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but anyway so I I'm not going to
+convince you here because it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince you here because it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince you here because it's it's it's
+just profoundly weird at its core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just profoundly weird at its core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just profoundly weird at its core
+but I hope I can sort of make you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I hope I can sort of make you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I hope I can sort of make you a
+little bit more comfortable with using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more comfortable with using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more comfortable with using
+it as we go forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is very much connected to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very much connected to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very much connected to the
+entropy flow across boundaries which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy flow across boundaries which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy flow across boundaries which is
+sort of a it takes a couple weeks for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a it takes a couple weeks for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a it takes a couple weeks for us
+to get comfortable with that concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get comfortable with that concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get comfortable with that concept
+for a reversible process entropy flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a reversible process entropy flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a reversible process entropy flows
+across boundaries in the form of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across boundaries in the form of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across boundaries in the form of heat
+for an for an irreversible process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an for an irreversible process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an for an irreversible process
+an irreversible process receives less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an irreversible process receives less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an irreversible process receives less
+entropy across its boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy across its boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy across its boundaries
+and generates entropy inside of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generates entropy inside of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generates entropy inside of itself
+to make up for that difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make up for that difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make up for that difference
+we'll get there we'll get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get there we'll get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get there we'll get there
+all right one thing I want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right one thing I want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right one thing I want to point out
+before we move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move on
+um and you know I have to kind of slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know I have to kind of slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know I have to kind of slip
+this in around the margins because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in around the margins because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in around the margins because this
+is not a calculus Cloud calculus is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a calculus Cloud calculus is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a calculus Cloud calculus is a
+prereq but I want to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if this is a differential form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is a differential form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is a differential form
+and we use a lot of differential forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we use a lot of differential forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we use a lot of differential forms
+in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class
+this is a differential form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a differential form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a differential form of the
+general type d y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general type d y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general type d y
+equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+x y z d x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y z d x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y z d x
+plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b
+D I'm trying to use y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D I'm trying to use y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D I'm trying to use y
+d m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d m
+equals a DX plus b d y plus c d z Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a DX plus b d y plus c d z Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a DX plus b d y plus c d z Plus
+so forth we're going to use a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth we're going to use a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth we're going to use a lot of
+these in this class this is a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in this class this is a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in this class this is a total
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+this is also a total differential the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a total differential the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a total differential the x
+d y d z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y d z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y d z
+and these a B and C are coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to go slowly through this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go slowly through this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go slowly through this I'm
+not teaching you this because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not teaching you this because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not teaching you this because this is a
+prereq but I want to go slowly through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prereq but I want to go slowly through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prereq but I want to go slowly through
+this because the sooner you recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because the sooner you recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because the sooner you recognize
+this general form in thermo the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this general form in thermo the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this general form in thermo the more
+successful you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful you'll be
+there are so many shortcuts to useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so many shortcuts to useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so many shortcuts to useful
+answers in thermo when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers in thermo when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers in thermo when you start
+recognizing this sort of pattern so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing this sort of pattern so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing this sort of pattern so for
+example a the coefficient is also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a the coefficient is also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a the coefficient is also the
+partial derivative the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative the m
+d x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d x
+for fixed y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fixed y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fixed y
+and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z
+and likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise
+for the other coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll come back to this over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to this over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to this over and over
+but right it can't be stressed enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's a prerequisite so I should move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a prerequisite so I should move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a prerequisite so I should move
+on so let's let's uh let's finish up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so let's let's uh let's finish up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so let's let's uh let's finish up
+what I want to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do here
+let's talk about equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is
+this is going to be a very like holistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be a very like holistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be a very like holistic
+introduction equilibrium it's a state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction equilibrium it's a state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction equilibrium it's a state of
+rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a state of rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state of rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state of rest
+what's that going to mean for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that going to mean for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that going to mean for us
+State functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't
+changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's also a state of balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scale changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale changes
+or fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+average to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign you can think back to the baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign you can think back to the baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign you can think back to the baby
+book right there's a particles in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book right there's a particles in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book right there's a particles in the
+box and they're all zooming around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so you know that things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know that things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know that things are
+happening on the molecular level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on the molecular level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on the molecular level
+but at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at equilibrium
+any observable thing anything you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any observable thing anything you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any observable thing anything you can
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+on a length scale larger than the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a length scale larger than the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a length scale larger than the length
+scale of molecules is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of molecules is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of molecules is
+not changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we want equilibrium to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we want equilibrium to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we want equilibrium to be
+like this a t equals zero we prepare a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this a t equals zero we prepare a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this a t equals zero we prepare a
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prepare a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare a system
+and its boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we're going to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to wait
+for a very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very long time
+as long as necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as T goes to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when all macroscopic changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wikipedia has a really good entry if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia has a really good entry if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia has a really good entry if you
+look for the wiki entry the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the wiki entry the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the wiki entry the definition
+of thermal equilibrium in Wiki I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thermal equilibrium in Wiki I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thermal equilibrium in Wiki I kind of
+like it it's got different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it it's got different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it it's got different
+different words all meaning the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different words all meaning the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different words all meaning the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+all right so now one last one last board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now one last one last board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now one last one last board
+and then we'll wrap up and and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll wrap up and and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll wrap up and and let me
+just say this lecture is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say this lecture is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say this lecture is the most
+uh to say it's philosophical is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to say it's philosophical is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to say it's philosophical is a little
+bit too high for looting but I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit too high for looting but I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit too high for looting but I would say
+it's it's the most abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the most abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the most abstract
+um of this entire semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of this entire semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of this entire semester
+so you know um in case you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know um in case you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know um in case you're thinking
+one on earth is going on here when are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on earth is going on here when are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on earth is going on here when are
+we going to talk about materials I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to talk about materials I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to talk about materials I just
+want to share that with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share that with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share that with you
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so here's a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a question
+we're waiting what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're waiting what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're waiting what happens
+while we wait we prepare the system at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we wait we prepare the system at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we wait we prepare the system at T
+equals zero and then we're waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and then we're waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and then we're waiting
+what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+all spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they will happen eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so spontaneous means what something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so spontaneous means what something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so spontaneous means what something that
+will happen on its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen on its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen on its own
+so it will happen while you wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it will happen while you wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it will happen while you wait
+it's in the meaning of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the meaning of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the meaning of the word
+something spontaneous will happen while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something spontaneous will happen while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something spontaneous will happen while
+you wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wait
+so while you wait all spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while you wait all spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while you wait all spontaneous
+processes will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a state
+in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spontaneous processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have already happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right by by the meaning of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by by the meaning of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by by the meaning of the word
+there already happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+for an isolated system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know that any process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leaves the entropy unchanged or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the entropy unchanged or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the entropy unchanged or
+increases it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a ratchet right it can click up one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ratchet right it can click up one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ratchet right it can click up one
+way it can never go back the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it follows then that equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a state
+of Max entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me just state that again for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just state that again for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just state that again for an
+isolated system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of Maximum entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given the boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is also the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so that's that's where I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's that's where I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's that's where I want
+to leave it for the day we have plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave it for the day we have plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave it for the day we have plenty
+of time for discussion questions I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time for discussion questions I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time for discussion questions I see
+I've missed some things in the chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've missed some things in the chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've missed some things in the chat
+um beautiful words from Wiki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um beautiful words from Wiki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um beautiful words from Wiki
+um okay so if someone's enjoying uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so if someone's enjoying uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so if someone's enjoying uh
+Wikipedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no um all right so so what we've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no um all right so so what we've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no um all right so so what we've done is
+is we've arrived at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we've arrived at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we've arrived at
+something which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which um
+maybe we would have guessed that after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we would have guessed that after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we would have guessed that after
+the baby book right the equilibrium is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baby book right the equilibrium is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baby book right the equilibrium is a
+state of Maximum mixed Darkness or Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of Maximum mixed Darkness or Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of Maximum mixed Darkness or Max
+just maximum disorder except that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just maximum disorder except that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just maximum disorder except that we
+haven't yet introduced entropy as any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't yet introduced entropy as any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't yet introduced entropy as any
+measure of disorder entropy is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of disorder entropy is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of disorder entropy is this
+funny thing that has to do with heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny thing that has to do with heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny thing that has to do with heat
+flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+right and the way that we got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the way that we got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the way that we got this
+concept of equilibrium is through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of equilibrium is through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of equilibrium is through this
+concept of spontaneity being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of spontaneity being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of spontaneity being
+used up right there being no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used up right there being no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used up right there being no more
+spontaneous things possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous things possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous things possible
+um but we got to that we got to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we got to that we got to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we got to that we got to the same
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so where we are now is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where we are now is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where we are now is we have
+uh the first two laws of thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first two laws of thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first two laws of thermodynamics
+at a very conceptual level there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a very conceptual level there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a very conceptual level there's a
+third law that we don't really need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third law that we don't really need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third law that we don't really need in
+o2o it's it's definitely less important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2o it's it's definitely less important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2o it's it's definitely less important
+than the first two so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the first two so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the first two so we're going to
+skip that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip that one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and we've done some heat engine stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've done some heat engine stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've done some heat engine stuff
+but where we need to go now is figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where we need to go now is figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where we need to go now is figure
+out how to use these principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to use these principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to use these principles
+for situations that we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for situations that we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for situations that we care about
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it's kind of hard to isolate a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of hard to isolate a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of hard to isolate a system
+it's easier if you're a cosmologist then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier if you're a cosmologist then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier if you're a cosmologist then
+you say my system is isolated I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say my system is isolated I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say my system is isolated I don't
+have to worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about that
+but if you're a material scientist or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're a material scientist or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're a material scientist or an
+engineer you often have systems which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer you often have systems which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer you often have systems which
+are held at constant temperature or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are held at constant temperature or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are held at constant temperature or
+constant pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant pressure
+not systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not systems
+which are isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we need to do next is go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we need to do next is go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we need to do next is go from
+this principle of the Second Law to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this principle of the Second Law to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this principle of the Second Law to a
+restatement a principle of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restatement a principle of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restatement a principle of the second
+law that that's useful for conditions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law that that's useful for conditions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law that that's useful for conditions of
+of constant pressure and constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constant pressure and constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constant pressure and constant
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+and um spoiler alert uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um spoiler alert uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um spoiler alert uh this is the
+state of Max entropy what we will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of Max entropy what we will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of Max entropy what we will find
+is that for systems that fixed pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for systems that fixed pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for systems that fixed pressure
+and temperature a state of minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temperature a state of minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temperature a state of minimum
+Gibbs free energy is equilibrium state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs free energy is equilibrium state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs free energy is equilibrium state
+so that's where we're heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where we're heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where we're heading
+and then for the rest of the term it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for the rest of the term it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for the rest of the term it'll
+be Gibbs Gibbs and more Gibbs because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Gibbs Gibbs and more Gibbs because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Gibbs Gibbs and more Gibbs because
+that's that's the material scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the material scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the material scientists
+thermodynamic potential of choice
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BYR1fXW95zY.txt b/BYR1fXW95zY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3ee167217b4fb052121d5c5feaaffcdd1decc5a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BYR1fXW95zY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're gonna complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna complete
+our discussion of uh lebaig measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion of uh lebaig measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion of uh lebaig measure and
+integration by discussing the big lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by discussing the big lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by discussing the big lp
+spaces which was kind of the whole point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces which was kind of the whole point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces which was kind of the whole point
+of this endeavor which was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this endeavor which was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this endeavor which was to
+find uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in some sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complete space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete space of
+integrable functions whatever integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable functions whatever integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable functions whatever integrable
+means i mean we had to define an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means i mean we had to define an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means i mean we had to define an
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+containing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing the the
+space of continuous functions uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of continuous functions uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of continuous functions uh with
+norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm
+uh given by you know let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given by you know let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given by you know let's say the
+integral of the p power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the p power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the p power of
+of um the continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um the continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um the continuous function
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+okay so at the end of so at last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at the end of so at last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at the end of so at last lecture
+we introduced the general bag integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introduced the general bag integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introduced the general bag integrable
+i mean uh the class of labeg integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean uh the class of labeg integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean uh the class of labeg integrable
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+and the labeg integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the labeg integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the labeg integral
+and we proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we proved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we proved that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+proved the dominated convergence theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved the dominated convergence theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved the dominated convergence theorem
+and one consequence of that was the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one consequence of that was the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one consequence of that was the fact
+that um if i have a continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um if i have a continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um if i have a continuous function
+on a closed and bounded interval a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a closed and bounded interval a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a closed and bounded interval a b
+then the lebanese integral of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the lebanese integral of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the lebanese integral of that
+continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function
+equals the riemann integral of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the riemann integral of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the riemann integral of that
+continuous function so you know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function so you know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function so you know you know
+how to compute integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to compute integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to compute integrals
+or the lebago integral for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the lebago integral for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the lebago integral for
+every function that you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every function that you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every function that you know how to
+compute the riemann integral for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the riemann integral for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the riemann integral for
+uh which are mostly um continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which are mostly um continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which are mostly um continuous
+functions uh now this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions uh now this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions uh now this can be
+strengthened one can show that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthened one can show that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthened one can show that in fact
+uh so we're not going to cover it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we're not going to cover it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we're not going to cover it in
+this class you'll see it in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class you'll see it in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class you'll see it in another
+class that is devoted maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that is devoted maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that is devoted maybe
+just solely to measure theory for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solely to measure theory for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solely to measure theory for a
+longer bit of time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one can show using the dominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can show using the dominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can show using the dominated
+convergence theorem that in fact every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence theorem that in fact every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence theorem that in fact every
+riemann integrable function not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integrable function not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integrable function not just
+continuous but every riemann integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous but every riemann integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous but every riemann integrable
+function on a closed and bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on a closed and bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on a closed and bounded
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+lebago integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that the riemann integral equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the riemann integral equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the riemann integral equals the
+lebeg integral even just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lebeg integral even just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lebeg integral even just uh
+for more general riemann integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more general riemann integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more general riemann integrable
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and you can also now using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also now using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also now using the
+machinery that we built up i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery that we built up i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery that we built up i don't know
+maybe i'll put this in the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i'll put this in the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i'll put this in the assignment
+maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not
+that you can completely characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can completely characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can completely characterize
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+which are riemann integrable and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are riemann integrable and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are riemann integrable and the
+statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is
+that a function a measurable function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a function a measurable function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a function a measurable function
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is riemann integrable if and only if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is riemann integrable if and only if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is riemann integrable if and only if it
+is continuous almost everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous almost everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous almost everywhere
+okay i'm not saying that it's equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm not saying that it's equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm not saying that it's equal to a
+continuous function almost everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function almost everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function almost everywhere
+i'm saying that it's continuous at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm saying that it's continuous at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm saying that it's continuous at
+almost every point in the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every point in the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every point in the interval
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now let's move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's move on to
+analogs of the little lp spaces that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogs of the little lp spaces that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogs of the little lp spaces that we
+saw earlier in the lectures and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw earlier in the lectures and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw earlier in the lectures and on the
+assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments
+so these are the usually referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the usually referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the usually referred to as
+the big lp spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+to define these let me first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define these let me first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define these let me first
+define what will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what will be
+in the end a norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f
+from a measurable subset of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the complex numbers is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+less than or equal to p is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to p is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to p is less than
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+then we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following um
+possibly uh or the following extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly uh or the following extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly uh or the following extended
+non-negative real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative real number
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+norm lp of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm lp of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm lp of e
+this is defined to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is defined to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is defined to be
+the integral over e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral over e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral over e
+of f raised to the absolute value raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f raised to the absolute value raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f raised to the absolute value raised
+to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the p
+to the one over p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one over p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one over p
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now this is meaningful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is meaningful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is meaningful because
+no matter what f uh how f is behaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what f uh how f is behaved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what f uh how f is behaved
+because the absolute value of f raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the absolute value of f raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the absolute value of f raised
+to the p this is a non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the p this is a non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the p this is a non-negative
+measurable function so we can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable function so we can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable function so we can always
+define what the labeg integral is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what the labeg integral is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what the labeg integral is so
+this may be either infinite or finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be either infinite or finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be either infinite or finite
+but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a
+non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+extended real number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended real number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended real number and
+so maybe you ask what's going on why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you ask what's going on why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you ask what's going on why did
+i leave out p equals infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i leave out p equals infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i leave out p equals infinity
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a different
+definition for p equals infinity just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for p equals infinity just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for p equals infinity just
+like we had a different definition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we had a different definition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we had a different definition for
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the little l infinity we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little l infinity we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little l infinity we define
+this quantity here which i'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here which i'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here which i'm going to go
+ahead and start referring to as the lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and start referring to as the lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and start referring to as the lp
+and l infinity norms even though i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and l infinity norms even though i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and l infinity norms even though i
+haven't proved their the norm a norm yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't proved their the norm a norm yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't proved their the norm a norm yet
+on what space either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what space either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what space either
+this is defined to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is defined to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is defined to be
+the infimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infimum
+over m positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m positive
+such that the measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the measure
+of the set x and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the set x and e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the set x and e
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+is bigger than m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than m
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+okay so what does it mean for m to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does it mean for m to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does it mean for m to be in
+the set this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set this means that
+f of x is less than or equal to m almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is less than or equal to m almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is less than or equal to m almost
+everywhere and then i take the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and then i take the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and then i take the minimum
+of all such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all such
+uh almost everywhere upper bounds okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost everywhere upper bounds okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost everywhere upper bounds okay
+and this is usually referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is called the essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called the essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called the essential
+supremum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of f x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a
+little mini theorem about this l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mini theorem about this l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mini theorem about this l
+infinity norm here um which you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity norm here um which you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity norm here um which you'll see
+well i guess you'll be seeing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i guess you'll be seeing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i guess you'll be seeing these
+lectures after the first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures after the first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures after the first uh
+um exam so you saw this guy actually on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um exam so you saw this guy actually on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um exam so you saw this guy actually on
+the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam
+um and you proved one of these facts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you proved one of these facts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you proved one of these facts the
+other i will put on a future assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other i will put on a future assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other i will put on a future assignment
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if f from e to c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the absolute value of f of x is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of f of x is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of f of x is less
+than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to
+the l infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+almost everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere
+on e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on e
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+another fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if e is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e is equal to
+a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and f is continuous on a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this essential supremum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+in fact just the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact just the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact just the usual
+what we call the l infinity norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the l infinity norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the l infinity norm
+which remember was the soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember was the soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember was the soup
+over x and a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolute value of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of f of x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+why do i state this because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do i state this because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do i state this because you know
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+the l infinity norm bounds f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the l infinity norm bounds f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the l infinity norm bounds f
+uh from above for almost every x in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from above for almost every x in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from above for almost every x in the
+same way that the little l infinity norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way that the little l infinity norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way that the little l infinity norm
+for sequences bounded the sequence every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sequences bounded the sequence every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sequences bounded the sequence every
+entry in the sequence you know for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in the sequence you know for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in the sequence you know for every
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+entry in the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in the sequence
+but now for the essential supremum we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now for the essential supremum we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now for the essential supremum we
+have just an almost everywhere statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just an almost everywhere statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just an almost everywhere statement
+but um this norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um this norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um this norm
+is the same as the l infinity norm or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as the l infinity norm or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as the l infinity norm or
+the infinity norm for continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinity norm for continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinity norm for continuous
+functions okay so it shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay so it shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay so it shouldn't
+be something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that's
+too crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+i'm just going to state a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to state a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to state a couple of
+theorems because you already gave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems because you already gave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems because you already gave the
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+the proofs i should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proofs i should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proofs i should say
+when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you
+did i think it was probably the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i think it was probably the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i think it was probably the first
+assignment when you did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment when you did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment when you did the
+corresponding statements for little lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding statements for little lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding statements for little lp
+spaces except now you replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces except now you replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces except now you replace the
+for those you replace an integral with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those you replace an integral with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those you replace an integral with a
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+you should always think of as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always think of as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always think of as an
+integral as a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral as a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral as a sum
+so we have the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to theorems to inequalities we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to theorems to inequalities we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to theorems to inequalities we have
+holders inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holders inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holders inequality
+if one is between p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one is between p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one is between p
+if p is between one and infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if p is between one and infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if p is between one and infinity
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is
+the dual exponent to p meaning one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dual exponent to p meaning one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dual exponent to p meaning one over
+p plus one over q equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have
+f is an lp of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is an lp of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is an lp of e
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+g is an lq of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f times g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f times g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f times g
+uh integrated over e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well i haven't even said sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i haven't even said sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i haven't even said sorry
+getting way ahead of myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f and g are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurable functions then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions then
+the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+e of f times g absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e of f times g absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e of f times g absolute value
+this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to
+the lp norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lp norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lp norm
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+of f times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the lq norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lq norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lq norm
+of g now of course this inequality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of g now of course this inequality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of g now of course this inequality is
+only interesting if the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only interesting if the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only interesting if the right hand side
+is finite okay if this is infinite then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finite okay if this is infinite then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finite okay if this is infinite then
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+all vacuously true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vacuously true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vacuously true
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is uh the analog of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is uh the analog of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is uh the analog of the
+holders inequality which you proved for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holders inequality which you proved for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holders inequality which you proved for
+sequences where we had a sum here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences where we had a sum here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences where we had a sum here
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+instead of the integral and where we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the integral and where we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the integral and where we had
+a sum here instead of the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum here instead of the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum here instead of the integral
+okay and it's proved in essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's proved in essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's proved in essentially the
+same way you just replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way you just replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way you just replace
+a sigma with a little s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so from holder's inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so from holder's inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so from holder's inequality
+you obtain mankowski's inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if p is between one and infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+are two measurable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh take the lp norm of f plus g this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take the lp norm of f plus g this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take the lp norm of f plus g this is
+less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to
+the lp norm of f plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vlp norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vlp norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vlp norm
+of e okay and again you proved this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e okay and again you proved this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e okay and again you proved this
+exactly the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same way
+as you did for the little lp spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you did for the little lp spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you did for the little lp spaces
+using holder's inequality okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course you know that requires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you know that requires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you know that requires a
+slightly different argument for p equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different argument for p equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different argument for p equals
+infinity you know for this essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity you know for this essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity you know for this essential
+supremum but uh in fact that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum but uh in fact that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum but uh in fact that's what you
+did in the exam you took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in the exam you took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in the exam you took
+a few days ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so i've been calling these things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i've been calling these things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i've been calling these things a
+norm um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even though i haven't proved their norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though i haven't proved their norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though i haven't proved their norm
+yet and on what space are they a norm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and on what space are they a norm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and on what space are they a norm so
+now i'm going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when it's clear also let me make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when it's clear also let me make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when it's clear also let me make a
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this thing just by shorthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with just a p okay and it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just a p okay and it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just a p okay and it should be
+clear from the context you know that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear from the context you know that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear from the context you know that i'm
+what set i'm taking this norm over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what set i'm taking this norm over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what set i'm taking this norm over
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+or what set am i taking this integral uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what set am i taking this integral uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what set am i taking this integral uh
+that defines this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defines this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defines this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+norm over okay so now let me define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm over okay so now let me define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm over okay so now let me define the
+actual space that this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a norm on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm on
+and it involves a slight abuse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it involves a slight abuse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it involves a slight abuse of
+terminology and notation in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology and notation in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology and notation in the end
+which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just
+um tradition not just in this subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tradition not just in this subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tradition not just in this subject
+but you know i mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know i mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know i mean it's
+abusive notation is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abusive notation is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abusive notation is is
+tradition in all of math um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition in all of math um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition in all of math um
+so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one uh for p between one and infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define
+the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space
+lp of e so e here is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp of e so e here is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp of e so e here is uh
+you know if i don't say it it's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i don't say it it's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i don't say it it's always a
+measurable subset of r this is the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable subset of r this is the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable subset of r this is the set
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all functions from e to c which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all functions from e to c which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all functions from e to c which are
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that have finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lp norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp norm
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+second caveat to this space so as i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second caveat to this space so as i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second caveat to this space so as i've
+written it down now it's a space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it down now it's a space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it down now it's a space of
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+and i'm going to keep referring to it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to keep referring to it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to keep referring to it as
+a space of functions i'm going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space of functions i'm going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space of functions i'm going to keep
+referring to elements of it as functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to elements of it as functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to elements of it as functions
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+the actual space itself is not a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual space itself is not a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual space itself is not a space
+of functions it's a space of equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions it's a space of equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions it's a space of equivalence
+classes in order for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes in order for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes in order for this
+quantity which i keep calling a norm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity which i keep calling a norm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity which i keep calling a norm to
+actually be a norm on this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be a norm on this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be a norm on this space
+so let me add here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we consider two elements of this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider two elements of this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider two elements of this set
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shouldn't say equal but to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say equal but to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say equal but to be
+the same element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let me give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two elements say f and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements say f and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements say f and g
+in lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lp
+to be the same element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same element
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+f equals g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals g
+almost everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere
+okay so as i've written it down lp of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as i've written it down lp of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as i've written it down lp of e
+consists of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of all
+measurable functions with finite lp norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions with finite lp norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions with finite lp norm
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now i'm saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm saying that
+i will consider two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements in this space to be the same to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in this space to be the same to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in this space to be the same to
+be the same element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same element
+if they equal each other almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they equal each other almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they equal each other almost
+everywhere so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so strictly speaking let me just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so strictly speaking let me just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so strictly speaking let me just make
+this as a remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lp of e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an equivalence class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form
+so little brackets f to indicate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so little brackets f to indicate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so little brackets f to indicate the
+equivalence class i haven't told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence class i haven't told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence class i haven't told you
+what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the
+equivalence relation is so i'll explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence relation is so i'll explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence relation is so i'll explain
+that as i describe the equivalence class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as i describe the equivalence class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as i describe the equivalence class
+so the equivalence class of f is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the equivalence class of f is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the equivalence class of f is equal
+to the set of all function g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the set of all function g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the set of all function g
+which are measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know lp of e is really a set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know lp of e is really a set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know lp of e is really a set of all
+equivalence is a set of equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence is a set of equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence is a set of equivalence
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+of measurable functions with finite lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measurable functions with finite lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measurable functions with finite lp
+norm where two um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm where two um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm where two um
+equivalence classes are equal if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence classes are equal if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence classes are equal if and
+only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+representative from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative from the first
+equivalence class equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence class equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence class equals the
+representative of the second equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of the second equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of the second equivalence
+class almost everywhere okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class almost everywhere okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class almost everywhere okay so this is
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know lp of e is now why am i making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know lp of e is now why am i making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know lp of e is now why am i making
+this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um
+you know why am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why am i
+adding this caveat that you have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding this caveat that you have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding this caveat that you have to put
+consider two elements to be equal almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider two elements to be equal almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider two elements to be equal almost
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+because this is what allows me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is what allows me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is what allows me to
+put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+or say this lp norm is an actual norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or say this lp norm is an actual norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or say this lp norm is an actual norm
+otherwise it is just a semi-norm if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it is just a semi-norm if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it is just a semi-norm if i
+really consider lp of e to be this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really consider lp of e to be this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really consider lp of e to be this space
+of actual functions okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actual functions okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actual functions okay so
+again this is a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a small
+point all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point all right
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+lp of e is in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp of e is in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp of e is in fact a
+set of equivalence classes where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of equivalence classes where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of equivalence classes where
+two functions or two equivalence classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions or two equivalence classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions or two equivalence classes
+are equal if and only if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal if and only if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal if and only if the
+representative functions equal are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative functions equal are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative functions equal are equal
+almost everywhere okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+now that i've explained all of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that i've explained all of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that i've explained all of that and
+carefully told you what lp of e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully told you what lp of e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully told you what lp of e is
+it is customary to never refer to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is customary to never refer to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is customary to never refer to them
+as equivalence classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as equivalence classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as equivalence classes
+or elements of lpov as an equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or elements of lpov as an equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or elements of lpov as an equivalence
+class okay usually still just refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay usually still just refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay usually still just refer to
+them as functions let me make that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as functions let me make that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as functions let me make that point
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so rather than speaking of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rather than speaking of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rather than speaking of an
+equivalence class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence class
+or elements of lp of e as an equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or elements of lp of e as an equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or elements of lp of e as an equivalence
+class i will just refer to them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class i will just refer to them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class i will just refer to them as
+functions with the understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions with the understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions with the understanding
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two
+functions in lp of e are considered to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in lp of e are considered to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in lp of e are considered to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+the same function the same element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same function the same element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same function the same element
+if they equal each other almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they equal each other almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they equal each other almost
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe you think this is a little weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you think this is a little weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you think this is a little weird
+but you've been doing this your whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you've been doing this your whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you've been doing this your whole
+life already okay because the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life already okay because the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life already okay because the rational
+numbers themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers themselves
+are defined if you look back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined if you look back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined if you look back into
+algebra if you're taking algebra now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra if you're taking algebra now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra if you're taking algebra now
+when you actually sit down and construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually sit down and construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually sit down and construct
+the rational numbers they're constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rational numbers they're constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rational numbers they're constructed
+as equivalence classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as equivalence classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as equivalence classes
+right of pairs of integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of pairs of integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of pairs of integers
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+you know you don't think of them as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't think of them as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't think of them as that
+you think of them as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of them as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of them as you know
+three over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three over two
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+not the equivalence class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the equivalence class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the equivalence class of
+three two right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+two elements in lp of e i mean we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements in lp of e i mean we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements in lp of e i mean we think
+of lp v as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lp v as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lp v as uh
+a set of functions with finite lp norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of functions with finite lp norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of functions with finite lp norm
+and with the caveat that two functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the caveat that two functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the caveat that two functions
+are or two elements of lp and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are or two elements of lp and e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are or two elements of lp and e
+lp of e are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp of e are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp of e are equal
+are the same element if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same element if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same element if
+the two functions agree almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two functions agree almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two functions agree almost
+everywhere okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now with that
+minor detail out of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor detail out of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor detail out of the way
+let's move on to let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on to let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on to let me
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+the theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lp
+with the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scalar multiplication where you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar multiplication where you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar multiplication where you just
+multiply a func the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a func the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a func the
+scalar multiple of an element is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar multiple of an element is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar multiple of an element is just
+multiplying the function by a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the function by a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the function by a scalar
+and the sum of two elements is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sum of two elements is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sum of two elements is just the
+pointwise sum of the two functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+with the obvious definitions of scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the obvious definitions of scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the obvious definitions of scalar
+multiplication and addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moreover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover
+this function which i've been referring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function which i've been referring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function which i've been referring
+to as a norm is actually a norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now i'm not gonna i'm only gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i'm not gonna i'm only gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i'm not gonna i'm only gonna
+prove um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know part of this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+because to verify something is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because to verify something is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because to verify something is a vector
+space you have to verify the operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you have to verify the operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you have to verify the operations
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+uh you know satisfy certain um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know satisfy certain um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know satisfy certain um
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+and when i state the or give the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i state the or give the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i state the or give the proof
+of what i'm going to prove out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what i'm going to prove out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what i'm going to prove out of this
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+you know i'm this will be the last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm this will be the last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm this will be the last time
+i actually refer to the fact that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually refer to the fact that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually refer to the fact that these
+are equivalence classes and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalence classes and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalence classes and not
+functions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but
+um just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to
+you know make a point you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know make a point you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know make a point you know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+again this space strictly speaking is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this space strictly speaking is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this space strictly speaking is a
+set of equivalence classes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of equivalence classes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of equivalence classes so
+one would have to check that addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would have to check that addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would have to check that addition
+and scale or multiplication are well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scale or multiplication are well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scale or multiplication are well
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+uh on this set meaning um if i have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on this set meaning um if i have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on this set meaning um if i have two
+representatives of the same equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives of the same equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives of the same equivalence
+class and i multiply one by a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and i multiply one by a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and i multiply one by a scalar
+and the other by a scalar then i get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other by a scalar then i get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other by a scalar then i get the
+same equivalence class in the end okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equivalence class in the end okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equivalence class in the end okay
+uh which is easy to check and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is easy to check and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is easy to check and the same
+for addition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for addition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for addition so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+again in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strictly speaking sense that lp is a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly speaking sense that lp is a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly speaking sense that lp is a set
+of equivalence classes these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equivalence classes these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equivalence classes these things are
+well defined uh scalar multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined uh scalar multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined uh scalar multiplication
+and addition all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and addition all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and addition all right
+um so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that
+lp or that this quantity here is a norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp or that this quantity here is a norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp or that this quantity here is a norm
+okay and i'm just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i'm just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i'm just gonna
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so first off note that taking the lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off note that taking the lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off note that taking the lp
+norm of an element of lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of an element of lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of an element of lp
+is actually well defined remember so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually well defined remember so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually well defined remember so
+you know this is going to be the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is going to be the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is going to be the only
+theorem and proof where i actually refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and proof where i actually refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and proof where i actually refer
+to the fact that lp is actually a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fact that lp is actually a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fact that lp is actually a set of
+equivalence classes and then after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence classes and then after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence classes and then after that
+we just won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just won't
+uh do that anymore and we'll just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do that anymore and we'll just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do that anymore and we'll just think
+of lp as a set of functions where two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lp as a set of functions where two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lp as a set of functions where two
+functions are the same element if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are the same element if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are the same element if they
+equal each other almost everywhere but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal each other almost everywhere but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal each other almost everywhere but
+first thing to note is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing to note is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing to note is that um
+this is actually well defined on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually well defined on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually well defined on
+this set of equivalence classes so note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of equivalence classes so note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of equivalence classes so note
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i have two representatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have two representatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have two representatives of
+an equivalence class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+by what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what we
+developed for the la vague integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed for the la vague integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed for the la vague integral
+so f take the absolute value raised to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f take the absolute value raised to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f take the absolute value raised to
+the p is also going to be equal to g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p is also going to be equal to g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p is also going to be equal to g
+absolute value raised to the p almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value raised to the p almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value raised to the p almost
+everywhere and therefore these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and therefore these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and therefore these two
+integrals are going to equal each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are going to equal each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are going to equal each other
+right these integrals are real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these integrals are real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these integrals are real numbers
+they're not equivalence classes of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not equivalence classes of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not equivalence classes of real
+numbers this is a real number a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers this is a real number a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers this is a real number a
+non-negative real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative real number
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+in the notation i had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notation i had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notation i had before
+if i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have
+an equivalence class and i have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalence class and i have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalence class and i have two
+different representatives of this and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different representatives of this and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different representatives of this and i
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know the lp norm of this equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the lp norm of this equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the lp norm of this equivalence
+class to be the integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to be the integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to be the integral of the
+representative i get the same number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative i get the same number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative i get the same number
+uh regardless of the representative for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh regardless of the representative for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh regardless of the representative for
+that equivalence class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i.e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+this function is defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is defined by
+uh if i take the lp norm of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if i take the lp norm of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if i take the lp norm of an
+equivalence class given by just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence class given by just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence class given by just the
+integral of the representative this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the representative this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the representative this is
+well defined if i take two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined if i take two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined if i take two different
+representatives i get the same number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives i get the same number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives i get the same number
+out okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this quantity here equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here equals zero
+if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+uh by what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by what we've
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+developed in our theory of integration f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in our theory of integration f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in our theory of integration f
+equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+almost everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere
+right so the lp norm or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the lp norm or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the lp norm or the
+so i should say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i should say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i should say this
+equals 0 almost everywhere ie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f equals zero almost everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but possibly not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everywhere equivalence class of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere equivalence class of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere equivalence class of this
+function is equal to the zero element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is equal to the zero element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is equal to the zero element
+okay so this was the whole reason why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this was the whole reason why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this was the whole reason why we
+i went through this trouble of actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i went through this trouble of actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i went through this trouble of actually
+explaining to you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining to you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining to you why
+um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+strictly speaking the most rigorous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly speaking the most rigorous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly speaking the most rigorous uh
+way of defining lp is as a space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of defining lp is as a space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of defining lp is as a space of
+equivalence classes even though we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence classes even though we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence classes even though we won't
+think about them that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about them that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about them that way
+or talk about them that way in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or talk about them that way in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or talk about them that way in the
+future that's in fact what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future that's in fact what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future that's in fact what they are
+because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then
+this quantity here this lp norm is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here this lp norm is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here this lp norm is in
+fact a norm if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a norm if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a norm if
+the lp norm is zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lp norm is zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lp norm is zero then
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+that element is the zero element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that element is the zero element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that element is the zero element
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's about
+the last time i'm ever gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last time i'm ever gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last time i'm ever gonna
+refer to the elements of lp as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to the elements of lp as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to the elements of lp as
+equivalence classes i will now be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence classes i will now be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence classes i will now be
+referring to them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to them as
+you know functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know functions
+but homogeneity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but homogeneity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but homogeneity and
+the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the lp norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lp norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lp norm
+then follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then follow
+simply from the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for homogeneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for homogeneity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for homogeneity
+you know the fact that a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the fact that a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the fact that a scalar
+that the lp norm of a scalar multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lp norm of a scalar multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lp norm of a scalar multiple of
+f is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is equal to the
+absolute value of the scalar times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of the scalar times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of the scalar times the
+lp norm of f and the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp norm of f and the triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp norm of f and the triangle inequality
+follow from the definition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and kowski's inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kowski's inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kowski's inequality
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lp is the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp is the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp is the space of
+measurable functions with finite lp norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions with finite lp norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions with finite lp norm
+see i'm already not going to refer to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see i'm already not going to refer to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see i'm already not going to refer to it
+ever again as a space of equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever again as a space of equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever again as a space of equivalence
+classes you should think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes you should think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes you should think of them as
+space functions just with two elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space functions just with two elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space functions just with two elements
+equal if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal if they
+uh if these functions equal each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if these functions equal each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if these functions equal each other
+almost everywhere point y's on e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere point y's on e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere point y's on e
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we come to the big question we now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come to the big question we now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come to the big question we now have
+this norm space lp of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this norm space lp of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this norm space lp of e
+uh corresponding to all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh corresponding to all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh corresponding to all these
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+functions that have finite lp norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that have finite lp norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that have finite lp norm
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know first off is this non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first off is this non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first off is this non
+is this not empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this not empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this not empty
+let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe give you the simplest example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe give you the simplest example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe give you the simplest example in
+fact let me prove the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact let me prove the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact let me prove the following
+simple theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+which is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be measurable
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f is an lp of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the limit as r goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+of the integral of minus r to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integral of minus r to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integral of minus r to r
+intersect e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect e
+of f raised to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is finite okay notice as r going to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finite okay notice as r going to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finite okay notice as r going to plus
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe
+let's not make it r we can make it n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not make it r we can make it n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not make it r we can make it n
+where n is a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then this is a increasing sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is a increasing sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is a increasing sequence of
+numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so
+uh let's give the proof real quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's assume uh f is in lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this quantity here is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence
+of integrals over minus n to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integrals over minus n to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integrals over minus n to n
+uh intersect e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh intersect e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh intersect e
+f raised to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f raised to the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f raised to the p
+this is an increasing sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an increasing sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an increasing sequence
+right because uh at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because uh at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because uh at each
+step at each entry i'm taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step at each entry i'm taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step at each entry i'm taking the
+integral of this non-negative quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of this non-negative quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of this non-negative quantity
+over a bigger bigger set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a bigger bigger set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a bigger bigger set
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so this is an increasing sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so in fact this limit always exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in fact this limit always exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in fact this limit always exists
+so it was meaningful to actually refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was meaningful to actually refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was meaningful to actually refer
+to this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since this is an increasing sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus n intersect e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually exists as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exists as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exists as
+a possibly extended real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now since for all n we have that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since for all n we have that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since for all n we have that the
+integral of minus n to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of minus n to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of minus n to n
+intersect e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect e
+f uh raised to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f uh raised to the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f uh raised to the p
+is less than or equal to well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to well
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+i'm being a little inefficient here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm being a little inefficient here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm being a little inefficient here
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+just erase one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's do it
+this way do it much faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intersect e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect e
+f raised to the p this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f raised to the p this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f raised to the p this is equal to
+integral over e chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over e chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over e chi
+minus into n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus into n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus into n
+f raised to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f raised to the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f raised to the p
+so i can think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can think of what's here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can think of what's here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can think of what's here in the
+integrand as a function for each n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand as a function for each n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand as a function for each n
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+since uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence that is pointwise increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all x and e we have limit as n goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and e we have limit as n goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and e we have limit as n goes
+to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+of chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chi
+minus n to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x raised to the p equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x raised to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x raised to the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x raised to the p
+this implies by the monotone convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies by the monotone convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies by the monotone convergence
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the integral of the limit as n goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the integral of the limit as n goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the integral of the limit as n goes
+to infinity which is just f raised to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity which is just f raised to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity which is just f raised to
+the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+the limit as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the integral of this quantity here over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of this quantity here over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of this quantity here over
+e which is again the integral over minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e which is again the integral over minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e which is again the integral over minus
+n to n intersect e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to n intersect e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to n intersect e
+raised to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the p
+and therefore this quantity here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this quantity here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this quantity here is
+finite if and only if this quantity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite if and only if this quantity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite if and only if this quantity here
+is finite and therefore f is an lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finite and therefore f is an lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finite and therefore f is an lp
+if and only if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this quantity here is finite and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here is finite and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here is finite and in fact
+they equal each other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so using uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using uh
+you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem if you like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem if you like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem if you like um
+you can prove and i'll leave it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove and i'll leave it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove and i'll leave it to you
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f
+from let's say r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from let's say r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from let's say r
+to c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c is
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and there exists a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there exists a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there exists a constant
+non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and q bigger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q bigger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q bigger than one
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for almost every
+x and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and r
+f of x is less than or equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is less than or equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is less than or equal to a
+constant times 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times 1 plus
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+raised to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the
+minus q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f is an lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is an lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is an lp
+of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r
+for all p bigger than or equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um how do you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um how do you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um how do you do that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+okay maybe i'll just indicate why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we use the previous theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the previous theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the previous theorem
+and look at the integral uh from minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the integral uh from minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the integral uh from minus n
+to n intersect r so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+by this estimate is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this estimate is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this estimate is less than or equal
+to the integral from minus n to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integral from minus n to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integral from minus n to n
+over times constant 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x to the minus q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this is a continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a continuous function
+over a compact or closed and bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a compact or closed and bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a compact or closed and bounded
+interval so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so
+this is equal to its riemann integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i will often you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will often you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will often you know
+on exams and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on exams and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on exams and so on
+write the bag integral also in this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the bag integral also in this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the bag integral also in this form
+though um so i don't want to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though um so i don't want to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though um so i don't want to say that
+i'm just you're going to use this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just you're going to use this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just you're going to use this kind
+of notation for the riemann integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notation for the riemann integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notation for the riemann integral
+but anyways so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyways so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyways so
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i leave it to you to show that as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i leave it to you to show that as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i leave it to you to show that as long
+as q is bigger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as q is bigger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as q is bigger than one
+this is less than or equal to so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to so i
+should put p times q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put p times q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put p times q
+p times q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p times q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p times q
+that as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as long as q is bigger than 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as q is bigger than 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as q is bigger than 1
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+integral here is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some constant depending on p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant depending on p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant depending on p
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know there's many functions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's many functions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's many functions uh
+that are in lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's not exactly a trivial space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but what kind of space is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what kind of space is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what kind of space is it
+now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me
+state the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the following
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in fact this is what you proved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this is what you proved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this is what you proved in the
+assignment right before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment right before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment right before
+or the assignment i at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the assignment i at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the assignment i at least
+assigned before the exam which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned before the exam which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned before the exam which was the
+following let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following let
+a less than be less than b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and p between one and infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p between one and infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p between one and infinity
+so in fact you did it for l one but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact you did it for l one but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact you did it for l one but the
+kind of same proof carries over for lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of same proof carries over for lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of same proof carries over for lp
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+fb in lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fb in lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fb in lp
+of a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i keep adding stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i keep adding stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i keep adding stuff and
+epsilon and positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists a continuous function in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a continuous function in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a continuous function in a
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which i can also impose vanishes at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i can also impose vanishes at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i can also impose vanishes at the
+end points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and is close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is close
+to f and l p norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what this states is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the space of continuous functions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of continuous functions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of continuous functions is
+dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and lp of a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lp of a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lp of a b
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's a proper subset of lp of a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a proper subset of lp of a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a proper subset of lp of a b
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+right i can find elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i can find elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i can find elements
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+lp that are not continuous okay or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp that are not continuous okay or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp that are not continuous okay or even
+not equal to a continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to a continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to a continuous function
+almost everywhere okay so is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere okay so is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere okay so is a
+dense and also proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and now the final theorem we'll prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the final theorem we'll prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the final theorem we'll prove
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+integration and lp spaces is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and lp spaces is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and lp spaces is that
+lp is complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp is complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp is complete
+so this is due to reese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's see does this have a c or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see does this have a c or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see does this have a c or is
+it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just
+yeah it does have a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a bonus space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for p between one and infinity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh including one and infinity now i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh including one and infinity now i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh including one and infinity now i'll
+give the proof for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the proof for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the proof for um
+p between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strictly less than infinity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p equals infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p equals infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p equals infinity
+this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will appear in an assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will appear in an assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will appear in an assignment
+so we'll do the case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p between one and infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so how are we going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how are we going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how are we going to do this
+we are going to in fact use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to in fact use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to in fact use
+um that criterion from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that criterion from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that criterion from
+several weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several weeks ago
+about when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when
+is a norm space or bonus space so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a norm space or bonus space so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a norm space or bonus space so we
+proved uh this equivalent criterion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved uh this equivalent criterion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved uh this equivalent criterion so
+remember a bonus space is a is a norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a bonus space is a is a norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a bonus space is a is a norm
+space that's complete with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's complete with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's complete with respect to
+the norm so you would have to check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm so you would have to check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm so you would have to check that
+all cochise sequences in the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cochise sequences in the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cochise sequences in the space
+converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+to something in the space right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something in the space right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something in the space right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we came up with this other criterion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we came up with this other criterion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we came up with this other criterion
+i shouldn't say we did somebody did and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i shouldn't say we did somebody did and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i shouldn't say we did somebody did and
+then i showed it to you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i showed it to you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i showed it to you that
+an equivalent way to prove that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent way to prove that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent way to prove that is to
+prove that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that all
+absolutely summable series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely summable series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely summable series
+in the norm space are summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the norm space are summable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the norm space are summable
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+remember absolutely summable means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember absolutely summable means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember absolutely summable means the
+sum of the norms is finite so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the norms is finite so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the norms is finite so that's
+what we're going to use or that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to use or that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to use or that's what
+we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summable series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is summable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is summable
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose i have
+a sequence in lk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sequence
+and l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and l
+f is an l p not l k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that form an absolutely summable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form an absolutely summable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form an absolutely summable uh
+series so such that sum over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so such that sum over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so such that sum over k
+of if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if i take
+the lp norm of fk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lp norm of fk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lp norm of fk
+so this is now a series of non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now a series of non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now a series of non-negative
+numbers uh let's assume this converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh let's assume this converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh let's assume this converges
+meaning this i'm writing it as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is uh finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh finite
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in fact this equals uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact this equals uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact this equals uh
+let me call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+convergent series something call it m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent series something call it m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent series something call it m
+which is a finite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we have this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have this um
+absolutely summable series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to prove
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+now the series sum of fks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to
+something in lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and what do we want to show now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what do we want to show now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what do we want to show now so
+let me just so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just so that
+that's clear ahead of time we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's clear ahead of time we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's clear ahead of time we want to
+show there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a function in lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k equals 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 1 to n
+the partial sums converge to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sums converge to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sums converge to f
+as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and lp of e i e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lp of e i e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lp of e i e
+equivalent way of writing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent way of writing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent way of writing that
+is that the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the limit
+as n goes to infinity of the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity of the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity of the norm
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+k equals 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 1 to n
+of f fk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f fk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f fk
+minus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that will show that every summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will show that every summable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will show that every summable
+series is absolutely summable series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is absolutely summable series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is absolutely summable series is
+summable okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we have to identify a candidate f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to identify a candidate f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to identify a candidate f
+and then show that the norm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then show that the norm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then show that the norm uh
+of that this norm here goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that this norm here goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that this norm here goes to zero
+as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+g n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g n
+from e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from e to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a non-negative number or it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a non-negative number or it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a non-negative number or it's a
+non-negative function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a
+gn of x equals sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gn of x equals sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gn of x equals sum from
+k equals 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the absolute value of fk of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the absolute value of fk of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the absolute value of fk of x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is again a measurable function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again a measurable function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again a measurable function
+because it's the sum of measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the sum of measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the sum of measurable
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the triangle inequality we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take
+the lp norm of gn which is this finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lp norm of gn which is this finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lp norm of gn which is this finite
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by the triangle inequality for the lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the triangle inequality for the lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the triangle inequality for the lp
+norm this is less than or equal to sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm this is less than or equal to sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm this is less than or equal to sum
+from k equals 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k equals 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k equals 1 to n
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the lp norms of the fks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lp norms of the fks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lp norms of the fks
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this is a partial sum corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a partial sum corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a partial sum corresponding to
+the you know series of the norms of fks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know series of the norms of fks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know series of the norms of fks
+which sum to m so this is always less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sum to m so this is always less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sum to m so this is always less
+than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to m
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+which we're assuming again is a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're assuming again is a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're assuming again is a finite
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which implies by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by two's lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the limb inf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limb inf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limb inf
+as n goes to infinity of g sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over e
+which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+for each x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each x
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so as n goes to infinity for for each x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as n goes to infinity for for each x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as n goes to infinity for for each x
+as n goes to infinity this converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity this converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity this converges to
+something it's either finite or in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's either finite or in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's either finite or in you
+know equal to infinity so it always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know equal to infinity so it always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know equal to infinity so it always
+converges so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this is equal to um the infinite sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should say
+let's raise this to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i kind of got this backwards i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i kind of got this backwards i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i kind of got this backwards i
+should have said this is equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said this is equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said this is equal to this
+but anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyways
+by fat two's lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by fat two's lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by fat two's lemma
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let me reverse these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by that two's lemma so i have this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by that two's lemma so i have this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by that two's lemma so i have this is
+equal to so this does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to so this does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to so this does not
+use fat two it just uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use fat two it just uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use fat two it just uses
+the definition of g n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to
+now i'm using fattoo's lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm using fattoo's lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm using fattoo's lemma
+integral over e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over e
+g n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g n
+raised to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the p
+and now i use that bound which i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i use that bound which i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i use that bound which i have
+right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here
+this is always less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is always less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is always less than or equal to
+uh remember the lp norm of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remember the lp norm of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remember the lp norm of g
+sub n was less than or equal to m so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n was less than or equal to m so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n was less than or equal to m so
+raising that to the p power i have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising that to the p power i have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising that to the p power i have this
+is less than or equal to m to the p all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to m to the p all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to m to the p all
+right so i started off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i started off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i started off with
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the integral of this non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of this non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of this non-negative
+measurable function which is the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable function which is the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable function which is the series
+of f sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f sub k
+raised to the p and showed that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the p and showed that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the p and showed that that
+integral is finite right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is finite right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is finite right
+thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by another theorem that we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by another theorem that we proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by another theorem that we proved
+from integration right if i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from integration right if i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from integration right if i have a
+non-negative measurable function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative measurable function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative measurable function that
+has finite integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has finite integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has finite integral
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+that measurable function has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measurable function has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measurable function has to be
+finite almost everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite almost everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite almost everywhere
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+quantity has to converge or is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity has to converge or is finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity has to converge or is finite
+for almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for almost every
+x and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and e
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what i get is that for almost uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i get is that for almost uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i get is that for almost uh
+let me include an x in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i've proven for almost every x in e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've proven for almost every x in e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've proven for almost every x in e
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+fk of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fk of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fk of x
+is you know absolutely convergent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know absolutely convergent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know absolutely convergent so
+this series is absolutely convergent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series is absolutely convergent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series is absolutely convergent and
+therefore it converges for almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it converges for almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it converges for almost every
+x and e and i'll define my function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and e and i'll define my function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and e and i'll define my function
+way right because in the end remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right because in the end remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right because in the end remember
+we're trying to find a function f so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to find a function f so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to find a function f so
+that these partial sums converge to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these partial sums converge to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these partial sums converge to f
+and lp so if we can define f it somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lp so if we can define f it somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lp so if we can define f it somehow
+has the almost everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the almost everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the almost everywhere
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+point wise limit of s sub k maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise limit of s sub k maybe we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise limit of s sub k maybe we can
+use the dominated convergence theorem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the dominated convergence theorem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the dominated convergence theorem in
+some way and that's that'll be what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way and that's that'll be what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way and that's that'll be what we
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly what i get from this convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what i get from this convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what i get from this convergent
+series when it converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series when it converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series when it converges
+absolutely so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'm going to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to define
+g of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g of x
+to be again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be again uh
+if you like it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like it's the
+when the g sub n's converge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the g sub n's converge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the g sub n's converge so
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+this is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and 0 otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now i have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i have these two
+measurable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable uh
+real valued functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy
+will end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up being
+what the fk is converged to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the fk is converged to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the fk is converged to
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so then we have a couple of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we have a couple of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we have a couple of things
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+limit as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity
+of sum from k equals 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sum from k equals 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sum from k equals 1 to n
+fk of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+almost everywhere on e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere on e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere on e
+why is that this is just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that this is just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that this is just because
+f of x is simply defined to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is simply defined to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is simply defined to be the
+infinite sum when the sum is absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite sum when the sum is absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite sum when the sum is absolutely
+convergent which is almost everywhere by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent which is almost everywhere by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent which is almost everywhere by
+what we've done okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i
+so this is a one crucial thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x
+this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to
+g of x so it's the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g of x so it's the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g of x so it's the p
+raised to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+almost everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere
+on e okay why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on e okay why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on e okay why is this
+um this holds for example when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this holds for example when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this holds for example when
+the series is absolutely convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series is absolutely convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series is absolutely convergent
+right because then f of x is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because then f of x is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because then f of x is equal to
+the infinite sum of the fks of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinite sum of the fks of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinite sum of the fks of x
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so by the triangle inequality the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so by the triangle inequality the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so by the triangle inequality the
+absolute value of that difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of that difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of that difference is
+going to be less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less than or equal to the
+sum of the absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the absolute values
+that's by definition equal to g sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's by definition equal to g sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's by definition equal to g sub n
+or g sub n plus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or g sub n plus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or g sub n plus 1.
+g is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g is the
+limit of the g sub n so g sub n's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of the g sub n so g sub n's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of the g sub n so g sub n's are
+increasing so that always sits below g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing so that always sits below g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing so that always sits below g
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should say by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say by this
+i don't want to pull it up so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to pull it up so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to pull it up so let's just
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the lp norm of this is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lp norm of this is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lp norm of this is less than or
+equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to m
+right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which
+this here is equal to g almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is equal to g almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is equal to g almost
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the lp norm of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lp norm of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lp norm of g
+is equal to this lp norm and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to this lp norm and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to this lp norm and therefore
+is less than or equal to m and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that means the lp norm raised to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that means the lp norm raised to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that means the lp norm raised to the
+p is finite okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moreover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover
+what else do we deduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we also deduce from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f
+which is bounded above by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bounded above by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bounded above by
+almost everywhere by this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere by this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere by this quantity
+this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is equal to g almost everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to g almost everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to g almost everywhere
+the lp norm of f is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lp norm of f is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lp norm of f is less than or equal
+to the lp norm of g which as we said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lp norm of g which as we said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lp norm of g which as we said is
+less than or equal to m ie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f is an lp of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is an lp of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is an lp of e
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so again almost everywhere we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again almost everywhere we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again almost everywhere we have that
+f which is equal to the sum without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f which is equal to the sum without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f which is equal to the sum without the
+absolute values that's always less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values that's always less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values that's always less than
+or equal to an absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to an absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to an absolute value
+the sum from k equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from k equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from k equals
+the sum over k with absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over k with absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over k with absolute values
+inside okay and we know that the lp norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside okay and we know that the lp norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside okay and we know that the lp norm
+of this is finite we proved that earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is finite we proved that earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is finite we proved that earlier
+which tells me that the lp norm of g is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells me that the lp norm of g is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells me that the lp norm of g is
+finite because g is equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite because g is equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite because g is equal to this
+quantity almost everywhere it's zero on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity almost everywhere it's zero on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity almost everywhere it's zero on
+a set of measure zero which we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of measure zero which we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of measure zero which we just
+threw in there to make it finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw in there to make it finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw in there to make it finite
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so we have f uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have f uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have f uh
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+an lp we have g is in lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an lp we have g is in lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an lp we have g is in lp
+so at least this can be a possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at least this can be a possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at least this can be a possible
+candidate and we have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate and we have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate and we have these two
+facts here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts here
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+we apply the dominated convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply the dominated convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply the dominated convergence
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using this fact right this we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this fact right this we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this fact right this we have
+converging to zero almost everywhere uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to zero almost everywhere uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to zero almost everywhere uh
+on e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on e
+and since that's true i can put if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since that's true i can put if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since that's true i can put if you
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+a raise to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a raise to the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a raise to the p
+so this quantity here is converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this quantity here is converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this quantity here is converging to
+zero almost everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero almost everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero almost everywhere
+this quantity is also bounded above by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is also bounded above by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is also bounded above by
+uh this quantity here on the right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this quantity here on the right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this quantity here on the right which
+is integrable right it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is integrable right it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is integrable right it has
+the integral of g to the p is finite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of g to the p is finite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of g to the p is finite so
+by the dominated convergence theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the dominated convergence theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the dominated convergence theorem
+i can conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the limit as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+sum from k equals 1 to n of the fks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k equals 1 to n of the fks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k equals 1 to n of the fks
+minus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f
+raised to the p over e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the p over e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the p over e
+this equals uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals uh
+the integral of the limit which remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the limit which remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the limit which remember
+is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i.e we've shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay which is what we wanted to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now of course you need a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course you need a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course you need a different
+argument for p equals infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for p equals infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for p equals infinity
+um and it's a little bit simpler but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've proved that lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've proved that lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've proved that lp
+is a bonus space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bonus space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bonus space
+all right and then you know notice we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then you know notice we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then you know notice we
+used a kind of a lot of different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a kind of a lot of different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a kind of a lot of different um
+tools and things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and things that we
+had developed over the course of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had developed over the course of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had developed over the course of this
+over the course of this course um so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know i keep using this word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i keep using this word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i keep using this word
+completion even though we haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion even though we haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion even though we haven't really
+talked about it i kind of left it out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it i kind of left it out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it i kind of left it out of
+the first chapter because i wasn't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first chapter because i wasn't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first chapter because i wasn't going
+to use the second chapter from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the second chapter from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the second chapter from the
+lecture notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes
+that are usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+used for this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for this course
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+you know from this fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from this fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from this fact
+so you should think of the completion as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should think of the completion as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should think of the completion as
+kind of the smallest bonus space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the smallest bonus space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the smallest bonus space
+containing a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing a certain
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+norm space but what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm space but what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm space but what this
+statement here along with the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here along with the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here along with the theorem
+due to recent fischer is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to recent fischer is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to recent fischer is that
+the completion of continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the completion of continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the completion of continuous functions
+over a b with norm given by the lp norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a b with norm given by the lp norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a b with norm given by the lp norm
+which is in fact a norm on continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in fact a norm on continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in fact a norm on continuous
+functions because if a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions because if a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions because if a continuous
+function is equal to zero almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is equal to zero almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is equal to zero almost
+everywhere it has to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere it has to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere it has to be zero
+so what this proves is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this proves is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this proves is that the
+completion of the continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion of the continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion of the continuous functions
+with this norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this norm
+is equal to the space lp okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so now we're going to move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to move on to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back to kind of some more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to kind of some more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to kind of some more general
+theory of functional analysis this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of functional analysis this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of functional analysis this was
+kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh
+you know specific to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measure and integration on the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and integration on the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and integration on the real
+numbers now we're going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers now we're going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers now we're going to go to
+more general topics um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+probably more intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more intuitive
+topics because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it
+has analogs i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has analogs i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has analogs i mean
+you know a lot of functional analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of functional analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of functional analysis
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be
+in some way analogous to stuff you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way analogous to stuff you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way analogous to stuff you've
+seen in linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in linear algebra
+some of it definitely is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example um you know in one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example um you know in one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example um you know in one of the
+assignments you proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments you proved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments you proved that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+unit ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit ball
+and little lp is not compact for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and little lp is not compact for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and little lp is not compact for
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know over the natural numbers a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know over the natural numbers a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know over the natural numbers a set
+of sequences that have little finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sequences that have little finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sequences that have little finite
+little lp norm that that's not compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lp norm that that's not compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lp norm that that's not compact
+while you know from calculus that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in rn the unit ball is compact that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rn the unit ball is compact that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rn the unit ball is compact that's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+heino burrell theorem or bolzano virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heino burrell theorem or bolzano virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heino burrell theorem or bolzano virus
+drops depending on if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops depending on if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops depending on if you
+take is your starting definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take is your starting definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take is your starting definition of
+compactness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in terms of open sets or in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of open sets or in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of open sets or in terms of
+sequences having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences having a
+convergent subsequence which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent subsequence which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent subsequence which are
+equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+for metric and at least in the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for metric and at least in the metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for metric and at least in the metric
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we're going to move on to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to move on to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to move on to uh the
+topic of hilbert spaces so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of hilbert spaces so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of hilbert spaces so
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are uh you know special in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are uh you know special in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are uh you know special in the
+sense that the norm comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the norm comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the norm comes from
+an inner product maybe you saw an inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inner product maybe you saw an inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inner product maybe you saw an inner
+product in linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in linear algebra
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+or you should have at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you should have at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you should have at least
+and therefore you have notions of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you have notions of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you have notions of being
+orthogonal you have notions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal you have notions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal you have notions of
+projections and these you know we kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections and these you know we kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections and these you know we kind
+of saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saw
+things that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that uh
+kind of have that flavor when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of have that flavor when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of have that flavor when we're
+talking about bonus spaces in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about bonus spaces in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about bonus spaces in general
+and we were talking about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were talking about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were talking about uh
+you know modding out by a subspace then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know modding out by a subspace then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know modding out by a subspace then
+you can think of the equivalence class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of the equivalence class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of the equivalence class
+corresponding to an element as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to an element as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to an element as sort of
+the projection onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection onto
+the complement of that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement of that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement of that uh
+subspace but you know it wasn't an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace but you know it wasn't an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace but you know it wasn't an exact
+analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy
+but a lot of exact analogies will now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of exact analogies will now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of exact analogies will now
+occur for hilbert spaces and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur for hilbert spaces and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur for hilbert spaces and then
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+operators on hilbert spaces will be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators on hilbert spaces will be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators on hilbert spaces will be you
+know very analogous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+self-adjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-adjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-adjoint
+matrices or symmetric matrices uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices or symmetric matrices uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices or symmetric matrices uh which
+you saw in linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course from an applied standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course from an applied standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course from an applied standpoint
+i should say applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should say applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should say applied
+hilbert spaces this is where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert spaces this is where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert spaces this is where you know
+the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is where the setting of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the setting of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the setting of quantum
+mechanics okay quantum mechanics takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics okay quantum mechanics takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics okay quantum mechanics takes
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+in a hilbert space um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a hilbert space um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a hilbert space um
+you know the elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the elements are
+square integrable now that we've dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square integrable now that we've dealt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square integrable now that we've dealt
+with that functions uh over r three if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that functions uh over r three if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that functions uh over r three if
+we're in three dimensions or if we're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in three dimensions or if we're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in three dimensions or if we're on
+the line r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line r
+um that have l two norm equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that have l two norm equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that have l two norm equal to one
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+along with the schrodinger equation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the schrodinger equation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the schrodinger equation but
+so hilbert spaces are very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hilbert spaces are very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hilbert spaces are very important
+they arise naturally in many problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+because of this additional structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this additional structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this additional structure of
+them of the norm coming from an inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them of the norm coming from an inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them of the norm coming from an inner
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know you can say kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can say kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can say kind of uh
+a lot more things about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more things about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more things about them
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+before we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get to
+hilbert spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert spaces
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+me add a pre before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me add a pre before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me add a pre before that
+so pre-hilbert spaces so i said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pre-hilbert spaces so i said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pre-hilbert spaces so i said that
+hilbert's spaces are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert's spaces are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert's spaces are going to be
+bonux spaces that come from the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonux spaces that come from the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonux spaces that come from the norm
+pre-hilbert spaces these are just norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-hilbert spaces these are just norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-hilbert spaces these are just norm
+spaces that come from an inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces that come from an inner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces that come from an inner product
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+make the following definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a pre-hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pre-hilbert space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pre-hilbert space
+h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+typically over c but you can also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically over c but you can also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically over c but you can also just
+take it over r all right that's fine as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it over r all right that's fine as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it over r all right that's fine as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+but i'll just for definiteness say over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll just for definiteness say over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll just for definiteness say over
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a hermitian inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hermitian inner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hermitian inner product
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is new terminology maybe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is new terminology maybe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is new terminology maybe this is
+new terminology too but so let me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new terminology too but so let me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new terminology too but so let me uh
+write out what it means uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out what it means uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out what it means uh
+what is a hermitian inner product so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a hermitian inner product so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a hermitian inner product so
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+i.e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e
+a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually uh
+denoted using brackets from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted using brackets from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted using brackets from
+h cross h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h cross h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h cross h
+into the complex numbers satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the complex numbers satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the complex numbers satisfying
+certain properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain properties
+so such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so such that
+so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first variable
+so for all lambda 1 lambda 2 v1 v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all lambda 1 lambda 2 v1 v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all lambda 1 lambda 2 v1 v2
+if i look at the inner product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at the inner product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at the inner product of
+v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1
+lambda 1 times v1 plus lambda 2 times v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 times v1 plus lambda 2 times v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 times v1 plus lambda 2 times v2
+with w this is equal to lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with w this is equal to lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with w this is equal to lambda
+1 times v1 times the inner product with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 times v1 times the inner product with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 times v1 times the inner product with
+w plus lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w plus lambda 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w plus lambda 2
+v2 interproduct with w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all v
+w and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and
+i wrote capital v i should have wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wrote capital v i should have wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wrote capital v i should have wrote
+written h a minute ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we're in hilbert spaces pre-hilbert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're in hilbert spaces pre-hilbert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're in hilbert spaces pre-hilbert
+spaces for all v and w the inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces for all v and w the inner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces for all v and w the inner product
+of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v
+and w is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w is equal to
+the complex conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate
+of the inner product of w with v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the following which is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following which is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following which is positive
+definiteness if you of uh the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definiteness if you of uh the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definiteness if you of uh the inner
+product if you'd like to call it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product if you'd like to call it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product if you'd like to call it that
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+b and h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the inner product of b with itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product of b with itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product of b with itself
+this is bigger than or equal to zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bigger than or equal to zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bigger than or equal to zero so
+it's a real number and it's not negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a real number and it's not negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a real number and it's not negative
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this quantity equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity equals zero
+if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+v is a zero element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so let me make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+couple of remarks uh first off um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of remarks uh first off um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of remarks uh first off um
+let's say this is a mark one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the third quantity does imply that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third quantity does imply that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third quantity does imply that the
+only thing orthogonal to everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing orthogonal to everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing orthogonal to everything in
+the space is the zero element so if v is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space is the zero element so if v is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space is the zero element so if v is
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+uh h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh h
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+is orthogonal to everything i keep using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is orthogonal to everything i keep using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is orthogonal to everything i keep using
+the word orthogonal um i should just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word orthogonal um i should just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word orthogonal um i should just say
+inner product with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product with zero
+uh gives me zero for every element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that
+v equals zero and of course the converse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v equals zero and of course the converse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v equals zero and of course the converse
+applies to if v is equal to zero then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to if v is equal to zero then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to if v is equal to zero then uh
+the inner product with zero and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product with zero and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product with zero and every
+element is zero just by linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is zero just by linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is zero just by linearity
+the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+two is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i have two elements v and w and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have two elements v and w and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have two elements v and w and a
+scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar
+lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+the complex conjugate of lambda times w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate of lambda times w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate of lambda times w
+with v and by the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with v and by the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with v and by the first
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+the lambda pops out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore if i
+complex conjugate of a product is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate of a product is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate of a product is a
+product of the complex conjugates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the complex conjugates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the complex conjugates and
+then if i undo this i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this so
+it's linear in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's linear in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's linear in the first
+entry meaning the constants just come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry meaning the constants just come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry meaning the constants just come
+out but if i have a constant in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but if i have a constant in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but if i have a constant in the
+second or a scalar multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or a scalar multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or a scalar multiple
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in the second entry then that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second entry then that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second entry then that comes out
+as well but with a complex conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but with a complex conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but with a complex conjugate
+over it okay that's all i wanted to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i said that pre-operated spaces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said that pre-operated spaces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said that pre-operated spaces are
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you naturally kind of think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you naturally kind of think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you naturally kind of think of them as
+norm spaces where the norm comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm spaces where the norm comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm spaces where the norm comes from
+the inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product
+uh here we have inner product where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here we have inner product where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here we have inner product where's
+the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so definition if h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so definition if h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so definition if h
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+pre-hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-hilbert space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-hilbert space
+with inner product denoted as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+using this so i'm not calling it a norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this so i'm not calling it a norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this so i'm not calling it a norm
+yet i'm just saying we call we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet i'm just saying we call we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet i'm just saying we call we define
+this function on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function on
+h and to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h and to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h and to be
+inner product of v with itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product of v with itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product of v with itself
+raised to the one-half power okay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the one-half power okay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the one-half power okay in the
+end or in a minute we'll show that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end or in a minute we'll show that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end or in a minute we'll show that this
+is in fact a norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact a norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact a norm
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but for now i'm just going to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now i'm just going to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now i'm just going to call it
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh function on h or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh function on h or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh function on h or
+a possible norm on h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have the following theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the following theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the following theorem
+so this is valid in any pre-hilbert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is valid in any pre-hilbert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is valid in any pre-hilbert
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all u v and h a pre-hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all u v and h a pre-hilbert space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all u v and h a pre-hilbert space
+if i take the absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take the absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take the absolute value of
+the inner product of u and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product of u and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product of u and v
+this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this norm looking thing of u times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this norm looking thing of u times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this norm looking thing of u times the
+norm looking thing of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this shouldn't come as a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shouldn't come as a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shouldn't come as a complete
+surprise write down you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise write down you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise write down you know
+if we took h to b r n and so then now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we took h to b r n and so then now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we took h to b r n and so then now
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+vector space over r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space over r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space over r
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+and the inner product to just be the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inner product to just be the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inner product to just be the dot
+product this is stating you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product this is stating you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product this is stating you know the
+koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koshi
+schwarz inequality that you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwarz inequality that you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwarz inequality that you know and
+love from before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love from before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love from before so
+what's the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the proof
+let's let uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of t be the norm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of t be the norm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of t be the norm of
+u plus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus t
+times v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times v
+so i said norm but i haven't proved it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i said norm but i haven't proved it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i said norm but i haven't proved it's
+a norm yet so you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm yet so you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm yet so you're going to have to
+forgive if i keep calling it a norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive if i keep calling it a norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive if i keep calling it a norm
+but in the end it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the end it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the end it is
+let f of t be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let f of t be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let f of t be this
+thing squared which we know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing squared which we know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing squared which we know it's a
+non-negative number right because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative number right because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative number right because the
+inner product of v with v is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product of v with v is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product of v with v is a
+non-negative number taking that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative number taking that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative number taking that to the
+one-half power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half power
+so this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u plus t b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus t b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus t b
+inner product u plus t v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product u plus t v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product u plus t v
+which is non-negative okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is non-negative okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is non-negative okay
+now if we compute all this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+how the linearity works for inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the linearity works for inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the linearity works for inner
+products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i get u inner product u plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get u inner product u plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get u inner product u plus
+t squared the inner product v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t squared the inner product v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t squared the inner product v
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+t times u inner product v plus t times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t times u inner product v plus t times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t times u inner product v plus t times
+the inner product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product of
+v with u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the
+complex conjugate of this complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate of this complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate of this complex number
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let me just rewrite this u squared plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just rewrite this u squared plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just rewrite this u squared plus
+t squared or v squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t squared or v squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t squared or v squared
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+so again this number is the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this number is the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this number is the complex
+conjugate of this number and when i add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of this number and when i add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of this number and when i add
+a complex number to its complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex number to its complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex number to its complex
+conjugate i get twice times the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate i get twice times the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate i get twice times the real
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+2t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2t
+real part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of
+u and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and v
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this is just a polynomial right with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a polynomial right with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a polynomial right with a
+non-negative uh thing out in front of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative uh thing out in front of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative uh thing out in front of t
+squared so it has a minimum somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so it has a minimum somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so it has a minimum somewhere
+and this minimum has to be non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this minimum has to be non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this minimum has to be non-negative
+since this function is greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this function is greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this function is greater than or
+equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is greater than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or equal to zero
+uh i should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i should say
+just as a sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now where does this minimum occur it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where does this minimum occur it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where does this minimum occur it
+occurs where the derivative is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs where the derivative is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs where the derivative is equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+now f prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now f prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now f prime
+of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t
+then equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then equals 0
+implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+or if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if and only if
+t min is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t min is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t min is equal to
+minus the real part so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the real part so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the real part so
+i will leave this calculus to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i mean this is just a polynomial take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this is just a polynomial take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this is just a polynomial take
+the derivative with respect to t and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative with respect to t and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative with respect to t and
+solve for when that's equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for when that's equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for when that's equal to zero
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and therefore i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore i get
+at this minimum so f evaluated at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this minimum so f evaluated at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this minimum so f evaluated at this
+point is non-negative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is non-negative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is non-negative so
+zero is less than or equal to f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is less than or equal to f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is less than or equal to f of
+t min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t min
+which when you stick that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which when you stick that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which when you stick that into
+this here you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here you get
+norm of u squared minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of u squared minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of u squared minus
+real part of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of u
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over
+norm of v square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of v square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of v square
+okay and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part
+of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u
+v absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v absolute value
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+all of this is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this is bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this is bigger than or equal to
+zero so if i move this over to that side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so if i move this over to that side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so if i move this over to that side
+multiplied by norm squared take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by norm squared take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by norm squared take the
+square root i get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root i get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root i get that
+this is less than or equal to so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to so let me
+put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u times norm v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u times norm v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u times norm v
+okay so this is almost what i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is almost what i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is almost what i want
+uh i want the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i want the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i want the absolute value
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the inner product with u and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product with u and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product with u and v
+but all i have is the real part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all i have is the real part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all i have is the real part of
+inner product with u and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so of course if the inner product of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course if the inner product of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course if the inner product of u
+and v is zero this inequality i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v is zero this inequality i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v is zero this inequality i want to
+prove is is automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove is is automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove is is automatic
+um also if u or v is zero then this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also if u or v is zero then this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also if u or v is zero then this uh
+inequality i wanted to prove is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality i wanted to prove is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality i wanted to prove is
+automatic so you know that's why i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic so you know that's why i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic so you know that's why i'm
+actually just dealing with a non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just dealing with a non-trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just dealing with a non-trivial
+case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if this inner product is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this inner product is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this inner product is zero
+then we're already done because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're already done because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're already done because the
+right-hand side is non-negative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side is non-negative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side is non-negative so
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but lambda
+be this complex number u the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this complex number u the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this complex number u the inner
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+complex conjugate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the absolute value of this complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of this complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of this complex
+number is equal to 1 because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is equal to 1 because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is equal to 1 because the
+absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of
+the conjugate is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate is equal to the
+absolute value of the original complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of the original complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of the original complex
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+lambda times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda times
+uv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uv
+which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lambda so i should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uv
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+lambda times u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda times u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda times u
+v which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v which is equal to
+lambda u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda u
+times v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times v
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this is equal to this and therefore it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to this and therefore it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to this and therefore it's
+equal to the real part of it right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the real part of it right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the real part of it right so
+this is equal to a real number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to a real number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to a real number and
+therefore it's equal to its real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's equal to its real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's equal to its real part
+we pulled a similar trick when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pulled a similar trick when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pulled a similar trick when we were
+talking about the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the triangle inequality
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know integrable functions that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know integrable functions that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know integrable functions that now
+take values in the complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take values in the complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take values in the complex number
+complex numbers so this is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers so this is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers so this is equal to the
+real part of this which is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of this which is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of this which is less than or
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by what we've done here we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what we've done here we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what we've done here we've already
+proven this inequality holds for every u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven this inequality holds for every u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven this inequality holds for every u
+and v so it also holds for lambda times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v so it also holds for lambda times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v so it also holds for lambda times
+u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+v and now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and now um
+so simple off to the side that if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so simple off to the side that if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so simple off to the side that if i
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+lambda u an inner product with lambda u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda u an inner product with lambda u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda u an inner product with lambda u
+if i take the one half power of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take the one half power of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take the one half power of that
+that gives me this quantity but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me this quantity but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me this quantity but let me
+just compute this this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just compute this this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just compute this this is equal to
+lambda comes out from here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda comes out from here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda comes out from here and then
+complex conjugate of lambda comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate of lambda comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate of lambda comes out
+from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there
+and this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this is equal to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is equal to 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is equal to 1.
+so we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see that
+this is equal to this and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+raising it to the one half power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising it to the one half power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising it to the one half power is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this quantity here is equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here is equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here is equal to this
+quantity and we've proven what we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and we've proven what we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and we've proven what we wanted
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so this was a cochise schwartz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was a cochise schwartz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was a cochise schwartz
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in a general pre-hilbert space with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a general pre-hilbert space with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a general pre-hilbert space with this
+quantity that i've referred to as a norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that i've referred to as a norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that i've referred to as a norm
+but i haven't proved it's a norm yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i haven't proved it's a norm yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i haven't proved it's a norm yet
+next time we will use the kochie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we will use the kochie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we will use the kochie
+schwartz inequality to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwartz inequality to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwartz inequality to prove
+that in fact this thing that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact this thing that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact this thing that i'm
+masquerading around in a norm notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masquerading around in a norm notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masquerading around in a norm notation
+is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact
+a norm on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm on uh
+a pre-hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+from there we'll introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there we'll introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there we'll introduce
+hilbert spaces um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert spaces um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert spaces um
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+are those pre-hilbert spaces with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those pre-hilbert spaces with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those pre-hilbert spaces with this
+norm that are actually complete um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm that are actually complete um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm that are actually complete um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+really for any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for any kind of
+so for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for for
+and we'll prove this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll prove this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll prove this in
+at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's really only two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really only two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really only two types of
+reasonable hilbert spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i mean this in a very strong sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mean this in a very strong sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mean this in a very strong sense
+not in a loose sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in a loose sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in a loose sense
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the first type is just finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first type is just finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first type is just finite
+dimensional so think of c raised to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional so think of c raised to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional so think of c raised to the
+n so n tuples of complex numbers where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so n tuples of complex numbers where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so n tuples of complex numbers where
+the inner product is definable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product is definable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product is definable
+in a natural way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a natural way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a natural way
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+uh little l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh little l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh little l2
+which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh
+you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these
+this set of sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of sequences
+uh that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that have
+finite little l2 norm right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite little l2 norm right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite little l2 norm right
+this is basically the only other type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically the only other type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically the only other type of
+hilbert space that there is and i'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert space that there is and i'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert space that there is and i'll say
+what i mean by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+how it'll work is once is will basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it'll work is once is will basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it'll work is once is will basically
+show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+every separable hilbert space which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every separable hilbert space which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every separable hilbert space which is
+what i mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+you know kind of the most reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of the most reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of the most reasonable
+spaces we work with are separable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning they have a countable dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they have a countable dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they have a countable dense
+subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+a countable orthonormal basis which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a countable orthonormal basis which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a countable orthonormal basis which is
+what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh
+orthonormal basis i haven't defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis i haven't defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis i haven't defined
+it's not a hammel basis but it serves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a hammel basis but it serves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a hammel basis but it serves
+kind of the same purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the same purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the same purpose
+meaning you can't write every element as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning you can't write every element as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning you can't write every element as
+a finite linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite linear combination of
+orthonormal basis but you can write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis but you can write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis but you can write it
+as an infinite expansion in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an infinite expansion in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an infinite expansion in an
+orthonormal basis think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis think
+you know four e series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know four e series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know four e series
+and this is what provides this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what provides this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what provides this
+identification of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of a
+separable hilbert space with either you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable hilbert space with either you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable hilbert space with either you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c to the n if this orthonormal basis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c to the n if this orthonormal basis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c to the n if this orthonormal basis is
+finite or little l2 if this orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite or little l2 if this orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite or little l2 if this orthonormal
+basis is countably infinite okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis is countably infinite okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis is countably infinite okay and
+we'll get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to that
+possibly by the end of next lecture
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BrvMZf2jaso.txt b/BrvMZf2jaso.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac74cde6193e4639a2bd423231b5e78cc36f5afb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BrvMZf2jaso.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12195 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so we've had a mix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so we've had a mix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so we've had a mix of
+lectures in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in terms of
+uh focusing on specific topics and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh focusing on specific topics and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh focusing on specific topics and the
+details of models with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of models with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of models with
+notation sometimes that's coupled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation sometimes that's coupled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation sometimes that's coupled with
+an overview of the literature to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overview of the literature to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overview of the literature to put the
+paper in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in
+context uh sometimes and today will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context uh sometimes and today will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context uh sometimes and today will be
+an example we're just going to try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example we're just going to try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example we're just going to try to do
+one thing and and do it reasonably well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing and and do it reasonably well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing and and do it reasonably well
+although there is a lot of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there is a lot of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there is a lot of material
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there are other things that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are other things that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are other things that were
+listed on the reading list uh Cynthia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed on the reading list uh Cynthia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed on the reading list uh Cynthia
+kennan's job market paper for example as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kennan's job market paper for example as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kennan's job market paper for example as
+we go through this I'll point out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go through this I'll point out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go through this I'll point out what
+she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was
+doing uh and how that compares to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh and how that compares to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh and how that compares to what
+we're doing today I deliberately decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing today I deliberately decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing today I deliberately decided
+not to go through her paper on the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to go through her paper on the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to go through her paper on the front
+end of this because it just chews up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this because it just chews up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this because it just chews up
+more time and you know and there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time and you know and there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time and you know and there's been
+like that macro lecture and maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that macro lecture and maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that macro lecture and maybe the
+labor lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor lecture
+was filled a lot of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was filled a lot of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was filled a lot of material
+and I'm sort of in the mood of doing a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm sort of in the mood of doing a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm sort of in the mood of doing a a
+small thing well today rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small thing well today rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small thing well today rather than
+trying to cover too much so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to cover too much so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to cover too much so there is a
+background though and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background though and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background though and that is
+constraints we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints we've been talking about
+constraints all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints all
+semester uh consumption smoothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester uh consumption smoothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester uh consumption smoothing
+literature including not just full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature including not just full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature including not just full
+insurance but you know permanent income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance but you know permanent income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance but you know permanent income
+buffer stock those we did these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer stock those we did these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer stock those we did these sort of
+standard incomplete markets literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard incomplete markets literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard incomplete markets literature
+there's private information stuff we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's private information stuff we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's private information stuff we
+have mentioned it in class from time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mentioned it in class from time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mentioned it in class from time to
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+not done too much explicitly although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done too much explicitly although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done too much explicitly although
+the Ben mole paper and the others that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ben mole paper and the others that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ben mole paper and the others that
+lecture were macro models based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture were macro models based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture were macro models based on
+assumptions about information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about information
+structures uh limited commitment we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures uh limited commitment we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures uh limited commitment we've
+actually done quite a lot not just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done quite a lot not just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done quite a lot not just how
+it affects consumption but but also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it affects consumption but but also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it affects consumption but but also in
+those macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those macro
+models so anyway there's a consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so anyway there's a consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so anyway there's a consumption
+literature out there there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature out there there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature out there there's a bunch of
+investment literature out there which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment literature out there which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment literature out there which
+includes clud adjustment costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes clud adjustment costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes clud adjustment costs
+sensitivity of investment to cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of investment to cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of investment to cash flow
+structural modeling and just outright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural modeling and just outright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural modeling and just outright
+reduced form empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form empirical
+papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh and I've already mentioned some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and I've already mentioned some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and I've already mentioned some of
+this sort of macro literature with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of macro literature with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of macro literature with
+incomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete
+markets some of these papers we covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets some of these papers we covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets some of these papers we covered
+in class not all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class not all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class not all of
+them uh and finally we get to this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh and finally we get to this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh and finally we get to this which
+is small but growing literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small but growing literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small but growing literature
+uh trying to test across different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trying to test across different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trying to test across different
+models most of the above pick one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models most of the above pick one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models most of the above pick one thing
+to do and try to do it really well some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and try to do it really well some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and try to do it really well some
+compare across maybe two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare across maybe two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare across maybe two
+models and uh some even more than two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and uh some even more than two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and uh some even more than two so
+you know I could probably add two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I could probably add two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I could probably add two or
+three more references there just isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three more references there just isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three more references there just isn't
+that much out there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much out there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much out there that
+systematically are agnostic about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically are agnostic about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically are agnostic about what
+the underlying constraint is and set out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying constraint is and set out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying constraint is and set out
+to discover the best fit against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discover the best fit against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discover the best fit against the
+data and hence what the obstacles really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and hence what the obstacles really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and hence what the obstacles really
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so the point is we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the point is we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the point is we're not going to
+just look at investment not just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at investment not just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at investment not just look at
+consumption largely we will look at both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption largely we will look at both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption largely we will look at both
+together we're not going to look at just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we're not going to look at just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we're not going to look at just
+incomplete markets or endogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete markets or endogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete markets or endogenous
+information constraint markets we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information constraint markets we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information constraint markets we're
+going to test for them both classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to test for them both classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to test for them both classes
+within an cross um and talk about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within an cross um and talk about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within an cross um and talk about how to
+do it and what kind of data we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and what kind of data we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and what kind of data we need
+um the tools we're solving these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the tools we're solving these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the tools we're solving these
+Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+uh we can allow any number of financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can allow any number of financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can allow any number of financial
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+regimes uh we're going to use maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes uh we're going to use maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes uh we're going to use maximum
+likelihood to estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood to estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood to estimate the
+parameters uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters uh
+which allows us to be more General in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows us to be more General in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows us to be more General in a
+couple of ways first of all we can back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of ways first of all we can back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of ways first of all we can back
+out all the structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the structural
+parameters not just the parameters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters not just the parameters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters not just the parameters that
+are in a particular Oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a particular Oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a particular Oiler
+equation um and likewise we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um and likewise we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um and likewise we can have
+more than one equation so to speak we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one equation so to speak we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one equation so to speak we
+can look not only at consumption Oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look not only at consumption Oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look not only at consumption Oiler
+equations but investment rate of return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but investment rate of return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but investment rate of return
+equations again I think you know in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations again I think you know in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations again I think you know in my
+mind at least these are familiar themes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind at least these are familiar themes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind at least these are familiar themes
+that we've been sort of covering in bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been sort of covering in bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been sort of covering in bits
+and pieces in each of the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pieces in each of the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pieces in each of the various
+lectures um what was Cynthia doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures um what was Cynthia doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures um what was Cynthia doing in
+her job market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her job market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her job market
+paper she was looking at uh various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper she was looking at uh various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper she was looking at uh various
+financial information regimes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial information regimes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial information regimes but
+focusing on the oiler equations you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the oiler equations you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the oiler equations you know
+and as you go from like full risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you go from like full risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you go from like full risk
+sharing to limited information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing to limited information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing to limited information about
+output to um moral hazard constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output to um moral hazard constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output to um moral hazard constrained
+Insurance the form of the oiler equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insurance the form of the oiler equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insurance the form of the oiler equation
+varied from one to the other including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied from one to the other including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied from one to the other including
+what variables should or should not show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what variables should or should not show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what variables should or should not show
+up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as
+lags and uh and and the basis of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lags and uh and and the basis of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lags and uh and and the basis of her
+test was to see whether you know lagged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test was to see whether you know lagged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test was to see whether you know lagged
+inverse marginal utility was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse marginal utility was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse marginal utility was a
+sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient
+statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic
+um I'll say more about that as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll say more about that as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll say more about that as we go
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+um so there's a long list of regimes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's a long list of regimes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's a long list of regimes I
+think part of the point of this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think part of the point of this is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think part of the point of this is is
+that the technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the technology is
+available to test almost any regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to test almost any regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to test almost any regime
+subject to computational constraints so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to computational constraints so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to computational constraints so
+under incomplete markets we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under incomplete markets we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under incomplete markets we could have
+autarchy which is the worst savings only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autarchy which is the worst savings only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autarchy which is the worst savings only
+as in buffer stock you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in buffer stock you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in buffer stock you know maybe
+borrowing up to a limit we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing up to a limit we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing up to a limit we've talked
+about that in the sort of the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in the sort of the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in the sort of the natural
+borrowing limit and other limits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing limit and other limits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing limit and other limits and
+then you know a single risk-free asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know a single risk-free asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know a single risk-free asset
+which is like permanent income unlimited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like permanent income unlimited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like permanent income unlimited
+borrowing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and
+lending and then we have these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending and then we have these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending and then we have these sort of
+endogenously determined incomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenously determined incomplete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenously determined incomplete
+regimes namely moral hazard limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes namely moral hazard limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes namely moral hazard limited
+commitment hidden output unobserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment hidden output unobserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment hidden output unobserved
+investment uh and the least constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment uh and the least constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment uh and the least constrained
+regime the the full information regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime the the full information regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime the the full information regime
+so there's six or seven of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's six or seven of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's six or seven of them
+here um and we're going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and we're going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and we're going to go through
+tools that allow you to test one against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that allow you to test one against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that allow you to test one against
+the other pairwise for any any pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+depending on what data you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what data you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what data you want to use
+so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's
+uh a mechanism designed contract theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a mechanism designed contract theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a mechanism designed contract theory
+part which we've been putting off until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which we've been putting off until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which we've been putting off until
+today largely there's dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today largely there's dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today largely there's dynamic
+programming as in value functions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming as in value functions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming as in value functions we
+have been seeing versions of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been seeing versions of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been seeing versions of that
+through various of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through various of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through various of the
+lectures uh there's linear programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures uh there's linear programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures uh there's linear programming
+I'm going to say why momentarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say why momentarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say why momentarily
+although we were already starting to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we were already starting to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we were already starting to do
+that when we did rogerson's paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we did rogerson's paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we did rogerson's paper on
+labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor
+Supply and although it was probably hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply and although it was probably hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply and although it was probably hard
+to figure it out that's what Victor Zorn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure it out that's what Victor Zorn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure it out that's what Victor Zorn
+was doing in the TA session last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing in the TA session last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing in the TA session last
+Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday
+uh and uh and maximum likelihood which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh and maximum likelihood which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh and maximum likelihood which
+sounds familiar anyway uh so we compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds familiar anyway uh so we compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds familiar anyway uh so we compute
+we estimate and we test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we estimate and we test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we estimate and we test
+basically we can do it on actual data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we can do it on actual data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we can do it on actual data
+I'm going to focus on the contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to focus on the contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to focus on the contrast
+between the urban data and the rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the urban data and the rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the urban data and the rural
+data we can actually use it on simulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we can actually use it on simulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we can actually use it on simulated
+data so I you know I vote for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so I you know I vote for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so I you know I vote for this
+technique which is you know generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique which is you know generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique which is you know generate the
+data from the model itself then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from the model itself then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from the model itself then you know
+for sure what's generating the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure what's generating the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure what's generating the data and
+see whether you kind of get back what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether you kind of get back what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether you kind of get back what
+you put in in terms of the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in in terms of the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in in terms of the financial
+regime and the and the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime and the and the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime and the and the underlying
+parameters uh uh and the results are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters uh uh and the results are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters uh uh and the results are
+reassuring subject to to measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassuring subject to to measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassuring subject to to measurement
+error um I mean one comment but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error um I mean one comment but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error um I mean one comment but you have
+to be patient to get to the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be patient to get to the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be patient to get to the sort
+of get through the next 45 minutes or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get through the next 45 minutes or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get through the next 45 minutes or so
+the criticism of Maximum likelihood is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the criticism of Maximum likelihood is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the criticism of Maximum likelihood is
+it's kind of black boxy you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of black boxy you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of black boxy you don't really
+know other than trying to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know other than trying to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know other than trying to fit
+histograms uh you know it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histograms uh you know it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histograms uh you know it's not like
+you're focusing on r a and how it varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're focusing on r a and how it varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're focusing on r a and how it varies
+with wealth or transitions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with wealth or transitions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with wealth or transitions in the
+Capital stock so or for that matter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital stock so or for that matter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital stock so or for that matter the
+time series that the model is generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series that the model is generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series that the model is generating
+but I'll come back at the end and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll come back at the end and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll come back at the end and show
+you the pictures of the actual data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the pictures of the actual data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the pictures of the actual data and
+you'll you'll get you've seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll get you've seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll get you've seen it
+actually but I'll remind you parts of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but I'll remind you parts of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but I'll remind you parts of it
+and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see
+why what it is that makes it difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what it is that makes it difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what it is that makes it difficult
+for some of these Financial regimes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of these Financial regimes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of these Financial regimes to
+fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the
+data and hence what the obstacles seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and hence what the obstacles seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and hence what the obstacles seem
+to be out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be out there
+we use the tie data because we have both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the tie data because we have both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the tie data because we have both
+the consumption and the asset and income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumption and the asset and income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumption and the asset and income
+data uh and uh and using both is helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh and uh and using both is helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh and uh and using both is helpful
+but that doesn't mean these techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't mean these techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't mean these techniques
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+limited to rather special databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to rather special databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to rather special databases
+mostly if you have surveys of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly if you have surveys of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly if you have surveys of
+firms they would not ask about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms they would not ask about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms they would not ask about the
+consumption of the owner fortunately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of the owner fortunately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of the owner fortunately the
+reverse is not so is less constraining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse is not so is less constraining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse is not so is less constraining
+which is household level surveys done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is household level surveys done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is household level surveys done by
+you know the World Bank living standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the World Bank living standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the World Bank living standards
+measurement and the life you know fls uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and the life you know fls uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and the life you know fls uh
+family life cycle in Mexico and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family life cycle in Mexico and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family life cycle in Mexico and
+Indonesia and so on they do typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia and so on they do typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia and so on they do typically
+ask the household a lot about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the household a lot about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the household a lot about their
+Enterprises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises
+um but we've done this in Spain with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we've done this in Spain with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we've done this in Spain with
+just uh data on investment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh data on investment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh data on investment uh
+so the the techniques work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the techniques work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the techniques work
+um even when you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even when you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even when you don't have the
+consumption data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption data
+itself um and what are the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself um and what are the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself um and what are the main
+findings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings
+uh reassuringly it's not like we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reassuringly it's not like we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reassuringly it's not like we always
+get the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same thing
+back for one thing we don't get full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back for one thing we don't get full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back for one thing we don't get full
+risk sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk sharing
+much sometimes we do it will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much sometimes we do it will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much sometimes we do it will not
+surprise you when we get it given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise you when we get it given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise you when we get it given that
+the other papers we've discovered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other papers we've discovered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other papers we've discovered in
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+the big interesting thing is there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big interesting thing is there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big interesting thing is there's a
+difference between the rural data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the rural data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the rural data and
+the urban data and the uh the rural data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urban data and the uh the rural data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urban data and the uh the rural data
+fairly limited Financial regimes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly limited Financial regimes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly limited Financial regimes like
+savings only or limited borrowing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings only or limited borrowing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings only or limited borrowing they
+fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the
+best um when you use the investment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best um when you use the investment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best um when you use the investment and
+uh and income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and income
+data uh but in the urban areas even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh but in the urban areas even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh but in the urban areas even when
+you use the investment and income data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the investment and income data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the investment and income data
+you get something less constraining like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get something less constraining like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get something less constraining like
+moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral
+hazard um so arguably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard um so arguably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard um so arguably
+the information problem or if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information problem or if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information problem or if if you
+believe in missing markets they're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in missing markets they're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in missing markets they're more
+missing in the rural areas than they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing in the rural areas than they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing in the rural areas than they are
+in the urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the urban
+areas um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's the
+model utility over consumption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model utility over consumption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model utility over consumption and
+effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh output is stochastic instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh output is stochastic instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh output is stochastic instead of
+writing you know output is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing you know output is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing you know output is a function of
+effort in capital plus a shock this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort in capital plus a shock this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort in capital plus a shock this is a
+more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General
+histogram you've seen it at least once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram you've seen it at least once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram you've seen it at least once
+before probability of Any Given output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before probability of Any Given output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before probability of Any Given output
+given effort and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given effort and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given effort and
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+uh households are either on their own or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh households are either on their own or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh households are either on their own or
+entering into contracts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering into contracts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering into contracts with
+a financial intermediary its partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a financial intermediary its partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a financial intermediary its partial
+equilibrium facing some exogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium facing some exogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium facing some exogenous
+outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+return and uh you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and uh you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and uh you can think
+about this uh com Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this uh com Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this uh com Financial
+intermediaries as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediaries as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediaries as being
+competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive
+uh if you want you could also think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you want you could also think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you want you could also think
+about it as a standin for the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as a standin for the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as a standin for the community
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+whole um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole um
+I'll show you where this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you where this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you where this stuff
+matters uh and you're going to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters uh and you're going to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters uh and you're going to solve
+this Contracting problem for many dates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Contracting problem for many dates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Contracting problem for many dates
+even potentially over an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even potentially over an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even potentially over an infinite
+Horizon okay and finally how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon okay and finally how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon okay and finally how many people
+do we have you could actually think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have you could actually think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have you could actually think
+about this as a risk neutral household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this as a risk neutral household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this as a risk neutral household
+running a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a
+business sorry risk averse household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business sorry risk averse household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business sorry risk averse household
+running a business facing a risk neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a business facing a risk neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a business facing a risk neutral
+intermediary as if there're only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary as if there're only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary as if there're only two
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+but a lot of what we do is easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of what we do is easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of what we do is easier to
+interpret when there's a Continuum many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret when there's a Continuum many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret when there's a Continuum many
+many Continuum of household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Continuum of household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Continuum of household
+Enterprises uh because then we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises uh because then we can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises uh because then we can talk
+about the fractions of households who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fractions of households who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fractions of households who
+took effort had certain capital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took effort had certain capital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took effort had certain capital and
+experienced a certain output that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced a certain output that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced a certain output that
+actually eliminates uncertainty from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually eliminates uncertainty from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually eliminates uncertainty from the
+point of view of the intermediary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of the intermediary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of the intermediary
+because all these things average out yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all these things average out yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all these things average out yes
+Matt can they Rec contract each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt can they Rec contract each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt can they Rec contract each
+period uh here we're largely ruling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period uh here we're largely ruling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period uh here we're largely ruling it
+out there is some limited commitment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there is some limited commitment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there is some limited commitment in
+the sense that they can walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that they can walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that they can walk
+away and go into alarch that's about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and go into alarch that's about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and go into alarch that's about as
+close as we get in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close as we get in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close as we get in this
+paper uh I I kind of know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh I I kind of know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh I I kind of know something
+about how to extend it but you're it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to extend it but you're it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to extend it but you're it's
+not going to be in the lecture today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be in the lecture today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be in the lecture today so
+how do you get does do you get like time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get does do you get like time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get does do you get like time
+variation in the simulated data or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the simulated data or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the simulated data or is it
+is it just kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it just kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it just kind of like
+crosssection uh it's both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssection uh it's both a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssection uh it's both a
+cross-section and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section and
+panel use both aspects the best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel use both aspects the best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel use both aspects the best way to
+think about you know having multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about you know having multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about you know having multiple
+intermediaries is there's xant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediaries is there's xant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediaries is there's xant
+competition among them to service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition among them to service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition among them to service
+households but there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households but there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households but there's something
+committing households once they sign up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committing households once they sign up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committing households once they sign up
+to a a long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+agreement all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement all
+right so okay so what's the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so okay so what's the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so okay so what's the initial
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+for a household say well for sure at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a household say well for sure at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a household say well for sure at
+least the initial Capital stock you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the initial Capital stock you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the initial Capital stock you know
+when we visit them in the Baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we visit them in the Baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we visit them in the Baseline
+survey and uh and then the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey and uh and then the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey and uh and then the second
+argument depends on the financial regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument depends on the financial regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument depends on the financial regime
+if it's like borrowing and lending then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's like borrowing and lending then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's like borrowing and lending then
+it's their their current assets or their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's their their current assets or their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's their their current assets or their
+net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net
+indebtedness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh or if it's one of these contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or if it's one of these contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or if it's one of these contract
+regimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+essentially some utility constraint some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially some utility constraint some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially some utility constraint some
+reservation utility as if it were had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation utility as if it were had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation utility as if it were had
+been promised in the past and I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been promised in the past and I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been promised in the past and I'll say
+more about that that's the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that that's the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that that's the key to
+handling the dynamic incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling the dynamic incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling the dynamic incentive
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+uh clearly something like unobserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh clearly something like unobserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh clearly something like unobserved
+utility is not seen so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is not seen so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is not seen so we're going to
+have to parameterize it with a mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to parameterize it with a mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to parameterize it with a mean and
+a variance and estimate this unobserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variance and estimate this unobserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variance and estimate this unobserved
+distribution of debt or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of debt or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of debt or
+promises uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises uh in the
+population timing okay so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population timing okay so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population timing okay so those are
+initial States then Capital uh is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial States then Capital uh is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial States then Capital uh is used
+in production along with effort which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in production along with effort which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in production along with effort which
+may or may not be observed depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not be observed depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not be observed depending on
+the regime output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regime output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regime output is
+realized there's this pre-existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized there's this pre-existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized there's this pre-existing
+Financial contract which determines you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial contract which determines you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial contract which determines you
+know the debt say that they can take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the debt say that they can take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the debt say that they can take on
+or savings for tomorrow or transfers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or savings for tomorrow or transfers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or savings for tomorrow or transfers as
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+insurance and finally after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and finally after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and finally after that
+Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial
+stuff they eat some and invest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff they eat some and invest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff they eat some and invest the
+rest so it's kind of like a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest so it's kind of like a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest so it's kind of like a standard
+neoclassical setup Capital today you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neoclassical setup Capital today you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neoclassical setup Capital today you
+produce with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce with
+labor and you can either eat or invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor and you can either eat or invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor and you can either eat or invest
+uh the fancy stuff is happening with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the fancy stuff is happening with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the fancy stuff is happening with the
+financial part which you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial part which you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial part which you know is
+the difference between what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between what you have
+available and and what you either give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and and what you either give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and and what you either give
+up or get depending on the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or get depending on the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or get depending on the financial
+contract Capital depreciates that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract Capital depreciates that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract Capital depreciates that's
+pretty standard and of course then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty standard and of course then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty standard and of course then you
+go to the next prime Next Period with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the next prime Next Period with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the next prime Next Period with
+all these Prime variables on them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these Prime variables on them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these Prime variables on them so
+that the transition from the state today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the transition from the state today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the transition from the state today
+to the state tomorrow with a financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the state tomorrow with a financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the state tomorrow with a financial
+contract in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract in
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+okay in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to
+uh talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talk
+about what goes on within the period in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what goes on within the period in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what goes on within the period in
+terms of the effort which is induced or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the effort which is induced or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the effort which is induced or
+assigned the output which happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned the output which happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned the output which happens
+through Mother Nature the decision for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Mother Nature the decision for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Mother Nature the decision for
+Capital tomorrow and and and I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital tomorrow and and and I'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital tomorrow and and and I'll go
+more into this promised utility for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more into this promised utility for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more into this promised utility for
+tomorrow this Pi thing is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow this Pi thing is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow this Pi thing is like the
+probability of this whole whole you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this whole whole you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this whole whole you know
+quadruple and it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadruple and it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadruple and it looks
+daunting you now from a statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daunting you now from a statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daunting you now from a statistical
+point of view it's like a histogram you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view it's like a histogram you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view it's like a histogram you
+know if you had a finite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you had a finite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you had a finite number of
+values for that Q z k Prime and W Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for that Q z k Prime and W Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for that Q z k Prime and W Prime
+can take on then you just have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take on then you just have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take on then you just have a bunch
+of points in dimensional space and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points in dimensional space and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points in dimensional space and uh
+and then you can talk about what Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can talk about what Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can talk about what Mass
+what height of a of a bar of a histogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what height of a of a bar of a histogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what height of a of a bar of a histogram
+bar that that those values take on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar that that those values take on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar that that those values take on so
+statistically it's an easy way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically it's an easy way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically it's an easy way to
+summarize the data from the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the data from the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the data from the point of
+view of a financial contract there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of a financial contract there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of a financial contract there's a
+lot of degeneracy so it's not true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of degeneracy so it's not true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of degeneracy so it's not true for
+example typically that effort is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example typically that effort is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example typically that effort is
+random you know for a given set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random you know for a given set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random you know for a given set of
+parameter values given incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter values given incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter values given incentives
+there's one effort that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one effort that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one effort that's going to
+happen and none of the other happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and none of the other happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and none of the other happen
+that's not inconsistent with this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not inconsistent with this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not inconsistent with this it's
+just an extreme case where almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an extreme case where almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an extreme case where almost
+everything is zero except for one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is zero except for one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is zero except for one point
+of effort and that's one it's also true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of effort and that's one it's also true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of effort and that's one it's also true
+that you know there might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know there might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know there might be a
+functional relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional relationship between
+consumption and output maybe a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and output maybe a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and output maybe a nice
+smooth function or if you want to grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth function or if you want to grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth function or if you want to grid
+it up you've got you know a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up you've got you know a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up you've got you know a series of
+dots that lie on a on a a line so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots that lie on a on a a line so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots that lie on a on a a line so then
+you know we talk about the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we talk about the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we talk about the probability
+of Q and C as if you know it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q and C as if you know it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q and C as if you know it was a
+shotgun but in practice all the mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shotgun but in practice all the mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shotgun but in practice all the mass is
+is going to lie on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to lie on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to lie on that
+line so you're you know you're used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so you're you know you're used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so you're you know you're used to
+thinking about let C be a function of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about let C be a function of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about let C be a function of Q
+let effort be assigned you know we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let effort be assigned you know we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let effort be assigned you know we'll
+take care of how much capital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of how much capital is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of how much capital is
+invested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested
+Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay it is true also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it is true also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it is true also
+that you know Capital might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know Capital might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know Capital might be
+indivisible we've talked about this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indivisible we've talked about this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indivisible we've talked about this you
+get project ideas your mayor may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get project ideas your mayor may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get project ideas your mayor may not
+want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do
+it equipment is really chunky you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it equipment is really chunky you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it equipment is really chunky you know
+building that warehouse for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building that warehouse for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building that warehouse for the
+chickens uh so that's actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens uh so that's actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens uh so that's actually more
+realistic and then the probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic and then the probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic and then the probability is
+kind of serious which is what is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of serious which is what is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of serious which is what is what is
+the probability you're going to do it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability you're going to do it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability you're going to do it or
+what fraction of the population are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction of the population are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction of the population are
+going to do it when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it when we talk about
+fractions of the population you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions of the population you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions of the population you should
+be reminded of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reminded of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reminded of
+Rogerson there it was you work overtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogerson there it was you work overtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogerson there it was you work overtime
+or you work or you don't work at all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you work or you don't work at all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you work or you don't work at all and
+the issue was what fraction of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue was what fraction of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue was what fraction of people
+are working so that was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are working so that was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are working so that was the first
+experience in this class where we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in this class where we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in this class where we had a
+probability number and when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability number and when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability number and when we have
+non-convexities this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convexities this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convexities this is the
+generalization of it to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of it to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of it to allow
+probabilities on more than potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities on more than potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities on more than potentially
+on more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on more than one
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+um and there's a reason I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's a reason I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's a reason I'll show you
+when we write it down it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we write it down it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we write it down it turns
+everything into a linear programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything into a linear programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything into a linear programming
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+I'm going to talk about particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about particular
+utility functions particular production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions particular production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions particular production
+functions but really we don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but really we don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but really we don't need to
+assume and that's both the strength and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume and that's both the strength and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume and that's both the strength and
+limitation of this I'm not going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation of this I'm not going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation of this I'm not going to show
+you a lot of closed form analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a lot of closed form analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a lot of closed form analytic
+Solutions but on the other hand we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions but on the other hand we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions but on the other hand we can
+solve anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve anything
+numerically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically
+um and Cynthia again just to alert you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Cynthia again just to alert you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Cynthia again just to alert you
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+was backing out sort of from Oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was backing out sort of from Oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was backing out sort of from Oiler
+equations with first order conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with first order conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with first order conditions
+you know which lrange multiplies Pliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which lrange multiplies Pliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which lrange multiplies Pliers
+are binding and why and so on so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are binding and why and so on so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are binding and why and so on so it's
+not like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like you
+can't you can in principle do both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you can in principle do both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you can in principle do both
+actually you don't necessarily have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you don't necessarily have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you don't necessarily have to
+buy okay so let's just think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy okay so let's just think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy okay so let's just think about a
+standard problem without the lotteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard problem without the lotteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard problem without the lotteries
+this is the autarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the autarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the autarchy
+problem household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem household
+Enterprise has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise has
+uh uh a realized output with Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh a realized output with Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh a realized output with Q
+depreciated capital from last period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciated capital from last period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciated capital from last period
+actually it's a Qi it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's a Qi it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's a Qi it's already
+realized in Anarchy there's nothing left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized in Anarchy there's nothing left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized in Anarchy there's nothing left
+other than deciding on what to eat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than deciding on what to eat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than deciding on what to eat and
+what to invest so this is the Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to invest so this is the Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to invest so this is the Capital
+stock for tomorrow oh sorry and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock for tomorrow oh sorry and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock for tomorrow oh sorry and then
+there's this effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this effort
+z z is entering in dis utility it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z z is entering in dis utility it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z z is entering in dis utility it's also
+entering in this production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering in this production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering in this production
+function you want expected utility fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you want expected utility fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you want expected utility fine
+just sum up overall possible outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sum up overall possible outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sum up overall possible outputs
+taking into account Mother Nature's Way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking into account Mother Nature's Way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking into account Mother Nature's Way
+of determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of determining
+stochastically what those outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are and whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and whatever you
+decide to take over to tomorrow enters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to take over to tomorrow enters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to take over to tomorrow enters
+in the value function tomorrow okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the value function tomorrow okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the value function tomorrow okay so
+we're looking for this infinite Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for this infinite Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for this infinite Horizon
+solution we're looking for a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we're looking for a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we're looking for a value
+function V that's like a fix point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function V that's like a fix point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function V that's like a fix point that
+solves the functional equation like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now again when Qi is realized you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now again when Qi is realized you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now again when Qi is realized you
+still have to decide on investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to decide on investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to decide on investment
+that's why I is on both K Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I is on both K Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I is on both K Prime and
+Q but Z is determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q but Z is determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q but Z is determined
+before uh output is realized so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh output is realized so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh output is realized so that's
+just one number you with me okay looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one number you with me okay looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one number you with me okay looks
+this is an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an equivalent
+problem and you know this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you know this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you know this looks
+familiar except the eyes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar except the eyes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar except the eyes are
+missing so it's output you know plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing so it's output you know plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing so it's output you know plus
+depreciated Capital less investment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciated Capital less investment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciated Capital less investment for
+tomorrow deciding on effort but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow deciding on effort but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow deciding on effort but now
+we've taken this deterministic looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've taken this deterministic looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've taken this deterministic looking
+problem and just replaced it with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and just replaced it with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and just replaced it with this
+with this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this probability
+object but it allows all the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but it allows all the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but it allows all the special
+cases anything that can solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases anything that can solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases anything that can solve this
+solves this subject to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grids subject to approximating you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids subject to approximating you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids subject to approximating you know
+with a finite number of outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a finite number of outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a finite number of outputs
+Etc all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc all
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if it looks here as if the choice object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it looks here as if the choice object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it looks here as if the choice object
+is this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this probability
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+uh including the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh including the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh including the probability of
+output but how can that be because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but how can that be because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but how can that be because
+mother nature plays a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother nature plays a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother nature plays a
+role so we kind of have to constrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role so we kind of have to constrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role so we kind of have to constrain
+these histograms to respect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these histograms to respect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these histograms to respect the
+relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+between between KZ and Q and and mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between KZ and Q and and mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between KZ and Q and and mainly
+this object we don't want to lose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object we don't want to lose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object we don't want to lose this
+object you know well this is a fancy way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object you know well this is a fancy way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object you know well this is a fancy way
+of just saying the probability of event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just saying the probability of event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just saying the probability of event
+a condition on event B times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a condition on event B times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a condition on event B times the
+probability event B is the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability event B is the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability event B is the same thing as
+a joint event you know a comma B so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a joint event you know a comma B so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a joint event you know a comma B so this
+was the probability of of qar and Zar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the probability of of qar and Zar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the probability of of qar and Zar
+because I summed over everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I summed over everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I summed over everything else
+this is the probability of qar given Zar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability of qar given Zar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability of qar given Zar
+and then this is summing over everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is summing over everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is summing over everything
+else the probability of Zar so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else the probability of Zar so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else the probability of Zar so it's a
+cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trick so we're not going to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick so we're not going to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick so we're not going to sort of
+cheat on Mother Nature we're constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat on Mother Nature we're constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat on Mother Nature we're constrained
+to follow Mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow Mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow Mother
+Nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature
+uh another thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another thing to
+say uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dimensionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality
+well the the state variable is K so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the the state variable is K so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the the state variable is K so the
+question is how many little Ks are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how many little Ks are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how many little Ks are there
+if we grid up K in the small medium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we grid up K in the small medium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we grid up K in the small medium and
+large there's three of them for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large there's three of them for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large there's three of them for example
+there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be
+10 that's our choice in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 that's our choice in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 that's our choice in terms of the
+grid but what you know whatever it is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid but what you know whatever it is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid but what you know whatever it is we
+got to solve this functional equation V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to solve this functional equation V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to solve this functional equation V
+and find the fix Point by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the fix Point by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the fix Point by
+iterating okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating okay
+and the larger is the dimension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the larger is the dimension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the larger is the dimension of
+this you know the harder it is to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know the harder it is to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know the harder it is to do
+that Yan can you can you say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Yan can you can you say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Yan can you can you say something
+more about why the two formulations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about why the two formulations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about why the two formulations are
+equivalent you the second case I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent you the second case I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent you the second case I think
+uh the agents can do some randomization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the agents can do some randomization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the agents can do some randomization
+and choose yeah yeah I should have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choose yeah yeah I should have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choose yeah yeah I should have the
+first yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first yeah
+if if we don't get the right for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we don't get the right for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we don't get the right for example
+if we have a Continuum of values of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a Continuum of values of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a Continuum of values of Z
+and so on you know and then we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on you know and then we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on you know and then we have to
+make sure that the solution here is on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the solution here is on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the solution here is on a
+grid Point down here or to put it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid Point down here or to put it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid Point down here or to put it the
+other way around if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around if
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+um if the grid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if the grid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if the grid is
+serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you know then then the household may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know then then the household may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know then then the household may
+want to optimize in terms of choosing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to optimize in terms of choosing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to optimize in terms of choosing a
+probability and in that case this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and in that case this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and in that case this is not
+just going to replicate this allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to replicate this allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to replicate this allows
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so if if it wants to it can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if if it wants to it can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if if it wants to it can find
+this solution but it may choose to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solution but it may choose to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solution but it may choose to find
+something something else there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something else there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something else there there are
+grid lotteries but it's easy to detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid lotteries but it's easy to detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid lotteries but it's easy to detect
+them in the output you've got like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the output you've got like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the output you've got like you
+know medium effort and high effort and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know medium effort and high effort and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know medium effort and high effort and
+then you know the thing is like putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know the thing is like putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know the thing is like putting
+probability on both of those they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability on both of those they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability on both of those they're
+like adjacent points so it's clear where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like adjacent points so it's clear where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like adjacent points so it's clear where
+the program's trying to get something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program's trying to get something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program's trying to get something in
+the middle that's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle that's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle that's just not
+available and If the grid is serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and If the grid is serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and If the grid is serious
+then as in Rogerson that's fine if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as in Rogerson that's fine if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as in Rogerson that's fine if we
+think the grid ought to be not there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the grid ought to be not there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the grid ought to be not there and
+it's just meant to be an approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just meant to be an approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just meant to be an approximation
+then you probably want to slice and dice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you probably want to slice and dice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you probably want to slice and dice
+it a bit more and search more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a bit more and search more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a bit more and search more
+intensively between those adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensively between those adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensively between those adjacent
+points uh so the second column uh is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh so the second column uh is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh so the second column uh is it
+possible that the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that the solution
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+contract it is possible yes but but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract it is possible yes but but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract it is possible yes but but in
+reality why Agent can randomly choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality why Agent can randomly choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality why Agent can randomly choose
+Contra so I think in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contra so I think in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contra so I think in the first
+formulation agent cannot choose a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Contra yeah yeah I agree with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contra yeah yeah I agree with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contra yeah yeah I agree with your
+point well you think it's infeasible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point well you think it's infeasible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point well you think it's infeasible to
+randomize oh so I think if if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize oh so I think if if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize oh so I think if if your
+assumption is that in reality the agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is that in reality the agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is that in reality the agent
+can can do randomiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can do randomiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can do randomiz
+I agree these two formulations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I agree these two formulations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I agree these two formulations are
+equivalent but if you don't assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent but if you don't assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent but if you don't assume that
+I am assuming they can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+randomization and and again as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization and and again as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization and and again as in
+Rogerson it's a way to smooth out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogerson it's a way to smooth out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogerson it's a way to smooth out the
+non-convexities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convexities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convexities
+that's the mainly you know we turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the mainly you know we turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the mainly you know we turned
+non-convex problems into a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convex problems into a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convex problems into a linear
+program oh why is it a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program oh why is it a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program oh why is it a linear
+programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming
+problem well these pies are the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well these pies are the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well these pies are the choice
+variables so you know it's tempting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so you know it's tempting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so you know it's tempting to
+say oh no it's supposed to be K and Z no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh no it's supposed to be K and Z no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh no it's supposed to be K and Z no
+no no no it's the probability of q c so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no it's the probability of q c so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no it's the probability of q c so
+this is just a number this utility if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a number this utility if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a number this utility if
+you were to do a certain quadruple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to do a certain quadruple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to do a certain quadruple and
+this is the probability of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability of that
+quadruple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadruple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadruple
+so so these are the fundamental sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so these are the fundamental sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so these are the fundamental sort of
+policy variables and what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy variables and what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy variables and what is the
+dimensionality of them number Q cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality of them number Q cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality of them number Q cross
+number Z cross number K Prime you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Z cross number K Prime you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Z cross number K Prime you know
+so th this can get pretty big pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so th this can get pretty big pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so th this can get pretty big pretty
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+um but and how many constraints there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but and how many constraints there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but and how many constraints there
+are well in this case just the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well in this case just the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well in this case just the one
+although you know probabilities do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you know probabilities do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you know probabilities do have
+to add up but essentially one constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add up but essentially one constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add up but essentially one constraint
+well not quite it's for every qar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not quite it's for every qar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not quite it's for every qar and
+Zar so actually there's number Q cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zar so actually there's number Q cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zar so actually there's number Q cross
+number Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Z
+constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+here I'm not going to be labor this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm not going to be labor this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm not going to be labor this but
+when you go through the other regimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go through the other regimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go through the other regimes
+you're going to keep an eye on sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to keep an eye on sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to keep an eye on sort of
+how many constraints there are and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many constraints there are and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many constraints there are and so on
+on and uh eventually we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and uh eventually we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and uh eventually we'll get to
+regimes that are actually nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes that are actually nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes that are actually nice and
+challenging to compute here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I just kind of don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just kind of don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just kind of don't understand
+exactly what do you mean when you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what do you mean when you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what do you mean when you say
+that the pies are the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the pies are the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the pies are the choice
+variables and the Q and the K's and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the Q and the K's and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the Q and the K's and the
+z's are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z's are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z's are just
+numbers I mean they they still are to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I mean they they still are to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I mean they they still are to be
+consistent so when you choose a pie then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent so when you choose a pie then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent so when you choose a pie then
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+do you in yeah suppose suppose you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you in yeah suppose suppose you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you in yeah suppose suppose you had a
+continuous consumption schedule so C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous consumption schedule so C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous consumption schedule so C is
+a function of Q and then you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of Q and then you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of Q and then you know the
+Paradigm is either you work hard or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm is either you work hard or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm is either you work hard or you
+you work very little so there's just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work very little so there's just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work very little so there's just two
+right so for and if you choose not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for and if you choose not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for and if you choose not to
+work hard that's going to be reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work hard that's going to be reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work hard that's going to be reflected
+in output but you're still facing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in output but you're still facing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in output but you're still facing that
+consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+schedule or you could work hard or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule or you could work hard or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule or you could work hard or
+potentially randomize across working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially randomize across working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially randomize across working
+hard or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard or
+not so the Rand iation could be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effort so the are functions I'm choing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort so the are functions I'm choing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort so the are functions I'm choing a
+function H I'm choosing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function H I'm choosing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function H I'm choosing a
+function actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function actually
+here it's so General that you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's so General that you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's so General that you don't see
+any functions you're just choosing Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any functions you're just choosing Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any functions you're just choosing Mass
+points over a finite number of Q's Z's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points over a finite number of Q's Z's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points over a finite number of Q's Z's
+and K primes without without constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K primes without without constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K primes without without constraints
+I am qu like e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am qu like e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am qu like e
+yeah more using a distribution though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah more using a distribution though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah more using a distribution though
+you're sort of saying if these were yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of saying if these were yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of saying if these were yeah
+if these were a Continuum then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these were a Continuum then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these were a Continuum then this
+would be like a density a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like a density a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like a density a
+multi-dimensional density but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional density but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional density but I don't
+know how to compute those it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to compute those it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to compute those it's not so
+correct me if I'm wrong but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct me if I'm wrong but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct me if I'm wrong but it's not
+that then I can put anything next to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then I can put anything next to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then I can put anything next to it
+I have to put plug in to the U next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to put plug in to the U next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to put plug in to the U next to
+it the corresponding stuff in there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the corresponding stuff in there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the corresponding stuff in there but
+then I just compute every single thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just compute every single thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just compute every single thing
+inside there choose the best one after I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside there choose the best one after I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside there choose the best one after I
+compute everything that's right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute everything that's right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute everything that's right so you
+know we specify the grids so we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we specify the grids so we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we specify the grids so we know the
+set of feasible choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of feasible choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of feasible choices
+for for all the quadruples qz K Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for all the quadruples qz K Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for all the quadruples qz K Prime
+for for any particular one we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for any particular one we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for any particular one we know what
+this real number is you use matlb code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this real number is you use matlb code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this real number is you use matlb code
+to generate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate these
+weights right in this case it's a weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights right in this case it's a weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights right in this case it's a weight
+on a on the objective function or use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a on the objective function or use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a on the objective function or use
+codes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes to
+generate you know this guy and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate you know this guy and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate you know this guy and then
+there's weights on the constraint set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's weights on the constraint set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's weights on the constraint set so
+okay so now I understand that but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I understand that but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I understand that but then
+in some sense I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense I don't
+understand what the difference from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the difference from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the difference from the
+the first case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first case
+is like one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like one of the first
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+um that the probability of Q given K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the probability of Q given K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the probability of Q given K and
+Z can could in principle be nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z can could in principle be nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z can could in principle be nonlinear
+and so we're just it's the extra game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're just it's the extra game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're just it's the extra game
+from randomization I mean suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um take the point of view that there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um take the point of view that there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um take the point of view that there a
+Continuum of well so far we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum of well so far we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum of well so far we don't have
+the social planner I mean this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social planner I mean this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social planner I mean this is just
+an individual optimization but I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual optimization but I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual optimization but I will
+try to answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to answer your
+question you know when we have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know when we have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know when we have a a
+village-wide resource constru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village-wide resource constru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village-wide resource constru
+we've got to decide how many resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to decide how many resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to decide how many resources
+to use up in investment and how much to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use up in investment and how much to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use up in investment and how much to
+leave over for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave over for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave over for
+consumption and it may be that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and it may be that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and it may be that you don't
+want everyone doing the large chunky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want everyone doing the large chunky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want everyone doing the large chunky
+project you want to just take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project you want to just take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project you want to just take some
+people to do it and some people not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to do it and some people not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to do it and some people not and
+then you know whatever is produced as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know whatever is produced as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know whatever is produced as
+output use that some of that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output use that some of that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output use that some of that for
+consumption and some to save for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and some to save for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and some to save for
+tomorrow so from sort of a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow so from sort of a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow so from sort of a social
+perspective you rarely want everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective you rarely want everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective you rarely want everyone
+doing the same thing you want it choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the same thing you want it choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the same thing you want it choose
+the fractions of people doing one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fractions of people doing one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fractions of people doing one thing
+or the other does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+help all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help all
+right all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right
+so so this is with borrowing and lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is with borrowing and lending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is with borrowing and lending
+so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+essentially almost the same except you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially almost the same except you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially almost the same except you
+can add to your current Resources by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add to your current Resources by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add to your current Resources by
+borrowing except you've got to pay back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing except you've got to pay back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing except you've got to pay back
+your loan from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your loan from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your loan from
+yesterday so now you've got two ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday so now you've got two ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday so now you've got two ways to
+intertemporally reallocate consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intertemporally reallocate consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intertemporally reallocate consumption
+one through uh the Capital stock the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one through uh the Capital stock the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one through uh the Capital stock the
+equipment and the other through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and the other through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and the other through
+financial borrowing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial borrowing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial borrowing and
+lending and it's already written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending and it's already written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending and it's already written in
+lotteries by the way it enhances the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries by the way it enhances the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries by the way it enhances the
+state Vector right from the Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state Vector right from the Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state Vector right from the Capital
+stock to the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock to the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock to the current
+debt as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh
+now we can we can knock off like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can we can knock off like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can we can knock off like you
+know savings only that's where basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know savings only that's where basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know savings only that's where basically
+if B means borrowing you know then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if B means borrowing you know then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if B means borrowing you know then then
+uh you know then then basically it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know then then basically it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know then then basically it can't
+be positive if you're not going to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive if you're not going to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive if you're not going to allow
+it uh or you could allow some small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh or you could allow some small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh or you could allow some small
+amount and have a a positive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and have a a positive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and have a a positive but
+low amount that you could borrow is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low amount that you could borrow is B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low amount that you could borrow is B
+Max okay so the we can do savings only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max okay so the we can do savings only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max okay so the we can do savings only
+Etc if you don't want to limit borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc if you don't want to limit borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc if you don't want to limit borrowing
+at all that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all that's
+fine then you know you just let it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine then you know you just let it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine then you know you just let it take
+on any value subject to grid issues yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any value subject to grid issues yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any value subject to grid issues yep
+when when you do this kind of stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you do this kind of stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you do this kind of stuff in
+mb to do these different scenarios is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mb to do these different scenarios is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mb to do these different scenarios is
+that just like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just like one
+line which like to you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have yeah well actually you can almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yeah well actually you can almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yeah well actually you can almost
+generate it from the grid because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate it from the grid because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate it from the grid because you
+know know you might have a a large set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know know you might have a a large set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know know you might have a a large set
+of possible values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possible values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possible values for
+borrowing that would be the unrestricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing that would be the unrestricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing that would be the unrestricted
+problem if you want savings only then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you want savings only then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you want savings only then
+you just cut off all the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just cut off all the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just cut off all the positive
+borrowings or anything in between so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowings or anything in between so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowings or anything in between so
+that so this one you can handle in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this one you can handle in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this one you can handle in terms
+of generating the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grid now we get to these mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid now we get to these mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid now we get to these mechanism
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+models while including full information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models while including full information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models while including full information
+uh and now we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and now we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and now we're going to have
+to go back to the households as a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to the households as a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to the households as a group
+dealing with this financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with this financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with this financial
+intermediary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary
+um the main thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this let's look at the household because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's look at the household because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's look at the household because
+we were looking in households a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were looking in households a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were looking in households a minute
+ago you know now it's as if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago you know now it's as if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago you know now it's as if they
+surrendered all their output to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrendered all their output to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrendered all their output to the
+Bank bear with me but they get some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank bear with me but they get some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank bear with me but they get some of
+it back in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back in terms of
+transfers actually a more way a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers actually a more way a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers actually a more way a natural
+way to write it would have been you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to write it would have been you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to write it would have been you know
+give them q and let them pay back loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them q and let them pay back loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them q and let them pay back loans
+State contingent loans it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State contingent loans it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State contingent loans it's
+equivalent uh the transfer can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent uh the transfer can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent uh the transfer can be
+positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or
+negative uh and it's kind of the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh and it's kind of the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh and it's kind of the basis
+of consumption but it's adjusted as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consumption but it's adjusted as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consumption but it's adjusted as
+usual by investment so so then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual by investment so so then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual by investment so so then the
+contract has to solve for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract has to solve for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract has to solve for these
+transfers and the transfers are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers and the transfers are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers and the transfers are a
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+Q now as I said the way this is written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q now as I said the way this is written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q now as I said the way this is written
+the Q ends up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q ends up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q ends up with the
+bank but the bank is paying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank but the bank is paying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank but the bank is paying the
+transfers so this this is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers so this this is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers so this this is basically a
+surplus generated from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus generated from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus generated from
+households what fraction of households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households what fraction of households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households what fraction of households
+have output Q greater than to so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have output Q greater than to so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have output Q greater than to so the
+bank is getting money from them well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank is getting money from them well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank is getting money from them well
+that's the is pi that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fraction oh well you know it's infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction oh well you know it's infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction oh well you know it's infinite
+Horizon so this is the Surplus generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon so this is the Surplus generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon so this is the Surplus generated
+today or if negative the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today or if negative the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today or if negative the
+loss summed up overall surpluses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss summed up overall surpluses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss summed up overall surpluses and
+losses depending on who's at you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses depending on who's at you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses depending on who's at you know
+what states and what the contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what states and what the contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what states and what the contract
+assigns and then you have tomorrow's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigns and then you have tomorrow's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigns and then you have tomorrow's
+profits this is a small open economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits this is a small open economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits this is a small open economy
+there's a interest rate r one one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a interest rate r one one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a interest rate r one one plus
+little r so this is just the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little r so this is just the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little r so this is just the present
+value of tomorrow right so this Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of tomorrow right so this Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of tomorrow right so this Surplus
+today plus profits today plus profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today plus profits today plus profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today plus profits today plus profits
+tomorrow so it's as if the bank is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow so it's as if the bank is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow so it's as if the bank is
+trying to maximize overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+profits uh now what's the constraint why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits uh now what's the constraint why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits uh now what's the constraint why
+not just screw the households well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just screw the households well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just screw the households well the
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+is it's not quite right but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not quite right but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not quite right but you can
+think about this as a reservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this as a reservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this as a reservation
+utility all right so you can't take too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility all right so you can't take too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility all right so you can't take too
+much away otherwise the households will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much away otherwise the households will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much away otherwise the households will
+cry foul and and walk away okay actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cry foul and and walk away okay actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cry foul and and walk away okay actually
+technically This Promise was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically This Promise was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically This Promise was
+predetermined from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predetermined from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predetermined from the previous
+period or you know equivalently part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period or you know equivalently part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period or you know equivalently part of
+the control variable is the promise from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control variable is the promise from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control variable is the promise from
+tomorrow on W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow on W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow on W
+Prime it's easy and yet amazingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime it's easy and yet amazingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime it's easy and yet amazingly
+powerful so just think about incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful so just think about incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful so just think about incentives
+you know you have long-term contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have long-term contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have long-term contracts
+should I work today I can get rewarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I work today I can get rewarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I work today I can get rewarded
+or penalized depending on what my output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or penalized depending on what my output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or penalized depending on what my output
+is today but it's not just a static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is today but it's not just a static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is today but it's not just a static
+contract there's tomorrow too so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract there's tomorrow too so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract there's tomorrow too so maybe
+my history of observed outputs will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my history of observed outputs will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my history of observed outputs will be
+used tomorrow in terms of the insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used tomorrow in terms of the insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used tomorrow in terms of the insurance
+and credit contract I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and credit contract I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and credit contract I'm going to get
+which in turn could be used in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in turn could be used in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in turn could be used in the third
+period and we're like oh my God you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and we're like oh my God you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and we're like oh my God you know
+that's a really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really big
+object but no what do the households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but no what do the households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but no what do the households
+care about they only care about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about they only care about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about they only care about their
+expected utility if I'm looking forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility if I'm looking forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility if I'm looking forward
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+tomorrow I don't have to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow I don't have to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow I don't have to solve
+tomorrow's problem as long as I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's problem as long as I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's problem as long as I know
+what the utility consequences will be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the utility consequences will be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the utility consequences will be so
+this is kind of a reduced form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a reduced form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a reduced form
+way of handling the multi- period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of handling the multi- period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of handling the multi- period
+incentive problem what I'm saying is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive problem what I'm saying is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive problem what I'm saying is the
+household's expected utility is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household's expected utility is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household's expected utility is the
+utility outcome from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility outcome from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility outcome from
+today plus expected utility tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today plus expected utility tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today plus expected utility tomorrow
+you know it's not only it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not only it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not only it's the
+probability of being assigned W Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being assigned W Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being assigned W Prime
+tomorrow jointly withput today so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow jointly withput today so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow jointly withput today so now
+not only is consumption moving up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only is consumption moving up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only is consumption moving up and
+down with output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with output
+today as and it will move when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today as and it will move when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today as and it will move when there's
+limited insurance but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited insurance but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited insurance but also
+tomorrow's utility will vary up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's utility will vary up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's utility will vary up and down
+and because you have you know concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because you have you know concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because you have you know concave
+utility and this sort of force for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility and this sort of force for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility and this sort of force for
+intertemporal smoothing you won't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intertemporal smoothing you won't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intertemporal smoothing you won't just
+do one and you won't just do the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one and you won't just do the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one and you won't just do the other
+actually you'll load as much into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you'll load as much into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you'll load as much into the
+future as possible front loading is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future as possible front loading is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future as possible front loading is a
+bad thing the longer the Horizon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad thing the longer the Horizon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad thing the longer the Horizon the
+more powerful the incentives because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful the incentives because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful the incentives because you
+got the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the whole
+future so so there's a lot of Economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so so there's a lot of Economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so so there's a lot of Economics
+behind this sort of innocuous looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this sort of innocuous looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this sort of innocuous looking
+two period problem where W Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two period problem where W Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two period problem where W Prime
+captures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tomorrow all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's actually the full insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the full insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the full insurance
+problem and then we can add moral hazard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then we can add moral hazard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then we can add moral hazard
+so you know basically what this says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know basically what this says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know basically what this says is
+if Zar is assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Zar is assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Zar is assigned
+today uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh in the
+contract and the guy actually does it he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract and the guy actually does it he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract and the guy actually does it he
+has to be wanting to do it relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be wanting to do it relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be wanting to do it relative
+to uh and and the bank wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh and and the bank wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh and and the bank wouldn't
+know uh even though zbar is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh even though zbar is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh even though zbar is being
+recommended the guy is doing Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended the guy is doing Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended the guy is doing Z
+hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shering so this is a standard moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shering so this is a standard moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shering so this is a standard moral
+hazard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard
+constraint of course the the inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint of course the the inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint of course the the inequality
+makes them want to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them want to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them want to do the
+recommendation but the program has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation but the program has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation but the program has to
+evaluate any possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate any possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate any possible
+deviation a shirking agent might might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation a shirking agent might might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation a shirking agent might might
+do and make sure the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and make sure the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and make sure the utility
+consequences for the agent are worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences for the agent are worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences for the agent are worse
+than following the recommended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than following the recommended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than following the recommended
+plan now again because we've embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan now again because we've embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan now again because we've embedded
+mother nature in this Pi thing we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother nature in this Pi thing we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother nature in this Pi thing we have
+to renormalize the probability I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to renormalize the probability I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to renormalize the probability I
+actually showed you this once but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually showed you this once but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually showed you this once but you
+know I'm sure with discounting you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm sure with discounting you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm sure with discounting you can't
+remember backwards more on that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember backwards more on that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember backwards more on that next
+Tuesday uh but we have just adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday uh but we have just adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday uh but we have just adjust the
+likelihood to reflect the fact that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood to reflect the fact that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood to reflect the fact that now
+Z hat is taken rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z hat is taken rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z hat is taken rather than
+Zar and it's not maybe obvious where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zar and it's not maybe obvious where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zar and it's not maybe obvious where
+this is coming from it is nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is coming from it is nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is coming from it is nevertheless
+true just have to write out all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true just have to write out all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true just have to write out all the
+conditional probabilities and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities and start
+start summing up I can give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start summing up I can give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start summing up I can give you a
+reference if you want to see where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference if you want to see where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference if you want to see where it's
+written out questions yes I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out questions yes I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out questions yes I just want to
+make sure that I understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that I understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that I understand this
+formulation so I think the advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation so I think the advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation so I think the advantage of
+this formulation is that if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formulation is that if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formulation is that if you don't
+have this formulation first of all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this formulation first of all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this formulation first of all you
+need to solve uh the incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve uh the incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve uh the incentive
+compatible contracts one by one and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible contracts one by one and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible contracts one by one and in
+this case so randomizing contract is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case so randomizing contract is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case so randomizing contract is
+like randomize your vals so you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like randomize your vals so you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like randomize your vals so you only
+need to solve one one problem you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve one one problem you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve one one problem you just
+so expose you randomiz well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so expose you randomiz well actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so expose you randomiz well actually
+you're suggesting a simplification that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're suggesting a simplification that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're suggesting a simplification that
+we're not using which is any random Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not using which is any random Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not using which is any random Oh
+you mean the W the promise yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean the W the promise yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean the W the promise yeah I think
+I think the advantage of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the advantage of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the advantage of the second
+formulation compared to the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation compared to the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation compared to the first one is
+that in the first one you need to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the first one you need to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the first one you need to solve
+first Sol all the incentive compatible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Sol all the incentive compatible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Sol all the incentive compatible
+contracts and then you you'll do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and then you you'll do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and then you you'll do an
+optimal randomization among these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal randomization among these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal randomization among these
+contracts but but here you can just x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts but but here you can just x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts but but here you can just x
+and t you can random randomize over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t you can random randomize over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t you can random randomize over this
+Z and K and uh that will give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and K and uh that will give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and K and uh that will give you the
+similar result so essentially you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar result so essentially you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar result so essentially you only
+need to solve one linear programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve one linear programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve one linear programming
+problems instead of a lot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems instead of a lot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems instead of a lot is
+that well I guess we're we're searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well I guess we're we're searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well I guess we're we're searching
+jointly over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jointly over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jointly over all the
+possibilities uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities uh
+now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you
+know it's true on the one hand it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's true on the one hand it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's true on the one hand it's just
+a linear programming problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear programming problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear programming problem
+so we can just get the best code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can just get the best code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can just get the best code
+available and use it on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and use it on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and use it on the other hand
+you know there's lots of variables lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's lots of variables lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's lots of variables lots
+of States lots of constraints so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of States lots of constraints so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of States lots of constraints so it's
+not like it comes for free if if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like it comes for free if if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like it comes for free if if I if I
+knew something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew something
+analytically about the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically about the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically about the underlying
+contract it would be good to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract it would be good to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract it would be good to use
+it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um
+but if I don't know then I could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I don't know then I could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I don't know then I could just
+guess wrong and put some functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess wrong and put some functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess wrong and put some functional form
+which is incorrect and you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is incorrect and you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is incorrect and you know that's
+why that's what's good about this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't now what was Victor talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't now what was Victor talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't now what was Victor talking about
+you know Victor was talking about going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Victor was talking about going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Victor was talking about going
+back to deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to deterministic
+contracts and then solving them with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and then solving them with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and then solving them with a
+nonlinear optimization problem and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear optimization problem and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear optimization problem and then
+comparing that solution to these linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing that solution to these linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing that solution to these linear
+codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+I'm I'm not sure if he showed you at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm not sure if he showed you at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm not sure if he showed you at the
+end but you know when the grids are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end but you know when the grids are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end but you know when the grids are
+really coarse the linear program seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really coarse the linear program seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really coarse the linear program seems
+to work but it can be a really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work but it can be a really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work but it can be a really bad
+approximation so so there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so so there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so so there's still
+trade-offs it's not it's not you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs it's not it's not you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs it's not it's not you know a
+miracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle
+um other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right
+so now we can do limited commitment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can do limited commitment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can do limited commitment so
+this is what I mentioned you can go you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I mentioned you can go you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I mentioned you can go you
+can go into autarchy CU you can decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go into autarchy CU you can decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go into autarchy CU you can decide
+to do that after your output is realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that after your output is realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that after your output is realized
+it's like I'm not paying into the RIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I'm not paying into the RIS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I'm not paying into the RIS
+sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing
+group great you finance my project I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group great you finance my project I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group great you finance my project I'm a
+big the big boss now you know and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big the big boss now you know and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big the big boss now you know and I just
+assume be on my own so what we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume be on my own so what we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume be on my own so what we say
+is um first of all we compute the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um first of all we compute the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um first of all we compute the value
+function for autarchy well that's cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for autarchy well that's cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for autarchy well that's cool
+we already did that that was the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already did that that was the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already did that that was the First
+Financial regime so we already know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial regime so we already know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial regime so we already know this
+guy and then the Contemporary situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and then the Contemporary situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and then the Contemporary situation
+is you've got output plus depreciated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you've got output plus depreciated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you've got output plus depreciated
+capital and uh and then you could walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and uh and then you could walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and uh and then you could walk
+away no transfers they're gone right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away no transfers they're gone right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away no transfers they're gone right you
+just keep it all and decide maybe what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep it all and decide maybe what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep it all and decide maybe what
+you want to carry into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to carry into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to carry into
+tomorrow so we can call the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow so we can call the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow so we can call the solution to
+this thing Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing Omega
+you know by the way the the Z is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know by the way the the Z is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know by the way the the Z is already
+foregone you've already made that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foregone you've already made that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foregone you've already made that
+decision it was in the disutility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision it was in the disutility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision it was in the disutility
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+um you already got Capital you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you already got Capital you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you already got Capital you already
+got funding you are now you have output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got funding you are now you have output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got funding you are now you have output
+can't go backwards but you can walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go backwards but you can walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go backwards but you can walk
+away so this is the basically the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so this is the basically the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so this is the basically the the
+maximizing utility and we make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing utility and we make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing utility and we make sure that
+if you follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you follow the
+plan you're not be going to be tempted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan you're not be going to be tempted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan you're not be going to be tempted
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+that okay so we compute V then compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so we compute V then compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so we compute V then compute
+this then we have this and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then we have this and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then we have this and then you
+impose this as a constraint so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose this as a constraint so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose this as a constraint so this is a
+limited commitment constraint we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited commitment constraint we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited commitment constraint we've
+talked about collateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about collateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about collateral
+constraints it's very related to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints it's very related to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints it's very related to that
+you can walk away but you might you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can walk away but you might you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can walk away but you might you know
+with collateral you have to sacrifice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with collateral you have to sacrifice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with collateral you have to sacrifice
+something not here they actually keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something not here they actually keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something not here they actually keep
+all of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of their
+Capital uh if we had Financial savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital uh if we had Financial savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital uh if we had Financial savings
+then they would lose that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they would lose that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they would lose that they would
+lose the stuff they have in the bank so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the stuff they have in the bank so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the stuff they have in the bank so
+what keeps me from doing that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what keeps me from doing that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what keeps me from doing that is that
+the continued valuation is kind of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continued valuation is kind of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continued valuation is kind of in
+that side St yeah yeah this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side St yeah yeah this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side St yeah yeah this is this is
+playing ball and this is being tempted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing ball and this is being tempted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing ball and this is being tempted
+to to pull out it doesn't mean that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to pull out it doesn't mean that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to pull out it doesn't mean that it
+isn't binding on the solution this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't binding on the solution this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't binding on the solution this can
+do damage you know it could be a binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do damage you know it could be a binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do damage you know it could be a binding
+constraint and have a big lrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and have a big lrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and have a big lrange
+multiplier so the the solution will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier so the the solution will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier so the the solution will look
+different uh but you never see the out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh but you never see the out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh but you never see the out
+of equilibrium event that they walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equilibrium event that they walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equilibrium event that they walk
+away but but the damage can be done not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but but the damage can be done not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but but the damage can be done not
+getting a whole lot of capital not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a whole lot of capital not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a whole lot of capital not
+having a whole lot of insurance those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a whole lot of insurance those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a whole lot of insurance those
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+happen I mean again it's Rich guys who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I mean again it's Rich guys who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I mean again it's Rich guys who
+would prefer say not to pay into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prefer say not to pay into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prefer say not to pay into the
+system you know they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you know they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you know they're going to be
+tempted so you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted so you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted so you start
+eliminating the people that pay in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating the people that pay in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating the people that pay in and
+that starts limiting the insurance etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts limiting the insurance etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts limiting the insurance etc
+etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally uh we have this hidden output so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally uh we have this hidden output so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally uh we have this hidden output so
+here the idea is income is produced all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the idea is income is produced all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the idea is income is produced all
+right but The Outsiders don't see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but The Outsiders don't see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but The Outsiders don't see what
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+is uh okay but then you say well tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh okay but then you say well tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh okay but then you say well tell me
+anyway send me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway send me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway send me a
+message so so the idea here is Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message so so the idea here is Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message so so the idea here is Q is
+actually realiz Q Bar is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually realiz Q Bar is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually realiz Q Bar is actually
+realized and and that and the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized and and that and the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized and and that and the business
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+so you know believe me my profits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know believe me my profits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know believe me my profits are
+low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+or q and they are low or qar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or q and they are low or qar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or q and they are low or qar is
+realized uh but we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized uh but we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized uh but we have this
+counterfactual where he says something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual where he says something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual where he says something
+else about Q like maybe in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else about Q like maybe in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else about Q like maybe in that
+particular period it was advantageous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular period it was advantageous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular period it was advantageous to
+say profits are really really high or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say profits are really really high or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say profits are really really high or it
+could be you know vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be you know vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be you know vice
+versa when they're high you say High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa when they're high you say High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa when they're high you say High
+when they're low you're tempted sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're low you're tempted sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're low you're tempted sorry
+when they're low you say low and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're low you say low and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're low you say low and when
+they're high you're tempted to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're high you're tempted to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're high you're tempted to say
+low all right this allows for any Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low all right this allows for any Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low all right this allows for any Q
+though that they will quote tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that they will quote tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that they will quote tell the
+truth well great it's just another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth well great it's just another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth well great it's just another
+inequality no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality no
+problemo we know how to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problemo we know how to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problemo we know how to generate
+constraints but again it will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints but again it will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints but again it will do
+different damage there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different damage there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different damage there's going to be
+consequences for uh for the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences for uh for the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences for uh for the underlying
+contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract
+and remember the goal here is to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember the goal here is to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember the goal here is to get to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+data you can assume these parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you can assume these parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you can assume these parametric
+utility functions constant relative risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions constant relative risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions constant relative risk
+aversion power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion power
+Sigma disutility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma disutility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma disutility of
+effort a power a frish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elasticity okay so three you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity okay so three you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity okay so three you know we're
+going to be limited actually we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be limited actually we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be limited actually we're going
+to estimate Sigma and Theta and X at XC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate Sigma and Theta and X at XC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate Sigma and Theta and X at XC
+equal 1 here's a production function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 here's a production function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 here's a production function we
+actually look load in an observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look load in an observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look load in an observed
+histogram but you can do constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram but you can do constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram but you can do constant
+elasticity of substitution if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of substitution if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of substitution if you want
+yep you test one where you can verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep you test one where you can verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep you test one where you can verify
+the state now output is yeah I didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state now output is yeah I didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state now output is yeah I didn't do
+it why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why
+not yeah I forgot about costly State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah I forgot about costly State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah I forgot about costly State
+verification but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification but
+anyway it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doable Hong's working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable Hong's working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable Hong's working on
+it uh and these other things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh and these other things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh and these other things like the
+discount rate you know the depreciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate you know the depreciation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate you know the depreciation
+rate the outside interest rate and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the outside interest rate and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the outside interest rate and so on
+so this is very much in the spirit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is very much in the spirit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is very much in the spirit of
+calibration these numbers are similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration these numbers are similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration these numbers are similar to
+numbers you've seen in various papers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you've seen in various papers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you've seen in various papers in
+the classes trying to be somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classes trying to be somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classes trying to be somewhat
+realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic
+yep we're back to you say you're living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep we're back to you say you're living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep we're back to you say you're living
+in The Matrix P of Q given Z and K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in The Matrix P of Q given Z and K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in The Matrix P of Q given Z and K is
+that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just
+for like setting up the moral hazard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like setting up the moral hazard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like setting up the moral hazard
+constraint or does that no we need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint or does that no we need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint or does that no we need that
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+general so so we're going to say that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so so we're going to say that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so so we're going to say that we
+see effort even though in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see effort even though in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see effort even though in the
+models sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models sometimes it's
+unobserved I mean the question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved I mean the question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved I mean the question is what
+an outside lender would see not what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outside lender would see not what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outside lender would see not what the
+households tell us when we interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households tell us when we interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households tell us when we interview
+them so anyway we take the stand that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so anyway we take the stand that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so anyway we take the stand that we
+see a good version of it and the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a good version of it and the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a good version of it and the and
+capital as well and we see output and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital as well and we see output and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital as well and we see output and I
+think that I let's see where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is oh my God it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oh my God it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oh my God it's
+way there there it was so there's an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there there it was so there's an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there there it was so there's an an
+empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical
+histogram of capital labor and output I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram of capital labor and output I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram of capital labor and output I
+don't know if you get if you really get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you get if you really get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you get if you really get
+a three-dimensional view of that thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-dimensional view of that thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-dimensional view of that thing I
+can kind of see it's bending over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of see it's bending over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of see it's bending over here
+and then what I don't flip on me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what I don't flip on me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what I don't flip on me
+but so we can load that in or we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so we can load that in or we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so we can load that in or we can
+actually say no no no it's CES you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say no no no it's CES you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say no no no it's CES you know
+Su elasticity of substitution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Su elasticity of substitution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Su elasticity of substitution and
+estimate you know whether it's lonf or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate you know whether it's lonf or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate you know whether it's lonf or
+linear stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear stuff in
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+yep like on graphs like this is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep like on graphs like this is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep like on graphs like this is that is
+there a way to understand whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a way to understand whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a way to understand whether the
+thing is concave or convex like whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is concave or convex like whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is concave or convex like whether
+those you know yeah but it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those you know yeah but it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those you know yeah but it's kind of
+hard I because I don't know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard I because I don't know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard I because I don't know what this
+thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is
+doing it doesn't look like visually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it doesn't look like visually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it doesn't look like visually like
+it kept going down it may it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kept going down it may it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kept going down it may it may
+actually come back by the way it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come back by the way it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come back by the way it makes
+my point we don't have to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point we don't have to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point we don't have to assume
+any kind of concavity in the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of concavity in the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of concavity in the underlying
+Primitives you know if it has this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives you know if it has this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives you know if it has this sort
+of scallop shape wonderful bring on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scallop shape wonderful bring on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scallop shape wonderful bring on the
+lotteries then it will it will span the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries then it will it will span the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries then it will it will span the
+arkline we can even allow risk loving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arkline we can even allow risk loving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arkline we can even allow risk loving
+households here I mean there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households here I mean there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households here I mean there there's
+really no restriction in the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really no restriction in the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really no restriction in the underlying
+perimeters we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perimeters we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perimeters we have
+parameterized utilities you know to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized utilities you know to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized utilities you know to make
+people risk averse but in principle we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people risk averse but in principle we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people risk averse but in principle we
+don't have to put restrictions on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to put restrictions on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to put restrictions on what
+we load in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so references technology I'll just say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so references technology I'll just say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so references technology I'll just say a
+few words about dimensionality as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few words about dimensionality as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few words about dimensionality as we go
+through autarchy savings full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through autarchy savings full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through autarchy savings full
+information moral hazard Etc you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information moral hazard Etc you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information moral hazard Etc you can
+start counting the number of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start counting the number of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start counting the number of linear
+programs that need to be solved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that need to be solved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that need to be solved the
+number of variables in each program the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of variables in each program the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of variables in each program the
+numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of
+constraints I didn't even dare show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints I didn't even dare show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints I didn't even dare show you
+this observed investment one but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this observed investment one but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this observed investment one but the
+hidden output's getting up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden output's getting up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden output's getting up there
+too we actually have a technology to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too we actually have a technology to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too we actually have a technology to to
+compute these things with hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute these things with hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute these things with hundreds of
+thousands of constraints I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of constraints I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of constraints I mean the
+commercial code is clex and there's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial code is clex and there's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial code is clex and there's you
+know open freeware that's comparable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know open freeware that's comparable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know open freeware that's comparable to
+it it's the latest Princeton you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's the latest Princeton you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's the latest Princeton you know
+interior point it's not just a Simplex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior point it's not just a Simplex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior point it's not just a Simplex
+algorithm uh you can use it as a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh you can use it as a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh you can use it as a student
+actually uh cost me a couple thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh cost me a couple thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh cost me a couple thousand
+doll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doll
+but uh anyway so we can handle fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh anyway so we can handle fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh anyway so we can handle fairly
+large numbers now it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers now it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers now it's it's
+a that said you know what's the tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that said you know what's the tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that said you know what's the tension
+here well you're going to see not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well you're going to see not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well you're going to see not only
+do you have to iterate off the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to iterate off the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to iterate off the value
+functions and solve the linear program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and solve the linear program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and solve the linear program
+at each iteration and you know and solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each iteration and you know and solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each iteration and you know and solve
+a this is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is just one
+step right but then we don't even know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step right but then we don't even know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step right but then we don't even know
+what the parameters are so then we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the parameters are so then we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the parameters are so then we got
+to do it for all the set of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it for all the set of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it for all the set of possible
+parameters and generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and generate a
+likelihood so so these guys start to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood so so these guys start to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood so so these guys start to get
+demanding not because you can't solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding not because you can't solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding not because you can't solve it
+once in 20 or 30 seconds but because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in 20 or 30 seconds but because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in 20 or 30 seconds but because you
+got to do it you know hundreds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do it you know hundreds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do it you know hundreds and
+hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+so you can understand why there's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can understand why there's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can understand why there's a big
+interest in having relatively efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in having relatively efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in having relatively efficient
+code you know it starts to constrain you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you know it starts to constrain you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you know it starts to constrain you
+in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+the the kinds of problems you you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the kinds of problems you you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the kinds of problems you you really
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+consider all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider all right
+so so how does it work computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so how does it work computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so how does it work computationally
+well once you solve for the optimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well once you solve for the optimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well once you solve for the optimizing
+policy Pi star you have a transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy Pi star you have a transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy Pi star you have a transition
+function basically you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function basically you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function basically you start with
+promised utility in capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised utility in capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised utility in capital
+today integrate out over everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today integrate out over everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today integrate out over everything else
+other than capital and utility tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than capital and utility tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than capital and utility tomorrow
+and and you get the prob ility of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you get the prob ility of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you get the prob ility of that
+so you get this Mark of object right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get this Mark of object right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get this Mark of object right
+it's simple enough conceptually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simple enough conceptually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simple enough conceptually the
+probability of States tomorrow given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of States tomorrow given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of States tomorrow given
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+today so that that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so that that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so that that's kind of the
+underlying Dynamic engine that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying Dynamic engine that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying Dynamic engine that's
+chugging along for each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chugging along for each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chugging along for each one of these
+financial regimes and then anytime you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial regimes and then anytime you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial regimes and then anytime you
+pick up a certain W and K in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up a certain W and K in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up a certain W and K in the
+solution you can generate the contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you can generate the contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you can generate the contract
+because that's the stuff that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the stuff that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the stuff that we just
+integrated out but it's still there can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated out but it's still there can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated out but it's still there can
+still use it so we can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use it so we can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use it so we can generate
+histograms you know CQ configurations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histograms you know CQ configurations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histograms you know CQ configurations we
+can have two crosssections we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have two crosssections we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have two crosssections we can have
+panel there are some limits in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel there are some limits in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel there are some limits in terms of
+the length of the panel that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the panel that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the panel that we can
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use you still with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me uh we got to estimate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh we got to estimate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh we got to estimate some
+parameters so we're going to have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so we're going to have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so we're going to have uh
+these underlying structural parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these underlying structural parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these underlying structural parameters
+uh we don't see say the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't see say the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't see say the distribution of
+promis utilities so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promis utilities so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promis utilities so we're going to
+imagine that's generated maybe like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that's generated maybe like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that's generated maybe like a
+normal distribution with a certain mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution with a certain mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution with a certain mean
+and a certain variance we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a certain variance we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a certain variance we have to
+estimate those better yet would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate those better yet would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate those better yet would be a
+mixture of normals which can approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of normals which can approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of normals which can approximate
+any old thing you want but that raises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any old thing you want but that raises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any old thing you want but that raises
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+dimensions and we're trying to be lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and we're trying to be lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and we're trying to be lean
+in terms of numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of numbers of
+parameters now so what do I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters now so what do I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters now so what do I mean by
+likelihood the probability of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood the probability of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood the probability of getting
+observables why you know which could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables why you know which could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables why you know which could be
+like in a static cross-section values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a static cross-section values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a static cross-section values of
+consumption output investment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption output investment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption output investment and
+capital what's the probability of seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital what's the probability of seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital what's the probability of seeing
+a particular configuration like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular configuration like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular configuration like that
+given the observed Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the observed Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the observed Capital
+today as a function of these underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today as a function of these underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today as a function of these underlying
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values so because the model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so because the model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so because the model is
+already using lotteries you already get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already using lotteries you already get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already using lotteries you already get
+the probability of these objects it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of these objects it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of these objects it just
+sort of comes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free as part of the optimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free as part of the optimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free as part of the optimizing
+solution now you know the next thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now you know the next thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now you know the next thing is
+do we see things perfectly no not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we see things perfectly no not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we see things perfectly no not
+necessarily we can put in let me jump a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily we can put in let me jump a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily we can put in let me jump a
+second we can put in measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second we can put in measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second we can put in measurement
+error and say you know you know if C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and say you know you know if C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and say you know you know if C
+star at J were the True Value we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star at J were the True Value we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star at J were the True Value we don't
+see it we see some measured version with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it we see some measured version with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it we see some measured version with
+error so this is classic econometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so this is classic econometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so this is classic econometric
+contamination classical measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination classical measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination classical measurement
+error we can can put that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error we can can put that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error we can can put that on
+everything uh that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything uh that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything uh that you
+like and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then you
+know you know the program would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know the program would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know the program would
+say what what is the probability the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what what is the probability the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what what is the probability the
+underlying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying you
+know output and consumption would be C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know output and consumption would be C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know output and consumption would be C
+star and qar that we generate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and qar that we generate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and qar that we generate from the
+code and then we can say well what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and then we can say well what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and then we can say well what we
+see is C hat and Q hat so you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is C hat and Q hat so you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is C hat and Q hat so you know that
+could come from any c star and qar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come from any c star and qar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come from any c star and qar so
+you get a new sort of distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+observables well that's what I just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables well that's what I just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables well that's what I just said
+in words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh well you know what what's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well you know what what's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well you know what what's the point
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+likelihood we actually have the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood we actually have the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood we actually have the data and
+we see people with a certain Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see people with a certain Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see people with a certain Capital
+stock getting a certain output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock getting a certain output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock getting a certain output and
+having a certain consumption investing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a certain consumption investing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a certain consumption investing a
+certain amount these are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount these are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount these are our
+observables and so we see the histograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables and so we see the histograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables and so we see the histograms
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+data and now we have a histogram in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and now we have a histogram in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and now we have a histogram in the
+model so we can say does it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so we can say does it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so we can say does it what
+parameters would best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters would best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters would best
+rationalize the data if the data came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalize the data if the data came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalize the data if the data came
+from that Financial regime a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me you know so I said we have these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you know so I said we have these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you know so I said we have these data
+this is Kansas and the Rocky Mountains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Kansas and the Rocky Mountains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Kansas and the Rocky Mountains
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+Thailand a mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand a mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand a mixed
+metaphor uh but it's also the investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor uh but it's also the investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor uh but it's also the investment
+uh you know consumption is again pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know consumption is again pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know consumption is again pretty
+flat so it's you know it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat so it's you know it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat so it's you know it's going to
+suggest a regime where there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest a regime where there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest a regime where there's a lot of
+consumption smoothing against income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption smoothing against income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption smoothing against income
+fluctuations on the other hand you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations on the other hand you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations on the other hand you know
+investment isn't flat and I haven't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment isn't flat and I haven't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment isn't flat and I haven't even
+shown you the transitions in the Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you the transitions in the Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you the transitions in the Capital
+stock so when you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know you pick the rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you pick the rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you pick the rural
+data uh and you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh and you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh and you use
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+say you know say choose uh consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know say choose uh consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know say choose uh consumption
+and output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output
+only uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uh there's a
+tie you know if you believed it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie you know if you believed it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie you know if you believed it was
+moral hazard regime for example it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral hazard regime for example it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral hazard regime for example it's
+estimating the degree of risk aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the degree of risk aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the degree of risk aversion
+at 1.02 the frish elasticity at 1. six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1.02 the frish elasticity at 1. six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1.02 the frish elasticity at 1. six
+it's got a certain mean and variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a certain mean and variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a certain mean and variance of
+this underlying unseen distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this underlying unseen distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this underlying unseen distribution of
+promised utilities and an estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised utilities and an estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised utilities and an estimate of
+the measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+error and it does this for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and it does this for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and it does this for each
+Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial
+regime against the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime against the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime against the same
+data and then we use this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then we use this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then we use this sort of
+information Criterion which you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Criterion which you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Criterion which you know
+vong created which allows testing across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vong created which allows testing across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vong created which allows testing across
+non- nested regimes in this case it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- nested regimes in this case it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- nested regimes in this case it's a
+tie um but if you went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie um but if you went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie um but if you went to
+the the investment data alone it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the investment data alone it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the investment data alone it would
+be savings savings only so in the rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be savings savings only so in the rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be savings savings only so in the rural
+data we we get a sort of a limited uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we we get a sort of a limited uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we we get a sort of a limited uh
+regime I I probably I won't have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime I I probably I won't have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime I I probably I won't have time to
+show you the Monte Carlos the Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the Monte Carlos the Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the Monte Carlos the Monte
+Carlos are like this you know you pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlos are like this you know you pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlos are like this you know you pick a
+set of parameter values maybe the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of parameter values maybe the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of parameter values maybe the ones
+we estimate in the data for example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we estimate in the data for example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we estimate in the data for example and
+uh and then generate the data from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then generate the data from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then generate the data from the
+model model and then go through all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model model and then go through all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model model and then go through all of
+this and you know depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you know depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you know depending on the
+degree of measurement area that area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of measurement area that area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of measurement area that area
+area error that you use to contaminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area error that you use to contaminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area error that you use to contaminate
+the data you know you can especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you know you can especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you know you can especially
+when you use joint consumption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use joint consumption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use joint consumption and
+investment data you pretty much get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment data you pretty much get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment data you pretty much get back
+what you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you put
+in which is reassuring but it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which is reassuring but it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which is reassuring but it's a bit
+black boxy we don't have an an analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black boxy we don't have an an analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black boxy we don't have an an analytic
+proof uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof uh so you
+know if you use consumption along alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you use consumption along alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you use consumption along alone
+two crosssections you can use uh 2-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two crosssections you can use uh 2-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two crosssections you can use uh 2-year
+panels you know then there's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels you know then there's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels you know then there's in the
+rural data it's kind of hard to pin down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural data it's kind of hard to pin down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural data it's kind of hard to pin down
+too much in terms of the regime moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much in terms of the regime moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much in terms of the regime moral
+hazard is in there sometimes full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard is in there sometimes full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard is in there sometimes full
+information is in there limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is in there limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is in there limited
+commitment is in there but again when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment is in there but again when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment is in there but again when
+you use uh the investment data alone or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use uh the investment data alone or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use uh the investment data alone or
+use the joint data it's pretty clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the joint data it's pretty clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the joint data it's pretty clear
+that's savings only no borrowing buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's savings only no borrowing buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's savings only no borrowing buffer
+stock model is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock model is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock model is the one
+that the data like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+best um but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best um but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best um but when
+we you know if we use the network alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know if we use the network alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know if we use the network alone
+you're saying well you contradict it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying well you contradict it no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying well you contradict it no
+like what Cynthia and I do and so on we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what Cynthia and I do and so on we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what Cynthia and I do and so on we
+can actually get the full information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get the full information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get the full information
+regime out of the consumption data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime out of the consumption data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime out of the consumption data so
+that's kind of very reassuring because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of very reassuring because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of very reassuring because
+in those other papers we didn't use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those other papers we didn't use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those other papers we didn't use this
+method but there's a lot of smoothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but there's a lot of smoothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but there's a lot of smoothing
+consumption smoothing among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption smoothing among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption smoothing among the
+networks uh and if we go to the urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks uh and if we go to the urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks uh and if we go to the urban
+data we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we get this
+result that uh even when we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that uh even when we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that uh even when we use the
+investment data it's the moral hazard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment data it's the moral hazard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment data it's the moral hazard
+regime not the limited savings only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime not the limited savings only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime not the limited savings only
+regime so they're they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime so they're they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime so they're they're different
+across the two specifications although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the two specifications although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the two specifications although
+it is true that if you used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is true that if you used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is true that if you used the
+investment datea loone it would still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment datea loone it would still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment datea loone it would still
+like savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like savings
+uh so you know the there's still this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you know the there's still this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you know the there's still this
+and we've talked about this money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've talked about this money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've talked about this money
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+flow from unproductive to productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from unproductive to productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from unproductive to productive
+people the way these relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the way these relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the way these relatively
+unconstrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained
+regimes you know would imply however if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes you know would imply however if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes you know would imply however if
+you looked at the consumption data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at the consumption data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at the consumption data
+jointly then you know it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jointly then you know it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jointly then you know it's one
+likelihood and it decides in the urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood and it decides in the urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood and it decides in the urban
+area that oh well moral hazard actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that oh well moral hazard actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that oh well moral hazard actually
+fits better than savings only but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits better than savings only but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits better than savings only but the
+reverse is true in the in the rural data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse is true in the in the rural data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse is true in the in the rural data
+so although consump the investment data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so although consump the investment data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so although consump the investment data
+doesn't fit perfectly well in the urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fit perfectly well in the urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fit perfectly well in the urban
+data it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it
+the the verdict is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we do a ton of robustness checks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we do a ton of robustness checks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we do a ton of robustness checks and
+I'll skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll skip
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+uh so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I really want to say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really want to say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really want to say something about
+heterogeneity but what I'd rather show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity but what I'd rather show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity but what I'd rather show
+you three slides before I quit namely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you three slides before I quit namely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you three slides before I quit namely in
+the actual rural data this this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual rural data this this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual rural data this this sort of
+diagonal here represents the Persistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal here represents the Persistence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal here represents the Persistence
+of the Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Capital
+stock so it doesn't move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock so it doesn't move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock so it doesn't move
+much it moves very slowly you can hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it moves very slowly you can hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it moves very slowly you can hardly
+see Mass off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Mass off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Mass off the
+diagonal in the urban data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal in the urban data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal in the urban data
+it's still sluggish but at least you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still sluggish but at least you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still sluggish but at least you can
+move away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move away
+more now you know if you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more now you know if you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more now you know if you have this
+wonderful Financial regime you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful Financial regime you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful Financial regime you're going
+to adjust almost instantaneously to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adjust almost instantaneously to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adjust almost instantaneously to the
+observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed
+productivity so this speed of adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity so this speed of adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity so this speed of adjustment
+of the Capital stock is really the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Capital stock is really the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Capital stock is really the thing
+that's kind of pushing the likelihoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of pushing the likelihoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of pushing the likelihoods
+toward limited Financial regimes by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward limited Financial regimes by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward limited Financial regimes by the
+way these are the best fitting regimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way these are the best fitting regimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way these are the best fitting regimes
+through the lens of the model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lens of the model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lens of the model which
+still have you know an excessive amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have you know an excessive amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have you know an excessive amount
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+smoothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing
+um these are the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are the time
+series levels of consumption over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series levels of consumption over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series levels of consumption over time
+levels of the Capital stock levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the Capital stock levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the Capital stock levels of
+income we did not use all of this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income we did not use all of this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income we did not use all of this data
+this is like setting aside certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like setting aside certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like setting aside certain
+things in the data and then looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the data and then looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the data and then looking
+after the fact as a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the fact as a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the fact as a new
+Criterion and we're doing pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion and we're doing pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion and we're doing pretty well
+the the standard deviations we do less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the standard deviations we do less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the standard deviations we do less
+well but for obvious reasons that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but for obvious reasons that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but for obvious reasons that there
+are some stuff in the tails that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some stuff in the tails that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some stuff in the tails that just
+the model doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model doesn't
+like but if we sort of smooth off you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but if we sort of smooth off you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but if we sort of smooth off you
+know 1% of the Tails and kind of get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 1% of the Tails and kind of get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 1% of the Tails and kind of get rid
+of it we actually bring the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it we actually bring the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it we actually bring the standard
+deviations generated by the model much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations generated by the model much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations generated by the model much
+much closer uh to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much closer uh to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much closer uh to the to the
+data and uh we can actually use the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and uh we can actually use the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and uh we can actually use the the
+level on borrowing which we didn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level on borrowing which we didn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level on borrowing which we didn't use
+an estimate and got really really close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate and got really really close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate and got really really close
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+that uh and and finally here's the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and and finally here's the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and and finally here's the state
+on the return on assets you know with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the return on assets you know with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the return on assets you know with
+these low wealth households having high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these low wealth households having high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these low wealth households having high
+returns and uh this the savings only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns and uh this the savings only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns and uh this the savings only
+regime which fits best is kind of trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime which fits best is kind of trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime which fits best is kind of trying
+to do that and this is the urban data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that and this is the urban data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that and this is the urban data
+which is already a little more dispersed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is already a little more dispersed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is already a little more dispersed
+but it still has this low wealth High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it still has this low wealth High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it still has this low wealth High
+return guise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return guise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return guise
+and and it it can generate that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it it can generate that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it it can generate that with
+somewhat with this moral hazard so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat with this moral hazard so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat with this moral hazard so these
+are the familiar objects that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the familiar objects that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the familiar objects that we've been
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and finally let me just end with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this sorry I guess that discussion at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sorry I guess that discussion at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sorry I guess that discussion at
+the beginning of class to took a chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of class to took a chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of class to took a chunk
+of time so if you believe the structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time so if you believe the structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time so if you believe the structural
+model you can do policy evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you can do policy evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you can do policy evaluation
+and here we're doing something simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we're doing something simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we're doing something simple
+like just changing the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just changing the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just changing the interest
+rate now the point is some people win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now the point is some people win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now the point is some people win
+and some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people
+lose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose and
+also who are the winners and the losers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also who are the winners and the losers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also who are the winners and the losers
+depends on the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the financial
+regime you know so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime you know so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime you know so this is the
+consumption equivalent welfare gain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption equivalent welfare gain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption equivalent welfare gain of
+of lowering the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lowering the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lowering the interest
+rate you know negative and positive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you know negative and positive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you know negative and positive this
+is sort of look as we vary the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of look as we vary the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of look as we vary the level of
+current savings and the level of assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current savings and the level of assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current savings and the level of assets
+but this is what it would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is what it would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is what it would look
+like if it were not the savings regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if it were not the savings regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if it were not the savings regime
+but the borrowing regime at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the borrowing regime at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the borrowing regime at the
+estimated parameters we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated parameters we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated parameters we
+get and then this is the difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and then this is the difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and then this is the difference of
+those two so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two so it's
+another difference in difference but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another difference in difference but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another difference in difference but
+it's it's a difference in the welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a difference in the welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a difference in the welfare
+criteria across two financial regimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria across two financial regimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria across two financial regimes
+and the point is it matters quite a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is it matters quite a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is it matters quite a lot
+if you did this interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did this interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did this interest rate
+subsidy what the financial regime is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy what the financial regime is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy what the financial regime is in
+terms of who wins and who loses these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of who wins and who loses these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of who wins and who loses these
+are these are non-trivial gains and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are non-trivial gains and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are non-trivial gains and so
+on all right I'll quit there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/C9JyjtTlN9w.txt b/C9JyjtTlN9w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7aa094724829476e07f810b2a3b4f41d4bd7b552
--- /dev/null
+++ b/C9JyjtTlN9w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13175 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um let me start here uh so thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um let me start here uh so thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um let me start here uh so thanks
+for allowing me to be back one more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for allowing me to be back one more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for allowing me to be back one more time
+um today I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um today I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um today I'm going to talk about
+empirical models of auctions and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical models of auctions and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical models of auctions and you
+know hopefully sort of fill in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know hopefully sort of fill in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know hopefully sort of fill in a little
+bit what uh you have already uh learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit what uh you have already uh learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit what uh you have already uh learned
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+Glenn so uh so this is the road map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glenn so uh so this is the road map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glenn so uh so this is the road map
+um the goal is to uh introduce you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the goal is to uh introduce you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the goal is to uh introduce you sort
+of a little bit to how the thinking has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little bit to how the thinking has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little bit to how the thinking has
+evolved uh on you know the empirics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved uh on you know the empirics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved uh on you know the empirics of
+auctions and then you know bring you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions and then you know bring you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions and then you know bring you to
+you know what is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is sort of the
+state-ofthe-art uh still which is SC per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-ofthe-art uh still which is SC per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-ofthe-art uh still which is SC per
+and Wong that has really had a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Wong that has really had a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Wong that has really had a huge
+influence in the way that uh uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence in the way that uh uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence in the way that uh uh people
+analyze auctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze auctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze auctions
+empirically the gist uh is of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically the gist uh is of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically the gist uh is of all of
+this is that you know sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that you know sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that you know sometimes it's
+hard to compute equilibria for auctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to compute equilibria for auctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to compute equilibria for auctions
+but it turns out that under the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that under the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that under the right
+conditions it's actually really easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions it's actually really easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions it's actually really easy to
+to estimate uh uh models for auctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate uh uh models for auctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate uh uh models for auctions
+and I'll I'll show you how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll I'll show you how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll I'll show you how to do that
+okay and then we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we're going to talk about
+uh two uh different uh applications that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two uh different uh applications that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two uh different uh applications that
+are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting so what is the relevance why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so what is the relevance why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so what is the relevance why
+uh do we want to look uh at auctions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do we want to look uh at auctions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do we want to look uh at auctions so
+one uh for once we are looking at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh for once we are looking at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh for once we are looking at you
+know as IO Economist at markets where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as IO Economist at markets where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as IO Economist at markets where
+firms or players have Market power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms or players have Market power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms or players have Market power and
+you know a seller let's say in a in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a seller let's say in a in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a seller let's say in a in an
+auction setting has of course Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction setting has of course Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction setting has of course Market
+power right when when you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power right when when you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power right when when you think about
+the problem of setting the reserve price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of setting the reserve price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of setting the reserve price
+it looks almost like a monopoly pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks almost like a monopoly pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks almost like a monopoly pricing
+problem okay so it's kind of squarely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so it's kind of squarely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so it's kind of squarely
+within kind of the topics that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within kind of the topics that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within kind of the topics that we're
+interested in um there estimates that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in um there estimates that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in um there estimates that um
+about 10% of GDP is contracted through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10% of GDP is contracted through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10% of GDP is contracted through
+auctions and you know many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions and you know many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions and you know many different
+designs so it's important to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs so it's important to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs so it's important to understand
+uh how this is being done uh very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how this is being done uh very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how this is being done uh very often
+the government is involved as either a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government is involved as either a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government is involved as either a
+buyer or a seller if you think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer or a seller if you think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer or a seller if you think for
+instance about uh Spectrum auctions if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance about uh Spectrum auctions if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance about uh Spectrum auctions if
+you think about um Highway procurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about um Highway procurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about um Highway procurement
+uh projects right the the the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh projects right the the the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh projects right the the the government
+gives projects to construction firms um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives projects to construction firms um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives projects to construction firms um
+you know other settings electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know other settings electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know other settings electricity
+auctions treasury auctions and so on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions treasury auctions and so on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions treasury auctions and so on uh
+all of these have of course Direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these have of course Direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these have of course Direct
+policy implications because let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy implications because let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy implications because let's say
+you want to you know procure uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to you know procure uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to you know procure uh a
+construction road construction at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction road construction at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction road construction at the
+minimal cost to taxpayers you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal cost to taxpayers you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal cost to taxpayers you want to
+figure out sort of what is the what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out sort of what is the what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out sort of what is the what is
+the right mechanism to use so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right mechanism to use so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right mechanism to use so there is
+this kind of tight link between you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of tight link between you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of tight link between you know
+um the way we analyze these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way we analyze these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way we analyze these kinds of
+settings and what we can actually do as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and what we can actually do as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and what we can actually do as
+policy makers such as setting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy makers such as setting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy makers such as setting the
+reserve price thinking about which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve price thinking about which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve price thinking about which uh
+which mechanism uh uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which mechanism uh uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which mechanism uh uh to
+use um sort of more from kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um sort of more from kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um sort of more from kind of a
+research point of view auctions have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research point of view auctions have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research point of view auctions have
+been quite fruitful in analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been quite fruitful in analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been quite fruitful in analyzing
+collusion uh so um they're they're often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusion uh so um they're they're often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusion uh so um they're they're often
+times it's a bit easier to get traction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it's a bit easier to get traction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it's a bit easier to get traction
+on collusion than let's say in repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on collusion than let's say in repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on collusion than let's say in repeated
+games and there there many nice studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and there there many nice studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and there there many nice studies
+uh some of which we will uh discuss in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of which we will uh discuss in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of which we will uh discuss in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U what is also really nice about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U what is also really nice about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U what is also really nice about
+auctions is that the rules of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions is that the rules of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions is that the rules of the game
+are very defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very defined
+we know what the strategies are we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what the strategies are we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what the strategies are we know
+who the players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the players
+are uh and we actually see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh and we actually see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh and we actually see a lot of
+things so if you think for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so if you think for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so if you think for instance
+about you know something like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know something like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know something like um
+multi-unit auctions like let's say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-unit auctions like let's say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-unit auctions like let's say in
+electricity right we we actually see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity right we we actually see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity right we we actually see the
+whole Supply schedule that a that a firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Supply schedule that a that a firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Supply schedule that a that a firm
+bids right that's something that we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bids right that's something that we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bids right that's something that we sort
+of spend a lot of time you know supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spend a lot of time you know supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spend a lot of time you know supply
+and demand course usually spend a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demand course usually spend a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demand course usually spend a lot of
+time backing out but in some settings we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time backing out but in some settings we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time backing out but in some settings we
+actually directly observe you know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually directly observe you know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually directly observe you know at
+what prices a firm wants to supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what prices a firm wants to supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what prices a firm wants to supply
+uh and so you know that that gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so you know that that gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so you know that that gives us a
+lot of empirical traction it also means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of empirical traction it also means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of empirical traction it also means
+that whatever model we write down is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whatever model we write down is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whatever model we write down is
+often times very close to the model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times very close to the model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times very close to the model that
+firms are actually playing right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are actually playing right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are actually playing right so you
+know the the link here is very tight if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the link here is very tight if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the link here is very tight if
+you if you think let's say about entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you think let's say about entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you think let's say about entry
+games or other settings if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games or other settings if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games or other settings if you think
+about you what Amazon can do Amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you what Amazon can do Amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you what Amazon can do Amazon
+could do a million different things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do a million different things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do a million different things but
+once we sort of narrow it down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we sort of narrow it down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we sort of narrow it down to
+specific auction setting right we kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific auction setting right we kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific auction setting right we kind
+of know what the rules of this auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know what the rules of this auction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know what the rules of this auction
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+what people you know how people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people you know how people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people you know how people are
+bidding and then um the the participants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidding and then um the the participants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidding and then um the the participants
+are often times quite sophisticated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often times quite sophisticated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often times quite sophisticated so
+take for instance the uh the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for instance the uh the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for instance the uh the example of
+spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum
+auctions so you know you can I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions so you know you can I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions so you know you can I mean
+these are very very uh um expensive um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very very uh um expensive um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very very uh um expensive um
+bits that let's say firms like AT&T or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits that let's say firms like AT&T or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits that let's say firms like AT&T or
+T-Mobile put in right and what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T-Mobile put in right and what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T-Mobile put in right and what they're
+typically doing is they hire a firm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically doing is they hire a firm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically doing is they hire a firm like
+Paul milgram's firm right and then Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul milgram's firm right and then Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul milgram's firm right and then Paul
+mgram devices their bidding strategy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mgram devices their bidding strategy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mgram devices their bidding strategy and
+so it's you know it's sort of uh suffice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's you know it's sort of uh suffice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's you know it's sort of uh suffice
+to say that they're probably bidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that they're probably bidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that they're probably bidding
+pretty sophisticated in that case right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sophisticated in that case right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sophisticated in that case right
+so that means that you know if when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that you know if when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that you know if when we
+write down a model where firms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a model where firms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a model where firms are
+optimizing maybe we actually getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing maybe we actually getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing maybe we actually getting
+kind of close to uh to you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of close to uh to you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of close to uh to you know what's
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+happening always the goal is to recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening always the goal is to recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening always the goal is to recover
+distribution of bit valuations okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of bit valuations okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of bit valuations okay so
+really you know to the extent that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know to the extent that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know to the extent that we
+think of valuations unobserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of valuations unobserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of valuations unobserved
+valuations or unobserved let's say cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations or unobserved let's say cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations or unobserved let's say cost
+in the proc setting as the structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the proc setting as the structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the proc setting as the structural
+error term we're really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error term we're really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error term we're really interested in
+backing out this one distribution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backing out this one distribution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backing out this one distribution the
+structural error term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so let me just very briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let me just very briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let me just very briefly
+uh uh recap single unit auctions I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh recap single unit auctions I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh recap single unit auctions I know
+you have seen this probably multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen this probably multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen this probably multiple
+times at this stage but I will uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times at this stage but I will uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times at this stage but I will uh uh
+refer back to it a few times okay uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer back to it a few times okay uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer back to it a few times okay uh so
+we have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have n
+Bits index by I the valuations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bits index by I the valuations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bits index by I the valuations are
+denoted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by
+Vi uh they privately observe observe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vi uh they privately observe observe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vi uh they privately observe observe a
+signal that summarizes the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that summarizes the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that summarizes the information
+uh uh that they hold and they're bidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that they hold and they're bidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that they hold and they're bidding
+a bit bi and typically the convention is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit bi and typically the convention is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit bi and typically the convention is
+that we uh we refer to random varials as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we uh we refer to random varials as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we uh we refer to random varials as
+upper case letters and uh realizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper case letters and uh realizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper case letters and uh realizations
+as lower case letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as lower case letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as lower case letters
+okay um we are staying today in the ipv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um we are staying today in the ipv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um we are staying today in the ipv
+Paradigm that means that signals are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm that means that signals are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm that means that signals are uh
+distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+I uh and uh we also stick to the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh and uh we also stick to the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh and uh we also stick to the private
+value Paradigm that means that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Paradigm that means that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Paradigm that means that you know
+I I can't learn from my signal about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can't learn from my signal about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can't learn from my signal about
+what other what signals other players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other what signals other players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other what signals other players
+have drawn okay so this um is a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have drawn okay so this um is a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have drawn okay so this um is a specific
+case uh where I only need to look at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh where I only need to look at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh where I only need to look at my
+signal and that's all I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know okay again this is this is recap I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay again this is this is recap I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay again this is this is recap I
+noticed but um because I come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed but um because I come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed but um because I come back to
+this I want to walk you through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I want to walk you through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I want to walk you through this
+once more right so uh we can solve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once more right so uh we can solve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once more right so uh we can solve in
+the first price auction case for The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first price auction case for The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first price auction case for The
+Unique uh symmetric basan NES
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unique uh symmetric basan NES
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unique uh symmetric basan NES
+equilibrium uh biders are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh biders are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh biders are
+maximizing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing their
+valuation minus their bit times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation minus their bit times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation minus their bit times the
+probability of winning you know and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of winning you know and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of winning you know and this
+is the this is the uh distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this is the uh distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this is the uh distribution
+valuation so we want to sort of map back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation so we want to sort of map back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation so we want to sort of map back
+to this and so we take the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this and so we take the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this and so we take the inverse of
+the symmetric bidding function map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetric bidding function map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetric bidding function map
+mapping back from the bit to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping back from the bit to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping back from the bit to uh the
+valuation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation okay
+okay take the first order condition we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay take the first order condition we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay take the first order condition we
+get uh a differential equation that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh a differential equation that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh a differential equation that you
+have seen before I will later on when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen before I will later on when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen before I will later on when I
+discuss gpv I will come back to this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss gpv I will come back to this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss gpv I will come back to this uh
+and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here
+um you uh get with a boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you uh get with a boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you uh get with a boundary condition
+the close form solution for the bidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the close form solution for the bidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the close form solution for the bidding
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+okay um so let me just sort of comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so let me just sort of comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so let me just sort of comment
+uh um first of all this doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um first of all this doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um first of all this doesn't have a
+great economic interpretation it's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great economic interpretation it's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great economic interpretation it's equal
+to the expected value of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the expected value of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the expected value of the of the
+valuation of the other remaining biders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation of the other remaining biders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation of the other remaining biders
+given that my my valuation is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that my my valuation is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that my my valuation is higher
+than than theirs okay so that's uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than theirs okay so that's uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than theirs okay so that's uh what
+what this is equal to so that's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is equal to so that's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is equal to so that's a bit
+more interpretable um the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interpretable um the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interpretable um the other thing
+sort of from an empirical point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of from an empirical point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of from an empirical point of view
+if you kind of stare at this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you kind of stare at this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you kind of stare at this expression
+here right this is a an integral over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right this is a an integral over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right this is a an integral over a
+CDF uh and you know for most uh common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF uh and you know for most uh common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF uh and you know for most uh common
+uh distribution functions and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh distribution functions and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh distribution functions and especially
+if we do not impose any uh parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do not impose any uh parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do not impose any uh parametric
+restrictions that does not have a close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions that does not have a close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions that does not have a close
+form solution that means that from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form solution that means that from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form solution that means that from an
+empirical point of view this kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical point of view this kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical point of view this kind of a
+messy thing here because we have to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy thing here because we have to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy thing here because we have to we
+have to numerically integrate this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to numerically integrate this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to numerically integrate this okay
+and so um I I I sort of come back why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um I I I sort of come back why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um I I I sort of come back why
+that's not a great thing and sort of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a great thing and sort of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a great thing and sort of how
+to uh possibly sidestep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay uh so here is uh the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay uh so here is uh the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay uh so here is uh the uh the
+solution with the with the reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with the with the reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with the with the reserve
+price okay so let me uh come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay so let me uh come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay so let me uh come to the
+first paper that I wanted to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first paper that I wanted to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first paper that I wanted to discuss
+today uh laon Oar and Wong this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh laon Oar and Wong this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh laon Oar and Wong this is one
+of the very early uh uh empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very early uh uh empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very early uh uh empirical
+auction papers it's it it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction papers it's it it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction papers it's it it has some
+really nice ideas it's not really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice ideas it's not really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice ideas it's not really the
+way the literature sort of has uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the literature sort of has uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the literature sort of has uh you
+know it's uh Gone um but I think it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's uh Gone um but I think it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's uh Gone um but I think it sort
+of helps the way that the to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of helps the way that the to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of helps the way that the to understand
+how the thinking has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the thinking has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the thinking has
+evolved okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved okay so um
+again we are in the symmetric ipv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we are in the symmetric ipv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we are in the symmetric ipv
+setting um these are descending auctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting um these are descending auctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting um these are descending auctions
+with a reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a reserve
+price uh these kinds of auctions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price uh these kinds of auctions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price uh these kinds of auctions are
+oftentimes used for perishables things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes used for perishables things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes used for perishables things
+that have to be sold quickly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to be sold quickly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to be sold quickly right
+because as soon as somebody stop you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as soon as somebody stop you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as soon as somebody stop you
+know there's you only need one bit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's you only need one bit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's you only need one bit to
+stop the auction the setting here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the auction the setting here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the auction the setting here is a
+little town in the south of France where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little town in the south of France where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little town in the south of France where
+they're selling baskets of eggplants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're selling baskets of eggplants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're selling baskets of eggplants in
+a wholesale Market okay so there sellers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wholesale Market okay so there sellers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wholesale Market okay so there sellers
+that buy these baskets and then go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that buy these baskets and then go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that buy these baskets and then go to
+retail Market uh and sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail Market uh and sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail Market uh and sell
+those they're imposing lock normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those they're imposing lock normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those they're imposing lock normal
+distribution on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on on the
+valuations and the goal is to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations and the goal is to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations and the goal is to estimate
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+parameters of this lock normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of this lock normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of this lock normal
+distribution um and they have data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um and they have data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um and they have data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions with um the same set of bids in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions with um the same set of bids in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions with um the same set of bids in
+each in each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each in each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each in each of the
+auctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+so so how how can we make progress on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so how how can we make progress on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so how how can we make progress on
+you know estimating this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know estimating this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know estimating this this
+distribution of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+valuations so one idea is to use the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations so one idea is to use the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations so one idea is to use the you
+know we have just seen a solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have just seen a solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have just seen a solution for
+first price stupid auctions one idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first price stupid auctions one idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first price stupid auctions one idea is
+to use the Strategic equivalence between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the Strategic equivalence between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the Strategic equivalence between
+seal bit first price auctions uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal bit first price auctions uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal bit first price auctions uh with
+first price seal bit auctions and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first price seal bit auctions and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first price seal bit auctions and use
+maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum
+likelihood okay so let's see how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood okay so let's see how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood okay so let's see how far
+this gets us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets us
+okay so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to
+maximize some likelihood function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize some likelihood function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize some likelihood function you
+know where f is given by this log normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where f is given by this log normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where f is given by this log normal
+is the density of the log normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the density of the log normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the density of the log normal
+distribution I'm Vector of bits that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I'm Vector of bits that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I'm Vector of bits that I
+observe okay and I know here sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe okay and I know here sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe okay and I know here sort of
+with the reserve price um built in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the reserve price um built in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the reserve price um built in I
+know that this is U my close from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is U my close from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is U my close from
+solution to the bidding function so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the bidding function so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the bidding function so now
+if you sort of think about how how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sort of think about how how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sort of think about how how how
+to actually do this how would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually do this how would you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually do this how would you do
+this right for for for a given parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right for for for a given parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right for for for a given parameter
+guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+right I sort of knew know what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I sort of knew know what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I sort of knew know what these
+objects are what I observe are the bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are what I observe are the bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are what I observe are the bits
+right okay and so I I but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and so I I but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and so I I but I want to
+evaluate the likelihood of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the likelihood of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the likelihood of course you
+know at the Val at the valuations which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at the Val at the valuations which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at the Val at the valuations which
+I do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not
+observe so what I need to do is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe so what I need to do is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe so what I need to do is right
+for a given guess of parameters I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given guess of parameters I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given guess of parameters I need
+to you know compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know compute this
+thing right and I need to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right and I need to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right and I need to find the
+V under this expression that makes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V under this expression that makes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V under this expression that makes this
+equal to to the bit that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to to the bit that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to to the bit that I
+observe okay so I basically need to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe okay so I basically need to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe okay so I basically need to uh
+conduct a line search where I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct a line search where I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct a line search where I sort of
+you know repeatedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know repeatedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know repeatedly
+guess uh V's until this expression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh V's until this expression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh V's until this expression is
+equal to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to my
+B right and while I'm doing this I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B right and while I'm doing this I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B right and while I'm doing this I need
+to you know I need to repeatedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know I need to repeatedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know I need to repeatedly
+evaluate this thing that I told you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this thing that I told you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this thing that I told you is
+not super straightforward to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not super straightforward to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not super straightforward to compute
+because it has this uh integral over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has this uh integral over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has this uh integral over a
+CDF okay so you need to numerically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF okay so you need to numerically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF okay so you need to numerically
+integrate this to support uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this to support uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this to support uh the the
+integration limits are changing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration limits are changing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration limits are changing that
+makes all of this not not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes all of this not not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes all of this not not so
+easy okay so so you know you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy okay so so you know you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy okay so so you know you you
+probably get the sense this this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get the sense this this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get the sense this this is uh
+this doesn't work great this you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't work great this you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't work great this you know in
+the early literature by um papers by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early literature by um papers by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early literature by um papers by
+Harry par and others they have done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry par and others they have done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry par and others they have done this
+um but you know um this is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know um this is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know um this is no longer
+really the uh the way people estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the uh the way people estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the uh the way people estimate
+auctions these days it's computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions these days it's computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions these days it's computationally
+costly as as I hope I sort of made clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly as as I hope I sort of made clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly as as I hope I sort of made clear
+here um another issue is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um another issue is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um another issue is that we
+actually only observed the winning bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only observed the winning bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only observed the winning bit
+here okay so what we would actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so what we would actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so what we would actually have
+to do is we have to first get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we have to first get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we have to first get the
+expression for the likelihood of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the likelihood of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the likelihood of the
+winning bit which is which is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning bit which is which is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning bit which is which is something
+we can of course do right but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can of course do right but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can of course do right but there's
+sort of an an extra more fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an an extra more fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an an extra more fundamental
+problem that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that the
+support of the uh distribution of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of the uh distribution of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of the uh distribution of the of
+the winning bit uh depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winning bit uh depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winning bit uh depends on the
+parameters um and uh in particular on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters um and uh in particular on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters um and uh in particular on on
+the um max of the uh largest out of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um max of the uh largest out of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um max of the uh largest out of n
+minus one draws from the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one draws from the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one draws from the distribution of
+valuations and the uh reserve price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations and the uh reserve price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations and the uh reserve price and
+that violates the regularity conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that violates the regularity conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that violates the regularity conditions
+of Maximum likelihood so maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Maximum likelihood so maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Maximum likelihood so maximum
+likelihood in this case is not a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood in this case is not a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood in this case is not a a
+consistent estimator okay so there again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent estimator okay so there again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent estimator okay so there again
+there there's work early work by Harry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's work early work by Harry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's work early work by Harry
+par that tries to uh you know find ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par that tries to uh you know find ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par that tries to uh you know find ways
+around this but um as as you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this but um as as you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this but um as as you will see
+that there are much better ways to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are much better ways to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are much better ways to go
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay so here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so here's another
+idea so instead of having to sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so instead of having to sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so instead of having to sort of you
+know map back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know map back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know map back
+from um you the expression for my bit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um you the expression for my bit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um you the expression for my bit to
+my valuation and then evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my valuation and then evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my valuation and then evaluate the
+likelihood what I could instead do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood what I could instead do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood what I could instead do is I
+could simulate the object that I observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could simulate the object that I observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could simulate the object that I observe
+okay so I have I see a bit and um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have I see a bit and um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have I see a bit and um with
+the closed form expression for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed form expression for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed form expression for my
+bidding function I can simulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidding function I can simulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidding function I can simulate the
+integral and match this integral the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and match this integral the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and match this integral the
+expected winning bit to the observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected winning bit to the observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected winning bit to the observed
+winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning
+bit okay so here is the expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit okay so here is the expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit okay so here is the expression for
+the expected uh winning bit which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected uh winning bit which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected uh winning bit which
+integrates out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates out
+over this uh bidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this uh bidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this uh bidding
+function and here uses the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and here uses the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and here uses the expression
+for uh the density of the you know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh the density of the you know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh the density of the you know of
+the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest
+valuation okay and so on when you plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation okay and so on when you plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation okay and so on when you plug
+this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in
+you can sort of simplify this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of simplify this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of simplify this a little
+bit and uh you get an expression that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and uh you get an expression that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and uh you get an expression that
+looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this
+here right and typically you know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and typically you know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and typically you know sort
+of complicated integrals one question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complicated integrals one question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complicated integrals one question
+you should always ask yourself is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always ask yourself is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always ask yourself is you
+know instead of computing this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know instead of computing this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know instead of computing this uh this
+integral exactly do I some I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral exactly do I some I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral exactly do I some I want to
+simulate this because simulation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate this because simulation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate this because simulation is
+often often times easier in blp that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often often times easier in blp that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often often times easier in blp that's
+something that that we typically do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that we typically do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that we typically do for
+the random coefficient right we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random coefficient right we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random coefficient right we take a
+bunch of random draws and then integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of random draws and then integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of random draws and then integrate
+uh out okay so that's something one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh out okay so that's something one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh out okay so that's something one
+could do it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it's
+still somewhat cumbersome I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still somewhat cumbersome I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still somewhat cumbersome I mean you
+have to take random draws from the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take random draws from the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take random draws from the log
+normal that's not easy with that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal that's not easy with that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal that's not easy with that's
+that's actually very easy with modern uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually very easy with modern uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually very easy with modern uh
+uh you know programming languages but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know programming languages but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know programming languages but
+then you still have to for every draw of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you still have to for every draw of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you still have to for every draw of
+the valuations I have to compute you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valuations I have to compute you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valuations I have to compute you
+know this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this expression
+here right over which I take an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right over which I take an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right over which I take an average
+and here still I have to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here still I have to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here still I have to compute this
+integral over a CDF so you know it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over a CDF so you know it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over a CDF so you know it it's
+already much better than what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already much better than what we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already much better than what we had
+before but it's still somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cumbersome any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far okay so here's here's a uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far okay so here's here's a uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far okay so here's here's a uh the
+clever Insight that uh lafon or Sergeant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever Insight that uh lafon or Sergeant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever Insight that uh lafon or Sergeant
+bong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bong
+had you we stick with simulation but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had you we stick with simulation but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had you we stick with simulation but we
+can use the uh Revenue equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the uh Revenue equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the uh Revenue equivalence
+theorem so so I've seen that Glenn has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so so I've seen that Glenn has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so so I've seen that Glenn has
+uh talked about this so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talked about this so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talked about this so I'm just
+repeating this here right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating this here right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating this here right so we're
+assuming a risk neutral uh ipb setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming a risk neutral uh ipb setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming a risk neutral uh ipb setting
+uh with atomless signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with atomless signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with atomless signal
+support we know that in this case any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support we know that in this case any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support we know that in this case any
+mechanism which is efficient in that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism which is efficient in that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism which is efficient in that it
+Awards the object to the Bida with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awards the object to the Bida with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awards the object to the Bida with the
+highest signal or with the lowest cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest signal or with the lowest cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest signal or with the lowest cost
+and leaves the weakest bidder with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leaves the weakest bidder with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leaves the weakest bidder with a
+zero Surplus uh yields the same expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Surplus uh yields the same expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Surplus uh yields the same expected
+Revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so how can we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay we
+know that using this result you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that using this result you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that using this result you know in
+in this specific for the specific sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this specific for the specific sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this specific for the specific sets
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+assumptions the expected bit that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions the expected bit that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions the expected bit that we get
+from this close form solution for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this close form solution for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this close form solution for the
+first price seal B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first price seal B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first price seal B
+auction um you know here using again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction um you know here using again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction um you know here using again uh
+the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation
+over the you know over the valuations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the you know over the valuations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the you know over the valuations of
+the strongest bidder so the high the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strongest bidder so the high the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strongest bidder so the high the
+highest order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest order
+statistic you know and taking into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic you know and taking into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic you know and taking into
+account the reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the reserve
+price that the expected revenue from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that the expected revenue from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that the expected revenue from
+those bits has to be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bits has to be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bits has to be equal to the
+expected revenue from a second price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected revenue from a second price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected revenue from a second price
+auction within the same setting and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction within the same setting and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction within the same setting and um
+remember in a second price auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in a second price auction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in a second price auction
+biders uh weekly dominant strategies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biders uh weekly dominant strategies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biders uh weekly dominant strategies to
+bid their valuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid their valuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid their valuations
+right and so here we can basically make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so here we can basically make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so here we can basically make
+use of the fact that I no longer have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of the fact that I no longer have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of the fact that I no longer have to
+compute any complicated bidding function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute any complicated bidding function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute any complicated bidding function
+I can directly taking expectation over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can directly taking expectation over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can directly taking expectation over
+valuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so how would one then uh do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so how would one then uh do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so how would one then uh do this
+right this is actually really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is actually really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is actually really simple
+okay so you generate you have your log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you generate you have your log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you generate you have your log
+normal you generate at some uh for for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal you generate at some uh for for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal you generate at some uh for for a
+given uh simulation draw you generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given uh simulation draw you generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given uh simulation draw you generate a
+vector of valuations you take the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of valuations you take the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of valuations you take the second
+highest one and set the uh winning bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest one and set the uh winning bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest one and set the uh winning bit
+as the maximum of that realization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the maximum of that realization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the maximum of that realization and
+the reserve price right you do this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reserve price right you do this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reserve price right you do this a
+bunch of times and you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times and you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times and you get an
+expectation for the winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation for the winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation for the winning
+bit right you do this for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit right you do this for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit right you do this for every
+parameter guess and you minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter guess and you minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter guess and you minimize the
+square deviation so this has nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square deviation so this has nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square deviation so this has nonlinear
+Le squares from the OB served uh winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le squares from the OB served uh winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le squares from the OB served uh winning
+bits okay so this this is sort of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits okay so this this is sort of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits okay so this this is sort of to
+show that you know sometimes you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that you know sometimes you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that you know sometimes you can use
+uh the theory to make your life really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the theory to make your life really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the theory to make your life really
+easy in this case this clever Insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy in this case this clever Insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy in this case this clever Insight
+that um you know instead of estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know instead of estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know instead of estimating
+this with a first price auction we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a first price auction we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a first price auction we just
+use a second price auction instead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a second price auction instead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a second price auction instead and
+this makes our life much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easier okay so so let me sort of comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier okay so so let me sort of comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier okay so so let me sort of comment
+on this uh a little bit so this is um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this uh a little bit so this is um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this uh a little bit so this is um as
+neat as this is actually not an approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat as this is actually not an approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat as this is actually not an approach
+that's widely used uh anymore in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's widely used uh anymore in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's widely used uh anymore in in
+empirical work uh so one reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical work uh so one reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical work uh so one reason is
+certainly that there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly that there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly that there are many
+different ways that Revenue equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that Revenue equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that Revenue equivalence
+breaks um you know asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks um you know asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks um you know asymmetric
+biders uh risk aversion endogenous I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biders uh risk aversion endogenous I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biders uh risk aversion endogenous I
+mean uh cost of entering an auction uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh cost of entering an auction uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh cost of entering an auction uh a
+you know U collusion so many many uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know U collusion so many many uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know U collusion so many many uh
+things that we believe are important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we believe are important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we believe are important in
+in the real world you know uh lead this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world you know uh lead this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world you know uh lead this
+result to break and so you know it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result to break and so you know it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result to break and so you know it it
+might be uh maybe a little assuming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be uh maybe a little assuming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be uh maybe a little assuming a
+little too much to rely uh rely on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little too much to rely uh rely on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little too much to rely uh rely on this
+result the other reason is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result the other reason is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result the other reason is that um
+people at least in this literature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at least in this literature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at least in this literature in
+the auction literature have moved away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auction literature have moved away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auction literature have moved away
+from strong Reliance on functional forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from strong Reliance on functional forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from strong Reliance on functional forms
+so you know in this paper we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know in this paper we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know in this paper we just
+assumed um a a lock normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed um a a lock normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed um a a lock normal distribution
+and people are sort of typically not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are sort of typically not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are sort of typically not
+comfortable to say from the get go oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable to say from the get go oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable to say from the get go oh
+this you know this is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know this is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know this is what the
+distribution of valuations uh uh looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of valuations uh uh looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of valuations uh uh looks
+like or this is the the parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like or this is the the parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like or this is the the parametric
+family which and I believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family which and I believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family which and I believe it
+lies um and so um instead what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies um and so um instead what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies um and so um instead what people
+are doing is they typically try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing is they typically try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing is they typically try to
+identify models what is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify models what is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify models what is called
+non-parametrically and and lay strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parametrically and and lay strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parametrically and and lay strong
+emphasis on formal identification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on formal identification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on formal identification
+results okay so I want to now just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results okay so I want to now just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results okay so I want to now just have
+a digression of one slide to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a digression of one slide to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a digression of one slide to sort of
+talk you through a little bit what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk you through a little bit what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk you through a little bit what that
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+means yes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means yes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means yes yeah
+um so was it the case that for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so was it the case that for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so was it the case that for each
+option we're assuming that the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option we're assuming that the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option we're assuming that the um the
+bid are a new valuation is drawn yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid are a new valuation is drawn yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid are a new valuation is drawn yes
+okay in this and so like I think at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this and so like I think at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this and so like I think at the
+very beginning you said that there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning you said that there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning you said that there's the
+same 11 um BS throughout and so for even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same 11 um BS throughout and so for even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same 11 um BS throughout and so for even
+bit are the valuation draws like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit are the valuation draws like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit are the valuation draws like
+correlated at all or we also assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated at all or we also assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated at all or we also assuming
+those are independent the in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are independent the in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are independent the in this
+particular application they're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular application they're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular application they're assuming
+that those are independent but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those are independent but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those are independent but that's a
+good question that you may think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question that you may think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question that you may think that
+you know some biders maybe have better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some biders maybe have better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some biders maybe have better
+resale opportunities have a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resale opportunities have a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resale opportunities have a better
+retail location and for them you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail location and for them you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail location and for them you know um
+the um you their valuations are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um you their valuations are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um you their valuations are kind of
+systematically different over a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically different over a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically different over a longer
+time Horizon and and and these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Horizon and and and these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Horizon and and and these kinds of
+asymmetries are often times in you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetries are often times in you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetries are often times in you sort
+of many modern applications of auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many modern applications of auction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many modern applications of auction
+models there people try to take them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models there people try to take them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models there people try to take them
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+account um they make life very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account um they make life very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account um they make life very
+complicated because for asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because for asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because for asymmetric
+auctions um there is no there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions um there is no there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions um there is no there's
+typically no close from solution for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically no close from solution for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically no close from solution for for
+the bidding function in the in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bidding function in the in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bidding function in the in the first
+price auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price auction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price auction
+case so it's uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so it's uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so it's uh you know
+estimation as I will show you uh in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation as I will show you uh in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation as I will show you uh in two
+slides is is easy but equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides is is easy but equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides is is easy but equilibrium
+computation is hard with with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is hard with with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is hard with with a
+symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so just very briefly what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so just very briefly what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so just very briefly what does
+it mean uh for a model to be identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean uh for a model to be identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean uh for a model to be identified
+that you know people use the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know people use the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know people use the term
+identification in many different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification in many different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification in many different ways
+I'm telling you how this term is used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm telling you how this term is used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm telling you how this term is used in
+the auction literature okay uh so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auction literature okay uh so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auction literature okay uh so um
+what people have in mind here is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have in mind here is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have in mind here is you
+know that you know so first we are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you know so first we are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you know so first we are sort
+of settling on a game and we're settling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of settling on a game and we're settling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of settling on a game and we're settling
+typically on a solution concept for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically on a solution concept for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically on a solution concept for this
+game let's say a Banes equilibrium right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game let's say a Banes equilibrium right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game let's say a Banes equilibrium right
+and sort of given that uh a a model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of given that uh a a model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of given that uh a a model is
+identified if the joint distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified if the joint distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified if the joint distribution of
+beta utilities and signals is uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta utilities and signals is uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta utilities and signals is uniquely
+determined by The Joint distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by The Joint distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by The Joint distribution of
+things that I observe okay things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I observe okay things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I observe okay things that I
+observe are typically bits or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe are typically bits or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe are typically bits or you know
+bits and and entry Behavior or in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and and entry Behavior or in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and and entry Behavior or in some
+settings you know bits and let's say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings you know bits and let's say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings you know bits and let's say uh
+whether I'm drilling this oil field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I'm drilling this oil field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I'm drilling this oil field
+after the auction or not okay are um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the auction or not okay are um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the auction or not okay are um uh
+things that are observable to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+researcher okay so here is a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher okay so here is a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher okay so here is a sort of
+slightly more formal way of saying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more formal way of saying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more formal way of saying this
+let M Star be the true Vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let M Star be the true Vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let M Star be the true Vector of
+functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and
+distributions and let P of M denote The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and let P of M denote The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and let P of M denote The
+Joint distribution of observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joint distribution of observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joint distribution of observable
+variables under the assumption that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables under the assumption that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables under the assumption that the
+data is generated under M so think of p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is generated under M so think of p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is generated under M so think of p
+as basically a mapping from my model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as basically a mapping from my model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as basically a mapping from my model and
+just to make things simple for now think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make things simple for now think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make things simple for now think
+about your model is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your model is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your model is you know
+the uh the distribution that you assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the distribution that you assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the distribution that you assume
+for for Betas valuations right uh and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for Betas valuations right uh and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for Betas valuations right uh and P
+basically maps that with some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically maps that with some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically maps that with some uh
+assumption on which game is being played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption on which game is being played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption on which game is being played
+and what equilibrium uh to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data and we say that mstar is identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and we say that mstar is identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and we say that mstar is identified
+in a class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a class of
+models if uh and only if for all models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models if uh and only if for all models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models if uh and only if for all models
+in this set you would you know whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this set you would you know whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this set you would you know whenever
+my model is different from M Star I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my model is different from M Star I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my model is different from M Star I
+would also observe something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different and so what is important here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and so what is important here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and so what is important here
+is that you know this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know this we
+typically um do this I mean we we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically um do this I mean we we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically um do this I mean we we do
+this under the assumption we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this under the assumption we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this under the assumption we have
+infinite uh infinite amount of data okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite uh infinite amount of data okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite uh infinite amount of data okay
+so this is not something where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not something where we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not something where we are
+worried about uh small sample properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about uh small sample properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about uh small sample properties
+this is really sort of in the ideal case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really sort of in the ideal case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really sort of in the ideal case
+you know sometimes it might be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sometimes it might be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sometimes it might be sort of
+rare events that tell two models apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare events that tell two models apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare events that tell two models apart
+you know here we're assuming we we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here we're assuming we we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here we're assuming we we we
+have these rare events that allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these rare events that allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these rare events that allow us to
+tell the two models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the two models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the two models
+apart okay so now with this I can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart okay so now with this I can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart okay so now with this I can sort
+of tell you what it means for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tell you what it means for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tell you what it means for something
+to be non-parametric right so first you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be non-parametric right so first you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be non-parametric right so first you
+know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a
+parametric model is if I uh restrict M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric model is if I uh restrict M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric model is if I uh restrict M
+to be the subset of a finite dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the subset of a finite dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the subset of a finite dimensional
+space let's say I'm searching over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space let's say I'm searching over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space let's say I'm searching over uh
+the the set of normal distributions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the set of normal distributions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the set of normal distributions or
+exponential distributions right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distributions right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distributions right you know
+sometimes one parameter maybe enough um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes one parameter maybe enough um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes one parameter maybe enough um
+or I I could even allow for let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I I could even allow for let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I I could even allow for let's say
+you know a search over different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a search over different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a search over different kinds
+of parametric distributions that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parametric distributions that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parametric distributions that would
+still be uh uh you know um parametric or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be uh uh you know um parametric or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be uh uh you know um parametric or
+or semi-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or semi-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or semi-
+parametric um if if M however is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric um if if M however is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric um if if M however is not a
+subset of a finite dimensional space we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of a finite dimensional space we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of a finite dimensional space we
+say that uh it's semi parametric if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that uh it's semi parametric if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that uh it's semi parametric if a
+subset of functions lies in a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of functions lies in a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of functions lies in a finite
+dimensional space and nonp parametric if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space and nonp parametric if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space and nonp parametric if
+none of them lies in a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them lies in a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them lies in a finite
+dimensional space okay so not so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space okay so not so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space okay so not so think
+about nonparametric basically means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nonparametric basically means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nonparametric basically means that
+you know you can have any sort of weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can have any sort of weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can have any sort of weird
+uh density of valuations okay it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh density of valuations okay it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh density of valuations okay it could
+have different modes and you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different modes and you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different modes and you know this
+kind sort of you're not placing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind sort of you're not placing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind sort of you're not placing any
+restrictions on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so one one more word on this so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one one more word on this so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one one more word on this so so
+how do we actually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we actually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we actually go
+about uh you know thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh you know thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh you know thinking about
+identification so the the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification so the the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification so the the typical
+approach is what is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is what is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is what is called the
+constructive approach is to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive approach is to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive approach is to try and
+express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express
+the things that I do not know in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that I do not know in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that I do not know in terms
+of things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that I
+observe okay so because then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe okay so because then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe okay so because then it's
+crystal clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal clear
+that you know that uh that what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that uh that what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that uh that what I'm
+looking for the the the Primitive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the the the Primitive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the the the Primitive that
+I'm looking for you know can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for you know can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for you know can be
+expressed in terms of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of data
+directly so just very very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly so just very very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly so just very very simple
+example for this think about a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for this think about a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for this think about a second
+price auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again uh for AR we're typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again uh for AR we're typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again uh for AR we're typically
+interested in learning the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in learning the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in learning the distribution
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+valuations okay and let's say we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations okay and let's say we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations okay and let's say we assume
+that uh the bids here are playing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the bids here are playing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the bids here are playing the
+weekly dominant strategy of biding their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly dominant strategy of biding their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly dominant strategy of biding their
+their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+valuation I hope that you see this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation I hope that you see this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation I hope that you see this right
+this is basically almost immediate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically almost immediate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically almost immediate right
+I know that in this case my bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that in this case my bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that in this case my bits
+equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the
+valuations this means I directly observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations this means I directly observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations this means I directly observe
+the valuations okay so it's trivially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valuations okay so it's trivially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valuations okay so it's trivially
+identified because I can express you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified because I can express you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified because I can express you
+know every every bit as valuation I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every every bit as valuation I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every every bit as valuation I have
+a direct correspondence to that bitter's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit so what however if only transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so what however if only transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so what however if only transaction
+prices are observed okay so now I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are observed okay so now I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are observed okay so now I can't
+do this I can't directly Express the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this I can't directly Express the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this I can't directly Express the
+unknown thing my v in terms of the known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown thing my v in terms of the known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown thing my v in terms of the known
+thing B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here the following result uh comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the following result uh comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the following result uh comes in
+handy so first as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy so first as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy so first as you
+know uh the winning bit sorry the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh the winning bit sorry the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh the winning bit sorry the the
+transaction price um is given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction price um is given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction price um is given by the
+second highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+valuation okay so so what I what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation okay so so what I what I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation okay so so what I what I do
+observe is the second highest order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe is the second highest order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe is the second highest order
+statistic and what we typically OBS uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic and what we typically OBS uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic and what we typically OBS uh
+not always but what we typically assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always but what we typically assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always but what we typically assume
+in auctions is that what we also know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in auctions is that what we also know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in auctions is that what we also know is
+the number of bids so this empirically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of bids so this empirically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of bids so this empirically
+not always sort of crystal clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always sort of crystal clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always sort of crystal clear that
+that's really something that's observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really something that's observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really something that's observed
+without measurement error or precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without measurement error or precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without measurement error or precisely
+observed but that's you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed but that's you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed but that's you know that's
+typically an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically an
+assumption okay so I know the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption okay so I know the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption okay so I know the number of
+bids I also know the second highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bids I also know the second highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bids I also know the second highest
+order statistic I do not know F of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order statistic I do not know F of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order statistic I do not know F of V
+directly right I only know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly right I only know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly right I only know the the
+second highest Auto statistic so can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second highest Auto statistic so can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second highest Auto statistic so can I
+uh can I you make progress here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can I you make progress here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can I you make progress here
+the answer is yes because of this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is yes because of this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is yes because of this result
+I think Glenn in in his lecture had also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Glenn in in his lecture had also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Glenn in in his lecture had also
+an expression for a statistics this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression for a statistics this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression for a statistics this is
+yet a different expression for for order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet a different expression for for order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet a different expression for for order
+statistics uh it makes it pretty clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics uh it makes it pretty clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics uh it makes it pretty clear
+why from any order statistic we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why from any order statistic we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why from any order statistic we can
+identify the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the underlying
+distribution and that's because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and that's because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and that's because if you
+sort of stare at this expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stare at this expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stare at this expression here
+right everything on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everything on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everything on the right hand side
+Here is known except for f of V you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here is known except for f of V you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here is known except for f of V you know
+I know N I sort of know which order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know N I sort of know which order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know N I sort of know which order
+statistic I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic I
+observe right and this here is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe right and this here is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe right and this here is an
+integral that's strictly increasing in F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that's strictly increasing in F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that's strictly increasing in F
+of V so that means I can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V so that means I can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V so that means I can sort of
+pointwise invert this thing right I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise invert this thing right I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise invert this thing right I I
+know this this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this this here
+pointwise right and so for for for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise right and so for for for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise right and so for for for every
+uh uh for every point in the support I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh for every point in the support I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh for every point in the support I
+can basically map uh uh map this to an F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically map uh uh map this to an F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically map uh uh map this to an F
+of an underlying F of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again what this shows is that that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again what this shows is that that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again what this shows is that that um
+you know even though we do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know even though we do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know even though we do not
+observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe
+um all the all the bits we can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all the all the bits we can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all the all the bits we can still
+make progress okay and so what this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make progress okay and so what this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make progress okay and so what this of
+course also means is that any uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course also means is that any uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course also means is that any uh any
+order statistic identifies any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order statistic identifies any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order statistic identifies any other
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statistic okay so I hope this gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic okay so I hope this gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic okay so I hope this gives you
+some sense of how people normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense of how people normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense of how people normally
+approach this right so again here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach this right so again here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach this right so again here the
+idea was to just coming back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was to just coming back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was to just coming back to this
+once more right this this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once more right this this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once more right this this here is
+data right this is the the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right this is the the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right this is the the thing that
+I'm looking for this is a known uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for this is a known uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for this is a known uh
+function that I can invert so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that I can invert so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that I can invert so I can
+express F of v in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express F of v in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express F of v in terms of
+data or known functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data okay so so so this is uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay so so so this is uh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay so so so this is uh really
+sort of the landmark paper in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the landmark paper in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the landmark paper in in this
+literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature
+uh G Yin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh G Yin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh G Yin
+Wong it's you know think of this as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wong it's you know think of this as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wong it's you know think of this as uh
+uh a paper for auctions as you know blp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a paper for auctions as you know blp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a paper for auctions as you know blp
+is for for demand you know this is has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for for demand you know this is has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for for demand you know this is has
+really created a big uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really created a big uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really created a big uh
+literature the idea of the paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature the idea of the paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature the idea of the paper is
+again similar to sort of these easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again similar to sort of these easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again similar to sort of these easy
+steps I've just walked you through is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps I've just walked you through is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps I've just walked you through is
+that we can directly Express the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can directly Express the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can directly Express the
+unobserved valuations in terms of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved valuations in terms of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved valuations in terms of things
+that uh uh that that we observe okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh that that we observe okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh that that we observe okay and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+I'm not going through all the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going through all the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going through all the details
+here but uh this also works if uh if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but uh this also works if uh if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but uh this also works if uh if we
+do only observe the winning bit in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do only observe the winning bit in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do only observe the winning bit in most
+cases so I promised you I come back once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so I promised you I come back once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so I promised you I come back once
+more to uh to this first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to uh to this first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to uh to this first order
+condition here from uh our first price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition here from uh our first price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition here from uh our first price
+uh auction sealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh auction sealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh auction sealed
+bidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidding
+um so if you think about this it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you think about this it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you think about this it looks
+pretty daunting right what you what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty daunting right what you what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty daunting right what you what we
+observe are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe are the
+bits okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits okay
+so and we know the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we know the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we know the number of
+bits but you know we do not know V we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits but you know we do not know V we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits but you know we do not know V we do
+not know the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know the distribution of
+valuations and we do not know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations and we do not know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations and we do not know the
+derivative of of the bidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of of the bidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of of the bidding
+function okay here's sort of the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay here's sort of the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay here's sort of the inside
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that uh gpv had which is that because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh gpv had which is that because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh gpv had which is that because of
+the monotonicity of the bidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monotonicity of the bidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monotonicity of the bidding
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+the a percentile of the bit distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a percentile of the bit distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a percentile of the bit distribution
+has to correspond to a percentile of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to correspond to a percentile of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to correspond to a percentile of the
+distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of
+valuations okay so the 20th percentile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations okay so the 20th percentile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations okay so the 20th percentile
+of bits that I observe in my data must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bits that I observe in my data must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bits that I observe in my data must
+you know that that percentile must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that percentile must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that percentile must have
+been submitted by somebody Us in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been submitted by somebody Us in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been submitted by somebody Us in the
+20th percentile of the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+valuations okay so that means that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations okay so that means that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations okay so that means that we
+know that g of B is equal to F of v and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that g of B is equal to F of v and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that g of B is equal to F of v and
+we also know that g of B is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know that g of B is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know that g of B is actually
+given by this this object here G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this this object here G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this this object here G
+of the symmetric uh bidding function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the symmetric uh bidding function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the symmetric uh bidding function of
+v right and then you can sort of take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v right and then you can sort of take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v right and then you can sort of take
+the derivative on both sides and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative on both sides and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative on both sides and you get
+that g of B is equal to F of V time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that g of B is equal to F of V time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that g of B is equal to F of V time the
+time 1 over the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 1 over the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 1 over the derivative of the
+bidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidding
+function okay so now uh you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so now uh you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so now uh you you you
+probably see that we can make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably see that we can make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably see that we can make some
+progress here right I can you know I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress here right I can you know I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress here right I can you know I can
+basically uh replace F of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh replace F of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh replace F of V
+here by G of B * uh beta Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by G of B * uh beta Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by G of B * uh beta Prime
+right beta Prime cancels out and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right beta Prime cancels out and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right beta Prime cancels out and I can
+replace F of V by by G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B okay and uh that means that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay and uh that means that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay and uh that means that I can
+again as I said right this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as I said right this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as I said right this is sort of
+what is called the constructive approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called the constructive approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called the constructive approach
+we can express valuations in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can express valuations in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can express valuations in terms of
+bits and distributions cdfs and PDFs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and distributions cdfs and PDFs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and distributions cdfs and PDFs of
+bits that we observe okay so all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits that we observe okay so all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits that we observe okay so all of this
+here on the right hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the right hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the right hand side is
+data this is the thing that we do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data this is the thing that we do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data this is the thing that we do not
+know so for each bder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so for each bder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so for each bder
+separately right we can figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately right we can figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately right we can figure out what
+is that bidder's valuation and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that bidder's valuation and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that bidder's valuation and so this
+should also make it clear why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also make it clear why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also make it clear why this is
+you know automatically implies that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know automatically implies that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know automatically implies that it's
+non-parametrically identified right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parametrically identified right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parametrically identified right
+because we we don't place any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we we don't place any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we we don't place any
+restrictions you know for every uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions you know for every uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions you know for every uh
+separate bidder you know the bit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate bidder you know the bit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate bidder you know the bit is
+exactly rationalized by a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly rationalized by a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly rationalized by a specific
+valuation right that I can back out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation right that I can back out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation right that I can back out
+Point by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Point okay so so this is sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay so so this is sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay so so this is sort of you
+know how how this is derived in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how how this is derived in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how how this is derived in the
+paper is an even even easier way I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is an even even easier way I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is an even even easier way I want
+to show you this as well and um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you this as well and um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you this as well and um you know
+once you think about it this way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you think about it this way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you think about it this way it's
+sort of you know exposed obvious you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know exposed obvious you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know exposed obvious you
+know that you can do this but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you can do this but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you can do this but you know
+often times with good papers they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times with good papers they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times with good papers they're
+exposed obvious at least um so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed obvious at least um so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed obvious at least um so there's
+another way of deriving this this by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of deriving this this by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of deriving this this by the
+way a trick that's used a lot in IO that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way a trick that's used a lot in IO that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way a trick that's used a lot in IO that
+that uh uh so that's something to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh so that's something to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh so that's something to that
+sort of generally you should remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of generally you should remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of generally you should remember is
+right so we we we observe the bits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we we we observe the bits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we we we observe the bits in
+the data right so and you know we we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data right so and you know we we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data right so and you know we we are
+already sort of committed to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already sort of committed to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already sort of committed to our
+assumption that this is coming from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that this is coming from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that this is coming from some
+equilibrium right so that means that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium right so that means that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium right so that means that we
+observe the equilibrium distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the equilibrium distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the equilibrium distribution of
+of bits in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bits in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bits in the
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+um and you know at the point where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know at the point where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know at the point where you
+know where where we're sort of willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where where we're sort of willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where where we're sort of willing
+to to stick to to this assumption R we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to stick to to this assumption R we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to stick to to this assumption R we
+can write down a bit problem instead as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write down a bit problem instead as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write down a bit problem instead as
+what what essentially looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what essentially looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what essentially looks like a
+single agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single agent
+problem some you know uh somebody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem some you know uh somebody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem some you know uh somebody is
+maximizing against this distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing against this distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing against this distribution of
+B bits it's just given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data okay because I mean that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay because I mean that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay because I mean that that that
+is the assumption that we're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the assumption that we're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the assumption that we're making
+right they're best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're best
+responding to some equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to some equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to some equilibrium
+distribution of bits we and we observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of bits we and we observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of bits we and we observe
+what that distribution is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that distribution is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that distribution is in the
+data okay and so so this allows us to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay and so so this allows us to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay and so so this allows us to to
+kind of write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of write this
+down in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in this
+way right and we get you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right and we get you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right and we get you know this is
+now really simple because we just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now really simple because we just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now really simple because we just take
+first order conditions and we directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order conditions and we directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order conditions and we directly
+arrive at this expression here after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at this expression here after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at this expression here after
+canceling out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling out and
+rearranging okay so this is this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging okay so this is this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging okay so this is this is uh
+this is sort of an idea that's also used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of an idea that's also used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of an idea that's also used
+in repeated games and other settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in repeated games and other settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in repeated games and other settings
+where typically equilibrium computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where typically equilibrium computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where typically equilibrium computation
+is hard you say let's not even try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard you say let's not even try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard you say let's not even try to
+you know first build things up from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first build things up from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first build things up from
+Primitives and then compute from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives and then compute from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives and then compute from
+Primitives what the equilibrium looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives what the equilibrium looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives what the equilibrium looks
+like no we we observe the equilibrium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no we we observe the equilibrium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no we we observe the equilibrium in
+the data so we don't actually need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so we don't actually need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so we don't actually need to
+compute it right because we already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so just a brief comment on sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so just a brief comment on sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so just a brief comment on sort of
+how you uh uh uh how you actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you uh uh uh how you actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you uh uh uh how you actually do
+this um so people don't always follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um so people don't always follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um so people don't always follow
+these steps but as you will see later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps but as you will see later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps but as you will see later on
+but you know in terms of uh so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know in terms of uh so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know in terms of uh so just to
+remind you right we what we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you right we what we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you right we what we need to do
+to sort of compute this these V's bit by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of compute this these V's bit by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of compute this these V's bit by
+bit right we have the bits but we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit right we have the bits but we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit right we have the bits but we still
+need to compute the CDF and the PDF um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to compute the CDF and the PDF um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to compute the CDF and the PDF um
+you what people typically do is um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what people typically do is um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what people typically do is um of
+course the CDF is really easy to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the CDF is really easy to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the CDF is really easy to use
+kernels for the for the uh densities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernels for the for the uh densities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernels for the for the uh densities
+okay then there's some practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then there's some practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then there's some practical
+questions like how to choose a bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like how to choose a bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like how to choose a bandwidth
+and sometimes you want to trim in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes you want to trim in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes you want to trim in the
+Tails because uh you know observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails because uh you know observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails because uh you know observations
+they are noisy in this term as you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are noisy in this term as you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are noisy in this term as you see
+you know because we're dividing by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because we're dividing by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because we're dividing by uh
+the densities can sort of easily explode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the densities can sort of easily explode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the densities can sort of easily explode
+if the density becomes very very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the density becomes very very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the density becomes very very small
+right and so people sometimes throw away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so people sometimes throw away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so people sometimes throw away
+some some observations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some observations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some observations in the
+tail um standard errors are typically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail um standard errors are typically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail um standard errors are typically uh
+in practice computed via bootstrap or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice computed via bootstrap or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice computed via bootstrap or or
+uh you know uh functions of Interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know uh functions of Interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know uh functions of Interest
+such as the the reserve price or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the the reserve price or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the the reserve price or you
+know counterfactual objects that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know counterfactual objects that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know counterfactual objects that you get
+out of uh this this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of uh this this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of uh this this these
+estimates any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions yes um yeah so for this one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes um yeah so for this one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes um yeah so for this one um
+a specific example we still have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific example we still have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific example we still have to go
+back from the um from observing only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the um from observing only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the um from observing only the
+highest B to a that's a whole B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest B to a that's a whole B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest B to a that's a whole B
+distribtion right um you you may have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribtion right um you you may have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribtion right um you you may have to
+right I mean it depends on your setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean it depends on your setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean it depends on your setting
+right you can we're observing only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can we're observing only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can we're observing only the
+winning bits right right and then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning bits right right and then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning bits right right and then then
+you can of course map from the winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can of course map from the winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can of course map from the winning
+bit distribution to the bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit distribution to the bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit distribution to the bit
+distribution right so and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right so and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right so and you can
+simulate from that bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate from that bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate from that bit
+distribution and then and and and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then and and and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then and and and with
+that you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can then
+yeah okay so let me sort of comment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so let me sort of comment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so let me sort of comment on
+this a little bit uh you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit uh you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit uh you know this is
+really really simple uh one of my ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really simple uh one of my ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really simple uh one of my ad
+advisor John askar he once joked that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor John askar he once joked that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor John askar he once joked that
+you know his his most famous paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know his his most famous paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know his his most famous paper is
+probably one on bidding rings that uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one on bidding rings that uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one on bidding rings that uses
+gpv and he said he could have done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gpv and he said he could have done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gpv and he said he could have done that
+paper in Excel and I think it's a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in Excel and I think it's a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in Excel and I think it's a bit of
+an exaggeration but uh you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exaggeration but uh you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exaggeration but uh you know this is
+something that is so easy right I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is so easy right I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is so easy right I think
+Excel has kernals you can you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel has kernals you can you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel has kernals you can you know you
+can probably compute valuations in Excel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can probably compute valuations in Excel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can probably compute valuations in Excel
+if you wanted to um you know and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to um you know and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to um you know and you
+know sort of if you compare this to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of if you compare this to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of if you compare this to kind
+of this process that I walked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this process that I walked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this process that I walked you
+through earlier that's of course a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through earlier that's of course a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through earlier that's of course a great
+improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve
+okay um it has this advantage that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um it has this advantage that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um it has this advantage that it
+does not rely on functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not rely on functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not rely on functional form
+restrictions um and as I said this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions um and as I said this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions um and as I said this has
+been a very influential paper many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a very influential paper many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a very influential paper many many
+different uh sort of extensions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh sort of extensions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh sort of extensions to
+multi-unit auctions you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-unit auctions you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-unit auctions you know very
+similar ideas Supply you know if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar ideas Supply you know if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar ideas Supply you know if if you
+have Dynam if have Dynamics you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Dynam if have Dynamics you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Dynam if have Dynamics you can
+still typically make a lot of progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still typically make a lot of progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still typically make a lot of progress
+I'm going to talk about 811 and Sarah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about 811 and Sarah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about 811 and Sarah um
+and some really interesting applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some really interesting applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some really interesting applications
+of using it to quantify the damages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using it to quantify the damages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using it to quantify the damages of
+of bidding Rings um you know the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bidding Rings um you know the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bidding Rings um you know the sort of
+maybe criticism not of this paper but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe criticism not of this paper but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe criticism not of this paper but
+sort of of the of the literature is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of of the of the literature is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of of the of the literature is that
+well you know the ipv the ipv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know the ipv the ipv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know the ipv the ipv
+assumptions are really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are really really
+convenient right and sort of that leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient right and sort of that leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient right and sort of that leads
+people often times to use the ipv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often times to use the ipv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often times to use the ipv
+Assumption because they know how to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption because they know how to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption because they know how to make
+progress right and uh uh uh in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress right and uh uh uh in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress right and uh uh uh in in in
+many settings we believe that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many settings we believe that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many settings we believe that you know
+maybe there is a sort of common value uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there is a sort of common value uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there is a sort of common value uh
+uh component biders do not know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh component biders do not know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh component biders do not know you know
+what they're really bidding for and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're really bidding for and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're really bidding for and you
+know often times they're resell markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know often times they're resell markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know often times they're resell markets
+or other reasons why we believe that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other reasons why we believe that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other reasons why we believe that uh
+you know a common sort of a common value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a common sort of a common value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a common sort of a common value
+problem uh uh may may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arise so that's just something to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise so that's just something to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise so that's just something to keep
+in mind maybe one more comment on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind maybe one more comment on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind maybe one more comment on this
+actually so you may you you may now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so you may you you may now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so you may you you may now
+wonder well if you know if you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder well if you know if you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder well if you know if you believe
+that uh common values are there's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh common values are there's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh common values are there's sort
+of an element of common values in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an element of common values in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an element of common values in many
+settings right why hasn't the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings right why hasn't the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings right why hasn't the literature
+sort of uh done more in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh done more in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh done more in this direction
+so it turns out that if you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that if you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that if you sort of
+follow the same uh uh uh steps that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the same uh uh uh steps that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the same uh uh uh steps that I
+just walked you through right we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just walked you through right we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just walked you through right we we
+basically have mapped one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have mapped one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have mapped one
+distribution we have um identified one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we have um identified one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we have um identified one
+distribution of valuations from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of valuations from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of valuations from one
+distribution observe distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution observe distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution observe distribution of
+bits that means loely speaking we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits that means loely speaking we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits that means loely speaking we're
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+identified in terms of you know backing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified in terms of you know backing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified in terms of you know backing
+out this this unobserved distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this this unobserved distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this this unobserved distribution of
+valuations in a common value setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations in a common value setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations in a common value setting
+there are two things that uh that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two things that uh that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two things that uh that you
+don't know there's the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know there's the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know there's the distribution of
+underlying true valuations for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying true valuations for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying true valuations for the
+object and then there's there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then there's there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then there's there's the
+distribution of signals that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of signals that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of signals that sort of
+captures the uncertainty that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures the uncertainty that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures the uncertainty that uh you
+know that in with with which BS are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that in with with which BS are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that in with with which BS are
+forecasting what uh what their valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasting what uh what their valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasting what uh what their valuation
+is going to be right and these are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be right and these are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be right and these are two
+unobserved objects but you still only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved objects but you still only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved objects but you still only
+observe one distribution of bits So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe one distribution of bits So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe one distribution of bits So you
+you're fundamentally underidentified in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fundamentally underidentified in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fundamentally underidentified in
+these settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these settings
+okay and so that's why you see many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's why you see many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's why you see many
+often even when it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often even when it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often even when it's kind of
+ah uh you people sticking to the ipv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Assumption okay so let me now talk uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption okay so let me now talk uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption okay so let me now talk uh
+about uh a really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh a really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh a really interesting
+application by a uh lein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sarah the question question that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah the question question that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah the question question that the
+paper asks is uh should we use a sealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper asks is uh should we use a sealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper asks is uh should we use a sealed
+bit uh a seal bit or open auction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+format so just to to remind you right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format so just to to remind you right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format so just to to remind you right in
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+instances uh the theory tells us it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances uh the theory tells us it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances uh the theory tells us it
+shouldn't matter because of Revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't matter because of Revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't matter because of Revenue
+equivalence right the seller should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence right the seller should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence right the seller should be
+uh uh equally well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh equally well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh equally well
+off but you know again there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off but you know again there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off but you know again there are many
+things many uh things that we believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things many uh things that we believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things many uh things that we believe
+are very plausible to occur in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very plausible to occur in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very plausible to occur in the real
+world such as bit asymmetries collusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world such as bit asymmetries collusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world such as bit asymmetries collusion
+risk aversion and so on that that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion and so on that that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion and so on that that may
+break this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result so this is what they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so this is what they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so this is what they're basically
+asking well you know if we actually test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking well you know if we actually test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking well you know if we actually test
+this in the real world you know uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the real world you know uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the real world you know uh what
+what do we find and they look at this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we find and they look at this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we find and they look at this uh
+in a setting that sort of you see a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a setting that sort of you see a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a setting that sort of you see a lot
+of Timber uh applications in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Timber uh applications in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Timber uh applications in the early
+auction literature that's there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction literature that's there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction literature that's there was some
+great data uh uh uh available from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great data uh uh uh available from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great data uh uh uh available from the
+from the government this turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the government this turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the government this turns out to be
+a fairly large industry if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly large industry if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly large industry if you're
+accounting for both the logging and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for both the logging and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for both the logging and the
+Milling it's about100 billion do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milling it's about100 billion do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milling it's about100 billion do
+industry uh100 billion a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry uh100 billion a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry uh100 billion a year
+industry and again there's there's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and again there's there's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and again there's there's sort
+of this tight link between policy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this tight link between policy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this tight link between policy and
+you know the the this the the setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the this the the setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the this the the setting
+and the game that we are estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the game that we are estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the game that we are estimating
+because the government typically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the government typically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the government typically you
+know puts up tracts of uh of land uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know puts up tracts of uh of land uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know puts up tracts of uh of land uh to
+you know up for auction and then loggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know up for auction and then loggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know up for auction and then loggers
+or Mills are bidding on these tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Mills are bidding on these tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Mills are bidding on these tracks
+okay so the way this works is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way this works is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way this works is that they
+sort of you know inspect or cruise this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know inspect or cruise this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know inspect or cruise this
+track they look at what is there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track they look at what is there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track they look at what is there and
+then uh and then tracks of lens are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh and then tracks of lens are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh and then tracks of lens are
+auctioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctioned
+off um and they have data from uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off um and they have data from uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off um and they have data from uh from
+what what they call the northern regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what they call the northern regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what they call the northern regions
+the Idaho Montana border and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Idaho Montana border and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Idaho Montana border and
+California what is really really uh nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California what is really really uh nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California what is really really uh nice
+about the setting is that the US Forest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the setting is that the US Forest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the setting is that the US Forest
+Service uh uses both open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Service uh uses both open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Service uh uses both open
+and sealed bidding and in some instances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sealed bidding and in some instances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sealed bidding and in some instances
+uh even randomly so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+appears the other thing that makes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears the other thing that makes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears the other thing that makes this
+interesting but also complicates things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but also complicates things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but also complicates things
+is that there has been uh a widespread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there has been uh a widespread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there has been uh a widespread
+sort of uh suspicion belief by not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh suspicion belief by not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh suspicion belief by not just
+you know theorists but uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know theorists but uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know theorists but uh by
+practitioners in this industry that open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practitioners in this industry that open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practitioners in this industry that open
+auctions Foster uh Foster collusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions Foster uh Foster collusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions Foster uh Foster collusion
+Cas that actually Congress at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cas that actually Congress at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cas that actually Congress at some point
+passed the law that says that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed the law that says that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed the law that says that you know
+all these all these tracks should be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these all these tracks should be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these all these tracks should be uh
+should be auctioned of by sealed bidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be auctioned of by sealed bidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be auctioned of by sealed bidding
+and then later on they started making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later on they started making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later on they started making
+exceptions uh and it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions uh and it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions uh and it turns out that the
+large biders in this industry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large biders in this industry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large biders in this industry that
+really favor the open auction format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really favor the open auction format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really favor the open auction format
+right and you can guess why maybe it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you can guess why maybe it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you can guess why maybe it's a
+bit easier to monitor you know who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit easier to monitor you know who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit easier to monitor you know who is
+doing what and that makes makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what and that makes makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what and that makes makes it
+easier for biders to collude okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for biders to collude okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for biders to collude okay so
+collusion is is is something that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusion is is is something that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusion is is is something that sort
+of has to be kind of accounted for here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of has to be kind of accounted for here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of has to be kind of accounted for here
+okay so uh so what they do is they write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh so what they do is they write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh so what they do is they write
+down a model that captures some San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a model that captures some San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a model that captures some San
+features of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of of this
+industry one sing feature that I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry one sing feature that I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry one sing feature that I told
+you about right is that the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about right is that the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about right is that the government
+uses both both auction formats so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses both both auction formats so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses both both auction formats so they
+actually have to think about uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to think about uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to think about uh you know
+equilibrium Behavior both in uh open and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium Behavior both in uh open and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium Behavior both in uh open and
+sealed bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed bed
+auctions the other really sing features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions the other really sing features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions the other really sing features
+is that their um loggers and Mills Mills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that their um loggers and Mills Mills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that their um loggers and Mills Mills
+are basically bids that have some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically bids that have some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically bids that have some uh
+production capacity of their own so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production capacity of their own so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production capacity of their own so they
+you know they can refine and uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they can refine and uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they can refine and uh and and
+work with the timber uh whereas loggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the timber uh whereas loggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the timber uh whereas loggers
+they actually first have to find a buyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually first have to find a buyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually first have to find a buyer
+in the form of a mill so they they sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the form of a mill so they they sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the form of a mill so they they sort
+of you have to pay uh uh they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have to pay uh uh they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have to pay uh uh they have to
+take an extra cut because they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an extra cut because they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an extra cut because they have to
+selling to to Mills first and so um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling to to Mills first and so um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling to to Mills first and so um what
+they're assuming is that loggers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're assuming is that loggers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're assuming is that loggers are
+weaker biders in this setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker biders in this setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker biders in this setting
+and and precisely they assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and precisely they assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and precisely they assume that the
+the hazard rate of the value of a Mills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hazard rate of the value of a Mills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hazard rate of the value of a Mills
+valuations dominates the ones of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations dominates the ones of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations dominates the ones of
+loggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loggers
+okay um this is a setting where there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um this is a setting where there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um this is a setting where there is
+sort of variation how many people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of variation how many people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of variation how many people are
+bidding so they're uh they're accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidding so they're uh they're accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidding so they're uh they're accounting
+for endogenous entry and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for endogenous entry and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for endogenous entry and they're
+searching for an equilibrium in type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for an equilibrium in type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for an equilibrium in type
+symmetric entry and bidding strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric entry and bidding strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric entry and bidding strategies
+okay so uh loggers and Ms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh loggers and Ms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh loggers and Ms
+uh so you know conditioning on loggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you know conditioning on loggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you know conditioning on loggers
+they all use the same entry probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all use the same entry probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all use the same entry probability
+and bid once they're entering according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bid once they're entering according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bid once they're entering according
+to the same bidding functions and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same bidding functions and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same bidding functions and uh
+same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for
+mils two more two more assumptions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mils two more two more assumptions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mils two more two more assumptions that
+they're making is first of all mils are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're making is first of all mils are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're making is first of all mils are
+not just stronger it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just stronger it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just stronger it's basically
+sufficiently strong so that your mils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently strong so that your mils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently strong so that your mils
+are always entering first okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always entering first okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always entering first okay so
+basically Milt uh the profit of mils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Milt uh the profit of mils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Milt uh the profit of mils
+with an extra uh mil entering are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an extra uh mil entering are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an extra uh mil entering are still
+larger than the profits of loggers if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the profits of loggers if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the profits of loggers if if
+there is no such additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no such additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no such additional
+entrance and they make this assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance and they make this assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance and they make this assumption
+for uh you to reduce the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh you to reduce the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh you to reduce the number of
+equilibrium and the second assumption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and the second assumption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and the second assumption is
+that um only only mils are colluding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um only only mils are colluding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um only only mils are colluding
+okay so to the extent that they're maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to the extent that they're maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to the extent that they're maybe
+collusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusive
+equilibria they're only coming from Ms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria they're only coming from Ms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria they're only coming from Ms
+colluding with each other maybe because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colluding with each other maybe because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colluding with each other maybe because
+you know these are sort of players that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are sort of players that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are sort of players that
+have been in the market for longer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been in the market for longer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been in the market for longer and
+for them it's easier to you know meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them it's easier to you know meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them it's easier to you know meet
+repeatedly and and and organize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly and and and organize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly and and and organize this
+collusion okay so they get a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusion okay so they get a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusion okay so they get a a
+number of uh of predictions out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh of predictions out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh of predictions out of the
+model uh so the first one is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh so the first one is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh so the first one is that they
+get a unique type symmetric entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a unique type symmetric entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a unique type symmetric entry
+equilibrium where either uh no loggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where either uh no loggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where either uh no loggers
+enter or all Mills enter okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter or all Mills enter okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter or all Mills enter okay so in
+other words what we cannot have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words what we cannot have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words what we cannot have is
+that um that uh that we see a logger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that uh that we see a logger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that uh that we see a logger
+entering but not all of the mils enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering but not all of the mils enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering but not all of the mils enter
+okay and that's because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's because of this
+assumption that you know mils uh profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that you know mils uh profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that you know mils uh profits
+are sufficiently higher uh to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sufficiently higher uh to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sufficiently higher uh to sort of
+overcome an additional an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome an additional an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome an additional an additional
+bidder in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+auction um so then the sort of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction um so then the sort of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction um so then the sort of the key
+uh question of Interest right to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh question of Interest right to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh question of Interest right to remind
+you is you know should the government be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is you know should the government be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is you know should the government be
+using opened or sealed bidding uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using opened or sealed bidding uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using opened or sealed bidding uh in
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+auctions right and here are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions right and here are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions right and here are some
+comparisons of these two auction formats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons of these two auction formats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons of these two auction formats
+the model tells us that uh in open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model tells us that uh in open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model tells us that uh in open
+auctions relative to sealed auctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions relative to sealed auctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions relative to sealed auctions
+loggers are less likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loggers are less likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loggers are less likely to
+enter Mills are more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter Mills are more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter Mills are more likely to
+enter and it is less likely that a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter and it is less likely that a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter and it is less likely that a a
+logger uh will win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so just to sort of explain this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to sort of explain this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to sort of explain this a
+little bit this this goes back to result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit this this goes back to result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit this this goes back to result
+in the auction literature that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the auction literature that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the auction literature that's that's
+well known by masculin Riley which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known by masculin Riley which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known by masculin Riley which is
+that if you have asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have asymmetric
+bids um the the weaker biders tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bids um the the weaker biders tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bids um the the weaker biders tend to
+bid more aggressively so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid more aggressively so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid more aggressively so in this case
+they would they would be bidding higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would they would be bidding higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would they would be bidding higher
+markups over their valuations than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markups over their valuations than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markups over their valuations than uh
+than stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than stronger
+biders okay and so this means that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biders okay and so this means that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biders okay and so this means that you
+know sometimes first of all this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sometimes first of all this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sometimes first of all this means
+that sometimes the auction can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes the auction can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes the auction can be
+inefficient it doesn't actually award
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient it doesn't actually award
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient it doesn't actually award
+the object to the bit with the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object to the bit with the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object to the bit with the highest
+valuation because you know the weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation because you know the weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation because you know the weaker
+biders are are bidding a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biders are are bidding a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biders are are bidding a higher
+markup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup
+um and it also means that the sealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it also means that the sealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it also means that the sealed
+auction format is more attractive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction format is more attractive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction format is more attractive to
+weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker
+biders right because in the open auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biders right because in the open auction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biders right because in the open auction
+format everybody just sticks in up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format everybody just sticks in up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format everybody just sticks in up to
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+valuation right and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation right and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation right and it's going to be
+efficient and more likely they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and more likely they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and more likely they're not
+because of the assumption that Mills are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the assumption that Mills are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the assumption that Mills are
+stronger a mill is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger a mill is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger a mill is going to
+win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win
+right so that's basic so of like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's basic so of like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's basic so of like the the
+explanation for for these compartive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for for these compartive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for for these compartive
+static results is this this uh this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static results is this this uh this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static results is this this uh this um
+result by masc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rally uh lastly they get some uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rally uh lastly they get some uh other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rally uh lastly they get some uh other
+uh comparative static by comparing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comparative static by comparing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comparative static by comparing in
+the open auction format so they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open auction format so they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open auction format so they only
+consider collusion in the open auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider collusion in the open auction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider collusion in the open auction
+in the open auction format comparing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the open auction format comparing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the open auction format comparing it
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um uh comparing uh collusive and non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh comparing uh collusive and non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh comparing uh collusive and non
+collusive equilibria and so here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusive equilibria and so here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusive equilibria and so here it's
+not too surprising that you know if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too surprising that you know if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too surprising that you know if if
+only Ms are colluding and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Ms are colluding and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Ms are colluding and remember
+they're all exanti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all exanti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all exanti
+symmetric right they so with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric right they so with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric right they so with some
+probability each Mill is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability each Mill is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability each Mill is going to
+benefit from uh from collusion and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from uh from collusion and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from uh from collusion and being
+designated the sorry one thing I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated the sorry one thing I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated the sorry one thing I forgot
+to mention I should say is um what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention I should say is um what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention I should say is um what they
+assume is perfect collusion so the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume is perfect collusion so the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume is perfect collusion so the you
+know the mill with the highest valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the mill with the highest valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the mill with the highest valuation
+is going to uh be designated the winner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to uh be designated the winner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to uh be designated the winner
+and all the other Mills are not bidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the other Mills are not bidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the other Mills are not bidding
+to to to you know keep the price for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to you know keep the price for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to you know keep the price for for
+the winning Mill uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+low so because Mills are exanti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low so because Mills are exanti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low so because Mills are exanti
+symmetric right they they always some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric right they they always some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric right they they always some
+chance benefit from collusion that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance benefit from collusion that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance benefit from collusion that means
+that collusive equilibrium make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that collusive equilibrium make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that collusive equilibrium make this
+make this even more attractive for Mills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this even more attractive for Mills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this even more attractive for Mills
+so Mills are going to be more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Mills are going to be more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Mills are going to be more likely
+enter in sort of crowding out uh um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+loggers okay so now we have some uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loggers okay so now we have some uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loggers okay so now we have some uh some
+predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions
+from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the
+model so again uh to remind you what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so again uh to remind you what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so again uh to remind you what's
+really nice in the setting is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice in the setting is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice in the setting is that the
+government sometimes seemingly random uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government sometimes seemingly random uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government sometimes seemingly random uh
+you know designates tracks either for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know designates tracks either for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know designates tracks either for
+sealed or for for open auction bidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed or for for open auction bidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed or for for open auction bidding
+and they run this this regression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they run this this regression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they run this this regression here
+where they're regressing uh outcomes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're regressing uh outcomes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're regressing uh outcomes of
+interest on a sealed indicator plus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest on a sealed indicator plus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest on a sealed indicator plus uh
+you know a bunch of controls including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a bunch of controls including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a bunch of controls including
+in some regressions the number of bids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some regressions the number of bids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some regressions the number of bids
+that are in the auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in the auction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in the auction
+okay so and and they do this separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and and they do this separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and and they do this separately
+by the northern regions and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the northern regions and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the northern regions and in
+California uh the reason that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California uh the reason that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California uh the reason that this
+matters is that you know the northern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is that you know the northern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is that you know the northern
+regions are there's there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions are there's there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions are there's there's more
+suspicion that there's collusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicion that there's collusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicion that there's collusive
+Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior
+here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay
+so and the other reason is that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and the other reason is that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and the other reason is that those
+those are actually they claim that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are actually they claim that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are actually they claim that those
+are more likely to be randomly assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more likely to be randomly assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more likely to be randomly assigned
+but it's just a side okay so what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just a side okay so what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just a side okay so what they
+find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is
+consistent with what the model predicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with what the model predicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with what the model predicts
+is that in sealed in a sealed bidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in sealed in a sealed bidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in sealed in a sealed bidding
+format more loggers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format more loggers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format more loggers are
+entering there's no significant effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering there's no significant effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering there's no significant effect
+on on uh M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on uh M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on uh M
+entry and so the the fraction of loggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry and so the the fraction of loggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry and so the the fraction of loggers
+uh in the auction goes up in in the seal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the auction goes up in in the seal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the auction goes up in in the seal
+bidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidding
+format okay loggers are more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format okay loggers are more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format okay loggers are more likely to
+win um but this is not uh you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win um but this is not uh you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win um but this is not uh you know this
+these these effects are not uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these effects are not uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these effects are not uh uh
+significant and um the prices in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant and um the prices in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant and um the prices in the
+northern regions are significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern regions are significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern regions are significantly
+higher both when accounting for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher both when accounting for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher both when accounting for the
+number of biders and even sorry without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of biders and even sorry without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of biders and even sorry without
+accounting for the number of biders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for the number of biders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for the number of biders
+right you get more entrance we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you get more entrance we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you get more entrance we know that
+more entrance uh are good are good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more entrance uh are good are good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more entrance uh are good are good for
+sellers but even conditioning on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sellers but even conditioning on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sellers but even conditioning on the
+number of biders they find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of biders they find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of biders they find that the
+sealed bidding format leads to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed bidding format leads to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed bidding format leads to higher
+prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+largely similar predictions for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely similar predictions for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely similar predictions for for
+California with the exception that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California with the exception that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California with the exception that
+there's no effect on prices here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no effect on prices here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no effect on prices here from
+the seal bidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+format okay so so so in other words you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format okay so so so in other words you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format okay so so so in other words you
+know they find sort of support for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they find sort of support for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they find sort of support for uh
+for the predictions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the predictions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the predictions of the
+model right that the sealed bidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model right that the sealed bidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model right that the sealed bidding
+favors weaker biders lead to more entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favors weaker biders lead to more entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favors weaker biders lead to more entry
+of those biders and at least in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those biders and at least in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those biders and at least in some
+settings the sealed bidding format seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings the sealed bidding format seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings the sealed bidding format seems
+to uh benefit uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh benefit uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh benefit uh the
+seller okay the the second sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seller okay the the second sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seller okay the the second sort of
+takeaway is that you know maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway is that you know maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway is that you know maybe there's
+something strange going on uh in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something strange going on uh in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something strange going on uh in in in
+the northern sales because you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the northern sales because you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the northern sales because you know the
+the seal bidding format leads to leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seal bidding format leads to leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seal bidding format leads to leads
+to higher prices perhaps because it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to higher prices perhaps because it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to higher prices perhaps because it sort
+of shuts down this cusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+channel okay so with this sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel okay so with this sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel okay so with this sort of uh
+with this in mind what they do is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this in mind what they do is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this in mind what they do is they
+now want to quantify the model and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now want to quantify the model and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now want to quantify the model and they
+sort of follow the steps of gpv I I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of follow the steps of gpv I I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of follow the steps of gpv I I'll
+not go through the details here so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go through the details here so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go through the details here so they
+they need to do this for asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to do this for asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to do this for asymmetric
+biders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biders
+um um and you know they they deviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um and you know they they deviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um and you know they they deviate
+slightly from what I told you people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly from what I told you people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly from what I told you people
+would normally recommend that you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would normally recommend that you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would normally recommend that you do you
+know to estimate a kernel they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to estimate a kernel they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to estimate a kernel they actually
+you know estimate a a a parametric D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know estimate a a a parametric D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know estimate a a a parametric D
+function for bits but you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for bits but you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for bits but you know that
+these are just details one sort of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just details one sort of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just details one sort of one
+thing that they do that I do want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that they do that I do want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that they do that I do want to
+mention although I'm not talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention although I'm not talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention although I'm not talking about
+the details here we're going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details here we're going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details here we're going to do this
+in 273 is you know um you could be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 273 is you know um you could be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 273 is you know um you could be in
+many settings worried about common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many settings worried about common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many settings worried about common
+values but yet another thing you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values but yet another thing you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values but yet another thing you could
+be worried about is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worried about is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worried about is that there's
+something that all the biders are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that all the biders are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that all the biders are
+actually observing so they do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually observing so they do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually observing so they do not have
+any uncertainty about this but but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uncertainty about this but but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uncertainty about this but but the
+econometrician does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometrician does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometrician does not
+observe okay so maybe there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe okay so maybe there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe okay so maybe there's some
+tracts here in this setting where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracts here in this setting where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracts here in this setting where
+I don't know there's like a steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know there's like a steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know there's like a steep
+incline or something that makes it much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incline or something that makes it much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incline or something that makes it much
+more difficult to uh to lock the uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to uh to lock the uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to uh to lock the uh you
+know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+trees and you know the bids all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and you know the bids all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and you know the bids all know
+this but you know this might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you know this might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you know this might not
+necessarily be recorded in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily be recorded in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily be recorded in our
+data okay so that means that you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay so that means that you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay so that means that you find
+that the bits from one auction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bits from one auction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bits from one auction to
+another are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another are
+correlated right and if you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated right and if you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated right and if you do not
+account for the fact that the bids all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for the fact that the bids all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for the fact that the bids all
+observed this and I take this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed this and I take this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed this and I take this into
+account you might be overstating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account you might be overstating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account you might be overstating
+the allocative efficiency of auctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the allocative efficiency of auctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the allocative efficiency of auctions
+because you all you load all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you all you load all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you all you load all this
+hyrogen is sort of on Cross bitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyrogen is sort of on Cross bitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyrogen is sort of on Cross bitter
+hyrogen right you're not accounting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyrogen right you're not accounting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyrogen right you're not accounting for
+the fact that you know some auctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you know some auctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you know some auctions
+look really good some auctions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look really good some auctions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look really good some auctions are
+really bad and the average prices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad and the average prices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad and the average prices in
+each auction are accounting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each auction are accounting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each auction are accounting for
+that yes um how what are the timing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes um how what are the timing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes um how what are the timing of
+the auctions the track so are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auctions the track so are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auctions the track so are they
+occurring like simultaneously is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring like simultaneously is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring like simultaneously is there
+kind of like a continuous time aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a continuous time aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a continuous time aspect
+tracks open up in the auction so I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks open up in the auction so I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks open up in the auction so I guess
+the question is how how much does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how how much does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how how much does it
+become a multi-union option versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a multi-union option versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a multi-union option versus
+not um I mean I so I don't know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um I mean I so I don't know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um I mean I so I don't know exactly
+how the timing works to be honest but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the timing works to be honest but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the timing works to be honest but um
+you know there's sort of there many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's sort of there many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's sort of there many
+auctions and you know this goes that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions and you know this goes that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions and you know this goes that you
+know there there is po there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there there is po there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there there is po there are
+potential dynamics that that result from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential dynamics that that result from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential dynamics that that result from
+that right so there so I think Susan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so there so I think Susan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so there so I think Susan and
+others they have a or maybe pet byari
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others they have a or maybe pet byari
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others they have a or maybe pet byari
+they have a paper on sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a paper on sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a paper on sort of you know
+capacity constraints of of of biders or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity constraints of of of biders or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity constraints of of of biders or
+other other Dynamic things that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other Dynamic things that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other Dynamic things that may
+matter so so they they occur frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so so they they occur frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so so they they occur frequently
+enough that these kinds of things might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that these kinds of things might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that these kinds of things might
+potentially be relevant yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially be relevant yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially be relevant yeah
+um I hope that answers your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question um where was I okay I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um where was I okay I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um where was I okay I was
+talking about this uh unobserved auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this uh unobserved auction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this uh unobserved auction
+specific heterogenity right again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heterogenity right again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heterogenity right again you
+know I I might see that somehow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I might see that somehow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I might see that somehow this
+there's a track with low quality wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a track with low quality wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a track with low quality wood
+and every every bidder sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every every bidder sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every every bidder sort of
+appropriately prices this in right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately prices this in right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately prices this in right and
+so there there's basically a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there there's basically a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there there's basically a way to
+account for this that that comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for this that that comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for this that that comes out of
+the nonlinear measurement uh era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinear measurement uh era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinear measurement uh era
+literature uh the the the key paper here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature uh the the the key paper here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature uh the the the key paper here
+is the one by lean Wong and this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one by lean Wong and this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one by lean Wong and this has
+been uh you know extended to asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been uh you know extended to asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been uh you know extended to asymmetric
+auctions by cross nuta okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions by cross nuta okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions by cross nuta okay so this
+basically allows to account for the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically allows to account for the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically allows to account for the fact
+that there's systematic differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's systematic differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's systematic differences
+across auctions that uh uh uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across auctions that uh uh uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across auctions that uh uh uh that
+biders do not account for and that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biders do not account for and that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biders do not account for and that again
+matters because otherwise you would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters because otherwise you would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters because otherwise you would say
+that sort of this you know this Hy is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of this you know this Hy is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of this you know this Hy is a
+cross bits and then uh that would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross bits and then uh that would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross bits and then uh that would give
+us uh you know often times very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh you know often times very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh you know often times very very
+wrong estimates for let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong estimates for let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong estimates for let's say the
+efficiency of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+auction um they estimate uh optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction um they estimate uh optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction um they estimate uh optimal
+entry and something really neat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry and something really neat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry and something really neat that
+they do that I want to want to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that I want to want to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that I want to want to sort of
+discuss a little bit is you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss a little bit is you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss a little bit is you know they
+estimate only based on sealed bidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate only based on sealed bidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate only based on sealed bidding
+because they're using gpv they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're using gpv they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're using gpv they have the
+open auction format they have the sealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open auction format they have the sealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open auction format they have the sealed
+bid format they only estimate based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid format they only estimate based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid format they only estimate based on
+sealed bidding but they generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed bidding but they generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed bidding but they generate
+predictions for both auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for both auction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for both auction
+formats okay so and that is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats okay so and that is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats okay so and that is a really
+strong test if you think about it of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong test if you think about it of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong test if you think about it of the
+model right you you you're getting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model right you you you're getting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model right you you you're getting uh
+you're estimating the valuations based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're estimating the valuations based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're estimating the valuations based
+on seal bidding and you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on seal bidding and you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on seal bidding and you generate
+predictions for uh for the open auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for uh for the open auction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for uh for the open auction
+okay so let's see kind of how how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see kind of how how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see kind of how how well
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+doing so here is is uh here's a here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so here is is uh here's a here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so here is is uh here's a here's a
+table that compares separately for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that compares separately for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that compares separately for the
+northern sales in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern sales in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern sales in
+California the um the out of sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California the um the out of sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California the um the out of sample
+performance of their model so they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of their model so they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of their model so they have
+some hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hold
+out uh some holdout auctions okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh some holdout auctions okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh some holdout auctions okay and
+they simulate outcomes for for this hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they simulate outcomes for for this hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they simulate outcomes for for this hold
+out auction from their model and compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out auction from their model and compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out auction from their model and compare
+it to what actually happened in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to what actually happened in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to what actually happened in those
+auctions and then they do this for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions and then they do this for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions and then they do this for a
+sealed bit okay so holding the mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed bit okay so holding the mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed bit okay so holding the mechanism
+on which the s estimate constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which the s estimate constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which the s estimate constant and
+they also don't do this for the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also don't do this for the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also don't do this for the open
+auction format which they actually never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction format which they actually never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction format which they actually never
+use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for
+estimation okay so what they find here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation okay so what they find here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation okay so what they find here
+is you can sort of go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can sort of go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can sort of go through
+this so the the big picture is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the the big picture is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the the big picture is for
+sealed bits the model does really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed bits the model does really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed bits the model does really really
+well as we would typically expect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as we would typically expect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as we would typically expect you
+know if you think about if you if if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you think about if you if if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you think about if you if if if
+you think back to kind of what we did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think back to kind of what we did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think back to kind of what we did in
+in gpv right we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gpv right we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gpv right we sort of
+rationalized each bit exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalized each bit exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalized each bit exactly
+right by finding a valuation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by finding a valuation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by finding a valuation that
+matches each bit exactly so you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches each bit exactly so you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches each bit exactly so you would
+actually think that you know if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think that you know if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think that you know if you do
+if you follow exactly all the steps then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you follow exactly all the steps then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you follow exactly all the steps then
+your model should predict exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model should predict exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model should predict exactly what
+is happening here there's some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening here there's some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening here there's some things
+that you know sort of deviate a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know sort of deviate a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know sort of deviate a little
+bit from this they put a parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit from this they put a parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit from this they put a parametric
+Distribution on on on the bit so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distribution on on on the bit so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distribution on on on the bit so you
+know that might uh that um could uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that might uh that um could uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that might uh that um could uh
+introduce some uh uh some prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some uh uh some prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some uh uh some prediction
+error um but uh what they basically find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error um but uh what they basically find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error um but uh what they basically find
+is that you know the average bit is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know the average bit is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know the average bit is you
+know very close to what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very close to what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very close to what is
+predicted and you know that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted and you know that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted and you know that's true
+whether or not you account for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you account for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you account for for
+entry uh same for you know the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry uh same for you know the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry uh same for you know the average
+revenue is very close to what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue is very close to what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue is very close to what is
+predicted and your average logger entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted and your average logger entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted and your average logger entry
+is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost
+exactly uh exactly I mean is exactly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh exactly I mean is exactly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh exactly I mean is exactly uh
+uh spot on and just very briefly if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spot on and just very briefly if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spot on and just very briefly if you
+look at sealed bits for California the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at sealed bits for California the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at sealed bits for California the
+same is true okay so logger entry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same is true okay so logger entry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same is true okay so logger entry is
+predicted perfectly you get very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted perfectly you get very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted perfectly you get very close
+uh values for average bits uh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh values for average bits uh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh values for average bits uh and I
+guess average revenue in California is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess average revenue in California is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess average revenue in California is
+uh is somewhat over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is somewhat over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is somewhat over
+predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted
+okay so so let me actually uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let me actually uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let me actually uh uh uh
+stick to this slide for a second for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to this slide for a second for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to this slide for a second for for
+the open auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open auction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open auction
+format and and this I find this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format and and this I find this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format and and this I find this sort of
+amazing they they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing they they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing they they they
+also predict in in at least for the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also predict in in at least for the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also predict in in at least for the case
+of California the average sales price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of California the average sales price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of California the average sales price
+and entry very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and entry very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and entry very very
+closely okay so again I this is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely okay so again I this is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely okay so again I this is a pretty
+I I haven't seen this done in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I haven't seen this done in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I haven't seen this done in many
+papers this is a pretty strong test uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers this is a pretty strong test uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers this is a pretty strong test uh
+of the model that you take it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the model that you take it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the model that you take it to a
+different setting and then see how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different setting and then see how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different setting and then see how well
+uh it it it it performs there right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it it it it performs there right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it it it it performs there right um
+what they then do is because there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they then do is because there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they then do is because there was
+this sort of Suspicion of collusion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of Suspicion of collusion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of Suspicion of collusion in
+uh in the northern sales they they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the northern sales they they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the northern sales they they also
+generate for the open auction format uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate for the open auction format uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate for the open auction format uh
+predictions from a collusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions from a collusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions from a collusive
+model right the the way they generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model right the the way they generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model right the the way they generate a
+collusive model is that you know take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusive model is that you know take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusive model is that you know take
+take a simulation draw the highest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a simulation draw the highest uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a simulation draw the highest uh
+valuation bidder is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation bidder is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation bidder is going to be
+designated the winner the other Mills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated the winner the other Mills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated the winner the other Mills
+are not uh uh you know are bidding uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not uh uh you know are bidding uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not uh uh you know are bidding uh uh
+zero right right and so that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right right and so that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right right and so that leads to
+much much lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much lower
+prices and in fact so much so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and in fact so much so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and in fact so much so that they
+you know even for the northern sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know even for the northern sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know even for the northern sales
+where uh you where a collusion was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh you where a collusion was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh you where a collusion was
+potentially an issue under predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially an issue under predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially an issue under predict the
+average sales price price by about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average sales price price by about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average sales price price by about a
+third but they they do also reject the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third but they they do also reject the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third but they they do also reject the
+uh the competitive model uh for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the competitive model uh for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the competitive model uh for the for
+the case of the northern sales okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the northern sales okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the northern sales okay so
+in in in in this instance they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in this instance they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in this instance they're
+rejecting uh both models and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting uh both models and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting uh both models and so what
+they then argue is that you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then argue is that you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then argue is that you know maybe
+what best explains the data is a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what best explains the data is a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what best explains the data is a sort of
+moderate form of collusion where some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate form of collusion where some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate form of collusion where some of
+the Mills are colluding or some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mills are colluding or some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mills are colluding or some of the
+MS are colluding some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MS are colluding some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MS are colluding some of the
+time so kind of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so kind of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so kind of my
+my my view on this paper this is a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my view on this paper this is a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my view on this paper this is a this
+is sort of a very complete and Well Done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a very complete and Well Done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a very complete and Well Done
+paper in fact it does so many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in fact it does so many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in fact it does so many things
+that that you know I had I didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you know I had I didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you know I had I didn't have
+time to talk talk about all of them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to talk talk about all of them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to talk talk about all of them but
+it has taken a pretty big bite out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has taken a pretty big bite out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has taken a pretty big bite out of
+the Apple you know so many kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apple you know so many kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apple you know so many kind of
+following papers do focus on sort of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following papers do focus on sort of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following papers do focus on sort of one
+aspect collusion or uh entry or uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect collusion or uh entry or uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect collusion or uh entry or uh uh
+and here you know they they sort of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you know they they sort of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you know they they sort of do
+many of these things together uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these things together uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these things together uh and
+it's it's basically you know Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's basically you know Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's basically you know Theory
+testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing
+plus uh you know plus um a setting where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh you know plus um a setting where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh you know plus um a setting where
+uh you can use some random variation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can use some random variation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can use some random variation to
+you know to uh to sort of you know be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to uh to sort of you know be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to uh to sort of you know be
+pretty confident that the model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty confident that the model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty confident that the model that
+you're selecting is the right one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're selecting is the right one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're selecting is the right one plus
+then the structural exercise so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the structural exercise so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the structural exercise so this
+pretty good kind of blue blueprint for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good kind of blue blueprint for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good kind of blue blueprint for a
+job market paper because it has kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job market paper because it has kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job market paper because it has kind of
+all these different things in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right um okay so you know maybe uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um okay so you know maybe uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um okay so you know maybe uh some
+things that one could complain about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that one could complain about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that one could complain about
+again is this a private value setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is this a private value setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is this a private value setting
+certainly there are resale markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly there are resale markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly there are resale markets
+for uh for you know the Timber and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for you know the Timber and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for you know the Timber and so
+that uh in itself introduces um a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh in itself introduces um a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh in itself introduces um a common
+value aspect right because everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value aspect right because everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value aspect right because everybody
+sort of can uh sell at that resale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of can uh sell at that resale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of can uh sell at that resale
+market price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market price
+you know and and maybe there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and maybe there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and maybe there's some
+uncertainty about the quality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty about the quality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty about the quality of the
+Timber or like how how difficult it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Timber or like how how difficult it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Timber or like how how difficult it is
+to uh you know to uh to get it um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh you know to uh to get it um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh you know to uh to get it um and
+then the other question is you know can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other question is you know can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other question is you know can
+we sort of attribute part of this effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of attribute part of this effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of attribute part of this effect
+that we see that the sealed bits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see that the sealed bits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see that the sealed bits the
+seal biding format generates much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal biding format generates much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal biding format generates much higher
+Revenue to uh to risk aversion okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue to uh to risk aversion okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue to uh to risk aversion okay and
+so I want to uh use my last uh I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to uh use my last uh I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to uh use my last uh I'm going
+a bit fast today but I'm going I'm um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit fast today but I'm going I'm um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit fast today but I'm going I'm um
+use my last um minutes to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use my last um minutes to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use my last um minutes to talk about
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+paper uh by Yuni Kong who who was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh by Yuni Kong who who was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh by Yuni Kong who who was my
+classmate in grad school which thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmate in grad school which thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmate in grad school which thinks
+about a risk aversion in uh in open and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a risk aversion in uh in open and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a risk aversion in uh in open and
+sealed bit auctions okay so the setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed bit auctions okay so the setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed bit auctions okay so the setting
+here it's a very different setting it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a very different setting it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a very different setting it's
+the perian Basin in uh uh in New Mexico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perian Basin in uh uh in New Mexico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perian Basin in uh uh in New Mexico
+so the peran Basin is a big uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the peran Basin is a big uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the peran Basin is a big uh one of
+the most productive oil fields in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most productive oil fields in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most productive oil fields in the
+world that sort of spans uh New Mexico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that sort of spans uh New Mexico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that sort of spans uh New Mexico
+and and the west of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the west of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the west of
+Texas and here um we have many sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas and here um we have many sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas and here um we have many sort of
+smaller firms you know often times very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller firms you know often times very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller firms you know often times very
+you operated by just a few people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you operated by just a few people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you operated by just a few people
+that um that lease Land from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that lease Land from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that lease Land from the
+government uh and that rent equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government uh and that rent equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government uh and that rent equipment
+here you see uh an oil Rick in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see uh an oil Rick in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see uh an oil Rick in in this
+setting uh that rent equipment right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting uh that rent equipment right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting uh that rent equipment right and
+and basically through these auctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically through these auctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically through these auctions
+from the New Mexico state and land lease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the New Mexico state and land lease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the New Mexico state and land lease
+office get uh get the land and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office get uh get the land and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office get uh get the land and you know
+sort of try their luck and and and drill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of try their luck and and and drill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of try their luck and and and drill
+for oil right and so what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oil right and so what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oil right and so what they're
+bidding on is a lumpsum bonus and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidding on is a lumpsum bonus and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidding on is a lumpsum bonus and then
+for the time that they're renting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the time that they're renting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the time that they're renting uh
+they have to pay royalties and a rental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to pay royalties and a rental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to pay royalties and a rental
+rate what's nice is that as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what's nice is that as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what's nice is that as in the
+previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+paper uh it seems that uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh it seems that uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh it seems that uh so the
+government uses both um or this the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government uses both um or this the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government uses both um or this the New
+Mexico state and land office uses both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico state and land office uses both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico state and land office uses both
+open and sealed bidding again so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and sealed bidding again so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and sealed bidding again so we we
+can't get sort of a similar comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get sort of a similar comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get sort of a similar comparison
+as before in a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before in a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before in a very different
+setting uh and if you sort of stare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting uh and if you sort of stare at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting uh and if you sort of stare at
+the map of how these formats are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map of how these formats are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map of how these formats are sort of
+spatially distributed right this is open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially distributed right this is open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially distributed right this is open
+this is sealed it sort of looks pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sealed it sort of looks pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sealed it sort of looks pretty
+random okay so again we can kind of use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random okay so again we can kind of use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random okay so again we can kind of use
+basically with some controls the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically with some controls the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically with some controls the fact
+that this looks almost random to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this looks almost random to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this looks almost random to look at
+the effect of uh of different auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of uh of different auction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of uh of different auction
+formats so so here's what uh what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats so so here's what uh what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats so so here's what uh what she
+finds um as before in for the northern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds um as before in for the northern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds um as before in for the northern
+sales s sealed bidding leads uh with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales s sealed bidding leads uh with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales s sealed bidding leads uh with a
+bunch of controls for you know oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of controls for you know oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of controls for you know oil
+prices and differences of these tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and differences of these tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and differences of these tracks
+of land leads to about 30% higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of land leads to about 30% higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of land leads to about 30% higher
+Revenue than the uh than the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue than the uh than the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue than the uh than the open
+auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+format the other really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format the other really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format the other really interesting
+observation that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that she
+makes is you know she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes is you know she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes is you know she
+compares the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compares the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compares the distribution of
+prices across open and sealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices across open and sealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices across open and sealed
+bidding so here the histograms put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidding so here the histograms put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidding so here the histograms put on
+top of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of each
+other and you sort of see for the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and you sort of see for the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and you sort of see for the open
+auction format this big SP here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction format this big SP here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction format this big SP here
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um so the reason this happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the reason this happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the reason this happens is that
+you know often times better enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know often times better enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know often times better enter the
+open auction format they're discovering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open auction format they're discovering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open auction format they're discovering
+that the only bidder they're bidding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the only bidder they're bidding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the only bidder they're bidding the
+reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+okay interestingly although the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay interestingly although the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay interestingly although the the
+distribution of the number of bids for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the number of bids for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the number of bids for
+uh for the seal bit auctions is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the seal bit auctions is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the seal bit auctions is almost
+identical and there many auctions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and there many auctions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and there many auctions that
+only also only have one bidder we do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only also only have one bidder we do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only also only have one bidder we do not
+see such a mass point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so what this suggests is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what this suggests is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what this suggests is that the
+biders do not know how many other biders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biders do not know how many other biders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biders do not know how many other biders
+are going to be in the auction when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be in the auction when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be in the auction when they
+when they engage in sealed bidding okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they engage in sealed bidding okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they engage in sealed bidding okay
+so they have uncertainty and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have uncertainty and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have uncertainty and they
+basically want to ensure themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically want to ensure themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically want to ensure themselves
+against competitors by bidding higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against competitors by bidding higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against competitors by bidding higher
+than what they would if they were only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what they would if they were only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what they would if they were only
+if they were the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were the only
+bidder okay even though with some chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidder okay even though with some chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidder okay even though with some chance
+they are going to be the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay so this
+observation together with the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation together with the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation together with the previous
+observation that the that the revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that the that the revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that the that the revenue
+for sealed bit uh auction seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sealed bit uh auction seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sealed bit uh auction seems to be
+higher leads uh um you me to conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher leads uh um you me to conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher leads uh um you me to conclude
+that you risk aversion is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you risk aversion is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you risk aversion is probably
+explanation for this the reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for this the reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for this the reason is that
+we um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um you know
+uncertainty is revenue neutral for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty is revenue neutral for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty is revenue neutral for the
+seller but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seller but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seller but um
+but only if the if the biders are sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only if the if the biders are sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only if the if the biders are sorry
+if the biders are risk neutral then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the biders are risk neutral then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the biders are risk neutral then
+uncertainty about the number of biders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty about the number of biders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty about the number of biders
+is going to be Revenue neutral for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be Revenue neutral for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be Revenue neutral for the
+seller okay and that's not what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seller okay and that's not what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seller okay and that's not what we
+observe so that's a theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe so that's a theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe so that's a theoretical
+prediction from haret kelin and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction from haret kelin and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction from haret kelin and another
+L uh and uh that's not what we observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L uh and uh that's not what we observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L uh and uh that's not what we observe
+we see higher revenue for the seller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see higher revenue for the seller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see higher revenue for the seller
+from the seal bit auction okay just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the seal bit auction okay just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the seal bit auction okay just
+consistent with this idea that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with this idea that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with this idea that that uh
+biders are ensuring themselves against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biders are ensuring themselves against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biders are ensuring themselves against
+competition in the seal bid auction by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition in the seal bid auction by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition in the seal bid auction by
+by by bidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by bidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by bidding
+higher okay so I I I think there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher okay so I I I think there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher okay so I I I think there's a
+sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+of clever detective work to you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clever detective work to you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clever detective work to you know to
+sort of make the case that you know even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of make the case that you know even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of make the case that you know even
+when companies are competing against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when companies are competing against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when companies are competing against
+each other where we typically assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other where we typically assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other where we typically assume
+risk neutrality at least in this setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk neutrality at least in this setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk neutrality at least in this setting
+where many of the companies are small it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where many of the companies are small it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where many of the companies are small it
+seems to be that risk aversion plays a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be that risk aversion plays a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be that risk aversion plays a
+big role you know and uh leads to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big role you know and uh leads to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big role you know and uh leads to higher
+revenue for for the seller in sealed bid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue for for the seller in sealed bid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue for for the seller in sealed bid
+auctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions
+and she uh she then goes on to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she uh she then goes on to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she uh she then goes on to show that
+the model a model with risk aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model a model with risk aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model a model with risk aversion
+where now you not just have to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where now you not just have to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where now you not just have to identify
+the underlying distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying distribution of
+valuations you also need to identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations you also need to identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations you also need to identify the
+level of risk aversion right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of risk aversion right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of risk aversion right in
+previously I said we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously I said we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously I said we're just
+identified uh in in sort of the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified uh in in sort of the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified uh in in sort of the standard
+case right so here she basically uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right so here she basically uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right so here she basically uses
+both the open uh uh bidding format and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the open uh uh bidding format and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the open uh uh bidding format and
+the seal bilding format together to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seal bilding format together to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seal bilding format together to show
+that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can
+identify um the distribution valuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify um the distribution valuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify um the distribution valuations
+of bids as well as the the level of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bids as well as the the level of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bids as well as the the level of risk
+aversion okay so it's a nice paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion okay so it's a nice paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion okay so it's a nice paper
+that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in
+Rand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay uh ending early it's all I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay uh ending early it's all I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay uh ending early it's all I have
+for today um I hope I see many of you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today um I hope I see many of you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today um I hope I see many of you uh
+next semester in 273 where we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next semester in 273 where we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next semester in 273 where we sort of
+dip deeper deeper into all of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topics for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Cb_3sOYLjUI.txt b/Cb_3sOYLjUI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..924bc0c567e3564bfe0f5dcb844d917fd9e21dd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cb_3sOYLjUI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a solution it's an accomplishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a solution it's an accomplishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a solution it's an accomplishment
+to have such a solution you can if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have such a solution you can if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have such a solution you can if
+somebody gives you a value of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gives you a value of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gives you a value of the energy
+you can calculate what is the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate what is the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate what is the phase
+shift but we probably want to do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift but we probably want to do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift but we probably want to do more
+with it so you try to if you decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so you try to if you decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so you try to if you decide to
+plot this on a computer again there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this on a computer again there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this on a computer again there's
+lots of variables going on here so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of variables going on here so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of variables going on here so you
+would want to figure out what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to figure out what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to figure out what are the
+right variables to plot this and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right variables to plot this and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right variables to plot this and the the
+right variables suggest themselves from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right variables suggest themselves from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right variables suggest themselves from
+K squared equal to M over H squared you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K squared equal to M over H squared you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K squared equal to M over H squared you
+need less constant are things like ka K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need less constant are things like ka K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need less constant are things like ka K
+prime a and that's it well so ka is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime a and that's it well so ka is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime a and that's it well so ka is a
+proxy for the energy so K a squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proxy for the energy so K a squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proxy for the energy so K a squared is
+really 2m e a squared over H bar squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really 2m e a squared over H bar squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really 2m e a squared over H bar squared
+and this we could call anything well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this we could call anything well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this we could call anything well
+it's going you on the other hand K prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going you on the other hand K prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going you on the other hand K prime
+squared then if you have K Prime a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared then if you have K Prime a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared then if you have K Prime a
+squared that it's also unit 3 would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared that it's also unit 3 would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared that it's also unit 3 would be
+2m e a squared over H squared plus 2 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2m e a squared over H squared plus 2 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2m e a squared over H squared plus 2 m
+v-not a squared over H squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v-not a squared over H squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v-not a squared over H squared
+you probably recognize them the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably recognize them the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably recognize them the first
+one is just U squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is just U squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is just U squared
+I should call this u squared sorry u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should call this u squared sorry u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should call this u squared sorry u
+squared and this is our friend Z naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and this is our friend Z naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and this is our friend Z naught
+squared it's that number that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared it's that number that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared it's that number that tells you
+the main thing you always want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing you always want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing you always want to know
+about a square well that ratio between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a square well that ratio between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a square well that ratio between
+the energy V naught to the demand to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy V naught to the demand to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy V naught to the demand to the
+the energy that you can build with H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy that you can build with H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy that you can build with H bar
+m and a so here we go we have K Prime a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and a so here we go we have K Prime a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and a so here we go we have K Prime a
+given by this quantity and therefore let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this quantity and therefore let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this quantity and therefore let
+me manipulate this equation might as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me manipulate this equation might as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me manipulate this equation might as
+well do it it probably easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do it it probably easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do it it probably easier to
+consider just tan Delta which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider just tan Delta which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider just tan Delta which is the
+inverse of this you would have one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of this you would have one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of this you would have one minus
+the inverse of this would be K prime a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of this would be K prime a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of this would be K prime a
+over K a put the ace always so cut K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over K a put the ace always so cut K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over K a put the ace always so cut K
+Prime a tan K a over tan K a plus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime a tan K a over tan K a plus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime a tan K a over tan K a plus K
+prime a K a cot K prime a so in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime a K a cot K prime a so in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime a K a cot K prime a so in terms of
+our variables cable CK prime a is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our variables cable CK prime a is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our variables cable CK prime a is the
+square root of this so K prime a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of this so K prime a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of this so K prime a square
+root of U squared plus Z naught squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of U squared plus Z naught squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of U squared plus Z naught squared
+and K prime a over K a you divide now by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K prime a over K a you divide now by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K prime a over K a you divide now by
+u so it's square root of 1 plus Z naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u so it's square root of 1 plus Z naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u so it's square root of 1 plus Z naught
+squared over u squared that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over u squared that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over u squared that's this
+quantity so how big how much space do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so how big how much space do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so how big how much space do I
+need to write it probably should write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to write it probably should write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to write it probably should write
+here 1 minus square root of 1 plus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 1 minus square root of 1 plus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 1 minus square root of 1 plus Z
+naught squared over u squared cut K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught squared over u squared cut K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught squared over u squared cut K
+prime a is the square root of Z naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime a is the square root of Z naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime a is the square root of Z naught
+squared plus u squared and tan of ka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus u squared and tan of ka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus u squared and tan of ka
+which is U over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tan you plus square root of 1 plus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tan you plus square root of 1 plus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tan you plus square root of 1 plus Z
+naught over u squared cotangent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught over u squared cotangent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught over u squared cotangent of
+square root of Z naught squared plus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of Z naught squared plus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of Z naught squared plus u
+squared okay ah it's it's not terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay ah it's it's not terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay ah it's it's not terrible
+it that's tan Delta so if somebody gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's tan Delta so if somebody gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's tan Delta so if somebody gives
+you a potential you calculate what Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a potential you calculate what Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a potential you calculate what Z
+naught is for this potential you put Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught is for this potential you put Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught is for this potential you put Z
+naught there and you plot as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught there and you plot as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught there and you plot as a function
+of U with Mathematica and plotting as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U with Mathematica and plotting as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U with Mathematica and plotting as a
+function of U is plotting as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of U is plotting as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of U is plotting as a function
+of K a and that's perfectly nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K a and that's perfectly nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K a and that's perfectly nice thing
+to do and it can be done with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and it can be done with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and it can be done with this
+expression in this expression you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in this expression you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in this expression you can
+also see what goes on when u goes to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see what goes on when u goes to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see what goes on when u goes to 0
+not immediately it takes a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not immediately it takes a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not immediately it takes a little bit of
+thinking but look at it as u goes to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking but look at it as u goes to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking but look at it as u goes to 0
+well this number is a 1 that's perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this number is a 1 that's perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this number is a 1 that's perfectly
+ok that seems to diverge those like 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok that seems to diverge those like 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok that seems to diverge those like 1
+over u but u going to 0 this goes to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over u but u going to 0 this goes to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over u but u going to 0 this goes to 0
+so the product goes to a number so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the product goes to a number so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the product goes to a number so the
+whole the numerator goes to a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole the numerator goes to a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole the numerator goes to a number
+from finite number on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from finite number on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from finite number on the other hand
+when u goes to 0 the denominator will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when u goes to 0 the denominator will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when u goes to 0 the denominator will go
+to infinity because well this term goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity because well this term goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity because well this term goes
+to 0 the pen you this number is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 the pen you this number is finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 the pen you this number is finite
+and here you have a 1 over u so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you have a 1 over u so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you have a 1 over u so the
+denominator goes to infinity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator goes to infinity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator goes to infinity and the
+numerator remains finite so as u goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator remains finite so as u goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator remains finite so as u goes to
+0 tangent of Delta goes to 0 so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 tangent of Delta goes to 0 so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 tangent of Delta goes to 0 so you can
+choose Delta to be 0 for 0 energy so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u goes to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u goes to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u goes to 0
+you get finite / infinity and goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get finite / infinity and goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get finite / infinity and goes to
+zero so tan Delta goes to 0 and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so tan Delta goes to 0 and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so tan Delta goes to 0 and we can
+take Delta of ka equals zero which is U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Delta of ka equals zero which is U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Delta of ka equals zero which is U
+to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero
+the phase shift is zero for zero energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go here so here's an example Z naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here so here's an example Z naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here so here's an example Z naught
+squared equal three point four that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared equal three point four that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared equal three point four that
+actually correspond to 0.59 pi for Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually correspond to 0.59 pi for Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually correspond to 0.59 pi for Z
+naught Z naught equals zero point 59
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught Z naught equals zero point 59
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught Z naught equals zero point 59
+pi you may wonder why we do that but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi you may wonder why we do that but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi you may wonder why we do that but let
+me tell you in a second so here are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you in a second so here are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you in a second so here are a
+couple of plots that occur so here is U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of plots that occur so here is U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of plots that occur so here is U
+equals K a and here's the phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals K a and here's the phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals K a and here's the phase shift
+they'll tell view you have the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll tell view you have the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll tell view you have the tangent
+of Delta but the phase shift can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta but the phase shift can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta but the phase shift can be
+calculated and what you find is that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated and what you find is that yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated and what you find is that yes
+it started zero as we mentioned and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started zero as we mentioned and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started zero as we mentioned and then
+it starts going down but it stabilizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts going down but it stabilizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts going down but it stabilizes
+at minus PI which is a neat number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what the phase shift us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the phase shift us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the phase shift us the
+so-called scattering amplitude where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called scattering amplitude where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called scattering amplitude where you
+could say when is the scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say when is the scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say when is the scattering
+strongest when do you get an extra wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest when do you get an extra wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest when do you get an extra wave
+that is propagating more strongly so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is propagating more strongly so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is propagating more strongly so you
+must plot sine squared Delta and sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must plot sine squared Delta and sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must plot sine squared Delta and sine
+squared is highest for minus PI over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is highest for minus PI over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is highest for minus PI over 2
+so this goes like this up and decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this goes like this up and decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this goes like this up and decay
+as a function of you third thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of you third thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of you third thing the
+delay the delay is one over a the delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay the delay is one over a the delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay the delay is one over a the delay
+is one over a D Delta D K as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one over a D Delta D K as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one over a D Delta D K as a function
+of U so that you can imagine that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U so that you can imagine that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U so that you can imagine that takes
+a bit of time because you would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of time because you would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of time because you would have to
+find the derivative of Delta with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the derivative of Delta with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the derivative of Delta with
+respect to U and do all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to U and do all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to U and do all kinds of
+operations don't worry you will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations don't worry you will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations don't worry you will have a
+bit of exercises on this to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of exercises on this to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of exercises on this to do it
+yourselves but here the delay turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves but here the delay turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves but here the delay turns out
+to be negative and this is unit free and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be negative and this is unit free and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be negative and this is unit free and
+here comes to be equal to minus 4 for y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here comes to be equal to minus 4 for y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here comes to be equal to minus 4 for y
+equals e run goes down to zero so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e run goes down to zero so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e run goes down to zero so in
+this case the delay is negative so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the delay is negative so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the delay is negative so the
+reflected packet comes earlier than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected packet comes earlier than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected packet comes earlier than you
+would have expected which is possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have expected which is possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have expected which is possible
+because the reflected packet is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the reflected packet is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the reflected packet is going
+slowly here finally this point reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly here finally this point reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly here finally this point reaches
+marking it they can adjust and then back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking it they can adjust and then back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking it they can adjust and then back
+so that's the delay and you can plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the delay and you can plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the delay and you can plot
+another thing actually it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing actually it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing actually it's kind of
+interesting is the the quantity a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is the the quantity a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is the the quantity a this
+coefficient here the gives you an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here the gives you an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here the gives you an idea
+of how big the wave function is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how big the wave function is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how big the wave function is in the
+well how how much does it stick near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how how much does it stick near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how how much does it stick near the
+well so it Peaks to 1 and it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so it Peaks to 1 and it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so it Peaks to 1 and it actually
+goes like this and this behavior of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like this and this behavior of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like this and this behavior of this
+form basically does those things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so far so good we we got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so good we we got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so good we we got some
+information and then you do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and then you do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and then you do a little
+experiment and try for example Z naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and try for example Z naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and try for example Z naught
+equals five and you have Delta as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals five and you have Delta as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals five and you have Delta as a
+function of U and here is minus pi minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of U and here is minus pi minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of U and here is minus pi minus
+2pi and actually you find that it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2pi and actually you find that it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2pi and actually you find that it just
+goes down and approaches now minus 2pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so actually if you increase this Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually if you increase this Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually if you increase this Z
+naught a bit it still goes to PI a PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught a bit it still goes to PI a PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught a bit it still goes to PI a PI
+excursion of the face but suddenly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excursion of the face but suddenly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excursion of the face but suddenly at
+some value it jumps and it now goes to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value it jumps and it now goes to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value it jumps and it now goes to 2
+pi and if you do with a larger value at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and if you do with a larger value at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and if you do with a larger value at
+some point it goes to 3 PI and for PI it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point it goes to 3 PI and for PI it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point it goes to 3 PI and for PI it
+goes on like that well if Z naught would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on like that well if Z naught would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on like that well if Z naught would
+have been smaller like half of this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been smaller like half of this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been smaller like half of this the
+face would go down and would go back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face would go down and would go back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face would go down and would go back up
+wouldn't go to minus pi it does funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't go to minus pi it does funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't go to minus pi it does funny
+things so what's really happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so what's really happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so what's really happening is
+that there is a relation between how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a relation between how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a relation between how
+much the face moves and how many bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the face moves and how many bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the face moves and how many bound
+States this potential has and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States this potential has and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States this potential has and you say
+why in the world this calculation has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in the world this calculation has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in the world this calculation has
+nothing to do with bound States why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with bound States why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with bound States why
+would the phase shift know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the phase shift know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the phase shift know about the
+bound state well actually does and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound state well actually does and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound state well actually does and here
+is the the thing if you remember you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the thing if you remember you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the thing if you remember you've
+actually solved this problem in homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solved this problem in homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solved this problem in homework
+the 1/2 square well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1/2 square well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1/2 square well with
+with an infinite wall here and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an infinite wall here and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an infinite wall here and if you
+had the full square well from - a - a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the full square well from - a - a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the full square well from - a - a
+this problem has all the odd solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem has all the odd solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem has all the odd solutions
+of the full square well all the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the full square well all the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the full square well all the odd
+solutions exist and if you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions exist and if you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions exist and if you remember the
+plots that you would do in order to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots that you would do in order to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots that you would do in order to find
+the solutions you have PI over 2 pi 3 PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions you have PI over 2 pi 3 PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions you have PI over 2 pi 3 PI
+over 2 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 2 pi
+and here is the even solution even here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the even solution even here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the even solution even here
+is the odd solution I'll do it like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the odd solution I'll do it like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the odd solution I'll do it like that
+here is an even solution here is an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an even solution here is an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an even solution here is an odd
+solution and I mark the odd solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and I mark the odd solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and I mark the odd solutions
+because we care about the odd moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we care about the odd moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we care about the odd moments
+because that's what this potential has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what this potential has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what this potential has
+so Z not equals 0.59 pi it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Z not equals 0.59 pi it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Z not equals 0.59 pi it's a little
+more than PI over 2 so it can response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than PI over 2 so it can response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than PI over 2 so it can response
+to one solution so there is but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one solution so there is but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one solution so there is but one
+bound state for this Z naught Z naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound state for this Z naught Z naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound state for this Z naught Z naught
+equals 5 is about here is in between 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 5 is about here is in between 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 5 is about here is in between 3
+PI over 2 or this and there's two nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over 2 or this and there's two nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over 2 or this and there's two nodes
+two intersections therefore two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two intersections therefore two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two intersections therefore two
+solutions in the square well and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions in the square well and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions in the square well and here we
+have that the face has an excursion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that the face has an excursion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that the face has an excursion of
+not just pi for 1 but 2 pi and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just pi for 1 but 2 pi and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just pi for 1 but 2 pi and if you
+did this experiment for a while you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this experiment for a while you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this experiment for a while you
+would convince yourselves as a magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would convince yourselves as a magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would convince yourselves as a magic
+relation between how much the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between how much the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between how much the phase
+shift moves and how many bounce leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift moves and how many bounce leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift moves and how many bounce leads
+you have in this potential this relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in this potential this relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in this potential this relation
+is called Levinson's theorem and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Levinson's theorem and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Levinson's theorem and that's
+what we're going to prove in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to prove in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to prove in the last
+down half an hour of this lecture
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/D2FQ-JnltPw.txt b/D2FQ-JnltPw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d3cf0bee0db6c4d03e01414da43bde0fd1911415
--- /dev/null
+++ b/D2FQ-JnltPw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+towards the beginning of this lecture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the beginning of this lecture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the beginning of this lecture we
+stated that the goal of a baseball team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated that the goal of a baseball team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated that the goal of a baseball team
+is to make the playoffs and we built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make the playoffs and we built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make the playoffs and we built
+predictive models to achieve this goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive models to achieve this goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive models to achieve this goal
+but why isn't the goal of a baseball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why isn't the goal of a baseball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why isn't the goal of a baseball
+team to win the playoffs or win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team to win the playoffs or win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team to win the playoffs or win the
+World Series Billy Beane and Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Series Billy Beane and Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Series Billy Beane and Paul
+DePodesta see their job as making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DePodesta see their job as making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DePodesta see their job as making sure
+the team makes it to the playoffs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team makes it to the playoffs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team makes it to the playoffs and
+after that all bets are off the A's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that all bets are off the A's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that all bets are off the A's made
+it to the playoffs four years in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the playoffs four years in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the playoffs four years in a row
+2000 2001 2002 and 2003 but they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 2001 2002 and 2003 but they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 2001 2002 and 2003 but they didn't
+win the World Series why not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win the World Series why not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win the World Series why not in
+Moneyball they say that over a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moneyball they say that over a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moneyball they say that over a long
+season luck evens out and skill shines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season luck evens out and skill shines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season luck evens out and skill shines
+through but in a series of three out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but in a series of three out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but in a series of three out of
+five or even four out of seven anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or even four out of seven anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or even four out of seven anything
+can happen in other words the playoffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen in other words the playoffs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen in other words the playoffs
+suffer from the sample size problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer from the sample size problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer from the sample size problem
+there are not enough games to make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are not enough games to make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are not enough games to make any
+statistical claims let's see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical claims let's see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical claims let's see if we can
+verify this using our data set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify this using our data set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify this using our data set the
+number of teams in the playoffs has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of teams in the playoffs has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of teams in the playoffs has
+changed over the years so let's only use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed over the years so let's only use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed over the years so let's only use
+the years with eight teams in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years with eight teams in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years with eight teams in the
+playoffs which was the number of teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playoffs which was the number of teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playoffs which was the number of teams
+in the playoffs in 2002 the Year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the playoffs in 2002 the Year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the playoffs in 2002 the Year
+Moneyball discusses we can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moneyball discusses we can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moneyball discusses we can compute the
+correlation between whether or not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between whether or not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between whether or not a
+team wins a world series a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team wins a world series a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team wins a world series a binary
+variable and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and the number of
+regular-season wins since we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular-season wins since we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular-season wins since we would
+expect teams with more wins to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect teams with more wins to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect teams with more wins to be more
+likely to win the World Series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to win the World Series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to win the World Series
+this correlation is 0.03 which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this correlation is 0.03 which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this correlation is 0.03 which is very
+low so it turns out that winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low so it turns out that winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low so it turns out that winning
+regular-season games gets you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular-season games gets you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular-season games gets you to the
+playoffs but in the playoffs there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playoffs but in the playoffs there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playoffs but in the playoffs there are
+too few games for luck to even out next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too few games for luck to even out next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too few games for luck to even out next
+week we'll discuss logistic regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week we'll discuss logistic regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week we'll discuss logistic regression
+which we'll be able to use to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll be able to use to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll be able to use to predict
+whether or not a team will win the World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a team will win the World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a team will win the World
+Series
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DAyXoA2W7bU.txt b/DAyXoA2W7bU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1def739a95e269625190216cab5649f01b187ca7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DAyXoA2W7bU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a brief look at imaging with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a brief look at imaging with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a brief look at imaging with
+fluorescing material the wonderful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescing material the wonderful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescing material the wonderful thing
+about our photography is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our photography is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our photography is that we can
+image at very long shutter speeds this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image at very long shutter speeds this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image at very long shutter speeds this
+particular image was taken at four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular image was taken at four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular image was taken at four
+seconds and i was on a tripod so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and i was on a tripod so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and i was on a tripod so we can
+do that when we have the right equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that when we have the right equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that when we have the right equipment
+you're looking at a series of vials that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a series of vials that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a series of vials that
+contain nanocrystals and I am exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain nanocrystals and I am exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain nanocrystals and I am exciting
+it with ultraviolet lamps here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with ultraviolet lamps here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with ultraviolet lamps here is
+another image that I'm not crazy about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another image that I'm not crazy about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another image that I'm not crazy about
+that's the image that the researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the image that the researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the image that the researchers
+would have preferred I then went back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have preferred I then went back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have preferred I then went back
+and started playing with the cuvettes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and started playing with the cuvettes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and started playing with the cuvettes
+with all these cadmium selenide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all these cadmium selenide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all these cadmium selenide
+nanocrystals I placed it in this order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanocrystals I placed it in this order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanocrystals I placed it in this order
+then I made it a little more random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I made it a little more random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I made it a little more random
+you're not going to do this all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to do this all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to do this all the time
+but it happens that this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it happens that this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it happens that this particular
+material was screaming to be played with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material was screaming to be played with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material was screaming to be played with
+and it was really important research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was really important research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was really important research
+about quantum dots in these next two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quantum dots in these next two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quantum dots in these next two
+images here's one that was taken under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images here's one that was taken under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images here's one that was taken under
+UV light because these gels in the petri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV light because these gels in the petri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV light because these gels in the petri
+dishes are also fluorescing different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dishes are also fluorescing different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dishes are also fluorescing different
+wavelengths of course from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths of course from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths of course from the previous
+one and here it is with fluorescing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and here it is with fluorescing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and here it is with fluorescing with
+UV light and room light I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV light and room light I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV light and room light I had a
+combination of both on these and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of both on these and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of both on these and here's
+another example of those quantum dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of those quantum dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of those quantum dots
+this time they were infused into plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time they were infused into plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time they were infused into plastic
+here is a purely UV illuminated image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a purely UV illuminated image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a purely UV illuminated image
+and once again I decided to turn on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once again I decided to turn on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once again I decided to turn on some
+available light and it's a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available light and it's a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available light and it's a sort of a
+combination of using the UV lamp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of using the UV lamp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of using the UV lamp and
+available lamp light in the lab
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DB7dSaro4cE.txt b/DB7dSaro4cE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..607227519acd75251d1afc318efee3ab4c58b095
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DB7dSaro4cE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10072 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh we're going to continue our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh we're going to continue our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh we're going to continue our
+discussion today of redistribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion today of redistribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion today of redistribution and
+fairness remember we talked about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness remember we talked about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness remember we talked about how
+most of this class was just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of this class was just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of this class was just about
+efficiency and we had that that simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and we had that that simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and we had that that simple
+measure of welfare which just adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of welfare which just adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of welfare which just adding
+consumer and produce a surplus we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer and produce a surplus we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer and produce a surplus we talked
+last time about why that might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time about why that might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time about why that might not be
+the right measure and while how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right measure and while how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right measure and while how we can
+actually do interpersonal comparisons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do interpersonal comparisons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do interpersonal comparisons in
+economics how it can move beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics how it can move beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics how it can move beyond the
+simple addition of consumer producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple addition of consumer producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple addition of consumer producer
+Surplus to richer interpersonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus to richer interpersonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus to richer interpersonal
+comparisons using a social welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons using a social welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons using a social welfare
+function and then we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then we talked about the
+inherent Equity efficiency tradeoff we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent Equity efficiency tradeoff we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent Equity efficiency tradeoff we
+went through a model that Illustrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through a model that Illustrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through a model that Illustrated
+the inefficiencies that come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inefficiencies that come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inefficiencies that come from the
+Leaky bucket and we started and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leaky bucket and we started and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leaky bucket and we started and you
+finish in section an example how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish in section an example how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish in section an example how you can
+put that all together how you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that all together how you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that all together how you can take
+the concept of leaky bucket together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of leaky bucket together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of leaky bucket together
+with the concept of social welfare and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the concept of social welfare and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the concept of social welfare and
+use it to decide if a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to decide if a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to decide if a given
+redistribution raises social welfare or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution raises social welfare or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution raises social welfare or
+lowers it in other words is the benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers it in other words is the benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers it in other words is the benefit
+of redistributing the P worth shrinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of redistributing the P worth shrinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of redistributing the P worth shrinking
+the P that's what it comes down to okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P that's what it comes down to okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P that's what it comes down to okay
+we know how to maximize the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to maximize the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to maximize the size of the
+pi we learned that you know we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi we learned that you know we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi we learned that you know we're done
+with that we're done with perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that we're done with perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that we're done with perfect
+competition we know how to maximize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition we know how to maximize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition we know how to maximize the
+size of the pi the question is is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the pi the question is is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the pi the question is is it
+worth shrinking the pi to redistribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth shrinking the pi to redistribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth shrinking the pi to redistribute
+the resources now what I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resources now what I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resources now what I want to talk
+about today is how we do it in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today is how we do it in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today is how we do it in practice
+what do we do in practice to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do in practice to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do in practice to actually
+redistribute money in the US and like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribute money in the US and like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribute money in the US and like I
+said we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we have two
+forms two two potential leaks in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms two two potential leaks in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms two two potential leaks in the
+bucket two two steps toing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket two two steps toing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket two two steps toing to
+redistributing money one is to tax the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributing money one is to tax the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributing money one is to tax the
+people who have the resources and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have the resources and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have the resources and the
+other is to transfer money to those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is to transfer money to those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is to transfer money to those who
+don't so I want to talk today about both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so I want to talk today about both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so I want to talk today about both
+sides of that equation once again doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of that equation once again doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of that equation once again doing
+what I do in about 12 lectures in 1441
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do in about 12 lectures in 1441
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do in about 12 lectures in 1441
+in one lecture here at a very broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one lecture here at a very broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one lecture here at a very broad
+level to understand how Taxation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level to understand how Taxation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level to understand how Taxation and
+transfers work in our country and how in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers work in our country and how in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers work in our country and how in
+practice we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice we
+implement the idea of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the idea of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the idea of of of
+redistributing uh social wealth let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributing uh social wealth let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributing uh social wealth let's
+start with figure 231 the figures today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with figure 231 the figures today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with figure 231 the figures today
+all be from my textbook figure 231 shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be from my textbook figure 231 shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be from my textbook figure 231 shows
+how we raise money in America this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we raise money in America this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we raise money in America this is a
+simple pie chart so about 37% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple pie chart so about 37% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple pie chart so about 37% of the
+money we raise in America is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money we raise in America is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money we raise in America is from
+individual income taxes that's the taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual income taxes that's the taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual income taxes that's the taxes
+you fire file every April 15th you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fire file every April 15th you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fire file every April 15th you
+probably haven't much yet but you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably haven't much yet but you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably haven't much yet but you will
+when you're grownups the next biggest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're grownups the next biggest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're grownups the next biggest is
+social security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social security
+contributions these are what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions these are what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions these are what we call
+payroll taxes these differ from income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payroll taxes these differ from income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payroll taxes these differ from income
+taxes in that you don't pay it on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes in that you don't pay it on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes in that you don't pay it on your
+income at the end of the year you pay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income at the end of the year you pay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income at the end of the year you pay it
+on your earnings as the year goes on if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your earnings as the year goes on if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your earnings as the year goes on if
+you've ever earned money you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever earned money you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever earned money you'll see
+there's a line on your stub called f or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a line on your stub called f or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a line on your stub called f or
+another another one called Medicare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another another one called Medicare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another another one called Medicare
+these are our federal payroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are our federal payroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are our federal payroll
+contributions and that is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions and that is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions and that is the second
+biggest source of Revenue the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest source of Revenue the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest source of Revenue the third
+biggest source of Revenue is consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest source of Revenue is consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest source of Revenue is consumption
+taxes mostly state sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes mostly state sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes mostly state sales
+taxes but also excise taxes on things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes but also excise taxes on things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes but also excise taxes on things
+like alcohol and cigarettes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like alcohol and cigarettes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like alcohol and cigarettes that's
+specific taxes on alcohol cigarettes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific taxes on alcohol cigarettes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific taxes on alcohol cigarettes and
+gas the fourth biggest is the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas the fourth biggest is the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas the fourth biggest is the property
+tax which is basically tax you pay on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax which is basically tax you pay on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax which is basically tax you pay on
+the value of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of your
+house uh and the fifth biggest besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house uh and the fifth biggest besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house uh and the fifth biggest besides
+the other actually sixth biggest after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other actually sixth biggest after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other actually sixth biggest after
+other is a corporate income tax we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is a corporate income tax we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is a corporate income tax we only
+raise one in every $20 in America from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise one in every $20 in America from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise one in every $20 in America from
+tax Incorporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax Incorporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax Incorporation
+think about that look at this graph we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that look at this graph we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that look at this graph we
+raise 37% for income taxes 25% Social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise 37% for income taxes 25% Social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise 37% for income taxes 25% Social
+Security contributions 177% for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security contributions 177% for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security contributions 177% for
+consumption taxes all taxes that fall on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption taxes all taxes that fall on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption taxes all taxes that fall on
+the average Joe and 5% from the taxes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average Joe and 5% from the taxes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average Joe and 5% from the taxes we
+raise on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise on
+corporations how should we feel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations how should we feel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations how should we feel about
+that should that make us irate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should that make us irate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should that make us irate that
+we're favoring corporations or not it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're favoring corporations or not it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're favoring corporations or not it
+turns out the answer is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the answer is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the answer is not
+obvious because to understand the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious because to understand the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious because to understand the answer
+we need to when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to when we talk about
+taxation we need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxation we need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxation we need to think
+about the fairness of the whole tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fairness of the whole tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fairness of the whole tax
+system or what we call an economics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or what we call an economics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or what we call an economics the
+incidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence of
+taxes who actually Bears the tax and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes who actually Bears the tax and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes who actually Bears the tax and it
+turns out this chart is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this chart is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this chart is very
+misleading because it turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading because it turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading because it turns out the
+party that sends the money to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party that sends the money to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party that sends the money to the
+government is not necessarily the party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is not necessarily the party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is not necessarily the party
+that actually Bears the burden of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually Bears the burden of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually Bears the burden of the
+tax which is sort of weird right I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax which is sort of weird right I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax which is sort of weird right I've
+just you say well how can that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you say well how can that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you say well how can that be
+they're sending the money to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sending the money to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sending the money to the
+government and the answer is it ignores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and the answer is it ignores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and the answer is it ignores
+the fact that the market reacts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the market reacts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the market reacts to
+Taxation and that incidence is about who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taxation and that incidence is about who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taxation and that incidence is about who
+ultimately Bears the burden after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately Bears the burden after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately Bears the burden after the
+market has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market has
+responded so we're going to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded so we're going to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded so we're going to Define
+economic incidence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic incidence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic incidence of a
+tax as the difference in an individual's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax as the difference in an individual's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax as the difference in an individual's
+resources before and after a tax is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources before and after a tax is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources before and after a tax is
+imposed the economic incidence is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed the economic incidence is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed the economic incidence is not
+the amount they send to the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount they send to the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount they send to the government
+it's the difference in their resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the difference in their resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the difference in their resources
+from before to after the tax is imposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before to after the tax is imposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before to after the tax is imposed
+and we'll see that can end up being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that can end up being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that can end up being very
+different the amount than the check they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the amount than the check they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the amount than the check they
+actually write to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why let's look
+at figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at figure
+232 figure 232 is an example of a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+232 figure 232 is an example of a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+232 figure 232 is an example of a market
+the market for gas gas is a market we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market for gas gas is a market we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market for gas gas is a market we
+have a specific excise tax on gas a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a specific excise tax on gas a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a specific excise tax on gas a
+certain amount per gallon there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount per gallon there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount per gallon there's a
+federal excise tax and States layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal excise tax and States layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal excise tax and States layer
+excise tax on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excise tax on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excise tax on top of
+that so let's start by thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's start by thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's start by thinking about
+the market for gas Standard supply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market for gas Standard supply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market for gas Standard supply and
+demand model you've got the quantity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand model you've got the quantity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand model you've got the quantity of
+gas on the x- axis the price of gas on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas on the x- axis the price of gas on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas on the x- axis the price of gas on
+the y- axis and this in this highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y- axis and this in this highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y- axis and this in this highly
+out-of-date graph that clearly needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out-of-date graph that clearly needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out-of-date graph that clearly needs to
+be updated I've got us selling 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be updated I've got us selling 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be updated I've got us selling 100
+billion gallons of gas at a150 a gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion gallons of gas at a150 a gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion gallons of gas at a150 a gallon
+my fantasies of past life okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my fantasies of past life okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my fantasies of past life okay so
+imagine we're initially in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we're initially in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we're initially in that
+equilibrium and remember that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and remember that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and remember that is the
+equilibrium remember definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium remember definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium remember definition of
+equilibrium that makes both producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that makes both producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that makes both producers
+and consumers happy producers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consumers happy producers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consumers happy producers are
+willing to sell 100 billion gallons at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to sell 100 billion gallons at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to sell 100 billion gallons at
+$150 a gallon consumers are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$150 a gallon consumers are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$150 a gallon consumers are willing to
+buy 100 billion gallons of a150 a gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy 100 billion gallons of a150 a gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy 100 billion gallons of a150 a gallon
+the Market's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Market's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Market's in
+equilibrium now imagine that we Levy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium now imagine that we Levy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium now imagine that we Levy um
+a tax of 50 cents per gallon let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tax of 50 cents per gallon let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tax of 50 cents per gallon let's say
+we Levy it on the producers of gas let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Levy it on the producers of gas let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Levy it on the producers of gas let's
+say we go to the gas companies and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we go to the gas companies and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we go to the gas companies and say
+look for every you rich gas companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for every you rich gas companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for every you rich gas companies
+oil gas oil companies are making record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil gas oil companies are making record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil gas oil companies are making record
+profits so we go to them and say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits so we go to them and say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits so we go to them and say you
+know what you rich oil and gas companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you rich oil and gas companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you rich oil and gas companies
+for every gallon of gas you sell we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every gallon of gas you sell we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every gallon of gas you sell we're
+going to make you send a check for 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make you send a check for 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make you send a check for 50
+cents to the government because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents to the government because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents to the government because you're
+making too much money and we want to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making too much money and we want to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making too much money and we want to you
+know tax you and but not consumers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know tax you and but not consumers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know tax you and but not consumers we
+want to tax the greedy corporations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tax the greedy corporations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tax the greedy corporations so
+we say 50 cents per gallon you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say 50 cents per gallon you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say 50 cents per gallon you have to
+write a check 50 cents per gallon you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a check 50 cents per gallon you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a check 50 cents per gallon you
+sell what does that do to our graph well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell what does that do to our graph well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell what does that do to our graph well
+think of it from The Producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it from The Producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it from The Producers
+perspective what you've done is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective what you've done is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective what you've done is simply
+rais their marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rais their marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rais their marginal cost
+whatever their marginal cost was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever their marginal cost was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever their marginal cost was before
+it's now 50 cents per gallon higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now 50 cents per gallon higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now 50 cents per gallon higher
+because for every gallon they produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for every gallon they produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for every gallon they produce
+they have to spend 50 cents more paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to spend 50 cents more paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to spend 50 cents more paying
+the government so that acts as a shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government so that acts as a shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government so that acts as a shift
+inward in their supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward in their supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward in their supply
+curve in other words the point is before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in other words the point is before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in other words the point is before
+they were happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were happy to
+provide a 100 billion gallons at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a 100 billion gallons at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a 100 billion gallons at
+a150 but now if you want to supply 150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a150 but now if you want to supply 150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a150 but now if you want to supply 150
+100 billion gall balance you need to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 billion gall balance you need to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 billion gall balance you need to pay
+them $2 why well because in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them $2 why well because in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them $2 why well because in this
+perfectly competitive market they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly competitive market they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly competitive market they were
+zero profit before at $150 if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero profit before at $150 if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero profit before at $150 if they're
+sending 50 cents a gall on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending 50 cents a gall on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending 50 cents a gall on the
+government they have to make $2 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government they have to make $2 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government they have to make $2 to be
+zero profit now so this is that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero profit now so this is that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero profit now so this is that's what
+they'd have to get so we get a shift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd have to get so we get a shift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd have to get so we get a shift and
+supply and therefore through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply and therefore through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply and therefore through the
+adjustment equilibrium we get a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment equilibrium we get a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment equilibrium we get a new
+outcome which is we get a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome which is we get a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome which is we get a new
+equilibrium at Point D which is since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at Point D which is since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at Point D which is since
+Supply shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply shifted
+inward we get a new equilibrium with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward we get a new equilibrium with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward we get a new equilibrium with
+only 90 billion gallons of gas being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 90 billion gallons of gas being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 90 billion gallons of gas being
+sold at a price of A180 why do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold at a price of A180 why do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold at a price of A180 why do we get
+there well it's a stand Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well it's a stand Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well it's a stand Market
+adjustment we've been through already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment we've been through already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment we've been through already
+okay and it could be dollar 80 could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it could be dollar 80 could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it could be dollar 80 could be
+dollar you know I'm not saying this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar you know I'm not saying this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar you know I'm not saying this is
+the definite answer but it's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definite answer but it's just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definite answer but it's just an
+example of how Market would adjust okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how Market would adjust okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how Market would adjust okay
+questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+that just an example how Market would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just an example how Market would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just an example how Market would
+adjust now let's ask what is the burden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust now let's ask what is the burden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust now let's ask what is the burden
+on producers what is the producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on producers what is the producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on producers what is the producer
+burdened from this tax well let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burdened from this tax well let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burdened from this tax well let's just
+do some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some simple
+math the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer
+um the producer uh used to the producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the producer uh used to the producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the producer uh used to the producer
+used to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to get a
+$150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$150
+okay so they used to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$150 now they have to send 50 cents to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$150 now they have to send 50 cents to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$150 now they have to send 50 cents to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+government but they now get A180 per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government but they now get A180 per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government but they now get A180 per
+gallon so on net their burden is 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon so on net their burden is 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon so on net their burden is 20
+cents that is they are bearing a burden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents that is they are bearing a burden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents that is they are bearing a burden
+of 20 cents and you could see that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20 cents and you could see that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20 cents and you could see that if
+you look at the graph the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the graph the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the graph the
+producer used to get a $150 now they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer used to get a $150 now they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer used to get a $150 now they get
+A180 so they get 30 cents more a gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A180 so they get 30 cents more a gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A180 so they get 30 cents more a gallon
+but they have to send 50 cents to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have to send 50 cents to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have to send 50 cents to the
+government so on net they're out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government so on net they're out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government so on net they're out
+20 on net they're out 20 cents what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 on net they're out 20 cents what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 on net they're out 20 cents what's
+the consumer burden well the consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer burden well the consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer burden well the consumer
+used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to
+pay uh the consumer used to now now pays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay uh the consumer used to now now pays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay uh the consumer used to now now pays
+A180 it used to pay consumer used to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A180 it used to pay consumer used to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A180 it used to pay consumer used to pay
+$150 so their burden is 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cents you can see that once again in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents you can see that once again in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents you can see that once again in the
+graph consumers used to pay 150 now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph consumers used to pay 150 now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph consumers used to pay 150 now they
+pay 180 they're not paying 30 cents more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay 180 they're not paying 30 cents more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay 180 they're not paying 30 cents more
+so look at what happened who lost cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at what happened who lost cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at what happened who lost cost
+more from this tax consumers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more from this tax consumers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more from this tax consumers or
+producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers
+consumers we were trying to tax the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers we were trying to tax the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers we were trying to tax the
+greedy oil companies but what did we end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy oil companies but what did we end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy oil companies but what did we end
+up doing we ended up making consumers 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up doing we ended up making consumers 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up doing we ended up making consumers 30
+cents worse per gallon and producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents worse per gallon and producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents worse per gallon and producers
+only 20 cents worse per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 20 cents worse per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 20 cents worse per
+gallon that is the incidence was not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon that is the incidence was not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon that is the incidence was not the
+same as the amount of the check sent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the amount of the check sent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the amount of the check sent in
+even though the producers sent in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the producers sent in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the producers sent in a
+check for 50 cents a gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for 50 cents a gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for 50 cents a gallon
+that was offset by the fact they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was offset by the fact they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was offset by the fact they're
+getting 30 cents more a gallon so a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 30 cents more a gallon so a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 30 cents more a gallon so a net
+they only were out 20 cents a gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only were out 20 cents a gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only were out 20 cents a gallon
+even though consumers weren't touched in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though consumers weren't touched in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though consumers weren't touched in
+theory the government said I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory the government said I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory the government said I'm not
+hurting you consumers in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting you consumers in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting you consumers in practice
+consumers were hurt because consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers were hurt because consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers were hurt because consumers
+had to pay 30 cents more a gallon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to pay 30 cents more a gallon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to pay 30 cents more a gallon and
+this is why a graph life figure 231
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why a graph life figure 231
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why a graph life figure 231
+could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+misleading because think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading because think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading because think about
+corporations when you tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations when you tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations when you tax
+corporations some what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations some what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations some what's going to happen
+is the rich Corporation owners will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rich Corporation owners will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rich Corporation owners will take
+it but some of it is they'll pass it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but some of it is they'll pass it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but some of it is they'll pass it on
+to higher prices to Consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to higher prices to Consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to higher prices to Consumers
+so it's not like tax in corporations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not like tax in corporations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not like tax in corporations is
+purely getting at the rich guys it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely getting at the rich guys it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely getting at the rich guys it's
+also getting consumers it's not as easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also getting consumers it's not as easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also getting consumers it's not as easy
+as that graph makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that graph makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that graph makes it
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now here's something to note let's note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's something to note let's note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's something to note let's note
+the following interesting phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following interesting phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following interesting phenomenon
+look at figure 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we had instead of taxing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we had instead of taxing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we had instead of taxing
+producers we tax consumers the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers we tax consumers the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers we tax consumers the way the
+gas tax usually works right the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas tax usually works right the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas tax usually works right the way the
+well let's say the no let's say the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's say the no let's say the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's say the no let's say the way
+the gas tax worked is literally it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas tax worked is literally it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas tax worked is literally it's
+sort of weird but the government said to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of weird but the government said to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of weird but the government said to
+you for every gallon you buy I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for every gallon you buy I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for every gallon you buy I'm going
+to make you send me 50 cents it'd be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make you send me 50 cents it'd be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make you send me 50 cents it'd be a
+weird tax to think about let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird tax to think about let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird tax to think about let's imagine
+way the tax worked okay is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the tax worked okay is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the tax worked okay is the
+government said I'm going to track your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government said I'm going to track your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government said I'm going to track your
+gas purchases and for every gallon you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas purchases and for every gallon you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas purchases and for every gallon you
+buy I'm going to make you 70 50 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy I'm going to make you 70 50 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy I'm going to make you 70 50 cents
+well now the supply curve doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now the supply curve doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now the supply curve doesn't change
+marginal cost hasn't change but demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost hasn't change but demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost hasn't change but demand
+changes consumers used to be willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes consumers used to be willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes consumers used to be willing to
+buy 100 billion gallons of $150 but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy 100 billion gallons of $150 but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy 100 billion gallons of $150 but now
+their marginal list to pay Falls if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their marginal list to pay Falls if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their marginal list to pay Falls if they
+were indiffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were indiffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were indiffer
+between paying a150 for the 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between paying a150 for the 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between paying a150 for the 100
+billionth gallon now they have to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billionth gallon now they have to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billionth gallon now they have to send
+50 cents to the government they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 cents to the government they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 cents to the government they're
+paying a dollar for the billionth gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying a dollar for the billionth gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying a dollar for the billionth gallon
+they're not willing to pay $150 anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not willing to pay $150 anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not willing to pay $150 anymore
+they're only will paying a dollar why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only will paying a dollar why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only will paying a dollar why
+because that last marginal consumer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that last marginal consumer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that last marginal consumer was
+indifferent his marginal willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent his marginal willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent his marginal willingness to
+pay for the 100 billionth gallon was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for the 100 billionth gallon was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for the 100 billionth gallon was a
+$150 that's his total willingness to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$150 that's his total willingness to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$150 that's his total willingness to pay
+said 50 cents to the government he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said 50 cents to the government he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said 50 cents to the government he's
+only willing to pay a dollar to the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only willing to pay a dollar to the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only willing to pay a dollar to the gas
+company to get that gallon so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company to get that gallon so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company to get that gallon so that's a
+shift downward in the demand curve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift downward in the demand curve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift downward in the demand curve the
+demand curve Shi sh down we get to New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve Shi sh down we get to New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve Shi sh down we get to New
+equilibrium with a price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a130 by the way this shift this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a130 by the way this shift this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a130 by the way this shift this is just
+this is natural this is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is natural this is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is natural this is because the
+curves are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves are the
+same what is the new producer burden did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same what is the new producer burden did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same what is the new producer burden did
+someone tell me what's the new producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone tell me what's the new producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone tell me what's the new producer
+burden what's the incidence of this even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden what's the incidence of this even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden what's the incidence of this even
+though producer aren't sending a check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though producer aren't sending a check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though producer aren't sending a check
+to the government what is the incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the government what is the incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the government what is the incidence
+of this tax on producers in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this tax on producers in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this tax on producers in this
+case how much worse off our producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case how much worse off our producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case how much worse off our producers
+yeah 20 cents why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly same person what about consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly same person what about consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly same person what about consumers
+how much worse offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much worse offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much worse offer
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because they save 20 cents a gallon but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they save 20 cents a gallon but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they save 20 cents a gallon but
+they send a 50 Cent check to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they send a 50 Cent check to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they send a 50 Cent check to the
+government right could producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government right could producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government right could producers
+consumers get a lower price but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers get a lower price but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers get a lower price but then
+they have to send that check to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to send that check to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to send that check to the
+government so they wor off 30 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government so they wor off 30 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government so they wor off 30 cents
+producers who weren't involved in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers who weren't involved in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers who weren't involved in this
+so was just tax on those greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so was just tax on those greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so was just tax on those greedy
+consumers they're getting 20 cents less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers they're getting 20 cents less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers they're getting 20 cents less
+a gallon too econom economic incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gallon too econom economic incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gallon too econom economic incidence
+is not so two points here first it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not so two points here first it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not so two points here first it
+hammers home the point that economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammers home the point that economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammers home the point that economic
+difference is different than who sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is different than who sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is different than who sends
+the check but second of all it hammers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the check but second of all it hammers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the check but second of all it hammers
+home the point that it for a given tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home the point that it for a given tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home the point that it for a given tax
+in a given Market it does not matter who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given Market it does not matter who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given Market it does not matter who
+pays the tax this is a profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays the tax this is a profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays the tax this is a profound
+insight for a given supply and demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight for a given supply and demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight for a given supply and demand
+curve and a given total tax it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and a given total tax it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and a given total tax it doesn't
+matter who sends the check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter who sends the check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter who sends the check
+in the incident is the same that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the incident is the same that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the incident is the same that's very
+profound that says it is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound that says it is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound that says it is totally
+irrelevant that says politicians are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant that says politicians are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant that says politicians are
+free to label a tax any way they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to label a tax any way they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to label a tax any way they want
+but for a given market and a given size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a given market and a given size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a given market and a given size
+tax consumers and producers end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax consumers and producers end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax consumers and producers end up in
+the same position or what we say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same position or what we say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same position or what we say in
+public finances the side of the Market's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public finances the side of the Market's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public finances the side of the Market's
+irrelevant it doesn't matter who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant it doesn't matter who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant it doesn't matter who
+actually sends the check to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sends the check to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sends the check to the
+government okay what matters is how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government okay what matters is how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government okay what matters is how big
+the taxes and what eles are of supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taxes and what eles are of supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taxes and what eles are of supply
+and demand that's incredibly powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demand that's incredibly powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demand that's incredibly powerful
+okay my guess is most of you without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay my guess is most of you without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay my guess is most of you without
+spending a long time pondering it if I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a long time pondering it if I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a long time pondering it if I'd
+said walking this class doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said walking this class doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said walking this class doesn't matter
+if consumers pay the gas tax or oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if consumers pay the gas tax or oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if consumers pay the gas tax or oil
+companies pay the gas tax you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies pay the gas tax you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies pay the gas tax you would have
+said it does matter but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it does matter but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it does matter but it
+doesn't it doesn't matter as long as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it doesn't matter as long as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it doesn't matter as long as the
+tax is the same and the Market's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax is the same and the Market's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax is the same and the Market's the
+same questions about that and I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same questions about that and I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same questions about that and I've just
+blown your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you're getting ahead of me hold on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're getting ahead of me hold on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're getting ahead of me hold on
+other questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah excellent excellent question both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah excellent excellent question both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah excellent excellent question both
+great questions that lead to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great questions that lead to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great questions that lead to the next
+point the next point is who Bears the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the next point is who Bears the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the next point is who Bears the
+taxes who actually Bears them well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes who actually Bears them well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes who actually Bears them well that
+it turns out is going to be determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out is going to be determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out is going to be determined
+by the elasticities of these curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the elasticities of these curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the elasticities of these curves
+let's look at figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at figure
+234 in the first case we have a case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+234 in the first case we have a case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+234 in the first case we have a case of
+inelastic demand for gas this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic demand for gas this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic demand for gas this is
+probably right in the very very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably right in the very very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably right in the very very short
+run probably dayto day if the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run probably dayto day if the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run probably dayto day if the price of
+gas goes up a lot people don't adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas goes up a lot people don't adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas goes up a lot people don't adjust
+their consumption the next day okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their consumption the next day okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their consumption the next day okay so
+gas is probably pretty inelastically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas is probably pretty inelastically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas is probably pretty inelastically
+demanded in the short run well in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded in the short run well in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded in the short run well in that
+case what happens let's say we tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what happens let's say we tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what happens let's say we tax
+producers the first example the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers the first example the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers the first example the supply
+curve shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve shifts
+up but what happens to price it goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but what happens to price it goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but what happens to price it goes up
+by the amount of the tax why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the amount of the tax why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the amount of the tax why because
+consumers are going to buy the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are going to buy the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are going to buy the same
+amount of gas no matter what so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of gas no matter what so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of gas no matter what so you can
+just charge them whatever the hell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just charge them whatever the hell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just charge them whatever the hell you
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+so who Bears the burden of this tax how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who Bears the burden of this tax how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who Bears the burden of this tax how
+much is on producers and how much is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is on producers and how much is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is on producers and how much is on
+consumers when demand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers when demand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers when demand is
+inelastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah exactly it's all on consumers flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly it's all on consumers flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly it's all on consumers flip
+that around that's good good answer flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that around that's good good answer flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that around that's good good answer flip
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+around okay now imagine we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay now imagine we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay now imagine we're in the
+very long run where people can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long run where people can you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long run where people can you know
+shift to bicycles and walk and demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to bicycles and walk and demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to bicycles and walk and demand
+for gas is super elastic in fact let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gas is super elastic in fact let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gas is super elastic in fact let's
+imagine it's perfectly elastic not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it's perfectly elastic not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it's perfectly elastic not true
+but let's imagine it now what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's imagine it now what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's imagine it now what happens
+well we tax the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we tax the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we tax the
+producers but they can't raise the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers but they can't raise the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers but they can't raise the price
+because demand's perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because demand's perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because demand's perfectly
+elastic so now who Bears the burden of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic so now who Bears the burden of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic so now who Bears the burden of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+taxes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes the
+producer the consumer doesn't bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer the consumer doesn't bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer the consumer doesn't bear
+because if the producer tries to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the producer tries to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the producer tries to pass
+one sent on them they'll just stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sent on them they'll just stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sent on them they'll just stop
+buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying
+gas so the producer has to Bear it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so the producer has to Bear it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so the producer has to Bear it all
+so what determines who Bears the taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what determines who Bears the taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what determines who Bears the taxes
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+elasticities and basically the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities and basically the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities and basically the bottom
+line is those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is those who
+are the most elastic will be the best at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most elastic will be the best at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most elastic will be the best at
+avoiding taxes this is not the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoiding taxes this is not the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoiding taxes this is not the right
+intuition but here's how I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition but here's how I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition but here's how I think about
+it I think of like negotiating power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think of like negotiating power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think of like negotiating power
+think about there's this tax and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about there's this tax and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about there's this tax and
+consumers are produc and negotiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are produc and negotiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are produc and negotiating
+who's going to Bear it well if consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to Bear it well if consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to Bear it well if consumers
+are perfectly elastic they're like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are perfectly elastic they're like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are perfectly elastic they're like you
+know [ __ ] you I'm not going to Bear it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know [ __ ] you I'm not going to Bear it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know [ __ ] you I'm not going to Bear it
+you try to give me any I'm gone but iFly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to give me any I'm gone but iFly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to give me any I'm gone but iFly
+inelastic produc is like I'm sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic produc is like I'm sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic produc is like I'm sticking
+you with it and I know you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with it and I know you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with it and I know you're going to
+take it because you have no choice your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it because you have no choice your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it because you have no choice your
+demand's perfectly in elastic yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excellent question we're going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question we're going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question we're going to come
+back to that the way we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that the way we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that the way we think of
+incidents is the reason we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents is the reason we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents is the reason we think about
+is the change in price the reason we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the change in price the reason we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the change in price the reason we use
+price and we don't pay attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and we don't pay attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and we don't pay attention to the
+x-axis at all is another way ask your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis at all is another way ask your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis at all is another way ask your
+question is we're thinking about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is we're thinking about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is we're thinking about an
+incremental infinitesimally small change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental infinitesimally small change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental infinitesimally small change
+so X wouldn't change okay I mean X would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X wouldn't change okay I mean X would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X wouldn't change okay I mean X would
+change basically X does change let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change basically X does change let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change basically X does change let me go
+back let me say this differently we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back let me say this differently we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back let me say this differently we're
+focusing on incidents because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on incidents because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on incidents because
+basically the fairness aspect Yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the fairness aspect Yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the fairness aspect Yeah
+scratch my first answer here's a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch my first answer here's a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch my first answer here's a better
+answer in both equilibriums before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in both equilibriums before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in both equilibriums before and
+after the tax everyone is perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the tax everyone is perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the tax everyone is perfectly
+happy with where they are so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with where they are so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with where they are so it's not
+about efficiency you're an efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about efficiency you're an efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about efficiency you're an efficient
+outcome before or after okay it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome before or after okay it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome before or after okay it's about
+fairness and fairness about who's paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and fairness about who's paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and fairness about who's paying
+more before after so not a great answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more before after so not a great answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more before after so not a great answer
+but that's the way to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the way to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the way to think about it
+okay but it leads to the next section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it leads to the next section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it leads to the next section
+I'm going to teach okay other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to teach okay other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to teach okay other questions
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+that okay so elasticity determines who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so elasticity determines who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so elasticity determines who
+Bears the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bears the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bears the
+burden okay so here's a great example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden okay so here's a great example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden okay so here's a great example of
+that let me ask a hard question see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me ask a hard question see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me ask a hard question see if
+you guys get that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys get that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys get that get
+this cities Levy taxes on hotels on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cities Levy taxes on hotels on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cities Levy taxes on hotels on
+hotel rooms when you go to a hotel room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel rooms when you go to a hotel room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel rooms when you go to a hotel room
+in a big city there's a city tax on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a big city there's a city tax on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a big city there's a city tax on that
+hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel
+room that tax and hotels rooms is born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room that tax and hotels rooms is born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room that tax and hotels rooms is born
+as you could now know be partially by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you could now know be partially by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you could now know be partially by
+the hotels and partially by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hotels and partially by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hotels and partially by the
+consumers of hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers of hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers of hotel
+rooms after Airbnb came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms after Airbnb came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms after Airbnb came
+along how did that shift the burden of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along how did that shift the burden of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along how did that shift the burden of
+that tax so there's taxes on hotels whoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tax so there's taxes on hotels whoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tax so there's taxes on hotels whoa
+okay how did it shift the burden of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how did it shift the burden of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how did it shift the burden of the
+tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax
+because exactly what airbn D did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because exactly what airbn D did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because exactly what airbn D did was
+make consumer demand for hotels more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make consumer demand for hotels more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make consumer demand for hotels more
+elastic when consumer demands for hotels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic when consumer demands for hotels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic when consumer demands for hotels
+more elastic producers couldn't pass the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more elastic producers couldn't pass the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more elastic producers couldn't pass the
+tax onto them as much so producers had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax onto them as much so producers had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax onto them as much so producers had
+to Bear more of it that's an example how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Bear more of it that's an example how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Bear more of it that's an example how
+this matters in the real world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matters in the real world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matters in the real world and
+there's evidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's evidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's evidence of
+that okay so this isn't just saying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this isn't just saying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this isn't just saying you
+know a different question I could ask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a different question I could ask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a different question I could ask is
+well what happens when Airbnb comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens when Airbnb comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens when Airbnb comes in
+hotel price will have to fall that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel price will have to fall that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel price will have to fall that's a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+question okay this question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay this question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay this question is what
+happens the effect of attacks on hotels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the effect of attacks on hotels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the effect of attacks on hotels
+and the answer is it's borne more by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is it's borne more by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is it's borne more by
+hotels and less by consumers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotels and less by consumers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotels and less by consumers because
+consumers look more like the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers look more like the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers look more like the second
+panel of figure 234 and less like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel of figure 234 and less like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel of figure 234 and less like the
+first panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first panel
+so basically the more elastic consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the more elastic consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the more elastic consumers
+become the more they can avoid taxes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the more they can avoid taxes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the more they can avoid taxes the
+less elastic the more they'll be stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less elastic the more they'll be stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less elastic the more they'll be stuck
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+them okay now that's fairness but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay now that's fairness but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay now that's fairness but let me
+come to this great question over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to this great question over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to this great question over here
+which is okay that's just about prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is okay that's just about prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is okay that's just about prices
+what about profits what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about profits what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about profits what about
+quantities well that comes to the SEC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities well that comes to the SEC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities well that comes to the SEC
+back to our original concept which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficiency which is now let's talk talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency which is now let's talk talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency which is now let's talk talk
+about the efficient aspect of taxes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the efficient aspect of taxes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the efficient aspect of taxes I
+misspoke I said you wasn't that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misspoke I said you wasn't that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misspoke I said you wasn't that they're
+efficient in both outcomes they're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient in both outcomes they're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient in both outcomes they're an
+equilibrium in both outcomes let's come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in both outcomes let's come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in both outcomes let's come
+to the efficiency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the efficiency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the efficiency of
+Taxation now let's look at a tax now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taxation now let's look at a tax now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taxation now let's look at a tax now
+let's go back to figure to our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to figure to our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to figure to our original
+t figure 235 goes back to our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t figure 235 goes back to our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t figure 235 goes back to our original
+tax on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax on
+producers of 50 cents a gallon same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers of 50 cents a gallon same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers of 50 cents a gallon same
+thing initially equilibrium at P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing initially equilibrium at P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing initially equilibrium at P1
+q1 now you get new equilibrium at P1 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 now you get new equilibrium at P1 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 now you get new equilibrium at P1 at
+P2 Q2 to A180 90 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 Q2 to A180 90 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 Q2 to A180 90 billion
+gallons what about efficiency well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons what about efficiency well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons what about efficiency well
+efficiency is what has happened to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is what has happened to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is what has happened to the
+social surplus fairness about division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social surplus fairness about division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social surplus fairness about division
+of so social surplus and that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so social surplus and that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so social surplus and that's why I
+just focused on prices efficiency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focused on prices efficiency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focused on prices efficiency is
+about the size of the social surplus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the size of the social surplus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the size of the social surplus and
+now we focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we focus on
+quantities well what's happened to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities well what's happened to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities well what's happened to the
+size of the social surplus well it used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the social surplus well it used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the social surplus well it used
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+be if you look at it consumers used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you look at it consumers used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you look at it consumers used to
+have the consumer surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the consumer surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the consumer surplus
+of the area above the 150 Price Line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the area above the 150 Price Line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the area above the 150 Price Line and
+below the blue demand line producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the blue demand line producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the blue demand line producers
+used have producer Surplus the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used have producer Surplus the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used have producer Surplus the area
+below the $150 Price Line and above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the $150 Price Line and above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the $150 Price Line and above the
+blue supply line now the quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue supply line now the quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue supply line now the quantity is
+shrunk we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrunk we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrunk we've
+reduced consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced consumer
+surplus and as a result and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus and as a result and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus and as a result and we've
+reduced we've reduced consumer surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced we've reduced consumer surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced we've reduced consumer surplus
+and producer Surplus Now consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and producer Surplus Now consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and producer Surplus Now consumer
+surplus is just the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus is just the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus is just the amount
+above the $180 line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the $180 line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the $180 line
+line and below the demand curve producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and below the demand curve producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and below the demand curve producer
+Surplus is just the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus is just the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus is just the amount
+above below the dollar 80 line and above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above below the dollar 80 line and above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above below the dollar 80 line and above
+the red supply curve both consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red supply curve both consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red supply curve both consumer
+producer Surplus have shrunk and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer Surplus have shrunk and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer Surplus have shrunk and we've
+created a dead weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a dead weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a dead weight
+loss so there's an efficiency cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss so there's an efficiency cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss so there's an efficiency cost to
+taxation this is the source of the leak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxation this is the source of the leak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxation this is the source of the leak
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+bucket I talked about it last time more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket I talked about it last time more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket I talked about it last time more
+casually I talked about why or I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casually I talked about why or I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casually I talked about why or I talked
+a couple Le about why we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple Le about why we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple Le about why we care about
+moral hazard why we care that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral hazard why we care that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral hazard why we care that there's
+people are for example not working or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are for example not working or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are for example not working or
+here it's why do we care about the Lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's why do we care about the Lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's why do we care about the Lost
+gallons of gas we care about the Lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons of gas we care about the Lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons of gas we care about the Lost
+gallons of gas because that's a cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons of gas because that's a cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons of gas because that's a cost to
+society there are 10 billion gallons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society there are 10 billion gallons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society there are 10 billion gallons of
+gas that were being sold before in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas that were being sold before in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas that were being sold before in in
+trades that make both parties happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades that make both parties happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades that make both parties happen
+those trades have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those trades have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those trades have
+disappeared we have created an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared we have created an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared we have created an
+inefficiency by tax in the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency by tax in the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency by tax in the gas
+market that is the dead weight loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market that is the dead weight loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market that is the dead weight loss of
+Taxation and that's the leak in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taxation and that's the leak in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taxation and that's the leak in the
+bucket the leak in the bucket from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket the leak in the bucket from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket the leak in the bucket from
+taxing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxing
+things is equal to the dead weight loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is equal to the dead weight loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is equal to the dead weight loss
+of Taxation that's the that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Taxation that's the that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Taxation that's the that's the first
+leak that's the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak that's the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak that's the tax
+leak the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak the tax
+leak is the dead weight loss of Taxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak is the dead weight loss of Taxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak is the dead weight loss of Taxation
+the inefficiency we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inefficiency we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inefficiency we've
+created by taxing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by taxing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by taxing
+Goods now here's the mind-blowing part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods now here's the mind-blowing part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods now here's the mind-blowing part
+look at figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at figure
+236 now I ask now I take a gas market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+236 now I ask now I take a gas market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+236 now I ask now I take a gas market
+with more and less I don't do perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more and less I don't do perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more and less I don't do perfectly
+imperfectly elastic and elastic I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfectly elastic and elastic I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfectly elastic and elastic I do
+sort of more or more realistically more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more or more realistically more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more or more realistically more
+or less elastic look what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less elastic look what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less elastic look what happens to the
+dead weight loss when demand for gas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead weight loss when demand for gas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead weight loss when demand for gas is
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+inelastic the dead weight loss is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic the dead weight loss is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic the dead weight loss is much
+smaller than when the demand for gas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than when the demand for gas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than when the demand for gas is
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+elastic indeed if the demand for gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic indeed if the demand for gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic indeed if the demand for gas
+were perfectly inelastic there'd be Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were perfectly inelastic there'd be Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were perfectly inelastic there'd be Zero
+inefficiency from tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency from tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency from tax
+why why would taxes not be inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why would taxes not be inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why would taxes not be inefficient
+at all if deo's in elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all if deo's in elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all if deo's in elastic
+yeah because there's no changeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because there's no changeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because there's no changeing
+consumers are going to buy there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are going to buy there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are going to buy there's no
+trades that aren't being made you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades that aren't being made you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades that aren't being made you're
+screwing consumers that's the fairness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwing consumers that's the fairness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwing consumers that's the fairness
+part but there's no efficiency loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but there's no efficiency loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but there's no efficiency loss
+there's no trade that's not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no trade that's not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no trade that's not being
+made as a result the more elastic demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made as a result the more elastic demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made as a result the more elastic demand
+gets the bigger the efficiency cost gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the bigger the efficiency cost gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the bigger the efficiency cost gets
+because more and more trades are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because more and more trades are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because more and more trades are being
+blocked from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked from
+happening okay so basically we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening okay so basically we get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening okay so basically we get this
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+contrast which is that as elasticities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast which is that as elasticities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast which is that as elasticities
+go up as as elasticities of demand go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up as as elasticities of demand go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up as as elasticities of demand go up
+on the one hand consumers Escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand consumers Escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand consumers Escape
+taxation right on the other hand their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxation right on the other hand their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxation right on the other hand their
+escaping the taxation is what creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escaping the taxation is what creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escaping the taxation is what creates
+inefficiency in dead weight loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency in dead weight loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency in dead weight loss
+once again sort of an equity efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again sort of an equity efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again sort of an equity efficiency
+tradeoff right the most the fairest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff right the most the fairest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff right the most the fairest
+taxes the taxes which if we if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes the taxes which if we if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes the taxes which if we if we
+consider ourselves as consumers we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider ourselves as consumers we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider ourselves as consumers we care
+about ourselves as consumers the fairest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ourselves as consumers the fairest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ourselves as consumers the fairest
+taxes are the taxes on Goods which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes are the taxes on Goods which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes are the taxes on Goods which are
+most elastically demanded because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most elastically demanded because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most elastically demanded because we
+don't have to bear them but they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to bear them but they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to bear them but they're also
+the most distortionary taxes the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most distortionary taxes the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most distortionary taxes the tax
+that create the biggest leak in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that create the biggest leak in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that create the biggest leak in the
+bucket another way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket another way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket another way of thinking about
+this Equity efficiency tradeoff the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Equity efficiency tradeoff the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Equity efficiency tradeoff the more
+elastic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic is
+demand the more consumers avoid taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand the more consumers avoid taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand the more consumers avoid taxes
+but the more inefficiencies you'll cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the more inefficiencies you'll cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the more inefficiencies you'll cost
+okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well um let me ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well um let me ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well um let me ask the question
+differently look at figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently look at figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently look at figure
+23 uh 4 A first panel here's another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 uh 4 A first panel here's another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 uh 4 A first panel here's another way
+to ask your question why aren't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask your question why aren't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask your question why aren't they
+charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging
+Infinity in it's in elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity in it's in elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity in it's in elastic
+demand why aren't they charging Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand why aren't they charging Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand why aren't they charging Infinity
+it's another version of your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another version of your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another version of your question
+the answer is that there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is that there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is that there's always
+external pressure on producers why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external pressure on producers why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external pressure on producers why don't
+monopolis charge Infinity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolis charge Infinity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolis charge Infinity because
+ultimately there's external pressure now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately there's external pressure now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately there's external pressure now
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+case the reason they're not charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the reason they're not charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the reason they're not charging
+Infinity is because at some point people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity is because at some point people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity is because at some point people
+will start to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start to drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start to drop
+out okay so your answer is why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so your answer is why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so your answer is why don't
+they just shift it more well sure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just shift it more well sure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just shift it more well sure but
+then why aren't they charging more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then why aren't they charging more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then why aren't they charging more
+today they could always charge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today they could always charge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today they could always charge the
+answer is there's other Market forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is there's other Market forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is there's other Market forces
+constraining them why isn't Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraining them why isn't Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraining them why isn't Apple
+charging us more for the iPhone well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging us more for the iPhone well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging us more for the iPhone well
+because the Android exists people prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Android exists people prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Android exists people prefer
+the iPhone but Apple's clearly decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iPhone but Apple's clearly decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iPhone but Apple's clearly decided
+that if it was two grand in iPhone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it was two grand in iPhone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it was two grand in iPhone
+people would just switch too much to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would just switch too much to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would just switch too much to
+Androids they're already making a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Androids they're already making a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Androids they're already making a good
+ungodly profit why not more because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ungodly profit why not more because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ungodly profit why not more because
+they've reached some point where they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've reached some point where they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've reached some point where they've
+decided it's the alone Point okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided it's the alone Point okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided it's the alone Point okay so
+basically the key point is Market power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the key point is Market power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the key point is Market power
+doesn't necessarily mean you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily mean you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily mean you could do
+what you want but this does raise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want but this does raise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want but this does raise the
+interesting issue which is beyond this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting issue which is beyond this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting issue which is beyond this
+class but if you take 1420 industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but if you take 1420 industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but if you take 1420 industrial
+organization which is a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization which is a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization which is a lot of people
+claim that during this inflationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that during this inflationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that during this inflationary
+period part of what has driven inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period part of what has driven inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period part of what has driven inflation
+is firms increasing their profit margins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is firms increasing their profit margins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is firms increasing their profit margins
+now you might say well look why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might say well look why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might say well look why would
+firms if firms could have increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms if firms could have increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms if firms could have increased
+their profit margin before they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their profit margin before they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their profit margin before they would
+have why are they doing it now and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have why are they doing it now and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have why are they doing it now and the
+answer is sort of in this question which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is sort of in this question which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is sort of in this question which
+is a little bit hidden now prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit hidden now prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit hidden now prices are
+going up anyway so they can blame the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up anyway so they can blame the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up anyway so they can blame the
+war or the president whoever they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war or the president whoever they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war or the president whoever they want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+blame okay so it's a good time to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blame okay so it's a good time to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blame okay so it's a good time to raise
+their profit margin because prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their profit margin because prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their profit margin because prices are
+up if five years ago when inflation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if five years ago when inflation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if five years ago when inflation was
+Zero if they rais their prop Mar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero if they rais their prop Mar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero if they rais their prop Mar
+everyone would notice is hey why is Coke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone would notice is hey why is Coke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone would notice is hey why is Coke
+more expensive but now Coke's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive but now Coke's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive but now Coke's getting
+way more expensive if you make it even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way more expensive if you make it even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way more expensive if you make it even a
+dollar more expensive you'll think well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar more expensive you'll think well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar more expensive you'll think well
+that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just
+inflation so actually it becomes it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation so actually it becomes it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation so actually it becomes it sort
+of an answer your questions in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an answer your questions in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an answer your questions in the real
+world opportunities like taxation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world opportunities like taxation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world opportunities like taxation or
+inflation are often opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation are often opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation are often opportunities
+companies use to sort of raat of profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies use to sort of raat of profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies use to sort of raat of profit
+margins but not in our more simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins but not in our more simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins but not in our more simple
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+okay that's the tax side of it now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the tax side of it now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the tax side of it now let's
+talk about the transfer side of it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the transfer side of it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the transfer side of it so
+that's the first leak the first leak is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first leak the first leak is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first leak the first leak is
+the dead weight loss caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taxation the second leak second leak in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxation the second leak second leak in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxation the second leak second leak in
+the bucket is the inefficiencies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bucket is the inefficiencies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bucket is the inefficiencies the
+dead weight loss caused by transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let's go to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+237 237 is the figure we had last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+237 237 is the figure we had last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+237 237 is the figure we had last time
+that showed the leaks in the bucket the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that showed the leaks in the bucket the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that showed the leaks in the bucket the
+tar part of the remember the red the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tar part of the remember the red the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tar part of the remember the red the
+black line is your old budget constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black line is your old budget constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black line is your old budget constraint
+before the government came in remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the government came in remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the government came in remember
+the program we're transferring money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program we're transferring money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program we're transferring money to
+people who were poor pay for by tax on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were poor pay for by tax on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were poor pay for by tax on
+those who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are
+richer the tax led to the W shifted red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer the tax led to the W shifted red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer the tax led to the W shifted red
+budget line to the left of the diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget line to the left of the diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget line to the left of the diagram
+and we Now understand why that caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we Now understand why that caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we Now understand why that caused
+inefficiency people work less less is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency people work less less is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency people work less less is
+produced in society that's a dead weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in society that's a dead weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in society that's a dead weight
+loss what about the part if we transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss what about the part if we transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss what about the part if we transfer
+well here we see the in efficiency right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here we see the in efficiency right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here we see the in efficiency right
+away which is all those people who at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away which is all those people who at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away which is all those people who at
+least were working some now don't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least were working some now don't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least were working some now don't work
+at all basically if we set up a welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all basically if we set up a welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all basically if we set up a welfare
+program like this there is if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program like this there is if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program like this there is if you are
+anyone who wanted to work less than 250
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone who wanted to work less than 250
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone who wanted to work less than 250
+hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours
+then literally there's 100% tax rate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then literally there's 100% tax rate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then literally there's 100% tax rate on
+your work why work you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work why work you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work why work you're going to get
+the same amount of money whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of money whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of money whether you
+work or not because every dollar you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or not because every dollar you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or not because every dollar you're
+Inn there going to take a dollar away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inn there going to take a dollar away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inn there going to take a dollar away
+remember the transfer formula was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the transfer formula was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the transfer formula was the
+transfer we gave you was the max of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer we gave you was the max of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer we gave you was the max of zero
+or your income minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your income minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your income minus
+5,000 what that means every dollar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 what that means every dollar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 what that means every dollar of
+income you earn we take a dollar away of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income you earn we take a dollar away of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income you earn we take a dollar away of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transfer no no no I'm sorry 5,000 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer no no no I'm sorry 5,000 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer no no no I'm sorry 5,000 minus
+your income I that backwards 5,000 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your income I that backwards 5,000 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your income I that backwards 5,000 minus
+your income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so it's like a 100% tax on income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's like a 100% tax on income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's like a 100% tax on income
+every dollar you earn we take a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every dollar you earn we take a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every dollar you earn we take a dollar
+away so why work that is the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so why work that is the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so why work that is the transfer
+side of the Leaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the Leaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the Leaky
+bucket that people quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket that people quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket that people quit
+working so now the question is what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working so now the question is what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working so now the question is what can
+we do about it and governments recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do about it and governments recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do about it and governments recognize
+this problem so here you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem so here you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem so here you're a
+government and you want to redistribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and you want to redistribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and you want to redistribute
+from the rich to the poor and let's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the rich to the poor and let's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the rich to the poor and let's even
+solve the tax Problem by finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the tax Problem by finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the tax Problem by finding
+inelastic sources of in elastic markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic sources of in elastic markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic sources of in elastic markets
+to tax so you've even you've reduced so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tax so you've even you've reduced so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tax so you've even you've reduced so
+for example a very inelastic Market to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a very inelastic Market to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a very inelastic Market to
+tax is property people's houses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax is property people's houses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax is property people's houses are
+there so let's say you're taxing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's say you're taxing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's say you're taxing
+property that's pretty inelastic you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that's pretty inelastic you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that's pretty inelastic you
+don't create a dead weight loss tax side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't create a dead weight loss tax side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't create a dead weight loss tax side
+but now you want to say I'm creating all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you want to say I'm creating all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you want to say I'm creating all
+this dead weight loss on the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dead weight loss on the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dead weight loss on the transfer
+side because I'm causing all these loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side because I'm causing all these loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side because I'm causing all these loan
+people just quit work because why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just quit work because why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just quit work because why
+work how can I deal with that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work how can I deal with that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work how can I deal with that well
+there's two ways governments deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two ways governments deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two ways governments deal with
+that problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem in
+reality the first way they deal with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality the first way they deal with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality the first way they deal with it
+is through what we call categorical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welfare categorical welfare we give cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare categorical welfare we give cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare categorical welfare we give cash
+not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to
+everyone but to people who meet certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone but to people who meet certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone but to people who meet certain
+criteria so for example we have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria so for example we have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria so for example we have in the
+US the tanif program temporary Aid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US the tanif program temporary Aid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US the tanif program temporary Aid to
+needy families that is money for poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needy families that is money for poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needy families that is money for poor
+single moms so it's not just being poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single moms so it's not just being poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single moms so it's not just being poor
+but you have to also be a single mom we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to also be a single mom we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to also be a single mom we
+have our biggest cash trans program to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our biggest cash trans program to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our biggest cash trans program to
+the US to the poor people it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US to the poor people it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US to the poor people it's called
+SSI subal security income that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SSI subal security income that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SSI subal security income that's for
+poor disabled people you have to be poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor disabled people you have to be poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor disabled people you have to be poor
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+disabled why do we do categoric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabled why do we do categoric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabled why do we do categoric
+transfers because we're trying to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers because we're trying to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers because we're trying to take
+advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+targeting we're trying to take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting we're trying to take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting we're trying to take advantage
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+targeting obviously we want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting obviously we want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting obviously we want to give
+money to low-income people those people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to low-income people those people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to low-income people those people
+who need it we talked about how any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who need it we talked about how any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who need it we talked about how any
+sensible social welfare function would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible social welfare function would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible social welfare function would
+deliver distribution to low-income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver distribution to low-income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver distribution to low-income
+people the problem is in giving to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the problem is in giving to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the problem is in giving to them
+we make this huge leak in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make this huge leak in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make this huge leak in the
+bucket what if how we could give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket what if how we could give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket what if how we could give it to
+them without creating a leak in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them without creating a leak in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them without creating a leak in the
+bucket think about a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket think about a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket think about a simple
+example imagine that there's two reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example imagine that there's two reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example imagine that there's two reasons
+people are low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are low
+income they're unskilled and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income they're unskilled and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income they're unskilled and they're
+lazy okay now we would like to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazy okay now we would like to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazy okay now we would like to protect
+the unskilled from behind the AV behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unskilled from behind the AV behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unskilled from behind the AV behind
+your born you don't know if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your born you don't know if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your born you don't know if you're going
+be skilled or unskilled SK so we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be skilled or unskilled SK so we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be skilled or unskilled SK so we'd like
+to all have a system that protects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all have a system that protects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all have a system that protects the
+unskilled we're not sure we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unskilled we're not sure we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unskilled we're not sure we want to
+protect the lazy they should probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect the lazy they should probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect the lazy they should probably
+work okay let's say we're all born with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay let's say we're all born with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay let's say we're all born with
+a irremovable tattoo on our head IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a irremovable tattoo on our head IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a irremovable tattoo on our head IR
+removable and inadible you can't add it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removable and inadible you can't add it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removable and inadible you can't add it
+that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says
+unskilled or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unskilled or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unskilled or
+skilled well then we simply say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled well then we simply say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled well then we simply say I'm
+going to look at your tattoo if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at your tattoo if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at your tattoo if your
+tattoo says unskilled I'm going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tattoo says unskilled I'm going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tattoo says unskilled I'm going to give
+you money say skilled I'm not going to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you money say skilled I'm not going to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you money say skilled I'm not going to I
+don't care what your income is because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care what your income is because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care what your income is because I
+know you can make a good living if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can make a good living if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can make a good living if
+you're not doing so it just means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not doing so it just means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not doing so it just means you're
+lazy then we'd have no dead weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazy then we'd have no dead weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazy then we'd have no dead weight
+loss because why because you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss because why because you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss because why because you couldn't
+change dead weight loss is created by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change dead weight loss is created by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change dead weight loss is created by
+what people changing their behavior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people changing their behavior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people changing their behavior to
+avoid taxation well if it's based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid taxation well if it's based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid taxation well if it's based on a
+tattoo it's on your head when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tattoo it's on your head when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tattoo it's on your head when you're
+born you can't change your behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born you can't change your behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born you can't change your behavior
+unless parents can like do in vitro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless parents can like do in vitro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless parents can like do in vitro
+tattoo tattooing or something okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tattoo tattooing or something okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tattoo tattooing or something okay you
+can't change your behavior so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't change your behavior so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't change your behavior so there's no
+dead weight loss it's in elastic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead weight loss it's in elastic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead weight loss it's in elastic the
+supply of unskilled tattoos is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of unskilled tattoos is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of unskilled tattoos is in
+elastic there's no dead weight loss so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic there's no dead weight loss so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic there's no dead weight loss so
+if we could simply know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could simply know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could simply know
+who was truly in need and who wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was truly in need and who wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was truly in need and who wasn't
+really need they were just quitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need they were just quitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need they were just quitting
+their job we could redistribute without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their job we could redistribute without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their job we could redistribute without
+dead weight loss problem is we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead weight loss problem is we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead weight loss problem is we don't
+probably a good thing that we don't okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a good thing that we don't okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a good thing that we don't okay
+we don't have to get to debate between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to get to debate between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to get to debate between
+my daughter and myself on tattoos that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my daughter and myself on tattoos that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my daughter and myself on tattoos that's
+for another day okay but what we do know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another day okay but what we do know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another day okay but what we do know
+is things which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is things which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is things which are
+correlated with your underlying skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with your underlying skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with your underlying skill
+regardless of your work effort okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of your work effort okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of your work effort okay so
+let let take something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let take something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let take something like
+blindness especially you know genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness especially you know genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness especially you know genetic
+blindness you're born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness you're born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness you're born
+blind well that's pretty much like being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind well that's pretty much like being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind well that's pretty much like being
+born with unskilled stamped on your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born with unskilled stamped on your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born with unskilled stamped on your head
+now to be fair many blind people succeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to be fair many blind people succeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to be fair many blind people succeed
+enormously blind students at MIT will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously blind students at MIT will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously blind students at MIT will go
+on to incredibly fruitful careers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to incredibly fruitful careers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to incredibly fruitful careers but
+it's true that if you're blind you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true that if you're blind you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true that if you're blind you're
+most likely very needy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely very needy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely very needy of
+help then we'd say we give to blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help then we'd say we give to blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help then we'd say we give to blind
+people by making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people by making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people by making it
+categorical we're able to try to Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorical we're able to try to Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorical we're able to try to Target
+the benefits without creating deadweight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits without creating deadweight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits without creating deadweight
+loss okay that's why have disability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss okay that's why have disability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss okay that's why have disability
+single moms well basically as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single moms well basically as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single moms well basically as long as
+single moms didn't sort of choose to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single moms didn't sort of choose to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single moms didn't sort of choose to be
+single moms they just got stuck with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single moms they just got stuck with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single moms they just got stuck with a
+kid because their you know their partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid because their you know their partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid because their you know their partner
+left them or something like that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left them or something like that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left them or something like that then
+it's going to be really hard to work we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be really hard to work we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be really hard to work we
+know they're needy someone's got to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're needy someone's got to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're needy someone's got to keep
+an eye on the kid they can't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eye on the kid they can't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eye on the kid they can't work
+without child care so that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without child care so that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without child care so that's another
+indicator of needing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of needing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of needing
+help now that one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help now that one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help now that one is
+but that's a little tricky because is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a little tricky because is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a little tricky because is it
+something people can change with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something people can change with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something people can change with their
+behavior well of course people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior well of course people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior well of course people can
+choose to become single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to become single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to become single
+moms so it's not like genetic blindness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moms so it's not like genetic blindness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moms so it's not like genetic blindness
+which isn't Changed by your behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which isn't Changed by your behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which isn't Changed by your behavior
+single motherhood is potentially Changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single motherhood is potentially Changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single motherhood is potentially Changed
+by your behavior so now we start to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by your behavior so now we start to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by your behavior so now we start to get
+in a murky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a murky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a murky
+realm of is it a good idea to Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of is it a good idea to Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of is it a good idea to Target
+benefits to single moms or in fact as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits to single moms or in fact as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits to single moms or in fact as
+many conservatives claimed back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many conservatives claimed back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many conservatives claimed back in the
+1980s when this sort of became a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s when this sort of became a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s when this sort of became a major
+topic of discussion are we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of discussion are we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of discussion are we actually
+making Society worse by creating single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making Society worse by creating single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making Society worse by creating single
+moms are we actually making things worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moms are we actually making things worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moms are we actually making things worse
+by targeting benefit single moms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by targeting benefit single moms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by targeting benefit single moms
+actually creating single motherhood in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually creating single motherhood in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually creating single motherhood in
+America okay and indeed there was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America okay and indeed there was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America okay and indeed there was a very
+famous book that was written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous book that was written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous book that was written in
+1984 okay that looked at a simple graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1984 okay that looked at a simple graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1984 okay that looked at a simple graph
+of the generosity of welfare and single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the generosity of welfare and single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the generosity of welfare and single
+motherhood so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motherhood so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motherhood so this is
+time and this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this is like
+1960 and this is like 1980 which is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960 and this is like 1980 which is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960 and this is like 1980 which is when
+their data end ended and if this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their data end ended and if this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their data end ended and if this was the
+generosity of welfare benefits welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generosity of welfare benefits welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generosity of welfare benefits welfare
+was getting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was getting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was getting more
+generous and this is single motherhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous and this is single motherhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous and this is single motherhood
+single motherhood was was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single motherhood was was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single motherhood was was going
+up so it was like look by making W for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so it was like look by making W for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so it was like look by making W for
+generous we're encouraging single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous we're encouraging single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous we're encouraging single
+mothers we're not rewarding those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mothers we're not rewarding those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mothers we're not rewarding those who
+need it we're encouraging them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it we're encouraging them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it we're encouraging them the
+problem is this is what's happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since okay it turns out through Decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since okay it turns out through Decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since okay it turns out through Decades
+of careful study single motherhood has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of careful study single motherhood has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of careful study single motherhood has
+almost nothing to do with welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost nothing to do with welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost nothing to do with welfare
+benefits basically people don't decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits basically people don't decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits basically people don't decide
+to become single mothers based on cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become single mothers based on cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become single mothers based on cash
+concerns it's based on other concerns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns it's based on other concerns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns it's based on other concerns in
+their life so it turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their life so it turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their life so it turns out the
+inefficiency of targeting money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency of targeting money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency of targeting money to
+single moms is low because what drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single moms is low because what drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single moms is low because what drives
+that inefficiency what drives it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inefficiency what drives it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inefficiency what drives it is the
+elasticity of single motherhood with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of single motherhood with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of single motherhood with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+welfare that's the key parameter that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare that's the key parameter that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare that's the key parameter that's
+the key elasticity that drives the dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key elasticity that drives the dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key elasticity that drives the dead
+weight loss the more elastic single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight loss the more elastic single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight loss the more elastic single
+motherhood is with respect to welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motherhood is with respect to welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motherhood is with respect to welfare
+The More inefficiency We Get By
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The More inefficiency We Get By
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The More inefficiency We Get By
+targeting single motherhood but it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting single motherhood but it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting single motherhood but it turns
+out this is approximately zero so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is approximately zero so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is approximately zero so it
+turns out this is a pretty good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this is a pretty good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this is a pretty good way to
+Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target
+people here's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here's what's
+ironic you might say well look it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic you might say well look it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic you might say well look it's
+uncontroversial Single Moms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontroversial Single Moms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontroversial Single Moms is
+controversial targeting disabled is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial targeting disabled is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial targeting disabled is
+uncontroversial turns out you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontroversial turns out you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontroversial turns out you'd have
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+backwards turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards turns out the
+elasticity of claiming SSI with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of claiming SSI with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of claiming SSI with respect
+to welfare benefits is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to welfare benefits is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to welfare benefits is greater than
+zero because as I mentioned type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because as I mentioned type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because as I mentioned type of
+workers comp it is hard to monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers comp it is hard to monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers comp it is hard to monitor
+whether people are truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether people are truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether people are truly
+disabled and it turns out the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabled and it turns out the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabled and it turns out the more
+generous you make disability benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous you make disability benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous you make disability benefits
+the more people claim SSI the more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more people claim SSI the more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more people claim SSI the more the
+more people claim uh that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people claim uh that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people claim uh that there's
+disabled so now so here's here's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabled so now so here's here's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabled so now so here's here's the way
+to think about it let's go back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it let's go back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it let's go back to our
+Equity efficiency tradeoff with single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity efficiency tradeoff with single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity efficiency tradeoff with single
+mothers there's no equity efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mothers there's no equity efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mothers there's no equity efficiency
+trade-off they are a poor group and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off they are a poor group and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off they are a poor group and by
+giving the money you don't create dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the money you don't create dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the money you don't create dead
+weight loss with disabled people there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight loss with disabled people there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight loss with disabled people there
+is an equity efficiency trade-off which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an equity efficiency trade-off which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an equity efficiency trade-off which
+is there are poor people but you create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there are poor people but you create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there are poor people but you create
+deadweight loss by giving them money so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadweight loss by giving them money so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadweight loss by giving them money so
+for this one you don't even need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one you don't even need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one you don't even need a
+social welfare function you're done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare function you're done for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare function you're done for
+this one you need a social welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you need a social welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you need a social welfare
+function decide if it's worth it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function decide if it's worth it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function decide if it's worth it to
+decide if the dead weight loss you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide if the dead weight loss you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide if the dead weight loss you're
+creating how it compares to the benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating how it compares to the benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating how it compares to the benefits
+you're getting from giving money to poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting from giving money to poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting from giving money to poor
+needy people okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needy people okay questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needy people okay questions about
+that so that's one way we deal with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's one way we deal with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's one way we deal with this
+inefficiency this Deb we loss the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency this Deb we loss the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency this Deb we loss the other
+way is by changing the way we pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is by changing the way we pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is by changing the way we pay
+benefits and making them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind okay the the problem with cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind okay the the problem with cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind okay the the problem with cash
+transfer systems is Everyone likes cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer systems is Everyone likes cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer systems is Everyone likes cash
+so it creates a maximum incentive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it creates a maximum incentive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it creates a maximum incentive to
+distort your behavior to qualify well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distort your behavior to qualify well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distort your behavior to qualify well
+what if instead of cash I gave you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if instead of cash I gave you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if instead of cash I gave you a
+shitty public apartment with leaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shitty public apartment with leaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shitty public apartment with leaking
+roof and it's just sort of bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof and it's just sort of bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof and it's just sort of bad
+neighborhood and stuff like that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and stuff like that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and stuff like that well
+then maybe people wouldn't who didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe people wouldn't who didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe people wouldn't who didn't
+really need it wouldn't change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need it wouldn't change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need it wouldn't change their
+behavior to get it maybe only people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior to get it maybe only people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior to get it maybe only people
+would take that but people who really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take that but people who really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take that but people who really
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+it so maybe we don't need to have you T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so maybe we don't need to have you T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so maybe we don't need to have you T
+tattooed on your forehead maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tattooed on your forehead maybe we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tattooed on your forehead maybe we can
+get you to reveal whether you truly need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you to reveal whether you truly need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you to reveal whether you truly need
+help or Not by giving you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help or Not by giving you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help or Not by giving you something
+that's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not so
+great it's sort of a perverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great it's sort of a perverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great it's sort of a perverse
+logic but the logic is the way we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic but the logic is the way we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic but the logic is the way we get
+people to reveal whether they're truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to reveal whether they're truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to reveal whether they're truly
+needy by giving them something only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needy by giving them something only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needy by giving them something only
+truly needy people would want which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly needy people would want which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly needy people would want which is a
+crappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy
+apartment okay and this is a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment okay and this is a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment okay and this is a major
+reason why we deliver most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why we deliver most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why we deliver most of the
+benefits to the poor on an in kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits to the poor on an in kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits to the poor on an in kind
+basis most the there about a 10 to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis most the there about a 10 to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis most the there about a 10 to one
+ratio in the US of the benefits we give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio in the US of the benefits we give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio in the US of the benefits we give
+to the poor through things like Medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the poor through things like Medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the poor through things like Medical
+Care and housing and food to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care and housing and food to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care and housing and food to what we
+give them in cash about a 10 to1 ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them in cash about a 10 to1 ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them in cash about a 10 to1 ratio
+okay we give much more in Goods now part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we give much more in Goods now part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we give much more in Goods now part
+of the reason is the theory I just gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reason is the theory I just gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reason is the theory I just gave
+you part of the reason is because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you part of the reason is because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you part of the reason is because we're
+paternalistic as Society you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paternalistic as Society you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paternalistic as Society you remember
+way back in like the third lecture I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back in like the third lecture I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back in like the third lecture I
+talked about food stamps and how to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about food stamps and how to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about food stamps and how to be
+more efficient to give people cash but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient to give people cash but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient to give people cash but
+we don't think they'll spend it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't think they'll spend it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't think they'll spend it on
+cocaine okay that's the main reason we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocaine okay that's the main reason we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocaine okay that's the main reason we
+do Inc benefits realistically is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Inc benefits realistically is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Inc benefits realistically is because
+we don't trust people to spend their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't trust people to spend their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't trust people to spend their
+money but there's an economic Logic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but there's an economic Logic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but there's an economic Logic for
+it which is that it's a way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is that it's a way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is that it's a way to get
+people to reveal their types when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to reveal their types when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to reveal their types when you
+can't really know who should be targeted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really know who should be targeted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really know who should be targeted
+and who shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay once again the tradeoff we'd love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay once again the tradeoff we'd love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay once again the tradeoff we'd love
+to give everyone nice Apartments but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give everyone nice Apartments but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give everyone nice Apartments but in
+doing so we create a huge dead weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so we create a huge dead weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so we create a huge dead weight
+loss of people quitting their jobs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of people quitting their jobs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of people quitting their jobs to
+get the nice Apartments so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the nice Apartments so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the nice Apartments so it's a
+trade-off now once again this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off now once again this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off now once again this is the
+Dismal science and all I do is talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dismal science and all I do is talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dismal science and all I do is talk
+about tradeoffs all day so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about tradeoffs all day so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about tradeoffs all day so let me
+actually end the lecture on a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually end the lecture on a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually end the lecture on a positive
+note which is there's actually one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note which is there's actually one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note which is there's actually one
+program that's not a tradeoff there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that's not a tradeoff there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that's not a tradeoff there's
+actually one program we've discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one program we've discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one program we've discovered
+which actually redistributes money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually redistributes money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually redistributes money and
+increases efficiency and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases efficiency and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases efficiency and that's what we
+call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+conditional cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional cash
+transfers which is money we give to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers which is money we give to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers which is money we give to
+people conditional on them doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people conditional on them doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people conditional on them doing
+efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient
+activities the classic example in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities the classic example in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities the classic example in the US
+is called the Earned Income Tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the Earned Income Tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the Earned Income Tax
+Credit the earn income tax credit is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Credit the earn income tax credit is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Credit the earn income tax credit is a
+way W subsidy program it's a wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way W subsidy program it's a wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way W subsidy program it's a wage
+subsidy what does that mean it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy what does that mean it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy what does that mean it's the
+opposite of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of a
+tax the earning of tax credit is such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax the earning of tax credit is such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax the earning of tax credit is such
+that for every for the whenever you earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every for the whenever you earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every for the whenever you earn
+money the government said taking some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money the government said taking some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money the government said taking some
+away will match it as long as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away will match it as long as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away will match it as long as you're
+poor so if we look at figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor so if we look at figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor so if we look at figure
+238 this shows how the income tax credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+238 this shows how the income tax credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+238 this shows how the income tax credit
+works on the x-axis is earned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works on the x-axis is earned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works on the x-axis is earned
+income on the Y axis is the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income on the Y axis is the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income on the Y axis is the amount of
+the eitc you get what you see is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eitc you get what you see is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eitc you get what you see is if you
+earn no money you get nothing from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn no money you get nothing from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn no money you get nothing from the
+government of this program but as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government of this program but as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government of this program but as you
+earn money until you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn money until you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn money until you make
+14,800 for every dollar you earn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14,800 for every dollar you earn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14,800 for every dollar you earn the
+government gives you another 40 cents so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government gives you another 40 cents so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government gives you another 40 cents so
+the first $115,000 you earn you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first $115,000 you earn you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first $115,000 you earn you get
+another 40 cents from the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 40 cents from the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 40 cents from the government
+it's a negative tax at that point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a negative tax at that point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a negative tax at that point it
+caps out the biggest checking it is 5920
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caps out the biggest checking it is 5920
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caps out the biggest checking it is 5920
+and then they start to take it away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they start to take it away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they start to take it away
+why because they want they don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because they want they don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because they want they don't want
+this money to go to everyone they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this money to go to everyone they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this money to go to everyone they want
+to go to low income so by the time your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to low income so by the time your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to low income so by the time your
+income is 47,000 you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is 47,000 you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is 47,000 you're
+done so the idea is targeted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so the idea is targeted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so the idea is targeted to
+low-income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income
+groups so you give these loow people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups so you give these loow people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups so you give these loow people
+money but then as their income goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but then as their income goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but then as their income goes up
+you take it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it back
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+now the important point to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the important point to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the important point to know about
+this program is it's not all obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program is it's not all obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program is it's not all obvious
+what this program will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this program will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this program will
+do okay think about someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay think about someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay think about someone
+who if you think about someone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who if you think about someone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who if you think about someone who's
+below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+14800 the effect of the program is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14800 the effect of the program is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14800 the effect of the program is
+obvious take someone's earning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious take someone's earning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious take someone's earning
+zero what is the income effect on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what is the income effect on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what is the income effect on them
+of this program well it's zero they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this program well it's zero they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this program well it's zero they were
+earning zero What's the substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning zero What's the substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning zero What's the substitution
+effect it's massively positive their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect it's massively positive their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect it's massively positive their
+wage has gone from X to x x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage has gone from X to x x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage has gone from X to x x
+1.4 so for someone earning zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4 so for someone earning zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4 so for someone earning zero the
+effect is unambiguously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is unambiguously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is unambiguously
+positive okay but now now let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay but now now let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay but now now let's imagine
+someone earning um $1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+19,35 and they're thinking about should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19,35 and they're thinking about should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19,35 and they're thinking about should
+I earn $100 more so they're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I earn $100 more so they're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I earn $100 more so they're at
+19350 they're getting their check from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19350 they're getting their check from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19350 they're getting their check from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+government of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5920 and now they're saying should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5920 and now they're saying should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5920 and now they're saying should I
+earn $100 more what happens they $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn $100 more what happens they $100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn $100 more what happens they $100
+more well they get the $100 check but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more well they get the $100 check but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more well they get the $100 check but
+they lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lose
+$21 of their 5920 their 5920 goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$21 of their 5920 their 5920 goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$21 of their 5920 their 5920 goes down
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+$21 so they end up only at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$58.99 why because we're taking it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$58.99 why because we're taking it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$58.99 why because we're taking it back
+away as they earn money so effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away as they earn money so effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away as they earn money so effectively
+we are taxing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are taxing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are taxing
+them so now we've created a new tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so now we've created a new tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so now we've created a new tax
+we're trying to help poor people but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to help poor people but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to help poor people but in
+doing so afraid of a new tax why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so afraid of a new tax why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so afraid of a new tax why because
+we want to keep it to poor people then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to keep it to poor people then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to keep it to poor people then
+we do that take it away as people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that take it away as people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that take it away as people's
+income goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income goes
+up so effect this program is ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so effect this program is ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so effect this program is ambiguous
+on the one hand you take the guys who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand you take the guys who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand you take the guys who
+weren't working at all and give them big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't working at all and give them big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't working at all and give them big
+money to go to work but in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to go to work but in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to go to work but in order to
+phase that out you tax the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase that out you tax the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase that out you tax the people
+already working and make them less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already working and make them less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already working and make them less
+likely to work assuming substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to work assuming substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to work assuming substitution
+effects dominant income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects dominant income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects dominant income
+effects okay people understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects okay people understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects okay people understand that
+questions about that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh well we have separate taxes for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well we have separate taxes for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well we have separate taxes for the
+Richer people this is just a don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richer people this is just a don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richer people this is just a don't think
+of this as a tax think of as a targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as a tax think of as a targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as a tax think of as a targeting
+mechanism we're trying to Target to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism we're trying to Target to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism we're trying to Target to
+low-income people the way we target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income people the way we target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income people the way we target
+low-income people is by taking away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income people is by taking away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income people is by taking away
+their income goes up we don't think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their income goes up we don't think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their income goes up we don't think we
+don't think anyone over 47440 deserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think anyone over 47440 deserves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think anyone over 47440 deserves
+this lowincome transfer so we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lowincome transfer so we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lowincome transfer so we're taking
+away by the time you get there you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away by the time you get there you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away by the time you get there you don't
+get anymore we have separate taxs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get anymore we have separate taxs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get anymore we have separate taxs on
+Rich guys this is just this program per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich guys this is just this program per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich guys this is just this program per
+se good question other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+se good question other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+se good question other questions
+yeah what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's
+that oh because for every $100 you earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh because for every $100 you earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh because for every $100 you earn
+you lose 21 cents you lose 21 cents per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose 21 cents you lose 21 cents per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose 21 cents you lose 21 cents per
+dollar on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar on that
+slope okay other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you could flatten it okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you could flatten it okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you could flatten it okay what
+would happen then well one good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen then well one good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen then well one good thing
+and one bad thing the good thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one bad thing the good thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one bad thing the good thing is
+there'd be a lower tax rate the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be a lower tax rate the bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be a lower tax rate the bad
+thing is if we don't think people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is if we don't think people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is if we don't think people will
+need above 47440 need this money we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need above 47440 need this money we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need above 47440 need this money we're
+giving money away to people who don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving money away to people who don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving money away to people who don't
+need it because it' go out to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it because it' go out to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it because it' go out to like
+60,000 now so the trade-off is you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60,000 now so the trade-off is you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60,000 now so the trade-off is you could
+also get rid of the slope you could keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get rid of the slope you could keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get rid of the slope you could keep
+it there but then Bill Gates gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there but then Bill Gates gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there but then Bill Gates gets the
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+5920 okay the point is if you want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5920 okay the point is if you want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5920 okay the point is if you want this
+to Lo comp people you have to phase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Lo comp people you have to phase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Lo comp people you have to phase it
+out now we can argue what the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now we can argue what the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now we can argue what the right
+phase out is you can always argue about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase out is you can always argue about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase out is you can always argue about
+these numbers and one awes thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers and one awes thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers and one awes thing about
+working in government is literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in government is literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in government is literally
+people in government get to just come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in government get to just come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in government get to just come up
+with these numbers I mean how cool is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these numbers I mean how cool is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these numbers I mean how cool is
+that you get to come up with how much M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get to come up with how much M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get to come up with how much M
+people are going to get in their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to get in their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to get in their lives
+okay so there's lots of fights of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's lots of fights of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's lots of fights of what
+these numbers should be but the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers should be but the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers should be but the bottom
+line is just structure you need if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is just structure you need if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is just structure you need if you
+want a program that's targeted you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a program that's targeted you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a program that's targeted you need
+this structure so here's the tradeoff we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure so here's the tradeoff we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure so here's the tradeoff we
+encourage people at the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage people at the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage people at the bottom of the
+income distribution to go to work but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income distribution to go to work but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income distribution to go to work but we
+discourage people in that middle part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourage people in that middle part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourage people in that middle part of
+the income distribution from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income distribution from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income distribution from
+working well guess what we can go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working well guess what we can go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working well guess what we can go to the
+evidence and evaluate that and guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and evaluate that and guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and evaluate that and guess
+what we learn the first thing we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we learn the first thing we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we learn the first thing we learn
+is the first effect is huge the earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first effect is huge the earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first effect is huge the earn
+income tax credit has a huge effect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income tax credit has a huge effect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income tax credit has a huge effect in
+encouraging people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging people to
+work okay um best estimates are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay um best estimates are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay um best estimates are that
+basically if you take especially single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you take especially single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you take especially single
+moms there's something like a 15%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moms there's something like a 15%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moms there's something like a 15%
+increase in the odds they work I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the odds they work I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the odds they work I mean
+huge the odds that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge the odds that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge the odds that they
+work and there is no evidence that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and there is no evidence that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and there is no evidence that it
+causes people on that other part to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes people on that other part to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes people on that other part to work
+less so there's good evidence takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less so there's good evidence takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less so there's good evidence takes the
+zero people and brings them in the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero people and brings them in the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero people and brings them in the labor
+market there's no evidence that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market there's no evidence that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market there's no evidence that takes
+the 19,000 people and cause them to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19,000 people and cause them to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19,000 people and cause them to work
+less why is that well there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less why is that well there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less why is that well there's two
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+reasons one is remember for the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons one is remember for the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons one is remember for the zero
+people the effect is unambiguous zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the effect is unambiguous zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the effect is unambiguous zero
+income effect positive substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income effect positive substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income effect positive substitution
+effect for these people the effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect for these people the effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect for these people the effect is
+ambiguous we talked about that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous we talked about that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous we talked about that with
+labor supply income substitution effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor supply income substitution effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor supply income substitution effects
+here you have a substitution effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have a substitution effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have a substitution effect
+saying you work less okay but the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you work less okay but the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you work less okay but the income
+effect might go the other way actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect might go the other way actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect might go the other way actually
+no let me go back that's wrong because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no let me go back that's wrong because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no let me go back that's wrong because
+remember they do have more income they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember they do have more income they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember they do have more income they
+deal more income the income saying work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal more income the income saying work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal more income the income saying work
+less substitution effects working less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less substitution effects working less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less substitution effects working less
+so that can't explain it they're richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no I had it right let me go back I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I had it right let me go back I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I had it right let me go back I had
+it right on the margin for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right on the margin for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right on the margin for that
+next100 there's substitution effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next100 there's substitution effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next100 there's substitution effect
+they're getting $21 poorer which should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting $21 poorer which should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting $21 poorer which should
+make them take less Leisure and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them take less Leisure and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them take less Leisure and work
+more but they're only taking home 79
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more but they're only taking home 79
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more but they're only taking home 79
+cents on the dollar which has subs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents on the dollar which has subs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents on the dollar which has subs
+effect makes them work less so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect makes them work less so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect makes them work less so it's
+ambiguous so on the one hand you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous so on the one hand you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous so on the one hand you have an
+unambiguous effect taking people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguous effect taking people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguous effect taking people from
+zero to working an ambiguous effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to working an ambiguous effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to working an ambiguous effect
+here that could be why we don't see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that could be why we don't see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that could be why we don't see a
+difference but here's why we don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but here's why we don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but here's why we don't see
+difference really people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference really people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference really people don't
+understand it's super complic if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it's super complic if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it's super complic if I say
+to you hey guess what used to get X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you hey guess what used to get X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you hey guess what used to get X
+going to work I get X plus a big check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work I get X plus a big check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work I get X plus a big check
+I'll go to work if you say well on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go to work if you say well on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go to work if you say well on the
+margin if you work one more hour your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin if you work one more hour your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin if you work one more hour your
+income goes down by 21 cents I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income goes down by 21 cents I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income goes down by 21 cents I mean
+you're MIT students and you didn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're MIT students and you didn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're MIT students and you didn't quite
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+it okay so the answer is I think my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so the answer is I think my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so the answer is I think my
+theory it's not good evence this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory it's not good evence this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory it's not good evence this is that
+basically this effect this effect is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this effect this effect is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this effect this effect is so
+subtle and complicated that people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle and complicated that people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle and complicated that people don't
+pay attention whereas the you get a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention whereas the you get a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention whereas the you get a big
+new check if you go to work effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new check if you go to work effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new check if you go to work effect
+people pay attention to I'm not saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pay attention to I'm not saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pay attention to I'm not saying
+that's been proven that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been proven that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been proven that's my
+theory the bottom line is it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory the bottom line is it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory the bottom line is it doesn't
+matter what the theory is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the theory is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the theory is this is a
+win-win this is a program which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win-win this is a program which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win-win this is a program which is
+redistributing people money to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributing people money to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributing people money to the
+needest people in society it's about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needest people in society it's about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needest people in society it's about a
+something like oh God I forget something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like oh God I forget something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like oh God I forget something
+like an 80 billion dollar a year program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an 80 billion dollar a year program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an 80 billion dollar a year program
+it's $80 billion dollar going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's $80 billion dollar going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's $80 billion dollar going to the
+poorest member of society and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest member of society and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest member of society and it's
+increasing work it's increasing work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing work it's increasing work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing work it's increasing work
+it's increasing efficiency so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's increasing efficiency so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's increasing efficiency so that's a
+win-win program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win-win program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win-win program
+okay this is not just in America Mexico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is not just in America Mexico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is not just in America Mexico
+a great example a wonderful example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great example a wonderful example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great example a wonderful example the
+president of Mexico had a good buddy who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of Mexico had a good buddy who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of Mexico had a good buddy who
+was a sociologist who knew a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a sociologist who knew a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a sociologist who knew a lot of
+economics who convinced him to set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics who convinced him to set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics who convinced him to set up a
+program where they give money to mothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program where they give money to mothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program where they give money to mothers
+only if their kids got their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if their kids got their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if their kids got their
+immunizations you know sorry sorry RFK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunizations you know sorry sorry RFK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunizations you know sorry sorry RFK
+got their immunizations and were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got their immunizations and were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got their immunizations and were
+enrolled in school and guess what it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled in school and guess what it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled in school and guess what it had
+a huge effect on improving kids outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge effect on improving kids outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge effect on improving kids outcomes
+even their incomes later in life sadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even their incomes later in life sadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even their incomes later in life sadly
+the current president in Mexico got rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current president in Mexico got rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current president in Mexico got rid
+of it but this was an incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but this was an incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but this was an incredibly
+successful program these conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful program these conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful program these conditional
+cash TR programs have success been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash TR programs have success been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash TR programs have success been
+successful all over the world and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful all over the world and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful all over the world and that's
+a way we can solve the Leaky bucket it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way we can solve the Leaky bucket it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way we can solve the Leaky bucket it's
+a positive story for our government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive story for our government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive story for our government
+policy can do better anyway I'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy can do better anyway I'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy can do better anyway I'll stop
+there I'll see you all on Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DJgBybFMkYM.txt b/DJgBybFMkYM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3172df4a28b325c65a52fe6d2d4379c46bffe792
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DJgBybFMkYM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu good afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu good afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu good afternoon
+people we begin this afternoon are if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we begin this afternoon are if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we begin this afternoon are if I
+if I'm right about this I think I am the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm right about this I think I am the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm right about this I think I am the
+syllabus shows that this is the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus shows that this is the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus shows that this is the last
+American Film we'll be looking at in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Film we'll be looking at in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Film we'll be looking at in the
+term so we're sort of finishing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so we're sort of finishing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so we're sort of finishing the
+Central American phase of our course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central American phase of our course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central American phase of our course
+with tonight's film Robert alman's mccab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tonight's film Robert alman's mccab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tonight's film Robert alman's mccab
+and Mrs Miller and I want to use today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs Miller and I want to use today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs Miller and I want to use today's
+lecture uh this afternoon's lecture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh this afternoon's lecture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh this afternoon's lecture to
+contextualize that moment of the early '
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contextualize that moment of the early '
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contextualize that moment of the early '
+7s the late 60s and early 70s in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7s the late 60s and early 70s in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7s the late 60s and early 70s in
+American film history and to try to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American film history and to try to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American film history and to try to draw
+out some of the implications of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some of the implications of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some of the implications of the
+astonishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing
+transformation that overtook American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that overtook American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that overtook American
+film in this in this period we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film in this in this period we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film in this in this period we've been
+talking about this topic in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this topic in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this topic in different
+ways all semester so by now I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways all semester so by now I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways all semester so by now I think the
+narrative that I've been implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative that I've been implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative that I've been implicitly
+following in the course should already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following in the course should already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following in the course should already
+be overt for all of you the film we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be overt for all of you the film we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be overt for all of you the film we're
+going to see tonight Robert alman's mcab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see tonight Robert alman's mcab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see tonight Robert alman's mcab
+and Mrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs
+Miller um is a can be understood as a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller um is a can be understood as a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller um is a can be understood as a as
+a particular ularly clear example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular ularly clear example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular ularly clear example of the
+kind of transformation and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of transformation and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of transformation and even
+subversion that uh becomes a dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversion that uh becomes a dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversion that uh becomes a dominant
+note of American movie making in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note of American movie making in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note of American movie making in the
+1970s and part of the lecture today will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s and part of the lecture today will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s and part of the lecture today will
+be uh uh devoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh uh devoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh uh devoted
+to speculating about why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speculating about why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speculating about why that
+transformation why those forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation why those forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation why those forms of
+subversion occurred and of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversion occurred and of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversion occurred and of course if
+you've been paying attention in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been paying attention in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been paying attention in the
+course uh you know the answer already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh you know the answer already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh you know the answer already
+and it's the answer that's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the answer that's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the answer that's already
+embedded in the Le outline a new form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in the Le outline a new form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in the Le outline a new form of
+what we're what I've been calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're what I've been calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're what I've been calling
+consensus narrative emerges by really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus narrative emerges by really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus narrative emerges by really
+decisively by The End by by the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisively by The End by by the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisively by The End by by the middle
+and end of the 1960s and into the 1970s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end of the 1960s and into the 1970s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end of the 1960s and into the 1970s
+it's a period that takes time uh but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a period that takes time uh but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a period that takes time uh but uh
+essentially television supplants the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially television supplants the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially television supplants the
+movies as the central story system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies as the central story system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies as the central story system of
+the society not that movies become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society not that movies become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society not that movies become
+trivial or unimportant but they begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial or unimportant but they begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial or unimportant but they begin to
+occupy a new niche in the media econ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy a new niche in the media econ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy a new niche in the media econ
+ology of the country and I I'll return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ology of the country and I I'll return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ology of the country and I I'll return
+to this matter briefly uh uh in in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this matter briefly uh uh in in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this matter briefly uh uh in in in a
+few moments but let me Begin by by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few moments but let me Begin by by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few moments but let me Begin by by uh
+clarifying something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarifying something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarifying something about the
+importance of the presence in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the presence in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the presence in our
+syllabus of mcab and Mrs Miller and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus of mcab and Mrs Miller and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus of mcab and Mrs Miller and more
+generally the prominence we've given in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the prominence we've given in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the prominence we've given in
+our course to the genre of the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our course to the genre of the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our course to the genre of the western
+film so I ask you to remember the sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film so I ask you to remember the sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film so I ask you to remember the sorts
+of things we were saying about genre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things we were saying about genre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things we were saying about genre
+forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+generally about the aptness even one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally about the aptness even one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally about the aptness even one one
+might think think of as the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think think of as the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think think of as the economic
+necessity of genre forms in a for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity of genre forms in a for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity of genre forms in a for a
+system that is based on the principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that is based on the principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that is based on the principle of
+mass production and I also want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass production and I also want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass production and I also want to
+suggest to you that the particular forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest to you that the particular forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest to you that the particular forms
+of genre Story the particular uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genre Story the particular uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genre Story the particular uh kind of
+story that is told in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that is told in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that is told in a particular
+society and certainly the ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and certainly the ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and certainly the ones that are
+told in the generic forms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told in the generic forms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told in the generic forms that are
+chosen by American society are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen by American society are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen by American society are going to
+very powerfully reflect aspects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerfully reflect aspects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerfully reflect aspects of the
+culture and we laid a special emphasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and we laid a special emphasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and we laid a special emphasis
+on the importance in our previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the importance in our previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the importance in our previous
+classes of two particular genres that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of two particular genres that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of two particular genres that
+emerge in in uh with great decisiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge in in uh with great decisiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge in in uh with great decisiveness
+in the uh sound era uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh sound era uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh sound era uh
+both identified by some Scholars as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both identified by some Scholars as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both identified by some Scholars as
+America's most distinctive contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America's most distinctive contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America's most distinctive contribution
+to World Cinema one form was the scub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to World Cinema one form was the scub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to World Cinema one form was the scub
+ball comedy and the elaborations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball comedy and the elaborations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball comedy and the elaborations on
+Comedy that developed through the 30s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comedy that developed through the 30s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comedy that developed through the 30s
+and 1940s and the second form the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1940s and the second form the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1940s and the second form the second
+distinctive American contribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive American contribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive American contribution to
+film as some Scholars have said is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film as some Scholars have said is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film as some Scholars have said is the
+Western and we've talked a bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western and we've talked a bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western and we've talked a bit about the
+nature of the western and how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the western and how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the western and how the
+Western as a form is rooted in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western as a form is rooted in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western as a form is rooted in the
+assumptions and preoccupations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and preoccupations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and preoccupations of
+American culture how it grows out of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American culture how it grows out of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American culture how it grows out of uh
+a an historical actuality the per the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an historical actuality the per the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an historical actuality the per the
+period roughly from 1860 to 1890 when uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period roughly from 1860 to 1890 when uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period roughly from 1860 to 1890 when uh
+uh the civil war occurred when the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the civil war occurred when the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the civil war occurred when the range
+War occur occur when the range Wars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War occur occur when the range Wars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War occur occur when the range Wars
+occurred when the great when the Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred when the great when the Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred when the great when the Great
+gold discoveries were made at the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold discoveries were made at the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold discoveries were made at the great
+gold R the California Gold Rush the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold R the California Gold Rush the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold R the California Gold Rush the
+laying of the Transcontinental Railroad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying of the Transcontinental Railroad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying of the Transcontinental Railroad
+all of these historical realities then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these historical realities then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these historical realities then
+become Mythic elements in the founding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become Mythic elements in the founding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become Mythic elements in the founding
+story that becomes the Epic the Epic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that becomes the Epic the Epic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that becomes the Epic the Epic
+account of American identity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of American identity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of American identity the
+American account of the the Epic account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American account of the the Epic account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American account of the the Epic account
+of America's founding and I've suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of America's founding and I've suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of America's founding and I've suggested
+that the creation of that mythology uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the creation of that mythology uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the creation of that mythology uh
+expressed so powerfully and complexly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed so powerfully and complexly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed so powerfully and complexly
+often uh and disturbingly too because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh and disturbingly too because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh and disturbingly too because
+there's a race ISM as we've said and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a race ISM as we've said and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a race ISM as we've said and
+imperialism implicit in certain aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialism implicit in certain aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialism implicit in certain aspects
+of the western mythology uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the western mythology uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the western mythology uh
+that that fundamental energy of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that fundamental energy of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that fundamental energy of the of
+the of of the genre as we've suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of of the genre as we've suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of of the genre as we've suggested
+is not only deeply rooted in American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not only deeply rooted in American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not only deeply rooted in American
+culture and grows out of the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and grows out of the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and grows out of the particular
+individualistic preoccupations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualistic preoccupations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualistic preoccupations of
+American culture as we suggested last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American culture as we suggested last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American culture as we suggested last
+time but also then becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but also then becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but also then becomes a
+particularly dramatic instance of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly dramatic instance of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly dramatic instance of what
+we might say the movies as a whole have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might say the movies as a whole have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might say the movies as a whole have
+been an American society or were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been an American society or were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been an American society or were in
+American society until the Advent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society until the Advent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society until the Advent of
+television and that is each genre can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television and that is each genre can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television and that is each genre can be
+and the Western genre especially can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Western genre especially can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Western genre especially can be
+understood as a kind of a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood as a kind of a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood as a kind of a small
+inversion of the larger processes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion of the larger processes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion of the larger processes that
+that operate in this consensus system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operate in this consensus system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operate in this consensus system
+and if you recall the kinds of things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you recall the kinds of things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you recall the kinds of things we
+were suggesting last week about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were suggesting last week about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were suggesting last week about the
+evolution of the western what what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the western what what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the western what what we
+were confronting in a certain sense was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were confronting in a certain sense was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were confronting in a certain sense was
+the way in which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+astonishingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishingly
+protein U uh uh shift changing mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein U uh uh shift changing mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein U uh uh shift changing mythology
+can be altered depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be altered depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be altered depending on the
+preoccupations of the society that wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupations of the society that wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupations of the society that wants
+to mobilize the mythology another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mobilize the mythology another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mobilize the mythology another way of
+putting this is to say the mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting this is to say the mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting this is to say the mythology
+like the larger culture is never fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the larger culture is never fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the larger culture is never fixed
+it's always in process right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always in process right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always in process right so that
+when one Western appears a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one Western appears a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one Western appears a kind of
+conversation is going on uh with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation is going on uh with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation is going on uh with all
+previous westerns and and and maybe with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous westerns and and and maybe with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous westerns and and and maybe with
+other forms of discourse as well about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other forms of discourse as well about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other forms of discourse as well about
+the central preoccupations that are part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central preoccupations that are part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central preoccupations that are part
+of the western I just want to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the western I just want to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the western I just want to remind you
+of the sort of historical scheme that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort of historical scheme that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort of historical scheme that I
+sketched in last time about the Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched in last time about the Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched in last time about the Western
+so you can recognize the point at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can recognize the point at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can recognize the point at which
+mcab and Mrs Miller sort of fits our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcab and Mrs Miller sort of fits our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcab and Mrs Miller sort of fits our
+picture we you remember that I suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we you remember that I suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we you remember that I suggested
+in some degree that that uh when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some degree that that uh when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some degree that that uh when the
+Western as a form emerges after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western as a form emerges after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western as a form emerges after the
+after the 30s when it's mainly a a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the 30s when it's mainly a a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the 30s when it's mainly a a sort
+of novelty item which has singing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of novelty item which has singing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of novelty item which has singing
+Cowboys in it and that sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cowboys in it and that sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cowboys in it and that sort of thing
+when the classic Western emerges in 193
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the classic Western emerges in 193
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the classic Western emerges in 193
+with John Ford's film the uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with John Ford's film the uh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with John Ford's film the uh what's the
+name of the film Stage Coach the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the film Stage Coach the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the film Stage Coach the first
+film that uh Ford filmed in Monument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film that uh Ford filmed in Monument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film that uh Ford filmed in Monument
+Valley um uh when the age of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley um uh when the age of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley um uh when the age of the
+so-called classical age of the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called classical age of the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called classical age of the western
+begins in 19 in the 1940s we suggest I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins in 19 in the 1940s we suggest I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins in 19 in the 1940s we suggest I
+suggested in that lecture that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested in that lecture that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested in that lecture that that that
+the westerns of that period had a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the westerns of that period had a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the westerns of that period had a kind
+of Imperial Dimension that those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Imperial Dimension that those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Imperial Dimension that those were
+the westerns that most decisively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the westerns that most decisively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the westerns that most decisively and
+fully celebrated the uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully celebrated the uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully celebrated the uh uh uh
+the the the white Settler's idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the white Settler's idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the white Settler's idea of the
+Manifest Destiny of the American of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manifest Destiny of the American of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manifest Destiny of the American of of
+of of the American uh experiment which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the American uh experiment which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the American uh experiment which
+was which translated of course into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was which translated of course into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was which translated of course into
+exterminate the Indians the Indians are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterminate the Indians the Indians are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterminate the Indians the Indians are
+sort of in the way the westward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in the way the westward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in the way the westward
+expansion of the United States was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the United States was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the United States was in
+many ways clearly an imperial and even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways clearly an imperial and even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways clearly an imperial and even a
+racist project but in the period of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racist project but in the period of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racist project but in the period of the
+1940s the disturbing elements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s the disturbing elements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s the disturbing elements of the
+mythology were suppressed or ignored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology were suppressed or ignored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology were suppressed or ignored
+even though they were implicit why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they were implicit why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they were implicit why would
+that have been well one reason was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been well one reason was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been well one reason was
+America itself was at war in the 1940s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America itself was at war in the 1940s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America itself was at war in the 1940s
+and the Western was a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Western was a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Western was a particularly
+appropriate it not the only vehicle but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate it not the only vehicle but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate it not the only vehicle but
+it was one of the vehicles in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was one of the vehicles in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was one of the vehicles in which
+Imperial ideas of American Destiny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imperial ideas of American Destiny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imperial ideas of American Destiny and
+American and and American U identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American and and American U identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American and and American U identity
+would be a would be would be articulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a would be would be articulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a would be would be articulated
+or dramatized and I suggested that as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or dramatized and I suggested that as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or dramatized and I suggested that as as
+the war that that that in the period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war that that that in the period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war that that that in the period of
+the 1950s uh the the this Western form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1950s uh the the this Western form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1950s uh the the this Western form
+began to complicate itself that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to complicate itself that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to complicate itself that it was
+that it became less Imperial and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it became less Imperial and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it became less Imperial and that
+there are many films of the 19 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many films of the 19 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many films of the 19 of
+western films of the 1950s that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western films of the 1950s that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western films of the 1950s that actually
+reflect many of the domestic concerns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect many of the domestic concerns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect many of the domestic concerns of
+that era the generation gap the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that era the generation gap the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that era the generation gap the
+discontent of young people growing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontent of young people growing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontent of young people growing up
+into a society that seemed to have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a society that seemed to have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a society that seemed to have no
+work for them uh this is the early 1950s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for them uh this is the early 1950s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for them uh this is the early 1950s
+uh uh an an incre as the decade goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh an an incre as the decade goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh an an incre as the decade goes on
+and and and leads into the 1960s an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and leads into the 1960s an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and leads into the 1960s an
+increasing awareness of racial turmoil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing awareness of racial turmoil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing awareness of racial turmoil
+in the United States so westerns begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States so westerns begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States so westerns begin
+to be partly about juvenile delinquency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be partly about juvenile delinquency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be partly about juvenile delinquency
+or about social problems always filtered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or about social problems always filtered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or about social problems always filtered
+of course through the historical lens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course through the historical lens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course through the historical lens of
+the western and I suggested to you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western and I suggested to you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western and I suggested to you that
+the great John Ford classic Western that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great John Ford classic Western that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great John Ford classic Western that
+we saw last week the Searchers had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last week the Searchers had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last week the Searchers had
+already in the in in uh uh in the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in the in in uh uh in the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in the in in uh uh in the late
+50s had already begin to incor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s had already begin to incor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s had already begin to incor
+incorporate certain kinds of sub the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate certain kinds of sub the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate certain kinds of sub the C
+the certain kinds of subversive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certain kinds of subversive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certain kinds of subversive
+questions so so the 50s is a time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so so the 50s is a time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so so the 50s is a time when
+the Western begins to show so show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Western begins to show so show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Western begins to show so show
+social problems there's a kind of inward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social problems there's a kind of inward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social problems there's a kind of inward
+turning in which the psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning in which the psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning in which the psychological
+problems of characters become important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of characters become important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of characters become important
+in a new way and and then in the 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a new way and and then in the 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a new way and and then in the 60s
+this questioning of the genre proceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this questioning of the genre proceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this questioning of the genre proceeds
+and expands even more even more fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expands even more even more fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expands even more even more fully
+and as we suggested there are series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we suggested there are series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we suggested there are series of
+films 60 of westerns in the 60s that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films 60 of westerns in the 60s that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films 60 of westerns in the 60s that
+even more substantially than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more substantially than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more substantially than the
+Searchers begin to sort of raise doubts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Searchers begin to sort of raise doubts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Searchers begin to sort of raise doubts
+about some of the most fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the most fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the most fundamental
+questions of the western and and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of the western and and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of the western and and of
+course as the decade wears on there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as the decade wears on there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as the decade wears on there is a
+there uh uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increasing there are increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing there are increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing there are increasing
+encouragements or incitements from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouragements or incitements from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouragements or incitements from the
+larger culture from the social history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger culture from the social history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger culture from the social history
+of the larger culture to make the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the larger culture to make the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the larger culture to make the uh uh
+the the Western genre begin to question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Western genre begin to question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Western genre begin to question
+itself and what are those things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and what are those things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and what are those things that
+begin to happen as the 60s wears on they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to happen as the 60s wears on they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to happen as the 60s wears on they
+were embedded in the 50s but they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were embedded in the 50s but they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were embedded in the 50s but they become
+more much more serious the first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more much more serious the first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more much more serious the first is
+racial turmoil right the Civil Rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial turmoil right the Civil Rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial turmoil right the Civil Rights
+Movement becomes more and more militant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movement becomes more and more militant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movement becomes more and more militant
+through the 1960s and the so there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the 1960s and the so there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the 1960s and the so there there
+there is real conflict in the society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is real conflict in the society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is real conflict in the society
+reemerge emerging very powerfully what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reemerge emerging very powerfully what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reemerge emerging very powerfully what's
+a second and and that and that racial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second and and that and that racial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second and and that and that racial
+turmoil becomes more and more U uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turmoil becomes more and more U uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turmoil becomes more and more U uh
+militant more and more polarizing as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+militant more and more polarizing as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+militant more and more polarizing as the
+decade goes on but what's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade goes on but what's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade goes on but what's the other
+great terrible fact of the 1960s that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great terrible fact of the 1960s that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great terrible fact of the 1960s that
+explains why American society was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains why American society was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains why American society was so
+divided and so uncertain of itself the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided and so uncertain of itself the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided and so uncertain of itself the
+Vietnam War of course right by the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam War of course right by the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam War of course right by the end
+of the decade America's deeply immersed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the decade America's deeply immersed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the decade America's deeply immersed
+in Vietnam the college age generation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Vietnam the college age generation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Vietnam the college age generation is
+alienated from its from its uh from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alienated from its from its uh from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alienated from its from its uh from its
+Elders there are demonstrations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elders there are demonstrations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elders there are demonstrations on
+campuses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campuses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campuses in
+1967-68 right and then in 1968 two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1967-68 right and then in 1968 two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1967-68 right and then in 1968 two
+really horrific assassinations occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really horrific assassinations occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really horrific assassinations occurred
+that helped Mark the 1960s as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helped Mark the 1960s as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helped Mark the 1960s as a
+decisively Disturbed time in American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisively Disturbed time in American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisively Disturbed time in American
+history who who who are the two great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history who who who are the two great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history who who who are the two great
+figures who die and who are assassinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures who die and who are assassinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures who die and who are assassinated
+in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+1968 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1968 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1968 one
+is Martin Luther King the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Martin Luther King the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Martin Luther King the
+most the great hero of a of a peaceful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the great hero of a of a peaceful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the great hero of a of a peaceful
+Gandy likee civil rights uh uh movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gandy likee civil rights uh uh movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gandy likee civil rights uh uh movement
+is assassinated and that gives even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is assassinated and that gives even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is assassinated and that gives even
+stronger impetus to the more militant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger impetus to the more militant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger impetus to the more militant uh
+uh uh Arguments for civil rights that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Arguments for civil rights that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Arguments for civil rights that
+were that that that uh uh unlike Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were that that that uh uh unlike Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were that that that uh uh unlike Dr
+King's position did not so eagerly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King's position did not so eagerly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King's position did not so eagerly
+Embrace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Embrace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Embrace
+nonviolence so the combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonviolence so the combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonviolence so the combination of the
+Vietnam War and the Civil Rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam War and the Civil Rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam War and the Civil Rights
+Movement combining together create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movement combining together create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movement combining together create
+creating a tremendous turmoil in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a tremendous turmoil in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a tremendous turmoil in the in
+in America society and there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in America society and there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in America society and there are many
+film historians who would say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film historians who would say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film historians who would say that the
+totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+subversive uh genre films the anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive uh genre films the anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive uh genre films the anti-
+genre films that emerge in the 1970s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre films that emerge in the 1970s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre films that emerge in the 1970s of
+which the most decisive example in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the most decisive example in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the most decisive example in our
+course is mcab and Mrs Miller so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is mcab and Mrs Miller so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is mcab and Mrs Miller so it
+completes our argument right uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes our argument right uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes our argument right uh there
+are many who would say that a sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many who would say that a sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many who would say that a sufficient
+explanation for the subversion of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for the subversion of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for the subversion of of the
+genre for the fact that the westerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre for the fact that the westerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre for the fact that the westerns
+that that the westerns of the 70s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the westerns of the 70s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the westerns of the 70s and
+some of the westerns of the 70s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the westerns of the 70s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the westerns of the 70s and
+Beyond uh in some sense could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond uh in some sense could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond uh in some sense could be
+identified as anti-western so hostile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified as anti-western so hostile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified as anti-western so hostile
+are they so hostile are they to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they so hostile are they to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they so hostile are they to the uh
+basic assumptions of their of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic assumptions of their of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic assumptions of their of their
+ancestors so much that they turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors so much that they turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors so much that they turn the
+heroic values of their ancestors on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic values of their ancestors on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic values of their ancestors on
+their head and you'll and you'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head and you'll and you'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head and you'll and you'll see a
+wonderfully decisive example of this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully decisive example of this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully decisive example of this in
+tonight's film uh there's some social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight's film uh there's some social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight's film uh there's some social
+and film historians who would say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and film historians who would say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and film historians who would say well
+the difficulties in the outer Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulties in the outer Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulties in the outer Society
+the war the Civil Rights Movement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war the Civil Rights Movement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war the Civil Rights Movement the
+the polarization of the culture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization of the culture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization of the culture is
+sufficient to explain why these genres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to explain why these genres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to explain why these genres
+especially this centrally American genre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially this centrally American genre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially this centrally American genre
+of the western would suddenly sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the western would suddenly sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the western would suddenly sort of
+turn on itself and and and uh uh attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on itself and and and uh uh attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on itself and and and uh uh attack
+what it had previously celebrated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it had previously celebrated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it had previously celebrated the
+Notions of Notions of individualistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of Notions of individualistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of Notions of individualistic
+achievement Notions of uh violent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement Notions of uh violent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement Notions of uh violent
+masculinity one of the best books on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masculinity one of the best books on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masculinity one of the best books on the
+old west and about the on on the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old west and about the on on the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old west and about the on on the western
+film has the wonderful title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film has the wonderful title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film has the wonderful title
+regeneration through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regeneration through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regeneration through
+violence regeneration through violence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence regeneration through violence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence regeneration through violence
+and it does describe what the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does describe what the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does describe what the classic
+Western seems to believe that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western seems to believe that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western seems to believe that that that
+and it's it's actually a scary idea you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it's actually a scary idea you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it's actually a scary idea you
+might think about how often this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think about how often this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think about how often this notion
+has been translated into sort of foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been translated into sort of foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been translated into sort of foreign
+policy Behavior by the United States as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy Behavior by the United States as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy Behavior by the United States as
+again reinforcing the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again reinforcing the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again reinforcing the importance of
+these of of these mythologies uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these of of these mythologies uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these of of these mythologies uh
+um but but the social history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but the social history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but the social history of the
+country is not really sufficient fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is not really sufficient fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is not really sufficient fully
+to explain why the movies would become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain why the movies would become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain why the movies would become
+so subversive and what's the answer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so subversive and what's the answer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so subversive and what's the answer I
+mean you can it's implied up here uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can it's implied up here uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can it's implied up here uh in
+number three right uh it has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three right uh it has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three right uh it has to do with
+a new consensus medium so let me try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new consensus medium so let me try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new consensus medium so let me try to
+make these arguments in a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these arguments in a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these arguments in a slightly more
+systematic way and first by talking more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic way and first by talking more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic way and first by talking more
+concretely about the ways in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concretely about the ways in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concretely about the ways in which the
+movies were different in the 1970s we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies were different in the 1970s we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies were different in the 1970s we
+wherever we look at Central elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever we look at Central elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever we look at Central elements of
+the movies we can see a profound change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies we can see a profound change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies we can see a profound change
+in atmosphere in tone and feel the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in atmosphere in tone and feel the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in atmosphere in tone and feel the first
+uh uh if we think if we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh if we think if we think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh if we think if we think about the
+sort of characteristic um actors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of characteristic um actors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of characteristic um actors or
+acting styles of the period we can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting styles of the period we can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting styles of the period we can be
+and especially the characteristic stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially the characteristic stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially the characteristic stars
+and contrast them to the great stars of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contrast them to the great stars of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contrast them to the great stars of
+the studio era we can get a feel for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio era we can get a feel for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio era we can get a feel for how
+much more subversive problematic ironic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more subversive problematic ironic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more subversive problematic ironic
+anti-heroic this new period in American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-heroic this new period in American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-heroic this new period in American
+Film is but there are many many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Film is but there are many many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Film is but there are many many people
+who would actually say that this moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would actually say that this moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would actually say that this moment
+in American Film is actually one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in American Film is actually one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in American Film is actually one of the
+and I think I might say this is one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I might say this is one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I might say this is one uh
+is one of the it's a moment of great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the it's a moment of great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the it's a moment of great
+artistic achievement whatever we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic achievement whatever we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic achievement whatever we would
+say about the early 70s and maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about the early 70s and maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about the early 70s and maybe the
+Whole Decade of the 70s we we we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whole Decade of the 70s we we we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whole Decade of the 70s we we we we
+could call it a moment or a period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call it a moment or a period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call it a moment or a period of
+profound transition a great artistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound transition a great artistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound transition a great artistic
+achievement but also but an achievement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement but also but an achievement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement but also but an achievement
+gotten at a profound cost uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten at a profound cost uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten at a profound cost uh a
+fundamental irreversible shift in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental irreversible shift in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental irreversible shift in the
+relation of American movies to Their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation of American movies to Their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation of American movies to Their
+audience okay so that's the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience okay so that's the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience okay so that's the basic idea
+but what did this shift look like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what did this shift look like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what did this shift look like what
+did it feel like well I I've suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it feel like well I I've suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it feel like well I I've suggested
+that it's grungier more ironic more anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's grungier more ironic more anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's grungier more ironic more anti
+more much deeply anti-heroic and one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more much deeply anti-heroic and one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more much deeply anti-heroic and one way
+I can capture this is by taking a scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can capture this is by taking a scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can capture this is by taking a scene
+from one of the characteristic really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one of the characteristic really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one of the characteristic really
+defining actors of the 1970s uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining actors of the 1970s uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining actors of the 1970s uh of the
+of the what we might call the Post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the what we might call the Post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the what we might call the Post
+consensus era uh the post Hollywood era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus era uh the post Hollywood era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus era uh the post Hollywood era
+Jack Nicholson well I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack Nicholson well I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack Nicholson well I want to show you
+uh what is in some sense his signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is in some sense his signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is in some sense his signature
+scene and even people who haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene and even people who haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene and even people who haven't seen
+five easy PE pieces where this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five easy PE pieces where this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five easy PE pieces where this uh
+fragment comes from know about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment comes from know about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment comes from know about this
+scene uh what I want to propose to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene uh what I want to propose to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene uh what I want to propose to you
+as you look at the scene is think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you look at the scene is think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you look at the scene is think about
+Jack Nicholson's behavior in this scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack Nicholson's behavior in this scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack Nicholson's behavior in this scene
+and ask yourself is it possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask yourself is it possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask yourself is it possible to
+imagine one of the classic much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine one of the classic much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine one of the classic much more
+dignified Heroes of the uh uh male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dignified Heroes of the uh uh male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dignified Heroes of the uh uh male
+protagonists movie stars from an earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonists movie stars from an earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonists movie stars from an earlier
+era behaving in the same way could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era behaving in the same way could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era behaving in the same way could we
+Imagine John Wayne behaving this way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine John Wayne behaving this way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine John Wayne behaving this way or
+could we imagine Jimmy Stewart behaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we imagine Jimmy Stewart behaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we imagine Jimmy Stewart behaving
+this way or Henry Fonda behavor and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way or Henry Fonda behavor and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way or Henry Fonda behavor and of
+course the answer I'm sure as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the answer I'm sure as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the answer I'm sure as you'll
+recognize is no here is the scene then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize is no here is the scene then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize is no here is the scene then
+from Five Easy Pieces some people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Five Easy Pieces some people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Five Easy Pieces some people would
+call it Jack Nicholson's signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Jack Nicholson's signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Jack Nicholson's signature
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm like a plain omelet no potatoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like a plain omelet no potatoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like a plain omelet no potatoes
+Tomatoes instead cup of coffee and toast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tomatoes instead cup of coffee and toast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tomatoes instead cup of coffee and toast
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+substitution what do you mean you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution what do you mean you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution what do you mean you don't
+have any Tomatoes only what's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any Tomatoes only what's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any Tomatoes only what's on the
+menu they can have a number two of plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu they can have a number two of plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu they can have a number two of plain
+comes with cottage fries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with cottage fries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with cottage fries and
+rolls now I know what it comes with but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls now I know what it comes with but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls now I know what it comes with but
+it's not what I want I'll come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not what I want I'll come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not what I want I'll come back and
+make up the Mone wait a minute I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up the Mone wait a minute I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up the Mone wait a minute I have
+made up my mind I'd like a plain omelet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up my mind I'd like a plain omelet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up my mind I'd like a plain omelet
+no potatoes on the plate a cup of coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no potatoes on the plate a cup of coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no potatoes on the plate a cup of coffee
+and a side order of wheat toast I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a side order of wheat toast I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a side order of wheat toast I'm
+sorry we don't have any side orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we don't have any side orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we don't have any side orders of
+toast out you are English muffin or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toast out you are English muffin or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toast out you are English muffin or a
+coffee roll do you mean you don't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee roll do you mean you don't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee roll do you mean you don't make
+side orders of toast you make sandwiches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side orders of toast you make sandwiches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side orders of toast you make sandwiches
+don't you would you like to talk to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you would you like to talk to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you would you like to talk to the
+manager hey Matt shut up you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager hey Matt shut up you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager hey Matt shut up you've got
+bread and a toaster of some kind I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread and a toaster of some kind I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread and a toaster of some kind I don't
+make the rules okay I'll make it as easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the rules okay I'll make it as easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the rules okay I'll make it as easy
+for you as I can I'd like an omelette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you as I can I'd like an omelette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you as I can I'd like an omelette
+plain and a chicken salad sandwich on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain and a chicken salad sandwich on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain and a chicken salad sandwich on
+whe toast no mayonnaise no butter no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whe toast no mayonnaise no butter no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whe toast no mayonnaise no butter no
+lettuce and a cup of coffee number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lettuce and a cup of coffee number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lettuce and a cup of coffee number two
+chicken s sand all the butter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken s sand all the butter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken s sand all the butter the
+lettuce mayonnaise and a cup of coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lettuce mayonnaise and a cup of coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lettuce mayonnaise and a cup of coffee
+anything else yeah now all you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else yeah now all you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else yeah now all you have to
+do is hold the chicken bring me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is hold the chicken bring me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is hold the chicken bring me the
+toast give me a check for the chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toast give me a check for the chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toast give me a check for the chicken
+salad sandwich and you haven't broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salad sandwich and you haven't broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salad sandwich and you haven't broken
+any rules you want me to hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rules you want me to hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rules you want me to hold the
+chicken huh I want you to hold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken huh I want you to hold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken huh I want you to hold it
+between your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+knees you see that sign sir yes you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knees you see that sign sir yes you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knees you see that sign sir yes you all
+have to leave I'm not taking any more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to leave I'm not taking any more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to leave I'm not taking any more of
+your smartness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your smartness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your smartness and
+sarcasm you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sarcasm you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sarcasm you see this
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+sign fantastic that you can figure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign fantastic that you can figure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign fantastic that you can figure that
+out now you've you've seen Nicholson in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now you've you've seen Nicholson in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now you've you've seen Nicholson in
+Far More frenetic moments in let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Far More frenetic moments in let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Far More frenetic moments in let's say
+the Batman movie right but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Batman movie right but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Batman movie right but the the
+essence of the Nicholson character that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence of the Nicholson character that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence of the Nicholson character that
+sort of uh he's actually comra nicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh he's actually comra nicer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh he's actually comra nicer
+there than he normally is he has his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there than he normally is he has his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there than he normally is he has his
+Persona has not been fully established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Persona has not been fully established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Persona has not been fully established
+at this early stage in his career but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this early stage in his career but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this early stage in his career but
+you can feel the energy there and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feel the energy there and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feel the energy there and and
+the the um um the hostility to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the um um the hostility to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the um um the hostility to to to
+rule I mean I think we're supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule I mean I think we're supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule I mean I think we're supposed to be
+on Nicholson's side in that film uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Nicholson's side in that film uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Nicholson's side in that film uh but
+when he knocks that stuff off the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he knocks that stuff off the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he knocks that stuff off the table
+uh he's doing something that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's doing something that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's doing something that we would
+never that we would never uh uh imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never that we would never uh uh imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never that we would never uh uh imagine
+uh a classic Hollywood hero to have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a classic Hollywood hero to have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a classic Hollywood hero to have done
+and I don't want to put too great uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't want to put too great uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't want to put too great uh an
+emphasis on a single scene but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on a single scene but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on a single scene but if you
+think about Nicholson's incarnations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Nicholson's incarnations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Nicholson's incarnations
+after that movie you'll understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that movie you'll understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that movie you'll understand how
+decisively and fully uh a new kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisively and fully uh a new kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisively and fully uh a new kind of
+actor has has emerged in the 1970s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor has has emerged in the 1970s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor has has emerged in the 1970s and
+you might talk about some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might talk about some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might talk about some of the other
+about some of the other actors that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the other actors that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the other actors that you
+can do the other uh sheet there Greg uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the other uh sheet there Greg uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the other uh sheet there Greg uh
+about some of the other actors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the other actors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the other actors that
+emerge in this period Warren batty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge in this period Warren batty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge in this period Warren batty
+Elliot Gould Dustin Hoffman Robert dairo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elliot Gould Dustin Hoffman Robert dairo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elliot Gould Dustin Hoffman Robert dairo
+um fewer uh female stars emerge in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fewer uh female stars emerge in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fewer uh female stars emerge in this
+period but they're important some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period but they're important some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period but they're important some of
+them did begin their careers around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them did begin their careers around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them did begin their careers around this
+time and had and they also the even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and had and they also the even even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and had and they also the even even
+the actresses uh stand in a in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actresses uh stand in a in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actresses uh stand in a in the same
+sort of U uh uh ironizing and and U uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of U uh uh ironizing and and U uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of U uh uh ironizing and and U uh
+U anti-heroic relation to uh their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U anti-heroic relation to uh their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U anti-heroic relation to uh their
+ancestors as the male actors do we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors as the male actors do we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors as the male actors do we might
+think about Julie Christie who is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Julie Christie who is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Julie Christie who is the
+co-star of tonight's film in mcab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-star of tonight's film in mcab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-star of tonight's film in mcab and
+Mrs Miller or Jane Fonda or or or or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mrs Miller or Jane Fonda or or or or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mrs Miller or Jane Fonda or or or or the
+actress fed dunway who who does such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actress fed dunway who who does such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actress fed dunway who who does such a
+brilliant job in the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant job in the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant job in the characteristic
+early uh 7 film Chinatown and each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early uh 7 film Chinatown and each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early uh 7 film Chinatown and each of
+these performers uh has as I suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these performers uh has as I suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these performers uh has as I suggested
+as I've suggested a a sort of grungy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've suggested a a sort of grungy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've suggested a a sort of grungy
+ironized non-heroic relationship to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironized non-heroic relationship to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironized non-heroic relationship to the
+to the iconic figures of of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the iconic figures of of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the iconic figures of of of the
+Hollywood past and this something of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood past and this something of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood past and this something of the
+same thing is true about the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing is true about the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing is true about the kinds of
+directors and the kinds of films that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors and the kinds of films that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors and the kinds of films that
+emerge in this period as well uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge in this period as well uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge in this period as well uh it's
+the period in which some directors who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period in which some directors who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period in which some directors who
+then became dominant figures over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then became dominant figures over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then became dominant figures over the
+next 30 Years Martin Scorsese Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 30 Years Martin Scorsese Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 30 Years Martin Scorsese Roman
+palansky Alan J Pula Francis Ford Copa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palansky Alan J Pula Francis Ford Copa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palansky Alan J Pula Francis Ford Copa
+Sam penpa Alman himself Stanley cubrick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam penpa Alman himself Stanley cubrick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam penpa Alman himself Stanley cubrick
+all of these really distinctive Urus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these really distinctive Urus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these really distinctive Urus
+directors emerge decisively in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors emerge decisively in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors emerge decisively in this
+period and again uh the the films that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and again uh the the films that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and again uh the the films that
+they make have a kind of personal stamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make have a kind of personal stamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make have a kind of personal stamp
+that would not have been possible in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would not have been possible in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would not have been possible in the
+studio era so even though film and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio era so even though film and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio era so even though film and of
+course what I've left out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what I've left out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what I've left out of the
+equation and talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and talking about the
+transformation uh of American movies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation uh of American movies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation uh of American movies is
+the reminder that it was in the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+uh going back into the 20s uh it's a
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+u a film entitled The Long goodbye and
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+we've said also that the that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said also that the that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said also that the that the
+endings of genre forms are often very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings of genre forms are often very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings of genre forms are often very
+conventionalized think about the endings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventionalized think about the endings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventionalized think about the endings
+of situation comedy as an example or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of situation comedy as an example or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of situation comedy as an example or the
+way in which at the end of certain forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which at the end of certain forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which at the end of certain forms
+of melodrama you expect every you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of melodrama you expect every you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of melodrama you expect every you you
+expect certain forms of reassurance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect certain forms of reassurance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect certain forms of reassurance uh
+that things will work out or have worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things will work out or have worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things will work out or have worked
+out right uh uh one of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right uh uh one of the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right uh uh one of the fundamental
+functions of the happy ending of most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the happy ending of most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the happy ending of most
+genre forms in the classic age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre forms in the classic age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre forms in the classic age of
+Hollywood was precisely to return us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood was precisely to return us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood was precisely to return us to
+that form of reassurance all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form of reassurance all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form of reassurance all right so
+here is the ending of a film of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the ending of a film of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the ending of a film of a
+detective film called The Long goodbye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective film called The Long goodbye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective film called The Long goodbye
+staring St starring Elliot gold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staring St starring Elliot gold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staring St starring Elliot gold and
+perhaps the only thing I need to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the only thing I need to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the only thing I need to do to
+intro int introduce the scene is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro int introduce the scene is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro int introduce the scene is to
+Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+that the detective's quest has led him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the detective's quest has led him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the detective's quest has led him
+finally at the end of the film to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally at the end of the film to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally at the end of the film to sort
+of solve the mystery and he's found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solve the mystery and he's found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solve the mystery and he's found the
+man who has committed the horrendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who has committed the horrendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who has committed the horrendous
+crimes he's been he's been investigating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crimes he's been he's been investigating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crimes he's been he's been investigating
+through the film and the man turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the film and the man turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the film and the man turns out
+to be a f to have been a friend of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a f to have been a friend of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a f to have been a friend of his
+someone he had known and in fact someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone he had known and in fact someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone he had known and in fact someone
+someone who had taken advantage of him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who had taken advantage of him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who had taken advantage of him
+here's the very end of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how you doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Terry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Mar guess if anybody's going to track me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mar guess if anybody's going to track me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mar guess if anybody's going to track me
+down be you want to drink or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down be you want to drink or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down be you want to drink or something
+no I don't want no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't want no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't want no
+drink you get a kick out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink you get a kick out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink you get a kick out of that
+medicine I sent you yeah I got a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine I sent you yeah I got a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine I sent you yeah I got a big
+kick out of it so you murdered your wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kick out of it so you murdered your wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kick out of it so you murdered your wife
+well I killed her but you can't call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I killed her but you can't call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I killed her but you can't call it
+murder wait told her about I and me she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder wait told her about I and me she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder wait told her about I and me she
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+screaming she was going to tell the cops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming she was going to tell the cops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming she was going to tell the cops
+she knew I was carrying money for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she knew I was carrying money for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she knew I was carrying money for
+Augustine she going to turn me in I hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Augustine she going to turn me in I hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Augustine she going to turn me in I hit
+her I didn't try to kill her I hit her I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her I didn't try to kill her I hit her I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her I didn't try to kill her I hit her I
+didn't mean it I saw the photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't mean it I saw the photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't mean it I saw the photographs
+while your Bast your faing she didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while your Bast your faing she didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while your Bast your faing she didn't
+give me any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choice didn't have much choice huh so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice didn't have much choice huh so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice didn't have much choice huh so he
+used me hell that's what friends are for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used me hell that's what friends are for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used me hell that's what friends are for
+was in a jam come on have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in a jam come on have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in a jam come on have a
+drink I had a dead wife $350,000 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink I had a dead wife $350,000 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink I had a dead wife $350,000 it
+doesn't belong to me I had to get out it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't belong to me I had to get out it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't belong to me I had to get out it
+as simple as that simple as that goddamn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simple as that simple as that goddamn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simple as that simple as that goddamn
+simple cops have me legally dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cops have me legally dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cops have me legally dead
+Augustine's got his money he's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Augustine's got his money he's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Augustine's got his money he's not
+looking for me anymore I got a girl that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for me anymore I got a girl that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for me anymore I got a girl that
+loves me she got more money than syvia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves me she got more money than syvia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves me she got more money than syvia
+and Augustine put together for hell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Augustine put together for hell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Augustine put together for hell
+nobody cares yeah nobody cares what me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody cares yeah nobody cares what me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody cares yeah nobody cares what me
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+Mar never you're a b Loser yeah I even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mar never you're a b Loser yeah I even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mar never you're a b Loser yeah I even
+lost my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cat okay shut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat okay shut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat okay shut it
+off pretty shocking the hero of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off pretty shocking the hero of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off pretty shocking the hero of the
+movie the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie the
+protagonist the guy the guy we identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonist the guy the guy we identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonist the guy the guy we identify
+with all the way through commits cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the way through commits cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the way through commits cold
+blooded murder in the very he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blooded murder in the very he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blooded murder in the very he's a
+vigilante commits cold blooded murder at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigilante commits cold blooded murder at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigilante commits cold blooded murder at
+the end of the film and that is the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the film and that is the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the film and that is the end
+of the film he gets away with it I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film he gets away with it I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film he gets away with it I mean
+it's a so but there is a kind of Justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a so but there is a kind of Justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a so but there is a kind of Justice
+done at the end of the film in a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at the end of the film in a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at the end of the film in a kind of
+narrow way because the murderer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow way because the murderer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow way because the murderer is
+caught and punished but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught and punished but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught and punished but it's the
+detective and incidentally this violates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective and incidentally this violates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective and incidentally this violates
+what happens in the original novel it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the original novel it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the original novel it
+violates what happens in the first film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates what happens in the first film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates what happens in the first film
+version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the
+novel uh but think what think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel uh but think what think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel uh but think what think what
+happens to genre forms not only when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to genre forms not only when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to genre forms not only when the
+hero or the protagonist becomes grungy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero or the protagonist becomes grungy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero or the protagonist becomes grungy
+ironic and anti-heroic in his behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic and anti-heroic in his behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic and anti-heroic in his behavior
+and and and demeanor and then when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and demeanor and then when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and demeanor and then when the
+story itself begins to undermine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story itself begins to undermine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story itself begins to undermine the
+deepest assumptions about heroism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepest assumptions about heroism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepest assumptions about heroism and
+righteous behavior that seems to uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+righteous behavior that seems to uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+righteous behavior that seems to uh have
+that that see that seem to justify or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that see that seem to justify or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that see that seem to justify or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+underg guard these endings uh far from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underg guard these endings uh far from a
+happy I mean in a way one could say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy I mean in a way one could say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy I mean in a way one could say it's
+a happy ending if one wants if one has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a happy ending if one wants if one has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a happy ending if one wants if one has a
+very austere notion of Justice uh um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very austere notion of Justice uh um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very austere notion of Justice uh um and
+almost an inhuman notion of justice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost an inhuman notion of justice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost an inhuman notion of justice but
+what about this protagonist who does his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this protagonist who does his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this protagonist who does his
+who does his own vigilante justice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who does his own vigilante justice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who does his own vigilante justice and
+uh when the when the film first appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when the when the film first appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when the when the film first appeared
+I can't EXA I I I it's impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't EXA I I I it's impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't EXA I I I it's impossible to
+exaggerate the effect this shocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerate the effect this shocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerate the effect this shocking
+ending had on because why one reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending had on because why one reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending had on because why one reason
+it's so shocking of course is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so shocking of course is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so shocking of course is that the
+generic expectations run so totally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic expectations run so totally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic expectations run so totally in
+the opposite direction that the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction that the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction that the most
+coldblooded murderer in the film should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coldblooded murderer in the film should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coldblooded murderer in the film should
+be the character with whom you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the character with whom you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the character with whom you've
+identified all the way through who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified all the way through who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified all the way through who is
+supposed to be solving the crime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be solving the crime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be solving the crime and
+bringing evil to Justice should turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing evil to Justice should turn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing evil to Justice should turn out
+to be evil himself in in in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be evil himself in in in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be evil himself in in in such a
+shocking and brutal way undermines some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking and brutal way undermines some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking and brutal way undermines some
+of the most uh basic assumptions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most uh basic assumptions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most uh basic assumptions you
+make about the kind of safety that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make about the kind of safety that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make about the kind of safety that the
+genre of the detective story seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre of the detective story seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre of the detective story seems to
+afford to its viewers right and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford to its viewers right and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford to its viewers right and this is
+not an isolated instance as you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an isolated instance as you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an isolated instance as you'll see
+in tonight's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tonight's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tonight's
+film Alman does almost exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film Alman does almost exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film Alman does almost exactly the same
+thing with the with the Western that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the with the Western that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the with the Western that he
+does in the long goodbye to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does in the long goodbye to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does in the long goodbye to the
+detective story and I'll return tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective story and I'll return tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective story and I'll return tonight
+to a little bit more to say a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a little bit more to say a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+more about the particular ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the particular ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the particular ways in which
+mcab and Mrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Miller embodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller embodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller embodies
+this notion I've been suggesting to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion I've been suggesting to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion I've been suggesting to you
+uh embodies the the the the anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh embodies the the the the anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh embodies the the the the anti-
+generic or or subversive principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic or or subversive principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic or or subversive principles of
+the kinds of movies that begin to emerge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of movies that begin to emerge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of movies that begin to emerge
+at the end of the 60s and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the 60s and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the 60s and in the
+19 and in the 1970s well I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 and in the 1970s well I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 and in the 1970s well I've already
+talked to you about the social history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to you about the social history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to you about the social history
+of the uh uh 60s and70s and I I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh uh 60s and70s and I I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh uh 60s and70s and I I I I
+don't want to uh repeat myself but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to uh repeat myself but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to uh repeat myself but there
+were some things that I left out in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some things that I left out in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some things that I left out in my
+quick account earlier so let's return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick account earlier so let's return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick account earlier so let's return
+briefly to remember the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly to remember the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly to remember the sequence of
+presidents because of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidents because of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidents because of course the
+sequence of presidents uh Kennedy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of presidents uh Kennedy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of presidents uh Kennedy to
+John who was assassinated in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John who was assassinated in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John who was assassinated in the early
+60s right already the social Fabric in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s right already the social Fabric in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s right already the social Fabric in
+the United States was frayed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States was frayed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States was frayed to the
+point of breaking by the end of the 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of breaking by the end of the 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of breaking by the end of the 60s
+those of us who Liv through it will'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us who Liv through it will'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us who Liv through it will'll
+always remember it as an as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always remember it as an as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always remember it as an as an
+astonishingly polarized time uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishingly polarized time uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishingly polarized time uh and uh
+in the progression from Kennedy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the progression from Kennedy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the progression from Kennedy to
+Johnson to Nixon there is a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johnson to Nixon there is a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johnson to Nixon there is a social
+history in which that uh change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history in which that uh change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history in which that uh change in the
+society is uh is of course implied and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is uh is of course implied and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is uh is of course implied and
+of course it concludes in a way with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it concludes in a way with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it concludes in a way with
+that with the terrible event of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with the terrible event of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with the terrible event of of of
+the the Watergate scandal the Watergate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Watergate scandal the Watergate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Watergate scandal the Watergate
+investigations in which for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations in which for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations in which for the first
+time in our history a sitting president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in our history a sitting president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in our history a sitting president
+resigned so you can see that the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resigned so you can see that the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resigned so you can see that the social
+the out outward social and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out outward social and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out outward social and of course the
+Watergate uh uh Scandal raised doubts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watergate uh uh Scandal raised doubts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watergate uh uh Scandal raised doubts
+about the probity and decency uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probity and decency uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probity and decency uh of the
+highest officers of our government and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest officers of our government and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest officers of our government and
+and while that might not seem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while that might not seem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while that might not seem so
+surprising in the age of in in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising in the age of in in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising in the age of in in in the
+age of of uh uh I have to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of of uh uh I have to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of of uh uh I have to avoid
+offending some of you in the in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offending some of you in the in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offending some of you in the in our
+current situation where it's very where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current situation where it's very where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current situation where it's very where
+it isn't that difficult to doubt what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't that difficult to doubt what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't that difficult to doubt what
+we're told by our government leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're told by our government leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're told by our government leaders
+it's important to recognize that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to recognize that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to recognize that this
+not that this was a new experience for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that this was a new experience for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that this was a new experience for
+Americans governments always lie but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans governments always lie but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans governments always lie but
+there really was a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really was a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really was a sense of
+disillusionment with the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disillusionment with the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disillusionment with the fundamental
+structures of the society that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of the society that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of the society that was
+emerging because of the Civil Rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging because of the Civil Rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging because of the Civil Rights
+Movement then because of the um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movement then because of the um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movement then because of the um uh
+because of the war in Vietnam where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the war in Vietnam where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the war in Vietnam where you
+know the uh and then and then also uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the uh and then and then also uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the uh and then and then also uh as
+a kind of as a kind of uh icing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of as a kind of uh icing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of as a kind of uh icing on the
+cake in in a certain sense a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cake in in a certain sense a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cake in in a certain sense a kind of
+terrible addition to the strengthening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible addition to the strengthening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible addition to the strengthening
+or weakening the country but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or weakening the country but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or weakening the country but
+strengthening this sense of polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthening this sense of polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthening this sense of polarization
+and disturbance as if nothing can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disturbance as if nothing can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disturbance as if nothing can be
+trusted as if our structures are falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted as if our structures are falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted as if our structures are falling
+apart or are endangered in some way was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart or are endangered in some way was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart or are endangered in some way was
+the fact that the president in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the president in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the president in effect
+resigned rather than face impeachment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resigned rather than face impeachment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resigned rather than face impeachment
+because of his because of his behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of his because of his behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of his because of his behavior
+in in the in the Watergate business uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the in the Watergate business uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the in the Watergate business uh
+so the so so at the so the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so so at the so the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so so at the so the highest
+levels of government and the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of government and the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of government and the fundamental
+structures of government were in play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of government were in play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of government were in play
+and it would obviously in such a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would obviously in such a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would obviously in such a time
+it's not inappropriate you would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not inappropriate you would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not inappropriate you would expect
+the central story forms of a culture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central story forms of a culture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central story forms of a culture to
+reflect some disturbance but one why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect some disturbance but one why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect some disturbance but one why is
+it not sufficient simply to urge this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not sufficient simply to urge this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not sufficient simply to urge this
+argument this social history argument to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument this social history argument to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument this social history argument to
+explain what happened to movies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what happened to movies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what happened to movies the
+simplest answer is if you look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest answer is if you look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest answer is if you look at what
+was on television at the same time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on television at the same time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on television at the same time you
+can certainly see television becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can certainly see television becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can certainly see television becoming
+more complex in fact the late 60s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex in fact the late 60s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex in fact the late 60s and
+early 70s are a transforming moment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 70s are a transforming moment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 70s are a transforming moment for
+television as well partly because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television as well partly because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television as well partly because that's
+the moment when television consciously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment when television consciously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment when television consciously
+realized that it has a more central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that it has a more central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that it has a more central
+place in the society than the movies did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the society than the movies did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the society than the movies did
+it had for a while already achieved this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had for a while already achieved this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had for a while already achieved this
+but no one on either side of the Divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no one on either side of the Divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no one on either side of the Divide
+recognized it but by the late 60s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized it but by the late 60s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized it but by the late 60s and
+early ' 70s American television now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early ' 70s American television now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early ' 70s American television now
+knows itself to be the central medium of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows itself to be the central medium of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows itself to be the central medium of
+consensus narrative the society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus narrative the society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus narrative the society
+recognizes that the change has occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes that the change has occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes that the change has occurred
+I don't mean that legislation is passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean that legislation is passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean that legislation is passed
+I mean this understanding slowly Dawns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this understanding slowly Dawns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this understanding slowly Dawns
+over a period of time right and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a period of time right and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a period of time right and and uh
+there was a great sense among filmmakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a great sense among filmmakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a great sense among filmmakers
+of Liberation and freedom and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Liberation and freedom and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Liberation and freedom and they're
+not wrong about that I mean the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wrong about that I mean the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wrong about that I mean the one
+might argue that the 70s is the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might argue that the 70s is the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might argue that the 70s is the greatest
+decade of all in the history of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade of all in the history of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade of all in the history of American
+movies so many remarkable films were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies so many remarkable films were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies so many remarkable films were
+made in that time and surely one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in that time and surely one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in that time and surely one of the
+reasons for it was film was liberated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for it was film was liberated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for it was film was liberated
+from the necessity to embrace what were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the necessity to embrace what were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the necessity to embrace what were
+ultimately although very generous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately although very generous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately although very generous
+principles they were still in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles they were still in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles they were still in the end
+conservative principles about how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative principles about how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative principles about how a
+story in a consensus medium can be told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story in a consensus medium can be told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story in a consensus medium can be told
+right so but but the but the reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but but the but the reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but but the but the reason that
+it is INS sufficient simply to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is INS sufficient simply to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is INS sufficient simply to to the
+reason that it is insufficient to it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that it is insufficient to it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that it is insufficient to it the
+reason that the social history argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that the social history argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that the social history argument
+is insufficient for explaining the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is insufficient for explaining the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is insufficient for explaining the way
+movies changed is that if you you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies changed is that if you you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies changed is that if you you look
+at television you can see a story system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at television you can see a story system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at television you can see a story system
+that's telling stories that are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's telling stories that are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's telling stories that are more
+complex and more ironized and do raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and more ironized and do raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and more ironized and do raise
+certain kinds of questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of questions about the
+social and political order that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and political order that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and political order that might be
+thought to be uh disturbing uh and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to be uh disturbing uh and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to be uh disturbing uh and even
+potentially subversive but on television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially subversive but on television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially subversive but on television
+the center holds on television the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center holds on television the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center holds on television the
+endings remain happy or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings remain happy or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings remain happy or at least
+reassuring mostly uh on television some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassuring mostly uh on television some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassuring mostly uh on television some
+of the very same genre forms especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very same genre forms especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very same genre forms especially
+detective and cops shows are all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective and cops shows are all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective and cops shows are all over
+the place fables of Law and Order fables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place fables of Law and Order fables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place fables of Law and Order fables
+of fables of Injustice and the stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fables of Injustice and the stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fables of Injustice and the stories
+that are being told on television do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being told on television do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being told on television do not
+have the subversive completely anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the subversive completely anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the subversive completely anti-
+generic energies that were being told on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic energies that were being told on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic energies that were being told on
+television why not and again my answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television why not and again my answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television why not and again my answer
+is the movies have been supplanted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the movies have been supplanted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the movies have been supplanted by
+television that consensus role is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television that consensus role is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television that consensus role is now
+being played by television and one U uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being played by television and one U uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being played by television and one U uh
+uh U quite I think um um truly dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh U quite I think um um truly dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh U quite I think um um truly dramatic
+way uh in which we can in which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh in which we can in which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh in which we can in which we can
+recognize this uh uh development is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize this uh uh development is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize this uh uh development is to
+talk about the differences between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the differences between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the differences between the
+movie versions the movie version and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie versions the movie version and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie versions the movie version and the
+television version of another Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television version of another Robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television version of another Robert
+Alman text one of his uh distinctive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alman text one of his uh distinctive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alman text one of his uh distinctive
+films of the 1970s the movie MASH how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films of the 1970s the movie MASH how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films of the 1970s the movie MASH how
+many of you have seen alman's Mash only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have seen alman's Mash only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have seen alman's Mash only
+only two three not very many it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two three not very many it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two three not very many it's
+a a significant film not as remarkable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a significant film not as remarkable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a significant film not as remarkable I
+think in in in its in its full shape as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in in in its in its full shape as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in in in its in its full shape as
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+the film you're going to see tonight but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film you're going to see tonight but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film you're going to see tonight but
+a but a very very remarkable film how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but a very very remarkable film how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but a very very remarkable film how
+many of you seen the television show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you seen the television show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you seen the television show
+MASH a much larger number but still for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MASH a much larger number but still for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MASH a much larger number but still for
+an American environment a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an American environment a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an American environment a very small
+number I mean especially because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I mean especially because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I mean especially because the
+show was on for uh in its original run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show was on for uh in its original run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show was on for uh in its original run
+for some I forgot something like 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some I forgot something like 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some I forgot something like 11
+years and then was one of the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then was one of the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then was one of the longest
+running shows in American history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running shows in American history and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running shows in American history and
+then of course it was in rerun for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course it was in rerun for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course it was in rerun for more
+than a decade in virtually every Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a decade in virtually every Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a decade in virtually every Market
+in the United States so there's hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States so there's hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States so there's hardly
+anyone over the age of probably uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone over the age of probably uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone over the age of probably uh
+15 or 20 in the United States who hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 or 20 in the United States who hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 or 20 in the United States who hasn't
+seen many episodes of mash it's so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen many episodes of mash it's so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen many episodes of mash it's so it's
+somewhat surprising that a Rel that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat surprising that a Rel that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat surprising that a Rel that only
+a minority of you had seen it but but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minority of you had seen it but but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minority of you had seen it but but we
+can take the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the difference between the
+television version of that program of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television version of that program of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television version of that program of of
+that story and the movie version as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that story and the movie version as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that story and the movie version as a
+kind of emblem for this transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of emblem for this transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of emblem for this transformation
+that I've been talking about and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been talking about and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been talking about and you
+don't have to have seen either of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to have seen either of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to have seen either of the
+films fully to see what I what I have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films fully to see what I what I have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films fully to see what I what I have in
+mind uh the Elliot Gould the character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind uh the Elliot Gould the character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind uh the Elliot Gould the character
+that you saw just a moment ago in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you saw just a moment ago in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you saw just a moment ago in in the
+in the clip from the long goodbye is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the clip from the long goodbye is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the clip from the long goodbye is one
+of the is one of the central doctors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the is one of the central doctors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the is one of the central doctors in
+in uh in the movie and the other doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in the movie and the other doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in the movie and the other doctor
+the partner doctor uh uh characters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partner doctor uh uh characters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partner doctor uh uh characters that
+are that that are played by Alan Alder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that that are played by Alan Alder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that that are played by Alan Alder
+and a comrade who changes over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a comrade who changes over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a comrade who changes over the
+course of the full run of the show in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the full run of the show in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the full run of the show in
+the series uh the uh Alan Alder plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series uh the uh Alan Alder plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series uh the uh Alan Alder plays
+that character in the movies and his and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that character in the movies and his and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that character in the movies and his and
+his partner uh also varies in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his partner uh also varies in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his partner uh also varies in the in the
+film but one one but his most decisive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film but one one but his most decisive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film but one one but his most decisive
+partner is Donald southernland and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner is Donald southernland and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner is Donald southernland and
+Donald southernland is another of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donald southernland is another of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donald southernland is another of these
+sort of ironic uh anti-heroic actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ironic uh anti-heroic actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ironic uh anti-heroic actors
+often they they're often actors whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often they they're often actors whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often they they're often actors whose
+diction is odd they Mumble and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diction is odd they Mumble and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diction is odd they Mumble and they
+swallow their words uh they're sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallow their words uh they're sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallow their words uh they're sometimes
+literally harder to hear uh than their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally harder to hear uh than their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally harder to hear uh than their
+elocution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elocution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elocution
+arily Superior bad bad adjective uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arily Superior bad bad adjective uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arily Superior bad bad adjective uh
+adverb than than their than their they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb than than their than their they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb than than their than their they
+better spoken ancestors in the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better spoken ancestors in the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better spoken ancestors in the classic
+age of Hollywood well in in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of Hollywood well in in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of Hollywood well in in the the
+movie MASH made came out in 1970 and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie MASH made came out in 1970 and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie MASH made came out in 1970 and it
+was a kind of disguised Vietnam Fable it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a kind of disguised Vietnam Fable it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a kind of disguised Vietnam Fable it
+was officially set based on a it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was officially set based on a it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was officially set based on a it was
+based on a on a on a novel describing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a on a on a novel describing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a on a on a novel describing a
+mash unit a medical unit in the Korean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mash unit a medical unit in the Korean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mash unit a medical unit in the Korean
+War and the movie dealt with the Korean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War and the movie dealt with the Korean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War and the movie dealt with the Korean
+War too ostensibly but it was clearly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War too ostensibly but it was clearly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War too ostensibly but it was clearly a
+metaphor for the current war that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor for the current war that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor for the current war that we
+were in and the doctors uh especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in and the doctors uh especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in and the doctors uh especially
+the two Central characters played by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two Central characters played by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two Central characters played by uh
+uh uh Elliot G and Donald saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Elliot G and Donald saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Elliot G and Donald saw
+are unbelievably subversive figures they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unbelievably subversive figures they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unbelievably subversive figures they
+take their energies more from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take their energies more from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take their energies more from the
+counterculture than they do from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterculture than they do from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterculture than they do from any
+other source uh they have no respect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other source uh they have no respect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other source uh they have no respect for
+authority at all they're they they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority at all they're they they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority at all they're they they they
+they engage in forms of subversive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they engage in forms of subversive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they engage in forms of subversive
+monkey business all the way through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey business all the way through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey business all the way through this
+uh uh the the Alman version of mash when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the the Alman version of mash when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the the Alman version of mash when
+the movie is translated a year or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie is translated a year or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie is translated a year or two
+later still while the Vietnam war is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later still while the Vietnam war is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later still while the Vietnam war is on
+uh onto American television in 1972 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh onto American television in 1972 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh onto American television in 1972 I
+guess or three the war is just ending or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess or three the war is just ending or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess or three the war is just ending or
+or or but it's the more I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or but it's the more I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or but it's the more I'm not sure
+whether the war was actually literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the war was actually literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the war was actually literally
+still going on when mash appeared it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going on when mash appeared it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going on when mash appeared it was
+certainly still going on when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly still going on when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly still going on when they were
+planning the series and the series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning the series and the series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning the series and the series is
+oddly quite a lot different it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oddly quite a lot different it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oddly quite a lot different it does
+still mobilize certain anti-war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still mobilize certain anti-war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still mobilize certain anti-war
+Sentiments of course uh and but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sentiments of course uh and but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sentiments of course uh and but the the
+the the television program which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the television program which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the television program which I think
+in in an artistic sense is probably over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in an artistic sense is probably over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in an artistic sense is probably over
+the long run of its series better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run of its series better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run of its series better than
+the movie uh for all kinds of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie uh for all kinds of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie uh for all kinds of reasons
+partly because the characters evolve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because the characters evolve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because the characters evolve and
+change over time in the series in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over time in the series in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over time in the series in a way
+they could not in the movie uh but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could not in the movie uh but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could not in the movie uh but the
+most decisive thing about it is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most decisive thing about it is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most decisive thing about it is that the
+movie that the television series retains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie that the television series retains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie that the television series retains
+some of the qualities it retains some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the qualities it retains some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the qualities it retains some of
+the qualities that we associate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the qualities that we associate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the qualities that we associate with
+with uh an antire form it there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh an antire form it there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh an antire form it there are
+subversive implications in it for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive implications in it for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive implications in it for sure
+but the center holds in the television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the center holds in the television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the center holds in the television
+version why the when I say the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version why the when I say the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version why the when I say the center
+holds what I mean is that there remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds what I mean is that there remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds what I mean is that there remains
+in the film a respect for the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the film a respect for the large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the film a respect for the large
+structures of authority and order in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of authority and order in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of authority and order in the
+society however antic and subversive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society however antic and subversive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society however antic and subversive the
+doctors might behave in any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors might behave in any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors might behave in any particular
+instance uh the the the the um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance uh the the the the um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance uh the the the the um uh the
+the the literal behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the literal behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the literal behavior of the
+characters is often less grungy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters is often less grungy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters is often less grungy
+and doesn't flirt with pornography in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't flirt with pornography in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't flirt with pornography in
+the in on the television show as it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in on the television show as it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in on the television show as it does
+in the in the movie I don't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the movie I don't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the movie I don't mean that
+the movie is pornographic but it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie is pornographic but it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie is pornographic but it's much
+more overt about sexual matters than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more overt about sexual matters than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more overt about sexual matters than the
+than the television series is and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the television series is and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the television series is and one of
+the best ways one can see the contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best ways one can see the contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best ways one can see the contrast
+is to contrast an actor like Alan Alder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to contrast an actor like Alan Alder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to contrast an actor like Alan Alder
+with an actor like Elliot ghoul there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an actor like Elliot ghoul there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an actor like Elliot ghoul there's
+something dark and grungy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something dark and grungy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something dark and grungy and
+self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self
+reflective self aware about about Elliot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective self aware about about Elliot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective self aware about about Elliot
+Gould uh uh that one doesn't feel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gould uh uh that one doesn't feel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gould uh uh that one doesn't feel about
+Alder Al is much easier in his skin than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alder Al is much easier in his skin than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alder Al is much easier in his skin than
+Elliot G one what one feels about Elliot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elliot G one what one feels about Elliot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elliot G one what one feels about Elliot
+G as about many of the actors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G as about many of the actors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G as about many of the actors that
+emerge as dominant stars in the 70s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge as dominant stars in the 70s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge as dominant stars in the 70s and
+Beyond is that they're afflicted by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond is that they're afflicted by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond is that they're afflicted by a
+kind of cosmic anxiety that they're that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cosmic anxiety that they're that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cosmic anxiety that they're that
+they're fig that they're anxious figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fig that they're anxious figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fig that they're anxious figures
+that they're figures of damage in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're figures of damage in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're figures of damage in some
+way uh the war Warren batty is such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh the war Warren batty is such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh the war Warren batty is such an
+actor in many ways he's he's the star of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor in many ways he's he's the star of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor in many ways he's he's the star of
+tonight's film mcab and Mrs Miller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight's film mcab and Mrs Miller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight's film mcab and Mrs Miller
+there's a particularly wonderful film of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a particularly wonderful film of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a particularly wonderful film of
+the 1970s that I also want to mention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s that I also want to mention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s that I also want to mention to
+you after I complete my discourse about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you after I complete my discourse about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you after I complete my discourse about
+Mash so these two versions of mash then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mash so these two versions of mash then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mash so these two versions of mash then
+sort of dramatized for us not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of dramatized for us not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of dramatized for us not that
+television becomes a especially by 1970
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television becomes a especially by 1970
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television becomes a especially by 1970
+is is simply a reactionary medium that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is simply a reactionary medium that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is simply a reactionary medium that
+just repeats what the ruling class in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just repeats what the ruling class in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just repeats what the ruling class in
+the United States wants it to say it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States wants it to say it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States wants it to say it's a
+much more complicated medium than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated medium than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated medium than that
+but it is a consensus medium it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a consensus medium it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a consensus medium it
+understands that it has or it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands that it has or it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands that it has or it it
+operates according to certain Unwritten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates according to certain Unwritten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates according to certain Unwritten
+rules that the society as a whole has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that the society as a whole has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that the society as a whole has
+accepted and one of those rules is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted and one of those rules is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted and one of those rules is that
+in a consensus medium you can raise all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a consensus medium you can raise all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a consensus medium you can raise all
+kind mobilize all kinds of doubts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind mobilize all kinds of doubts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind mobilize all kinds of doubts and
+duties and and and and uh uh ironic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duties and and and and uh uh ironic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duties and and and and uh uh ironic
+perspectives on the larger culture or on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives on the larger culture or on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives on the larger culture or on
+the central values of the culture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central values of the culture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central values of the culture but
+you can't repudiate them completely you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't repudiate them completely you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't repudiate them completely you
+can't let people come out of a consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't let people come out of a consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't let people come out of a consensus
+medium thinking that the society is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium thinking that the society is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium thinking that the society is
+totally corrupt that there's no hope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally corrupt that there's no hope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally corrupt that there's no hope for
+the world uh right it's mean consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world uh right it's mean consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world uh right it's mean consensus
+systems won't allow allow that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems won't allow allow that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems won't allow allow that they have
+a cons a kind of aesthetic and political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cons a kind of aesthetic and political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cons a kind of aesthetic and political
+conservatism built into them right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservatism built into them right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservatism built into them right uh
+and the movie MASH shows how free it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the movie MASH shows how free it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the movie MASH shows how free it is
+of those consensus values the television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those consensus values the television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those consensus values the television
+show MASH on the contrary demonstrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show MASH on the contrary demonstrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show MASH on the contrary demonstrates
+how much pressure a particular genre may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much pressure a particular genre may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much pressure a particular genre may
+receive and still remain in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive and still remain in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive and still remain in some sense
+uh a consensus a consensus form and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a consensus a consensus form and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a consensus a consensus form and and
+in fact I mean it seems to me there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I mean it seems to me there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I mean it seems to me there are
+many arguments to be made for the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many arguments to be made for the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many arguments to be made for the idea
+that that Mash is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Mash is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Mash is one of the most
+distinctive artistic achievements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive artistic achievements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive artistic achievements of
+American television that it that it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American television that it that it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American television that it that it that
+it represents a culmination in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it represents a culmination in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it represents a culmination in some
+sense of series Traditions that go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of series Traditions that go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of series Traditions that go back
+almost 30 years by the time Mash appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 30 years by the time Mash appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 30 years by the time Mash appears
+uh but uh but that what gives it its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh but that what gives it its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh but that what gives it its
+real Authority and power is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Authority and power is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Authority and power is that it
+incorporates into itself uh a subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporates into itself uh a subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporates into itself uh a subject
+matter that before the mid-60s anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that before the mid-60s anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that before the mid-60s anyway
+had never been on television before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never been on television before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never been on television before so
+it's not that the television that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that the television that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that the television that
+appears in the late 60s and early 70s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in the late 60s and early 70s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in the late 60s and early 70s is
+Trivial or foolish it's just that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trivial or foolish it's just that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trivial or foolish it's just that it is
+constrained by these consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained by these consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained by these consensus
+principles that no longer constrain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that no longer constrain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that no longer constrain that
+no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer
+constrain the American movie and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain the American movie and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain the American movie and when we
+look at tonight's film you'll see very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at tonight's film you'll see very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at tonight's film you'll see very
+decisive examples of this and I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisive examples of this and I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisive examples of this and I'm I'm
+excited about how clearly mcab and Mrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about how clearly mcab and Mrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about how clearly mcab and Mrs
+Miller will crystallize the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller will crystallize the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller will crystallize the kinds of
+things I've been saying to you this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I've been saying to you this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I've been saying to you this this
+afternoon now now I I also want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon now now I I also want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon now now I I also want to
+mention uh uh this um other example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention uh uh this um other example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention uh uh this um other example a
+film I meant to mention earlier when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film I meant to mention earlier when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film I meant to mention earlier when I
+was going through these Notions about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going through these Notions about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going through these Notions about uh
+the way in which uh we have new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which uh we have new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which uh we have new
+different kinds of directors different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of directors different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of directors different
+kinds of actors different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of actors different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of actors different kinds of
+endings right which means that the style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings right which means that the style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings right which means that the style
+of the movies is often different as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movies is often different as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movies is often different as well
+the visual texture of the film is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual texture of the film is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual texture of the film is they
+favor jump cuts and discontinuity tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor jump cuts and discontinuity tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor jump cuts and discontinuity tricks
+much more than the Classic Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than the Classic Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than the Classic Hollywood
+movie does and the the the film I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie does and the the the film I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie does and the the the film I wanted
+to tell you about is a film I I I meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about is a film I I I meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about is a film I I I meant
+to mention it earlier and I'll conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention it earlier and I'll conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention it earlier and I'll conclude
+today's lecture with a a sort of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture with a a sort of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture with a a sort of another
+example like the examples U I've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like the examples U I've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like the examples U I've given
+so far uh in which uh uh what we get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far uh in which uh uh what we get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far uh in which uh uh what we get is
+a a profoundly subversive film whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a profoundly subversive film whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a profoundly subversive film whose
+presence would have been Impossible 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence would have been Impossible 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence would have been Impossible 5
+years earlier when the movie or 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years earlier when the movie or 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years earlier when the movie or 10 years
+earlier when the movies were still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier when the movies were still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier when the movies were still
+performing their consensus function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing their consensus function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing their consensus function in
+American society and the film I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society and the film I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society and the film I'm
+thinking about is a film by the director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about is a film by the director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about is a film by the director
+Alan J Pula some people call him Alan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan J Pula some people call him Alan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan J Pula some people call him Alan
+peculiar uh called The Parallax of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiar uh called The Parallax of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiar uh called The Parallax of view
+any of youve seen The Parallax view it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of youve seen The Parallax view it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of youve seen The Parallax view it's
+one of the it's one of the great films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the it's one of the great films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the it's one of the great films
+of this early per of this early 70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this early per of this early 70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this early per of this early 70s
+period and it's a uh it's a conspiracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and it's a uh it's a conspiracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and it's a uh it's a conspiracy
+fantasy film it's a fil and it it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy film it's a fil and it it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy film it's a fil and it it's um
+uh Warren batty plays the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Warren batty plays the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Warren batty plays the central
+character in the film his a drunk uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in the film his a drunk uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in the film his a drunk uh and
+in fact the fact that he's a drunkard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the fact that he's a drunkard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the fact that he's a drunkard
+and radically imperfect person is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and radically imperfect person is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and radically imperfect person is also
+characteristic of the kinds of Heroes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the kinds of Heroes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the kinds of Heroes
+that protagonists that we begin to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that protagonists that we begin to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that protagonists that we begin to see
+in the 70s and beond radically imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 70s and beond radically imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 70s and beond radically imperfect
+protagonists begin to become much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonists begin to become much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonists begin to become much more
+the norm in Hollywood in in American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm in Hollywood in in American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm in Hollywood in in American
+movies after the Hollywood system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies after the Hollywood system has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies after the Hollywood system has
+declined well in this film Warren batty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declined well in this film Warren batty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declined well in this film Warren batty
+plays a a a recovered alcohol olic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a a a recovered alcohol olic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a a a recovered alcohol olic
+journalist who has been fired from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalist who has been fired from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalist who has been fired from a
+series of important jobs and is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of important jobs and is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of important jobs and is now
+working for a minor newspaper in Seattle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for a minor newspaper in Seattle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for a minor newspaper in Seattle
+Washington uh his name is Fred f r a i d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington uh his name is Fred f r a i d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington uh his name is Fred f r a i d
+y I think or maybe it's f r a d y but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y I think or maybe it's f r a d y but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y I think or maybe it's f r a d y but
+it's supposed to Echo afraid Fredy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to Echo afraid Fredy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to Echo afraid Fredy
+afraid he's like a Fredy cat you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid he's like a Fredy cat you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid he's like a Fredy cat you're
+supposed to sort of partly feel in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to sort of partly feel in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to sort of partly feel in the
+film and he with W with the help of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and he with W with the help of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and he with W with the help of of
+of of a of a of a newspaper editor he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a of a of a newspaper editor he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a of a of a newspaper editor he
+works for he falls upon or stumbles upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for he falls upon or stumbles upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for he falls upon or stumbles upon
+what turns out to be a vast political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what turns out to be a vast political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what turns out to be a vast political
+conspiracy uh he's actually present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conspiracy uh he's actually present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conspiracy uh he's actually present in
+the beginning of the film at what looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the film at what looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the film at what looks
+like a random killing of a political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a random killing of a political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a random killing of a political
+candidate begins to investigate he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate begins to investigate he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate begins to investigate he
+discovers in fact that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovers in fact that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovers in fact that there was
+probably a conspiracy the guy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a conspiracy the guy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a conspiracy the guy was
+assassin the candidate was assassinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assassin the candidate was assassinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assassin the candidate was assassinated
+and then he as a he goes undercover and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he as a he goes undercover and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he as a he goes undercover and
+he begins he he under he he engages in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he begins he he under he he engages in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he begins he he under he he engages in a
+long investigation the shape of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long investigation the shape of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long investigation the shape of the film
+and the energies of the film are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energies of the film are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energies of the film are very
+like dozens of films we've seen earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dozens of films we've seen earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dozens of films we've seen earlier
+especially during the Hollywood era in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially during the Hollywood era in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially during the Hollywood era in
+which a Lone Hero uh discovering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a Lone Hero uh discovering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a Lone Hero uh discovering
+terrible facts that are going that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible facts that are going that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible facts that are going that that
+are dangerous to his community or his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dangerous to his community or his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dangerous to his community or his
+Society uh uh uh shows the courage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society uh uh uh shows the courage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society uh uh uh shows the courage and
+the fortitude and the and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fortitude and the and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fortitude and the and the uh
+resilience uh and the focus to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilience uh and the focus to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilience uh and the focus to follow
+through and solve the mystery and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and solve the mystery and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and solve the mystery and then
+save the world at the end in in the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save the world at the end in in the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save the world at the end in in the most
+elaborate versions of this fantasy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate versions of this fantasy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate versions of this fantasy
+what's at stake is the fate of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's at stake is the fate of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's at stake is the fate of the world
+or the fate of a society in smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the fate of a society in smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the fate of a society in smaller
+versions it might be something somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions it might be something somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions it might be something somewhat
+less uh but and that's what it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less uh but and that's what it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less uh but and that's what it turns out
+here he penetrates into this conspiracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he penetrates into this conspiracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he penetrates into this conspiracy
+there are Illusions and references that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are Illusions and references that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are Illusions and references that
+make you especially at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you especially at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you especially at the end of the
+film associate the conspiracy with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film associate the conspiracy with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film associate the conspiracy with the
+with the Kennedy assassination um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Kennedy assassination um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Kennedy assassination um there
+there is in the in the film then a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in the in the film then a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in the in the film then a kind
+of ongoing process in which the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ongoing process in which the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ongoing process in which the full
+nature of the conspiracy begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the conspiracy begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the conspiracy begins to
+emerge and in fact it is unbelievable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge and in fact it is unbelievable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge and in fact it is unbelievable I
+mean if if you actually saw the world in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if if you actually saw the world in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if if you actually saw the world in
+that way you probably couldn't even get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you probably couldn't even get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you probably couldn't even get
+a job in the white house I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a job in the white house I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a job in the white house I'm sorry
+but it's I mean it's a it's really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's I mean it's a it's really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's I mean it's a it's really an
+unbelievably conspiratorial film in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievably conspiratorial film in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievably conspiratorial film in
+which it turns out that that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it turns out that that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it turns out that that there are
+uh that there is a a a sort of network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that there is a a a sort of network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that there is a a a sort of network
+of corporate controllers who are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corporate controllers who are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corporate controllers who are sort of
+in effect taking over the government of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect taking over the government of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect taking over the government of
+the United States and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States and they have
+unbelievable power and nobody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable power and nobody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable power and nobody knows
+about anyway that this detective has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anyway that this detective has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anyway that this detective has
+finally uncovered the plot and we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally uncovered the plot and we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally uncovered the plot and we we
+watch him do it and as the film comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch him do it and as the film comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch him do it and as the film comes to
+its conclusion what do we expect will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its conclusion what do we expect will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its conclusion what do we expect will
+happen what's the normal expectation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen what's the normal expectation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen what's the normal expectation in
+such a film that that his Revelations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a film that that his Revelations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a film that that his Revelations
+will save the the day right well in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will save the the day right well in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will save the the day right well in the
+very final sequences of this film we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very final sequences of this film we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very final sequences of this film we see
+what looks like a kind of Revelation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what looks like a kind of Revelation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what looks like a kind of Revelation
+scene in which our character Fred is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in which our character Fred is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in which our character Fred is uh
+uh he he's he's in a convention hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he he's he's in a convention hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he he's he's in a convention hall
+where they're about to hold a political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're about to hold a political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're about to hold a political
+nominating convention in fact it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominating convention in fact it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominating convention in fact it's very
+resonant because the conspir the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant because the conspir the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant because the conspir the
+conspirators are trying to trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conspirators are trying to trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conspirators are trying to trying to
+control that space as well and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that space as well and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that space as well and uh
+essentially he starts chasing a bad guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially he starts chasing a bad guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially he starts chasing a bad guy
+being chased by a bad guy and without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being chased by a bad guy and without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being chased by a bad guy and without
+without uh um going into any detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without uh um going into any detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without uh um going into any detail
+spoil the film for you though in a way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoil the film for you though in a way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoil the film for you though in a way I
+I must guess what happens our hero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I must guess what happens our hero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I must guess what happens our hero is
+killed at the end just at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed at the end just at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed at the end just at the moment
+when and and the film ends with the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and and the film ends with the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and and the film ends with the idea
+that the conspiracy is in force that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the conspiracy is in force that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the conspiracy is in force that
+that there's been no change uh so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's been no change uh so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's been no change uh so so
+it's an unbelievably disturbing it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an unbelievably disturbing it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an unbelievably disturbing it would
+have been a disturbing film even if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a disturbing film even if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a disturbing film even if it
+had ended with the requisite happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had ended with the requisite happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had ended with the requisite happy
+ending and the reassuring ending but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending and the reassuring ending but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending and the reassuring ending but but
+because it and how many in how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it and how many in how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it and how many in how many
+films does the great hero the character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films does the great hero the character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films does the great hero the character
+you've been following all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been following all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been following all the way
+through who's supposed to be who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through who's supposed to be who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through who's supposed to be who's
+supposed to be the one in which you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be the one in which you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be the one in which you've
+invested all your sympathy and respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested all your sympathy and respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested all your sympathy and respect
+in how many films does this guy get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how many films does this guy get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how many films does this guy get
+blown away at the end but it's a mark of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blown away at the end but it's a mark of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blown away at the end but it's a mark of
+how subversive uh how turbulent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how subversive uh how turbulent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how subversive uh how turbulent uh
+morally turbulent and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally turbulent and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally turbulent and and
+uncertain and also much and how uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain and also much and how uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain and also much and how uh
+um politically and and and and morally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um politically and and and and morally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um politically and and and and morally
+engaged movies had become by the early'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged movies had become by the early'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged movies had become by the early'
+70s that such an ending was possible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s that such an ending was possible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s that such an ending was possible so
+The Parallax view seems to be it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Parallax view seems to be it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Parallax view seems to be it's
+another kind of antire in a way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of antire in a way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of antire in a way it's
+like a spy film in which the lone here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a spy film in which the lone here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a spy film in which the lone here
+like in some ways it's like one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in some ways it's like one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in some ways it's like one of those
+Hitchcock romantic Thrillers in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock romantic Thrillers in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock romantic Thrillers in which
+Carri granted a beautiful woman um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carri granted a beautiful woman um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carri granted a beautiful woman um uh
+travel through beautiful locals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel through beautiful locals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel through beautiful locals and
+finally even though they look as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally even though they look as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally even though they look as if
+they're in great danger when the day are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in great danger when the day are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in great danger when the day are
+able to uh are able to marry at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to uh are able to marry at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to uh are able to marry at the end
+and also incidentally have saved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also incidentally have saved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also incidentally have saved the
+United States government right uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States government right uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States government right uh the
+film fits that kind of category but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film fits that kind of category but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film fits that kind of category but it
+explodes all of our expectations about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explodes all of our expectations about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explodes all of our expectations about
+the character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character
+and about the atmosphere of such of such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about the atmosphere of such of such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about the atmosphere of such of such
+uh U of such films and in that sense The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh U of such films and in that sense The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh U of such films and in that sense The
+Parallax view like M and Mrs Miller like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parallax view like M and Mrs Miller like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parallax view like M and Mrs Miller like
+alman's uh uh film Mash like his film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alman's uh uh film Mash like his film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alman's uh uh film Mash like his film
+Nashville like the films of Martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville like the films of Martin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville like the films of Martin
+Scorsese that appear Mean Streets his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scorsese that appear Mean Streets his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scorsese that appear Mean Streets his
+first film and maybe his greatest film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first film and maybe his greatest film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first film and maybe his greatest film
+appears in this period as well giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in this period as well giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in this period as well giving
+you a much grungier more Disturbed more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a much grungier more Disturbed more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a much grungier more Disturbed more
+damaged more hopeless view of urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged more hopeless view of urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged more hopeless view of urban
+violence than any film before it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence than any film before it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence than any film before it had
+done again mobilizing the genres of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done again mobilizing the genres of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done again mobilizing the genres of the
+gangster film and the urban crime film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangster film and the urban crime film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangster film and the urban crime film
+but mobilizing them in a way that leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mobilizing them in a way that leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mobilizing them in a way that leaves
+the viewer unsettled and Disturbed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viewer unsettled and Disturbed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viewer unsettled and Disturbed so
+the 70s is an astonishing a remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 70s is an astonishing a remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 70s is an astonishing a remarkable
+moment in the history of American Film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in the history of American Film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in the history of American Film
+it's remarkable not only because films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's remarkable not only because films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's remarkable not only because films
+became more courageous and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became more courageous and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became more courageous and more
+dangerous in a thematic and moral sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous in a thematic and moral sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous in a thematic and moral sense
+but also because in the the because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also because in the the because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also because in the the because it
+was an era in which that happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an era in which that happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an era in which that happened in
+consequence of the fact that the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the fact that the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the fact that the movies
+had surrendered their central place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had surrendered their central place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had surrendered their central place in
+American society to this new medium of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society to this new medium of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society to this new medium of
+Television I'll talk about some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television I'll talk about some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television I'll talk about some of these
+matters tonight in a much more concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters tonight in a much more concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters tonight in a much more concrete
+Way by looking closely at mcab and Mrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way by looking closely at mcab and Mrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way by looking closely at mcab and Mrs
+Miller goodbye
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DnQruAbpusc.txt b/DnQruAbpusc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1971c28b99e6b4b8ac1cc8f1d494e8eeda712898
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DnQruAbpusc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3651 @@
+SPEAKER: The following content
+is provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpeCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional material from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, we talked about
+this a little bit last time.
+
+We were talking about the
+detection of vectors in white
+
+Gaussian noise.
+
+When we talk about vectors we'll
+often refer to white
+
+Gaussian noise as noise where
+each component of the vector
+
+is independent of each
+other when they're
+
+all the same variance.
+
+Usually we take the variance
+to be n0 over 2,
+
+capital N0 over 2.
+
+And we'll say more about that as
+we go on, but that's just--
+
+I guess one thing I ought
+to say about it now--
+
+people keep wondering why we
+call this N0 over 2 instead of
+
+something else.
+
+As I said before, there's
+really no reason
+
+for it except custom.
+
+The one important thing that
+you can always remember and
+
+which is always true is that any
+time you're talking about
+
+a sequence of real noise
+variables they all have
+
+variants N0 over 2, and the same
+coordinate system that
+
+you're using to measure
+the signals.
+
+OK, the only thing that ever
+appears in any of these
+
+formulas is a ratio of signal
+power or signal energy to
+
+noise signal power.
+
+And if we're up it passband,
+we're dealing with the power,
+
+which is two times larger
+than that at baseband.
+
+And because of that-- and
+this is what really gets
+
+confusing-- is that when you
+talk about N0 over 2 at
+
+passband, you are talking about
+something which is twice
+
+as big as the N0 over 2, the
+same N0 over 2 you were
+
+talking about at baseband.
+
+And the reason is since the
+signal is twice as big there,
+
+the noise is also said
+to be twice as big.
+
+I can't do anything
+about that.
+
+It's just the way that everybody
+does things.
+
+The other thing that everybody
+does-- since everyone gets
+
+confused about that--
+
+is after they get all done
+dealing with anything in a
+
+paper they're writing or
+something, they always look at
+
+the signal to noise ratio that
+they have and they remove all
+
+the factors of two that they
+know shouldn't be there.
+
+So that you shouldn't trust
+anything in the literature too
+
+much as far as factors
+of two are concerned.
+
+And I try to be careful in the
+notes about that, but you
+
+shouldn't trust the notes too
+far along those lines, either.
+
+So well eventually I'll get the
+notes straightened out on
+
+all of that but I think they're
+pretty close now.
+
+But anyway, we were looking at
+this question of how do you
+
+detect antipodal vectors in
+white Gaussian noise?
+
+And the picture that we
+can draw is this.
+
+Namely we have two signals.
+
+One is the vector, a, one
+is the vector, minus a.
+
+It's in some finite dimensional
+system, but we're
+
+viewing it as far as drawing
+a picture as a
+
+two dimensional system.
+
+So a has some arbitrary
+component
+
+in the first direction.
+
+Some arbitrary component in
+the second direction.
+
+Minus a is, of course,
+the reverse of that.
+
+This point right in here is
+the zero point, which is
+
+halfway in between them.
+
+And the output that we observe
+is either plus or minus a,
+
+plus this independent zero mean
+noise, Z, which has the
+
+kind of circular symmetry
+indicated here with these
+
+little circles.
+
+Each of the Z sub i have the
+same variance, they're
+
+independent of each other.
+
+And when you write down the
+likelihood of the probability
+
+density of this output, given
+that the hypothesis was zero.
+
+Namely that plus a was the
+signal which was chosen.
+
+OK, remember in all of these
+things there's this process
+
+now going on that we usually
+don't talk about anymore.
+
+But there's an input coming into
+the communication channel
+
+which we're now calling
+capital H. It's the
+
+hypothesis-- which is the thing
+you're trying to detect
+
+when you're all done--
+
+that input which is one up to
+capital N, or sometimes zero
+
+up to capital N minus 1.
+
+Is then mapped into a signal
+from a single set of capital N
+
+different signals.
+
+So they're impossible signals
+in this signal alphabet.
+
+You map the hypothesis
+into one of those.
+
+From those, you generally
+form a waveform.
+
+This waveform might be
+modulated up to high
+
+frequency, back to low
+frequency again.
+
+Detected or whatever.
+
+You got some vector,
+v, at that point.
+
+Which is a sequence of samples
+that you're going to be taking
+
+as far as most cases
+are concerned.
+
+We'll talk more about
+that later today.
+
+But anyway, v is a vector which
+is plus or minus a at
+
+this point, plus this
+Gaussian noise.
+
+We can write down the
+probability density of that
+
+vector, v, which is if
+hypothesis zero occurs.
+
+Namely if a zero enters the
+communication channel, plus a
+
+is the signal which is chosen.
+
+Then what happens is that the
+output is a plus Z. Which
+
+means that the probability
+density of the
+
+noise is v minus a.
+
+So we have this probability
+density here.
+
+When we look at the log
+likelihood ratio, we're taking
+
+the logarithm of this
+probability density divided by
+
+the probability density of the
+alternative hypothesis.
+
+Namely v given one.
+
+Which is the same as this
+formula except there's the
+
+plus a there instead
+of a minus a.
+
+So you get this thing here.
+
+Now, why I wanted to talk about
+this today is we're
+
+going to talk about the
+complex case also and
+
+something very, very peculiar
+and funny happens there.
+
+OK so the log likelihood ratio
+is the scaled difference of
+
+the energy of the distance
+between v and a.
+
+Which is this term here.
+
+This is just a squared distance
+between the vector,
+
+v, and the vector, a.
+
+It's v minus a is that distance
+there, squared.
+
+And the other term here is the
+term that comes from the
+
+probability density
+of v given one.
+
+Which turns out to be that
+distance there squared.
+
+So you have the difference
+between these two things.
+
+This is just the inner product
+of v minus a with v minus a.
+
+And if you multiply that all out
+it's the inner product v
+
+with itself, plus the inner
+product of a with itself,
+
+minus the inner product of v and
+a, minus the inner product
+
+of a with v.
+
+The only things that don't
+cancel out between these two
+
+things is the inner product of v
+with a, the inner product of
+
+a with v, the inner product of v
+with a, the inner product of
+
+a with v. So those things last
+because there's a minus sign
+
+here and a plus sign here.
+
+There's a minus sign here
+and a plus sign here.
+
+So the plus and minus signs
+cancel out, so you just get
+
+four of these terms here, which
+is four times the inner
+
+product over n0.
+
+What happens to that
+geometrically?
+
+What is the inner product
+of v and a?
+
+Well it's the projection
+of v on the vector a.
+
+Which happens to be the line
+between minus a and plus a.
+
+Mainly the fact that it's the
+line between minus a and plus
+
+a is the thing which is valuable
+whether you're
+
+dealing with antipodal
+communication or any other
+
+kind of communication.
+
+You're always looking at this
+line between two points.
+
+So what this thing says is you
+form the inner product, which
+
+says drop a perpendicular from
+Z down to here, and in terms
+
+of where that perpendicular
+lands here,
+
+you make your decision.
+
+Namely you compare that
+with the threshold.
+
+OK?
+
+So we have two different
+ways of doing this.
+
+One of them is compare this
+distance with this distance.
+
+Or actually here you compare the
+square distance here with
+
+the square distance there.
+
+Which says, if you're using
+maximum likelihood then the
+
+threshold that you're dealing
+with here is zero and you
+
+simply make your decision on
+whether the log likelihood
+
+ratio is positive or minus.
+
+Which means in terms of the
+projection theorem here, what
+
+you're doing is taking a
+perpendicular bisector of the
+
+line between minus a and plus
+a, and putting a plane there
+
+and that's the plane that
+separates what goes into one
+
+and what goes into zero.
+
+This goes into zero.
+
+This goes into one.
+
+OK, so is it clear to all of you
+that this is really saying
+
+the same thing as this?
+
+This inner product just
+comes from here.
+
+You can either look at this as
+minimum distance decoding.
+
+You just find the
+point which is
+
+closest to what you receive.
+
+You find the hypothesized
+signal, which is closest to
+
+the actual observation
+that you make.
+
+You make your decision
+in terms of that.
+
+Or you do this projection
+and make your
+
+decision in terms of that.
+
+And if you use a triangle thing
+which says that this
+
+squared distance plus this
+squared distance is equal to
+
+that squared distance.
+
+We all remember that from third
+grade or something.
+
+I don't know when.
+
+But that simply says the same
+thing that this says.
+
+This just says it
+more generally.
+
+In terms of an arbitrary finite
+conventional vector,
+
+rather than just the case of
+where you're looking at two
+
+dimensions.
+
+OK that's--
+
+we will probably come back to
+look at that in a little bit,
+
+but now I want to look at
+complex antipodal vectors in
+
+white Gaussian noise.
+
+So the set up there is that
+the input is some vector.
+
+I usually use u's to mean
+complex numbers.
+
+So the vector there is u1 up to
+u sub j where u sub j is a
+
+complex number.
+
+So we're dealing with complex
+vectors at this point.
+
+So we have two points, minus
+a -- minus u and plus u.
+
+Where instead of being
+a real vector
+
+they're complex vectors.
+
+And if you can't visualize
+things geometrically, in terms
+
+of complex vectors,
+join the crew.
+
+I can't either.
+
+The only thing I can never do
+is talk about real vectors,
+
+try to get some idea of what's
+going on from that, and use
+
+mathematics for the
+complex vectors.
+
+Because the reason we use
+complex vectors is that,
+
+analytically they're just as
+simple as real vectors.
+
+The reason we use real vectors
+is because we can draw
+
+pictures of them.
+
+I defy anybody to draw a picture
+in four dimensions.
+
+Some books will do it, but
+I can't understand them.
+
+And anyway.
+
+OK, so under hypothesis zero
+what gets sent as u?
+
+And under hypothesis one, what
+gets sent as minus u?
+
+So we're still talking about
+binary communication and if
+
+you're talking about antipodal
+vectors, you can't do much
+
+other than talk about binary
+communication.
+
+Because if you're sending a, the
+only vector antipodal to a
+
+is minus a.
+
+And then you're stuck
+and you're done.
+
+So we're still talking
+about binary vectors.
+
+Remember the reason why
+we're doing this--
+
+because one of the things we
+did last time, one of the
+
+things that's in the notes and
+stressed again and again is
+
+that once you understand the
+antipodal case, you can
+
+translate those two points
+anywhere you want to and the
+
+maximum likelihood decision and
+the MAP decision are still
+
+the same thing.
+
+You take those two points and
+you just translate them in
+
+space until the mean between
+them sits on the zero point.
+
+And then you're back to the
+antipodal case again.
+
+OK, so the reason why we're
+doing this is really so we can
+
+look at the more general case.
+
+But we don't have to have
+that mean sitting
+
+around all the time.
+
+OK, Z then is going to be a
+vector of j complex IID
+
+Gaussian random variables.
+
+IID real and imaginary parts.
+
+Namely the real part of each
+Gaussian, complex Gaussian
+
+random variable has variance
+n0 over 2 and the imaginary
+
+part also has variance
+n0 over 2.
+
+These complex vectors, if you
+look at the probability
+
+density for them and you draw it
+in two dimensions, one for
+
+the real part one for the
+imaginary part, you get this
+
+circular symmetry that we've
+always associated.
+
+Those are supposed to be circles
+and not ellipses.
+
+And those are sometimes
+called proper complex
+
+Gaussian random variables.
+
+Because almost everywhere where
+you see complex Gaussian
+
+random variables, the real
+and imaginary parts are
+
+independent of each other and
+both have the same variance.
+
+Again, when you look at formulas
+in papers, formulas
+
+everywhere else, they are almost
+always assuming this
+
+kind of circular symmetry.
+
+Or what's often called proper
+complex random variables.
+
+Sort of accepting the fact that
+anything else is very,
+
+very improper.
+
+It's improper because formulas
+don't work in that case.
+
+OK, so we have a vector of these
+complex IID Gaussian
+
+random variables.
+
+Under H equals zero, the
+observation, v, is given by v
+
+equals u plus Z. And under
+hypothesis one, the
+
+observation is given by minus
+u plus Z. So I have exactly
+
+the same cases as
+we had before.
+
+OK in other words almost all
+formulas stay the same when
+
+you go from real to complex.
+
+But I don't trust the complex
+case and you shouldn't either
+
+until you at least go
+through it once.
+
+So what I'm going to do now is
+translate this complex case to
+
+the real case.
+
+In other words, for each complex
+variable I'm going to
+
+make two real variables.
+
+One the real part and one
+the imaginary part.
+
+We know that the real part and
+the imaginary part are
+
+independent of each other.
+
+And if these Gaussian random
+variables are independent of
+
+each other, then the real and
+imaginary parts of each of
+
+them are independent of the real
+and imaginary parts of
+
+each of the other side.
+
+OK?
+
+So we can go from j Gaussian
+random variables, independant
+
+Gaussian random variables,
+which are complex.
+
+To 2j Gaussian random variables,
+which at this point
+
+are going to be real.
+
+OK so it's just a translation
+from j complex variables to 2j
+
+real variables.
+
+Again we can't draw pictures of
+things in this j dimension,
+
+we can start to draw pictures
+in 2j dimensions.
+
+If you talk about a probability
+density for a
+
+complex random variable, what
+are you talking about?
+
+How do you write the probability
+density for just a
+
+plane Gaussian complex
+random variable?
+
+What is it?
+
+Anybody know what it is?
+
+Is it one dimensional or
+is it two dimensional?
+
+What does probability
+density mean?
+
+It means probability
+per unit area.
+
+What does area mean when
+you're talking
+
+about complex numbers?
+
+Well you sort of mean what
+you've drawn there, yes.
+
+And you're looking at areas in
+this complex plane here.
+
+So that in fact when you write
+the probability density for a
+
+complex random variable, what
+you have already done whether
+
+you want to do it or not is
+you've converted the problem
+
+to real and imaginary part.
+
+That's what the probability
+densities are.
+
+Excuse me for a belaboring this
+but, if I don't belabor
+
+it I mean there's a catch
+here that comes
+
+along in a little bit.
+
+And you won't understand to
+catch if you don't understand
+
+why these things are almost the
+same as real variables up
+
+until the catch comes.
+
+OK, so we're going to
+deal with these 2j
+
+dimensional real vectors.
+
+The components will be real part
+of u j, imaginary part of
+
+u j for what goes into
+the channel.
+
+And we'll let capital Y capital
+Z prime be the two j
+
+dimensional real versions
+of V and Z.
+
+OK so that we'll call Y the real
+part, an imaginary part
+
+of Z. And you notice that what's
+going on here is the
+
+same thing that's going on
+when you modulate QAM.
+
+You take a complex signal, you
+multiply it by either the 2pi
+
+j carrier frequency times t, and
+then we started to look at
+
+orthonormal expansions, you
+remember that what we looked
+
+at-- as far as the real signals
+that were actually
+
+being transmitted on the
+channel-- was the real part of
+
+that u of t times z to the
+blah, blah, blah, and the
+
+imaginary part of u of t
+times blah, blah, blah.
+
+So you've got two orthonormal
+functions in place of one
+
+complex orthonormal function.
+
+And that's the same thing
+that's going on here.
+
+It's just not with immodulation
+put in, it's just
+
+dealing with the real parts and
+imaginary parts directly.
+
+OK, so if we do that we get
+a bunch of equations.
+
+They're sort of familiar
+looking
+
+equations by now I hope.
+
+This is just the probability
+density of this real 2j
+
+dimensional random variable.
+
+Which is all this junk that
+we're used to seeing.
+
+We can collapse that into
+e to the minus the norm
+
+squared of y minus a.
+
+This is the norm squared
+in this 2j
+
+dimensional real space.
+
+It's not the norm squared
+in this complex space.
+
+What gets confusing is
+that those two norms
+
+are exactly the same.
+
+As we'll see in just
+a few minutes.
+
+But anyway, what we're dealing
+with now is this
+
+norm in real space.
+
+OK, note that's y--
+
+oh let me translate
+this one for you.
+
+If we think of this v that we
+received j complex random
+
+variables as being: real part
+of v1, imaginary part of v1;
+
+real part of v2, imaginary part
+of v2; and so forth, then
+
+y2j minus 1 minus
+a2j minus one.
+
+I can't ever get these
+formulas right.
+
+That should be a2j minus 1.
+
+There.
+
+This squared, plus
+this squared--
+
+OK, in other words the real part
+squared of the difference
+
+plus the imaginary part squared
+of the difference-- is
+
+really just the same is
+vj minus uj squared.
+
+OK, in other words you take the
+complex number v sub j,
+
+you subtract off the real
+number u sub j.
+
+And the way to do that, you
+visualize this one complex
+
+variable in the complex plane,
+and what you're doing is
+
+you're taking the square of the
+real part of the distance,
+
+you're adding it to
+the square of the
+
+imaginary part of the distance.
+
+OK, all of this is stuff you
+learned in high school.
+
+Just viewed in a slightly
+different way.
+
+OK, now when you take the
+probability density with
+
+respect to these complex
+vectors--
+
+which is what I want
+to get at--
+
+probability density of these
+complex variables really means
+
+the same thing as that with
+the real variables.
+
+But then you wind up
+with the magnitude
+
+of vj minus uj squared.
+
+And this term is really exactly
+the same as these two
+
+terms there.
+
+So when you take this
+probability density, you wind
+
+up with these terms the same and
+with these terms the same.
+
+OK, in other words the complex
+norm squared is the same as
+
+the real norm squared, when you
+go from complex to real
+
+and imaginary parts of,
+well-- as I said, this
+
+is the same as that.
+
+OK so when we look at the log
+likelihood ratio, then, let's
+
+do the log likelihood ratio in
+terms of the real parts first.
+
+We get the difference between
+this norm squared of y minus
+
+a, and the norm squared
+of y plus a.
+
+This is the part that comes from
+the hypothesis zero, this
+
+is the part that comes from
+the hypothesis one.
+
+OK, so we get these
+two terms here.
+
+When we take the inner products
+here, we get the same
+
+thing that we got before.
+
+Four times the inner
+product of yna.
+
+Now, the whole reason for going
+through all of this is
+
+this next formula.
+
+When you do this, you wind up
+with this very bizarre four
+
+times the real part of the
+inner product of v and u,
+
+divided by N0.
+
+And you get it in exactly
+the same way
+
+that we got it before.
+
+Namely you take this norm
+here, which is an inner
+
+product squared of v minus u.
+
+Let me write it out.
+
+I'll write it out here.
+
+Norm squared of y minus a, is
+the norm squared of y plus the
+
+norm squared of a, plus the
+inner product of minus ya,
+
+plus the inner product
+of minus ay.
+
+What's the sum of these
+two inner products?
+
+This inner product, by
+definition in terms of
+
+integrals, is the integral
+of minus y times a--
+
+complex conjugate.
+
+This is minus a times y--
+complex conjugate.
+
+So in one case the complex
+conjugate is here.
+
+In the other case it's
+on the other term.
+
+In other words this and
+this are complex
+
+conjugates of each other.
+
+What happens when you add
+two complex conjugates?
+
+You get the real part
+of the two of them.
+
+Okay so when you add these two
+things you just get that real
+
+part there.
+
+OK, and then when you
+do the other term,
+
+the same thing happens.
+
+The same cancellation that
+we had before occurs.
+
+And these two inner products add
+up so you wind up with the
+
+real part of vu over N0
+
+When we look at the picture
+here, what does it mean?
+
+Well I suggest you first
+look at the one
+
+dimensional case here.
+
+Namely on this one dimensional
+case think of V as being a one
+
+dimensional complex
+random variable.
+
+Then we can draw a picture.
+
+The picture make sense.
+
+And what we're dealing with is
+the real and imaginary parts,
+
+and these distances here, when
+you talk about the norm of V
+
+minus a-- namely what
+corresponds to this line here,
+
+the length of this line--
+
+what do you really mean by it?
+
+If you took the inner product,
+if you took the norm of v,
+
+with i times a-- namely that
+the square root of minus 1
+
+times a-- would you get the same
+thing or wouldn't you?
+
+If I take a complex number, and
+I take the inner product
+
+of that complex number--
+namely the product--
+
+of that, when I take the inner
+product of ya, is this the
+
+same as the inner product
+of y and i times a?
+
+Not at all.
+
+The two things are totally
+different.
+
+Namely, inner products
+are complex things.
+
+Norms are real things.
+
+And these norms, when you're
+dealing with complex numbers,
+
+have real parts in them.
+
+In other words, this distance
+that we're talking about here
+
+is not just the norm squared--
+
+well it is the norm squared--
+because the norm has this
+
+complex feature built into it.
+
+Because people kept making that
+mistake all the time.
+
+So they fudged the mathematics
+to make it come out right.
+
+But after doing that, you have
+to fudge the mathematics to
+
+come back to something that
+makes sense here.
+
+So you have the real part of
+this inner product, here.
+
+So in fact, what you're doing
+when you're taking the inner
+
+product of two vectors and
+you're trying to relate it to
+
+this plane here, this separation
+plane, is you have
+
+to look at that separation
+plane.
+
+You have to look at
+that projection in
+
+terms of real numbers.
+
+Namely, you have to look
+at the projection.
+
+First as being a complex
+projection of v onto a, which
+
+gives you a complex number.
+
+And then after you do that you
+have to you visualize yourself
+
+in a two dimensional
+real space.
+
+And you have to project once
+more from the two dimensional
+
+thing to the one dimensional
+thing.
+
+And here where we're just
+looking at one dimension to
+
+start with, we have to draw it
+as a two dimensional space.
+
+And suddenly we are dealing
+with this real part there
+
+while we're not dealing
+with that here.
+
+Which is why when people say
+minimum distance detection
+
+when they're dealing with
+complex numbers it sounds
+
+very, very simple.
+
+But in fact, it's
+not so simple.
+
+If you view this in the complex
+plane, is this a
+
+linear operation or isn't it?
+
+When you're looking at things
+as complex vectors.
+
+Is this thing a sub space of
+the complex vector space?
+
+No, it's not.
+
+It's not a sub space.
+
+Because, to be a sub space you
+have to be able to multiply by
+
+arbitrary scalors--
+
+which includes complex
+numbers-- and
+
+stay in the same space.
+
+And here the complex numbers
+are important.
+
+OK?
+
+You should go back and
+think about that.
+
+You will be confused about it
+for the first ten times you
+
+think about it.
+
+For those of you who stick with
+it and carry through on
+
+it, you'll be happy because
+you'll never be
+
+confused about it again.
+
+OK, anyway thats real
+numbers there.
+
+And the most straightforward way
+to deal with complex noise
+
+is to first turn it
+into real noise.
+
+If you do that you never
+get confused.
+
+And otherwise you only have
+half the analytical work.
+
+You only have half the
+writing to do.
+
+But you never know whether
+you've done the right thing
+
+until you go back and check.
+
+OK the probability of error
+for maximum likelihood
+
+detection, in other words where
+the threshold for the
+
+log likelihood ratio is zero, is
+simply the same thing that
+
+it was before.
+
+Namely it's the q function.
+
+This tale of the Gaussian
+normal function.
+
+Of the norm of a divided by the
+square root of N0 over 2.
+
+In other words it's the length
+of a divided by the by the
+
+length of a one standard
+deviation of the noise.
+
+When you put that in terms of,
+well, if you write this as the
+
+square root of the norm squared
+then you get this
+
+formula here.
+
+Because e sub b is just
+the energy of
+
+these antipodal signals.
+
+When you look at this in terms
+of the complex random
+
+variables, you get
+the same thing.
+
+OK?
+
+You get u instead of a because,
+in fact, in the
+
+complex plane and the real
+plane, distances turn out to
+
+be the same.
+
+But again, in all cases it's
+square root of 2eb over n0
+
+Now, that is true for any vector
+at all where these
+
+norms are appropriate.
+
+When we start dealing with
+functions what happens?
+
+When we start dealing with
+functions, what we're going to
+
+do is we're going to take this
+vector, we're going to turn it
+
+into a wave form.
+
+We're going to transmit
+the wave form.
+
+The wave form is going
+to come back to us.
+
+We're going to demodulate it,
+get back to a number again.
+
+And that's the next thing that
+I want to talk about.
+
+Because what I want to convince
+you of is the
+
+property of white Gaussian noise
+which is so important.
+
+Is that it doesn't make any
+difference how you modulate.
+
+All modulation systems
+are the same.
+
+All modulation schemes
+are the same.
+
+All frequencies are the same.
+
+There is no way you can avoid
+white Gaussian noise.
+
+There is no way you can
+get screwed by it.
+
+No matter what you do, the
+same thing happens.
+
+You can always take all these
+problems where you're dealing
+
+with wave forms.
+
+You can convert them to finite
+dimensional vector problems.
+
+And when you convert it into
+a finite dimensional vector
+
+problem all of the orthonormal
+functions that you're using
+
+all pass away.
+
+Because none of them are
+relevant anymore.
+
+OK?
+
+That's the bottom line
+of all of that.
+
+OK.
+
+We haven't really talked about
+M-ARY hypothesis testing.
+
+So I want to talk about
+it a little bit now.
+
+I talked about it just a
+shade, but not much.
+
+When we want to detect between
+m different hypothesis--
+
+namely in the vector case
+we're going to now be
+
+detecting not between antipodal
+signals but m
+
+signals which are placed
+any place at all.
+
+We already said what the MAP,
+optimal MAP test was.
+
+You see an observation, you're
+trying to guess what the input
+
+was, or what the
+hypothesis was.
+
+And in general, the MAP test
+says try to find that j,
+
+namely that hypothesis, for
+which the a priori probability
+
+of hypothesis j, times the
+likelihood-- namely the
+
+probability that you
+see v given h of
+
+v, given j is maximum.
+
+OK, this is just standard
+formula for finding a
+
+posteriori probabilities.
+
+Where you factor out the
+marginal on, when you cancel
+
+out the marginal on v.
+
+In other words, what this rule
+says is to do MAP testing,
+
+what you do is you find the a
+posteriori probabilities of
+
+each of the hypotheses and you
+choose the a posteriori
+
+probability which is largest.
+
+Perfect common sense.
+
+The way we're going to do
+that, the way which is
+
+particularly convenient, is you
+do it the same way that
+
+we've been doing all along
+for binary hypotheses.
+
+The way to do a MAP test, at
+least one way to do a MAP
+
+test, is you compare every pair
+of hypothesis and you
+
+choose the most likely
+of each pair.
+
+And when you've got it all
+done, you have a winner.
+
+OK?
+
+Mainly you can always compare
+any objects if they're
+
+comparable.
+
+And after you compare each pair,
+you take the one which
+
+beats every other one and
+that's the winner.
+
+OK?
+
+So what you do is you do a
+pairwise test between each
+
+hypothesis.
+
+Namely, the likelihood ratio
+of m relative to m prime.
+
+Is the likelihood of the output
+conditional on m,
+
+divided by the likelihood
+of the output
+
+conditional on m prime.
+
+You compare it with the a priori
+probabilities, and the
+
+point here is that nothing
+really has been added.
+
+You have the same problem
+you had before, OK?
+
+Nothing new.
+
+It's just gotten n square
+times as complicated.
+
+The computation is free now, so
+you have exactly the same
+
+problem that you had before.
+
+If you have to write it out on
+paper, yeah it's much more
+
+complicated.
+
+But conceptually, it's not.
+
+You have to remember that
+the signals are
+
+not antipodal here.
+
+But what we're dealing with
+mostly at this point is this
+
+Gaussian noise case.
+
+And here, what you observe,
+is signal plus noise.
+
+And Z is zero-mean jointly Gauss
+and s is discrete with n
+
+possible values.
+
+OK, so let's see what
+that means.
+
+Here's a picture of it.
+
+If you have three singles which
+are each two dimensional
+
+vectors, suppose one of them is
+s0, suppose one of them is
+
+s1, suppose one of them s2.
+
+OK?
+
+And now you want to pairwise,
+see which one is most likely.
+
+And let's think of doing this
+first for the maximum
+
+likelihood case.
+
+What do you do?
+
+You set up a perpendicular
+bisector between s0 and s1.
+
+That's this line here.
+
+And if you weren't to worry
+about s2, everything on this
+
+side would go into
+H equals zero.
+
+And everything on this side
+would go into H equals one.
+
+Namely, whatever's closest
+to this point
+
+gets mapped into it.
+
+Whatever's closest to this point
+gets mapped into it.
+
+If you're doing MAP testing,
+what happens?
+
+In the test between this and
+this you had the same
+
+orientation for this line, but
+it just gets shifted a little
+
+bit this way or a little
+bit this way.
+
+OK?
+
+Then you compare this
+with this and you
+
+get this line here.
+
+Same argument as before.
+
+It's just comparing two things
+are not antipodal they've just
+
+been shifted off from the
+origin a little bit.
+
+But for the maximum likelihood
+you still take the
+
+perpendicular bisector
+between them.
+
+And then you compare these two
+and you got a perpendicular
+
+bisector between those.
+
+And these perpendicular
+bisectors, in two dimensions,
+
+always come together
+at one point.
+
+And I don't know why.
+
+And if you looked at it often
+enough, you probably know why.
+
+And you could probably prove
+it in about ten minutes.
+
+But in fact these things always
+come together somehow.
+
+If you do the MAP test, they
+always come together also.
+
+You can shift each of them in
+arbitrary ways and somehow
+
+they always come together
+in this point.
+
+OK, the separators between
+decision regions here are the
+
+set of points where the real
+part of the inner product, vu,
+
+is constant.
+
+OK?
+
+Again, for dealing with complex
+vectors, you got to
+
+both do the projection and then
+do the projection again
+
+onto the real part of
+this projection.
+
+So it's sort of a two
+way projection.
+
+Because probability densities in
+j dimensional complex space
+
+are really 2j dimensional
+quantities.
+
+And when you're comparing
+them, you really have to
+
+compare things in terms
+of that 2j dimensional
+
+probability density.
+
+OK so that's why
+that comes out.
+
+These are best visualized in
+separate, real, and imaginary
+
+coordinates.
+
+And for maximum likelihood
+detection, the regions are
+
+Voronoi regions.
+
+OK?
+
+We talked about Voronoi regions
+in terms of doing
+
+quantization.
+
+And we found out if you wanted
+to minimize the mean square
+
+error, what you did was you
+set up regions, which are
+
+perpendicular bisectors between
+all the points.
+
+And here you get the same
+perpendicular bisectors
+
+between the points.
+
+And everybody-- because
+of that-- thinks that
+
+quantization has a great deal
+to do with error probability
+
+when you have large
+sets of signals.
+
+And it probably has something
+to do with it, but I don't
+
+know what other than the fact
+that you've got Voronoi
+
+regions in each case.
+
+Which is what you get.
+
+OK, so that's where we are with
+both complex vectors and
+
+real vectors.
+
+I want to now just restrict
+attention to real wave forms
+
+so I don't have to keep going
+back and forth between the
+
+real and imaginary case.
+
+If you're thinking in terms of
+QAM, we're now thinking in
+
+terms of what goes
+on at passband.
+
+Why do we want to think of
+what goes on at passband?
+
+Because that's where
+the noise hits us.
+
+And in a fundamental sense,
+all of the stuff about QAM
+
+really isn't fundamental.
+
+I mean, it's all done-- all this
+stuff down at passband--
+
+is all done because people
+thought it was easier to
+
+implement things there.
+
+It's the only reason for all of
+that mess with dealing with
+
+all of these complex signals.
+
+If we really want to deal with
+the problem in a fundamental
+
+way, what we want to
+do is to choose a
+
+signal set up at passband.
+
+Do detection up at passband.
+
+And then after we find out what
+the optimal detection is
+
+up at passband, see if we can
+actually implement that down
+
+at baseband.
+
+So the fundamental problem is
+looking at single sets up at
+
+passband and analyze
+what they all mean.
+
+OK, so we're going to generalize
+both PAM and QAM.
+
+And now we're going to look at
+the general problem where what
+
+we're dealing with
+is a single set.
+
+Which is m signals.
+
+Each of them we're going to
+visualize as a vector in j
+
+dimensional space. m different
+signals, j dimensional space.
+
+Don't confuse the dimension
+of space with
+
+the number of signals.
+
+OK?
+
+You can have an arbitrarily
+large dimensional space and
+
+just binary signals.
+
+Or you can have an arbitrarily
+large set of signals and you
+
+can be dealing with it.
+
+In PAM, for example, it's just
+all done in one dimension.
+
+So j there is equal to 1.
+
+QAM j is equal to 2.
+
+We now want to look at
+more general things.
+
+Partly because we want to look
+at orthoginal wave forms.
+
+We want to look at orthoginal
+wave forms for two reasons.
+
+One is that we would like to
+show that by using orthoginal
+
+wave forms, you can reach what
+we've called the capacity of a
+
+white Gaussian noise channel.
+
+And two, when we get to studying
+wireless it's very,
+
+very useful to base
+signal sets on
+
+orthonormal sets of functions.
+
+And we'll see why each
+of those things
+
+happen as we move on.
+
+OK so we're going to denote the
+single set as the set of
+
+vectors, a1 up to a sub m.
+
+And in that signal set, we will
+denote the vector, a sub
+
+m, as a j dimensional vector,
+a sub m1, a sub m2, up to a
+
+sub m capital j.
+
+So j is at the dimension.
+
+m is just a component
+of these vectors.
+
+I'm going to create
+a set of capital J
+
+orthonormal wave forms.
+
+They can be anything at all.
+
+I don't care what they are.
+
+I'm going to use those
+orthonormal wave forms in
+
+order to modulate the signal--
+
+which is now a vector--
+
+up to some waveform.
+
+This is really the standard way
+we've been turning signals
+
+into waveforms all along.
+
+It's just that now we're looking
+at the general case
+
+instead of all of these specific
+cases that we've been
+
+looking at.
+
+All of the special cases all fit
+into this same category.
+
+So we have these capital
+M different waveforms.
+
+And we're going to transmit one
+of them and then at the
+
+receiver we're going to try to
+decide which one was sent.
+
+OK, well one of the reasons why
+I'm going through all of
+
+this generality is that there's
+an issue we haven't
+
+talked about yet.
+
+All of the stuff we've done on
+detection so far we have had
+
+one hypothesis.
+
+Could be M-ary could
+be binary.
+
+We have sent something.
+
+We have received something.
+
+We have made a detection.
+
+OK?
+
+In other words, for all of the
+antipodal stuff we've done, we
+
+built a communication system.
+
+We set it all up.
+
+We transmitted one bit.
+
+We've received the one bit.
+
+We've made a decision on it.
+
+Then we've torn down the
+communication system
+
+and we've gone home.
+
+You really want to transmit a
+whole sequence of symbols or
+
+signals or waveforms.
+
+So we want to deal
+with that now.
+
+So we need some way
+to transmit a
+
+succession of M-ary signals.
+
+And we'll call this succession
+of signals-- mainly the
+
+signals are the things that
+get chosen from the signal
+
+set-- we'll call them
+x of k, k of z.
+
+Which is what we've been
+calling them all along.
+
+We've been transmitting a
+sequence of things when we're
+
+dealing with PAM.
+
+And aa in am.
+
+Why do I call them
+xk instead of ak?
+
+Well I can't call them ak
+because when I talk about ak
+
+I'm talking about the k'th
+signal in the signal set.
+
+And here what I'm talking about
+now is transmitting a
+
+sequence of choices.
+
+Each one of these choices, the
+first choice is a choice from
+
+this set here.
+
+The second thing that I send
+is a choice from this set.
+
+The third thing that I send
+is a choice from this set.
+
+So x1, x2, x3, and x4 and so
+forth are different choices
+
+among these M-ary signals.
+
+If m is 2 to the 6--
+
+OK in other words, every time
+I transmit a signal I'm
+
+transmitting six bits.
+
+OK.
+
+In a communication system
+we transmit six bits.
+
+Then we transmit another
+six bits.
+
+Then we transmit another six
+bits, and so on forever.
+
+OK, so I need to talk about
+these things as ways of a
+
+succession of signals.
+
+The thing that I'm trying to
+get at is, how do you know
+
+when you send one of these
+signals that you don't have to
+
+worry about the other signals?
+
+How do you know that they don't
+
+interfere with each other?
+
+Well, we sort of solved the
+problem of them interfering
+
+with each other in dealing with
+Nyquist, but we haven't
+
+dealt with that problem at all
+since we started to talk about
+
+random processes.
+
+So we don't know whether we've
+really solved it or not.
+
+So at this point we have to
+solve that problem, and that's
+
+what we're aiming at.
+
+So, the one way to be able to
+transmit a whole sequence of
+
+signals is to have these choices
+of vectors here and to
+
+develop a set of orthonormal
+waveforms, v1 up to v sub j,
+
+which all have the property that
+if you time shift them
+
+each by capital T,
+they're stilll--
+
+if you time shift them by
+capital T, they have to be
+
+orthonormal to each other.
+
+The question you're facing is
+whether these things that
+
+you're transmitting are
+orthoganol to all of these
+
+things that you're
+transmitting.
+
+Now, in the Nyquist problem, we
+dealt with the problem of
+
+how do you take one waveform
+here and make it orthonormal
+
+to all of its time shifts.
+
+And we solved that problem.
+
+In the quiz you solved the
+problem-- although you
+
+probably didn't recognize it--
+
+of dealing with orthonormal
+functions both
+
+in time and in frequency.
+
+And that's the kind of thing
+we would like to use here.
+
+If I take a set of orthonormal
+pulses and then I modulate
+
+those orthonormal pulses up
+to a higher frequency--
+
+which is out of the range of
+this first frequency-- then I
+
+can send one sequence of
+orthonormal functions down
+
+here, another set of orthonormal
+functions up here
+
+in a different frequency
+range.
+
+Another one up here in
+a different frequency
+
+range and so forth.
+
+So then all of these orthonormal
+functions are
+
+going to be orthonormal
+to each other.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Are you saying
+that each x of
+
+k is its own frequency?
+
+Because each x of k is
+infinitely long.
+
+PROFESSOR: Each x of
+k is going to--
+
+each x of k is just a vector
+of j components.
+
+I'm going to modulate that
+vector, x of k, into a
+
+waveform, x of t, which might be
+finite duration or it might
+
+be infinite duration.
+
+I mean, it's going to go to zero
+very, very fast, anyway.
+
+And whether it is absolutely
+time limited or not is
+
+something I don't really care
+about at this point.
+
+But the point is I can create
+functions where, in fact, I
+
+have a whole sequence of
+functions here and they're
+
+orthonormal to all
+of the shifts.
+
+One way of doing this, for
+example, is to make capital J
+
+a bunch of little time
+shifts on functions.
+
+I can pick a function p of t,
+which is orthonormal to all of
+
+its shifts, in terms of t1.
+
+I can send J of those pulses
+to take care of x of k.
+
+And then I can use a capital T
+in here, which is j times this
+
+little t that I was using.
+
+And I can send another
+set of functions.
+
+So I can do that, I can move
+up and down in frequency.
+
+I can choose any old
+set of orthonormal
+
+functions that I want to.
+
+But the thing that I want to do
+is I want to make sure that
+
+for each vector, x of k, that
+I'm sending in time when I
+
+modulate it to a waveform, that
+waveform is orthonormal
+
+to the waveforms for
+every other k.
+
+And there are lots of
+ways of doing that.
+
+OK, mainly there are
+lots of choices
+
+of orthonormal functions.
+
+OK so anyway what I'm going to
+be doing is making all of
+
+these signals orthogonal
+to each other.
+
+OK, so the transmitting waveform
+for this sequence of
+
+modulated signals is x of t,
+which is the sum of x of k
+
+times t minus kt.
+
+Mainly the same thing we
+were doing before.
+
+Except now I have also the
+problem that each of these
+
+waveforms, x of k of t,
+has to be some sum
+
+of orthonormal functions.
+
+So the problem becomes a little
+more difficult than
+
+what it was before.
+
+But in fact it's--
+
+I mean this is just standard
+communication.
+
+Every wireless system
+in the world uses
+
+this kind of scheme.
+
+They don't use QAM or PAM.
+
+They use something much
+more like this.
+
+OK, so now our problem is you
+want to detect a generic x
+
+from this sequence.
+
+OK, in other words, one of these
+x sub k in sequence, we
+
+want to be able to detect
+what signal was sent.
+
+We want to detect which
+hypothesis chose a signal
+
+which was then formed into
+a waveform, x of k of t.
+
+And if I can do this
+for one k, I can do
+
+it for all of them.
+
+So I want to solve the problem
+for one generic value of k.
+
+OK, how is this problem
+different from what I was
+
+looking at before?
+
+Before I was looking at the
+problem where we built a
+
+communication system, we tuned
+it all up, we sent one bit.
+
+We detected it, we tore it all
+down and we went home.
+
+Now what we're doing is
+we're building the
+
+communication system.
+
+We're tuning at all up.
+
+We're sending a sequence
+of bits.
+
+And then all I'm interested in
+at the moment is detecting the
+
+k'th of them.
+
+But if I find a way to detect
+the k'th of them, I can then
+
+use it for every k.
+
+OK?
+
+So I'm going to build a detector
+which is going to
+
+detect, in some optimal
+way, each one of these
+
+signals that gets sent.
+
+OK?
+
+Is it clear how the problem
+is different?
+
+Mainly I have to deal with the
+fact that these other signals
+
+are floating around there.
+
+And that's my problem.
+
+Ok, so the input to the channel
+is hypothesis H. That
+
+takes values one up the m.
+
+The symbol, m, is mapped into
+the signal, vector a sub m,
+
+it's modulated into x of t
+equals summation over j, a sub
+
+mj, phi j of t.
+
+OK, this waveform, now, is a
+function of which particular
+
+signal I'm sending.
+
+Which is a function of which
+particular hypothesis entered
+
+the encoder.
+
+The trouble with this material
+is all the complication comes
+
+in this awful notation,
+which you can't avoid.
+
+Because you're dealing with
+sequences, you're dealing with
+
+vectors, and you're dealing
+with wave forms
+
+all at the same time.
+
+What's going on, after you
+understand it, you'll say why
+
+was it so difficult to
+understand this?
+
+Because eventually when you see
+it, it becomes very, very
+
+simple And I understand why
+there's just too much stuff
+
+all going on at the same time.
+
+OK, so what I'm going to do now
+is I'm going to take these
+
+J, capital J, orthonormal
+waveforms.
+
+And we've already seen that you
+can start out with any old
+
+orthonormal waveforms and if
+you want to you can extend
+
+that set of waveforms into
+an orthonormal set that
+
+spans all of L2.
+
+OK?
+
+So I'm going to imagine
+that we've done that.
+
+It's taken us a long time,
+but we've done it.
+
+We're all through with it.
+
+We have this orthonormal
+set now.
+
+If I'm smart, that orthonormal
+set, which I generated, will
+
+also include easy ways to
+represent each of the other
+
+signals that we're
+going to send.
+
+But I don't care about
+that right now.
+
+All I'm dealing with is this one
+hypothesis that came in.
+
+This one signal, a sub m--
+
+oh, the hypothesis m, the
+signal a sub m, an the
+
+particular time instant, k, and
+this waveform that gets
+
+sent, which can be represented
+as the first J terms in this
+
+orthonormal sequence.
+
+OK, so what I'm going
+to get then is the
+
+received random process.
+
+Is going to be a sum --
+
+and forgot about the
+j prime now--
+
+I can represent it as a sum of
+coefficients times these
+
+orthonormal waveforms.
+
+OK, that's what we've done for
+arbitrary sequences, and then
+
+we've said we can also do it
+for at least well defined
+
+random processes.
+
+I'm going to make, I mean,
+instead of making this an
+
+infinite dimensional sum, I
+want to make it a finite
+
+dimensional sum where J prime
+is very, very large.
+
+Say, 10 to the fiftieth
+if you want to.
+
+I don't want to make it
+infinite, I want to look at
+
+what happens when I let it
+get bigger or smaller.
+
+So I'm expanding Y of t over
+an orthonormal expansion.
+
+But I'm not going all the way.
+
+I'm just going to try to do
+maximum likelihood detection
+
+with this finite set
+of observations.
+
+So I wont do quite as well
+as if I have all the
+
+observations, but I'll
+still do pretty well.
+
+We hope.
+
+OK, well so Y sub j--
+
+the output that I see in
+this degree of freedom
+
+corresponding to
+phi sub j of t.
+
+Is going to be xj-- what I
+sent in that degree of
+
+freedom-- plus zj.
+
+And there are j degrees of--
+capital J degrees of freedom
+
+that I'm using.
+
+So the outputs in those degrees
+of freedom, namely in
+
+the phi1 of t, phi2 of t, phi3
+of t directions in this L2
+
+space are going to be the
+signal plus the noise.
+
+For all of these dimensions.
+
+And Yj is just going to
+be equal to zj for
+
+all the other terms.
+
+OK, now I want to add one
+extra thing here.
+
+What I should be putting in here
+is all the other signals
+
+that are going to
+be transmitted.
+
+I don't know how to do that.
+
+Notationally it gets
+very confusing.
+
+So what I'm going to say is,
+OK Z sub j here is not just
+
+Gaussian noise.
+
+Z sub j is Gaussian noise plus
+all the signals from other
+
+time instance that
+we're sending.
+
+Plus all of the signals that
+anybody else is sending.
+
+If we're dealing with wireless
+then we have
+
+interference from them.
+
+Plus any old other thing you
+can think of. z sub j is
+
+everything but in these other
+degrees of freedom.
+
+In these other coordinates.
+
+This solves another problem
+for us, because when we
+
+defined white Gaussian noise
+we had this problem.
+
+That we could only say it looked
+white over the region
+
+of interest.
+
+We could only say it looked
+white over some time span.
+
+Because the earth keeps
+changing, you know.
+
+And over some frequency span
+because different frequencies
+
+behave in different ways.
+
+So this also allows us to have
+different Gaussian random
+
+variables here.
+
+So when we have arbitrary random
+variables here, they
+
+can be Gaussian or
+non-Gaussian.
+
+They don't have to have
+the same variance.
+
+They don't have to
+have anything.
+
+What I am going to assume is
+that these out of band, out of
+
+sense, out of view random
+variables are all independent
+
+of the things that
+I am looking at.
+
+And for white Gaussian
+noise, that's true.
+
+All of these random variables
+here are independent of all of
+
+these random variables here.
+
+For these first capital J
+different random variables
+
+that I'm interested in.
+
+And all these random variables
+are independent of they input
+
+that I'm using.
+
+OK?
+
+In other words, a hypothesis
+came into the transmitter that
+
+generated a signal.
+
+The signal got turned into a
+waveform, which is defined
+
+solely in terms of these J
+degrees of freedom, these J
+
+orthonormal functions.
+
+And now everything everywhere
+else is independent of these J
+
+functions that I'm
+interested in.
+
+Why is that a shaky
+assumption?
+
+Anybody think of a
+situation where
+
+that is absolute nonsense?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: The stuff from the
+other message had t--
+
+PROFESSOR: Mm hmm.
+
+AUDIENCE: You said t of j is
+not just Gaussian noise--
+
+PROFESSOR: It also includes all
+those other signals, yes.
+
+Well, but I want to assume that
+those other signals are
+
+independent of this particular
+signal that I'm sending.
+
+But in fact that is making
+a pretty big assumption.
+
+Because one of the things that a
+lot of people like to do is,
+
+when these bits come into a
+channel, the first thing they
+
+do is they encode the bits
+for error correction.
+
+And then they take those bits
+that come out of the error
+
+correction device, error
+encoding device, which are as
+
+correlated as could be.
+
+And they're all statistically
+very dependent, because we
+
+want to use that statistical
+dependence
+
+later to correct errors.
+
+And this assumption that I'm
+making here says, "no that's
+
+not the case.
+
+I'm assuming that all that other
+stuff is independent of
+
+what I'm transmitting here."
+So I'm very specifically
+
+assuming at this point that all
+of that stuff has not been
+
+encoded first.
+
+That I'm sending something
+which is independent of
+
+everything else.
+
+Which is going to enter
+this channel.
+
+We'll just assume that and after
+we get done assuming it
+
+and seeing what the consequence
+of it is, we'll go
+
+back and see what
+it all means.
+
+OK, so for a little
+more notation.
+
+I'm going to call the
+vector, Y, the first
+
+J, capital J, outputs.
+
+I'm going to call the vector Y
+prime all the other outputs.
+
+Now intuitively what were aiming
+at is, we would like to
+
+say this stuff doesn't have
+anything to do with it.
+
+We're going to base our
+decision on this.
+
+But I want to prove that to you,
+and show you why it works
+
+and why it doesn't.
+
+And the noise I'm going to
+break up the same way.
+
+Z is this the first J components
+of the noise.
+
+And Z prime is the other
+components of noise.
+
+So what I have is that the
+output, the output that I want
+
+to look at, namely the
+output this vector
+
+of dimension J output.
+
+Which is equal to a vector of
+dimension J input plus of a
+
+vector of dimension J
+noise is equal to--
+
+well Y is equal X plus Z. And
+the out of band stuff, the
+
+output, is just these noise
+and other signals.
+
+OK?
+
+And I want to assume that
+Z prime, X, and Z are
+
+statistically independent.
+
+Question, test your
+probability.
+
+If I assume that Z prime is
+independent of Z, and if I
+
+assume that Z prime is
+independent of X, does that
+
+mean that Z prime is independant
+of X and Z?
+
+If a is independent of b, and
+a is independent of c, is a
+
+necessarily independent
+of the pair bc?
+
+How many think that's true?
+
+Better go back and
+study a little
+
+elementary probability again.
+
+And the notes are occasionally
+wrong about that, too.
+
+So you shouldn't feel, you
+shouldn't feel badly about it.
+
+No, the problem is you really
+need this joint independence
+
+between all three of them.
+
+I could, for example, make X
+plus Y be equal to Z. I could
+
+do this with discrete
+random variables.
+
+Which are equally probably
+zero and one.
+
+And make the plus equal
+to a mod 2 operation.
+
+And if I did that, each pair
+would be independent of each
+
+other, and the triple would be
+very, very highly dependant.
+
+So anyway, I want to assume
+that Z prime, X, and Z are
+
+statistically independent.
+
+In other words, what I'm doing
+is saying, "If I assume that,
+
+what's the consequence of it?"
+
+OK, so the likelihood then, the
+probability density of the
+
+output, Y-- this is the output
+in the first j dimensions
+
+given a particular hypothesis
+Y-- is equal to the
+
+probability density of the noise
+evaluated at Y minus am.
+
+Where this is the signal that
+goes with this hypothesis,
+
+well with am.
+
+Times the probability density
+of Y prime for Z prime.
+
+OK?
+
+And I don't even have to assume
+that this is Gaussian.
+
+All I've done is to assume that
+these random variables
+
+are independent of these
+random variables.
+
+And therefore this probability
+density is multiplied by this
+
+probability density.
+
+OK, well that's kind of neat.
+
+Because if I put a different i
+in here in place of m, I get
+
+this thing.
+
+Changes all around.
+
+F sub Z of Y minus a sub i.
+
+But this stuff, which
+is out of band,
+
+doesn't change at all.
+
+When I form the likelihood
+ratio, what I get then is this
+
+divided by that.
+
+What has happened to Y prime?
+
+Y prime has disappeared.
+
+In other words, Y1 to Y sub j
+are a sufficient statistic for
+
+this problem.
+
+We've shown that sufficient
+statistics are the only thing
+
+you need to use to do maximum
+likelihood detection.
+
+OK?
+
+In other words, all those other
+signals, all that other
+
+noise, all that stuff from out
+of band has disappeared.
+
+Now let's go back to the fact
+that we were looking at a
+
+finite dimensional problem.
+
+What happens now when I
+make j prime bigger?
+
+When I start enlarging
+j prime?
+
+What happens to all these
+probabilities that we're
+
+talking about?
+
+This probability density goes
+ape because of this term here.
+
+We're talking about a
+probability density here which
+
+is involving more and
+more and more terms.
+
+I can't talk about that.
+
+It doesn't go to any limit.
+
+It goes to absolute nonsense
+as j prime gets big.
+
+But if I form the likelihood
+ratio before I go to the
+
+limit, then I can go to the
+limit quite easily.
+
+Because there isn't any
+limit involved there.
+
+OK, in other words this is the
+likelihood ratio between
+
+hypothesis m and hypothesis i,
+if in fact I looked at this
+
+entire infinite amount
+of observation.
+
+This is all I need to make
+the optimal MAP decision.
+
+OK, so there's a theorem here
+which is called the theorem of
+
+irrelevance.
+
+This is something that
+Wosencraft and Jacobs in their
+
+book on communication many years
+ago stressed a lot in
+
+trying to come up with a single
+space viewpoint of
+
+communication.
+
+And you'll see why this really
+does give you a single point
+
+viewpoint of communication.
+
+It says that assume that Z
+prime is statistically
+
+independent of the pair X and Z.
+Then the MAP detection of X
+
+from the observation of Y and Y
+prime depends only on Y. The
+
+observed sample value of
+Y prime is irrelevant.
+
+OK?
+
+So you can do all of detection
+theory, you can do all of
+
+communication, simply forgetting
+about that
+
+irrelevant stuff.
+
+Because of the theorem we can
+stick to finite dimensional
+
+vectors and the other signals
+can be viewed
+
+as part of Z prime.
+
+So you don't have to
+worry about them.
+
+So long as each signal is
+independent of each other--
+
+which means that these groups of
+bits, the first group a bit
+
+is used to form a sub x sub 1.
+
+The next group, the form x sub
+2, the next group the form x
+
+sub 3, and so forth.
+
+So long as those sequences of
+bits are independent of each
+
+other, you're fine.
+
+Now, suppose they aren't?
+
+What happens then?
+
+Interesting question.
+
+We said that if they are
+independent, I can really do
+
+maximum likelihood detection
+on the whole sequence.
+
+If they aren't independent,
+suppose I say, "oh I don't
+
+care about that." I'm just going
+to use this portion of
+
+the output to make my decision
+and not worry about whether
+
+this is independent
+of anything else.
+
+I can do that, this still is
+going to give me the optimal
+
+maximum likelihood detection in
+terms of the observation y1
+
+up to y sub j.
+
+So in other words, whether I
+have coding done before this
+
+or not doesn't make
+any difference.
+
+I can still use maximum
+likelihood detection on the
+
+basis of y1 up to y sub j.
+
+What the theorem says is if
+the out of band stuff--
+
+both these inputs and the
+noise-- are independent of
+
+what I'm trying to detect,
+maximum likelihood becomes the
+
+optimum thing to do for
+equally likely inputs.
+
+And otherwise, it's a perfectly
+reasonable thing to
+
+do but it's not optimal.
+
+Now, a lot of people--
+
+and we'll see some
+examples of this
+
+when we look at wireless--
+
+in fact, use coding.
+
+Then they use this particular
+kind of detection where they
+
+forget about all of the added
+
+information from other signals.
+
+They make a decision on each of
+these x sub k, namely each
+
+of the M-ary signals that
+goes in, they make a
+
+hard decision on it.
+
+It's called a hard decision, not
+because it's difficult it
+
+because they refuse to ever
+go back and change it.
+
+If they just say likelihoods and
+try to put things together
+
+in the final decoder, it's
+called soft decoding.
+
+Otherwise it's called
+hard decoding.
+
+If you do soft decoding,
+it has to work better.
+
+Because you're making, in a
+sense, a better decision
+
+because eventually you're
+using more information.
+
+So soft decisions are better
+than hard decisions.
+
+Used to be that everybody used
+hard decisions because hard
+
+decisions were easy and soft
+decisions were hard.
+
+Strange, strange thing.
+
+But anyway that's changed.
+
+Why?
+
+Well it ought to
+be obvious why.
+
+Because anything you build now
+cost a tenth of what it used
+
+to cost to build it.
+
+I heard Irwin Jacobs awhile
+ago saying that one of the
+
+things that they always did when
+they were designing new
+
+pieces of equipment is they
+would look at how much it
+
+would cost to build
+these devices.
+
+And then, as opposed to most
+companies which would say
+
+that's too expensive let's find
+the cheaper way to do it,
+
+they said OK how long is it
+going to take for us to do it,
+
+and what is the price of
+components going to be by time
+
+we got it done?
+
+And they would usually say, well
+it's going to cost a year
+
+before we can go into
+mass production.
+
+By that time, everything will
+cost less than a half of what
+
+it's costing now.
+
+So let's go ahead and
+do it the right way.
+
+So again the argument comes
+that you can do
+
+the hard thing now.
+
+Which is soft decisions, and
+that's what most people do at
+
+this point.
+
+Let me give you one more picture
+to get ready for what
+
+we're doing next time.
+
+Because it's a nice picture
+of different signal sets.
+
+Because we've just talked
+abstractly of having multiple
+
+signals viewed as vectors, and
+this will give us some idea of
+
+what all of these mean.
+
+I can have two signals, a binary
+signal set, and I can
+
+insist on the signals being
+orthogonal to each other.
+
+Which is a nice thing
+to do some times.
+
+But then I can look at it and
+I can say, "how can I make
+
+that a better signal system?"
+The trouble with this signal
+
+system is it's not antipodal.
+
+It's not antipodal because
+somehow by alternating between
+
+these two orthogonal signals--
+there's a mean between them--
+
+and I'm transmitting that mean
+plus the difference.
+
+And the difference between them
+is minus 0.7 and plus 0.7
+
+in that direction that way.
+
+If you can, I guess you
+can't see it that way.
+
+In this direction this way.
+
+Well anyway, OK.
+
+A better thing to do than this
+is this, which is called bi
+
+orthogonal.
+
+So you take orthogonal signals
+and then you have a signal set
+
+consisting of four signals and
+two dimensional space.
+
+We then talk about orthogonal
+signals and
+
+higher dimensional space.
+
+You can talk about three
+orthogonal signals in three
+
+dimensional space here.
+
+There, there, and there.
+
+So that's m equals
+3 and j equals 3.
+
+If you do the same thing
+that we did here--
+
+we're going to make this into
+an equilateral triangle.
+
+Namely we're going to center
+it around the center.
+
+If we do the same thing that
+we did here we're going to
+
+turn this into a set of six
+waveforms which are still
+
+using the three degrees of
+freedom, but at least get us
+
+more signals.
+
+For the same number of
+degrees of freedom.
+
+So you can extend this picture
+as far as you want to.
+
+You can talk about many, many
+orthogonal signals going into
+
+many more degrees of freedom.
+
+For each one of them you
+can come up with a
+
+simplex set of signals.
+
+The nice thing about the simplex
+set of signals is that
+
+all of the signals are arranged
+
+around the center point.
+
+They're all equally distant
+from each other.
+
+You can get these for every
+dimension by starting with
+
+these and simply taking the mean
+out, which loses you one
+
+dimension and makes this
+sort of ideal set.
+
+Well tomorrow-- on Wednesday
+what we're going to do is,
+
+we're going to talk about these
+large sets here, and see
+
+what happens.
+
+And we'll see that you in
+fact get to channel
+
+capacity this way.
+
+OK.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DqEmrt_xQTg.txt b/DqEmrt_xQTg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..74c0e906b800c00f876be812e01dc51730ed178c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DqEmrt_xQTg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1562 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a creative
+
+commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare to offer
+
+high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCouseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR NELSON: Well, last
+time we started in on a
+
+discussion of entropy, a new
+topic, and I started out by
+
+writing out some somewhat
+verbose written descriptions
+
+that had been formulated that
+indicate certain limitations
+
+about things like the efficiency
+of a heat engine,
+
+and what can be done reversibly
+and so forth.
+
+And these verbal descriptions
+lead to some pictures that I
+
+put up and I'll put up again
+about how you might try to
+
+accomplish something like run an
+engine or move heat from a
+
+colder to a warmer body.
+
+And what some of the
+limitations are
+
+on things like that.
+
+I'll show those again, but what
+I want to do mostly today
+
+is try to put a mathematical
+statement of the second law in
+
+place that corresponds to
+the verbal statements
+
+that we saw last time.
+
+So, just to review what we saw
+before, we looked at a heat
+
+engine where there is some hot
+reservoir at some temperature,
+
+T1, and it's connected to an
+engine running in a cycle.
+
+We could, write the work that we
+generate that comes out as
+
+negative w.
+
+And then there's a cold
+reservoir at some lower
+
+temperature T2.
+
+So the way I've got things
+written here, q1 is positive.
+
+Heat's flowing from the hot
+reservoir to the engine that
+
+runs in a cycle.
+
+Work is coming out.
+
+A positive amount of work is
+being generated and is coming
+
+out, so minus w is positive, and
+this minus q2 is positive,
+
+that is heat is also flowing
+into a cold reservoir.
+
+And what we saw last time is
+that this was necessary to
+
+make things work, this part
+of it in particular.
+
+You couldn't just run something
+successfully in a
+
+cycle and get work out of it,
+using the heat from the hot
+
+reservoir, without also
+converting some of the heat
+
+that came in to heat that would
+
+flow into a cold reservoir.
+
+All the heat couldn't
+get successfully
+
+converted into work.
+
+That would be desirable,
+but it's not possible.
+
+And, similarly, if we try to run
+things backward and build
+
+a refrigerator, so now we have
+our cold reservoir, and we're
+
+going to remove heat from
+it, and pump it
+
+up into a hot reservoir.
+
+And to do this, we saw that
+you have to put work in,
+
+right, you can't just remove
+heat from a cold reservoir,
+
+move it up to a hot reservoir,
+without doing some work to
+
+accomplish that.
+
+So here, q2 is greater
+than zero.
+
+The work is greater than zero,
+and minus q1 is greater than
+
+zero, that is heat is
+flowing this way.
+
+So these are just the pictures
+that we saw last time.
+
+And then we had some statements
+of the second law
+
+of thermodynamics that I won't
+re-write up here, but, for
+
+example, Clausius gave us the
+statement that it's impossible
+
+for a system to operate in a
+cycle the takes heat from a
+
+cold reservoir, transfers it
+to a hot reservoir, that is
+
+acts like a refrigerator,
+without at some, at the same
+
+time, converting some
+work into heat.
+
+Work has to come in to
+make that happen.
+
+And we had the similar statement
+by Kelvin about the
+
+heat engine that required that
+some heat gets dumped into a
+
+cold reservoir in the process
+of converting the heat from
+
+the hot reservoir into work.
+
+Fine.
+
+Now what I want to do is put up
+a specific example of the
+
+cycle that can be undertaken
+inside here in an engine, and
+
+we can just calculate from what
+you've already seen of
+
+thermodynamics.
+
+What happens to the
+thermodynamics parameters, and
+
+see the results in terms of the
+
+parameters including entropy.
+
+So let's try that.
+
+So, the engine that I'm going
+to illustrate is called a
+
+Carnot engine.
+
+And the cycle it's going to
+undertake is called a Carnot
+
+cycle, and it works the
+following way: we're going to
+
+do pressure volume work.
+
+So this is something that,
+by now, you're
+
+pretty familiar with.
+
+So we're going to start at one,
+go to two and this is
+
+going to be in isotherm at
+temperature T1, and all the
+
+paths here are going
+to be reversible.
+
+So that's our first step.
+
+Then we're going to have
+an adiabatic expansion.
+
+So this is an isothermal
+expansion.
+
+Here comes an adiabatic
+expansion, to point three.
+
+So at this point the temperature
+will change.
+
+Then we're going to have another
+isothermal step, a
+
+compression to some
+point four.
+
+So this is an isotherm at some
+different temperature T2, a
+
+cooler temperature, because
+this was an expansion.
+
+We know in an adiabatic
+expansion the
+
+system's going to cool.
+
+And now we're going to have
+another adiabatic step, an
+
+adiabatic compression.
+
+And that's it.
+
+That's going to take us back
+to our starting point.
+
+So that's our cycle.
+
+Of course there are lots of ways
+we can execute the cycle,
+
+but this is a simple one, and
+these are steps that we're all
+
+familiar with at this point.
+
+So this is the picture, and
+this is a cycle that
+
+undertakes it.
+
+So let's just look step by
+step at what happens.
+
+So going from one to two, it's
+an isothermal expansion a T1,
+
+so delta u is q1, we'll
+call it, plus w1,
+
+for the first step.
+
+Going from two to three, that's
+an adiabatic expansion,
+
+so q is equal to zero
+in that step.
+
+And delta u is equal to what
+we'll call w1 prime.
+
+So we'll use w1 and w1 prime to
+describe the work involved.
+
+The work input during
+the expansion steps.
+
+Step three to four isothermal
+compression, delta u is going
+
+to be q2 plus w2.
+
+And finally, we're going
+to go back to one.
+
+We're going to close the cycle
+with another adiabatic step.
+
+q is zero.
+
+Delta u is w2 prime.
+
+Now, the total amount of the
+work that we can get out is
+
+just given by the area
+inside this curve.
+
+We'll call it capital W. It's
+just minus the sum of all
+
+these things, because of course
+these are just defined
+
+as the work done by the
+environment to the system.
+
+So it's minus w1 plus w1 prime
+plus w2 plus w2 prime.
+
+The heat input is just q1, and
+we'll define that as capital
+
+Q. And I just want to write
+those because what I really
+
+want to get at is what's the
+efficiency of the whole thing?
+
+And in practical terms, we can
+define the efficiency as the
+
+ratio of the heat in
+to the work out.
+
+We would like that to be
+as high as possible.
+
+So it's just capital W over
+capital Q, which is to say
+
+it's minus all that
+stuff over q1.
+
+Now the first law is going to
+hold in all of these steps,
+
+and we're going around
+in a cycle.
+
+So what does that tell us about
+a state function like u?
+
+What's delta u going around
+the whole thing?
+
+I want a chorus in
+the answer here.
+
+What's delta u?
+
+STUDENT: Zero.
+
+PROFESSOR NELSON: Excellent.
+
+MIT students, yes!
+
+OK, so the first law, we know
+that the, going around the
+
+cycle the integral of
+delta u is zero.
+
+And that has to equal
+q plus w, summed
+
+up for all the steps.
+
+Which is to say q1 plus q2 is
+equal to minus w1 plus w1
+
+prime plus w2 plus w2 prime.
+
+So that means we can rewrite
+this efficiency.
+
+We can replace this sum by just
+the some of q1 plus q2.
+
+So sufficiency is q1
+plus q2 over q1.
+
+Or we can write it as
+one plus q2 over q1.
+
+Now that already tells us what
+we know, which is that the
+
+efficiency is going
+to be something
+
+less than zero, right?
+
+Because we've got one and then
+we're adding q2 over q1 to it,
+
+but we've got negative q2
+is a positive number.
+
+Heat is flowing this way.
+
+So q2, the heat in this way
+is negative. q2 over q1 is
+
+negative. q2 of course
+is positive.
+
+That is heat flowing from the
+hot reservoir to the engine.
+
+So that efficiency is something
+less than one, and
+
+we'd like to figure
+out what that is.
+
+So let's just state that.
+
+Well, now let's go back to each
+of our individual steps
+
+and look, based on what we know
+about how to evaluate the
+
+thermodynamic changes that take
+place here, let's look at
+
+each one of the steps and
+see what happens.
+
+So from one to two
+it's isothermal.
+
+And now we're going to specify,
+we're going to do a
+
+Carnot cycle for an ideal gas.
+
+It's an ideal gas.
+
+It's an isothermal change.
+
+What's delta u?
+
+You know, it's like lots of
+courses and all sorts of
+
+things that you're seeing,
+they're always the same.
+
+What delta u?
+
+STUDENT: Zero.
+
+PROFESSOR NELSON?
+
+Right.
+
+Delta u is zero, and it's
+also equal to this.
+
+So that says the q1 is
+the opposite of w1.
+
+It's an isothermal expansion,
+so dw is just negative p dV.
+
+So it's, this is just
+the integral from
+
+one to two of p dV.
+
+And it's an ideal gas,
+isothermal, right.
+
+RT over V. Were going to make it
+for a mole of gas, so it's
+
+R times T1, and then we'll have
+dV over V. So that's just
+
+the log of V2 over V1.
+
+Let's have one mole,
+n equals one.
+
+Okay two going to three that's
+this, it's adiabatic, right.
+
+So delta u is just equal to the
+work but we also know what
+
+happens because the
+temperature is
+
+changing from T1 to T2.
+
+So delta you is just Cv
+times T2 minus T1.
+
+du is Cv dT.
+
+It's an ideal gas, and that's
+equal to w1 prime.
+
+Now, this is a reversible
+adiabatic path, so there's a
+
+relationship that I'm sure
+you'll remember.
+
+Namely, T2 over T1 is
+equal to V2 over V3.
+
+Don't be confused by
+the subscripts.
+
+We're talking about quantities
+both starting at two
+
+and going to three.
+
+So it's V2 and V3.
+
+They're different volumes.
+
+The temperature though at two is
+the same as it was at one,
+
+so it's still a temp
+at T1, and this
+
+temperatures is at T2.
+
+Anyway T2 over T1 is equal
+to V2 over V3 to the
+
+power gamma minus one.
+
+So we're going to kind of store
+that for the moment.
+
+Now going from three to four
+right, so we have another
+
+isothermal process for an ideal
+gas, so I won't try to
+
+make you sing again so soon.
+
+Delta u is zero.
+
+And so just like here, now q2
+is minus w2, that's integral
+
+going from three to four p dV.
+
+So it's R T2, right, now we're
+at a lower temperature times
+
+the log of V4 over V3.
+
+So that's our work in
+this path and heat.
+
+And finally going from
+four back to one.
+
+So we've already seen
+that q is zero.
+
+So we know that delta u is just
+Cv times T1 minus T2.
+
+Now we're going from
+T2 up to T1.
+
+And this is equal to w2 prime.
+
+And now, just like we had
+before, again we've got a
+
+reversible adiabatic path, so
+T1 over T2 has to equal V4
+
+over V1, to the gamma
+minus one, okay.
+
+All right, now, if this is the
+case, of course, this is just
+
+the inverse of this.
+
+So this just must be the
+inverse of this.
+
+We can combine these two to see
+that V4 over V1 must equal
+
+V3 over V2.
+
+So now we have a relationship
+between the ratios of these
+
+volumes that are reached during
+these adiabatic paths.
+
+Now, let's just look
+at our efficiency.
+
+So we saw that efficiency
+is one plus q2 over q1.
+
+Let's just use our expressions
+that we've
+
+found for q2 and q1.
+
+We're going to have
+q2 over q1.
+
+R is going to cancel.
+
+We're going to have the ratio of
+temperatures and the ratio
+
+of these logs.
+
+So it's T2 over T1 times the
+log of V4 over V3, over the
+
+log of V2 over V1, but we just
+arrived at this relationship
+
+between these volumes.
+
+And this of course tells us that
+V4 over V3 is V1 over V2.
+
+Right.
+
+I'm just inverting these.
+
+So here it is.
+
+Here's the V4 over
+V3, oops, sorry.
+
+V2 over V1, this is equal
+to the inverse of this.
+
+So the ratio of the logs
+is just minus one.
+
+So this is just, sorry, I forgot
+about the one here.
+
+One plus this, but this is the
+same as one minus T2 over T1.
+
+That's our expression
+for the efficiency.
+
+All right, isn't
+that terrific?
+
+Now, we have an expression.
+
+We can figure out
+the efficiency.
+
+All we need to know is
+the temperatures.
+
+What's the temperature
+of the hot reservoir?
+
+What's the temperature of
+the cold reservoir?
+
+We're done.
+
+That's the efficiency.
+
+As we expected, it's less than
+one, and of course if we build
+
+an engine, we want it to be as
+high as possible, as close to
+
+one as possible.
+
+What that means is we want to
+run the hot reservoir as hot
+
+as possible and the cold
+reservoir as cold as possible.
+
+In principle, this value, this
+efficiency, can approach 1 as
+
+the low temperature approaches
+absolute zero.
+
+If this were to be an absolute
+zero Kelvin, then we could we
+
+can have something,
+wait a minute.
+
+Sorry, it's T2.
+
+As T2 goes to zero, the cold
+reservoir, then this goes to
+
+zero and our efficiency
+approaches one.
+
+So that would be the
+best we can do.
+
+And that basically make
+sense, right?
+
+The whole thing is being powered
+by sending heat from
+
+the hot to the cold reservoir.
+
+The colder that cold reservoir
+is, the hotter that hot
+
+reservoir is, the better
+off we are.
+
+The more work we can
+get out of it.
+
+The closer the efficiency
+will get to one.
+
+So in some sense, the first law
+would suggest you can sort
+
+of break even.
+
+That is, it gives us the
+relationship between energy
+
+and work and heat.
+
+It might suggest that
+you could convert
+
+all the work to heat.
+
+The second law says that really,
+you can't do that.
+
+The only way you could possibly
+contemplate it is to
+
+be working at absolute
+zero Kelvin.
+
+Guess what the third law
+is going to tell us?
+
+You can't get to zero Kelvin.
+
+We'll see that shortly.
+
+But this is those closest you
+could come at least by trying
+
+to do that to having your
+efficiency approach one.
+
+Now, we've seen that q2
+over q1 is equal to
+
+negative T2 over T1.
+
+So let me just rewrite
+that as q1 over T1 is
+
+minus q2 over T2.
+
+Or in other words, q1 over T1
+plus q2 over T2 is zero.
+
+But q1 and q2, each one of those
+is just the integrated
+
+amount of heat that was
+transferred going along a
+
+reversible constant
+temperature path.
+
+Which means that q1 over T1,
+that's this delta S thing that
+
+we saw before.
+
+And what we can say about this
+is it's saying that if we go
+
+around in a cycle and look at
+dq reversible over T it's
+
+zero, because that's what
+these quantities are.
+
+Now, of course, we can run the
+engine backward and build a
+
+refrigerator, and if you've got
+your lecture notes from
+
+last period, your 8-9, well,
+they're labeled 8-9 lecture
+
+notes, I made an attempt to
+define something which was a
+
+little bit misguided.
+
+And so instead of defining
+efficiency the way you've got
+
+it written there, I'm going to
+define what's called something
+
+different for a refrigerator
+which is called the
+
+coefficient of performance.
+
+So it's the following: so we can
+define the coefficient of
+
+performance written as eta
+as q2 over minus w.
+
+In other words, you know, it's
+how much heat can we pull out
+
+of the cold reservoir, for
+whatever amount of work that
+
+we're going to put in
+in order to do that?
+
+Well of course, we'd like that
+to be as big as possible.
+
+But of course, this is just
+q2 over minus q1 plus q2.
+
+Just to be clear, so it's heat
+extracted over the work in.
+
+So let me just rewrite that as,
+I just want to divide by
+
+q1 everywhere.
+
+So I'm going to write this as q2
+over q1 over minus one plus
+
+q2 over q1.
+
+I want to do that because we
+know that q2 over q1 is
+
+negative T2 over T1.
+
+So this is negative T2 over
+T1 over negative one
+
+minus T2 over T1.
+
+I can cancel those, and
+then I'm going to
+
+multiply through by T1.
+
+So this is just going to be T2
+over T1 minus T2, that's our
+
+coefficient of performance.
+
+So it's a measure of how well
+we can do to run the
+
+refrigerator.
+
+So you know, what the second law
+is doing, in words, it's
+
+putting these restrictions on
+how well or how effectively we
+
+can convert heat into work in
+the case of the engine, or
+
+work into heat extracted in the
+case of a refrigerator.
+
+And it follows qualitatively
+from just your ordinary
+
+observations about the direction
+in which things go
+
+spontaneously, right.
+
+You know the heat isn't going to
+flow from a cold body to a
+
+hot body without putting some
+work in to make that happen.
+
+And so, we'll be able of follow
+that further and see
+
+really how to determine the
+direction of spontaneity for a
+
+whole set of processes, really
+in principle for any
+
+processes, went analyzed
+properly.
+
+So the first step to doing
+that is I want to just
+
+generalize our results so
+far for a Carnot cycle.
+
+You might think well
+okay, but this is a
+
+pretty specialized case.
+
+We've formulated one particular
+kind of engine, and
+
+seen how we can analyze what
+it does, come up with
+
+relations that seem of value
+for efficiency and other
+
+quantities.
+
+How general is it?
+
+Well, let's take a look.
+
+So, what I want to do is make a
+new engine which really just
+
+consists of two engines,
+side by side.
+
+One is our Carnot engine as
+we've seen it, and the other
+
+is just any other reversible
+engine.
+
+So generalize our Carnot
+engine results.
+
+So let's take our hot reservoir
+and draw it bigger.
+
+We know it has to big anyway,
+since we can extract heat from
+
+it without changing
+the temperature.
+
+And on this side, we're going
+to write out an engine, and
+
+we're going to say this is a
+Carnot engine. so on the side
+
+of it we have q1 prime.
+
+We're going to have w prime.
+
+And we're going to have q2
+prime, and we're going to draw
+
+the arrows in the positive
+direction in these cases.
+
+Or in the defined directions
+I should say.
+
+Here is our colder reservoir.
+
+OK, so here is just an engine
+like what we've already seen,
+
+and I'm going to specify that
+this is a Carnot engine which
+
+is to say all the results
+that we just derived
+
+hold for this case.
+
+And side by side, we're going
+to run another engine.
+
+So it's got q2, and it's
+got a cycle w.
+
+And it's got q1.
+
+So this is some other
+engine that runs
+
+using reversible processes.
+
+So I can define the efficiency
+of each one of them.
+
+The efficiency for the one on
+the left is minus w over q1,
+
+The efficiency prime for the
+one on the right is minus w
+
+prime over q1 prime.
+
+Now I want to just assume that
+in some way they're different.
+
+So let's assume that epsilon
+prime is greater than epsilon.
+
+So in other words, this engine
+is running less efficiently
+
+than my Carnot engine.
+
+It's also reversible.
+
+And now since it's reversible,
+we can run
+
+it forward or backward.
+
+So we can run this one backward
+and we can use the
+
+work that comes out as the
+input, well sorry, use this
+
+work that comes out of the one
+of the right to run this one
+
+backward, which is to
+say we'll move heat
+
+from cold to hot.
+
+So use work out of right-hand
+side to
+
+run left-hand backward.
+
+Why not?
+
+We need work to come
+in, we might as
+
+well get it from here.
+
+So, the total work that we can
+get out must be zero, out of
+
+the whole sum of them.
+
+After all, we're taking the
+output work that we get from
+
+the right, and using it
+all to drive the left.
+
+So that means that minus
+w prime must equal w.
+
+And w is greater than zero. that
+is in this one we have
+
+the environment doing
+work on the system.
+
+OK, now we've assumed that
+epsilon prime is
+
+greater than epsilon.
+
+So we can just write out what
+those are, minus w prime over
+
+q1 prime is greater than
+minus w over q1.
+
+But we know that minus w prime
+is the same thing as w.
+
+So w over q1 prime is greater
+than minus w over q1.
+
+Which is the same thing just
+to be a little bit maybe
+
+pedantic because w over minus
+q1, and the only reason I'm
+
+writing that is to illustrate
+that this says that q1 must be
+
+less than q1 prime.
+
+So q1 is less than zero.
+
+Remember this one's running
+backward, we're pumping heat
+
+up. q1 prime is greater
+than zero, it's
+
+running as an engine.
+
+It's taking heat from
+the hot reservoir.
+
+Well, that's interesting.
+
+That says that minus q1 prime
+plus q1 is greater than zero.
+
+Well, it's a pretty interesting
+result.
+
+There's no work being done on,
+out of the whole thing.
+
+This is providing work that's
+being used in here, but if you
+
+take the whole outside of the
+surroundings and this whole
+
+thing is the system, no net
+work, these things cancel each
+
+other, and yet heat's
+going up.
+
+How did that happen?
+
+Well it happened because we
+clearly must have a faulty
+
+assumption underlying what
+we've just done.
+
+This can't possibly be true.
+
+This is impossible.
+
+So what this says is the
+efficiency of any reversible
+
+engine has to be one
+minus T2 over T1.
+
+It's not a result that's
+specific to the one
+
+cycle that we put up.
+
+And you know, you could have a
+reversible engine with lots
+
+and lots of steps, but you could
+always break them down
+
+into some sequence of adiabatic
+
+and isothermal steps.
+
+So you know your cycle, you
+know, you could have a whole
+
+complicated sequence on a p v
+diagram of steps going back.
+
+As long as it's reversible, you
+know what the efficiency
+
+has to be, and in principle, you
+could break it down into a
+
+bunch of steps that you
+could formulate as
+
+isothermal and adiabatic.
+
+They might have to be formulated
+as very small
+
+steps, in order to do
+that, but you could.
+
+What this says too, is this
+result that we found, right,
+
+now of course that's our
+integral dS is zero.
+
+It's general.
+
+Entropy S is a state function,
+generally.
+
+Now remember, we went through
+before how it's a state
+
+function but to calculate
+it, you'd need to find a
+
+reversible path, along which
+you can figure this out.
+
+But the fact is it's a state
+function, in a general way.
+
+Now, if we go back to our Carnot
+cycle which is a set of
+
+reversible paths, it's useful
+to compare this to what
+
+happens in an irreversible
+case.
+
+In a real engine, of course,
+you can approach the
+
+reversible limit.
+
+Every step won't be perfectly
+reversible.
+
+And of course it's not hard
+to see what happens.
+
+Let's just take our reversible
+engine and
+
+modify it a little bit.
+
+Let's imagine that instead
+of all the steps being
+
+reversible, let's just put
+in one irreversible step.
+
+Let's do this.
+
+Instead of this reversible
+isothermal step, Let's make it
+
+an irreversible isothermal
+step.
+
+We can have a different
+isothermal step.
+
+Of course in the reversible
+case, you're always pushing
+
+against an external pressure,
+which is essentially equal to
+
+the internal pressure.
+
+Let's not do that.
+
+Let's imagine maybe instead we
+just immediately dropped the
+
+pressure and let the
+system expand
+
+against the lower pressure.
+
+Now we know we're going
+to get less work out
+
+of it in that case.
+
+You've seen that before.
+
+And the work in this case
+is the area inside here.
+
+The work in this step is just
+the area under this curve.
+
+So in some way we're going to
+have a difference here between
+
+the irreversible case and
+the reversible one.
+
+So if we do that, then what I
+want to do is just see what
+
+happens to dq over T, so in our
+irreversible engine, one
+
+to two, what we know for sure
+is that minus w in the
+
+irreversible step, that's the
+work out, extracted in that
+
+step, is going to be smaller
+than minus w in
+
+the reversible case.
+
+So w irreversible is bigger
+than w reversible.
+
+And of course, in either case,
+delta u is q plus w, so it's q
+
+irreversible plus w
+irreversible, but of course, u
+
+being a state function it's
+the same in either case.
+
+So it's the same as q reversible
+plus w reversible.
+
+And we've just seen that this
+is bigger than this, but the
+
+sums are equal.
+
+So this has to be
+less than this.
+
+q irreversible is less
+than q reversible.
+
+In other words, and irreversible
+isothermal
+
+expansion takes less heat from
+the hot reservoir than a
+
+reversible one does.
+
+It makes sense, right, because
+you know we got less work out
+
+and delta u is the same right,
+so it must be that less heat
+
+got transferred.
+
+So the expansion against lower
+pressure draws less heat from
+
+the hot reservoir right.
+
+So now let's look at the
+efficiency of our
+
+irreversible engine.
+
+So it's one plus q2.
+
+Now q2 was in this step, and
+we're going to leave that
+
+reversible, right, but
+q1 is irreversible.
+
+And this has got to be less than
+one plus q2 reversible
+
+over q1 reversible, which is
+to say it's less than our
+
+efficiency in the
+reversible case.
+
+Why?
+
+This is smaller than this, but
+it's a negative number.
+
+So this negative number has a
+bigger magnitude than this
+
+negative number.
+
+We're subtracting them from one
+and they're less than one,
+
+so this is bigger than this.
+
+And all we know about this is
+that it's really for some
+
+irreversible reversible step.
+
+All we really needed to know
+about it is that this is
+
+smaller right.
+
+So it's going to be the case for
+any irreversible engine.
+
+And that's the point.
+
+So it's that the irreversible
+efficiency is lower than the
+
+reversible one.
+
+But, of course, since we saw
+that this is smaller than it
+
+was in the reversible case,
+we can also write that dq
+
+irreversible over T is less
+than dq reversible over T.
+
+Which is to say if we go
+around a cycle for dq
+
+irreversible over T, that's
+less than zero.
+
+It's only in the reversible case
+that dq over T around a
+
+cycle is equal to zero.
+
+So to write that in a general
+way, it's actually formulated
+
+by Clausius.
+
+Going around in a cycle the
+integral of dq over T is less
+
+than or equal to zero.
+
+Never greater.
+
+OK, what we'll see shortly is
+that this will allow us to see
+
+that for an isolated system the
+entropy never decreases.
+
+It only can go up.
+
+And in fact any spontaneous
+process will make it go up.
+
+Only in the case of reversible
+processes.
+
+Of course, then you can see
+that this will be zero.
+
+Anything else, which is to say
+any spontaneous process, it'll
+
+be less than zero.
+
+We'll see that next time, and
+then we'll generalize in a
+
+broader sense to look at the
+direction in which spontaneous
+
+processes go.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DvGNpuan4rw.txt b/DvGNpuan4rw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36b5190dd8014b2bb36b17460c3b55c8aacd7ea8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DvGNpuan4rw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9035 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the thing um we've done a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the thing um we've done a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the thing um we've done a lot of
+work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on
+on ionic uh bonds and i drew the ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ionic uh bonds and i drew the ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ionic uh bonds and i drew the ionic
+bond energy again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond energy again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond energy again
+on monday and remember you know in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on monday and remember you know in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on monday and remember you know in an
+ionic bond like so let's take sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic bond like so let's take sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic bond like so let's take sodium
+chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride
+right we have oh we're gonna go lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have oh we're gonna go lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have oh we're gonna go lewis
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well people say well why'd i draw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well people say well why'd i draw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well people say well why'd i draw that
+dot there i could have drawn two dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot there i could have drawn two dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot there i could have drawn two dots
+there and that dot there just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that dot there just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that dot there just
+sure yeah but they're kind of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah but they're kind of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah but they're kind of looking at
+each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so
+you know and and remember in an ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and remember in an ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and remember in an ionic
+bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+chlorine is like give me i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine is like give me i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine is like give me i want
+and that's the kind of relationship they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the kind of relationship they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the kind of relationship they
+have right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right and so
+this went into something like this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this went into something like this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this went into something like this where
+sodium was like okay fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium was like okay fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium was like okay fine
+uh take it i'm a plus now and chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take it i'm a plus now and chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take it i'm a plus now and chlorine
+was like thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like thank you very much
+i'm fully octeted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm fully octeted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm fully octeted
+right like that and that's the ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like that and that's the ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like that and that's the ionic
+bond so this is ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond so this is ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond so this is ionic
+and we've learned this okay but see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've learned this okay but see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've learned this okay but see
+there's another kind of bond that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another kind of bond that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another kind of bond that can
+happen it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it's not
+all about taking and and one per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about taking and and one per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about taking and and one per
+it can also be about sharing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can also be about sharing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can also be about sharing about
+sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing
+and and it's you know and so if i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's you know and so if i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's you know and so if i have
+hydrogen instead let's suppose i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen instead let's suppose i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen instead let's suppose i have
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+like up there and i've got hydrogen now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like up there and i've got hydrogen now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like up there and i've got hydrogen now
+and here's hydrogen well see when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's hydrogen well see when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's hydrogen well see when they
+gaze in tight when they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaze in tight when they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaze in tight when they see
+each other a very different thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other a very different thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other a very different thing
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+because one of the hydrogens doesn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of the hydrogens doesn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of the hydrogens doesn't say
+gimme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gimme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gimme
+and the other one doesn't say sure oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one doesn't say sure oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one doesn't say sure oh
+but something else happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something else happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something else happens
+right because they get they get kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they get they get kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they get they get kind of
+closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer
+they get closer and closer oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get closer and closer oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get closer and closer oh
+let's let's look at this in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's look at this in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's look at this in terms of
+like okay so here's a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay so here's a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay so here's a plus
+and a minus oh yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a minus oh yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a minus oh yeah it's
+not an orbit it's an orbital and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an orbit it's an orbital and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an orbit it's an orbital and here's
+another plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another plus
+and here's another minus and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's another minus and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's another minus and these
+electrons you know the thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons you know the thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons you know the thing is the
+electrons are like i don't like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are like i don't like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are like i don't like you
+other electron you're repelling me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other electron you're repelling me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other electron you're repelling me and
+the protons are like i don't like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protons are like i don't like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protons are like i don't like you
+other proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other proton
+you're repelling me but the electrons do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're repelling me but the electrons do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're repelling me but the electrons do
+like protons and at a certain point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like protons and at a certain point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like protons and at a certain point
+if you bring these together the election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you bring these together the election
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you bring these together the election
+you know one of them is like well hey i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of them is like well hey i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of them is like well hey i
+got an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an idea
+what if i'm attracted to you sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i'm attracted to you sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i'm attracted to you sometimes
+over here and i'm this electron i'm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and i'm this electron i'm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and i'm this electron i'm like
+i kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kind of
+i want to be attracted to you and i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to be attracted to you and i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to be attracted to you and i'll
+tell you what you can be attracted to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what you can be attracted to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what you can be attracted to my
+proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+and we'll share we'll share and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll share we'll share and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll share we'll share and
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+and so when when these come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when when these come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when when these come together
+what you get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get is
+is the protons um kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the protons um kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the protons um kind of
+you know are sort of a certain distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are sort of a certain distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are sort of a certain distance
+apart that's set by how far you can push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart that's set by how far you can push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart that's set by how far you can push
+them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in
+without them feeling that repulsion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without them feeling that repulsion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without them feeling that repulsion and
+the electrons as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons as long
+as they don't get like you know super on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they don't get like you know super on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they don't get like you know super on
+top of each other because they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of each other because they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of each other because they're going
+to repel each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repel each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repel each other
+they're happier they're happier because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're happier they're happier because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're happier they're happier because
+they got two positive charges that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got two positive charges that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got two positive charges that they
+can kind of go around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of go around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of go around
+and be near that leads to happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be near that leads to happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be near that leads to happiness
+lower energy bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy bond
+but you can see right now this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see right now this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see right now this is a very
+different kind of bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of bond
+right this is not ionic this is covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is not ionic this is covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is not ionic this is covalent
+this is covalent when atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is covalent when atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is covalent when atoms
+share electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share electrons
+it's a covalent bond okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a covalent bond okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a covalent bond okay and that
+is something we write differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something we write differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something we write differently
+we write it with a dash well or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write it with a dash well or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write it with a dash well or you
+could you know you could also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you know you could also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you know you could also have
+written it or maybe you you just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it or maybe you you just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it or maybe you you just say
+well let's just put those electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's just put those electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's just put those electrons in
+between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them
+like that right and it's showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right and it's showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right and it's showing that
+those electrons didn't go to one or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons didn't go to one or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons didn't go to one or the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+they're in between they are what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in between they are what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in between they are what are
+making up the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making up the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making up the bond
+together sharing those protons uh across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together sharing those protons uh across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together sharing those protons uh across
+the atoms now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms now
+okay so that's nice but what hap that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's nice but what hap that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's nice but what hap that's
+hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+what happens when we get to something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we get to something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we get to something a
+little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more
+complicated right so let's go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated right so let's go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated right so let's go to
+water now if i have something like water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water now if i have something like water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water now if i have something like water
+so now i'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through some examples let's suppose i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some examples let's suppose i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some examples let's suppose i
+have water well i've got this here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have water well i've got this here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have water well i've got this here and
+i've got this here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got this here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got this here and
+now remember we're going to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember we're going to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember we're going to think about
+things in terms of lewis dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in terms of lewis dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in terms of lewis dots
+which i introduced you on monday those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i introduced you on monday those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i introduced you on monday those
+are the valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the valence
+electrons in an atom which are what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in an atom which are what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in an atom which are what do
+all of the chemical bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the chemical bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the chemical bonding
+so those are the ones we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the ones we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the ones we're going to
+care now how many dots do i have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care now how many dots do i have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care now how many dots do i have for
+oxygen i forget six and if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen i forget six and if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen i forget six and if you didn't
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+you know where to look because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where to look because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where to look because you're
+always carrying your periodic table with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always carrying your periodic table with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always carrying your periodic table with
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+always and so i might write six like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always and so i might write six like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always and so i might write six like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+but okay what what lines do i draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay what what lines do i draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay what what lines do i draw
+where how are these shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where how are these shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where how are these shared
+so how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are
+the electrons shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in bonds in covalent bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bonds in covalent bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bonds in covalent bonds
+co-valent bonds and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-valent bonds and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-valent bonds and that
+is where lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where lewis
+will help that is where lewis will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help that is where lewis will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help that is where lewis will help
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+do i take these valence configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i take these valence configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i take these valence configurations
+of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons
+and make a molecule with these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a molecule with these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a molecule with these kinds of
+sharing bonds in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing bonds in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing bonds in it
+um and and there's actually there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and there's actually there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and there's actually there's a
+very there's a fairly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very there's a fairly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very there's a fairly simple
+recipe that i want to teach you today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe that i want to teach you today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe that i want to teach you today
+because that's how we're going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's how we're going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's how we're going to do it
+and the recipe is written here and don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the recipe is written here and don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the recipe is written here and don't
+worry there's a lot of text here but i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry there's a lot of text here but i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry there's a lot of text here but i'm
+going to go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through it
+for three different examples and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three different examples and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three different examples and if you
+haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't
+because in tight done louis i know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in tight done louis i know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in tight done louis i know some
+of you have in high school some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have in high school some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have in high school some of you
+have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not
+that's okay if you haven't practice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay if you haven't practice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay if you haven't practice is
+really key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really key
+right we'll do three molecules maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we'll do three molecules maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we'll do three molecules maybe
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+today and i encourage you to do a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and i encourage you to do a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and i encourage you to do a bunch
+more in as practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in as practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in as practice
+and this is the recipe for drawing lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the recipe for drawing lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the recipe for drawing lewis
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+and and lewis structures is what tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and lewis structures is what tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and lewis structures is what tells
+us how electrons are bonded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us how electrons are bonded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us how electrons are bonded
+in in in these in these molecules and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in these in these molecules and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in these in these molecules and so
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+follow this for the one i have up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this for the one i have up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this for the one i have up here
+let's follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's follow this
+for water okay so we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for water okay so we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for water okay so we're going to go
+through this recipe now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this recipe now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this recipe now
+the first place so one through six i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place so one through six i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place so one through six i
+will write one through six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write one through six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write one through six
+for the example i will parallel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the example i will parallel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the example i will parallel that
+recipe so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe so
+first connect atom central atom central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first connect atom central atom central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first connect atom central atom central
+atom is often the least electronegative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom is often the least electronegative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom is often the least electronegative
+already i'm stuck because i didn't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already i'm stuck because i didn't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already i'm stuck because i didn't tell
+you anything about electronegativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anything about electronegativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anything about electronegativity
+that's coming a little later today i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming a little later today i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming a little later today i
+will tell you what electronegativity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you what electronegativity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you what electronegativity is
+for now trust me so the first step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now trust me so the first step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now trust me so the first step is
+connect atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect atoms
+central atom is often the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central atom is often the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central atom is often the least
+electronegative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative
+um okay well so let's see so for water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay well so let's see so for water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay well so let's see so for water
+so step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so step
+one um the h atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um the h atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um the h atoms
+are going to be terminal that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be terminal that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be terminal that means that
+they're on the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on the outside
+terminal okay outside also called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal okay outside also called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal okay outside also called
+terminal and so the arrangement should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal and so the arrangement should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal and so the arrangement should
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+something like h o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like h o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like h o
+and h okay good so that's going to be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h okay good so that's going to be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h okay good so that's going to be my
+arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement
+okay step two determine the total number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay step two determine the total number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay step two determine the total number
+of valence electrons okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of valence electrons okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of valence electrons okay
+i can do that so two well i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can do that so two well i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can do that so two well i've got
+one two three okay i've got eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three okay i've got eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three okay i've got eight
+valence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons
+good okay step three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay step three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay step three is
+where it gets really fun place bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it gets really fun place bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it gets really fun place bonding
+pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair
+of electrons go all in just like i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons go all in just like i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons go all in just like i did
+for you know so there's a bonding pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know so there's a bonding pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know so there's a bonding pair
+right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+there they are two electrons in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they are two electrons in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they are two electrons in a
+bonding pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding pair
+so place them okay place bonding pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so place them okay place bonding pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so place them okay place bonding pair
+between adjacent atoms okay i can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between adjacent atoms okay i can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between adjacent atoms okay i can do
+that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+let's see here we go um h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see here we go um h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see here we go um h
+o h right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o h right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o h right
+okay so there's my bonding pair i put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's my bonding pair i put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's my bonding pair i put
+two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons
+but now you see i said okay i i only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you see i said okay i i only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you see i said okay i i only
+used up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used up
+four electrons there that's okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four electrons there that's okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four electrons there that's okay now
+starting with the now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with the now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with the now
+add enough add enough electrons to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add enough add enough electrons to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add enough add enough electrons to each
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+to form an octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form an octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form an octet
+start with terminal atoms add enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with terminal atoms add enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with terminal atoms add enough
+electrons to form an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to form an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to form an
+octet okay so let's see but hydrogen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet okay so let's see but hydrogen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet okay so let's see but hydrogen is
+special because hydrogen's octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special because hydrogen's octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special because hydrogen's octet
+is just two hydrogen doesn't want eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just two hydrogen doesn't want eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just two hydrogen doesn't want eight
+hydrogen just wants two so we call it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen just wants two so we call it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen just wants two so we call it it
+out here in the recipe two for hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here in the recipe two for hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here in the recipe two for hydrogen
+okay so add enough electrons to form an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so add enough electrons to form an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so add enough electrons to form an
+octet well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet well
+see each h atom already has if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see each h atom already has if i look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see each h atom already has if i look at
+remember they're sharing they're sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember they're sharing they're sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember they're sharing they're sharing
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+each h atom already has two the the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each h atom already has two the the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each h atom already has two the the two
+electrons that it wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that it wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that it wants
+right and so so for four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so so for four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so so for four
+i've got that and oh i started with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got that and oh i started with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got that and oh i started with the
+terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal
+atoms okay and so for four i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms okay and so for four i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms okay and so for four i've got
+um each h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um each h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um each h
+is okay it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay it has
+two right has two electrons which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right has two electrons which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right has two electrons which is
+what it wants in its valence next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it wants in its valence next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it wants in its valence next one
+if oh now kids if there's electrons left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if oh now kids if there's electrons left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if oh now kids if there's electrons left
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+put them on the central atom okay so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them on the central atom okay so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them on the central atom okay so i
+went from the terminal in i went from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from the terminal in i went from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from the terminal in i went from
+the outside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside and
+h has two h has two that's good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h has two h has two that's good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h has two h has two that's good and
+oh but how do i know if i have any left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh but how do i know if i have any left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh but how do i know if i have any left
+over well i did that in step two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over well i did that in step two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over well i did that in step two
+i had a total number of electrons now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had a total number of electrons now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had a total number of electrons now
+how many have i used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many have i used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many have i used
+i've used two here and i've used two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've used two here and i've used two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've used two here and i've used two
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+i i have four left over because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i have four left over because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i have four left over because i
+started with eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with eight
+right and i i was just told from step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and i i was just told from step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and i i was just told from step
+five to put those on the central atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to put those on the central atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to put those on the central atom
+okay so step five now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so step five now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so step five now
+is gonna make this look interesting so h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna make this look interesting so h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna make this look interesting so h
+o h and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o h and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o h and now
+i'm not going to put them in a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to put them in a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to put them in a bond
+right i'm just going to put them on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm just going to put them on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm just going to put them on the
+atom and those are called non-bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because they're well okay that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're well okay that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're well okay that's a
+genius name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius name
+non-bonding because they're not bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-bonding because they're not bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-bonding because they're not bonding
+that's a good name for those electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good name for those electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good name for those electrons
+you can also call those lone pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also call those lone pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also call those lone pairs
+because they're lone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're lone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're lone
+they're not involved in a bond all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not involved in a bond all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not involved in a bond all right
+so those are my four extra electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are my four extra electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are my four extra electrons
+and then finally okay so now uh if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally okay so now uh if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally okay so now uh if the
+cent no oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cent no oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cent no oh
+if the central atom is less than an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the central atom is less than an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the central atom is less than an
+octet use the lone pairs from terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet use the lone pairs from terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet use the lone pairs from terminal
+atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms
+well this looks complicated i don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this looks complicated i don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this looks complicated i don't want
+to deal with it why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with it why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with it why because
+i've got an octet here already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got an octet here already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got an octet here already
+so six is not needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so six is not needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so six is not needed
+because everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since the oxygen since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the oxygen since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the oxygen since
+o is happy it's got its octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o is happy it's got its octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o is happy it's got its octet
+right so that is a very slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that is a very slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that is a very slow
+we went slow we'll go faster now right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went slow we'll go faster now right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went slow we'll go faster now right
+that is a very slow introduction to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a very slow introduction to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a very slow introduction to how
+to do a lewis dot diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a lewis dot diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a lewis dot diagram
+for a molecule in this case h2o now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a molecule in this case h2o now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a molecule in this case h2o now you
+may notice i drew it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may notice i drew it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may notice i drew it
+linear we know some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear we know some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear we know some of
+some of us know that is not the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of us know that is not the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of us know that is not the shape of
+this molecule but shapes come later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule but shapes come later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule but shapes come later
+shapes come next week right right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes come next week right right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes come next week right right now
+we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not
+we're not thinking about shapes let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not thinking about shapes let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not thinking about shapes let's do
+another example so my next example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is o
+c l i'm taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c l i'm taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c l i'm taking this
+and i'm putting a charge on it so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm putting a charge on it so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm putting a charge on it so here's
+my next example ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my next example ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my next example ah
+two might well anyway okay that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two might well anyway okay that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two might well anyway okay that's my
+example i'm gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example i'm gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example i'm gonna go
+through the numbers again i'm gonna go a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the numbers again i'm gonna go a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the numbers again i'm gonna go a
+little faster so i wanna know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little faster so i wanna know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little faster so i wanna know
+how this looks in a lewis structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this looks in a lewis structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this looks in a lewis structure
+um well okay so there's only two atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well okay so there's only two atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well okay so there's only two atoms
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um maybe i should have called this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe i should have called this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe i should have called this
+example b so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example b so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example b so
+because now i have point one right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now i have point one right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now i have point one right so
+there's only two atoms so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two atoms so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two atoms so there's no
+central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central
+atom okay that's sounds like that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom okay that's sounds like that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom okay that's sounds like that might
+be easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easy
+and then uh step two is how many valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh step two is how many valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh step two is how many valence
+electrons are there well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are there well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are there well there's
+there's six plus seven plus one right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's six plus seven plus one right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's six plus seven plus one right so
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+oxygen is six chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is six chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is six chlorine
+is seven plus one equals 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seven plus one equals 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seven plus one equals 14
+electrons where did the one come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons where did the one come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons where did the one come from
+well that's because it's got a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's because it's got a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's because it's got a negative
+charge here it's a negatively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge here it's a negatively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge here it's a negatively charged
+molecule okay good now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule okay good now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule okay good now
+okay now it gets interesting place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now it gets interesting place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now it gets interesting place
+bonding pair of electrons between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding pair of electrons between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding pair of electrons between
+adjacent atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent atoms
+so my adjacent atoms are these two atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my adjacent atoms are these two atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my adjacent atoms are these two atoms
+which i could write like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or i could also have written it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i could also have written it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i could also have written it like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay okay those are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay those are equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay those are equivalent
+now step four okay now starting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now step four okay now starting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now step four okay now starting with the
+terminal atoms add enough electrons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal atoms add enough electrons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal atoms add enough electrons to
+each one to form an octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one to form an octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one to form an octet
+so let's go through this so now step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through this so now step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through this so now step
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+okay step four is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay step four is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay step four is
+so i've got okay now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got okay now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got okay now this
+has these two elect this can count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these two elect this can count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these two elect this can count the
+two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons
+this can count those two electrons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can count those two electrons you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can count those two electrons you
+see how this works because we're sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how this works because we're sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how this works because we're sharing
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+no one took we're sharing so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one took we're sharing so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one took we're sharing so they can
+each count those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each count those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each count those
+right because of what i drew up there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because of what i drew up there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because of what i drew up there in
+terms of how a covalent bond works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how a covalent bond works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how a covalent bond works
+but now but they need another six to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now but they need another six to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now but they need another six to
+form an octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form an octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form an octet
+that's a how many but i don't i use 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a how many but i don't i use 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a how many but i don't i use 2
+how many do i have left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many do i have left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many do i have left
+i've got 12 left is perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got 12 left is perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got 12 left is perfect
+right it's perfect so i've got exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's perfect so i've got exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's perfect so i've got exactly
+as many as i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many as i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many as i want
+and i can write o has all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can write o has all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can write o has all of those
+cl has all of these and if we want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cl has all of these and if we want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cl has all of these and if we want to be
+careful about it we will emphasize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about it we will emphasize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about it we will emphasize that
+this molecule is not neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule is not neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule is not neutral
+it got an extra electron that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got an extra electron that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got an extra electron that's why we
+put that minus sign up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that minus sign up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that minus sign up there
+right it is charged and this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it is charged and this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it is charged and this molecule
+okay each atom let's see okay i use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay each atom let's see okay i use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay each atom let's see okay i use the
+extra electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra electrons
+if electrons left to no electrons left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if electrons left to no electrons left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if electrons left to no electrons left
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+if central atom is no they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if central atom is no they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if central atom is no they're they're
+already octets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already octets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already octets
+so 5 and 6 are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 5 and 6 are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 5 and 6 are not
+needed oh but you know the last example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed oh but you know the last example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed oh but you know the last example
+is going to be more interesting so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be more interesting so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be more interesting so let's
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+last example o c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last example o c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last example o c
+example c o so i've got h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example c o so i've got h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example c o so i've got h
+okay i'm just going to write the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm just going to write the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm just going to write the atoms
+here because i'm starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because i'm starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because i'm starting
+well i don't even know what it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i don't even know what it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i don't even know what it's going
+to look like i don't even want to hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like i don't even want to hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like i don't even want to hint
+at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it
+those are my atoms i've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are my atoms i've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are my atoms i've got two
+hydrogens an oxygen and a chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens an oxygen and a chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens an oxygen and a chlorine
+okay i'm sorry a carbon oh yeah i meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm sorry a carbon oh yeah i meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm sorry a carbon oh yeah i meant
+this to be a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be a carbon
+there we go two hydrogens an oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go two hydrogens an oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go two hydrogens an oxygen and
+a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a carbon
+okay now as we will see when i tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now as we will see when i tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now as we will see when i tell you
+what electronegativity is carbon has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what electronegativity is carbon has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what electronegativity is carbon has the
+lowest electronegativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest electronegativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest electronegativity
+okay and so i'm going to put that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so i'm going to put that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so i'm going to put that in the
+center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center
+that's going to tell me that carbon goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to tell me that carbon goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to tell me that carbon goes
+that if i answer point one it might look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i answer point one it might look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i answer point one it might look
+something like this with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this with these
+oh and now it's taking some some form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and now it's taking some some form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and now it's taking some some form
+right okay so the hydrogens are gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so the hydrogens are gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so the hydrogens are gonna go
+like that they're terminal the oxygen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that they're terminal the oxygen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that they're terminal the oxygen is
+outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+carbon's in the middle and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon's in the middle and how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon's in the middle and how many
+electrons do i okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons do i okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons do i okay so now
+let's see answering step two um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see answering step two um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see answering step two um
+i've got 12 valence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got 12 valence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got 12 valence electrons
+okay because i've got you know six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because i've got you know six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because i've got you know six
+four five six right six plus so 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five six right six plus so 12.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five six right six plus so 12.
+okay good and now i'm going to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good and now i'm going to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good and now i'm going to put the
+bonding pair in there so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding pair in there so let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding pair in there so let's do that
+so step three okay so now i've got c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so step three okay so now i've got c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so step three okay so now i've got c
+h h o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h h o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h h o
+so i've done step three and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've done step three and how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've done step three and how many
+okay so i've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i've got two
+four six i've used up six electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four six i've used up six electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four six i've used up six electrons in
+the in this sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in this sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in this sharing
+you know a covalent bond situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a covalent bond situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a covalent bond situation
+and i started with 12 so that means i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i started with 12 so that means i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i started with 12 so that means i've
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+um i've got six left okay so i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i've got six left okay so i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i've got six left okay so i'm going
+to go to step four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to step four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to step four
+now starting with the thermal atoms add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now starting with the thermal atoms add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now starting with the thermal atoms add
+enough to each one to form an octet now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to each one to form an octet now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to each one to form an octet now
+hydrogen is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen is good
+right because hydrogen remember its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because hydrogen remember its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because hydrogen remember its
+octet is double it it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet is double it it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet is double it it's two
+so that's good but what about oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's good but what about oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's good but what about oxygen
+okay it looks like oxygen needs some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it looks like oxygen needs some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it looks like oxygen needs some
+so now we're going to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to write the
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+like this i gotta add six more electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this i gotta add six more electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this i gotta add six more electrons
+to oxygen in order to fulfill its octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oxygen in order to fulfill its octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oxygen in order to fulfill its octet
+right now oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now oxygen
+is oxygen is happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oxygen is happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oxygen is happy
+right yeah it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah it is
+just like that but look okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like that but look okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like that but look okay if
+electrons are left over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are left over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are left over
+are there any electrons left over no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any electrons left over no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any electrons left over no
+no so i can't place electrons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so i can't place electrons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so i can't place electrons in the
+central atom yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central atom yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central atom yet
+now we invoke number six if central atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we invoke number six if central atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we invoke number six if central atom
+is less than an octet it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than an octet it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than an octet it is
+two two two then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two two then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two two then
+use lone pairs from terminal atoms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use lone pairs from terminal atoms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use lone pairs from terminal atoms to
+form multiple bonds to the central atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form multiple bonds to the central atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form multiple bonds to the central atom
+oh yeah now we're there now we're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah now we're there now we're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah now we're there now we're there
+so now we jump to step six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we jump to step six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we jump to step six
+and we make because look let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we make because look let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we make because look let's let's
+continue because look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue because look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue because look
+if i add all these up and i go to carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i add all these up and i go to carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i add all these up and i go to carbon
+it's not happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but let's make it happy because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's make it happy because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's make it happy because that's
+what lewis lets us do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what lewis lets us do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what lewis lets us do
+and i'm going to go down to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to go down to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to go down to here
+six continued and all i need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six continued and all i need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six continued and all i need to do
+to do that is to follow the instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that is to follow the instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that is to follow the instructions
+which is take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is take
+one lone pair and put it here so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one lone pair and put it here so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one lone pair and put it here so i'm
+going to draw these explicitly now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw these explicitly now as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw these explicitly now as
+dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots
+right so i took one of those lone pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i took one of those lone pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i took one of those lone pairs
+and i moved it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i moved it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i moved it here
+and i created a stronger sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i created a stronger sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i created a stronger sharing
+bond it's all because of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond it's all because of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond it's all because of you know
+i wrote down the the guidelines of lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wrote down the the guidelines of lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wrote down the the guidelines of lewis
+remember on monday and the third point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember on monday and the third point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember on monday and the third point
+was octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was octet
+right atoms want to achieve their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right atoms want to achieve their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right atoms want to achieve their
+nearest octet and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest octet and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest octet and this this
+tells us then by following these steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us then by following these steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us then by following these steps
+to implement lewis's dream and vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement lewis's dream and vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement lewis's dream and vision
+we get nothing less than the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get nothing less than the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get nothing less than the nature of
+bonding itself and molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding itself and molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding itself and molecules
+that's cool and so and so you could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool and so and so you could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool and so and so you could you
+could write this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write this with
+with sticks if you want right c h that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sticks if you want right c h that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sticks if you want right c h that's
+a double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a double bond
+with those electrons up there that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those electrons up there that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those electrons up there that's the
+same thing and now if you count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and now if you count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and now if you count
+happy happy happy happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy happy happy happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy happy happy happy
+everybody's happy caring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's happy caring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's happy caring
+is sharing they're all sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sharing they're all sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sharing they're all sharing
+so this is this is kind of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is kind of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is kind of the the
+general idea of lewis lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea of lewis lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea of lewis lewis
+the following the lewis prescription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following the lewis prescription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following the lewis prescription
+tells us about covalent bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us about covalent bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us about covalent bonds
+and it tells us how many electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it tells us how many electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it tells us how many electrons are
+going to be shared now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be shared now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be shared now
+it also tells us something else that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also tells us something else that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also tells us something else that's
+very important and it's through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important and it's through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important and it's through this
+concept called formal charge so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept called formal charge so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept called formal charge so that's
+the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing
+that we need to learn see because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to learn see because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to learn see because
+now i go to another molecule in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i go to another molecule in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i go to another molecule in this
+case it's formaldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's formaldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's formaldehyde
+okay ch2o and but look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ch2o and but look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ch2o and but look
+now neither of these is done these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now neither of these is done these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now neither of these is done these are
+not done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done
+but it's like my starting place and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's like my starting place and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's like my starting place and it
+sort of looks okay carbon central here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of looks okay carbon central here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of looks okay carbon central here
+it's kind of central-ish there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of central-ish there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of central-ish there
+i mean can't i start with either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean can't i start with either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean can't i start with either of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+and and the answer is yes you can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the answer is yes you can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the answer is yes you can and
+you can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can draw
+and and let's do that you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and let's do that you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and let's do that you can actually
+draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+correct lewis structures um let me use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct lewis structures um let me use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct lewis structures um let me use
+the board over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board over here
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so uh so i could have drawn i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh so i could have drawn i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh so i could have drawn i
+could draw this like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could draw this like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could draw this like this
+h uh let me see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h uh let me see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h uh let me see here
+h c um double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h c um double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h c um double bond
+o hydrogen and i could put that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o hydrogen and i could put that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o hydrogen and i could put that there
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+there or i could draw it like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or i could draw it like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or i could draw it like this
+so i have it this way yes right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have it this way yes right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have it this way yes right like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and carbon double bond o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and carbon double bond o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and carbon double bond o
+and when i look at this and i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i look at this and i look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i look at this and i look at
+the electron count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron count
+it all works out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all works out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all works out right
+i got to add my lone pairs to the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got to add my lone pairs to the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got to add my lone pairs to the oxygen
+well let me forget those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me forget those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me forget those
+it all works out the number of the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all works out the number of the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all works out the number of the total
+number of valence electrons is 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of valence electrons is 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of valence electrons is 12
+in both cases and everybody's obeying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases and everybody's obeying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases and everybody's obeying
+the octet rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the octet rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the octet rule
+right but the concept of formal charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the concept of formal charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the concept of formal charge
+allows us to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to distinguish
+between which one is likely to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between which one is likely to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between which one is likely to be more
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+and and so what formal charge is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so what formal charge is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so what formal charge is and
+i've got it written out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got it written out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got it written out here
+okay is so formal charge non-bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is so formal charge non-bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is so formal charge non-bonding
+electrons count for the given atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons count for the given atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons count for the given atom
+bonding electrons are divided equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons are divided equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons are divided equally
+and so formal charge is the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so formal charge is the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so formal charge is the total
+valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence
+of an atom so i can take any atom here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an atom so i can take any atom here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an atom so i can take any atom here
+and say what's this total valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say what's this total valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say what's this total valence
+carbon four oxygen six right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon four oxygen six right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon four oxygen six right
+and and then so that's the total valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then so that's the total valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then so that's the total valence
+of the free atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the free atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the free atom
+and then i subtract from that how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i subtract from that how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i subtract from that how many
+non-bonding electrons it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-bonding electrons it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-bonding electrons it has
+plus the bonding ones over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the bonding ones over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the bonding ones over two
+right and so if i do that so let's write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if i do that so let's write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if i do that so let's write
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+right so if i think about that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i think about that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i think about that because
+in tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tight
+from my pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay from my pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from my pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from my pictures
+the formal charge formal charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal charge formal charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal charge formal charge
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the number of valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of valence
+electrons of the free atom that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons of the free atom that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons of the free atom that means
+the atom before it ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom before it ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom before it ever
+before it ever participated in a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it ever participated in a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it ever participated in a bond
+minus the number of dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the number of dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the number of dots
+minus the number of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because that is really the same that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is really the same that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is really the same that's
+the same definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same definition
+right that's the same definition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the same definition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the same definition so
+if so if if an so if let's go up to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so if if an so if let's go up to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so if if an so if let's go up to this
+one so now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so now if
+if i look at carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at carbon
+in this configuration and i calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this configuration and i calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this configuration and i calculate
+the formal charge on carbon it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal charge on carbon it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal charge on carbon it's going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+4 the valence electron of the free atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 the valence electron of the free atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 the valence electron of the free atom
+minus 2 because it's got the two dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 because it's got the two dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 because it's got the two dots
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+right minus three one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right minus three one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right minus three one
+two three or the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three or the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three or the total number of
+electrons involved in bonds divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons involved in bonds divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons involved in bonds divided by
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+six over two three right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six over two three right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six over two three right
+so those are equivalent but that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are equivalent but that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are equivalent but that means
+that the formal charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the formal charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the formal charge
+on this is i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this is i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this is i just
+just spell it out here for now formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just spell it out here for now formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just spell it out here for now formal
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+is equal to minus one and if i do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus one and if i do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus one and if i do the
+same thing here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing here then
+it's plus one but you see if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plus one but you see if i look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plus one but you see if i look at
+this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure
+and i think about the formal charge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think about the formal charge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think about the formal charge on
+the carbon atom again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon atom again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon atom again
+i'm you know i'm basically counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm you know i'm basically counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm you know i'm basically counting
+a change from the free atom okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change from the free atom okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change from the free atom okay
+and so carbon had four um and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so carbon had four um and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so carbon had four um and now
+it's you know what did what did this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know what did what did this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know what did what did this new
+bonding environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding environment
+do to the valence chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to the valence chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to the valence chemistry
+and in this case the formal charge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case the formal charge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case the formal charge on
+carbon is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is going to be
+four starting with the number of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four starting with the number of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four starting with the number of free
+elect you know free valence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elect you know free valence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elect you know free valence electrons
+minus no dots but it's got one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus no dots but it's got one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus no dots but it's got one two three
+four bonds okay so that's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four bonds okay so that's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four bonds okay so that's zero
+and the formal charge on the oxygen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the formal charge on the oxygen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the formal charge on the oxygen is
+gonna be six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be six
+minus one two three four five six so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one two three four five six so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one two three four five six so
+that's also zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also zero
+and you get a sense how much did i did i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get a sense how much did i did i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get a sense how much did i did i
+push this atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push this atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push this atom
+away from where it sort of normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from where it sort of normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from where it sort of normally
+thinks about its charge balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks about its charge balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks about its charge balance
+and you get a sense for why this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get a sense for why this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get a sense for why this might
+be true lewis structure with the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true lewis structure with the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true lewis structure with the set of
+formal charges closest to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges closest to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges closest to zero
+is usually the most stable and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually the most stable and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually the most stable and that's
+our guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our guideline
+and so this one not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this one not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this one not
+very happy that one happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy that one happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy that one happy
+right and so you can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you can calculate the
+formal charge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge on
+on any atom in any lewis structure goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any atom in any lewis structure goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any atom in any lewis structure goes
+in tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tight
+by following this this uh this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by following this this uh this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by following this this uh this very
+simple procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple procedure
+you take any atom and you look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take any atom and you look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take any atom and you look at how
+you've drawn its lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've drawn its lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've drawn its lewis
+structure right and you just count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure right and you just count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure right and you just count
+so for example if i take co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if i take co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if i take co2
+and i think well i can do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think well i can do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think well i can do the same thing
+here i've got two lewis structures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i've got two lewis structures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i've got two lewis structures and
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+they look like they both satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look like they both satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look like they both satisfy the
+recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe
+the recipe is satisfied but which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recipe is satisfied but which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recipe is satisfied but which one is
+more stable well if i look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable well if i look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable well if i look at this
+it's the same idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same idea and
+i won't go through it in detail but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i won't go through it in detail but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i won't go through it in detail but um
+but if i look at this then you know c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i look at this then you know c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i look at this then you know c
+o o with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o o with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o o with
+lone pairs on the o's like that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pairs on the o's like that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pairs on the o's like that right
+this is going to give me formal charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to give me formal charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to give me formal charges
+of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0
+0 and 0. whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and 0. whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and 0. whereas
+if i do the one on the right and i put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do the one on the right and i put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do the one on the right and i put a
+triple bond so i put too many electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple bond so i put too many electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple bond so i put too many electrons
+sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing
+then yeah i satisfied the octets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah i satisfied the octets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah i satisfied the octets
+but no i'm not as stable because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no i'm not as stable because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no i'm not as stable because the
+formal charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges
+aren't as close to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't as close to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't as close to zero
+so this gets me to my my brief why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gets me to my my brief why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gets me to my my brief why this
+matters for today so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for today so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for today so you know
+you say why is why would i care which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say why is why would i care which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say why is why would i care which
+one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these
+co2 takes right okay well it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 takes right okay well it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 takes right okay well it turns out
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+as long as we're not at absolute zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we're not at absolute zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we're not at absolute zero
+this molecule is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule is moving
+and and so obviously that's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so obviously that's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so obviously that's related to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not obvious but cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not obvious but cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not obvious but cars
+in the u.s are now the number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s are now the number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s are now the number one
+emitter of co2 they're the number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter of co2 they're the number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter of co2 they're the number one
+cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause
+of co2 emissions um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of co2 emissions um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of co2 emissions um and
+here's a nice little corner somewhere um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a nice little corner somewhere um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a nice little corner somewhere um
+and and so this is coming out now from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so this is coming out now from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so this is coming out now from
+the transportation sector you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transportation sector you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transportation sector you have the
+most more of the co2 comes from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most more of the co2 comes from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most more of the co2 comes from that
+than any other sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any other sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any other sector
+why does it matter well and why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it matter well and why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it matter well and why does
+this structure why does this lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure why does this lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure why does this lewis
+structure matter well it has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure matter well it has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure matter well it has to do with
+how it moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it moves
+because you see i showed you this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see i showed you this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see i showed you this before
+and and i didn't complete it because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i didn't complete it because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i didn't complete it because we
+were talking about electron transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about electron transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about electron transitions
+and then i gave you the example of ozone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i gave you the example of ozone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i gave you the example of ozone
+being really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being really important
+for absorbing in the uv and i showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for absorbing in the uv and i showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for absorbing in the uv and i showed you
+the chemistry of ozone degradation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry of ozone degradation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry of ozone degradation with
+cfcs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cfcs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cfcs
+but you see there's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see there's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see there's look at this
+absorption out here there's co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption out here there's co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption out here there's co2
+right and so there's the sunlight above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so there's the sunlight above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so there's the sunlight above
+the atmosphere here it is on earth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere here it is on earth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere here it is on earth and
+you can see co2 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see co2 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see co2 there
+and but see the the reason co2 absorbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but see the the reason co2 absorbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but see the the reason co2 absorbs
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+has to do with how it moves right it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with how it moves right it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with how it moves right it has
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+with its vibrations now that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its vibrations now that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its vibrations now that's not
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+that you need to know but i wanted just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to know but i wanted just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to know but i wanted just
+to to tell you know for like a test or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to tell you know for like a test or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to tell you know for like a test or
+something but i wanted to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but i wanted to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but i wanted to tell you about
+it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because
+it is directly related to what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is directly related to what we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is directly related to what we just
+did right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did right
+those vibrations and by the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vibrations and by the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vibrations and by the way that
+first mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mode
+that first mode is the one out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first mode is the one out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first mode is the one out here
+doing all the ir absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all the ir absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all the ir absorption
+right this one and you can see right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this one and you can see right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this one and you can see right
+away like if this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away like if this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away like if this thing is
+is wiggling um it's going to wiggle very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wiggling um it's going to wiggle very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wiggling um it's going to wiggle very
+differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+right it's going to wiggle very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's going to wiggle very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's going to wiggle very
+differently whether it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently whether it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently whether it has
+two double bonds on either side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two double bonds on either side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two double bonds on either side of the
+carbon or a triple in a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon or a triple in a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon or a triple in a single
+right and so that alone tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that alone tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that alone tells you
+something really important about how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really important about how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really important about how it
+interacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts
+in our atmosphere with uh with thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our atmosphere with uh with thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our atmosphere with uh with thermal
+with radiant heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with radiant heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with radiant heat
+right with ir radiation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with ir radiation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with ir radiation okay
+that's my why this matters now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my why this matters now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my why this matters now
+i've been i've been talking about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've been i've been talking about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've been i've been talking about all
+these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things
+in absolutes and and but you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in absolutes and and but you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in absolutes and and but you see
+the world is not so absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is not so absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is not so absolute
+and and in fact we're missing a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in fact we're missing a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in fact we're missing a really
+important part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of the
+of the picture here so this is h2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the picture here so this is h2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the picture here so this is h2
+right there's an ionic bond where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's an ionic bond where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's an ionic bond where
+remember it's sort of like i'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's sort of like i'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's sort of like i'm taking
+okay and then it's like a coulomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then it's like a coulomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then it's like a coulomb
+interaction and here it's a sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and here it's a sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and here it's a sharing
+each electron sees both of those protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each electron sees both of those protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each electron sees both of those protons
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+but there's a whole bunch of room in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a whole bunch of room in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a whole bunch of room in
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+right there's a whole bunch of room in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a whole bunch of room in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a whole bunch of room in
+between and so what we need what we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and so what we need what we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and so what we need what we need
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+as we talk about you know covalent bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we talk about you know covalent bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we talk about you know covalent bonds
+is we need a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we need a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we need a way
+to think about how ionic they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how ionic they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how ionic they are
+right and because there's only a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and because there's only a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and because there's only a certain
+kind of covalent bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of covalent bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of covalent bond
+that's purely covalent right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's purely covalent right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's purely covalent right
+now as it's written here non-polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as it's written here non-polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as it's written here non-polar
+covalent so let's talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent so let's talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent so let's talk about that
+next okay and what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next okay and what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next okay and what we're going to do is
+use this term that i alluded to in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this term that i alluded to in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this term that i alluded to in the
+beginning which is point number one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning which is point number one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning which is point number one in
+your recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is electronegativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is electronegativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is electronegativity
+okay so let's get a few more i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's get a few more i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's get a few more i'm gonna
+get it done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it done
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+almost practice makes perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost practice makes perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost practice makes perfect
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so there is a symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there is a symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there is a symbol
+chi that we use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chi that we use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chi that we use for
+this concept of electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of electro
+negativity electro negativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity electro negativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity electro negativity
+okay now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is
+the tendency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to attract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attract
+a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pair of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to itself okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to itself okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to itself okay so
+uh let's write in a bond right just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's write in a bond right just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's write in a bond right just to
+be sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure
+right in a bond so if an electron if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in a bond so if an electron if an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in a bond so if an electron if an
+atom is in a bond the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom is in a bond the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom is in a bond the question is
+how much was it able to pull those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much was it able to pull those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much was it able to pull those
+bonding electrons to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons to it
+right and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and um and
+you know you can already kind of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can already kind of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can already kind of think
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+in terms of concepts that we've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of concepts that we've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of concepts that we've learned
+already right like the size of an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already right like the size of an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already right like the size of an atom
+how far out electrons are right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far out electrons are right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far out electrons are right the
+radius of an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of an atom
+right whether there's shielding going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whether there's shielding going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whether there's shielding going on
+right this this kind of leads you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this this kind of leads you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this this kind of leads you how
+many protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many protons
+there are right this kind of leads you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are right this kind of leads you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are right this kind of leads you
+already to being able to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already to being able to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already to being able to think about
+this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which
+which atom is going to want a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which atom is going to want a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which atom is going to want a pair of
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+in a bond right which one is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bond right which one is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bond right which one is going to
+want it more and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it more and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it more and how much
+but it was pauling who said no i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was pauling who said no i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was pauling who said no i want to
+go further than that i want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go further than that i want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go further than that i want to write
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+even if it's empirical i want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's empirical i want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's empirical i want to write
+down some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down some way
+some number i want to quantify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number i want to quantify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number i want to quantify this
+and um and so he came up with a scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and so he came up with a scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and so he came up with a scale
+for electronegativity the term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electronegativity the term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electronegativity the term and
+concept of electronegativity goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of electronegativity goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of electronegativity goes back
+long before appalling to i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long before appalling to i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long before appalling to i think
+brazilians but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brazilians but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brazilians but um
+but pauling is the one who said i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but pauling is the one who said i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but pauling is the one who said i want
+to quantify this and the way we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quantify this and the way we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quantify this and the way we're going
+to do this is we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is we're just going to
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+bonding energies between all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding energies between all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding energies between all sorts of
+different atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different atoms
+right and what he found is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what he found is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what he found is that you know
+if if a bonds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if a bonds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if a bonds to a
+and b bonds to b a to b is not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b bonds to b a to b is not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b bonds to b a to b is not just a
+simple sum of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple sum of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple sum of the two
+and that clued him in for how to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that clued him in for how to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that clued him in for how to think
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+this kind of partially covalent or polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of partially covalent or polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of partially covalent or polar
+covalent nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent nature
+i'll tell you why that word polar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you why that word polar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you why that word polar is
+there in a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in a few minutes
+and so pauline developed this scale the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so pauline developed this scale the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so pauline developed this scale the
+electronegativity scale to tell us this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity scale to tell us this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity scale to tell us this
+and he arbitrarily set fluorine to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he arbitrarily set fluorine to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he arbitrarily set fluorine to four
+and uh hydrogen at first 1.2 now sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh hydrogen at first 1.2 now sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh hydrogen at first 1.2 now sorry
+2.1 now it's 2.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.1 now it's 2.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.1 now it's 2.2
+um but but basically this is just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but basically this is just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but basically this is just some
+of the elements of periodic table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements of periodic table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements of periodic table and
+these are their electronegativities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are their electronegativities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are their electronegativities
+okay and um and you don't need to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um and you don't need to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um and you don't need to worry
+about how this scale was developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this scale was developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this scale was developed
+quantitatively there are actually many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively there are actually many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively there are actually many
+electronegativity scales what i want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity scales what i want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity scales what i want you
+to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know
+is is sort of what it means conceptually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is sort of what it means conceptually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is sort of what it means conceptually
+and then how to use it to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how to use it to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how to use it to think about
+whether a bond is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a bond is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a bond is going to be
+ionic or covalent or somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic or covalent or somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic or covalent or somewhere in
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+and so you can see already here okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can see already here okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can see already here okay the
+extremes of this are fluorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes of this are fluorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes of this are fluorine
+and cesium these are the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cesium these are the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cesium these are the most
+electronegative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative
+least electronegative or if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least electronegative or if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least electronegative or if you want to
+to be positive about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be positive about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be positive about it
+you know most electro positive when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know most electro positive when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know most electro positive when
+you're talking to these elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking to these elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking to these elements
+you want them to feel good they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want them to feel good they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want them to feel good they're not
+the least they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least they
+are very important so they're electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very important so they're electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very important so they're electro
+positive right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive right
+and now you know conceptually but look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you know conceptually but look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you know conceptually but look
+now we also can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we also can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we also can think about
+differences because if the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences because if the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences because if the difference
+between this concept from one atom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this concept from one atom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this concept from one atom to
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+is zero well then that must be a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero well then that must be a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero well then that must be a pure
+covalent bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent bond
+because neither one could bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because neither one could bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because neither one could bring in
+the electron pair more than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron pair more than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron pair more than the other
+right so if i think about that so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i think about that so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i think about that so like
+chlorine two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine two
+right the chlorine dimer then the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the chlorine dimer then the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the chlorine dimer then the change
+in electronegativity between one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in electronegativity between one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in electronegativity between one
+chlorine another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine another
+is zero it's a pure covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero it's a pure covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero it's a pure covalent
+i mean just think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean just think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean just think about that
+conceptually right so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually right so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually right so the the
+that's what electronegativity means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what electronegativity means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what electronegativity means
+so if i have two atoms that are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have two atoms that are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have two atoms that are the same
+neither one can draw in they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither one can draw in they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither one can draw in they have the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+chi neither one can draw the pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chi neither one can draw the pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chi neither one can draw the pair
+towards them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards them more
+right so the same is true for any dimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the same is true for any dimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the same is true for any dimer
+like this where it's the same atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where it's the same atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where it's the same atom
+right the h2 dimer that we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the h2 dimer that we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the h2 dimer that we started with
+also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has
+delta chi of zero those are called pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta chi of zero those are called pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta chi of zero those are called pure
+covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent
+because it's just pure sharing nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just pure sharing nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just pure sharing nobody
+took more charge than the other but see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took more charge than the other but see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took more charge than the other but see
+if i go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i go to
+something like sodium chloride well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like sodium chloride well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like sodium chloride well now
+i can calculate from this table i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can calculate from this table i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can calculate from this table i can
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+the difference in electronegativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in electronegativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in electronegativity
+between sodium and chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sodium and chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sodium and chlorine
+and it's 2.23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's 2.23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's 2.23
+which is pretty high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty high and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty high and
+it's ionic and therefore this is so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ionic and therefore this is so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ionic and therefore this is so if
+it's high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's high
+if that difference is high then it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that difference is high then it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that difference is high then it means
+one of the atoms grabbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the atoms grabbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the atoms grabbed
+the electrons and if it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons and if it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons and if it's kind of
+if it's zero it's pure covalent and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's zero it's pure covalent and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's zero it's pure covalent and if
+it's somewhere in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhere in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhere in between
+it's this polar covalent so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this polar covalent so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this polar covalent so for example
+hcl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hcl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hcl
+so these are all with the same atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all with the same atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all with the same atom
+chlorine but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine but here
+delta chi is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta chi is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta chi is equal to
+0.96 so this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.96 so this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.96 so this is called
+um polar covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is also
+partially ionic right these mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially ionic right these mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially ionic right these mean the
+same things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things
+there's ionic character is another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ionic character is another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ionic character is another way
+that we say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we say it
+this bond is not purely covalent because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bond is not purely covalent because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bond is not purely covalent because
+one of them took a little more charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them took a little more charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them took a little more charge
+because it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like
+electronegativity was higher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity was higher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity was higher and
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+there's a little bit of that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of that kind of
+ionic thing going on because you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic thing going on because you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic thing going on because you got
+like a little plus over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little plus over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little plus over here
+in a little minus over there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little minus over there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little minus over there right
+and that is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is something
+let's see okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see okay
+um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is something that can be looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something that can be looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something that can be looked at
+for a whole bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a whole bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a whole bunch of different
+um bonds and so here this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bonds and so here this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bonds and so here this is what
+pauline was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pauline was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pauline was
+trying to fit so he came up with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to fit so he came up with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to fit so he came up with these
+empirical fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical fits
+right you say okay things kind of tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you say okay things kind of tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you say okay things kind of tend
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+lie on this line um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie on this line um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie on this line um
+which is the the plot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the the plot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the the plot of the
+electronegativity difference between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity difference between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity difference between two
+different atoms and the percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different atoms and the percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different atoms and the percent
+ionic character the percent ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic character the percent ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic character the percent ion
+is it really fully ionic is it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it really fully ionic is it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it really fully ionic is it is it
+fully covalent you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully covalent you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully covalent you see
+over here it's kind of not interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here it's kind of not interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here it's kind of not interesting
+right it's just anything with itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just anything with itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just anything with itself is
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+and over here you've got some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here you've got some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here you've got some of the
+same ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same ionic
+bonds that we've already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that we've already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that we've already talked about
+right and then you got all this stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then you got all this stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then you got all this stuff in
+between and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and
+and what this is is as as you've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this is is as as you've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this is is as as you've now
+seen right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen right
+aufbau is a suggestion of a rule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aufbau is a suggestion of a rule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aufbau is a suggestion of a rule and
+then it gets broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it gets broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it gets broken
+20 of the time um this is also a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 of the time um this is also a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 of the time um this is also a way of
+qualitatively classifying bonds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively classifying bonds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively classifying bonds and
+thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+the you know the ionic character in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the ionic character in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the ionic character in a
+bond but it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond but it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond but it is not
+always quantitative but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always quantitative but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always quantitative but in general
+what you'll see is that if delta chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll see is that if delta chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll see is that if delta chi
+is greater than 2 then it tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than 2 then it tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than 2 then it tends to be
+an ionic bond and if delta chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ionic bond and if delta chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ionic bond and if delta chi
+is less than let's say 1.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than let's say 1.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than let's say 1.6
+it tends to be covalent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to be covalent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to be covalent or
+you know polar covalent polar covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in between you know it it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in between you know it it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in between you know it it depends
+missing how do i know right let's show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing how do i know right let's show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing how do i know right let's show
+you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example
+if i take uh where's my example an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take uh where's my example an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take uh where's my example an
+example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here
+sodium bromide not on there but if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium bromide not on there but if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium bromide not on there but if i
+take sodium bromide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take sodium bromide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take sodium bromide
+and i take hf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i take hf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i take hf
+they both have delta chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both have delta chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both have delta chi
+equal 1.9 so the reason now some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1.9 so the reason now some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1.9 so the reason now some
+textbooks will simply say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks will simply say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks will simply say
+1.7 you will see that in some textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.7 you will see that in some textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.7 you will see that in some textbooks
+and because they just want it to be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because they just want it to be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because they just want it to be all
+or nothing it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nothing it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nothing it's always
+ionic or but the fact of the matter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic or but the fact of the matter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic or but the fact of the matter is
+that in this intermediate regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this intermediate regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this intermediate regime
+you get variations that depend on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get variations that depend on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get variations that depend on other
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+and so for example you know hf is a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for example you know hf is a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for example you know hf is a gas
+at room temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at room temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at room temperature
+right so these have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these have the same
+electronegativity difference but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity difference but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity difference but this
+really behaves like a polar covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really behaves like a polar covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really behaves like a polar covalent
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+and this really behaves like an ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this really behaves like an ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this really behaves like an ionic
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+an ionic bond how do you know it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ionic bond how do you know it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ionic bond how do you know it's the
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+right remember i showed you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember i showed you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember i showed you the
+properties of ionic solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of ionic solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of ionic solids
+right on on monday and so i can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on on monday and so i can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on on monday and so i can look at
+those and check them off you know solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and check them off you know solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and check them off you know solid
+room temperature et cetera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature et cetera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature et cetera
+and i can see well does this fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can see well does this fit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can see well does this fit the
+bill does it look like an ionic solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill does it look like an ionic solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill does it look like an ionic solid
+and it absolutely does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it absolutely does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it absolutely does not
+so even though this is the same you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though this is the same you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though this is the same you got
+to be careful in this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful in this intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful in this intermediate
+regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime
+now you can also go even further and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can also go even further and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can also go even further and you
+can get quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get quantitative
+because you see what we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see what we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see what we're really
+talking about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here
+is something called the dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something called the dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something called the dipole
+that is why it's called polar covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's called polar covalent because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's called polar covalent because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's called polar covalent because
+we made a dipole and as far as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made a dipole and as far as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made a dipole and as far as i
+uh know from my electricity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh know from my electricity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh know from my electricity and
+magnetism training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism training
+the dipole moment mu is written as mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dipole moment mu is written as mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dipole moment mu is written as mu
+is the charge times the distance where q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the charge times the distance where q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the charge times the distance where q
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+the charge in this case it's literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge in this case it's literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge in this case it's literally
+the charge that was pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge that was pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge that was pulled
+it's exactly it's that there's the chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly it's that there's the chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly it's that there's the chart
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+tendency to pull a shared electron a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency to pull a shared electron a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency to pull a shared electron a
+pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of
+you know i pulled it over here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i pulled it over here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i pulled it over here so
+i created a little more negative charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i created a little more negative charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i created a little more negative charge
+on me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on me
+and a little positive charge on on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little positive charge on on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little positive charge on on there
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+that meant that i've got a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meant that i've got a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meant that i've got a partial
+charge now separated by a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge now separated by a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge now separated by a distance
+right and and so you can actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and so you can actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and so you can actually use
+this to get quantitative so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to get quantitative so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to get quantitative so let's do
+sodium chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium chloride
+right so for sodium chloride the dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for sodium chloride the dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for sodium chloride the dipole
+moment is nine to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is nine to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is nine to buy
+and this is just you know one to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just you know one to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just you know one to buy
+this is charge times distance so one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is charge times distance so one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is charge times distance so one to
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+is equal to 3.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 to the minus 30th coulomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 30th coulomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 30th coulomb
+meters that's the units of a of a dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters that's the units of a of a dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters that's the units of a of a dipole
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+charge times distance so if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge times distance so if i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge times distance so if i take
+sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium
+chloride and i tell you that its dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride and i tell you that its dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride and i tell you that its dipole
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+is nine to buy then i also have to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nine to buy then i also have to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nine to buy then i also have to tell
+you that the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the distance
+between them r is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them r is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them r is equal to
+2.36 angstroms that is this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.36 angstroms that is this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.36 angstroms that is this distance
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+i've made a bond between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've made a bond between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've made a bond between these two
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+and that bond is some distance apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that bond is some distance apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that bond is some distance apart
+well that's exactly the distance i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's exactly the distance i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's exactly the distance i need
+to think about the dipole right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the dipole right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the dipole right
+so remember a dipole is because i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember a dipole is because i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember a dipole is because i've got
+positive charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge
+and negative charge and in fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative charge and in fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative charge and in fact you
+might see it written like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might see it written like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might see it written like this
+you might see like there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see like there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see like there's a little
+positive charge here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge here
+and a little negative charge there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little negative charge there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little negative charge there and
+the dipole moment goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dipole moment goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dipole moment goes
+like that right there's a dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's that i've got two and now those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that i've got two and now those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that i've got two and now those
+charges at this distance in the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges at this distance in the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges at this distance in the bond
+allow me to actually be quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to actually be quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to actually be quantitative
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+q is equal to mu over r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is equal to mu over r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is equal to mu over r
+and if i plug that in then it's 1.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i plug that in then it's 1.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i plug that in then it's 1.3
+times 10 to the minus 19th coulombs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the minus 19th coulombs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the minus 19th coulombs
+so for sodium chloride because i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for sodium chloride because i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for sodium chloride because i was
+given the dipole moment in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the dipole moment in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the dipole moment in that
+in that molecule and i can look up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that molecule and i can look up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that molecule and i can look up the
+bond distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond distance
+i can actually tell you how much charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can actually tell you how much charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can actually tell you how much charge
+are on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on those
+atoms right if i know that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms right if i know that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms right if i know that information
+but i also know what the charge of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i also know what the charge of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i also know what the charge of an
+electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is
+of a full electron is and this is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a full electron is and this is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a full electron is and this is almost
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+it's something like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something like um
+see eighty percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of an electron and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an electron and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an electron and so
+that's a pretty strong ionic bond but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty strong ionic bond but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty strong ionic bond but
+it's not a hundred percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a hundred percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a hundred percent
+right and so this is the message i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this is the message i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this is the message i want
+to tell you is you know in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you is you know in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you is you know in reality
+we've been talking about absolutes i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about absolutes i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about absolutes i
+fully took a charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully took a charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully took a charge
+right no you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no you didn't
+you took 80 and there's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took 80 and there's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took 80 and there's a little bit
+still over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still over there
+right and so this is a way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this is a way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this is a way but
+we light we do like to still categorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we light we do like to still categorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we light we do like to still categorize
+materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+and that's what this does really nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what this does really nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what this does really nicely
+is it says well this is going to behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it says well this is going to behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it says well this is going to behave
+like an ionic solid meaning it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an ionic solid meaning it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an ionic solid meaning it's going
+to have those properties that i showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have those properties that i showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have those properties that i showed
+you on monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on monday
+right even though it's not fully ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right even though it's not fully ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right even though it's not fully ionic
+it's pretty darn ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty darn ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty darn ionic
+right and and now even though these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and now even though these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and now even though these are
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+fully covalent meaning pure non-polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully covalent meaning pure non-polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully covalent meaning pure non-polar
+covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent
+nonpolar no dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonpolar no dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonpolar no dipole
+in there in the bond but these have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there in the bond but these have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there in the bond but these have some
+dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole
+but that's okay they're still acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay they're still acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay they're still acting
+like covalent solids or covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like covalent solids or covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like covalent solids or covalent
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+right and so there's this spectrum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so there's this spectrum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so there's this spectrum in
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+and you can use these concepts to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use these concepts to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use these concepts to think
+about the bonding and to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the bonding and to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the bonding and to think about
+you know in particular this that so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in particular this that so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in particular this that so many
+bonds are actually like this even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds are actually like this even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds are actually like this even though
+we categorize them like this and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we categorize them like this and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we categorize them like this and we
+think about them like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about them like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about them like that
+right they actually look kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they actually look kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they actually look kind of like
+this and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and as
+electronegativity and dipoles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity and dipoles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity and dipoles
+are what help us characterize these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what help us characterize these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what help us characterize these
+these differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these differences
+now um there's more to louis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um there's more to louis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um there's more to louis
+um that i will talk about on friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that i will talk about on friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that i will talk about on friday
+but um so there's there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um so there's there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um so there's there's something
+called resonant structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called resonant structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called resonant structures
+and that's a very important part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a very important part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a very important part of
+louis i'm going to talk about it friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louis i'm going to talk about it friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louis i'm going to talk about it friday
+and it will not be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will not be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will not be on
+the exam on monday okay but on friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam on monday okay but on friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam on monday okay but on friday
+we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about
+resident structures do a few more lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident structures do a few more lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident structures do a few more lewis
+examples and then i'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and then i'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and then i'll talk about
+exam one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/E6FbvM-FGZ8.txt b/E6FbvM-FGZ8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..05e986595611900f2e810b083e6b9d3334e4f383
--- /dev/null
+++ b/E6FbvM-FGZ8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12914 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer high quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high quality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu just a reminder drop day is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu just a reminder drop day is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu just a reminder drop day is
+tomorrow so if you were thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow so if you were thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow so if you were thinking about
+dropping the course or in danger of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping the course or in danger of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping the course or in danger of a
+bad grade or something tomorrow is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad grade or something tomorrow is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad grade or something tomorrow is the
+last chance to bail out um last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last chance to bail out um last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last chance to bail out um last time we
+began our discussion of probability with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began our discussion of probability with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began our discussion of probability with
+the Monty Hall game the Monty Hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Monty Hall game the Monty Hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Monty Hall game the Monty Hall
+problem and as part of the analysis we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and as part of the analysis we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and as part of the analysis we
+made assumptions of the form that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made assumptions of the form that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made assumptions of the form that you
+know given that Carol placed the prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know given that Carol placed the prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know given that Carol placed the prize
+in box one the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in box one the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in box one the probability that the
+contestant chooses box one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant chooses box one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant chooses box one is
+oneir now this is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneir now this is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneir now this is an example of
+something that's called a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's called a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's called a conditional
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+and that's what we're going to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today now in general you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today now in general you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today now in general you have something
+like the conditional probability that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the conditional probability that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the conditional probability that an
+event a happens given that some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a happens given that some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a happens given that some other
+event B has already taken place and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event B has already taken place and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event B has already taken place and you
+write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that
+down as the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as the probability of a
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B and both A and B are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+events now the example from Monty Hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events now the example from Monty Hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events now the example from Monty Hall
+actually we had several but you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we had several but you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we had several but you might
+have B being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have B being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have B being the
+event that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Carol places the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol places the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol places the
+prize in box one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a might be the
+event that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contestant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant
+chooses box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses box
+one and we assumed for the Monty Hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we assumed for the Monty Hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we assumed for the Monty Hall
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the probability of a given B in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability of a given B in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability of a given B in
+this case was 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case was 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case was 1/3
+because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the
+contestant didn't know where the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant didn't know where the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant didn't know where the the
+prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was now in general there's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was now in general there's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was now in general there's a very simple
+formula to compute the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to compute the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to compute the probability of a
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+B fact we'll treat it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition assuming the probability of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition assuming the probability of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition assuming the probability of B
+is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero then the probability of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then the probability of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then the probability of a given
+B is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is just the
+probability of A and B happening both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of A and B happening both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of A and B happening both
+happening divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening divided by the
+probability of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B
+happening and you can see why this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and you can see why this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and you can see why this makes
+sense with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense with a
+picture say this is our sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture say this is our sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture say this is our sample
+space and let this be the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and let this be the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and let this be the event
+a and this be the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this be the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this be the event
+B now we're conditioning on the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B now we're conditioning on the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B now we're conditioning on the fact
+that b happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b happened
+now once we've conditioned on that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once we've conditioned on that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once we've conditioned on that all
+this stuff outside of B is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff outside of B is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff outside of B is no longer
+possible all those outcomes are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible all those outcomes are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible all those outcomes are no
+longer in the space of consideration the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer in the space of consideration the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer in the space of consideration the
+only outcomes left are in B so in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only outcomes left are in B so in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only outcomes left are in B so in some
+sense we've Shrunk the sample space to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we've Shrunk the sample space to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we've Shrunk the sample space to
+be B and what we care about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be B and what we care about is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be B and what we care about is the
+probability that a happens inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a happens inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a happens inside this
+new sample space and that is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new sample space and that is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new sample space and that is we're
+asking the probability one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the probability one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the probability one of these
+outcomes happens given that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes happens given that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes happens given that this is the
+sample space well this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space well this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space well this is just a
+intersect B all right because it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect B all right because it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect B all right because it's you
+still have to have a happen but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to have a happen but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to have a happen but now
+you're inside of B and then we divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're inside of B and then we divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're inside of B and then we divide by
+probability of B so we normalize this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B so we normalize this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B so we normalize this to
+be probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be probability
+one okay because we're saying B happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay because we're saying B happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay because we're saying B happened
+we're conditioning on that therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're conditioning on that therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're conditioning on that therefore the
+probability of these outcomes must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of these outcomes must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of these outcomes must be
+one so we divide by the probability of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we divide by the probability of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we divide by the probability of B
+so we normalize this now becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we normalize this now becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we normalize this now becomes
+probability of a given B is this share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given B is this share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given B is this share
+of B weighted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B weighted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B weighted by the
+outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+okay um all right for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um all right for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um all right for example
+then what's the probability of B given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's the probability of B given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's the probability of B given
+B what's that equal one okay because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B what's that equal one okay because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B what's that equal one okay because we
+said it happens so it happens with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it happens so it happens with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it happens so it happens with
+probability one or using the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one or using the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one or using the formula
+that's just probability of B and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just probability of B and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just probability of B and B
+divided by prob ility of B well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by prob ility of B well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by prob ility of B well that
+equals the probability of B / the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the probability of B / the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the probability of B / the
+probability of B which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B which is
+one right any questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right any questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right any questions about the
+definition of the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the conditional
+probability very simple and it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability very simple and it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability very simple and it's easy to
+work with using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with using the
+formulas now there's a nice rule called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas now there's a nice rule called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas now there's a nice rule called
+the product rule which follows from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product rule which follows from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product rule which follows from the
+definition very simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the product rule says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product rule says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product rule says that the
+probability of A and B for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of A and B for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of A and B for two
+events is equal to the probability of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events is equal to the probability of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events is equal to the probability of B
+times the probability of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability of a given
+B and that's just follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and that's just follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and that's just follow
+straightforwardly from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly from this
+definition just multiply by probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition just multiply by probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition just multiply by probability
+of B on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B on both
+sides all right so now you have a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides all right so now you have a rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides all right so now you have a rule
+of computing the probability of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computing the probability of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computing the probability of two
+events simultaneously happening so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events simultaneously happening so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events simultaneously happening so for
+example in the Monty Hall problem what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the Monty Hall problem what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the Monty Hall problem what's
+the probability that Carol places the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that Carol places the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that Carol places the
+prize in box one and that's the Box the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize in box one and that's the Box the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize in box one and that's the Box the
+contestant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant
+chooses all right so if we took a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses all right so if we took a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses all right so if we took a and b
+as defined up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as defined up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as defined up
+there that's the probability that Carol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's the probability that Carol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's the probability that Carol
+places in box one and the contestant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in box one and the contestant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in box one and the contestant
+chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose
+it well that's the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well that's the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well that's the probability that the
+contestant chooses it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant chooses it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant chooses it as
+1/3 times the probability that Carol put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 times the probability that Carol put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 times the probability that Carol put
+it there given that the contestant CH it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there given that the contestant CH it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there given that the contestant CH it
+or actually vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually vice
+versa is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nth okay and this extends to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth okay and this extends to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth okay and this extends to more
+events and it's called the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and it's called the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and it's called the general
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule so if you want to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so if you want to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so if you want to compute the
+probability of A1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of A1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of A1 and
+A2 and all the way up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 and all the way up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 and all the way up to a
+n that's simply the probability of A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that's simply the probability of A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that's simply the probability of A1
+happening all by itself times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening all by itself times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening all by itself times the
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+A2 given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A1 times well do the next one times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 times well do the next one times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 times well do the next one times the
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+A3 given A1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A2 dot dot dot times finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 dot dot dot times finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 dot dot dot times finally the
+probability of a n given all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+others all right so that starts to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others all right so that starts to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others all right so that starts to look
+a little more complicated but it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more complicated but it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more complicated but it gives
+you a handy way of computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a handy way of computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a handy way of computing the
+probability that an intersection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that an intersection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that an intersection of
+events takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events takes
+place all right and this is proved by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place all right and this is proved by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place all right and this is proved by
+induction on N just taking that rule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction on N just taking that rule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction on N just taking that rule and
+using induction on N it's not hard but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using induction on N it's not hard but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using induction on N it's not hard but
+we won't go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't go through it
+all right let's do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's do some
+examples we'll start with an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one say you're playing a uh a playoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one say you're playing a uh a playoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one say you're playing a uh a playoff
+series and you're going to play best two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and you're going to play best two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and you're going to play best two
+out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of
+three all right so you have a best two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three all right so you have a best two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three all right so you have a best two
+out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three Series so whoever wins the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Series so whoever wins the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Series so whoever wins the first
+two games best two out of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two games best two out of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two games best two out of three
+wins and say you're told that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins and say you're told that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins and say you're told that the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of winning the first game is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half so the teams are matched 50/50 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so the teams are matched 50/50 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so the teams are matched 50/50 for
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+game but then you're told that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but then you're told that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but then you're told that the
+probability of winning a game after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of winning a game after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of winning a game after a
+victory is higher it's 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+winning immediately after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+following a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following a
+win is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win is
+2/3 and similarly the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 and similarly the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 and similarly the probability of
+winning after a loss is 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right the idea here is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the idea here is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the idea here is that you know
+you win a game you're sort of psyched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you win a game you're sort of psyched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you win a game you're sort of psyched
+you got momentum and going into the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got momentum and going into the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got momentum and going into the next
+day you're more likely to win similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you're more likely to win similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you're more likely to win similarly
+if you lost you're sort of down and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you lost you're sort of down and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you lost you're sort of down and the
+other guy has a better chance of beating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guy has a better chance of beating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guy has a better chance of beating
+you now what we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now what we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now what we're going to try to
+figure out is the probab ility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out is the probab ility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out is the probab ility of
+winning the series given you won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning the series given you won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning the series given you won the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+game all right now conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game all right now conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game all right now conditional
+probability comes up in two places in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability comes up in two places in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability comes up in two places in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+problem anybody tell me places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem anybody tell me places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem anybody tell me places where
+it's come up so I got the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's come up so I got the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's come up so I got the problem
+statement and then and the goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and then and the goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and then and the goal is to
+figure out the probability you win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the probability you win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the probability you win the
+series given you won the first game so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series given you won the first game so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series given you won the first game so
+what's one place conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's one place conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's one place conditional probability
+is entering into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entering into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entering into this
+problem yeah the probability changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yeah the probability changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yeah the probability changes
+depending on the result result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the result result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the result result of the
+previous game that's true so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous game that's true so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous game that's true so the
+probability of winning any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of winning any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of winning any particular
+game is influenced by the previous game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is influenced by the previous game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is influenced by the previous game
+so you're using conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're using conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're using conditional probability
+there all right and where else yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right and where else yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right and where else yeah
+bottom is what you're looking for but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is what you're looking for but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is what you're looking for but I
+guess like you have to take account you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess like you have to take account you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess like you have to take account you
+play that's interesting that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that's interesting that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that's interesting that'll be
+another question we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question we're going to look at
+what's the probability of playing three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of playing three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of playing three
+games yep that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games yep that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games yep that's
+one okay well the question we're after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay well the question we're after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay well the question we're after
+what's the probability of winning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of winning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of winning the
+series given that you won the first game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series given that you won the first game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series given that you won the first game
+we're going to compute a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to compute a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to compute a conditional
+probability there so it's coming up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability there so it's coming up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability there so it's coming up in a
+couple of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of places
+here uh all right let's figure this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh all right let's figure this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh all right let's figure this out
+it's easy to do given the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to do given the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to do given the tree
+method so let's make the tree for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so let's make the tree for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so let's make the tree for this
+so we have possibly three games there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have possibly three games there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have possibly three games there's
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+one game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one game
+two and game three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right game one you can win or lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right game one you can win or lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right game one you can win or lose
+there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two
+branches game two you can win or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lose and now game three well it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose and now game three well it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose and now game three well it doesn't
+even take place here but it does here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even take place here but it does here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even take place here but it does here
+you could win or lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could win or lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could win or lose
+here and you could win or lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you could win or lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you could win or lose
+here and here the series is over so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here the series is over so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here the series is over so
+there is no game three in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no game three in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no game three in that case
+uh the probabilities are next we put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the probabilities are next we put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the probabilities are next we put a
+bran probability on every Branch here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bran probability on every Branch here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bran probability on every Branch here
+game one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game one is
+50/50 what's the probability you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 what's the probability you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 what's the probability you take
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Branch 2/3 because you're on the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch 2/3 because you're on the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch 2/3 because you're on the path
+where you won the first game you win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you won the first game you win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you won the first game you win the
+second game with 2/3 you lose with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second game with 2/3 you lose with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second game with 2/3 you lose with
+one3 now here you're on the path where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one3 now here you're on the path where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one3 now here you're on the path where
+you lost the first game so this has one3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lost the first game so this has one3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lost the first game so this has one3
+and this has 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has 2/3
+all right and then lastly what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then lastly what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then lastly what's the
+probability I have the win on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I have the win on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I have the win on the
+uh third game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh third game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh third game
+here one3 because I just lost the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one3 because I just lost the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one3 because I just lost the last
+game and that's all I'm conditioning on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and that's all I'm conditioning on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and that's all I'm conditioning on
+so that becomes one33 and this is 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that becomes one33 and this is 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that becomes one33 and this is 2/3
+now and then here I just won a game so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and then here I just won a game so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and then here I just won a game so
+I've got 2/3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got 2/3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got 2/3 and
+1/3 all right so I got all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 all right so I got all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 all right so I got all the
+probabilities and now I need to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and now I need to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and now I need to figure
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+for the sample points what's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sample points what's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sample points what's their
+probability so this sample point we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so this sample point we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so this sample point we'll
+call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+winwin this sample point is Win Lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+win this one's win lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lose and we have lose Win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose and we have lose Win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose and we have lose Win
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Win
+Lose win lose and then lose lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lose win lose and then lose lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lose win lose and then lose lose
+so I got six sample points and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I got six sample points and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I got six sample points and let's
+figure out the probability for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the probability for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the probability for each
+one now remember the rule we had for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now remember the rule we had for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now remember the rule we had for the
+tree method I just multiply these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree method I just multiply these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree method I just multiply these
+things well in fact the reason we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things well in fact the reason we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things well in fact the reason we have
+that rule is because that is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rule is because that is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rule is because that is the same as
+the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product
+rule because what I'm asking here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule because what I'm asking here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule because what I'm asking here to
+compute the probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the probability of this
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+is the product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the
+probability of a win-win scenario win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a win-win scenario win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a win-win scenario win
+the first game win the second game by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first game win the second game by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first game win the second game by
+the product rule is the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product rule is the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product rule is the probability that
+I win the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game times the probability that I win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game times the probability that I win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game times the probability that I win
+the second game given that I won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second game given that I won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second game given that I won the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+game that's what the product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that's what the product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that's what the product rule
+says probability I win the first game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says probability I win the first game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says probability I win the first game is
+half times the probability I win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half times the probability I win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half times the probability I win the
+second given that I won the first is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second given that I won the first is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second given that I won the first is a
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+2/3 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 so that
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+13 so what we're doing here now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 so what we're doing here now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 so what we're doing here now is
+giving you the formal justification for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the formal justification for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the formal justification for
+that rule that we had last time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rule that we had last time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rule that we had last time and
+you'll always use is the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll always use is the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll always use is the probability of
+a sample point is the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample point is the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample point is the product of the
+probabilities on the edges leading to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities on the edges leading to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities on the edges leading to it
+it's just a product rule now the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a product rule now the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a product rule now the next
+example is this one and here we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is this one and here we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is this one and here we're going
+to use the general product rule to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it the probability of win lose win by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the probability of win lose win by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the probability of win lose win by
+the general product rule is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general product rule is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general product rule is the
+probability that you win the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you win the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you win the first
+game times the probability you lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game times the probability you lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game times the probability you lose the
+second game given that you win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second game given that you win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second game given that you win the
+first times the probability you win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first times the probability you win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first times the probability you win the
+third given what what am I given on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third given what what am I given on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third given what what am I given on the
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+rule won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule won the
+First lost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First lost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First lost the
+second all right well now we can fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second all right well now we can fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second all right well now we can fill in
+the numbers the probability I win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers the probability I win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers the probability I win the
+first is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is a
+half probability I lose the second given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half probability I lose the second given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half probability I lose the second given
+that I won the first that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I won the first that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I won the first that's a
+third and then this one here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and then this one here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and then this one here the
+probability that I win the third given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that I win the third given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that I win the third given
+that I won the first and lost the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I won the first and lost the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I won the first and lost the second
+that simplifies to the probability I win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simplifies to the probability I win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simplifies to the probability I win
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+third given that I lost the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third given that I lost the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third given that I lost the second
+doesn't matter what happened on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what happened on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what happened on the
+first and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+third so this is a half * a thir time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third so this is a half * a thir time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third so this is a half * a thir time a
+thir is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+118 okay and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+118 okay and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+118 okay and that's
+118th and it's just the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+118th and it's just the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+118th and it's just the product
+because the product rule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the product rule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the product rule is
+saying product of the first probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying product of the first probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying product of the first probability
+times this one which is the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this one which is the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this one which is the conditional
+probability of being here times this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being here times this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being here times this one
+which is the conditional probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the conditional probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the conditional probability of
+these events happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these events happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these events happen
+before any questions about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before any questions about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before any questions about about
+that very simple to do which is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very simple to do which is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very simple to do which is good
+yeah is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is there
+question okay all right so let's fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay all right so let's fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay all right so let's fill in
+the other probabilities here I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other probabilities here I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other probabilities here I got a
+half a third and two3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a third and two3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a third and two3
+that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+ninth same thing here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth same thing here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth same thing here is a
+9th this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9th this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9th this is an
+18th and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+third okay so those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third okay so those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third okay so those are the
+probabilities in the sample points now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities in the sample points now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities in the sample points now
+to compute the probability of winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the probability of winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the probability of winning
+the series given that we won the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series given that we won the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series given that we won the first
+game let's define the events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so a will be the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series B will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series B will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series B will be the
+event that we win the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game and I want to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and I want to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and I want to compute the
+probability of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given
+B and we use our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and we use our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and we use our
+formula where's the formula for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula where's the formula for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula where's the formula for that
+it's way back over there the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's way back over there the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's way back over there the probability
+of a given B is the prob probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a given B is the prob probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a given B is the prob probability of
+both happening probability of A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both happening probability of A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both happening probability of A and B
+divided by the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B so now I just have to compute these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so now I just have to compute these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so now I just have to compute these
+probabilities so to do that I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so to do that I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so to do that I got to
+figure out which sample points are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which sample points are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which sample points are in a
+and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b
+here all right so let's write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so let's write that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so let's write that down
+there's a B A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a B A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a B A and
+B all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B all right so
+a is the event that we win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series now this sample Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series now this sample Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series now this sample Point
+qualifies that one does and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualifies that one does and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualifies that one does and this
+one B is the event we won the first game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one B is the event we won the first game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one B is the event we won the first game
+and that's these three sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's these three sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's these three sample
+points and then A and B intersect B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and then A and B intersect B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and then A and B intersect B is
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+two all right so for each event that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all right so for each event that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all right so for each event that I
+care about I figure out which sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about I figure out which sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about I figure out which sample
+points are in that event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now I just add the probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I just add the probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I just add the probabilities
+up so what's the probability of A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B 7 18 a thir plus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+18th what's the probability of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah half 9 18 I got these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points so this will be a thir plus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so this will be a thir plus an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so this will be a thir plus an
+18th plus the extra one a 9th so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th plus the extra one a 9th so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th plus the extra one a 9th so I've
+got 718 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 718 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 718 over
+918 7 9th is the answer so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+918 7 9th is the answer so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+918 7 9th is the answer so the
+probability we win the series given we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability we win the series given we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability we win the series given we
+won the first game is seven 9s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the first game is seven 9s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the first game is seven 9s
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions we're going to do this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we're going to do this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we're going to do this same
+thing about 10 different times okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about 10 different times okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about 10 different times okay and
+it'll look a little different each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll look a little different each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll look a little different each time
+maybe but it's the same idea and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe but it's the same idea and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe but it's the same idea and the
+beauty here is it's really easy to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty here is it's really easy to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty here is it's really easy to do
+I'm going to give you a lot of confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you a lot of confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you a lot of confusing
+examples but really if you just do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but really if you just do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but really if you just do this
+it's it's going to be very easy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's going to be very easy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's going to be very easy all
+right somebody talked about the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right somebody talked about the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right somebody talked about the series
+lasting three games what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasting three games what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasting three games what's the
+probability the series lasts three games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability the series lasts three games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability the series lasts three games
+can anybody look at that and tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me one3 because you do is add up these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me one3 because you do is add up these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me one3 because you do is add up these
+four sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four sample
+points and it's the opposite of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and it's the opposite of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and it's the opposite of these
+two so it's two3 chance of two games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so it's two3 chance of two games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so it's two3 chance of two games
+one3 chance of three games so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one3 chance of three games so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one3 chance of three games so it's not
+likely to go three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to go three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to go three
+games all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games all
+right so to this point we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so to this point we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so to this point we've seen
+examples of a conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of a conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of a conditional probability
+where it's a given B where a follows B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's a given B where a follows B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's a given B where a follows B
+like we're told B happened now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're told B happened now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're told B happened now what's
+the chance of a and a is coming later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance of a and a is coming later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance of a and a is coming later
+like you the probability of winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you the probability of winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you the probability of winning
+today's game given that you won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's game given that you won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's game given that you won
+yesterday's game the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday's game the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday's game the probability of
+winning the series given that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning the series given that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning the series given that you
+already won the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already won the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already won the first
+game next we're going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game next we're going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game next we're going to look at the
+opposite scenario where the events are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite scenario where the events are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite scenario where the events are
+reversed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed in
+order the probability that you won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the probability that you won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the probability that you won the
+first game given the you won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series all right now this is inherently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series all right now this is inherently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series all right now this is inherently
+confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing
+because if you're trying to figure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're trying to figure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're trying to figure if
+you if you know you won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you know you won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you know you won the
+series well you already know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series well you already know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series well you already know what
+happened in the first game because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the first game because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the first game because it's
+been played so how can there be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been played so how can there be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been played so how can there be any
+probability there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability there it
+happened well so what the meaning is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened well so what the meaning is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened well so what the meaning is is
+over all the times where this the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the times where this the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the times where this the series
+was played sort of what fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was played sort of what fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was played sort of what fraction of the
+time did the team won the series win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time did the team won the series win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time did the team won the series win the
+first game is one way you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first game is one way you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first game is one way you can think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+it or maybe you just don't know the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or maybe you just don't know the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or maybe you just don't know the game
+was played you know you won the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was played you know you won the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was played you know you won the series
+but you don't know who won the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know who won the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know who won the first
+game and so you could think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and so you could think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and so you could think of a
+probability still being there now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability still being there now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability still being there now when
+you think about it it does I mean gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it it does I mean gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it it does I mean gets
+me confused still um but just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me confused still um but just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me confused still um but just think
+about it like the math it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it like the math it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it like the math it's the same
+formula okay doesn't matter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay doesn't matter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay doesn't matter which
+happened first in time you use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened first in time you use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened first in time you use the same
+mathematics in fact they give a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics in fact they give a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics in fact they give a special
+name to these these kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name to these these kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name to these these kinds of things
+they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called
+aary conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probabilities it's a fancy name for just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities it's a fancy name for just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities it's a fancy name for just
+saying that things are out of order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that things are out of order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that things are out of order in
+time all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right so
+a probability of B given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a where B precedes a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all
+right uh so it's the same math it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so it's the same math it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so it's the same math it's just
+they're out of order so let's figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're out of order so let's figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're out of order so let's figure out
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+probability that you won the first game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you won the first game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you won the first game
+given that you won the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you won the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you won the series
+let's figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's figure it
+out so I want probability of B given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so I want probability of B given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so I want probability of B given a
+now for this example well it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for this example well it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for this example well it's just the
+probability of b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of b and
+a over the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a we already computed the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we already computed the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we already computed the probability of
+A and B that's a third plus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+18th what's the probability of a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th what's the probability of a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th what's the probability of a the
+probability of winning the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game a half it's those three sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game a half it's those three sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game a half it's those three sample
+points and they better add up to a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and they better add up to a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and they better add up to a half
+because we sort of said probability the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we sort of said probability the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we sort of said probability the
+first game is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first game is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first game is a
+half so that's over a half which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+918 well this was 71 18 over 9/18 it's 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+918 well this was 71 18 over 9/18 it's 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+918 well this was 71 18 over 9/18 it's 7
+9th so the probability of winning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9th so the probability of winning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9th so the probability of winning the
+first game given that you won the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first game given that you won the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first game given that you won the series
+is seven nths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seven nths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seven nths
+anybody notice anything unusual about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody notice anything unusual about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody notice anything unusual about
+that answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that answer
+here it's the same as the answer over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's the same as the answer over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's the same as the answer over
+there is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that a
+theorem no the probability of a given B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem no the probability of a given B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem no the probability of a given B
+is not always the probability of B given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not always the probability of B given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not always the probability of B given
+a it was in this case it is not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it was in this case it is not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it was in this case it is not always
+true in fact we can make a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in fact we can make a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in fact we can make a simple
+example to see why that's not always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to see why that's not always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to see why that's not always the
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so say that here's your sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so say that here's your sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so say that here's your sample
+space and say that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and say that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and say that this is
+B and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and this is
+a what's the probability of a given B in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what's the probability of a given B in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what's the probability of a given B in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+case one if you're in B you oh wait no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case one if you're in B you oh wait no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case one if you're in B you oh wait no
+it's not one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not one
+what's the probability of a given B if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of a given B if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of a given B if I
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+some probably less than one might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probably less than one might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probably less than one might be
+I've drawn it as a third if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn it as a third if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn it as a third if it was
+uniform but in this case the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform but in this case the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform but in this case the probability
+of a given B is less than one what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a given B is less than one what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a given B is less than one what's the
+probability of B given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a one because if I'm in a I'm definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one because if I'm in a I'm definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one because if I'm in a I'm definitely
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B all right so that's an example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B all right so that's an example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B all right so that's an example where
+they would be different and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be different and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be different and that's the
+generic Cas is they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic Cas is they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic Cas is they're different
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right uh when are they equal because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh when are they equal because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh when are they equal because
+they were equal in this case what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were equal in this case what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were equal in this case what makes
+them equal let's see when does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them equal let's see when does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them equal let's see when does
+probability of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given
+b equal probability of B given a let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b equal probability of B given a let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b equal probability of B given a let's
+see well if I plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well if I plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well if I plug in the
+formula this equals probability of A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this equals probability of A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this equals probability of A and
+B over probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B over probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B over probability of
+B that equals probability of b and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that equals probability of b and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that equals probability of b and a
+over probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over probability of
+a so when are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal yeah when probability a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal yeah when probability a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal yeah when probability a equals
+probability B all right so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case what's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+what yeah when it's zero probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah when it's zero probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah when it's zero probability
+there's no intersection probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no intersection probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no intersection probability of a
+inter B is zero that's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case all right but usually that won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all right but usually that won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all right but usually that won't
+these conditions won't apply just happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions won't apply just happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions won't apply just happen
+to in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in this
+example by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by
+coincidence any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all
+right yeah so the math is the same with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so the math is the same with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so the math is the same with
+OP poster probabilities it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OP poster probabilities it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OP poster probabilities it's really
+really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy
+all right so let's do a another simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's do a another simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's do a another simple
+example that'll start to maybe be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that'll start to maybe be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that'll start to maybe be a
+little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing
+um say we've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coins one of them is a Fair coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and by that I mean the probability comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by that I mean the probability comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by that I mean the probability comes
+up heads is the same as the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up heads is the same as the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up heads is the same as the probability
+comes up tails is 1/2 the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up tails is 1/2 the other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up tails is 1/2 the other one is
+an unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coin and in this case that means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin and in this case that means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin and in this case that means it's
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+heads probability of heads is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads probability of heads is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads probability of heads is one
+probability of tails is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of tails is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of tails is
+zero all right and I've got two such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right and I've got two such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right and I've got two such
+coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins
+here all right here's the unfair coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right here's the unfair coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right here's the unfair coin
+heads and heads actually they make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and heads actually they make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and heads actually they make these
+things look like quarter sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things look like quarter sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things look like quarter sometimes
+here's the Fair coin heads and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the Fair coin heads and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the Fair coin heads and
+tails all right now suppose I pick one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails all right now suppose I pick one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails all right now suppose I pick one
+of these at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these at
+random 5050 I pick one of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random 5050 I pick one of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random 5050 I pick one of these things
+almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost
+5050 and I flip it which I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5050 and I flip it which I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5050 and I flip it which I'm doing
+behind my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind my
+back and lo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and lo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and lo and
+behold it comes out of you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heads what's the probability I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads what's the probability I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads what's the probability I'm
+holding the Fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coin all right I picked the coin 5050
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin all right I picked the coin 5050
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin all right I picked the coin 5050
+behind my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind my
+back so one answer is I picked the Fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so one answer is I picked the Fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so one answer is I picked the Fair
+coin with 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin with 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin with 50%
+probability but then I flipped it behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but then I flipped it behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but then I flipped it behind
+my back and I showed you the result and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my back and I showed you the result and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my back and I showed you the result and
+you see heads of course if I'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see heads of course if I'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see heads of course if I'd have
+shown you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you
+tals you'd have known for sure it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tals you'd have known for sure it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tals you'd have known for sure it was
+the Fair coin because that's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fair coin because that's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fair coin because that's the only
+one with the tals but you don't know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with the tals but you don't know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with the tals but you don't know for
+sure now you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure now you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure now you see a
+heads what's the probability this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads what's the probability this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads what's the probability this is the
+Fair coin given that you saw a heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair coin given that you saw a heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair coin given that you saw a heads
+after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the
+flip how many people think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip how many people think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip how many people think a
+half after all I picked it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half after all I picked it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half after all I picked it with
+probability a half how many people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability a half how many people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability a half how many people think
+it's less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than a
+half oh good okay uh somebody even said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half oh good okay uh somebody even said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half oh good okay uh somebody even said
+a third does that sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third does that sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third does that sound
+right a couple people like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a couple people like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a couple people like a
+third okay uh all right now part of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third okay uh all right now part of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third okay uh all right now part of what
+makes this tricky is I told you I picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this tricky is I told you I picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this tricky is I told you I picked
+the coin with 50% probability but then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin with 50% probability but then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin with 50% probability but then I
+gave you information so I've conditioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you information so I've conditioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you information so I've conditioned
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+problem uh and so this is one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh and so this is one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh and so this is one of those
+things that you could have an ask maryin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you could have an ask maryin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you could have an ask maryin
+about right is it a half or is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right is it a half or is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right is it a half or is it a
+third because I picked it with 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third because I picked it with 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third because I picked it with 50%
+chance what does the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance what does the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance what does the information
+do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for
+you now I'll give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now I'll give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now I'll give you a
+clue uh Bobo might have written in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue uh Bobo might have written in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue uh Bobo might have written in and
+said it's a half and his proof is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's a half and his proof is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's a half and his proof is that
+three other mathematicians agreed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other mathematicians agreed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other mathematicians agreed with
+him all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him all
+right uh okay so let's figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh okay so let's figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh okay so let's figure it
+out and really it's very simple it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and really it's very simple it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and really it's very simple it's
+just drawing out the tree and Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drawing out the tree and Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drawing out the tree and Computing
+the conditional probability so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional probability so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional probability so we're
+going to do the same thing over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the same thing over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the same thing over and over
+again because it just works for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because it just works for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because it just works for every
+problem because you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because you could imagine
+debating this for a while arguing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debating this for a while arguing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debating this for a while arguing with
+somebody is it a half or a third much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is it a half or a third much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is it a half or a third much
+simpler just to uh to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler just to uh to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler just to uh to do
+it so the first thing is we have which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the first thing is we have which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the first thing is we have which
+coin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin is
+picked so it could be fair and I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked so it could be fair and I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked so it could be fair and I told
+you that happens with probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that happens with probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that happens with probability of
+half or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half or
+unfair which is also a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair which is also a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair which is also a half
+then we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the
+flip the Fair coin is equally likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the Fair coin is equally likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the Fair coin is equally likely to
+be heads or tails each with a half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be heads or tails each with a half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be heads or tails each with a half the
+unfair coin guaranteed to be heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair coin guaranteed to be heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair coin guaranteed to be heads
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+one all right now we get the uh sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right now we get the uh sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right now we get the uh sample
+Point outcomes it's fair and heads with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point outcomes it's fair and heads with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point outcomes it's fair and heads with
+probability a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability a
+quarter fair and Tails probability a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter fair and Tails probability a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter fair and Tails probability a
+quarter unfair in heads probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter unfair in heads probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter unfair in heads probability
+1/2 now we Define the events of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 now we Define the events of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 now we Define the events of
+Interest a is going to be that we chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest a is going to be that we chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest a is going to be that we chose
+the Fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coin and B is that the result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heads and of course what I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and of course what I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and of course what I want to know
+is the probability that I chose the Fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that I chose the Fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that I chose the Fair
+coin given that I saw heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to do that we plug in our formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to do that we plug in our formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to do that we plug in our formula
+that's just the probability of A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the probability of A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the probability of A and B
+over the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the probability of
+B and to compute that I got to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and to compute that I got to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and to compute that I got to figure
+out the probability of A and B and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the probability of A and B and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the probability of A and B and the
+probability of B so I'll make my diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B so I'll make my diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B so I'll make my diagram
+a here B here A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here B here A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here B here A and
+B A is the event I chose the Fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B A is the event I chose the Fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B A is the event I chose the Fair
+coin that's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin that's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin that's these
+guys B is the event the result is heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys B is the event the result is heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys B is the event the result is heads
+that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this
+one and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this
+one and a intersect B that's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a intersect B that's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a intersect B that's the only
+point so this is really easy to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so this is really easy to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so this is really easy to compute
+now what's the probability of A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the probability of A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the probability of A and
+B 1/4 it's just that sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 1/4 it's just that sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 1/4 it's just that sample
+Point what's the probability of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point what's the probability of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point what's the probability of B
+34s a quarter plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34s a quarter plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34s a quarter plus a
+half so the probability of a given B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so the probability of a given B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so the probability of a given B is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thir really simple to answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thir really simple to answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thir really simple to answer this
+question just don't even think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question just don't even think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question just don't even think about it
+just write down the tree when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down the tree when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down the tree when you get
+these things so much easier just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so much easier just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so much easier just to
+write the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the tree
+down right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right
+now the key here is we knew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the key here is we knew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the key here is we knew the
+probability of picking the Fair coin in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of picking the Fair coin in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of picking the Fair coin in
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+place you know maybe it's worth writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you know maybe it's worth writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you know maybe it's worth writing
+down what happens if that's a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what happens if that's a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what happens if that's a variable
+some variable P let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for
+example what if I hadn't told you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what if I hadn't told you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what if I hadn't told you the
+probability that I picked the Fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that I picked the Fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that I picked the Fair
+coin I just picked one and flipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin I just picked one and flipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin I just picked one and flipped
+it think that'll change the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should because you got to plug something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should because you got to plug something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should because you got to plug something
+in there for the the one half for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there for the the one half for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there for the the one half for this
+to work so let's see what happen say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work so let's see what happen say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work so let's see what happen say I
+pick the Fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the Fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the Fair
+coin with probability p and the unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin with probability p and the unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin with probability p and the unfair
+coin with one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin with one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin with one minus
+p and this is the same heads and tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and this is the same heads and tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and this is the same heads and tails
+half half heads with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half half heads with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half half heads with probability
+one well now instead of a quarter I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well now instead of a quarter I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well now instead of a quarter I get
+p over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p over
+two up here and this is now 1 minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two up here and this is now 1 minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two up here and this is now 1 minus P
+instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a
+half so the probability of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so the probability of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so the probability of a given
+B is the probability of A and B is p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is the probability of A and B is p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is the probability of A and B is p
+over2 and the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 and the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 and the probability of
+B is p/ 2 + 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is p/ 2 + 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is p/ 2 + 1 minus
+P that's P over2 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P that's P over2 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P that's P over2 at
+top one us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p/2 and that is I'll multiply by what am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p/2 and that is I'll multiply by what am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p/2 and that is I'll multiply by what am
+I going to multiply two here I'll get p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to multiply two here I'll get p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to multiply two here I'll get p
+over 2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 minus
+P so the probability with which I picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so the probability with which I picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so the probability with which I picked
+the coin to start with impacts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin to start with impacts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin to start with impacts the
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+here for example what if I pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for example what if I pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for example what if I pick the
+unfair coin for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair coin for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair coin for
+sure that would be P being zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the probability that I picked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the probability that I picked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the probability that I picked the
+Fair coin is 0o over two which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair coin is 0o over two which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair coin is 0o over two which is
+zero all right even though I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right even though I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right even though I showed you
+the heads there's no chance it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heads there's no chance it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heads there's no chance it was the
+Fair coin because I picked the unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair coin because I picked the unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair coin because I picked the unfair
+coin for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure same thing if I pick the Fair coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure same thing if I pick the Fair coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure same thing if I pick the Fair coin
+for sure better be the case this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure better be the case this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure better be the case this is one
+so I get one over two minus one it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+questions so it's it's important you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so it's it's important you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so it's it's important you
+know the probability I picked the Fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the probability I picked the Fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the probability I picked the Fair
+coin to start with otherwise can't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anywhere all right what if I do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere all right what if I do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere all right what if I do the same
+game pick a coin with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game pick a coin with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game pick a coin with probability
+P but now I flip it K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P but now I flip it K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P but now I flip it K
+times say I flip it 100 times and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times say I flip it 100 times and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times say I flip it 100 times and every
+time it comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heads I mean you're pretty sure you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads I mean you're pretty sure you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads I mean you're pretty sure you got
+the unfair coin because you never saw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unfair coin because you never saw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unfair coin because you never saw a
+Tails right so let's do that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails right so let's do that let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails right so let's do that let's
+compute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that
+scenario so instead of a single heads I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario so instead of a single heads I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario so instead of a single heads I
+get K straight heads and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get K straight heads and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get K straight heads and no
+tails now this would happen with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails now this would happen with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails now this would happen with one
+over two to the K this would happen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two to the K this would happen with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two to the K this would happen with
+1 minus 1 over 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 1 over 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 1 over 2 the
+K so this this is now p over 2 the K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so this this is now p over 2 the K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so this this is now p over 2 the K and
+this is now P 1 - 2us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now P 1 - 2us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now P 1 - 2us
+K let's recompute the probabilities I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K let's recompute the probabilities I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K let's recompute the probabilities I'm
+going somewhere with this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minute so now we're looking at the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so now we're looking at the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so now we're looking at the event
+that b is K straight heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+up and I want to know the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and I want to know the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and I want to know the probability
+that I picked the Fair coin given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I picked the Fair coin given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I picked the Fair coin given that
+it just never comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just never comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just never comes up
+taals well the math is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same all right the probability now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same all right the probability now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same all right the probability now that
+I picked the Fair coin and got K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I picked the Fair coin and got K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I picked the Fair coin and got K
+straight heads is just P * 2us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight heads is just P * 2us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight heads is just P * 2us
+K the probability that I got K straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the probability that I got K straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the probability that I got K straight
+heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads
+is p * 2us K plus the chance I pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p * 2us K plus the chance I pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p * 2us K plus the chance I pick the
+unfair coin which is 1 minus p and If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair coin which is 1 minus p and If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair coin which is 1 minus p and If I
+multiply top and bottom by 2 to the K I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply top and bottom by 2 to the K I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply top and bottom by 2 to the K I
+get p over p + 2 the K one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get p over p + 2 the K one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get p over p + 2 the K one minus
+P all right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P all right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P all right so it
+gets very unlikely that I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets very unlikely that I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets very unlikely that I've got the
+Fair coin here as K gets big like if K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair coin here as K gets big like if K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair coin here as K gets big like if K
+is 100 I got a big number down here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 100 I got a big number down here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 100 I got a big number down here and
+the basically it's zero chance close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basically it's zero chance close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basically it's zero chance close to
+zero chance of the uh of the Fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coin but now say I do the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin but now say I do the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin but now say I do the following
+experiment I don't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I don't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I don't tell you
+P but I pull a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P but I pull a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P but I pull a coin
+out and a 100 flips in a row it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and a 100 flips in a row it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and a 100 flips in a row it's
+heads which coin do you think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have I flipped at 100 straight times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I flipped at 100 straight times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I flipped at 100 straight times in
+its heads every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time I yeah there's not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I yeah there's not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I yeah there's not enough
+information you don't know what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you don't know what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you don't know what do you
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+say you want to say it's the unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you want to say it's the unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you want to say it's the unfair
+coin but you have no idea because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin but you have no idea because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin but you have no idea because I
+might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have
+picked the Fair coin with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked the Fair coin with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked the Fair coin with probability
+one in which case it is the Fair coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which case it is the Fair coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which case it is the Fair coin
+and it just was unlucky that it came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just was unlucky that it came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just was unlucky that it came up
+heads 100 times in a row but it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads 100 times in a row but it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads 100 times in a row but it could be
+so you can say nothing if you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say nothing if you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say nothing if you don't know
+the probability P because sure enough if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability P because sure enough if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability P because sure enough if
+I plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plug
+in P being one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in P being one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in P being one
+here that wipes out the two to the K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that wipes out the two to the K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that wipes out the two to the K and
+I just get probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay all right now where this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now where this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now where this comes
+up you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you know in
+practice is with things like polling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice is with things like polling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice is with things like polling
+like we just had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we just had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we just had an
+election and people do polls ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election and people do polls ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election and people do polls ahead of
+time and they sample thousand thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and they sample thousand thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and they sample thousand thousands
+of Voters or 1% of the population and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Voters or 1% of the population and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Voters or 1% of the population and
+they say okay that 60% of the people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say okay that 60% of the people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say okay that 60% of the people are
+going to vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to vote
+Republican and they might have a margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republican and they might have a margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republican and they might have a margin
+of error three points whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of error three points whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of error three points whatever that
+means and we'll figure that out next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and we'll figure that out next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and we'll figure that out next
+week what does that tell you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week what does that tell you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week what does that tell you about the
+electric the electorate as a whole the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric the electorate as a whole the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric the electorate as a whole the
+population if they sample 1% at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population if they sample 1% at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population if they sample 1% at random
+60% of Republican yeah I think you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60% of Republican yeah I think you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60% of Republican yeah I think you have
+a little on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little on the bottom
+have all is all heads and no tails it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all is all heads and no tails it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all is all heads and no tails it
+should be one option all heads and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be one option all heads and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be one option all heads and
+another option at least one tail you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another option at least one tail you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another option at least one tail you're
+right oops at least one tail on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oops at least one tail on this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oops at least one tail on this one
+yeah cut that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cut that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cut that is
+true okay um any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true okay um any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true okay um any questions about that
+example okay now we're back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay now we're back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay now we're back to the
+election and there's a poll that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election and there's a poll that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election and there's a poll that says
+they sampled 1% of the population at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sampled 1% of the population at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sampled 1% of the population at
+random and 60% % said they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and 60% % said they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and 60% % said they're going to
+vote Republican and the margin of error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote Republican and the margin of error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote Republican and the margin of error
+is 3% or something what does that tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3% or something what does that tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3% or something what does that tell
+you about the population of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the population of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the population of the
+country nothing that's right it is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country nothing that's right it is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country nothing that's right it is what
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+is all you can conclude is that either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all you can conclude is that either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all you can conclude is that either
+the population is close to 60%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population is close to 60%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population is close to 60%
+Republican or you were unlucky in the 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republican or you were unlucky in the 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republican or you were unlucky in the 1%
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+sampled That's What You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled That's What You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled That's What You can
+conclude all right all right because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude all right all right because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude all right all right because the
+population really is fixed in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population really is fixed in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population really is fixed in this case
+it is what it is there's no Randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is what it is there's no Randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is what it is there's no Randomness
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+population all right so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population all right so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population all right so you're going to
+next week for recitation you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week for recitation you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week for recitation you're going to
+design a poll and work through how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a poll and work through how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a poll and work through how to
+calculate the margin of error and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the margin of error and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the margin of error and then
+work through what that really means okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through what that really means okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through what that really means okay
+in terms of what the population is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what the population is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what the population is like
+now of course if it comes out like a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course if it comes out like a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course if it comes out like a 100
+straight times heads you got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight times heads you got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight times heads you got to be
+really unlucky to have the Fair coin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really unlucky to have the Fair coin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really unlucky to have the Fair coin and
+the same thing with designing the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with designing the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with designing the pole
+if you're way off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're way off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're way off
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+that okay the next example comes up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay the next example comes up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay the next example comes up all
+the time in practice and that's with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time in practice and that's with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time in practice and that's with
+medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical
+testing I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing I'll
+leave I'll take that down we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this
+case in fact this is a question we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in fact this is a question we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in fact this is a question we had
+on the final exam a few years ago and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the final exam a few years ago and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the final exam a few years ago and
+there's a good chance this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good chance this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good chance this kind of
+question is going to be on the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is going to be on the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is going to be on the final
+this year uh there's a disease out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year uh there's a disease out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year uh there's a disease out there
+and you can have a test for it but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can have a test for it but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can have a test for it but like
+most medical tests they're not perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most medical tests they're not perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most medical tests they're not perfect
+sometimes when it says you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when it says you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when it says you've got the
+disease you really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease you really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease you really don't
+and if it says you don't have it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it says you don't have it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it says you don't have it you
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+do uh so in this case we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh so in this case we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh so in this case we're going to
+assume that 10% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+population has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disease whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease whatever it
+is uh and you don't get symptoms right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh and you don't get symptoms right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh and you don't get symptoms right
+away so you have this test but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so you have this test but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so you have this test but if you
+have the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is a 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chance that the test is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative and this is called a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative because the test comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative because the test comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative because the test comes back
+negative but it's wrong because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but it's wrong because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but it's wrong because you have
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+disease and similarly if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and similarly if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and similarly if you have the
+disease or sorry if you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease or sorry if you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease or sorry if you don't have the
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a 30%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 30%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 30%
+chance that the test comes back positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that the test comes back positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that the test comes back positive
+and it's called a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called a false
+positive because it came back positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive because it came back positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive because it came back positive
+but you don't have it so the test is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't have it so the test is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't have it so the test is
+pretty good right it's 10% false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good right it's 10% false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good right it's 10% false
+negative rate 30% false positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative rate 30% false positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative rate 30% false positive
+rate now say you select a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now say you select a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now say you select a random
+person and they test positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and they test positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and they test positive
+POS what you want to know is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POS what you want to know is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POS what you want to know is the
+probability they have the disease given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability they have the disease given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability they have the disease given
+that it's a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+person all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person all right
+so uh actually this came up in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh actually this came up in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh actually this came up in my
+personal life uh many years ago when my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal life uh many years ago when my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal life uh many years ago when my
+wife was pregnant with uh Alex she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife was pregnant with uh Alex she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife was pregnant with uh Alex she was
+exposed to somebody with TB here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to somebody with TB here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to somebody with TB here at
+MIT and she took the test and it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and she took the test and it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and she took the test and it came
+back positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back positive
+now the bad thing you know TB is a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the bad thing you know TB is a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the bad thing you know TB is a bad
+thing you don't want to get it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you don't want to get it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you don't want to get it but the
+uh medicine for it uh you take for six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh medicine for it uh you take for six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh medicine for it uh you take for six
+months and she was worried about taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and she was worried about taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and she was worried about taking
+medicine for six months when she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine for six months when she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine for six months when she's
+pregnant you know because who knows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnant you know because who knows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnant you know because who knows you
+know what the TB medicine does you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the TB medicine does you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the TB medicine does you know
+kind of thing if you have a baby uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing if you have a baby uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing if you have a baby uh so
+she asked the doc what's the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she asked the doc what's the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she asked the doc what's the probability
+I really have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really have the
+disease doc doesn't know right the doc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease doc doesn't know right the doc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease doc doesn't know right the doc
+maybe can give you some of these stats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe can give you some of these stats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe can give you some of these stats
+10% false negative 30% false positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% false negative 30% false positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% false negative 30% false positive
+but it tested positive so they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it tested positive so they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it tested positive so they just
+normally give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally give you the
+medicine so say this was the story what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine so say this was the story what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine so say this was the story what
+would you say what do you think how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you say what do you think how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you say what do you think how many
+people think that it's at least a 70%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think that it's at least a 70%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think that it's at least a 70%
+chance you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance you got the
+disease you tested positive and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease you tested positive and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease you tested positive and it's
+only got a 30% false positive rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got a 30% false positive rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got a 30% false positive rate
+anybody a so you don't think she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody a so you don't think she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody a so you don't think she's
+likely to have it right how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have it right how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have it right how many people
+think it's better than 50/50 you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's better than 50/50 you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's better than 50/50 you have
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+disease few how many people think less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease few how many people think less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease few how many people think less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+50% a bunch yeah oh you're right in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% a bunch yeah oh you're right in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% a bunch yeah oh you're right in fact
+um but let's let's figure out the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but let's let's figure out the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but let's let's figure out the answer
+it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to
+do so a is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so a is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so a is the
+event the person has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disease and B is the event that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and B is the event that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and B is the event that the
+person tests positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course what we want to know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course what we want to know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course what we want to know is
+the probability you have the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability you have the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability you have the disease
+given that you tested positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you tested positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you tested positive and
+that's just probability of both events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just probability of both events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just probability of both events
+divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the
+probability of testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of testing
+positive so let's figure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so let's figure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so let's figure that
+out by drawing the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so first do you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disease and it's yes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no and let's see the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and let's see the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and let's see the probability of
+having a disease what is that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a disease what is that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a disease what is that for a
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+person 10% that's the stat so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person 10% that's the stat so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person 10% that's the stat so it's
+actually we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we call it
+0.1 and 9.9 you don't have it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 and 9.9 you don't have it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 and 9.9 you don't have it and then
+there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+test well you can be positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative now if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disease there is a the chance you test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease there is a the chance you test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease there is a the chance you test
+negative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative is
+10% 0.1 therefore there's a 90% chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% 0.1 therefore there's a 90% chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% 0.1 therefore there's a 90% chance
+you test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you test
+positive now if you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive now if you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive now if you don't have the
+disease you could test either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way if you don't have the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you don't have the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you don't have the disease
+there's a 30% chance you test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 30% chance you test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 30% chance you test
+positive 30 here and 70% chance you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive 30 here and 70% chance you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive 30 here and 70% chance you're
+negative now we can compute each sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative now we can compute each sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative now we can compute each sample
+Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+probability this one is .1 * .9 is 0.09
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability this one is .1 * .9 is 0.09
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability this one is .1 * .9 is 0.09
+1 * .1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 * .1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 * .1 is
+0.01 0.9 and3 is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 0.9 and3 is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 0.9 and3 is.
+27.9 and7 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+63 all right so all the sample points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 all right so all the sample points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 all right so all the sample points
+are figured out now we figure out which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are figured out now we figure out which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are figured out now we figure out which
+sample points are in which sets so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample points are in which sets so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample points are in which sets so we
+have event a event b and a intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have event a event b and a intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have event a event b and a intersect
+B let's see a is the event you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B let's see a is the event you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B let's see a is the event you have the
+disease that's these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease that's these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease that's these guys
+B is the event you test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is the event you test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is the event you test
+positive that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive that's this
+one and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this
+one a intersect B is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a intersect B is just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a intersect B is just this
+one all right we're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right we're almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right we're almost
+done let's just figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done let's just figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done let's just figure out the
+probability you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you have the
+disease what's the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease what's the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease what's the probability of a
+intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B 009 it's just that one sample point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 009 it's just that one sample point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 009 it's just that one sample point
+what's the probability that you tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive 36 yeah 09 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+27 which is 36 so I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 which is 36 so I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 which is 36 so I got
+009 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+009 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+009 over
+36 is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+qu wow that seems bizarre right you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu wow that seems bizarre right you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu wow that seems bizarre right you got
+to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test
+10% false negative 30% false positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% false negative 30% false positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% false negative 30% false positive
+yet when you test positive there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet when you test positive there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet when you test positive there's only
+a 25% chance you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 25% chance you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 25% chance you have the
+disease so maybe you don't take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease so maybe you don't take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease so maybe you don't take the
+medicine you know if there's risk both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine you know if there's risk both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine you know if there's risk both
+ways probably you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways probably you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways probably you don't have the
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+yeah disase change because you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah disase change because you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah disase change because you've
+already exposed to someone that has it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already exposed to someone that has it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already exposed to someone that has it
+that's a great Point great Point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great Point great Point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great Point great Point uh
+because there's additional information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's additional information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's additional information
+conditioning this in the in the personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning this in the in the personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning this in the in the personal
+example I saw exed you were exposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I saw exed you were exposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I saw exed you were exposed to
+somebody so you need to condition on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody so you need to condition on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody so you need to condition on
+that as well which raises the chance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well which raises the chance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well which raises the chance you
+have the disease that's a great point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the disease that's a great point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the disease that's a great point
+Y just like in the uh well we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y just like in the uh well we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y just like in the uh well we haven't
+got the example do another example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the example do another example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the example do another example where
+that exact kind of thing is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exact kind of thing is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exact kind of thing is very
+important all right so this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important all right so this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important all right so this is sort of
+paradoxical you know that it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxical you know that it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxical you know that it looks like
+a pretty good test low false positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty good test low false positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty good test low false positive
+flow false negatives but likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow false negatives but likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow false negatives but likely to be
+wrong at least if it tells you you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong at least if it tells you you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong at least if it tells you you have
+the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease
+um fact let's figure out what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fact let's figure out what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fact let's figure out what's the
+probability the test is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct what's the probability the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct what's the probability the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct what's the probability the test
+is right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general 72% let's see so it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general 72% let's see so it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general 72% let's see so it would be
+009 plus 63 is 72%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's likely to be
+right but if it tells you you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if it tells you you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if it tells you you have the
+disease it's likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong it's hard to why is this happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong it's hard to why is this happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong it's hard to why is this happening
+why is it come out that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah then there's only a one in 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah then there's only a one in 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah then there's only a one in 64
+chance that you have the disease so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that you have the disease so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that you have the disease so if
+it comes back negative it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes back negative it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes back negative it's a pretty
+good indication that you're okay yeah if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good indication that you're okay yeah if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good indication that you're okay yeah if
+it comes back negative then it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes back negative then it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes back negative then it really is
+doing very well that's right but why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing very well that's right but why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing very well that's right but why is
+it when it comes back positive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when it comes back positive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when it comes back positive that
+you're unlikely to have the disease if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're unlikely to have the disease if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're unlikely to have the disease if
+it's a good test yeah because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good test yeah because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good test yeah because the
+disease is so rare the disease is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease is so rare the disease is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease is so rare the disease is so
+rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare
+absolutely this number here is so small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely this number here is so small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely this number here is so small
+and that's what's doing it all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what's doing it all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what's doing it all right
+because if you look at how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look at how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look at how many people
+test have the disease and test positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test have the disease and test positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test have the disease and test positive
+it's 09 so many people don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 09 so many people don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 09 so many people don't have the
+disease that even with a small false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease that even with a small false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease that even with a small false
+positive rate this number swamps out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive rate this number swamps out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive rate this number swamps out
+that number in fact imagine nobody had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number in fact imagine nobody had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number in fact imagine nobody had
+the disease you'd have a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease you'd have a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease you'd have a zero
+here right and then it would always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and then it would always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and then it would always be
+wrong if it said you had it okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong if it said you had it okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong if it said you had it okay yeah
+that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's
+good okay this comes up in weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay this comes up in weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay this comes up in weather
+prediction the same Paradox you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction the same Paradox you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction the same Paradox you know for
+example say you're trying to predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example say you're trying to predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example say you're trying to predict the
+weather for Seattle sometimes even seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather for Seattle sometimes even seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather for Seattle sometimes even seems
+like this in Boston and you just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in Boston and you just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in Boston and you just say
+it's G to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's G to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's G to
+rain you know forget all the fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain you know forget all the fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain you know forget all the fancy
+weather forecasting stuff the radar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather forecasting stuff the radar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather forecasting stuff the radar and
+all the rest just say it's going to rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest just say it's going to rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest just say it's going to rain
+tomorrow you're going to be right almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow you're going to be right almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow you're going to be right almost
+all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the
+time right in fact if you try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right in fact if you try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right in fact if you try to do
+fancy stuff you're probably going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy stuff you're probably going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy stuff you're probably going to be
+wrong more of the time right for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong more of the time right for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong more of the time right for example
+in this case if you just say the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case if you just say the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case if you just say the person
+does not have the disease forget the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have the disease forget the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have the disease forget the lab
+test just come back with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test just come back with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test just come back with
+negative how often are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right 90% of the time you're right much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 90% of the time you're right much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 90% of the time you're right much
+better than the test you paid a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the test you paid a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the test you paid a lot of
+money for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right see you got to be careful what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right see you got to be careful what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right see you got to be careful what
+you're looking for right how you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for right how you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for right how you measure
+the value of a test or a prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of a test or a prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of a test or a prediction
+because presumably the one you paid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because presumably the one you paid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because presumably the one you paid for
+is better even though it accurate less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better even though it accurate less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better even though it accurate less
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+time any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay uh so for the rest of today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay uh so for the rest of today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay uh so for the rest of today
+we're going to do three more paradoxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do three more paradoxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do three more paradoxes
+uh and in each case they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in each case they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in each case they're going to
+expose a flaw on our intuition about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose a flaw on our intuition about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose a flaw on our intuition about
+probability but the good news is in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but the good news is in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but the good news is in each
+case it's easy to get the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's easy to get the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's easy to get the right answer
+just stick with the math and try not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stick with the math and try not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stick with the math and try not to
+think about it now the first example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it now the first example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it now the first example is
+a game involving dice that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game involving dice that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game involving dice that's called
+Carnival dice that you can find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carnival dice that you can find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carnival dice that you can find in
+carnivals and you can also find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+casinos and it's a pretty popular game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casinos and it's a pretty popular game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casinos and it's a pretty popular game
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+so the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way it
+works as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+follows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+player picks a number from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player picks a number from one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player picks a number from one to
+six called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n and then rolls three Dice and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then rolls three Dice and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then rolls three Dice and let's
+say they're fair and mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they're fair and mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they're fair and mutually
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh we haven't talked about independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we haven't talked about independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we haven't talked about independent
+so they're Fair dice for now normal dice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're Fair dice for now normal dice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're Fair dice for now normal dice
+nothing fishy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing fishy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing fishy and the
+player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player
+wins if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins if and only
+if the number pick comes up on at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the number pick comes up on at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the number pick comes up on at least
+one of the dice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you either win or you lose the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you either win or you lose the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you either win or you lose the game
+depending on if your lucky number came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on if your lucky number came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on if your lucky number came
+up at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at least
+once now you got three dice Each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once now you got three dice Each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once now you got three dice Each of
+which has a one in six chance of coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a one in six chance of coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a one in six chance of coming
+up a winner for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a winner for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a winner for
+you so how many people think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so how many people think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so how many people think this is a
+fair game you got a 5050 chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair game you got a 5050 chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair game you got a 5050 chance of
+winning three dice each one six chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning three dice each one six chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning three dice each one six chance
+of winning anybody think it's not a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of winning anybody think it's not a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of winning anybody think it's not a fair
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+all right a bunch of you how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right a bunch of you how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right a bunch of you how many people
+think it is a fair game 5050 a few all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is a fair game 5050 a few all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is a fair game 5050 a few all
+right well let's figure it out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well let's figure it out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well let's figure it out and
+instead of doing the tree method which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of doing the tree method which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of doing the tree method which
+we know we're supposed to do we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we're supposed to do we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we're supposed to do we're just
+going to wing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it which is always seems easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you know if you're in the casino you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know if you're in the casino you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know if you're in the casino you
+want to just winging instead of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just winging instead of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just winging instead of taking
+your napkin out and drawing the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your napkin out and drawing the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your napkin out and drawing the tree
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+claim question mark is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim question mark is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim question mark is the probability
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+win is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win is a
+half and the proof question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and the proof question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and the proof question
+mark is you let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark is you let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark is you let
+AI be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+event that the I die comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that the I die comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that the I die comes up
+in and I is one to three here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I is one to three here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I is one to three here
+so then you say okay the probability I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you say okay the probability I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you say okay the probability I
+win is the probability of A1 I can win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win is the probability of A1 I can win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win is the probability of A1 I can win
+that way or A2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way or A2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way or A2 or
+A3 all I need is one of the die to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 all I need is one of the die to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 all I need is one of the die to come
+up my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up my
+way and that is the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and that is the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and that is the probability of
+A1 Plus the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 Plus the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 Plus the probability of
+A2 plus the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 plus the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 plus the probability of
+A3 and each die wins for me with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 and each die wins for me with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 and each die wins for me with
+probability one six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is then a
+half so that's a proof that we win with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so that's a proof that we win with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so that's a proof that we win with
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half what do you
+think any problems with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof well that's a great Point yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof well that's a great Point yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof well that's a great Point yeah so
+if I extended this nice proof technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I extended this nice proof technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I extended this nice proof technique
+I could couldn't have probability 76 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could couldn't have probability 76 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could couldn't have probability 76 of
+winning with seven die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah you're very close I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah you're very close I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah you're very close I didn't
+technically assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that there's no they can double up yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no they can double up yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no they can double up yeah
+intersection there's no intersection in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection there's no intersection in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection there's no intersection in
+the events in fact there is intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the events in fact there is intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the events in fact there is intersection
+because there's a chance that I rolled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a chance that I rolled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a chance that I rolled
+all six all ends say n a six I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all six all ends say n a six I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all six all ends say n a six I could
+roll all sixes and then each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll all sixes and then each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll all sixes and then each of these
+would be a winner but I don't get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a winner but I don't get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a winner but I don't get to
+count them separately they only win once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count them separately they only win once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count them separately they only win once
+in that case in other words all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case in other words all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case in other words all of these
+could turn on at the same time there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could turn on at the same time there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could turn on at the same time there's
+an intersection here so this rule this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intersection here so this rule this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intersection here so this rule this
+rule does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule does not
+hold I need the AI to be disjoint for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold I need the AI to be disjoint for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold I need the AI to be disjoint for
+this to be true the events to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be true the events to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be true the events to be
+disjoint and they're not disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint and they're not disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint and they're not disjoint
+because there's a sample point where two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a sample point where two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a sample point where two
+or more of the die could come up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more of the die could come up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more of the die could come up the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+being a winner which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a winner which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a winner which
+means the same sample Point namely all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the same sample Point namely all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the same sample Point namely all
+di n comes up in each of these three so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+di n comes up in each of these three so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+di n comes up in each of these three so
+they're not disjoint now what's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not disjoint now what's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not disjoint now what's the uh
+principle you used two weeks ago when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you used two weeks ago when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you used two weeks ago when
+you did cardinality of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did cardinality of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did cardinality of a
+set cality of a union of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set cality of a union of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set cality of a union of
+sets inclusion exclusion and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets inclusion exclusion and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets inclusion exclusion and the same
+thing needs to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so so let's do that and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so so let's do that and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so so let's do that and then we'll
+figure out the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability so this is a fact based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so this is a fact based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so this is a fact based on
+the inclusion Exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inclusion Exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inclusion Exclusion
+Principle the probability of A1 Union A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle the probability of A1 Union A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle the probability of A1 Union A2
+Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union
+A3 is just what you'd think it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 is just what you'd think it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 is just what you'd think it would be
+from inclusion exclusion it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from inclusion exclusion it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from inclusion exclusion it's a
+probability of A1 Plus a probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of A1 Plus a probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of A1 Plus a probability of
+A2 plus the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 plus the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 plus the probability of
+A3 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 minus
+the pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intersections A1 intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections A1 intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections A1 intersect
+A3 minus probability of A2 inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 minus probability of A2 inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 minus probability of A2 inter
+A3 and is there anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 and is there anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 and is there anything
+else plus the probability of all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matching Okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching Okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching Okay so the
+proof is really the same proof you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is really the same proof you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is really the same proof you use
+for inclusion exclusion with sets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for inclusion exclusion with sets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for inclusion exclusion with sets the
+only difference is that in a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference is that in a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference is that in a probability
+space we have weights on the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we have weights on the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we have weights on the elements
+and the weight corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the weight corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the weight corresponds to the
+probability so in fact if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so in fact if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so in fact if you were
+drawing the sample space say here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the sample space say here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the sample space say here's
+A1 and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 and here's
+A2 and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 and here's
+A3 well you need to add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 well you need to add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 well you need to add the
+probabilities here here and here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities here here and here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities here here and here then
+you subtract off the double counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you subtract off the double counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you subtract off the double counting
+from here from here and from here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here from here and from here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here from here and from here and
+then you add back in what you subtracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you add back in what you subtracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you add back in what you subtracted
+off too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off too much
+there same proof it's just you're having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there same proof it's just you're having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there same proof it's just you're having
+weights on the elements that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights on the elements that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights on the elements that are
+probabilities all right so let's figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities all right so let's figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities all right so let's figure
+out the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the right
+probability that's a sixth a sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that's a sixth a sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that's a sixth a sixth
+sixth what's the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth what's the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth what's the probability of the
+first two die matching both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+136 we'll talk more about why that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+136 we'll talk more about why that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+136 we'll talk more about why that is
+next time but it's you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time but it's you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time but it's you know there's a
+six for A1 then giv that a six for a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six for A1 then giv that a six for a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six for A1 then giv that a six for a the
+second die matching so it's a six times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second die matching so it's a six times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second die matching so it's a six times
+a six whoops minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a six whoops minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a six whoops minus the
+36 36 the chance that all three match is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 36 the chance that all three match is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 36 the chance that all three match is
+one 216 or a six cubed so when you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 216 or a six cubed so when you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 216 or a six cubed so when you add
+all that up you get4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that up you get4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that up you get4
+421 and some more so the chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+421 and some more so the chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+421 and some more so the chance of
+winning this game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning this game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning this game is
+41% which makes it the worst game in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41% which makes it the worst game in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41% which makes it the worst game in the
+casino it is hard to find a worst game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino it is hard to find a worst game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino it is hard to find a worst game
+than this you know roulette much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this you know roulette much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this you know roulette much better
+we'll study Roulette in the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll study Roulette in the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll study Roulette in the last lecture
+much better game and even that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better game and even that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better game and even that's a
+terrible game to play um so it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible game to play um so it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible game to play um so it looks
+like an easy game there's a quick proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an easy game there's a quick proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an easy game there's a quick proof
+that it's 50/50 but it's horrible odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's 50/50 but it's horrible odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's 50/50 but it's horrible odds
+against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the
+house now this this is a nice example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house now this this is a nice example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house now this this is a nice example
+because it shows how a rule you had for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it shows how a rule you had for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it shows how a rule you had for
+computing the cardinality of a set gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the cardinality of a set gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the cardinality of a set gives
+you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the
+probability all right in fact all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability all right in fact all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability all right in fact all the
+set laws you learned a couple weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set laws you learned a couple weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set laws you learned a couple weeks ago
+work for probability spaces the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for probability spaces the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for probability spaces the same way
+and there were several of those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were several of those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were several of those in
+homework that you just had in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework that you just had in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework that you just had in the last
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+set any any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+now in addition all those set laws you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in addition all those set laws you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in addition all those set laws you
+did also work for conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did also work for conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did also work for conditional
+probabilities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities for
+example this is true the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is true the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is true the probability of
+a union B given C oops given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a union B given C oops given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a union B given C oops given
+C is the probability of a given C plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is the probability of a given C plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is the probability of a given C plus
+the probability of B given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of B given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of B given
+C minus the intersection a interc B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C minus the intersection a interc B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C minus the intersection a interc B
+given C in other words take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given C in other words take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given C in other words take any
+probability rule you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability rule you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability rule you
+have and condition everything on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and condition everything on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and condition everything on an
+event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event
+C and it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and it still
+works all right and the proof is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works all right and the proof is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works all right and the proof is not
+hard it's you know you can go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard it's you know you can go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard it's you know you can go through
+each individual law and it but it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each individual law and it but it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each individual law and it but it all
+comes out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out to be
+fine all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine all
+right you have to be a little careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have to be a little careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have to be a little careful
+though because you got to figure you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though because you got to figure you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though because you got to figure you got
+to remember which side you're doing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember which side you're doing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember which side you're doing on
+which what you're putting on either side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which what you're putting on either side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which what you're putting on either side
+of the bar here for example what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bar here for example what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bar here for example what about
+this one is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+claim let's take say C and D are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disjoint is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint is this
+true then the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true then the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true then the probability of
+a condition on C Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a condition on C Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a condition on C Union
+D so given that either C or D is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so given that either C or D is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so given that either C or D is true
+does that equal the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that equal the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that equal the probability of
+a given C plus probability of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given C plus probability of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given C plus probability of a given
+D we know that if I swapped all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D we know that if I swapped all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D we know that if I swapped all these
+it's true the probability of C Union D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true the probability of C Union D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true the probability of C Union D
+when they're C and D are disjointed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're C and D are disjointed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're C and D are disjointed is
+the probability of C given a plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of C given a plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of C given a plus the
+probability of D given a that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of D given a that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of D given a that I just
+claimed what about this way can I swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed what about this way can I swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed what about this way can I swap
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if C and D are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if C and D are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if C and D are
+disjoint C Union D would just be C Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint C Union D would just be C Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint C Union D would just be C Union
+D but you're on a good point what if C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D but you're on a good point what if C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D but you're on a good point what if C
+and D are disjoint that's a good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D are disjoint that's a good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D are disjoint that's a good example
+let's draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that let's look at that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've got a sample space here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got a sample space here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got a sample space here and you
+got C here and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got C here and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got C here and D
+here and just for fun let's make a be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and just for fun let's make a be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and just for fun let's make a be
+here include all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what's the
+probability ah just G to do what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability ah just G to do what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability ah just G to do what I want
+yeah what's the probability of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c one one if I'm in C I'm in a a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c one one if I'm in C I'm in a a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c one one if I'm in C I'm in a a is
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+here so probability of a given C is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so probability of a given C is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so probability of a given C is one
+what's the probability of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of a given
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+one this is a problem because I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is a problem because I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is a problem because I can't
+have the probability of what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the probability of what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the probability of what's the
+probability of a given C Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given C Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given C Union
+D Well it can't be two right it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Well it can't be two right it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Well it can't be two right it's one
+they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not
+equal all right so you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal all right so you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal all right so you cannot
+to those set rules on the right side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those set rules on the right side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those set rules on the right side of
+the conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditioning
+bar you can do them on the left not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar you can do them on the left not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar you can do them on the left not on
+the right right so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true all right now nobody would do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true all right now nobody would do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true all right now nobody would do this
+right I mean the probability of I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean the probability of I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean the probability of I mean
+now that it's clear you see this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that it's clear you see this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that it's clear you see this example
+just you just would never make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you just would never make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you just would never make this
+mistake again right seeing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake again right seeing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake again right seeing that
+example everybody understand the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example everybody understand the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example everybody understand the example
+how it's clearly not always the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's clearly not always the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's clearly not always the case
+that probability of a given C Union D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability of a given C Union D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability of a given C Union D is
+a probability of a given C plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability of a given C plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability of a given C plus
+probability of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given
+D because now I'm going to show you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D because now I'm going to show you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D because now I'm going to show you an
+example where you're going to swear it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where you're going to swear it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where you're going to swear it's
+true all right and this is a real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true all right and this is a real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true all right and this is a real life
+example um this is many years ago now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um this is many years ago now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um this is many years ago now
+there was a sex discrimination suit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a sex discrimination suit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a sex discrimination suit at
+Berkeley there was a female professor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley there was a female professor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley there was a female professor in
+the math department and she was denied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math department and she was denied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math department and she was denied
+tenure and she filed a lawsuit against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenure and she filed a lawsuit against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenure and she filed a lawsuit against
+Berkeley alleging sex discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley alleging sex discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley alleging sex discrimination
+said she wasn't tenured because she's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said she wasn't tenured because she's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said she wasn't tenured because she's a
+woman now unfortunately sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman now unfortunately sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman now unfortunately sex
+discrimination is a problem in math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination is a problem in math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination is a problem in math
+departments it's historically been a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments it's historically been a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments it's historically been a a
+difficult area uh but it's always hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult area uh but it's always hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult area uh but it's always hard
+to prove it's a nebulous kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove it's a nebulous kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove it's a nebulous kind of thing
+they don't say hey you can't have tenure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't say hey you can't have tenure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't say hey you can't have tenure
+because of you're a woman that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of you're a woman that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of you're a woman that you know
+they get sued and get killed for that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get sued and get killed for that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get sued and get killed for that um
+but so she had to get some math to back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so she had to get some math to back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so she had to get some math to back
+her up so what she did is she she looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her up so what she did is she she looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her up so what she did is she she looked
+into Berkeley's practices and she found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Berkeley's practices and she found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Berkeley's practices and she found
+that in all 22 departments every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in all 22 departments every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in all 22 departments every single
+Department the percentage of male PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department the percentage of male PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department the percentage of male PhD
+applicants that were accepted was higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants that were accepted was higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants that were accepted was higher
+than the percentage of female PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the percentage of female PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the percentage of female PhD
+applicants that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants that were
+accepted now you could understand of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted now you could understand of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted now you could understand of
+some of the Departments accepting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the Departments accepting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the Departments accepting more
+male phds and female phds but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male phds and female phds but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male phds and female phds but all
+22 you know what are the odds of that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 you know what are the odds of that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 you know what are the odds of that I
+mean so the the the immediate conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so the the the immediate conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so the the the immediate conclusion
+is well that's that's clearly there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well that's that's clearly there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well that's that's clearly there's
+sex discrimination going on at Berkeley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex discrimination going on at Berkeley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex discrimination going on at Berkeley
+okay well Berkeley took a look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well Berkeley took a look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well Berkeley took a look at that
+and said well nothing good that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said well nothing good that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said well nothing good that doesn't
+look good for them but they did their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look good for them but they did their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look good for them but they did their
+own study of PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own study of PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own study of PhD
+applicants and they said that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants and they said that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants and they said that if the
+university as a whole look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university as a whole look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university as a whole look at the
+University as a whole actually the women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University as a whole actually the women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University as a whole actually the women
+the females have a higher acceptance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the females have a higher acceptance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the females have a higher acceptance
+rate for the PHD program than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate for the PHD program than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate for the PHD program than the
+men so look they Berkeley said we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men so look they Berkeley said we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men so look they Berkeley said we're
+accepting more women than men percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting more women than men percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting more women than men percentage
+wise so how could we be discriminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise so how could we be discriminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise so how could we be discriminating
+against women and this is where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against women and this is where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against women and this is where you know
+the same argument the the female faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same argument the the female faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same argument the the female faculty
+memb is making but they're saying as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memb is making but they're saying as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memb is making but they're saying as a
+university as a whole when you add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university as a whole when you add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university as a whole when you add up
+all 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 22
+departments well that sounds pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments well that sounds pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments well that sounds pretty good
+how could they be discriminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could they be discriminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could they be discriminating
+that okay so the question for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so the question for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so the question for you
+guys is it possible that both sides were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys is it possible that both sides were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys is it possible that both sides were
+telling the truth that in every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the truth that in every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the truth that in every single
+Department the women have a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department the women have a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department the women have a lower
+acceptance rate than men but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance rate than men but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance rate than men but on the
+University as a whole the women are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University as a whole the women are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University as a whole the women are
+higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+percentage you know it sounds like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage you know it sounds like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage you know it sounds like it's
+and just just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just just to
+avoid uh any confusion here uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid uh any confusion here uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid uh any confusion here uh people
+only apply to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only apply to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only apply to one
+department and they're only one sex all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and they're only one sex all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and they're only one sex all
+right so you can't you know Carol you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can't you know Carol you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can't you know Carol you
+know didn't apply you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many people think that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people think that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people think that one of the
+sides actually when they looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides actually when they looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides actually when they looked at the
+studies was wrong that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies was wrong that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies was wrong that they're
+contradictory nobody yeah you've been in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory nobody yeah you've been in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory nobody yeah you've been in
+6 over two too long how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 over two too long how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 over two too long how many people
+think it's possible that both sides were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's possible that both sides were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's possible that both sides were
+right yeah all right so let's see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah all right so let's see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah all right so let's see you
+know how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works and to make it simple I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and to make it simple I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and to make it simple I'm going to
+get down to just two departments rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to just two departments rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to just two departments rather
+than try to do data for all 22 and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than try to do data for all 22 and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than try to do data for all 22 and I'm
+going to do not the actual data but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do not the actual data but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do not the actual data but
+something that represents what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on okay so we're going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so we're going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so we're going to look at the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+events a is the event that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+applicant is admitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+FCS is the event that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FCS is the event that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FCS is the event that the
+applicant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+female and applying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female and applying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female and applying to
+CS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS
+Fe is the event that the applicant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe is the event that the applicant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe is the event that the applicant is
+female and applying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e m
+CS is the event the applicant is a male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS is the event the applicant is a male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS is the event the applicant is a male
+and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C
+Cs and then finally we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me is the event the applicant is male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is the event the applicant is male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is the event the applicant is male
+and an e so we're just going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an e so we're just going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an e so we're just going to look at
+two departments here and try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two departments here and try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two departments here and try to figure
+out if it can happen that in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if it can happen that in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if it can happen that in both
+departments the women are worse off but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments the women are worse off but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments the women are worse off but
+if you take the union they're better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the female professor's argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the female professor's argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the female professor's argument
+effectively is the probability of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively is the probability of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively is the probability of being
+admitted given that you're a female in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted given that you're a female in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted given that you're a female in
+CS is less than the probability of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS is less than the probability of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS is less than the probability of being
+admitted given that you're a male in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted given that you're a male in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted given that you're a male in
+CS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS
+and same thing in E probability of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and same thing in E probability of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and same thing in E probability of being
+admitted in E if you're a female is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted in E if you're a female is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted in E if you're a female is less
+than if you're a male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now Berkeley is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Berkeley is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Berkeley is
+saying sort of the reverse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying sort of the reverse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying sort of the reverse the
+probability that you're admitted given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you're admitted given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you're admitted given
+that you're a female in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+department is bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department is bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department is bigger than the
+probability of being admitted if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being admitted if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being admitted if you're
+a male in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Department okay Okay so we've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department okay Okay so we've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department okay Okay so we've now
+expressed their arguments as conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed their arguments as conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed their arguments as conditional
+probabilities any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities any
+questions and can you sort of see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and can you sort of see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and can you sort of see why
+this seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems
+contradictory right because you not plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory right because you not plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory right because you not plus
+Union because this is sort of like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union because this is sort of like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union because this is sort of like you
+know these are disjoint this is the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these are disjoint this is the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these are disjoint this is the sort
+of the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sum of
+those right and this is sort of the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those right and this is sort of the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those right and this is sort of the sum
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+those and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and yet
+the inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inequality
+changed all right in fact this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed all right in fact this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed all right in fact this is the
+logic is the logic that we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic is the logic that we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic is the logic that we've just
+debunked over there exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debunked over there exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debunked over there exactly that
+claim fact these are not equal as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum so let's do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example say
+that let's let's do it over here I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's let's do it over here I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's let's do it over here I'll
+put real values in over here say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put real values in over here say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put real values in over here say that
+for women in computer science zero out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for women in computer science zero out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for women in computer science zero out
+of one were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one were
+admitted compared to the men where 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted compared to the men where 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted compared to the men where 50
+out of 100 were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of 100 were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of 100 were
+admitted and then an e 70 out of 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted and then an e 70 out of 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted and then an e 70 out of 100
+women were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women were
+admitted compared to the men which had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted compared to the men which had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted compared to the men which had
+one out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one out of
+one all right so as ratios 70% is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so as ratios 70% is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so as ratios 70% is less
+than 100% 0% is less than 50 now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 100% 0% is less than 50 now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 100% 0% is less than 50 now if I
+look at the two departments as a whole I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the two departments as a whole I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the two departments as a whole I
+get 70 over 101
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 70 over 101
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 70 over 101
+is in fact bigger than 51 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact bigger than 51 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact bigger than 51 over
+101 all right so as a whole women are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 all right so as a whole women are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 all right so as a whole women are a
+lot more likely to be admitted even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more likely to be admitted even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more likely to be admitted even
+though in each department they're less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though in each department they're less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though in each department they're less
+likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be
+admitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted
+okay so what went wrong with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what went wrong with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what went wrong with the
+intuition that which you didn't fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that which you didn't fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that which you didn't fall
+victim to but people often do that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victim to but people often do that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victim to but people often do that it
+shouldn't have been this shouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have been this shouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have been this shouldn't have
+been possible given that what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been possible given that what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been possible given that what's going on
+here that makes it so that this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that makes it so that this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that makes it so that this is not a
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+when you look at the union of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Departments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah they're waiting very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah they're waiting very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah they're waiting very
+differently you got huge waiting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently you got huge waiting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently you got huge waiting here
+right so if I looked at the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I looked at the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I looked at the average of
+the percentages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentages
+here well it's 35% for the women versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well it's 35% for the women versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well it's 35% for the women versus
+75% for the men so the average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75% for the men so the average of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75% for the men so the average of the
+percentag is just what you'd think 35 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentag is just what you'd think 35 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentag is just what you'd think 35 is
+less than 75 but I've got huge waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 75 but I've got huge waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 75 but I've got huge waiting
+on these guys which changes the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these guys which changes the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these guys which changes the numbers
+quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+dramatically so it all depends how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically so it all depends how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically so it all depends how you
+count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it uh actually who do you think had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh actually who do you think had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh actually who do you think had a
+better argue yeah go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better argue yeah go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better argue yeah go
+ahead who won the lawsuit actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead who won the lawsuit actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead who won the lawsuit actually the
+woman won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman won the
+lawsuit uh and I mean who which argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawsuit uh and I mean who which argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawsuit uh and I mean who which argument
+would you buy now you got two arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you buy now you got two arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you buy now you got two arguments
+which one would you believe if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one would you believe if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one would you believe if
+either which one we now if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either which one we now if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either which one we now if I look at
+exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this
+data uh I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh I might
+side I might side with Berkeley looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I might side with Berkeley looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I might side with Berkeley looking
+at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these
+numbers then again when you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers then again when you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers then again when you think about
+all 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 22
+departments and the fact they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments and the fact they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments and the fact they weren't
+this lopsided not so good so in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lopsided not so good so in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lopsided not so good so in the end
+Berkeley lost we're going to see another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley lost we're going to see another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley lost we're going to see another
+example in a minute where it's even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in a minute where it's even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in a minute where it's even more
+clear which side to believe in but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear which side to believe in but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear which side to believe in but it
+really depends on the numbers as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really depends on the numbers as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really depends on the numbers as to
+which one you might if you had to vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one you might if you had to vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one you might if you had to vote
+which way you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way you'd
+vote right here's another example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote right here's another example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote right here's another example this
+is from a newspaper article on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from a newspaper article on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from a newspaper article on which
+airlines are best to fly because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airlines are best to fly because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airlines are best to fly because they
+have the best on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rates and in this case they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and in this case they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and in this case they were
+comparing American Airlines and America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing American Airlines and America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing American Airlines and America
+West looking at on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West looking at on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West looking at on time
+rates and here's the data they showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and here's the data they showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and here's the data they showed
+for the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the two
+Airlines here's American Airlines here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines here's American Airlines here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines here's American Airlines here's
+America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America
+West and they took five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West and they took five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West and they took five
+cities La
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities La
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities La
+Phoenix San Diego San Francisco and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Seattle and then you looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle and then you looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle and then you looked at the
+number on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time the number of flights and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the number of flights and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the number of flights and then the
+rate percentage on time and then same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate percentage on time and then same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate percentage on time and then same
+thing here number on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time number of flights and the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so I'm just going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I'm just going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I'm just going to give you
+the numbers here so they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers here so they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers here so they had
+500 out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 out of
+560 for a rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+89%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+89%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+89%
+220 over 230 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+95 210 over 230 for 92%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+500 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 over
+600 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 or
+83% and then Seattle they had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+83% and then Seattle they had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+83% and then Seattle they had a lot of
+flights that's where they're maybe had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights that's where they're maybe had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights that's where they're maybe had a
+hub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hub
+2,200 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,200 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,200 for
+86% and if you added them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+86% and if you added them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+86% and if you added them all
+up they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up they got
+3,300 out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,300 out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,300 out of
+3820 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3820 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3820 for
+87% on time now the data for American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+87% on time now the data for American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+87% on time now the data for American
+West looks something like the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West looks something like the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West looks something like the following
+in La it's 700 out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in La it's 700 out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in La it's 700 out of
+800 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+87% uh they're based in Phoenix they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+87% uh they're based in Phoenix they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+87% uh they're based in Phoenix they got
+a zillion flights there 4,900 out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zillion flights there 4,900 out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zillion flights there 4,900 out of
+5300 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+92% and 400 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+92% and 400 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+92% and 400 for
+450 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+450 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+450 for
+89% 320
+
+ align:start position:0%
+89% 320
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+89% 320
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+71% 200 over 260 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71% 200 over 260 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71% 200 over 260 for
+77% and then you add all them up and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+77% and then you add all them up and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+77% and then you add all them up and you
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+6520 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6520 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6520 over
+7260 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7260 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7260 for
+90% so the newspaper concluded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% so the newspaper concluded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% so the newspaper concluded and
+literally said that American West is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally said that American West is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally said that American West is the
+better airline to fly because their on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better airline to fly because their on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better airline to fly because their on
+time rate is much better it's 90% versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+87% what do you think which airline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+87% what do you think which airline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+87% what do you think which airline
+would you fly looking at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data I know which one I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I know which one I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I know which one I'd
+fly I mean it looks like American West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly I mean it looks like American West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly I mean it looks like American West
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+better every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better every single
+City American Airlines is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better 92 ver 89 everywhere it's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better 92 ver 89 everywhere it's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better 92 ver 89 everywhere it's better
+by a bunch 83: 71 86 vers 77 every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a bunch 83: 71 86 vers 77 every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a bunch 83: 71 86 vers 77 every
+single City American Airlines is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single City American Airlines is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single City American Airlines is
+better yet America West is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better yet America West is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better yet America West is better
+overall and that's what the newspaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall and that's what the newspaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall and that's what the newspaper
+said they went on this but of course no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they went on this but of course no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they went on this but of course no
+matter where you're going you're better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter where you're going you're better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter where you're going you're better
+off with American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Airlines all right now what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines all right now what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines all right now what happened
+here the waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the waiting
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+fact American West flies out of Phoenix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact American West flies out of Phoenix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact American West flies out of Phoenix
+where the weather is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the weather is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the weather is
+great so you get a higher on time rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so you get a higher on time rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so you get a higher on time rate
+when a in a good weather City and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a in a good weather City and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a in a good weather City and they
+got most of their flights there American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got most of their flights there American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got most of their flights there American
+Airlines got a lot of flights in Seattle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines got a lot of flights in Seattle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines got a lot of flights in Seattle
+where the weather sucks you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the weather sucks you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the weather sucks you know and
+you're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always
+delayed all right and so they look worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed all right and so they look worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed all right and so they look worse
+on average because so many of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average because so many of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average because so many of their
+flights are in a bad City and so many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights are in a bad City and so many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights are in a bad City and so many of
+America West are in a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America West are in a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America West are in a good
+City all right so it makes America W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City all right so it makes America W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City all right so it makes America W
+look better when in fact in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look better when in fact in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look better when in fact in this case
+it's absolutely clear who's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's absolutely clear who's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's absolutely clear who's better
+American Airlines is better every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Airlines is better every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Airlines is better every single
+City all right that's why Mark Twain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City all right that's why Mark Twain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City all right that's why Mark Twain
+said there's three kinds of lies lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there's three kinds of lies lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there's three kinds of lies lies
+damned lies and statistics we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damned lies and statistics we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damned lies and statistics we'll see
+more examples next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/E7W6x1Py0Ro.txt b/E7W6x1Py0Ro.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82bd16f6624dd354c4dbc85fd0385c686f6638bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/E7W6x1Py0Ro.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6459 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so we're starting in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so we're starting in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so we're starting in on
+the last unit and so we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last unit and so we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last unit and so we're going to be
+talking about kinetics uh for the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about kinetics uh for the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about kinetics uh for the rest
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+semester the last the last class is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester the last the last class is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester the last the last class is a
+bit of a review of everything we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a review of everything we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a review of everything we've done
+uh but this is this is the last the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this is this is the last the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this is this is the last the last
+topic and it's mostly in Chapter 13 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic and it's mostly in Chapter 13 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic and it's mostly in Chapter 13 but
+there's a little bit in chapter 17 so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit in chapter 17 so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit in chapter 17 so if
+you notice on your problem set um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice on your problem set um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice on your problem set um the
+Vesper is covered which is in chapter 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vesper is covered which is in chapter 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vesper is covered which is in chapter 3
+transition medals in chapter 16 kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition medals in chapter 16 kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition medals in chapter 16 kinetics
+in Chapter 13 and some nuclear chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Chapter 13 and some nuclear chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Chapter 13 and some nuclear chemistry
+in chapter 17 so you're jumping back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chapter 17 so you're jumping back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chapter 17 so you're jumping back and
+forth between a couple of several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between a couple of several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between a couple of several
+different chapters in this last part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chapters in this last part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chapters in this last part of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+course so rates of uh chem reactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so rates of uh chem reactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so rates of uh chem reactions and
+rate laws so today's introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate laws so today's introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate laws so today's introductory
+lecture to rates and we'll introduce you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to rates and we'll introduce you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to rates and we'll introduce you
+to a lot of terms that you that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lot of terms that you that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lot of terms that you that you need
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+know all right so chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all right so chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all right so chemical
+reactions so in addition to asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so in addition to asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so in addition to asking
+whether the reaction is likely to go as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the reaction is likely to go as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the reaction is likely to go as
+it is written which is a thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is written which is a thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is written which is a thermodynamic
+question we also want to know how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we also want to know how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we also want to know how fast
+that reaction will go so kinetics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reaction will go so kinetics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reaction will go so kinetics is
+rates of reaction that's what it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of reaction that's what it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of reaction that's what it is and
+a kinetic experiment measures the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kinetic experiment measures the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kinetic experiment measures the rate
+at which a concentration of a substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which a concentration of a substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which a concentration of a substance
+uh taking place in the chemical reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taking place in the chemical reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taking place in the chemical reaction
+changes with time so you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes with time so you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes with time so you're talking
+about changes in concentration with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about changes in concentration with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about changes in concentration with
+changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so let's take a look at a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so let's take a look at a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so let's take a look at a chemical
+reaction so this is the oxidation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so this is the oxidation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so this is the oxidation of
+glucose glucose and oxygen going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose glucose and oxygen going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose glucose and oxygen going to
+carbon dioxide and water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide and water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide and water
+so as Professor s told you in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as Professor s told you in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as Professor s told you in the first
+part of the course this is the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the course this is the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the course this is the reason
+why we eat we need glucose for energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we eat we need glucose for energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we eat we need glucose for energy
+this is this is what drives our bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is what drives our bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is what drives our bodies
+this is how we make ATP uh which is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we make ATP uh which is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we make ATP uh which is our
+source of energy in our bodies so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of energy in our bodies so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of energy in our bodies so this
+is the reason why we eat oxygen is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reason why we eat oxygen is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reason why we eat oxygen is the
+reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why
+we what breathe CO2 is the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we what breathe CO2 is the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we what breathe CO2 is the reason why
+we and water is the reason why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and water is the reason why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and water is the reason why we
+yes so you know this reaction quite well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so you know this reaction quite well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so you know this reaction quite well
+really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important
+reaction so Professor Sarah told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so Professor Sarah told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so Professor Sarah told you
+about the thermodynamics of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the thermodynamics of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the thermodynamics of this
+reaction she talked about Delta G KN and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction she talked about Delta G KN and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction she talked about Delta G KN and
+Delta G KN equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what Delta H minus t Delta s and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Delta H minus t Delta s and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Delta H minus t Delta s and so you
+can consider sort of how much uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can consider sort of how much uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can consider sort of how much uh what
+you get out of this reaction how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get out of this reaction how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get out of this reaction how
+spontaneous how favorable it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous how favorable it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous how favorable it is
+considering Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering Delta G
+which depends on the value of delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which depends on the value of delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which depends on the value of delta H
+and Delta s and of course also what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta s and of course also what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta s and of course also what
+temperature the reaction is so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the reaction is so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the reaction is so in this
+case Delta H is a large negative number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Delta H is a large negative number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Delta H is a large negative number
+so what type of reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what type of reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what type of reaction is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+exothermic Delta s knot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic Delta s knot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic Delta s knot is
+positive so that's very favorable you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so that's very favorable you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so that's very favorable you
+always want to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy and so Delta G is a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and so Delta G is a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and so Delta G is a very large
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+number so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so this is a
+thermodynamically very favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically very favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically very favorable
+reaction so if that's true if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so if that's true if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so if that's true if you have
+glucose around one might expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose around one might expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose around one might expect that
+when the glucose is sitting in air in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the glucose is sitting in air in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the glucose is sitting in air in
+oxygen that it would be forming CO2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen that it would be forming CO2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen that it would be forming CO2 and
+water that this is a really favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that this is a really favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that this is a really favorable
+reaction so I brought some glucose with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so I brought some glucose with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so I brought some glucose with
+me today to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me today to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me today to
+class so uh in here is there some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so uh in here is there some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so uh in here is there some uh
+Hershey's Kisses there's chocolate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hershey's Kisses there's chocolate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hershey's Kisses there's chocolate and
+there's sugar so this is all sealed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sugar so this is all sealed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sugar so this is all sealed up
+away from oxygen but according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from oxygen but according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from oxygen but according to this
+thermodynamics if I open this up this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics if I open this up this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics if I open this up this is
+a really favorable reaction air will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really favorable reaction air will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really favorable reaction air will
+enter the bag and CO2 should come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out so I'm going to I'm going to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so I'm going to I'm going to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so I'm going to I'm going to open
+this up and we'll see what happens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up and we'll see what happens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up and we'll see what happens of
+course if you did this on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if you did this on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if you did this on your own
+safety glasses might be a good good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety glasses might be a good good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety glasses might be a good good idea
+um all right I don't really see much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right I don't really see much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right I don't really see much
+happening all right well let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening all right well let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening all right well let's let's
+observe this reaction over time so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe this reaction over time so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe this reaction over time so what
+I want you to do the taas are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to do the taas are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to do the taas are going to
+hand this out and during the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand this out and during the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand this out and during the course of
+the lecture I want you to carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture I want you to carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture I want you to carefully
+study uh your Hershey's kiss and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study uh your Hershey's kiss and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study uh your Hershey's kiss and let me
+know at the end If You observe any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at the end If You observe any uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at the end If You observe any uh
+CO2 coming off of this and we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 coming off of this and we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 coming off of this and we'll we'll
+watch one uh up here at some point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch one uh up here at some point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch one uh up here at some point so
+Christine has one up here here which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christine has one up here here which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christine has one up here here which we
+can take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at all right so you can help me with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all right so you can help me with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all right so you can help me with
+this uh experiment during the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh experiment during the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh experiment during the course of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class okay so this brings up a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay so this brings up a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay so this brings up a point
+it's thermodynamically favorable yet we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's thermodynamically favorable yet we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's thermodynamically favorable yet we
+are not observing the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not observing the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not observing the reaction
+happening so why is that well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so why is that well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so why is that well it's
+favorable but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slow so it's not only a meas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so it's not only a meas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so it's not only a meas
+thermodynamics are very important but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics are very important but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics are very important but
+that's not the whole story rate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the whole story rate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the whole story rate or
+kinetics is also a very important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics is also a very important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics is also a very important part
+of what determines whether you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what determines whether you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what determines whether you're going
+to be observing this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happening so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so
+as these are being handed out let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these are being handed out let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these are being handed out let's just
+consider these two terms for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment so this is going back to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so this is going back to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so this is going back to what
+Professor Sarah talked about and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Sarah talked about and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Sarah talked about and these
+are actually um right out of one of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually um right out of one of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually um right out of one of her
+handouts so she told you about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handouts so she told you about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handouts so she told you about things
+that are stable or unstable so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are stable or unstable so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are stable or unstable so if you're
+talking about stable unstable you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about stable unstable you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about stable unstable you're
+talking about Delta G you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Delta G you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Delta G you're talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+thermodynamics the thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics the thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics the thermodynamic
+tendency to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency to
+decompose but that's not the whole story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose but that's not the whole story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose but that's not the whole story
+you also have to consider whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have to consider whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have to consider whether it's
+laile or non- laile also referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laile or non- laile also referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laile or non- laile also referred to as
+inert and that refers to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert and that refers to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert and that refers to the
+rate and so that's kinetics so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and so that's kinetics so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and so that's kinetics so the
+reaction that we talked about it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that we talked about it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that we talked about it might
+be that glucose is is unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that glucose is is unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that glucose is is unstable
+thermodynamically it wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically it wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically it wants to
+decompose but it's also fairly non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose but it's also fairly non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose but it's also fairly non-
+labile the rate at which it happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labile the rate at which it happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labile the rate at which it happens is
+very slow so I think that uh most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow so I think that uh most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow so I think that uh most likely
+at the end we've done this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end we've done this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end we've done this experiment
+before in class no one has observed any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in class no one has observed any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in class no one has observed any
+CO2 but somehow the chocolate by the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 but somehow the chocolate by the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 but somehow the chocolate by the end
+of the class seems to have gone away so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class seems to have gone away so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class seems to have gone away so
+but yet there's no evidence of the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yet there's no evidence of the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yet there's no evidence of the water
+that's formed so it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's formed so it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's formed so it's a little bit
+confusing um but but in any case these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing um but but in any case these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing um but but in any case these
+are important terms to know so rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important terms to know so rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important terms to know so rate is
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+and just to as another example in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to as another example in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to as another example in terms
+of rate being important you know someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rate being important you know someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rate being important you know someone
+might say to you uh that you could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say to you uh that you could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say to you uh that you could make
+5 million again rate is important will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 million again rate is important will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 million again rate is important will
+you make that $5 million in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make that $5 million in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make that $5 million in the next
+year or would you have to live to an age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or would you have to live to an age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or would you have to live to an age
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+1,562 to make that $5 million so rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,562 to make that $5 million so rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,562 to make that $5 million so rate at
+which things are happening is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which things are happening is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which things are happening is very
+important so in this case this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so in this case this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so in this case this reaction
+can be you know has to go at some to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be you know has to go at some to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be you know has to go at some to
+some degree because this is how we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some degree because this is how we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some degree because this is how we make
+energy to live so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to live so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to live so this is really
+slow but your body is using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow but your body is using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow but your body is using this
+reaction to get energy so how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to get energy so how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to get energy so how does that
+happen well it happens because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen well it happens because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen well it happens because there are
+enzymes so in the body um it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes so in the body um it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes so in the body um it must be
+fast enough so the body uses catalus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast enough so the body uses catalus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast enough so the body uses catalus
+enzymes proteins that catalyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes proteins that catalyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes proteins that catalyze the
+reaction they speed up the reaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction they speed up the reaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction they speed up the reaction and
+that is what allows this to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what allows this to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what allows this to this
+reaction to work as your source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to work as your source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to work as your source of
+energy so uh we will consider catalysts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so uh we will consider catalysts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so uh we will consider catalysts
+and enzymes a little later in this unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enzymes a little later in this unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enzymes a little later in this unit
+but that's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point so let's talk about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so let's talk about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so let's talk about some of the
+factors affecting rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors affecting rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors affecting rates of
+reaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so
+uh go over here what are some factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go over here what are some factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go over here what are some factors
+that would affect how fast a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would affect how fast a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would affect how fast a reaction
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+temperature someone say heat or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature what else might affect uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentration what about the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration what about the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration what about the one that
+was just up on that slide of how the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just up on that slide of how the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just up on that slide of how the uh
+oxidation of glucose works on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of glucose works on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of glucose works on the
+body use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+catalyst okay a couple a couple other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst okay a couple a couple other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst okay a couple a couple other
+things uh nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material and uh mechanism which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and uh mechanism which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and uh mechanism which we're
+going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about so in the next few lectures we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so in the next few lectures we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so in the next few lectures we're
+going to be considering concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be considering concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be considering concentrations
+nature of material mechanisms and toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of material mechanisms and toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of material mechanisms and toward
+the end we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end we're going to talk about
+temperature and catalysts so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and catalysts so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and catalysts so that's
+where we're going uh in this unit how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going uh in this unit how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going uh in this unit how
+they all affect rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions so first we have to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so first we have to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so first we have to introduce
+you to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to some
+terms and talk about measuring the rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and talk about measuring the rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and talk about measuring the rates
+of reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here we have a reaction of n NO2 gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have a reaction of n NO2 gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have a reaction of n NO2 gas
+uh Co carbon monoxide noog gas and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Co carbon monoxide noog gas and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Co carbon monoxide noog gas and uh
+CO2 carbon dioxide which we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 carbon dioxide which we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 carbon dioxide which we just
+mentioned before in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before in the last
+example suppose you're measuring a rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose you're measuring a rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose you're measuring a rate
+of this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this particular
+reaction so you could for example plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so you could for example plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so you could for example plot
+the change in concentration of no gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in concentration of no gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in concentration of no gas
+versus time you're forming no as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus time you're forming no as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus time you're forming no as the
+reaction goes you're considering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction goes you're considering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction goes you're considering the
+rate of the reaction you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the reaction you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the reaction you're looking at
+how much you form in a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you form in a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you form in a certain amount of
+time so here might be what the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so here might be what the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so here might be what the data
+would look like as time goes on you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like as time goes on you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like as time goes on you see
+an increase and then it starts to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an increase and then it starts to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an increase and then it starts to uh
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+off you can consider the average rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off you can consider the average rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off you can consider the average rate
+which would be defined as some change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be defined as some change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be defined as some change in
+concentration over a particular change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration over a particular change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration over a particular change
+in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you could express that as the change or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could express that as the change or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could express that as the change or
+Delta of the concentration of no over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta of the concentration of no over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta of the concentration of no over
+the change in time Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in time Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in time Delta
+time and you could pick some places and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you could pick some places and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you could pick some places and
+calculate an average rate so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate an average rate so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate an average rate so you could
+uh draw lines over two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh draw lines over two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh draw lines over two different
+concentrations at two different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations at two different times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations at two different times
+and calculate what the rate is in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculate what the rate is in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculate what the rate is in that
+interval so we can do that average rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so we can do that average rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so we can do that average rate
+two different concentrations at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different concentrations at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different concentrations at those
+two different different times change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different different times change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different different times change in
+concentration over change in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration over change in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration over change in time and
+that gives you a value but this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you a value but this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you a value but this this
+average rate then depends on the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average rate then depends on the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average rate then depends on the time
+interval chosen so it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval chosen so it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval chosen so it's going to be a
+different rate here than it might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rate here than it might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rate here than it might have
+been down here or up here so that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been down here or up here so that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been down here or up here so that tells
+you maybe something but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe something but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe something but it doesn't
+necessarily tell you all the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily tell you all the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily tell you all the things that
+are going on because it just depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going on because it just depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going on because it just depends on
+a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular
+area so instead of considering average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so instead of considering average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so instead of considering average
+rate you can start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you can start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you can start talking about
+instantaneous rate the rate at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous rate the rate at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous rate the rate at a
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+time and so that's instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so that's instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so that's instantaneous
+rate and so you're really wanting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and so you're really wanting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and so you're really wanting to
+know what does the rate say at 150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what does the rate say at 150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what does the rate say at 150
+seconds at that particular moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds at that particular moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds at that particular moment in
+time what was the rate so here you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what was the rate so here you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what was the rate so here you're
+just talking about the limit as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about the limit as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about the limit as that
+change in time approaches zero and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in time approaches zero and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in time approaches zero and that
+can also be expressed in terms of D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be expressed in terms of D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be expressed in terms of D
+concentration of n DT so the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of n DT so the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of n DT so the change in
+concentration of no with time at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of no with time at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of no with time at a
+particular particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular particular
+moment so as that change in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so as that change in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so as that change in time
+approaches zero the rate becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches zero the rate becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches zero the rate becomes the
+same as the slope of the line tangent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the slope of the line tangent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the slope of the line tangent to
+that particular point in time at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular point in time at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular point in time at time T
+the one you're interested in and so say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you're interested in and so say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you're interested in and so say
+we'll find this instant anous rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll find this instant anous rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll find this instant anous rate at
+150 uh seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 uh seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 uh seconds
+here so we can do that at the rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we can do that at the rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we can do that at the rate at
+that particular time so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular time so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular time so we're going to
+uh draw a line tangent to the curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh draw a line tangent to the curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh draw a line tangent to the curve and
+figure out the slope of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the slope of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the slope of that
+line so we can uh do that find the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so we can uh do that find the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so we can uh do that find the slope
+get some different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some different
+points and look at the instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and look at the instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and look at the instantaneous
+rate so we can calculate the slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so we can calculate the slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so we can calculate the slope of
+that line here and come up with a rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line here and come up with a rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line here and come up with a rate
+so in this case 7.7 * 10- 5 and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case 7.7 * 10- 5 and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case 7.7 * 10- 5 and this is
+in molar per second which is a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in molar per second which is a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in molar per second which is a common
+you uh unit for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh unit for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh unit for a
+rate okay so that tells us about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate okay so that tells us about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate okay so that tells us about a
+particular instantaneous rate at one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instantaneous rate at one at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instantaneous rate at one at
+one given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one given
+time and an important thing to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and an important thing to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and an important thing to consider
+is initial rate and so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is initial rate and so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is initial rate and so that's the
+instantaneous rate at time equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous rate at time equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous rate at time equals zero
+so the initial the initial rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the initial the initial rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the initial the initial rate of the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+reaction so that's a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so that's a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so that's a little bit about
+measuring rates and we'll talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring rates and we'll talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring rates and we'll talk more
+about plotting data when you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about plotting data when you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about plotting data when you're trying
+to get out rate constants and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get out rate constants and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get out rate constants and other
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factors so rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so rate
+Expressions so we can uh Express the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions so we can uh Express the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions so we can uh Express the
+rate of the reaction when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the reaction when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the reaction when we're
+measuring a reaction you can often pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring a reaction you can often pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring a reaction you can often pick
+uh to measure the increase in the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to measure the increase in the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to measure the increase in the amount
+of products being formed you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of products being formed you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of products being formed you can also
+consider the decrease in the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the decrease in the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the decrease in the amount of
+reactants so you can uh measure rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so you can uh measure rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so you can uh measure rate
+either way looking for disappearance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way looking for disappearance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way looking for disappearance or
+looking for appearance and often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for appearance and often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for appearance and often
+decisions about how you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about how you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about how you're going to
+measure the rate depends on uh how easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the rate depends on uh how easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the rate depends on uh how easy
+it is to measure a change in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to measure a change in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to measure a change in something
+so there's usually practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's usually practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's usually practical
+considerations that go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations that go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations that go on
+here so then the rate can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so then the rate can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so then the rate can be
+expressed um in terms of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed um in terms of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed um in terms of The
+Disappearance of one of the reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disappearance of one of the reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disappearance of one of the reactants
+here NO2 so the rate is going to depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here NO2 so the rate is going to depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here NO2 so the rate is going to depend
+on how fast that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how fast that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how fast that's
+disappearing or The Disappearance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing or The Disappearance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing or The Disappearance of the
+a second reactant over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second reactant over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second reactant over
+here and the appearance then of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the appearance then of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the appearance then of one of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+products or the other product and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products or the other product and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products or the other product and this
+of course is only true if we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is only true if we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is only true if we assume
+there's no intermediates because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no intermediates because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no intermediates because
+sometimes the rate at which a reactant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the rate at which a reactant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the rate at which a reactant
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+disappear um will not be the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear um will not be the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear um will not be the same as the
+rate at which it'll appear because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which it'll appear because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which it'll appear because
+there's lots of steps involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of steps involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of steps involved in
+between so this comes back to mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so this comes back to mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so this comes back to mechanism
+which we're going to talk about in uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to talk about in uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to talk about in uh uh
+next week so um but this is what's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week so um but this is what's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week so um but this is what's known
+as the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Expressions so let's look at an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions so let's look at an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions so let's look at an example
+so here you have Reaction 2 hi gas going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you have Reaction 2 hi gas going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you have Reaction 2 hi gas going
+to H2 gas plus I2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gas so the rate could be considered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so the rate could be considered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so the rate could be considered in
+terms of The Disappearance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of The Disappearance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of The Disappearance of the
+reactant and here we see that for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant and here we see that for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant and here we see that for every
+two hi that disappears uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hi that disappears uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hi that disappears uh that's
+decomposed we have one H2 and one I2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed we have one H2 and one I2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed we have one H2 and one I2 so
+if we're going to set up our rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to set up our rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to set up our rate
+expression we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression we're going to have to
+multiply this term by a half uh if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this term by a half uh if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this term by a half uh if it's
+going to be equal to the rate at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to the rate at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to the rate at which
+H2 appears or the rate at which I2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 appears or the rate at which I2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 appears or the rate at which I2
+appears so the stochiometry here matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears so the stochiometry here matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears so the stochiometry here matters
+uh so if you just looked at the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if you just looked at the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if you just looked at the rate of
+disappearance of hi you it wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearance of hi you it wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearance of hi you it wouldn't be
+equal to how fast that's forming because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to how fast that's forming because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to how fast that's forming because
+two are going away for every one of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are going away for every one of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are going away for every one of each
+of these that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formed so then in general you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed so then in general you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed so then in general you would
+write the expression this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the expression this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the expression this way
+so uh minus uh minus1 over a where a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh minus uh minus1 over a where a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh minus uh minus1 over a where a is
+the uh stochiometry of reactant a d a DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh stochiometry of reactant a d a DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh stochiometry of reactant a d a DT
+minus 1/ B DB DT plus 1/ c d c DT plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/ B DB DT plus 1/ c d c DT plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/ B DB DT plus 1/ c d c DT plus
+1/ d DD DT that's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ d DD DT that's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ d DD DT that's hard to
+say all right so those are rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right so those are rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right so those are rate
+Expressions now we come to rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+laws so a rate law is the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws so a rate law is the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws so a rate law is the relationship
+between rates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations
+and those are going to be related by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are going to be related by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are going to be related by a
+proportionality constant called little K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality constant called little K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality constant called little K
+rate constant so big K was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant so big K was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant so big K was
+what equilibrium constant and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what equilibrium constant and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what equilibrium constant and now we
+have little K which is the rate constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have little K which is the rate constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have little K which is the rate constant
+so a rate law is going to tell you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a rate law is going to tell you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a rate law is going to tell you how
+the rate depends on the things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate depends on the things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate depends on the things in the
+reactions they'll be a rate constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions they'll be a rate constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions they'll be a rate constant and
+there's going to be concentration terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be concentration terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be concentration terms
+and it has to be experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to be experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to be experimentally
+determined what that rate law is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined what that rate law is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined what that rate law is um
+unless it's an elementary reaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it's an elementary reaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it's an elementary reaction and
+we'll come to that in a few minutes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come to that in a few minutes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come to that in a few minutes so
+suppose you have this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have this particular
+reaction going your rate law would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction going your rate law would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction going your rate law would have
+some expression that looks like this it'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some expression that looks like this it'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some expression that looks like this it'
+have rate equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rate equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rate equal
+the rate constant little K uh times some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentrations and here we're raised uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations and here we're raised uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations and here we're raised uh
+to the m and to the n and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the m and to the n and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the m and to the n and those are
+known as the order of the reaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the order of the reaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the order of the reaction and
+so m is the order of the reaction in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so m is the order of the reaction in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so m is the order of the reaction in a
+and N is the order of the reaction in B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N is the order of the reaction in B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N is the order of the reaction in B
+and little K of course is the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and little K of course is the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and little K of course is the rate
+constant so how do you know what terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so how do you know what terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so how do you know what terms
+to put in in there and how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in in there and how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in in there and how do you know
+what the order of the reaction is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the order of the reaction is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the order of the reaction is well
+these are experimentally uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are experimentally uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are experimentally uh
+determined so the rate law is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined so the rate law is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined so the rate law is an
+experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental
+result and you just can't look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and you just can't look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and you just can't look at the
+stochiometry of the reaction and predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry of the reaction and predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry of the reaction and predict
+the rate law unless it's an elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate law unless it's an elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate law unless it's an elementary
+reaction and so when you're designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and so when you're designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and so when you're designing
+mechanisms you're creating steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms you're creating steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms you're creating steps and
+mechanisms that are element reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that are element reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that are element reactions
+and then you can write the rate uh law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can write the rate uh law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can write the rate uh law
+based on the stochiometry and so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the stochiometry and so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the stochiometry and so you'll
+be told this is an elementary reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be told this is an elementary reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be told this is an elementary reaction
+and then you know that's fine that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know that's fine that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know that's fine that'll be
+a step in a reaction but otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step in a reaction but otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step in a reaction but otherwise
+unless you know it's an elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you know it's an elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you know it's an elementary
+reaction you can't just assume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction you can't just assume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction you can't just assume the
+stochiometry is going to work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry is going to work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry is going to work and
+there'll be experimental evidence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be experimental evidence to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be experimental evidence to
+indicate the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction rate laws are not just limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rate laws are not just limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rate laws are not just limited
+to reac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reac
+sometimes product terms will appear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes product terms will appear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes product terms will appear so
+you might see term for C or for D the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see term for C or for D the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see term for C or for D the
+products of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions and the Order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and the Order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and the Order of the
+reactions um can be integers fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions um can be integers fractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions um can be integers fractions
+negative or positive again the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or positive again the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or positive again the order
+would be experimentally determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be experimentally determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be experimentally determined
+unless it's an elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction so let's look at various orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so let's look at various orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so let's look at various orders
+of reaction and consider um how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reaction and consider um how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reaction and consider um how you
+would write the rate law and also what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would write the rate law and also what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would write the rate law and also what
+how you would figure out what was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you would figure out what was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you would figure out what was going
+on with the rate law and the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with the rate law and the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with the rate law and the way the
+experiments are done is if you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are done is if you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are done is if you say
+double the concentration of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the concentration of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the concentration of something
+and then look at the effect of the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then look at the effect of the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then look at the effect of the rate
+that's how you're going to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you're going to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you're going to figure out
+experimentally the order of the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally the order of the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally the order of the reaction
+what effect it has if you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what effect it has if you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what effect it has if you keep
+everything else constant double one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else constant double one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else constant double one
+thing what happens to the rate then try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing what happens to the rate then try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing what happens to the rate then try
+doubling the next thing keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling the next thing keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling the next thing keeping
+everything constant an and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything constant an and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything constant an and you would
+come up with the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the order of the
+reaction so most of this is blank uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so most of this is blank uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so most of this is blank uh
+there's a couple things written in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple things written in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple things written in in
+your handout but most of it's blank so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your handout but most of it's blank so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your handout but most of it's blank so
+let's fill it all in so we'll start up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's fill it all in so we'll start up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's fill it all in so we'll start up
+here with m equal 1 which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with m equal 1 which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with m equal 1 which is called
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+order so for something that's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so for something that's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so for something that's first
+order the rate would be K the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the rate would be K the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the rate would be K the rate
+constant times the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the concentration of
+a uh and so this is for this is m is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh and so this is for this is m is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh and so this is for this is m is the
+order of the reaction in a so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the reaction in a so that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the reaction in a so that would
+be your your uh rate law and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your your uh rate law and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your your uh rate law and so you can
+put a little one there if you want but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a little one there if you want but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a little one there if you want but
+it's implied all right so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's implied all right so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's implied all right so that's the
+rate law now let's think about if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law now let's think about if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law now let's think about if you
+double the concentration of a with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the concentration of a with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the concentration of a with this
+rate law what would happen to the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law what would happen to the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law what would happen to the rate
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+reaction it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+double all right so let's look at second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double all right so let's look at second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double all right so let's look at second
+order then so m equal 2 second order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order then so m equal 2 second order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order then so m equal 2 second order so
+this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be
+written rate constant K times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written rate constant K times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written rate constant K times the
+concentration of a squared to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a squared to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a squared to the second
+order so m equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so m equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so m equal
+2 now if you double the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 now if you double the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 now if you double the concentration
+what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+quadruples if you triple the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadruples if you triple the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadruples if you triple the
+concentration what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see it nine times so these are the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it nine times so these are the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it nine times so these are the kinds
+of problems that you'll get someone will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems that you'll get someone will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems that you'll get someone will
+give you in a problem set or on a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you in a problem set or on a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you in a problem set or on a test
+or in real life sometimes a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in real life sometimes a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in real life sometimes a whole bunch
+of data it will talk about doubling or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data it will talk about doubling or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data it will talk about doubling or
+tripling concentrations and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripling concentrations and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripling concentrations and then there's
+the effect on the rate that's how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect on the rate that's how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect on the rate that's how the
+rate change then you can figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate change then you can figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate change then you can figure out the
+order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the
+reaction so let's go down here now M =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so let's go down here now M =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so let's go down here now M =
+minus1 I don't think this has a name I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 I don't think this has a name I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 I don't think this has a name I
+don't know what the name is if it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the name is if it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the name is if it does
+have one um but we can write the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one um but we can write the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one um but we can write the rate
+law for it so the rate equals rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law for it so the rate equals rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law for it so the rate equals rate
+constant times the concentration of a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the concentration of a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the concentration of a to
+the minus1 so M up here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus1 so M up here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus1 so M up here is
+minus1 so let's think about what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 so let's think about what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 so let's think about what happens
+if we double the concentration in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we double the concentration in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we double the concentration in this
+case what would happen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate so you would half the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it can also be a fraction so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can also be a fraction so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can also be a fraction so you can
+have uh m equal minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh m equal minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh m equal minus a
+half and that's shown here so you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and that's shown here so you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and that's shown here so you would
+write that as K times the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that as K times the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that as K times the concentration
+of a raised to-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a raised to-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a raised to-
+12 so if you double the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 so if you double the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 so if you double the concentration of
+a in this case what would happen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in this case what would happen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in this case what would happen to the
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it' be 7times 2 raised to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it' be 7times 2 raised to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it' be 7times 2 raised to the minus
+one2 so some of these get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 so some of these get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 so some of these get a little
+complicated in seeing the patterns when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated in seeing the patterns when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated in seeing the patterns when
+you're analyzing the data some are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're analyzing the data some are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're analyzing the data some are are
+more straightforward than others but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more straightforward than others but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more straightforward than others but the
+ones where it's a negative in a fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones where it's a negative in a fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones where it's a negative in a fraction
+or a little more complicated to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a little more complicated to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a little more complicated to to
+observe what pattern is happening so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe what pattern is happening so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe what pattern is happening so
+going up here we have m equal a half and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up here we have m equal a half and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up here we have m equal a half and
+that's called half order so the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called half order so the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called half order so the positive
+ones here have names and and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones here have names and and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones here have names and and so that
+then would be K * a raised to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then would be K * a raised to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then would be K * a raised to a
+half and if we double the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and if we double the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and if we double the concentration
+here what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate so one 1.4 times uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so one 1.4 times uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so one 1.4 times uh the
+rate what do you think m equals z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what do you think m equals z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what do you think m equals z is
+called zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called zero
+order and what would the uh rate law be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and what would the uh rate law be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and what would the uh rate law be
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one yep rate equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yep rate equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yep rate equals
+K so what would happen if I double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so what would happen if I double the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so what would happen if I double the
+concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+nothing you no effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate so you can look for this in a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so you can look for this in a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so you can look for this in a list
+of examples where they're changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples where they're changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples where they're changing the
+concentration of a and you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a and you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a and you can look at
+the effect and if there's no effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect and if there's no effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect and if there's no effect on
+rate then it's zero order and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate then it's zero order and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate then it's zero order and so the
+term does not appear uh in the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term does not appear uh in the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term does not appear uh in the rate
+law so there's some exercises on problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so there's some exercises on problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so there's some exercises on problem
+10 on this um it's common it's a a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 on this um it's common it's a a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 on this um it's common it's a a good
+question uh for a final exam to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh for a final exam to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh for a final exam to think
+about uh looking it data and coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh looking it data and coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh looking it data and coming up
+with what the rate law for that um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what the rate law for that um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what the rate law for that um for
+that expression is for that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expression is for that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expression is for that particular
+reaction Based on data so you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction Based on data so you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction Based on data so you think
+about what's happening what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's happening what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's happening what they're
+doing and then what the effective rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and then what the effective rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and then what the effective rate
+is and you can back calculate then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and you can back calculate then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and you can back calculate then what
+the order of the reaction had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+so the next thing about rate laws is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing about rate laws is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing about rate laws is
+that the overall order of the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the overall order of the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the overall order of the reaction
+is simply the sum of the exponents so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply the sum of the exponents so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply the sum of the exponents so
+the sum of all the individual orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of all the individual orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of all the individual orders
+so if your rate law was your rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if your rate law was your rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if your rate law was your rate
+constant um and it's a to to the two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant um and it's a to to the two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant um and it's a to to the two so
+that's what order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what order in
+a second order and what order in B first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second order and what order in B first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second order and what order in B first
+order and your overall order is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and your overall order is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and your overall order is going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+three so it'll be overall third order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so it'll be overall third order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so it'll be overall third order
+second order in a first order in B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order in a first order in B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order in a first order in B and
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+third so it always breaks my heart on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third so it always breaks my heart on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third so it always breaks my heart on a
+test when people get this part right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test when people get this part right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test when people get this part right and
+they say what's the overall order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say what's the overall order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say what's the overall order of the
+reaction and they can't add the one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and they can't add the one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and they can't add the one and
+the two to get three so remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two to get three so remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two to get three so remember that
+part that's that's like the give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that's that's like the give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that's that's like the give me
+points on an exam uh to be able to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on an exam uh to be able to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on an exam uh to be able to add
+uh these very small numbers and come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these very small numbers and come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these very small numbers and come up
+with the sum so remember how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sum so remember how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sum so remember how to do that
+for me so overall it's just the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me so overall it's just the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me so overall it's just the sum of
+the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orders okay so here's the bad news and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders okay so here's the bad news and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders okay so here's the bad news and
+that is uh the units for the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh the units for the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh the units for the rate
+constant K vary so the units are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K vary so the units are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K vary so the units are going
+to have to do uh with you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to do uh with you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to do uh with you know what
+units you have for concentration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units you have for concentration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units you have for concentration and
+rates and what terms are in there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and what terms are in there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and what terms are in there so
+there's no one unit that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one unit that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one unit that you can
+memorize and always know that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize and always know that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize and always know that that's
+what it's going to be so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's going to be so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's going to be so you have to
+actually think about what the unit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think about what the unit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think about what the unit for
+the rate constant R so that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate constant R so that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate constant R so that's a little
+bit trickier uh this one much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit trickier uh this one much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit trickier uh this one much easier
+just add uh so but the units are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add uh so but the units are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add uh so but the units are a
+little more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more complicated
+here all right so that's all you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so that's all you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so that's all you need to
+know about rate laws so it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about rate laws so it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about rate laws so it's it's not
+not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much all right so here are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much all right so here are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much all right so here are some of the
+problems with these kinds of experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with these kinds of experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with these kinds of experiments
+so some of the data that you might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of the data that you might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of the data that you might get
+that you're trying to analyze may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're trying to analyze may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're trying to analyze may not be
+too perfect usually if it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too perfect usually if it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too perfect usually if it's in the
+textbook it's pretty perfect data but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook it's pretty perfect data but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook it's pretty perfect data but in
+general these things can be tricky to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general these things can be tricky to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general these things can be tricky to do
+and they can be tricky to get this good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can be tricky to get this good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can be tricky to get this good
+data that figure out what the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that figure out what the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that figure out what the order of
+the reactions are uh because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactions are uh because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactions are uh because you're
+often measuring really small changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often measuring really small changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often measuring really small changes in
+concentration of material over brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of material over brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of material over brief
+intervals of time so that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals of time so that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals of time so that can be
+technically challenging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically challenging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically challenging to
+do and so the approach that's used then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and so the approach that's used then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and so the approach that's used then
+is to use uh these integrated rate laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to use uh these integrated rate laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to use uh these integrated rate laws
+and so here you can express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here you can express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here you can express
+concentrations directly as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations directly as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations directly as a function of
+time and this makes it easier to get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this makes it easier to get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this makes it easier to get at
+the information that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that you
+want so let's look at a first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so let's look at a first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so let's look at a first order
+reaction so you know what first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so you know what first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so you know what first order
+means now so we just have one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means now so we just have one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means now so we just have one thing
+going to another thing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to another thing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to another thing in this
+particular example your first order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example your first order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example your first order for
+a uh rate of reaction could be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh rate of reaction could be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh rate of reaction could be written
+the rate expression can be written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate expression can be written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate expression can be written in
+terms of the disappearance of a over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the disappearance of a over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the disappearance of a over
+time and you know it's first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you know it's first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you know it's first order
+you're told it's first order so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're told it's first order so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're told it's first order so you can
+also write the rate law so the rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also write the rate law so the rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also write the rate law so the rate law
+for first order reaction in a would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for first order reaction in a would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for first order reaction in a would just
+be the rate constant times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the rate constant times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the rate constant times the
+concentration of a so m is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a so m is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a so m is one
+here so now we can derive the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so now we can derive the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so now we can derive the first
+order integrated rate law from uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order integrated rate law from uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order integrated rate law from uh this
+this simple expression right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what we're going to do is we're
+going to take the concentration terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the concentration terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the concentration terms
+and put them on one side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them on one side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them on one side of the
+expression and we're going to take time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and we're going to take time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and we're going to take time
+terms and put them on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side so we're going to bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so we're going to bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so we're going to bring the
+concentration of a here over to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a here over to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a here over to this
+side of the expression so there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the expression so there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the expression so there it is
+one over the concentration of a uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the concentration of a uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the concentration of a uh we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+DT uh as well and uh so we've moved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT uh as well and uh so we've moved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT uh as well and uh so we've moved that
+and we've moved K uh and the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've moved K uh and the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've moved K uh and the negative
+sign over here and we've moved uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign over here and we've moved uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign over here and we've moved uh the
+change in time over to the other side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in time over to the other side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in time over to the other side so
+we have all the concentration terms on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all the concentration terms on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all the concentration terms on
+one side we have a rate terms and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side we have a rate terms and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side we have a rate terms and time
+terms on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms on the other
+side and now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and now we can
+integrate and we want to consider the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and we want to consider the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and we want to consider the uh
+change from the initial initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from the initial initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from the initial initial
+concentration of a a uh to the O for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a a uh to the O for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a a uh to the O for uh
+original or to the zero uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original or to the zero uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original or to the zero uh so the
+original amount that you have of a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original amount that you have of a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original amount that you have of a to
+the concentration of a you have at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of a you have at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of a you have at time
+T and so uh we have our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and so uh we have our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and so uh we have our our
+concentration expression and in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration expression and in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration expression and in terms of
+time we're looking from zero time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're looking from zero time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're looking from zero time to
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+T and now we can take this and solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and now we can take this and solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and now we can take this and solve
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+expression so this is the same one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so this is the same one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so this is the same one I'm
+just moving it up to the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+screen and so uh now we can um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and so uh now we can um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and so uh now we can um we can
+express this in terms of natural log so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express this in terms of natural log so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express this in terms of natural log so
+the natural log of the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural log of the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural log of the concentration of
+a at time T minus the natural log of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a at time T minus the natural log of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a at time T minus the natural log of the
+original concentration of a equal minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original concentration of a equal minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original concentration of a equal minus
+KT and we can reorder that and put a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT and we can reorder that and put a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT and we can reorder that and put a box
+around it which means it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it which means it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it which means it's going to be
+important later on so we can rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important later on so we can rearrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important later on so we can rearrange
+this uh in terms of the natural log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh in terms of the natural log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh in terms of the natural log of
+the concentration a of time T minus KT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration a of time T minus KT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration a of time T minus KT
+plus the natural log of the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the natural log of the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the natural log of the initial
+concentration of a and so we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a and so we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a and so we'll come
+back to this in a few minutes we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this in a few minutes we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this in a few minutes we can
+also keep going and rearrange this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also keep going and rearrange this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also keep going and rearrange this in
+other ways so we can rewrite this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways so we can rewrite this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways so we can rewrite this term
+uh um instead of by subtracting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um instead of by subtracting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um instead of by subtracting them
+rewrite it as this division so natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it as this division so natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it as this division so natural
+log of of the concentration of a at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of of the concentration of a at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of of the concentration of a at time
+T over the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over the original
+concentration equals minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration equals minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration equals minus
+KT and then uh we can take the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT and then uh we can take the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT and then uh we can take the uh
+inverse natural log and so then on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse natural log and so then on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse natural log and so then on the
+other side we have e raised to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side we have e raised to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side we have e raised to the minus
+KT and we can write this uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT and we can write this uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT and we can write this uh in this
+expression again box this is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression again box this is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression again box this is the way
+that you often see the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you often see the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you often see the first order
+integrated rate law where you're solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated rate law where you're solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated rate law where you're solving
+for the concentration of a uh T is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the concentration of a uh T is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the concentration of a uh T is equal
+to the original concentration of a * eus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original concentration of a * eus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original concentration of a * eus
+KT so how the concentration of a changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT so how the concentration of a changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT so how the concentration of a changes
+depends on the uh the rate constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the uh the rate constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the uh the rate constant and
+the time that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elapsed so this is often the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elapsed so this is often the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elapsed so this is often the way that
+the integrated first order rate law is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrated first order rate law is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrated first order rate law is
+written sometimes you may see a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written sometimes you may see a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written sometimes you may see a little
+bit different Expressions but usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different Expressions but usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different Expressions but usually
+this is the final expression that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the final expression that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the final expression that you
+see and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and this
+is an equation for a straight line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an equation for a straight line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an equation for a straight line and
+that's why it was boxed because it's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it was boxed because it's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it was boxed because it's how
+data is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plotted so if you're going to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted so if you're going to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted so if you're going to use that
+now and plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and plot
+data you can plot data that you collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you can plot data that you collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you can plot data that you collect
+um so the concentration of a is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the concentration of a is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the concentration of a is it's
+changing so you're measuring how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing so you're measuring how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing so you're measuring how the
+concentration of a is changing versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a is changing versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a is changing versus
+time and so here's your equation con the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so here's your equation con the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so here's your equation con the
+natural log of the concentration at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of the concentration at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of the concentration at time
+T equals minus KT plus the natural log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T equals minus KT plus the natural log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T equals minus KT plus the natural log
+of the original concentration of a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original concentration of a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original concentration of a so
+you can see that this is the equation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that this is the equation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that this is the equation uh
+for this line and so the intercept over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this line and so the intercept over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this line and so the intercept over
+here is going to tell you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to tell you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to tell you about the
+initial concentration of a and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial concentration of a and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial concentration of a and what you
+really want the great thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want the great thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want the great thing that you
+want are to determine rate constants for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want are to determine rate constants for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want are to determine rate constants for
+a particular reaction so how do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular reaction so how do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular reaction so how do I get
+the rate constant out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate constant out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate constant out of this
+plot from the slope right so the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot from the slope right so the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot from the slope right so the slope
+is going to be equal to minus K here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to minus K here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to minus K here so
+we can solve then if we plot our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve then if we plot our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve then if we plot our data
+that we measure over time how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we measure over time how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we measure over time how it's
+changing after this amount of time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing after this amount of time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing after this amount of time we
+have this much more and we can plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this much more and we can plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this much more and we can plot the
+data we can pull out a rate constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we can pull out a rate constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we can pull out a rate constant so
+this is a very useful way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very useful way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very useful way to get
+information about our particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about our particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about our particular
+reaction that we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when you're talking about first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're talking about first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're talking about first order
+equations uh reactions you also often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations uh reactions you also often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations uh reactions you also often
+talk about half lives so the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about half lives so the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about half lives so the amount of
+time it takes for half of the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes for half of the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes for half of the material
+to uh react so half half life is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh react so half half life is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh react so half half life is the
+time it takes for the original material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes for the original material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes for the original material
+to be reduced by a half and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be reduced by a half and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be reduced by a half and its
+expression is in terms of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is in terms of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is in terms of t
+uh to the half shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so let's derive an expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's derive an expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's derive an expression for
+the halflife of a first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the halflife of a first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the halflife of a first order
+reaction so we can take from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so we can take from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so we can take from
+above uh from the integrated first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above uh from the integrated first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above uh from the integrated first order
+rate laws this expression natural log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate laws this expression natural log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate laws this expression natural log of
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+concentration of uh a at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of uh a at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of uh a at a particular
+time over the concentration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time over the concentration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time over the concentration of the
+original material equals minus t minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original material equals minus t minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original material equals minus t minus
+KT the uh the rate constant times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT the uh the rate constant times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT the uh the rate constant times
+time all right so for first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right so for first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right so for first order
+halflife we're talking about half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife we're talking about half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife we're talking about half of the
+material going away so then we can go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material going away so then we can go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material going away so then we can go in
+and substitute in half of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and substitute in half of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and substitute in half of the original
+material being gone and solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so we can take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we can take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we can take this
+so the uh a at time T at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh a at time T at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh a at time T at a particular
+time uh in this case half of it is gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh in this case half of it is gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh in this case half of it is gone
+so we can substitute in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can substitute in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can substitute in the original
+material divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material divided by
+two because what we're interested in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because what we're interested in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because what we're interested in is
+the first half life so half of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half life so half of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half life so half of that
+original material is gone so the time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original material is gone so the time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original material is gone so the time at
+time T2 that we're interested in and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T2 that we're interested in and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T2 that we're interested in and now
+we've put t to the half so it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've put t to the half so it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've put t to the half so it's not just
+at any time but at a particular time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any time but at a particular time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any time but at a particular time at
+this particular condition uh for first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular condition uh for first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular condition uh for first
+order halflife and then we can rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order halflife and then we can rearrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order halflife and then we can rearrange
+this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression
+here and so this just becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so this just becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so this just becomes the
+natural log of a half so the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of a half so the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of a half so the original
+concentrations will cancel out in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations will cancel out in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations will cancel out in this
+expression and you're left with 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and you're left with 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and you're left with 1 over
+two now we can solve uh for this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now we can solve uh for this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now we can solve uh for this the
+number value and so you get minus. 6931
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number value and so you get minus. 6931
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number value and so you get minus. 6931
+and then we want to rearrange this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we want to rearrange this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we want to rearrange this
+expression uh to solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression uh to solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression uh to solve for the
+halflife so if we bring that over we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife so if we bring that over we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife so if we bring that over we
+have halflife equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have halflife equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have halflife equals
+6931 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6931 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6931 over
+K so the one thing you'll notice in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so the one thing you'll notice in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so the one thing you'll notice in this
+expression there's no term for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression there's no term for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression there's no term for a
+anymore so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so
+halflife does not depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife does not depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife does not depend on the
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+it depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on what
+instead on K on the rate constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead on K on the rate constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead on K on the rate constant and
+rate constant depends on the material in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant depends on the material in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant depends on the material in
+question so halflife depends on K and K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so halflife depends on K and K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so halflife depends on K and K
+depends on material so we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on material so we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on material so we talked about
+nature of material affecting rate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of material affecting rate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of material affecting rate so
+here's one example some materials have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one example some materials have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one example some materials have
+much longer half- lives than other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer half- lives than other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer half- lives than other
+materials so just to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials so just to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials so just to uh
+think about this question then for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this question then for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this question then for the
+same material how long does it take uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same material how long does it take uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same material how long does it take uh
+does it take longer for one ton to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it take longer for one ton to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it take longer for one ton to go to
+a half ton or for one gram to go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half ton or for one gram to go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half ton or for one gram to go to a
+half gram it's the same right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half gram it's the same right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half gram it's the same right so it's
+hard to think about this but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to think about this but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to think about this but uh
+sometimes it seems like that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it seems like that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it seems like that should be
+wrong but it doesn't all right so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but it doesn't all right so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but it doesn't all right so one
+one last thing before you go so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last thing before you go so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last thing before you go so let's
+just look at uh plots this takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at uh plots this takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at uh plots this takes the
+same amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's consider what it would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider what it would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider what it would look
+like if we plotted then concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we plotted then concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we plotted then concentration
+versus time for uh something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus time for uh something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus time for uh something that was
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+order and so you would have a first half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and so you would have a first half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and so you would have a first half
+life you would go you'd be at half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life you would go you'd be at half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life you would go you'd be at half the
+concentration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the
+material the second half life after it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material the second half life after it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material the second half life after it
+had gone through another half life you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gone through another half life you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gone through another half life you'd
+be down to a quarter and a third half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be down to a quarter and a third half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be down to a quarter and a third half
+life you're down to uh you're down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life you're down to uh you're down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life you're down to uh you're down to
+125 and so that would give rise to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125 and so that would give rise to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125 and so that would give rise to a
+curve like this so you have this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve like this so you have this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve like this so you have this kind of
+Decay curve and you can see where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay curve and you can see where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay curve and you can see where we're
+going on this so on Monday we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on this so on Monday we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on this so on Monday we're going
+to be talking about examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking about examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking about examples of
+Half-Life first order reactions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Half-Life first order reactions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Half-Life first order reactions which
+are nuclear Decay reactions so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nuclear Decay reactions so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nuclear Decay reactions so we'll
+talk a little about radioactivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little about radioactivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little about radioactivity and
+that's where chapter 17 comes in
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EFONLmsmVFw.txt b/EFONLmsmVFw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35ad351cbd0d55b9a44e27436d9a46217e7f58f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EFONLmsmVFw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay why don't we get started we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't we get started we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't we get started we've been
+talking about DC to AC power conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about DC to AC power conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about DC to AC power conversion
+or inverters right and we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or inverters right and we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or inverters right and we've been
+talking about the full Bridge uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the full Bridge uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the full Bridge uh what we
+would call the full Bridge inverter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call the full Bridge inverter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call the full Bridge inverter or
+more generally you could call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally you could call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally you could call it the
+full Bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full Bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full Bridge
+converter um right so we have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter um right so we have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter um right so we have four
+switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can use this and depending upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can use this and depending upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can use this and depending upon
+how we switch them we can um use them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we switch them we can um use them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we switch them we can um use them to
+generate an AC output voltage right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate an AC output voltage right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate an AC output voltage right so
+we've we've been drawing sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've been drawing sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've been drawing sort of a
+generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic
+uh element that's a that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh element that's a that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh element that's a that we're going to
+have as a filter but imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as a filter but imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as a filter but imagine you
+constructed the structure like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed the structure like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed the structure like this
+suppose I did this suppose I had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I did this suppose I had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I did this suppose I had an
+inductor a resistor another inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor a resistor another inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor a resistor another inductor
+okay then I could consider you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I could consider you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I could consider you know that
+I'm synthesizing on this side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm synthesizing on this side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm synthesizing on this side of the
+circuit if I have q of one of T and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit if I have q of one of T and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit if I have q of one of T and it's
+complement so I have a duty ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement so I have a duty ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement so I have a duty ratio of the
+top switch on this side of the circuit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top switch on this side of the circuit I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top switch on this side of the circuit I
+could generate some output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could generate some output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could generate some output
+vx1 okay and that might be filtered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx1 okay and that might be filtered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx1 okay and that might be filtered
+through this inductor might generate me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this inductor might generate me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this inductor might generate me
+V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1
+and likewise on this circuit if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise on this circuit if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise on this circuit if I have
+Q2 and Q Prime 2 I might generate if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 and Q Prime 2 I might generate if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 and Q Prime 2 I might generate if
+this is D1 this side I'm running with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is D1 this side I'm running with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is D1 this side I'm running with
+Duty ratio D2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duty ratio D2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duty ratio D2 of
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+T right and so I'm going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right and so I'm going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right and so I'm going to have a
+output voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage
+vx2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx2 and
+V2 and if I thought of then this load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 and if I thought of then this load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 and if I thought of then this load
+Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network
+here maybe if I thought of VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I would have VX is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have VX is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have VX is equal to
+vx1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx1 minus
+vx2 right and I could then think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx2 right and I could then think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx2 right and I could then think of
+um V out1 I'm sorry I could think of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um V out1 I'm sorry I could think of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um V out1 I'm sorry I could think of my
+output voltage V out across the resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage V out across the resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage V out across the resistor
+as being uh V out as being equal to V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being uh V out as being equal to V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being uh V out as being equal to V1
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+V2 right so so another way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 right so so another way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 right so so another way to think
+about the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the full
+bridge is sort of as a pair of pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge is sort of as a pair of pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge is sort of as a pair of pair of
+backto back Buck converters here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backto back Buck converters here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backto back Buck converters here's one
+you know synchronous Buck converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know synchronous Buck converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know synchronous Buck converter
+switch pair in his filter and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch pair in his filter and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch pair in his filter and another
+synchronous Buck switch pair and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous Buck switch pair and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous Buck switch pair and his
+filter and really what I'm doing is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and really what I'm doing is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and really what I'm doing is I'm
+taking the difference between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the difference between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the difference between the two
+outputs to get the AC output right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs to get the AC output right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs to get the AC output right so
+for example example if I made uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example example if I made uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example example if I made uh the
+average value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of
+vx1 which I get to control anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx1 which I get to control anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx1 which I get to control anywhere
+between zero and VDC by how I switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and VDC by how I switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and VDC by how I switch
+these switches okay over a pwm cycle I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these switches okay over a pwm cycle I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these switches okay over a pwm cycle I
+could make that equal to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make that equal to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make that equal to V
+*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+12+ cine of Omega AC T and maybe I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12+ cine of Omega AC T and maybe I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12+ cine of Omega AC T and maybe I can
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+vx2 to be equal to V some voltage V time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx2 to be equal to V some voltage V time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx2 to be equal to V some voltage V time
+12 cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 cosine
+of 12 sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 12 sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 12 sorry
+minus cosine 12 this should be 1 12 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus cosine 12 this should be 1 12 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus cosine 12 this should be 1 12 plus
+1 12 cosine this should be 1- 12 cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 12 cosine this should be 1- 12 cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 12 cosine this should be 1- 12 cosine
+of Omega AC T okay which would then give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega AC T okay which would then give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega AC T okay which would then give
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+VX you know if this is vx1 and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX you know if this is vx1 and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX you know if this is vx1 and this is
+vx2 VX is just the difference of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx2 VX is just the difference of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx2 VX is just the difference of those
+two and the DC part cancels out and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and the DC part cancels out and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and the DC part cancels out and I
+just get the difference in these AC part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get the difference in these AC part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get the difference in these AC part
+part s which gives me V cine of Omega a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part s which gives me V cine of Omega a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part s which gives me V cine of Omega a
+t Okay so by basically synthesizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay so by basically synthesizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay so by basically synthesizing
+something with a DC component from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with a DC component from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with a DC component from the
+left Buck converter and something with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left Buck converter and something with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left Buck converter and something with a
+complimentary D same DC component but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary D same DC component but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary D same DC component but a
+complimentary AC component from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary AC component from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary AC component from the
+rightand buck converter I generate an AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightand buck converter I generate an AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightand buck converter I generate an AC
+output voltage okay so you could really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage okay so you could really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage okay so you could really
+think of a full Bridge inverter as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a full Bridge inverter as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a full Bridge inverter as being
+two synchronous Buck converter back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two synchronous Buck converter back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two synchronous Buck converter back to
+back okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+now the average voltage that we get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the average voltage that we get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the average voltage that we get is
+just due to pwm right so I can control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just due to pwm right so I can control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just due to pwm right so I can control
+this average voltage and this average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this average voltage and this average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this average voltage and this average
+voltage the details of how much Ripple I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage the details of how much Ripple I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage the details of how much Ripple I
+get um and what its AC high frequency AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um and what its AC high frequency AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um and what its AC high frequency AC
+components are depend upon how we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are depend upon how we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are depend upon how we do the
+pwm and we talked last time about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pwm and we talked last time about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pwm and we talked last time about
+different ways we could do that but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways we could do that but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways we could do that but it's
+the same exact concept all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same exact concept all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same exact concept all
+right why do I mention that one just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why do I mention that one just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why do I mention that one just
+because it's another way to look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's another way to look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's another way to look at what
+a full Bridge inverter does another just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full Bridge inverter does another just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full Bridge inverter does another just
+as a sort of an aside which we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sort of an aside which we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sort of an aside which we're not
+going to dive into is just because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to dive into is just because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to dive into is just because I
+sort of used Buck cells here doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of used Buck cells here doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of used Buck cells here doesn't
+mean that's the only converter I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's the only converter I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's the only converter I could
+use so I could take two synchronous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so I could take two synchronous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so I could take two synchronous
+flyback converters for example and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flyback converters for example and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flyback converters for example and use
+each of those as a half cell and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those as a half cell and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those as a half cell and take
+the difference of outputs and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference of outputs and get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference of outputs and get a
+flyback based inverter or flyback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flyback based inverter or flyback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flyback based inverter or flyback
+inverter and people do that so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter and people do that so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter and people do that so people
+use different topologies to do this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use different topologies to do this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use different topologies to do this the
+this full Bridge structure is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this full Bridge structure is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this full Bridge structure is the
+generally the most preferred because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the most preferred because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the most preferred because um
+you know Buck converters are really low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Buck converters are really low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Buck converters are really low
+stress they're really simple to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress they're really simple to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress they're really simple to control
+they have a whole bunch of benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a whole bunch of benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a whole bunch of benefits
+right and it's about as simple as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's about as simple as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's about as simple as you
+can get to do the job but if I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get to do the job but if I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get to do the job but if I had to
+put an AC Transformer in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an AC Transformer in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an AC Transformer in the middle
+maybe I'd think about something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'd think about something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'd think about something like a
+flyback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flyback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flyback
+flyback inverter to give me isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flyback inverter to give me isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flyback inverter to give me isolation
+and large step up and everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large step up and everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large step up and everything else
+okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the second point I'd like to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second point I'd like to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second point I'd like to make
+is I've sort of talked about power going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I've sort of talked about power going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I've sort of talked about power going
+from AC to DC I'm sorry DC to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from AC to DC I'm sorry DC to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from AC to DC I'm sorry DC to
+AC and you know what the power flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC and you know what the power flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC and you know what the power flow
+looks like depends upon this current I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like depends upon this current I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like depends upon this current I
+right what I'm really Limited in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what I'm really Limited in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what I'm really Limited in The
+Circuit by is what range of vx1 and vx2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circuit by is what range of vx1 and vx2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circuit by is what range of vx1 and vx2
+I can synthesize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can synthesize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can synthesize
+okay there's nothing wrong with using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's nothing wrong with using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's nothing wrong with using
+this circuit to flow power AC to DC so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circuit to flow power AC to DC so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circuit to flow power AC to DC so
+long as I have a source that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as I have a source that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as I have a source that could
+support it right so one thing I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support it right so one thing I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support it right so one thing I could
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+about is coming along and building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is coming along and building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is coming along and building the
+same basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same basic
+structure so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so here's
+VDC okay and I'll put some a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC okay and I'll put some a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC okay and I'll put some a pair of
+switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches
+here and I'll put a pair of switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'll put a pair of switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'll put a pair of switches
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+here and there's nothing that says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there's nothing that says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there's nothing that says I
+can't combine the filter elements so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't combine the filter elements so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't combine the filter elements so
+here's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's I
+again I'll just combine those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'll just combine those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'll just combine those two
+inductors as one element and maybe here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductors as one element and maybe here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductors as one element and maybe here
+I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+vac right there's absolutely nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vac right there's absolutely nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vac right there's absolutely nothing
+that says that I can't now use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that I can't now use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that I can't now use this
+circuit to run power from AC to DC it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit to run power from AC to DC it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit to run power from AC to DC it's
+just a question of what the phase of iil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a question of what the phase of iil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a question of what the phase of iil
+is compared to vac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um and in fact if I think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and in fact if I think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and in fact if I think about it
+then that's sort of very much like from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's sort of very much like from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's sort of very much like from
+AC to DC this acting as a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC to DC this acting as a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC to DC this acting as a pair of
+back-to-back boost converters right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back-to-back boost converters right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back-to-back boost converters right it's
+taking energy from here boosting it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking energy from here boosting it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking energy from here boosting it up
+to a higher DC output voltage right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a higher DC output voltage right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a higher DC output voltage right so
+just like we talked on early in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we talked on early in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we talked on early in the
+lecture I can either think of this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I can either think of this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I can either think of this as a
+sort of a buck inverter or a boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a buck inverter or a boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a buck inverter or a boost
+rectifier okay any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in fact people often do this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact people often do this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact people often do this where
+might you do this well imagine for for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you do this well imagine for for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you do this well imagine for for a
+second that this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that this whole
+thing this box maybe this is the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this box maybe this is the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this box maybe this is the back
+EMF and winding of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EMF and winding of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EMF and winding of a
+generator okay so I can then extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator okay so I can then extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator okay so I can then extract
+energy from the generator so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from the generator so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from the generator so there's a
+mechanical input in it generates a back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical input in it generates a back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical input in it generates a back
+EMF voltage and I take take power out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EMF voltage and I take take power out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EMF voltage and I take take power out
+and throw it out to the DC side or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throw it out to the DC side or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throw it out to the DC side or maybe
+this is a motor drive right and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a motor drive right and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a motor drive right and I
+sometimes I'm driving power into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I'm driving power into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I'm driving power into the
+back EMF of the motor to to to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back EMF of the motor to to to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back EMF of the motor to to to generate
+torque and sometimes I'm regeneratively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque and sometimes I'm regeneratively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque and sometimes I'm regeneratively
+breaking and absorbing power from the AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking and absorbing power from the AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking and absorbing power from the AC
+side back to the DC side right so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side back to the DC side right so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side back to the DC side right so I can
+either sort of generate positive torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either sort of generate positive torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either sort of generate positive torque
+with respect to speed and deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to speed and deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to speed and deliver
+mechanical Power or absorb mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical Power or absorb mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical Power or absorb mechanical
+Power and slow down okay any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power and slow down okay any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power and slow down okay any questions
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+so so just because I often call this an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so just because I often call this an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so just because I often call this an
+inverter you know we might really think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter you know we might really think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter you know we might really think
+of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as a
+converter meaning it can be an inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter meaning it can be an inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter meaning it can be an inverter
+or a rectifier depending upon how I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a rectifier depending upon how I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a rectifier depending upon how I'm
+controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling
+it okay um and this is very common the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay um and this is very common the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay um and this is very common the
+other places could be is the AC grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places could be is the AC grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places could be is the AC grid
+right so if I had you know a solar panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I had you know a solar panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I had you know a solar panel
+stack here and I wanted to shove energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack here and I wanted to shove energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack here and I wanted to shove energy
+out into the AC grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into the AC grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into the AC grid
+um perhaps I use exactly this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um perhaps I use exactly this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um perhaps I use exactly this structure
+okay there's another place you might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and that's you know that that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's you know that that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's you know that that's just
+many applications of an inverter yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many applications of an inverter yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many applications of an inverter yeah
+uming you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to well we talked last time about how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well we talked last time about how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well we talked last time about how I
+might control current right so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might control current right so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might control current right so I could
+think to you know measure the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to you know measure the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to you know measure the current
+here and I could either um generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I could either um generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I could either um generate the
+pwm to generate the average voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pwm to generate the average voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pwm to generate the average voltage
+VX if the current's too low I turn up vx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX if the current's too low I turn up vx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX if the current's too low I turn up vx
+to make the current high and I put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the current high and I put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the current high and I put a
+closed loop so I can control the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop so I can control the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop so I can control the current
+or I could use a hysteretic current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I could use a hysteretic current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I could use a hysteretic current
+controller is another way we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller is another way we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller is another way we talked
+about so really it's really a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so really it's really a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so really it's really a question
+of whether if power is Flowing AC to DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether if power is Flowing AC to DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether if power is Flowing AC to DC
+it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just
+me um deciding well relative to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um deciding well relative to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um deciding well relative to this
+voltage what do I want the phase of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage what do I want the phase of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage what do I want the phase of that
+current to be you know it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current to be you know it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current to be you know it could be
+exactly in Phase right and then I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in Phase right and then I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in Phase right and then I'm just
+purely delivering DC to AC it could be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely delivering DC to AC it could be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely delivering DC to AC it could be I
+could have the exact opposite sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have the exact opposite sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have the exact opposite sign of
+EAC and then I'm just purely delivering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EAC and then I'm just purely delivering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EAC and then I'm just purely delivering
+energy ACDC or something in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy ACDC or something in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy ACDC or something in between
+right so yes it's exactly how I control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yes it's exactly how I control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yes it's exactly how I control
+the switches determines the power flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switches determines the power flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switches determines the power flow
+Direction in this generalized picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction in this generalized picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction in this generalized picture
+understanding that there's limits on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that there's limits on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that there's limits on you
+know what the load can do now if I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the load can do now if I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the load can do now if I had a
+current Source inverter right here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current Source inverter right here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current Source inverter right here I'm
+talking about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about you know
+deciding power flow Direction based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding power flow Direction based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding power flow Direction based on
+the the sign of this current where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sign of this current where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sign of this current where the
+voltages I apply are the same side if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages I apply are the same side if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages I apply are the same side if I
+had a current Source inverter I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a current Source inverter I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a current Source inverter I do the
+reverse the current would have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the current would have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the current would have the same
+direction I'd do it at a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I'd do it at a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I'd do it at a different
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+polarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity
+okay any other questions yeah I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other questions yeah I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other questions yeah I have a
+question on the on the top you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on the on the top you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on the on the top you have like
+voles but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voles but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voles but
+theya T term so is that some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theya T term so is that some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theya T term so is that some like
+special AC average that gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special AC average that gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special AC average that gives you the
+fundamentals yeah that's very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals yeah that's very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals yeah that's very good
+question what I meant to convey here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what I meant to convey here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what I meant to convey here and
+I wasn't very clear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wasn't very clear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wasn't very clear about
+it um is imagine I have a really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um is imagine I have a really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um is imagine I have a really high
+switching frequency 100 kilohertz but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching frequency 100 kilohertz but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching frequency 100 kilohertz but
+Omega AC is maybe some lower frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega AC is maybe some lower frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega AC is maybe some lower frequency
+60 htz so from the perspective of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 htz so from the perspective of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 htz so from the perspective of the
+switching frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching frequency
+maybe it's you know sort of Omega AC is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's you know sort of Omega AC is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's you know sort of Omega AC is
+really low and so a sort of think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low and so a sort of think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low and so a sort of think about
+is DC so instead of being you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is DC so instead of being you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is DC so instead of being you know
+average over infinite time it's average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over infinite time it's average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over infinite time it's average
+over just some time that's long compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over just some time that's long compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over just some time that's long compared
+to the pwm cycle hundreds or thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pwm cycle hundreds or thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pwm cycle hundreds or thousands
+of pwm Cycles so I slowly vary my duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pwm Cycles so I slowly vary my duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pwm Cycles so I slowly vary my duty
+cycle DFT you know not within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle DFT you know not within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle DFT you know not within a
+switching cycle but slowly compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching cycle but slowly compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching cycle but slowly compared to
+um the switching period of the inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the switching period of the inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the switching period of the inverter
+and sort of on the time scale of the AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of on the time scale of the AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of on the time scale of the AC
+output I want to synthesize so if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output I want to synthesize so if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output I want to synthesize so if I want
+to synthesize music I'd better have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to synthesize music I'd better have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to synthesize music I'd better have a
+switching frequency that's much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching frequency that's much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching frequency that's much higher
+than you know 20 khz the bandwidth you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you know 20 khz the bandwidth you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you know 20 khz the bandwidth you
+can hear kind of thing or in my case 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hear kind of thing or in my case 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hear kind of thing or in my case 8
+or 10 KZ but that's life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10 KZ but that's life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10 KZ but that's life
+um any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions yeah um Can the top one be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah um Can the top one be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah um Can the top one be
+used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to
+site the excitation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site the excitation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site the excitation on
+machine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh
+I for rectification yeah I don't see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I for rectification yeah I don't see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I for rectification yeah I don't see why
+not yeah as long as as long as you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah as long as as long as you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah as long as as long as you have
+a DC voltage that's greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DC voltage that's greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DC voltage that's greater than
+whatever the AC output and amplitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the AC output and amplitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the AC output and amplitude is
+right this thing you know because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this thing you know because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this thing you know because it's
+based on a buck converter I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a buck converter I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a buck converter I can't
+synthesize an AC waveform to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize an AC waveform to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize an AC waveform to drive
+current that's bigger than the the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that's bigger than the the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that's bigger than the the thing
+I'm trying to drive if you were to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to drive if you were to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to drive if you were to have
+the in the middle and then use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the middle and then use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the middle and then use that
+toite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toite the
+fiing oh could I yeah yes you can play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiing oh could I yeah yes you can play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiing oh could I yeah yes you can play
+games like that but maybe that's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games like that but maybe that's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games like that but maybe that's better
+yeah but that would require more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but that would require more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but that would require more
+explanation than I have time to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation than I have time to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation than I have time to give
+unfortunately but yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately but yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately but yes you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+um so that's you know whether I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's you know whether I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's you know whether I think
+about this as an inverter rectifier or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this as an inverter rectifier or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this as an inverter rectifier or
+just a converter is um you know up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a converter is um you know up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a converter is um you know up to
+you but I would like to note that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but I would like to note that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but I would like to note that there
+are sometimes when I only really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sometimes when I only really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sometimes when I only really want to
+go One Direction in fact there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go One Direction in fact there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go One Direction in fact there's only
+there's times when I only want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's times when I only want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's times when I only want to take
+power from the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power from the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power from the wall
+and put it out to the DC side right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it out to the DC side right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it out to the DC side right if
+I'm building a computer power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm building a computer power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm building a computer power
+supply at least at least in ones today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply at least at least in ones today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply at least at least in ones today
+right there's no real reason for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's no real reason for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's no real reason for me to
+do anything except absorb power from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything except absorb power from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything except absorb power from the
+AC side and put it to the DC side right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC side and put it to the DC side right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC side and put it to the DC side right
+and if that's the only thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that's the only thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that's the only thing I want to
+do um I can do the conversion function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um I can do the conversion function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um I can do the conversion function I
+could do that with this circuit right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that with this circuit right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that with this circuit right I
+could connect this to the AC grid um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could connect this to the AC grid um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could connect this to the AC grid um
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+I could connect this thing to the AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could connect this thing to the AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could connect this thing to the AC
+grid and you know control the switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid and you know control the switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid and you know control the switches
+and dump energy into the DC side which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dump energy into the DC side which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dump energy into the DC side which
+then I'd used to power my computer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'd used to power my computer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'd used to power my computer for
+example right but if that's all I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right but if that's all I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right but if that's all I want
+to do this is kind of a more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is kind of a more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is kind of a more complicated
+circuit than you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit than you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit than you need to do
+it okay uh so for things like computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay uh so for things like computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay uh so for things like computer
+power supplies which are you know kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supplies which are you know kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supplies which are you know kind
+of ubiquitous these days or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ubiquitous these days or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ubiquitous these days or something
+like you know my laptop adapter there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know my laptop adapter there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know my laptop adapter there
+that's a pretty expensive circuit to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty expensive circuit to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty expensive circuit to be
+using because it has way more capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using because it has way more capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using because it has way more capability
+than we need okay so um mostly if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we need okay so um mostly if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we need okay so um mostly if we're
+going to deliver power from AC to DC we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deliver power from AC to DC we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deliver power from AC to DC we
+use simpler circuits one way to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use simpler circuits one way to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use simpler circuits one way to do that
+and and the oldie fashioned way to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the oldie fashioned way to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the oldie fashioned way to do is
+to use what's known as a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use what's known as a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use what's known as a phase
+controlled rectifier and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled rectifier and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled rectifier and there's a
+chapter in the book on it at highw it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter in the book on it at highw it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter in the book on it at highw it's
+still done but I'm going to skip over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still done but I'm going to skip over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still done but I'm going to skip over
+that as an approach because uh it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an approach because uh it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an approach because uh it's less
+relevant to high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to high frequency
+converters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters
+um and also because if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and also because if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and also because if you think about
+things like computer power supplies not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like computer power supplies not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like computer power supplies not
+so much in the sub 75 watt range but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much in the sub 75 watt range but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much in the sub 75 watt range but
+higher power like your desktop there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher power like your desktop there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher power like your desktop there are
+very strict requirements in how it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strict requirements in how it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strict requirements in how it looks
+to the AC grid right so we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the AC grid right so we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the AC grid right so we talked about
+uncontrolled rectifiers at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontrolled rectifiers at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontrolled rectifiers at the beginning
+of the term and they tend to have ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the term and they tend to have ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the term and they tend to have ugly
+AC waveforms right and that means they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC waveforms right and that means they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC waveforms right and that means they
+have low power factor right so a goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low power factor right so a goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low power factor right so a goal of
+many switch mode rectifiers is to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many switch mode rectifiers is to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many switch mode rectifiers is to take
+energy from AC to DC only but to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from AC to DC only but to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from AC to DC only but to do it
+at a very good power factor okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a very good power factor okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a very good power factor okay so
+let's think about how we might do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about how we might do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about how we might do that
+maybe I might draw this generalized box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I might draw this generalized box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I might draw this generalized box
+is something like this I have some ac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something like this I have some ac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something like this I have some ac
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+vac right that's the line voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vac right that's the line voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vac right that's the line voltage
+typically maybe I'll call it V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Line right it goes into a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line right it goes into a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line right it goes into a box
+okay that box is a rectifier and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that box is a rectifier and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that box is a rectifier and maybe
+it just feeds you know I I'll put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just feeds you know I I'll put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just feeds you know I I'll put a
+capacitor here we'll talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor here we'll talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor here we'll talk more about
+this capacitor later but maybe it feeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capacitor later but maybe it feeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capacitor later but maybe it feeds
+some load VDC okay and I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some load VDC okay and I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some load VDC okay and I would like
+generally this line current I line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally this line current I line to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally this line current I line to
+have very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very nice
+waveforms okay what would nice be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms okay what would nice be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms okay what would nice be
+defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as
+well you know here's vline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this is the line frequency this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the line frequency this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the line frequency this is
+you know 120 her uh 60 htz or 50 htz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 120 her uh 60 htz or 50 htz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 120 her uh 60 htz or 50 htz
+depending upon where you are right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon where you are right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon where you are right the
+best I can do in terms of power factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best I can do in terms of power factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best I can do in terms of power factor
+is to make my whole converter look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make my whole converter look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make my whole converter look like
+a resistor right so my goal might be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a resistor right so my goal might be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a resistor right so my goal might be to
+have a current waveform that looked just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a current waveform that looked just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a current waveform that looked just
+like this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay
+here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+iine okay and maybe I would make I iine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iine okay and maybe I would make I iine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iine okay and maybe I would make I iine
+something like uh I line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T is just equal to some constant G time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is just equal to some constant G time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is just equal to some constant G time
+V line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V line of
+T right now the clearly the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right now the clearly the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right now the clearly the amount of
+power I'm going to get very going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power I'm going to get very going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power I'm going to get very going to
+vary with G right but for any value of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary with G right but for any value of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary with G right but for any value of G
+I'll get some amount of average power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get some amount of average power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get some amount of average power
+out out of line and this is about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out out of line and this is about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out out of line and this is about as
+good as I can do in terms of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as I can do in terms of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as I can do in terms of power
+factor okay so done that way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor okay so done that way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor okay so done that way this is
+called a Unity power factor rectifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a Unity power factor rectifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a Unity power factor rectifier
+because the I the line current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the I the line current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the I the line current
+ideally you know just looks like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally you know just looks like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally you know just looks like it
+makes the converter look like a resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the converter look like a resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the converter look like a resistor
+okay it's a variable resistor depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a variable resistor depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a variable resistor depending
+upon this constant right so as I vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon this constant right so as I vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon this constant right so as I vary
+the G to vary the amount of power I draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G to vary the amount of power I draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G to vary the amount of power I draw
+I I vary the equivalent resistance but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I vary the equivalent resistance but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I vary the equivalent resistance but
+nonetheless at any given load it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless at any given load it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless at any given load it looks
+like a resistor okay does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a resistor okay does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a resistor okay does that make
+sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to
+everybody so that's called a Unity power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so that's called a Unity power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so that's called a Unity power
+factor rectifier or a UPF rectifier more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor rectifier or a UPF rectifier more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor rectifier or a UPF rectifier more
+generally in modern terms people talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally in modern terms people talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally in modern terms people talk
+about a PFC or power factor corrected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a PFC or power factor corrected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a PFC or power factor corrected
+rectifier and what's meant by that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier and what's meant by that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier and what's meant by that is
+I've shown sort of shown you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown sort of shown you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown sort of shown you the
+idealized case where this draws a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized case where this draws a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized case where this draws a
+perfect sinusoid you may have converters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect sinusoid you may have converters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect sinusoid you may have converters
+that don't draw perfect sinusoids but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't draw perfect sinusoids but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't draw perfect sinusoids but
+are close enough that the power factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are close enough that the power factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are close enough that the power factor
+is very very high and so that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very high and so that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very high and so that would be
+called a PFC converter and if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a PFC converter and if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a PFC converter and if you look
+at many applications like computer power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at many applications like computer power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at many applications like computer power
+supplies or for different kinds of tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies or for different kinds of tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies or for different kinds of tools
+they all have slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have slightly different
+requirements put together but generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements put together but generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements put together but generally
+the power factor has to be pretty high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power factor has to be pretty high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power factor has to be pretty high
+they limit the Distortion in the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they limit the Distortion in the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they limit the Distortion in the current
+or they limit how non sinusoidal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they limit how non sinusoidal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they limit how non sinusoidal the
+line current looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line current looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line current looks
+okay so what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to tell you now I'm give you as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you now I'm give you as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you now I'm give you as in
+one example of this I'll show you what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of this I'll show you what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of this I'll show you what's
+at the front end or some variant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the front end or some variant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the front end or some variant of
+what's at the front end of most computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's at the front end of most computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's at the front end of most computer
+power supplies for single phase and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supplies for single phase and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supplies for single phase and this
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+idea okay whereas we had all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay whereas we had all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay whereas we had all these
+active switches it turns out I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active switches it turns out I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active switches it turns out I don't
+need all those active switches um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need all those active switches um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need all those active switches um and
+the active switches and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active switches and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active switches and their
+controllers and all that stuff are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers and all that stuff are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers and all that stuff are
+expensive maybe I could do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive maybe I could do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive maybe I could do something
+like this maybe I could come in and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this maybe I could come in and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this maybe I could come in and um
+here's my vaac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's my AC line voltage I'll run that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my AC line voltage I'll run that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my AC line voltage I'll run that
+into a diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rectifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I
+plotted um V line of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and again I'm plotting things on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and again I'm plotting things on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and again I'm plotting things on
+the line frequency time scale so I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line frequency time scale so I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line frequency time scale so I'm I'm
+going to have a switching circuit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a switching circuit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a switching circuit that
+runs much faster than that right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs much faster than that right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs much faster than that right so this
+time period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period
+tline might be uh you know one over 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tline might be uh you know one over 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tline might be uh you know one over 60
+hertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz
+right so I have vline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have vline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have vline
+here okay maybe what I will get then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay maybe what I will get then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay maybe what I will get then is
+a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voltage
+VX depending upon how I make the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX depending upon how I make the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX depending upon how I make the rest of
+the Circuit look like VX that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Circuit look like VX that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Circuit look like VX that looks like
+this this is VX of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is VX of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is VX of
+T I will make VX of T when the line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I will make VX of T when the line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I will make VX of T when the line is
+positive the these two diodes are on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the these two diodes are on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the these two diodes are on and
+V Line equals VX equal V Line and when V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Line equals VX equal V Line and when V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Line equals VX equal V Line and when V
+line is negative these two diodes are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is negative these two diodes are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is negative these two diodes are on
+and VX equals minus V line so now I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VX equals minus V line so now I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VX equals minus V line so now I get
+something that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay that's a pretty bad half sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay that's a pretty bad half sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay that's a pretty bad half sine
+wave so right so here's V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Line here's VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+everybody now the beauty of this is I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody now the beauty of this is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody now the beauty of this is I've
+made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it
+unipolar okay and so then I can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unipolar okay and so then I can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unipolar okay and so then I can build
+the rest of my circuit and maybe one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of my circuit and maybe one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of my circuit and maybe one way
+I'd build the rest of my circuit is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd build the rest of my circuit is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd build the rest of my circuit is just
+to build a boost converter so here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a boost converter so here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a boost converter so here we go
+I only have one active switch Q oft runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only have one active switch Q oft runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only have one active switch Q oft runs
+this switch and he's now referenced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switch and he's now referenced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switch and he's now referenced to
+this node and then I could put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node and then I could put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node and then I could put a
+diode and a capacitor and get VDC out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and what's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what's my
+goal my goal um might be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal my goal um might be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal my goal um might be to
+control my um input current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control my um input current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control my um input current
+IX and maybe I'll make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IX and maybe I'll make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IX and maybe I'll make this
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+IX and IX maybe I'll control to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IX and IX maybe I'll control to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IX and IX maybe I'll control to look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this on average right there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on average right there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on average right there's going to
+be some switching component to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some switching component to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some switching component to
+it but maybe I'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but maybe I'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but maybe I'll make
+iix if this is a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iix if this is a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iix if this is a voltage
+vs Peak voltage vs maybe I'll make his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs Peak voltage vs maybe I'll make his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs Peak voltage vs maybe I'll make his
+Peak G *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak G *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak G *
+vs all right so it's going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs all right so it's going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs all right so it's going to have a
+sinusoidal reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal reference
+current and I'm going to track it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and I'm going to track it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and I'm going to track it okay
+well if this is the current I it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if this is the current I it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if this is the current I it has to
+ultimately come from the diode Bridge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately come from the diode Bridge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately come from the diode Bridge so
+when these two diodes are on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these two diodes are on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these two diodes are on which
+happens when V line is positive it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when V line is positive it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when V line is positive it goes
+through one way and then iix goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one way and then iix goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one way and then iix goes
+through the other when the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the other when the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the other when the other two
+diodes are positive so then if I plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes are positive so then if I plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes are positive so then if I plotted
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line right what would I line look like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line right what would I line look like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line right what would I line look like I
+line would look like this so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line would look like this so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line would look like this so this is
+IX an i line would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IX an i line would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IX an i line would look like
+this would look like IX in the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would look like IX in the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would look like IX in the positive
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+cycle minus IX in the negative half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle minus IX in the negative half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle minus IX in the negative half
+cycle and this would be I line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and this would be I line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and this would be I line
+right so suddenly what happens is I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so suddenly what happens is I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so suddenly what happens is I only
+have to control this simple dcddc boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to control this simple dcddc boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to control this simple dcddc boost
+converter okay um to generate a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay um to generate a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay um to generate a Time
+varying current over the line cycle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying current over the line cycle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying current over the line cycle and
+the diode Bridge naturally unfolds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diode Bridge naturally unfolds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diode Bridge naturally unfolds that
+give me a sinusoidal input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current any questions about
+that this is kind of cool because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is kind of cool because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is kind of cool because I've
+thrown out four active switches and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown out four active switches and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown out four active switches and a
+bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of
+control for basically one active switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for basically one active switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for basically one active switch
+and yeah I got some diodes but so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah I got some diodes but so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah I got some diodes but so what
+right that those diodes don't require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that those diodes don't require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that those diodes don't require
+any control they're cheap they're simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any control they're cheap they're simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any control they're cheap they're simple
+life is good okay now this kind of boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is good okay now this kind of boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is good okay now this kind of boost
+rectifier this would be called a boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rectifier right is very much in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier right is very much in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier right is very much in the
+spirit of my full bridge I just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of my full bridge I just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of my full bridge I just don't
+have to worry about all the fa shift now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about all the fa shift now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about all the fa shift now
+that said it can only Rectify right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said it can only Rectify right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said it can only Rectify right
+power is only going to flow this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is only going to flow this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is only going to flow this way
+because of these four diodes that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these four diodes that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these four diodes that's the
+price I paid I can't phase shift my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price I paid I can't phase shift my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price I paid I can't phase shift my
+current with respect to the line or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current with respect to the line or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current with respect to the line or do
+any other fancy things but generally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other fancy things but generally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other fancy things but generally I
+don't want to I get want to get energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to I get want to get energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to I get want to get energy
+out of the line and put it into a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the line and put it into a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the line and put it into a power
+supply for my computer right the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply for my computer right the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply for my computer right the other
+thing about this of course is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this of course is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this of course is this
+particular circuit is a boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular circuit is a boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular circuit is a boost
+converter right like if I look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter right like if I look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter right like if I look at it
+from here that just looks like a boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here that just looks like a boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here that just looks like a boost
+DCd converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DCd converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DCd converter
+that means that this DC output voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that this DC output voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that this DC output voltage
+must be P bigger than the peak line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be P bigger than the peak line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be P bigger than the peak line
+voltage okay now what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay now what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay now what that means
+practically is most places in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically is most places in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically is most places in the US
+right the peak line voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the peak line voltage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the peak line voltage is
+170 right but it can be plus 10% minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+170 right but it can be plus 10% minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+170 right but it can be plus 10% minus
+15% around that in practice or sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% around that in practice or sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% around that in practice or sometimes
+even worse but then I also have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even worse but then I also have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even worse but then I also have to make
+it run in some places in Japan where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it run in some places in Japan where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it run in some places in Japan where the
+line voltage might go go down to like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line voltage might go go down to like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line voltage might go go down to like uh
+90 vac RMS and I got to make it run in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 vac RMS and I got to make it run in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 vac RMS and I got to make it run in
+Europe where it can get much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe where it can get much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe where it can get much higher
+right so so most of the time what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so most of the time what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so most of the time what people
+will do is they'll make this like 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do is they'll make this like 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do is they'll make this like 400
+volish for a singlephase line which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volish for a singlephase line which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volish for a singlephase line which
+means it can can take um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it can can take um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it can can take um sort of
+anywhere in the world's singlephase ac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in the world's singlephase ac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in the world's singlephase ac
+voltage okay the other thing I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay the other thing I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay the other thing I should
+point out is notice that if this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out is notice that if this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out is notice that if this is you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+hot and this is neutral which is near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot and this is neutral which is near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot and this is neutral which is near
+ground notice that this node is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground notice that this node is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground notice that this node is not
+referenced to this node right so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced to this node right so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced to this node right so don't
+make the mistake of saying okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the mistake of saying okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the mistake of saying okay I'm
+going to connect my ground clip here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to connect my ground clip here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to connect my ground clip here um
+because grounds your neutral and bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because grounds your neutral and bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because grounds your neutral and bad
+things are going to happen and usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to happen and usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to happen and usually
+bad things means your circuit explodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad things means your circuit explodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad things means your circuit explodes
+and I've been there um let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've been there um let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've been there um let me just
+illustrate this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this for
+you this is a simulation so here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is a simulation so here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is a simulation so here's my
+sine wave voltage source four diodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine wave voltage source four diodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine wave voltage source four diodes
+here's my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my uh
+boost converter okay let me run it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost converter okay let me run it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost converter okay let me run it this
+is just a simulation we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+run okay let's take a look at some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run okay let's take a look at some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run okay let's take a look at some of
+the waveforms let me look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waveforms let me look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waveforms let me look at the
+um actually let me take a look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me take a look at the uh AC input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take a look at the uh AC input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take a look at the uh AC input
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+right looks like that's the AC input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right looks like that's the AC input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right looks like that's the AC input
+voltage let me look at the AC input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage let me look at the AC input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage let me look at the AC input
+current and actually I looked at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and actually I looked at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and actually I looked at them
+with the wrong phase so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wrong phase so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wrong phase so let me just
+change the phase here minus one times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the phase here minus one times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the phase here minus one times
+that current right so this is very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that current right so this is very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that current right so this is very much
+generating a very sinusal looking input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a very sinusal looking input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a very sinusal looking input
+right if I looked at this current for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I looked at this current for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I looked at this current for
+example the current in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the current in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the current in the
+inductor he is the rectified version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor he is the rectified version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor he is the rectified version of
+that so it's exactly what I said but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's exactly what I said but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's exactly what I said but of
+course keep in mind we're looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course keep in mind we're looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course keep in mind we're looking at a
+long time scale this is you know 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time scale this is you know 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time scale this is you know 60
+hertz if I zoomed in close what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz if I zoomed in close what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz if I zoomed in close what I would
+see is a lot of pwm switching so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is a lot of pwm switching so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is a lot of pwm switching so I have
+a switching frequency I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a switching frequency I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a switching frequency I don't know
+actually I don't remember what it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't remember what it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't remember what it is in
+this example but it's probably like 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example but it's probably like 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example but it's probably like 500
+khz or something like that and I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+khz or something like that and I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+khz or something like that and I'm using
+it to create a 60 HZ rectification and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to create a 60 HZ rectification and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to create a 60 HZ rectification and
+drawing energy from the line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing energy from the line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing energy from the line and
+essentially Unity power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially Unity power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially Unity power
+factor any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor any questions about
+that yeah sorry I may have missed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah sorry I may have missed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah sorry I may have missed this
+but um why isn't there a introduced body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um why isn't there a introduced body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um why isn't there a introduced body
+there Ah that's a very good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Ah that's a very good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Ah that's a very good question
+because what I'm doing is if if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I'm doing is if if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I'm doing is if if I had
+some passive kind of thing going on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some passive kind of thing going on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some passive kind of thing going on I
+might but what I'm really doing is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might but what I'm really doing is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might but what I'm really doing is I'm
+you know I I can do this control in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I can do this control in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I can do this control in a
+bunch of ways but I'm sensing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of ways but I'm sensing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of ways but I'm sensing this
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+right and then I'm uh chopping this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I'm uh chopping this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I'm uh chopping this
+current I'm chopping the switch in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I'm chopping the switch in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I'm chopping the switch in order
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+regulate the current in the inductor iix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate the current in the inductor iix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate the current in the inductor iix
+so this would be like what iix is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be like what iix is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be like what iix is doing
+according to following a reference which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to following a reference which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to following a reference which
+is exactly in Phase with input voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly in Phase with input voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly in Phase with input voltage
+okay any phase shift that would go on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any phase shift that would go on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any phase shift that would go on I
+can deal with and keep in mind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deal with and keep in mind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deal with and keep in mind this
+inductor at the line frequency is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor at the line frequency is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor at the line frequency is really
+small right so so this doesn't have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right so so this doesn't have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right so so this doesn't have much
+impedance of the line frequency it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance of the line frequency it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance of the line frequency it has
+impedance of the switching frequency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance of the switching frequency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance of the switching frequency so
+I need to switch way faster than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to switch way faster than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to switch way faster than the
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency how is it possible to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency how is it possible to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency how is it possible to control
+both and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and
+VDC so I'm not controlling oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC so I'm not controlling oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC so I'm not controlling oh
+VDC yeah or like the output power is set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC yeah or like the output power is set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC yeah or like the output power is set
+by the load and you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the load and you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the load and you're trying to
+maintain VDC at 400 volts while also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain VDC at 400 volts while also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain VDC at 400 volts while also
+having this form like how do you control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this form like how do you control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this form like how do you control
+that excellent question let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excellent question let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excellent question let me let me
+put that on hold I'm going to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that on hold I'm going to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that on hold I'm going to answer
+that in about two minutes but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in about two minutes but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in about two minutes but it's
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+question um how do we do that um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um how do we do that um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um how do we do that um let's
+think about that that's I mean that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that that's I mean that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that that's I mean that's a
+very good question in fact that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question in fact that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question in fact that's the
+main thing I want to convey uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main thing I want to convey uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main thing I want to convey uh in the
+next section of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lecture how would I control that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture how would I control that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture how would I control that well
+here's the here's the scheme that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the here's the scheme that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the here's the scheme that we'll
+generally use the magic thing I have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally use the magic thing I have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally use the magic thing I have is
+this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant
+G right so this constant G is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G right so this constant G is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G right so this constant G is sort of
+essentially what sets the power right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what sets the power right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what sets the power right so
+what does the power what does the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the power what does the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the power what does the power
+look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like
+here P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T is equal to I line * V Line right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is equal to I line * V Line right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is equal to I line * V Line right
+which is ultimately equal to G * V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is ultimately equal to G * V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is ultimately equal to G * V
+Line s Ro of T right so if this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line s Ro of T right so if this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line s Ro of T right so if this is uh
+this could be then G * vs^ SAR sin SAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be then G * vs^ SAR sin SAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be then G * vs^ SAR sin SAR
+of Omega T right which I could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega T right which I could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega T right which I could also
+write as uh g vs^ 2 / 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write as uh g vs^ 2 / 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write as uh g vs^ 2 / 2 *
+1 1 - cosine of 2 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 - cosine of 2 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 - cosine of 2 Omega
+T okay so if I were to draw out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so if I were to draw out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so if I were to draw out for
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+um what the power would look like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what the power would look like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what the power would look like is
+this so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this
+is p of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T it would have an average value that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T it would have an average value that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T it would have an average value that's
+GVS ^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GVS ^2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GVS ^2 over
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and then it would pulsate up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then it would pulsate up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then it would pulsate up and
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like this that's all that's all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that's all that's all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that's all that's all that
+equation says why does it pulsate up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation says why does it pulsate up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation says why does it pulsate up and
+down because when V and I are equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because when V and I are equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because when V and I are equal to
+zero when the line voltage is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when the line voltage is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when the line voltage is zero
+you're not drawing any power from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not drawing any power from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not drawing any power from the
+line when the line voltage is really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line when the line voltage is really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line when the line voltage is really big
+and the current's really big you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the current's really big you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the current's really big you're
+drawing a lot of power from the line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing a lot of power from the line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing a lot of power from the line and
+on average you get GBS s over two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average you get GBS s over two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average you get GBS s over two okay
+so the whole Magic of this Tri of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whole Magic of this Tri of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whole Magic of this Tri of the
+control is controlling what G is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control is controlling what G is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control is controlling what G is because
+I get to pick G because I'm picking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get to pick G because I'm picking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get to pick G because I'm picking you
+know how big I'm tracking my current to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how big I'm tracking my current to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how big I'm tracking my current to
+be so here's how you'd go do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so here's how you'd go do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so here's how you'd go do
+it you might say Okay um Let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you might say Okay um Let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you might say Okay um Let me let me
+come in and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and let
+me take vline of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me take vline of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me take vline of
+T okay and I'm going to multiply V line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay and I'm going to multiply V line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay and I'm going to multiply V line
+of T the instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T the instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T the instantaneous
+value um or actually maybe I just m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um or actually maybe I just m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um or actually maybe I just m
+marry measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marry measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marry measure
+VX okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX okay
+as the magnitude of V line of T okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the magnitude of V line of T okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the magnitude of V line of T okay and
+I multiply it by some constant G right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply it by some constant G right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply it by some constant G right
+and this gives me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this gives me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this gives me I
+ref which then I feed to my current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ref which then I feed to my current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ref which then I feed to my current
+controller for my Boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller for my Boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller for my Boost
+converter okay so an input to my control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay so an input to my control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay so an input to my control
+is what I chose G of T to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I chose G of T to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I chose G of T to
+be now what I'll do is I will measure V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be now what I'll do is I will measure V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be now what I'll do is I will measure V
+out I'll have an output reference V ref
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I'll have an output reference V ref
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I'll have an output reference V ref
+you know maybe that's 400 volts I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe that's 400 volts I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe that's 400 volts I will
+measure V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure V
+out right so I'll go to the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right so I'll go to the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right so I'll go to the output of
+the Boost converter I called it VDC so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boost converter I called it VDC so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boost converter I called it VDC so
+let me call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call it
+VDC I'll take the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC I'll take the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC I'll take the difference between
+these two and I'll have an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two and I'll have an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two and I'll have an error
+voltage and then I'm going to run that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and then I'm going to run that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and then I'm going to run that
+into a compensator h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+okay h of s and this is a High Gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and that's going to give me G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's going to give me G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's going to give me G of
+T right so if VDC Falls below vref V era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right so if VDC Falls below vref V era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right so if VDC Falls below vref V era
+gets bigger I amplify that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets bigger I amplify that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets bigger I amplify that and I
+increase G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase G of
+T so I'm going to pick G of T big enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so I'm going to pick G of T big enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so I'm going to pick G of T big enough
+that I get enough power that the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get enough power that the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get enough power that the output
+voltage matches whatever I want in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage matches whatever I want in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage matches whatever I want in this
+case as I said 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case as I said 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case as I said 400
+volts does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a typical kind of controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a typical kind of controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a typical kind of controller
+for a PFC control let me explain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a PFC control let me explain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a PFC control let me explain a
+couple things here keep in mind what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things here keep in mind what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things here keep in mind what's
+the bandwidth of this thing right well G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandwidth of this thing right well G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandwidth of this thing right well G
+is supposed to be a sort of a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be a sort of a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be a sort of a constant
+over a cycle so that the AC current that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a cycle so that the AC current that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a cycle so that the AC current that
+I draw you know isn't wildly varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw you know isn't wildly varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw you know isn't wildly varying
+over half a line cycle so the bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over half a line cycle so the bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over half a line cycle so the bandwidth
+of this controller tends to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this controller tends to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this controller tends to be really
+slow like less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow like less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow like less than
+you know it it shouldn't vary its output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it it shouldn't vary its output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it it shouldn't vary its output
+voltage very much over half a line cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage very much over half a line cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage very much over half a line cycle
+because if it starts doing that then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it starts doing that then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it starts doing that then the
+current no longer looks sinusoidal right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current no longer looks sinusoidal right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current no longer looks sinusoidal right
+and it can only respond to slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can only respond to slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can only respond to slow
+variations okay but as we'll see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations okay but as we'll see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations okay but as we'll see what
+that mainly implies is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mainly implies is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mainly implies is because the
+bandwidth of this Loop is low uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth of this Loop is low uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth of this Loop is low uh this
+capacitor size here needs to be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor size here needs to be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor size here needs to be pretty
+big okay to hold things up all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big okay to hold things up all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big okay to hold things up all right and
+in fact we're going to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we're going to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we're going to talk about that
+in a minute that size of this capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute that size of this capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute that size of this capacitor
+right here tends to be a very dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here tends to be a very dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here tends to be a very dominant
+things in most PFC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in most PFC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in most PFC
+rectifiers okay just to illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifiers okay just to illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifiers okay just to illustrate
+that I've got one with me here this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've got one with me here this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've got one with me here this part
+on the on your very left is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on your very left is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on your very left is basically
+the Line Filter right because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Line Filter right because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Line Filter right because we're
+switching and I got to keep the pwm junk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching and I got to keep the pwm junk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching and I got to keep the pwm junk
+out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the
+line has a fan then you'll see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line has a fan then you'll see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line has a fan then you'll see if you
+look carefully though you see these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look carefully though you see these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look carefully though you see these four
+diodes here 1 2 3 four those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes here 1 2 3 four those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes here 1 2 3 four those are the
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+diodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+inductor is a little bit hard to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor is a little bit hard to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor is a little bit hard to see
+because it's buried in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um then the main thing that you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then the main thing that you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then the main thing that you see is
+this block right here which is all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block right here which is all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block right here which is all these
+capacitors okay and that's this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors okay and that's this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors okay and that's this guy
+right here so we're going to come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here so we're going to come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here so we're going to come back
+and talk to that and then um the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk to that and then um the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk to that and then um the rest of
+this thing is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is this
+this top board is essentially this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this top board is essentially this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this top board is essentially this first
+stage right then we got to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage right then we got to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage right then we got to talk about
+what we do after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's a little bit hard to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a little bit hard to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a little bit hard to see the
+inductor but does that answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor but does that answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor but does that answer your
+question about control so we need a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about control so we need a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about control so we need a very
+low bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low bandwidth
+controller but we modulate that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller but we modulate that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller but we modulate that we
+ultimately modulate one switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately modulate one switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately modulate one switch to
+control the current that then controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the current that then controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the current that then controls
+the output multiple loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output multiple loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output multiple loops
+yeah I don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how because I'm telling it to right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how because I'm telling it to right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how because I'm telling it to right in
+some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+suppose suppose this compensator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose this compensator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose this compensator is
+acting really slowly so that g is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting really slowly so that g is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting really slowly so that g is
+roughly speaking a constant for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking a constant for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking a constant for some
+time period right then all I'm doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period right then all I'm doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period right then all I'm doing is
+I'm measuring the line voltage and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm measuring the line voltage and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm measuring the line voltage and I'm
+making a multiple of it and creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a multiple of it and creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a multiple of it and creating a
+current reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current reference
+and then I have another inner loop maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have another inner loop maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have another inner loop maybe
+a hysteretic current control that switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hysteretic current control that switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hysteretic current control that switch
+you know if if if the inductor current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if if the inductor current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if if the inductor current
+is too far below I I turn the switch on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too far below I I turn the switch on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too far below I I turn the switch on
+until it ramps up and once it gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it ramps up and once it gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it ramps up and once it gets a
+little bit too big I turn it off and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit too big I turn it off and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit too big I turn it off and the
+Dow turns on the current ramps down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dow turns on the current ramps down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dow turns on the current ramps down and
+I'll get this kind of choppy current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get this kind of choppy current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get this kind of choppy current
+that roughly follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I that make sense that's all happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that make sense that's all happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that make sense that's all happening
+at some high frequency the switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some high frequency the switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some high frequency the switching
+frequency the component I care about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the component I care about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the component I care about it
+for power factor purposes is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for power factor purposes is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for power factor purposes is the sort of
+the local average of that current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local average of that current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local average of that current
+because that's what's being fed back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what's being fed back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what's being fed back and
+there's some additional filtering here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some additional filtering here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some additional filtering here
+to get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ripple any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay so that's the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so that's the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so that's the basic idea
+of a PFC rectifier control now note one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a PFC rectifier control now note one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a PFC rectifier control now note one
+thing I mentioned this before this node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I mentioned this before this node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I mentioned this before this node
+is nothing like this node right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing like this node right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing like this node right I mean
+these these aren't at the same potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these aren't at the same potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these aren't at the same potential
+so it's a little bit hard to use because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little bit hard to use because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little bit hard to use because
+if I'm plugging into the wall and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm plugging into the wall and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm plugging into the wall and one of
+you know one of the sides of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of the sides of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of the sides of this thing
+that I'm pluging into is neutral that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm pluging into is neutral that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm pluging into is neutral that's
+very close to ground it's ultimately a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to ground it's ultimately a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to ground it's ultimately a
+DC connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC connected to
+ground um yeah I better not connect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground um yeah I better not connect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground um yeah I better not connect this
+node to ground because bad things will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node to ground because bad things will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node to ground because bad things will
+happen but on the other hand my computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but on the other hand my computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but on the other hand my computer
+first of all it doesn't need 400 volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it doesn't need 400 volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it doesn't need 400 volts
+right it needs you know ultimately one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it needs you know ultimately one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it needs you know ultimately one
+volt right but intermediate in your in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt right but intermediate in your in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt right but intermediate in your in
+your desktop machine right it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your desktop machine right it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your desktop machine right it probably
+steps it down to 12 volts right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps it down to 12 volts right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps it down to 12 volts right and then
+there's another converter that goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another converter that goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another converter that goes from
+12 volts to 1V to run the processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 volts to 1V to run the processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 volts to 1V to run the processor
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+um ultimately we need first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ultimately we need first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ultimately we need first of all
+isolation because this node isn't Gan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation because this node isn't Gan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation because this node isn't Gan
+galvanically isolated from here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galvanically isolated from here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galvanically isolated from here and we
+do need our microprocessor really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do need our microprocessor really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do need our microprocessor really
+reference the ground because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference the ground because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference the ground because you don't
+want to touch the case of your computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to touch the case of your computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to touch the case of your computer
+and get shocked right so you need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get shocked right so you need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get shocked right so you need some
+isolation we also need a large voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation we also need a large voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation we also need a large voltage
+conversion so usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion so usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion so usually
+you know after this PFC stage the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know after this PFC stage the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know after this PFC stage the thing
+I drew as a resistor here is some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I drew as a resistor here is some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I drew as a resistor here is some other
+DC to DC stage right so you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC to DC stage right so you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC to DC stage right so you know what
+does that dcdc stage look like it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that dcdc stage look like it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that dcdc stage look like it could
+look like any kind of isolated dcdc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like any kind of isolated dcdc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like any kind of isolated dcdc
+converter we're talking about right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter we're talking about right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter we're talking about right it
+could be um just you know maybe I have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be um just you know maybe I have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be um just you know maybe I have I
+split the bus in two and I have a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the bus in two and I have a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the bus in two and I have a pair
+of switches and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of switches and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of switches and a
+Transformer and then I run the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer and then I run the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer and then I run the other
+side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of this
+transformer into a diode rectifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that comes out to my 12 volts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes out to my 12 volts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes out to my 12 volts for
+example and that powers my next power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and that powers my next power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and that powers my next power
+supply or maybe I have multiple outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply or maybe I have multiple outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply or maybe I have multiple outputs
+from next stage right to give plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from next stage right to give plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from next stage right to give plus and
+minus 12 and plus five whatever I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 12 and plus five whatever I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 12 and plus five whatever I need
+okay but I will usually have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I will usually have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I will usually have some
+subsequent stage and in fact the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent stage and in fact the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent stage and in fact the other
+part on that converter The Other Board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part on that converter The Other Board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part on that converter The Other Board
+I'm passing around is the subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm passing around is the subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm passing around is the subsequent
+stages to provide from the high voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages to provide from the high voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages to provide from the high voltage
+rectifier down to lower volt volage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier down to lower volt volage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier down to lower volt volage
+loads okay and 400 volts is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads okay and 400 volts is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads okay and 400 volts is kind of
+standard uh a because it matches across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard uh a because it matches across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard uh a because it matches across
+what you know all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know all the different
+Universal input voltages across around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal input voltages across around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal input voltages across around
+the world for line inputs and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world for line inputs and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world for line inputs and as a
+consequence you can get really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence you can get really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence you can get really good
+energy storage capacitors and a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage capacitors and a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage capacitors and a bunch of
+other really good you know cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other really good you know cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other really good you know cheap
+elements to build your converter there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements to build your converter there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements to build your converter there
+and so then you have two stages you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you have two stages you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you have two stages you have
+a first stage that does that then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first stage that does that then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first stage that does that then you
+have a transformation and isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a transformation and isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a transformation and isolation
+stage which gives you some low voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage which gives you some low voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage which gives you some low voltage
+typically 12 volts but it can be other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically 12 volts but it can be other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically 12 volts but it can be other
+voltages and servers and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages and servers and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages and servers and things like
+that and then you have usually another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then you have usually another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then you have usually another
+converter that gets like that's more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter that gets like that's more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter that gets like that's more or
+less a buck converter or some variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less a buck converter or some variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less a buck converter or some variant
+that gets you very high band with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets you very high band with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets you very high band with
+control over your microprocessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over your microprocessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over your microprocessor
+Supply so hence you can see we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply so hence you can see we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply so hence you can see we're going
+through lots of power conversion stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through lots of power conversion stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through lots of power conversion stages
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions so when you refer to by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so when you refer to by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so when you refer to by
+bandwidth in this case so what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth in this case so what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth in this case so what I mean by
+bandwidth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth is
+this gain stage you know maybe that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gain stage you know maybe that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gain stage you know maybe that's an
+integrator or maybe it's a pi controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator or maybe it's a pi controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator or maybe it's a pi controller
+oughtn't vary this signal on a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oughtn't vary this signal on a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oughtn't vary this signal on a time
+scale that approaches half of a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale that approaches half of a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale that approaches half of a line
+cycle right so so maybe if half of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle right so so maybe if half of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle right so so maybe if half of a
+line cycle is 120 hertz maybe this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line cycle is 120 hertz maybe this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line cycle is 120 hertz maybe this thing
+varies at only like 10 Hertz or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies at only like 10 Hertz or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies at only like 10 Hertz or
+something like that right can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right can be very
+slow okay that means you need a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow okay that means you need a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow okay that means you need a lot of
+energy storage to hold things up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage to hold things up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage to hold things up in the
+intermediate time but that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+necessary that brings me to my next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary that brings me to my next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary that brings me to my next
+point which is the following when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is the following when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is the following when we
+talked about even we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about even we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about even we talked about
+inverters okay I kind of brushed over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverters okay I kind of brushed over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverters okay I kind of brushed over I
+just said oh I have a perfect DC source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said oh I have a perfect DC source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said oh I have a perfect DC source
+and he's going to provide whatever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's going to provide whatever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's going to provide whatever I
+want right but I didn't worry how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want right but I didn't worry how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want right but I didn't worry how much
+power pulsations were coming from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power pulsations were coming from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power pulsations were coming from this
+CC Source right in reality I almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CC Source right in reality I almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CC Source right in reality I almost
+always have some capacitor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have some capacitor here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have some capacitor here
+okay in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this
+application right um I said I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application right um I said I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application right um I said I'm going to
+have you know this isn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know this isn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know this isn't really
+necessarily exactly going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily exactly going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily exactly going to be a
+resistor this is going to be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor this is going to be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor this is going to be another
+power supply stage right but this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supply stage right but this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supply stage right but this next
+power supply stage really it wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supply stage really it wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supply stage really it wants to
+you know it wants a DC voltage and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it wants a DC voltage and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it wants a DC voltage and it
+wants to draw a DC current right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to draw a DC current right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to draw a DC current right so
+really um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um this
+capacitor uh is going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor uh is going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor uh is going to take the
+difference between instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between instantaneous
+whatever power this thing's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever power this thing's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever power this thing's going to
+provide instantaneously and whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide instantaneously and whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide instantaneously and whatever the
+next stage instantaneously wants okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next stage instantaneously wants okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next stage instantaneously wants okay so
+if we thought of uh let's see where's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we thought of uh let's see where's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we thought of uh let's see where's my
+original drawing if we thought of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original drawing if we thought of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original drawing if we thought of this
+box over here as being an AC todc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box over here as being an AC todc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box over here as being an AC todc
+rectifier um I just plotted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier um I just plotted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier um I just plotted for
+you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the
+power versus time that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power versus time that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power versus time that is
+coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out
+of that's the power versus time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that's the power versus time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that's the power versus time that's
+sort of Crossing this node right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Crossing this node right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Crossing this node right this is
+p of T is basically what's coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of T is basically what's coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of T is basically what's coming out of
+this device into this network and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this device into this network and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this device into this network and what
+you can see is it's actually pulsating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see is it's actually pulsating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see is it's actually pulsating
+at twice the line frequency so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at twice the line frequency so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at twice the line frequency so this
+um basically every half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically every half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically every half
+cycle Maybe move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up every half cycle both the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up every half cycle both the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up every half cycle both the line
+current and the line voltage go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and the line voltage go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and the line voltage go back to
+zero and when the line current line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and when the line current line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and when the line current line
+voltage is zero there's no power coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is zero there's no power coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is zero there's no power coming
+from the line in fact it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the line in fact it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the line in fact it doesn't matter
+what current I want to draw from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what current I want to draw from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what current I want to draw from the
+line if there's no line voltage I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line if there's no line voltage I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line if there's no line voltage I can't
+get any current I can't get any power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get any current I can't get any power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get any current I can't get any power
+out of it right so that's why I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it right so that's why I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it right so that's why I have
+this sort of square law power versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of square law power versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of square law power versus
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+okay now if I imagined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the Orange is what's being sourced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Orange is what's being sourced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Orange is what's being sourced
+right so that's sort of what power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's sort of what power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's sort of what power is
+coming to here if I imagine what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to here if I imagine what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to here if I imagine what I want
+going to my load is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to my load is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to my load is
+DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC
+power right what does that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power right what does that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power right what does that look like
+well if I have a DC voltage and a DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I have a DC voltage and a DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I have a DC voltage and a DC
+current drawn by my next stage my next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current drawn by my next stage my next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current drawn by my next stage my next
+converter stage it's not really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter stage it's not really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter stage it's not really a
+resistor it basically wants to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor it basically wants to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor it basically wants to look like
+this right that's what I'm controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right that's what I'm controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right that's what I'm controlling
+is I'm controlling the average power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm controlling the average power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm controlling the average power
+going to the load right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the load right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the load right
+here so what about the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what about the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what about the difference
+between the instantaneous power and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the instantaneous power and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the instantaneous power and the
+average power where is that being stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average power where is that being stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average power where is that being stored
+right conservation of energy is flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right conservation of energy is flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right conservation of energy is flowing
+in one place and flowing out the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one place and flowing out the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one place and flowing out the other
+right there's if they're not equal it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's if they're not equal it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's if they're not equal it's
+got to be stored somewhere and precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be stored somewhere and precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be stored somewhere and precisely
+where it's stored is in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's stored is in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's stored is in that
+capacitor okay now the most common place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor okay now the most common place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor okay now the most common place
+in a PFC converter is to store it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a PFC converter is to store it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a PFC converter is to store it a
+across cross this sort of high voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across cross this sort of high voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across cross this sort of high voltage
+DC output because you can buy very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC output because you can buy very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC output because you can buy very good
+capacitors there okay but what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors there okay but what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors there okay but what what what
+I'm trying to tell you is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to tell you is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to tell you is the energy
+going into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into that
+capacitor basically in the first part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor basically in the first part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor basically in the first part of
+the line cycle I said this is kind of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line cycle I said this is kind of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line cycle I said this is kind of T
+over2 this is T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 this is T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 this is T
+over4 right in the first part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over4 right in the first part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over4 right in the first part of the
+line cycle and if I went negative it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line cycle and if I went negative it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line cycle and if I went negative it
+would do this right so this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right in this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in this time
+period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period
+basically the line isn't sourcing enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the line isn't sourcing enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the line isn't sourcing enough
+energy it's sourcing less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's sourcing less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's sourcing less than the
+average so during this time period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average so during this time period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average so during this time period
+energy is coming out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is coming out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is coming out of the
+capacitor and then in this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and then in this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and then in this time
+period I'm drawing more energy out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period I'm drawing more energy out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period I'm drawing more energy out of
+the line that my load's using I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line that my load's using I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line that my load's using I'm
+recharging the capacitor right so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recharging the capacitor right so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recharging the capacitor right so at
+twice the line frequency I'm charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the line frequency I'm charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the line frequency I'm charging
+and discharging that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discharging that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discharging that
+capacitor so that capacitor has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor so that capacitor has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor so that capacitor has to be
+physically big enough or it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically big enough or it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically big enough or it has to be
+energy storage wise big enough to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage wise big enough to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage wise big enough to store
+that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+okay and that sets a bound on the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that sets a bound on the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that sets a bound on the energy
+storage requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage requirement
+now the same thing is true in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the same thing is true in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the same thing is true in the
+inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter
+suppose this was the AC grid and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this was the AC grid and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this was the AC grid and this
+was a solar panel right I don't want my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a solar panel right I don't want my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a solar panel right I don't want my
+solar panel taking pulsating you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panel taking pulsating you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panel taking pulsating you know I
+don't want my solar panel my he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want my solar panel my he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want my solar panel my he he
+doesn't he doesn't want to dra deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't he doesn't want to dra deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't he doesn't want to dra deliver
+you know 100 watts in one time frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 100 watts in one time frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 100 watts in one time frame and
+zero watts in the next for an average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero watts in the next for an average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero watts in the next for an average of
+50 right he wants to Source DC current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 right he wants to Source DC current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 right he wants to Source DC current
+and DC voltage right so that means but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and DC voltage right so that means but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and DC voltage right so that means but
+if I'm going to deliver energy into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm going to deliver energy into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm going to deliver energy into the
+grid into the Grid at Unity power factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid into the Grid at Unity power factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid into the Grid at Unity power factor
+right which is what I want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is what I want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is what I want to do that
+means this power into the AC grid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this power into the AC grid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this power into the AC grid is
+pulsating it's just the reverse of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsating it's just the reverse of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsating it's just the reverse of that
+waveform okay so I still need some big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform okay so I still need some big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform okay so I still need some big
+capacitor to buffer the energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor to buffer the energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor to buffer the energy so
+whether I'm going AC to DC or DC to AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I'm going AC to DC or DC to AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I'm going AC to DC or DC to AC
+if I have pure DC power flow on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have pure DC power flow on one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have pure DC power flow on one side
+and unity power factor AC on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unity power factor AC on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unity power factor AC on the other
+there is no way around the fact that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no way around the fact that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no way around the fact that I
+got to store some energy somewhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to store some energy somewhere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to store some energy somewhere and
+you'll find people that say I got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find people that say I got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find people that say I got this
+magic technique that's going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic technique that's going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic technique that's going to do it
+except that you know conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that you know conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that you know conservation of
+energy rather forbids that right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy rather forbids that right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy rather forbids that right so I
+have people I got this magic way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people I got this magic way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people I got this magic way around
+it no you don't uh because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no you don't uh because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no you don't uh because you know
+conservation of energy holds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of energy holds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of energy holds so
+somewhere in your circuit it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in your circuit it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in your circuit it doesn't
+have to be across the input or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be across the input or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be across the input or the
+output but if you're going to have sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but if you're going to have sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but if you're going to have sort
+of uh ac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+and kind of AC current on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of AC current on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of AC current on the other side
+that's at Unity power factor and a DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voltage on the other and a DC current so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on the other and a DC current so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on the other and a DC current so
+if this is I and this is iidc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is I and this is iidc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is I and this is iidc
+right somewhere in your circuit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right somewhere in your circuit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right somewhere in your circuit you
+either need an inductor or a capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either need an inductor or a capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either need an inductor or a capacitor
+you need some third place that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some third place that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some third place that's going
+to store the instantaneous power between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store the instantaneous power between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store the instantaneous power between
+you know VDC IDC and the pulsating AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know VDC IDC and the pulsating AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know VDC IDC and the pulsating AC
+power vac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power vac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power vac
+IAC does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+now I running out of time here but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I running out of time here but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I running out of time here but it's
+very clear if I basically just integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear if I basically just integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear if I basically just integrate
+if I take the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the integral
+of this right that's an amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this right that's an amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this right that's an amount of energy
+and that's how much energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how much energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how much energy that
+capacitor has to store if I work through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor has to store if I work through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor has to store if I work through
+the intergral what I get is uh e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intergral what I get is uh e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intergral what I get is uh e
+store is exactly equal to P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store is exactly equal to P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store is exactly equal to P
+average the DC power divided by the AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the DC power divided by the AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the DC power divided by the AC
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+frequency right so it's worse at 50 HZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right so it's worse at 50 HZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right so it's worse at 50 HZ
+than 60 HZ by a little bit because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 60 HZ by a little bit because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 60 HZ by a little bit because I
+have to store it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to store it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to store it for
+longer okay so uh you know we said oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer okay so uh you know we said oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer okay so uh you know we said oh I
+want to increase the switching frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to increase the switching frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to increase the switching frequency
+of my converter to make the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my converter to make the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my converter to make the components
+smaller that's all well and good but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller that's all well and good but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller that's all well and good but if
+I'm delivering energy to the line at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm delivering energy to the line at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm delivering energy to the line at
+Unity power factor I need to store a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity power factor I need to store a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity power factor I need to store a
+certain amount of energy inside my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of energy inside my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of energy inside my
+converter for Unity power factor anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter for Unity power factor anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter for Unity power factor anyways
+um that's related to the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's related to the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's related to the line
+frequency okay and that's going to set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay and that's going to set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay and that's going to set a
+minimum size on the capacitors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum size on the capacitors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum size on the capacitors or
+inductors or whatever I use most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductors or whatever I use most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductors or whatever I use most people
+use capacitors because they have better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use capacitors because they have better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use capacitors because they have better
+energy density at least at small scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density at least at small scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density at least at small scales
+like the single phase line scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the single phase line scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the single phase line scales
+okay so any scheme you're going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so any scheme you're going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so any scheme you're going to come
+up with you're going to have to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with you're going to have to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with you're going to have to do this
+now it turns out that this stored energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out that this stored energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out that this stored energy
+is the minimum that I need if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the minimum that I need if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the minimum that I need if I have
+Unity power factor if you allow me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity power factor if you allow me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity power factor if you allow me to
+cheat a little bit you know maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat a little bit you know maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat a little bit you know maybe I
+don't have perfect Unity power factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have perfect Unity power factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have perfect Unity power factor
+you can effectively reduce that a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can effectively reduce that a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can effectively reduce that a bit
+and essentially you're using the line as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially you're using the line as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially you're using the line as
+your storage mechanism which is allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your storage mechanism which is allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your storage mechanism which is allowed
+over a limited range right real computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a limited range right real computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a limited range right real computer
+power supplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supplies
+don't have to have perfect power factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to have perfect power factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to have perfect power factor
+they just have to have good enough power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just have to have good enough power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just have to have good enough power
+factor and so you can reduce this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and so you can reduce this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and so you can reduce this you
+know maybe by a factor of two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe by a factor of two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe by a factor of two or
+something if you're willing to let your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if you're willing to let your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if you're willing to let your
+W line waveforms distort a bit okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W line waveforms distort a bit okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W line waveforms distort a bit okay um
+but generally it's on this scale okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generally it's on this scale okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generally it's on this scale okay
+and the details of how much you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the details of how much you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the details of how much you can do
+depend very much on you know what power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend very much on you know what power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend very much on you know what power
+level what your application space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level what your application space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level what your application space is
+there there's rules regarding how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's rules regarding how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's rules regarding how much
+Distortion you can have in line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion you can have in line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion you can have in line
+connected equipment depending upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected equipment depending upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected equipment depending upon
+like I said application and power level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said application and power level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said application and power level
+right but what that means is you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what that means is you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what that means is you've got
+to get clever in how you store this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get clever in how you store this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get clever in how you store this and
+by the way this is the amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way this is the amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way this is the amount of energy
+this is the swing in energy so if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the swing in energy so if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the swing in energy so if I'm
+going to store that with very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to store that with very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to store that with very small
+Ripple on that capacitor right that's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple on that capacitor right that's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple on that capacitor right that's 1
+half CV Max squar by minus 1 12 CV Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half CV Max squar by minus 1 12 CV Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half CV Max squar by minus 1 12 CV Min
+squ if my ripple of my capacitor voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ if my ripple of my capacitor voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ if my ripple of my capacitor voltage
+becomes smaller the energy storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes smaller the energy storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes smaller the energy storage
+rating of that capacitor is even bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating of that capacitor is even bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating of that capacitor is even bigger
+than this number by a lot okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this number by a lot okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this number by a lot okay so um
+there are pretty you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are pretty you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are pretty you know there are
+games you can play but this is a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you can play but this is a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you can play but this is a minimum
+energy storage you're going to need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage you're going to need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage you're going to need to
+store and generally if you want small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and generally if you want small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and generally if you want small
+Ripple on the capacitor you even need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple on the capacitor you even need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple on the capacitor you even need
+much more than that and the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than that and the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than that and the lecture
+notes and the text go into the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and the text go into the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and the text go into the details
+of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those
+calculations so I'm out of time to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations so I'm out of time to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations so I'm out of time to talk
+about this are there any final questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this are there any final questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this are there any final questions
+before we wrap up and move on to a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topic okay great so next class we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic okay great so next class we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic okay great so next class we'll
+have a little fun um and then when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little fun um and then when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little fun um and then when we
+come back after spring break we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back after spring break we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back after spring break we're going
+to start to talk about what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start to talk about what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start to talk about what happens when
+I go up in power we start to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go up in power we start to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go up in power we start to use
+three-phase systems so have a great if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase systems so have a great if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase systems so have a great if I
+don't see you have a great break and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see you have a great break and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see you have a great break and
+hope to see you tomorrow
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EfuSYmCQSY8.txt b/EfuSYmCQSY8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9c4712667a562071f7ae80d8edefb7956eb8274
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EfuSYmCQSY8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3198 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of
+MIT courses, visit
+
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+PROFESSOR: Good afternoon.
+
+We are on the finish line.
+
+Two more weeks to go.
+
+Our last chapter is coherence,
+and I can promise you
+
+this chapter of coherence
+has some highlights,
+
+so we are not going to
+and more boring subject.
+
+Actually, some of
+the best subjects,
+
+some of the most exciting
+topics are still to come.
+
+So today, we continue our
+discussion of coherence.
+
+As I pointed out
+last week, we first
+
+talk about coherence
+in single atoms
+
+and then coherence
+between atoms.
+
+In the first part
+on coherence, I
+
+want to come back to this
+topic of spontaneous emission,
+
+because many of us have
+deep rooted misconceptions
+
+about what spontaneous
+emission is.
+
+We discussed on Wednesday that
+spontaneous emission is not
+
+so spontaneous as many
+of us assume because it's
+
+a unitary time evolution
+with an operator
+
+with a term in the Hamiltonian.
+
+It is exactly this
+operator which
+
+takes the wave function of
+the total system, the atoms
+
+and the light, to
+whatever it is later on.
+
+There is no random phase,
+there is no random variable
+
+in this time evolution,
+exclamation mark.
+
+But there are certain
+aspects associated
+
+with spontaneous emission,
+and I want to address them.
+
+On the other hand, if you think
+about spontaneous emission
+
+in the most fundamental way,
+the first thing you should think
+
+about it, vacuum
+Rabi oscillation.
+
+Here you see in the
+simplest possible system
+
+what spontaneous
+emission can do for you.
+
+The way we want to discuss
+an important aspect
+
+of spontaneous emission, we want
+to go beyond the vacuum Rabi
+
+oscillation, is the following.
+
+We start with an atom
+in the ground state
+
+and the cavity is
+in the vacuum state,
+
+but now we take a
+short pulse of a laser
+
+and we prepare the atom.
+
+And because the laser
+outputs a coherent state,
+
+the coherent state has
+a well defined phase,
+
+and this phase appears
+in the superposition
+
+between ground and excited
+state because this superposition
+
+is created with the
+matrix element which
+
+has the electric
+field of the laser.
+
+But then we allow spontaneous
+emission to happen,
+
+and spontaneous
+emission to happen
+
+means we take our operator
+which I just showed you,
+
+we propagate forward
+in time in such a way
+
+that we just go through half
+a cycle of a vacuum Rabi
+
+oscillation, which
+means everything which
+
+was in the excited state
+is now in the ground state.
+
+And by just exactly propagating
+this system forward in time,
+
+we obtain this state,
+and that's something
+
+I hope very, very
+insightful which
+
+we arrived at the end
+of the last lecture,
+
+that the quantum
+state of the atom
+
+has been perfectly mapped
+onto the photon field.
+
+So all the information
+which was in the atom
+
+before spontaneous
+emission is now
+
+available in the photon field.
+
+So the next thing to
+address is the phase phi.
+
+What is the phase of the
+spontaneously emitted photon,
+
+and this is what we
+want to understand now.
+
+So how well can we
+measure the phase phi?
+
+You should first assume
+the phase phi is perfectly
+
+determined with
+extremely high accuracy
+
+if you use a laser
+beam which has
+
+a macroscopic electric field.
+
+The phase phi is a
+classical variable
+
+and can be determined
+with arbitrary precision.
+
+And therefore the phase phi,
+which we have imprinted first
+
+into the atomic wave function
+and then in the photon field,
+
+is an exact number.
+
+It comes from the laser beam.
+
+What I'm showing here
+is phase space plots
+
+for the photon field.
+
+I know we talk about
+photons and two
+
+dimensional phase-space
+distribution mainly in 8-422,
+
+but I think the pictures
+speak for themselves.
+
+A lot of you have seen the
+harmonic oscillator and
+
+harmonic oscillator,
+if you start
+
+to prepare the system here, this
+is position, this is momentum,
+
+the system evolves in a circle.
+
+A lot of you have seen, if we
+regard photon states as states
+
+of a harmonic oscillator,
+which they are,
+
+that you have flux states,
+which are just circles,
+
+or the vacuum state is just
+a tiny circle at the center.
+
+And if you have
+a coherent state,
+
+a coherent state is maybe
+a little blob out there,
+
+and for the coherent state,
+you can determine the phase
+
+because the angle of this little
+blob relative to the origin
+
+is well determined.
+
+I think you all have
+seen a version of that.
+
+So anyway, what
+is done here is I
+
+show you this phase-space
+plot for the photon field,
+
+and what happens is if
+initially, the excited
+
+state was zero, this is
+just the ground state
+
+of the harmonic oscillator.
+
+It's a circle.
+
+If the excited
+state was occupied
+
+with unity probability, it's
+a flux state with n equals 1,
+
+and here you see the phase-space
+plot of a flux state with n
+
+equals 1.
+
+And of course, you realize if
+you have exactly one photon
+
+or one atom in an excited state.
+
+There is no phase
+information left
+
+because the phase is
+actually the relative phase
+
+in the superposition between
+ground and excited state.
+
+If you have an
+excited state, only
+
+an excited state
+with a phase factor,
+
+you know if a phase factor
+can simply be factored out
+
+of the total wave function,
+it's never measurable.
+
+What is measurable
+are phases which
+
+are relative phases between two
+amplitudes which are populated.
+
+And of course, not
+surprisingly, if we now
+
+vary the excited state
+fraction of the atom, that's
+
+a probability to have a
+photon in the photon field
+
+from zero or one in
+between, we sort of see
+
+that this phase-space
+distribution, it
+
+points along the 45 degree axis
+and we can measure the phase.
+
+And the most accurate
+phase measurement
+
+can be done if the superposition
+between ground and excited
+
+state is 50-50, or, talking
+about the photon field,
+
+we have a 50-50 superposition
+state between no photon and one
+
+photon.
+
+But the phase here is
+indetermined and the phase here
+
+has quite a bit of
+variance because if you
+
+have a single photon,
+there's only so much accuracy
+
+for the phase.
+
+It would require
+more discussion,
+
+but sometimes you talk even
+about an uncertainty relation,
+
+delta n delta phi equals 1.
+
+So if you have one
+photon, you can only
+
+measure the phase with
+precision on the order of unity.
+
+If you had millions
+of photons, then you
+
+can do very accurate
+phase measurements.
+
+So what we have is-- let me
+just summarize the conclusion.
+
+So the phase phi is best
+defined in the atom,
+
+and therefore also in
+the photon field, when
+
+we have an equal superposition
+of spin up and spin down,
+
+of ground and excited state.
+
+And you also get that from the
+Bloch vector picture, if you
+
+have a Bloch vector which
+is pointing like that,
+
+it doesn't have a phase,
+it's just pointing up.
+
+If it's pointing down,
+there is no phase.
+
+But if it's a 50%
+superposition state,
+
+it points in the xy plane and
+you have the best definition
+
+of the relative phase of
+the amplitude between ground
+
+and excited state.
+
+So I mentioned this Heisenberg
+uncertainty relation.
+
+The fact is just looking
+at these phase-space plots,
+
+you realize the angle
+which we can determine here
+
+for the photon distribution
+will have quite a variance,
+
+but now I want to
+discuss with you
+
+how would we
+actually go about it,
+
+how would we measure the
+phase of the photon field?
+
+And this requires a homodyne
+experiment, a beat experiment
+
+where we interfere the emitted
+photon with a local oscillator,
+
+which is the laser beam which
+was used in the first place
+
+to excite the atom.
+
+And what we will find out,
+and it's clear that we cannot
+
+obtain a sharp
+value of the phase,
+
+but these fluctuations in the
+phase do not come from any
+
+partial trace, do not
+come from any fluctuations
+
+in the Hamiltonian.
+
+Just to address that,
+when we write down
+
+the term in the Hamiltonian,
+the e dot d term,
+
+yes, depending on the
+basis set, depending
+
+how you define
+spin up, spin down,
+
+and what phase factors you
+put into your basis set,
+
+you may have a phase popping
+up in the Hamiltonian,
+
+but this phase is
+purely definitional.
+
+The phase I'm talking
+about is really
+
+a relative phase
+between two amplitudes,
+
+and it is independent
+of a phase which
+
+may be your choice by choosing
+the basis set in which you
+
+formulate the Hamiltonian.
+
+Therefore, when we
+measure the phase,
+
+and we find that there
+are fluctuations,
+
+they actually come
+form the quantum nature
+
+of the states involved.
+
+Let's talk about the
+measurement and let
+
+me set it up genetically.
+
+Here is our atom, here
+is the laser beam,
+
+and we want to create a
+Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
+
+Let me just use another
+color for the laser beam.
+
+Why don't we take
+sodium today, which
+
+has emission in the orange?
+
+The idea is the following.
+
+We have a laser beam which
+is used to excite the atom,
+
+and here we have a switch.
+
+And what we let through
+is only a certain pulse.
+
+Let's say if we want to have
+a coherent superposition
+
+between ground
+and excited state,
+
+it would be pi over 2 pulse.
+
+Then, after the atom
+has absorbed the pulse,
+
+we switch off the light pass.
+
+So then in the second
+stage, the atom can emit,
+
+and the emitted light interferes
+with the local oscillator,
+
+which is the laser beam, and
+we can measure the beat node
+
+on the detector.
+
+This is the scheme how we
+do a homodyne measurement.
+
+And so we assume we have
+a very short pulse which
+
+excites the atom.
+
+Then we switch off the laser
+in the upper pass and the light
+
+which reaches the
+detector for homodyne
+
+is only the light
+which has been emitted
+
+by the atom maybe
+a nanosecond later.
+
+So we do a homodyne measurement
+of the phase of the wave
+
+or the wave train
+emitted by the atom.
+
+And the distribution of
+measurements for the phase,
+
+I don't want to give you
+mathematical expressions,
+
+but it's pretty
+much what you can
+
+read from the drawing
+I've shown you.
+
+So for a pi over 2 pulse,
+we retrieve the phase phi,
+
+but with fluctuations.
+
+Let's now come to
+the interesting case
+
+that we have a pi pulse.
+
+The pi pulse prepares the
+atom in an excited state,
+
+and at t equals 0
+after the excitation,
+
+there's absolutely no coherence.
+
+The density operator
+for the atom
+
+has just one in the column
+and row for the excited state.
+
+There's no off diagonal
+matrix element.
+
+There is no phase information.
+
+So at t equals 0, no
+coherence, no phase.
+
+So now we have excited
+the atom with a pi pulse,
+
+but there is no
+phase information
+
+in the atomic system,
+and that would also
+
+mean that when we now
+start mapping the quantum
+
+state of the atom onto the
+quantum state of the light,
+
+there won't be any specific
+phase for the light.
+
+We could say after the
+spontaneous emission is over
+
+before we do any
+measurement process,
+
+we have mapped a flux state
+of the atom onto a flux state,
+
+n equals 1, of the
+photon field, and there
+
+is no phase associated
+with a number state.
+
+But let's be a little
+bit more specific here.
+
+Let's assume we can have
+an ensemble of atoms,
+
+we can repeat the
+measurement many times,
+
+and let's ask the question, what
+happens after the atom which
+
+was originally in the excited
+state has decayed to 50%?
+
+Well, then we have a
+wave function which
+
+is a superposition of
+ground and excited state,
+
+and there is a phase phi
+now, but this phase phi
+
+is completely random.
+
+So for those of you who are
+concerned that I call it a wave
+
+function, you can
+be more specific
+
+in the sense of
+quantum Monte Carlo,
+
+that at any quantum Monte Carlo
+wave function, at any given
+
+moment you have a wave function,
+but the ensemble of your atom
+
+is now an ensemble
+of all those wave
+
+functions with a
+random phase phi.
+
+This is a way how
+you can decompose
+
+the statistical
+operator of the system,
+
+but the result is
+the phase is random.
+
+If the phase is random,
+that means no coherence.
+
+The statistical
+operator does not
+
+have an off diagonal
+matrix element.
+
+It also means that,
+if you would ask
+
+what is the ensemble average
+of the dipole moment,
+
+the dipole moment is
+given by the Bloch vector.
+
+Well, if all phases are equally
+populated in your ensemble,
+
+the dipole moment
+average is 2-0.
+
+But, of course, you
+have a d squared value,
+
+a value of the dipole
+moment, which is not zero.
+
+So here we have now a situation
+where the photon field has
+
+a random phase because
+we lost the phase
+
+information of the
+laser beam when
+
+we put the atom into
+an excited state,
+
+and you may now ask, what
+is the origin of this phase
+
+uncertainty?
+
+And at least the
+qualitative answer
+
+is it's vacuum fluctuations.
+
+You can take the concept
+of vacuum fluctuations
+
+a little bit further.
+
+I'm just mentioning it,
+but I will not work it out.
+
+The fact that the phase of
+this photon which is random
+
+is somewhat associated
+with vacuum fluctuations,
+
+you can address this question
+when you talk about two atoms.
+
+So we have two atoms.
+
+We excite them both with our
+pi pulse into an excited state,
+
+and then, as time
+goes by, we will
+
+have atoms which create photons.
+
+And at least as
+long as the atoms
+
+are well localized within
+optical wavelengths,
+
+you could play with the
+idea that if they're
+
+vacuum fluctuations,
+maybe the two atoms
+
+will see the same
+vacuum fluctuations.
+
+And therefore, indeed, you will
+actually observe correlations
+
+in the relative phase.
+
+So if you measure the phase of
+the light emitted spontaneously
+
+by the two atoms, you
+will find a correlation
+
+which is due to the fact that--
+I'm waving my hands here,
+
+but that the spontaneous
+emission was triggered
+
+by the same random
+vacuum fluctuations.
+
+So the absolute phase will be
+completely random from time
+
+to time, but the relative
+phase will be correlated.
+
+But what we are
+talking about here
+
+is correlations
+between two atoms.
+
+We will talk later
+about superradiance,
+
+and maybe this will
+make it much clearer
+
+what it means if several atoms
+emit spontaneously together.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Yes, Colin?
+
+AUDIENCE: Are there
+any requirements
+
+on these two atoms being located
+within an optical wavelength
+
+of each other?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes and no.
+
+In the simplest example
+of superradiance,
+
+we want to put them to within
+one optical wavelength,
+
+and then we do not
+have any phase vectors,
+
+but we will talk about it
+next week, that we also
+
+have superradiance
+in extended samples,
+
+and then we only get the
+superradiance, the coherence
+
+between atoms, into
+a smaller solid angle
+
+where the are different
+phases are very well defined.
+
+If you would now average
+the spontaneous emission
+
+over different directions, you
+would get propagation phases
+
+and the atoms would only be
+coherent in one solid angle
+
+but not be coherent in
+another solid angle.
+
+Other questions?
+
+That's, to the best
+off my knowledge
+
+at the most fundamental limit,
+what spontaneous emission is,
+
+how accurately a spontaneously
+emitted photon carries forward
+
+the phase of the laser beam
+which excited the atom,
+
+and then eventually when we
+have completely lost the phase
+
+because we excited the
+atom to an excited state.
+
+Everything that we discussed
+will be actually carried
+
+to the next level when
+we discuss superradiance
+
+because then we have n atoms--
+n can be a big number-- which
+
+excite together, and
+if they emit photons,
+
+the phase of this n photon field
+can be very precisely measured.
+
+So some of the
+uncertainties we have here
+
+simply come from the fact
+that, if you have only one
+
+photon or one atom,
+there are naturally
+
+quantum fluctuations of
+any phase measurement.
+
+But that part will go away when
+we go to ensembles of atoms
+
+where we have many atoms,
+and superradiance is then
+
+the way how we can
+revisit the subject,
+
+how well can you retrieve
+the phase of the laser field
+
+from the spontaneously
+emitted photons.
+
+Other questions?
+
+Nancy?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+single atom?
+
+So pi over 2, I can see that
+we do a homodyne measurement
+
+and get the phase out.
+
+Do we need dipole moments
+for pi [INAUDIBLE], or this
+
+is just a science
+that we're going
+
+to use for many other things?
+
+PROFESSOR: What's the question?
+
+We have pi over--
+
+AUDIENCE: What
+measurements do we
+
+need if we have just one atom?
+
+Do we make any measurements,
+or no phase information?
+
+PROFESSOR: I think the
+measurement is, in a way,
+
+what I indicated here.
+
+We excite the atom, then
+we switch off this pulse,
+
+and then we take this
+short pulse of light.
+
+It's a wave train
+which has a duration
+
+on the order of the natural
+lifetime of the atom,
+
+and this wave
+train is interfered
+
+with a local oscillator,
+and the interference term
+
+allows us to retrieve the phase.
+
+And if you use a strong
+local oscillator,
+
+then we pretty much
+retrieve the quantum limit
+
+of the measurement,
+and the quantum limit
+
+of the measurement
+is what I showed you
+
+in these cartoon drawings of
+the phase-space distribution.
+
+AUDIENCE: So essentially,
+we can [? read a ?]
+
+flux state like this?
+
+PROFESSOR: If you
+have a flux state
+
+and you repeat the
+measurement many times,
+
+we will measure random phase.
+
+So what happens here is--
+let me put it this way.
+
+The homodyne
+detection is a way how
+
+we want to measure the
+phase, and whenever
+
+you want to measure
+the phase, you
+
+get a phase because
+the number you
+
+get from a phase
+measurement is a phase.
+
+But if you have a
+flux state which
+
+has not a specific phase
+but an equal probability
+
+for all phases
+between zero and 2 pi,
+
+then, if you repeat a
+phase measurement many,
+
+many times, you will get a
+random result for the phase.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think that's what
+my question originally was.
+
+What measurement
+would you perform
+
+for this [? pi phase? ?]
+Would you still do a phase
+
+measurement?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's your choice.
+
+If you want to do a
+phase measurement, that's
+
+a way to do it, and
+then for flux state,
+
+you will get a random phase.
+
+But maybe for the flux
+state, of course, you
+
+can say in hindsight, the flux
+state doesn't have a phase
+
+so maybe you shouldn't
+bother measuring the phase.
+
+The special thing
+about the flux state
+
+that it has exactly one
+photon, and so maybe you
+
+want to have a measurement
+which is measuring
+
+the special character
+of the flux state,
+
+namely that you have
+sub-Poissonian distribution
+
+of the photons.
+
+Of course, this aspect of
+just having one photon gets
+
+completely lost when
+you have a beam splitter
+
+and you have zillions of
+photons in your laser beam
+
+with all the
+Poissonian fluctuations
+
+in the coherent state
+and you superimpose it.
+
+But this is nothing else
+than complementarity.
+
+You can either measure the phase
+or you can measure the photon
+
+number, and the question is,
+what are you interested in?
+
+This is one aspect of coherence
+in a two level system,
+
+namely that we have a phase
+in the two level system
+
+and the question is,
+how can we measure it?
+
+And the answer is we can
+map it on the photon field
+
+and then perform a quantum
+measurement on the photon
+
+field.
+
+I want to continue with some
+other aspect of coherence
+
+in single atom.
+
+Let me just point out
+one important aspect
+
+about coherence in
+a two level system,
+
+and this is related to something
+very mundane, the precession
+
+of spin-- when it's
+a two level system,
+
+it's spin 1/2-- in
+a magnetic field.
+
+In other words, I
+just want to quickly
+
+remind you in a few minutes
+that for any two level system,
+
+we can always map
+it on spin 1/2.
+
+I was really
+emphasizing this message
+
+throughout the whole course.
+
+But for spin 1/2, if you
+think of spin up or down
+
+in a magnetic field, there
+is a very clear visualization
+
+of the coherence.
+
+If you have a coherence of
+position of spin up and down,
+
+the phase of the
+superposition decides
+
+whether the spin
+points in x or y.
+
+So the precession of a spin
+in the transverse xy plane
+
+is actually the
+manifestation of coherence,
+
+and it's not just
+the special coherence
+
+of spin 1/2 in a magnetic
+field because all two level
+
+systems are isomorphic to that.
+
+You can always use it as
+an intuitive visualization
+
+of what coherences are.
+
+So what I just want to
+point out is the relation
+
+to the quantum mechanical
+or classical precession
+
+of spin in a magnetic
+field, that it is simply
+
+an effect of coherence
+within one atom, coherence
+
+between two levels in an atom.
+
+So if spin points
+in the x direction,
+
+it is a coherent superposition
+of plus z and minus z,
+
+spin up and spin down, but
+this is a situation at time t
+
+equals 0.
+
+If we let time evolve,
+spin up and spin down
+
+evolve with the Larmor
+frequency, actually
+
+effect of 1/2, but
+with opposite phases
+
+because one has plus the Larmor,
+h bar omega Larmor over 2.
+
+The other has minus h bar
+omega Larmor over 2 as energy.
+
+In other words, if you
+look at the relative phase,
+
+it's a beat node with
+the same unsplitting
+
+between spin up and spin down.
+
+But that means now, due
+to this coherent time
+
+evolution of the two
+amplitudes, that the spin
+
+precesses in the xy plane.
+
+The statistical operator
+for the spin 1/2,
+
+we have 50-50 population
+in spin up and spin down,
+
+but now, the phase
+here precesses
+
+as e to the minus
+and e to the plus
+
+i omega lt, which means, if you
+use the statistical operator
+
+and find the expectation
+value for the x spin.
+
+It means we take the
+statistical operator describing
+
+the pure state of
+a two level system,
+
+we multiply with a
+Pauli matrix in x,
+
+and this is a prescription
+to get the expectation
+
+value for sigma x, and we
+find it's cosine omega lt.
+
+So the spin is precessing
+the x component changes
+
+cosinusoidally.
+
+That would mean the y
+component changes sinusoidally.
+
+Let me just contrast it to
+the case of no coherence,
+
+and this would mean off
+diagonal matrix elements are 0.
+
+then if you have a
+statistical operator where
+
+the off diagonal matrix elements
+are zero, in one minute,
+
+you can show that
+then any expectation
+
+value for the x or y component
+of the spin vanishes.
+
+In that case, if you have a
+statistical mixer between spin
+
+up and down, of course there
+is no phase determined,
+
+and it is the phase of
+the superposition state
+
+which tells you where
+between 0 and 2 pi
+
+the spin is pointing
+in the xy plane.
+
+I want to come
+back later on when
+
+I discuss an example of
+coherent spectroscopy,
+
+that if you excite coherently
+a superposition of spin
+
+up and spin down,
+you can perform
+
+some form of coherent
+spectroscopy, which I want
+
+to explain first in
+general and then come back
+
+to the spin as an example.
+
+When we talk about
+coherent spectroscopy,
+
+I want to just in 10
+minutes or 15 minutes
+
+show you some spectroscopic
+techniques which
+
+exploit the coherence between
+several quantum states.
+
+I do it for a number of reasons.
+
+One is coherent
+spectroscopy actually
+
+allows us to obtain information
+about the level structure
+
+even if this level structure is
+much narrower than the Doppler
+
+width.
+
+So it is a sub-Doppler
+technique to exploit coherence.
+
+And before people had lasers,
+before people invented
+
+sub-Doppler laser
+spectroscopy, often,
+
+coherent spectroscopy
+was the only way
+
+how you could obtain detailed
+structure of the atom.
+
+The reason why I explain
+coherent spectroscopy
+
+is to just give you a little bit
+idea about that you appreciate
+
+how smart people were before
+lasers were developed,
+
+but also, it illustrates
+what coherence can do for us.
+
+It's a nice example for
+the concept of coherence.
+
+When I was a graduate
+student, textbooks
+
+had dozens of pages, 50 pages
+on coherent spectroscopy,
+
+the Hanle effect, quantum
+beat measurements.
+
+It's all old fashioned because
+with a laser, and especially
+
+cold atoms and the laser,
+we have such wonderful tools
+
+to go to the ultimate
+fundamental precision
+
+of quantum measurements.
+
+But still, coherence
+is important.
+
+Let me talk about
+one method, which
+
+is called quantum
+beat spectroscopy.
+
+The selling point
+about quantum beat
+
+spectroscopy is that it allows
+the measurement of narrow level
+
+spacings-- just think
+about Zeeman splitting
+
+in a magnetic field-- without
+any form of narrow band
+
+excitation.
+
+You can also put it like this.
+
+If you don't have any way to
+selectively excite levels,
+
+but you're interested
+what is the level spacing,
+
+but you cannot have
+a narrow band laser,
+
+have atoms which stand still and
+scan and get peak, peak, peak,
+
+what you can still do is you can
+just excite all of the levels
+
+at once.
+
+In other words, you hit
+the atom with a board laser
+
+like with a sledgehammer,
+and then you see a beat node,
+
+you see some blinking,
+a quantum beat
+
+between the excitation
+of the levels.
+
+That's the idea.
+
+We assume we have a
+ground state and then we
+
+have an excited state manifold,
+and in this excited state
+
+manifold, we have several
+levels distributed
+
+over an energy interval delta.
+
+Yes, we don't have a
+narrow band source.
+
+We may just have a
+classic light source,
+
+but if we use a short pulse
+that the pulse duration is
+
+much smaller than the splitting
+between energy levels,
+
+then we create a coherent
+superposition of those levels.
+
+So therefore, what
+we create at time t
+
+equals 0 is a
+coherent superposition
+
+of energy eigenlevels.
+
+And the important thing is that
+this is at time t equals 0,
+
+but now, when time goes
+on, each amplitude,
+
+each part of the wave function,
+evolves with its frequency
+
+omega i, and if we would
+then look at, let's say,
+
+the emission spectrum
+as a function of time,
+
+we will find that-- I will give
+you a little bit more details
+
+later-- that yes, there
+is a decay approximately
+
+with the natural
+spontaneous emission
+
+time with the inverse of
+the natural line widths.
+
+But we observe some
+oscillations which
+
+is the interference term of
+the different terms in the wave
+
+function.
+
+So therefore, if we
+would take this spectrum
+
+and perform a
+Fourier transform, we
+
+will actually observe
+different peaks.
+
+This is frequency, and
+the frequency peaks
+
+are at discrete frequencies
+corresponding to frequency
+
+differences between
+the excited state.
+
+And ideally, the
+widths of these is
+
+determined by the
+natural line widths.
+
+So in other words, what
+we have actually done
+
+is we have done a version of
+the double slit experiment.
+
+We have ground state, we
+had our excited states,
+
+e sub i, and our
+broad band source
+
+was creating a
+coherent excitation,
+
+and then we were observing
+the light which came out.
+
+We were performing a
+multi-slit experiment.
+
+We had a laser pulse and then
+we see photons coming out,
+
+but it is fundamentally
+not observable
+
+which intermediate state was
+responsible for the scattering.
+
+So therefore, we have
+in the Feynman sense
+
+several indistinguishable
+paths going
+
+through different
+internal states.
+
+And therefore, we get
+an interference effect.
+
+Some of what I'm
+saying we will retrieve
+
+later on when we talk
+about three level systems.
+
+We will also have
+situations that sometimes we
+
+go through two possibilities
+for the intermediate state,
+
+and if we have no way,
+even in principle,
+
+to figure out which
+intermediate state was involved,
+
+we have to sum up
+the amplitudes,
+
+and that's when we
+get a beat node.
+
+This technique is a
+Doppler free technique
+
+because, even if you
+take a single pulse
+
+from a light source, you have
+a Doppler broadening, which
+
+is k dot v, v, the
+thermal velocity,
+
+and this can be
+much, much broader.
+
+You will still see
+the quantum beats,
+
+maybe I should say in principle,
+because the beat happens
+
+at the much smaller
+frequency delta.
+
+Or maybe I should say that
+the Doppler shift is reduced
+
+by the splitting of the excited
+states over the frequency
+
+of the exciting laser.
+
+Of course, if you have your
+different atoms emitting
+
+at different frequencies,
+you have a Doppler shift,
+
+but since you measure
+the difference frequency,
+
+you only get the Doppler shift
+associated with the difference
+
+frequency.
+
+Now let me come back
+to the previous example
+
+I had about the spin 1/2 system.
+
+If you assume you have a spin
+1/2 system, spin up and spin
+
+down, which is excited
+with a laser, which
+
+is linear polarization,
+you would then
+
+create a superposition of up
+and down which, let's say,
+
+is now a dipole moment which
+points in the x direction.
+
+A dipole moment which
+points in the x direction
+
+will not emit light along
+the axis of the dipole moment
+
+because of the dipolar
+emission pattern.
+
+It will only emit to the side.
+
+But I mentioned to you that
+the dipole moment or the spin,
+
+which is originally
+in x, will now
+
+oscillate with a Larmor
+frequency in the xy plane.
+
+So the picture you
+can actually have
+
+of such a quantum beat
+and quantum superposition
+
+is like the lighthouse.
+
+You have a searchlight
+at the lighthouse,
+
+and the searchlight
+is just rotating
+
+at the Larmor frequency.
+
+For instance, you wouldn't
+see light right now,
+
+now you don't see light,
+now you don't see light.
+
+It's really like a
+classical lighthouse
+
+which is emitting light
+at the Larmor frequency.
+
+So if you have a
+fluorescence detector which
+
+looks at the atoms from
+a certain direction,
+
+you will pretty much see
+the lighthouse effect
+
+that the fluorescence of this
+coherent superposition of atoms
+
+goes on and off, on
+and off, on and off.
+
+This is sort of a very
+nice visualization how
+
+you obtain what I
+showed here, a beat
+
+node in your detected signal.
+
+Let me talk about another
+aspect of coherence.
+
+And of course, they
+are all related.
+
+Coherence is always related
+to the phase, to beat nodes,
+
+to superposition.
+
+Let me now talk about
+one aspect which
+
+is related to delayed detection.
+
+When I was a graduate
+student and I
+
+learned about spectroscopic
+techniques, somehow
+
+I was so fascinated
+by techniques
+
+which could measure
+spectroscopically transitions
+
+better than the
+natural line widths.
+
+I don't know.
+
+Maybe from what I
+had read before,
+
+what I learned as
+an undergraduate,
+
+the natural line
+widths appeared to be
+
+the natural fundamental limit.
+
+So the topic I'm
+teaching right now
+
+has always had a certain
+fascination for me,
+
+but you will, of course,
+also realize that in the end,
+
+the answer is rather simple.
+
+Once you know the answer,
+most answers are very simple.
+
+So we want to talk
+about delayed detection.
+
+Let's say we excite the system.
+
+You can think about a
+quantum beat experiment.
+
+You have a short pulse and
+then your quantum beats happen.
+
+And now the question
+is, normally,
+
+when you do a measurement
+on a decaying system,
+
+you're always limited by
+the natural line widths,
+
+by the inverse of the lifetime.
+
+But now, maybe you
+want to be smart
+
+and you say, well, I start the
+detection, I only detect atoms
+
+after a time t0, which
+is much, much larger
+
+than the natural line widths.
+
+And the question
+I have is, can you
+
+obtain, with such a measurement,
+a spectral resolution which
+
+is narrower than the
+natural line widths?
+
+Well, we can give
+two possible answers.
+
+One is yes, because
+you're looking
+
+at atoms which have survived
+for a long time, so to speak.
+
+These atoms are longer lived.
+
+We have just
+selected atoms which
+
+happened to survive
+for several lifetimes.
+
+But then there should
+some lingering doubts.
+
+If you have a sample which
+undergoes radioactive decay,
+
+and you would go to
+your favorite supplier
+
+and buy uranium,
+which has already
+
+decayed for a
+billion years, it's
+
+the same uranium which
+existed a billion years ago.
+
+You will not be able to
+perform any measurement
+
+on your well aged uranium,
+which has a higher
+
+resolution than if you had
+lived a billion years ago
+
+and had done your measurement
+with younger uranium.
+
+So in other words,
+the exponential decay
+
+is self similar.
+
+It starts at any moment
+and it looks exponential
+
+no matter where you start.
+
+I didn't bring clickers
+today, but with which
+
+answer would you side?
+
+Is it possible or
+it's not possible?
+
+Maybe just hints
+of who thinks it
+
+is possible by taking advantage
+of the longtime survivors?
+
+OK.
+
+Who thinks it's impossible?
+
+A few.
+
+Good.
+
+The answer is actually depends.
+
+If you would go and just look
+at the longtime survivors,
+
+you would not be able to do
+a more precise measurement.
+
+You need a little
+bit of information
+
+from the earlier time.
+
+So in that sense, the question
+is a little bit deliberately
+
+confusing, and I want to show
+you how the mathematics work.
+
+It's just five minutes to show
+the mathematics of a Fourier
+
+transform, and
+the result will be
+
+if you have information about
+something at t equals 0,
+
+and then you look at the long
+time survivors, you in essence
+
+have a longer integration
+period for your measurement,
+
+and then the Fourier
+transform of that measurement
+
+can be very narrow.
+
+But if you do the dumb thing,
+you just go to the store
+
+and buy very well aged uranium
+or very well aged atoms,
+
+and you then start
+your measurement,
+
+you have no chance.
+
+You are always back to
+the spontaneous decay
+
+to the natural line widths.
+
+All I have to do is
+actually just a few lines
+
+of mathematics and
+Fourier transform.
+
+Let us assume we have the
+situation we discussed earlier.
+
+We have a quantum beat where we
+have a beat frequency omega 0.
+
+Just think about the
+searchlight, the atoms which
+
+oscillate with a
+Larmor frequency,
+
+and you have some
+cosine omega Larmor t
+
+factor in the intensity
+of the light you observe.
+
+But now, because the atom in
+the excited state is decaying,
+
+everything will decay with
+the natural line width.
+
+This is sort of what we
+observe, and the question
+
+is, if you observe
+that in real time,
+
+can we then retrieve
+spectral information from it
+
+which is more
+accurate than gamma?
+
+All I want to do is I want
+to discuss the Fourier
+
+transform of this
+function, s of t.
+
+Let me use
+dimensionless variables.
+
+We measure frequencies
+in units of gamma.
+
+We use a Lorentzian, which
+is just 1 plus x squared.
+
+We just said we want to start
+the measurement at time t0.
+
+So the question is, if you
+start later and later and later,
+
+do we get higher
+accuracy because we're
+
+talking to the survivors?
+
+So let's perform the
+Fourier transform,
+
+and let's use complex
+notation, e to the i omega t.
+
+I will measure times in units
+of the inverse line widths.
+
+So we performed the
+Fourier transform,
+
+and by doing e to the
+i omega t, I actually
+
+performed the Fourier transform
+for the cosine and for the sine
+
+by using the real part
+and the imaginary part
+
+of the complex number.
+
+So we will actually
+be able to look
+
+at the real and imaginary part.
+
+The Fourier transform has
+a real and imaginary part,
+
+so let me call the real part
+F of x and the imaginary part
+
+G of x.
+
+You can do the math.
+
+It's a straightforward integral.
+
+In both cases, will we find
+that if you do our measurement,
+
+well, the longer we wait,
+the more signal we lose.
+
+This is common to all
+delayed measurements.
+
+You're really now talking
+to an exponentially smaller
+
+and smaller signal.
+
+Also, because of the
+exponential decay,
+
+we get an envelope
+which is a Lorentzian.
+
+But then, and this is
+the interesting part,
+
+we have cosine xT
+minus x sine xT.
+
+So now we have factors
+which depend on capital T,
+
+and t is larger
+the longer we wait.
+
+It is actually those
+parts with sine and cosine
+
+which determine whether
+we can get resolution
+
+below the natural line widths.
+
+What is important
+is-- and this should
+
+be sort of an eye
+opener for you--
+
+if you simply measure intensity,
+if you look at the power
+
+spectrum, you take the real part
+plus imaginary part and just
+
+look at the absolute
+value, then,
+
+because of cosine squared
+plus sine squared equals 1,
+
+all the cosine and sine part,
+the last part of the expression
+
+above cancels out
+and you find that you
+
+have an exponential
+loss of signal
+
+but your spectral distribution
+is always a Lorentzian.
+
+So you always have a Lorentzian
+line shape completely
+
+independent of the
+delay time, capital T.
+
+And this is what some
+of you maybe thought.
+
+If I start the
+measurement later and all
+
+I can do is look at the
+power of the emitted light,
+
+I have no advantage.
+
+I cannot go sub-natural.
+
+However, if you
+look at the function
+
+F of x for large values of
+x, you find oscillations.
+
+So if you look at the sine
+or cosine Fourier transform,
+
+the real or imaginary
+part separately,
+
+you find oscillations,
+and those oscillations,
+
+similar to Ramsey fringes,
+have a central peak.
+
+The central peak is
+narrow and the width
+
+is now given by not the
+inverse of the natural lifetime
+
+but the inverse
+of the delay time
+
+you wait for your measurement.
+
+So the fact is now we
+had a signal s of t which
+
+we assumed was a quantum beat
+with a well defined phase,
+
+and then it was
+exponentially decaying.
+
+If we would now perform
+a Fourier transform where
+
+we do a Fourier transform
+with cosine omega t plus phi,
+
+we can get a narrow signal,
+but we have no idea what phi is
+
+or if, in repetitions
+of the experiment,
+
+phi would be random, then this
+is sort of what the math does.
+
+If phi is random, it is the
+same as if we simply measure
+
+the power spectrum because
+we cannot distinguish between
+
+the cosine and sine
+Fourier transform.
+
+So if the phase
+phi is random, that
+
+means you only measure
+what was F plus IG before.
+
+In other words, the situation
+is extremely in the end
+
+very simple.
+
+If you have quantum
+beats which start
+
+with a well defined phase,
+and you know the phase was,
+
+let's say, zero here, and now
+you have the decaying function,
+
+and now you look at the
+quantum beat over there, well,
+
+in a way, you had
+n beats between t
+
+equals 0 and your
+measurement, and then
+
+your resolution
+goes with 1 over n,
+
+but you have to know what
+the phase was at t equals 0,
+
+and then, by looking
+at delayed detection,
+
+you can do spectroscopy below
+the natural line widths.
+
+So therefore, what
+is crucial here
+
+is knowledge, or at
+least reproducibility,
+
+of the phase phi, and then
+you can get narrow lines.
+
+Examples for techniques where
+you excite the system at t
+
+equals 0 and then you
+can do delayed detection
+
+of quantum beats.
+
+I mentioned earlier
+in the course
+
+the Ramsey spectroscopy where
+you have one Ramsey zone where
+
+you prepare your Bloch vector.
+
+Then the Bloch
+vector oscillates,
+
+and if you simply look at the
+phase angle of the Bloch vector
+
+after a very long time, you
+have very high precision
+
+but you're dealing with an
+exponentially small signal.
+
+Another example are heterodyne
+or homodyne techniques,
+
+but you need something which
+is phase sensitive in order
+
+to obtain sub-natural
+line widths.
+
+A final comment is if you
+want to get higher resolution
+
+with delayed detection,
+yes, you can get it,
+
+but you was
+exponentially in signal.
+
+And what does it
+mean in practice?
+
+Well, if you know
+your line shape,
+
+you know it's well
+described by a Lorentzian,
+
+it is better to take
+your full signal
+
+and use then an
+excellent signal to noise
+
+to find the line center
+and split the line.
+
+However, if there's
+any ambiguity,
+
+there may be different,
+not fully resourced lines
+
+under the Lorentzian
+and you don't
+
+know how to split the
+line, then it may be better
+
+to do delayed
+detection and clearly
+
+see the structure of the lines
+with sub-natural resolution.
+
+Any questions?
+
+This was coherence with two
+levels, coherent excitation,
+
+coherent observation, some
+spectroscopic techniques.
+
+Now we are ready to do
+the next step, namely,
+
+to talk about coherence
+in three level systems.
+
+If we have three levels,
+we could think about it,
+
+we have terms which
+connect level one to two,
+
+level two to three,
+and level three to one
+
+in all possible
+ways, but that's not
+
+what we want to assume here.
+
+The situation where we can
+discuss some fundamentally new
+
+effects is when we have
+two states connected
+
+through a third state.
+
+In other words, if
+we have two levels,
+
+we are not allowing any
+transition matrix element
+
+connecting the two.
+
+They are only connected
+through a third state.
+
+This is for obvious reasons
+called the lambda type system.
+
+You can turn it upside down
+and you have the V type system
+
+or, if the intermediate
+state is between the first
+
+and the second state, you
+have a ladder type system.
+
+But once you start driving
+it, it may not really matter.
+
+There may be a dressed
+atom description
+
+where, if you drive two states
+coherently in the dressed atom
+
+picture, you have degeneracy
+between this level
+
+and one more photon
+and this level.
+
+And then in the
+dressed atom picture,
+
+which includes a
+number of photons,
+
+the two levels have
+become degenerate.
+
+So therefore, it's
+very important
+
+for practical applications
+or how to implement it
+
+in an atom what kind
+of system you have,
+
+but for the description
+of those systems,
+
+some of the
+differences may simply
+
+disappear if you formulate
+it in the dressed atom basis.
+
+Of course, there's an
+important practical reason.
+
+Usually the lower states
+are ground states,
+
+the upper states
+are excited states.
+
+And here you have the
+opportunity, and that's
+
+why the lambda type system
+is the most important one,
+
+to have some coherent
+superposition mediated
+
+by the third state, and
+the coherent superposition
+
+is stable because it's
+a coherent superposition
+
+of ground states.
+
+If any form of
+coherent superposition
+
+involves an excited state, then
+you have short lived states,
+
+and they are often not so
+useful for certain phenomena.
+
+So if you think you know already
+everything about how atoms
+
+interact with light
+from two level atoms,
+
+I have to tell you that's not
+the case because a three level
+
+system has many new effects.
+
+One, of course, is
+that atoms can now
+
+interact with two
+electromagnetic fields,
+
+and those two electromagnetic
+fields can affect each other,
+
+and this can happen through
+coherent or incoherent
+
+mechanisms.
+
+In other words, you
+can say it simply.
+
+If you hit an atom with light
+and you have a two level
+
+system, there is no way
+how the atom can hide.
+
+It's always excited
+by the laser.
+
+But if you have a
+three level system,
+
+you may have a
+situation where you
+
+have destructive interference
+between what the two lasers can
+
+do to the atom,
+and suddenly, there
+
+may be a state where the atom is
+in the dark where the atom can
+
+hide from the laser beam.
+
+This is something which
+is fundamentally new
+
+and has no counterpart
+in a two level system.
+
+I've already pointed out
+that the lambda system
+
+is the most important one
+because it has two ground
+
+states which can be in a long
+lived superposition state.
+
+What we want to discuss as
+possible consequences is that
+
+in a three level system, you
+can realize a lasing operation
+
+without having inversion
+of the population
+
+of the ground and excited state.
+
+So if you always thought,
+if I want to build a laser,
+
+the first thing I
+have to do is make
+
+sure I have more atoms in the
+excited than in the ground
+
+state, yes, this is valid
+for two level system,
+
+but it is no longer valid
+for a three level system.
+
+The reason why you want to
+invert a two level system
+
+is you want to have stimulated
+emission from the excited
+
+state which is stronger
+than absorption
+
+from the ground state.
+
+But if you take advantage
+of quantum coherence,
+
+you may have a situation
+where two possibilities
+
+for stimulated emission
+add up coherently,
+
+but the two possibilities
+for absorption
+
+add up destructively.
+
+And therefore, you
+can avoid destruction.
+
+You have only
+stimulated emission,
+
+but you have not achieved
+that through inversion.
+
+You have achieved that
+through quantum coherence,
+
+a fundamentally new effect.
+
+So we have lasing
+without inversion,
+
+we have the phenomenon
+I mentioned already
+
+that atoms can hide in the
+dark if the two laser beams
+
+in the excitation mechanism
+destructively interfere.
+
+This is called
+electromagnetically induced
+
+transparency.
+
+Systems which have sharp
+resonances in three level
+
+systems are used for reducing
+the group velocity of light,
+
+which goes under the
+name slowing light,
+
+or even bringing light to a
+standstill, stopping light.
+
+And three level
+systems are also used
+
+for quantum mechanical memories
+for quantum computation.
+
+Any questions?
+
+This is an introduction.
+
+Let me connect special effects
+in a three level system
+
+to something which is very
+basic and you've heard about it,
+
+and this is optical pumping.
+
+If we set up a system which
+has two ground states, g and f,
+
+you may just think about
+two hyperfine states
+
+in your favorite atom,
+and then they are only
+
+coupled through
+an excited state,
+
+you can now drive the
+system with laser fields
+
+omega 1 and omega 2.
+
+Let me also use that
+example of optical pumping
+
+to introduce some notation
+which I will need to describe
+
+the system with a few equations.
+
+We will use energy
+level diagrams,
+
+and the energy is referred
+to the lowest ground state.
+
+So here, we have an energy
+splitting which is by omega gf,
+
+and the excited state
+has a splitting of eg.
+
+We will call the photons in
+one laser the photons created
+
+and annihilated with the
+operator a and a dagger,
+
+and for the photons for
+the other laser beam,
+
+we use c or c dagger.
+
+Now, there is a
+very simple solution
+
+for this situation, a very
+simple equilibrium situation,
+
+if you have only one laser beam.
+
+If you have only one laser
+beam, omega 1 or omega 2,
+
+it's clear what happens.
+
+If you have only one laser
+beam, let's say omega 1,
+
+it doesn't talk at all to
+the atoms in the state f.
+
+They are left alone.
+
+But the atoms in the state g are
+excited to the excited state,
+
+and then there may be a
+certain branching ratio
+
+for spontaneous emission,
+but let's rather call it
+
+fluorescence, two
+photon scattering.
+
+So there be a branching ratio
+to go back to that state
+
+or to go to the state f.
+
+If the latter happens,
+the atom doesn't
+
+interact with the
+laser light anymore.
+
+If it goes back to
+the original state,
+
+the atom will try again and
+again until after a while,
+
+all the atoms have been
+optically pumped into the state
+
+f.
+
+And the same would happen if
+you have a laser, omega 2,
+
+then you would pump all
+the atoms into the state g.
+
+So if you have only one laser
+beam, omega 1 and omega 2,
+
+then in equilibrium, the
+equilibrium population
+
+is 100% of the atoms are in
+state f or g respectively,
+
+and this is nothing
+else than the phenomenon
+
+of optical pumping.
+
+We have a very simple solution.
+
+We pump all the atoms
+into one quantum state
+
+if we have only one
+of the laser beams.
+
+But the question is now, can
+we have a similar situation
+
+when both laser beams are on?
+
+And what I mean by
+that is, is it possible
+
+now to pump all the atoms
+into a state which does not
+
+scatter any light, which does
+not react with the light, which
+
+is never excited to
+the excited state?
+
+The answer is yes,
+and this is what
+
+we want to derive right now.
+
+Before I go into any equation,
+the result is pretty clear.
+
+If you have, say, g and f
+and they are both excited,
+
+if the amplitude which you
+put into the excited state
+
+is the same but
+has opposite sign,
+
+the two amplitudes which
+are added in a time delta t
+
+destructively interfere
+and you have not
+
+put any amplitude into
+the excited state.
+
+And that means, if you have
+this initial superposition
+
+state where this complete
+destructive interference
+
+happened, this state will
+be dark all the time.
+
+But we want to assume--
+also it doesn't matter--
+
+that the two states,
+the two lasers
+
+have two different frequencies.
+
+So you cannot say, this is just
+the two lasers have a certain
+
+phase and then the laser field
+interferes and they reach
+
+a space which is dark.
+
+We assume that the atom
+is sitting at the origin.
+
+Again, we're not putting
+in motion effects,
+
+so it's an atom
+with infinite mass.
+
+Then we shine two
+laser lights on it
+
+and the atom is not in the dark.
+
+It's not at a dark fringe of the
+interference of the two laser
+
+beams because if you have
+two laser beams with two
+
+different frequencies,
+there will not
+
+be any place in space
+which is dark all the time.
+
+You create maybe
+interference fringes,
+
+but the interference
+fringes are rapidly
+
+running with a beat node,
+omega 1 minus omega 2.
+
+So the atom is not in the
+dark, but nevertheless, it
+
+will not scatter light
+if it is prepared
+
+in a suitable coherent
+superposition state.
+
+We describe this situation
+with a dipole Hamiltonian,
+
+and we make the rotating
+wave approximation.
+
+The Hamiltonian has
+three lines, three parts.
+
+One is we describe each of the
+laser fields as a single mode.
+
+I call the frequency
+now omega a and omega c,
+
+just to connect it with
+the operator c dagger, c.
+
+For the atom, we use the
+matrix, two by two matrices,
+
+so this is the matrix if the
+atom is in the ground state.
+
+Coherences are
+described by that.
+
+And of course, without any
+interaction with the laser
+
+field, the atomic Hamiltonian is
+atoms are in the ground state.
+
+the state f has zero energy.
+
+We use that as the
+origin of the energy.
+
+The state g has an
+eigenenergy of omega gf,
+
+and the excited state e has
+an eigenenergy of omega ef.
+
+But now the important
+part is that we
+
+want to have the coupling.
+
+And actually, I realized I
+was not saying it correctly.
+
+Omega 1 and omega 2, these are
+the Rabi frequencies of the two
+
+fields, and the two fields are
+at frequency omega a and omega
+
+c.
+
+So now we have the coupling
+between the excited state
+
+and the ground state via
+photons a and a dagger.
+
+And the coupling happens at
+the Rabi frequency omega 1.
+
+And then we have the
+second laser field,
+
+which is at Rabi
+frequency omega 2.
+
+We have the atomic raising
+and lowering operator,
+
+and we have the
+photon c and c dagger.
+
+That's a nice Hamiltonian.
+
+It has three lines.
+
+The important part here, which
+we have explicitly assumed
+
+is that each of the lasers, a
+and a dagger, c and c dagger,
+
+are only driving one transition.
+
+One field is responsible
+for connecting the state f
+
+to the excited state.
+
+The other field is responsible
+for connecting the state
+
+g to the excited state.
+
+In practice, this
+can be accomplished
+
+by you have maybe polarization.
+
+This is a plus one state,
+this is a minus one state,
+
+and the excited
+state is m equals 0.
+
+Then one laser
+beam is sigma plus,
+
+the other one is sigma
+minus, so it can be polarized
+
+and the two laser
+beams can only talk
+
+to one of the ground states.
+
+Or you can have a situation
+that you have a huge energy
+
+separation.
+
+Let's say you have a
+large hyperfine splitting
+
+and the two lasers are
+separated by frequency.
+
+I think I've set the stage,
+but I think I should stop here
+
+and on Wednesday, I'll show
+you in the first few minutes
+
+of the class that
+this Hamiltonian has
+
+a simple solution, which
+is a dark state, which
+
+is a superposition
+state of g and f.
+
+Any questions?
+
+See you on Wednesday.
+
+A few people haven't picked
+up their midterm quizzes.
+
+If you want them,
+I have them here.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EvcoYJtoQVw.txt b/EvcoYJtoQVw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11c12972f0071e845fefa530ae7c8d9262274e18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EvcoYJtoQVw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8859 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+copic procession which I want to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copic procession which I want to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copic procession which I want to share
+with you he said basically angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you he said basically angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you he said basically angular
+momentum is always thought of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is always thought of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is always thought of as a
+vector so if you have for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so if you have for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so if you have for example
+helicopter rotor system you curl your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter rotor system you curl your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter rotor system you curl your
+fingers in the direction of the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers in the direction of the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers in the direction of the rotation
+and then the your thumb pointing up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the your thumb pointing up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the your thumb pointing up is
+the vector that represents the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector that represents the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector that represents the angular
+momentum so if for example you push up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so if for example you push up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so if for example you push up
+at the back of the rotor disk that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the back of the rotor disk that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the back of the rotor disk that's
+like a turn in this direction so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a turn in this direction so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a turn in this direction so now you
+have a vector going this way and the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vector going this way and the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vector going this way and the new
+angular momentum is some kind of sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum is some kind of sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum is some kind of sum of
+those two so the sideways vector and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two so the sideways vector and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two so the sideways vector and the
+up vector may be a little bit like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up vector may be a little bit like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up vector may be a little bit like this
+and the new rotation of the disc ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the new rotation of the disc ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the new rotation of the disc ends up
+looking this way so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking this way so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking this way so that's the
+gyroscopic precession that the new arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyroscopic precession that the new arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyroscopic precession that the new arc
+looks like it's been pushed up from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's been pushed up from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's been pushed up from a
+point 90 degrees more advanced in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 90 degrees more advanced in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 90 degrees more advanced in the
+disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk
+so if you can remember that so how so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can remember that so how so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can remember that so how so I
+guess for the airplane propeller let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess for the airplane propeller let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess for the airplane propeller let's
+say we could do rotating this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we could do rotating this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we could do rotating this way
+clockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotating this way so the vector is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating this way so the vector is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating this way so the vector is going
+out if we push on the if we push on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if we push on the if we push on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if we push on the if we push on the
+side that's like rotating this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that's like rotating this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that's like rotating this direction
+so it's up so the sum is a little bit up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's up so the sum is a little bit up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's up so the sum is a little bit up
+like this as if it's been pushed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this as if it's been pushed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this as if it's been pushed from
+the bottom be glad you're not a physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom be glad you're not a physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom be glad you're not a physics
+major I guess you don't like that MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major I guess you don't like that MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major I guess you don't like that MIT
+used to require two years of physics oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to require two years of physics oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to require two years of physics oh
+the clicker is not working oh maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clicker is not working oh maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clicker is not working oh maybe it
+is oh ye of little faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oh ye of little faith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oh ye of little faith
+all right play planning so let's stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right play planning so let's stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right play planning so let's stick
+with the same challenge that we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same challenge that we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same challenge that we looked
+at before which is getting to Bennington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at before which is getting to Bennington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at before which is getting to Bennington
+Vermont so you have a sectional chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vermont so you have a sectional chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vermont so you have a sectional chart
+and you can draw a line I did this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can draw a line I did this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can draw a line I did this with
+skyvector I want to prove to you that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skyvector I want to prove to you that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skyvector I want to prove to you that it
+can be done so we basically say look we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done so we basically say look we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done so we basically say look we
+want to go from Bedford which is here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go from Bedford which is here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go from Bedford which is here we
+put our ruler on the chart it almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put our ruler on the chart it almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put our ruler on the chart it almost
+goes to Bennington over here do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Bennington over here do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Bennington over here do you see
+that more state on the chart and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more state on the chart and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more state on the chart and you can
+see the ruler is good for about 88
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the ruler is good for about 88
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the ruler is good for about 88
+nautical miles so it doesn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nautical miles so it doesn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nautical miles so it doesn't quite
+stretch to the 90 but it can be done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch to the 90 but it can be done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch to the 90 but it can be done and
+you can also see this protractor here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also see this protractor here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also see this protractor here we
+can get some idea if we kind of slide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get some idea if we kind of slide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get some idea if we kind of slide it
+up and down the line until we get a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down the line until we get a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down the line until we get a line
+of longitude we can eventually see okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of longitude we can eventually see okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of longitude we can eventually see okay
+its course a true course of two eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its course a true course of two eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its course a true course of two eight
+something that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like
+all right we'll figure that out using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we'll figure that out using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we'll figure that out using
+electronic tools but I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic tools but I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic tools but I just wanted to
+show you that it can be done so the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that it can be done so the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that it can be done so the key
+is here you are making sure that the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here you are making sure that the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here you are making sure that the you
+know draw this out with the pencil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know draw this out with the pencil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know draw this out with the pencil and
+continue to the line and then for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to the line and then for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to the line and then for the
+protractor part you make sure you put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protractor part you make sure you put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protractor part you make sure you put it
+on one of these lines of constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of these lines of constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of these lines of constant
+latitude or longitude which gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude or longitude which gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude or longitude which gives you a
+an accurate reference to true east-west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accurate reference to true east-west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accurate reference to true east-west
+or true north-south so the tools as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or true north-south so the tools as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or true north-south so the tools as you
+just saw the classical tools for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw the classical tools for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw the classical tools for this
+are the New York sectional chart which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the New York sectional chart which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the New York sectional chart which I
+brought that plotter essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought that plotter essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought that plotter essentially the
+ruler in protractor combined the e6b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler in protractor combined the e6b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler in protractor combined the e6b
+calculator which we played around with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator which we played around with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator which we played around with a
+little bit yesterday what's the plan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit yesterday what's the plan for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit yesterday what's the plan for
+our plan though we want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plan though we want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plan though we want to make sure
+that we're going to find an altitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to find an altitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to find an altitude
+that doesn't interfere with terrain or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't interfere with terrain or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't interfere with terrain or
+with which terrain won't interfere want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which terrain won't interfere want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which terrain won't interfere want
+to make sure that you know we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that you know we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that you know we're not
+going through restricted airspace that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through restricted airspace that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through restricted airspace that's
+active or if we are going through you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active or if we are going through you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active or if we are going through you
+know class Charlie airspace or clouds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know class Charlie airspace or clouds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know class Charlie airspace or clouds
+bravo airspace that we're aware of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bravo airspace that we're aware of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bravo airspace that we're aware of that
+an event so we can make sure to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an event so we can make sure to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an event so we can make sure to be in
+contact with air traffic control a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with air traffic control a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with air traffic control a lot
+of cross-country flights basically all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cross-country flights basically all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cross-country flights basically all
+of mine I call up air traffic control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mine I call up air traffic control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mine I call up air traffic control
+anyway and request VFR advisories it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and request VFR advisories it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and request VFR advisories it's
+an optional service but that way you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optional service but that way you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optional service but that way you're
+pretty unlikely to blunder into airspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty unlikely to blunder into airspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty unlikely to blunder into airspace
+that you shouldn't be in we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you shouldn't be in we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you shouldn't be in we're gonna
+check wet and then actually that reminds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check wet and then actually that reminds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check wet and then actually that reminds
+me of something a comment you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me of something a comment you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me of something a comment you know this
+ground school stuff I think it turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground school stuff I think it turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground school stuff I think it turned
+some people off of flying per se that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people off of flying per se that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people off of flying per se that
+people who are really interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are really interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are really interested in the
+stick and rudder stuff they say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick and rudder stuff they say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick and rudder stuff they say you know
+God I don't want to learn about all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God I don't want to learn about all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God I don't want to learn about all that
+airspace and I want to deal with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace and I want to deal with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace and I want to deal with all
+those air traffic controllers I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those air traffic controllers I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those air traffic controllers I just
+want to fly that kind of flying you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fly that kind of flying you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fly that kind of flying you know
+it's hard to do at Hanscom field which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to do at Hanscom field which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to do at Hanscom field which
+is the ninth busiest airport in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ninth busiest airport in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ninth busiest airport in the
+Northeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast
+you know after airports such as Logan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know after airports such as Logan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know after airports such as Logan
+LaGuardia and JFK but it's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LaGuardia and JFK but it's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LaGuardia and JFK but it's very easy to
+do in a lot of parts of the country you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in a lot of parts of the country you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in a lot of parts of the country you
+know if you're out west there most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're out west there most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're out west there most
+airports you know there's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports you know there's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports you know there's you know
+thousands of airports in the u.s. that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of airports in the u.s. that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of airports in the u.s. that
+don't have control towers that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have control towers that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have control towers that don't
+have any traffic that are surrounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any traffic that are surrounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any traffic that are surrounded by
+Class G airspace you do whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class G airspace you do whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class G airspace you do whatever you
+want so that kind of flying exists to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so that kind of flying exists to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so that kind of flying exists to
+get the private you know the FAA wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the private you know the FAA wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the private you know the FAA wants
+to make sure that you've at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that you've at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that you've at least
+learned this stuff so you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned this stuff so you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned this stuff so you know if you
+become that kind of you know backwoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become that kind of you know backwoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become that kind of you know backwoods
+pilot that you don't blunder into a JFK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot that you don't blunder into a JFK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot that you don't blunder into a JFK
+God's probably airspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God's probably airspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God's probably airspace
+but that kind of fun flying does exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that kind of fun flying does exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that kind of fun flying does exist
+the other thing I wanted to say is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing I wanted to say is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing I wanted to say is in
+all kinds of flying education there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of flying education there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of flying education there's an
+emphasis on the hazardous there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on the hazardous there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on the hazardous there's an
+emphasis on you saw some of that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on you saw some of that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on you saw some of that I think
+yesterday with mark you know he talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday with mark you know he talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday with mark you know he talked
+to God I do this you got to scan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to God I do this you got to scan for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to God I do this you got to scan for
+this because you don't have a mid-air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because you don't have a mid-air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because you don't have a mid-air
+collision you know midair collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision you know midair collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision you know midair collisions
+were one percent of accidents last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were one percent of accidents last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were one percent of accidents last year
+according to the null report if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the null report if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the null report if you're
+interested in these statistics the AOPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in these statistics the AOPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in these statistics the AOPA
+safety foundation ASF or Air Safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety foundation ASF or Air Safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety foundation ASF or Air Safety
+Institute I guess they have this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute I guess they have this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute I guess they have this thing
+called an all report nal every year they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an all report nal every year they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an all report nal every year they
+analyze all the kinds of accidents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze all the kinds of accidents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze all the kinds of accidents that
+have occurred but midair collisions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have occurred but midair collisions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have occurred but midair collisions are
+exceptionally rare like I said one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptionally rare like I said one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptionally rare like I said one
+percent of accidents maybe three percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of accidents maybe three percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of accidents maybe three percent
+of fatal accidents so you know flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fatal accidents so you know flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fatal accidents so you know flying
+this tends to be pretty forgiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tends to be pretty forgiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tends to be pretty forgiving
+usually most people that have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually most people that have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually most people that have an
+accident have made three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident have made three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident have made three or four
+mistakes it's not like one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes it's not like one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes it's not like one little
+mistake it's going to generally get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake it's going to generally get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake it's going to generally get you
+into trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into trouble
+so I don't want people to think that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't want people to think that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't want people to think that you
+know it's all bureaucracy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's all bureaucracy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's all bureaucracy and
+regulations all the time when you're up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations all the time when you're up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations all the time when you're up
+in the air or that you know at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air or that you know at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air or that you know at any
+moment they are playing can suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment they are playing can suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment they are playing can suddenly
+stall and spin that kind of stuff it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall and spin that kind of stuff it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall and spin that kind of stuff it's
+just extremely rare you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just extremely rare you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just extremely rare you know if you're
+flying a cirrus you're nowhere near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying a cirrus you're nowhere near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying a cirrus you're nowhere near the
+stall at any fate in any phase of flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall at any fate in any phase of flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall at any fate in any phase of flight
+as long as you're doing things more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you're doing things more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you're doing things more or
+less by the book okay so anyway this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less by the book okay so anyway this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less by the book okay so anyway this is
+our plan and we'll we'll follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plan and we'll we'll follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plan and we'll we'll follow this
+kind of step by step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of step by step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of step by step
+okay so if we look at the sectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we look at the sectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we look at the sectional
+chart we can see that there's these see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart we can see that there's these see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart we can see that there's these see
+that 41 that tells you that if you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 41 that tells you that if you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 41 that tells you that if you're at
+4,100 feet you have a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,100 feet you have a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,100 feet you have a little bit of
+clearance from the terrain not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearance from the terrain not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearance from the terrain not enough
+for flying on instruments but enough for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for flying on instruments but enough for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for flying on instruments but enough for
+flying visually we can also see the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying visually we can also see the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying visually we can also see the only
+real airspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real airspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real airspace
+that's on our route is the class bravo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on our route is the class bravo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on our route is the class bravo
+airspace itself and that goes from 4,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace itself and that goes from 4,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace itself and that goes from 4,000
+feet up to 7,000 feet over top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet up to 7,000 feet over top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet up to 7,000 feet over top of
+Hanscom field so as long as we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanscom field so as long as we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanscom field so as long as we're in
+contact with Hanscom tower and we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with Hanscom tower and we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with Hanscom tower and we're not
+climbing in some kind of fighter jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing in some kind of fighter jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing in some kind of fighter jet
+we're gonna be be clear of bravo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna be be clear of bravo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna be be clear of bravo
+airspace and also if we have a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace and also if we have a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace and also if we have a plane
+with the GPS vor receiver combined and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the GPS vor receiver combined and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the GPS vor receiver combined and
+part of it fails you can see there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it fails you can see there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it fails you can see there's all
+these vo ARS around here including one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vo ARS around here including one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vo ARS around here including one
+very close to the airport that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to the airport that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to the airport that we're
+going to so we're not going to get lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to so we're not going to get lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to so we're not going to get lost
+even if we can't find Venus like Captain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we can't find Venus like Captain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we can't find Venus like Captain
+Sully can't talk to air traffic control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sully can't talk to air traffic control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sully can't talk to air traffic control
+and I can't use our GPS I look out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can't use our GPS I look out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can't use our GPS I look out the
+window there's a lot of actually a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window there's a lot of actually a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window there's a lot of actually a lot
+of times we send solvating students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times we send solvating students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times we send solvating students to
+Keene New Hampshire because it's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keene New Hampshire because it's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keene New Hampshire because it's right
+next to Mount Monadnock and we figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to Mount Monadnock and we figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to Mount Monadnock and we figure
+well they probably can't get lost if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they probably can't get lost if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they probably can't get lost if
+there's only one big mountain sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one big mountain sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one big mountain sticking
+up by itself right next to the airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by itself right next to the airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by itself right next to the airport
+all right it's always good to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's always good to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's always good to have a
+plan what if you cross the mountains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan what if you cross the mountains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan what if you cross the mountains and
+the airport is hard to find if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airport is hard to find if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airport is hard to find if the
+airport is covered in some fog if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport is covered in some fog if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport is covered in some fog if
+somebody you know has driven huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody you know has driven huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody you know has driven huge
+lawnmower onto the middle of the runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawnmower onto the middle of the runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawnmower onto the middle of the runway
+and gotten stuck what do we do so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gotten stuck what do we do so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gotten stuck what do we do so it's
+always good to have a back-up plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always good to have a back-up plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always good to have a back-up plan
+here's Albany remember I told you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Albany remember I told you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Albany remember I told you that
+story about the Cirrus hero so he wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about the Cirrus hero so he wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about the Cirrus hero so he wanted
+to go here to rinse Olear RPI and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go here to rinse Olear RPI and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go here to rinse Olear RPI and here's
+the huge Albany Airport with a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the huge Albany Airport with a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the huge Albany Airport with a wonderful
+fvo it's very inexpensive cheaper than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fvo it's very inexpensive cheaper than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fvo it's very inexpensive cheaper than
+Hanscom actually for fuel and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanscom actually for fuel and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanscom actually for fuel and here's the
+airport that he was thinking about see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport that he was thinking about see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport that he was thinking about see
+it says is it 2700 foot runway but due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says is it 2700 foot runway but due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says is it 2700 foot runway but due
+to the displaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the displaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the displaced
+it's actually shorter that doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually shorter that doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually shorter that doesn't have
+a control tower that si means it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a control tower that si means it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a control tower that si means it's a
+common traffic advisory frequency Albany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common traffic advisory frequency Albany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common traffic advisory frequency Albany
+of course is a class Charlie Airport so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is a class Charlie Airport so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is a class Charlie Airport so
+has all kinds of great services anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all kinds of great services anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all kinds of great services anyway
+so for our alternate you know things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for our alternate you know things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for our alternate you know things
+aren't going well I want to be drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going well I want to be drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going well I want to be drinking
+free coffee at the FBO and borrowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free coffee at the FBO and borrowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free coffee at the FBO and borrowing the
+crew car and going to a nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew car and going to a nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew car and going to a nearby
+restaurant not you know standing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant not you know standing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant not you know standing out
+there in the wind wondering why nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the wind wondering why nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the wind wondering why nobody
+except the Rensselaer County Airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the Rensselaer County Airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the Rensselaer County Airport
+okay so we found an alternate Airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we found an alternate Airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we found an alternate Airport
+not required unless you're IFR but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not required unless you're IFR but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not required unless you're IFR but
+always good to think about I'm not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always good to think about I'm not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always good to think about I'm not a
+reasonable alternate for Bennington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable alternate for Bennington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable alternate for Bennington
+would be just to turn or make a u-turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be just to turn or make a u-turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be just to turn or make a u-turn
+and go back two hands come because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go back two hands come because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go back two hands come because it's
+not really all that far all right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really all that far all right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really all that far all right we
+look at this we can look at the chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this we can look at the chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this we can look at the chart
+supplement for Bedford if that's not our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement for Bedford if that's not our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement for Bedford if that's not our
+home Airport remember this gives all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home Airport remember this gives all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home Airport remember this gives all the
+information about radio frequencies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about radio frequencies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about radio frequencies and
+runways similarly for Bennington Vermont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runways similarly for Bennington Vermont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runways similarly for Bennington Vermont
+we can see it's a 3700 foot runway not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see it's a 3700 foot runway not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see it's a 3700 foot runway not
+too much else that's interesting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much else that's interesting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much else that's interesting here
+except if it's going to be nighttime it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except if it's going to be nighttime it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except if it's going to be nighttime it
+says the lights won't be on we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the lights won't be on we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the lights won't be on we should
+activate the medium intensity runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate the medium intensity runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate the medium intensity runway
+lights on the CTF frequency so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights on the CTF frequency so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights on the CTF frequency so if we
+click the microphone five times all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click the microphone five times all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click the microphone five times all the
+airport lights will come on that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport lights will come on that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport lights will come on that'll be
+nice otherwise not too exciting looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice otherwise not too exciting looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice otherwise not too exciting looks
+like this runway is slightly sloped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this runway is slightly sloped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this runway is slightly sloped
+that's one thing about Vermont see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing about Vermont see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing about Vermont see it's
+a 0.9 percent slope up so that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0.9 percent slope up so that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0.9 percent slope up so that's going
+to have a slight effect on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a slight effect on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a slight effect on our
+performance okay so in the old days we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance okay so in the old days we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance okay so in the old days we
+would just call this 1-800 number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just call this 1-800 number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just call this 1-800 number and
+get our weather briefing or if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our weather briefing or if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our weather briefing or if we were
+enroute we might call you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enroute we might call you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enroute we might call you can see
+Bridgeport radios available here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridgeport radios available here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridgeport radios available here on the
+vor the vor for Providence indicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vor the vor for Providence indicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vor the vor for Providence indicates
+that if you want to talk to Bridgeport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you want to talk to Bridgeport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you want to talk to Bridgeport
+radio you call them on one to two point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio you call them on one to two point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio you call them on one to two point
+six so we can also talk to Bridgeport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six so we can also talk to Bridgeport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six so we can also talk to Bridgeport
+radio although you know if we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio although you know if we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio although you know if we're going
+to do a flight plan we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a flight plan we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a flight plan we
+get most of our stuff done beforehand we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get most of our stuff done beforehand we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get most of our stuff done beforehand we
+can look at our air mats this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at our air mats this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at our air mats this is an
+older slide this is not current data but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older slide this is not current data but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older slide this is not current data but
+at least at some time there was an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least at some time there was an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least at some time there was an error
+net for IFR and mountain obscuration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net for IFR and mountain obscuration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net for IFR and mountain obscuration so
+in that case we might consider deferring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case we might consider deferring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case we might consider deferring
+our flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was also air met tango for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was also air met tango for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was also air met tango for
+turbulence so look at this is it time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence so look at this is it time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence so look at this is it time to
+freak out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freak out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freak out
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+well it says moderate turbulence tastes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it says moderate turbulence tastes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it says moderate turbulence tastes
+to always say occasional moderate now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to always say occasional moderate now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to always say occasional moderate now I
+mean nothing ever they put the dump of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean nothing ever they put the dump of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean nothing ever they put the dump of
+the occasional in there but really that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the occasional in there but really that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the occasional in there but really that
+means there may be turbulence below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there may be turbulence below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there may be turbulence below
+8,000 feet usually when you get about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8,000 feet usually when you get about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8,000 feet usually when you get about
+through half of the turbulence forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through half of the turbulence forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through half of the turbulence forecast
+altitude it smooths out considerably so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude it smooths out considerably so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude it smooths out considerably so
+if it says as ever mentioned yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it says as ever mentioned yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it says as ever mentioned yesterday
+the turbulence forecast goes up into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turbulence forecast goes up into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turbulence forecast goes up into the
+flight levels it's a pretty ugly day it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight levels it's a pretty ugly day it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight levels it's a pretty ugly day it
+goes up to 8,000 feet that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to 8,000 feet that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to 8,000 feet that's kind of a
+standard slightly windy newing one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard slightly windy newing one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard slightly windy newing one day
+all right and you know you might get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and you know you might get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and you know you might get a
+few bumps climbing up to 4 or 5,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few bumps climbing up to 4 or 5,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few bumps climbing up to 4 or 5,000
+meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters
+look at this listed meet ours so once as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this listed meet ours so once as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this listed meet ours so once as
+I said yesterday once you get used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said yesterday once you get used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said yesterday once you get used to
+reading these this is actually I prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading these this is actually I prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading these this is actually I prefer
+this format it's very compact you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this format it's very compact you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this format it's very compact you can
+just zip down we can just assume these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zip down we can just assume these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zip down we can just assume these
+are long our route of flight forget them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are long our route of flight forget them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are long our route of flight forget them
+in a briefing format so we can see oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a briefing format so we can see oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a briefing format so we can see oh
+it's gusting you know it's 9 gusting 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gusting you know it's 9 gusting 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gusting you know it's 9 gusting 19
+knots it's gusty day when we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots it's gusty day when we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots it's gusty day when we get to
+Bennington it's 3 0 0 at 5 knots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bennington it's 3 0 0 at 5 knots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bennington it's 3 0 0 at 5 knots
+10 miles broken 7,000 that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 miles broken 7,000 that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 miles broken 7,000 that's pretty
+reasonable terminal forecasts you heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable terminal forecasts you heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable terminal forecasts you heard
+about that yesterday but again we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that yesterday but again we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that yesterday but again we get
+them in our brief err from the briefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in our brief err from the briefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in our brief err from the briefer
+or the briefing format along our route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the briefing format along our route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the briefing format along our route
+of flight remember our goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flight remember our goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flight remember our goal is to
+maintain VFR weather minimums again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain VFR weather minimums again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain VFR weather minimums again you
+can see how much more challenging this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how much more challenging this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how much more challenging this
+is then in a jet if you were in a jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then in a jet if you were in a jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then in a jet if you were in a jet
+you would say well I don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say well I don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say well I don't need to
+maintain VFR because I'll file IFR and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain VFR because I'll file IFR and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain VFR because I'll file IFR and I
+don't need to remain clear of icing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to remain clear of icing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to remain clear of icing
+because I can turn on the DI sink unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can turn on the DI sink unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can turn on the DI sink unless
+it's incredibly severe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's incredibly severe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's incredibly severe
+but you guys will have this challenge at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you guys will have this challenge at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you guys will have this challenge at
+least until you decide that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least until you decide that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least until you decide that you want to
+get your instrument rating or you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your instrument rating or you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your instrument rating or you want
+to bring along the copilot whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring along the copilot whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring along the copilot whose
+instrument rated winds aloft is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument rated winds aloft is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument rated winds aloft is very
+important for this flight our for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for this flight our for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for this flight our for this
+flight planning task we can see lost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight planning task we can see lost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight planning task we can see lost and
+we don't have Albany winds might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have Albany winds might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have Albany winds might be the
+best so the winds are coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best so the winds are coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best so the winds are coming from
+three-30 more or less in our face at 28
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-30 more or less in our face at 28
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-30 more or less in our face at 28
+knots and the temperature outside is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots and the temperature outside is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots and the temperature outside is
+minus 10 so if it is cloudy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 10 so if it is cloudy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 10 so if it is cloudy
+that means there's a risk of icing so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means there's a risk of icing so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means there's a risk of icing so in
+a piper warrior or cirrus I wouldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piper warrior or cirrus I wouldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piper warrior or cirrus I wouldn't do
+this trip on this day unless I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trip on this day unless I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trip on this day unless I thought
+that I could remain clear of the clouds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could remain clear of the clouds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could remain clear of the clouds
+due to that you know if you saw that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to that you know if you saw that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to that you know if you saw that at
+6,000 feet it was above zero that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6,000 feet it was above zero that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6,000 feet it was above zero that would
+be great okay relevant NOTAMs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be great okay relevant NOTAMs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be great okay relevant NOTAMs
+the vazhi see that on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vazhi see that on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vazhi see that on the bottom
+the Vasi at DD H is out of service so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vasi at DD H is out of service so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vasi at DD H is out of service so
+that means we're not going to have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we're not going to have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we're not going to have our
+visual reference for the glide slope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual reference for the glide slope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual reference for the glide slope to
+the runway you know if it's your home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runway you know if it's your home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runway you know if it's your home
+Airport that's not a big deal if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airport that's not a big deal if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airport that's not a big deal if it's
+daytime at an unfamiliar airport that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daytime at an unfamiliar airport that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daytime at an unfamiliar airport that's
+not a huge deal nighttime at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a huge deal nighttime at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a huge deal nighttime at an
+unfamiliar Airport that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfamiliar Airport that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfamiliar Airport that's kind of a
+problem so you might consider you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so you might consider you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so you might consider you know
+nighttime it's better to treat that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nighttime it's better to treat that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nighttime it's better to treat that like
+instrument flight you might not want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument flight you might not want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument flight you might not want to
+go actually in my airline days we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go actually in my airline days we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go actually in my airline days we got to
+this part at night we were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part at night we were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part at night we were really
+delayed for a variety of reasons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed for a variety of reasons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed for a variety of reasons but
+anyway so we get to this Airport in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so we get to this Airport in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so we get to this Airport in
+Michigan at night and I'm flying left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan at night and I'm flying left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan at night and I'm flying left
+traffic from the right seat so I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic from the right seat so I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic from the right seat so I can't
+really see the airport that well in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see the airport that well in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see the airport that well in this
+Canada regional jet which I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada regional jet which I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada regional jet which I've just
+barely learned to fly mostly in the sim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely learned to fly mostly in the sim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely learned to fly mostly in the sim
+exclusively and this M the first flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively and this M the first flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively and this M the first flight
+and the real aircraft was with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the real aircraft was with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the real aircraft was with
+passengers in the back and runways under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers in the back and runways under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers in the back and runways under
+construction so the instrument landing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction so the instrument landing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction so the instrument landing
+system which gives you the glide slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which gives you the glide slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which gives you the glide slope
+reference that's out of service because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference that's out of service because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference that's out of service because
+it would lead you to a part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would lead you to a part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would lead you to a part of the
+runway that's closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway that's closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway that's closed
+and the VAS and Pappy that are normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the VAS and Pappy that are normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the VAS and Pappy that are normally
+there at this big airport and Saginaw or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at this big airport and Saginaw or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at this big airport and Saginaw or
+wherever it was that's also out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever it was that's also out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever it was that's also out of
+service so it's just a pure visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service so it's just a pure visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service so it's just a pure visual
+approach based on the configuration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach based on the configuration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach based on the configuration of
+the runway lights and the geometry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runway lights and the geometry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runway lights and the geometry and
+how it looks this like you were flying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it looks this like you were flying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it looks this like you were flying a
+Cessna or a piper in this jet so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessna or a piper in this jet so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessna or a piper in this jet so you
+know we got on the ground and like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we got on the ground and like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we got on the ground and like I
+said I'm hiding from the right seat I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I'm hiding from the right seat I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I'm hiding from the right seat I
+should perhaps have just turned it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should perhaps have just turned it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should perhaps have just turned it over
+to the captain and said you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the captain and said you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the captain and said you know this is
+a little beyond my skill level but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little beyond my skill level but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little beyond my skill level but I
+wanted to practice so I did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to practice so I did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to practice so I did it
+and you know we turned off the runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we turned off the runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we turned off the runway
+and nobody was more surprised than I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody was more surprised than I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody was more surprised than I and
+we were on the ramp safe and sound we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were on the ramp safe and sound we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were on the ramp safe and sound we
+got out of the airplane this passenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got out of the airplane this passenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got out of the airplane this passenger
+was irate it's just he thought somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was irate it's just he thought somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was irate it's just he thought somehow
+it was my fault he saw me talking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was my fault he saw me talking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was my fault he saw me talking you
+know having dinner with a friend and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know having dinner with a friend and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know having dinner with a friend and the
+turmoil I thought like I was the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turmoil I thought like I was the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turmoil I thought like I was the reason
+for the delay the flight was held up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the delay the flight was held up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the delay the flight was held up for
+my dinner and he was enraged and I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my dinner and he was enraged and I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my dinner and he was enraged and I you
+know I thought to myself this guy has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I thought to myself this guy has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I thought to myself this guy has no
+idea how lucky used to be alive with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea how lucky used to be alive with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea how lucky used to be alive with
+somebody like me and controls no visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody like me and controls no visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody like me and controls no visual
+references of any kind the first time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references of any kind the first time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references of any kind the first time at
+that Airport you know going 145 knots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Airport you know going 145 knots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Airport you know going 145 knots
+was the slowest speed that we were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the slowest speed that we were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the slowest speed that we were going
+at anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deserve circumstance later two limbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve circumstance later two limbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve circumstance later two limbs
+were found say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were found say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were found say okay
+on the other runway you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other runway you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other runway you don't want to
+land with a tailwind in general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land with a tailwind in general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land with a tailwind in general and
+there may not be we could go back but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may not be we could go back but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may not be we could go back but
+there may not be a Vasi on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may not be a Vasi on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may not be a Vasi on the other
+side usually airports have sort of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side usually airports have sort of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side usually airports have sort of one
+runway that they really love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway that they really love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway that they really love
+actually that's not that's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's not that's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's not that's interesting
+first of all they don't even have a Vasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all they don't even have a Vasi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all they don't even have a Vasi
+they have a Pappy on both sides so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a Pappy on both sides so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a Pappy on both sides so yeah
+actually that's that's a good example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's that's a good example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's that's a good example of
+decision-making if the winds not too bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making if the winds not too bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making if the winds not too bad
+and if it's and actually at nighttime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's and actually at nighttime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's and actually at nighttime
+the wind usually quiets down so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind usually quiets down so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind usually quiets down so yeah
+perfect example of good decision-making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect example of good decision-making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect example of good decision-making
+just use the other runway why not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use the other runway why not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use the other runway why not all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so we use the plotter you saw some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we use the plotter you saw some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we use the plotter you saw some of
+that we draw our line you can see there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we draw our line you can see there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we draw our line you can see there
+we're referencing the plotter to true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're referencing the plotter to true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're referencing the plotter to true
+north and we get well this is not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north and we get well this is not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north and we get well this is not for
+the pennant example unfortunately we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pennant example unfortunately we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pennant example unfortunately we got
+a true course of zero three eight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a true course of zero three eight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a true course of zero three eight to
+some other Airport here's what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other Airport here's what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other Airport here's what I did
+want to show you you find some prominent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you you find some prominent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you you find some prominent
+landmarks along the route we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmarks along the route we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmarks along the route we talked
+about that yesterday in the piloted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that yesterday in the piloted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that yesterday in the piloted
+section so things you can identify from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section so things you can identify from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section so things you can identify from
+the air you get your blank navigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air you get your blank navigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air you get your blank navigation
+Log form you pick an altitude so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Log form you pick an altitude so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Log form you pick an altitude so to
+avoid I mean this is one reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid I mean this is one reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid I mean this is one reason why
+mid-air collisions are exceedingly rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-air collisions are exceedingly rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-air collisions are exceedingly rare
+people are above 3,000 feet above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are above 3,000 feet above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are above 3,000 feet above the
+ground higher than 3,000 feet above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground higher than 3,000 feet above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground higher than 3,000 feet above the
+ground and you get up to your cruising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and you get up to your cruising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and you get up to your cruising
+your conventional cruising altitude so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your conventional cruising altitude so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your conventional cruising altitude so
+if you're on instruments it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're on instruments it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're on instruments it's going to
+be whole thousands so you'll fly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be whole thousands so you'll fly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be whole thousands so you'll fly on
+instruments at six thousand eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments at six thousand eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments at six thousand eight
+thousand for example if you're on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand for example if you're on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand for example if you're on a
+westbound course and you'll fly you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westbound course and you'll fly you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westbound course and you'll fly you know
+five seven nine if you're eastbound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five seven nine if you're eastbound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five seven nine if you're eastbound and
+then just add five hundred if you're VFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just add five hundred if you're VFR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just add five hundred if you're VFR
+so air airplanes at low altitudes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so air airplanes at low altitudes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so air airplanes at low altitudes that
+are cruising are almost always separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cruising are almost always separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cruising are almost always separated
+by five hundred feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by five hundred feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by five hundred feet
+and therefore you know the conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you know the conflicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you know the conflicts
+tend to occur very near airports and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to occur very near airports and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to occur very near airports and the
+conflicts also tend to occur there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts also tend to occur there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts also tend to occur there's one
+exception to that role on days when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception to that role on days when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception to that role on days when
+there's a low cloud layer like at 3,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a low cloud layer like at 3,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a low cloud layer like at 3,000
+feet for example or 2500 feet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet for example or 2500 feet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet for example or 2500 feet and
+everybody who's VFR is trying to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody who's VFR is trying to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody who's VFR is trying to go
+under the clouds that's when you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the clouds that's when you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the clouds that's when you might
+see other airplanes and have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see other airplanes and have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see other airplanes and have to be
+vigilant but again you can call air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigilant but again you can call air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigilant but again you can call air
+traffic control and ask for advisories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic control and ask for advisories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic control and ask for advisories
+or now you know vert within within by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or now you know vert within within by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or now you know vert within within by
+January 1st of 2020 everybody was early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 1st of 2020 everybody was early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 1st of 2020 everybody was early
+80s B so I have a box in there it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s B so I have a box in there it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s B so I have a box in there it says
+squawking at you let me tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squawking at you let me tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squawking at you let me tell you that
+when you land at Burning Man your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you land at Burning Man your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you land at Burning Man your
+traffic your fancy traffic warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic your fancy traffic warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic your fancy traffic warning
+system will get very upset indeed we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will get very upset indeed we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will get very upset indeed we had
+warnings Burning Man has this it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warnings Burning Man has this it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warnings Burning Man has this it's not
+like Oshkosh that's super well organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Oshkosh that's super well organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Oshkosh that's super well organized
+they have people converging from three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have people converging from three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have people converging from three
+by design from three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by design from three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by design from three different
+directions to a single point flying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions to a single point flying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions to a single point flying a
+pattern that's 500 feet above the runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that's 500 feet above the runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that's 500 feet above the runway
+instead of the conventional thousand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the conventional thousand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the conventional thousand or
+1500 for turbine powered aircraft and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 for turbine powered aircraft and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 for turbine powered aircraft and
+then you're landing on a place that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're landing on a place that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're landing on a place that's
+not normally considered a runway so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not normally considered a runway so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not normally considered a runway so in
+the Pilatus we had the terrain warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pilatus we had the terrain warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pilatus we had the terrain warning
+system going nuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system going nuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system going nuts
+it didn't know that there was a runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't know that there was a runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't know that there was a runway
+there and we also had the traffic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we also had the traffic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we also had the traffic system
+going that's because they were enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going that's because they were enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going that's because they were enough
+trying we didn't have a TSB but we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying we didn't have a TSB but we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying we didn't have a TSB but we had
+enough transponder equipped aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough transponder equipped aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough transponder equipped aircraft
+around us that it could see them all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around us that it could see them all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around us that it could see them all so
+that was pretty upsetting not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was pretty upsetting not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was pretty upsetting not as
+upsetting as not as upset as the cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upsetting as not as upset as the cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upsetting as not as upset as the cool
+Burning Man people were to see me but my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burning Man people were to see me but my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burning Man people were to see me but my
+friend had a good time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah this fight should really contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this fight should really contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this fight should really contain
+that exception that it's only up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exception that it's only up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exception that it's only up to
+3,000 feet above the ground it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 feet above the ground it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 feet above the ground it's only
+above it's 3,000 feet above the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above it's 3,000 feet above the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above it's 3,000 feet above the ground
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+3001 feet above the ground and above so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3001 feet above the ground and above so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3001 feet above the ground and above so
+you can if you have a low cloud or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if you have a low cloud or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if you have a low cloud or the
+question was what if you have low clouds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was what if you have low clouds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was what if you have low clouds
+how can you do this the answer is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you do this the answer is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you do this the answer is if
+you're 3,000 feet in below these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're 3,000 feet in below these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're 3,000 feet in below these
+conventional cruising altitudes said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional cruising altitudes said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional cruising altitudes said
+don't apply okay oh yeah so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't apply okay oh yeah so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't apply okay oh yeah so this is just
+an elaboration of that so we're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elaboration of that so we're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elaboration of that so we're gonna be
+on a magnetic course that's generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a magnetic course that's generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a magnetic course that's generally
+westbound so we'll pick 4,500 feet do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westbound so we'll pick 4,500 feet do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westbound so we'll pick 4,500 feet do we
+need oxygen for our flight the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need oxygen for our flight the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need oxygen for our flight the answer is
+no that's a good thing if you are gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's a good thing if you are gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's a good thing if you are gonna
+be flying above 10,000 feet though if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be flying above 10,000 feet though if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be flying above 10,000 feet though if
+you were doing a charter flight you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were doing a charter flight you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were doing a charter flight you
+would need oxygen so you might ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need oxygen so you might ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need oxygen so you might ask
+yourself well if that's good for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself well if that's good for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself well if that's good for the
+Charter crowd why isn't it good for me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charter crowd why isn't it good for me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charter crowd why isn't it good for me I
+think that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+especially as you get older you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as you get older you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as you get older you know
+people tend to get a lot more sharp if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to get a lot more sharp if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to get a lot more sharp if
+they keep the cabin altitude 5,000 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep the cabin altitude 5,000 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep the cabin altitude 5,000 and
+below or use supplemental oxygen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below or use supplemental oxygen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below or use supplemental oxygen a
+little airplane alright there's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little airplane alright there's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little airplane alright there's your
+chart 91 2 1 1 you might be asked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart 91 2 1 1 you might be asked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart 91 2 1 1 you might be asked about
+that all right let's go back so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right let's go back so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right let's go back so we've
+got I guess in this flight planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got I guess in this flight planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got I guess in this flight planning
+example we've done 6,500 feet so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we've done 6,500 feet so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we've done 6,500 feet so you can
+see we've filled in the altitude we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we've filled in the altitude we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we've filled in the altitude we're
+going to climb go to 6,500 feet our true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to climb go to 6,500 feet our true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to climb go to 6,500 feet our true
+course is 287 and you can see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is 287 and you can see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is 287 and you can see these
+fixes a beam fitchburg crossing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixes a beam fitchburg crossing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixes a beam fitchburg crossing the
+river finding some reservoir finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river finding some reservoir finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river finding some reservoir finally
+landing at Bennington so we'll just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing at Bennington so we'll just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing at Bennington so we'll just see
+what the folks these fives were built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the folks these fives were built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the folks these fives were built
+before Tina and I took over the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right as I said pick those winds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right as I said pick those winds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right as I said pick those winds
+aloft it says reporting points actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aloft it says reporting points actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aloft it says reporting points actually
+that should be changed that's inaccurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be changed that's inaccurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be changed that's inaccurate
+and that winds aloft reporting points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that winds aloft reporting points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that winds aloft reporting points
+these are always forecast the there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are always forecast the there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are always forecast the there's no
+you know balloons up there with sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know balloons up there with sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know balloons up there with sensors
+to tell you exactly what the winds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you exactly what the winds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you exactly what the winds are
+ok maybe somebody can remind me after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok maybe somebody can remind me after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok maybe somebody can remind me after
+the class to change that ok so we fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class to change that ok so we fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class to change that ok so we fill
+in the forecast wind and then we use our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the forecast wind and then we use our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the forecast wind and then we use our
+actually no we do the piper we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no we do the piper we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no we do the piper we're gonna
+need to find that air speed so we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find that air speed so we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find that air speed so we look
+up the performance tables for our piper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the performance tables for our piper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the performance tables for our piper
+warrior or we bought or we pay up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrior or we bought or we pay up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrior or we bought or we pay up for
+that Geronimo app that you saw I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Geronimo app that you saw I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Geronimo app that you saw I don't
+know if they have a warrior version but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if they have a warrior version but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if they have a warrior version but
+maybe they do and we pulled the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they do and we pulled the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they do and we pulled the numbers
+out of there I'll just let you digest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of there I'll just let you digest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of there I'll just let you digest
+this for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright it looks like we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright it looks like we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright it looks like we're going to
+burn about to the important takeaways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn about to the important takeaways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn about to the important takeaways
+from here we're gonna burn about two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here we're gonna burn about two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here we're gonna burn about two and
+a half gallons and the climb two gallons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half gallons and the climb two gallons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half gallons and the climb two gallons
+and the cruise and you can see how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cruise and you can see how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cruise and you can see how many
+minutes it's gonna take to climb and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes it's gonna take to climb and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes it's gonna take to climb and
+descend so they'll just go into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descend so they'll just go into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descend so they'll just go into our
+calculation of the whole time alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of the whole time alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of the whole time alright so
+we've got that in there our true air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got that in there our true air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got that in there our true air
+speeds for see we've got our true air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds for see we've got our true air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds for see we've got our true air
+speeds for climbing and descending what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds for climbing and descending what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds for climbing and descending what
+about cruising so we use the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cruising so we use the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cruising so we use the performance
+charts to figure out that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts to figure out that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts to figure out that we're going to
+be going along here at about one hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going along here at about one hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going along here at about one hundred
+and twelve knots before the wind hits us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and twelve knots before the wind hits us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and twelve knots before the wind hits us
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we add that to our plan we've got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add that to our plan we've got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add that to our plan we've got all
+these distances we've measured that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these distances we've measured that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these distances we've measured that with
+our protractor and ruler with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our protractor and ruler with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our protractor and ruler with our
+plotter so you've got the distances for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotter so you've got the distances for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotter so you've got the distances for
+each leg we filled in the true air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each leg we filled in the true air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each leg we filled in the true air
+speeds okay now we do the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds okay now we do the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds okay now we do the wind
+correction so remember if we're reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction so remember if we're reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction so remember if we're reading
+everything isn't true if we're hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything isn't true if we're hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything isn't true if we're hearing
+it on the ATIS a sauce or from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the ATIS a sauce or from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the ATIS a sauce or from the
+control tower you can just say wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control tower you can just say wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control tower you can just say wind
+check please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check please
+you don't have to say your tail number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to say your tail number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to say your tail number
+or anything and the tower is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything and the tower is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything and the tower is gonna
+broadcast back to you you know winds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast back to you you know winds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast back to you you know winds
+three one zero at one two okay so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three one zero at one two okay so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three one zero at one two okay so here's
+an example I can do it in real time also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example I can do it in real time also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example I can do it in real time also
+on the dock camera let me show you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the dock camera let me show you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the dock camera let me show you this
+so if the winds from two one zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the winds from two one zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the winds from two one zero at
+twenty knots and you're trying to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty knots and you're trying to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty knots and you're trying to go
+south at a true airspeed at one forty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south at a true airspeed at one forty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south at a true airspeed at one forty
+seven it's a good cirrus speed you line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven it's a good cirrus speed you line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven it's a good cirrus speed you line
+up two one zero two the true index and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up two one zero two the true index and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up two one zero two the true index and
+then we're gonna draw a little twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna draw a little twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna draw a little twenty
+knot vector here it really doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot vector here it really doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot vector here it really doesn't
+matter where we start we're gonna draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter where we start we're gonna draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter where we start we're gonna draw a
+twenty knot vector here so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty knot vector here so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty knot vector here so there's a
+little point for 20 knots up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little point for 20 knots up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little point for 20 knots up
+that represents our wind some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represents our wind some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represents our wind some people
+actually draw it as a vector imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually draw it as a vector imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually draw it as a vector imagine a
+little vector here or actually I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little vector here or actually I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little vector here or actually I guess
+it would be going this way then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be going this way then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be going this way then we
+rotate so that we show our true course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate so that we show our true course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate so that we show our true course
+so we're trying to go south and the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're trying to go south and the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're trying to go south and the wind
+is from this direction and we've lined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from this direction and we've lined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from this direction and we've lined
+it up see how there's 140 150 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up see how there's 140 150 so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up see how there's 140 150 so that's
+roughly at 147 so it tells us with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly at 147 so it tells us with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly at 147 so it tells us with this
+little subtraction here we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little subtraction here we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little subtraction here we're going to
+be going to slightly slower than 130
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going to slightly slower than 130
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going to slightly slower than 130
+knots or 129 as it says on the slide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots or 129 as it says on the slide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots or 129 as it says on the slide and
+we're going to need to steer about 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need to steer about 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need to steer about 4
+degrees off the true course does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees off the true course does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees off the true course does that
+all make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all make sense
+it's a little graphical calculator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little graphical calculator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little graphical calculator
+basically and the idea is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically and the idea is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically and the idea is you're
+starting with a vector that represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with a vector that represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with a vector that represents
+the wind you can play around with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind you can play around with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind you can play around with this
+as a break and I'll also try I'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a break and I'll also try I'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a break and I'll also try I'll try
+using them and dock camera and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using them and dock camera and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using them and dock camera and you'll
+see just how much a person can forget in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see just how much a person can forget in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see just how much a person can forget in
+17 years or 18 years okay now we filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 years or 18 years okay now we filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 years or 18 years okay now we filled
+this in we've said okay there's our true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in we've said okay there's our true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in we've said okay there's our true
+airspeed here's our wind correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed here's our wind correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed here's our wind correction
+angle where is our ground speed oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle where is our ground speed oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle where is our ground speed oh
+there's our ground speed okay so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our ground speed okay so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our ground speed okay so from
+the ground speed and the leg distance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground speed and the leg distance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground speed and the leg distance of
+course we'll be able to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we'll be able to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we'll be able to determine the
+time now this is the exciting part since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now this is the exciting part since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now this is the exciting part since
+we're only going 90 knots we can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going 90 knots we can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going 90 knots we can figure
+out you know for any given leg length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know for any given leg length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know for any given leg length
+how long that's going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long that's going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long that's going to take
+so we do that eventually we'll fill it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do that eventually we'll fill it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do that eventually we'll fill it
+in oh yeah we got to get the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in oh yeah we got to get the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in oh yeah we got to get the magnetic
+variation so our true heading is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so our true heading is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so our true heading is
+supposed to be 293 or 283 I guess in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be 293 or 283 I guess in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be 293 or 283 I guess in the
+cruise and we add in the west variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruise and we add in the west variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruise and we add in the west variation
+remember east as weas east as least west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember east as weas east as least west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember east as weas east as least west
+is best so we've added in that magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is best so we've added in that magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is best so we've added in that magnetic
+variation and that's the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and that's the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and that's the magnetic
+heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading
+if we happen to have oh yeah there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we happen to have oh yeah there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we happen to have oh yeah there's a
+point to this slide so what if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to this slide so what if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to this slide so what if we take
+all that metal fishing gear and throw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that metal fishing gear and throw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that metal fishing gear and throw it
+into the float plane that might actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the float plane that might actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the float plane that might actually
+affect the compass especially if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the compass especially if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the compass especially if you're
+up in Alaska it was until about 2000 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in Alaska it was until about 2000 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in Alaska it was until about 2000 one
+or two it was required to carry a gun in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two it was required to carry a gun in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two it was required to carry a gun in
+your airplane at all times when you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your airplane at all times when you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your airplane at all times when you were
+flying in Alaska us you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying in Alaska us you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying in Alaska us you're in the
+traffic pattern at an airport you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic pattern at an airport you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic pattern at an airport you know
+doing flight training or something so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing flight training or something so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing flight training or something so if
+you had your you know huge rightful you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had your you know huge rightful you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had your you know huge rightful you
+know up in the front of your aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know up in the front of your aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know up in the front of your aircraft
+then your company yeah just like could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your company yeah just like could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your company yeah just like could
+be thrown off by the gun that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thrown off by the gun that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thrown off by the gun that you were
+required to carry who knows why you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to carry who knows why you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to carry who knows why you had
+to carry a gun why do you have to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry a gun why do you have to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry a gun why do you have to carry
+a gun in your Cessna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gun in your Cessna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gun in your Cessna
+bears that's right anyway they change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bears that's right anyway they change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bears that's right anyway they change
+the law so now you can be a pacifist you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law so now you can be a pacifist you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law so now you can be a pacifist you
+had to have ammo to actually I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to have ammo to actually I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to have ammo to actually I think
+they could bust you if you didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could bust you if you didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could bust you if you didn't have
+ammo for your gun all right I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammo for your gun all right I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammo for your gun all right I have a
+friend actually I was going to Alaska
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend actually I was going to Alaska
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend actually I was going to Alaska
+and the regulation was just being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the regulation was just being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the regulation was just being
+sunsets I thought well maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunsets I thought well maybe I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunsets I thought well maybe I should
+bring a gun with me so I asked a friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring a gun with me so I asked a friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring a gun with me so I asked a friend
+who's a gun enthusiast you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a gun enthusiast you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a gun enthusiast you know like
+what would be the right gun he said oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the right gun he said oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the right gun he said oh
+you need the Spinelli shotgun with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the Spinelli shotgun with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the Spinelli shotgun with you
+know automatically reloads the shells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know automatically reloads the shells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know automatically reloads the shells
+and you can fire it off you know whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can fire it off you know whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can fire it off you know whole
+bunch of shotgun shells and ones it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of shotgun shells and ones it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of shotgun shells and ones it's
+like you know like whoa where could I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know like whoa where could I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know like whoa where could I
+get 100 he said oh I've got five so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 100 he said oh I've got five so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 100 he said oh I've got five so I
+can even just borrow one of mine okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even just borrow one of mine okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even just borrow one of mine okay so
+yeah here's another East Coast arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here's another East Coast arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here's another East Coast arrow
+club plane you got to calculate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+club plane you got to calculate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+club plane you got to calculate your
+time it might be pretty fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it might be pretty fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it might be pretty fast
+that's from Oshkosh they brought the b1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's from Oshkosh they brought the b1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's from Oshkosh they brought the b1
+actually this b1 wasn't they were they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this b1 wasn't they were they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this b1 wasn't they were they
+ran away from that huge thunderstorm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran away from that huge thunderstorm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran away from that huge thunderstorm
+that I showed you so I went through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you so I went through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you so I went through the
+thunderstorms and then $9 10 and the b1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorms and then $9 10 and the b1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorms and then $9 10 and the b1
+left and the b1 taking them off was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and the b1 taking them off was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and the b1 taking them off was
+louder than anything that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder than anything that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder than anything that happened
+during the thunderstorm it's crazy loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the thunderstorm it's crazy loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the thunderstorm it's crazy loud
+all right so we've got it all filled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we've got it all filled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we've got it all filled out
+it is going to take us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is going to take us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is going to take us
+it looks like it's gonna take us a toll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like it's gonna take us a toll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like it's gonna take us a toll
+of one hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one hour
+does that make sense yeah I guess about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense yeah I guess about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense yeah I guess about
+90 knots about 90 miles so yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 knots about 90 miles so yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 knots about 90 miles so yeah that
+makes sense okay we calculate the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense okay we calculate the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense okay we calculate the fuel
+burn so it's going to take us a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn so it's going to take us a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn so it's going to take us a minimum
+of 11 gallons or so to get there and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 11 gallons or so to get there and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 11 gallons or so to get there and we
+want to have a half-hour reserve I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a half-hour reserve I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a half-hour reserve I can
+tell you that's pretty scary to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that's pretty scary to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that's pretty scary to see the
+gauges down that low so I think a plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauges down that low so I think a plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauges down that low so I think a plan
+for a one-hour reserve is about as low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a one-hour reserve is about as low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a one-hour reserve is about as low
+as you would ever want to plan and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you would ever want to plan and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you would ever want to plan and then
+beyond that we should add some fuel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that we should add some fuel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that we should add some fuel to
+get to our alternate if necessary in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to our alternate if necessary in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to our alternate if necessary in the
+instrument flying world you plan to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument flying world you plan to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument flying world you plan to fly
+to your destination fly to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your destination fly to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your destination fly to your
+alternate actually fly to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate actually fly to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate actually fly to your
+destination fly an instrument approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination fly an instrument approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination fly an instrument approach
+kind of fly the mist flying all to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fly the mist flying all to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fly the mist flying all to the
+alternate and then fly around for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate and then fly around for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate and then fly around for you
+know another 45 minutes to an hour after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know another 45 minutes to an hour after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know another 45 minutes to an hour after
+that all right what about the VFR fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right what about the VFR fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right what about the VFR fuel
+requirements so again the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements so again the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements so again the you know the
+effe minimums are pretty scanty 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effe minimums are pretty scanty 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effe minimums are pretty scanty 30
+minutes for the day time 45 at night for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for the day time 45 at night for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for the day time 45 at night for
+helicopters or even less 20 minutes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters or even less 20 minutes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters or even less 20 minutes and
+30 minutes 20 minutes day and 30 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 minutes 20 minutes day and 30 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 minutes 20 minutes day and 30 minutes
+at night okay wait and bounce that's off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night okay wait and bounce that's off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night okay wait and bounce that's off
+the tail of a Piper Cub at Oshkosh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail of a Piper Cub at Oshkosh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail of a Piper Cub at Oshkosh
+unfortunately we don't have that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately we don't have that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately we don't have that in the
+Warriors which nobody loves quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warriors which nobody loves quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warriors which nobody loves quite as
+much so the glorious plan here some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so the glorious plan here some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so the glorious plan here some of
+these older airplanes actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these older airplanes actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these older airplanes actually have
+better payloads when they're fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better payloads when they're fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better payloads when they're fully
+fueled than the latest and greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fueled than the latest and greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fueled than the latest and greatest
+because they're not crammed with as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're not crammed with as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're not crammed with as much
+helpful avionics anyway so the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful avionics anyway so the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful avionics anyway so the original
+warrior this plan is to take two heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrior this plan is to take two heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrior this plan is to take two heavy
+people in the front four hundred pounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the front four hundred pounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the front four hundred pounds
+total to more virtuous people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total to more virtuous people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total to more virtuous people in the
+back and 50 pounds of bags and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and 50 pounds of bags and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and 50 pounds of bags and you see
+the max gross weight is 23 25 on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max gross weight is 23 25 on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max gross weight is 23 25 on this
+Piper so can we do it you're gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Piper so can we do it you're gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Piper so can we do it you're gonna have
+a long nice to say tedious lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long nice to say tedious lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long nice to say tedious lecture on
+weight and balance later so we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and balance later so we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and balance later so we won't
+belabor this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belabor this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belabor this but
+if you look at that loading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at that loading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at that loading the
+prospective loading I think we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospective loading I think we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospective loading I think we should
+expect that it's going to be within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that it's going to be within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that it's going to be within the
+center of gravity limits because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of gravity limits because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of gravity limits because the
+heavier people are in front and the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier people are in front and the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier people are in front and the real
+issue is whether we're overweight or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is whether we're overweight or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is whether we're overweight or not
+so we are actually overweight see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are actually overweight see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are actually overweight see that
+23 34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 34
+and it's 23 25 is the maximum so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's 23 25 is the maximum so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's 23 25 is the maximum so we're
+about 10 pounds overweight how about are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 pounds overweight how about are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 pounds overweight how about are
+we out of CG we're at about 92 inches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we out of CG we're at about 92 inches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we out of CG we're at about 92 inches
+and you can see here that the CG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see here that the CG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see here that the CG
+envelope goes to about 93 I guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope goes to about 93 I guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope goes to about 93 I guess it
+goes exactly to 93
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes exactly to 93
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes exactly to 93
+so the CG is fine but the weight is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the CG is fine but the weight is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the CG is fine but the weight is too
+high what's the question oh yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high what's the question oh yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high what's the question oh yeah so
+that's a good question where do you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question where do you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question where do you find
+all them weight information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all them weight information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all them weight information about the
+weight and balance that you're gonna use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and balance that you're gonna use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and balance that you're gonna use
+for this calculation so remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this calculation so remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this calculation so remember we
+talked about arrow you have to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about arrow you have to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about arrow you have to have the
+airworthiness certificate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airworthiness certificate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airworthiness certificate the
+registration the owners the owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration the owners the owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration the owners the owners
+manual I think is the best way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual I think is the best way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual I think is the best way to think
+of the oh and that NW is to weight in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the oh and that NW is to weight in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the oh and that NW is to weight in
+balance so it has to be in the aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance so it has to be in the aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance so it has to be in the aircraft
+it's usually just in the same binder as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually just in the same binder as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually just in the same binder as
+the pilots operating handbook or the afm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pilots operating handbook or the afm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pilots operating handbook or the afm
+so it's there it's specific to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's there it's specific to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's there it's specific to the
+airplane and in the airplane will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane and in the airplane will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane and in the airplane will get
+reweighed periodically and if any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reweighed periodically and if any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reweighed periodically and if any kind
+of equipment has changed out they throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equipment has changed out they throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equipment has changed out they throw
+it in there but also these apps I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in there but also these apps I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in there but also these apps I mean
+the arm of the you know rear seats and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arm of the you know rear seats and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arm of the you know rear seats and a
+piper warrior that doesn't change from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piper warrior that doesn't change from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piper warrior that doesn't change from
+aircraft to aircraft so you just punch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft to aircraft so you just punch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft to aircraft so you just punch
+that in you just punch and I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in you just punch and I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in you just punch and I think the
+total moment and the total weight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total moment and the total weight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total moment and the total weight of the
+empty airplane into an app like Geronimo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty airplane into an app like Geronimo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty airplane into an app like Geronimo
+and then it will calculate the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it will calculate the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it will calculate the rest of
+it for you but it already has the arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you but it already has the arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you but it already has the arms
+for each position in the aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each position in the aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each position in the aircraft
+remember that's just a distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that's just a distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that's just a distance from the
+pick some arbitrary point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick some arbitrary point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick some arbitrary point on the
+aircraft like just in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft like just in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft like just in front of the
+propeller and you're just looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller and you're just looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller and you're just looking at the
+number of inches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of inches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of inches
+back from the propeller for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the propeller for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the propeller for example that
+makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense
+okay so we're overweight will it fly ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're overweight will it fly ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're overweight will it fly ten
+pounds overweight what do you guys think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds overweight what do you guys think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds overweight what do you guys think
+it will and you might actually fly up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will and you might actually fly up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will and you might actually fly up to
+about 30 percent overweight generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 percent overweight generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 percent overweight generally
+because I think people get waivers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think people get waivers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think people get waivers to
+take off with an extra fuel tank when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off with an extra fuel tank when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off with an extra fuel tank when
+they're trying to cross the Atlantic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to cross the Atlantic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to cross the Atlantic or
+the Pacific Ocean or something however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pacific Ocean or something however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pacific Ocean or something however
+it's an especially bad idea to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an especially bad idea to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an especially bad idea to go
+overweight if its turbulent because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overweight if its turbulent because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overweight if its turbulent because the
+aircraft is designed for handling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft is designed for handling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft is designed for handling
+turbulence you know up to its gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence you know up to its gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence you know up to its gross
+weight so that's one thing that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so that's one thing that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so that's one thing that happens
+when people fly over gross is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people fly over gross is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people fly over gross is that it
+tends to strain things that shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to strain things that shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to strain things that shouldn't be
+strained so it's a bad practice as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strained so it's a bad practice as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strained so it's a bad practice as a
+regular matter and of course you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular matter and of course you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular matter and of course you're also
+reducing your performance margins but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing your performance margins but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing your performance margins but
+you know on a winter day in New England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on a winter day in New England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on a winter day in New England
+you have you know ample power so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you know ample power so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you know ample power so it's
+not like the airplane won't fly but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like the airplane won't fly but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like the airplane won't fly but it's
+not legal to fly and you know I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not legal to fly and you know I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not legal to fly and you know I actually
+you know I try never to exceed the gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I try never to exceed the gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I try never to exceed the gross
+weight what was the question it does go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight what was the question it does go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight what was the question it does go
+up with weight that's a good question if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with weight that's a good question if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with weight that's a good question if
+the maneuvering speed goes up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maneuvering speed goes up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maneuvering speed goes up with
+weight you know why do you start bending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight you know why do you start bending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight you know why do you start bending
+things I think that you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I think that you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I think that you know it's not
+just G loads that'll bend the aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just G loads that'll bend the aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just G loads that'll bend the aircraft
+it's also the overall weight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also the overall weight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also the overall weight of the
+stuff in there I don't know that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in there I don't know that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in there I don't know that's a
+good question for a real course 16 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question for a real course 16 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question for a real course 16 or
+course to engineer what do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to engineer what do you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to engineer what do you guys
+think that's that that's what I've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's that that's what I've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's that that's what I've heard
+though if you load it if you load it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though if you load it if you load it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though if you load it if you load it up
+it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's true but I have heard that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but I have heard that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but I have heard that you
+know if you're in smooth air you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're in smooth air you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're in smooth air you'll
+probably get away with it for quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get away with it for quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get away with it for quite a
+long time all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time all right
+but you also you want that performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also you want that performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also you want that performance
+margin you know if you get if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin you know if you get if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin you know if you get if you get
+into a downdraft off the lee side of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a downdraft off the lee side of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a downdraft off the lee side of a
+mountain you know you want some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain you know you want some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain you know you want some kind of
+reasonable climb rate and you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable climb rate and you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable climb rate and you know if
+it's one pound over gross you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one pound over gross you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one pound over gross you're gonna
+be good the higher you go over a gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good the higher you go over a gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good the higher you go over a gross
+weight you know the less performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight you know the less performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight you know the less performance
+margin you have that's why training is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin you have that's why training is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin you have that's why training is
+so great in a forest cedar helicopter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great in a forest cedar helicopter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great in a forest cedar helicopter or
+airplane because you have a lot of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane because you have a lot of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane because you have a lot of power
+to get yourself quickly out of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get yourself quickly out of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get yourself quickly out of you know
+an uncomfortable situation whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an uncomfortable situation whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an uncomfortable situation whatever it
+is because of those two empty seats in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of those two empty seats in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of those two empty seats in
+the back all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back all right
+takeoff performance we figured out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeoff performance we figured out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeoff performance we figured out that
+we only need a thousand feet of ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only need a thousand feet of ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only need a thousand feet of ground
+roll and there are really no obstacles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll and there are really no obstacles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll and there are really no obstacles
+at Hanscom field so the 2,000 foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Hanscom field so the 2,000 foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Hanscom field so the 2,000 foot
+number isn't even relevant we have 7,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number isn't even relevant we have 7,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number isn't even relevant we have 7,000
+feet of runway so we're good there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet of runway so we're good there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet of runway so we're good there
+landing we're gonna clear a 50-foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing we're gonna clear a 50-foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing we're gonna clear a 50-foot
+obstacle which we can expect to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle which we can expect to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle which we can expect to find
+probably in Vermont they have plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in Vermont they have plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in Vermont they have plenty of
+trees and Hills so let's make sure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and Hills so let's make sure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and Hills so let's make sure we
+have at least you know 1500 feet of mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least you know 1500 feet of mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least you know 1500 feet of mark
+of runway plus mrz which we do so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of runway plus mrz which we do so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of runway plus mrz which we do so the
+book says we command in 40% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book says we command in 40% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book says we command in 40% of the
+runway and remember I told you that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway and remember I told you that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway and remember I told you that for
+airline operations you try to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline operations you try to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline operations you try to make sure
+you can land in at least 60% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can land in at least 60% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can land in at least 60% of the
+runway so we're good there here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway so we're good there here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway so we're good there here's the
+sample flight plan form at the bottom I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample flight plan form at the bottom I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample flight plan form at the bottom I
+say fun fun exercises to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say fun fun exercises to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say fun fun exercises to look at the
+ICAO the international flight plan form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICAO the international flight plan form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICAO the international flight plan form
+I should probably put it in a slide it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should probably put it in a slide it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should probably put it in a slide it's
+so complicated that there's nobody on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so complicated that there's nobody on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so complicated that there's nobody on
+the planet I think they can really fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet I think they can really fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet I think they can really fill
+it out that computers will do it for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out that computers will do it for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out that computers will do it for you
+anyway here you're just telling it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway here you're just telling it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway here you're just telling it's
+been in use probably since the 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in use probably since the 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in use probably since the 50s
+you're just telling the FAA what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just telling the FAA what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just telling the FAA what kind of
+aircraft you have a few things when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft you have a few things when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft you have a few things when they
+ask you what type it is that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you what type it is that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you what type it is that would be
+something like sr20 for a cirrus or PA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like sr20 for a cirrus or PA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like sr20 for a cirrus or PA
+eight for a piper warrior true airspeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight for a piper warrior true airspeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight for a piper warrior true airspeed
+is going to be you know as computed not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be you know as computed not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be you know as computed not
+indicated but corrected for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated but corrected for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated but corrected for your
+pressure and density altitude also on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and density altitude also on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and density altitude also on
+the aircraft type there's a slash for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aircraft type there's a slash for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aircraft type there's a slash for
+special equipment so if you have a GPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special equipment so if you have a GPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special equipment so if you have a GPS
+on board which you know is no long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on board which you know is no long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on board which you know is no long
+well it's no longer special but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's no longer special but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's no longer special but anyway
+you're supposed to put slash golf so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to put slash golf so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to put slash golf so
+sr20 slash golf so the controllers if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sr20 slash golf so the controllers if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sr20 slash golf so the controllers if
+you're if you actually talking to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you actually talking to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you actually talking to you
+they know that you know they can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know that you know they can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know that you know they can tell
+you to go direct to some fixed it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to go direct to some fixed it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to go direct to some fixed it's only
+in the GPS anybody find the ICAO form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the GPS anybody find the ICAO form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the GPS anybody find the ICAO form
+who wants to fill it out all right good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to fill it out all right good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to fill it out all right good
+all right let's say let's do it 300 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's say let's do it 300 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's say let's do it 300 well
+let me let me let's go over here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me let's go over here to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me let's go over here to the
+dock camera for a moment so you got your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dock camera for a moment so you got your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dock camera for a moment so you got your
+handy dandy pencil and let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy dandy pencil and let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy dandy pencil and let's say the
+wind is from the north so we just pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind is from the north so we just pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind is from the north so we just pick
+any old spot here and let's say it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any old spot here and let's say it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any old spot here and let's say it's a
+thirty knot wind so it won't be so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty knot wind so it won't be so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty knot wind so it won't be so the
+wind's blowing from the north at 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind's blowing from the north at 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind's blowing from the north at 30
+knots that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots that makes sense
+okay and we want to go south with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we want to go south with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we want to go south with the
+wind true north so now we say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind true north so now we say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind true north so now we say well
+what's the airspeed of our series it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the airspeed of our series it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the airspeed of our series it's
+about 150 knots and then we can read at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 150 knots and then we can read at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 150 knots and then we can read at
+the bottom of our vector and now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of our vector and now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of our vector and now that
+wind vector has blown us to 180 knots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is everybody happy with that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everybody happy with that all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everybody happy with that all right
+so yeah so we put the dot on it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so we put the dot on it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so we put the dot on it and it
+is explained up here at the top okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is explained up here at the top okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is explained up here at the top okay
+let's try some other situations what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try some other situations what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try some other situations what if
+we want to go west that wind from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to go west that wind from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to go west that wind from the
+north again we put it here on the 180
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north again we put it here on the 180
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north again we put it here on the 180
+that wind from the north oh sorry we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wind from the north oh sorry we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wind from the north oh sorry we put
+it on the 150 so we're cruising at 150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the 150 so we're cruising at 150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the 150 so we're cruising at 150
+so notice remember I said this is act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice remember I said this is act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice remember I said this is act
+this is actually reflected here that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually reflected here that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually reflected here that a
+beam wind is a slight reduction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam wind is a slight reduction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam wind is a slight reduction in
+ground speed because they're also trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground speed because they're also trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground speed because they're also trying
+to fly into the wind so you can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly into the wind so you can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly into the wind so you can see here
+our ground speed has been reduced from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ground speed has been reduced from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ground speed has been reduced from
+150 to about 148 or 147 and we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 to about 148 or 147 and we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 to about 148 or 147 and we need a
+wind correction you can see here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind correction you can see here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind correction you can see here this is
+a 10 degree line so we're going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 10 degree line so we're going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 10 degree line so we're going to need
+a wind correction of about 12 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wind correction of about 12 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wind correction of about 12 degrees
+about this dear right about 12 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this dear right about 12 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this dear right about 12 degrees
+anyway and if we're actually let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and if we're actually let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and if we're actually let's see
+the wind was from the south
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh no the wind was from the north so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no the wind was from the north so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no the wind was from the north so if
+we're trying to go north then it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to go north then it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to go north then it becomes
+really simple we put it on 150 and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple we put it on 150 and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple we put it on 150 and now
+we're only going 120 knots alright I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going 120 knots alright I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going 120 knots alright I
+think I survived that that was one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I survived that that was one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I survived that that was one of my
+big fears about this class so I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big fears about this class so I learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big fears about this class so I learned
+to do that in oh I learned to do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in oh I learned to do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in oh I learned to do that in
+2001 and the fall of I say well I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 and the fall of I say well I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 and the fall of I say well I guess
+probably yeah probably in early 2002
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scary huh how much people forget alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary huh how much people forget alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary huh how much people forget alright
+I want to show you I just want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you I just want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you I just want to show
+you one of these sites okay so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one of these sites okay so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one of these sites okay so here we
+are in skyvector we can store some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in skyvector we can store some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in skyvector we can store some
+flight plans because I am logged in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight plans because I am logged in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight plans because I am logged in so
+I'll open an existing plan and I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll open an existing plan and I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll open an existing plan and I'll say
+I want to go from Bedford to Bennington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to go from Bedford to Bennington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to go from Bedford to Bennington
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+today at 20 Allu which is three o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today at 20 Allu which is three o'clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today at 20 Allu which is three o'clock
+local time so as soon as the class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local time so as soon as the class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local time so as soon as the class is
+over we teleport to Hanscom field the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over we teleport to Hanscom field the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over we teleport to Hanscom field the
+instructor is already preflighted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor is already preflighted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor is already preflighted the
+warrior so we jump in and we go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrior so we jump in and we go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrior so we jump in and we go all
+right so here we have I think you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here we have I think you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here we have I think you saw
+this before here are the points that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before here are the points that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before here are the points that I
+picked out as being may be easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked out as being may be easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked out as being may be easy to
+recognize from the air along our trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize from the air along our trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize from the air along our trip
+and we say okay well what's the what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say okay well what's the what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say okay well what's the what's
+the weather going to be like we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather going to be like we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather going to be like we just
+click here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click here
+and we get an official briefing from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get an official briefing from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get an official briefing from a
+flight service station voi LA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight service station voi LA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight service station voi LA
+there's ooh special at Bedford won eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ooh special at Bedford won eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ooh special at Bedford won eight
+wins one eight zero at 17 gusting 26 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins one eight zero at 17 gusting 26 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins one eight zero at 17 gusting 26 for
+snapchat miles of visibility light rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapchat miles of visibility light rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapchat miles of visibility light rain
+mist overcast 800 temperatures 13 dew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mist overcast 800 temperatures 13 dew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mist overcast 800 temperatures 13 dew
+points 12 so that's not much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points 12 so that's not much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points 12 so that's not much of a
+temperature dew points wet and sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dew points wet and sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dew points wet and sure
+enough the clouds are pretty close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough the clouds are pretty close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough the clouds are pretty close to
+the ground right with a one degree split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground right with a one degree split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground right with a one degree split
+you'd expect the clouds to be close peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd expect the clouds to be close peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd expect the clouds to be close peak
+wind was 1 8 0 at 2 7 mm look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind was 1 8 0 at 2 7 mm look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind was 1 8 0 at 2 7 mm look at this
+terminal forecast the longer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal forecast the longer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal forecast the longer the
+terminal forecasts usually the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal forecasts usually the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal forecasts usually the more
+upsetting the weather is it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upsetting the weather is it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upsetting the weather is it's going to
+be down to one statute mile heavy rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be down to one statute mile heavy rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be down to one statute mile heavy rain
+plus RA overcast 800 and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus RA overcast 800 and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus RA overcast 800 and it's going to
+be gusting 38 that's at 1800 Zulu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be gusting 38 that's at 1800 Zulu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be gusting 38 that's at 1800 Zulu
+so that's forecast for our I think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's forecast for our I think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's forecast for our I think we're
+departing at 20 a Zulu we said right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departing at 20 a Zulu we said right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departing at 20 a Zulu we said right so
+that's the forecast for our departure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the forecast for our departure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the forecast for our departure
+time that's not looking so good the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's not looking so good the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's not looking so good the good
+news is there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+really upsetting NOTAMs there say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really upsetting NOTAMs there say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really upsetting NOTAMs there say I
+think that this is this new you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this is this new you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this is this new you can look
+it up in the aim five five five for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up in the aim five five five for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up in the aim five five five for the
+runway condition code 100% wet but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway condition code 100% wet but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway condition code 100% wet but I
+think that mean as the breaking action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that mean as the breaking action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that mean as the breaking action
+is still just fine as you'd expect for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still just fine as you'd expect for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still just fine as you'd expect for a
+groove runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groove runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groove runway
+alright so everything's good there how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so everything's good there how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so everything's good there how
+about Bennington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what Oh the okay student asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Oh the okay student asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Oh the okay student asked
+about the colored pins which I think by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the colored pins which I think by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the colored pins which I think by
+which I think he means the pins of color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think he means the pins of color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think he means the pins of color
+so the red is IFR weather conditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the red is IFR weather conditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the red is IFR weather conditions and
+the blue I think is marginal VFR and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue I think is marginal VFR and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue I think is marginal VFR and you
+can set that up in these layers so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set that up in these layers so yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set that up in these layers so yes
+e-text whether we're just inverting its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-text whether we're just inverting its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-text whether we're just inverting its
+converting those texts weathers to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting those texts weathers to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting those texts weathers to two
+graphics okay good question yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics okay good question yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics okay good question yeah so
+anyway it's kind of an ugly day maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's kind of an ugly day maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's kind of an ugly day maybe
+want to fly some other time however we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fly some other time however we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fly some other time however we
+could follow the flight plan if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could follow the flight plan if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could follow the flight plan if we
+wanted to and it also give us this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to and it also give us this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to and it also give us this
+helpful little nav log here that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful little nav log here that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful little nav log here that we can
+use in the aircraft so all that hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in the aircraft so all that hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in the aircraft so all that hard
+work that we were doing with the e6b can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that we were doing with the e6b can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that we were doing with the e6b can
+be done for us free and very easily and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done for us free and very easily and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done for us free and very easily and
+very conveniently with just a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very conveniently with just a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very conveniently with just a couple
+clicks on sky factor I see that Tina's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks on sky factor I see that Tina's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks on sky factor I see that Tina's
+here so she's she's a huge for flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so she's she's a huge for flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so she's she's a huge for flight
+plan where oh yeah there she is so Tina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan where oh yeah there she is so Tina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan where oh yeah there she is so Tina
+will tell you maybe it would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you maybe it would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you maybe it would have been
+even easier on floor flight but sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even easier on floor flight but sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even easier on floor flight but sky
+vector you know sky vector does many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector you know sky vector does many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector you know sky vector does many
+fewer things in for flight and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer things in for flight and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer things in for flight and therefore
+the interface is simpler and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface is simpler and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface is simpler and of course
+the for flight folks will be here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for flight folks will be here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for flight folks will be here at
+three and I'm sure they'll tell you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and I'm sure they'll tell you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and I'm sure they'll tell you why
+for flights better than sky vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright let's go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright let's go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright let's go back to the
+presentation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are just some of my favorites like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just some of my favorites like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just some of my favorites like
+I said there's a whole ton of these apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said there's a whole ton of these apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said there's a whole ton of these apps
+question oh yeah the question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question oh yeah the question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question oh yeah the question is what
+does it mean to file a flight plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean to file a flight plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean to file a flight plan
+so the FAA has these computer system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the FAA has these computer system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the FAA has these computer system
+these old mainframes I think for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these old mainframes I think for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these old mainframes I think for a while
+they had Philips mean frame computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had Philips mean frame computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had Philips mean frame computers
+you may not have heard of Philips as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not have heard of Philips as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not have heard of Philips as a
+popular vendor of computer systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular vendor of computer systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular vendor of computer systems
+that's because they exited the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because they exited the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because they exited the business
+I think in the late 60s early 70s but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in the late 60s early 70s but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in the late 60s early 70s but
+the FAA had all the software that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FAA had all the software that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FAA had all the software that was
+running in folks machine code so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in folks machine code so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in folks machine code so they
+were emulating the Philips mainframes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were emulating the Philips mainframes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were emulating the Philips mainframes on
+more modern systems you know right up -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more modern systems you know right up -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more modern systems you know right up -
+I don't know into the 2000s at least I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know into the 2000s at least I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know into the 2000s at least I'm
+not sure if it's still that old Philips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure if it's still that old Philips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure if it's still that old Philips
+code that takes your flight plan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that takes your flight plan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that takes your flight plan to
+something similar so your flight plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar so your flight plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar so your flight plan
+gets sent from whatever application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets sent from whatever application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets sent from whatever application
+you're using I think - maybe leidos the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using I think - maybe leidos the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using I think - maybe leidos the
+Lockheed Martin spin-off contractor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lockheed Martin spin-off contractor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lockheed Martin spin-off contractor that
+took over flight service in 2005 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took over flight service in 2005 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took over flight service in 2005 I
+believe it was and from there it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it was and from there it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it was and from there it goes
+into some FAA computer system and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some FAA computer system and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some FAA computer system and it's
+accessible to you know the controllers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible to you know the controllers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible to you know the controllers
+if it's an instrument flight plan you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's an instrument flight plan you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's an instrument flight plan you
+know they'll develop a rote route for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they'll develop a rote route for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they'll develop a rote route for
+you if it's just a VFR flight plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if it's just a VFR flight plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if it's just a VFR flight plan
+point-to-point and you're gonna activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point-to-point and you're gonna activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point-to-point and you're gonna activate
+it and deactivate it manually it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and deactivate it manually it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and deactivate it manually it may
+stay with the flight service station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with the flight service station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with the flight service station
+because the controller's you know have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the controller's you know have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the controller's you know have
+no reason to know about that or care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason to know about that or care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason to know about that or care
+that into your question yes there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into your question yes there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into your question yes there's a
+whole bunch of different places that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of different places that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of different places that can
+enter the flight plan where it gets more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the flight plan where it gets more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the flight plan where it gets more
+complicated and where I think an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and where I think an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and where I think an
+application like for flight might come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application like for flight might come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application like for flight might come
+in very handy is international flying so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very handy is international flying so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very handy is international flying so
+if you go to Mexico or something you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to Mexico or something you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to Mexico or something you end
+up physically walking over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up physically walking over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up physically walking over to the
+control tower and there's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control tower and there's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control tower and there's you know
+people who help you there they fill out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who help you there they fill out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who help you there they fill out
+the forms on paper and you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forms on paper and you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forms on paper and you know it's
+it's kind of fun you got a budget an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of fun you got a budget an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of fun you got a budget an
+extra half hour before every departure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra half hour before every departure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra half hour before every departure
+to fill out all the paperwork but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill out all the paperwork but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill out all the paperwork but
+they're all nice people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes the question is what if you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the question is what if you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the question is what if you have to
+call in on the radio your flight plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call in on the radio your flight plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call in on the radio your flight plan
+the flight server station what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flight server station what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flight server station what do you
+provide you basically just they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide you basically just they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide you basically just they'll
+prompt you if need be but some people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompt you if need be but some people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompt you if need be but some people on
+their knee board or whatever will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their knee board or whatever will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their knee board or whatever will have
+the elements of a flight plan and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of a flight plan and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of a flight plan and they
+they you just you just read out you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you just you just read out you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you just you just read out you know
+the same as the flight plan form you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the flight plan form you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the flight plan form you
+know where you want to go what your what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where you want to go what your what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where you want to go what your what
+your registration number is seven zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your registration number is seven zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your registration number is seven zero
+seven whiskey Tango your type sr20 slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven whiskey Tango your type sr20 slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven whiskey Tango your type sr20 slash
+golf how many souls on board how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golf how many souls on board how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golf how many souls on board how much
+fuel you have all that other stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel you have all that other stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel you have all that other stuff and
+they enter it in the system just as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they enter it in the system just as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they enter it in the system just as if
+you've done it on the phone you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done it on the phone you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done it on the phone you can also
+do it by calling that 1-800 WX brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it by calling that 1-800 WX brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it by calling that 1-800 WX brief
+number you can do everything by phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you can do everything by phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you can do everything by phone
+question all right let's see what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question all right let's see what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question all right let's see what else
+we got in here suggested reading so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got in here suggested reading so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got in here suggested reading so far
+61 and 91 is the stuff that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+61 and 91 is the stuff that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+61 and 91 is the stuff that you're going
+to be tested on but you know it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be tested on but you know it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be tested on but you know it might
+not be the best plan for prudence so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the best plan for prudence so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the best plan for prudence so for
+example in Canada in Canada you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in Canada in Canada you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in Canada in Canada you need
+special training and an endorsement at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special training and an endorsement at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special training and an endorsement at
+least if not I think it might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least if not I think it might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least if not I think it might be a
+rating you need special training and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating you need special training and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating you need special training and I
+think a rating to fly at night VFR in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a rating to fly at night VFR in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a rating to fly at night VFR in
+some countries VFR flight at night it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some countries VFR flight at night it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some countries VFR flight at night it's
+just simply unauthorized as Tina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply unauthorized as Tina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply unauthorized as Tina
+mentioned you have to file IFR I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you have to file IFR I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you have to file IFR I think
+if you want to go flying around a night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to go flying around a night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to go flying around a night
+in Mexico the four Forfar 135 they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mexico the four Forfar 135 they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mexico the four Forfar 135 they say
+look you can't fly single pilot IFR with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you can't fly single pilot IFR with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you can't fly single pilot IFR with
+no autopilot you have to you know have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no autopilot you have to you know have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no autopilot you have to you know have
+some way of taking your hands off you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way of taking your hands off you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way of taking your hands off you
+know and not having the airplane go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and not having the airplane go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and not having the airplane go
+upside down on the clouds you yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down on the clouds you yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down on the clouds you yeah so
+just look at those operating limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at those operating limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at those operating limitations
+and when you know when you're doing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you know when you're doing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you know when you're doing your
+flight plan just ask yourself you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight plan just ask yourself you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight plan just ask yourself you know
+should I be something doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I be something doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I be something doing something
+that's more aggressive than then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more aggressive than then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more aggressive than then what
+the Charter and airline crews are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Charter and airline crews are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Charter and airline crews are
+permitted to do alright so we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitted to do alright so we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitted to do alright so we can take
+questions and meanwhile I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and meanwhile I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and meanwhile I'll show you
+while you're thinking of your questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're thinking of your questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're thinking of your questions
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+the planning well doesn't really show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planning well doesn't really show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planning well doesn't really show
+the planning I guess some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planning I guess some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planning I guess some of the
+planning we had to load up this pilatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning we had to load up this pilatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning we had to load up this pilatus
+with sixty sea turtles I think that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sixty sea turtles I think that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sixty sea turtles I think that was
+late November early December so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late November early December so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late November early December so you can
+see there they are in the back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there they are in the back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there they are in the back of the
+airplane there in these Chiquita banana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane there in these Chiquita banana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane there in these Chiquita banana
+boxes here's the Garmin 650 in the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes here's the Garmin 650 in the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes here's the Garmin 650 in the front
+of the airplane showing that we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the airplane showing that we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the airplane showing that we're just
+entering Virginia I believe and we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering Virginia I believe and we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering Virginia I believe and we still
+have two hours to go before we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two hours to go before we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two hours to go before we get to
+anima City Florida we're getting 281
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anima City Florida we're getting 281
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anima City Florida we're getting 281
+knots over the ground which is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots over the ground which is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots over the ground which is a little
+bit of a tail wind that's unusual going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a tail wind that's unusual going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a tail wind that's unusual going
+to Florida when we get there we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Florida when we get there we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Florida when we get there we get
+treated like rock stars there's a TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated like rock stars there's a TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated like rock stars there's a TV
+station there the turtles are here being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station there the turtles are here being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station there the turtles are here being
+transferred and there's our cockpit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred and there's our cockpit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred and there's our cockpit at
+night we flew back at night it was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night we flew back at night it was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night we flew back at night it was kind
+of a long day maybe 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a long day maybe 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a long day maybe 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. or
+something and there's one of our sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and there's one of our sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and there's one of our sea
+turtle friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FdW8ZEaqcaw.txt b/FdW8ZEaqcaw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..662545a8da72163e0fc5625d4248fae3d2681f3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FdW8ZEaqcaw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9171 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we didn't quite finish last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't quite finish last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't quite finish last time
+the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last
+part of the visual system so let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the visual system so let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the visual system so let me say
+a little bit about the transcordical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about the transcordical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about the transcordical
+connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what does it mean this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean this first
+statement is neocortical area and neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is neocortical area and neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is neocortical area and neuron
+number increase in evolution the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number increase in evolution the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number increase in evolution the amount
+of white matter increases also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of white matter increases also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of white matter increases also
+at a slightly greater rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what does that indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that would be one issue to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one issue to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one issue to talk about
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the visual system there's specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the visual system there's specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the visual system there's specific
+long transcortical connections that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long transcortical connections that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long transcortical connections that have
+been emphasized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been emphasized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been emphasized in
+recent neuropsychology because they seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent neuropsychology because they seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent neuropsychology because they seem
+to be very important in understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very important in understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very important in understanding
+some of the functions of immunocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the functions of immunocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the functions of immunocortex
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I talk about three transcrotical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk about three transcrotical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk about three transcrotical
+pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways
+in the chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two of them are frequently talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them are frequently talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them are frequently talked about
+by cognitive neuroscientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+one of them is not so commonly talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is not so commonly talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is not so commonly talked
+about but I have come to believe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but I have come to believe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but I have come to believe it's
+just as important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as important
+so I want to just quickly go through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to just quickly go through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to just quickly go through all
+three uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh
+can any of you summarize for me what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can any of you summarize for me what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can any of you summarize for me what the
+main functions of these three Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main functions of these three Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main functions of these three Pathways
+is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay object location that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah effective associations is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah effective associations is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah effective associations is a good
+way to say it but it I think in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to say it but it I think in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to say it but it I think in terms of
+cognitive psychology they would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive psychology they would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive psychology they would say
+identification of objects because to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of objects because to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of objects because to
+make an association you have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an association you have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an association you have to know
+what it is so if you encounter it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is so if you encounter it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is so if you encounter it again
+and you form that kind of effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you form that kind of effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you form that kind of effective
+Association you know you retain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association you know you retain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association you know you retain that
+knowledge so that's right what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge so that's right what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge so that's right what about the
+third one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I summarize it as where am I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I summarize it as where am I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I summarize it as where am I now
+let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just
+let me explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me explain
+without even looking at these slides if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without even looking at these slides if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without even looking at these slides if
+I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just
+when we talk about spatial location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about spatial location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about spatial location
+we can mean where something is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can mean where something is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can mean where something is around
+our head you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our head you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our head you know
+uh if I'm looking here the clock is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I'm looking here the clock is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I'm looking here the clock is over
+there in my left visual field the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in my left visual field the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in my left visual field the
+windows are in my right visual field the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows are in my right visual field the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows are in my right visual field the
+computer's in my central field right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer's in my central field right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer's in my central field right now
+slightly in the lower field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly in the lower field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly in the lower field
+that's what this is all object location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this is all object location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this is all object location
+we call it egocentric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it egocentric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it egocentric
+localization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization
+that is not with respect to the ego with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not with respect to the ego with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not with respect to the ego with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+our heads head and eyes okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our heads head and eyes okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our heads head and eyes okay that's
+egocentric location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egocentric location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egocentric location
+so what is allocentric aloe means other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is allocentric aloe means other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is allocentric aloe means other
+okay so my allocentric orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so my allocentric orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so my allocentric orientation
+is where I am in this room where I am in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where I am in this room where I am in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where I am in this room where I am in
+the building where I am at MIT that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building where I am at MIT that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building where I am at MIT that's
+all that's all allocentric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's all allocentric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's all allocentric
+what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it
+we'll talk about that when we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that when we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that when we look at
+the pathway to see what's involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway to see what's involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway to see what's involved in
+that and it will come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it will come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it will come up
+a number of times again it's become so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of times again it's become so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of times again it's become so
+important for understanding the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for understanding the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for understanding the medial
+palette and the hippocampal formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palette and the hippocampal formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palette and the hippocampal formation
+Associated structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated structures
+in the last 15 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right uh this is the often called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh this is the often called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh this is the often called
+the dorsal stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal stream
+leading from Strike cortex the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading from Strike cortex the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading from Strike cortex the first
+visual area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm just having I put in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just having I put in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just having I put in a couple of
+arrows here but I could have put in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows here but I could have put in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows here but I could have put in one
+big one they basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from all over area 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all over area 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all over area 17
+visual area one you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual area one you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual area one you get
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fibers projecting to juxta striat areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers projecting to juxta striat areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers projecting to juxta striat areas
+the the two primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two primarily
+and from there there are Pathways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from there there are Pathways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from there there are Pathways that
+go in and not to a number of places and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in and not to a number of places and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in and not to a number of places and
+one of the places they go to is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the places they go to is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the places they go to is the
+posterior parietal area and I've drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior parietal area and I've drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior parietal area and I've drawn
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+origins of several major bundles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins of several major bundles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins of several major bundles of
+axons that lead from the posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons that lead from the posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons that lead from the posterior
+parietal area into the prefrontal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal area into the prefrontal cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal area into the prefrontal cortex
+now that posterior parietal area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that posterior parietal area is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that posterior parietal area is
+concerned with spatial localization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with spatial localization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with spatial localization of
+things that we see around us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+this is the often called the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the often called the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the often called the ventral
+stream pathway also originating in area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream pathway also originating in area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream pathway also originating in area
+17 also projecting to the pre-stride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 also projecting to the pre-stride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 also projecting to the pre-stride
+areas the V2 areas okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+from those areas in V2 and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those areas in V2 and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those areas in V2 and from the
+posterior parietal areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior parietal areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior parietal areas
+that are getting such input from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are getting such input from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are getting such input from the
+pre-stride areas you have Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-stride areas you have Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-stride areas you have Pathways
+leading into the temporal lobe that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading into the temporal lobe that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading into the temporal lobe that part
+of the visual cortex that's expanded so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the visual cortex that's expanded so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the visual cortex that's expanded so
+much in the temporalization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the temporalization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the temporalization of the
+hemispheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres
+and so I've just sketched it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I've just sketched it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I've just sketched it here
+indicating that they come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating that they come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating that they come from
+the areas all around all bordering area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the areas all around all bordering area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the areas all around all bordering area
+17. okay from a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17. okay from a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17. okay from a number of different
+visual areas there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual areas there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual areas there
+and they project to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they project to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they project to the
+inferotemporal cortex the inferior gyres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferotemporal cortex the inferior gyres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferotemporal cortex the inferior gyres
+of the temple lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the temple lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the temple lobe
+okay and then for each of the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then for each of the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then for each of the these
+Pathways you can see there are Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways you can see there are Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways you can see there are Pathways
+leading to the prefrontal here I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to the prefrontal here I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to the prefrontal here I show
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the dorsal pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal pathways
+I'll show you many other trans-cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you many other trans-cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you many other trans-cortical
+Pathways in the monkey later and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways in the monkey later and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways in the monkey later and they
+become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+confirmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed
+it's just about every one of them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just about every one of them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just about every one of them that
+you know they know has corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they know has corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they know has corresponding
+pathway in humans that they know now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway in humans that they know now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway in humans that they know now
+from diffusion tensor Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from diffusion tensor Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from diffusion tensor Imaging
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+here's the ventral stream and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the ventral stream and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the ventral stream and we know
+there are Pathways going from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are Pathways going from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are Pathways going from the
+inferior temporal lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior temporal lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior temporal lobe
+into the ventral part of the prefrontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the ventral part of the prefrontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the ventral part of the prefrontal
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+okay okay now if I look at Pathways from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now if I look at Pathways from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now if I look at Pathways from
+those areas either from stride and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those areas either from stride and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those areas either from stride and
+pre-stride areas or from these areas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-stride areas or from these areas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-stride areas or from these areas in
+the frontal lobe most of them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frontal lobe most of them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frontal lobe most of them in the
+frontal eye fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal eye fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal eye fields
+an area very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area very important for
+say our working memory of things were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say our working memory of things were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say our working memory of things were
+looking at we retained briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at we retained briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at we retained briefly
+positions of things around us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of things around us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of things around us that
+affects the way we plan movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the way we plan movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the way we plan movements
+but look at where they project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at where they project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at where they project
+basically you find projections from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you find projections from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you find projections from the
+front line fields that are matched by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front line fields that are matched by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front line fields that are matched by
+projections from pre-stride and stride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections from pre-stride and stride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections from pre-stride and stride
+for one thing they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one thing they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one thing they go
+to the superior collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the superior collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the superior collisions
+that would be the major structure there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the major structure there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the major structure there
+the largest structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's uh we know what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's uh we know what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's uh we know what that's
+concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with
+had an eye Orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an eye Orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an eye Orange
+but they also go to the corpus triatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also go to the corpus triatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also go to the corpus triatum
+either directly from the occipital area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either directly from the occipital area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either directly from the occipital area
+or through the front line fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or through the front line fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or through the front line fields
+they also go to the sub Thalamus and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also go to the sub Thalamus and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also go to the sub Thalamus and the
+ventral lateral genicular body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral lateral genicular body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral lateral genicular body
+okay if we look at the other areas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we look at the other areas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we look at the other areas the
+ventral stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral stream
+from the inferior temporal cortex we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the inferior temporal cortex we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the inferior temporal cortex we get
+Pathways to the amygdala first described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways to the amygdala first described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways to the amygdala first described
+by nada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by nada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by nada
+we get pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get pathways
+from the amygdala or directly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the amygdala or directly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the amygdala or directly from
+infra-temporal cortex going into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infra-temporal cortex going into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infra-temporal cortex going into the
+ventral prefrontal areas that ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral prefrontal areas that ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral prefrontal areas that ventral
+prefunnel Association cortex has is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefunnel Association cortex has is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefunnel Association cortex has is the
+only area of neocortex that projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only area of neocortex that projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only area of neocortex that projects
+directly to the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the hypothalamus
+now there's other end brain structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's other end brain structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's other end brain structures
+like hippocampus or amygdala that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hippocampus or amygdala that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hippocampus or amygdala that
+project directly to a hypothalamus but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project directly to a hypothalamus but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project directly to a hypothalamus but
+this is the only neocortical area that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the only neocortical area that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the only neocortical area that
+has a reasonably strong projection there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a reasonably strong projection there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a reasonably strong projection there
+I don't show it being really strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't show it being really strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't show it being really strong
+because in comparative terms it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in comparative terms it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in comparative terms it isn't
+a heavier projection goes to the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heavier projection goes to the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heavier projection goes to the ventral
+parts of the striatum the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the striatum the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the striatum the ventral
+striatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum
+very important in habit learning as We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important in habit learning as We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important in habit learning as We
+Know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Know
+and that has heavy projections to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that has heavy projections to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that has heavy projections to the
+hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+the third pathway is concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third pathway is concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third pathway is concerned with
+allocentric orientation this was seen by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocentric orientation this was seen by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocentric orientation this was seen by
+NoDa in his studies of prefrontal Cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NoDa in his studies of prefrontal Cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NoDa in his studies of prefrontal Cortex
+but he he included in his reviews of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he he included in his reviews of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he he included in his reviews of
+this a number of Pathways he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a number of Pathways he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a number of Pathways he had
+discovered and he in I found in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered and he in I found in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered and he in I found in two
+different papers he had traced Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different papers he had traced Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different papers he had traced Pathways
+from that posterior parietal area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that posterior parietal area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that posterior parietal area
+the same area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same area
+that we know projects from live fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know projects from live fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know projects from live fields
+it has a medial stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a medial stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a medial stream
+that projects not just to singulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that projects not just to singulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that projects not just to singulate
+Cortex there but to the retrospinal area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cortex there but to the retrospinal area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cortex there but to the retrospinal area
+and para hippocampal drivers these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and para hippocampal drivers these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and para hippocampal drivers these are
+all areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all areas
+that project to the hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that project to the hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that project to the hippocampus
+that means they're concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means they're concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means they're concerned with
+where the animal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and spatial that kind of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spatial that kind of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spatial that kind of memory
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so I consider that to be on a par with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I consider that to be on a par with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I consider that to be on a par with
+the other two Pathways so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two Pathways so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two Pathways so I'm going to
+call it you could call it the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it you could call it the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it you could call it the medial
+stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream
+but sometimes it's represented this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes it's represented this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes it's represented this way
+which is why I guess I didn't use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why I guess I didn't use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why I guess I didn't use those
+terms in my book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in my book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in my book
+sometimes shown in the lateral view but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes shown in the lateral view but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes shown in the lateral view but
+knowing that Anatomy I think this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that Anatomy I think this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that Anatomy I think this is the
+better way to show it because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way to show it because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way to show it because you know
+you could show the one going here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could show the one going here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could show the one going here
+here at the Campbell gyrus you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the Campbell gyrus you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the Campbell gyrus you could
+easily show it going around the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily show it going around the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily show it going around the edge
+like this but this way it shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but this way it shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but this way it shows the
+whole pathway much better all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not going to spend a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to spend a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to spend a lot of time
+talking I just want to mention one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking I just want to mention one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking I just want to mention one thing
+about transcrotical Pathways from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about transcrotical Pathways from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about transcrotical Pathways from a
+theoretical viewpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical viewpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical viewpoint
+just from a theoretical standpoint you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from a theoretical standpoint you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from a theoretical standpoint you
+could have nearby cortical areas just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have nearby cortical areas just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have nearby cortical areas just
+project to the nearby areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to the nearby areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to the nearby areas
+but always to just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but always to just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but always to just say
+three other areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other areas
+that would be called absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be called absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be called absolute
+connectivity they all project to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity they all project to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity they all project to three
+nearby areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby areas
+or you could have them all projected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could have them all projected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could have them all projected to
+all of the others that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the others that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the others that would be
+proportional connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional connectivity
+that would involve enormous increases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would involve enormous increases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would involve enormous increases in
+white matter as neocortical number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white matter as neocortical number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white matter as neocortical number
+increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased
+we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know
+from the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the way
+if you plot the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plot the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plot the volume
+of Cortex versus the volume of the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Cortex versus the volume of the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Cortex versus the volume of the white
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+that they tend to it's fairly linear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they tend to it's fairly linear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they tend to it's fairly linear the
+way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they
+they're correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're correlated
+so we know it's got to be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know it's got to be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know it's got to be something
+closer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to this
+but we also know that there are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also know that there are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also know that there are some of
+these long connections like we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these long connections like we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these long connections like we just
+talked about that type of connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that type of connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that type of connectivity
+is called a small world architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's good to actually take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to actually take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to actually take a look at
+that because it's so General in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it's so General in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it's so General in its
+relevance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance
+small world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small world
+network connectivity is basic to a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network connectivity is basic to a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network connectivity is basic to a lot
+of social communication it's basic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of social communication it's basic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of social communication it's basic to
+the spread of disease it's you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spread of disease it's you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spread of disease it's you know and
+so on and so forth not just to the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth not just to the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth not just to the brain
+but what it means is you have a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what it means is you have a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what it means is you have a kind of
+regular connectivity each area or each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular connectivity each area or each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular connectivity each area or each
+cell if you want to it can apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell if you want to it can apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell if you want to it can apply to
+whole areas it can apply to cells an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole areas it can apply to cells an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole areas it can apply to cells an
+axis number of nearby areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis number of nearby areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis number of nearby areas
+Plus some random in theoretical terms we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus some random in theoretical terms we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus some random in theoretical terms we
+just say the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say the random
+this would be completely random here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be completely random here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be completely random here
+with no bias towards connecting to local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no bias towards connecting to local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no bias towards connecting to local
+areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+completely random in the middle here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely random in the middle here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely random in the middle here in
+small world architecture you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small world architecture you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small world architecture you have the
+connection to nearby areas plus a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to nearby areas plus a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to nearby areas plus a few
+long connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long connections
+and it appears that those long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it appears that those long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it appears that those long
+connections that have evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections that have evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections that have evolved
+did evolve for a very specific adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did evolve for a very specific adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did evolve for a very specific adaptive
+reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we will not say the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will not say the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will not say the random
+but the result is still something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the result is still something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the result is still something like
+small world architecture and they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small world architecture and they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small world architecture and they've
+plotted you know the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted you know the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted you know the amount of
+clustering the amount of Separation how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering the amount of Separation how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering the amount of Separation how
+quickly can you get from one spot to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly can you get from one spot to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly can you get from one spot to the
+other it's a very efficient kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other it's a very efficient kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other it's a very efficient kind of
+wiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiring
+and they've studied Pathways in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've studied Pathways in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've studied Pathways in the
+visual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system
+in those terms and confirm that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those terms and confirm that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those terms and confirm that it's a
+kind of small world architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of small world architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of small world architecture
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I want to spend a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I want to spend a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I want to spend a couple of
+classes on the auditory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes on the auditory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes on the auditory system
+and if you have the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have the book
+there are a few mistakes in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few mistakes in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few mistakes in this
+chapters because it was the last chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters because it was the last chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters because it was the last chapter
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+I didn't like one of the figures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't like one of the figures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't like one of the figures the
+artists that helped me with so I threw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists that helped me with so I threw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists that helped me with so I threw
+it out and I put another one in and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and I put another one in and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and I put another one in and I
+did change the figure Legend but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did change the figure Legend but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did change the figure Legend but I
+didn't change the text and I there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change the text and I there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change the text and I there were
+a couple of other areas that obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of other areas that obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of other areas that obviously
+he was done last minute not a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was done last minute not a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was done last minute not a very good
+way to finish things up but that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to finish things up but that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to finish things up but that was the
+auditory system chapter so on page I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory system chapter so on page I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory system chapter so on page I can
+tell you exactly if you want to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you exactly if you want to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you exactly if you want to note
+this down you can just make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down you can just make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down you can just make the
+corrections in your book because I of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections in your book because I of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections in your book because I of
+course didn't have all your books page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course didn't have all your books page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course didn't have all your books page
+424 and 425. let me just point those out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+424 and 425. let me just point those out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+424 and 425. let me just point those out
+you'll remember them if I just tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll remember them if I just tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll remember them if I just tell you
+you don't have to write it down now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to write it down now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to write it down now but
+if you find if you've got your book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you find if you've got your book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you find if you've got your book
+on page 424 you'll see a figure where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page 424 you'll see a figure where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page 424 you'll see a figure where
+they call the stapes which is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call the stapes which is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call the stapes which is one of the
+Bonds in the middle ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bonds in the middle ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bonds in the middle ear
+the one that connects to the eardrum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that connects to the eardrum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that connects to the eardrum the
+tympanic memory they call it Staples the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tympanic memory they call it Staples the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tympanic memory they call it Staples the
+artist didn't she had a a word a spell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist didn't she had a a word a spell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist didn't she had a a word a spell
+checker this means to and I didn't catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checker this means to and I didn't catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checker this means to and I didn't catch
+it okay so it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so it should be
+Staples is a pretty good term I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staples is a pretty good term I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staples is a pretty good term I guess
+but it's actually the stapes okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually the stapes okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually the stapes okay and
+then on the other page there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on the other page there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on the other page there's a little
+parenthetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthetical
+statement there right at the bottom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement there right at the bottom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement there right at the bottom in
+in the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the text
+a parenthesis where the tectorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parenthesis where the tectorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parenthesis where the tectorial
+membrane is called the tympanic membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane is called the tympanic membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane is called the tympanic membrane
+I have no idea how I did that but I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have no idea how I did that but I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have no idea how I did that but I did
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+I see that MIT press now has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see that MIT press now has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see that MIT press now has the
+glossary online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the book site and there will be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the book site and there will be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the book site and there will be an
+error page too but if and so if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error page too but if and so if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error page too but if and so if any
+other errors please tell me about it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other errors please tell me about it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other errors please tell me about it so
+we can post those so and then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can post those so and then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can post those so and then the next
+printing they will they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing they will they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing they will they will
+get those in the second one is in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get those in the second one is in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get those in the second one is in that
+print parenthesis there where I say also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print parenthesis there where I say also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print parenthesis there where I say also
+the tympanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tympanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tympanic
+it's not the tympanic the tympanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the tympanic the tympanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the tympanic the tympanic
+membrane is the eardrum it's the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane is the eardrum it's the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane is the eardrum it's the it's
+the tectorial memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tectorial memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tectorial memory
+follows the coils of the cochlear as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows the coils of the cochlear as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows the coils of the cochlear as
+does the dazzler memory but let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the dazzler memory but let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the dazzler memory but let's look
+at that let's look at the pictures I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that let's look at the pictures I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that let's look at the pictures I
+just wanted you to correct that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted you to correct that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted you to correct that in the
+book and I think I actually if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and I think I actually if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and I think I actually if you see
+my original figure was an unrolled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my original figure was an unrolled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my original figure was an unrolled
+cochlea and I think I still call it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlea and I think I still call it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlea and I think I still call it an
+enrolled cochleaks that that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled cochleaks that that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled cochleaks that that's what
+didn't get changed to correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get changed to correspond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get changed to correspond to the
+new figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new figure
+it doesn't matter I'll show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter I'll show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter I'll show you the
+unrolled so you'll see what the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrolled so you'll see what the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrolled so you'll see what the original
+figure looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure looked like
+all right in the first class I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right in the first class I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right in the first class I'm going
+to talk about a little bit about early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about a little bit about early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about a little bit about early
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+and why the audition evolved the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why the audition evolved the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why the audition evolved the way it
+did especially defensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did especially defensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did especially defensive
+it's an anti-predatory behaviors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an anti-predatory behaviors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an anti-predatory behaviors but
+also special abilities needed especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also special abilities needed especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also special abilities needed especially
+by predators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by predators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by predators
+and then a little bit about the cochlear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a little bit about the cochlear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a little bit about the cochlear
+nuclei and the structures they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and the structures they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and the structures they're
+connected with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with
+and then the next class we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next class we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next class we'll talk about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the separation of localization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation of localization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation of localization and
+pattern detection it's quite different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern detection it's quite different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern detection it's quite different
+In audition than vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In audition than vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In audition than vision
+but in the cortex it ends up having some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the cortex it ends up having some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the cortex it ends up having some
+very great similarities to what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very great similarities to what we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very great similarities to what we just
+talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then we'll have time to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we'll have time to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we'll have time to talk a
+little bit about specializations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about specializations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about specializations in the
+auditory system echolocation Birdsong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory system echolocation Birdsong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory system echolocation Birdsong
+speech all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in
+the embryology of the brain stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the embryology of the brain stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the embryology of the brain stem
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+we you've heard about the mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you've heard about the mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you've heard about the mechanism
+three lateral line and the electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lateral line and the electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lateral line and the electricity
+lateral line but we know that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral line but we know that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral line but we know that that
+doesn't occur in a lot of species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't occur in a lot of species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't occur in a lot of species
+but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are
+auditory by codes in the in the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory by codes in the in the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory by codes in the in the head
+area that lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that lead
+to the formation of the primary Sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the formation of the primary Sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the formation of the primary Sensory
+neurons of both the auditory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons of both the auditory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons of both the auditory and
+distinguisher systems these are present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguisher systems these are present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguisher systems these are present
+in all over the great groups so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all over the great groups so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all over the great groups so they're
+not like the the lateral line systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+there's just two cranial nerves involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just two cranial nerves involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just two cranial nerves involved
+that in fact combine auditory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact combine auditory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact combine auditory and
+distributor we group them together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributor we group them together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributor we group them together the
+eighth cranial nerve they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth cranial nerve they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth cranial nerve they're actually
+separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+okay but they follow a route into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but they follow a route into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but they follow a route into the
+hindbrains follow the same root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrains follow the same root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrains follow the same root
+they're just two branches of the eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just two branches of the eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just two branches of the eighth
+nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve
+one going to the distributor canals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one going to the distributor canals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one going to the distributor canals one
+going to the cochlea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the cochlea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the cochlea
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so I want to just summarize visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to just summarize visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to just summarize visual
+Pathways the first picture I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways the first picture I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways the first picture I don't
+didn't even put right at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even put right at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even put right at the beginning
+there in the book because it looks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the book because it looks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the book because it looks so
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+so as this one is shown on the schematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as this one is shown on the schematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as this one is shown on the schematic
+of a mammalian brain and you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mammalian brain and you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mammalian brain and you see the
+cochlea the cartoon here and then I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlea the cartoon here and then I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlea the cartoon here and then I show
+the enlargement here of the ace nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enlargement here of the ace nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enlargement here of the ace nerve
+coming into the cochlear nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dcn adcn dorsal cochlear nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dcn adcn dorsal cochlear nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dcn adcn dorsal cochlear nucleus
+and and provincial cochlear nucleus you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and provincial cochlear nucleus you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and provincial cochlear nucleus you
+can just think of it as the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just think of it as the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just think of it as the ventral
+cochlear nucleus there is an anterior in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlear nucleus there is an anterior in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlear nucleus there is an anterior in
+a posterior part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a posterior part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a posterior part
+okay and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh
+then we can follow various Roots now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can follow various Roots now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can follow various Roots now
+what were those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were those
+let's first of all just simplify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first of all just simplify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first of all just simplify this
+whole thing but you see there's a reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing but you see there's a reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing but you see there's a reflex
+pathway here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway here
+going locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going locally
+getting to a motor neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to a motor neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to a motor neuron
+there's Pathways like that controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Pathways like that controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Pathways like that controlling
+the startle reflex for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the startle reflex for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the startle reflex for example
+and then you see a pathway to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you see a pathway to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you see a pathway to the
+cerebellum sort of cerebellar Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum sort of cerebellar Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum sort of cerebellar Pathways
+that's one of the municipal pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the municipal pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the municipal pathways
+and then other than initial Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then other than initial Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then other than initial Pathways
+which in the auditory system that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in the auditory system that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in the auditory system that first
+flush seem really complicated some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush seem really complicated some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush seem really complicated some of
+them are straightforward going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are straightforward going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are straightforward going to
+inferior folliculus then to the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior folliculus then to the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior folliculus then to the medial
+vernacular body then to the auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vernacular body then to the auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vernacular body then to the auditory
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+others are same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are same
+complicated one goes to the ventral part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated one goes to the ventral part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated one goes to the ventral part
+of the hindbrain and then that projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hindbrain and then that projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hindbrain and then that projects
+by means of other nuclei into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by means of other nuclei into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by means of other nuclei into the
+inferior colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior colliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior colliculus
+and from that region you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that region you also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that region you also have
+Pathways to totally Digest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways to totally Digest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways to totally Digest
+empiricals in fact they don't even go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empiricals in fact they don't even go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empiricals in fact they don't even go to
+the medial genital divided they go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial genital divided they go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial genital divided they go to
+structures around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures around it
+so it seems complicated so I just drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems complicated so I just drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems complicated so I just drawn
+this kind of simplified diagram of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of simplified diagram of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of simplified diagram of the
+ascending pathways okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the peripheral ganglia these would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the peripheral ganglia these would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the peripheral ganglia these would be
+the primary Sensory neurons then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary Sensory neurons then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary Sensory neurons then you get
+to the secondary sensory nuclei the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the secondary sensory nuclei the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the secondary sensory nuclei the
+cochlear nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlear nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlear nuclei
+but also in the hindbrand you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also in the hindbrand you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also in the hindbrand you have
+tertiary structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tertiary structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tertiary structures
+and the ventral part of the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+both of these kinds of structures in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these kinds of structures in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these kinds of structures in the
+hindbrain project to the midbrain with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain project to the midbrain with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain project to the midbrain with
+just a few axons in the mammals at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few axons in the mammals at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few axons in the mammals at least
+in some mammals it may not happen at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some mammals it may not happen at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some mammals it may not happen at all
+that go directly to the medial genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go directly to the medial genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go directly to the medial genetic
+body that would be the only thing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body that would be the only thing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body that would be the only thing like
+say the retino geniculate pathway it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the retino geniculate pathway it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the retino geniculate pathway it
+goes directly to the thalamus and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes directly to the thalamus and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes directly to the thalamus and the
+retina here we have dorsal cochlear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina here we have dorsal cochlear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina here we have dorsal cochlear
+nucleus and some axons directly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and some axons directly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and some axons directly to the
+media most of them go into the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media most of them go into the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media most of them go into the midbrain
+okay and I give the name there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I give the name there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I give the name there the
+empiricalis or the mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empiricalis or the mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empiricalis or the mammals
+but it's got other names and non-mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's got other names and non-mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's got other names and non-mammals
+of course semicirculars if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course semicirculars if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course semicirculars if you're
+looking at a bird a reptile needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a bird a reptile needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a bird a reptile needs to be
+called that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called that
+then you have the diencephalon tween
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have the diencephalon tween
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have the diencephalon tween
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+not just the medial genicula so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the medial genicula so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the medial genicula so that's
+the main one but the posterior nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main one but the posterior nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main one but the posterior nuclear
+group or group of nuclei that are around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group or group of nuclei that are around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group or group of nuclei that are around
+that here that structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here that structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here that structure
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and you also have the old Thalamus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also have the old Thalamus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also have the old Thalamus the
+interlaminer nuclei they also get input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interlaminer nuclei they also get input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interlaminer nuclei they also get input
+from the midbrain carrying auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the midbrain carrying auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the midbrain carrying auditory
+information though it tends to overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information though it tends to overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information though it tends to overlap
+with Visual and somatosensory and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Visual and somatosensory and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Visual and somatosensory and then
+finally the end brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the end brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the end brain
+and I point out not only auditory cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I point out not only auditory cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I point out not only auditory cortex
+but also part of the amygdala get direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also part of the amygdala get direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also part of the amygdala get direct
+connections from the auditory thumbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections from the auditory thumbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections from the auditory thumbs
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then of course the interlaminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course the interlaminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course the interlaminal
+nuclei that also good is the atom not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei that also good is the atom not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei that also good is the atom not
+only into cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only into cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only into cortex
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+let's talk a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk a little bit about the
+evolution of this system before we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of this system before we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of this system before we go
+back to some of these details and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to some of these details and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to some of these details and try to
+pick out the main things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know that escape behavior is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that escape behavior is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that escape behavior is always
+given prep precedence and evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given prep precedence and evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given prep precedence and evolution
+because it's so critical that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so critical that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so critical that the
+animals survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals survive
+or you can't reproduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can't reproduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can't reproduce
+so I'm asking you a behavioral question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm asking you a behavioral question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm asking you a behavioral question
+here if you've had my 920 class probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you've had my 920 class probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you've had my 920 class probably
+you might remember this I said describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might remember this I said describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might remember this I said describe
+an example of a fixed action pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a fixed action pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a fixed action pattern
+that is instinctive pre-wired Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is instinctive pre-wired Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is instinctive pre-wired Behavior
+is triggered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is triggered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is triggered by
+in small mammals by the sounds of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in small mammals by the sounds of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in small mammals by the sounds of a
+predator in fact it's usually triggered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator in fact it's usually triggered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator in fact it's usually triggered
+by any really novel stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any really novel stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any really novel stimuli
+freezing very simple freezing is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing very simple freezing is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing very simple freezing is a very
+common First Response what good is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common First Response what good is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common First Response what good is that
+most predators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most predators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most predators
+VTEC motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VTEC motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VTEC motion and
+so if the animal freezes pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the animal freezes pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the animal freezes pretty much
+disappears from the attention of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears from the attention of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears from the attention of the
+predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator
+so very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very important
+if you are a hamster for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are a hamster for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are a hamster for example the
+first thing they will do is freeze if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing they will do is freeze if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing they will do is freeze if
+there's a novel stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a novel stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a novel stimulus
+if the stimulus increases in spite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the stimulus increases in spite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the stimulus increases in spite of
+their freezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their freezing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their freezing
+then you will get just like that visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will get just like that visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will get just like that visual
+response we talked about you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response we talked about you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response we talked about you'll get
+rapid running they don't run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid running they don't run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid running they don't run
+in any particular direction with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any particular direction with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any particular direction with respect
+to the Predator they run towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Predator they run towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Predator they run towards the
+safe table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe table
+they run to their tunnel they run to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they run to their tunnel they run to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they run to their tunnel they run to a
+hiding place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding place
+so that's when they use their tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's when they use their tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's when they use their tectum
+okay they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're
+but what is triggered is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is triggered is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is triggered is then
+secondarily the rapid running and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondarily the rapid running and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondarily the rapid running and
+there's some other beautiful fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some other beautiful fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some other beautiful fixed
+action patterns I'd probably describe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action patterns I'd probably describe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action patterns I'd probably describe in
+the book the kangaroo rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book the kangaroo rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book the kangaroo rat
+that responds to a rattlesnake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that responds to a rattlesnake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that responds to a rattlesnake
+he hears the noise of the rattlesnake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hears the noise of the rattlesnake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hears the noise of the rattlesnake
+the Rattle and the kangaroo rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rattle and the kangaroo rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rattle and the kangaroo rat
+does freeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does freeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does freeze
+and then he does something really odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he does something really odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he does something really odd
+he just waits for the attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he just waits for the attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he just waits for the attack
+the rattlesnake attacks you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rattlesnake attacks you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rattlesnake attacks you can imagine
+here's that open mouth rushing towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's that open mouth rushing towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's that open mouth rushing towards
+the kangaroo rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kangaroo rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kangaroo rat
+as the head rushes through the air it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the head rushes through the air it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the head rushes through the air it
+the animals auditory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animals auditory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animals auditory system
+the the kangaroo race auditory system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the kangaroo race auditory system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the kangaroo race auditory system is
+tuned to respond to the noise of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned to respond to the noise of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned to respond to the noise of the
+unrushing rattlesnake head and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrushing rattlesnake head and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrushing rattlesnake head and that
+triggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggers
+uh in a rapid leap in which he does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a rapid leap in which he does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a rapid leap in which he does a
+backward somersault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward somersault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward somersault
+avoids the head of the rattlesnake he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoids the head of the rattlesnake he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoids the head of the rattlesnake he
+lands out just outside the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lands out just outside the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lands out just outside the range
+rattlesnake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rattlesnake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rattlesnake
+and escapes it almost always works yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+I don't know it's been observed in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know it's been observed in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know it's been observed in in
+nature many times okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature many times okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature many times okay
+and they have done special studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have done special studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have done special studies of
+the auditory system these animals have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory system these animals have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory system these animals have
+huge auditory the air spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge auditory the air spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge auditory the air spaces
+on the cochlear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so I think I mentioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I think I mentioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I think I mentioned the
+Escape behavior of the moth moths that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape behavior of the moth moths that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape behavior of the moth moths that
+hear the Cry of a bat they died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the Cry of a bat they died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the Cry of a bat they died
+they dive for the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they dive for the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they dive for the ground
+and that's how they escape the bat they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how they escape the bat they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how they escape the bat they
+just fold their wings and go on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fold their wings and go on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fold their wings and go on those
+die but it's similarly a rapid rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die but it's similarly a rapid rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die but it's similarly a rapid rapid
+Escape Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape Behavior
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then I asked a couple questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I asked a couple questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I asked a couple questions
+about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two
+things closely related to this escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things closely related to this escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things closely related to this escape
+from her Predator one is the aversion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from her Predator one is the aversion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from her Predator one is the aversion to
+loud noises that rodents have it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud noises that rodents have it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud noises that rodents have it's been
+studied best in rats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied best in rats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied best in rats
+and the other that's also been studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other that's also been studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other that's also been studied
+mostly in rats but now it's been studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in rats but now it's been studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in rats but now it's been studied
+in other animals as well and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other animals as well and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other animals as well and that is
+learned fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned fear
+that is an animal can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an animal can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an animal can learn
+to be afraid of certain kinds of sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be afraid of certain kinds of sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be afraid of certain kinds of sounds
+by training like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by training like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by training like
+you give him a sound and then you shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give him a sound and then you shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give him a sound and then you shock
+his feet he becomes afraid it shows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his feet he becomes afraid it shows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his feet he becomes afraid it shows a
+fear response to that sound whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear response to that sound whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear response to that sound whereas
+before it was just a neutral song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was just a neutral song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was just a neutral song
+that's fear learning is it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fear learning is it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fear learning is it's been
+studied many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied many times
+and it involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it involves
+Pathways now that have been studied very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways now that have been studied very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways now that have been studied very
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so first of all in the study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all in the study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all in the study of
+avoidance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoidance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoidance of
+very loud noises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very loud noises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very loud noises
+they've done these interesting studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done these interesting studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done these interesting studies
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they make huge central nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make huge central nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make huge central nervous system
+lesions like they'll take the inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions like they'll take the inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions like they'll take the inferior
+Collective cells they take the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collective cells they take the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collective cells they take the entire
+auditory cortex cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory cortex cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory cortex cell
+doesn't change the way the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the way the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the way the animal
+responds to loud noises in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to loud noises in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to loud noises in fact it
+doesn't even change his uh ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even change his uh ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even change his uh ability to
+discriminate different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate different
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+amplitudes of noise at all of sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because you you can study them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you can study them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you can study them with
+study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the
+teaching to press a lever to turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching to press a lever to turn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching to press a lever to turn off
+the aversive noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aversive noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aversive noise
+and he will keep doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he will keep doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he will keep doing that
+unless in the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless in the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless in the midbrain
+you make here's a picture of the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make here's a picture of the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make here's a picture of the left
+side of the dorsal midbrain of a hamster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the dorsal midbrain of a hamster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the dorsal midbrain of a hamster
+the studies were done in rats but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studies were done in rats but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studies were done in rats but
+I'm showing here The Superficial layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing here The Superficial layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing here The Superficial layers
+the colliculus goes down to about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colliculus goes down to about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colliculus goes down to about here
+this is called the central gray area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the central gray area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the central gray area and
+there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the
+aqueductive sylvius you can see how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueductive sylvius you can see how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueductive sylvius you can see how the
+central gray stands out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central gray stands out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central gray stands out
+the Akira motor nuclei would be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Akira motor nuclei would be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Akira motor nuclei would be right
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+they look like they're just part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look like they're just part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look like they're just part of the
+central gray there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central gray there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central gray there
+okay and when they make these large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when they make these large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when they make these large
+lesions they can carve out areas like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions they can carve out areas like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions they can carve out areas like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+you do it on both sides okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it on both sides okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it on both sides okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal
+is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still
+will press the lever to turn the loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will press the lever to turn the loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will press the lever to turn the loud
+noise off but if you get into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise off but if you get into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise off but if you get into this
+ventral area if the lesion goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral area if the lesion goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral area if the lesion goes down
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+to get all of that or just a lesion like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get all of that or just a lesion like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get all of that or just a lesion like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+well abolished that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well abolished that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well abolished that
+avoidance of the lung learning to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoidance of the lung learning to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoidance of the lung learning to get
+rid of the loud noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the loud noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the loud noise
+so this central part of the central gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this central part of the central gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this central part of the central gray
+and we know from other studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know from other studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know from other studies of
+central gray that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central gray that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central gray that is
+it's an activation of that structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an activation of that structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an activation of that structure
+causes is always activated in pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes is always activated in pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes is always activated in pain
+some of the sensory pain so apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the sensory pain so apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the sensory pain so apparently
+auditory stimuli that they they hate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory stimuli that they they hate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory stimuli that they they hate
+they avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they avoid
+activate these pain mechanisms as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate these pain mechanisms as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate these pain mechanisms as well
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+that's what I'm explaining here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm explaining here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm explaining here and this
+just to show you that that Central Grays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you that that Central Grays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you that that Central Grays
+part of the limbic regions the limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the limbic regions the limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the limbic regions the limbic
+midbrain regions meaning that they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain regions meaning that they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain regions meaning that they get
+heavy projections from the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy projections from the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy projections from the hypothalamus
+and from limbic in in brain areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from limbic in in brain areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from limbic in in brain areas
+Central gray and then complimentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central gray and then complimentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central gray and then complimentary
+but this dorsal part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this dorsal part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this dorsal part
+stimulate that animals are uncomfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate that animals are uncomfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate that animals are uncomfortable
+they will work to turn an electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will work to turn an electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will work to turn an electrical
+stimulus to that area off whereas if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus to that area off whereas if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus to that area off whereas if
+you're down eventual pigmental area it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're down eventual pigmental area it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're down eventual pigmental area it's
+the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite
+they tend they seem to be rewarded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend they seem to be rewarded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend they seem to be rewarded by
+simulating there that is it it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating there that is it it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating there that is it it's a
+pleasurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasurable
+result all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you can also as I mentioned you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can also as I mentioned you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can also as I mentioned you can
+expose the animal to sounds say a tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose the animal to sounds say a tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose the animal to sounds say a tone
+of a certain frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain frequency
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+shock defeated the animal he becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock defeated the animal he becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock defeated the animal he becomes
+afraid of the sound now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid of the sound now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid of the sound now that
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+is not specific to these Central gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not specific to these Central gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not specific to these Central gray
+regions that kind of learning is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions that kind of learning is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions that kind of learning is is
+often true learning tends to depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often true learning tends to depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often true learning tends to depend on
+the forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forebrain
+and in this case we know the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case we know the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case we know the pathway
+goes to the amygdala and this is a study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the amygdala and this is a study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the amygdala and this is a study
+of that pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here in the Apostle and the Hedgehog in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the Apostle and the Hedgehog in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the Apostle and the Hedgehog in
+the tree shoe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree shoe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree shoe uh
+it looks like my labels I moved a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like my labels I moved a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like my labels I moved a little
+bit wrongly there but what they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit wrongly there but what they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit wrongly there but what they're doing
+is they're putting a label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or a lesion in much of the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a lesion in much of the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a lesion in much of the medial
+genicular body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genicular body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genicular body
+the thalamic structure that's receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thalamic structure that's receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thalamic structure that's receiving
+these are ascending auditory Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are ascending auditory Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are ascending auditory Pathways
+they've done it in all three animals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done it in all three animals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done it in all three animals and
+then they trace all the accents from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they trace all the accents from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they trace all the accents from the
+medial genicular body forward into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial genicular body forward into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial genicular body forward into the
+end brain so here you see them coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end brain so here you see them coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end brain so here you see them coming
+out of the internal capsule and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the internal capsule and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the internal capsule and going
+very heavily to the amygdala in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very heavily to the amygdala in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very heavily to the amygdala in the
+apostle they also go of course to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apostle they also go of course to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apostle they also go of course to the
+auditory neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory neocortex
+you see the same thing here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the same thing here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the same thing here on the
+Hedgehog the same thing here in the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hedgehog the same thing here in the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hedgehog the same thing here in the tree
+shoe but notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe but notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe but notice
+in the tree shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tree shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tree shoe
+in relative terms it has a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relative terms it has a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relative terms it has a bigger
+neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex
+the auditory projections in neocortex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory projections in neocortex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory projections in neocortex is
+the larger one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger one
+in the opossum the two projections are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opossum the two projections are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opossum the two projections are
+both very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both very large
+in the Hedgehog that are both large but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Hedgehog that are both large but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Hedgehog that are both large but
+again the ones that neocortex is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the ones that neocortex is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the ones that neocortex is a
+little bit larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit larger
+hamster would be similar to the Hedgehog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamster would be similar to the Hedgehog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamster would be similar to the Hedgehog
+here so would the mouse okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's something we didn't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something we didn't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something we didn't talk about
+in the visual system it's not been as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the visual system it's not been as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the visual system it's not been as
+well studied but now we know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well studied but now we know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well studied but now we know there are
+visual pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual pathways
+also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through the thalamus but not the lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the thalamus but not the lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the thalamus but not the lateral
+geniculate body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate body
+through parts of the lateral nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through parts of the lateral nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through parts of the lateral nucleus
+that reach the amygdala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reach the amygdala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reach the amygdala
+without going to visual cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's the pathway to the auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the pathway to the auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the pathway to the auditory
+system that's been the most studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's been the most studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's been the most studies
+which is what I talk about it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now especially predators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now especially predators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now especially predators
+they don't have to do as they still when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to do as they still when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to do as they still when
+they're young especially they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're young especially they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're young especially they have to
+have all those Escape responses too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all those Escape responses too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all those Escape responses too
+but when they're older they're preying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when they're older they're preying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when they're older they're preying
+on animals they need to localize their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on animals they need to localize their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on animals they need to localize their
+prey they need to identify the prey and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey they need to identify the prey and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey they need to identify the prey and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that those kinds of abilities evolved of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those kinds of abilities evolved of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those kinds of abilities evolved of
+course in the auditory system too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we need to talk about those pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to talk about those pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to talk about those pathways
+identifying in localizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first of all you need to discriminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all you need to discriminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all you need to discriminate
+differences in sound frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in sound frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in sound frequency
+you need to combine those sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to combine those sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to combine those sound
+frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies
+temporal patterns of frequencies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal patterns of frequencies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal patterns of frequencies in
+different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways
+you've got to have neurons that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to have neurons that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to have neurons that can
+respond specifically to those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond specifically to those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond specifically to those things
+and there was an evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was an evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was an evolution
+very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different
+using auditory cues to localize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using auditory cues to localize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using auditory cues to localize
+you know that a raptor like an owl is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that a raptor like an owl is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that a raptor like an owl is
+very good at localizing prey by auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at localizing prey by auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at localizing prey by auditory
+cues they have to be they're night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues they have to be they're night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues they have to be they're night
+Hunters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hunters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hunters
+okay so their main way to detect prey on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so their main way to detect prey on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so their main way to detect prey on
+the forest floor below them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forest floor below them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forest floor below them
+is by auditory cues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by auditory cues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by auditory cues
+so they can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can tell
+if there's a little rustling in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a little rustling in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a little rustling in the
+undergrowth or the leaves in the forest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrowth or the leaves in the forest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrowth or the leaves in the forest
+floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor
+they not only hear it but they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they not only hear it but they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they not only hear it but they know
+better than we can actually they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than we can actually they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than we can actually they know
+where that little animal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that little animal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that little animal is
+so there was an evolution of apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was an evolution of apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was an evolution of apparatus
+for using those cues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for using those cues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for using those cues
+now to understand those things I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to understand those things I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to understand those things I want to
+say a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a little bit about
+the initial stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial stages
+of the auditory system the cochlear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the auditory system the cochlear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the auditory system the cochlear
+the the peripheral auditory structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the peripheral auditory structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the peripheral auditory structures
+or the primary Sensory neurons that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the primary Sensory neurons that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the primary Sensory neurons that's
+transduction and then the initial coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduction and then the initial coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduction and then the initial coding
+of the auditory stimuli and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the auditory stimuli and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the auditory stimuli and then the
+channels the conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels the conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels the conduction
+involved in those various functions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in those various functions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in those various functions in
+the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+what do you remember about this there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you remember about this there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you remember about this there's
+a there's a transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a transformation in the middle ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transformation in the middle ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transformation in the middle ear
+apparatus occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus occurred
+in the early evolution of mammals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early evolution of mammals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early evolution of mammals that
+was different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was different
+from the reptiles that remember they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the reptiles that remember they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the reptiles that remember they
+evolved from the mammal-like reptiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved from the mammal-like reptiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved from the mammal-like reptiles
+and at some point in those mammal-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some point in those mammal-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some point in those mammal-like
+reptiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles
+certainly by the time you get to real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly by the time you get to real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly by the time you get to real
+mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals
+you had this difference in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had this difference in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had this difference in the middle
+ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ear
+if you look in modern reptiles you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look in modern reptiles you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look in modern reptiles you don't
+find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it
+but you find it in all mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you find it in all mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you find it in all mammals
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+it was this is the picture that I I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was this is the picture that I I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was this is the picture that I I put
+in the book it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book it shows
+almond discusses it and I I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almond discusses it and I I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almond discusses it and I I think I
+listed some papers with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed some papers with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed some papers with
+people that had studied this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that had studied this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that had studied this in the
+paleontology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paleontology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paleontology
+but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are
+this is an early mammal and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an early mammal and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an early mammal and this is
+dimethagon it's one of the mammal like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimethagon it's one of the mammal like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimethagon it's one of the mammal like
+reptiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in dimetrodon you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in dimetrodon you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in dimetrodon you see
+there's the stapes blown of the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the stapes blown of the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the stapes blown of the middle
+ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ear
+but it goes directly from the eardrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it goes directly from the eardrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it goes directly from the eardrum
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oval window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oval window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oval window
+at the entrance to the cochlea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the entrance to the cochlea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the entrance to the cochlea
+in mammals you have three bones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mammals you have three bones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mammals you have three bones
+two of those bones were jaw bones in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of those bones were jaw bones in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of those bones were jaw bones in the
+reptiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+they evolved into middle ear bones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they evolved into middle ear bones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they evolved into middle ear bones
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we don't know all the steps but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know all the steps but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know all the steps but
+we have enough skulls to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have enough skulls to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have enough skulls to know
+about when that occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when that occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when that occurred
+so what is going on in the middle ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is going on in the middle ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is going on in the middle ear
+what do you have to do in the middle ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you have to do in the middle ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you have to do in the middle ear
+the sound is a vibration movement in air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound is a vibration movement in air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound is a vibration movement in air
+okay and it causes vibrations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it causes vibrations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it causes vibrations of the
+eardrum tympanic membrane okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've got to get to vibrations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to get to vibrations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to get to vibrations of the
+fluid in the cochlea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid in the cochlea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid in the cochlea
+that requires some impedance matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires some impedance matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires some impedance matching
+and that can be inefficient or efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be inefficient or efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be inefficient or efficient
+it happens of course through the stapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens of course through the stapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens of course through the stapes
+here in the reptiles directly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the reptiles directly from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the reptiles directly from the
+eardrum down to the inner ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eardrum down to the inner ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eardrum down to the inner ear
+but now you've got the vibrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you've got the vibrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you've got the vibrations
+in response to the air being transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to the air being transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to the air being transmitted
+directly to the fluid of the inner ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the fluid of the inner ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the fluid of the inner ear
+it turns out there's a more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out there's a more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out there's a more efficient
+way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it
+these little bones are connected so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little bones are connected so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little bones are connected so
+there's a hinging it changes there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hinging it changes there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hinging it changes there's a
+greater movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater movement
+of the outer bone here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the outer bone here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the outer bone here
+then of the states yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they usually don't have any they do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually don't have any they do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually don't have any they do have
+some external here but some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some external here but some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some external here but some of them
+don't even at all but they do it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even at all but they do it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even at all but they do it but
+they do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have
+I mean this is a this is a reptile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course actually from the paleontology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course actually from the paleontology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course actually from the paleontology
+we don't know every detail but we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know every detail but we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know every detail but we know
+from the dentition we know from the ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the dentition we know from the ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the dentition we know from the ear
+bones and a number of other features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones and a number of other features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones and a number of other features
+that are different in reptiles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are different in reptiles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are different in reptiles and
+mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals
+and that's how they identify them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how they identify them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how they identify them we
+also know because the eye region is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know because the eye region is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know because the eye region is
+different it was actually some reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it was actually some reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it was actually some reduction
+in Bones around the eye in the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bones around the eye in the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bones around the eye in the earliest
+mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so it was an impedance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it was an impedance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it was an impedance
+matching problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching problem
+and the result of getting better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result of getting better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result of getting better
+impedance matching was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance matching was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance matching was
+response to higher frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to higher frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to higher frequencies
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here's a turtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a turtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a turtle
+and look at the he responds he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the he responds he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the he responds he doesn't
+respond well to tones above about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond well to tones above about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond well to tones above about
+10 kilohertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a bird
+this is a median but the birds range are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a median but the birds range are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a median but the birds range are
+in this range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+they respond higher but look at some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they respond higher but look at some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they respond higher but look at some of
+these mammals they can respond to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mammals they can respond to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mammals they can respond to very
+high sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high sounds
+many mammals here well above the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many mammals here well above the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many mammals here well above the human
+range of hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of hearing
+and young humans can hear up pretty high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and young humans can hear up pretty high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and young humans can hear up pretty high
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+you can probably hear considerably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can probably hear considerably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can probably hear considerably
+higher than I can because a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than I can because a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than I can because a lot of
+that's lost with age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's lost with age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's lost with age
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+that was a big change because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a big change because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a big change because now
+Young when they're having difficulties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Young when they're having difficulties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Young when they're having difficulties
+emit cries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit cries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit cries
+and man for mammals those cries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and man for mammals those cries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and man for mammals those cries are
+mostly very high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly very high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly very high frequency
+when when we have these pups born in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when we have these pups born in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when we have these pups born in the
+lab we hear a little bit of squeaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab we hear a little bit of squeaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab we hear a little bit of squeaking
+from the young but in fact a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the young but in fact a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the young but in fact a lot of it
+we don't even hear because it's way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't even hear because it's way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't even hear because it's way
+above our hearing much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above our hearing much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above our hearing much
+but the mothers can hear it the reptiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the mothers can hear it the reptiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the mothers can hear it the reptiles
+don't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hear
+that gave a big advantage to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave a big advantage to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave a big advantage to the
+earliest mammals because they evolved at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest mammals because they evolved at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest mammals because they evolved at
+a time when the reptiles were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time when the reptiles were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time when the reptiles were the
+dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant
+tetrapod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so here you see where that ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here you see where that ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here you see where that ear
+apparatus is located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus is located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus is located
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this is the middle ear chamber Airfield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the middle ear chamber Airfield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the middle ear chamber Airfield
+chamber connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber connected
+to the throat means of the eustachian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the throat means of the eustachian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the throat means of the eustachian
+tube here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube here
+so there's the eardrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the eardrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the eardrum
+there's the round window okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the
+always makes them up you see over window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always makes them up you see over window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always makes them up you see over window
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+this then this is the end of the cochlea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then this is the end of the cochlea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then this is the end of the cochlea
+and note that it looks like a snail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and note that it looks like a snail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and note that it looks like a snail
+that's because the cochlea is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the cochlea is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the cochlea is actually
+an elongated tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elongated tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elongated tube
+and so it will fit the skull it's coiled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it will fit the skull it's coiled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it will fit the skull it's coiled
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+so it's actually like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually like this
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+an unrolled cochlea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unrolled cochlea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unrolled cochlea
+so the apparatus that's sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the apparatus that's sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the apparatus that's sensitive to
+vibration of the fluid there runs down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration of the fluid there runs down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration of the fluid there runs down
+the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's the oval window with the stapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the oval window with the stapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the oval window with the stapes
+connected to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to it
+round window at the other side so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round window at the other side so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round window at the other side so this
+is where the vibrations the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where the vibrations the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where the vibrations the larger
+vibrations here are transformed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations here are transformed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations here are transformed into
+smaller vibrations here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller vibrations here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller vibrations here
+and that affects a fluid of the cochlea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that affects a fluid of the cochlea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that affects a fluid of the cochlea
+and just note that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just note that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just note that the
+vestibular canals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vestibular canals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vestibular canals
+I didn't like this picture it needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't like this picture it needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't like this picture it needed to
+be improved a little bit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be improved a little bit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be improved a little bit but
+here you see a picture of the vestibular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see a picture of the vestibular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see a picture of the vestibular
+canals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canals
+arranged in three planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in three planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in three planes
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+off to the side there of the where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to the side there of the where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to the side there of the where the
+cochlea begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah we're gonna let's just look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're gonna let's just look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're gonna let's just look at that
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+this is the we call it the organ of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the we call it the organ of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the we call it the organ of
+Corti and if you make a cross section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corti and if you make a cross section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corti and if you make a cross section
+through the cochlea you see you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the cochlea you see you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the cochlea you see you're
+cutting that coil at various points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting that coil at various points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting that coil at various points
+this is from Kombat studies at Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from Kombat studies at Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from Kombat studies at Harvard
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+this is called the tympanic membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the tympanic membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the tympanic membrane
+the smaller area here is the pectorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller area here is the pectorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller area here is the pectorial
+membrane and little hair cells run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and little hair cells run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and little hair cells run
+between those two membranes so here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two membranes so here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two membranes so here you
+see the organ of party and large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the organ of party and large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the organ of party and large
+so there's the vascular membrane there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the vascular membrane there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the vascular membrane there's
+the tectorial membrane and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tectorial membrane and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tectorial membrane and these are
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+two groups of hair cells okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two groups of hair cells okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two groups of hair cells okay
+those inner hair cells that receive most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those inner hair cells that receive most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those inner hair cells that receive most
+of the innervation that's responding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the innervation that's responding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the innervation that's responding to
+sound and the outer air cells that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and the outer air cells that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and the outer air cells that have
+other functions that have evolved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other functions that have evolved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other functions that have evolved in
+mammals to respond to those vibrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals to respond to those vibrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals to respond to those vibrations
+of the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fluid
+it happens because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you get movement of the basilar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get movement of the basilar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get movement of the basilar
+membrane there's movement with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane there's movement with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane there's movement with respect
+to the tectorial membrane and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tectorial membrane and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tectorial membrane and the
+process of shearing force in those cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of shearing force in those cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of shearing force in those cells
+and the little hairs that protrude here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the little hairs that protrude here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the little hairs that protrude here
+connect this into the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect this into the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect this into the cell
+to the tectorial memory and associating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tectorial memory and associating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tectorial memory and associating
+forces of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces of the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+SE little transduction cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE little transduction cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE little transduction cells are
+responding to they are primary Sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to they are primary Sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to they are primary Sensory
+neurons I'm sorry they are not they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons I'm sorry they are not they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons I'm sorry they are not they are
+receptor cells the primary Sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor cells the primary Sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor cells the primary Sensory
+neurons are in the in the cochlear nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are in the in the cochlear nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are in the in the cochlear nerve
+it's a bipolar cell their endings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bipolar cell their endings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bipolar cell their endings
+respond to the depolarization created in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to the depolarization created in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to the depolarization created in
+the receptor cells which are these hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receptor cells which are these hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receptor cells which are these hair
+cells so the hair cells are not Primrose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so the hair cells are not Primrose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so the hair cells are not Primrose
+neurons they're we call them receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons they're we call them receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons they're we call them receptor
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the
+the depolarization of receptor cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depolarization of receptor cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depolarization of receptor cell
+membrane that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the endings there they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endings there they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endings there they're really
+dendritic endings of the eighth nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendritic endings of the eighth nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendritic endings of the eighth nerve
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+and those dendritic endings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those dendritic endings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those dendritic endings are
+their their polarization changes in get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their polarization changes in get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their polarization changes in get
+action potentials generated in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potentials generated in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potentials generated in those
+axons travel towards the hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons travel towards the hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons travel towards the hybrid
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this question is how is a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this question is how is a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this question is how is a place
+called used for income of encoding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called used for income of encoding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called used for income of encoding of
+sound frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound frequency
+and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as
+basically because the maximum vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because the maximum vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because the maximum vibration
+along the Vaseline membrane here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the Vaseline membrane here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the Vaseline membrane here is
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+for sounds of a given for sounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sounds of a given for sounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sounds of a given for sounds of
+different frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+with the low for the high frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the low for the high frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the low for the high frequencies
+and then the low frequencies stretched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the low frequencies stretched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the low frequencies stretched
+out and if you this just shows that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and if you this just shows that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and if you this just shows that in
+one picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one picture
+here they show the unrolling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they show the unrolling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they show the unrolling of the
+cochlea I probably should have used it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlea I probably should have used it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlea I probably should have used it I
+don't think I used this one in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I used this one in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I used this one in the book
+but it's a nice one it shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a nice one it shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a nice one it shows the
+relative amplitude of movement and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative amplitude of movement and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative amplitude of movement and how
+it changes for different frequencies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it changes for different frequencies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it changes for different frequencies so
+the very high frequencies vibrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very high frequencies vibrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very high frequencies vibrate the
+membrane best here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane best here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane best here
+the low frequency vibrate the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low frequency vibrate the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low frequency vibrate the membrane
+vests here you can think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vests here you can think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vests here you can think of them as
+standing waves if you want but all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing waves if you want but all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing waves if you want but all these
+of course are very brief sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and this is
+from data of fun bakashi where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from data of fun bakashi where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from data of fun bakashi where you have
+frequency plotted here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency plotted here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency plotted here
+from very low frequencies up to almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from very low frequencies up to almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from very low frequencies up to almost
+five thousand Hertz and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five thousand Hertz and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five thousand Hertz and uh
+he always said killer Cycles but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he always said killer Cycles but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he always said killer Cycles but he
+would change it to Hertz and you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change it to Hertz and you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change it to Hertz and you see the
+different positions of Maximum vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in that that's how frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that that's how frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that that's how frequency is
+initially encoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially encoded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially encoded
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and intensity coding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and intensity coding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and intensity coding is
+got a similar kind thing but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a similar kind thing but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a similar kind thing but they are
+different it's because different axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's because different axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's because different axons
+of the eighth nerve have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eighth nerve have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eighth nerve have different
+thresholds depending on intensity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds depending on intensity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds depending on intensity so
+that gives you also a place code for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you also a place code for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you also a place code for
+intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if you go to the cochlear nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you go to the cochlear nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you go to the cochlear nucleus
+yeah as I've diagrammed here dorsal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah as I've diagrammed here dorsal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah as I've diagrammed here dorsal and
+ventral cochlear nuclei and you put an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral cochlear nuclei and you put an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral cochlear nuclei and you put an
+electrode up here in a cat and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode up here in a cat and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode up here in a cat and you just
+penetrate going straight down through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrate going straight down through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrate going straight down through
+the cochlear nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cochlear nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cochlear nuclei
+the best frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best frequency
+that is the frequency of which you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the frequency of which you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the frequency of which you get
+them you can use the lowest amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you can use the lowest amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you can use the lowest amplitude of
+sound and get responses in yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and get responses in yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and get responses in yourself
+changes very systematic it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes very systematic it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes very systematic it's a very
+precise representation of frequency okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise representation of frequency okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise representation of frequency okay
+and that is is interpreted this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is is interpreted this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is is interpreted this way
+here's the eighth mirror coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the eighth mirror coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the eighth mirror coming in
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+to the ventral end of the ventricochlear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ventral end of the ventricochlear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ventral end of the ventricochlear
+nucleus there's the dorsal focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus there's the dorsal focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus there's the dorsal focal
+communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities
+and axons from different parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and axons from different parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and axons from different parts of the
+basilar membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is axons
+picking up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up the
+contacting receptor cells at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacting receptor cells at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacting receptor cells at different
+positions along the measure memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions along the measure memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions along the measure memory
+terminate in different places depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate in different places depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate in different places depending
+on which part of the basal membrane they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which part of the basal membrane they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which part of the basal membrane they
+come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from
+so it's really a topography that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really a topography that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really a topography that's
+formed that's not unlike the retinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed that's not unlike the retinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed that's not unlike the retinal
+tectal topography except this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectal topography except this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectal topography except this is a
+one-dimensional instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional instead of
+two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional
+and note that they an axon representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and note that they an axon representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and note that they an axon representing
+mainly one frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly one frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly one frequency
+will terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will terminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will terminate
+by forming branches that stay in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by forming branches that stay in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by forming branches that stay in one
+plane along the going dorsal not sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane along the going dorsal not sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane along the going dorsal not sorry
+and then it does the same thing again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it does the same thing again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it does the same thing again in
+the dorsal cochlear increase so it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal cochlear increase so it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal cochlear increase so it does
+a very similar thing in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very similar thing in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very similar thing in the two
+and that's how you get that topographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how you get that topographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how you get that topographic
+representation of sound frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is just what I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what I want to do then is follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I want to do then is follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I want to do then is follow
+these channels of conduction we're out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these channels of conduction we're out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these channels of conduction we're out
+of time but I want to make a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time but I want to make a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time but I want to make a little more
+sense of this kind of diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of these different limistical channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different limistical channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different limistical channels
+going forward from the cochlear nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward from the cochlear nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward from the cochlear nuclei
+and the trapezoid body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trapezoid body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trapezoid body
+how what's happening in the trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what's happening in the trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what's happening in the trapezoid
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+and then what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what's happening
+to the axons going rasterly from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the axons going rasterly from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the axons going rasterly from these
+nuclei and from the trapezoid body so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and from the trapezoid body so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and from the trapezoid body so
+we'll do that next time and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that next time and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that next time and uh
+go as far as we can the auditory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go as far as we can the auditory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go as far as we can the auditory system
+next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/G3HSP3qMgKI.txt b/G3HSP3qMgKI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82998e4dff325433a68c067e757cd8a70736e8e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/G3HSP3qMgKI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1824 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's talk now about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entanglement so we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement so we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement so we talk about
+entanglement when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement when we have
+two non interacting particles you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two non interacting particles you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two non interacting particles you don't
+need a strong interaction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a strong interaction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a strong interaction between
+particles to produce entanglement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to produce entanglement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to produce entanglement the
+particles can be totally non interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles can be totally non interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles can be totally non interacting
+suppose particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one one can be in any of these states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one can be in any of these states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one can be in any of these states
+um U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um U1
+U2 let's assume just U1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 let's assume just U1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 let's assume just U1 and
+U2 and particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 and particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 and particle
+two can be in States V1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two can be in States V1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two can be in States V1 and
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V2 and you have these two particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 and you have these two particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 and you have these two particles
+flying around these are possible states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying around these are possible states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying around these are possible states
+of particles one and possible states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles one and possible states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles one and possible states of
+particle two now you want to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle two now you want to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle two now you want to describe
+the full system the quantum state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full system the quantum state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full system the quantum state of the
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+particles states of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+well it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it seems
+reasonable that to describe a state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable that to describe a state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable that to describe a state of
+the two particles they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two particles they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two particles they're not
+interacting I should tell you what part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting I should tell you what part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting I should tell you what part
+particle one is doing and what particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one is doing and what particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one is doing and what particle
+two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is
+doing okay so particle one could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay so particle one could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay so particle one could be
+doing this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this could be
+U1 and particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 and particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 and particle
+two could be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two could be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two could be doing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V1 and in a sense by telling you that oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and in a sense by telling you that oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and in a sense by telling you that oh
+we've said what everything is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said what everything is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said what everything is doing
+particle one is doing U1 particle to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one is doing U1 particle to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one is doing U1 particle to is
+doing U2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing U2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing U2 and
+mathematically we like to make this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically we like to make this look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically we like to make this look
+like a state and we want to write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a state and we want to write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a state and we want to write it in
+a coherent way and we sort of multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coherent way and we sort of multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coherent way and we sort of multiply
+these two things um but we must say sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things um but we must say sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things um but we must say sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+multiply because a strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply because a strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply because a strange
+multiplication this you know we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication this you know we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication this you know we think of
+them as vectors or or States so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as vectors or or States so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as vectors or or States so how do
+you multiply States so you put something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply States so you put something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply States so you put something
+called the tensor product little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the tensor product little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the tensor product little
+multiplication like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so uh you could say don't don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so uh you could say don't don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so uh you could say don't don't
+worry it's kind of like a product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry it's kind of like a product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry it's kind of like a product and
+it's the way we do it we don't move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the way we do it we don't move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the way we do it we don't move
+things across we list the first state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things across we list the first state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things across we list the first state
+here the second state here and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the second state here and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the second state here and that's a
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State now uh I could have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State now uh I could have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State now uh I could have a different
+state because particle one is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state because particle one is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state because particle one is in fact
+could be doing something a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be doing something a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be doing something a little
+different could be doing alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different could be doing alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different could be doing alpha 1
+U1 plus Alpha 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 plus Alpha 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 plus Alpha 2
+U2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 and
+maybe particle 2 is doing beta 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe particle 2 is doing beta 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe particle 2 is doing beta 1
+V1 plus beta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V2 and this would be all right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 and this would be all right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 and this would be all right I'm
+telling you what part particle one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you what part particle one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you what part particle one is
+doing and I'm telling you what particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and I'm telling you what particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and I'm telling you what particle
+two is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is doing
+and the rules of tensor multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rules of tensor multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rules of tensor multiplication
+or this kind of multiplication to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this kind of multiplication to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this kind of multiplication to
+combine those states are just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine those states are just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine those states are just like a
+product except that as I said you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product except that as I said you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product except that as I said you never
+move the states across so you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the states across so you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the states across so you just
+distribute so you have alpha 1 beta one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute so you have alpha 1 beta one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute so you have alpha 1 beta one
+the number goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number goes
+out U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out U1
+V1 that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 that's the first
+Factor plus alpha 1 beta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor plus alpha 1 beta 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor plus alpha 1 beta 2
+U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1
+V2 plus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 plus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 plus Alpha
+2 beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 V1 plus Alpha 2 Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 uh U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V2 I think I got it right uh let me know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 I think I got it right uh let me know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 I think I got it right uh let me know
+U two I just multiplied and got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U two I just multiplied and got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U two I just multiplied and got the
+numbers out the numbers can be moved out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers out the numbers can be moved out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers out the numbers can be moved out
+across this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this
+product okay so that's a state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product okay so that's a state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product okay so that's a state and
+that's a superposition of state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually I could try to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I could try to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I could try to write a
+different state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different state
+now you see we're just experimenting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see we're just experimenting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see we're just experimenting but
+here is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is another
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1
+V1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 plus
+U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V2 now this is a state that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 now this is a state that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 now this is a state that actually
+seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different why
+different because I don't seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because I don't seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because I don't seem to be
+able to say that what particle one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say that what particle one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say that what particle one is
+doing and what particle two is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and what particle two is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and what particle two is doing
+separately you see I can say when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately you see I can say when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately you see I can say when
+particle one is doing U1 particle two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one is doing U1 particle two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one is doing U1 particle two is
+doing V1 and when particle two one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing V1 and when particle two one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing V1 and when particle two one is
+doing U2 this is V2 but can I write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing U2 this is V2 but can I write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing U2 this is V2 but can I write this
+as sum state of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sum state of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sum state of the first
+particle times some state of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle well uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle well uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle well uh let's
+see uh maybe I can and can write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh maybe I can and can write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh maybe I can and can write it in
+this form this is the most General State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form this is the most General State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form this is the most General State
+that you can say particle one is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can say particle one is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can say particle one is doing
+this and particle two is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and particle two is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and particle two is doing
+that so can I do that well I can compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so can I do that well I can compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so can I do that well I can compare
+these two terms with those and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms with those and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms with those and I
+conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude
+that alpha 1 beta 1 must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one alpha 2 Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one alpha 2 Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one alpha 2 Beta
+2 must be also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 must be also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 must be also
+one but no cross products exist so alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but no cross products exist so alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but no cross products exist so alpha
+1 beta 2 must be zero and Alpha 2 beta 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 beta 2 must be zero and Alpha 2 beta 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 beta 2 must be zero and Alpha 2 beta 1
+must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be
+zero and that's a problem because either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that's a problem because either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that's a problem because either
+alpha 1 is zero which is inconsistent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 is zero which is inconsistent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 is zero which is inconsistent or
+beta 2 is zero which is inconsistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta 2 is zero which is inconsistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta 2 is zero which is inconsistent
+with that so no this state is UNF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factorizable it's a funny state in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorizable it's a funny state in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorizable it's a funny state in which
+you cannot say that this Quantum State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot say that this Quantum State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot say that this Quantum State
+can be this described by telling what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be this described by telling what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be this described by telling what
+the first particle is doing and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first particle is doing and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first particle is doing and what the
+second particle is doing what the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second particle is doing what the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second particle is doing what the first
+particle is doing depends on the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is doing depends on the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is doing depends on the second
+and what the second is doing depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the second is doing depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the second is doing depends on
+the first this is an entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State and then of we can build in tangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and then of we can build in tangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and then of we can build in tangle
+States and are very strange States so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and are very strange States so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and are very strange States so
+with two particles with spins for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two particles with spins for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two particles with spins for
+example we can build an entangle stat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we can build an entangle stat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we can build an entangle stat of
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+spin 1 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles and U this state could look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and U this state could look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and U this state could look
+like this the first particle is up along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the first particle is up along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the first particle is up along
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+and the second particle is down along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second particle is down along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second particle is down along
+Z plus a particle that is down along Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z plus a particle that is down along Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z plus a particle that is down along Z
+for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle but the second is up along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z and these are two sped one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and these are two sped one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and these are two sped one half
+particles and in the usual notation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and in the usual notation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and in the usual notation this
+experiments in quantum mechanics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in quantum mechanics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in quantum mechanics in
+black hole physics people speak of Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole physics people speak of Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole physics people speak of Alice
+and Bob Alice has one particle Bob has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob Alice has one particle Bob has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob Alice has one particle Bob has
+the other particle maybe Alice is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other particle maybe Alice is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other particle maybe Alice is in the
+moon and has her electron and Bob is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon and has her electron and Bob is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon and has her electron and Bob is on
+Earth and has his electron and the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth and has his electron and the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth and has his electron and the two
+electrons one in the earth and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons one in the earth and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons one in the earth and in the
+moon are in this state so then we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon are in this state so then we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon are in this state so then we say
+that Alice and Bob share an entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alice and Bob share an entangled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alice and Bob share an entangled
+pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair
+and all kinds of strange things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all kinds of strange things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all kinds of strange things uh
+happen people can do those things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen people can do those things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen people can do those things in the
+lab not quite one in the earth and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab not quite one in the earth and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab not quite one in the earth and one
+in the moon but one Photon at one place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the moon but one Photon at one place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the moon but one Photon at one place
+and another Photon entangled with it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another Photon entangled with it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another Photon entangled with it at
+100 kilometers away that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 kilometers away that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 kilometers away that's pretty
+doable and they are in this funny state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable and they are in this funny state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable and they are in this funny state
+in which uh their properties are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which uh their properties are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which uh their properties are
+correlated in surprising ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated in surprising ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated in surprising ways
+um so what happens here suppose Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what happens here suppose Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what happens here suppose Alice
+goes or or let's say Bob goes along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes or or let's say Bob goes along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes or or let's say Bob goes along and
+measures his Spin and he finds his spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures his Spin and he finds his spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures his Spin and he finds his spin
+down so oh you look here oh here is down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so oh you look here oh here is down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so oh you look here oh here is down
+for Bob so at this moment the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Bob so at this moment the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Bob so at this moment the whole
+state collapses into this because up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state collapses into this because up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state collapses into this because up
+with Bob didn't get realized so once Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Bob didn't get realized so once Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Bob didn't get realized so once Bob
+measures and he finds down the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and he finds down the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and he finds down the whole
+state goes into this so if Alice on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state goes into this so if Alice on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state goes into this so if Alice on the
+moon or in another galaxy at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon or in another galaxy at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon or in another galaxy at that
+instant looks at her spin she will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant looks at her spin she will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant looks at her spin she will find
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+up before light has had time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up before light has had time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up before light has had time to get
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+instantaneously it will go into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously it will go into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously it will go into this
+state people were sure somehow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state people were sure somehow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state people were sure somehow this
+violates special relativity it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates special relativity it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates special relativity it doesn't
+you somehow when you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you somehow when you think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you somehow when you think about this
+careful you can't quite send information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful you can't quite send information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful you can't quite send information
+but the collapse is instantaneous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the collapse is instantaneous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the collapse is instantaneous in
+quantum mechanics somehow Bob and Aly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics somehow Bob and Aly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics somehow Bob and Aly
+cannot communicate information by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot communicate information by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot communicate information by
+sharing this entangled pair but it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing this entangled pair but it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing this entangled pair but it's an
+interesting thing why it cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing why it cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing why it cannot
+happen Einstein again objected to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Einstein again objected to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Einstein again objected to this
+and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he
+said this is a fake thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you guys are going to share and now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are going to share and now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are going to share and now of
+course they have to share many entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they have to share many entangled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they have to share many entangled
+pairs to do experiments so maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs to do experiments so maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs to do experiments so maybe a
+thousand entangle Pairs and Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand entangle Pairs and Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand entangle Pairs and Einstein
+would say no that's not what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say no that's not what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say no that's not what's
+happening uh what's happening is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening uh what's happening is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening uh what's happening is that
+some of your entangle parts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your entangle parts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your entangle parts are
+this that is Alice uh Bob is down Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that is Alice uh Bob is down Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that is Alice uh Bob is down Alice
+is up some of them are this and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up some of them are this and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up some of them are this and there's
+no such thing as this entanglement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no such thing as this entanglement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no such thing as this entanglement and
+indeed if if if you measure and you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed if if if you measure and you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed if if if you measure and you find
+down she will find up and if you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down she will find up and if you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down she will find up and if you measure
+and you find up she will find down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find up she will find down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find up she will find down and
+and there's nothing too mysterious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing too mysterious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing too mysterious
+here but then came uh John Bell in 1964
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but then came uh John Bell in 1964
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but then came uh John Bell in 1964
+and discovered this Bell inequalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discovered this Bell inequalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discovered this Bell inequalities
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+demonstrated that if Alice and Bob can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated that if Alice and Bob can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated that if Alice and Bob can
+measure in three different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in three different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in three different directions
+they will find correlations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will find correlations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will find correlations that are
+impossible possible to explain with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible possible to explain with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible possible to explain with
+classical physics it took a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics it took a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics it took a lot of
+originality for Bell to discover this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originality for Bell to discover this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originality for Bell to discover this
+that you have to measure in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to measure in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to measure in three
+directions and therefore the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and therefore the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and therefore the kind of
+correlations that appear in entangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations that appear in entangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations that appear in entangle
+states are very subtle and pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are very subtle and pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are very subtle and pretty
+difficult to disentangle so uh so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to disentangle so uh so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to disentangle so uh so that's
+why entanglement is a very peculiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why entanglement is a very peculiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why entanglement is a very peculiar
+subject there people think about it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject there people think about it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject there people think about it a
+lot because it's very mysterious it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot because it's very mysterious it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot because it's very mysterious it it
+somehow violates classical Notions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow violates classical Notions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow violates classical Notions but
+in a very subtle way
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/G9kl6-lRHNs.txt b/G9kl6-lRHNs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bab24be7a94b02e3015d76279dd9407b1e5a874a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/G9kl6-lRHNs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,803 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu in this demo I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu in this demo I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu in this demo I'd like to
+show how you can make a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how you can make a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how you can make a very simple
+Optical isolator based on polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical isolator based on polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical isolator based on polarization
+components like a polarizer and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components like a polarizer and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components like a polarizer and a
+quarter wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter wave
+plate an optical isolator prevents laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate an optical isolator prevents laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate an optical isolator prevents laser
+beam from re-entering the laser cavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam from re-entering the laser cavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam from re-entering the laser cavity
+because if it does it can create a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it does it can create a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it does it can create a lot
+of intensity variations in the laser and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intensity variations in the laser and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intensity variations in the laser and
+also a lot of frequency variations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a lot of frequency variations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a lot of frequency variations in
+the laser and in a lot of experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser and in a lot of experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser and in a lot of experiments
+this can be very detrimental to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be very detrimental to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be very detrimental to the to
+the results I'm going to illustrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results I'm going to illustrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results I'm going to illustrate this
+in the simple setup here we have helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simple setup here we have helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simple setup here we have helium
+neon laser here's the beam from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neon laser here's the beam from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neon laser here's the beam from the
+laser I'm going to reflect it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser I'm going to reflect it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser I'm going to reflect it this
+mirror and then reflect it again to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and then reflect it again to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and then reflect it again to the
+second mirror and let the spot fall onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second mirror and let the spot fall onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second mirror and let the spot fall onto
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+screen then I'm going to take a a mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen then I'm going to take a a mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen then I'm going to take a a mirror
+and I'm going to place it here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reflect to reflect the laser beam back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect to reflect the laser beam back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect to reflect the laser beam back
+into the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the laser
+cavity and and so in order to see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity and and so in order to see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity and and so in order to see where
+I'm reflecting the laser beam I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm reflecting the laser beam I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm reflecting the laser beam I'd like
+to direct your attention to the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to direct your attention to the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to direct your attention to the laser
+head where you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head where you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head where you can see that the
+reflected beam is very close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected beam is very close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected beam is very close to the
+output of the laser or the uh axis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the laser or the uh axis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the laser or the uh axis of
+the of the original laser beam now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the original laser beam now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the original laser beam now I can
+actually put the reflection right back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put the reflection right back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put the reflection right back
+into the laser and you can see a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the laser and you can see a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the laser and you can see a little
+bit of a smear but but for clarity I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a smear but but for clarity I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a smear but but for clarity I'm
+going to put this spot reflected spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put this spot reflected spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put this spot reflected spot
+slightly off from the original laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly off from the original laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly off from the original laser
+beam so you can see what's happening so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam so you can see what's happening so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam so you can see what's happening so
+right there so you can see that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there so you can see that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there so you can see that if I
+block the reflection if I block the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the reflection if I block the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the reflection if I block the
+reflection I I block uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection I I block uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection I I block uh that
+spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot
+now I want to come to the isolator now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to come to the isolator now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to come to the isolator now
+this isolator is made up of a polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isolator is made up of a polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isolator is made up of a polarizer
+I'm going to place the polarizer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to place the polarizer right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to place the polarizer right
+here and I'm going to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm going to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm going to set the
+transmission axis of the polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission axis of the polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission axis of the polarizer
+indicated by the white Arrow along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated by the white Arrow along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated by the white Arrow along the
+vertical and again if I block the let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical and again if I block the let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical and again if I block the let's
+go back and look at the spot again if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and look at the spot again if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and look at the spot again if I
+block the the the uh laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beam I can see I can I can switch it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam I can see I can I can switch it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam I can see I can I can switch it off
+but in the in the presence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the in the presence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the in the presence of the
+polarizer the reflected beam is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer the reflected beam is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer the reflected beam is still
+going back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back into the
+laser now I'll place a quarter wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser now I'll place a quarter wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser now I'll place a quarter wave
+plate in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if I set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I set
+the the polarization of the light along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the polarization of the light along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the polarization of the light along
+the principal a principal axis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal a principal axis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal a principal axis of the
+quarterway plate as indicated by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarterway plate as indicated by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarterway plate as indicated by this
+vertical Arrow you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical Arrow you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical Arrow you can see that the
+reflection is still there which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection is still there which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection is still there which means
+that the quarter wave plate essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the quarter wave plate essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the quarter wave plate essentially
+is acting like a piece of glass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is acting like a piece of glass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is acting like a piece of glass and
+again if I go along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if I go along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if I go along the
+other principal axis again reflection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other principal axis again reflection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other principal axis again reflection is
+still there going right back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there going right back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there going right back into the
+laser but if I Orient the quarter wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser but if I Orient the quarter wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser but if I Orient the quarter wave
+plate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate at
+45° with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45° with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45° with respect
+to the uh the the polarization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh the the polarization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh the the polarization of the
+light set by this polarizer then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light set by this polarizer then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light set by this polarizer then I can
+as you can see I can extinguish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see I can extinguish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see I can extinguish the
+reflection and so that this there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and so that this there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and so that this there's
+always light in here where I can do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always light in here where I can do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always light in here where I can do an
+experiment there's light here but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment there's light here but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment there's light here but there
+is no light reflected back into into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no light reflected back into into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no light reflected back into into the
+laser of course the reason why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser of course the reason why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser of course the reason why this
+works is because plain polarized light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is because plain polarized light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is because plain polarized light
+coming from this polarizer here is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from this polarizer here is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from this polarizer here is going
+once through the quarter wave plate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once through the quarter wave plate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once through the quarter wave plate and
+then reflected back going twice through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reflected back going twice through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reflected back going twice through
+the quarter wave plate so now the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarter wave plate so now the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarter wave plate so now the plane
+of polarization is perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polarization is perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polarization is perpendicular to the
+original Direction so now this 90°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Direction so now this 90°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Direction so now this 90°
+rotation in the plane of poration then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation in the plane of poration then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation in the plane of poration then
+prevents the light from getting p has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents the light from getting p has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents the light from getting p has
+the polarizer here set with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarizer here set with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarizer here set with the
+polarization vertical and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization vertical and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization vertical and that's why
+this works so in summary we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works so in summary we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works so in summary we've
+Illustrated that you can make yourself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated that you can make yourself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated that you can make yourself a
+very simple Optical isolator which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple Optical isolator which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple Optical isolator which is
+very very useful in many experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very useful in many experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very useful in many experiments
+using a polarizer and a quarter wave PL
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GOBzZMaiMss.txt b/GOBzZMaiMss.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52a52ff0bf57a6e0bdce2e273ca63075aee62055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GOBzZMaiMss.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1503 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so today we're
+going to start talking about
+
+acids and bases, and this is
+acid-base equilibrium, so you
+
+can't forget anything that
+you've learned from the last
+
+two lectures about
+equilibrium.
+
+And then we're going to talk
+about, after this, oxidation
+
+reduction equilibrium, and
+so there's a lot of
+
+equilibrium going on.
+
+So today we're going to give
+you some definitions.
+
+We're going to talk about
+autoionization of water.
+
+We're going to talk about the
+p h function, which most
+
+people are familiar with.
+
+We may think about what the p
+h's are of some commonly found
+
+ingredients around campus.
+
+And talk about the strengths
+of those acids and bases.
+
+And then if we have time, we'll
+start thinking about how
+
+to work a problem associated
+with a weak acid.
+
+So actually, I guess, do we want
+to do that other clicker
+
+question, maybe, before
+we get started?
+
+At some point, we're going to
+ask you a question about when
+
+you want forums. So, I'm not
+sure if we're going to have
+
+that for you today or not, but
+we need to -- we want to have
+
+these pizza forums where you can
+come, and the time isn't
+
+always working, so we thought
+we could use the clickers to
+
+figure out what the best
+time is for people.
+
+So we may have that
+for you later.
+
+So this is the narrowest
+definition of
+
+an acid and a base.
+
+So the narrowest definition of
+an acid and a base is that an
+
+acid is a substance when you
+dissolve it in water, it
+
+increases the concentration of
+hydrogen ions, or h plus.
+
+Whereas a base is a substance
+that when dissolved in water,
+
+increases the concentration of
+hydroxide ions, or o h minus.
+
+So that's pretty narrow.
+
+We can be broader.
+
+We can talk about
+Bronsted-Lowry, and here, an
+
+acid is described as a substance
+that can donate a
+
+hydrogen ion.
+
+And a base is described as a
+substance that can accept a
+
+hydrogen ion.
+
+So let's look at some examples
+using that definition.
+
+So let's look at an example, so
+c h 3, c o o h plus water,
+
+and I guess I should put that in
+aqueous, going to hydronium
+
+ion plus c h 3, c o
+o minus aqueous.
+
+All right, so what
+is going on here?
+
+So if we look at the things on
+one side of the equation and
+
+the other, you can see that this
+is an acid that has lost
+
+its hydrogen ion, so the
+hydrogen is gone, whereas the
+
+water molecule has gained a
+hydrogen ion, and so now it's
+
+h 3 o plus.
+
+So we have an acid here, it's
+acting as an acid, and acid
+
+acts as a substance that gives
+up a hydrogen ion, and the
+
+water is acting as a base,
+it's accepting
+
+that hydrogen ion.
+
+And when it accepts the hydrogen
+ion, it becomes an
+
+acid in the reverse direction,
+whereas when the acid gives
+
+off the hydrogen ion,
+it becomes a base
+
+in the reverse direction.
+
+So in the reverse direction,
+hydronium ions is giving off a
+
+hydrogen ion to this base,
+reforming the acid, and after
+
+a hydronium ion gives off
+its hydrogen ion,
+
+it forms water again.
+
+So that would be an example of
+Bronsted-Lowry talking about
+
+substances as acids and bases
+whether they accept or donate
+
+a hydrogen ion.
+
+And this is the definition we're
+going to be using mostly
+
+throughout this unit.
+
+So, let's look at a little
+movie of this going on.
+
+So, in this movie, we have our
+water molecules with red and
+
+the white dots here are their
+hydrogen atoms, and now we're
+
+going to come in and have an
+acid come in, there's the
+
+acid, it has the hydrogen
+ion on it in white.
+
+It meets up with a water
+molecule, and now you formed
+
+hydronium ion.
+
+And that forms another water
+molecule and it passes it
+
+along, so there's a different
+molecule of hydronium ion.
+
+So that's what's going on
+in this definition.
+
+All right.
+
+So this brings us to another
+term, which is conjugate acid
+
+base pairs, so you can talk
+about something being a
+
+conjugate base of a particular
+acid, and so a conjugate base
+
+of an acid is a base that's
+formed after the acid has
+
+donated its hydrogen ion.
+
+A conjugate acid of a base is
+the acids that its formed when
+
+the base accepts the
+hydrogen ion.
+
+So you can look at those
+examples here.
+
+So we have a pair that we've
+drawn here with this red line,
+
+an acid base pair, and the other
+pair is the water and
+
+the hydronium ion.
+
+All right, let's look at a
+couple more examples to get
+
+the sense of this and
+figure out what are
+
+the acid base pairs.
+
+So, one more example.
+
+So now let's look at h c o 3
+minus an aqueous solution and
+
+water, going to, again,
+hydronium ion, and c o 3 minus
+
+2, also an aqueous solution.
+
+So, what is h c o 3 minus
+acting as here?
+
+As an acid.
+
+And so what does that
+make water?
+
+A base.
+
+And so the conjugate acid of
+that base, again, is the
+
+hydronium ion concentration.
+
+And the conjugate base
+of the acid is c o 3
+
+minus 2, over here.
+
+And so in the reverse direction,
+this base will be
+
+accepting a hydrogen ion from
+the acid, forming the
+
+conjugates on the other side.
+
+OK, now you can do an example.
+
+Let's have a clicker question.
+
+So identify what the acid and
+the base pairs are here.
+
+All right, let's take
+10 seconds.
+
+That's quite good actually.
+
+So, that's correct and you can
+write it in your notes that
+
+here we see that there's a
+little bit of change, water's
+
+doing something different.
+
+So instead of the conjugate of
+water being the hydronium ion,
+
+we see it's a hydroxide.
+
+So here, the water is acting
+as an acid giving off a
+
+hydrogen ion to this
+h c o 3 minus.
+
+And so now we have a second
+hydrogen ion over here, we
+
+have the h 2 species, and that
+the conjugate of water is o h.
+
+So this is acting as a base,
+it's accepting a hydrogen ion,
+
+this is donating it, it's an
+acid, this is the conjugate
+
+acid of that base, and
+this is the conjugate
+
+base of that acid.
+
+So in the reverse direction,
+this is an acid giving off a
+
+hydrogen ion to the hydroxide
+forming water.
+
+So one thing that you'll notice
+about these examples
+
+that we've written up is that
+when you see water in the
+
+equation, you don't really know
+what it's going to be
+
+doing until you actually look
+at what the products are and
+
+then you can figure it out.
+
+So water can act as either
+an acid or a
+
+base in these equations.
+
+And if we go to the lecture
+notes, the term is amphoteric,
+
+which is a molecule that can
+act as either an acid or a
+
+base, depending on the
+reaction conditions.
+
+So depending on if it's mixed
+with something that's a
+
+stronger acid or a stronger
+base than it is.
+
+And an example, one of the most
+common examples is water.
+
+So now let's consider a broader
+example of acids and
+
+bases, and these are Lewis acids
+and bases, and we're
+
+going to actually come back to
+this around Thanksgiving time
+
+when we talk about transition
+metals.
+
+And so here it's really broad
+-- we're not actually even
+
+going to talk about a
+hydrogen ion at all.
+
+So in this case, we're talking
+about a Lewis base as a
+
+species that donates lone pair
+electrons, and a Lewis acid is
+
+a species that accepts
+such electrons.
+
+So here would be an example.
+
+So we can think about forming a
+complex, and which thing is
+
+going to act as an
+acid or a base.
+
+One will be donating its lone
+pair electrons and the other
+
+will be accepting.
+
+So this is a very broad, a much
+broader definition, and
+
+so when you talk about acid base
+here, so always say as a
+
+Lewis acid or Lewis base to make
+it clear what's going on.
+
+So again we have our base
+donating its lone pair
+
+electrons and the
+acid accepting.
+
+All right, so those are
+our definitions
+
+of acids and bases.
+
+So now let's come back to this
+issue of water and how water
+
+can act as an acid or a base.
+
+So if it can act as an acid or
+a base, it seems like it can
+
+react with itself to do some
+chemistry, and it can.
+
+So up here, you could have one
+water molecule acting as an
+
+acid, giving up its hydrogen ion
+to another water acting as
+
+a base, forming hydronium
+ion and also
+
+forming hydroxide ion.
+
+So then you can ask the
+question, well, how much h 2 o
+
+is in a typical glass
+of water.
+
+How much, so you don't like
+the idea that I'm drinking
+
+hydroxide ions, how much
+hydronium ion and how much
+
+hydroxide ion are in this glass
+of water, how much h 2 o
+
+is in a glass of water?
+
+So that's the question.
+
+So here's the equation again,
+and we can think about how to
+
+calculate it.
+
+What do we really want to
+know in this question?
+
+What are we really asking?
+
+How much, at an equilibrium
+situation, how much are
+
+products and how much reactants
+do you have?
+
+What can you tell me about
+ratios of products and
+
+reactants at equilibrium?
+
+K. And how are some ways
+you can calculate k's?
+
+Different terms, but, right,
+it's what about -- what is k?
+
+So we have the equilibrium
+constant, and there a couple
+
+different ways one might
+calculate k -- you might be
+
+given concentrations at
+equilibrium, or you might be
+
+given information
+about delta g.
+
+So you can calculate k's from
+delta g nought, and this is an
+
+equation that you'll use pretty
+often -- delta g nought
+
+equals minus r t natural
+log of k.
+
+So if we want to know k, we
+need to find out what
+
+delta g nought is.
+
+What are ways to calculate
+delta g?
+
+So you've seen some of those
+-- oh, you're probably
+
+recognizing these already,
+
+temperature and our gas constant.
+
+So we can solve for k
+in terms of delta g.
+
+And how do we calculate
+that delta g.
+
+Well, there are a
+couple of ways.
+
+So you can think about the delta
+g's of formations, and
+
+we can think about one of my
+personal favorites, which is
+
+relationship between delta
+h and t delta s.
+
+So you can think about your
+enthalpies and your entropies
+
+at a certain temperature, and
+you can calculate delta g, and
+
+from that you can get the
+equilibrium constant.
+
+So this is just a little review
+showing the relevance
+
+of material you've learned
+before to the material we're
+
+covering now.
+
+So we're going to pick one and
+just calculate the delta g.
+
+So we can look up these values
+of formation for our products
+
+and our reactants and plug them
+in, and we get a value
+
+for delta g nought
+of plus 79 .
+
+89 kilojoules per mole.
+
+So we have a positive
+value here.
+
+So without doing any more math,
+which we'll do it a
+
+minute, do you expect a large
+or small value for k for the
+
+equilibrium constant if delta
+g nought is positive 79 .
+
+89 kilojoules per mole.
+
+STUDENT: Small.
+
+PROFESSOR: We would expect
+it to be small.
+
+And you probably already knew
+that that there's a lot of h 2
+
+o in a glass of water.
+
+So again, from that perspective,
+we'd also expect
+
+it to be small.
+
+So now we can plug those values
+in, we calculated this
+
+delta g, we know the gas
+constant, we're at room
+
+temperature, and so we get
+a value of k as 1 .
+
+0 times 10 to the minus 14 at
+room temperature, and that's a
+
+small number.
+
+So, the very small value
+indicates that only a small
+
+percentage all your h 2 0 has
+ionized, and that mostly,
+
+there's h 2 o in a glass of
+water, not so many ions.
+
+Not many of the molecules have
+ionized, because k is a small
+
+number, not a lot of products
+at this equilibrium.
+
+So there's a lot of h 2
+o in a glass of water.
+
+So, this particular k has
+a special name, and
+
+it's k w, w for water.
+
+And this term and this number,
+if you haven't memorized it in
+
+high school, you probably will
+by the time you're done with
+
+problem-sets.
+
+This is a very valuable number,
+you'll be using it a
+
+lot in calculating acid base
+problems, and you will end up
+
+memorizing it whether
+you want to or not.
+
+So, then k w equals your
+hydronium ion concentration
+
+times your hydroxide
+ion concentration.
+
+Now for a minute, let's consider
+why that's true.
+
+So our reaction, it's products
+over reactants for an
+
+equilibrium constant, but now,
+all of a sudden, I don't have
+
+my reactants going on in here.
+
+So the k w is expressed in terms
+of the concentration a
+
+hydronium ions times the
+concentration of hydroxide,
+
+and it doesn't have this water
+term at the bottom.
+
+And that'll be true for
+any problem in which
+
+the water is a solvent.
+
+And so, it's really not going
+to be changing very much.
+
+A solvent is nearly pure, and
+when you have in a nearly pure
+
+solvent or solid, it's not
+included in the equilibrium
+
+expression.
+
+So we'll see other examples
+of this as we go along.
+
+So you always want to ask
+yourself is this the solvent.
+
+If so, we're talking about very
+dilute things going on in
+
+solvent, the solvent
+concentration isn't changing
+
+very much, so it drops
+out of our term.
+
+So, because k w is an
+equilibrium constant, the
+
+products are always going to be
+equal to the same thing at
+
+the same temperature.
+
+So, at room temperature, or 298
+kelvin, it's always going
+
+to be equal to 1 .
+
+0 times 10 to the minus 14,
+and that's why it's such a
+
+valuable number.
+
+And when we're talking about
+acid base problems, you're
+
+almost always going to be at
+room temperature, just to not
+
+make life more complicated
+for you.
+
+So, you can pretty much assume,
+it should be in big
+
+bold letters if the temperature
+is not room
+
+temperature, so that you
+can use these values.
+
+All right, so let's look at
+the p h function now.
+
+So what does p h equal?
+
+So p h is equal to the minus the
+log of the hydronium ion
+
+concentration, and let's also
+talk about p o h, and that's
+
+equal to minus log of the
+hydroxide ion concentration.
+
+I just told you that k w is
+equal to the concentration of
+
+hydronium ions times
+the concentration
+
+of hydroxide ions.
+
+And now we can express
+this in another very
+
+useful way for you.
+
+If we take the log of all sides,
+actually let's take the
+
+minus log of everything, so
+minus log of k w equals the
+
+minus log of hydronium ion
+concentration, minus the log
+
+of hydroxide ion concentration,
+and we end up
+
+with terms of p k w being equal
+to p h, because minus
+
+log of the hydronium ion
+concentration is p h, and
+
+minus the log of the hydroxide
+concentration is p o h.
+
+So plus p o h.
+
+And we know that this term at
+room temperature is 1 .
+
+0 times 10 to the minus 14.
+
+So this term at room
+temperature is 14 .
+
+0 0, again at 25 degrees
+c or 298 kelvin.
+
+So this is also a useful
+expression.
+
+If you know the p h, you can
+calculate the p o h if you're
+
+at room temperature, remembering
+this number of 14.
+
+So these are things that you
+will be doing a lot in the
+
+problems and you will start
+remembering all of these
+
+numbers really well.
+
+So p h and p o h, what
+does p h do for you?
+
+Well, the p h tells you about
+the strength of the acid.
+
+So the p h of pure water should
+be neutral, which is 7.
+
+And now, tell me what the
+p h of an acid is and
+
+the p h of a base.
+
+Let's just do 10 seconds
+on this, this is pretty
+
+straightforward.
+
+So this tests previous knowledge
+on this topic, and
+
+it is very good.
+
+People know about what
+the p h's are.
+
+So that's right.
+
+So the p h of an acid solution
+is less than 7, and the p h of
+
+a base solution is
+greater than 7.
+
+And the EPA defines corrosive as
+something where the p h is
+
+lower than 3 or greater
+than 12 .
+
+5.
+
+So, if here is our scale of p
+h, we're neutral at 7, we're
+
+acidic below 7, and we're
+corrosive below 3.
+
+We're basic above 7, and
+corrosive above 12 .
+
+5.
+
+So now what I want to do is ask
+Dr. Taylor to come up and
+
+we're going to measure some p
+h's of things, so we're going
+
+to be interested in knowing
+how much danger you're in
+
+around MIT.
+
+So we're going to have
+you measure them.
+
+We have these little strips on
+it, and so someone will come
+
+around and help you read it, so
+you can read off the strip
+
+of what you have. Should
+we start with water?
+
+This is random MIT water.
+
+Let's start there.
+
+So, just pick a volunteer.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so what we're
+going to do is have the TA's
+
+go in and ask you to read off
+of a p h strip, what the p h
+
+of various things are, and
+actually Marcus, if you could
+
+write on the board
+what these are.
+
+So we'll start with MIT water.
+
+So, we know if it's 7 it's
+neutral, if it's below 7 we're
+
+talking about acidic, and
+above that it's basic.
+
+We actually, also for you to be
+able to visualize as well,
+
+what I did is I just boiled up
+some cabbage last night and
+
+brought in the extract
+with me.
+
+And cabbage actually has
+anthocyanins in it, which is a
+
+color indicator, and it changes
+color based on whether
+
+it's in an acidic or
+a basic solution.
+
+So we'll let you
+see this here.
+
+It looks like MIT water,
+pretty safe to drink,
+
+which is good news.
+
+We can go ahead and -- so it
+looks like if we add MIT water
+
+to cabbage solution, what do you
+think's going to happen --
+
+this is neutral right now.
+
+Hopefully not much.
+
+We either have invalid
+strips or we'll see
+
+nothing happen here.
+
+All right, so you can see we
+still have the purple color
+
+for MIT water.
+
+Two confirmations that it's safe
+to drink right out of the
+
+tap when you get home.
+
+So, the next thing is
+vinegar did someone
+
+take the, the strip?
+
+STUDENT: We have
+a 2 and a 1/2.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so are
+we drinking vinegar?
+
+STUDENT: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: Probably
+not straight.
+
+All right, so we've
+got our cabbage
+
+extract here, it's purple.
+
+Does anyone have a guess as to
+what color it's going to turn
+
+if we pour in vinegar,
+very acidic.
+
+All right, a couple guesses
+I hear, blue and pink.
+
+They're both good guesses
+because different color
+
+indicators turn different
+colors.
+
+But, all right, looks like a
+dramatic difference here.
+
+What do we have next
+out there?
+
+Baking soda.
+
+Seven for the baking soda.
+
+I'm going to guess we did not
+pour in enough or it is not
+
+dissolved here.
+
+All right, so let's do our
+secondary test here and see
+
+what happens with
+the baking soda.
+
+PROFESSOR: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] the
+water we added it to was
+
+also not neutral.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right, so we're
+actually pretty basic with the
+
+baking soda.
+
+We won't give it a number
+because it was just
+
+dissolved in water.
+
+But we'll remember baking soda,
+blue here is basic.
+
+So the next thing we're going to
+test is soda that you drink
+
+all the time.
+
+I brought Sprite.
+
+Coke probably would have
+been a good pick as
+
+well or Diet Coke.
+
+So, we'll test what that is.
+
+Hopefully it comes out
+neutral, right?
+
+So while we're waiting, we'll
+start taking a little
+
+bit of a look here.
+
+All right, we've got a 3.
+
+Soda, corrosive.
+
+It's not just the sugar that's
+bad for your teeth.
+
+Luckily we see here it is not
+quite as bad as vinegar in
+
+terms of how acidic it is, but
+we definitely have a color
+
+change here.
+
+PROFESSOR: Has anyone
+used soda for
+
+something other than drinking?
+
+What did you use it for?
+
+STUDENT: Cleaning pennies.
+
+PROFESSOR: Cleaning pennies,
+what else?
+
+STUDENT: When you have stuff all
+over your car battery you
+
+can use Coke.
+
+PROFESSOR: And some of those
+other uses make sense.
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+What else?
+
+STUDENT: Taking the
+galvanization
+
+off of a steel wire.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so cleaning
+steel wire.
+
+How many of you still drink soda
+knowing this information?
+
+PROFESSOR: All right, so the
+next thing we put out there
+
+was aspirin dissolved in water,
+and it's going to
+
+depend what concentration we
+did, but we put aspirin in
+
+water and we got a 3 here.
+
+So, aspirin sometimes gives
+you an upset stomach, and
+
+that's why Tylenol's an
+improvement in some ways --
+
+obviously, that has its
+own drawbacks, too.
+
+But you can see what your
+stomach on aspirin might be
+
+feeling like here.
+
+So if you're having an upset
+stomach, something you might
+
+do is take Tums or Mylanta or
+some other kind of a -- yeah,
+
+let's measure the p h here.
+
+So if you decide to take some
+Milk of Magnesia after an
+
+upset stomach, are you
+hoping it will be
+
+acidic or basic here?
+
+STUDENT: Basic.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right, let's
+see what we get.
+
+All right, so this is
+kind of thicker.
+
+Let's see how this works.
+
+I think you can start to see
+the green at the bottom.
+
+So, it's white in here, so
+this is not just color.
+
+So we'll let that
+slowly mix in.
+
+What did we get for a p h, if
+you can read it on there.
+
+This might be another no-go.
+
+STUDENT: It says 7, but--
+
+PROFESSOR: It's probably
+blue--
+
+PROFESSOR: So, how many people
+have had lunch yet today?
+
+How many are going to
+have lunch soon?
+
+How many are reconsidering what
+they're going to eat for
+
+lunch based on this demo?
+
+PROFESSOR: Al right, we'll take
+a look at one last thing
+
+that you might be consuming.
+
+Lemon juice, or actually this
+is lime juice here.
+
+All right, we're probably ending
+with an easy one here.
+
+What do you think, acidic or
+basic for the lime juice.
+
+So, really, the question is
+probably just the shade that
+
+we're going to get from going
+from a purple here.
+
+All right, so what are we
+reading for the lime juice?
+
+A 2, OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so that's the
+end of our demo here,
+
+providing you with some tips
+about what is corrosive and
+
+what is not corrosive
+around MIT.
+
+And I think the title of this
+lecture on the syllabus is "is
+
+it safe to drink the water at
+MIT," and the answer is a lot
+
+safer than drinking soda.
+
+So let's talk about some acids
+in water some more, and
+
+introduce something you'll use
+a lot, which is an acid
+
+ionization constant.
+
+So let's look at an example
+of an acid in water.
+
+So say we have c h 3, c o o h
+aqueous, so it's in water,
+
+which is our solvent.
+
+It's acting as an acid, so it's
+giving off a hydrogen ion
+
+to water forming hydronium
+ion, and forming its
+
+conjugate, which is missing
+its hydrogen ion.
+
+All right, so here we have an
+equation, and now we're going
+
+to introduce something which
+is the acid ionization
+
+constant, or k a, and you'll
+be using k a a lot in this
+
+course, we're also going to
+have some k b's for bases.
+
+So the acid ionization
+constant.
+
+And it's an equilibrium
+constant, so you all know how
+
+to write equilibrium
+constants.
+
+So the equilibrium constant is
+going to be products, which in
+
+this case is hydronium ions
+times the concentration of the
+
+conjugate base of the acid
+over the conjugate acid.
+
+And there is no water in that
+equation, because here the
+
+water is pretty much pure.
+
+It's the solvent so its
+concentration is not going to
+
+change very much, so
+it is left off.
+
+And I can tell you that
+the ionization
+
+constant here is 1 .
+
+76 times 10 to the minus 5.
+
+Again, that's temperature
+dependent, so
+
+that's at 25 degrees.
+
+This is a small number, so that
+tells us this is not a
+
+very strong acid.
+
+So it's not ionizing very
+much in solution.
+
+That is a definition of a weak
+acid, something that doesn't
+
+ionize very much.
+
+The definition of a strong acid
+is something that does
+
+ionize quite a bit.
+
+So here then, we can write
+equations generically for
+
+acids and bases.
+
+You can write an equation
+generically, h a being as your
+
+acid, plus water, goes to
+hydronium ions, and your
+
+conjugate of the acid,
+which is a minus.
+
+So this is an acid,
+h a, in water.
+
+We can also write it as h b plus
+as an acid in water going
+
+to hydronium ion concentrations
+and the
+
+conjugate, which is base, it's
+lost its hydrogen ion as well.
+
+A strong acid is something
+that has a k a
+
+greater than one.
+
+More products than reactant
+at equilibrium.
+
+So that means it ionizes almost
+completely, so it goes
+
+far toward products, ionizes
+almost completely.
+
+A weak acid is something with a
+k a of less than one, which
+
+means that when you put this
+acid in water, it doesn't
+
+ionize very much, when
+you have equilibrium.
+
+So you can tell if something
+is a strong acid or not by
+
+looking at it's k a value, or
+alternatively you can consider
+
+something called p k a.
+
+So the p k a is minus log of the
+k a, and if you have a low
+
+value of k a, you'll have a
+higher p k a, and the higher
+
+the p k a then, the
+weaker the acid.
+
+So you can look it k a or you
+can think about p k a in terms
+
+of whether something is
+a strong acid or not.
+
+And so we'll just finish
+up with this slide.
+
+So, up here we have some
+very strong acids.
+
+These k a's are much greater
+than one, and you have
+
+extremely low values
+for p k a.
+
+And if you keep going from
+strong acids, again, a strong
+
+acid has a k a greater than one,
+so these are all strong.
+
+And so, then weak acids
+are less than one.
+
+And so down here you'd have
+small numbers for k a, and so
+
+-- up here we have big k a's,
+here we have smaller k a's,
+
+and the corresponding p k a's
+are going up, and if we keep
+
+going, this table is very long,
+we're going to get some
+
+very high p k a values
+when you have some
+
+very, very small numbers.
+
+OK, we'll stop there for
+today and continue
+
+acid base next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GwmkHdPUl_k.txt b/GwmkHdPUl_k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a733823064fa017c933cef8e02c1b0bfa3569cd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GwmkHdPUl_k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1803 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi i'm sophie i'm pablo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi i'm sophie i'm pablo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi i'm sophie i'm pablo
+and this is our project night hunter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our project night hunter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our project night hunter
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+our early concept for this game was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our early concept for this game was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our early concept for this game was
+something like in invisible maze that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like in invisible maze that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like in invisible maze that
+you could only hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could only hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could only hear
+so we had the idea of sort of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had the idea of sort of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had the idea of sort of trying to
+our the original idea came from the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our the original idea came from the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our the original idea came from the idea
+of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+superheroes who have like enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superheroes who have like enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superheroes who have like enhanced
+senses since this was to be an audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses since this was to be an audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses since this was to be an audio
+only game we thought how can we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only game we thought how can we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only game we thought how can we sort of
+enhance your hearing we thought what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance your hearing we thought what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance your hearing we thought what if
+you could hear the things that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could hear the things that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could hear the things that you can't
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+so the idea was that you would try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea was that you would try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea was that you would try to
+move through a maze you would hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move through a maze you would hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move through a maze you would hear
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+you would use something like sonar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would use something like sonar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would use something like sonar to
+try to um like you'd send out a wave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to um like you'd send out a wave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to um like you'd send out a wave it
+would make a sound you could tell where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make a sound you could tell where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make a sound you could tell where
+it was in space and avoid it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in space and avoid it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in space and avoid it
+that's pretty hard as it turns out one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty hard as it turns out one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty hard as it turns out one
+of the things we wanted to explore by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we wanted to explore by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we wanted to explore by
+making this game was how good at people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this game was how good at people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this game was how good at people
+or how good are people at actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how good are people at actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how good are people at actually
+figuring out where that invisible thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out where that invisible thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out where that invisible thing
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+turns out the answer is not very good if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the answer is not very good if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the answer is not very good if
+you're trying to avoid something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to avoid something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to avoid something that's
+very important that you are very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important that you are very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important that you are very good
+because you can't tell where the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't tell where the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't tell where the edges
+are you can just kind of tell it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you can just kind of tell it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you can just kind of tell it's
+vaguely over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+yeah our original when we did original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah our original when we did original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah our original when we did original
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+play storming sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play storming sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play storming sort of um
+playing around with physical objects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing around with physical objects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing around with physical objects to
+come up with a concept our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a concept our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a concept our original
+concept uh we we split two tables up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept uh we we split two tables up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept uh we we split two tables up
+and we put objects down to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we put objects down to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we put objects down to represent
+sound sources and we and we had people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound sources and we and we had people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound sources and we and we had people
+walk through it and when they got close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through it and when they got close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through it and when they got close
+to sound source we were kind of ping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sound source we were kind of ping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sound source we were kind of ping and
+that was like our original ideating sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like our original ideating sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like our original ideating sort
+of play test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of play test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of play test
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but after that we transitioned into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after that we transitioned into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after that we transitioned into
+um more of a collection kind of game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more of a collection kind of game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more of a collection kind of game
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it's hard to detect those edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to detect those edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to detect those edges
+and so with our with our fit our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with our with our fit our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with our with our fit our first
+physical play test we had one player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical play test we had one player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical play test we had one player
+wearing blackout glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing blackout glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing blackout glasses
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so they were effectively blind and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were effectively blind and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were effectively blind and then
+a bunch of our play testing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of our play testing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of our play testing um
+helpers who are in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpers who are in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpers who are in this room
+um would act as sound sources that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would act as sound sources that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would act as sound sources that the
+player is trying to collect and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is trying to collect and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is trying to collect and so um
+they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would
+move opposite the direction where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move opposite the direction where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move opposite the direction where the
+player is facing so it's as though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is facing so it's as though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is facing so it's as though
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+always moving forward relative to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always moving forward relative to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always moving forward relative to all
+the other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other people
+and all the sound sources would each um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the sound sources would each um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the sound sources would each um
+take a step in cadence and then make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a step in cadence and then make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a step in cadence and then make
+some sort of sound like we did clapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of sound like we did clapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of sound like we did clapping
+at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first
+but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we
+we had a lot of actually very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a lot of actually very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a lot of actually very important
+findings just from this first play test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings just from this first play test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings just from this first play test
+yeah um one of the things we found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um one of the things we found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um one of the things we found out
+is that if everyone is making the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if everyone is making the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if everyone is making the same
+sound at the same time it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound at the same time it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound at the same time it's really
+really hard to figure out where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to figure out where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to figure out where they're
+coming from it's just one big cloud of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from it's just one big cloud of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from it's just one big cloud of
+what the heck is going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heck is going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heck is going on
+um and it was also pretty hard to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it was also pretty hard to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it was also pretty hard to try to
+even like we had to show people how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even like we had to show people how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even like we had to show people how to
+move at first it was hard to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move at first it was hard to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move at first it was hard to understand
+just from a um description like if he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from a um description like if he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from a um description like if he's
+looking at me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at me
+i'm going this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going this way
+and um we had to have someone pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we had to have someone pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we had to have someone pointing
+which way the person was looking yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way the person was looking yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way the person was looking yeah so
+we tried a second round where the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried a second round where the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried a second round where the um
+where everyone was making a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everyone was making a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everyone was making a different
+noise and they weren't moving in sync
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and they weren't moving in sync
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and they weren't moving in sync
+and it proved really helpful for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it proved really helpful for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it proved really helpful for our
+play tester who could lock on to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play tester who could lock on to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play tester who could lock on to one
+sound turn toward it until they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound turn toward it until they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound turn toward it until they got
+close enough when the person got close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough when the person got close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough when the person got close
+enough tapped on the shoulder they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough tapped on the shoulder they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough tapped on the shoulder they were
+out collected basically and they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out collected basically and they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out collected basically and they got
+slowly faster and faster just locking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly faster and faster just locking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly faster and faster just locking
+onto that one individual sound pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto that one individual sound pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto that one individual sound pointing
+towards it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards it
+collecting it until they were all out we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting it until they were all out we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting it until they were all out we
+had a timer for that second round the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a timer for that second round the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a timer for that second round the
+timer was not necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timer was not necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timer was not necessary
+so we're like wait yay this works so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're like wait yay this works so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're like wait yay this works so
+much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better
+so we moved on to making a unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we moved on to making a unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we moved on to making a unity
+prototype yeah so our original unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype yeah so our original unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype yeah so our original unity
+prototype was kind of like this it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype was kind of like this it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype was kind of like this it was
+it was a sort of a duplication of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a sort of a duplication of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a sort of a duplication of this
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+uh the frames were in the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the frames were in the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the frames were in the center of the
+screen and then there was kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and then there was kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and then there was kind of a
+cloud of sound sources around them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud of sound sources around them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud of sound sources around them and
+they would move against where the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would move against where the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would move against where the player
+was looking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking so
+again it was like they were flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it was like they were flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it was like they were flying
+around trying to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around trying to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around trying to collect
+these sound sources but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sound sources but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sound sources but um
+we quickly found out that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we quickly found out that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we quickly found out that it was
+like um the other team mentioned is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um the other team mentioned is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um the other team mentioned is that
+it's very hard to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to determine
+or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to
+to lock onto something when you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lock onto something when you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lock onto something when you can
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like
+variance on the z-axis when you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance on the z-axis when you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance on the z-axis when you can
+look up and down so we flattened it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up and down so we flattened it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up and down so we flattened it
+so they were all around you but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were all around you but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were all around you but even
+then it was still hard pretty hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it was still hard pretty hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it was still hard pretty hard to
+focus on each individual sound yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on each individual sound yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on each individual sound yeah so
+we decided to change to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided to change to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided to change to
+sort of an endless runner prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an endless runner prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an endless runner prototype
+where the idea is that you're here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the idea is that you're here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the idea is that you're here
+things are constantly coming at you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are constantly coming at you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are constantly coming at you and
+you have to turn your head so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to turn your head so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to turn your head so that they
+will move toward you it's like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move toward you it's like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move toward you it's like there's
+something coming over here oh i can hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something coming over here oh i can hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something coming over here oh i can hear
+that up now it's coming at me collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up now it's coming at me collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up now it's coming at me collected
+huzzah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huzzah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huzzah
+so you transition to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you transition to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you transition to a
+linear experience yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so our final product is night hunter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our final product is night hunter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our final product is night hunter the
+idea is that it's a little hard to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that it's a little hard to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that it's a little hard to see
+in this particular photo but you're this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular photo but you're this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular photo but you're this
+tiny little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+arrow ship thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow ship thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow ship thing
+and there are small sound sources that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are small sound sources that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are small sound sources that
+you can hear they're headed toward you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hear they're headed toward you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hear they're headed toward you
+and you have to turn your head wearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to turn your head wearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to turn your head wearing
+the frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frames
+to find them they will if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find them they will if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find them they will if you are
+looking at it it will move towards you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it it will move towards you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it it will move towards you
+if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um
+if you miss it it hits a invisible plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you miss it it hits a invisible plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you miss it it hits a invisible plane
+behind you and is deleted and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind you and is deleted and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind you and is deleted and another
+one spawns because another thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one spawns because another thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one spawns because another thing we
+found was if there are multiple you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was if there are multiple you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was if there are multiple you will
+hear one over here and one over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear one over here and one over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear one over here and one over here and
+you can't tell which is which even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't tell which is which even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't tell which is which even if
+the sounds are different it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sounds are different it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sounds are different it's still
+really hard it's easier if the sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard it's easier if the sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard it's easier if the sounds
+are different it's still really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different it's still really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different it's still really hard
+yeah and another massive change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and another massive change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and another massive change
+we made is that there is a ui now yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made is that there is a ui now yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made is that there is a ui now yeah
+so before we were just doing completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we were just doing completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we were just doing completely
+blind you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind you're just
+you're only using your ears to play but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only using your ears to play but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only using your ears to play but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we actually made this ui for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually made this ui for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually made this ui for
+um play testing initially or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um play testing initially or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um play testing initially or for
+debugging so that we could see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging so that we could see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging so that we could see the
+sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds
+coming at the player but we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming at the player but we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming at the player but we thought
+you know maybe for a tutorial this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe for a tutorial this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe for a tutorial this would
+be really useful because then the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really useful because then the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really useful because then the player
+could kind of conceptualize what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could kind of conceptualize what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could kind of conceptualize what they're
+doing before they go blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing before they go blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing before they go blind
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+we decided to actually add it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided to actually add it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided to actually add it into the
+game so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so
+uh you you can always see where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you can always see where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you can always see where you are
+and you can see the sounds coming into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the sounds coming into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the sounds coming into
+view they they start out of you so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view they they start out of you so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view they they start out of you so you
+still have to use your ears to localize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to use your ears to localize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to use your ears to localize
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+but once you get close enough to it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you get close enough to it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you get close enough to it you
+can see it and then with more precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it and then with more precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it and then with more precision
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+actually collect it instead of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually collect it instead of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually collect it instead of having a
+full range of vision and sight it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full range of vision and sight it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full range of vision and sight it's more
+like you have a really really limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have a really really limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have a really really limited
+range of vision it's like being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of vision it's like being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of vision it's like being
+almost blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost blind
+um because this is like you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because this is like you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because this is like you still have
+to get yourself in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get yourself in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get yourself in the
+general area using your um auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general area using your um auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general area using your um auditory
+senses and then you can see it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses and then you can see it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses and then you can see it and then
+that helps with the final like oh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps with the final like oh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps with the final like oh it's
+right here i thought it was here-ish oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here i thought it was here-ish oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here i thought it was here-ish oh
+i can turn it i can see it now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can turn it i can see it now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can turn it i can see it now it's
+there yeah and with this version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah and with this version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah and with this version of the
+game um we felt like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game um we felt like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game um we felt like
+now it was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it was sort of
+we didn't want players to rely too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't want players to rely too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't want players to rely too much
+on their visuals we still wanted to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their visuals we still wanted to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their visuals we still wanted to get
+that audio first gaming experience so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that audio first gaming experience so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that audio first gaming experience so
+what we decided to do is have the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we decided to do is have the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we decided to do is have the screen
+occasionally go black so you can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally go black so you can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally go black so you can't see
+anything and then you have to truly rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and then you have to truly rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and then you have to truly rely
+on just your ears to actually collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on just your ears to actually collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on just your ears to actually collect
+the sounds so you'll be playing for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sounds so you'll be playing for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sounds so you'll be playing for a
+while and some of these screens black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and some of these screens black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and some of these screens black
+and you're like ah what's happening wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're like ah what's happening wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're like ah what's happening wait
+i can still hear things it must still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can still hear things it must still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can still hear things it must still be
+going no oh i still have to use my ears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going no oh i still have to use my ears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going no oh i still have to use my ears
+and we kind of rationalize that as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we kind of rationalize that as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we kind of rationalize that as like
+a radar system failure so like you're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radar system failure so like you're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radar system failure so like you're on
+this spaceship and you have a radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spaceship and you have a radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spaceship and you have a radar
+of like the your immediate surroundings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the your immediate surroundings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the your immediate surroundings
+and then occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then occasionally
+for whatever technical reasons it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever technical reasons it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever technical reasons it goes
+black and then you're flying blind but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and then you're flying blind but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and then you're flying blind but
+you can still use your other sensors aka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still use your other sensors aka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still use your other sensors aka
+your ears to navigate
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HPh3LjDP_I4.txt b/HPh3LjDP_I4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..26c18064ad3eacabbdcff143cc406679a6563b1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HPh3LjDP_I4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+[BEAKER STIRRING]
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+ANNOUNCER: It's day
+two of 5.301.
+
+The students are given a tenth
+of a gram of Ethyl
+
+3-hydroxybenzoate contaminated
+with a small amount of
+
+triethylamine.
+
+The goal is to separate the
+contaminant from the target
+
+chemical using a technique
+called extraction.
+
+The students first dissolve
+the mixture in ether, then
+
+they add an acid solution.
+
+Acid and ether don't mix,
+so two layers form.
+
+As the students shake the
+mixture, the acid reacts with
+
+the contaminant to
+form a salt.
+
+This salt is much less soluble
+in ether than it is an acid,
+
+so it moves from the
+ether to the acid.
+
+The two liquids separate
+back into two layers.
+
+Overall, the target molecule
+stays in the ether and the
+
+contaminant moves to
+the acid layer.
+
+ANTHONY: This has my product.
+
+This has my impurity.
+
+ANNOUNCER: Now it's time to head
+over to the rotovap to
+
+evaporate the ether.
+
+Anthony starts rotovapping,
+and it's all
+
+going well, for now.
+
+But after a while--
+
+ANTHONY: I'm not getting
+any of my dried
+
+sample on the edges.
+
+I think as long as there is
+still ether in there, then I
+
+won't get anything to show
+up, is what I'm hoping.
+
+IKE: His was a lot and
+it's not succeeding.
+
+Mine is little, so what
+chance do I have?
+
+ANTHONY: I thought I did
+something wrong and, of
+
+course, no one wants to do
+anything wrong, especially on
+
+the second day.
+
+I should have gotten
+some product.
+
+I went to Tengfei, and I was
+like, look lady, I don't know
+
+you very well but this doesn't
+seem like it's working.
+
+She drained the solvent
+and then turned
+
+on the vacuum again.
+
+I still don't see anything.
+
+Everyone else was getting their
+samples and they were
+
+going to dry and then mass.
+
+And I was like, I don't
+have anything.
+
+ANNOUNCER: Anthony's troubles
+finally get Phil's attention.
+
+PHIL: Try putting it on one
+of the other rotovaps.
+
+ANNOUNCER: Phil thinks the
+rotovap Anthony is
+
+using must be broken.
+
+ANTHONY: And I start getting
+crystals, I guess, on the side
+
+of my round bottom.
+
+I clutched my heart.
+
+And I was like, finally.
+
+ANNOUNCER: But the sample
+doesn't quite look right, and
+
+Tengfei has something
+to say about that.
+
+TENGFEI: Who's to know what
+you are supposed to get?
+
+ANTHONY: So she's
+like, calm down.
+
+Like, just hold on.
+
+You don't even know what
+you're supposed to get
+
+yet, so hold on.
+
+ANNOUNCER: Anthony runs
+an NMR to figure out
+
+exactly what he has.
+
+ANTHONY: Check this out.
+
+This doesn't look like
+it's horribly wrong.
+
+So, hopefully this will be it.
+
+I think this is a pretty
+good NMR scan.
+
+ANNOUNCER: Even though his
+sample looks different, the
+
+NMR spectrum matches that
+of the pure compound.
+
+ANTHONY: 70% yield.
+
+So not wonderful,
+but not too bad.
+
+When I got a sample and I got a
+pretty big yield and it was
+
+pretty pure, I was happy.
+
+ANNOUNCER: And that's it.
+
+The first day is done.
+
+EMILY: Overall, I think
+the lab was OK.
+
+It was a little stressful at
+times, but we all made it
+
+though it alive and I think it
+will just get easier with each
+
+day as we become more
+comfortable
+
+with what we're doing.
+
+ETHAN: I'm definitely not
+as nervous anymore
+
+to go to the lab.
+
+I'm actually more excited
+for it, I guess.
+
+ANTHONY: I'm looking forward
+to tomorrow.
+
+It's going to be a lot harder,
+but I think it's going to be a
+
+lot of fun.
+
+PHIL: I'm not a gambling man.
+
+I do slot machines.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IKJJ1SiMbjg.txt b/IKJJ1SiMbjg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..48367a5e6007c5f8b74ab7ae6a3b11948c165ab2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IKJJ1SiMbjg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,458 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a creative
+
+commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+JOCELYN: Hi.
+
+Jocelyn here and we're going
+to go over fall 2009 exam
+
+three problem number three.
+
+As always, let's read the
+question first. Calcium
+
+ammonium phosphate dissolves
+in water according to the
+
+dissolution equation, for
+which the value of the
+
+solubility product, ksp, has
+been determined to be 4.4
+
+times 10 to the -14.
+
+Calculate the solubility of
+the compound in water.
+
+Express your answers in units
+of molartiy, ie moles of the
+
+compound per liter
+of solution.
+
+So the first thing we want to
+do is write down what the
+
+question's asking.
+
+Part A--
+
+how much calcium ammonium
+phosphate
+
+can dissolve in water?
+
+And we're going to
+call this cs--
+
+or the saturation
+concentration.
+
+Next we need to figure out how
+to find this out, right?
+
+So it gives us that the ksp--
+
+4.4 times 10 to the -14.
+
+So we need to know something
+about the ksp and although
+
+it's called the solubility
+product, it's the same as
+
+other equilibrium constants.
+
+So equilibrium constants tells
+us about the concentrations at
+
+equilibrium and therefore
+the maximum solubility.
+
+Looking at the equation, we
+have calcium ammonium
+
+phosphate dissolving--
+
+which is a solid--
+
+dissolving into calcium
+ions, ammonium ions
+
+and phosphate ions.
+
+As with every equilibrium
+constant, we can write down an
+
+equation relating to the
+concentration of the species.
+
+So our ksp is the product
+of the concentration.
+
+And a common mistake made
+on this problem
+
+was that people included--
+
+students included the calcium
+ammonium phosphate solid on
+
+the bottom as you
+normally would--
+
+where you would normally
+put the reactant.
+
+However, remember that for
+equilibrium constants, we
+
+don't put solids in
+there because the
+
+activities don't change--
+
+or the concentration
+doesn't change.
+
+It doesn't really make
+sense to add it in.
+
+So here we just look at the
+solvated ions and we see that
+
+we have a 1:1:1 molar
+ratio here.
+
+That's going to make our life
+a little bit easier.
+
+So now we need to figure out
+what the solubility of the
+
+compound is and to do that,
+we want to look at
+
+this chemical equation.
+
+We see that for one mole--
+
+so one mole of calcium ammonium
+phosphate dissolved
+
+gives you one mole of the
+calcium ion, the sodium ion
+
+and the phosphate ion.
+
+Thus, we can say the amount of
+calcium ammonium phosphate
+
+dissolved, which we called Cs,
+is going to be equivalent to
+
+each of these concentrations.
+
+Because we're asked for how
+much of the compound is
+
+dissolved, but we're given the
+ksp, which is in terms of the
+
+concentrations of these
+solvated ions.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+This doesn't equal
+the product.
+
+These are all equal.
+
+Now we can plug the
+Cs into our ksp
+
+equation that we had before.
+
+So instead of the
+concentration of
+
+calcium ions, we have--
+
+it's equal to the
+concentration of
+
+the compound dissolved.
+
+The same goes for the ammonium
+and the phosphate, because
+
+again, we have 1:1:1:1
+stoichiometric coefficients.
+
+And we can be a little
+more concise.
+
+Now it's just a matter of
+solving for the saturated
+
+concentration.
+
+So doing some algebra here.
+
+Then we plug in the numbers.
+
+And we get that the solubility
+of calcium ammonium phosphate
+
+is 3.53 times 10 to
+the -5 moles--
+
+molar, sorry.
+
+So that means 3.53 times -5
+moles per liter of water.
+
+That's not very much.
+
+So we can say generally or
+relatively this calcium
+
+ammonium phosphate is not
+that soluble in water.
+
+So let's move on to part B.
+
+Part B says, calculate the
+solubility of calcium ammonium
+
+phosphate in 2.2 molar
+calcium bromide.
+
+Express your answer
+in units molarity.
+
+Assume that in water, calcium
+bromide completely
+
+disassociates into
+calcium 2 plus
+
+cations and bromide anions.
+
+This is basically asking
+us for the same value.
+
+It's asking us for the
+solubility of calcium ammonium
+
+phosphate, but under slightly
+different conditions.
+
+So we want to write those
+conditions down.
+
+Now we have to ask ourselves
+why would the fact that we
+
+have a concentration of calcium
+bromide affect the
+
+solubility of calcium
+ammonium phosphate?
+
+And the thing to remember
+here is the
+
+common ion effect, right?
+
+2 molar calcium bromide will--
+
+when dissolved in water, the
+concentration of calcium from
+
+just the calcium bromide will
+be 2.2 molar, right?
+
+Because we're told that it
+completely disassociates.
+
+So if we look at the
+disassociation reaction, we
+
+see that for every mole of
+calcium bromide, we get one
+
+mole of calcium and two
+moles of bromide.
+
+So having calcium bromide will
+alter our answer from the
+
+previous problem because the ksp
+will always be the same.
+
+It's an equilibrium
+constant, right?
+
+So even though it has to do
+with calcium ammonium
+
+phosphate, we have to take into
+account that we already
+
+have calcium in the system.
+
+So before we start plugging in
+any numbers, we should think
+
+about this problem.
+
+Do we think that already having
+calcium in the system
+
+will increase or decrease the
+solubility of the calcium
+
+ammonium phosphate?
+
+Hopefully we can agree that it
+would probably decrease the
+
+solubility because you already
+have those calcium ions.
+
+So putting more calcium ions
+into the water is going to be
+
+harder and therefore less
+calcium ammonium phosphate
+
+will dissolve.
+
+Now that we know what kind of
+number we're looking for, we
+
+can start doing the actual
+calculation.
+
+So again, we'll start with our
+equation for the ksp, which
+
+for calcium ammonium phosphate
+has not changed.
+
+I'm just going to rewrite
+it on this board here.
+
+But now instead of having
+each of these be equal
+
+concentrations, we
+already have some
+
+calcium in the system.
+
+So we need to take that
+into account.
+
+And I'm going to call the
+saturation concentration Cs
+
+star because we're under
+different conditions, right?
+
+The calcium bromide does not
+contribute any ammonium or
+
+phosphate ions so those
+concentrations will just be
+
+determined by how much
+of the calcium
+
+ammonium phosphate dissolves.
+
+From before, we can use what we
+found in part A to simplify
+
+this a little bit.
+
+So in part A, we know that
+without anything else, without
+
+a common ion effect, that we
+have decided will decrease the
+
+solubility.
+
+We have 3.35 times 10 to the
+-5th molar solubility.
+
+Therefore, we can say with
+good certainty that our
+
+saturation concentration with
+the common ion effect will be
+
+much, much less than 2.2 molar
+because 2.2 molar is much
+
+greater than our pure
+solubility.
+
+Going back to our equation
+over here, that
+
+means we can have--
+
+and now we have a fairly simple
+algebraic problem.
+
+Dividing by 2.2 and then taking
+the square root, we get
+
+that the saturation
+concentration under these
+
+conditions--
+
+2.2 molar calcium bromide--
+
+will be 1.41 times 10
+to the -7 molar.
+
+And going back to our answer
+from part A, we see that this
+
+is indeed a lower solubility.
+
+There's less calcium ammonium
+phosphate that can be
+
+dissolved and that makes sense
+from our previous thought
+
+about this problem.
+
+And so now that you've
+found the answer, box
+
+it and we're done.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Idx3VgOpUDk.txt b/Idx3VgOpUDk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5954a8da7d1cdeaae7fd0c6790e0db43d3760ad4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Idx3VgOpUDk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will now introduce a new kinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now introduce a new kinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now introduce a new kinematic
+quantity called angular momentum angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity called angular momentum angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity called angular momentum angular
+momentum will be very useful when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum will be very useful when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum will be very useful when we
+describe the rotation of objects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the rotation of objects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the rotation of objects in
+particular how it will be related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular how it will be related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular how it will be related to
+torque now what is angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque now what is angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque now what is angular momentum
+suppose we have an object of mass M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have an object of mass M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have an object of mass M and
+it's moving in this direction and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's moving in this direction and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's moving in this direction and it has
+a momentum P remember P equals M be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a momentum P remember P equals M be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a momentum P remember P equals M be
+angular momentum is always defined about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum is always defined about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum is always defined about
+some point so suppose we choose a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point so suppose we choose a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point so suppose we choose a point
+s and I wanted to find the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and I wanted to find the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and I wanted to find the angular
+momentum about s due to this motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum about s due to this motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum about s due to this motion of
+the object and the way it's defined is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object and the way it's defined is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object and the way it's defined is
+I'll draw a vector from the point s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw a vector from the point s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw a vector from the point s to
+where the object is and our definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the object is and our definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the object is and our definition
+of angular momentum about s is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular momentum about s is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular momentum about s is equal
+this is three lines for our definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is three lines for our definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is three lines for our definition
+it's the vector cross product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the vector cross product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the vector cross product of the
+vector RS with the vector P now how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector RS with the vector P now how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector RS with the vector P now how do
+we define the direction of this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define the direction of this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define the direction of this vector
+well the way we do that for any vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the way we do that for any vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the way we do that for any vector
+product is we take the two vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is we take the two vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is we take the two vectors and
+we put them tail the tail so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put them tail the tail so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put them tail the tail so let's start
+off by drawing the vector RS in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by drawing the vector RS in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by drawing the vector RS in that
+direction and now when you take a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and now when you take a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and now when you take a cross
+product we draw an arrow from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product we draw an arrow from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product we draw an arrow from the first
+vector to the second one remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector to the second one remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector to the second one remember
+crossing vector products are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing vector products are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing vector products are the same
+thing and now we want to use our right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and now we want to use our right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and now we want to use our right
+hand rule to get the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand rule to get the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand rule to get the direction of the
+angular momentum so we curl our fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum so we curl our fingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum so we curl our fingers
+and notice in this case it's pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice in this case it's pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice in this case it's pointing
+into the plane of the figure and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the plane of the figure and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the plane of the figure and so the
+direction of the angular momentum about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the angular momentum about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the angular momentum about
+s is given into the plane of the figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is given into the plane of the figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is given into the plane of the figure
+in our light board now we'll learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our light board now we'll learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our light board now we'll learn how
+to calculate this cross product in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate this cross product in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate this cross product in
+detail but suppose we have our vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but suppose we have our vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but suppose we have our vectors
+which are in a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are in a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are in a slightly different
+arrangement as seen in this figure here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement as seen in this figure here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement as seen in this figure here
+well what we see is with the vector P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what we see is with the vector P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what we see is with the vector P
+and the vector RS we still use our right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vector RS we still use our right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vector RS we still use our right
+hand rule to calculate the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand rule to calculate the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand rule to calculate the direction of
+L s notice whenever you have a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L s notice whenever you have a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L s notice whenever you have a vector
+cross product that the vector L s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product that the vector L s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product that the vector L s
+is perpendicular to both the vectors RS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perpendicular to both the vectors RS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perpendicular to both the vectors RS
+and is perpendicular to the vector P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is perpendicular to the vector P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is perpendicular to the vector P and
+you can see in both of these examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see in both of these examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see in both of these examples
+that the angular momentum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the angular momentum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the angular momentum is
+perpendicular to the plane formed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the plane formed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the plane formed by the
+vectors R s and P
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IgqwfvODZIE.txt b/IgqwfvODZIE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e9803416f87782ee5b732071a38708f786fad74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IgqwfvODZIE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1243 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8701 so in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701 so in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701 so in this lecture
+we want to write down the 5-minute rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to write down the 5-minute rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to write down the 5-minute rules
+for qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for qcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for qcd
+a lot of work happened to get to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work happened to get to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work happened to get to this
+point if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if you
+recall we derived feynman rules for toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall we derived feynman rules for toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall we derived feynman rules for toy
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+then we extended this to qed quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we extended this to qed quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we extended this to qed quantum
+electrodynamics introducing and keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodynamics introducing and keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodynamics introducing and keeping
+track of the spin of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the spin of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the spin of particles
+and now in qcd we have to do one step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now in qcd we have to do one step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now in qcd we have to do one step in
+addition we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition we
+have to keep track of the color of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep track of the color of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep track of the color of
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+so color the charge of qcd plays a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so color the charge of qcd plays a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so color the charge of qcd plays a
+very important role here um if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important role here um if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important role here um if we just
+investigate this fundamental process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate this fundamental process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate this fundamental process
+here this fundamental vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this fundamental vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this fundamental vertex
+which is very similar to a photon being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very similar to a photon being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very similar to a photon being
+radiated from an electron here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiated from an electron here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiated from an electron here we have a
+clue on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue on
+being radiated from quarks and when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being radiated from quarks and when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being radiated from quarks and when this
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+the quark changes its color so here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quark changes its color so here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quark changes its color so here you
+have a quark with color blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a quark with color blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a quark with color blue
+and the cork with color red the clue on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cork with color red the clue on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cork with color red the clue on
+adds a color it adds red but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds a color it adds red but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds a color it adds red but it also
+takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes
+away the blue so the graph itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the blue so the graph itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the blue so the graph itself
+basically carries two colors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically carries two colors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically carries two colors is
+bi-colored um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi-colored um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi-colored um
+one color and at the same time an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one color and at the same time an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one color and at the same time an
+anti-color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-color
+a leading order process here i have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leading order process here i have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leading order process here i have two
+vertices and this is a scattering for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and this is a scattering for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and this is a scattering for
+example of two quarks which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of two quarks which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of two quarks which
+other through a clue all right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other through a clue all right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other through a clue all right so we
+have three kinds of charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three kinds of charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three kinds of charges
+um meaning that the quarks come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um meaning that the quarks come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um meaning that the quarks come in
+red green or blue so we have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red green or blue so we have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red green or blue so we have to keep
+track of this when we write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of this when we write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of this when we write down
+our amplitudes our matrix element so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our amplitudes our matrix element so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our amplitudes our matrix element so we
+do this by just introducing a new vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this by just introducing a new vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this by just introducing a new vector
+i call this c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i call this c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i call this c
+here very simple a three element vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here very simple a three element vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here very simple a three element vector
+for those three colors all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those three colors all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those three colors all right
+but how about the gluon itself so qcd is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how about the gluon itself so qcd is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how about the gluon itself so qcd is
+based on a symmetry group which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a symmetry group which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a symmetry group which is
+called su3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called su3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called su3
+so it's basically a rotation in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's basically a rotation in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's basically a rotation in a
+three-dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space
+there's eight independent such rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's eight independent such rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's eight independent such rotations
+um and what you want to think about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what you want to think about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what you want to think about is
+just moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just moving
+you know quarks from one color state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know quarks from one color state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know quarks from one color state
+into the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the next
+so you can write them down as i show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can write them down as i show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can write them down as i show
+here and we do this in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we do this in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we do this in linear
+combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of
+color and andy color all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and andy color all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and andy color all right
+if you want to keep track of this we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to keep track of this we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to keep track of this we do
+this in this form we have a vector which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this form we have a vector which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this form we have a vector which
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+element and you know the the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and you know the the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and you know the the um
+gluon is one of those components this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluon is one of those components this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluon is one of those components this is
+given here for this very first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given here for this very first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given here for this very first one
+okay so let me introduce the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me introduce the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me introduce the notation
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um literally we were introducing paulie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um literally we were introducing paulie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um literally we were introducing paulie
+mattresses but not for su-2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattresses but not for su-2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattresses but not for su-2
+as a symmetry group for with sco3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a symmetry group for with sco3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a symmetry group for with sco3
+they're called the gel man mattresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called the gel man mattresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called the gel man mattresses
+and they're just written here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're just written here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're just written here
+again those are the rotations i was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again those are the rotations i was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again those are the rotations i was just
+talking about so the rotation from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so the rotation from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so the rotation from one
+color state into the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color state into the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color state into the next
+there's commutator relations for this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's commutator relations for this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's commutator relations for this um
+so if you have two of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have two of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have two of those
+matrices and you try to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and you try to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and you try to write down the
+common commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common commutator
+you find this two times i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find this two times i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find this two times i
+times this structure functions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this structure functions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this structure functions or
+structure constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure constants
+times one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one
+the next well the next gelman matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next well the next gelman matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next well the next gelman matrix
+so if you're just thinking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're just thinking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're just thinking about how
+many combinations are there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many combinations are there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many combinations are there there's
+eight matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight matrices
+we have eight times eight times eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have eight times eight times eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have eight times eight times eight
+combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations
+of those constants here and so which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those constants here and so which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those constants here and so which
+means that there's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's about
+there is 512 of those constant most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is 512 of those constant most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is 512 of those constant most of
+them are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are zero
+and the ones which are not zero they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ones which are not zero they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ones which are not zero they're
+listed here or combinations of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed here or combinations of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed here or combinations of those
+all right so now we have we are ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we have we are ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we have we are ready to
+just write down the qcd um feynman rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down the qcd um feynman rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down the qcd um feynman rules
+again we start from the external lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we start from the external lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we start from the external lines
+so for the incoming quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the incoming quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the incoming quark
+or outgoing quark we write our spinor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or outgoing quark we write our spinor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or outgoing quark we write our spinor
+and then we keep track of color okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we keep track of color okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we keep track of color okay
+we do this for quarks and we do this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this for quarks and we do this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this for quarks and we do this for
+antiquarks in the very same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquarks in the very same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquarks in the very same way
+for the glue on now we have to keep our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the glue on now we have to keep our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the glue on now we have to keep our
+polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization
+um keep track of the polarization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um keep track of the polarization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um keep track of the polarization of the
+plume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plume
+and also of the color and those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also of the color and those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also of the color and those are the
+vectors i was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors i was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors i was just
+i just introduced on the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just introduced on the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just introduced on the previous slide
+okay for the propagators we have quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for the propagators we have quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for the propagators we have quarks
+and antiquarks in gluons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and antiquarks in gluons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and antiquarks in gluons
+gluons are masses so the propagator here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons are masses so the propagator here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons are masses so the propagator here
+looks very much like the one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very much like the one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very much like the one for the
+for the um uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the um uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the um uh for
+for the photon and the propagator for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the photon and the propagator for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the photon and the propagator for
+the quarks looks very much like the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarks looks very much like the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarks looks very much like the one
+we had for the electron and qed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had for the electron and qed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had for the electron and qed
+the fundamental vertices i introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental vertices i introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental vertices i introduced
+one already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one already
+but there is two more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is two more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is two more um
+that's because gluon carries charge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because gluon carries charge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because gluon carries charge and
+can couple to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can couple to itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can couple to itself
+we already discussed it in a recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already discussed it in a recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already discussed it in a recitation
+so we have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have those
+self couplings of the gluon here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self couplings of the gluon here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self couplings of the gluon here and
+those vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vertices
+are you know as relevant or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know as relevant or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know as relevant or more
+relevant even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant even
+than than the one here all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than the one here all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than the one here all right
+so the vertices come with a vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the vertices come with a vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the vertices come with a vertex
+factor in our use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in our use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in our use
+in our firemen rules again for this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our firemen rules again for this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our firemen rules again for this very
+first one we find a very similar one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one we find a very similar one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one we find a very similar one
+as we had before you see here this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we had before you see here this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we had before you see here this this
+scaleman matrix and that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaleman matrix and that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaleman matrix and that just
+causes the rotation and color um but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the rotation and color um but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the rotation and color um but we
+have this three gluon vertex in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this three gluon vertex in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this three gluon vertex in the
+foreglow and vertex as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreglow and vertex as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreglow and vertex as well
+and those come with structure functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those come with structure functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those come with structure functions
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um to keep track of the permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to keep track of the permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to keep track of the permutation
+communications between being color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications between being color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications between being color
+involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+and it becomes more complicated for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it becomes more complicated for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it becomes more complicated for this
+four vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four vertex
+for gluon vertex which has pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gluon vertex which has pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gluon vertex which has pairs of
+those structure constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those structure constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those structure constants
+each all right so that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each all right so that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each all right so that that's
+all we need in order to calculate matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we need in order to calculate matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we need in order to calculate matrix
+elements or amplitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements or amplitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements or amplitudes
+for qcd the rest is just executing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for qcd the rest is just executing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for qcd the rest is just executing the
+fireman rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fireman rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fireman rules
+as we did before for our toy theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did before for our toy theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did before for our toy theory and
+also for qed
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IoED49Ha8-o.txt b/IoED49Ha8-o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9ce6f88d1aadf58d6555b21b0e9b93621c7efcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IoED49Ha8-o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the previous lecture I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the previous lecture I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the previous lecture I told you
+about many electron atoms and in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about many electron atoms and in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about many electron atoms and in order
+to describe their structure we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe their structure we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe their structure we have to
+build a Slater determinant because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a Slater determinant because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a Slater determinant because that
+builds in the anti symmetry between all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds in the anti symmetry between all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds in the anti symmetry between all
+pairs of orbitals now Slater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of orbitals now Slater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of orbitals now Slater
+determinants are expanded into a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants are expanded into a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants are expanded into a very
+large number of additive terms and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of additive terms and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of additive terms and there
+are algebraic methods which I described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are algebraic methods which I described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are algebraic methods which I described
+in a supplement which enable you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a supplement which enable you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a supplement which enable you to
+reduce these algebraic terms this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce these algebraic terms this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce these algebraic terms this this
+sum over an enormous number of terms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over an enormous number of terms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over an enormous number of terms to
+something almost identical to what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something almost identical to what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something almost identical to what you
+would get if you didn't anti symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get if you didn't anti symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get if you didn't anti symmetries
+they're just a few extra things and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just a few extra things and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just a few extra things and so
+once you know the mechanics it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you know the mechanics it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you know the mechanics it's not a
+big deal it's a little bit more work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal it's a little bit more work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal it's a little bit more work
+than just calculating the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just calculating the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just calculating the individual
+orbital matrix elements and but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital matrix elements and but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital matrix elements and but it's
+it's nothing special and Henry has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nothing special and Henry has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nothing special and Henry has
+produced a beautiful thing a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced a beautiful thing a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced a beautiful thing a beautiful
+handout on Slater Condon parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout on Slater Condon parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout on Slater Condon parameters
+which is what you get when you evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you get when you evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you get when you evaluate
+these Slater determinant old matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Slater determinant old matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Slater determinant old matrix
+elements and they are the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and they are the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and they are the things that
+you use to describe electronic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use to describe electronic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use to describe electronic structure
+so electronic structure is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so electronic structure is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so electronic structure is a really
+complicated many electron descriptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated many electron descriptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated many electron descriptive
+thing but if you can reduce for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but if you can reduce for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but if you can reduce for every
+atom to a small number of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom to a small number of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom to a small number of parameters
+most of which you understand intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of which you understand intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of which you understand intuitively
+how they depend on properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they depend on properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they depend on properties of the
+atom like the ionization energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom like the ionization energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom like the ionization energy of the
+individual orbitals you can you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual orbitals you can you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual orbitals you can you can say
+yes I understand all of the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I understand all of the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I understand all of the periodic
+table that's where it comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that's where it comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that's where it comes from the
+rules enable you to identify the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules enable you to identify the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules enable you to identify the lowest
+lying States and to calculate their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying States and to calculate their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying States and to calculate their
+properties and to be able to intuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and to be able to intuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and to be able to intuit
+their properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their properties
+and to be aware of when something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be aware of when something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be aware of when something
+unexpected happens which is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected happens which is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected happens which is what we're
+always looking for is physical chemists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always looking for is physical chemists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always looking for is physical chemists
+we're always looking for a simple-minded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always looking for a simple-minded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always looking for a simple-minded
+picture that breaks because then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that breaks because then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that breaks because then we can
+go deeper into our understanding of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go deeper into our understanding of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go deeper into our understanding of all
+the pieces but we're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces but we're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces but we're always
+parameterizing okay so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing okay so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing okay so there's a lot of
+subtleties that I didn't have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties that I didn't have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties that I didn't have time to
+talk about it in the evaluation of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it in the evaluation of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it in the evaluation of these
+later determinable matrix elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later determinable matrix elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later determinable matrix elements and
+since whatever problems I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since whatever problems I give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since whatever problems I give you
+connected with Slater determinant matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with Slater determinant matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with Slater determinant matrix
+elements or Slater determinants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements or Slater determinants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements or Slater determinants are
+going to be really simple they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really simple they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really simple they're
+probably going to be two by two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be two by two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be two by two or three
+by three you don't really need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three you don't really need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three you don't really need to know
+and understand all the rules and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand all the rules and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand all the rules and all the
+shortcuts but you you've got the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcuts but you you've got the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcuts but you you've got the basic
+Met mechanism so the Hamiltonian doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Met mechanism so the Hamiltonian doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Met mechanism so the Hamiltonian doesn't
+depend on spins but because of anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on spins but because of anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on spins but because of anti
+symmetry the spatial part of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry the spatial part of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry the spatial part of the wave
+function does depend on which spin state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does depend on which spin state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does depend on which spin state
+you've got and so the Hamiltonian knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got and so the Hamiltonian knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got and so the Hamiltonian knows
+about spins in a peculiar indirect way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spins in a peculiar indirect way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spins in a peculiar indirect way
+which is beautiful you've got to admire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is beautiful you've got to admire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is beautiful you've got to admire
+you know how clever this Hamiltonian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how clever this Hamiltonian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how clever this Hamiltonian is
+to be able to capture these spin effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to capture these spin effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to capture these spin effects
+and of course you have to capture them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you have to capture them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you have to capture them
+too alright so today we're finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too alright so today we're finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too alright so today we're finally
+getting to molecules and the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to molecules and the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to molecules and the simplest
+molecule is the homonuclear molecule two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is the homonuclear molecule two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is the homonuclear molecule two
+hydrogen's with one electron that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen's with one electron that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen's with one electron that's the
+simplest problem and because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest problem and because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest problem and because it is
+representative of basic all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of basic all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of basic all of the
+qualitative effects and most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative effects and most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative effects and most of the
+quantitative calculations you do it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative calculations you do it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative calculations you do it's a
+really great introduction because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great introduction because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great introduction because it
+captures most of the important stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures most of the important stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures most of the important stuff
+that molecules or small molecules do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that molecules or small molecules do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that molecules or small molecules do
+that the electronic structure of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electronic structure of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electronic structure of small
+molecule so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so
+the key to being able to describe small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key to being able to describe small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key to being able to describe small
+molecules using this LCA a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules using this LCA a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules using this LCA a linear
+combination of atomic orbitals method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of atomic orbitals method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of atomic orbitals method is
+the variational method and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variational method and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variational method and this
+variational method says we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational method says we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational method says we're going to
+throw a whole bunch of basis functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw a whole bunch of basis functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw a whole bunch of basis functions
+at the problem a whole bunch of orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the problem a whole bunch of orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the problem a whole bunch of orbitals
+which we choose because we like them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we choose because we like them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we choose because we like them or
+because the computer likes them and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the computer likes them and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the computer likes them and we
+find the the minimum of the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the the minimum of the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the the minimum of the linear
+combination of coefficients of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of coefficients of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of coefficients of these
+orbitals that minimizes the energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals that minimizes the energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals that minimizes the energy and
+you can do this in wave mechanics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this in wave mechanics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this in wave mechanics or
+matrix mechanics it's more elegant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix mechanics it's more elegant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix mechanics it's more elegant in
+matrix mechanics and you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix mechanics and you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix mechanics and you should be
+comfortable going from one to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable going from one to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable going from one to the other
+now I'm only going to be talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm only going to be talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm only going to be talking about a
+two-by-two problem so you can go easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-by-two problem so you can go easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-by-two problem so you can go easily
+from one to the other without even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taking a breath but anyway okay in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a breath but anyway okay in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a breath but anyway okay in in
+approaching this you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching this you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching this you're going to see
+what's called the general eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the general eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the general eigenvalue
+problem where instead of diagonalizing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where instead of diagonalizing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where instead of diagonalizing a
+simple matrix you have to deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple matrix you have to deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple matrix you have to deal with the
+Hamiltonian matrix and an overlap matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian matrix and an overlap matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian matrix and an overlap matrix
+which makes the solution of the secular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes the solution of the secular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes the solution of the secular
+equation finding the eigenvalues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation finding the eigenvalues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation finding the eigenvalues and
+eigenstates a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates a little bit more
+complicated so you're going to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so you're going to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so you're going to see it
+first appear here and it can be solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first appear here and it can be solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first appear here and it can be solved
+by a simple matrix equation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a simple matrix equation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a simple matrix equation which is
+this in a supplement to a later set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a supplement to a later set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a supplement to a later set of
+lecture notes but this is the the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes but this is the the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes but this is the the thing
+that consumes the vast majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consumes the vast majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consumes the vast majority of
+computer time in maybe in the world but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer time in maybe in the world but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer time in maybe in the world but
+certainly among chemists so the crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly among chemists so the crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly among chemists so the crucial
+thing and I wrote it all in caps in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I wrote it all in caps in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I wrote it all in caps in in
+dealing with this complicated many-body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with this complicated many-body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with this complicated many-body
+problem we make a crucial assumption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we make a crucial assumption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we make a crucial assumption and
+that's called the barn up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the barn up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the barn up
+our approximation it's based on the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our approximation it's based on the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our approximation it's based on the fact
+that electrons move really fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electrons move really fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electrons move really fast and
+nuclei move really slowly relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei move really slowly relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei move really slowly relative to
+electrons and so what we do is we solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and so what we do is we solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and so what we do is we solve
+the problem with the nuclei clamped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with the nuclei clamped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with the nuclei clamped
+because that's a good approximation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a good approximation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a good approximation and
+then after we solve the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after we solve the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after we solve the electronic
+problem we have what we call a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have what we call a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have what we call a potential
+energy surface which is the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy surface which is the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy surface which is the electronic
+energy as a function of nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as a function of nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as a function of nuclear
+coordinate and it's parametric but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and it's parametric but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and it's parametric but then
+once we have the potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have the potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have the potential energy
+surface we can calculate the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface we can calculate the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface we can calculate the rotation
+and vibration so basically what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vibration so basically what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vibration so basically what we're
+doing in making the born-oppenheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in making the born-oppenheimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in making the born-oppenheimer
+approximation is we're setting up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is we're setting up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is we're setting up to
+treat vibration and rotation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat vibration and rotation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat vibration and rotation by
+perturbation theory now you never see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory now you never see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory now you never see it
+mentioned them that way but that is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned them that way but that is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned them that way but that is in
+fact what we're doing and the reason we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what we're doing and the reason we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what we're doing and the reason we
+can get away with it is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get away with it is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get away with it is the difference
+in velocity of electrons versus nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in velocity of electrons versus nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in velocity of electrons versus nuclei
+but it's it's a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's a fundamental
+philosophical point of view that we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical point of view that we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical point of view that we take
+about molecular structure that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about molecular structure that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about molecular structure that we can
+clamp the nuclei get most of the insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp the nuclei get most of the insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp the nuclei get most of the insight
+and then allow the nuclei to move and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then allow the nuclei to move and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then allow the nuclei to move and
+the electrons with them and calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons with them and calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons with them and calculate
+everything else so this is central to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else so this is central to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else so this is central to
+chemistry the Born up in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry the Born up in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry the Born up in our
+approximation without that we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation without that we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation without that we would have
+a bag of atoms and and that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bag of atoms and and that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bag of atoms and and that would be a
+very bad starting point because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bad starting point because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bad starting point because we
+believe in bonds and a bag of atoms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in bonds and a bag of atoms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in bonds and a bag of atoms is
+saying well yeah we could be statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well yeah we could be statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well yeah we could be statistical
+we could say every atom is capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could say every atom is capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could say every atom is capable of
+being anywhere and they don't interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being anywhere and they don't interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being anywhere and they don't interact
+in any rational way and we would have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any rational way and we would have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any rational way and we would have no
+insight so this is where most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight so this is where most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight so this is where most of the
+ideas that you learn to use as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that you learn to use as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that you learn to use as as
+physical chemists and probably any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical chemists and probably any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical chemists and probably any kind
+of chemist comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemist comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemist comes from the
+born-oppenheimer approximation and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born-oppenheimer approximation and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born-oppenheimer approximation and it's
+widely misunderstood and misrepresented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely misunderstood and misrepresented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely misunderstood and misrepresented
+what we won't go into that okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we won't go into that okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we won't go into that okay we're
+we're going to derive two orbitals for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to derive two orbitals for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to derive two orbitals for
+hydrogen h2 plus the Sigma bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen h2 plus the Sigma bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen h2 plus the Sigma bonding
+orbital and the Sigma star anti by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and the Sigma star anti by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and the Sigma star anti by the
+hormone and this is enough to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormone and this is enough to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormone and this is enough to basically
+understand how you get bonding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how you get bonding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how you get bonding and
+anti-bonding in any molecule and I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding in any molecule and I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding in any molecule and I like
+to say that we understand bonding in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that we understand bonding in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that we understand bonding in a
+very simple way if you have wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple way if you have wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple way if you have wave
+functions for two adjacent atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for two adjacent atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for two adjacent atoms and
+they overlap in the region between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they overlap in the region between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they overlap in the region between the
+two nuclei you get constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nuclei you get constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nuclei you get constructive
+interference you get twice as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference you get twice as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference you get twice as much
+amplitude in the region where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude in the region where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude in the region where the
+electrons interact with both nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons interact with both nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons interact with both nuclei
+which is means four times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is means four times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is means four times the
+probability so a little bit overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so a little bit overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so a little bit overlap
+leads to a big energy effect because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a big energy effect because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a big energy effect because of
+this constructive interference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constructive interference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constructive interference and
+that's really really important and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really really important and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really really important and you
+know all sorts of hand waving arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all sorts of hand waving arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all sorts of hand waving arguments
+about what makes a chemical bond have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what makes a chemical bond have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what makes a chemical bond have a
+lot of currency even here at MIT but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of currency even here at MIT but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of currency even here at MIT but
+that's what a bond is it's constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a bond is it's constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a bond is it's constructive
+interference okay all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference okay all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference okay all right so let's
+let's get started and the lecture notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started and the lecture notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started and the lecture notes
+are extremely long and extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extremely long and extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extremely long and extremely
+beautiful and clear they're written by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and clear they're written by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and clear they're written by
+Troy I have reduced them to a minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Troy I have reduced them to a minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Troy I have reduced them to a minimal
+picture but I don't want to detract from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture but I don't want to detract from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture but I don't want to detract from
+them it just the insight is is very rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it just the insight is is very rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it just the insight is is very rich
+okay so what we have to do first is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we have to do first is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we have to do first is to
+look up look at a coordinate system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up look at a coordinate system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up look at a coordinate system so
+we have one hydrogen nucleus another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there's a center of mass and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a center of mass and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a center of mass and so we
+say we have RA the distance this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have RA the distance this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have RA the distance this vector
+from the center of mass to this RB like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the center of mass to this RB like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the center of mass to this RB like
+that and appears the electron and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and appears the electron and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and appears the electron and it's
+at position R this is at position our B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at position R this is at position our B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at position R this is at position our B
+position a now the center of mass can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position a now the center of mass can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position a now the center of mass can be
+anywhere in space and we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in space and we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in space and we don't really
+care so we tend to not talk about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care so we tend to not talk about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care so we tend to not talk about where
+the center of mass is but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass is but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass is but there's
+another set of coordinates red okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of coordinates red okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of coordinates red okay and
+now we have this which is called R sub a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have this which is called R sub a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have this which is called R sub a
+and it's a vector and this is our Sofi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a vector and this is our Sofi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a vector and this is our Sofi
+so we have uppercase symbols for nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have uppercase symbols for nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have uppercase symbols for nuclear
+positions and lower case for electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and lower case for electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and lower case for electrons
+except there between electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except there between electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except there between electrons and
+nuclei okay and if once we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei okay and if once we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei okay and if once we have this
+picture we can write what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we can write what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we can write what the
+Hamiltonian is because we're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is because we're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is because we're basically
+looking at the interactions between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the interactions between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the interactions between
+these three particles and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three particles and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three particles and so we have
+kinetic energy and we have potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and we have potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and we have potential
+energy and the Hamiltonian excuse me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the Hamiltonian excuse me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the Hamiltonian excuse me in
+atomic units is this del squared which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic units is this del squared which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic units is this del squared which
+is the second derivatives with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second derivatives with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second derivatives with respect
+to whatever we have here which is blue R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever we have here which is blue R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever we have here which is blue R
+and we have one half it's one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have one half it's one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have one half it's one half
+because of atomic units and because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of atomic units and because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of atomic units and because the
+mass of the electron is treated as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the electron is treated as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the electron is treated as one
+and then we have a similar sort of term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a similar sort of term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a similar sort of term
+for Delta for nucleus a and but and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Delta for nucleus a and but and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Delta for nucleus a and but and we
+have a two because it's one half but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a two because it's one half but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a two because it's one half but in
+atomic units but we have the mass of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic units but we have the mass of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic units but we have the mass of a
+and now with the minus signs why are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now with the minus signs why are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now with the minus signs why are we
+have minus signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know this right the or we say it's P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this right the or we say it's P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this right the or we say it's P
+squared over 2m and P is is right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m and P is is right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m and P is is right okay
+but that's you know what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's you know what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's you know what we're trying to
+understand stuff you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand stuff you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand stuff you know this is
+negative that means it sort of leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that means it sort of leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that means it sort of leads to
+a stabilization and many people talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stabilization and many people talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stabilization and many people talk
+about bonding in terms of velocity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about bonding in terms of velocity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about bonding in terms of velocity or
+momentum but I don't and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum but I don't and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum but I don't and then we have
+del squared B or two and B and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+del squared B or two and B and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+del squared B or two and B and then a
+repulsion term a whole bunch of terms we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion term a whole bunch of terms we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion term a whole bunch of terms we
+have so these are the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so these are the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so these are the kinetic energy
+terms and then we have the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and then we have the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and then we have the potential
+energy terms one over r a vector minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy terms one over r a vector minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy terms one over r a vector minus
+little R vector minus 1 over R B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little R vector minus 1 over R B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little R vector minus 1 over R B and
+then the repulsion between RA minus RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's it now that's a lot of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's it now that's a lot of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's it now that's a lot of stuff
+and we'd like to make a lot of it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd like to make a lot of it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd like to make a lot of it go
+away but again we have potential and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but again we have potential and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but again we have potential and we
+have kinetic energy and be a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kinetic energy and be a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kinetic energy and be a potential
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as I've written it the Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I've written it the Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I've written it the Hamiltonian
+which is our big problem is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our big problem is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our big problem is a function
+of RA RB big are a they gotta be that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RA RB big are a they gotta be that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RA RB big are a they gotta be that's
+just it's ridiculous we don't we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's ridiculous we don't we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's ridiculous we don't we don't
+want to look at a function of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at a function of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at a function of all these
+variables we would like to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we would like to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we would like to be able to
+simplify it so that we can draw draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify it so that we can draw draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify it so that we can draw draw
+pictures on a two-dimensional surface or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures on a two-dimensional surface or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures on a two-dimensional surface or
+just to reduce it now we like to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to reduce it now we like to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to reduce it now we like to think
+in terms of orders of magnitude and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of orders of magnitude and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of orders of magnitude and so
+it is a very simple matter to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a very simple matter to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a very simple matter to say well
+let's simplify this Hamiltonian by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's simplify this Hamiltonian by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's simplify this Hamiltonian by
+clamping the nuclei they don't move if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamping the nuclei they don't move if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamping the nuclei they don't move if
+they don't move then this the big R's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't move then this the big R's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't move then this the big R's
+are no longer operators they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no longer operators they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no longer operators they're just
+parameters and the the kinetic and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and the the kinetic and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and the the kinetic and the
+contributions to the kinetic energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions to the kinetic energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions to the kinetic energy of
+the heavy particles gone so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy particles gone so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy particles gone so there's no
+rotation and no vibration now it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and no vibration now it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and no vibration now it doesn't
+go away we have to come back with it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away we have to come back with it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away we have to come back with it but
+we come back with it when we have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come back with it when we have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come back with it when we have a good
+representation of the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the electronic
+structure for the nuclei clamped and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for the nuclei clamped and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for the nuclei clamped and
+it's if if we can do it for one inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if if we can do it for one inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if if we can do it for one inter
+nuclear separation we can do it for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear separation we can do it for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear separation we can do it for all
+inter nuclear separations and so so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter nuclear separations and so so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter nuclear separations and so so if
+you have a grid of say a thousand points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a grid of say a thousand points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a grid of say a thousand points
+if you you know you do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you know you do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you know you do the same
+calculation a thousand times except you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation a thousand times except you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation a thousand times except you
+don't because you know how to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't because you know how to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't because you know how to to
+extrapolate from one point to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate from one point to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate from one point to another
+but basically you are thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you are thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you are thinking about
+this as the site of the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the site of the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the site of the problem of
+finding the electronic wave function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the electronic wave function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the electronic wave function and
+a grid of points and so that turns all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grid of points and so that turns all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grid of points and so that turns all
+of the ours into parameters big R's into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ours into parameters big R's into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ours into parameters big R's into
+parameters not operators and simplifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters not operators and simplifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters not operators and simplifies
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+problem enormous Lee and so the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem enormous Lee and so the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem enormous Lee and so the reduced
+Hamiltonian becomes we call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian becomes we call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian becomes we call it the
+electronic Hamiltonian our semicolon RA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic Hamiltonian our semicolon RA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic Hamiltonian our semicolon RA
+RV so R is the variable and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RV so R is the variable and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RV so R is the variable and these are
+just parameters that we we sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just parameters that we we sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just parameters that we we sometimes
+include and then the Hamiltonian is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include and then the Hamiltonian is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include and then the Hamiltonian is just
+del squared little R over 2 plus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+del squared little R over 2 plus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+del squared little R over 2 plus V
+effective and this would be as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective and this would be as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective and this would be as a
+function of RA and RB but it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of RA and RB but it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of RA and RB but it's because
+of our approximation is just a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our approximation is just a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our approximation is just a function
+of R so these we pick and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R so these we pick and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R so these we pick and this is the
+thing that we're worrying about and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we're worrying about and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we're worrying about and then
+there's the one over R a minus RB which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the one over R a minus RB which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the one over R a minus RB which
+is just a constant this is the repulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a constant this is the repulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a constant this is the repulsion
+between two charged particles so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two charged particles so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two charged particles so this is
+a lot nicer we can also sort of forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot nicer we can also sort of forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot nicer we can also sort of forget
+about this I mean it's there but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I mean it's there but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I mean it's there but it's a
+trivial thing that we can add in so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial thing that we can add in so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial thing that we can add in so we
+have basically the kind of problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have basically the kind of problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have basically the kind of problem we
+like a kinetic energy problem and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a kinetic energy problem and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a kinetic energy problem and a
+potential energy problem so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy problem so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy problem so we're going
+to take this approach and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this approach and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this approach and we're going to
+learn how to apply it to the simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to apply it to the simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to apply it to the simpler
+system and the simplest system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and the simplest system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and the simplest system is
+homonuclear that's better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homonuclear that's better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homonuclear that's better than
+heteronuclear because if we had to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteronuclear because if we had to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteronuclear because if we had to two
+different atoms we'd have to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different atoms we'd have to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different atoms we'd have to somehow
+represent their difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent their difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent their difference in
+probability in properties but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability in properties but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability in properties but because
+it's homonuclear we just basically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's homonuclear we just basically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's homonuclear we just basically have
+an atom the same atom repeated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom the same atom repeated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom the same atom repeated and
+there's a lot of symmetry the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of symmetry the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of symmetry the results
+and the other is only two electrons I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is only two electrons I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is only two electrons I
+mean sorry only one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember we did hydrogen first and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we did hydrogen first and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we did hydrogen first and that
+was wonderful we got everything that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wonderful we got everything that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wonderful we got everything that was
+basically everything is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically everything is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically everything is related to
+anything else any property is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else any property is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else any property is related to
+any other property of the hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other property of the hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other property of the hydrogen atom
+through this orbital approximation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this orbital approximation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this orbital approximation and
+so one electron makes us feel really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one electron makes us feel really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one electron makes us feel really
+comfortable because we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable because we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable because we are going to
+expect that there's there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that there's there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that there's there is some
+structure which means not just a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which means not just a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which means not just a random
+number of random collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of random collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of random collection of
+descriptive observations but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive observations but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive observations but some
+relationships and we don't have to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and we don't have to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and we don't have to even
+antisymmetry so it's really you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antisymmetry so it's really you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antisymmetry so it's really you know
+something we can hit out of the park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we can hit out of the park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we can hit out of the park
+without getting too stressed but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without getting too stressed but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without getting too stressed but there
+is a problem and that is how do we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a problem and that is how do we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a problem and that is how do we find
+the the wave functions if we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the wave functions if we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the wave functions if we take a
+simple basis set 1s a plus 1s B so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple basis set 1s a plus 1s B so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple basis set 1s a plus 1s B so these
+are hydrogenic wave functions we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hydrogenic wave functions we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hydrogenic wave functions we know
+them now they may not be the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now they may not be the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now they may not be the most
+convenient thing when you're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient thing when you're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient thing when you're doing a
+large-scale calculations in fact nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale calculations in fact nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale calculations in fact nobody
+uses hydrogen functions even though they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses hydrogen functions even though they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses hydrogen functions even though they
+make a lot of sense because they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of sense because they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of sense because they're not
+computationally as easy as Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally as easy as Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally as easy as Gaussian
+functions so you you know if you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so you you know if you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so you you know if you need to
+describe a problem with we say ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a problem with we say ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a problem with we say ten
+hydrogenic functions and a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogenic functions and a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogenic functions and a thousand
+gaussians you're way ahead of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussians you're way ahead of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussians you're way ahead of the game
+when you use a thousand Gaussian because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use a thousand Gaussian because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use a thousand Gaussian because
+the intervals are integrals are trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intervals are integrals are trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intervals are integrals are trivial
+so but in terms of understanding it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but in terms of understanding it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but in terms of understanding it's
+really nice to take things we know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice to take things we know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice to take things we know and
+do everything in terms of them okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything in terms of them okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything in terms of them okay and
+so this is where we get the variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we do is we say we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do is we say we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do is we say we're going to
+express the wave function as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the wave function as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the wave function as a linear
+combination of atomic orbitals and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of atomic orbitals and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of atomic orbitals and that
+means we can adjust the coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we can adjust the coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we can adjust the coefficient of
+each atomic orbital to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each atomic orbital to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each atomic orbital to minimize the
+energy and the variational principle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the variational principle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the variational principle or
+the variational theorem says no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variational theorem says no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variational theorem says no matter
+what you do you can't calculate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do you can't calculate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do you can't calculate an
+energy lowers lower than the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy lowers lower than the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy lowers lower than the lowest
+energy of the system even if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the system even if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the system even if you don't
+know what it is you know that anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is you know that anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is you know that anything
+you calculate is a little bit higher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate is a little bit higher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate is a little bit higher and
+what you want to do that is to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do that is to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do that is to make the
+energy as small as possible by doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as small as possible by doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as small as possible by doing a
+min max problem on the coefficients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min max problem on the coefficients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min max problem on the coefficients and
+so the variational method is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the variational method is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the variational method is basically
+that okay so face aside now I'm probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so face aside now I'm probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so face aside now I'm probably
+not going to finish my notes even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to finish my notes even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to finish my notes even though
+these are this is our massively reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are this is our massively reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are this is our massively reduced
+version of what Troy had written because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of what Troy had written because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of what Troy had written because
+I have some other things to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some other things to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some other things to say that
+aren't in the notes and that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't in the notes and that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't in the notes and that they're
+really important when we do perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important when we do perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important when we do perturbation
+theory we implicitly are dealing with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory we implicitly are dealing with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory we implicitly are dealing with an
+infinite basis set and an infinite set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite basis set and an infinite set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite basis set and an infinite set
+of known matrix elements but we can't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of known matrix elements but we can't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of known matrix elements but we can't we
+can't ask a computer to diagonalize an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't ask a computer to diagonalize an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't ask a computer to diagonalize an
+infinite matrix so we have a tricky way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite matrix so we have a tricky way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite matrix so we have a tricky way
+of doing doing this so that we we can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing doing this so that we we can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing doing this so that we we can we
+can use perturbation theory to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use perturbation theory to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use perturbation theory to get a
+good approximation of almost anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation of almost anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation of almost anything
+you want but if your basis set is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want but if your basis set is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want but if your basis set is really
+terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible
+then the perturbation theory is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the perturbation theory is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the perturbation theory is going to
+be terrible too I mean it's not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be terrible too I mean it's not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be terrible too I mean it's not it's
+going to give correct answers you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give correct answers you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give correct answers you're
+just gonna have to do more calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna have to do more calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna have to do more calculations
+the variational method says okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variational method says okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variational method says okay let's
+choose not an infinite basis set but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose not an infinite basis set but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose not an infinite basis set but
+physically appropriate basis set or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically appropriate basis set or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically appropriate basis set or a
+computationally minimal basis set and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally minimal basis set and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally minimal basis set and so
+we are making decisions about form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are making decisions about form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are making decisions about form and
+size so we can use hydrogenic orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so we can use hydrogenic orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so we can use hydrogenic orbitals
+because we know what they are we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know what they are we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know what they are we know
+how to evaluate lots of integrals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to evaluate lots of integrals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to evaluate lots of integrals with
+them without too much trouble and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them without too much trouble and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them without too much trouble and how
+many well we got two atoms and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many well we got two atoms and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many well we got two atoms and so you
+sort of need one orbital on one atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of need one orbital on one atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of need one orbital on one atom and
+one orbital on another to even begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one orbital on another to even begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one orbital on another to even begin to
+capture the molecular nassif the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the molecular nassif the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the molecular nassif the problem
+so we've chosen the simplest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've chosen the simplest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've chosen the simplest possible
+form but not necessarily the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form but not necessarily the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form but not necessarily the most
+convenient form and the size is two now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient form and the size is two now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient form and the size is two now
+we could use four we could use a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could use four we could use a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could use four we could use a hundred
+and you could use a million most come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could use a million most come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could use a million most come
+with quantum chemist chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with quantum chemist chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with quantum chemist chemical
+calculations which you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations which you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations which you're going to be
+doing soon involve not just millions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing soon involve not just millions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing soon involve not just millions but
+often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+billions of basis functions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of basis functions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of basis functions and the
+computer does all the work and tell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer does all the work and tell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer does all the work and tell them
+doesn't complain to you it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't complain to you it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't complain to you it doesn't
+require a trip to the beach or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require a trip to the beach or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require a trip to the beach or anything
+like that it just says okay here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it just says okay here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it just says okay here's what
+you wanted me to do I don't know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted me to do I don't know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted me to do I don't know whether
+you was a stupid question or a smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you was a stupid question or a smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you was a stupid question or a smart
+question but I'm answering what you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but I'm answering what you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but I'm answering what you what
+you thought not what you thought you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thought not what you thought you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thought not what you thought you
+asked but what you did ask okay so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked but what you did ask okay so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked but what you did ask okay so but
+we're going to show how it works with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show how it works with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show how it works with
+the simplest possible basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest possible basis set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest possible basis set
+so our electronic wave function will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our electronic wave function will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our electronic wave function will be
+a function of electron position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of electron position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of electron position and
+parametrically nuclear position c11 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrically nuclear position c11 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrically nuclear position c11 is a
+R I'm going to stop including this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R I'm going to stop including this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R I'm going to stop including this
+parametrically dependence on R but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrically dependence on R but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrically dependence on R but
+eventually I'll do that for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's the wavefunction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the wavefunction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the wavefunction the
+variational function and we need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational function and we need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational function and we need to be
+able to calculate the average energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to calculate the average energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to calculate the average energy
+because we know the average energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know the average energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know the average energy is
+going to be larger than the true energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be larger than the true energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be larger than the true energy
+but if we do a good calculation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we do a good calculation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we do a good calculation that
+there's this that the energy difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this that the energy difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this that the energy difference
+between the truth and what you get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the truth and what you get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the truth and what you get is
+small as possible and so you can say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as possible and so you can say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as possible and so you can say for
+a particular basis that we have the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular basis that we have the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular basis that we have the best
+possible energies if you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible energies if you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible energies if you want to do
+better you have to use a bigger or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you have to use a bigger or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you have to use a bigger or
+smarter basis set and so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter basis set and so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter basis set and so how do we
+calculate the average energy well we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the average energy well we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the average energy well we do
+the usual thing we say sigh sorry D tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual thing we say sigh sorry D tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual thing we say sigh sorry D tau
+over si star side detail now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over si star side detail now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over si star side detail now I'm
+including this because we needed when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including this because we needed when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including this because we needed when we
+don't have orthonormal basis functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have orthonormal basis functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have orthonormal basis functions
+and for the this basis set they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the this basis set they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the this basis set they're not
+arthur normal they can't be the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthur normal they can't be the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthur normal they can't be the wave
+functions for one atom are all mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for one atom are all mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for one atom are all mutually
+orthogonal but because you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal but because you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal but because you have two
+atoms and there's overlap between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and there's overlap between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and there's overlap between them
+they are not orthogonal and they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not orthogonal and they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not orthogonal and they're not
+normalized and so we have to do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized and so we have to do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized and so we have to do this and
+so the the problem is we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the problem is we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the problem is we want to
+minimize the energy with respect to C 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the energy with respect to C 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the energy with respect to C 1
+or C 2 or C 1 star or C gustave now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or C 2 or C 1 star or C gustave now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or C 2 or C 1 star or C gustave now this
+is a subtle point the complex conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subtle point the complex conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subtle point the complex conjugate
+of C is linearly independent of C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C is linearly independent of C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C is linearly independent of C and
+but they're related to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're related to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're related to each other and
+and so you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can do
+these derivatives are zero and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these derivatives are zero and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these derivatives are zero and you can
+choose C 1 and C 2 or C 1 star and C 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose C 1 and C 2 or C 1 star and C 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose C 1 and C 2 or C 1 star and C 2
+star and you get the same result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and you get the same result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and you get the same result
+and so it's important to understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's important to understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's important to understand this
+so this is all by means of introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all by means of introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all by means of introduction
+I'm going to start repeating myself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start repeating myself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start repeating myself but
+let's draw some pictures so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw some pictures so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw some pictures so the
+complicated thing is the potential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing is the potential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing is the potential and
+so to illustrate the our dependence I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to illustrate the our dependence I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to illustrate the our dependence I'm
+going to try to I'm going to try to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to I'm going to try to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to I'm going to try to draw
+things so we have our small and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so we have our small and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so we have our small and our
+large this is the positions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large this is the positions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large this is the positions of the
+nuclei and the potential will look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and the potential will look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and the potential will look like
+this so when ours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so when ours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so when ours
+so the potential goes to minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the potential goes to minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the potential goes to minus infinity
+at the position of the nucleus because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the position of the nucleus because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the position of the nucleus because
+the electron is is attracted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron is is attracted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron is is attracted to the
+nucleus and when the distance is 0 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and when the distance is 0 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and when the distance is 0 we
+haven't entered it's a it's a forgivable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't entered it's a it's a forgivable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't entered it's a it's a forgivable
+in infinity because it anyway so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in infinity because it anyway so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in infinity because it anyway so and
+what I should really have done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I should really have done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I should really have done is
+exaggerated here so when the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerated here so when the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerated here so when the particles
+are close together the potential in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are close together the potential in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are close together the potential in the
+region between the nuclei it doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region between the nuclei it doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region between the nuclei it doesn't go
+as close to 0 as it does when you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as close to 0 as it does when you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as close to 0 as it does when you would
+do this and so that's an important fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as the particles are brought together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as the particles are brought together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as the particles are brought together
+something happens in this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happens in this intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happens in this intermediate
+region and when they're completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and when they're completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and when they're completely
+separated it's as if they are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated it's as if they are completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated it's as if they are completely
+separated they're not talking to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated they're not talking to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated they're not talking to each
+other and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and then
+my functions look like this so I missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my functions look like this so I missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my functions look like this so I missed
+so and this is what I was telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and this is what I was telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and this is what I was telling you
+this is a bond this is why we have a but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because we have constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have constructive
+interference in their spatial region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference in their spatial region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference in their spatial region
+where the electron can be attracted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electron can be attracted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electron can be attracted to
+both nuclei whereas here there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both nuclei whereas here there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both nuclei whereas here there's no
+amplitude in between them or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude in between them or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude in between them or a
+negligible amplitude and so there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible amplitude and so there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible amplitude and so there isn't
+much of a contribution from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a contribution from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a contribution from the
+attraction to both nuclei and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction to both nuclei and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction to both nuclei and so this is
+the separated atom or approaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separated atom or approaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separated atom or approaching
+separated atom limit and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated atom limit and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated atom limit and this is the
+molecular limit and now it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular limit and now it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular limit and now it's possible
+that you can squeeze the the atoms too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can squeeze the the atoms too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can squeeze the the atoms too
+close together and bad things start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together and bad things start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together and bad things start to
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+because then what you're doing is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then what you're doing is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then what you're doing is you're
+putting two electrons into the same spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting two electrons into the same spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting two electrons into the same spin
+orbital and we know that that's overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and we know that that's overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and we know that that's overlap
+repulsion or it violates the exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion or it violates the exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion or it violates the exclusion
+principle and there's an energy penalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and there's an energy penalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and there's an energy penalty
+that you can you pay in order to get too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can you pay in order to get too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can you pay in order to get too
+close so but basically this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close so but basically this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close so but basically this is what
+we're going to be explaining and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be explaining and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be explaining and we're
+going to recover this from a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to recover this from a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to recover this from a real
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so again you want to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you want to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you want to minimize the
+average energy and the average energy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy and the average energy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy and the average energy as
+I've written somewhere is given by side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written somewhere is given by side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written somewhere is given by side
+star H t-tau side star by D tau and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star H t-tau side star by D tau and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star H t-tau side star by D tau and if
+we're writing these things as c1 1s a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're writing these things as c1 1s a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're writing these things as c1 1s a
+times c2 what s B then we end up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times c2 what s B then we end up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times c2 what s B then we end up getting
+stuff that we know how to calculate now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1s a this orbital is not orthogonal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s a this orbital is not orthogonal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s a this orbital is not orthogonal to
+one that's B it can't be and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's B it can't be and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's B it can't be and so this is
+something that we had been able to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we had been able to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we had been able to avoid
+in all of our one-dimensional problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of our one-dimensional problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of our one-dimensional problems
+we could always think about a ortho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could always think about a ortho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could always think about a ortho
+normalized basis set but the effect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized basis set but the effect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized basis set but the effect that
+we're really interested in is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really interested in is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really interested in is based on
+the fact that these guys aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that these guys aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that these guys aren't
+orthogonal you can't just say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal you can't just say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal you can't just say we're
+going to write an orthonormal basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write an orthonormal basis set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write an orthonormal basis set
+it's not possible if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not possible if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not possible if you want to
+construct an orthonormal basis set there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct an orthonormal basis set there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct an orthonormal basis set there
+is a transformation you can do and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transformation you can do and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transformation you can do and it's
+a simple transformation and it's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple transformation and it's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple transformation and it's done
+all the time and you'll see it but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time and you'll see it but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time and you'll see it but not
+today but you still do the calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but you still do the calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but you still do the calculations
+on the north non orthogonal basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the north non orthogonal basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the north non orthogonal basis
+functions and then you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and then you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and then you do a
+transformation that takes into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that takes into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that takes into account
+the lack of orthonormality but for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lack of orthonormality but for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lack of orthonormality but for now
+just accept it and so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just accept it and so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just accept it and so we're going to
+have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about
+an integral like this one is a 1sb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we call this the overlap integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call this the overlap integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call this the overlap integral
+and and this is something that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is something that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is something that we have
+to not ignore so now we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not ignore so now we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not ignore so now we can we can
+approach this problem using wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach this problem using wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach this problem using wave
+function notation and it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function notation and it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function notation and it's it's it's
+most familiar but we can also use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most familiar but we can also use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most familiar but we can also use these
+things saying okay this is the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things saying okay this is the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things saying okay this is the complete
+set of the variational coefficients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of the variational coefficients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of the variational coefficients and
+this is a step towards the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a step towards the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a step towards the matrix
+picture because it's basically a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture because it's basically a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture because it's basically a linear
+it's a linear array of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a linear array of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a linear array of mixing
+coefficients and you could think of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and you could think of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and you could think of that
+as a vector and in fact that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a vector and in fact that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a vector and in fact that's how you
+do the vector picture but we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the vector picture but we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the vector picture but we'll we'll
+use sort of a hybrid notation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use sort of a hybrid notation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use sort of a hybrid notation for the
+time being but we can also say okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time being but we can also say okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time being but we can also say okay this
+means C 1 C 2 C N and this means C 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means C 1 C 2 C N and this means C 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means C 1 C 2 C N and this means C 1
+star CN star and here we are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star CN star and here we are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star CN star and here we are in the
+matrix picture okay but I will use sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix picture okay but I will use sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix picture okay but I will use sort
+of a hybrid picture until you're ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hybrid picture until you're ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hybrid picture until you're ready
+to take the complete jump and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the complete jump and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the complete jump and so the
+average energy expressed as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy expressed as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy expressed as a function
+of this set of coefficients is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this set of coefficients is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this set of coefficients is going to
+be integral psy C H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see meow over integral psy see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see meow over integral psy see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see meow over integral psy see the
+reason I'm being hesitant here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I'm being hesitant here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I'm being hesitant here is
+because I work in the matrix picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I work in the matrix picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I work in the matrix picture and
+this hybrid picture is you know away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hybrid picture is you know away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hybrid picture is you know away
+from both comfort zones and but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both comfort zones and but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both comfort zones and but it is
+leading you towards what you need to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading you towards what you need to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading you towards what you need to see
+and so we're going to do it okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to do it okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to do it okay so in
+the wave function picture this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function picture this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function picture this thing
+becomes just c1 1s a plus c2 1 s be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes just c1 1s a plus c2 1 s be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes just c1 1s a plus c2 1 s be all
+think operator H c1 1s a c2 sine 1 SB D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think operator H c1 1s a c2 sine 1 SB D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think operator H c1 1s a c2 sine 1 SB D
+tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau
+and the same sort of thing down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same sort of thing down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same sort of thing down here
+except no Hamiltonian okay and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except no Hamiltonian okay and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except no Hamiltonian okay and so we can
+we can now slavishly write down all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can now slavishly write down all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can now slavishly write down all of
+the the terms that result and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the terms that result and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the terms that result and what we
+get is from the Hamiltonian matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is from the Hamiltonian matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is from the Hamiltonian matrix
+element so for H we get C 1 star C 1 H 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so for H we get C 1 star C 1 H 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so for H we get C 1 star C 1 H 1
+1 plus C 1 star C 2 H 1 H 1 2 plus C 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus C 1 star C 2 H 1 H 1 2 plus C 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus C 1 star C 2 H 1 H 1 2 plus C 2
+star C 1 1 C 2 star C 2 2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star C 1 1 C 2 star C 2 2 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star C 1 1 C 2 star C 2 2 2
+okay we think we we know some stuff we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we think we we know some stuff we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we think we we know some stuff we
+think this is going to be the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is going to be the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is going to be the energy of
+the hydrogen atom but it isn't because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom but it isn't because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom but it isn't because
+this is the orbital one sees both new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the orbital one sees both new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the orbital one sees both new
+the eye and so this is something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye and so this is something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye and so this is something which
+we just call this guy we're calling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just call this guy we're calling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just call this guy we're calling this
+epsilon and it is a function of inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon and it is a function of inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon and it is a function of inter
+nuclear distance so but this guy is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear distance so but this guy is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear distance so but this guy is the
+same because it's homonuclear and so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because it's homonuclear and so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because it's homonuclear and so and
+this well we can call it V 1 2 or V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well we can call it V 1 2 or V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well we can call it V 1 2 or V and
+this is these two guys are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is these two guys are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is these two guys are the same
+thing so we've reduced the problem to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we've reduced the problem to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we've reduced the problem to a
+simple equation and but I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple equation and but I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple equation and but I'm not going to
+go all the way there but you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the way there but you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the way there but you can you can
+you know how to do this you know and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to do this you know and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to do this you know and you
+know how to do the overlap integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do the overlap integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do the overlap integral
+you're going to have a similar sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a similar sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a similar sort of
+thing s11 is the overlap of the orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing s11 is the overlap of the orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing s11 is the overlap of the orbital
+1 with itself and that one is 1 yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 with itself and that one is 1 yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 with itself and that one is 1 yeah but
+s12 is s so anyway you what we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s12 is s so anyway you what we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s12 is s so anyway you what we end up
+doing is a lot of algebra and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is a lot of algebra and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is a lot of algebra and what we
+end up getting when we impose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up getting when we impose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up getting when we impose the
+condition that the partial of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that the partial of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that the partial of everything
+with respect to C 1 star is equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to C 1 star is equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to C 1 star is equal to 0
+we get an equation for the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get an equation for the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get an equation for the average
+energy and the average energy is no I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the average energy is no I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the average energy is no I'm
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+C 1 when we take the derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 1 when we take the derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 1 when we take the derivative with
+respect to C 1 what we get is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to C 1 what we get is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to C 1 what we get is this
+equation C 1 star H 1 1 plus C 2 star H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation C 1 star H 1 1 plus C 2 star H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation C 1 star H 1 1 plus C 2 star H
+2 2 over C 1 star s 1 1 plus C 2 star s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 2 over C 1 star s 1 1 plus C 2 star s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 2 over C 1 star s 1 1 plus C 2 star s
+2 1 and so we could also do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 and so we could also do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 and so we could also do the same
+thing taking the partial derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing taking the partial derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing taking the partial derivative with
+respect to C 2 and setting that equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to C 2 and setting that equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to C 2 and setting that equal to
+0 we get another equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so that other equation would be e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that other equation would be e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that other equation would be e
+average is equal to I'm not even going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is equal to I'm not even going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is equal to I'm not even going
+to write it because I didn't write up my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it because I didn't write up my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it because I didn't write up my
+notes and I'm I'm operating on batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and I'm I'm operating on batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and I'm I'm operating on batteries
+now so that you can write that and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so that you can write that and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so that you can write that and and
+so we have two equations for the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two equations for the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two equations for the average
+energy and well that's kind of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and well that's kind of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and well that's kind of good
+because we have two unknowns so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have two unknowns so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have two unknowns so we're
+going to be able to solve for them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to solve for them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to solve for them okay
+now we can also approach this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can also approach this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can also approach this problem
+using matrix methods and since that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using matrix methods and since that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using matrix methods and since that's
+the way computers think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way computers think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way computers think about the
+problem and that's the way most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that's the way most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that's the way most people
+think about the problem you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the problem you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the problem you really want
+to understand the matrix picture and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the matrix picture and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the matrix picture and I
+at risk of repeating myself we know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at risk of repeating myself we know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at risk of repeating myself we know for
+this tooling problem we have H 1 1 H 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tooling problem we have H 1 1 H 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tooling problem we have H 1 1 H 1
+to H 2 1 H 2 2 and we know that the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H 2 1 H 2 2 and we know that the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H 2 1 H 2 2 and we know that the S
+matrix s11 s12 s21 s22 so we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix s11 s12 s21 s22 so we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix s11 s12 s21 s22 so we have an
+equation C 1 star C 2 star times the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation C 1 star C 2 star times the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation C 1 star C 2 star times the H
+matrix is equal to e average times the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is equal to e average times the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is equal to e average times the C
+1 C 1 star C 2 star times es matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 C 1 star C 2 star times es matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 C 1 star C 2 star times es matrix so
+this is the H matrix and this is the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the H matrix and this is the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the H matrix and this is the S
+matrix and you can you can write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and you can you can write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and you can you can write this
+down and when you take the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and when you take the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and when you take the derivatives
+with respect to C you get C dagger 8 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to C you get C dagger 8 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to C you get C dagger 8 is
+equal to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to you
+average times see dagger s now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average times see dagger s now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average times see dagger s now if
+instead of taking derivatives with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of taking derivatives with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of taking derivatives with
+respect to the C's we took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the C's we took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the C's we took the
+derivatives with respect to the sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with respect to the sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with respect to the sea
+stars we'd get a different equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars we'd get a different equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars we'd get a different equation and
+that equation would be H C is equal to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation would be H C is equal to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation would be H C is equal to e
+average times s times C this guy looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average times s times C this guy looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average times s times C this guy looks
+familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar
+it looks like Hamiltonian times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like Hamiltonian times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like Hamiltonian times
+something is equal to the energy times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is equal to the energy times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is equal to the energy times
+uh-oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-oh
+we have something else here it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have something else here it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have something else here it's not
+just the energy we have the overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the energy we have the overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the energy we have the overlap
+integral so these two things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so these two things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so these two things are
+examples of the general eigen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the general eigen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the general eigen value
+equation and so in almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and so in almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and so in almost all
+calculations the fact that S is present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations the fact that S is present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations the fact that S is present
+leads to problems of algebra but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to problems of algebra but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to problems of algebra but in this
+particular problem we know s 2 1 s 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem we know s 2 1 s 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem we know s 2 1 s 1 2
+is equal to s 2 1 and the energy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to s 2 1 and the energy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to s 2 1 and the energy this
+epsilon parameter can be so we have 8 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon parameter can be so we have 8 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon parameter can be so we have 8 1
+1 is equal to H 2 2 they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is equal to H 2 2 they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is equal to H 2 2 they're both
+parametrically dependent on an earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrically dependent on an earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrically dependent on an earlier
+distance and they're equal to epsilon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and they're equal to epsilon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and they're equal to epsilon of
+R so what we end up with is an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so what we end up with is an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so what we end up with is an equation
+that looks really familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we we can we have a 2 by 2 matrix which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can we have a 2 by 2 matrix which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can we have a 2 by 2 matrix which
+we can diagonalize we can find the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can diagonalize we can find the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can diagonalize we can find the the
+energies and so what you end up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and so what you end up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and so what you end up getting
+when you do that and you know I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do that and you know I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do that and you know I want to
+spare you my attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spare you my attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spare you my attempt
+to do a derivation in real time you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a derivation in real time you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a derivation in real time you can
+look at the notes you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the notes you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the notes you can see that the
+results are what you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results are what you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results are what you care about
+and what we're going to interpret so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to interpret so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to interpret so
+here we go so what you find the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go so what you find the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go so what you find the average
+energy for one of the orbitals that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for one of the orbitals that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for one of the orbitals that we
+get remember we got a two by two we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get remember we got a two by two we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get remember we got a two by two we're
+going to have two two augen values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have two two augen values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have two two augen values in
+two eigen states and so for one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two eigen states and so for one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two eigen states and so for one of those
+we get epsilon plus V 1 2 1 plus s 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get epsilon plus V 1 2 1 plus s 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get epsilon plus V 1 2 1 plus s 1 2
+so these are symbols that we've seen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are symbols that we've seen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are symbols that we've seen and
+this tells us now this this and this our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells us now this this and this our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells us now this this and this our
+functions of our so we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of our so we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of our so we're going to have
+an energy for the Sigma orbital which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy for the Sigma orbital which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy for the Sigma orbital which is
+a function of R and we have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of R and we have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of R and we have another
+solution which we're calling Sigma star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which we're calling Sigma star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which we're calling Sigma star
+and that one is epsilon minus V 1 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that one is epsilon minus V 1 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that one is epsilon minus V 1 2 over
+1 minus s co2 so we'd like to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus s co2 so we'd like to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus s co2 so we'd like to be able to
+to know which of these is the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know which of these is the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know which of these is the absolute
+one of these is Sigma and Sigma star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these is Sigma and Sigma star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these is Sigma and Sigma star
+both as a function of R and so if we if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both as a function of R and so if we if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both as a function of R and so if we if
+we draw a molecular orbital diagram what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we draw a molecular orbital diagram what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we draw a molecular orbital diagram what
+we say ok well here we have the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say ok well here we have the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say ok well here we have the energy
+of one si which is epsilon as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one si which is epsilon as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one si which is epsilon as a function
+of R and this is epsilon energy 1sb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R and this is epsilon energy 1sb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R and this is epsilon energy 1sb
+which is equal to epsilon of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normally we choose R is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally we choose R is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally we choose R is equal to
+infinity for the separated atom so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity for the separated atom so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity for the separated atom so these
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+actually just the energies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just the energies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just the energies of the
+individual orbitals and what we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual orbitals and what we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual orbitals and what we end up
+getting is a molecular orbital diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is a molecular orbital diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is a molecular orbital diagram
+which you can in an exaggerated form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can in an exaggerated form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can in an exaggerated form is
+like this we get bonding because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this we get bonding because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this we get bonding because it's
+more stable than the separate atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable than the separate atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable than the separate atoms and
+anti-bonding which is less stable and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding which is less stable and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding which is less stable and so
+what we really one question we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we really one question we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we really one question we'd like to
+ask as well well one question is why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask as well well one question is why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask as well well one question is why is
+it bonding why is this more stable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bonding why is this more stable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bonding why is this more stable and
+the answer is or constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is or constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is or constructive
+interference in the important energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference in the important energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference in the important energy
+region no but another question is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region no but another question is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region no but another question is is
+this bigger is this a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bigger is this a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bigger is this a larger
+destabilization than this stabilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilization than this stabilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilization than this stabilization
+and it's kind of hard to scope that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of hard to scope that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of hard to scope that out
+because here we have two parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here we have two parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here we have two parameters
+which are added and here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are added and here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are added and here we have a
+difference of two parameters and so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of two parameters and so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of two parameters and so and
+here we have a denominator which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a denominator which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a denominator which is
+going to be larger for the Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be larger for the Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be larger for the Sigma
+orbitals than for them then the Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals than for them then the Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals than for them then the Sigma
+star and so we don't know whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and so we don't know whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and so we don't know whether the
+plus vs. minus V is dominant but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus vs. minus V is dominant but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus vs. minus V is dominant but the
+energy denominator is saying yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy denominator is saying yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy denominator is saying yeah this
+one the antibonding orbital is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the antibonding orbital is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the antibonding orbital is more
+anti-bonding than the bonding one now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding than the bonding one now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding than the bonding one now
+you can actually do some algebra to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do some algebra to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do some algebra to
+calculate what is the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what is the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what is the difference in
+energy between the Sigma star as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy between the Sigma star as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy between the Sigma star as a
+function of R but evaluated at R sub e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of R but evaluated at R sub e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of R but evaluated at R sub e
+which is the minimum entered the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the minimum entered the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the minimum entered the energy
+where the the bonding orbital has its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the bonding orbital has its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the bonding orbital has its
+minimum energy then if you evaluate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum energy then if you evaluate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum energy then if you evaluate and
+at that particular value of R and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that particular value of R and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that particular value of R and you
+make the comparison p 1s evaluated RCB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the comparison p 1s evaluated RCB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the comparison p 1s evaluated RCB
+and you you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epsilon times s12 - so I'm doing Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon times s12 - so I'm doing Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon times s12 - so I'm doing Sigma
+star so that's this one - we went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over 1 plus 1 minus s12 and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 plus 1 minus s12 and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 plus 1 minus s12 and for the
+Sigma orbital I have a similar equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma orbital I have a similar equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma orbital I have a similar equation
+but I get epsilon s 1 2 minus P 1 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I get epsilon s 1 2 minus P 1 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I get epsilon s 1 2 minus P 1 2 over
+1 minus s 1 2 so this is we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus s 1 2 so this is we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus s 1 2 so this is we have the
+same numerator for these two cases but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same numerator for these two cases but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same numerator for these two cases but a
+different denominator and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different denominator and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different denominator and so this is
+saying this simple variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this simple variational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this simple variational
+calculation says you're going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation says you're going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation says you're going to get a
+pair of orbitals 1 bonding 1 anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of orbitals 1 bonding 1 anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of orbitals 1 bonding 1 anti
+bonding and the antibonding one is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and the antibonding one is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and the antibonding one is more
+destabilized relatives and separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilized relatives and separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilized relatives and separate
+atoms then the bonding 1 is stabilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms then the bonding 1 is stabilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms then the bonding 1 is stabilized
+and this is a kind of general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a kind of general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a kind of general
+expectation that the antibonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that the antibonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that the antibonding
+orbitals are more destabilized in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are more destabilized in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are more destabilized in the
+bonding ones and but you know it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding ones and but you know it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding ones and but you know it's not a
+proof because it's just a proof for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof because it's just a proof for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof because it's just a proof for the
+simplest possible case so I'm done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the next lecture we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next lecture we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next lecture we're going to use
+molecular orbital diagrams like this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital diagrams like this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital diagrams like this to
+describe a series of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a series of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a series of examples
+Maalik whole nuclei homonuclear diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maalik whole nuclei homonuclear diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maalik whole nuclei homonuclear diatomic
+molecules heteronuclear a 8 and a B H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules heteronuclear a 8 and a B H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules heteronuclear a 8 and a B H is
+special and this is more general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special and this is more general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special and this is more general and
+what we'd like to be able to do is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to be able to do is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to be able to do is say
+is without a great deal of thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is without a great deal of thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is without a great deal of thought
+construct the molecular orbital diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the molecular orbital diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the molecular orbital diagram
+for basically any diatomic molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for basically any diatomic molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for basically any diatomic molecule
+using some insight now this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some insight now this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some insight now this also
+transfers to polyatomic molecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers to polyatomic molecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers to polyatomic molecules and
+it's especially beautiful the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's especially beautiful the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's especially beautiful the way it
+transfers because electronic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers because electronic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers because electronic structure
+is usually centered at a particular part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually centered at a particular part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually centered at a particular part
+of the molecule and so basically you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule and so basically you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule and so basically you're
+reducing poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing poly
+Tomic molecules to a diatomic that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tomic molecules to a diatomic that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tomic molecules to a diatomic that you
+understanding the bonding you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the bonding you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the bonding you can
+anybody okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody okay
+so I'll continue on Monday and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll continue on Monday and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll continue on Monday and your
+problem set for this week is due on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set for this week is due on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set for this week is due on
+Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday
+and the phone set for the next week will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phone set for the next week will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phone set for the next week will
+also be due on Monday not that Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be due on Monday not that Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be due on Monday not that Monday
+the following and that's the next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following and that's the next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following and that's the next to the
+last problem set so you're you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last problem set so you're you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last problem set so you're you you're
+inside of the home base okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the home base okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the home base okay
+have a have a good weekend
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IqyTq4n1f2g.txt b/IqyTq4n1f2g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..beb69efc1277e99c505f3cd52dbd68cbd4890f5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IqyTq4n1f2g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay time for us to do an example a non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay time for us to do an example a non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay time for us to do an example a non
+trivial example which is the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial example which is the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial example which is the ionization
+of hydrogen it's a fun example and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrogen it's a fun example and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrogen it's a fun example and let's
+see how it goes so so ionization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it goes so so ionization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it goes so so ionization of
+hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very good so we're going to think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so we're going to think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so we're going to think of a
+hydrogen atom on its ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom on its ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom on its ground state
+sitting there and then you shine an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there and then you shine an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there and then you shine an
+electromagnetic field and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field and if the
+electromagnetic field is sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field is sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field is sufficiently
+strong the electron is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong the electron is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong the electron is going to be
+kicked out by interacting typically with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicked out by interacting typically with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicked out by interacting typically with
+the electric field of the wave so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field of the wave so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field of the wave so the
+wave comes in and interacts so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave comes in and interacts so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave comes in and interacts so we
+usually think of this in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually think of this in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually think of this in terms of
+photons so we'll have a hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atom in its ground state and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom in its ground state and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom in its ground state and then you
+have a harmonic field and the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a harmonic field and the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a harmonic field and the electron
+could get ejected so typically you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get ejected so typically you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get ejected so typically you have
+a photon in this incident we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photon in this incident we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photon in this incident we think of
+this in terms of electromagnetism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of electromagnetism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of electromagnetism
+although our treatment of electrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although our treatment of electrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although our treatment of electrum and
+this was going to be not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was going to be not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was going to be not going to
+include photons in in our description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include photons in in our description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include photons in in our description
+but we physically think of a photon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we physically think of a photon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we physically think of a photon that
+this incident on this pure proton here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incident on this pure proton here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incident on this pure proton here
+is the electron going in circles and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the electron going in circles and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the electron going in circles and the
+photon comes in a photon gamma and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon comes in a photon gamma and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon comes in a photon gamma and it
+kicks the electron out so the photon has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks the electron out so the photon has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks the electron out so the photon has
+energy e of the photon is H bar Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy e of the photon is H bar Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy e of the photon is H bar Omega
+so when we think of putting a light beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we think of putting a light beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we think of putting a light beam
+and we're going to send many photos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to send many photos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to send many photos
+we'll have to think of each photon what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to think of each photon what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to think of each photon what
+it's doing how whether the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing how whether the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing how whether the energy is
+very big the energy is very small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big the energy is very small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big the energy is very small and
+what does it affect how does it affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it affect how does it affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it affect how does it affect
+our approximation so half of the store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our approximation so half of the store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our approximation so half of the store
+of doing such a calculation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing such a calculation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing such a calculation is
+understanding when it could be valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding when it could be valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding when it could be valid
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+because we're gonna assume an a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're gonna assume an a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're gonna assume an a series
+of things in doing the calculation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things in doing the calculation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things in doing the calculation and
+the validity is still we're gonna turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the validity is still we're gonna turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the validity is still we're gonna turn
+out to be for a rather wide range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be for a rather wide range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be for a rather wide range of
+values but we have to think about it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values but we have to think about it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values but we have to think about it so
+a couple of quantities you may want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of quantities you may want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of quantities you may want to
+consider is that the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is that the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is that the energy of the
+electron energy of the electron that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron energy of the electron that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron energy of the electron that is
+ejected is H bar squared K of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected is H bar squared K of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected is H bar squared K of the
+electron that is ejected K squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that is ejected K squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that is ejected K squared over
+2m of the electron and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2m of the electron and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2m of the electron and it's going to be
+equal to the energy of the photon - the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the energy of the photon - the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the energy of the photon - the
+ground state energy of the electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state energy of the electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state energy of the electron in
+the hydrogen atom so the hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom so the hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom so the hydrogen atom
+here is energy equals zero ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is energy equals zero ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is energy equals zero ground state
+is below zero so if you supply some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is below zero so if you supply some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is below zero so if you supply some
+energy the first part of energy has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the first part of energy has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the first part of energy has to
+be to get it to energy zero and then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to get it to energy zero and then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to get it to energy zero and then to
+supply kinetic energy so the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply kinetic energy so the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply kinetic energy so the kinetic
+energy is the energy of the photo - what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is the energy of the photo - what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is the energy of the photo - what
+is called the red Berg or ry the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the red Berg or ry the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the red Berg or ry the red
+Berg is 13 point 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berg is 13 point 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berg is 13 point 6
+EB with a plus sign and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EB with a plus sign and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EB with a plus sign and that's the
+magnitude of the depth of the well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the depth of the well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the depth of the well the
+red Berg is e squared over 2 a 0 or 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red Berg is e squared over 2 a 0 or 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red Berg is e squared over 2 a 0 or 2
+times the red Berg is e squared over a 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what was calculated and this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was calculated and this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was calculated and this is actually
+equal to H bar C of the constant alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to H bar C of the constant alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to H bar C of the constant alpha
+times H bar C over a zero remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times H bar C over a zero remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times H bar C over a zero remember the
+constant alpha was a squared over H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant alpha was a squared over H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant alpha was a squared over H bar
+C so those are some quantities okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so those are some quantities okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so those are some quantities okay so
+we need the electron to be able to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need the electron to be able to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need the electron to be able to go
+out the energy of the photon must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the energy of the photon must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the energy of the photon must be
+bigger than the Redbird good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the Redbird good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the Redbird good
+okay so conditions for our approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so conditions for our approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so conditions for our approximation
+one we're going to be using our harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're going to be using our harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're going to be using our harmonic
+variation we said in our harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation we said in our harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation we said in our harmonic
+variation Hamiltonian Delta EIJ was to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation Hamiltonian Delta EIJ was to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation Hamiltonian Delta EIJ was to H
+prime cosine of Omega T and we want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime cosine of Omega T and we want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime cosine of Omega T and we want this
+H prime to be simple enough we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H prime to be simple enough we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H prime to be simple enough we want to
+think of this photon that is coming into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this photon that is coming into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this photon that is coming into
+the atom as a plane wave something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom as a plane wave something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom as a plane wave something that
+doesn't have big spatial dependence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have big spatial dependence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have big spatial dependence in
+the atom it hits the whole atom as with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom it hits the whole atom as with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom it hits the whole atom as with
+a constant electric with a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant electric with a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant electric with a uniform
+electric field the electric field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field the electric field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field the electric field is
+changing in time is going up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in time is going up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in time is going up and down
+but it's the same everywhere in the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the same everywhere in the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the same everywhere in the atom
+so for that we need that so this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that we need that so this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that we need that so this if you
+have a waving has a wavelength if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a waving has a wavelength if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a waving has a wavelength if you
+have an atom that is this big you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an atom that is this big you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an atom that is this big you would
+have that different parts of the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that different parts of the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that different parts of the atom
+are experiencing different values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are experiencing different values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are experiencing different values of the
+electric field at the same time on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field at the same time on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field at the same time on the
+other hand if the wavelength is very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if the wavelength is very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if the wavelength is very big
+the atom is experiencing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom is experiencing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom is experiencing the same
+spatially independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially independent
+electric field at every instant of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field at every instant of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field at every instant of time
+is just varying up and down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just varying up and down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just varying up and down but
+everywhere in the atom is all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in the atom is all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in the atom is all the same
+so what we want for this is that lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want for this is that lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want for this is that lambda
+of the photon be much greater than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photon be much greater than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photon be much greater than a
+zero so that one so this means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that one so this means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that one so this means that the
+photon has to have sufficiently long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon has to have sufficiently long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon has to have sufficiently long
+wave and you cannot be too energetic if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and you cannot be too energetic if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and you cannot be too energetic if
+you're too energetic the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're too energetic the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're too energetic the photon
+wavelength is too little by the time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is too little by the time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is too little by the time it
+becomes smaller than a zero your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes smaller than a zero your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes smaller than a zero your
+approximation is not going to be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is not going to be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is not going to be good
+enough you're gonna have to include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you're gonna have to include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you're gonna have to include the
+spatial dependence of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial dependence of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial dependence of the wave
+everywhere it's gonna make it much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere it's gonna make it much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere it's gonna make it much
+harder so we want to see what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder so we want to see what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder so we want to see what that means
+and in the interest of time I will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the interest of time I will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the interest of time I will tell
+you with a little bit of manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this shows that H Omega over a red Birk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows that H Omega over a red Birk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows that H Omega over a red Birk
+must be much smaller than 4 pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be much smaller than 4 pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be much smaller than 4 pi over
+alpha which is about seventeen hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha which is about seventeen hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha which is about seventeen hundred
+and seventy two so that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seventy two so that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seventy two so that that's a
+condition for the energy the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for the energy the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for the energy the energy of
+the photon cannot exceed that much and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's write it here so that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write it here so that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write it here so that's a good
+exercise for you to do it you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise for you to do it you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise for you to do it you can see it
+also in the notes is just manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the notes is just manipulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the notes is just manipulating
+the quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this actually says H Omega is much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually says H Omega is much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually says H Omega is much less
+than 23 ke V okay a 23 kV is roughly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 23 ke V okay a 23 kV is roughly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 23 ke V okay a 23 kV is roughly the
+energy of a photon whose wavelength is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a photon whose wavelength is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a photon whose wavelength is a
+zero that's a nice thing to know okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's a nice thing to know okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's a nice thing to know okay
+well this this photon cannot be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this this photon cannot be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this this photon cannot be too
+energetic it has to be somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic it has to be somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic it has to be somewhat
+energetic as well because it has to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic as well because it has to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic as well because it has to pick
+out the electron so at least must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the electron so at least must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the electron so at least must be
+more energy than a red bird but if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy than a red bird but if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy than a red bird but if it
+just has a red berg energy it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just has a red berg energy it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just has a red berg energy it just
+basically going to take the electron out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to take the electron out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to take the electron out
+to zero energy and then you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero energy and then you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero energy and then you're gonna
+have a problem people in hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem people in hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem people in hydrogen atom
+compute the bound state spectrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the bound state spectrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the bound state spectrum and
+they complete the continuous spectrum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they complete the continuous spectrum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they complete the continuous spectrum in
+the hydrogen atom in which you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom in which you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom in which you calculate
+the plane waves of the hydrogen atom how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane waves of the hydrogen atom how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane waves of the hydrogen atom how
+they look they're not all that simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look they're not all that simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look they're not all that simple
+because they're affected by the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're affected by the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're affected by the hydrogen
+atom they're very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom they're very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom they're very interesting
+complicated solutions for approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated solutions for approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated solutions for approximate
+plane waves in the presence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves in the presence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves in the presence of the
+hydrogen atom and we don't want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom and we don't want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom and we don't want to get
+into that that's complicated we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that that's complicated we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that that's complicated we want to
+consider cases where the electron once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider cases where the electron once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider cases where the electron once
+it escapes the proton it's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it escapes the proton it's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it escapes the proton it's basically a
+plane wave so that requires that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave so that requires that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave so that requires that the
+energy of the photon is not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photon is not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photon is not just a
+little bit bigger than a red bird but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit bigger than a red bird but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit bigger than a red bird but
+it's much bigger than a red bird and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much bigger than a red bird and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much bigger than a red bird and so
+the electron the free electron electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does not feel the Coulomb field of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not feel the Coulomb field of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not feel the Coulomb field of the
+proton and its really a plane wave so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and its really a plane wave so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and its really a plane wave so
+here it's a point where you decide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a point where you decide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a point where you decide that
+let's be conventional and say that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's be conventional and say that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's be conventional and say that one
+is much less than 10 that's what we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much less than 10 that's what we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much less than 10 that's what we mean
+by much less 1/10 so with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by much less 1/10 so with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by much less 1/10 so with this
+approximation H Omega must be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation H Omega must be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation H Omega must be much
+bigger than 13 point 6 so it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 13 point 6 so it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 13 point 6 so it should be
+bigger than 140 evie that's 10 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 140 evie that's 10 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 140 evie that's 10 times
+that and it should be smaller much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it should be smaller much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it should be smaller much
+smaller than 23 kV so that's 2.3 ke V so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 23 kV so that's 2.3 ke V so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 23 kV so that's 2.3 ke V so
+this is a range and we can expect our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a range and we can expect our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a range and we can expect our
+answer to make sense if you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to make sense if you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to make sense if you want to do
+better you have to work harder you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you have to work harder you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you have to work harder you can
+do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better
+people have done this calculation better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done this calculation better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done this calculation better
+and better but you have to work much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better but you have to work much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better but you have to work much
+harder I want to emphasize one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder I want to emphasize one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder I want to emphasize one more
+thing that it's maybe I can leave it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that it's maybe I can leave it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that it's maybe I can leave it as
+an exercise so whenever you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise so whenever you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise so whenever you have a
+photon in this range you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon in this range you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon in this range you can calculate
+the K of the electron and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K of the electron and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K of the electron and you can
+calculate how is the K of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how is the K of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how is the K of the electron
+behave and you find that K of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave and you find that K of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave and you find that K of the
+electron times a0 is in between 13 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron times a0 is in between 13 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron times a0 is in between 13 and
+3/4 these numbers when the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 these numbers when the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 these numbers when the energy of the
+photon is between those values you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon is between those values you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon is between those values you can
+calculate the momentum of the electron K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the momentum of the electron K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the momentum of the electron K
+of the alais
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the alais
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the alais
+I sometimes put them if to remind use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sometimes put them if to remind use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sometimes put them if to remind use of
+the electron but uh erase it I thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron but uh erase it I thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron but uh erase it I thing is
+not necessary and that's the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessary and that's the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessary and that's the range
+okay so we're preparing the grounds you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're preparing the grounds you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're preparing the grounds you
+see where this is our typical attitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where this is our typical attitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where this is our typical attitude
+we'll give it a problem a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give it a problem a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give it a problem a complicated
+problem and we take our time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we take our time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we take our time to get
+started we just think when will it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started we just think when will it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started we just think when will it be
+valid what can we do and don't rush too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid what can we do and don't rush too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid what can we do and don't rush too
+much that's not the attitude in an exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that's not the attitude in an exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that's not the attitude in an exam
+but you're thinking about the problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're thinking about the problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're thinking about the problem in
+general yes it is the best attitude so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general yes it is the best attitude so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general yes it is the best attitude so
+let's describe what the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's describe what the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's describe what the electric field
+is going to do that's the place where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to do that's the place where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to do that's the place where we
+connect now to an electric field that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect now to an electric field that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect now to an electric field that is
+going to produce the ionization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce the ionization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce the ionization so
+remember the perturbation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the perturbation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the perturbation of the
+Hamiltonian now it's gonna be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian now it's gonna be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian now it's gonna be the
+coupling of the system to an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling of the system to an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling of the system to an electric
+field and the system is our electron so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the system is our electron so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the system is our electron so
+is minus the electron times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus the electron times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus the electron times the
+potential electric potential scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential electric potential scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential electric potential scalar
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now needless to say actually of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now needless to say actually of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now needless to say actually of the
+electron that is going to be kicked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that is going to be kicked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that is going to be kicked out
+it's gonna be nonrelativistic that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be nonrelativistic that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be nonrelativistic that's
+also kind of obvious here you see H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of obvious here you see H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of obvious here you see H
+Omega is 2.3 kv you subtract 13 point 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is 2.3 kv you subtract 13 point 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is 2.3 kv you subtract 13 point 6
+e V doesn't make any difference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e V doesn't make any difference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e V doesn't make any difference so
+that's the energy of the emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the energy of the emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the energy of the emitted
+electron roughly and for that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron roughly and for that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron roughly and for that energy
+that's much smaller than 511 ke V which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's much smaller than 511 ke V which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's much smaller than 511 ke V which
+is the rest mass of an electron so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rest mass of an electron so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rest mass of an electron so that
+electron is gonna be nonrelativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is gonna be nonrelativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is gonna be nonrelativistic
+which is important too because we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is important too because we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is important too because we're not
+trying to do the rack equation now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do the rack equation now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do the rack equation now so
+here is our potential and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is our potential and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is our potential and then we'll
+write the electric field let's see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the electric field let's see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the electric field let's see the
+electric field well we will align it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field well we will align it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field well we will align it to
+the z axis to begin with to 0 cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z axis to begin with to 0 cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z axis to begin with to 0 cosine
+Omega T and Z hat these are conventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T and Z hat these are conventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T and Z hat these are conventions
+you see we are learning it along the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see we are learning it along the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see we are learning it along the z
+axis and we say it has a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and we say it has a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and we say it has a harmonic
+dependence that's the frequency that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence that's the frequency that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence that's the frequency that's
+the frequency of the photons that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of the photons that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of the photons that was
+women talking about and the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women talking about and the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women talking about and the intensity
+again for this conventions prop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for this conventions prop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for this conventions prop
+preference we'll put 2 e0 times cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference we'll put 2 e0 times cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference we'll put 2 e0 times cosine
+Omega T so some people say e P which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T so some people say e P which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T so some people say e P which is
+the peak efya is 2 e0 that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak efya is 2 e0 that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak efya is 2 e0 that's our
+convention well when you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention well when you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention well when you have an
+electric field like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the electric field is minus the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field is minus the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field is minus the gradient
+of Phi and therefore we can take Phi to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Phi and therefore we can take Phi to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Phi and therefore we can take Phi to
+be equal to minus the electric field as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to minus the electric field as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to minus the electric field as
+a function of time times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of time times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of time times
+z so if you take the gradient minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so if you take the gradient minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so if you take the gradient minus the
+gradient you get the electric field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient you get the electric field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient you get the electric field and
+therefore we have to plug it all in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we have to plug it all in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we have to plug it all in here
+so this is plus e e of P Z and this is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is plus e e of P Z and this is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is plus e e of P Z and this is e
+e FP is been given to e naught cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e FP is been given to e naught cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e FP is been given to e naught cosine
+Omega T and Z we can write it as R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T and Z we can write it as R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T and Z we can write it as R
+cosine theta this is in the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta this is in the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta this is in the usual
+description we have the z axis here is R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description we have the z axis here is R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description we have the z axis here is R
+theta and the electric field is going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and the electric field is going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and the electric field is going in
+the Z direction so these are cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z direction so these are cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z direction so these are cosine
+theta so I think I have all my constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so I think I have all my constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so I think I have all my constants
+there so let's put it to e naught R cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's put it to e naught R cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's put it to e naught R cos
+theta cos Omega T and this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta cos Omega T and this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta cos Omega T and this is our
+perturbation that we said it's to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation that we said it's to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation that we said it's to H
+prime cosine Omega T that's harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime cosine Omega T that's harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime cosine Omega T that's harmonic
+perturbations were defined that way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations were defined that way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations were defined that way so
+we read the value of H prime as this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we read the value of H prime as this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we read the value of H prime as this one
+e e naught R cosine Omega T no are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e e naught R cosine Omega T no are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e e naught R cosine Omega T no are
+closing fade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we have our h-prime so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have our h-prime so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have our h-prime so we have the
+conditions of validity we have our H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of validity we have our H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of validity we have our H
+Prime two more things that are so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime two more things that are so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime two more things that are so that
+we can really get started what is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can really get started what is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can really get started what is our
+initial state the initial state is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state the initial state is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state the initial state is the
+wave function of the electron which is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function of the electron which is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function of the electron which is 1
+over square root of pi a zero cube e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of pi a zero cube e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of pi a zero cube e to
+the minus R over a zero that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus R over a zero that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus R over a zero that's our
+initial state what is our final state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state what is our final state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state what is our final state
+our momentum eigenstates of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our momentum eigenstates of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our momentum eigenstates of the electron
+so you could call them sy or u sub K of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could call them sy or u sub K of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could call them sy or u sub K of
+the electron and it would be 1 over L to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron and it would be 1 over L to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron and it would be 1 over L to
+the three-halves e to the I K of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-halves e to the I K of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-halves e to the I K of the
+electron times X these are our initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron times X these are our initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron times X these are our initial
+and final States remember the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and final States remember the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and final States remember the plane
+waves had to be normalized in a box so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves had to be normalized in a box so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves had to be normalized in a box so
+the box is back U is the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box is back U is the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box is back U is the wave function
+of the plane wave electron and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plane wave electron and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plane wave electron and we can
+use a plane wave because the electrode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a plane wave because the electrode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a plane wave because the electrode
+is energetic enough and it has the Box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is energetic enough and it has the Box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is energetic enough and it has the Box
+thing this is perfectly well normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this is perfectly well normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this is perfectly well normalized
+if you square it the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you square it the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you square it the exponential
+vanishes because it's a pure face and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes because it's a pure face and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes because it's a pure face and
+you get 1 over L cube the box has volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get 1 over L cube the box has volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get 1 over L cube the box has volume
+L cube it's perfectly normal eyes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L cube it's perfectly normal eyes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L cube it's perfectly normal eyes this
+is already now for our computation
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/J1T7FwXryDE.txt b/J1T7FwXryDE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..247b18f8f1ad0775796fb79ce4bd582a366f107a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/J1T7FwXryDE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,510 @@
+BLADE KOTELLY: So the
+class is broken up
+
+into two sessions, a Monday
+and a Wednesday class.
+
+Each class is two hours long.
+
+The typical class runs where at
+the beginning of the semester,
+
+there'll be more lecture
+than towards the end.
+
+JOEL SCHINDALL: Blade and
+I have developed a style
+
+for teaching the course
+which works very well for us.
+
+It's a bit like Our
+Town where the actors go
+
+through their paces, and
+every once in awhile they stop
+
+and the stage manager
+comes on stage
+
+and makes an
+editorial comment that
+
+couldn't be conveyed
+in a direct fashion.
+
+We evolved it perhaps
+because Blade is charismatic.
+
+He is very effective at
+the teaching of the course.
+
+He knows the material.
+
+He lives the material.
+
+But I've had a lot of the
+experiences in industry
+
+about how this material
+actually plays out.
+
+So typically Blade will do
+the bulk of the instructing
+
+in a very Socratic
+manner, which is
+
+part of what makes
+the class effective.
+
+Blade is very, very good at
+evoking from the students
+
+their ideas about
+what is design.
+
+Meanwhile, I will
+listen to the progress.
+
+And where Blade touches
+on a subject which
+
+can be enhanced or embellished
+by talking about real world
+
+experience relating to
+that particular topic,
+
+I'll chime in.
+
+Blade is wonderful about
+stopping just about
+
+in mid-sentence and allowing me
+to work with the students just
+
+a little bit to engage
+them on this, to share
+
+with them about it.
+
+And then I go back and sit
+down, and Blade continues right
+
+where he left off.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: The lectures are
+interspersed with activities.
+
+So students will do some
+hands-on activities every,
+
+let's say, half hour.
+
+Probably at the limit is about
+halfway through, about an hour
+
+through, they'll have to do
+something no matter what.
+
+Because you want to keep
+students' attention up.
+
+There'll be some classes
+which are, like I said,
+
+primarily lecture-based.
+
+Some classes where it's a lot
+of students working in groups,
+
+and then we're stopping the
+work, asking a question,
+
+sharing ideas,
+and evaluating it.
+
+Some classes run in
+a very Socratic way.
+
+So we're really having
+them come to conclusions.
+
+So a class on
+ethics, for example,
+
+runs better when you
+teach it Socratically
+
+because they need to become
+engaged with the material.
+
+And if you're just
+saying, here are
+
+examples of ethical problems.
+
+And here are their solutions.
+
+They can check the box.
+
+OK, yes I get that.
+
+That makes sense to me.
+
+Or maybe there's something
+where they don't quite get it,
+
+and you could bring up some
+interesting discussions.
+
+But I think it's more successful
+to have them think about it
+
+and be able to then
+even argue in class.
+
+And so you find
+divergent points,
+
+and you have different
+students hash them out.
+
+And you'll find that
+sometimes other students will
+
+come in having
+turned their brain on
+
+and being sparked by an
+idea and say, wait a second.
+
+No, no.
+
+I think they're right.
+
+And because we use
+name cards that
+
+have the name on the
+front and the back,
+
+the students can see
+each other's name
+
+and can say, you know, what
+Joyce said was really good.
+
+No, I like that.
+
+That was an important point.
+
+Basically they can
+see each other.
+
+So it connects a class
+to be able to start
+
+learning together, which makes
+the learning process actually
+
+very important for those kinds
+of classes to be in person.
+
+The class is meant to
+have a lot of interaction.
+
+As much as possible, really.
+
+At the end of a big school
+day, from 3:00 to 5:00 PM,
+
+they could be tired.
+
+And they probably stayed
+up really late the night
+
+before so they're
+probably definitely tired
+
+around that time.
+
+So you want to make sure that
+you're keeping them entertained
+
+and engaged with the material.
+
+I mean, it's really-- every
+class has great material.
+
+Any class can have
+great material,
+
+but the attitude, I think, is
+that if you get your students
+
+to be engaged intellectually,
+they'll learn it faster.
+
+Then when you're trying
+to shift their thinking,
+
+you're not just simply
+explaining a concept,
+
+but having them
+think differently.
+
+Then you need to
+engage them even more,
+
+because you need to change
+the way their brains are
+
+functioning and get synapses
+to fire even differently.
+
+JOEL SCHINDALL: We bring
+in outside speakers
+
+for some of the talks.
+
+And the outside speakers
+are an eclectic mix.
+
+In some cases, we'll bring in
+someone from the Engineering
+
+faculty who is particularly
+gifted at communicating
+
+mechanical engineering
+design skills
+
+or electrical or
+chemical, because we
+
+want to give the
+students-- there tend
+
+to be some discipline
+unique ways of thinking,
+
+and we want to give the
+students an idea of what
+
+the broad range is.
+
+But other times we
+bring in someone
+
+who seems rather off-the-wall.
+
+We brought in someone
+who has started
+
+two or three restaurants
+in the Boston Area.
+
+And you say, a restaurateur?
+
+What does that have to
+do with engineering?
+
+And the students
+come to the class,
+
+but don't really expect
+to get anything of value
+
+until they find out that
+designing a restaurant
+
+is a really significant
+design process.
+
+You have to look at
+what do the users want?
+
+How do you greet them
+at the restaurant?
+
+What type of food do you have?
+
+How do you design the space?
+
+How do you make the patron in
+the restaurant feel welcome?
+
+How do you make the staff
+function effectively?
+
+There are many, many aspects.
+
+And to see someone in front
+of the room who is not
+
+an engineer, and
+yet who is using
+
+some of the same
+engineer thinking
+
+that you use to solve a
+problem that you never thought
+
+much about, because when
+you go to a restaurant
+
+you just hope that the food will
+come and that it'll taste good
+
+and that it won't
+be too expensive
+
+and that your favorite
+dish will be there.
+
+But you tend not to
+pay any attention
+
+to how were you
+greeted by the hostess?
+
+How were you seated?
+
+What are the wait staff doing?
+
+How is the cook
+working in the kitchen?
+
+And you begin to
+realize that there
+
+are many more
+dimensions in the world
+
+that you're interacting with
+than you pay attention to.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: If we have a quiz
+in class, we administer a quiz,
+
+we swap all the quizzes,
+we review all the answers.
+
+Quizzes tend to have a lot
+of the questions repeated
+
+on each quiz so if they didn't
+know the answer the first time,
+
+they should know
+it the second time.
+
+And they'll definitely
+know it the third time.
+
+Because we review it in class.
+
+We'll spend several
+minutes reviewing
+
+that quiz to make sure students
+can use it as a learning
+
+opportunity, because I do
+want to do a diagnostic to see
+
+what are they getting?
+
+Are they doing the reading?
+
+I want them to do the reading.
+
+It's how I test for it.
+
+But I also want to make
+sure that they're learning.
+
+And if they haven't
+done the reading,
+
+maybe they learn a
+little bit from this,
+
+maybe they'll ask some
+different questions.
+
+So we'll have someone grade
+and then give the result
+
+to see what the contour
+of the grades are.
+
+Even though they've already
+swapped papers and done
+
+their own grading, students go
+through and check all of them
+
+again so they can understand
+what the contour is
+
+so I can understand are students
+not reading the book yet?
+
+Maybe we assigned
+the book too soon
+
+and they weren't able to get
+to the bookstore soon enough.
+
+Or maybe they're in
+a real crunch time,
+
+they weren't able to review
+some of the material.
+
+So we try to do a diagnostic
+to see what's happening.
+
+The teaching assistants
+will take notes,
+
+one teaching assistant
+will take notes
+
+during class of everything
+that we discussed
+
+so we can tune out the
+slides and topics later on.
+
+The may be an example that we
+haven't used before that either
+
+is topical, because now a
+company releases a new product
+
+that we want to be
+able to incorporate.
+
+Or there'll be a new way
+to articulate something.
+
+They'll say, oh, that's
+a really good way
+
+that we were able to
+articulate this idea.
+
+Or a really good moment
+that happened here in class.
+
+Let's think about how to bring
+that into the curriculum.
+
+So we're always taking
+notes about each class.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/J3aMHIajtFc.txt b/J3aMHIajtFc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e79b736e26502f82c9f2e75d0ee6c4cb9d64c98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/J3aMHIajtFc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the mathematics of the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematics of the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematics of the correlation
+coefficients are important but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are important but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are important but it is
+perhaps more important to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps more important to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps more important to be able to
+interpret it correctly a correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret it correctly a correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret it correctly a correlation
+coefficient of let's say 0.5 tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of let's say 0.5 tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of let's say 0.5 tells us
+that something interesting is going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something interesting is going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something interesting is going on
+as far as the relation of x and y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as the relation of x and y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as the relation of x and y is
+concerned but what exactly it tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned but what exactly it tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned but what exactly it tells us
+that the two random variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the two random variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the two random variables are
+associated in some sense but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated in some sense but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated in some sense but this is
+often misinterpreted to mean that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often misinterpreted to mean that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often misinterpreted to mean that there
+is a causal relation between the two but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a causal relation between the two but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a causal relation between the two but
+this is wrong a large correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is wrong a large correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is wrong a large correlation
+coefficient in general does not indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient in general does not indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient in general does not indicate
+that there is a causal relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a causal relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a causal relation between
+the random variables as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variables as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variables as an example
+suppose that X somehow quantifies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that X somehow quantifies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that X somehow quantifies the
+mathematical aptitude of a person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical aptitude of a person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical aptitude of a person and
+why somehow quantifies the musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why somehow quantifies the musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why somehow quantifies the musical
+ability of a person in general it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of a person in general it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of a person in general it has
+been found that mathematical updated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been found that mathematical updated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been found that mathematical updated and
+musical ability are correlated people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical ability are correlated people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical ability are correlated people
+who score high on one will score high on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who score high on one will score high on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who score high on one will score high on
+the other and as well is the causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and as well is the causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and as well is the causal
+relation if you study math a lot and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation if you study math a lot and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation if you study math a lot and you
+become very good at math does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very good at math does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very good at math does it mean
+that you will become a better musician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will become a better musician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will become a better musician
+not necessarily or if you practice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily or if you practice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily or if you practice the
+violin day in and day out does this mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violin day in and day out does this mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violin day in and day out does this mean
+that you will score better in the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will score better in the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will score better in the math
+exam again not necessarily perhaps what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam again not necessarily perhaps what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam again not necessarily perhaps what
+is going on is that there is a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on is that there is a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on is that there is a certain
+feature of the human brain and when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of the human brain and when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of the human brain and when that
+feature is well-developed then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature is well-developed then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature is well-developed then that
+feature helps both in math and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature helps both in math and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature helps both in math and in
+musical ability and this is a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical ability and this is a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical ability and this is a typical
+situation of how a correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of how a correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of how a correlation
+coefficient may arise that is often a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient may arise that is often a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient may arise that is often a
+correlation coefficient that significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient that significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient that significant
+reflects that the reason underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects that the reason underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects that the reason underlying
+common but perhaps hidden factor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common but perhaps hidden factor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common but perhaps hidden factor that
+affects both of the random variables x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects both of the random variables x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects both of the random variables x
+and y let us go through a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y let us go through a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y let us go through a simple
+numerical example that models the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical example that models the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical example that models the
+situation of this kind suppose that Z V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of this kind suppose that Z V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of this kind suppose that Z V
+and W are independent random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and W are independent random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and W are independent random variables
+and that we have two more random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we have two more random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we have two more random
+variables defined by these relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables defined by these relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables defined by these relations
+notice that there is no direct influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that there is no direct influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that there is no direct influence
+from X to Y or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from X to Y or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from X to Y or from
+I 2x but on the other hand there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I 2x but on the other hand there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I 2x but on the other hand there is a
+common underlying factor this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common underlying factor this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common underlying factor this random
+variable Z that affects both x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Z that affects both x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Z that affects both x and y
+because of this we expect that x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this we expect that x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this we expect that x and y
+will somehow have some kind of relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will somehow have some kind of relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will somehow have some kind of relation
+or association between them and we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or association between them and we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or association between them and we would
+like to measure the strength of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to measure the strength of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to measure the strength of that
+association the way to measure it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association the way to measure it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association the way to measure it will
+be in terms of the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in terms of the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in terms of the correlation
+coefficient which we will now proceed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which we will now proceed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which we will now proceed to
+compute to have a complete example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute to have a complete example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute to have a complete example in
+our hands and in order to also keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hands and in order to also keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hands and in order to also keep
+things simple let us assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things simple let us assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things simple let us assume that the
+basic underlying random variable Z V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic underlying random variable Z V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic underlying random variable Z V and
+W all have zero means and unit variances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W all have zero means and unit variances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W all have zero means and unit variances
+and now let us take the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let us take the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let us take the definition of
+the correlation coefficient and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlation coefficient and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlation coefficient and start
+calculating let us look at the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating let us look at the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating let us look at the variance
+of X because X is the sum of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X because X is the sum of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X because X is the sum of two
+independent random variables it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables it's
+variance is going to be the sum of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is going to be the sum of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is going to be the sum of those
+variances and we have assumed that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances and we have assumed that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances and we have assumed that each
+one of those variances is equal to 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those variances is equal to 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those variances is equal to 1 so
+the variance of X is equal to 2 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of X is equal to 2 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of X is equal to 2 and that
+implies that the standard deviation of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that the standard deviation of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that the standard deviation of X
+is equal to the square root of 2 by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the square root of 2 by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the square root of 2 by a
+similar argument the standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar argument the standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar argument the standard deviation
+of Y is also equal to the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y is also equal to the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y is also equal to the square root of
+2 now let us look at the covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 now let us look at the covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 now let us look at the covariance
+between x and y because x and y have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x and y because x and y have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x and y because x and y have
+zero means the covariance is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero means the covariance is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero means the covariance is just the
+expected value of the product of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the product of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the product of the two
+random variables and using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and using the
+definition of what these two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of what these two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of what these two random
+variables are it's this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are it's this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are it's this particular
+product here we expand the product into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product here we expand the product into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product here we expand the product into
+a sum of four terms and take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of four terms and take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of four terms and take the
+expected value of each one of the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of each one of the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of each one of the four
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which leaves us with this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which leaves us with this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which leaves us with this particular
+expression here now Z has zero mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here now Z has zero mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here now Z has zero mean and
+unit variance therefore the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit variance therefore the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit variance therefore the expected
+value of Z squared is equal to one how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Z squared is equal to one how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Z squared is equal to one how
+about the next term V and Z are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the next term V and Z are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the next term V and Z are
+independent so the expected value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so the expected value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so the expected value of the
+product is the product of the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is the product of the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is the product of the expected
+values but the expected values are 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values but the expected values are 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values but the expected values are 0 so
+this term is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is 0
+and with a similar argument the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with a similar argument the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with a similar argument the other
+terms are 0 as well so the covariance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are 0 as well so the covariance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are 0 as well so the covariance is
+equal to 1 and from this we can conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 and from this we can conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 and from this we can conclude
+our calculation and write that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our calculation and write that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our calculation and write that the
+correlation coefficient between X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient between X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient between X and Y
+is equal to 1 divided by the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 divided by the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 divided by the square root
+of 2 times square root of 2 which is 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 times square root of 2 which is 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 times square root of 2 which is 1/2
+this example also serves to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example also serves to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example also serves to give you a
+rough idea of what it may mean to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough idea of what it may mean to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough idea of what it may mean to have a
+correlation coefficient of 1/2 it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient of 1/2 it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient of 1/2 it means
+that the two random variables have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the two random variables have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the two random variables have some
+common elements and they also have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common elements and they also have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common elements and they also have some
+idiosyncratic elements and these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic elements and these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic elements and these two
+elements are roughly equal in weight if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are roughly equal in weight if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are roughly equal in weight if
+V and W were completely absent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and W were completely absent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and W were completely absent the
+correlation coefficient would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient would have been
+1 if on the other hand V and W had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 if on the other hand V and W had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 if on the other hand V and W had a
+huge variance so as to completely hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge variance so as to completely hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge variance so as to completely hide
+the effect of Z then the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of Z then the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of Z then the value of the
+correlation coefficient would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient would have been
+much much smaller perhaps closer to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much smaller perhaps closer to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much smaller perhaps closer to 0
+and in the extreme case of course where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the extreme case of course where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the extreme case of course where
+Z is completely absent then x and y are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is completely absent then x and y are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is completely absent then x and y are
+independent and we get the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and we get the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and we get the correlation
+coefficient of 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JFIaRtKNP2E.txt b/JFIaRtKNP2E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d23f6c1140504d89e91012fc4ad5faeee62f4c87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JFIaRtKNP2E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5679 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this
+is about finding the null space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about finding the null space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about finding the null space of a
+matrix a any matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a any matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a any matrix
+square or rectangular and what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square or rectangular and what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square or rectangular and what does that
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+that means well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means well
+in algebra we're solving the equation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in algebra we're solving the equation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in algebra we're solving the equation a
+x equals 0. so a is our matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals 0. so a is our matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals 0. so a is our matrix
+x is a vector that we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is a vector that we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is a vector that we're looking for
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ax is a combination of the columns of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax is a combination of the columns of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax is a combination of the columns of a
+so we're looking for combinations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're looking for combinations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're looking for combinations of the
+columns that give the zero vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that give the zero vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that give the zero vector
+dependent columns we'll be saying so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent columns we'll be saying so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent columns we'll be saying so
+that's the goal uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the goal uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the goal uh and
+the new start for linear algebra that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new start for linear algebra that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new start for linear algebra that i
+suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested
+solves that problem for small matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves that problem for small matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves that problem for small matrices
+kind of just does it for for a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of just does it for for a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of just does it for for a small
+matrix but for any matrix or a big one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix but for any matrix or a big one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix but for any matrix or a big one
+we need a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a system
+so this kind of completes the idea by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this kind of completes the idea by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this kind of completes the idea by
+giving the system which uses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the system which uses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the system which uses the
+oper the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oper the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oper the
+algorithm of linear algebra which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm of linear algebra which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm of linear algebra which is
+elimination so elimination is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination so elimination is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination so elimination is going to
+be the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the key
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving
+this problem to finding the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem to finding the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem to finding the null space
+so that's my picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's my picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's my picture
+oh these are the i'll just mention the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh these are the i'll just mention the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh these are the i'll just mention the
+three books which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three books which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three books which
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+discuss this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss this
+uh the one on the introduction to linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the one on the introduction to linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the one on the introduction to linear
+algebra is the main textbook then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is the main textbook then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is the main textbook then
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+learning from data book actually that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from data book actually that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from data book actually that's
+where this new idea got started and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this new idea got started and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this new idea got started and the
+linear algebra for everyone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra for everyone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra for everyone is
+got the idea in more more completely so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the idea in more more completely so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the idea in more more completely so
+i'm sort of speaking about uh a section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sort of speaking about uh a section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sort of speaking about uh a section
+out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that
+a third book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third book
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and uh they all have websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they all have websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they all have websites
+math.mit.edu uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math.mit.edu uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math.mit.edu uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the addresses are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the addresses are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the addresses are there
+to see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see more
+actually i should say so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i should say so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i should say so these are the
+key ideas of this lecture and yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key ideas of this lecture and yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key ideas of this lecture and yesterday
+i looked at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i looked at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i looked at my
+lecture from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture from
+a few years ago quite a few years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years ago quite a few years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years ago quite a few years ago
+lecture seven in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture seven in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture seven in the
+in the open courseware series for math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the open courseware series for math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the open courseware series for math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that was on the same topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that was on the same topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that was on the same topic
+elimination and ax equals zero so a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and ax equals zero so a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and ax equals zero so a lot
+of good stuff is there but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good stuff is there but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good stuff is there but there's a
+little more to say now and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more to say now and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more to say now and that's what
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is about today so oh okay here are key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about today so oh okay here are key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about today so oh okay here are key
+ideas of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of the lecture
+so the null space so now you see it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the null space so now you see it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the null space so now you see it in
+writing the null space is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the null space is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the null space is all the
+solutions x to a x equals zero remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions x to a x equals zero remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions x to a x equals zero remember
+x is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is a vector
+and elimination is the key and it keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and elimination is the key and it keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and elimination is the key and it keeps
+the same null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same null space
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+matlab command is rref
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matlab command is rref
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matlab command is rref
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+that's the the command that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the command that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the command that does
+elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll
+we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see
+the identity matrix we'll see a matrix f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity matrix we'll see a matrix f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity matrix we'll see a matrix f
+and we will the new idea was to factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will the new idea was to factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will the new idea was to factor
+the matrix into a column matrix c times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix into a column matrix c times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix into a column matrix c times
+a row matrix r so this is really putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row matrix r so this is really putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row matrix r so this is really putting
+all the ideas together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ideas together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ideas together
+and we learned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we learned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we learned that
+if a matrix is short and wide then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a matrix is short and wide then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a matrix is short and wide then
+there's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certainly
+if we got lots of columns then some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we got lots of columns then some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we got lots of columns then some of
+them will be dependent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will be dependent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will be dependent and
+that means that there'll be solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that there'll be solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that there'll be solutions to
+ax equals 0. so here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equals 0. so here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equals 0. so here we go
+oh okay i'm going to start with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay i'm going to start with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay i'm going to start with an
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+and it's already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's already been
+elimination has already done its job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination has already done its job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination has already done its job
+so what elimination did was to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what elimination did was to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what elimination did was to get to
+that you see the identity matrix in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see the identity matrix in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see the identity matrix in the
+first two columns one zero and zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two columns one zero and zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two columns one zero and zero one
+so that's you can't ask for a simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's you can't ask for a simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's you can't ask for a simpler
+matrix than that once we've got that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix than that once we've got that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix than that once we've got that we
+can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+mess with it so three five four six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess with it so three five four six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess with it so three five four six
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+we're stuck with with those are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're stuck with with those are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're stuck with with those are our
+other columns so the first two columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other columns so the first two columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other columns so the first two columns
+are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent
+columns of the identity matrix are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of the identity matrix are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of the identity matrix are very
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+and but then 3 4 is a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but then 3 4 is a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but then 3 4 is a combination
+of those two columns right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those two columns right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those two columns right
+3 4 is 3 times the first column plus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 4 is 3 times the first column plus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 4 is 3 times the first column plus 4
+times the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the second
+so there is a an x in the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a an x in the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a an x in the null space
+that's one of the vectors we're after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the vectors we're after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the vectors we're after
+i'll call it a special solution because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll call it a special solution because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll call it a special solution because
+it just came especially from one column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just came especially from one column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just came especially from one column
+and you see it you see it down below as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see it you see it down below as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see it you see it down below as
+s1 so we would say if we took minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s1 so we would say if we took minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s1 so we would say if we took minus
+three of the first column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of the first column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of the first column
+minus four of the second column and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus four of the second column and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus four of the second column and then
+plus one of the third column we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one of the third column we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one of the third column we would
+have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero
+ax equals zero what we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equals zero what we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equals zero what we're looking for
+and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second
+special solution would come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special solution would come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special solution would come from the
+last column of the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last column of the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last column of the matrix
+5 6 so that again that's 5 of the 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 6 so that again that's 5 of the 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 6 so that again that's 5 of the 1 0
+column and 6 of the 0 1 column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and 6 of the 0 1 column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and 6 of the 0 1 column
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if we put that together into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put that together into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put that together into
+a special solution s2 we want minus 5 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special solution s2 we want minus 5 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special solution s2 we want minus 5 of
+column 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column 1
+six of column one two plus nothing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six of column one two plus nothing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six of column one two plus nothing of
+column three plus column four giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column three plus column four giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column three plus column four giving
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+elimination has made has produced this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination has made has produced this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination has made has produced this
+simple matrix r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple matrix r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple matrix r
+simple because it's got the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple because it's got the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple because it's got the identity
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+can i show you one more example of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i show you one more example of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i show you one more example of r
+before i begin to talk about how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i begin to talk about how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i begin to talk about how do we
+get to our okay so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to our okay so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to our okay so here's
+another r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another r
+a little different though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different though
+it's different because it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different because it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different because it's got a
+row of zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of zeros
+well that that won't pose any problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that that won't pose any problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that that won't pose any problem
+but we just have to think what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we just have to think what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we just have to think what to do
+with it we always move zero rows to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it we always move zero rows to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it we always move zero rows to the
+bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+and there it is and it does have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there it is and it does have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there it is and it does have an
+identity matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix
+as as like as the first example did but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as like as the first example did but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as like as the first example did but
+you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that
+the one zero the zero one is off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one zero the zero one is off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one zero the zero one is off in
+column three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column three
+the identity is in columns 1 and 3 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity is in columns 1 and 3 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity is in columns 1 and 3 here
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that makes a small change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes a small change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes a small change
+but the idea is still the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea is still the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea is still the same
+those two columns are the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two columns are the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two columns are the independent
+ones they're very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones they're very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones they're very simple
+the 1 zero zero and zero one zero those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 zero zero and zero one zero those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 zero zero and zero one zero those
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+totally different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different directions
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the seven zero zero is seven of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seven zero zero is seven of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seven zero zero is seven of the
+first column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column
+so that's spotted uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's spotted uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's spotted uh a
+special solution an x that i call s1 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special solution an x that i call s1 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special solution an x that i call s1 at
+the bottom line you see the minus 7 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line you see the minus 7 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line you see the minus 7 of
+the first column plus 1 of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first column plus 1 of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first column plus 1 of the second
+column produces 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column produces 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column produces 0.
+you just look at those columns minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just look at those columns minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just look at those columns minus
+seven of the first plus one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of the first plus one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of the first plus one of the
+second everything cancels and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second everything cancels and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second everything cancels and the other
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+is going to come from the eight nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to come from the eight nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to come from the eight nine
+zero column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero column
+that'll be eight and eight of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be eight and eight of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be eight and eight of the first
+column and nine of the third the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and nine of the third the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and nine of the third the two
+bits of the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of the identity
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+you see that if when we have this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that if when we have this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that if when we have this when
+we get to this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to this uh
+row reduced row echelon form horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row reduced row echelon form horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row reduced row echelon form horrible
+set of words but what it means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of words but what it means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of words but what it means is
+elimination has made it as simple as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination has made it as simple as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination has made it as simple as it
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+can be okay i might have somebody more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be okay i might have somebody more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be okay i might have somebody more
+to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+yeah this is summarizing what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is summarizing what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is summarizing what you've
+just seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seen
+so we have the simplest case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the simplest case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the simplest case where the
+identity just sits there at the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity just sits there at the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity just sits there at the left
+or the more general case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the more general case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the more general case where the
+identity is mixed in with the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity is mixed in with the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity is mixed in with the other two
+columns we can live with both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns we can live with both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns we can live with both
+and i'm using f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm using f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm using f
+for the other columns the ones the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the other columns the ones the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the other columns the ones the
+columns that are not part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that are not part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that are not part of the
+identity and then it has that extra zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and then it has that extra zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and then it has that extra zero
+row okay and now uh i i want to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row okay and now uh i i want to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row okay and now uh i i want to write it
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+a key part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key part of this
+lecture is to see the result this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is to see the result this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is to see the result this this
+matrix r in matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix r in matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix r in matrix
+see it in matrix form instead of a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in matrix form instead of a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in matrix form instead of a bunch
+of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers
+uh often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh often
+in the computing you're just the page is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the computing you're just the page is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the computing you're just the page is
+full of numbers and you don't see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of numbers and you don't see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of numbers and you don't see what's
+happening so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so
+what we're looking for is the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're looking for is the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're looking for is the identity
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the non-zero matrix f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-zero matrix f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-zero matrix f
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+in that r zero case that second example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that r zero case that second example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that r zero case that second example
+there's a p what what is that matrix p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a p what what is that matrix p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a p what what is that matrix p
+doing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing there
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+it's a permutation matrix an exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a permutation matrix an exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a permutation matrix an exchange
+matrix because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix because
+the identity in this second example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity in this second example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity in this second example is
+not in columns one and two it's in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in columns one and two it's in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in columns one and two it's in one
+and three so that p has to put it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three so that p has to put it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three so that p has to put it there
+so that p is a and because p is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that p is a and because p is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that p is a and because p is on the
+right it'll do column column it'll move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it'll do column column it'll move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it'll do column column it'll move
+columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+there i wrote down what that p is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there i wrote down what that p is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there i wrote down what that p is that
+that exchanges column two and three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exchanges column two and three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exchanges column two and three and
+puts the identity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts the identity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts the identity in
+the where we want it okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where we want it okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where we want it okay so that's the
+the linear algebra the the the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear algebra the the the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear algebra the the the matrix
+notation part oh and this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation part oh and this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation part oh and this is this is
+here now you're seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now you're seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now you're seeing the
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+new start this c times r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new start this c times r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new start this c times r
+so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what
+i'm suggesting that that if you give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm suggesting that that if you give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm suggesting that that if you give us
+a give me a matrix the first thing i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a give me a matrix the first thing i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a give me a matrix the first thing i
+would do would be to find independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do would be to find independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do would be to find independent
+columns those would go into c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns those would go into c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns those would go into c
+and then the matrix r would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the matrix r would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the matrix r would
+well we've seen the matrix r and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've seen the matrix r and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've seen the matrix r and that
+would tell me the combinations of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell me the combinations of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell me the combinations of those
+c columns to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c columns to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c columns to get a
+yeah you'll see it well this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you'll see it well this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you'll see it well this this
+box is around all the matrix formulas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box is around all the matrix formulas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box is around all the matrix formulas so
+we're we're we're sorting every matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're we're sorting every matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're we're sorting every matrix
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+independent columns followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent columns followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent columns followed by
+dependent columns and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent columns and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent columns and then this
+permutation this exchange matrix p if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation this exchange matrix p if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation this exchange matrix p if
+they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't
+really come in that order if we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really come in that order if we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really come in that order if we need a
+new order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new order so
+this all this is about a equals cr the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all this is about a equals cr the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all this is about a equals cr the
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+well not new not completely new i'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not new not completely new i'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not new not completely new i'm sure
+but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the
+factorization of any matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization of any matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization of any matrix
+okay and now how do we actually do it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now how do we actually do it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now how do we actually do it if
+the matrix is big and we i need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix is big and we i need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix is big and we i need the
+computer to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to help
+well we do it by elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we do it by elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we do it by elimination
+okay there's this is what elimination is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's this is what elimination is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's this is what elimination is
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+what can what what are we allowed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can what what are we allowed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can what what are we allowed to do
+in elimination what we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in elimination what we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in elimination what we don't want to
+mess up the equation ax equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess up the equation ax equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess up the equation ax equals zero
+i'm operating on a but i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm operating on a but i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm operating on a but i'm not
+creating or losing any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating or losing any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating or losing any of those
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+so if i subtract one row from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i subtract one row from another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i subtract one row from another
+row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or any multiple of one row from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any multiple of one row from another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any multiple of one row from another
+row that's the main operation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row that's the main operation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row that's the main operation of
+elimination and that's obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and that's obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and that's obviously the
+equations are still true if i take 3 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are still true if i take 3 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are still true if i take 3 of
+equation 1 away from equation 2 i still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 1 away from equation 2 i still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 1 away from equation 2 i still
+have a correct equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a correct equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a correct equation
+and i could multiply a row by 15 or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i could multiply a row by 15 or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i could multiply a row by 15 or any
+any non-zero number no change and i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any non-zero number no change and i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any non-zero number no change and i can
+switch any two rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch any two rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch any two rows
+that third one of switching rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that third one of switching rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that third one of switching rows
+exchanging rows is is just to move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging rows is is just to move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging rows is is just to move the
+zero row down to the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero row down to the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero row down to the bottom
+this is the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you see those numbers so i'm giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see those numbers so i'm giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see those numbers so i'm giving
+an example of a matrix that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a matrix that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a matrix that leads to
+that very same r that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very same r that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very same r that we
+worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out
+so so you see what i'm doing now i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you see what i'm doing now i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you see what i'm doing now i'm
+backing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backing up
+i know the r i want i'm i'm but i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know the r i want i'm i'm but i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know the r i want i'm i'm but i'm
+given some matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given some matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given some matrix a
+and and it's these elimination steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's these elimination steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's these elimination steps
+that will lead it lead me to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will lead it lead me to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will lead it lead me to r
+okay so you see a over on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you see a over on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you see a over on the left
+so it's a full matrix eight no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a full matrix eight no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a full matrix eight no no
+identity there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity there
+but i'm allowed to do elimination i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm allowed to do elimination i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm allowed to do elimination i'm
+allowed to do these three steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to do these three steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to do these three steps
+when i want to so what shall i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i want to so what shall i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i want to so what shall i do
+probably at this point you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at this point you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at this point you've seen
+elimination as much as you want to but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination as much as you want to but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination as much as you want to but
+allow me to say it once or twice more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to say it once or twice more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to say it once or twice more so
+i would take three of row one away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would take three of row one away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would take three of row one away from
+row two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row two
+that would produce that would that three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would produce that would that three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would produce that would that three
+that's in the original matrix would turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the original matrix would turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the original matrix would turn
+into a 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a 0.
+so can you take 3 of 3 of that first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you take 3 of 3 of that first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you take 3 of 3 of that first row
+that would be 3 6 33 51 i subtracted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be 3 6 33 51 i subtracted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be 3 6 33 51 i subtracted and
+i get just that 0 1 4 6. so i've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get just that 0 1 4 6. so i've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get just that 0 1 4 6. so i've got a
+much better second row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better second row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better second row
+now i'm going to use the second row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to use the second row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to use the second row
+going upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going upwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going upwards
+so i'll take 2 of that second row away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll take 2 of that second row away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll take 2 of that second row away
+from the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first row
+that'll knock out the 2 that i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll knock out the 2 that i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll knock out the 2 that i don't
+want and it'll produce the identity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and it'll produce the identity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and it'll produce the identity that
+i do want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do want
+so do you see that if i take 2 of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you see that if i take 2 of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you see that if i take 2 of that
+last row that's 0 2 8 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last row that's 0 2 8 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last row that's 0 2 8 12
+when i take 0 2 8 12 away from the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i take 0 2 8 12 away from the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i take 0 2 8 12 away from the top
+row i'm left with one and zero and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row i'm left with one and zero and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row i'm left with one and zero and three
+and five are the numbers that happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five are the numbers that happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five are the numbers that happen to
+be left okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be left okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be left okay
+that's uh so really what has elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh so really what has elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh so really what has elimination
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+this is an important idea that i think i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important idea that i think i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important idea that i think i
+never caught on to when i was learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never caught on to when i was learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never caught on to when i was learning
+linear algebra elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra elimination
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+found the inverse of this one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the inverse of this one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the inverse of this one two three
+seven of this two by two matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of this two by two matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of this two by two matrix
+because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's
+started with one two three seven and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with one two three seven and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with one two three seven and has
+ended with the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended with the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended with the identity
+so it must have inverted that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it must have inverted that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it must have inverted that matrix
+and then when it applied the it had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when it applied the it had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when it applied the it had to
+apply the inverse to the second half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the inverse to the second half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the inverse to the second half of
+the matrix and it that produced the 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix and it that produced the 3 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix and it that produced the 3 4
+5 6.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 6.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 6.
+so you see this is oh look i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see this is oh look i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see this is oh look i think
+there's probably an example that leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably an example that leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably an example that leads
+to number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to number two
+here i must have thought ahead uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i must have thought ahead uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i must have thought ahead uh so
+it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says
+on the screen what i just said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen what i just said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen what i just said that
+elimination has inverted the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination has inverted the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination has inverted the leading
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's
+written out this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out this step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out this step
+h equal wf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h equal wf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h equal wf
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+connects the original dependent columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects the original dependent columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects the original dependent columns
+to the final dependent columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the final dependent columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the final dependent columns
+in f 3 4 5 6.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in f 3 4 5 6.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in f 3 4 5 6.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+elimination is just a matter of practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination is just a matter of practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination is just a matter of practice
+and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you
+probably have done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have done it
+and and here's an important point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here's an important point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here's an important point about
+elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't
+you could do things in different orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do things in different orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do things in different orders
+i i spoke and i did them in a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i spoke and i did them in a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i spoke and i did them in a sort of
+natural order but you could do it other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural order but you could do it other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural order but you could do it other
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+but you wouldn't you wouldn't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you wouldn't you wouldn't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you wouldn't you wouldn't get a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+outcome you'd get the same matrix r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome you'd get the same matrix r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome you'd get the same matrix r
+well because the equations are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because the equations are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because the equations are still
+true at every point the the x's the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true at every point the the x's the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true at every point the the x's the null
+space of the matrix is not changing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the matrix is not changing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the matrix is not changing by
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+elimination steps yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination steps yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination steps yeah so
+so let's just repeat that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just repeat that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just repeat that when you
+when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you
+finally get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally get
+to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to r
+when you've done the elimination and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you've done the elimination and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you've done the elimination and you
+get to r with its identity matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to r with its identity matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to r with its identity matrix that
+identity matrix in r tells you which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix in r tells you which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix in r tells you which
+columns at the start were independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns at the start were independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns at the start were independent
+so that's what we you need to have a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we you need to have a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we you need to have a way
+to do that and now we have a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that and now we have a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that and now we have a way
+uh when i in the other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when i in the other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when i in the other uh
+opening uh talks in this series in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening uh talks in this series in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening uh talks in this series in this
+series about the new start i the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series about the new start i the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series about the new start i the
+matrices were nice and small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices were nice and small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices were nice and small
+so i didn't need much of a system i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i didn't need much of a system i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i didn't need much of a system i
+could practically wing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could practically wing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could practically wing it
+but but now we need a system and and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but now we need a system and and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but now we need a system and and of
+course if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if we want to
+use a matlab or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a matlab or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a matlab or other
+code it has to have a system so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it has to have a system so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it has to have a system so anyway
+we now have a system of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have a system of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have a system of of
+row elimination steps and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row elimination steps and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row elimination steps and we know
+what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's
+what it ends with it ends with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it ends with it ends with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it ends with it ends with an
+identity matrix of the right size a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix of the right size a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix of the right size a
+matrix f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix f
+that's the other columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the other columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the other columns
+and then possibly a permutation to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then possibly a permutation to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then possibly a permutation to tell
+us the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the order
+that's that's that's elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's elimination
+okay and here's the second example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here's the second example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here's the second example
+so we're moving along this is like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're moving along this is like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're moving along this is like you
+got to pay attention because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to pay attention because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to pay attention because this is
+this is all there is is two examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all there is is two examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all there is is two examples and
+then uh put the ideas together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh put the ideas together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh put the ideas together
+so here's an example of a matrix a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of a matrix a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of a matrix a with
+well numbers as big as 97 i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well numbers as big as 97 i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well numbers as big as 97 i don't know
+how i got there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i got there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i got there
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it bit so
+there are no zeros in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no zeros in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no zeros in the original
+matrix a but elimination aims to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a but elimination aims to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a but elimination aims to get
+zeros oh here it got zeros very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros oh here it got zeros very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros oh here it got zeros very quickly
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+the second row of that matrix 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second row of that matrix 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second row of that matrix 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 that's just twice the first row so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 that's just twice the first row so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 that's just twice the first row so
+when i subtract two times the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i subtract two times the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i subtract two times the first row
+from the second row i get that zero row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the second row i get that zero row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the second row i get that zero row
+so i'm now one step along with a row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm now one step along with a row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm now one step along with a row of
+zeros that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros that's great
+and uh the uh and the third row improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the uh and the third row improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the uh and the third row improved
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+because i took 2 of the first row away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i took 2 of the first row away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i took 2 of the first row away
+from the third row and that gave me a 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the third row and that gave me a 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the third row and that gave me a 0
+0 at the start and then a 3 27.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 at the start and then a 3 27.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 at the start and then a 3 27.
+so are we okay that we're at the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are we okay that we're at the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are we okay that we're at the second
+matrix now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix now
+it's not finished it's not in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not finished it's not in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not finished it's not in its
+r form in its echelon form but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r form in its echelon form but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r form in its echelon form but it's a
+lot closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot closer
+okay so what do we still have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do we still have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do we still have to do
+well i look at that three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i look at that three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i look at that three
+and i'm looking to get the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm looking to get the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm looking to get the identity
+matrix so i'll divide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so i'll divide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so i'll divide that
+sooner or later i'm going to divide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner or later i'm going to divide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner or later i'm going to divide that
+last row by three and get one zero zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last row by three and get one zero zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last row by three and get one zero zero
+one nine but another thing i wanna do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nine but another thing i wanna do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nine but another thing i wanna do is
+clean up the first row so i subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up the first row so i subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up the first row so i subtract
+that last row from the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last row from the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last row from the first row
+you see that see i'm much closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that see i'm much closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that see i'm much closer to the
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+so i'm now moved on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm now moved on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm now moved on to
+third matrix and if you've done a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third matrix and if you've done a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third matrix and if you've done a lot of
+these you you know what i'm doing i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you you know what i'm doing i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you you know what i'm doing i'm
+getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+i'm working a column at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm working a column at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm working a column at a time
+and and by but notice column two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and by but notice column two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and by but notice column two
+i can can't do anything with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can can't do anything with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can can't do anything with
+column two is a dependent column it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column two is a dependent column it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column two is a dependent column it's
+seven times column one i can't improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven times column one i can't improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven times column one i can't improve
+column two but i can improve column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column two but i can improve column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column two but i can improve column
+three and that's what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and that's what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and that's what we do
+divide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that
+divide that third that zero zero three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that third that zero zero three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that third that zero zero three
+twenty seven by three and exchange rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty seven by three and exchange rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty seven by three and exchange rows
+then do you see that the result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do you see that the result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do you see that the result is
+the r0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r0
+so it's the r0 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the r0 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the r0 with
+with the zero row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the zero row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the zero row
+yeah so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that
+just to repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to repeat
+this is an a this is a matrix a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an a this is a matrix a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an a this is a matrix a that
+leads through the steps of elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads through the steps of elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads through the steps of elimination
+which we're like remembering to r0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're like remembering to r0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're like remembering to r0
+so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+we're really finished with this matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really finished with this matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really finished with this matrix a
+because this shows how to get it to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this shows how to get it to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this shows how to get it to r
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+and then we've already seen with r zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've already seen with r zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've already seen with r zero
+we we figured out which were the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we figured out which were the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we figured out which were the special
+solutions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions the
+the vectors in the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors in the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors in the null space
+so we're good we really have done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're good we really have done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're good we really have done the
+job and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and
+it finally it remains to just like see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finally it remains to just like see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finally it remains to just like see a
+little bit what did we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit what did we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit what did we do
+and and what's going on with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what's going on with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what's going on with these
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+these column these other two columns the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these column these other two columns the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these column these other two columns the
+f columns that that are not the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f columns that that are not the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f columns that that are not the identity
+and and you see what we've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you see what we've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you see what we've done is
+uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well
+we ended up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up with
+sorry we started with column columns one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we started with column columns one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we started with column columns one
+and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three
+yeah so that's our matrix c those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's our matrix c those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's our matrix c those are
+the two independent columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two independent columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two independent columns
+how do i know where where did c come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i know where where did c come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i know where where did c come
+from that's because that's part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that's because that's part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that's because that's part of this
+search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+where are the independent columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are the independent columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are the independent columns
+they're the ones that end up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the ones that end up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the ones that end up with the
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+because the identity is a way to go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the identity is a way to go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the identity is a way to go the
+right independent columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right independent columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right independent columns
+so they're columns one and three of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're columns one and three of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're columns one and three of the
+original matrix so you see c there 1 2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original matrix so you see c there 1 2 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original matrix so you see c there 1 2 2
+and 3 6 9.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3 6 9.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3 6 9.
+then f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then f
+is the part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the part of
+r that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r that
+from the dependent column so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the dependent column so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the dependent column so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm seeing the dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm seeing the dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm seeing the dependent
+columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+yeah you have to do this a few times but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you have to do this a few times but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you have to do this a few times but
+it's we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we've
+all the ideas now are are uh and there i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ideas now are are uh and there i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ideas now are are uh and there i
+put it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it together
+so so the idea is with a small matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the idea is with a small matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the idea is with a small matrix
+like only three columns and maybe only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like only three columns and maybe only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like only three columns and maybe only
+two rows we could we could uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rows we could we could uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rows we could we could uh
+find c and r almost by sight but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find c and r almost by sight but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find c and r almost by sight but now
+even where we're up to four columns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even where we're up to four columns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even where we're up to four columns and
+three rows we need a method and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three rows we need a method and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three rows we need a method and that's
+the point of this talk and and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this talk and and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this talk and and it was
+also the point of lecture seven in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the point of lecture seven in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the point of lecture seven in the
+original 1806 math 1806 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original 1806 math 1806 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original 1806 math 1806 on
+opencourseware okay so we've found cnr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware okay so we've found cnr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware okay so we've found cnr
+good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good
+i think it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's just
+congratulating ourselves from here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulating ourselves from here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulating ourselves from here in
+these are remembering the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are remembering the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are remembering the special
+solutions oh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions oh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions oh and then
+why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not
+you remember those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember those
+that for second column was seven of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for second column was seven of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for second column was seven of the
+first column so that gave that special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column so that gave that special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column so that gave that special
+solution that combination to give zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that combination to give zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that combination to give zero
+and then the other combination gave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other combination gave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other combination gave the
+zero vector so we've got two special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero vector so we've got two special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero vector so we've got two special
+solutions ah and here's the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions ah and here's the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions ah and here's the general
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+yeah yeah it's it's very simple after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it's it's very simple after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it's it's very simple after
+you after you've got this matrix down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you after you've got this matrix down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you after you've got this matrix down to
+identity and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and f
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+solutions x should should have a minus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions x should should have a minus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions x should should have a minus f
+i remember the minus signs that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remember the minus signs that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remember the minus signs that we saw
+so so all i'm saying here on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so all i'm saying here on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so all i'm saying here on the first
+line is that the matrix i f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is that the matrix i f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is that the matrix i f
+times the times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the times
+minus f i gives the zero matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f i gives the zero matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f i gives the zero matrix of
+course it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it does
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+the second line is the little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second line is the little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second line is the little bit of
+special trick that you have to do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special trick that you have to do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special trick that you have to do if
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+if you if there's a p a permutation an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if there's a p a permutation an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if there's a p a permutation an
+exchange involved here uh when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange involved here uh when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange involved here uh when the
+identity matrix is not sitting where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix is not sitting where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix is not sitting where you
+want it you have to have a p to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it you have to have a p to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it you have to have a p to put it
+there then p transpose has to come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then p transpose has to come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then p transpose has to come into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+solutions yeah yeah because p times p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions yeah yeah because p times p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions yeah yeah because p times p
+transpose so remember about permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so remember about permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so remember about permutation
+matrices linear algebra is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices linear algebra is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices linear algebra is about
+learning different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning different
+special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+character of different matrices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character of different matrices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character of different matrices and
+permutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take
+the identity matrix and mess around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity matrix and mess around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity matrix and mess around with
+the with the with the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the with the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the with the rows
+or mess around with the columns same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mess around with the columns same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mess around with the columns same
+same thing and and then p transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and and then p transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and and then p transpose
+unmesses it brings it back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmesses it brings it back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmesses it brings it back to the
+identity so p times p transpose is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so p times p transpose is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so p times p transpose is the
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh we're just about there oh then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're just about there oh then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're just about there oh then this
+is the little point i made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the little point i made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the little point i made
+well it's an important point suppose i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's an important point suppose i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's an important point suppose i
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+five columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five columns
+and only three rows that means i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only three rows that means i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only three rows that means i've got
+five unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five unknowns
+and only three equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only three equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only three equations
+so there are going to be solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are going to be solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are going to be solutions to
+that there are going to be solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are going to be solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are going to be solutions
+other than the zero solution i can i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the zero solution i can i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the zero solution i can i can
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+the the zero the zero combination will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the zero the zero combination will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the zero the zero combination will
+surely give zero but if i have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely give zero but if i have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely give zero but if i have five
+unknowns five columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns five columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns five columns
+in a and then i have only three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a and then i have only three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a and then i have only three
+equations three rows so five greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations three rows so five greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations three rows so five greater
+than three n greater than m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three n greater than m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three n greater than m
+then there will be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there will be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there will be some
+some columns in f there'll be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some columns in f there'll be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some columns in f there'll be some
+non-zero solutions and these examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero solutions and these examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero solutions and these examples
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+take take that matrix m at the end there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take take that matrix m at the end there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take take that matrix m at the end there
+you see there's a matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see there's a matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see there's a matrix with
+four columns and only two rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four columns and only two rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four columns and only two rows
+so i've got four vectors in the plane if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got four vectors in the plane if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got four vectors in the plane if
+i have four vectors in the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have four vectors in the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have four vectors in the plane
+there's there are combinations that give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there are combinations that give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there are combinations that give
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+they they can complete triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they can complete triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they can complete triangles
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh in that case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in that case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in that case the
+rank would be two so so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank would be two so so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank would be two so so we're
+we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really
+seeing this part of linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this part of linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this part of linear algebra
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+to simplify the matrix by elimination so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simplify the matrix by elimination so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simplify the matrix by elimination so
+that all the main facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the main facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the main facts
+uh are clear are clear yeah and i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are clear are clear yeah and i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are clear are clear yeah and i'll
+just oh here's if you really want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just oh here's if you really want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just oh here's if you really want to see
+it in the shorthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the shorthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the shorthand
+i'm not necessarily pushing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not necessarily pushing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not necessarily pushing this
+last idea but if you want to see it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last idea but if you want to see it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last idea but if you want to see it in a
+shorthand we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand we could
+think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of
+the matrix as having just four blocks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix as having just four blocks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix as having just four blocks so
+it's a two by two matrix but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a two by two matrix but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a two by two matrix but
+unfortunately each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately each of those
+guys is a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys is a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys is a block
+so w is the one in the corner that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so w is the one in the corner that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so w is the one in the corner that we
+talked about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about earlier
+that gets inverted so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets inverted so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets inverted so so
+so if you look at the last line that w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the last line that w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the last line that w
+in the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corner
+that end up ended up as the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that end up ended up as the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that end up ended up as the identity
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+block row the jk ended up as zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block row the jk ended up as zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block row the jk ended up as zeros
+and the one remaining guy it tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one remaining guy it tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one remaining guy it tells us
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+the combinations that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combinations that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combinations that we
+are looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking for
+is this w inverse h because if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this w inverse h because if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this w inverse h because if i
+so let me look at that equation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me look at that equation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me look at that equation in the
+box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box
+w h j k that's the matrix i'm starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w h j k that's the matrix i'm starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w h j k that's the matrix i'm starting
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+i'm going to invert w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to invert w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to invert w
+and i know that j k is some combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i know that j k is some combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i know that j k is some combination
+of w h so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w h so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w h so
+uh when i invert w i get the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when i invert w i get the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when i invert w i get the first
+elimination produces the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination produces the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination produces the first row
+starting with the identity and when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with the identity and when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with the identity and when i
+apply that to the second the jk row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that to the second the jk row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that to the second the jk row
+those go to zero so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those go to zero so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those go to zero so that's what
+elimination is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination is doing
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+in a real shorthand it's taking a two by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a real shorthand it's taking a two by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a real shorthand it's taking a two by
+two block matrix to that matrix r at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two block matrix to that matrix r at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two block matrix to that matrix r at the
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+with a zero block row and an identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a zero block row and an identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a zero block row and an identity
+block in the upper corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block in the upper corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block in the upper corner
+so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is
+elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+and the solution of and finding the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solution of and finding the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solution of and finding the null
+space so really this completes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so really this completes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so really this completes
+the job of the first topic in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job of the first topic in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job of the first topic in linear
+algebra is identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is identify
+understanding these four fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding these four fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding these four fundamental
+subspaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces
+the null space being one of them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space being one of them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space being one of them the
+column space being another we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space being another we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space being another we understand
+now which columns are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now which columns are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now which columns are independent
+and the row space being another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the row space being another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the row space being another and
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're
+we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really
+understanding the idea of these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the idea of these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the idea of these four
+fundamental subspaces in the that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental subspaces in the that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental subspaces in the that go
+into the big picture of linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the big picture of linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the big picture of linear algebra
+so that's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's this is
+completes the the first major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes the the first major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes the the first major
+stage of the linear algebra course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of the linear algebra course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of the linear algebra course
+and then what's to follow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what's to follow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what's to follow is
+uh come will come eigen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh come will come eigen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh come will come eigen values
+singular values applications of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values applications of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values applications of all
+kinds least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds least squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds least squares
+good good good math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good good math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good good math
+and uh thanks very much so that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh thanks very much so that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh thanks very much so that's my
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+summary of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of the
+of finding the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finding the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finding the null space
+good
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JKUrC05a-4k.txt b/JKUrC05a-4k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6de4b8eb372c5cfb118ac909fc4c4ce0509a5faf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JKUrC05a-4k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,759 @@
+PROFESSOR: My watch says five
+after 2:00, so why don't we
+
+get started?
+
+This is going to be
+a strange lecture.
+
+I'm expecting some wise guy in
+the back to say, all your
+
+lectures are rather peculiar!
+
+But I have a phone call from
+Europe coming in sometime
+
+around 2:15, 2:30.
+
+Somebody's coming to visit us
+next week, and we're going to
+
+set up a seminar.
+
+So I don't know exactly when
+it's going to come in, but I
+
+have to be in my office.
+
+So what I will do is
+adjourn at quarter
+
+after, 20 past the hour.
+
+And then so I don't keep you
+here sitting restively
+
+wondering when I'm going
+to come back, we'll
+
+adjourn until 3 o'clock.
+
+So you seem to have been taken
+longer and longer breaks
+
+during intermission.
+
+So I'll give you a full 3/4 of
+an hour so you can get it out
+
+of your systems.
+
+And then, we'll take shorter
+breaks from here on in.
+
+OK this is going to
+be pretty much our
+
+last lecture on symmetry.
+
+And we will begin, at least in
+half of the next class on
+
+Tuesday, to begin talking about
+physical properties, and
+
+in particular tensor
+properties.
+
+But I'd like to say a little
+bit about the derivation of
+
+space groups and take a look
+at how this information is
+
+tabulated for you by the kind
+folks who prepare the
+
+international tables.
+
+And there are really very strict
+parallels between what
+
+we did in two dimensions.
+
+And that's the reason why we
+did it so thoroughly and
+
+systematically, except that
+there are three dimensions.
+
+And because we are taking 32
+point groups and putting them
+
+into 14 lattices, there are a
+lot more combinations to be
+
+considered.
+
+And there are a lot more of
+them that are unique.
+
+Also, they're a little bit more
+difficult to visualize
+
+and depict.
+
+So there are some new
+conventions in preparing a
+
+representation of three
+dimensional symmetries on a
+
+sheet of paper or page of a book
+which, of necessity, has
+
+to be two dimensional.
+
+So we'll go over some of
+those conventions.
+
+But the main reason for going
+a little bit further is that
+
+there is another surprise
+lurking in there for us as
+
+soon as we begin to combine
+translation in three
+
+dimensions with a symmetry
+element.
+
+But let me go through
+in some detail the
+
+monoclinic space groups.
+
+So we have at our disposal
+to decorate with symmetry
+
+elements two lattices.
+
+And they are a primitive
+monoclinic lattice with two
+
+translations, a and b, that
+define an oblique net, and a
+
+third translation, c, at right
+angles to that net.
+
+And then, either two choices
+for a double cell--
+
+and I'll draw these in
+projection because I can do
+
+both of them with one diagram.
+
+Either this is a and b and the
+extra lattice point is in the
+
+center of the cell halfway
+up from the base.
+
+This would be body centered.
+
+And that's represented by
+I for innenzentriert.
+
+In German, that's German
+for body centered.
+
+Or the alternative would be to
+pick a cell like this, in
+
+which case the extra lattice
+point gets caught in the
+
+center of one of the faces.
+
+So this depiction here would
+be a side centered lattice.
+
+And it could have the extra
+lattice point in the middle of
+
+the face out of which b comes.
+
+And in that case, the symbol
+for the lattice is B. Or
+
+alternatively, without changing
+any of the nature of
+
+the specialness of the lattice,
+the extra lattice
+
+point could be in the
+middle of the face
+
+out of which a comes.
+
+And that would be
+an A lattice.
+
+With the first, setting with the
+c axis unique, there is no
+
+c lattice because the oblique
+base of the cell would not
+
+give us anything new if
+it were centered.
+
+All right, so there are
+those two lattices.
+
+And then, there are three
+point groups.
+
+And they were 2, m, and then a
+combination of a twofold axis
+
+perpendicular to
+a mirror plane.
+
+So it looks as though in
+principle there are going to
+
+be 6 combinations.
+
+In point of fact, there are
+a lot more because of the
+
+surprise that we have
+in store for us.
+
+Before proceeding further,
+though, let me ask
+
+rhetorically the question.
+
+Which lattice type would you
+pick as the standard one?
+
+And here, there's a major
+decision that has to be made.
+
+Should the labels on an
+axes give a unique
+
+symbol for the lattice?
+
+In other words, if you have
+the double cell for a
+
+monoclinic crystal, should you
+define the cell to make it
+
+body centered always, or to
+make it A centered or B
+
+centered always?
+
+Or should the labels be defined
+by the relative
+
+lengths of the axes?
+
+So those are the two
+possibilities.
+
+And there's no right
+or wrong way.
+
+You pays your money and
+you makes your choice.
+
+And on pragmatic grounds,
+this is the
+
+convention that's followed.
+
+And it's purely a pragmatic
+decision because lattice
+
+constants have been determined
+for literally tens of
+
+thousands of materials.
+
+Sometimes, the lattice constants
+are known and the
+
+space group is not.
+
+But it would be terrible if the
+label that you applied to
+
+the axis could be C attached
+to the longest one, the
+
+shortest one, or the
+intermediate one.
+
+It would be impossible to
+calculate any database for
+
+lattice constants displayed
+by particular materials.
+
+So there's all this-- this is
+what the decision was made.
+
+This is the decision that
+was made many years ago.
+
+And for monoclinic crystals,
+the labeling of the axes is
+
+determined by the c axis
+being the unique axis.
+
+That is, the axis that is along
+the twofold axis or
+
+perpendicular to the
+mirror plane.
+
+And then, the labels b and c are
+defined by magnitude of b
+
+greater than the
+magnitude of a.
+
+So I inherently drew this is
+in the proper fashion.
+
+So the labels are applied
+to monoclinic
+
+crystals in that fashion.
+
+The price you pay for that is
+that the symbol for the
+
+lattice for a monoclinic crystal
+that has the double
+
+cell could either be A, B, or
+I depending on the relative
+
+lengths of the axes.
+
+If these were the two shortest,
+it would be a body
+
+centered lattice.
+
+On the other hand, if this and
+this were the shortest pair,
+
+then it would be a side
+centered lattice.
+
+So the symbol for the lattice
+type will bounce around
+
+depending on the dimensions
+of the translations.
+
+So that's a complication
+in the space groups.
+
+In the two dimensional
+plane group, that
+
+issue never came up.
+
+We just took B greater than A
+for the rectangular and the
+
+oblique nets.
+
+OK, so let me do quickly
+a couple of the
+
+monoclinic space groups.
+
+Let's take a twofold axis and
+put it into a primitive
+
+monoclinic net.
+
+And this is exactly the same as
+our plane group, P2, with
+
+the twofold axes extended
+parallel to the c translation.
+
+So we would have twofold axes in
+all of these orientations.
+
+And that's simply P2, little p
+in two dimensions, with the
+
+twofold axes extended
+normal to the plane
+
+of the plane group.
+
+So this is p2.
+
+This is capital P2.
+
+And that is way we
+distinguish plane
+
+groups from space groups.
+
+So the symbol for the lattice
+is a capital symbol for the
+
+space groups.
+
+So I didn't have to use any
+new combinations theorems.
+
+I simply say there's
+a third translation
+
+perpendicular to the net.
+
+So everything protrudes
+out of the plane group
+
+into a third dimension.
+
+Let me now combine a twofold
+axis this a and this b and
+
+this c with a lattice that is
+not the primitive lattice but
+
+one of the double cells.
+
+And I'll take it, for
+convenience, to be the body
+
+centered flavor because
+it's easier to draw.
+
+And the operation that we've
+added to the lattice, if this
+
+is a combination of a twofold
+axis, is the symbol A pi.
+
+And I know what happens if
+I combine A pi with a
+
+translation that is
+perpendicular to
+
+the rotation axis.
+
+I get a new rotation axis, B pi,
+that's halfway along the
+
+perpendicular part of
+the translation.
+
+And that's where all
+of these additional
+
+twofold axes came in.
+
+But if a lattice is a body
+centered lattice, there is now
+
+a translation that goes up to
+the centered lattice point.
+
+So what's that going to be?
+
+What is T followed by A pi
+followed by T, where T is 1/2
+
+A plus 1/2 of B?
+
+And that is a part that is
+perpendicular to the axis, and
+
+then a third component, c, which
+is parallel to the axis.
+
+As with all these theorems, what
+you do is you draw it out
+
+once and for all and see what
+it turns out to be.
+
+So let's do that.
+
+Let's say that this is the
+translation that goes up to
+
+the point 1/2, 1/2, 1/2.
+
+Here is the parallel part--
+
+the perpendicular
+part, rather.
+
+This is 1/2 of A
+plus 1/2 of B.
+
+And then, we have a part
+that's parallel to the
+
+rotation operation, A pi.
+
+And that is 1/2 of c.
+
+So let's just do it.
+
+Here's my first object
+number one.
+
+It's right handed.
+
+I'll rotate 180 degrees
+to get a second one
+
+that's right handed.
+
+And then, I will translate
+it up to here.
+
+And here sits the third one.
+
+It's also right handed.
+
+How do I get from
+one to three?
+
+It's not really clear
+how I do that.
+
+And again, I'll draw it in
+projection because this is
+
+looking pretty messy in
+three dimensions.
+
+So here's my first one.
+
+I rotate 180 degrees to
+get a second one.
+
+The chirality is all the same.
+
+And then, I translate
+up to this point.
+
+So if this one is at z and this
+one is at z, this one
+
+here will sit at z plus 1/2.
+
+And this is the third one.
+
+Anybody got any idea?
+
+Can't be reflection.
+
+They're of the same chirality.
+
+It can't be translation
+because the
+
+orientation is different.
+
+Yes, sir?
+
+AUDIENCE: Then it has to be
+some form of rotation.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, has to be.
+
+But how do we get the object up
+to a different elevation?
+
+Well, we've stumbled headlong
+over a new type of operation,
+
+just as we discovered the glide
+plane when we started
+
+putting mirror planes into a
+lattice in combination with
+
+translation.
+
+The only way I can get from the
+first to the third is to
+
+rotate 180 degrees about exactly
+the same point that I
+
+would have before, namely at
+1/2 of the part of the
+
+translation that is
+
+perpendicular to the operation.
+
+But then before putting it
+down, I've got to take a
+
+second step.
+
+I've got to slide it up by a
+translation component that is
+
+parallel to the axis about
+which I've rotated.
+
+So to complete my theorem,
+A alpha followed by a
+
+translation that has a
+perpendicular part plus a
+
+parallel part is a new type
+of operation that involves
+
+rotating through 180 degrees.
+
+And this is located at 1/2
+of T perpendicular.
+
+But it has a translation
+component which I'll call
+
+generically tau.
+
+And tau is equal to the
+parallel part of the
+
+translation.
+
+So if I separate out this new
+sort of operation in all of
+
+its grandeur, what it does is
+it takes a first object,
+
+rotates us 180 degrees, does
+not yet put it down, first
+
+slides up by the amount tau.
+
+Doing the operation, again
+rotates it 180 degrees,
+
+doesn't yet put it down,
+slides it up by tau.
+
+Doing it again moves us to
+another one up here.
+
+So what we've generated is a
+helical spiral of objects
+
+about the central axis about
+which we're rotating.
+
+And this is a new two step
+operation that's called a
+
+screw axis.
+
+There is a persistent rumor that
+it derives its name from
+
+the effect that it has
+on 360 quizzes.
+
+But that is just
+an ugly rumor.
+
+There's nothing to
+that at all.
+
+So this is a new two step
+operation that we'll call, in
+
+general, A alpha tau.
+
+And what it will do is to
+generate a screw like
+
+distribution of objects.
+
+For those of you who have come
+in late, since you've been
+
+demonstrating a predilection
+towards longer and longer
+
+breaks, we're going to adjourn
+now and have a 40 minute break
+
+so you can get it out
+of your system.
+
+And we will resume at exactly
+3 o'clock sharp.
+
+And we will launch into an
+elucidation of the nature of
+
+screw axes.
+
+And again, for those of you who
+were not here at the very
+
+start of class, the reason is
+that I have a phone call that
+
+had to come in about this time
+of day and no other time.
+
+So rather than keep you
+shifting, wondering whether
+
+I'm coming back, we'll start at
+three when I should be done
+
+with my business.
+
+OK, so that's it.
+
+You missed all the important
+discussion of what's going to
+
+be on the next quiz, and nobody
+will tell you because
+
+they want to keep class
+average down.
+
+All right, so sorry for the
+longer than usual interlude,
+
+but we'll start again
+promptly at 3:00.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KUjWMEBSS8Q.txt b/KUjWMEBSS8Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c7e67c3822f3d8c0b1e43839cce4bd8cc4ff38d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KUjWMEBSS8Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10051 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the equivalent cost of manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent cost of manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent cost of manufacturing
+China right now as best as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China right now as best as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China right now as best as we can
+determine is in the order of a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine is in the order of a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine is in the order of a dollar
+dollar three dollar five somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar three dollar five somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar three dollar five somewhere in
+that range with the error bars so keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that range with the error bars so keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that range with the error bars so keep
+those numbers in your head as we dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers in your head as we dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers in your head as we dive
+into price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into price
+because now we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we're going to be talking
+about what the market is is offering to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the market is is offering to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the market is is offering to
+pay and and what that spread is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay and and what that spread is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay and and what that spread is between
+the cost and the price so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost and the price so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost and the price so
+um you have in your slide deck a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have in your slide deck a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have in your slide deck a list of
+different websites I guess you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different websites I guess you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different websites I guess you have
+Webby sits you have websites email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Webby sits you have websites email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Webby sits you have websites email
+listers and blogs and Twitter feeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listers and blogs and Twitter feeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listers and blogs and Twitter feeds
+different sources of information for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources of information for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources of information for
+collecting data from uh PV and I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting data from uh PV and I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting data from uh PV and I should
+add one more to this list which wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one more to this list which wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one more to this list which wasn't
+on there but should be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there but should be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there but should be there
+pbinsights.com this is where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pbinsights.com this is where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pbinsights.com this is where you can
+find a pretty up-to-date spot prices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a pretty up-to-date spot prices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a pretty up-to-date spot prices for
+wafer cells modules and so forth does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer cells modules and so forth does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer cells modules and so forth does
+anybody know what a spot price is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know what a spot price is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know what a spot price is what
+what does it mean a spot price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean a spot price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean a spot price
+spot price means I'm desperate to buy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot price means I'm desperate to buy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot price means I'm desperate to buy I
+need to buy it right now I pick up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to buy it right now I pick up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to buy it right now I pick up a
+phone and call somebody and say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone and call somebody and say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone and call somebody and say I'm
+willing to pay you so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay you so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay you so there's no
+long-term contract involved it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term contract involved it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term contract involved it's usually
+a one-time deal that's the spot price a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-time deal that's the spot price a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-time deal that's the spot price a
+long-term contract on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term contract on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term contract on the other hand
+says no no really I have a factory it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says no no really I have a factory it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says no no really I have a factory it's
+100 megawatts and I need a wafer supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 megawatts and I need a wafer supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 megawatts and I need a wafer supply
+for five years let's lock lock ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for five years let's lock lock ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for five years let's lock lock ourselves
+into a price uh maybe revisit it every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a price uh maybe revisit it every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a price uh maybe revisit it every
+two and a half years but but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half years but but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half years but but that's a
+long-term uh contract so these are spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term uh contract so these are spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term uh contract so these are spot
+prices and they provide a very variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and they provide a very variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and they provide a very variety
+of information the information for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information the information for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information the information for today
+is free if you want historical data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is free if you want historical data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is free if you want historical data you
+have to sign up become a member and pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sign up become a member and pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sign up become a member and pay
+but there are other websites like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are other websites like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are other websites like this
+various Consulting groups that Acquire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Consulting groups that Acquire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Consulting groups that Acquire
+and gather information PB insights so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gather information PB insights so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gather information PB insights so
+you have a variety of different sites to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a variety of different sites to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a variety of different sites to
+grab information could be useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab information could be useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab information could be useful for
+your class projects we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your class projects we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your class projects we're going to talk
+again about the Dynamics of of price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again about the Dynamics of of price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again about the Dynamics of of price and
+that is driven in large part by well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is driven in large part by well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is driven in large part by well we
+agreed to call it different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed to call it different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed to call it different things
+support mechanisms tax breaks incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support mechanisms tax breaks incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support mechanisms tax breaks incentives
+but in reality their support for PV be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in reality their support for PV be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in reality their support for PV be
+recognizing that with a dollar thirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that with a dollar thirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that with a dollar thirty
+dollar ten cost and then you add on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar ten cost and then you add on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar ten cost and then you add on top
+of that the profit margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that the profit margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that the profit margin
+um even if you assume a very meager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if you assume a very meager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if you assume a very meager
+margin of fifteen percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin of fifteen percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin of fifteen percent
+um you're and then the balance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're and then the balance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're and then the balance of
+systems and then the installation costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and then the installation costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and then the installation costs
+on top of that you're not reaching grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of that you're not reaching grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of that you're not reaching grid
+parity in the majority of markets not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity in the majority of markets not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity in the majority of markets not
+with that sort of cost structure today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that sort of cost structure today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that sort of cost structure today
+with Innovation and moving forward into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Innovation and moving forward into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Innovation and moving forward into
+the future and scale we'll get there I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and scale we'll get there I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and scale we'll get there I'm
+fairly confident but today we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly confident but today we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly confident but today we don't have
+uh the cost structure necessary to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cost structure necessary to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cost structure necessary to match
+say a subsidized coal-fired power plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a subsidized coal-fired power plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a subsidized coal-fired power plant
+so there are a variety of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a variety of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a variety of different
+support mechanisms variety of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support mechanisms variety of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support mechanisms variety of different
+subsidies in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidies in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidies in different
+countries and and different states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and and different states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and and different states
+within the United States and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the United States and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the United States and you can
+think about these as the carrot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these as the carrot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these as the carrot the
+stick and the hybrid the carrot meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick and the hybrid the carrot meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick and the hybrid the carrot meaning
+the um the margin enhancement the stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the margin enhancement the stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the margin enhancement the stick
+being uh the the penalty if you produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh the the penalty if you produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh the the penalty if you produce
+too much carbon for instance and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much carbon for instance and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much carbon for instance and some
+variety of mixtures between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of mixtures between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of mixtures between the two
+so in terms of margin enhancement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of margin enhancement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of margin enhancement the
+carrot What mechanisms exist let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrot What mechanisms exist let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrot What mechanisms exist let me
+break it down very simply into we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it down very simply into we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it down very simply into we'll
+look in two different categories we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in two different categories we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in two different categories we'll
+look at what the United States has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what the United States has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what the United States has
+mostly done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly done
+which are tax relief and grants and soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are tax relief and grants and soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are tax relief and grants and soft
+loans let's let's describe what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans let's let's describe what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans let's let's describe what that
+means so if I when I bought the paddles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so if I when I bought the paddles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so if I when I bought the paddles
+on top of the house in 2007 2008 yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of the house in 2007 2008 yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of the house in 2007 2008 yeah
+2007.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007.
+um we paid out of the box somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we paid out of the box somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we paid out of the box somewhere in
+the order of seven to eight dollars per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of seven to eight dollars per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of seven to eight dollars per
+Watt peak and after tax tax rebate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watt peak and after tax tax rebate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watt peak and after tax tax rebate
+coming from the federal government and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the federal government and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the federal government and
+some additional support from the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional support from the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional support from the state
+of Massachusetts the final price tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Massachusetts the final price tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Massachusetts the final price tag
+wound up being from say 18 000 plus down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound up being from say 18 000 plus down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound up being from say 18 000 plus down
+to about uh 12 to 14 000. and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about uh 12 to 14 000. and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about uh 12 to 14 000. and then
+there's Revenue coming in from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Revenue coming in from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Revenue coming in from uh
+offsets and so forth so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsets and so forth so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsets and so forth so this is a
+one-time deal I could have installed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-time deal I could have installed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-time deal I could have installed
+those panels in my basement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those panels in my basement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those panels in my basement
+and still gotten the tax break right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still gotten the tax break right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still gotten the tax break right
+because it's per Watt peak not per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's per Watt peak not per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's per Watt peak not per
+kilowatt hour produced the rebates based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour produced the rebates based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour produced the rebates based
+on carbon emissions is based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on carbon emissions is based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on carbon emissions is based on the
+amount of energy it produces that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy it produces that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy it produces that gives
+you an incentive to maximize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an incentive to maximize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an incentive to maximize the
+efficiency of the installation but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of the installation but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of the installation but just
+a one-time tax rebate doesn't however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-time tax rebate doesn't however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-time tax rebate doesn't however
+what the one-time tax rebate allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the one-time tax rebate allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the one-time tax rebate allows you
+to do is decrease The Upfront sticker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is decrease The Upfront sticker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is decrease The Upfront sticker
+price right so if if I'm trying to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price right so if if I'm trying to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price right so if if I'm trying to sell
+you a system on your house U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a system on your house U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a system on your house U.S
+installers are convinced that it's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installers are convinced that it's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installers are convinced that it's a lot
+easier to sell you the system if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to sell you the system if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to sell you the system if the
+price tag is lower right if I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price tag is lower right if I can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price tag is lower right if I can say
+well this is the real cost but but wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is the real cost but but wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is the real cost but but wait
+wait there's more we'll give you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait there's more we'll give you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait there's more we'll give you this
+tax rebate this tax rebate draw a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax rebate this tax rebate draw a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax rebate this tax rebate draw a line
+the final amount that you pay is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final amount that you pay is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final amount that you pay is this
+lower amount right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower amount right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower amount right here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the other mechanism of of finance of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other mechanism of of finance of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other mechanism of of finance of of
+margin enhancement if you will is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin enhancement if you will is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin enhancement if you will is what's
+called a feed and tariff now feed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a feed and tariff now feed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a feed and tariff now feed in
+tariff works as follows a feed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff works as follows a feed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff works as follows a feed and
+tariff says okay if you're paying let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff says okay if you're paying let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff says okay if you're paying let's
+say in the state of Massachusetts we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in the state of Massachusetts we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in the state of Massachusetts we
+don't have one we don't have a feed-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have one we don't have a feed-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have one we don't have a feed-in
+tariff here in Massachusetts but imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff here in Massachusetts but imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff here in Massachusetts but imagine
+if we did you as a residential customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we did you as a residential customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we did you as a residential customer
+are paying 18 cents per kilowatt hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are paying 18 cents per kilowatt hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are paying 18 cents per kilowatt hour
+for your electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your electricity
+but if you have solar panels on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have solar panels on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have solar panels on your
+roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof
+the the utility if you will the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the utility if you will the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the utility if you will the state of
+Massachusetts is willing to pay you 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts is willing to pay you 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts is willing to pay you 30
+cents per kilowatt hour for that PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents per kilowatt hour for that PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents per kilowatt hour for that PV
+electricity recognizing the additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity recognizing the additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity recognizing the additional
+value that that PV is adding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that that PV is adding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that that PV is adding to the
+state reducing the the the need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state reducing the the the need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state reducing the the the need for
+additional transmission lines reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional transmission lines reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional transmission lines reducing
+the amount of investment in new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of investment in new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of investment in new
+coal-fired power plants reducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal-fired power plants reducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal-fired power plants reducing the
+health uh detriment to the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health uh detriment to the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health uh detriment to the local
+communities around the the the coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities around the the the coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities around the the the coal
+plant and so forth so uh a feed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant and so forth so uh a feed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant and so forth so uh a feed in
+tariff is meant to give an incentive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff is meant to give an incentive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff is meant to give an incentive a
+market pull incentive if you will to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market pull incentive if you will to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market pull incentive if you will to
+install PV on your house or in a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install PV on your house or in a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install PV on your house or in a field
+and this is the mechanism that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the mechanism that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the mechanism that has been
+in use in Germany and because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in use in Germany and because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in use in Germany and because it's a
+market driven mechanism it rewards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market driven mechanism it rewards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market driven mechanism it rewards the
+most efficient systems that are out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most efficient systems that are out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most efficient systems that are out
+there if you install that system in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you install that system in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you install that system in your
+basement you're not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basement you're not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basement you're not going to be
+producing kilowatt hours and hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing kilowatt hours and hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing kilowatt hours and hence
+you're not going to benefit from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to benefit from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to benefit from the
+feed-in Tariff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-in Tariff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-in Tariff
+now it's a tricky business to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's a tricky business to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's a tricky business to decide
+where exactly to fit that feed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where exactly to fit that feed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where exactly to fit that feed and
+tariff right if you go too low people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff right if you go too low people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff right if you go too low people
+aren't going to move they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going to move they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going to move they're going to
+say yeah no not enough not enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yeah no not enough not enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yeah no not enough not enough to
+make me want to install solar if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make me want to install solar if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make me want to install solar if the
+feed in tariff is too high you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed in tariff is too high you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed in tariff is too high you're going
+to get this massive onrush of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this massive onrush of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this massive onrush of people
+coming to install solar and and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to install solar and and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to install solar and and now
+you're gonna have to finance it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have to finance it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have to finance it right
+and and the money has to come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the money has to come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the money has to come from
+somewhere in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in Germany
+the money comes from the ratepayers not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money comes from the ratepayers not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money comes from the ratepayers not
+from the state what means that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the state what means that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the state what means that if you
+install solar panels in your house all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install solar panels in your house all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install solar panels in your house all
+of us have to help pay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us have to help pay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us have to help pay for the
+electricity that you sell back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity that you sell back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity that you sell back to the
+grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid
+so our rate goes up from 18 cents per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our rate goes up from 18 cents per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our rate goes up from 18 cents per
+kilowatt hour to say 18.2 cents per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour to say 18.2 cents per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour to say 18.2 cents per
+kilowatt hour and in the beginning we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour and in the beginning we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour and in the beginning we
+don't notice it at all but then if Joe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't notice it at all but then if Joe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't notice it at all but then if Joe
+starts putting solar panels up as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts putting solar panels up as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts putting solar panels up as well
+and then let's say 50 percent of us put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let's say 50 percent of us put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let's say 50 percent of us put
+solar panels up now obviously we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panels up now obviously we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panels up now obviously we're
+paying a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying a lot more
+um and uh it gives a more of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh it gives a more of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh it gives a more of an
+incentive for more people to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive for more people to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive for more people to put the
+solar panels up on the roof and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panels up on the roof and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panels up on the roof and of
+course the price goes up so the feed-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the price goes up so the feed-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the price goes up so the feed-in
+Tariff is a very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tariff is a very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tariff is a very uh
+it is a market driven incentive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a market driven incentive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a market driven incentive and
+hence it is very skillful at rewarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence it is very skillful at rewarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence it is very skillful at rewarding
+the most efficient installations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most efficient installations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most efficient installations but
+from a government point of view it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a government point of view it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a government point of view it
+requires very structured uh rigorous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires very structured uh rigorous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires very structured uh rigorous and
+Deft manipulation of the feed and tariff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deft manipulation of the feed and tariff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deft manipulation of the feed and tariff
+rate the decline of the rate versus time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the decline of the rate versus time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the decline of the rate versus time
+to ensure that a the installers aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ensure that a the installers aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ensure that a the installers aren't
+reaping an enormous profit and B that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaping an enormous profit and B that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaping an enormous profit and B that
+there's uh that the system doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh that the system doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh that the system doesn't
+become unsustainable over time that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become unsustainable over time that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become unsustainable over time that the
+burden on on the rate payers is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden on on the rate payers is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden on on the rate payers is not so
+great that they're shouldered in for 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that they're shouldered in for 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that they're shouldered in for 20
+years paying these excessively High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years paying these excessively High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years paying these excessively High
+rates so it rewards first adopters it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates so it rewards first adopters it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates so it rewards first adopters it
+allows the market to predict uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the market to predict uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the market to predict uh the the
+the versus rate of growth what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the versus rate of growth what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the versus rate of growth what the
+reward rate will be and it allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward rate will be and it allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward rate will be and it allows you to
+glide into grid parity right so we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glide into grid parity right so we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glide into grid parity right so we're at
+a situation today where we're not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation today where we're not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation today where we're not at
+grid parity uh in in 10 20 years we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid parity uh in in 10 20 years we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid parity uh in in 10 20 years we're
+likely to be there and so the regret the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be there and so the regret the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be there and so the regret the
+the declining rate of the feed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the declining rate of the feed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the declining rate of the feed and
+tariff allows you to kind of glide back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff allows you to kind of glide back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff allows you to kind of glide back
+in the United States the tax rebate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States the tax rebate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States the tax rebate
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+unfortunately because of the way our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately because of the way our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately because of the way our
+political system works it tends to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political system works it tends to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political system works it tends to get
+renewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewed
+um in a very frequent rate every two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a very frequent rate every two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a very frequent rate every two
+years it seems It's Going Up For Debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it seems It's Going Up For Debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it seems It's Going Up For Debate
+and discussion should we continue it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discussion should we continue it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discussion should we continue it
+should we not continue it becomes a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we not continue it becomes a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we not continue it becomes a big
+political struggle just to get it passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political struggle just to get it passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political struggle just to get it passed
+and as a result everybody uses up their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result everybody uses up their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result everybody uses up their
+energy trying to pass this thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy trying to pass this thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy trying to pass this thing and
+renew it as opposed to saying gee what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renew it as opposed to saying gee what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renew it as opposed to saying gee what's
+the best way to decrease this over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way to decrease this over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way to decrease this over time
+so that we can kind of glide into grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can kind of glide into grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can kind of glide into grid
+parity so we have some issues in the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity so we have some issues in the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity so we have some issues in the U.S
+more related to how our political system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more related to how our political system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more related to how our political system
+doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work
+um but there are examples of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there are examples of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there are examples of of this
+throughout the world in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the world in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the world in terms of what
+are states and countries doing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are states and countries doing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are states and countries doing to
+enhance the margins to create Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance the margins to create Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance the margins to create Market
+pull incentives right to to allow solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull incentives right to to allow solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull incentives right to to allow solar
+to be installed on the grid and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be installed on the grid and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be installed on the grid and the
+panels that are installed could come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels that are installed could come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels that are installed could come
+from anywhere right they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from anywhere right they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from anywhere right they could be
+produced in in Guam uh and and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in in Guam uh and and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in in Guam uh and and they
+could qualify for uh for the feed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could qualify for uh for the feed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could qualify for uh for the feed and
+tariff so it doesn't discriminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff so it doesn't discriminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff so it doesn't discriminate
+against particular regions of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against particular regions of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against particular regions of the world
+another thing to add here another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing to add here another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing to add here another thing
+to add is that this is just the support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add is that this is just the support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add is that this is just the support
+from the state from uh the the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the state from uh the the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the state from uh the the public
+sector from the private sector what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector from the private sector what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector from the private sector what is
+possible but what is possible is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but what is possible is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but what is possible is what's
+called a power purchase agreement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a power purchase agreement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a power purchase agreement and
+this was alluded to during our tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was alluded to during our tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was alluded to during our tour
+right what is a power purchase agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is a power purchase agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is a power purchase agreement
+a power purchase agreement is instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power purchase agreement is instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power purchase agreement is instead of
+instead of you buying a system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of you buying a system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of you buying a system and
+putting it up on your roof and having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it up on your roof and having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it up on your roof and having to
+pay all that money up front what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay all that money up front what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay all that money up front what you do
+is you enter an agreement with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you enter an agreement with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you enter an agreement with the
+installer they will put the panels up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installer they will put the panels up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installer they will put the panels up on
+your roof for free because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your roof for free because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your roof for free because they're
+getting the financing safe from Morgan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the financing safe from Morgan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the financing safe from Morgan
+Stanley from the bank of Joe so the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanley from the bank of Joe so the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanley from the bank of Joe so the bank
+of Joe is is financing the panels on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Joe is is financing the panels on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Joe is is financing the panels on
+your roof so the panels went up on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your roof so the panels went up on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your roof so the panels went up on your
+roof you didn't pay a penny but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof you didn't pay a penny but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof you didn't pay a penny but you
+Inked an agreement with me the installer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inked an agreement with me the installer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inked an agreement with me the installer
+because I just borrowed money from Joe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just borrowed money from Joe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just borrowed money from Joe
+at a certain interest rate and you Inked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain interest rate and you Inked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain interest rate and you Inked
+an agreement with me that you'll pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agreement with me that you'll pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agreement with me that you'll pay a
+certain amount for your electricity over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount for your electricity over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount for your electricity over
+the next 10 15 20 years however long it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 10 15 20 years however long it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 10 15 20 years however long it
+is usually 12. and that rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually 12. and that rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually 12. and that rate
+maybe a little bit higher than what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit higher than what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit higher than what it
+is today but it's certainly going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is today but it's certainly going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is today but it's certainly going to be
+lower if current price inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower if current price inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower if current price inflation
+continues for the price of electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues for the price of electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues for the price of electricity
+will certainly be lower than what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will certainly be lower than what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will certainly be lower than what the
+price of electricity will be in in 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of electricity will be in in 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of electricity will be in in 12
+years and so you'll make money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and so you'll make money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and so you'll make money
+I'll make money because there's a spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make money because there's a spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make money because there's a spread
+between the rate at which I'm borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the rate at which I'm borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the rate at which I'm borrowing
+the money from the bank and what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money from the bank and what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money from the bank and what you're
+paying me for those panels right for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying me for those panels right for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying me for those panels right for for
+renting the panels on the roof if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renting the panels on the roof if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renting the panels on the roof if you
+will for buying the electricity from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will for buying the electricity from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will for buying the electricity from
+those panels so everybody's making money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those panels so everybody's making money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those panels so everybody's making money
+and the bank's making money obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bank's making money obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bank's making money obviously
+because they're charging an interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're charging an interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're charging an interest
+rate on the loan and and so with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate on the loan and and so with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate on the loan and and so with those
+financing schemes right where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing schemes right where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing schemes right where it's
+called a power purchase agreement bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a power purchase agreement bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a power purchase agreement bank
+loans the money to the installer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans the money to the installer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans the money to the installer the
+installer loans the panels on the roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installer loans the panels on the roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installer loans the panels on the roof
+of the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the customer
+and the customer pays a fixed price for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the customer pays a fixed price for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the customer pays a fixed price for
+the electricity that allows everybody to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electricity that allows everybody to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electricity that allows everybody to
+make money from day one as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money from day one as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money from day one as long as
+there's capital in play it requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's capital in play it requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's capital in play it requires
+Capital to be in play meaning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital to be in play meaning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital to be in play meaning it
+requires the bank of Joe to be willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires the bank of Joe to be willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires the bank of Joe to be willing
+to lend money to meet the installer if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lend money to meet the installer if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lend money to meet the installer if
+the bank of Joe doesn't want to lend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank of Joe doesn't want to lend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank of Joe doesn't want to lend
+then that isn't an option and so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that isn't an option and so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that isn't an option and so you see
+many of these very large deals being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these very large deals being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these very large deals being
+forged with the investment Banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forged with the investment Banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forged with the investment Banks
+between large installers say SunPower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between large installers say SunPower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between large installers say SunPower
+Sun Edison and so forth and in New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun Edison and so forth and in New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun Edison and so forth and in New York
+City and it's becoming an increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City and it's becoming an increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City and it's becoming an increasingly
+popular form of financing solar panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular form of financing solar panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular form of financing solar panels
+you may stand to make more money as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may stand to make more money as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may stand to make more money as an
+individual by buying the panels up front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual by buying the panels up front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual by buying the panels up front
+because then you reap the entire benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you reap the entire benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you reap the entire benefit
+of your investment you're not sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your investment you're not sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your investment you're not sharing
+the investment benefit with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investment benefit with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investment benefit with the
+installer you're not sharing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installer you're not sharing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installer you're not sharing the
+investment benefit with the bank but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment benefit with the bank but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment benefit with the bank but
+that requires again access to Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires again access to Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires again access to Capital
+and not everybody has a spare 14 15 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not everybody has a spare 14 15 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not everybody has a spare 14 15 000
+lying around to put solar on the roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying around to put solar on the roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying around to put solar on the roof
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+Watson center of the I guess what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson center of the I guess what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson center of the I guess what we're
+installing the panels on to buy that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing the panels on to buy that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing the panels on to buy that and
+proceed from you why why would you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed from you why why would you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed from you why why would you buy
+it or be why I guess not from a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or be why I guess not from a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or be why I guess not from a gas
+planet yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet yeah
+so over the past 10 years say from 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over the past 10 years say from 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over the past 10 years say from 2000
+to 2009 uh in the state of Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2009 uh in the state of Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2009 uh in the state of Massachusetts
+the price of electricity increased by 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of electricity increased by 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of electricity increased by 15
+percent so if you compare what what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent so if you compare what what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent so if you compare what what does
+it take for a per kilowatt hour at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it take for a per kilowatt hour at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it take for a per kilowatt hour at the
+beginning in the end normalized for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning in the end normalized for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning in the end normalized for
+inflation 15 inflation in the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation 15 inflation in the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation 15 inflation in the price of
+electricity and the variety of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and the variety of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and the variety of reasons
+for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we're at the end of a natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at the end of a natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at the end of a natural gas
+pipeline so even if the price of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline so even if the price of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline so even if the price of natural
+gas goes down it takes a lot to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas goes down it takes a lot to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas goes down it takes a lot to get it
+to us sometimes shipments go and buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us sometimes shipments go and buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us sometimes shipments go and buy
+boat other times up the actual pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat other times up the actual pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat other times up the actual pipeline
+itself and then other forms of fossil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and then other forms of fossil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and then other forms of fossil
+fuel oil especially has experienced a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel oil especially has experienced a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel oil especially has experienced a
+rise in prices over the last few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise in prices over the last few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise in prices over the last few years
+and so for a variety of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for a variety of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for a variety of reasons
+including those and including a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including those and including a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including those and including a
+difficulty in transmission including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty in transmission including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty in transmission including
+limited new power plants coming online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited new power plants coming online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited new power plants coming online
+the price has gone up and as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price has gone up and as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price has gone up and as a result
+if you project forward you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you project forward you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you project forward you could say
+okay let's let's hedge our bets here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's let's hedge our bets here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's let's hedge our bets here we
+can estimate that the price is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can estimate that the price is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can estimate that the price is going to
+go up another 15 percent uh between now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up another 15 percent uh between now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up another 15 percent uh between now
+and the next decade so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next decade so what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next decade so what I'm going to
+do is say this is the price today this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is say this is the price today this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is say this is the price today this
+is the price tomorrow in 10 years right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the price tomorrow in 10 years right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the price tomorrow in 10 years right
+I'm going to sell you electricity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to sell you electricity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to sell you electricity here
+and so it's it's almost like the deal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's it's almost like the deal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's it's almost like the deal I
+don't know if anybody uh signs up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if anybody uh signs up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if anybody uh signs up for
+the the natural gas uh lock-in price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the natural gas uh lock-in price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the natural gas uh lock-in price
+during winter with NSTAR you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during winter with NSTAR you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during winter with NSTAR you probably
+receive the envelope in the mail or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the envelope in the mail or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the envelope in the mail or
+maybe your landlord does but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe your landlord does but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe your landlord does but
+um NSTAR the utility company around uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um NSTAR the utility company around uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um NSTAR the utility company around uh
+this area will allow you to lock in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area will allow you to lock in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area will allow you to lock in a
+price for natural gas per therm per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for natural gas per therm per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for natural gas per therm per unit
+of natural gas over the winter that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of natural gas over the winter that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of natural gas over the winter that is
+slightly above the market rate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly above the market rate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly above the market rate in the
+fall with the understanding that prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall with the understanding that prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall with the understanding that prices
+tend to spike during winter and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to spike during winter and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to spike during winter and you're
+able to hedge you're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to hedge you're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to hedge you're able to
+reduce risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce risk
+and so really what it is is a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so really what it is is a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so really what it is is a risk
+mitigation strategy and it's good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation strategy and it's good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation strategy and it's good enough
+for most people I know two people on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most people I know two people on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most people I know two people on our
+street alone have entered power purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street alone have entered power purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street alone have entered power purchase
+agreements as means of financing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements as means of financing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements as means of financing their
+solar installations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar installations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar installations
+so let's let's discriminate once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's discriminate once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's discriminate once again
+between the um the private sector that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the um the private sector that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the um the private sector that's
+trying to sell you the panels say Omar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sell you the panels say Omar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sell you the panels say Omar
+you have to buy my panels let me sweeten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to buy my panels let me sweeten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to buy my panels let me sweeten
+the deal here you don't have to pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deal here you don't have to pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deal here you don't have to pay a
+penny up front we'll introduce a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny up front we'll introduce a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny up front we'll introduce a power
+purchase agreement versus what the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase agreement versus what the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase agreement versus what the state
+is doing right or whether that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing right or whether that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing right or whether that's the the
+national government or the state level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national government or the state level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national government or the state level
+is doing to try to get the installers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing to try to get the installers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing to try to get the installers
+and other Industries growing within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other Industries growing within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other Industries growing within
+their uh within the organization and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh within the organization and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh within the organization and as
+well several of the EU States meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well several of the EU States meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well several of the EU States meeting
+their Kyoto Protocol obligations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Kyoto Protocol obligations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Kyoto Protocol obligations to
+reduce carbon emissions by a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce carbon emissions by a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce carbon emissions by a certain
+amount by by 2020. so we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount by by 2020. so we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount by by 2020. so we're going to do
+a deep dive into the German case just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deep dive into the German case just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deep dive into the German case just
+because it is so interesting and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is so interesting and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is so interesting and so
+exemplary in in terms of driving or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplary in in terms of driving or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplary in in terms of driving or
+increasing the amount of PV on the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the amount of PV on the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the amount of PV on the grid
+and one thing to note just up front this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one thing to note just up front this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one thing to note just up front this
+is the installation map of Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the installation map of Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the installation map of Europe
+insulation being the solar Radiance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation being the solar Radiance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation being the solar Radiance the
+total solar resource available shown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total solar resource available shown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total solar resource available shown in
+this barely distinguishable uh little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this barely distinguishable uh little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this barely distinguishable uh little
+Legend down here blue being low red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legend down here blue being low red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legend down here blue being low red
+being high and Germany is right here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being high and Germany is right here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being high and Germany is right here as
+they would say foreign from the heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would say foreign from the heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would say foreign from the heart of
+Europe right there right in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe right there right in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe right there right in the middle
+and this is the insulation comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the insulation comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the insulation comparison
+again between Germany and United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again between Germany and United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again between Germany and United States
+same scale over here a lot less solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same scale over here a lot less solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same scale over here a lot less solar
+resource in Germany even in than in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource in Germany even in than in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource in Germany even in than in the
+north uh eastern part of the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north uh eastern part of the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north uh eastern part of the United
+States yet there was about half of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States yet there was about half of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States yet there was about half of all
+solar panels installed here last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panels installed here last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panels installed here last year
+why well first off is high electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well first off is high electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well first off is high electricity
+prices secondly there is a feed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices secondly there is a feed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices secondly there is a feed in
+tariff that gives an incentive for solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff that gives an incentive for solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff that gives an incentive for solar
+to be installed in the grid so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be installed in the grid so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be installed in the grid so I'm going
+to do is go over several slides coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is go over several slides coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is go over several slides coming
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+um from a Ministry in Germany describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from a Ministry in Germany describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from a Ministry in Germany describing
+the growth of solar and the growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth of solar and the growth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth of solar and the growth of
+other Renewables on on the grid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Renewables on on the grid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Renewables on on the grid in
+response to this feed and tariff so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to this feed and tariff so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to this feed and tariff so the
+renewable energy resources if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable energy resources if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable energy resources if you will
+as as a share of the total energy Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as a share of the total energy Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as a share of the total energy Supply
+in Germany the goal by 2020 is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Germany the goal by 2020 is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Germany the goal by 2020 is this
+white bar right here and if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white bar right here and if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white bar right here and if we look at
+the share of renewable sources in total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the share of renewable sources in total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the share of renewable sources in total
+gross electricity consumption you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross electricity consumption you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross electricity consumption you can
+see that it's it's getting there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's it's getting there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's it's getting there right
+17 percent versus a minimum of 35. so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 percent versus a minimum of 35. so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 percent versus a minimum of 35. so
+working toward those targets pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working toward those targets pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working toward those targets pretty well
+and climbing from 2000 to 2010 more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and climbing from 2000 to 2010 more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and climbing from 2000 to 2010 more than
+doubling almost tripling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling almost tripling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling almost tripling
+this is the electricity heat Supply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the electricity heat Supply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the electricity heat Supply and
+fuel supply breakdown if we just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel supply breakdown if we just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel supply breakdown if we just look at
+the electricity component right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electricity component right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electricity component right here
+since that's where PV Falls and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that's where PV Falls and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that's where PV Falls and and uh
+and contributes you can see it's growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contributes you can see it's growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contributes you can see it's growing
+um this again what you have to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this again what you have to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this again what you have to keep in
+mind is this 17 of electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is this 17 of electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is this 17 of electricity
+consumption coming from Renewables the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption coming from Renewables the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption coming from Renewables the
+17 percent is this amount here right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 percent is this amount here right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 percent is this amount here right the
+yellow bar and we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow bar and we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow bar and we're looking at
+something in the range of 103 terawatt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the range of 103 terawatt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the range of 103 terawatt
+hours over the course of a year in 2010
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours over the course of a year in 2010
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours over the course of a year in 2010
+and out of those 103 terawatt hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of those 103 terawatt hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of those 103 terawatt hours
+breaking it out into PV biomass Hydro in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking it out into PV biomass Hydro in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking it out into PV biomass Hydro in
+Wind you can see that PV is accounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wind you can see that PV is accounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wind you can see that PV is accounted
+for a relatively small fraction of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a relatively small fraction of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a relatively small fraction of that
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+um the the largest by far has been wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the largest by far has been wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the largest by far has been wind
+wind reached or has reached the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind reached or has reached the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind reached or has reached the lower
+prices of electricity faster than solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices of electricity faster than solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices of electricity faster than solar
+house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house
+differences between the Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between the Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between the Technologies
+shall we say and as a result the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall we say and as a result the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall we say and as a result the grid
+penetration of wind has preceded that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetration of wind has preceded that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetration of wind has preceded that of
+solar but solar's growing quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar but solar's growing quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar but solar's growing quite a bit
+and this is averaged over the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is averaged over the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is averaged over the entire
+country and as I mentioned before there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and as I mentioned before there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and as I mentioned before there
+are certain regions within Germany as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain regions within Germany as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain regions within Germany as
+you might guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might guess
+down here for instance right that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here for instance right that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here for instance right that have
+experienced larger grid penetration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced larger grid penetration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced larger grid penetration of
+solar than others just because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar than others just because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar than others just because they have
+a larger solar resource available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger solar resource available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger solar resource available to
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um so this is the little fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so this is the little fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so this is the little fraction
+here growing of of solar electricity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here growing of of solar electricity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here growing of of solar electricity uh
+these here are the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these here are the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these here are the different
+legislations that are being passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislations that are being passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislations that are being passed
+um regulating the feed and tariff now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um regulating the feed and tariff now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um regulating the feed and tariff now uh
+the feed and tariff is scheduled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feed and tariff is scheduled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feed and tariff is scheduled to
+reduce gradually uh for each year let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce gradually uh for each year let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce gradually uh for each year let me
+show you how that works we'll go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how that works we'll go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how that works we'll go back to
+this German energy blog by two of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this German energy blog by two of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this German energy blog by two of our
+energy law experts in Germany and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy law experts in Germany and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy law experts in Germany and this
+describes for you the German feed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes for you the German feed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes for you the German feed in
+tariffs of 2010 the renewable energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariffs of 2010 the renewable energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariffs of 2010 the renewable energy
+sources act essentially one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources act essentially one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources act essentially one of those
+legislations that have passed and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislations that have passed and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislations that have passed and it
+just shows you what you can expect over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shows you what you can expect over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shows you what you can expect over
+a variety of different sectors Hydro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of different sectors Hydro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of different sectors Hydro
+landfill gas and you can see it's broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landfill gas and you can see it's broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landfill gas and you can see it's broken
+into very specific details different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into very specific details different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into very specific details different
+sizes of installations different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of installations different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of installations different types
+of plants and so forth this is bio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plants and so forth this is bio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plants and so forth this is bio
+geothermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal
+onshore wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onshore wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onshore wind
+offshore wind solar radiation roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offshore wind solar radiation roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offshore wind solar radiation roof
+mounted facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted facilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted facilities
+electricity produced used within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity produced used within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity produced used within the
+building facility freestanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building facility freestanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building facility freestanding
+facilities and digression this means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities and digression this means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities and digression this means the
+aggression means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggression means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggression means
+how much does it go down per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much does it go down per year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much does it go down per year
+this is based on their best estimate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is based on their best estimate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is based on their best estimate for
+the growth of grid penetration of PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth of grid penetration of PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth of grid penetration of PV
+they're trying to guess in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to guess in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to guess in the future
+how much PV is going to come onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much PV is going to come onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much PV is going to come onto the
+grid by a certain date and hence what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid by a certain date and hence what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid by a certain date and hence what
+the price will be as well and thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price will be as well and thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price will be as well and thus
+reduce their feed and tariff accordingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce their feed and tariff accordingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce their feed and tariff accordingly
+and since it's impossible to look into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since it's impossible to look into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since it's impossible to look into a
+crystal ball and nail it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal ball and nail it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal ball and nail it right
+especially since this is a non-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially since this is a non-linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially since this is a non-linear
+system the price depends on the feed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the price depends on the feed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the price depends on the feed and
+tariff the feed and tariff depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff the feed and tariff depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff the feed and tariff depends on
+the price right so there's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price right so there's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price right so there's a little bit
+of that interaction going on they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that interaction going on they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that interaction going on they have
+to reassess from time to time what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reassess from time to time what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reassess from time to time what the
+new rates are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rates are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rates are going to be
+and that's why you have these various uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why you have these various uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why you have these various uh
+well aside from the initial you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well aside from the initial you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well aside from the initial you have
+these various re-evaluations from time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various re-evaluations from time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various re-evaluations from time
+to time looking at the feed and tariff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time looking at the feed and tariff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time looking at the feed and tariff
+now what has happened more recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what has happened more recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what has happened more recently
+there was a revaluation in January 2009
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a revaluation in January 2009
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a revaluation in January 2009
+another mid-2010 right that decreased it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another mid-2010 right that decreased it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another mid-2010 right that decreased it
+even further so more recently this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further so more recently this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further so more recently this
+unfortunately only goes to 2010 but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately only goes to 2010 but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately only goes to 2010 but more
+recently there have been more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently there have been more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently there have been more
+significant stronger cuts to the feed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant stronger cuts to the feed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant stronger cuts to the feed in
+tariff in Germany in response to a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff in Germany in response to a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff in Germany in response to a few
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let me go over this real quick I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me go over this real quick I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me go over this real quick I'll
+get back to that in a second first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to that in a second first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to that in a second first off
+this is the payment of fees in millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the payment of fees in millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the payment of fees in millions
+of Euros versus time right that the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Euros versus time right that the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Euros versus time right that the rate
+payers are paying in total so that winds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payers are paying in total so that winds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payers are paying in total so that winds
+up being something in the order of 135
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being something in the order of 135
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being something in the order of 135
+Euros per head in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euros per head in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euros per head in Germany
+um and that's not spread equally amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's not spread equally amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's not spread equally amongst
+everybody per year that's enough sped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody per year that's enough sped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody per year that's enough sped
+equally amongst everybody that's uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally amongst everybody that's uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally amongst everybody that's uh as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+um uh their industry Bears more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh their industry Bears more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh their industry Bears more
+obviously in the residential customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in the residential customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in the residential customer
+would but it's a line item of a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would but it's a line item of a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would but it's a line item of a few
+Euros on your utility bill per month uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euros on your utility bill per month uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euros on your utility bill per month uh
+as a customer and that begins to add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a customer and that begins to add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a customer and that begins to add up
+so Germany has begun putting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Germany has begun putting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Germany has begun putting on the
+brakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brakes
+on the incentives uh and further if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the incentives uh and further if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the incentives uh and further if they
+look at how much they've installed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how much they've installed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how much they've installed
+versus other countries again this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus other countries again this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus other countries again this is the
+same chart we showed last class their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same chart we showed last class their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same chart we showed last class their
+portion of all new installations is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of all new installations is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of all new installations is very
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+and so they begin looking around to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they begin looking around to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they begin looking around to the
+rest of the world saying hey folks we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the world saying hey folks we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the world saying hey folks we
+don't have a lot of sun here why aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a lot of sun here why aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a lot of sun here why aren't
+you doing your part too to put solar on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doing your part too to put solar on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doing your part too to put solar on
+your grids compounded by the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your grids compounded by the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your grids compounded by the fact that
+now they have a growing percentage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they have a growing percentage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they have a growing percentage of
+manufacturing that's not in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing that's not in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing that's not in Germany
+right the German the percentage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the German the percentage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the German the percentage of
+German manufacturing of the PV modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German manufacturing of the PV modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German manufacturing of the PV modules
+themselves has stayed more or less flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves has stayed more or less flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves has stayed more or less flat
+and so Germany's sitting here thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Germany's sitting here thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Germany's sitting here thinking
+okay we're in a financial crisis right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're in a financial crisis right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're in a financial crisis right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+something has to give let's put a damper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has to give let's put a damper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has to give let's put a damper
+on this feed in Tara for a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this feed in Tara for a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this feed in Tara for a little bit
+until uh until the the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until uh until the the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until uh until the the situation
+straightens itself out and until there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightens itself out and until there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightens itself out and until there's
+more growth in other markets uh besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more growth in other markets uh besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more growth in other markets uh besides
+just Germany let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Germany let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Germany let's try to
+reduce the incentive that we give to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the incentive that we give to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the incentive that we give to put
+a PV on our grid and maybe increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PV on our grid and maybe increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PV on our grid and maybe increase the
+share of PV going on to U.S China and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of PV going on to U.S China and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of PV going on to U.S China and so
+forth other big markets around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth other big markets around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth other big markets around the world
+so that we're not bearing the sole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we're not bearing the sole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we're not bearing the sole
+burden of trying to reduce the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden of trying to reduce the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden of trying to reduce the cost of
+PB to grid parity and as a result uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PB to grid parity and as a result uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PB to grid parity and as a result uh the
+as a result of this the decline in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of this the decline in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of this the decline in the
+feed in tariff in Germany and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed in tariff in Germany and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed in tariff in Germany and as a
+result of a massive amount of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a massive amount of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a massive amount of new
+production capacity coming online in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production capacity coming online in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production capacity coming online in
+China Taiwan we're now in an oversupply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China Taiwan we're now in an oversupply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China Taiwan we're now in an oversupply
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+what means an oversupply condition what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what means an oversupply condition what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what means an oversupply condition what
+it means is that there is more there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means is that there is more there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means is that there is more there are
+more PV modules available today than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more PV modules available today than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more PV modules available today than
+there are customers to buy them at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are customers to buy them at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are customers to buy them at the
+given prices that are available and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given prices that are available and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given prices that are available and the
+price is dictated in part by the feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is dictated in part by the feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is dictated in part by the feed
+and tariff and so what you've seen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tariff and so what you've seen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tariff and so what you've seen is
+sorry I'm just going to drive through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm just going to drive through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm just going to drive through
+these slides right over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides right over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides right over here
+until I get to that one so what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I get to that one so what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I get to that one so what you see
+is that chart that secretary Chu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that chart that secretary Chu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that chart that secretary Chu
+presented yesterday during his talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented yesterday during his talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented yesterday during his talk
+right this was in uh first quarter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this was in uh first quarter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this was in uh first quarter of
+2008 this is when the market began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 this is when the market began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 this is when the market began
+softening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softening
+um right around here the the German feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right around here the the German feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right around here the the German feed
+and tariffs really started going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tariffs really started going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tariffs really started going down
+tremendously Chinese manufacturing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously Chinese manufacturing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously Chinese manufacturing and
+Taiwanese manufacturing really started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwanese manufacturing really started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwanese manufacturing really started
+ramping up around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramping up around here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramping up around here
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+2007-2008 and so what happened this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007-2008 and so what happened this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007-2008 and so what happened this here
+is price not cost price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is price not cost price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is price not cost price
+right so this is being driven by market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is being driven by market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is being driven by market
+dynamics not by not solely by the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics not by not solely by the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics not by not solely by the cost
+of manufacturing so we have uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manufacturing so we have uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manufacturing so we have uh what
+people are willing to pay for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are willing to pay for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are willing to pay for their
+Watts so if the feed and tariff is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watts so if the feed and tariff is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watts so if the feed and tariff is going
+down in Germany which is acquiring 50 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in Germany which is acquiring 50 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in Germany which is acquiring 50 of
+the modules in the market that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modules in the market that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modules in the market that means
+that the price has to come down as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the price has to come down as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the price has to come down as well
+if you're going to be able to sell your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to be able to sell your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to be able to sell your
+modules you're going to sell them at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules you're going to sell them at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules you're going to sell them at a
+lower price because if heat and tariff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower price because if heat and tariff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower price because if heat and tariff
+is now lower at the same time you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now lower at the same time you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now lower at the same time you have
+now more Supply on the market and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now more Supply on the market and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now more Supply on the market and you
+have companies competing against each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have companies competing against each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have companies competing against each
+other to get their modules out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other to get their modules out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other to get their modules out in the
+market and so prices are going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and so prices are going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and so prices are going to come
+down by that as well so what this chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by that as well so what this chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by that as well so what this chart
+is telling you let's look at the blues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling you let's look at the blues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling you let's look at the blues
+for instance let's start here these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance let's start here these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance let's start here these are
+estimates made in 2008 and this blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates made in 2008 and this blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates made in 2008 and this blue
+line extending forward is the estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line extending forward is the estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line extending forward is the estimated
+price not cost the estimated price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price not cost the estimated price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price not cost the estimated price of
+what a PV module would sell for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a PV module would sell for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a PV module would sell for
+projected forward to the end of 2010.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected forward to the end of 2010.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected forward to the end of 2010.
+then we enter 2009 the Reds here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we enter 2009 the Reds here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we enter 2009 the Reds here and the
+prices the real prices continue to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices the real prices continue to drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices the real prices continue to drop
+precipitously again here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitously again here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitously again here we have the
+analysts estimates for what the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysts estimates for what the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysts estimates for what the the
+price is going to be moving forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is going to be moving forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is going to be moving forward to
+2000 end of 2011. and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 end of 2011. and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 end of 2011. and you can see that
+the analysts estimates are always above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysts estimates are always above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysts estimates are always above
+the actual prices over the last three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual prices over the last three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual prices over the last three
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+which means that the prices actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the prices actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the prices actual
+prices have fallen faster than anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices have fallen faster than anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices have fallen faster than anybody
+or the analysts expected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the analysts expected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the analysts expected to
+maybe there are some smart people among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there are some smart people among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there are some smart people among
+in in in in the actual industry who saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in the actual industry who saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in the actual industry who saw
+this uh coming in quite the same way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh coming in quite the same way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh coming in quite the same way but
+what this means is the prices have come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means is the prices have come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means is the prices have come
+down a lot faster than what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a lot faster than what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a lot faster than what people
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+I don't think people expected that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think people expected that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think people expected that
+Germany would cut the feed and tariff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany would cut the feed and tariff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany would cut the feed and tariff
+rate quite as as large as it did in 09
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate quite as as large as it did in 09
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate quite as as large as it did in 09
+and 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10.
+uh and some people who haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and some people who haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and some people who haven't been
+paying attention to the market might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to the market might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to the market might not
+have expected as much Supply to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have expected as much Supply to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have expected as much Supply to be
+available from China as there is today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available from China as there is today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available from China as there is today
+um those people should have been paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those people should have been paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those people should have been paying
+better attention but that combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better attention but that combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better attention but that combination of
+of factors resulted in a much faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of factors resulted in a much faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of factors resulted in a much faster
+price decline than what people saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price decline than what people saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price decline than what people saw
+coming and as a result companies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and as a result companies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and as a result companies that
+were formed in say 2007-2008 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were formed in say 2007-2008 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were formed in say 2007-2008 in
+gotventure capital and saw one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotventure capital and saw one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotventure capital and saw one of these
+lines right here and said oh we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines right here and said oh we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines right here and said oh we're going
+to be able to intersect them in 2010 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to intersect them in 2010 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to intersect them in 2010 are
+now looking at these sorts of prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now looking at these sorts of prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now looking at these sorts of prices
+here right and saying oh gee we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and saying oh gee we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and saying oh gee we're not
+going to be able to intersect them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to intersect them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to intersect them in
+2010 this could be more like 2015 before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 this could be more like 2015 before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 this could be more like 2015 before
+we get our production costs low enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get our production costs low enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get our production costs low enough
+to compete at those prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compete at those prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compete at those prices
+and so the Venture capitalists are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the Venture capitalists are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the Venture capitalists are now
+sitting back thinking so let me get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting back thinking so let me get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting back thinking so let me get this
+straight you came to us three years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight you came to us three years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight you came to us three years ago
+and told us that you'd be cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and told us that you'd be cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and told us that you'd be cost
+competitive by 2010.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive by 2010.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive by 2010.
+but now the story is you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the story is you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the story is you're going to be
+cost competitive by 2015.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost competitive by 2015.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost competitive by 2015.
+this kind of smells fishy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of smells fishy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of smells fishy
+um I don't know if I want to lend you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know if I want to lend you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know if I want to lend you an
+additional round here especially if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional round here especially if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional round here especially if I
+have to wait another five years before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait another five years before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait another five years before
+you're profitable let me just cut my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're profitable let me just cut my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're profitable let me just cut my
+losses and and pick up shop and leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses and and pick up shop and leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses and and pick up shop and leave
+and your company will go under so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your company will go under so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your company will go under so that's
+happened a few times right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened a few times right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened a few times right that's
+happened in a high profile way which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in a high profile way which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in a high profile way which we
+all know about solyndra it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know about solyndra it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know about solyndra it's also
+happened in a few other uh companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in a few other uh companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in a few other uh companies
+Spectra watt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra watt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra watt
+even earlier ones at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even earlier ones at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even earlier ones at the beginning of
+the financial crisis optisol and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial crisis optisol and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial crisis optisol and others
+so the companies that are surviving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the companies that are surviving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the companies that are surviving
+right now they're still more than 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now they're still more than 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now they're still more than 100
+startup companies in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup companies in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup companies in the United States
+dozens and dozens of startup companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens and dozens of startup companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens and dozens of startup companies
+in solar those smart ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solar those smart ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solar those smart ones that are
+surviving are are usually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving are are usually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving are are usually in
+pre-production stage right so they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-production stage right so they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-production stage right so they don't
+have big manufacturing lines hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have big manufacturing lines hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have big manufacturing lines hundreds
+thousands of people to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people to pay
+Supply chains to pay for and customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply chains to pay for and customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply chains to pay for and customers
+evaporating so they're not caught in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporating so they're not caught in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporating so they're not caught in
+that situation that was solyndra they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that situation that was solyndra they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that situation that was solyndra they
+had a big production line they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a big production line they had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a big production line they had a
+thousand one hundred people employed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand one hundred people employed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand one hundred people employed in
+that line and they had customers lined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line and they had customers lined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line and they had customers lined
+up they had suppliers shipping in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up they had suppliers shipping in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up they had suppliers shipping in
+materials that they were converting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that they were converting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that they were converting into
+product and some of the customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and some of the customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and some of the customers
+disappearing were not willing to pay as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing were not willing to pay as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing were not willing to pay as
+high prices anymore and that leads to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high prices anymore and that leads to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high prices anymore and that leads to a
+a very difficult situation you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very difficult situation you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very difficult situation you don't
+have a cash cushion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cash cushion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cash cushion
+you can't you don't have any reserves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't you don't have any reserves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't you don't have any reserves in
+the bank you have to sell your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank you have to sell your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank you have to sell your product
+and you're not able to compete at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not able to compete at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not able to compete at these
+prices uh it's a recipe for disaster if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices uh it's a recipe for disaster if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices uh it's a recipe for disaster if
+you're a mid-sized company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a mid-sized company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a mid-sized company
+so small companies can survive in what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so small companies can survive in what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so small companies can survive in what I
+call Spore mode meaning they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Spore mode meaning they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Spore mode meaning they're they're
+like a Spore they don't have that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Spore they don't have that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Spore they don't have that big
+manufacturing line to pay for they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing line to pay for they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing line to pay for they can
+survive off grants they can survive off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive off grants they can survive off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive off grants they can survive off
+venture capital and their their cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital and their their cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital and their their cash
+burn rate is very low they're developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn rate is very low they're developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn rate is very low they're developing
+Technologies the big companies have cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies the big companies have cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies the big companies have cash
+cushions already they have cash reserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushions already they have cash reserves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushions already they have cash reserves
+they might even be able to access a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might even be able to access a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might even be able to access a low
+interest rate loans from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate loans from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate loans from
+from banks that that borrow money at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from banks that that borrow money at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from banks that that borrow money at
+ridiculously low rates from the treasury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously low rates from the treasury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously low rates from the treasury
+right now they may even have Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now they may even have Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now they may even have Financial
+branches within their own company like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches within their own company like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches within their own company like
+GE finance that can do that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GE finance that can do that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GE finance that can do that sort of
+thing but so so big big companies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but so so big big companies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but so so big big companies are
+are so far surviving the really tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so far surviving the really tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so far surviving the really tiny
+companies are so far surviving but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are so far surviving but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are so far surviving but the
+market Dynamic is really hitting those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market Dynamic is really hitting those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market Dynamic is really hitting those
+mid-sized companies that already have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-sized companies that already have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-sized companies that already have a
+manufacturing line and so you hear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing line and so you hear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing line and so you hear about
+layoffs you hear about Job losses these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layoffs you hear about Job losses these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layoffs you hear about Job losses these
+are often the mid-sized companies just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often the mid-sized companies just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often the mid-sized companies just
+trying to enter go back to Spore mode so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to enter go back to Spore mode so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to enter go back to Spore mode so
+they can survive this difficult period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can survive this difficult period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can survive this difficult period
+until prices equilibrate and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until prices equilibrate and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until prices equilibrate and when we
+look at prices equilibrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at prices equilibrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at prices equilibrating
+um these are these let's let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are these let's let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are these let's let's look at
+the price now we're headed towards Q4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price now we're headed towards Q4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price now we're headed towards Q4
+2011. let's put a data point right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2011. let's put a data point right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2011. let's put a data point right here
+for Q4 2011. let's do it right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Q4 2011. let's do it right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Q4 2011. let's do it right now
+so we'll go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll go back to
+here and sorry about that that was me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and sorry about that that was me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and sorry about that that was me
+registering a website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registering a website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registering a website
+um that's for the project that Doug was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's for the project that Doug was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's for the project that Doug was
+working on we'll go to PV insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on we'll go to PV insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on we'll go to PV insights
+and we're going to add the latest data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to add the latest data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to add the latest data
+point here so solar wafer this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here so solar wafer this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here so solar wafer this is
+silicon this is way for this is cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon this is way for this is cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon this is way for this is cell and
+this is module all right so this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is module all right so this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is module all right so this is our
+low this is our high these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low this is our high these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low this is our high these are all
+prices in dollars per Watt peak prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices in dollars per Watt peak prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices in dollars per Watt peak prices
+are low in our high and our average for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are low in our high and our average for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are low in our high and our average for
+I guess last update was yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess last update was yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess last update was yesterday
+the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low
+I can tell you this this particular low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tell you this this particular low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tell you this this particular low
+number right here came from a tier three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right here came from a tier three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right here came from a tier three
+manufacturer in China what is tier one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer in China what is tier one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer in China what is tier one
+to your 2c3 so tier one are brand names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your 2c3 so tier one are brand names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your 2c3 so tier one are brand names
+um Ying Lee they advertise during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Ying Lee they advertise during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Ying Lee they advertise during the
+World Cup right uh Suntec mentioned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Cup right uh Suntec mentioned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Cup right uh Suntec mentioned in
+Secretary Chu's presentation yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secretary Chu's presentation yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secretary Chu's presentation yesterday
+Trina solar LDK and so forth these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trina solar LDK and so forth these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trina solar LDK and so forth these are
+tier one manufacturers the big uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tier one manufacturers the big uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tier one manufacturers the big uh the
+big dogs tier three are companies you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big dogs tier three are companies you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big dogs tier three are companies you've
+never heard of but are employing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard of but are employing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard of but are employing
+thousands of people in manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people in manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people in manufacturing
+modules uh in the hundreds of megawatts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules uh in the hundreds of megawatts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules uh in the hundreds of megawatts
+range perhaps even uh reaching a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range perhaps even uh reaching a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range perhaps even uh reaching a
+gigawatt scale and because banks have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigawatt scale and because banks have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigawatt scale and because banks have
+never heard of them either maybe it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard of them either maybe it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard of them either maybe it's an
+overstatement but I'm making a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overstatement but I'm making a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overstatement but I'm making a point
+here they're not as well known they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're not as well known they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're not as well known they're
+not as reliable from the bank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as reliable from the bank's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as reliable from the bank's
+perspective right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective right
+um maybe they haven't been around as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe they haven't been around as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe they haven't been around as
+long and it's questionable whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and it's questionable whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and it's questionable whether
+they're going to survive this difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to survive this difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to survive this difficult
+economic climate they have difficulty to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic climate they have difficulty to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic climate they have difficulty to
+sell their product the installers don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell their product the installers don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell their product the installers don't
+want to take their product and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take their product and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take their product and so they
+have to undercut the competition they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to undercut the competition they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to undercut the competition they
+have to sell they have to leave money on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sell they have to leave money on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sell they have to leave money on
+the table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table and
+selling at prices at 0.75 uh dollars per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling at prices at 0.75 uh dollars per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling at prices at 0.75 uh dollars per
+watt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watt
+now what Doug's calculations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what Doug's calculations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what Doug's calculations are
+indicating as you saw from the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating as you saw from the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating as you saw from the very
+beginning that the the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that the the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that the the cost of
+manufacturing in the US is around 130
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing in the US is around 130
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing in the US is around 130
+the cost of manufacturing in China is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of manufacturing in China is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of manufacturing in China is
+around a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a dollar
+and then you have to ship it over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to ship it over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to ship it over to the
+US so if if somebody is willing to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US so if if somebody is willing to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US so if if somebody is willing to sell
+you a module at .75 dollars per watt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a module at .75 dollars per watt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a module at .75 dollars per watt
+that means that the price is below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the price is below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the price is below the
+cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+that means that that company is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that that company is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that that company is
+desperate to get rid of inventory they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperate to get rid of inventory they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperate to get rid of inventory they
+must have modules stacking up in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have modules stacking up in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have modules stacking up in their
+in their shipment yard and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their shipment yard and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their shipment yard and they're
+unable to move them and so the the Chief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable to move them and so the the Chief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable to move them and so the the Chief
+Financial Officer walks over and says we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial Officer walks over and says we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial Officer walks over and says we
+got to get rid of this stuff it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to get rid of this stuff it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to get rid of this stuff it's
+costing us money it it costs us money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costing us money it it costs us money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costing us money it it costs us money to
+keep this product in the books sell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this product in the books sell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this product in the books sell it
+for whatever you have to sell it for to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever you have to sell it for to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever you have to sell it for to
+get rid of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of it
+and as a consequence they sell below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a consequence they sell below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a consequence they sell below
+cost put it out into the market and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost put it out into the market and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost put it out into the market and then
+and then you have solar world or us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have solar world or us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have solar world or us
+company coming to the Department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company coming to the Department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company coming to the Department of
+Commerce saying they're dumping product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commerce saying they're dumping product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commerce saying they're dumping product
+um it's an unfair competition according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's an unfair competition according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's an unfair competition according
+to the World Trade Organization you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the World Trade Organization you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the World Trade Organization you
+can't sell at a price below your cost in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't sell at a price below your cost in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't sell at a price below your cost in
+order to squeeze out an in-game market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to squeeze out an in-game market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to squeeze out an in-game market
+share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share
+so it's a really it's a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a really it's a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a really it's a complex
+situation right now I've described for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation right now I've described for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation right now I've described for
+you in as much detail as I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in as much detail as I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in as much detail as I can
+um my impression of what's happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my impression of what's happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my impression of what's happening in
+the world today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world today
+um this low uh Price Right Here of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this low uh Price Right Here of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this low uh Price Right Here of one
+of 0.75 from a Chinese tier 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0.75 from a Chinese tier 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0.75 from a Chinese tier 3
+manufacturer and the high price here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer and the high price here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer and the high price here
+coming from most likely a German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from most likely a German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from most likely a German
+supplier or U.S supplier selling of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier or U.S supplier selling of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier or U.S supplier selling of what
+is known to be a very high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is known to be a very high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is known to be a very high quality
+reputable product has been selling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputable product has been selling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputable product has been selling for
+the last 10 years very reliable very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 10 years very reliable very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 10 years very reliable very few
+incidences of of consumers returning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidences of of consumers returning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidences of of consumers returning the
+product and Banks like that product so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and Banks like that product so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and Banks like that product so
+they're willing they're able to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're willing they're able to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're willing they're able to extract
+a premium for their product they're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a premium for their product they're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a premium for their product they're able
+to sell and move those modules at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell and move those modules at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell and move those modules at a
+higher price because they're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher price because they're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher price because they're more
+bankable this average right here is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankable this average right here is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankable this average right here is more
+representative of what Chinese tier one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of what Chinese tier one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of what Chinese tier one
+manufacturers are currently selling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers are currently selling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers are currently selling for
+and what many of the U.S and European uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what many of the U.S and European uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what many of the U.S and European uh
+say average module makers are having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say average module makers are having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say average module makers are having to
+compete against with costs on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete against with costs on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete against with costs on the order
+of a dollar 30.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a dollar 30.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a dollar 30.
+that's that's the the constriction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the the constriction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the the constriction right
+now so if we add that one data point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so if we add that one data point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so if we add that one data point
+onto this chart right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto this chart right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto this chart right here
+where we have Q4 2011 we're solidly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have Q4 2011 we're solidly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have Q4 2011 we're solidly in
+Q4 right now and we're at 0.98 with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q4 right now and we're at 0.98 with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q4 right now and we're at 0.98 with an
+arrow bar somewhere around here right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow bar somewhere around here right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow bar somewhere around here right so
+we're 0.98 you see the prices are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're 0.98 you see the prices are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're 0.98 you see the prices are still
+coming down and will likely come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down and will likely come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down and will likely come down
+for maybe another quarter before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for maybe another quarter before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for maybe another quarter before they
+start to stabilize and as companies fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to stabilize and as companies fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to stabilize and as companies fail
+as more companies leave the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as more companies leave the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as more companies leave the market
+you'll have consolidation of market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have consolidation of market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have consolidation of market
+share you'll have the few remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share you'll have the few remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share you'll have the few remaining
+companies that have the large cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that have the large cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that have the large cash
+cushion that have the lowest cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushion that have the lowest cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushion that have the lowest cost
+structure survive and increase their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure survive and increase their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure survive and increase their
+market share and reduce the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share and reduce the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share and reduce the number of
+players out in the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players out in the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players out in the market
+and probably prices will come back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably prices will come back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably prices will come back up
+afterwards because you can't continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards because you can't continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards because you can't continue
+selling below cost for very long before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling below cost for very long before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling below cost for very long before
+you everybody goes out of business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you everybody goes out of business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you everybody goes out of business
+so Hand going up over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um these right here I know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um these right here I know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um these right here I know that the
+0.75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.75
+um that was a a an offer price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that was a a an offer price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that was a a an offer price
+yeah so the the it was 0.85 during solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the the it was 0.85 during solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the the it was 0.85 during solar
+power international at um uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power international at um uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power international at um uh in in
+in Texas about a month ago and it made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Texas about a month ago and it made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Texas about a month ago and it made a
+big splash and everybody was was uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big splash and everybody was was uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big splash and everybody was was uh was
+really awed by it the 0.75 is news to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really awed by it the 0.75 is news to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really awed by it the 0.75 is news to me
+probably came up over the last week or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably came up over the last week or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably came up over the last week or
+so and in response most likely to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and in response most likely to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and in response most likely to that
+that company selling at 0.85 unable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that company selling at 0.85 unable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that company selling at 0.85 unable to
+move their product going even lower in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move their product going even lower in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move their product going even lower in a
+desperate attempt just to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperate attempt just to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperate attempt just to get rid of
+their inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their inventory
+like the transaction didn't happen at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the transaction didn't happen at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the transaction didn't happen at
+that price of yet or so these prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that price of yet or so these prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that price of yet or so these prices
+most likely are coming from uh a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely are coming from uh a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely are coming from uh a few
+different routes so uh you can you as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different routes so uh you can you as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different routes so uh you can you as an
+individual can send an email or fax over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual can send an email or fax over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual can send an email or fax over
+a request for a quote from any one of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a request for a quote from any one of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a request for a quote from any one of a
+hundred module manufacturers around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred module manufacturers around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred module manufacturers around the
+world and you will get a quote back or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and you will get a quote back or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and you will get a quote back or a
+a an offer sheet back and most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an offer sheet back and most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an offer sheet back and most likely
+what what PV insights is doing is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what PV insights is doing is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what PV insights is doing is is
+some combination of that kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some combination of that kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some combination of that kind of a
+gorilla tactic let's gather information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorilla tactic let's gather information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorilla tactic let's gather information
+and as well information gleaned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as well information gleaned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as well information gleaned from
+their installer base so they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their installer base so they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their installer base so they have
+contacts to various installer companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts to various installer companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts to various installer companies
+they keep the finger on the pulse over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep the finger on the pulse over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep the finger on the pulse over
+there talking to their friends saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there talking to their friends saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there talking to their friends saying
+how much how much are they offering you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much how much are they offering you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much how much are they offering you
+the modules for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the the sell and the Buy price are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the the sell and the Buy price are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the the sell and the Buy price are
+a little different no or currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different no or currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different no or currency
+exchange markets no this is um these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange markets no this is um these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange markets no this is um these are
+individual companies um trying to assess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual companies um trying to assess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual companies um trying to assess
+what the market is willing to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the market is willing to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the market is willing to pay for
+their product in the case on the low end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their product in the case on the low end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their product in the case on the low end
+these are desperate customers trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are desperate customers trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are desperate customers trying to
+move or desperate producers trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move or desperate producers trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move or desperate producers trying to
+move product and on the high end these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move product and on the high end these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move product and on the high end these
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+these are companies with high cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are companies with high cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are companies with high cost
+structures typically in the west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures typically in the west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures typically in the west
+typically us and in Germany that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically us and in Germany that have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically us and in Germany that have a
+reputation and they're clinging for as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation and they're clinging for as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation and they're clinging for as
+long as they can onto the high prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as they can onto the high prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as they can onto the high prices
+for as long as they can do it before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for as long as they can do it before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for as long as they can do it before the
+market finally says you know what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market finally says you know what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market finally says you know what I'm
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+um we've been good friends we worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've been good friends we worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've been good friends we worked
+together for the last 10 years but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for the last 10 years but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for the last 10 years but
+honestly I'm not going to buy at 145 not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly I'm not going to buy at 145 not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly I'm not going to buy at 145 not
+when Suntec is offering me a module at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Suntec is offering me a module at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Suntec is offering me a module at a
+dollar five and it's uh comparable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar five and it's uh comparable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar five and it's uh comparable in
+quality they've proven themselves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality they've proven themselves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality they've proven themselves the
+game the days when uh Chinese modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game the days when uh Chinese modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game the days when uh Chinese modules
+all Chinese modules were inferior are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Chinese modules were inferior are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Chinese modules were inferior are
+over now we have several tier one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over now we have several tier one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over now we have several tier one
+Chinese manufacturers that have proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese manufacturers that have proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese manufacturers that have proven
+their modules out in the open market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their modules out in the open market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their modules out in the open market
+there haven't hasn't been a large number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there haven't hasn't been a large number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there haven't hasn't been a large number
+of recalls so I'm willing to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recalls so I'm willing to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recalls so I'm willing to take the
+risk with them and at that point you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk with them and at that point you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk with them and at that point you'll
+start to see the the higher priced U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to see the the higher priced U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to see the the higher priced U.S
+and in European products begin to soften
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in European products begin to soften
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in European products begin to soften
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+the oversupply condition doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oversupply condition doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oversupply condition doesn't get
+resolved in enough time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well keep in mind that this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well keep in mind that this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well keep in mind that this is just the
+module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module
+there's a whole other Dynamic happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole other Dynamic happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole other Dynamic happening
+on the installation side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the installation side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the installation side
+and the reason I'm not getting into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I'm not getting into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I'm not getting into that
+in too much detail is because it varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in too much detail is because it varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in too much detail is because it varies
+so much from country to Country although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much from country to Country although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much from country to Country although
+I will say a few comments before the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will say a few comments before the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will say a few comments before the end
+of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class
+if the oversupply condition continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the oversupply condition continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the oversupply condition continues
+and if the feed and tariffs continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the feed and tariffs continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the feed and tariffs continue to
+be low what you'll see is a continued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be low what you'll see is a continued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be low what you'll see is a continued
+softening of the module price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softening of the module price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softening of the module price
+into the point where almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the point where almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the point where almost all
+manufacturers are selling below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers are selling below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers are selling below
+manufacturing cost they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing cost they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing cost they're all
+desperately trying to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperately trying to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperately trying to reduce
+manufacturing costs reduce overhead is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing costs reduce overhead is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing costs reduce overhead is
+forcing them to innovate at least on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing them to innovate at least on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing them to innovate at least on
+manufacturing Innovation faster not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Innovation faster not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Innovation faster not on
+product Innovation not on how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product Innovation not on how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product Innovation not on how do we
+design the cell differently but more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the cell differently but more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the cell differently but more on
+the process Innovation on the line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process Innovation on the line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process Innovation on the line of
+saying gee how do we mix the silver with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying gee how do we mix the silver with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying gee how do we mix the silver with
+the cheaper metal like aluminum in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheaper metal like aluminum in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheaper metal like aluminum in a
+ratio so that we we say we eke out half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio so that we we say we eke out half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio so that we we say we eke out half
+a cent per Watt peak because any small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cent per Watt peak because any small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cent per Watt peak because any small
+fraction counts at this point we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction counts at this point we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction counts at this point we're
+desperate and it's it's really you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperate and it's it's really you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperate and it's it's really you can
+think of of this oversupply condition as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of of this oversupply condition as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of of this oversupply condition as
+a bunch of horses running nose to nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of horses running nose to nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of horses running nose to nose
+and and which Ones Will begin falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and which Ones Will begin falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and which Ones Will begin falling
+out in the beginning you could point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the beginning you could point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the beginning you could point to
+easy candidates those have already begun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy candidates those have already begun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy candidates those have already begun
+to go by the wayside but now you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go by the wayside but now you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go by the wayside but now you know
+companies are burning through their cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are burning through their cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are burning through their cash
+cushion reporting negative profits you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushion reporting negative profits you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushion reporting negative profits you
+see right and left even the Chinese tier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see right and left even the Chinese tier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see right and left even the Chinese tier
+one manufacturers are reporting negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one manufacturers are reporting negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one manufacturers are reporting negative
+earnings these this last quarter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings these this last quarter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings these this last quarter so
+that's a reflection not only of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reflection not only of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reflection not only of the
+oversupply condition but also the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversupply condition but also the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversupply condition but also the fact
+that they're continuing to expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're continuing to expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're continuing to expand
+despite the oversupply condition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the oversupply condition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the oversupply condition the
+idea being well we can withstand one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea being well we can withstand one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea being well we can withstand one two
+three four quarters of losses as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four quarters of losses as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four quarters of losses as long as
+we consolidate market share once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consolidate market share once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consolidate market share once we
+emerge from this oversupply condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge from this oversupply condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge from this oversupply condition
+we'll be able to increase prices a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to increase prices a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to increase prices a bit
+more and then return to a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and then return to a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and then return to a more
+sustainable Market but will be the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable Market but will be the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable Market but will be the big
+dogs and everyone else will be out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs and everyone else will be out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs and everyone else will be out
+so I think all companies right now are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think all companies right now are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think all companies right now are
+trying to play that game of of survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to play that game of of survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to play that game of of survive
+survive this oversupply condition make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive this oversupply condition make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive this oversupply condition make
+it through some are able to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through some are able to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through some are able to continue
+growing and other ones are just stagnant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and other ones are just stagnant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and other ones are just stagnant
+so the stagnant ones are going to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the stagnant ones are going to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the stagnant ones are going to become
+Niche players they won't be the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Niche players they won't be the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Niche players they won't be the major
+players in the market the ones who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players in the market the ones who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players in the market the ones who
+continue growing will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue growing will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue growing will be the
+80 90 percent of the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that so U.S doesn't do many feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so U.S doesn't do many feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so U.S doesn't do many feed
+and tariffs this goes back to the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tariffs this goes back to the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tariffs this goes back to the U.S
+case right here so due to lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right here so due to lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right here so due to lack of
+leadership at the national level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership at the national level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership at the national level
+there are a variety of state level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a variety of state level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a variety of state level
+incentives put forth right so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives put forth right so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives put forth right so these are
+the policies we kind of talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policies we kind of talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policies we kind of talked about
+this last class but to dive into a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last class but to dive into a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last class but to dive into a bit
+more detail the rebate programs for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail the rebate programs for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail the rebate programs for the
+Renewables these are State programs plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables these are State programs plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables these are State programs plus
+the utility and or the non-profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility and or the non-profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility and or the non-profit
+programs utility local and or non-profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs utility local and or non-profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs utility local and or non-profit
+programs only in state programs only so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs only in state programs only so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs only in state programs only so
+you see for example in in the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see for example in in the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see for example in in the state of
+Massachusetts we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts we have
+what used to be the the Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what used to be the the Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what used to be the the Massachusetts
+technology collaborative there was a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology collaborative there was a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology collaborative there was a bit
+of a power struggle within Mass state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a power struggle within Mass state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a power struggle within Mass state
+and it got incorporated into a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it got incorporated into a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it got incorporated into a more
+centralized organization downtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized organization downtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized organization downtown
+the uh so that used to be a non-profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh so that used to be a non-profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh so that used to be a non-profit
+organization which is now more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization which is now more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization which is now more
+affiliated with the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliated with the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliated with the state
+the state also has a rebate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state also has a rebate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state also has a rebate I
+we have a very different set of ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a very different set of ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a very different set of ways of
+doing things in say California which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things in say California which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things in say California which has
+the uh a clean energy commission that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh a clean energy commission that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh a clean energy commission that
+rates each module and gives you a rebate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates each module and gives you a rebate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates each module and gives you a rebate
+depending on what they rate the module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what they rate the module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what they rate the module
+as performing in California so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as performing in California so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as performing in California so every
+state is its own way of doing things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is its own way of doing things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is its own way of doing things and
+it becomes very complicated very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes very complicated very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes very complicated very quickly
+to enact a national uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enact a national uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enact a national uh
+incentive beyond the tax rebate that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive beyond the tax rebate that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive beyond the tax rebate that is
+already offered today is is challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already offered today is is challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already offered today is is challenging
+in this political climate especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this political climate especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this political climate especially
+because anything that you would do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because anything that you would do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because anything that you would do to
+raise the cost of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the cost of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the cost of something
+which most likely would come from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which most likely would come from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which most likely would come from some
+federal program right now the Republican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal program right now the Republican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal program right now the Republican
+party is demanding that there be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party is demanding that there be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party is demanding that there be an
+offset a reduction in spending elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset a reduction in spending elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset a reduction in spending elsewhere
+within the government and many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the government and many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the government and many of the
+discretion one of the places that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretion one of the places that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretion one of the places that are
+easy to cut have already been cut right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to cut have already been cut right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to cut have already been cut right
+and so you've gone through the fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you've gone through the fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you've gone through the fat
+you're now hitting muscle and pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're now hitting muscle and pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're now hitting muscle and pretty
+soon you're going to be hitting bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon you're going to be hitting bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon you're going to be hitting bone
+so it's difficult to enact something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's difficult to enact something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's difficult to enact something
+that the government would pay for it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the government would pay for it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the government would pay for it is
+even more difficult to enact something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more difficult to enact something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more difficult to enact something
+that the utilities and ratepayers would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the utilities and ratepayers would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the utilities and ratepayers would
+pay for at a national level because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for at a national level because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for at a national level because
+oftentimes those powers are delegated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes those powers are delegated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes those powers are delegated to
+the states and you would enter a big a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states and you would enter a big a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states and you would enter a big a
+federal versus State fight over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal versus State fight over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal versus State fight over that
+which would go to the courts most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would go to the courts most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would go to the courts most likely
+and be held up there for several years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be held up there for several years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be held up there for several years
+there are about 18 000 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are about 18 000 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are about 18 000 different
+independent jurisdictions within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent jurisdictions within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent jurisdictions within the
+United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States
+governing how solar is is added to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing how solar is is added to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing how solar is is added to the
+grid and so what the department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid and so what the department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid and so what the department of
+energy has done which I think is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy has done which I think is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy has done which I think is the
+wisest thing to do in given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisest thing to do in given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisest thing to do in given this
+situation that we have is to say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that we have is to say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that we have is to say okay
+we're not going to force anybody to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to force anybody to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to force anybody to
+change but we're going to give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but we're going to give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but we're going to give an
+incentive for people to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive for people to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive for people to change
+and like they had in the Department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like they had in the Department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like they had in the Department of
+Education erased the top where States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education erased the top where States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education erased the top where States
+competed against each other to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competed against each other to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competed against each other to implement
+best practices in education they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best practices in education they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best practices in education they're
+having a similar program on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a similar program on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a similar program on the
+installation side of solar trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation side of solar trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation side of solar trying to get
+various states to adopt the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various states to adopt the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various states to adopt the best
+practices to streamline the permitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices to streamline the permitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices to streamline the permitting
+process to get solar onto the Grid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to get solar onto the Grid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to get solar onto the Grid in
+the most efficient way possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most efficient way possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most efficient way possible and
+hopefully reduce the installation costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully reduce the installation costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully reduce the installation costs
+associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that
+so let's let's turn our attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's turn our attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's turn our attention
+quickly to installation since I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly to installation since I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly to installation since I want to
+give some time to have people ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some time to have people ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some time to have people ask
+questions about their class projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about their class projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about their class projects
+since time is running very short if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since time is running very short if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since time is running very short if
+you're hitting up against a a a a a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hitting up against a a a a a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hitting up against a a a a a a a
+roadblock I want to make sure that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roadblock I want to make sure that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roadblock I want to make sure that we
+resolve that I'll say a couple of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve that I'll say a couple of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve that I'll say a couple of words
+about the installation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the installation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the installation
+so if anything happened on Tuesday night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if anything happened on Tuesday night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if anything happened on Tuesday night
+I met with a colleague from Wisconsin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I met with a colleague from Wisconsin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I met with a colleague from Wisconsin
+and he said well I met the editor of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said well I met the editor of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said well I met the editor of of
+of I think it was an editor from one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I think it was an editor from one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I think it was an editor from one of
+the big journals will protect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big journals will protect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big journals will protect the
+innocent and this was a very high impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent and this was a very high impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent and this was a very high impact
+Journal scientific journal and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal scientific journal and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal scientific journal and he said
+well the majority of the cost right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the majority of the cost right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the majority of the cost right now
+is in the installation side not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the installation side not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the installation side not in the
+module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module
+in solar so I'm not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solar so I'm not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solar so I'm not going to be
+interested in any papers to my journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in any papers to my journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in any papers to my journal
+that describe new Concepts for Pb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describe new Concepts for Pb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describe new Concepts for Pb
+modules I'm interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules I'm interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules I'm interested in the
+installation side because that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation side because that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation side because that's where
+the majority of the cost is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of the cost is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of the cost is
+and I went oh my goodness here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I went oh my goodness here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I went oh my goodness here's another
+one who can't distinguish between cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who can't distinguish between cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who can't distinguish between cost
+and price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the installation cost right now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the installation cost right now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the installation cost right now let's
+focus on cost first and then we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on cost first and then we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on cost first and then we'll get
+the price so the installation costs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price so the installation costs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price so the installation costs in
+the United States is partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States is partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States is partially
+reflective of the fact that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective of the fact that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective of the fact that we have
+those 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 18
+000 different ways of doing it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 different ways of doing it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 different ways of doing it here
+versus in Germany there is one way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus in Germany there is one way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus in Germany there is one way to do
+it nationally the federal government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it nationally the federal government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it nationally the federal government
+said we are going to in demand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we are going to in demand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we are going to in demand that
+everybody in Germany uh install in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in Germany uh install in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in Germany uh install in in
+this protocol and the paperwork is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protocol and the paperwork is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protocol and the paperwork is very
+very brief it's a couple of pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brief it's a couple of pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brief it's a couple of pages
+to get it installed the inspection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it installed the inspection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it installed the inspection is
+one and so Germany has a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so Germany has a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so Germany has a much more
+efficient system and they've installed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient system and they've installed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient system and they've installed
+roughly six to seven times more solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly six to seven times more solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly six to seven times more solar
+than we have and if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we have and if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we have and if you remember
+experienced learning curves with when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced learning curves with when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced learning curves with when
+you have the the reduction of of cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the the reduction of of cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the the reduction of of cost
+the more you do it that means you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you do it that means you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you do it that means you have
+three doublings Germany has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three doublings Germany has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three doublings Germany has three
+doublings over us and even if you assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublings over us and even if you assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublings over us and even if you assume
+a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very
+leisurely 20 reduction for each doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisurely 20 reduction for each doubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisurely 20 reduction for each doubling
+that means Germany is about the half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means Germany is about the half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means Germany is about the half of
+the cost as we are because they've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost as we are because they've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost as we are because they've done
+it more they know how to do it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more they know how to do it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more they know how to do it more
+efficiently than we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently than we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently than we do
+okay so I that's that's on the cost side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I that's that's on the cost side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I that's that's on the cost side
+on the price side on the price side if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the price side on the price side if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the price side on the price side if
+you look around the US you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look around the US you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look around the US you have some
+states like New Jersey which had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states like New Jersey which had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states like New Jersey which had an
+amazing incentive program for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing incentive program for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing incentive program for a while
+and uh California is as well quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh California is as well quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh California is as well quite
+generous so there are certain states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous so there are certain states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous so there are certain states
+where it's almost like a gold mine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's almost like a gold mine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's almost like a gold mine and
+so there's no incentive for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no incentive for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no incentive for the
+installer to reduce their price their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installer to reduce their price their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installer to reduce their price their
+costs can be going down but their price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs can be going down but their price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs can be going down but their price
+can be maintained high and usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be maintained high and usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be maintained high and usually
+this isn't always the case but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't always the case but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't always the case but most
+Industries when prices are high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries when prices are high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries when prices are high
+the industry becomes lazy now this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry becomes lazy now this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry becomes lazy now this isn't
+always the case but it is often the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case but it is often the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case but it is often the case
+it is is not atypical that when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is is not atypical that when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is is not atypical that when the
+prices are high the industry says oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are high the industry says oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are high the industry says oh
+prices are high that's pretty good I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are high that's pretty good I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are high that's pretty good I'm
+enjoying myself right now I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoying myself right now I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoying myself right now I'm not going
+to be focused on cost reduction it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be focused on cost reduction it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be focused on cost reduction it seems
+that at least the the lower level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least the the lower level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least the the lower level
+managers suddenly become fixated on cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers suddenly become fixated on cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers suddenly become fixated on cost
+reduction when it's too late right when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction when it's too late right when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction when it's too late right when
+when margins have already begun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when margins have already begun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when margins have already begun
+shrinking when prices are collapsing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinking when prices are collapsing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinking when prices are collapsing and
+when it's do or die for the company then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's do or die for the company then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's do or die for the company then
+then all of a sudden cost becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of a sudden cost becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of a sudden cost becomes
+imperative so there are very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperative so there are very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperative so there are very few
+companies the ones that usually become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies the ones that usually become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies the ones that usually become
+leaders are the ones who recognize GE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders are the ones who recognize GE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders are the ones who recognize GE
+costs can't or prices can't remain high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs can't or prices can't remain high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs can't or prices can't remain high
+forever we have to reduce our costs now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever we have to reduce our costs now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever we have to reduce our costs now
+and and hey it'll it'll be even to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and hey it'll it'll be even to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and hey it'll it'll be even to our
+benefit because our margins will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit because our margins will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit because our margins will be
+greater we'll be able to take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater we'll be able to take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater we'll be able to take advantage
+of this right now and uh build up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this right now and uh build up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this right now and uh build up some
+cash so that when the prices do collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash so that when the prices do collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash so that when the prices do collapse
+we have we have some buffer and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we have some buffer and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we have some buffer and we can
+survive the the oversupply condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive the the oversupply condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive the the oversupply condition
+so um installers right now I I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um installers right now I I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um installers right now I I have to
+say I'm disappointed in in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm disappointed in in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm disappointed in in our
+installers in the United States uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installers in the United States uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installers in the United States uh for
+not doing more uh amongst themselves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing more uh amongst themselves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing more uh amongst themselves to
+reduce the amount of of paperwork for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the amount of of paperwork for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the amount of of paperwork for
+not taking leadership role in reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taking leadership role in reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taking leadership role in reducing
+the paperwork burden and the true cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paperwork burden and the true cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paperwork burden and the true cost
+of installing PV on the balancer system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of installing PV on the balancer system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of installing PV on the balancer system
+kaizing installation side I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaizing installation side I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaizing installation side I think that's
+a very resolvable problem you look to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very resolvable problem you look to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very resolvable problem you look to
+Germany and you have residential systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and you have residential systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and you have residential systems
+going in for below three Euros per Watt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in for below three Euros per Watt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in for below three Euros per Watt
+peak price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak price
+taking advantage of the low module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of the low module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of the low module
+prices right now and the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices right now and the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices right now and the fact that the
+installation costs in Germany are low as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation costs in Germany are low as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation costs in Germany are low as
+well so because they've learned how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so because they've learned how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so because they've learned how to
+do it well they've learned how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it well they've learned how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it well they've learned how to do it
+efficiently and they've reduced their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently and they've reduced their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently and they've reduced their
+cost structure so I personally I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost structure so I personally I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost structure so I personally I think
+there is innovation to be done on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is innovation to be done on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is innovation to be done on the
+installation side I think there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation side I think there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation side I think there's a lot
+that can be done with prefabrication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be done with prefabrication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be done with prefabrication
+maybe moving a robot out there that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe moving a robot out there that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe moving a robot out there that can
+assemble things in a big rack and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble things in a big rack and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble things in a big rack and a
+crane that puts it on the roof as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crane that puts it on the roof as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crane that puts it on the roof as
+opposed to having 10 people going out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to having 10 people going out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to having 10 people going out to
+a house and spending a couple days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a house and spending a couple days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a house and spending a couple days
+putting panels on the roof it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting panels on the roof it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting panels on the roof it's not that
+bad maybe it's more like a day but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad maybe it's more like a day but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad maybe it's more like a day but it's
+still a very labor-intensive uh industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a very labor-intensive uh industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a very labor-intensive uh industry
+right now in the U.S so more Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in the U.S so more Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in the U.S so more Innovation
+can be done but the Lions share the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done but the Lions share the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done but the Lions share the
+Lion's Share of the installation price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lion's Share of the installation price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lion's Share of the installation price
+right now is driven by what I would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is driven by what I would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is driven by what I would call
+just inefficiencies in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just inefficiencies in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just inefficiencies in the way
+installation is done and inefficiencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation is done and inefficiencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation is done and inefficiencies
+in the way the permitting process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way the permitting process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way the permitting process is
+done the paperwork is done so that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the paperwork is done so that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the paperwork is done so that's my
+soapbox speech on installation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soapbox speech on installation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soapbox speech on installation
+by all means there is innovation to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by all means there is innovation to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by all means there is innovation to be
+done so don't don't give up on that side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so don't don't give up on that side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so don't don't give up on that side
+either it's important it's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's important it's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's important it's where the
+rubber hits the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber hits the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber hits the road
+but I think it's not you can't just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's not you can't just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's not you can't just look
+at the the price of modules today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the the price of modules today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the the price of modules today and
+the price of installing the system today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of installing the system today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of installing the system today
+in the United States and realize that 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States and realize that 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States and realize that 80
+percent of the price right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the price right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the price right now is
+wrapped up in the installation and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped up in the installation and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped up in the installation and say
+oh well there isn't any more Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well there isn't any more Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well there isn't any more Innovation
+to be done in the module side you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done in the module side you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done in the module side you have
+to look at cost and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at cost and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at cost and you have to
+recognize that the module cost is driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that the module cost is driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that the module cost is driven
+by the efficiency of the module and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the efficiency of the module and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the efficiency of the module and the
+installation costs as well will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation costs as well will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation costs as well will be
+driven by the efficiency of the module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the efficiency of the module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the efficiency of the module
+and so the module being the engine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the module being the engine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the module being the engine of
+the system is still very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is still very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is still very very very
+important and so the work that folks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and so the work that folks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and so the work that folks are
+doing on New PV materials especially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing on New PV materials especially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing on New PV materials especially uh
+is is uh is important
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KXnHxZdn8NU.txt b/KXnHxZdn8NU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c678cd2ac98317c83b8345223d91dd59a3d72e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KXnHxZdn8NU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9443 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good morning everybody so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good morning everybody so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good morning everybody so we are
+going to continue today developing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue today developing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue today developing our
+model of of a neuron again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of of a neuron again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of of a neuron again this is
+called the equivalent circuit model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the equivalent circuit model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the equivalent circuit model and
+it was developed by Alan Hodgkin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was developed by Alan Hodgkin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was developed by Alan Hodgkin and
+Andrew Huxley in the 40s and 50s we let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew Huxley in the 40s and 50s we let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew Huxley in the 40s and 50s we let
+me just give a brief recap of what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just give a brief recap of what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just give a brief recap of what we've
+covered in the last couple lectures so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in the last couple lectures so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in the last couple lectures so
+we've been analyzing a neuron we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been analyzing a neuron we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been analyzing a neuron we've been
+imagining a an experiment in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining a an experiment in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining a an experiment in which we
+have a neuron in a dish filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a neuron in a dish filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a neuron in a dish filled with
+extracellular solution which is a salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular solution which is a salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular solution which is a salt
+solution we have a electrode in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we have a electrode in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we have a electrode in the cell
+that's measuring the voltage difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's measuring the voltage difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's measuring the voltage difference
+between the inside and the outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the inside and the outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the inside and the outside of
+the cell so we have the electrode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell so we have the electrode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell so we have the electrode
+connected to an amplifier a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to an amplifier a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to an amplifier a differential
+amplifier and a wire in the bath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and a wire in the bath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and a wire in the bath
+connected to the other side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the other side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the other side of the
+differential amplifier and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential amplifier and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential amplifier and we have a
+current source which injects current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current source which injects current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current source which injects current
+into the cell and we imagine that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell and we imagine that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell and we imagine that as the
+experimenter we have our hand on a knob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter we have our hand on a knob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter we have our hand on a knob
+that we can adjust the amount of current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can adjust the amount of current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can adjust the amount of current
+that's being injected into the cell we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being injected into the cell we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being injected into the cell we
+described the neuron basically as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described the neuron basically as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described the neuron basically as a
+capacitor because it has a it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor because it has a it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor because it has a it's two
+conductors separated by an insulator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors separated by an insulator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors separated by an insulator so
+we have a conductor one conductor inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a conductor one conductor inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a conductor one conductor inside
+the cell which is the conductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell which is the conductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell which is the conductive
+intracellular salt solution and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular salt solution and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular salt solution and another
+conductor outside the cell which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor outside the cell which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor outside the cell which is the
+conductive extracellular solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive extracellular solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive extracellular solution and
+those two conductors are separated by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two conductors are separated by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two conductors are separated by an
+insulator which is a phospholipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator which is a phospholipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator which is a phospholipid
+bilayer we wrote down the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilayer we wrote down the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilayer we wrote down the equivalent
+circuit for this which for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit for this which for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit for this which for this
+situation right here it has a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation right here it has a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation right here it has a voltage
+measuring device that represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring device that represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring device that represents the
+membrane potential as the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane potential as the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane potential as the difference
+between the intracellular voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the intracellular voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the intracellular voltage and
+the extracellular voltage voltage we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extracellular voltage voltage we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extracellular voltage voltage we
+have a current source here and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a current source here and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a current source here and we've
+represented our neuron so far as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented our neuron so far as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented our neuron so far as a
+capacitor we then introduced the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor we then introduced the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor we then introduced the idea of
+ion channels or conductances or pores in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion channels or conductances or pores in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion channels or conductances or pores in
+the membrane that allow ions to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane that allow ions to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane that allow ions to pass
+through the membrane through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the membrane through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the membrane through these
+pores and we described the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pores and we described the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pores and we described the idea that
+there are we talked about the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are we talked about the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are we talked about the idea that
+there are many different kinds of ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many different kinds of ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many different kinds of ions
+ion channels that have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion channels that have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion channels that have different
+interesting properties so we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting properties so we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting properties so we then
+extended our analysis of our neuron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended our analysis of our neuron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended our analysis of our neuron in
+the dish to include these ion channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dish to include these ion channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dish to include these ion channels
+we begin by putting by representing ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we begin by putting by representing ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we begin by putting by representing ion
+channels as a resistance that connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels as a resistance that connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels as a resistance that connects
+the intracellular space in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intracellular space in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intracellular space in the
+extracellular space this resistor is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space this resistor is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space this resistor is in
+parallel with our capacitor and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with our capacitor and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with our capacitor and we
+represented the current going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented the current going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented the current going through
+that resistance which we called the leak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resistance which we called the leak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resistance which we called the leak
+resistance R sub L we represented the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance R sub L we represented the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance R sub L we represented the
+current as leak current I sub L he noted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current as leak current I sub L he noted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current as leak current I sub L he noted
+that we were going to model this leak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were going to model this leak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were going to model this leak
+resistance using Ohm's law so we wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance using Ohm's law so we wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance using Ohm's law so we wrote
+down that current that leak current as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that current that leak current as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that current that leak current as
+the membrane potential V divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane potential V divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane potential V divided by the
+leak resistance okay so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak resistance okay so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak resistance okay so this is just
+owns law and we also rewrote our the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns law and we also rewrote our the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns law and we also rewrote our the
+quantity 1 over R 1 over the resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity 1 over R 1 over the resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity 1 over R 1 over the resistance
+as the leak conductance so the leak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the leak conductance so the leak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the leak conductance so the leak
+current is just the leak conductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is just the leak conductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is just the leak conductance
+times the membrane potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the membrane potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the membrane potential
+and we also introduced the idea of an IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also introduced the idea of an IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also introduced the idea of an IV
+curve which plots the amount of current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which plots the amount of current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which plots the amount of current
+flowing through this through our leak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through this through our leak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through this through our leak
+conductance here as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance here as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance here as a function of the
+membrane potential these V and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane potential these V and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane potential these V and for the
+case of a resistor for the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of a resistor for the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of a resistor for the case where
+we're modeling our leak conductance with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're modeling our leak conductance with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're modeling our leak conductance with
+Ohm's law that the current as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohm's law that the current as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohm's law that the current as a function
+of voltage is a straight line going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of voltage is a straight line going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of voltage is a straight line going
+through the origin whose slope is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin whose slope is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin whose slope is just
+the leak conductance okay any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leak conductance okay any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leak conductance okay any questions
+about that okay then we derived a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that okay then we derived a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that okay then we derived a simple
+equation for how the membrane potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for how the membrane potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for how the membrane potential
+evolves over time as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves over time as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves over time as a function of the
+injected current and we did that using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected current and we did that using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected current and we did that using
+Kirchhoff's current law which says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kirchhoff's current law which says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kirchhoff's current law which says that
+the sum of all the currents into a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of all the currents into a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of all the currents into a node
+has to equal the sum of currents out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to equal the sum of currents out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to equal the sum of currents out of
+a node where node here means a wire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a node where node here means a wire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a node where node here means a wire and
+so the sum of these currents is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sum of these currents is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sum of these currents is equal to
+zero there's a minus sign here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's a minus sign here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's a minus sign here because
+this current the electrode injected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this current the electrode injected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this current the electrode injected
+current is defined as positive going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is defined as positive going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is defined as positive going
+into the cell and these currents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell and these currents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell and these currents are
+defined as positive when they go out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as positive when they go out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as positive when they go out of
+the cell be substituted for the leak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell be substituted for the leak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell be substituted for the leak
+current the expression from Ohm's law so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the expression from Ohm's law so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the expression from Ohm's law so
+into this part of the equation here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this part of the equation here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this part of the equation here this
+term we substitute V M over R sub L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we substitute V M over R sub L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we substitute V M over R sub L and
+I apologize for the slight inconsistency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apologize for the slight inconsistency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apologize for the slight inconsistency
+in notation here sometimes I'm using VM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in notation here sometimes I'm using VM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in notation here sometimes I'm using VM
+and sometimes I'm using V I'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes I'm using V I'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes I'm using V I'll try to
+fix that but those VM is the same as V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that but those VM is the same as V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that but those VM is the same as V
+in in what you've seen so far and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in what you've seen so far and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in what you've seen so far and we
+also have an expression here for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have an expression here for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have an expression here for the
+capacitive current the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitive current the capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitive current the capacitor
+capacitive current through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitive current through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitive current through this
+capacitor is just C DV DT so we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor is just C DV DT so we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor is just C DV DT so we put
+those two expressions those make those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two expressions those make those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two expressions those make those
+two substitutions and we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two substitutions and we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two substitutions and we have this
+expression that relates the voltage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that relates the voltage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that relates the voltage in
+the cell to the injected current we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell to the injected current we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell to the injected current we
+rewrote this a little bit by multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrote this a little bit by multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrote this a little bit by multiplying
+through by the leak resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by the leak resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by the leak resistance
+and we rewrote this again making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we rewrote this again making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we rewrote this again making a
+couple substitutions we use tau in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple substitutions we use tau in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple substitutions we use tau in place
+of our C so that becomes a time constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our C so that becomes a time constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our C so that becomes a time constant
+and the infinity is this expression on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the infinity is this expression on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the infinity is this expression on
+the right our leak times the injected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right our leak times the injected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right our leak times the injected
+current so the equation that we now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so the equation that we now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so the equation that we now have
+the differential equation that we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation that we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation that we now
+have for the dependence of the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for the dependence of the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for the dependence of the membrane
+potential on injected current looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential on injected current looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential on injected current looks like
+this V Plus tau DV DT is equal to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V Plus tau DV DT is equal to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V Plus tau DV DT is equal to V
+infinity when we inject current into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity when we inject current into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity when we inject current into the
+cell we're changing the Infinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell we're changing the Infinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell we're changing the Infinity and
+then the voltage evolves as described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the voltage evolves as described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the voltage evolves as described by
+this differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so we're going to plot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so we're going to plot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so we're going to plot a
+bunch of things the infinity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things the infinity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things the infinity and the
+voltage in the cell as we inject a pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage in the cell as we inject a pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage in the cell as we inject a pulse
+of current so we start out with injected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of current so we start out with injected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of current so we start out with injected
+current equal to zero we step up to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current equal to zero we step up to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current equal to zero we step up to I
+knot hold a constant injected current I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot hold a constant injected current I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot hold a constant injected current I
+knot for some period of time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot for some period of time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot for some period of time and then
+reset the current back to zero so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset the current back to zero so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset the current back to zero so what
+does V infinity do as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does that mean good it does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean good it does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean good it does the
+same thing but multiplied by our sub L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing but multiplied by our sub L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing but multiplied by our sub L
+very good okay and what does what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good okay and what does what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good okay and what does what does
+the membrane potential do so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane potential do so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane potential do so let's start
+the membrane potential at zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane potential at zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane potential at zero so
+starting here what does the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting here what does the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting here what does the membrane
+potential do as a function else what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential do as a function else what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential do as a function else what's
+your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes stays at zero good it what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes stays at zero good it what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes stays at zero good it what's the
+what how do we say how do we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how do we say how do we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how do we say how do we say
+exponentially toward V infinity very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially toward V infinity very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially toward V infinity very
+good so it relaxes exponentially toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so it relaxes exponentially toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so it relaxes exponentially toward
+V infinity which is here and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V infinity which is here and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V infinity which is here and then what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very good and it does it relaxes with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good and it does it relaxes with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good and it does it relaxes with a
+time constant of RC and what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant of RC and what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant of RC and what that means
+is that the time it takes for it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the time it takes for it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the time it takes for it to
+relax to one ovary of its original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax to one ovary of its original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax to one ovary of its original
+distance from the Infinity is is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the Infinity is is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the Infinity is is given
+by tau okay all right very good and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by tau okay all right very good and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by tau okay all right very good and you
+can solve this differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve this differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve this differential equation
+that was on the previous slide for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was on the previous slide for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was on the previous slide for
+periods where the injected current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods where the injected current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods where the injected current is
+constant where the Infinity is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant where the Infinity is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant where the Infinity is constant
+and what you can see is that the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you can see is that the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you can see is that the voltage
+difference from the current V infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from the current V infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from the current V infinity
+relaxes exponentially to zero starts out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxes exponentially to zero starts out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxes exponentially to zero starts out
+at the initial voltage minus V infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the initial voltage minus V infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the initial voltage minus V infinity
+and you multiply that difference times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you multiply that difference times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you multiply that difference times
+an exponential that decays to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential that decays to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential that decays to zero and
+so the voltage difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the voltage difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the voltage difference between the
+voltage and V infinity decays okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and V infinity decays okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and V infinity decays okay so
+now we we then introduced the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we we then introduced the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we we then introduced the idea that
+neurons have batteries where do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons have batteries where do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons have batteries where do the
+batteries of a neuron come from anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries of a neuron come from anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries of a neuron come from anybody
+remember Stacy I remember you where did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Stacy I remember you where did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Stacy I remember you where did
+the batteries of a neuron come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good that's what the battery produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's what the battery produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's what the battery produces
+the battery produces a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the battery produces a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the battery produces a voltage
+difference both but biophysically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference both but biophysically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference both but biophysically what
+causes that voltage difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good ion selective pores good that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good ion selective pores good that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good ion selective pores good that's one
+component and there's another important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and there's another important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and there's another important
+component somebody else want to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component somebody else want to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component somebody else want to answer
+good excellent so we have two components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good excellent so we have two components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good excellent so we have two components
+ion concentration gradients and ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion concentration gradients and ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion concentration gradients and ion
+selective pores so basically if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective pores so basically if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective pores so basically if you have
+a high concentration of potassium inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high concentration of potassium inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high concentration of potassium inside
+the cell when you open up a potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell when you open up a potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell when you open up a potassium
+selective ion channel the potassium ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective ion channel the potassium ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective ion channel the potassium ions
+diffuse out of the cell leaving an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse out of the cell leaving an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse out of the cell leaving an
+excess of negative charges inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess of negative charges inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess of negative charges inside the
+cell that causes the voltage inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that causes the voltage inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that causes the voltage inside the
+cell to go down until there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell to go down until there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell to go down until there's a
+sufficient voltage gradient that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient voltage gradient that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient voltage gradient that the
+drift of potassium ions back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift of potassium ions back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift of potassium ions back into the
+cell driven by the voltage gradient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell driven by the voltage gradient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell driven by the voltage gradient is
+equal to the diffusion rate of ions out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the diffusion rate of ions out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the diffusion rate of ions out
+of the cell produced by the potential by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell produced by the potential by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell produced by the potential by
+the concentration gradients okay at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration gradients okay at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration gradients okay at
+equilibrium at the equilibrium potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at the equilibrium potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at the equilibrium potential
+there's a particular voltage at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a particular voltage at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a particular voltage at which
+there's no net current into potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no net current into potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no net current into potassium
+current into or out of the cell okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current into or out of the cell okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current into or out of the cell okay and
+that's what we mean by equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we mean by equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we mean by equilibrium
+potential otherwise known as the Nernst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential otherwise known as the Nernst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential otherwise known as the Nernst
+potential last time we derived the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential last time we derived the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential last time we derived the
+Nernst potential using the Boltzmann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nernst potential using the Boltzmann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nernst potential using the Boltzmann
+equation we the Boltzmann equation gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we the Boltzmann equation gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we the Boltzmann equation gives
+us the ratio of the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the ratio of the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the ratio of the probability of
+finding an ion inside or outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an ion inside or outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an ion inside or outside of the
+cell and that's equal to e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and that's equal to e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and that's equal to e to the minus
+energy difference of an ion inside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy difference of an ion inside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy difference of an ion inside and
+outside of the cell divided by K T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the cell divided by K T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the cell divided by K T the
+energy difference is given by the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy difference is given by the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy difference is given by the charge
+times the voltage difference the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the voltage difference the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the voltage difference the charge
+of the ion that we're considering times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ion that we're considering times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ion that we're considering times
+the voltage difference okay so we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage difference okay so we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage difference okay so we took
+the log of both sides solved for V n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of both sides solved for V n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of both sides solved for V n
+minus V out and we found that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V out and we found that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V out and we found that the
+voltage difference at equilibrium this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage difference at equilibrium this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage difference at equilibrium this
+is at thermal equilibrium that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at thermal equilibrium that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at thermal equilibrium that's what
+the Boltzmann equation tells us at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boltzmann equation tells us at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boltzmann equation tells us at
+thermal equilibrium what's the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal equilibrium what's the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal equilibrium what's the ratio of
+probabilities at thermal equilibrium the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities at thermal equilibrium the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities at thermal equilibrium the
+voltage difference is 25 millivolts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage difference is 25 millivolts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage difference is 25 millivolts
+times their log the natural log of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times their log the natural log of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times their log the natural log of the
+concentration of concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of concentrations
+okay and that's a sub K is the if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's a sub K is the if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's a sub K is the if you
+plug in that the potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in that the potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in that the potassium
+concentrations here that gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations here that gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations here that gives you the
+equilibrium potential for potassium or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium potential for potassium or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium potential for potassium or
+the Nernst potential for potassium all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nernst potential for potassium all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nernst potential for potassium all
+right so so it's so real neurons here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so it's so real neurons here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so it's so real neurons here on
+earth are kind of like cesium neurons on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth are kind of like cesium neurons on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth are kind of like cesium neurons on
+that early cesium ions on that alien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that early cesium ions on that alien
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that early cesium ions on that alien
+planet potassium potassium concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet potassium potassium concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet potassium potassium concentration
+inside of a cell is around 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of a cell is around 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of a cell is around 400
+millimolar and I think this is for squid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimolar and I think this is for squid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimolar and I think this is for squid
+giant axon which is a little bit alien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant axon which is a little bit alien
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant axon which is a little bit alien
+but yes go ahead yep so so if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes go ahead yep so so if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes go ahead yep so so if you think
+about the probability of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probability of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probability of finding
+potassium ion inside of a cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium ion inside of a cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium ion inside of a cell and
+finding a potassium ion outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a potassium ion outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a potassium ion outside of the
+cell the ratio of probabilities is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell the ratio of probabilities is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell the ratio of probabilities is going
+to be proportional to the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be proportional to the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be proportional to the ratio of
+concentrations does that make sense okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations does that make sense okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations does that make sense okay
+okay so given these concentrations a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so given these concentrations a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so given these concentrations a
+high concentration of positive potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concentration of positive potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concentration of positive potassium
+ions inside the cell a low concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions inside the cell a low concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions inside the cell a low concentration
+outside the cell we can take the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the cell we can take the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the cell we can take the ratio
+of those concentrations take the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those concentrations take the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those concentrations take the natural
+log of that that's about three log units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of that that's about three log units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of that that's about three log units
+the sine is negative because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sine is negative because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sine is negative because this is
+this ratio is smaller than one so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio is smaller than one so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio is smaller than one so the
+equilibrium potential for potassium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium potential for potassium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium potential for potassium is
+about 25 millivolts KT over Q for a mono
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 25 millivolts KT over Q for a mono
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 25 millivolts KT over Q for a mono
+valent Island ion is 25 millivolts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valent Island ion is 25 millivolts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valent Island ion is 25 millivolts so
+that Nernst potential is 25 millivolts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Nernst potential is 25 millivolts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Nernst potential is 25 millivolts
+times minus 3 so that equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times minus 3 so that equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times minus 3 so that equilibrium
+potential is about minus 75 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's now look at a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's now look at a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's now look at a different
+ion sodium so sodium has a very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion sodium so sodium has a very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion sodium so sodium has a very low
+concentration inside of a cell compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration inside of a cell compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration inside of a cell compared
+to outside that ratio is about a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to outside that ratio is about a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to outside that ratio is about a factor
+of 10 the natural log of 10 is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 the natural log of 10 is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 the natural log of 10 is it's
+about 2 log units right so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2 log units right so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2 log units right so what's the
+equilibrium potential for sodium anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium potential for sodium anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium potential for sodium anybody
+yes yeah plus or minus so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah plus or minus so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah plus or minus so it's it's
+about 2 log units times 25 millivolts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2 log units times 25 millivolts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2 log units times 25 millivolts
+right so it's plus plus 50 or so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's plus plus 50 or so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's plus plus 50 or so okay
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+how about chloride so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about chloride so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about chloride so this is
+interesting chloride is a negative ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting chloride is a negative ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting chloride is a negative ion
+it has a high concentration outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a high concentration outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a high concentration outside the
+cell and a low concentration inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and a low concentration inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and a low concentration inside the
+cell so when we open up a chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell so when we open up a chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell so when we open up a chloride
+channel what happens to the chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel what happens to the chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel what happens to the chloride
+ions which way do they go into the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions which way do they go into the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions which way do they go into the cell
+or out of the cell well good they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or out of the cell well good they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or out of the cell well good they're
+negative so what is that going to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so what is that going to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so what is that going to do to
+the voltage inside the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage inside the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage inside the cell
+we're negative good and the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're negative good and the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're negative good and the ratio of
+concentrations here is about 10 so log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations here is about 10 so log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations here is about 10 so log
+of 10 it's two-ish so what's the Nernst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 it's two-ish so what's the Nernst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 it's two-ish so what's the Nernst
+potential going to be about minus 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential going to be about minus 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential going to be about minus 50
+exactly if you plug in the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly if you plug in the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly if you plug in the actual
+numbers it's minus 60 okay great good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it's minus 60 okay great good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it's minus 60 okay great good
+here's an interesting one calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an interesting one calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an interesting one calcium
+calcium is kept at an extremely low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium is kept at an extremely low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium is kept at an extremely low
+concentration inside of cells because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration inside of cells because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration inside of cells because
+it's used as a signaling molecule when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used as a signaling molecule when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used as a signaling molecule when
+calcium comes into a cell it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium comes into a cell it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium comes into a cell it actually
+does things important so the so the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does things important so the so the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does things important so the so the cell
+buffers calcium it sequester's calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers calcium it sequester's calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers calcium it sequester's calcium
+into the endoplasmic reticulum and keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the endoplasmic reticulum and keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the endoplasmic reticulum and keeps
+the concentration in the cytoplasm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration in the cytoplasm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration in the cytoplasm very
+low the concentration outside the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low the concentration outside the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low the concentration outside the cell
+is about two the ratio is a pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about two the ratio is a pretty big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about two the ratio is a pretty big
+number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so
+if you okay why is why is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you okay why is why is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you okay why is why is the the
+coefficient here KT over Q why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here KT over Q why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here KT over Q why is that
+12 millivolts here instead of 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excellent so it's KT over 2 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent so it's KT over 2 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent so it's KT over 2 times the
+electron charge okay so that's 12 mil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron charge okay so that's 12 mil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron charge okay so that's 12 mil
+it's very good and so the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very good and so the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very good and so the equilibrium
+potential for calcium is very positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for calcium is very positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for calcium is very positive
+okay all right great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right great
+any questions about that so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that so these are
+the most important ions that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important ions that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important ions that we have to
+think about in terms of ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about in terms of ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about in terms of ionic
+conductances across across the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductances across across the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductances across across the membrane
+all right any questions okay good all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right any questions okay good all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right any questions okay good all
+right so let's go back to our neuron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's go back to our neuron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's go back to our neuron in
+the dish and we're going to consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dish and we're going to consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dish and we're going to consider a
+neuron that has a potassium conductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that has a potassium conductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that has a potassium conductance
+and a high potassium concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a high potassium concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a high potassium concentration
+inside the cell remember we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell remember we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell remember we can write
+down that the magnitude of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that the magnitude of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that the magnitude of that
+conductance as G sub k and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance as G sub k and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance as G sub k and now we're
+going to do an experiment we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do an experiment we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do an experiment we're going to
+measure the voltage in our cell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the voltage in our cell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the voltage in our cell the
+steady state voltage in our cell as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state voltage in our cell as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state voltage in our cell as a
+function of the amount of current that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the amount of current that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the amount of current that
+is either being injected or passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either being injected or passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either being injected or passing
+through the membrane okay it's steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the membrane okay it's steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the membrane okay it's steady
+state those two things are the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state those two things are the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state those two things are the same so
+we're going to plot the potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to plot the potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to plot the potassium
+current through the membrane as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current through the membrane as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current through the membrane as a
+function of the voltage of the cell okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the voltage of the cell okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the voltage of the cell okay
+so let's say that we inject zero current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that we inject zero current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that we inject zero current
+what's the steady state voltage in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the steady state voltage in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the steady state voltage in the
+cell going to be buddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this went through this uh-oh I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this went through this uh-oh I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this went through this uh-oh I have to
+cool okay I have a volunteer back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why why 25 millivolts and and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why 25 millivolts and and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why 25 millivolts and and we will
+assume the channel is open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the channel is open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the channel is open
+yeah so what is the so your answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what is the so your answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what is the so your answer is
+that the if if you inject zero current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the if if you inject zero current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the if if you inject zero current
+the the voltage is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the voltage is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the voltage is going to be the
+Nernst potential for potassium and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nernst potential for potassium and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nernst potential for potassium and that
+is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct
+but what is the actual number good it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is the actual number good it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is the actual number good it's
+going to be around negative 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be around negative 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be around negative 75
+millivolts okay so if we inject zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millivolts okay so if we inject zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millivolts okay so if we inject zero
+current we know a voltage of our neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current we know a voltage of our neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current we know a voltage of our neuron
+is going to be around EK or minus 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be around EK or minus 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be around EK or minus 75
+millivolts okay now let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millivolts okay now let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millivolts okay now let's start
+injecting current into the cell until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injecting current into the cell until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injecting current into the cell until
+the voltage gets to zero okay now are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage gets to zero okay now are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage gets to zero okay now are we
+going to be injecting positive current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be injecting positive current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be injecting positive current
+into the cell negative current what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell negative current what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell negative current what do
+we have to do inject positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do inject positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do inject positive or
+negative current to make the voltage get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative current to make the voltage get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative current to make the voltage get
+up to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive right because the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive right because the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive right because the voltage
+inside is negative so we need to inject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside is negative so we need to inject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside is negative so we need to inject
+positive charges and how much current do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charges and how much current do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charges and how much current do
+we need to inject if the conductance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to inject if the conductance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to inject if the conductance is
+G how much current to inject that V V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G how much current to inject that V V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G how much current to inject that V V is
+the voltage inside of our cell so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage inside of our cell so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage inside of our cell so you're
+getting there you're really close what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting there you're really close what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting there you're really close what's
+the answer a times G okay so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer a times G okay so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer a times G okay so we're gonna
+inject if current into our cell until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject if current into our cell until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject if current into our cell until
+the voltage gets to zero and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage gets to zero and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage gets to zero and if we
+inject different amounts of current into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject different amounts of current into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject different amounts of current into
+the cell and measure what the voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and measure what the voltage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and measure what the voltage is
+we get kind of a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for potassium conductance if you hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for potassium conductance if you hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for potassium conductance if you hold
+the voltage positive above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage positive above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage positive above the
+equilibrium potential potassium ions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium potential potassium ions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium potential potassium ions are
+going to flow out through the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to flow out through the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to flow out through the membrane
+is that clear let's hold that let's hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clear let's hold that let's hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clear let's hold that let's hold
+the voltage at zero which way are ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage at zero which way are ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage at zero which way are ions
+flowing so the ions are gonna be flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing so the ions are gonna be flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing so the ions are gonna be flowing
+out okay you hold the voltage at ek what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay you hold the voltage at ek what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay you hold the voltage at ek what
+happens to the potassium current goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the potassium current goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the potassium current goes to
+zero because you're now at the Nernst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because you're now at the Nernst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because you're now at the Nernst
+potential and if you hold the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and if you hold the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and if you hold the voltage
+below that the inside of the cell is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that the inside of the cell is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that the inside of the cell is now
+negative relative to the Nernst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative relative to the Nernst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative relative to the Nernst
+potential and currents going to flow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and currents going to flow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and currents going to flow in
+so notice that the current actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice that the current actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice that the current actually
+reverses sign around ek okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverses sign around ek okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverses sign around ek okay and so
+sometimes this voltage is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this voltage is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this voltage is called the
+reversal potential okay so you'll hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal potential okay so you'll hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal potential okay so you'll hear
+me sometimes to refer to the reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me sometimes to refer to the reversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me sometimes to refer to the reversal
+potential and that's just the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and that's just the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and that's just the same as
+the Nernst potential or the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nernst potential or the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nernst potential or the equilibrium
+potential okay so the equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential okay so the equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential okay so the equation for
+something that looks like this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this a
+straight line that's offset from zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line that's offset from zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line that's offset from zero is
+just this so this expression right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this so this expression right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this so this expression right here
+is going to be our basic model for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be our basic model for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be our basic model for how
+we describe the current through an ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we describe the current through an ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we describe the current through an ions
+as a function of the voltage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the voltage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the voltage of the
+membrane so current the potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane so current the potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane so current the potassium
+current is just the potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is just the potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is just the potassium
+conductance times the difference of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance times the difference of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance times the difference of the
+membrane potential from the reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane potential from the reversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane potential from the reversal
+potential okay so i ka equals G K times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential okay so i ka equals G K times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential okay so i ka equals G K times
+V minus ek we also have a circuit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V minus ek we also have a circuit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V minus ek we also have a circuit a
+little simple equivalent circuit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little simple equivalent circuit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little simple equivalent circuit that
+describes this relation okay and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes this relation okay and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes this relation okay and this is
+what it looks like we have a what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like we have a what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like we have a what we're
+going to do to just to include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do to just to include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do to just to include the
+effects of this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this eye on specific conductance in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eye on specific conductance in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eye on specific conductance in the
+presence of a concentration gradient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of a concentration gradient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of a concentration gradient is
+to take our conductor our resistor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take our conductor our resistor here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take our conductor our resistor here
+our conductance and put it in series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conductance and put it in series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conductance and put it in series
+with a battery so that's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a battery so that's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a battery so that's the basic
+circuit element that describes this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit element that describes this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit element that describes this kind
+of IV relationship why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of IV relationship why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of IV relationship why is that
+okay so let's break this down a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's break this down a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's break this down a little
+bit basically what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit basically what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit basically what we're going to do is
+we're going to equate this membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to equate this membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to equate this membrane
+potential difference between the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential difference between the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential difference between the inside
+and the outside of the cell this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outside of the cell this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outside of the cell this
+potential difference to the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential difference to the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential difference to the sum of the
+voltage drops across these two elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage drops across these two elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage drops across these two elements
+is it 1.5 volts the same as the battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it 1.5 volts the same as the battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it 1.5 volts the same as the battery
+in here Oh what is it that yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here Oh what is it that yes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here Oh what is it that yes that's
+the battery we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the battery we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the battery we've been talking about
+exactly so the voltage drop across this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so the voltage drop across this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so the voltage drop across this
+battery is EK what's the voltage drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery is EK what's the voltage drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery is EK what's the voltage drop
+across this resistor this potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this resistor this potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this resistor this potassium
+conductance what is it depend on what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance what is it depend on what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance what is it depend on what if
+the current is zero what's the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current is zero what's the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current is zero what's the voltage
+drop across a resistor whose current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop across a resistor whose current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop across a resistor whose current is
+zero zero Ohm's law right what what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero Ohm's law right what what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero Ohm's law right what what is
+it at arbitrary current what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at arbitrary current what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at arbitrary current what's the
+voltage drop across a resistor as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage drop across a resistor as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage drop across a resistor as a
+function of current good can somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of current good can somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of current good can somebody
+tell me what it is in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what it is in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what it is in terms of the
+quantities that we have we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that we have we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that we have we're looking
+for a Delta V across here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a Delta V across here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a Delta V across here
+okay so VM the membrane potential has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so VM the membrane potential has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so VM the membrane potential has to
+just equal the sum of those two voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal the sum of those two voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal the sum of those two voltage
+drops right so V M equals ek plus I k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops right so V M equals ek plus I k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops right so V M equals ek plus I k
+over GK and now let's just solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over GK and now let's just solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over GK and now let's just solve this
+for I K okay so that's why this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I K okay so that's why this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I K okay so that's why this little
+circuit element describes our potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit element describes our potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit element describes our potassium
+conductance that's the equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance that's the equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance that's the equation that
+goes with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes with it
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions
+oh all right let's push on this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh all right let's push on this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh all right let's push on this quantity
+right here by the way v - EK is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here by the way v - EK is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here by the way v - EK is called
+the driving potential if V is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driving potential if V is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driving potential if V is equal to
+ek then the driving potential is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ek then the driving potential is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ek then the driving potential is zero
+and there's no current okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the current through the channel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current through the channel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current through the channel is
+proportional to the driving potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's let's just so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's let's just so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's let's just so there's
+our new circuit diagram for our cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new circuit diagram for our cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new circuit diagram for our cell
+that's a capacitor whose membrane has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a capacitor whose membrane has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a capacitor whose membrane has
+little leaks in it where there's a I on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little leaks in it where there's a I on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little leaks in it where there's a I on
+specific permeability of the pore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific permeability of the pore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific permeability of the pore and
+ion concentration gradient to produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion concentration gradient to produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion concentration gradient to produce a
+battery all right there's our new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery all right there's our new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery all right there's our new
+circuit element you can see that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit element you can see that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit element you can see that we're
+getting awfully close now to the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting awfully close now to the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting awfully close now to the whole
+equivalent circuit model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent circuit model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent circuit model that
+hodgkin-huxley wrote down okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hodgkin-huxley wrote down okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hodgkin-huxley wrote down okay so let's
+let's just flesh out this equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just flesh out this equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just flesh out this equation here
+what is I sub K I sub K is just times V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is I sub K I sub K is just times V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is I sub K I sub K is just times V
+minus ek very good remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ek very good remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ek very good remember that the
+resistance R K is just 1 over GK and tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance R K is just 1 over GK and tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance R K is just 1 over GK and tau
+again is our K times C so let's massage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is our K times C so let's massage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is our K times C so let's massage
+this a little bit more we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit more we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit more we're going to
+write this down as V Plus DV DT equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down as V Plus DV DT equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down as V Plus DV DT equals
+ek plus R kie okay so what is that guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ek plus R kie okay so what is that guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ek plus R kie okay so what is that guess
+what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very good we wouldn't see why that's me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good we wouldn't see why that's me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good we wouldn't see why that's me
+infinity because if you set DV DT equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity because if you set DV DT equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity because if you set DV DT equal
+to zero V is equal to I K arcade I k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero V is equal to I K arcade I k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero V is equal to I K arcade I k
+plus R kie if you inject a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus R kie if you inject a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus R kie if you inject a constant
+current at steady state DV DT equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current at steady state DV DT equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current at steady state DV DT equals
+zero you can see that the injected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you can see that the injected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you can see that the injected
+current is just equal to the potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is just equal to the potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is just equal to the potassium
+current leaking out through the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current leaking out through the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current leaking out through the membrane
+that all makes great sense so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all makes great sense so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all makes great sense so that's the
+Infinity the voltage is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity the voltage is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity the voltage is just the
+differential equation is V Plus tau DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is V Plus tau DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is V Plus tau DV
+DT equals the Infinity is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT equals the Infinity is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT equals the Infinity is exactly the
+same equation we had before so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation we had before so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation we had before so you know
+that at every moment V is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at every moment V is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at every moment V is going to be
+doing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody together relaxing toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody together relaxing toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody together relaxing toward the
+infinity right okay where that's our new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity right okay where that's our new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity right okay where that's our new
+V infinity so we're going to play that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V infinity so we're going to play that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V infinity so we're going to play that
+we're going to do the same experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do the same experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do the same experiment
+again here's our pulse of injected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here's our pulse of injected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here's our pulse of injected
+current the Infinity is now starting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the Infinity is now starting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the Infinity is now starting at
+ek jumps up to ek plus RK i naught and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ek jumps up to ek plus RK i naught and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ek jumps up to ek plus RK i naught and
+then goes back down and the voltage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then goes back down and the voltage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then goes back down and the voltage of
+the cell is relaxing toward the infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so adding that just shifted this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so adding that just shifted this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so adding that just shifted this
+voltage trace down from zero remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage trace down from zero remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage trace down from zero remember
+this before this was sitting at zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before this was sitting at zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before this was sitting at zero and
+now it's sitting at minus 75 millivolts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions all right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions all right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions all right so we're
+going to come back in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finish fleshing out this model where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish fleshing out this model where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish fleshing out this model where we
+make those conductances depend on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those conductances depend on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those conductances depend on time
+as a way of describing the spikes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of describing the spikes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of describing the spikes that
+our neuron produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our neuron produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our neuron produces
+but before we do that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we do that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we do that we're going to
+talk about a much simpler model of how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a much simpler model of how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a much simpler model of how a
+spiking neuron behaved okay basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiking neuron behaved okay basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiking neuron behaved okay basically
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+instead of write down a detailed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of write down a detailed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of write down a detailed by a
+physical model of action potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical model of action potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical model of action potentials
+which is where we're heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where we're heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where we're heading
+we're just going to ask some simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to ask some simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to ask some simpler
+questions about how a spiking neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about how a spiking neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about how a spiking neuron
+behaves so notice that action potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves so notice that action potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves so notice that action potentials
+are really important right there they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really important right there they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really important right there they're
+the way neurons communicate with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way neurons communicate with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way neurons communicate with other
+neurons they send a signal down their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons they send a signal down their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons they send a signal down their
+axon release neurotransmitter on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon release neurotransmitter on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon release neurotransmitter on other
+neurons but most of the time a neuron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons but most of the time a neuron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons but most of the time a neuron is
+not spiking what is it doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that well could be other thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well could be other thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well could be other thoughts
+certainly sometimes it could be resting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly sometimes it could be resting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly sometimes it could be resting
+right it's well and and how does it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's well and and how does it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's well and and how does it do
+that it's part of it buddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's part of it buddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's part of it buddy
+yes integrating its inputs and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes integrating its inputs and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes integrating its inputs and it
+integrates those inputs and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates those inputs and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates those inputs and eventually
+it's bikes okay so so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bikes okay so so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bikes okay so so we're going to
+develop a model or look at a model now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a model or look at a model now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a model or look at a model now
+called not surprisingly integrate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called not surprisingly integrate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called not surprisingly integrate and
+fire okay that captures exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire okay that captures exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire okay that captures exactly that
+idea that a neuron spends most of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that a neuron spends most of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that a neuron spends most of its
+time integrating its inputs making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time integrating its inputs making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time integrating its inputs making a
+decision about when to spike and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision about when to spike and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision about when to spike and then
+spike and then starting over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike and then starting over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike and then starting over again
+okay so the other crucial piece of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the other crucial piece of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the other crucial piece of this
+is that for most types of neurons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for most types of neurons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for most types of neurons the
+spikes are really all the same the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes are really all the same the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes are really all the same the the
+details of the spike waveform don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of the spike waveform don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of the spike waveform don't
+carry extra information beyond the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry extra information beyond the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry extra information beyond the fact
+that there's a spike we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a spike we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a spike we're going to
+treat our spikes as Delta functions just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat our spikes as Delta functions just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat our spikes as Delta functions just
+discrete events at us at a single time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete events at us at a single time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete events at us at a single time
+and the spikes are going to occur when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the spikes are going to occur when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the spikes are going to occur when
+the voltage in the neuron reaches a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage in the neuron reaches a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage in the neuron reaches a
+particular membrane potential called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular membrane potential called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular membrane potential called the
+spike threshold okay now that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike threshold okay now that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike threshold okay now that's a
+reasonable approximation for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable approximation for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable approximation for many
+neurons it's not absolutely the case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons it's not absolutely the case but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons it's not absolutely the case but
+many neurons spike when the neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many neurons spike when the neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many neurons spike when the neuron
+reaches a particular voltage threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches a particular voltage threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches a particular voltage threshold
+and that's captured in this model called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's captured in this model called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's captured in this model called
+the integrated fire neuron and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrated fire neuron and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrated fire neuron and what
+we're gonna do is we're gonna take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do is we're gonna take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do is we're gonna take our
+hodgkin-huxley model and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hodgkin-huxley model and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hodgkin-huxley model and we're going to
+replace this these sodium and potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this these sodium and potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this these sodium and potassium
+conductances that actually generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductances that actually generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductances that actually generate the
+spike we're going to replace that with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike we're going to replace that with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike we're going to replace that with a
+very simplified model of a spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simplified model of a spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simplified model of a spike
+generator okay and it's going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator okay and it's going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator okay and it's going to look
+like this so basically the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so basically the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so basically the idea is that
+the cell gets input from either an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell gets input from either an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell gets input from either an
+electrode or from a synaptic input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode or from a synaptic input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode or from a synaptic input and
+it integrates that input until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it integrates that input until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it integrates that input until it
+reaches a voltage called V threshold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches a voltage called V threshold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches a voltage called V threshold and
+once it reaches a threshold we simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it reaches a threshold we simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it reaches a threshold we simply
+reset the voltage back down to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset the voltage back down to lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset the voltage back down to lower
+value called V reset okay and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value called V reset okay and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value called V reset okay and then we
+just if we want to we can just draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if we want to we can just draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if we want to we can just draw a
+line at that time and that's the spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but what really happens to the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what really happens to the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what really happens to the voltage
+here is that once the voltage hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that once the voltage hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that once the voltage hits
+vthreshold it gets reset back down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vthreshold it gets reset back down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vthreshold it gets reset back down to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+are any questions now that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are any questions now that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are any questions now that kind of
+behavior is not it's fairly common in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is not it's fairly common in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is not it's fairly common in
+neurons so this is an example of does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons so this is an example of does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons so this is an example of does
+the voltage in a cell in motor cortex of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage in a cell in motor cortex of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage in a cell in motor cortex of
+the songbird and this is from a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the songbird and this is from a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the songbird and this is from a paper
+from rich Muniz lab back in the back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from rich Muniz lab back in the back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from rich Muniz lab back in the back in
+1992 and you can see that if you inject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1992 and you can see that if you inject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1992 and you can see that if you inject
+current the voltage in this cell ramps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the voltage in this cell ramps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the voltage in this cell ramps
+up until it hits a threshold voltage it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until it hits a threshold voltage it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until it hits a threshold voltage it
+makes a spike which is very narrow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a spike which is very narrow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a spike which is very narrow in
+time but then the voltage v sets down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but then the voltage v sets down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but then the voltage v sets down to
+a lower voltage okay and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower voltage okay and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower voltage okay and then that
+process just repeats over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process just repeats over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process just repeats over and over again
+okay so now what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what we're going to do is
+we're going to calculate the rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to calculate the rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to calculate the rate at
+which a neuron fires as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a neuron fires as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a neuron fires as a function of
+how much current gets injected into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much current gets injected into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much current gets injected into the
+cell how much input a cell gets okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell how much input a cell gets okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell how much input a cell gets okay so
+we're gonna start by considering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna start by considering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna start by considering the
+case where the cell has no leaks in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the cell has no leaks in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the cell has no leaks in its
+membrane no conductances all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane no conductances all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane no conductances all right so
+let's plot voltage as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's plot voltage as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's plot voltage as a function of time
+so this is voltage as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is voltage as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is voltage as a function of time
+when we inject a step of current into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we inject a step of current into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we inject a step of current into
+the cell so what's going to happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell so what's going to happen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell so what's going to happen so
+the cell starts at some voltage and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell starts at some voltage and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell starts at some voltage and the
+current turns on what what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current turns on what what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current turns on what what's going to
+happen I'm some fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excellent like that very good then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent like that very good then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent like that very good then
+what's going to happen yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excellent like that and then what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent like that and then what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent like that and then what's
+going to happen so we inject a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen so we inject a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen so we inject a constant
+current into our cell and now our cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current into our cell and now our cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current into our cell and now our cell
+is going to generate spikes action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to generate spikes action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to generate spikes action
+potentials at regular intervals and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials at regular intervals and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials at regular intervals and the
+interval between those spikes is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval between those spikes is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval between those spikes is going
+to be controlled by how long it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be controlled by how long it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be controlled by how long it takes
+that capacitor to charge up from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that capacitor to charge up from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that capacitor to charge up from the
+reset voltage to the threshold so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset voltage to the threshold so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset voltage to the threshold so we can
+actually just very simply calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just very simply calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just very simply calculate the
+firing rate of this neuron as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate of this neuron as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate of this neuron as a function
+of how much current we inject into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much current we inject into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much current we inject into the
+cell right so the firing rate is just 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell right so the firing rate is just 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell right so the firing rate is just 1
+over that interval between the spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that interval between the spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that interval between the spikes
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now what do we do but I want to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what do we do but I want to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what do we do but I want to guess
+what the next step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do we figure out how long it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we figure out how long it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we figure out how long it takes
+we know this distance this is like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this distance this is like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this distance this is like some
+third grade word problem here come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third grade word problem here come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third grade word problem here come on
+somebody help me out you cross a river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody help me out you cross a river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody help me out you cross a river
+or you're paddling you know one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're paddling you know one second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're paddling you know one second
+to meet the rivers ten meters across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buddy anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hey how about right there white shirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey how about right there white shirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey how about right there white shirt
+what do you think it's yes no we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think it's yes no we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think it's yes no we're
+trying to calculate the time it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to calculate the time it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to calculate the time it takes
+for the voltage to go from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but what it depend on yeah yeah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what it depend on yeah yeah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what it depend on yeah yeah well
+what are you doing he's yeah but what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you doing he's yeah but what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you doing he's yeah but what do
+you are you cut you're calculating what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are you cut you're calculating what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are you cut you're calculating what
+you're calculating delta t and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're calculating delta t and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're calculating delta t and you're
+using what about this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello exactly right so if we knew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello exactly right so if we knew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello exactly right so if we knew the
+slope of this line we could calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of this line we could calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of this line we could calculate
+how long it takes to go from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long it takes to go from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long it takes to go from here to
+here right well let's do that so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right well let's do that so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right well let's do that so we have
+this equation see DVD wells I sub E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation see DVD wells I sub E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation see DVD wells I sub E
+what's the slope of this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now it's just dv/dt good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's just dv/dt good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's just dv/dt good
+so it's DV DT that's Delta V over delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's DV DT that's Delta V over delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's DV DT that's Delta V over delta
+T Delta V is just this voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Delta V is just this voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Delta V is just this voltage
+difference right and delta T is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right and delta T is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right and delta T is what
+we're trying to calculate so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to calculate so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to calculate so we just
+solve we just plug this into here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve we just plug this into here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve we just plug this into here and we
+just solve for one over delta T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solve for one over delta T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solve for one over delta T and
+that's just C Delta V times the injected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just C Delta V times the injected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just C Delta V times the injected
+current that's probably what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that's probably what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that's probably what you were
+saying right okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying right okay any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying right okay any questions about
+that okay so let's look at what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so let's look at what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so let's look at what that
+looks like the firing rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the firing rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the firing rate is
+proportional to the ejected current it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the ejected current it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the ejected current it
+goes through zero at zero injected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through zero at zero injected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through zero at zero injected
+current and that voltage is constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and that voltage is constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and that voltage is constant and
+the neuron will never fire but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neuron will never fire but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neuron will never fire but if we
+inject a tiny bit of current the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject a tiny bit of current the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject a tiny bit of current the voltage
+will slowly ramp up and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will slowly ramp up and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will slowly ramp up and it will
+eventually hit the threshold and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually hit the threshold and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually hit the threshold and then
+reset okay so the volt the firing rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset okay so the volt the firing rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset okay so the volt the firing rate
+is proportional to the injected current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to the injected current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to the injected current
+slope one over C Delta V if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope one over C Delta V if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope one over C Delta V if the
+capacitor is much bigger what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor is much bigger what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor is much bigger what happens to
+the firing rate slows down because as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rate slows down because as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rate slows down because as
+you inject current the voltage increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you inject current the voltage increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you inject current the voltage increases
+more slowly because the capacitance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more slowly because the capacitance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more slowly because the capacitance is
+bigger all right now let's add our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger all right now let's add our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger all right now let's add our our
+leak conductance back in okay alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak conductance back in okay alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak conductance back in okay alright so
+this leak conductance we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leak conductance we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leak conductance we're going to
+think of it as a potassium conductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a potassium conductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a potassium conductance
+okay so I'm gonna call it G leak because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm gonna call it G leak because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm gonna call it G leak because
+I'm gonna use something like that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna use something like that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna use something like that later
+in the hodgkin-huxley model but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hodgkin-huxley model but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hodgkin-huxley model but you
+should think about it just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about it just as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about it just as a
+potassium conductance okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what's going to happen
+let's go to our plot of voltage as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to our plot of voltage as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to our plot of voltage as a
+function of time during our injected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time during our injected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time during our injected
+current let's say that we start at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current let's say that we start at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current let's say that we start at the
+reset our our our voltage of the reset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually let's started it elique now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's started it elique now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's started it elique now
+what happens buddy yes good if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens buddy yes good if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens buddy yes good if the
+voltage starts here because there's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage starts here because there's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage starts here because there's zero
+injected current as soon as you inject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected current as soon as you inject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected current as soon as you inject
+current the Infinity jumps up to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the Infinity jumps up to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the Infinity jumps up to here
+let's say the voltage relaxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the voltage relaxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the voltage relaxes
+exponentially toward V infinity until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially toward V infinity until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially toward V infinity until it
+hits the threshold very good okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the threshold very good okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the threshold very good okay then
+what happens somebody else out but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens somebody else out but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens somebody else out but you
+in the gray shirt great so if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the gray shirt great so if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the gray shirt great so if you know
+the answer raise your hand will go much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer raise your hand will go much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer raise your hand will go much
+faster okay so at this point it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay so at this point it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay so at this point it will
+jump back down to where good and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump back down to where good and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump back down to where good and then
+what what else if you know the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what else if you know the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what else if you know the answer
+raise your hand just okay let's just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand just okay let's just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand just okay let's just do
+an exercise raise your hand everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise raise your hand everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise raise your hand everybody
+who knows a PI raise your hand up high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows a PI raise your hand up high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows a PI raise your hand up high
+okay now one of you say it everybody say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now one of you say it everybody say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now one of you say it everybody say
+it great music to my ears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it great music to my ears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it great music to my ears
+okay it relaxes exponentially back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it relaxes exponentially back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it relaxes exponentially back to
+the Infinity okay until it hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Infinity okay until it hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Infinity okay until it hits
+threshold and it jumps back okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and it jumps back okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and it jumps back okay
+keep still now what happens here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep still now what happens here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep still now what happens here the
+current turns off what happens who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current turns off what happens who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current turns off what happens who knows
+the answer to that question raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that question raise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that question raise your
+hands up high shout it out excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands up high shout it out excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands up high shout it out excellent
+okay it relaxes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is it illegal and injected that's V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it illegal and injected that's V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it illegal and injected that's V
+infinity so that's why it relaxes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so that's why it relaxes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so that's why it relaxes back
+to to Ely okay alright any questions no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to Ely okay alright any questions no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to Ely okay alright any questions no
+it's pretty simple right okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty simple right okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty simple right okay so it's
+pretty simple and we can actually derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple and we can actually derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple and we can actually derive
+the expression now for this delta T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression now for this delta T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression now for this delta T and
+therefore we can derive the equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we can derive the equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we can derive the equation for
+the firing rate as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rate as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rate as a function of
+injected current it's a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected current it's a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected current it's a little more
+complicated than the other one I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than the other one I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than the other one I'm going
+to go through it in a little bit less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through it in a little bit less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through it in a little bit less
+detail okay because the answer turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail okay because the answer turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail okay because the answer turns out
+to actually be pretty simple indeed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually be pretty simple indeed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually be pretty simple indeed so
+we're gonna calculate the firing rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna calculate the firing rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna calculate the firing rate
+which is just 1 over this delta T here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just 1 over this delta T here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just 1 over this delta T here
+before we actually get into the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we actually get into the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we actually get into the math
+what happens if the Infinity is down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if the Infinity is down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if the Infinity is down
+here notice the answer to that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here notice the answer to that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here notice the answer to that question
+raise your hands yeah shout it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hands yeah shout it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hands yeah shout it out
+it won't spike right good okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't spike right good okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't spike right good okay so the
+Infinity actually has to be above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity actually has to be above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity actually has to be above the
+threshold in order for that neuron to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold in order for that neuron to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold in order for that neuron to
+spike that makes sense okay so something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike that makes sense okay so something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike that makes sense okay so something
+is different already because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different already because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different already because because
+before we found that current we injected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we found that current we injected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we found that current we injected
+the cell would eventually spike but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell would eventually spike but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell would eventually spike but now
+what we see is when we have a leak the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see is when we have a leak the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see is when we have a leak the V
+infinity actually has to be above V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity actually has to be above V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity actually has to be above V
+threshold and so that means there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and so that means there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and so that means there's
+going to be some threshold current below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some threshold current below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some threshold current below
+which the neuron won't spike that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the neuron won't spike that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the neuron won't spike that's
+pretty cool we can see that right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool we can see that right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool we can see that right away
+so just I just want to find one quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just I just want to find one quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just I just want to find one quantity
+called the real base okay and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the real base okay and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the real base okay and that is
+that current at which the neuron begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that current at which the neuron begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that current at which the neuron begins
+to spike so if we start our cell i @v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spike so if we start our cell i @v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spike so if we start our cell i @v
+reset because let's say it just spiked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset because let's say it just spiked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset because let's say it just spiked
+so it relaxes exponentially toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it relaxes exponentially toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it relaxes exponentially toward the
+infinity but let's say that V infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity but let's say that V infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity but let's say that V infinity
+is right at Thresh so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right at Thresh so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right at Thresh so you can see that
+the time to reach the threshold is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to reach the threshold is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to reach the threshold is
+actually very long it if V infinity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very long it if V infinity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very long it if V infinity is
+equal to V threshold it will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to V threshold it will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to V threshold it will never
+actually reach it even when the infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reach it even when the infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reach it even when the infinity
+is equal to V threshold that the firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to V threshold that the firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to V threshold that the firing
+rate is zero because if you inject just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is zero because if you inject just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is zero because if you inject just
+a tiny bit more current now it'll begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tiny bit more current now it'll begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tiny bit more current now it'll begin
+to spike right we can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spike right we can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spike right we can calculate the
+injected current required to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected current required to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected current required to reach
+threshold that's called the real base we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold that's called the real base we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold that's called the real base we
+just set V infinity equal to V threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just set V infinity equal to V threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just set V infinity equal to V threshold
+right we use our equation for that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we use our equation for that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we use our equation for that to be
+infinity and we just set it equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and we just set it equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and we just set it equal to
+threshold now we just derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold now we just derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold now we just derive the
+injected current we just solve for I sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected current we just solve for I sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected current we just solve for I sub
+E that's the injected current required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E that's the injected current required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E that's the injected current required
+to make the Infinity reach B threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the Infinity reach B threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the Infinity reach B threshold
+and you can see that it's just leaked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that it's just leaked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that it's just leaked
+times V threshold minus aleni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all that a threshold okay so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that a threshold okay so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that a threshold okay so here's the
+way it looks the firing rate of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it looks the firing rate of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it looks the firing rate of this
+neuron is zero for low currents as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron is zero for low currents as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron is zero for low currents as you
+inject more current the Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject more current the Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject more current the Infinity
+increases but the cell still can't reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases but the cell still can't reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases but the cell still can't reach
+threshold until you inject an amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold until you inject an amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold until you inject an amount of
+current such that V infinity reaches V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current such that V infinity reaches V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current such that V infinity reaches V
+threshold and then it begins to spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and then it begins to spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and then it begins to spike
+and the firing rate increases rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the firing rate increases rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the firing rate increases rapidly
+going up that makes sense so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up that makes sense so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up that makes sense so many
+neurons have that property of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons have that property of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons have that property of having a
+threshold current above which you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold current above which you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold current above which you have
+to below which the cell won't spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright so now let's actually derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so now let's actually derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so now let's actually derive
+this the equation for this firing rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the equation for this firing rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the equation for this firing rate
+as a function of injected current so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of injected current so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of injected current so
+here's how we're gonna do that we the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how we're gonna do that we the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how we're gonna do that we the
+cell just spiked and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell just spiked and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell just spiked and we're gonna
+calculate the amount of time before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the amount of time before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the amount of time before the
+cell spikes again so we're gonna start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell spikes again so we're gonna start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell spikes again so we're gonna start
+the voltage at V reset we know that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage at V reset we know that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage at V reset we know that at
+some injected current above threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some injected current above threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some injected current above threshold
+the cell relaxes exponentially to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell relaxes exponentially to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell relaxes exponentially to V
+infinity and we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and we're just going to
+calculate how long it take equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how long it take equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how long it take equal to
+threshold so you know that that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold so you know that that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold so you know that that's an
+exponential right in fact we wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential right in fact we wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential right in fact we wrote down
+the solution to that exponential a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to that exponential a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to that exponential a bunch
+of times the difference from V to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times the difference from V to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times the difference from V to the
+Infinity decreases exponentially but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity decreases exponentially but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity decreases exponentially but we
+know a bunch of these values right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a bunch of these values right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a bunch of these values right we
+know where we know that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where we know that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where we know that we're
+calculating these voltages when tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating these voltages when tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating these voltages when tau
+equals sorry when t equals delta T right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals sorry when t equals delta T right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals sorry when t equals delta T right
+and we know the initial voltage that's V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know the initial voltage that's V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know the initial voltage that's V
+reset and we know the voltage at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset and we know the voltage at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset and we know the voltage at time
+delta T and that's just equal to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and that's just equal to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and that's just equal to V
+threshold so we can just substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold so we can just substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold so we can just substitute
+those quantities into this equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those quantities into this equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those quantities into this equation so
+now we have V fold minus V infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have V fold minus V infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have V fold minus V infinity
+equals V reset minus V infinity times e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals V reset minus V infinity times e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals V reset minus V infinity times e
+to the minus delta T over tau does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus delta T over tau does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus delta T over tau does that
+make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+everyone see what I just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're just calculating this time that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just calculating this time that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just calculating this time that it
+takes the neuron to relax exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the neuron to relax exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the neuron to relax exponentially
+from V reset to V threshold okay we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from V reset to V threshold okay we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from V reset to V threshold okay we know
+all these quantities so we just stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these quantities so we just stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these quantities so we just stick
+them into this equation and what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into this equation and what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into this equation and what do we
+solve for Delta T good okay so we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for Delta T good okay so we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for Delta T good okay so we take
+the natural log of while we divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural log of while we divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural log of while we divide
+through by V V reset minus V infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by V V reset minus V infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by V V reset minus V infinity
+take the natural log all for delta T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the natural log all for delta T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the natural log all for delta T so
+delta T equals minus tau natural log V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T equals minus tau natural log V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T equals minus tau natural log V
+infinity minus vthreshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity minus vthreshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity minus vthreshold
+over V infinity minus V reset it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over V infinity minus V reset it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over V infinity minus V reset it's kind
+of messy right it's I don't know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of messy right it's I don't know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of messy right it's I don't know the the
+shape of that doesn't really leap to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of that doesn't really leap to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of that doesn't really leap to my
+mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+okay so we're gonna do is actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amplify this expression in a limit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify this expression in a limit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify this expression in a limit in
+the limit that the injected current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit that the injected current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit that the injected current is
+large so what what happens here when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so what what happens here when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so what what happens here when the
+injected current is large what what gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected current is large what what gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected current is large what what gets
+big the Infinity gets big right when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big the Infinity gets big right when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big the Infinity gets big right when you
+inject a lot of current the Infinity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject a lot of current the Infinity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject a lot of current the Infinity is
+very high fence and when V infinity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high fence and when V infinity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high fence and when V infinity is
+really big this expression approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big this expression approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big this expression approaches
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and what is the log of one zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and what is the log of one zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and what is the log of one zero so
+this expression this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression this expression
+approaches one and this expression the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches one and this expression the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches one and this expression the
+log of that approaches zero okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of that approaches zero okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of that approaches zero okay so what
+we can do is do a linear approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do is do a linear approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do is do a linear approximation
+of this term right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this term right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this term right here
+okay here's what we do we're gonna work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's what we do we're gonna work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's what we do we're gonna work
+in the limit that V infinity is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit that V infinity is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit that V infinity is much
+bigger than B reset or vthreshold we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than B reset or vthreshold we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than B reset or vthreshold we're
+going to use the approximation that log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the approximation that log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the approximation that log
+of 1 plus alpha is just alpha so as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 plus alpha is just alpha so as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 plus alpha is just alpha so as this
+approaches 1 you can write it as 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches 1 you can write it as 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches 1 you can write it as 1 plus
+alpha whole thing there approximates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha whole thing there approximates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha whole thing there approximates to
+alpha okay and when you do that and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha okay and when you do that and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha okay and when you do that and you
+solve for the firing rate what you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the firing rate what you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the firing rate what you find
+is that the firing rate is just 1 over C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the firing rate is just 1 over C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the firing rate is just 1 over C
+Delta V times the injected current minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V times the injected current minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V times the injected current minus
+the threshold current threshold current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold current threshold current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold current threshold current
+is just the rhea base that we calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the rhea base that we calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the rhea base that we calculated
+before and what does that look like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and what does that look like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and what does that look like well
+what is the firing ray first of all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the firing ray first of all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the firing ray first of all it's
+just I I kind of simplified this a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I I kind of simplified this a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I I kind of simplified this a bit
+what is the firing rate when the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the firing rate when the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the firing rate when the current
+is below I threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is below I threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is below I threshold
+bro and then if it's above a threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bro and then if it's above a threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bro and then if it's above a threshold
+so this expression that I wrote right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this expression that I wrote right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this expression that I wrote right
+here is true only injected current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is true only injected current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is true only injected current
+greater than a threshold and it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than a threshold and it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than a threshold and it's zero
+below that so now what does this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that so now what does this look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that so now what does this look
+like firing rate is zero until you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like firing rate is zero until you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like firing rate is zero until you hit
+threshold and then what it increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and then what it increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and then what it increases
+linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this equation is linearly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this equation is linearly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this equation is linearly in the
+injected current alright the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected current alright the slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected current alright the slope is
+actually exactly the same as it was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exactly the same as it was for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exactly the same as it was for
+the case where there was no leak okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where there was no leak okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where there was no leak okay so
+the firing rate is zero once you hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rate is zero once you hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rate is zero once you hit the
+threshold that the firing rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold that the firing rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold that the firing rate of the
+neuron increases approximately linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron increases approximately linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron increases approximately linearly
+okay for large currents and if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for large currents and if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for large currents and if you look
+down here what you see is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here what you see is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here what you see is that the
+current actually the actual solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current actually the actual solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current actually the actual solution is
+that the firing rate jumps up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the firing rate jumps up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the firing rate jumps up at
+threshold and then tracks along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and then tracks along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and then tracks along the
+linear approximation so that the dashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear approximation so that the dashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear approximation so that the dashed
+line there is the actual solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line there is the actual solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line there is the actual solution that
+the solid line is the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid line is the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid line is the linear
+approximation okay and that right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation okay and that right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation okay and that right there
+is really a very good model for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a very good model for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a very good model for a lot of
+neurons okay most neurons sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons okay most neurons sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons okay most neurons sort of
+saturate a little bit they they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturate a little bit they they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturate a little bit they they're
+firing it kind of flattens out a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing it kind of flattens out a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing it kind of flattens out a little
+bit as you go to very high firing rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit as you go to very high firing rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit as you go to very high firing rates
+but that's a pretty good approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a pretty good approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a pretty good approximation
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delta-v is the is the difference from V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta-v is the is the difference from V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta-v is the is the difference from V
+rest V reset to V threshold those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest V reset to V threshold those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest V reset to V threshold those are
+just parameters of the model there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just parameters of the model there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just parameters of the model there was
+another question here Schuyler same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question here Schuyler same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question here Schuyler same
+question okay okay anything else hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay okay anything else hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay okay anything else hey
+that's the integrate and fire neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the integrate and fire neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the integrate and fire neuron
+that's probably the most commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably the most commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably the most commonly used
+model of neurons in neuroscience pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of neurons in neuroscience pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of neurons in neuroscience pretty
+simple all right I should say that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple all right I should say that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple all right I should say that's the
+most commonly used model of spiking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most commonly used model of spiking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most commonly used model of spiking
+neurons you can actually take neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons you can actually take neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons you can actually take neurons
+that behave like this and assemble them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that behave like this and assemble them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that behave like this and assemble them
+into complex networks and study how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into complex networks and study how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into complex networks and study how
+network interactions occur with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network interactions occur with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network interactions occur with a
+spiking model and this this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiking model and this this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiking model and this this model
+captures most of the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures most of the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures most of the interesting
+important behavior of spiking neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question Daniel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any other questions okay all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions okay all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions okay all right so
+let's come back to our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's come back to our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's come back to our our
+hodgkin-huxley model or equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hodgkin-huxley model or equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hodgkin-huxley model or equivalent
+circuit so what we just described was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so what we just described was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so what we just described was a
+model neuron in which we replaced these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model neuron in which we replaced these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model neuron in which we replaced these
+sodium and potassium conductances that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and potassium conductances that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and potassium conductances that
+actually produce these action potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually produce these action potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually produce these action potentials
+with a very simple spike generator but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very simple spike generator but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very simple spike generator but
+now what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we're going to do is we're
+going to come back to our model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to our model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to our model and
+we're going to flesh out the biophysical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to flesh out the biophysical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to flesh out the biophysical
+details that allow these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details that allow these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details that allow these two
+conductances River to produce action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductances River to produce action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductances River to produce action
+potentials all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fact most most of the time when we model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact most most of the time when we model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact most most of the time when we model
+networks of neurons we simplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks of neurons we simplify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks of neurons we simplify the
+spike generator to something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike generator to something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike generator to something like
+integrating fire spike generator but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating fire spike generator but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating fire spike generator but the
+fork that hodgkin-huxley developed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork that hodgkin-huxley developed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork that hodgkin-huxley developed for
+describing but time dependent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing but time dependent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing but time dependent and
+voltage dependent conductances it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage dependent conductances it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage dependent conductances it's so
+powerful and commonly used to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and commonly used to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and commonly used to describe
+conductances that it's really worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductances that it's really worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductances that it's really worth
+understanding that that mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that that mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that that mathematical
+description that physical description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description that physical description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description that physical description of
+ionic conductances and how they depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic conductances and how they depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic conductances and how they depend
+on voltage and times okay so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on voltage and times okay so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on voltage and times okay so that's what
+we're going to do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do next
+okay so the first thing we do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first thing we do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first thing we do is we
+notice that in the hodgkin-huxley model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that in the hodgkin-huxley model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that in the hodgkin-huxley model
+we have three conductances we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three conductances we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three conductances we have
+conductance which is very much like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance which is very much like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance which is very much like the
+leak conductance that we just used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak conductance that we just used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak conductance that we just used in
+the integrating fire model okay it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrating fire model okay it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrating fire model okay it has a
+reversal potential of around minus 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal potential of around minus 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal potential of around minus 50
+millivolts and it's just always on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millivolts and it's just always on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millivolts and it's just always on okay
+it's just a constant conductance we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a constant conductance we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a constant conductance we have
+these two other conductances a sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two other conductances a sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two other conductances a sodium
+conductance and a potassium conductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance and a potassium conductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance and a potassium conductance
+that are both time dependent and voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are both time dependent and voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are both time dependent and voltage
+dependent each one of those conductances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent each one of those conductances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent each one of those conductances
+has a current associated way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a current associated way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a current associated way that
+currents flowing through ion channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents flowing through ion channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents flowing through ion channels
+the total membrane current is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total membrane current is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total membrane current is just the
+sum of all of those currents that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of all of those currents that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of all of those currents that's just
+definition total ionic membrane current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition total ionic membrane current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition total ionic membrane current
+is just the sum of contributions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the sum of contributions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the sum of contributions from
+sodium channels potassium channels and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium channels potassium channels and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium channels potassium channels and a
+leak the equation for our hodgkin-huxley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak the equation for our hodgkin-huxley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak the equation for our hodgkin-huxley
+model and using Kirchhoff's current law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and using Kirchhoff's current law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and using Kirchhoff's current law
+the sum of all the currents into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of all the currents into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of all the currents into these
+nodes has to equal zero so the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes has to equal zero so the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes has to equal zero so the membrane
+ionic current plus the capacitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic current plus the capacitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic current plus the capacitive
+current equals the injected electrode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current equals the injected electrode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current equals the injected electrode
+cart now each one of these conductances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart now each one of these conductances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart now each one of these conductances
+or each one of these currents can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or each one of these currents can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or each one of these currents can be
+written down in the same form that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down in the same form that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down in the same form that we
+developed before for our potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed before for our potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed before for our potassium
+conductance okay it's just a sorry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance okay it's just a sorry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance okay it's just a sorry for
+the potassium current so the sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potassium current so the sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potassium current so the sodium
+current is just a sodium conductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is just a sodium conductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is just a sodium conductance
+times what what is that driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what what is that driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what what is that driving
+potential right the driving potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential right the driving potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential right the driving potential
+for sodium but the sodium ion duct ins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sodium but the sodium ion duct ins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sodium but the sodium ion duct ins
+now is voltage and time dependent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is voltage and time dependent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is voltage and time dependent and
+it's that voltage and time dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that voltage and time dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that voltage and time dependence
+that gives sodium can sodium channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives sodium can sodium channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives sodium can sodium channels
+the properties that they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties that they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties that they need to
+generate action potentials it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate action potentials it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate action potentials it's just
+analogous to what we already did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to what we already did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to what we already did before
+for the potassium conductance okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the potassium conductance okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the potassium conductance okay
+and here's the potassium current it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the potassium current it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the potassium current it's
+just G K times the driving potential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just G K times the driving potential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just G K times the driving potential for
+potassium and the potassium conductances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium and the potassium conductances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium and the potassium conductances
+voltage and time dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and time dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and time dependent
+and EK as -75 ena is +55 and hourly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and EK as -75 ena is +55 and hourly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and EK as -75 ena is +55 and hourly
+conductance the leak current rather is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance the leak current rather is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance the leak current rather is
+just the leak conductance times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the leak conductance times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the leak conductance times the
+driving potential for the leak current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving potential for the leak current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving potential for the leak current
+the difference is that in this model now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is that in this model now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is that in this model now
+the leak conductance is just constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leak conductance is just constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leak conductance is just constant is
+no time dependence it's always there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no time dependence it's always there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no time dependence it's always there and
+it's voltage into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's voltage into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's voltage into it
+all right any questions about that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the name of the game here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the game here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the game here in
+understanding how this thing works is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how this thing works is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how this thing works is to
+figure out where this time dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where this time dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where this time dependence
+and voltage dependence comes from what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and voltage dependence comes from what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and voltage dependence comes from what's
+that they're very close but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're very close but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're very close but the
+potassium equilibrium potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium equilibrium potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium equilibrium potential is
+always very close to minus 75 in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always very close to minus 75 in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always very close to minus 75 in some
+neurons it might be as low as minus 95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons it might be as low as minus 95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons it might be as low as minus 95
+but it's always in that range the sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's always in that range the sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's always in that range the sodium
+reversal potential is it's always you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal potential is it's always you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal potential is it's always you
+know plus 50 ish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it's highly consistent across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's highly consistent across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's highly consistent across
+mammals and the numbers for squid are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals and the numbers for squid are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals and the numbers for squid are
+pretty close to that as well I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to that as well I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to that as well I think
+these are the numbers first squid came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the numbers first squid came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the numbers first squid came
+from that come from hodgkin and huxley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay
+how how do these things generate action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how do these things generate action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how do these things generate action
+potential that's the next question just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that's the next question just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that's the next question just
+in principle how do you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle how do you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle how do you think about
+conductances like this generating action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductances like this generating action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductances like this generating action
+potentials okay but let's say that duct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials okay but let's say that duct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials okay but let's say that duct
+tense is here are 0 set those to 0 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense is here are 0 set those to 0 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense is here are 0 set those to 0 but
+those little arrows mean like variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those little arrows mean like variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those little arrows mean like variable
+or adjustable so we can imagine that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or adjustable so we can imagine that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or adjustable so we can imagine that we
+have our knob a hand on the knob and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our knob a hand on the knob and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our knob a hand on the knob and
+let's just turn those both down to 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just turn those both down to 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just turn those both down to 0 so
+what's the voltage in the cell going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the voltage in the cell going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the voltage in the cell going to
+be what is this I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I left this is one of those moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I left this is one of those moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I left this is one of those moments
+where everybody knows the answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everybody knows the answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everybody knows the answer and
+they're just not saying it but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just not saying it but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just not saying it but in
+Schuyler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so roughly the the it's it's closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so roughly the the it's it's closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so roughly the the it's it's closer
+it's minus 50 in this case okay good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus 50 in this case okay good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus 50 in this case okay good so
+if these conductances are zero then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these conductances are zero then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these conductances are zero then the
+cell is going to be sitting at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is going to be sitting at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is going to be sitting at the
+voltage of this battery right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage of this battery right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage of this battery right there's
+zero current steady state zero current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero current steady state zero current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero current steady state zero current
+the voltage drop across here is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage drop across here is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage drop across here is zero
+because there's zero current and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's zero current and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's zero current and so the
+inside of the cell had better be sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the cell had better be sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the cell had better be sitting
+at that voltage of that battery which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that voltage of that battery which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that voltage of that battery which is
+minus 50 so now what happens if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 50 so now what happens if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 50 so now what happens if we
+suddenly turn on a conductance so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly turn on a conductance so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly turn on a conductance so what
+do I mean by turn on a conductance we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean by turn on a conductance we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean by turn on a conductance we
+make the resistance really small or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the resistance really small or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the resistance really small or we
+make the conductance really big right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the conductance really big right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the conductance really big right so
+what are we doing let's turn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we doing let's turn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we doing let's turn that
+conductance on as much as possible which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance on as much as possible which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance on as much as possible which
+means we're setting that resistor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we're setting that resistor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we're setting that resistor to
+zero actually if this resistance is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero actually if this resistance is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero actually if this resistance is zero
+then the voltage drop across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the voltage inside has to just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it has to be set to that the voltage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be set to that the voltage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be set to that the voltage of
+that battery does that make sense well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that battery does that make sense well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that battery does that make sense well
+if we have no conductance here then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have no conductance here then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have no conductance here then the
+voltage is I the cell will relax toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is I the cell will relax toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is I the cell will relax toward
+ISA bail but if we now turn on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISA bail but if we now turn on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISA bail but if we now turn on this
+conductance we set that resistor to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance we set that resistor to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance we set that resistor to zero
+voltage will jump up volt it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage will jump up volt it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage will jump up volt it that
+resistor back up to some big value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor back up to some big value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor back up to some big value
+what's the voltage going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+laughs back to ISA Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughs back to ISA Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughs back to ISA Val
+okay so Daniel made this nice simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Daniel made this nice simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Daniel made this nice simulation
+of what happens so here's here's what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what happens so here's here's what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what happens so here's here's what is
+going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen
+these conductances are going to start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conductances are going to start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conductances are going to start at
+zero we're going to oh wait okay these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we're going to oh wait okay these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we're going to oh wait okay these
+conductances are going to start at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductances are going to start at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductances are going to start at zero
+and then we're going to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to make this
+resistor small not zero but small then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor small not zero but small then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor small not zero but small then
+we're going to make this resistor big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make this resistor big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make this resistor big
+and we're gonna make that resistor small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna make that resistor small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna make that resistor small
+okay so watch what happens though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so watch what happens though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so watch what happens though the
+conductances are going to be plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductances are going to be plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductances are going to be plotted
+along the bottom and the voltage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the bottom and the voltage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the bottom and the voltage of the
+cell is going to be plotted as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is going to be plotted as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is going to be plotted as a
+function of time here and the green and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time here and the green and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time here and the green and
+red show that the reversal potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red show that the reversal potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red show that the reversal potentials
+for the sodium and potassium okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the so
+conductance just got turned on and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance just got turned on and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance just got turned on and what
+happened the voltage of the cell jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened the voltage of the cell jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened the voltage of the cell jumps
+up T we turn on the potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up T we turn on the potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up T we turn on the potassium
+conductance and we turn off the sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance and we turn off the sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance and we turn off the sodium
+conductance and the voltage gets dragged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance and the voltage gets dragged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance and the voltage gets dragged
+down to e K then when we turn off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to e K then when we turn off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to e K then when we turn off the
+potassium conductance the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium conductance the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium conductance the voltage
+relaxes back up to oh look inductances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxes back up to oh look inductances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxes back up to oh look inductances
+are just knobs that allow the cell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just knobs that allow the cell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just knobs that allow the cell to
+control its voltage anthropomorphic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control its voltage anthropomorphic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control its voltage anthropomorphic way
+to put it you can control the voltage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it you can control the voltage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it you can control the voltage of
+the cell just by setting those the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell just by setting those the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell just by setting those the
+values of those resistors if you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of those resistors if you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of those resistors if you make
+this resistor really small and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this resistor really small and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this resistor really small and that
+resistor big the voltage jumps up toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor big the voltage jumps up toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor big the voltage jumps up toward
+ene why is that because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ene why is that because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ene why is that because you're
+connecting the inside of the cell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting the inside of the cell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting the inside of the cell to
+that battery turn that off and then turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that battery turn that off and then turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that battery turn that off and then turn
+on this conductance are setting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this conductance are setting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this conductance are setting that
+resistor to be very small now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor to be very small now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor to be very small now you're
+connecting the inside of your cell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting the inside of your cell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting the inside of your cell to
+this battery which is negative down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this battery which is negative down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this battery which is negative down here
+so you can just control the lose of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just control the lose of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just control the lose of the
+cell up and down just by twiddling these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell up and down just by twiddling these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell up and down just by twiddling these
+knobs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs okay
+another way to think about it is this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think about it is this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think about it is this if
+this resistor is big then if you set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this resistor is big then if you set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this resistor is big then if you set
+that resistor to be really small then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resistor to be really small then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resistor to be really small then
+this the voltage here dominates so over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the voltage here dominates so over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the voltage here dominates so over
+the timescale of any process that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timescale of any process that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timescale of any process that we're
+considering here the ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering here the ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering here the ionic
+concentrations inside the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations inside the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations inside the cell and
+outside of the cell don't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the cell don't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the cell don't change
+that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so you said both of these to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the conductance is really high that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the conductance is really high that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the conductance is really high that
+means setting the resistors really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means setting the resistors really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means setting the resistors really small
+then oh that's a great question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oh that's a great question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oh that's a great question what
+happens zactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens zactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens zactly
+that's exactly right if you set both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right if you set both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right if you set both of
+these if you turn on both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these if you turn on both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these if you turn on both of these
+conductances then the voltage goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductances then the voltage goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductances then the voltage goes
+somewhere in the middle okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the middle okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the middle okay and the
+voltage that it goes to is actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that it goes to is actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that it goes to is actually you
+have two nerds potential that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two nerds potential that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two nerds potential that we
+calculated is is calculated only for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated is is calculated only for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated is is calculated only for the
+case where you have one ion okay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where you have one ion okay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where you have one ion okay if you
+want to calculate the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate the equilibrium
+potential when you have multiple pores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential when you have multiple pores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential when you have multiple pores
+open then you have to use you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open then you have to use you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open then you have to use you have to
+use a different method of calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a different method of calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a different method of calculating
+you have actually calculate the currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have actually calculate the currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have actually calculate the currents
+flowing in each one of those channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing in each one of those channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing in each one of those channels
+and based on the permeabilities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and based on the permeabilities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and based on the permeabilities of the
+channels and you get a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and you get a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and you get a different
+expression called the goldman Hodgkin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression called the goldman Hodgkin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression called the goldman Hodgkin
+katz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+katz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+katz
+equation okay but the bottom line is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay but the bottom line is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay but the bottom line is if
+you open up both of those and says it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open up both of those and says it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open up both of those and says it's
+somewhere in the middle and if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the middle and if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the middle and if you want
+to get the exact right answer you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the exact right answer you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the exact right answer you have
+to use the ghk equation yes okay almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the ghk equation yes okay almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the ghk equation yes okay almost
+we're not quite there yet we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not quite there yet we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not quite there yet we're going to
+get there but you can see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there but you can see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there but you can see what happens
+here is that these conductances are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that these conductances are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that these conductances are
+actually voltage dependent so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually voltage dependent so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually voltage dependent so for
+example the sodium conductance turns on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the sodium conductance turns on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the sodium conductance turns on
+at higher voltages when this conductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at higher voltages when this conductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at higher voltages when this conductance
+starts getting bigger what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts getting bigger what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts getting bigger what happens to
+the voltage in the cell it starts going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage in the cell it starts going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage in the cell it starts going
+up right but if this is voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right but if this is voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right but if this is voltage
+dependent and it turns on at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and it turns on at higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and it turns on at higher
+voltage what happens to the conductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage what happens to the conductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage what happens to the conductance
+when the voltage gets a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the voltage gets a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the voltage gets a little bit
+bigger what happens to the conductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger what happens to the conductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger what happens to the conductance
+which does what to the voltage makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does what to the voltage makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does what to the voltage makes it
+go up even faster right and so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up even faster right and so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up even faster right and so you get
+this runaway process where where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this runaway process where where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this runaway process where where the
+vault where the can disconnect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vault where the can disconnect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vault where the can disconnect
+but the essential picture that I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the essential picture that I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the essential picture that I wanted
+you to get from this from this slide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get from this from this slide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get from this from this slide is
+that these are just knobs and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are just knobs and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are just knobs and when you
+turn the knobs you can change the volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the knobs you can change the volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the knobs you can change the volt
+that controls the voltage in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that controls the voltage in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that controls the voltage in the cell
+each one of these is causing the cell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these is causing the cell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these is causing the cell to
+be dragged toward its reversal potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dragged toward its reversal potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dragged toward its reversal potential
+this conductance is big this conductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conductance is big this conductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conductance is big this conductance
+is big that voltage in the cell gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big that voltage in the cell gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big that voltage in the cell gets
+dragged toward ene if octants is big the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragged toward ene if octants is big the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragged toward ene if octants is big the
+voltage in the cell gets dragged toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage in the cell gets dragged toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage in the cell gets dragged toward
+ek okay alright and next time we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ek okay alright and next time we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ek okay alright and next time we're
+going to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the process we're gonna describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process we're gonna describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process we're gonna describe the
+process to derive the voltage dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to derive the voltage dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to derive the voltage dependence
+of those I introduced the sodium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those I introduced the sodium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those I introduced the sodium and
+potassium ion channels to derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium ion channels to derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium ion channels to derive the
+voltage dependence and the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage dependence and the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage dependence and the time
+dependence that explains how you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence that explains how you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence that explains how you get
+this action potential in a neuron okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this action potential in a neuron okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this action potential in a neuron okay
+all right so that's next Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KmoodT_3XPQ.txt b/KmoodT_3XPQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4207d345d5eecab10042b3bb502c1c761a38c446
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KmoodT_3XPQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20791 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so what we're calling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what we're calling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what we're calling this
+enabling conditions hypothesis i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling conditions hypothesis i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling conditions hypothesis i did
+send you an op-ed that was published i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you an op-ed that was published i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you an op-ed that was published i
+think about two years ago in a newspaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about two years ago in a newspaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about two years ago in a newspaper
+in bangladesh neither necessary not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bangladesh neither necessary not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bangladesh neither necessary not
+sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient
+so this is what the idea was neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what the idea was neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what the idea was neither
+necessary not sufficient three enabling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary not sufficient three enabling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary not sufficient three enabling
+conditions for effective transboundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for effective transboundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for effective transboundary
+water management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water management
+so i started with this idea that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i started with this idea that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i started with this idea that does
+life cause death does oxygen cause fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cause death does oxygen cause fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cause death does oxygen cause fire
+does rain cause flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does rain cause flood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does rain cause flood
+what it means essentially then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means essentially then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means essentially then if you
+look at these three questions going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these three questions going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these three questions going from
+very philosophical point of view that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very philosophical point of view that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very philosophical point of view that
+life caused death of course you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life caused death of course you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life caused death of course you need
+life before you can die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life before you can die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life before you can die
+just because if you are not alive you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because if you are not alive you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because if you are not alive you
+cannot die so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot die so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot die so
+but does it cause it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does it cause it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does it cause it
+a same thing with oxygen really oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a same thing with oxygen really oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a same thing with oxygen really oxygen
+does it cause fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it cause fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it cause fire
+why is this important because right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this important because right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this important because right now
+i'm sitting in my room i have oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sitting in my room i have oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sitting in my room i have oxygen
+but there is no fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is no fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is no fire
+but think about a situation really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but think about a situation really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but think about a situation really about
+maybe five thousand years ago when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe five thousand years ago when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe five thousand years ago when we
+did not know about all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not know about all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not know about all of this
+and we had lot of fire in many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had lot of fire in many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had lot of fire in many different
+places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places
+there you are a scientist scientifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you are a scientist scientifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you are a scientist scientifically
+minded individual you went and measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minded individual you went and measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minded individual you went and measured
+everywhere and you find that in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and you find that in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and you find that in every
+place there is a fire there is oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place there is a fire there is oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place there is a fire there is oxygen
+so then you have a theory now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you have a theory now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you have a theory now
+that theory tells you oxygen cause fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theory tells you oxygen cause fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theory tells you oxygen cause fire
+it's a good theory because i don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good theory because i don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good theory because i don't think
+basically think about it like 5000 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically think about it like 5000 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically think about it like 5000 years
+ago i did not know any of this chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago i did not know any of this chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago i did not know any of this chemistry
+i did not know oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did not know oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did not know oxygen
+but i found out certain things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i found out certain things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i found out certain things are
+present in all situations when there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in all situations when there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in all situations when there is
+fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire
+so now i am basically very brilliant i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i am basically very brilliant i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i am basically very brilliant i
+came up with a theory oxygen caused fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the fundamental problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the fundamental problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the fundamental problem of
+cause and effect or observing certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause and effect or observing certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause and effect or observing certain
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+by observing certain other things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by observing certain other things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by observing certain other things and
+trying to link them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what i argue that this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i argue that this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i argue that this is really
+fundamentally what scientific methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally what scientific methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally what scientific methods
+are all about you take observations then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all about you take observations then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all about you take observations then
+you formulate a hypothesis and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you formulate a hypothesis and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you formulate a hypothesis and then you
+test it and then you refine it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it and then you refine it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it and then you refine it
+so now if you are 5000 years ago then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if you are 5000 years ago then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if you are 5000 years ago then
+how do you know that oxygen is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know that oxygen is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know that oxygen is not
+causing the fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing the fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing the fire
+what do you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is where this idea of necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where this idea of necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where this idea of necessary
+sufficient conditions become extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient conditions become extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient conditions become extremely
+problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic
+in this particular case now you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular case now you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular case now you know
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+like for example in my room right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example in my room right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example in my room right now
+i'm sitting here there is oxygen but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sitting here there is oxygen but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sitting here there is oxygen but
+there's no fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no fire
+so that means why it's not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means why it's not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means why it's not there
+so you may see oxygen is necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may see oxygen is necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may see oxygen is necessary
+but not sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not sufficient
+what is sufficient then you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is sufficient then you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is sufficient then you need to have
+some trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trigger
+if you have a trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a trigger
+then it will start fires if you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will start fires if you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will start fires if you now
+start basically put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fire here with you maybe with a candle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire here with you maybe with a candle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire here with you maybe with a candle
+or something that means my house may get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something that means my house may get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something that means my house may get
+into fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into fire
+so that's the distinction you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the distinction you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the distinction you need to
+make say but this is right now may seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make say but this is right now may seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make say but this is right now may seem
+very obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very obvious
+but when you get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you get into the
+messiness of say transboundary water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messiness of say transboundary water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messiness of say transboundary water
+management or other complex problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management or other complex problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management or other complex problems
+there are many many causes can create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many many causes can create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many many causes can create an
+outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+many many causes can create something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many causes can create something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many causes can create something
+that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see
+so far that what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far that what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far that what you see
+then you try to attribute some cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you try to attribute some cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you try to attribute some cause
+and then you get into this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get into this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get into this idea of
+necessary and sufficient conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and sufficient conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and sufficient conditions
+what we are arguing really in complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are arguing really in complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are arguing really in complexity
+that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no
+in complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in complexity
+problems or the problems which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or the problems which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or the problems which are
+complex but many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables and actors and institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and actors and institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and actors and institutions
+are interacting with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interacting with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interacting with each other
+you simply cannot isolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simply cannot isolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simply cannot isolate
+cause and effect very cleanly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause and effect very cleanly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause and effect very cleanly
+there are causes of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are causes of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are causes of course
+but those are not easily identifiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those are not easily identifiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those are not easily identifiable
+as a result you get into trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result you get into trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result you get into trouble
+what happens really you may identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens really you may identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens really you may identify
+something as cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as cause
+then very quickly you find out that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then very quickly you find out that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then very quickly you find out that is
+not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case
+and you are seeing this with covet 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are seeing this with covet 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are seeing this with covet 19
+over the last 14 months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 14 months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 14 months
+we have attributed to many many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have attributed to many many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have attributed to many many things
+as a causal condition then later on we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a causal condition then later on we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a causal condition then later on we
+found out that may not be and we even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that may not be and we even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that may not be and we even
+found out that all kinds of solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that all kinds of solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that all kinds of solutions
+starting from using bleach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from using bleach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from using bleach
+from our president but these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our president but these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our president but these are all
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+just trying to relate some arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to relate some arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to relate some arbitrarily
+linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked
+things and in a simplest case people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and in a simplest case people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and in a simplest case people
+would say that there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that there are some
+correlation maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation maybe
+and you know the correlation is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the correlation is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the correlation is not
+causation but that's we said this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causation but that's we said this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causation but that's we said this is
+very cliche we're not interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cliche we're not interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cliche we're not interested
+we are fundamentally challenging this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are fundamentally challenging this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are fundamentally challenging this
+idea of cause and effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of cause and effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of cause and effect
+that you simply cannot identify cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you simply cannot identify cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you simply cannot identify cause
+and effect very cleanly as you can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and effect very cleanly as you can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and effect very cleanly as you can in
+some other cases even in the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other cases even in the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other cases even in the simplest
+case does rain cause flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one of you said yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of you said yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of you said yes
+yes it does in some in most cases it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it does in some in most cases it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it does in some in most cases it
+does but in many cases it will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does but in many cases it will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does but in many cases it will not
+so think of really in boston it was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think of really in boston it was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think of really in boston it was not
+raining for last several days now if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raining for last several days now if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raining for last several days now if it
+rains one inch there'll be no flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rains one inch there'll be no flood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rains one inch there'll be no flood
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+most of the water will essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the water will essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the water will essentially
+infiltrate and go to the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infiltrate and go to the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infiltrate and go to the ground
+now if it rains for three days in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if it rains for three days in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if it rains for three days in a row
+yes that basically soil will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that basically soil will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that basically soil will get
+saturated you'll get flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated you'll get flood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated you'll get flood
+so that means you need some conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means you need some conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means you need some conditions
+so here rain is a necessary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here rain is a necessary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here rain is a necessary condition
+but it's not a sufficient condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a sufficient condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a sufficient condition
+the problem of this type of analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of this type of analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of this type of analysis
+really came if you go back now what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really came if you go back now what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really came if you go back now what is
+this idea of necessary and sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of necessary and sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of necessary and sufficient
+gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain
+so i did dig basically deeper into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i did dig basically deeper into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i did dig basically deeper into this
+it came from geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came from geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came from geometry
+in geometry it is very precise because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in geometry it is very precise because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in geometry it is very precise because i
+need to have four sides to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have four sides to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have four sides to have a
+rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle
+and with 90 degree angle i need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with 90 degree angle i need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with 90 degree angle i need to have
+three sides to have a triangle there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sides to have a triangle there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sides to have a triangle there is
+no way around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way around it
+so i can explicitly say what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can explicitly say what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can explicitly say what are the
+necessary and sufficient conditions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and sufficient conditions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and sufficient conditions for
+something to be considered a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be considered a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be considered a triangle
+that is not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not the case
+for many physical systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many physical systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many physical systems
+more importantly many couple systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more importantly many couple systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more importantly many couple systems
+like where you have natural systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where you have natural systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where you have natural systems and
+human systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human systems
+like our transparent water problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like our transparent water problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like our transparent water problem but
+you have natural systems so water is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have natural systems so water is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have natural systems so water is
+getting coupled with the human systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting coupled with the human systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting coupled with the human systems
+of managing getting governing it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of managing getting governing it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of managing getting governing it when
+they're coupled the systems become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coupled the systems become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coupled the systems become
+complex this notion of necessary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex this notion of necessary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex this notion of necessary and
+sufficient conditions are not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient conditions are not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient conditions are not good
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+so i'll stop here just to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll stop here just to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll stop here just to give you a
+pause see what you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause see what you think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause see what you think about this
+distinction between necessary sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between necessary sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between necessary sufficient
+conditions then we'll go into enabling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions then we'll go into enabling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions then we'll go into enabling
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i presume we don't have to wait 5 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i presume we don't have to wait 5 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i presume we don't have to wait 5 000
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+to make judgments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make judgments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make judgments
+about such things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about such things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about such things
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and i'm i'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm i'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm i'm interested in
+how you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you think
+we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+that's only correlation that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only correlation that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only correlation that's not
+causation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causation
+yeah and and is it really could it be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and is it really could it be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and is it really could it be a
+function of time and perspective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and perspective and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and perspective and
+experience and that there's not really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and that there's not really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and that there's not really a
+method to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to know
+that quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so yeah we'll get into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah we'll get into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah we'll get into something
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+i did not have a chance to discuss this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did not have a chance to discuss this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did not have a chance to discuss this
+with you so we are basically making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you so we are basically making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you so we are basically making
+distinctions now to between two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions now to between two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions now to between two types of
+facts and this is part of the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts and this is part of the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts and this is part of the discussion
+that we have today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have today
+so one thing that over time that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing that over time that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing that over time that we have
+learned this idea of scientific method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned this idea of scientific method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned this idea of scientific method
+and scientific facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scientific facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scientific facts
+another thing that basically we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that basically we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that basically we are
+pointing and it has been used in social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing and it has been used in social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing and it has been used in social
+science for quite some time called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science for quite some time called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science for quite some time called
+social facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social facts
+and we are making a sharper distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are making a sharper distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are making a sharper distinction
+between these two right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two right now
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what i argue really in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i argue really in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i argue really in this particular
+case that scientific facts are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that scientific facts are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that scientific facts are basically
+a particular type of facts those facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular type of facts those facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular type of facts those facts
+are verifiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are verifiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are verifiable
+reproducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible
+replicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicable
+those will not depend on really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will not depend on really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will not depend on really
+perspective or notion they may depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective or notion they may depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective or notion they may depend on
+methods over time but there is a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods over time but there is a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods over time but there is a way to
+get around this that's the whole idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around this that's the whole idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around this that's the whole idea of
+scientific methods we'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific methods we'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific methods we'll talk about that
+social fact on the other hand does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social fact on the other hand does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social fact on the other hand does not
+have to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be true
+does not even have to be verifiable it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not even have to be verifiable it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not even have to be verifiable it
+just we believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just we believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just we believe
+it's just that we accept it as reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that we accept it as reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that we accept it as reality
+and that is fine too and we have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is fine too and we have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is fine too and we have done
+many of this for example this whole idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of this for example this whole idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of this for example this whole idea
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency
+is a social fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a social fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a social fact
+we give tremendous amount of value now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give tremendous amount of value now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give tremendous amount of value now
+to this something green called dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this something green called dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this something green called dollar
+and whether i'm in bangladesh or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether i'm in bangladesh or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether i'm in bangladesh or in
+boston doesn't matter everybody accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston doesn't matter everybody accepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston doesn't matter everybody accepts
+it whether they believe in me whether i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it whether they believe in me whether i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it whether they believe in me whether i
+am a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am a
+atheist or i am agnostic or i am a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atheist or i am agnostic or i am a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atheist or i am agnostic or i am a
+muslim does not matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muslim does not matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muslim does not matter
+you accepted that this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you accepted that this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you accepted that this is something that
+everybody thinks is good and now think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody thinks is good and now think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody thinks is good and now think
+about what is happening with iranian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is happening with iranian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is happening with iranian
+currency it has been significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency it has been significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency it has been significantly
+devalued because of all this embargo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devalued because of all this embargo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devalued because of all this embargo
+that we have created so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have created so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have created so that
+is really a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a paper
+and that paper has certain value because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that paper has certain value because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that paper has certain value because
+everybody in the world thinks a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the world thinks a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the world thinks a dollar
+is very valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very valuable
+it's a social fact and there is no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a social fact and there is no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a social fact and there is no way
+to justify whether this is true or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to justify whether this is true or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to justify whether this is true or not
+it is true right now i can use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is true right now i can use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is true right now i can use it
+anywhere i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere i want
+but i do not know what will happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i do not know what will happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i do not know what will happen to
+this daily 10 years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this daily 10 years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this daily 10 years from now
+so those are the distinctions we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the distinctions we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the distinctions we need to
+make and we will make those distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and we will make those distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and we will make those distinction
+when we are talking about scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are talking about scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are talking about scientific
+fact and social effect in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and social effect in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and social effect in this
+particular case of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case of your
+fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+basically determined by scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically determined by scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically determined by scientific
+method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+because what can we do really even 5000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what can we do really even 5000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what can we do really even 5000
+years we didn't have to go that far we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years we didn't have to go that far we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years we didn't have to go that far we
+can find out really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find out really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find out really
+that although oxygen is necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although oxygen is necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although oxygen is necessary
+it does not create fire everywhere so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not create fire everywhere so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not create fire everywhere so
+that means something else has to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means something else has to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means something else has to happen
+so that is a systematic way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is a systematic way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is a systematic way of doing
+experiments and then to find that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and then to find that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and then to find that out
+but i have seen few places that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i have seen few places that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i have seen few places that where
+there is fire there is oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is fire there is oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is fire there is oxygen
+so my immediate conclusion could be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my immediate conclusion could be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my immediate conclusion could be that
+oxygen causes fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen causes fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen causes fire
+then that has to be questioned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that has to be questioned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that has to be questioned and
+refined over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined over time
+so let's go with this enabling so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go with this enabling so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go with this enabling so what
+we are saying here that we need three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are saying here that we need three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are saying here that we need three
+enabling conditions and i was careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling conditions and i was careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling conditions and i was careful
+really not to use this idea of necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not to use this idea of necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not to use this idea of necessary
+and sufficient anymore so three enabling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sufficient anymore so three enabling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sufficient anymore so three enabling
+conditions are needed for any boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are needed for any boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are needed for any boundary
+crossing complex water agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing complex water agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing complex water agreement
+to be initiated implemented and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be initiated implemented and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be initiated implemented and
+sustained so this is a very big claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustained so this is a very big claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustained so this is a very big claim
+we're making here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making here
+so whether you are working with indus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whether you are working with indus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whether you are working with indus
+treaty or you are working with ganges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty or you are working with ganges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty or you are working with ganges
+what we are saying that master of if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are saying that master of if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are saying that master of if you
+want to be basically writing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be basically writing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be basically writing your
+ganges treaty for 2026 yeah we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganges treaty for 2026 yeah we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganges treaty for 2026 yeah we want to
+do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+we need to be very careful about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to be very careful about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to be very careful about these
+three conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three conditions
+you may say no i need something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may say no i need something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may say no i need something else
+then we'll talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about this
+but what i am saying that at least these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i am saying that at least these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i am saying that at least these
+three are needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three are needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three are needed
+so what are these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are these three
+the first one is this has to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is this has to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is this has to be an
+active recognition of interdependencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active recognition of interdependencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active recognition of interdependencies
+meaning that if you need to sign a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that if you need to sign a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that if you need to sign a
+gangest city between india and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangest city between india and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangest city between india and
+bangladesh they have to actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bangladesh they have to actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bangladesh they have to actively
+recognize interdependencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize interdependencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize interdependencies
+india has to recognize that bangladesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india has to recognize that bangladesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india has to recognize that bangladesh
+exists and they need them just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and they need them just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and they need them just saying
+that because india is upstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because india is upstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because india is upstream
+bangladesh is downstream of course there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bangladesh is downstream of course there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bangladesh is downstream of course there
+is already different interdependency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already different interdependency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already different interdependency
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+but that's not good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not good enough
+what is happening right now if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is happening right now if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is happening right now if you think
+about it like animation we worked on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it like animation we worked on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it like animation we worked on a
+little bit with brahmaputra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit with brahmaputra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit with brahmaputra
+brahmaputra is creating serious problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brahmaputra is creating serious problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brahmaputra is creating serious problem
+between china and india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between china and india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between china and india
+but there is no active recognition right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is no active recognition right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is no active recognition right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+china india although they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china india although they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china india although they are
+independently saying that yeah you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently saying that yeah you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently saying that yeah you are
+using our water and we are in serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our water and we are in serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our water and we are in serious
+trouble but they have never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble but they have never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble but they have never
+so far actively recognized this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far actively recognized this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far actively recognized this
+as a result really what we argued that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result really what we argued that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result really what we argued that
+no i don't think they are going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i don't think they are going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i don't think they are going to go to
+any treaty and they are not right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any treaty and they are not right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any treaty and they are not right now
+although there is a lot of noise a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there is a lot of noise a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there is a lot of noise a lot
+of discussion a lot of international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discussion a lot of international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discussion a lot of international
+forum international funding agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forum international funding agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forum international funding agency
+trying to find out what is going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find out what is going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find out what is going on
+brahmaputra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brahmaputra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brahmaputra
+what i am arguing that i am yet to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i am arguing that i am yet to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i am arguing that i am yet to see
+anything that is tangible happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that is tangible happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that is tangible happening in
+the brahmaputra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brahmaputra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brahmaputra
+so if you have to ask me although these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have to ask me although these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have to ask me although these
+are dangerous game to play in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dangerous game to play in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dangerous game to play in terms of
+prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+there would not be a brahmaputra treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would not be a brahmaputra treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would not be a brahmaputra treaty
+signed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed
+unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless
+this recognition is active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recognition is active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recognition is active
+between china and india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is exactly what happened if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is exactly what happened if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is exactly what happened if you
+look at indus water treaty indus water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at indus water treaty indus water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at indus water treaty indus water
+treaty was signed in 1960 between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty was signed in 1960 between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty was signed in 1960 between
+pakistan and india because they actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pakistan and india because they actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pakistan and india because they actively
+recognized that this is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized that this is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized that this is important
+about the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same time
+president johnson from the u.s sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president johnson from the u.s sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president johnson from the u.s sent
+another envoy to israel and palestine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another envoy to israel and palestine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another envoy to israel and palestine
+to have jordan treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have jordan treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have jordan treaty
+jordan treaty was not signed until 1994.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jordan treaty was not signed until 1994.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jordan treaty was not signed until 1994.
+so why that one was signed in 1960
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why that one was signed in 1960
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why that one was signed in 1960
+another was in 1994. in both cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another was in 1994. in both cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another was in 1994. in both cases
+u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s
+was a basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a basically
+a significant player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a significant player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a significant player
+so you need to think about those really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to think about those really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to think about those really
+then i say yeah look at that time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i say yeah look at that time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i say yeah look at that time they
+did not recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not recognize
+jordan did not recognize register is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jordan did not recognize register is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jordan did not recognize register is
+important or vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important or vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important or vice versa
+so as a result it took a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result it took a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result it took a long time
+in 1994 they came and basically they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1994 they came and basically they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1994 they came and basically they
+signed the peace treaty part of that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed the peace treaty part of that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed the peace treaty part of that was
+a water treaty too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a water treaty too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a water treaty too
+so just think about those two cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just think about those two cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just think about those two cases
+between indus and jordan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between indus and jordan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between indus and jordan
+then you get some to really want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get some to really want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get some to really want this
+enabling condition one means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling condition one means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling condition one means
+second one is that i'm sure you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is that i'm sure you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is that i'm sure you have
+talked about this mutual value creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this mutual value creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this mutual value creation
+so just because you have recognized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just because you have recognized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just because you have recognized the
+problem and you have a conflict is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you have a conflict is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you have a conflict is not
+good enough now now you have to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough now now you have to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough now now you have to see
+really can you create some mutual value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can you create some mutual value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can you create some mutual value
+through negotiation that both party will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through negotiation that both party will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through negotiation that both party will
+benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because otherwise you you have limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise you you have limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise you you have limited
+amount of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of water
+and you have no way to divide this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have no way to divide this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have no way to divide this and
+your actual need is much more than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your actual need is much more than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your actual need is much more than what
+is actually available then how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually available then how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually available then how do you
+get around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around this
+so only way then you can get around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only way then you can get around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only way then you can get around this
+even creates a mutual value and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even creates a mutual value and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even creates a mutual value and then you
+can do it many different ways i'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it many different ways i'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it many different ways i'm sure
+lady and animesh has given you ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady and animesh has given you ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady and animesh has given you ideas of
+really how to create mutual values how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really how to create mutual values how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really how to create mutual values how
+do you connect different type of sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you connect different type of sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you connect different type of sectors
+and different resources and so on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different resources and so on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different resources and so on it
+doesn't you don't have to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't you don't have to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't you don't have to talk about
+water only you can bring in food you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water only you can bring in food you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water only you can bring in food you can
+bring in energy you can bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in energy you can bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in energy you can bring in
+security you can bring in military power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security you can bring in military power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security you can bring in military power
+all kinds of things can be done yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of things can be done yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of things can be done yeah so
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+discuss these things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss these things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss these things um
+if we consider this uh ganza's example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we consider this uh ganza's example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we consider this uh ganza's example
+uh we already heard the ganza's treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we already heard the ganza's treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we already heard the ganza's treaty
+but in my view this mutual value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in my view this mutual value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in my view this mutual value
+creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation
+didn't happen until now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't happen until now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't happen until now so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+but already the tt has been signed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but already the tt has been signed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but already the tt has been signed so
+what do you say about that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you say about that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you say about that this
+although this enabling condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this enabling condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this enabling condition
+didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+meet but there is a treaty or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet but there is a treaty or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet but there is a treaty or
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+negotiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation
+now you see here we say they initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see here we say they initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see here we say they initially
+implemented and sustained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented and sustained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented and sustained
+yeah so yes you can have it because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yes you can have it because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yes you can have it because you
+have it for there were some basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it for there were some basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it for there were some basically
+all the mutual value fully was not done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the mutual value fully was not done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the mutual value fully was not done
+but it was done partly there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was done partly there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was done partly there were
+certain things done for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things done for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things done for example
+bangladesh could have told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bangladesh could have told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bangladesh could have told
+india that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india that look
+if we want to have this treaty now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to have this treaty now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to have this treaty now we
+want you on transit we'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you on transit we'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you on transit we'll give you
+transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit
+see india want to transit yearly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see india want to transit yearly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see india want to transit yearly from
+basically to go through bangladesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to go through bangladesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to go through bangladesh
+so if they want to do this then let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they want to do this then let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they want to do this then let's do
+this the bangladesh is trying to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the bangladesh is trying to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the bangladesh is trying to do this
+ganges barrage now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganges barrage now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganges barrage now
+so for ganges bras india may get flooded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for ganges bras india may get flooded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for ganges bras india may get flooded
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+can that be brought into the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that be brought into the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that be brought into the picture
+so the issue is that basically you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the issue is that basically you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the issue is that basically you have
+to bring in other issues those are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring in other issues those are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring in other issues those are now
+basically being discussed in bangladesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically being discussed in bangladesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically being discussed in bangladesh
+right now if you think about like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now if you think about like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now if you think about like what
+is the particular problem with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the particular problem with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the particular problem with the
+ganges ganges is not a problem for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganges ganges is not a problem for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganges ganges is not a problem for the
+flood season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood season
+the problem is really the dry season so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is really the dry season so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is really the dry season so
+in the dry season the flow goes down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dry season the flow goes down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dry season the flow goes down so
+low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+that we have a serious basically issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a serious basically issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a serious basically issues
+of water shortage so take a hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water shortage so take a hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water shortage so take a hypothetical
+example if you take the entire water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you take the entire water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you take the entire water
+basically during the dry season it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically during the dry season it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically during the dry season it's
+about 4000 qm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 4000 qm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 4000 qm
+still it will not be good enough to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still it will not be good enough to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still it will not be good enough to keep
+the calcutta port navigable one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calcutta port navigable one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calcutta port navigable one of the
+primary reason that india wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary reason that india wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary reason that india wanted to
+build the farakka barrage was to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the farakka barrage was to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the farakka barrage was to keep
+calcutta fort navigable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcutta fort navigable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcutta fort navigable
+but in the dry season the flow goes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the dry season the flow goes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the dry season the flow goes so
+low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+it still cannot even they have taken all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still cannot even they have taken all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still cannot even they have taken all
+the water so that means they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water so that means they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water so that means they have to
+come up with alternative sources can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with alternative sources can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with alternative sources can
+they use groundwater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use groundwater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use groundwater
+can this basically store water during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this basically store water during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this basically store water during
+the flood season over extended period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flood season over extended period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flood season over extended period of
+the river that is what bangladesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river that is what bangladesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river that is what bangladesh
+proposed in the ganges barrage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed in the ganges barrage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed in the ganges barrage
+this is like a over 50 mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a over 50 mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a over 50 mile
+river that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river that will be
+using as a storage device because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using as a storage device because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using as a storage device because
+bangladesh is a very flat country we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bangladesh is a very flat country we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bangladesh is a very flat country we
+cannot create another dam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot create another dam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot create another dam
+so that's another mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another mutual
+mutual value creation option can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual value creation option can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual value creation option can be
+explored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored
+let me ask a question professor please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask a question professor please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask a question professor please
+so you said something very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you said something very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you said something very interesting
+that i'm creating mutual values and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm creating mutual values and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm creating mutual values and from
+from where i understood i might be wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where i understood i might be wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where i understood i might be wrong
+that anything goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anything goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anything goes
+so one of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the uh
+one of the tension between bangladesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the tension between bangladesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the tension between bangladesh
+and india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and india
+is bangladesh being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bangladesh being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bangladesh being used
+uh as a as a vessel to create trouble in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a as a vessel to create trouble in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a as a vessel to create trouble in
+its uh seven sisters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its uh seven sisters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its uh seven sisters
+so which is why like it is of india's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which is why like it is of india's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which is why like it is of india's
+interest to maintain the security in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest to maintain the security in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest to maintain the security in
+bangladesh so i'm wondering like if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bangladesh so i'm wondering like if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bangladesh so i'm wondering like if if
+that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of
+value can be created even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value can be created even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value can be created even
+i mean can this be used as a bargaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean can this be used as a bargaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean can this be used as a bargaining
+chip so that is what i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip so that is what i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip so that is what i want to
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+definitely yes i'll tell you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely yes i'll tell you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely yes i'll tell you something
+that is i think you hit it exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is i think you hit it exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is i think you hit it exactly right
+so about three years ago when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so about three years ago when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so about three years ago when we have
+our water diplomacy workshop and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our water diplomacy workshop and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our water diplomacy workshop and then
+you may remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may remember
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+four individuals from bangladesh foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four individuals from bangladesh foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four individuals from bangladesh foreign
+ministry came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ministry came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ministry came
+from foreign ministry to really to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from foreign ministry to really to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from foreign ministry to really to learn
+about water diplomacy in our workshop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about water diplomacy in our workshop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about water diplomacy in our workshop
+and their primary concern was that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their primary concern was that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their primary concern was that they
+want to work on the water treaty what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work on the water treaty what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work on the water treaty what
+would they do so we discussed the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would they do so we discussed the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would they do so we discussed the seven
+sisters issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sisters issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sisters issue
+and we discussed that this is an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we discussed that this is an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we discussed that this is an issue
+that yeah this is a security problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah this is a security problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah this is a security problem for
+india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india
+can that be used that bangladesh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that be used that bangladesh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that be used that bangladesh will
+create opportunity for that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create opportunity for that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create opportunity for that so that
+these insurgencies do not go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these insurgencies do not go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these insurgencies do not go
+for india yes this is open for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for india yes this is open for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for india yes this is open for
+discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+you can link that with basically water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can link that with basically water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can link that with basically water
+in that case so i can actually bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case so i can actually bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case so i can actually bring
+security where i work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security where i work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security where i work
+yes you can you can and definitely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can you can and definitely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can you can and definitely and
+this is a relevant problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a relevant problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a relevant problem
+for for india to basically keep taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for india to basically keep taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for india to basically keep taking
+care of those seven sisters and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of those seven sisters and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of those seven sisters and this
+insurgency is a serious security problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurgency is a serious security problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurgency is a serious security problem
+and bangladesh can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bangladesh can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bangladesh can help
+and also bangladesh can be used as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also bangladesh can be used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also bangladesh can be used as a
+transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit
+but then bangladesh has to find us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then bangladesh has to find us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then bangladesh has to find us
+something else in return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else in return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else in return
+that is where the discussion must go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is where the discussion must go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is where the discussion must go on
+this is the discussion i had with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the discussion i had with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the discussion i had with the
+foreign minister even after that i went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign minister even after that i went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign minister even after that i went
+to bangladesh and we did have a workshop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bangladesh and we did have a workshop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bangladesh and we did have a workshop
+on water diplomacy within the foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on water diplomacy within the foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on water diplomacy within the foreign
+basically ministry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically ministry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically ministry and
+then pandemic started of course then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pandemic started of course then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pandemic started of course then we
+got stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got stuck
+the difficulty i'll tell you this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty i'll tell you this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty i'll tell you this is
+just not to be shared with bangladesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not to be shared with bangladesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not to be shared with bangladesh
+government so i think the difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government so i think the difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government so i think the difficulty
+that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have
+in bangladesh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bangladesh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bangladesh in
+many of these ministries are extremely i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these ministries are extremely i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these ministries are extremely i
+think i would say progressive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i would say progressive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i would say progressive but
+there is no system memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no system memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no system memory
+meaning that water secretary is water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that water secretary is water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that water secretary is water
+secretary right now suddenly he gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretary right now suddenly he gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretary right now suddenly he gets
+transferred to transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to transportation
+that memory doesn't exist that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that memory doesn't exist that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that memory doesn't exist that basically
+he initiated certain things and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he initiated certain things and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he initiated certain things and that
+does not continue to the next secretary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not continue to the next secretary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not continue to the next secretary
+so as a result really you reinvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result really you reinvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result really you reinvent
+everything every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything every time
+and that's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a problem
+i mean lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean lack of
+memory is like it's it's a serious issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is like it's it's a serious issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is like it's it's a serious issue
+in developing countries like bangladesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in developing countries like bangladesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in developing countries like bangladesh
+uh i completely agree i vote for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i completely agree i vote for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i completely agree i vote for the
+components i understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components i understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components i understand
+so that's a different problem so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a different problem so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a different problem so that's
+why we'll go later baby so the third one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we'll go later baby so the third one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we'll go later baby so the third one
+that we are saying this adaptive regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are saying this adaptive regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are saying this adaptive regime
+of governance and that is also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of governance and that is also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of governance and that is also very
+important because you need to anticipate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because you need to anticipate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because you need to anticipate
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+you are saying that yes in industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are saying that yes in industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are saying that yes in industry
+there was no climate change mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no climate change mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no climate change mentioned
+because in 1960 we did not know even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in 1960 we did not know even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in 1960 we did not know even
+climate existed that is not climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate existed that is not climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate existed that is not climate
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+so we have no idea about this so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have no idea about this so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have no idea about this so but
+they did not put any probation but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did not put any probation but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did not put any probation but they
+did put some other provision though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did put some other provision though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did put some other provision though
+if you look at the industry they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the industry they had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the industry they had a
+technical provision that they said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical provision that they said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical provision that they said that
+if there is a technical problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is a technical problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is a technical problem that
+pakistan and india cannot resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pakistan and india cannot resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pakistan and india cannot resolve
+somebody else should come into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else should come into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else should come into the
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+you know what that somebody else was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i have mentioned it already oh you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have mentioned it already oh you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have mentioned it already oh you did
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+so that was brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was brilliant
+that was brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was brilliant
+the question is basically why the mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is basically why the mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is basically why the mit
+president has to be basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president has to be basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president has to be basically
+somebody has to come in and then appoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has to come in and then appoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has to come in and then appoint
+a body because they thought mit is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a body because they thought mit is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a body because they thought mit is a
+good technical institution they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good technical institution they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good technical institution they may
+still exist for 50 60 years from now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still exist for 50 60 years from now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still exist for 50 60 years from now and
+they will have no interest in india and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will have no interest in india and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will have no interest in india and
+pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pakistan
+so this was brilliant so when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was brilliant so when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was brilliant so when you are
+trying to design this treaty for indus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to design this treaty for indus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to design this treaty for indus
+or for the ganges you need to be also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for the ganges you need to be also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for the ganges you need to be also
+thinking forward basically you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking forward basically you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking forward basically you don't
+know what will happen whether climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what will happen whether climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what will happen whether climate
+change will come what will happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change will come what will happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change will come what will happen is
+another kobe 22 comes in who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kobe 22 comes in who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kobe 22 comes in who knows
+but there has to be some provisions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there has to be some provisions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there has to be some provisions so
+that this can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this can be used
+what we are arguing with this enabling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are arguing with this enabling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are arguing with this enabling
+condition hypothesis is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition hypothesis is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition hypothesis is this
+that these three if they are not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these three if they are not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these three if they are not in
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ut is not going to be basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ut is not going to be basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ut is not going to be basically
+implemented well it cannot be sustained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented well it cannot be sustained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented well it cannot be sustained
+very well that's a big claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well that's a big claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well that's a big claim
+so i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to
+hear or maybe you can do it later as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear or maybe you can do it later as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear or maybe you can do it later as
+well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that
+find out a treaty that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out a treaty that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out a treaty that was
+initiated implemented and sustained for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiated implemented and sustained for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiated implemented and sustained for
+a long period of time but one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long period of time but one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long period of time but one of these
+conditions were missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions were missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions were missing
+that would be good exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be good exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be good exercise
+i could not find one yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but are these going to guarantee success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are these going to guarantee success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are these going to guarantee success
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+they are not going to guarantee success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not going to guarantee success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not going to guarantee success
+but they will be you can see these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they will be you can see these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they will be you can see these are
+minimum subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum subset
+so one example i usually give to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one example i usually give to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one example i usually give to make it
+simpler is that if you want to get a phd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler is that if you want to get a phd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler is that if you want to get a phd
+what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the
+enabling conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling conditions
+number one is obvious i think you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one is obvious i think you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one is obvious i think you have
+to be alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be alive
+otherwise you cannot do it so fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you cannot do it so fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you cannot do it so fine
+number two is that you need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two is that you need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two is that you need to have a
+bachelor's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bachelor's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bachelor's
+unless you're getting an honorary degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're getting an honorary degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're getting an honorary degree
+we're not talking about honorary degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not talking about honorary degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not talking about honorary degree
+if he's an earned phd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he's an earned phd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he's an earned phd
+you need to have a bachelor so which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have a bachelor so which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have a bachelor so which
+bestsellers i do not know it could be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestsellers i do not know it could be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestsellers i do not know it could be in
+political science it could be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political science it could be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political science it could be in
+ideology it could be in computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideology it could be in computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideology it could be in computer science
+does not matter but you need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not matter but you need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not matter but you need to have a
+bachelor's at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+are situational you need to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are situational you need to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are situational you need to have an
+advisor you need to have funding you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor you need to have funding you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor you need to have funding you
+need to have a topic all kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have a topic all kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have a topic all kinds of things
+will be needed and then of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be needed and then of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be needed and then of course you
+have to pass the qualifying exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pass the qualifying exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pass the qualifying exam
+a department has different requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a department has different requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a department has different requirements
+you have to take this course that course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take this course that course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take this course that course
+those i'll call those situational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those i'll call those situational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those i'll call those situational
+conditions if fast to enabling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions if fast to enabling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions if fast to enabling
+conditions are not there you'll not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are not there you'll not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are not there you'll not get
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+but just because you have those first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just because you have those first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just because you have those first
+two dozen will that mean that you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dozen will that mean that you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dozen will that mean that you'll get
+phd no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phd no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phd no
+so that's what the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the difference is
+so when you're thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're thinking about this
+really thinking along those lines so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thinking along those lines so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thinking along those lines so
+these are not necessary and sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not necessary and sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not necessary and sufficient
+conditions i'm not telling you what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions i'm not telling you what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions i'm not telling you what will
+be necessary to get a phd what will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be necessary to get a phd what will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be necessary to get a phd what will be
+sufficient to get a phd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to get a phd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to get a phd
+but i'm just telling you that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm just telling you that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm just telling you that you need
+this two enabling conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two enabling conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two enabling conditions
+then you need many many situational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need many many situational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need many many situational
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+and those situation conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those situation conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those situation conditions are
+context dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context dependent
+it will depend whether it is at mit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will depend whether it is at mit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will depend whether it is at mit or
+tops or somewhere else or whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tops or somewhere else or whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tops or somewhere else or whether you're
+in engineering versus in urban planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engineering versus in urban planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engineering versus in urban planning
+they have different requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different requirements
+but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then
+what is the difference between necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the difference between necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the difference between necessary
+condition and enabling condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh no necessary conditions does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no necessary conditions does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no necessary conditions does the
+necessary conditions could be many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary conditions could be many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary conditions could be many
+i'm telling you that you don't need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm telling you that you don't need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm telling you that you don't need more
+than these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can come up with many necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can come up with many necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can come up with many necessary
+conditions it may not still satisfy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions it may not still satisfy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions it may not still satisfy all
+and see that's the reason i think see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that's the reason i think see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that's the reason i think see
+which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is
+the reason i think i want to get away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason i think i want to get away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason i think i want to get away
+from this necessary and sufficient as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this necessary and sufficient as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this necessary and sufficient as we
+mentioned this really came from a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this really came from a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this really came from a very
+structured discipline called geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured discipline called geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured discipline called geometry
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i'm trying to find solve a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying to find solve a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying to find solve a geometric
+problem now i want to apply to my messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now i want to apply to my messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now i want to apply to my messy
+transboundary water management problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transboundary water management problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transboundary water management problem
+that's the reason i want to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason i want to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason i want to make the
+distinction because here if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction because here if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction because here if you look at
+the news and look at writings you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news and look at writings you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news and look at writings you'll see
+that yeah this was not a necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah this was not a necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah this was not a necessary
+condition we did not satisfy necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition we did not satisfy necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition we did not satisfy necessary
+condition then you ask them okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition then you ask them okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition then you ask them okay so what
+are the necessary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the necessary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the necessary conditions
+so to give you a simple example i tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to give you a simple example i tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to give you a simple example i tell
+you that i want to go from here to new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that i want to go from here to new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that i want to go from here to new
+york
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what are the necessary and sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the necessary and sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the necessary and sufficient
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you exhaustively write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no there would be thousands so it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there would be thousands so it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there would be thousands so it is not
+possible to cover them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to cover them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to cover them all
+you got it so this is basically a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got it so this is basically a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got it so this is basically a very
+large space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large space
+i may decide to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i may decide to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i may decide to walk
+i mean i decide to take a plane i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i decide to take a plane i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i decide to take a plane i'll
+take a bike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a bike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a bike
+i'll take a bike and then i will take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll take a bike and then i will take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll take a bike and then i will take a
+boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat
+or i have a donkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i essentially cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i essentially cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i essentially cannot
+exhaustively write down all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustively write down all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustively write down all the
+conditions that's what the difficulty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that's what the difficulty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that's what the difficulty is
+so that brings us to something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that brings us to something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that brings us to something else
+really that i want to start maybe our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that i want to start maybe our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that i want to start maybe our
+talk that so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk that so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk that so let's start
+legal language sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal language sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal language sometimes
+sometimes like try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes like try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes like try to
+i mean make conditions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean make conditions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean make conditions that are
+exhaustive for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustive for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustive for example
+if the copyright of a chocolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the copyright of a chocolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the copyright of a chocolate
+is asked by a lawyer then he would write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is asked by a lawyer then he would write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is asked by a lawyer then he would write
+that this chocolates this chocolate has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this chocolates this chocolate has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this chocolates this chocolate has
+to be from this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be from this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be from this particular
+this particular tree and it cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular tree and it cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular tree and it cannot be
+consumed by any other party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed by any other party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed by any other party
+without paying the money to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without paying the money to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without paying the money to the
+original company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original company
+in any form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any form
+so in this way they can probably i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this way they can probably i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this way they can probably i mean
+minimize i don't know whether i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize i don't know whether i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize i don't know whether i could
+make sense or not but legal language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense or not but legal language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense or not but legal language
+sometimes tries to i mean cover all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes tries to i mean cover all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes tries to i mean cover all
+those all those conditions that you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all those conditions that you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all those conditions that you say
+that like there are so many conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like there are so many conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like there are so many conditions
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+so this is where essentially now i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where essentially now i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where essentially now i think
+you got it exactly right so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got it exactly right so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got it exactly right so this is what
+basically although we don't want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically although we don't want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically although we don't want to talk
+about our previous president so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our previous president so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our previous president so now
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+come into the problem really if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into the problem really if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into the problem really if you want
+to define really what the presidency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define really what the presidency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define really what the presidency
+should entail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should entail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should entail
+does president have to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does president have to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does president have to really
+file taxes and make it clear this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file taxes and make it clear this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file taxes and make it clear this was
+not explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not explicit
+it was not explicitly he has to file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not explicitly he has to file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not explicitly he has to file
+taxes and make it public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes and make it public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes and make it public
+so he decided not to do it now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he decided not to do it now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he decided not to do it now the
+question is how many things can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how many things can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how many things can you
+write down explicitly the president has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down explicitly the president has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down explicitly the president has
+to do then i have to even tell you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do then i have to even tell you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do then i have to even tell you when
+he goes to the bathroom this is what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes to the bathroom this is what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes to the bathroom this is what he
+has to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the problem is so this is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is so this is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is so this is exactly the
+point so for for the presidency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so for for the presidency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so for for the presidency of the
+united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states
+how many things you can explicitly write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many things you can explicitly write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many things you can explicitly write
+what he or she do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he or she do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he or she do
+or does really as a president we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or does really as a president we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or does really as a president we cannot
+do this so we are assuming that certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this so we are assuming that certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this so we are assuming that certain
+things they will do because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they will do because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they will do because
+they are morally responsible individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are morally responsible individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are morally responsible individuals
+i cannot be explicit about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i cannot be explicit about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i cannot be explicit about them
+because if i make it explicit then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if i make it explicit then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if i make it explicit then it
+becomes essentially rooting as you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes essentially rooting as you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes essentially rooting as you said
+that yeah you can write it down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah you can write it down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah you can write it down this
+particular chocolate cake from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular chocolate cake from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular chocolate cake from this
+particular tree and this can be eaten by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tree and this can be eaten by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tree and this can be eaten by
+only this particular individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only this particular individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only this particular individual
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+but then how many of them you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then how many of them you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then how many of them you write
+that is where essentially necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is where essentially necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is where essentially necessarily
+sufficient conditions miserably failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient conditions miserably failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient conditions miserably failed
+particularly in the system when those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in the system when those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in the system when those
+are coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it can be fine right now we see like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be fine right now we see like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be fine right now we see like if
+you have asked me the best law that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have asked me the best law that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have asked me the best law that we
+have is newton's laws of gravity what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is newton's laws of gravity what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is newton's laws of gravity what is
+it that basically apple fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and apple was falling before newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apple was falling before newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apple was falling before newton
+we just did not understand this he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just did not understand this he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just did not understand this he was
+brilliant to find out a particular law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant to find out a particular law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant to find out a particular law
+that applies everywhere right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applies everywhere right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applies everywhere right now
+whether i'm in bangladesh or in boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether i'm in bangladesh or in boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether i'm in bangladesh or in boston
+apple falls and i know that i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple falls and i know that i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple falls and i know that i can
+explain it by gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it by gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it by gravity
+so that's a law which is i would say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a law which is i would say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a law which is i would say the
+physical law that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical law that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical law that is
+replicable verifiable everywhere you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicable verifiable everywhere you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicable verifiable everywhere you go
+now to take an example for water that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to take an example for water that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to take an example for water that i
+use is that water flows usually downhill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is that water flows usually downhill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is that water flows usually downhill
+because of the energy gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the energy gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the energy gradient
+that's the physical law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the physical law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the physical law
+but water also flows uphill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but water also flows uphill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but water also flows uphill
+for example water flows uphill in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example water flows uphill in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example water flows uphill in the
+american waste to money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american waste to money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american waste to money
+in my home on the second floor because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my home on the second floor because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my home on the second floor because i
+put a pump otherwise water cannot go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a pump otherwise water cannot go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a pump otherwise water cannot go to
+my second floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my second floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my second floor
+my gravity should go down how come how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my gravity should go down how come how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my gravity should go down how come how
+could i get water in my second full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could i get water in my second full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could i get water in my second full
+bathroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom
+i get it because the water is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get it because the water is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get it because the water is
+pressurized so i can create conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurized so i can create conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurized so i can create conditions
+that really the things can also violate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really the things can also violate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really the things can also violate
+the physical laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now when those physical laws are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when those physical laws are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when those physical laws are
+violated by human intentions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated by human intentions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated by human intentions
+then you have a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a problem
+like for example genji's was flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example genji's was flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example genji's was flowing
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+india decided to build a barrage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india decided to build a barrage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india decided to build a barrage
+was not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not there
+now they can control it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they can control it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they can control it
+so there's a physical control of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a physical control of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a physical control of water
+really which is violating the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really which is violating the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really which is violating the physical
+principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles
+and that's where now your natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where now your natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where now your natural
+systems and human systems are coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and human systems are coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and human systems are coupled
+and then it becomes a complex problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it making sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it making sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it making sense
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so here i think i'll give you a quiz and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here i think i'll give you a quiz and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here i think i'll give you a quiz and
+then we'll continue so how many colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll continue so how many colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll continue so how many colors
+do you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what a diplomacy a principal pregnancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a diplomacy a principal pregnancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a diplomacy a principal pregnancy
+approach to government manage complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to government manage complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to government manage complex
+societal problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal problems
+how many colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many colors
+three three good so remember three three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three good so remember three three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three good so remember three three
+is important here then i will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important here then i will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important here then i will tell you
+something else so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else so
+so what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are
+diplomacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomacy
+principle pragmatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle pragmatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle pragmatic
+govern complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern complex
+problems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so
+put all kinds of words and i'm sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all kinds of words and i'm sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all kinds of words and i'm sure you
+have heard many of these words many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard many of these words many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard many of these words many many
+times in this class so how many colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in this class so how many colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in this class so how many colors
+are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+i mean good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean good
+so you have three and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have three and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have three and then you have
+seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+so i'll just give you one basically clue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll just give you one basically clue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll just give you one basically clue
+and then we'll discuss this at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll discuss this at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll discuss this at the end
+of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class
+so if you really want to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you really want to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you really want to be very
+scientific about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific about this
+there are only three colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only three colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only three colors
+rbg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+red blue and green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red blue and green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red blue and green
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+everywhere you go really this seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere you go really this seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere you go really this seven
+color comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color comes in
+there there are seven colors of rainbow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are seven colors of rainbow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are seven colors of rainbow
+there are seven heavens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are seven heavens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are seven heavens
+there are all kinds of seven came into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all kinds of seven came into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all kinds of seven came into
+the picture what is this three and seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture what is this three and seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture what is this three and seven
+then came from i have only three color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then came from i have only three color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then came from i have only three color
+why do i have seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do i have seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do i have seven
+why do people say that there are seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do people say that there are seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do people say that there are seven
+colors in rainbow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors in rainbow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors in rainbow
+in reality if you go to the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality if you go to the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality if you go to the fundamental
+color there are only three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if you go to your computer really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you go to your computer really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you go to your computer really
+and if you have a base in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a base in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a base in a
+24-bit machine you probably have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24-bit machine you probably have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24-bit machine you probably have about
+on the order of 8 million colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of 8 million colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of 8 million colors
+based on these three combination of rbg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on these three combination of rbg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on these three combination of rbg
+so i can go from three to eight million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can go from three to eight million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can go from three to eight million
+and now if you just give your color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you just give your color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you just give your color
+palette and i tell you that find it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palette and i tell you that find it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palette and i tell you that find it or
+what color is this there is simply no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what color is this there is simply no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what color is this there is simply no
+you can find it out unless i tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find it out unless i tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find it out unless i tell you
+what those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those are
+so what is my point here the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is my point here the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is my point here the point is
+that you can take three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can take three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can take three things
+and put it in different ways and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it in different ways and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it in different ways and you can
+get millions of millions of combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get millions of millions of combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get millions of millions of combinations
+same thing is true for this necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing is true for this necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing is true for this necessary
+and sufficient conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sufficient conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sufficient conditions
+i can take three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can take three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can take three
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three
+situations in a particular water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations in a particular water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations in a particular water
+conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict
+and arrange it in different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arrange it in different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arrange it in different ways
+i can get many many combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can get many many combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can get many many combinations
+so in this particular from three to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this particular from three to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this particular from three to
+seven to millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven to millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven to millions
+that is the case that means my necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the case that means my necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the case that means my necessary
+and sufficient conditions will never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sufficient conditions will never be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sufficient conditions will never be
+able to be exhaustive i cannot do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to be exhaustive i cannot do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to be exhaustive i cannot do it
+although fundamentally they are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although fundamentally they are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although fundamentally they are related
+maybe to only three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe to only three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe to only three
+but i cannot come to that three level if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i cannot come to that three level if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i cannot come to that three level if
+i come to that three level is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i come to that three level is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i come to that three level is too
+abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract
+so that's why they put this basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why they put this basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why they put this basically
+mambo jumbo stuff here they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mambo jumbo stuff here they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mambo jumbo stuff here they're basically
+you want only 26 letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want only 26 letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want only 26 letters
+but you can create a shakespeare to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can create a shakespeare to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can create a shakespeare to
+water diplomacy book and everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water diplomacy book and everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water diplomacy book and everything else
+in between by different combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between by different combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between by different combinations of
+letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters
+that is exactly the point really with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is exactly the point really with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is exactly the point really with
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+interconnected systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected systems
+your building blocks may be very few but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your building blocks may be very few but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your building blocks may be very few but
+the way those building blocks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way those building blocks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way those building blocks are
+interconnected and interdependent may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected and interdependent may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected and interdependent may
+create different situations and that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create different situations and that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create different situations and that has
+serious implications really in what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious implications really in what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious implications really in what the
+way we will think about water so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we will think about water so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we will think about water so let's
+go there here so i'll start with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there here so i'll start with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there here so i'll start with this
+many phases of water crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many phases of water crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many phases of water crisis
+if you think about it really what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it really what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it really what is
+water crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water crisis
+what is crisis really if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is crisis really if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is crisis really if you think about
+you and they will tell you that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and they will tell you that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and they will tell you that if you
+have 20 liters of water per person per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 20 liters of water per person per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 20 liters of water per person per
+day from an improved source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day from an improved source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day from an improved source
+you have access to water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have access to water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have access to water
+that's the estimated definition and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the estimated definition and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the estimated definition and that
+definition is used globally based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is used globally based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is used globally based on the
+definition there are about 760 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition there are about 760 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition there are about 760 million
+people who does not have access to water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who does not have access to water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who does not have access to water
+so this is what we are trying to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we are trying to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we are trying to do with
+this our sdg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this our sdg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this our sdg
+now if you think about this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you think about this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you think about this this is
+really not true the 760 million is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not true the 760 million is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not true the 760 million is not
+true why is not true there are about 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true why is not true there are about 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true why is not true there are about 2
+billion people lives in slums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+across the globe from dhaka islam to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the globe from dhaka islam to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the globe from dhaka islam to
+bombay slum to nairobi slums and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombay slum to nairobi slums and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombay slum to nairobi slums and
+everywhere and from brazil and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and from brazil and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and from brazil and these
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+are not even counted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not even counted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not even counted
+why are not the counter because most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are not the counter because most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are not the counter because most of
+them are in illegal government land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are in illegal government land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are in illegal government land
+so government does not provide them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so government does not provide them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so government does not provide them
+water so they are not even counted they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so they are not even counted they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so they are not even counted they
+don't have access to water or access it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have access to water or access it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have access to water or access it
+doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so who are these 760 million people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who are these 760 million people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who are these 760 million people
+these people are essentially people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are essentially people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are essentially people in
+rural villages in africa and asia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural villages in africa and asia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural villages in africa and asia
+so these are one problem with water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are one problem with water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are one problem with water
+access to water definition of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to water definition of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to water definition of water
+crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis
+on the other hand really when they talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand really when they talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand really when they talk
+about water scarcity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about water scarcity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about water scarcity
+they have a different definition what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a different definition what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a different definition what is
+this this is fewer than thousand cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is fewer than thousand cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is fewer than thousand cubic
+meter of water per person per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter of water per person per year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter of water per person per year
+so if you're in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're in the u.s
+if you have thousand cubic meter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have thousand cubic meter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have thousand cubic meter of
+water per person per year you are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water per person per year you are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water per person per year you are not
+water scarce so boston for example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water scarce so boston for example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water scarce so boston for example is
+not water scarce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not water scarce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not water scarce
+but nevada is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nevada is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nevada is
+but as a whole us is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that translate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that translate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that translate to
+2740 liter per person per day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2740 liter per person per day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2740 liter per person per day
+look at the difference between 20 and 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the difference between 20 and 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the difference between 20 and 2
+740.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+740.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+740.
+huge difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge difference
+do you have access to water versus are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have access to water versus are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have access to water versus are
+you watered scared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watered scared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watered scared
+these are two different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two different things
+and we often time get confused with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we often time get confused with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we often time get confused with you
+what which one are you trying to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what which one are you trying to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what which one are you trying to address
+if you go to sdg it's not clear what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to sdg it's not clear what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to sdg it's not clear what
+they want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to do
+they have their thing is gold seven i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have their thing is gold seven i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have their thing is gold seven i
+think is related to water and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is related to water and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is related to water and they have
+all kinds of things there but it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of things there but it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of things there but it's so
+i would say nebulous that it's not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would say nebulous that it's not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would say nebulous that it's not clear
+exactly how they're going to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how they're going to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how they're going to measure
+this and how they're going to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and how they're going to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and how they're going to implement
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+access to water is not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to water is not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to water is not necessarily
+constant by availability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant by availability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant by availability
+to water really it is something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to water really it is something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to water really it is something else
+so when you want to talk about water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you want to talk about water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you want to talk about water
+crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis
+and your objective is to provide water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your objective is to provide water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your objective is to provide water
+to islam in bangladesh is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to islam in bangladesh is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to islam in bangladesh is a very
+different problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem
+than saying that i want to have water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than saying that i want to have water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than saying that i want to have water
+for agriculture production in bangladesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for agriculture production in bangladesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for agriculture production in bangladesh
+these are two different problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two different problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two different problems
+and oftentimes we confuse them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oftentimes we confuse them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oftentimes we confuse them
+and let's go to the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's go to the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's go to the next one
+so what are the scientific facts that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the scientific facts that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the scientific facts that's
+a societal problem here many more people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a societal problem here many more people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a societal problem here many more people
+die from unsafe water than from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die from unsafe water than from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die from unsafe water than from all
+forms of violence including war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of violence including war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of violence including war
+so these are statistical facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are statistical facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are statistical facts
+there are also economic analysis every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also economic analysis every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also economic analysis every
+dollar invested in safe water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar invested in safe water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar invested in safe water and
+sanitation yields anywhere between 5 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanitation yields anywhere between 5 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanitation yields anywhere between 5 to
+27 in economic benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 in economic benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 in economic benefits
+you don't have to agree with that 527 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to agree with that 527 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to agree with that 527 is
+more than one dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one dollar
+will not go into the economic argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not go into the economic argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not go into the economic argument
+here for now but at least there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for now but at least there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for now but at least there are many
+many studies that have done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many studies that have done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many studies that have done this
+that if i invest one dollar right now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i invest one dollar right now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i invest one dollar right now i
+can get five to twenty seven dollars so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get five to twenty seven dollars so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get five to twenty seven dollars so
+that means i can make more money still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means i can make more money still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means i can make more money still
+not doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing it
+so what is the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the problem
+and then i say okay 768 million people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i say okay 768 million people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i say okay 768 million people
+like access to water 2 billion people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like access to water 2 billion people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like access to water 2 billion people
+are living in high water scarcity region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how come we are not doing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how come we are not doing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how come we are not doing anything
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+and this is the statistics i had when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the statistics i had when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the statistics i had when i
+was a graduate student many many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a graduate student many many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a graduate student many many years
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+how could you have a crisis then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you have a crisis then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you have a crisis then you're
+not resolving this crisis so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not resolving this crisis so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not resolving this crisis so that means
+it's not a crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why is not let's say that i am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is not let's say that i am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is not let's say that i am
+generous i want to make 50 liters not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous i want to make 50 liters not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous i want to make 50 liters not
+20. 50 per person per day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20. 50 per person per day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20. 50 per person per day
+give me 120 billion dollar i can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me 120 billion dollar i can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me 120 billion dollar i can do it
+for everywhere in the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everywhere in the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everywhere in the globe
+look at the global gdp 85 trillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the global gdp 85 trillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the global gdp 85 trillion
+dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+only 0.14 percent of global gdp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 0.14 percent of global gdp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 0.14 percent of global gdp
+so how come this is a global community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how come this is a global community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how come this is a global community
+we're so much basically benevolent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're so much basically benevolent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're so much basically benevolent so
+much generous you cannot spend even 0.14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much generous you cannot spend even 0.14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much generous you cannot spend even 0.14
+percent of our gdp to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of our gdp to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of our gdp to
+give water to everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the problem is not economic then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem is not economic then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem is not economic then
+problem is not that we don't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is not that we don't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is not that we don't have that
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+so how do i go then so this is where i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do i go then so this is where i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do i go then so this is where i
+think maybe we can be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe we can be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe we can be a little bit more
+creative as water diplomats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative as water diplomats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative as water diplomats
+that these are not really the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are not really the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are not really the argument
+that people are making we need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are making we need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are making we need to make
+different types of arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then it comes really basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then it comes really basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then it comes really basically this
+is the cover page of our book so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cover page of our book so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cover page of our book so we're
+saying that look i think when you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that look i think when you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that look i think when you were
+to look at this problem really you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this problem really you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this problem really you need
+to look at this there are natural domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this there are natural domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this there are natural domain
+problems there are societal domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems there are societal domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems there are societal domain
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+these have been studied forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have been studied forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have been studied forever
+but they also happen in a politically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also happen in a politically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also happen in a politically
+real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world
+so one in water diplomacy what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one in water diplomacy what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one in water diplomacy what we are
+arguing for last several years that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing for last several years that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing for last several years that look
+you need to understand the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to understand the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to understand the natural
+problem it comes the societal problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it comes the societal problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it comes the societal problem
+you need to also understand that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to also understand that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to also understand that this is
+happening in a politically real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in a politically real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in a politically real world
+so how do i combine this scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do i combine this scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do i combine this scientific
+knowledge and social knowledge in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and social knowledge in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and social knowledge in a
+politically real world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically real world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically real world where
+things will have some way to at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will have some way to at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will have some way to at least
+have some traction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some traction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some traction
+i don't have to discuss this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have to discuss this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have to discuss this idea of
+really look i only need point one four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look i only need point one four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look i only need point one four
+percent of gdp still people do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of gdp still people do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of gdp still people do not have
+access to water 768 million people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to water 768 million people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to water 768 million people do
+not have access to water these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have access to water these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have access to water these are all
+known problems go to any water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known problems go to any water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known problems go to any water
+literature right now any water crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature right now any water crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature right now any water crisis
+you'll see this status is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see this status is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see this status is given
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+so nothing is being done then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nothing is being done then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nothing is being done then
+those are the type of questions we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the type of questions we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the type of questions we want
+to raise and hopefully you guys will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise and hopefully you guys will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise and hopefully you guys will
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+some clue really when you are in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clue really when you are in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clue really when you are in your
+organization to have some impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the reason i think what we argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason i think what we argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason i think what we argue that
+is happening that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening that there are
+differences political boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences political boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences political boundaries
+knowledge know-how management these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge know-how management these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge know-how management these are
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+basically happening at multiple scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically happening at multiple scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically happening at multiple scales
+and these choices are particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these choices are particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these choices are particularly
+problematic because they cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic because they cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic because they cross
+boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries
+they have uncertainty they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have uncertainty they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have uncertainty they have
+multiplicity of values so these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity of values so these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity of values so these are not
+basically unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically unknown
+what we are basically hoping to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are basically hoping to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are basically hoping to do with
+our water diplomacy framework is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our water diplomacy framework is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our water diplomacy framework is that we
+want to explicitly recognize this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to explicitly recognize this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to explicitly recognize this and
+see really how to at least adjust some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see really how to at least adjust some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see really how to at least adjust some
+of it so that we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it so that we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it so that we can go
+or we can be little bit better than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can be little bit better than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can be little bit better than what
+we were yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see i may not be here for another 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see i may not be here for another 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see i may not be here for another 30
+years so i could not see this changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so i could not see this changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so i could not see this changing
+very much in 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much in 30 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much in 30 years
+in 30 years really we still had the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 30 years really we still had the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 30 years really we still had the same
+number of people dying out of this lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people dying out of this lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people dying out of this lack
+of sanitation and water across the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sanitation and water across the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sanitation and water across the globe
+so are we basically dumb or we are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are we basically dumb or we are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are we basically dumb or we are just
+too insensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is what essentially is we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what essentially is we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what essentially is we are
+standing here and we in the present year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing here and we in the present year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing here and we in the present year
+we came from past but we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we came from past but we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we came from past but we don't know
+exactly where we came because past is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where we came because past is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where we came because past is
+although came happened once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although came happened once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although came happened once
+the interpretation of past could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpretation of past could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpretation of past could be
+quite different really because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different really because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different really because for
+example if you think about really how i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you think about really how i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you think about really how i
+came where i am right now if you ask my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came where i am right now if you ask my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came where i am right now if you ask my
+your my mother or my wife or my daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your my mother or my wife or my daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your my mother or my wife or my daughter
+they will have different stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will have different stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will have different stories
+and some of these stories will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of these stories will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of these stories will be
+probably similar but it will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably similar but it will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably similar but it will not be
+exactly the same so that means our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same so that means our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same so that means our
+understanding of the past is also really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the past is also really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the past is also really
+colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored
+by our own experience our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our own experience our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our own experience our own
+perspectives and the way we have seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives and the way we have seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives and the way we have seen it
+the problem even is that future could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem even is that future could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem even is that future could be
+even more unknown because we have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more unknown because we have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more unknown because we have no
+clue how it will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue how it will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue how it will happen
+but only thing we have is passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only thing we have is passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only thing we have is passed
+so how do i create what are management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do i create what are management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do i create what are management
+situations really by looking at the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations really by looking at the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations really by looking at the past
+knowing that future is unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the fundamental puzzle it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the fundamental puzzle it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the fundamental puzzle it's a
+scientific puzzle as well as social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific puzzle as well as social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific puzzle as well as social
+puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle
+this is where you need to basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you need to basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you need to basically the
+question where is okay in 1960 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question where is okay in 1960 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question where is okay in 1960 they
+didn't know about climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know about climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know about climate change
+i don't know what will happen next 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what will happen next 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what will happen next 50
+years we did not know that copied 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years we did not know that copied 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years we did not know that copied 19
+will come really in 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come really in 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come really in 2020
+it indeed and it changed the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it indeed and it changed the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it indeed and it changed the life
+significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly
+so those are unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are unknown
+and then we need to have some way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to have some way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to have some way to
+essentially deal with it what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially deal with it what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially deal with it what is the
+next covet going to come we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next covet going to come we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next covet going to come we don't know
+so what does that tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that tell you
+what tells you really the most of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what tells you really the most of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what tells you really the most of our
+understanding really from science is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding really from science is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding really from science is
+from physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from physics
+what physics tells us really that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what physics tells us really that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what physics tells us really that with
+classical physics i can essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics i can essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics i can essentially
+describe the world in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the world in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the world in a very
+interesting and very predictable way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and very predictable way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and very predictable way
+but the problem with complex system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem with complex system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem with complex system is
+that they are not easily describable by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are not easily describable by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are not easily describable by
+classical physics or quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics or quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics or quantum mechanics
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+world is not deterministic world is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is not deterministic world is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is not deterministic world is also
+not random it is somewhere in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not random it is somewhere in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not random it is somewhere in between
+that's what the complex system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the complex system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the complex system is
+complex systems argues that this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex systems argues that this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex systems argues that this is not
+a purely predictable system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a purely predictable system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a purely predictable system
+at the same time it is not a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time it is not a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time it is not a random
+system either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system either
+so everything that you've learned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything that you've learned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything that you've learned in
+school now is really not becoming very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school now is really not becoming very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school now is really not becoming very
+useful because everything you learn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because everything you learn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because everything you learn is
+essentially either based on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially either based on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially either based on some
+classical physics which is deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics which is deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics which is deterministic
+equations or statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations or statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations or statistics
+but we are arguing that the for complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are arguing that the for complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are arguing that the for complex
+system now that will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now that will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now that will work
+you need a combination of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a combination of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a combination of these two
+then you come with this this basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you come with this this basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you come with this this basically
+two scientists in 1973 they were telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two scientists in 1973 they were telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two scientists in 1973 they were telling
+you the search for scientific basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the search for scientific basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the search for scientific basis for
+confronting problems of social policy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronting problems of social policy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronting problems of social policy is
+bound to fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to fail
+and this is a very classical paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a very classical paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a very classical paper
+really written in 1973 cited over 10 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really written in 1973 cited over 10 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really written in 1973 cited over 10 000
+times now so is this a wicked problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times now so is this a wicked problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times now so is this a wicked problem
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they were very brilliant two young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were very brilliant two young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were very brilliant two young
+assistant professor from berkeley in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant professor from berkeley in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant professor from berkeley in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what they were telling me that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were telling me that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were telling me that when you
+are confronted with complex problems we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are confronted with complex problems we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are confronted with complex problems we
+don't talk we get because we can't i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk we get because we can't i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk we get because we can't i
+don't like this word but they use wicked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like this word but they use wicked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like this word but they use wicked
+but we can essentially in their term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can essentially in their term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can essentially in their term is
+very similar to what we call complex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to what we call complex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to what we call complex and
+these are interconnected problems these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are interconnected problems these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are interconnected problems these
+are interdependent problems there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interdependent problems there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interdependent problems there is
+simply no way to do cause and effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply no way to do cause and effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply no way to do cause and effect and
+particularly when there are social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when there are social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when there are social
+policy involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy involved
+then came this lady really from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then came this lady really from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then came this lady really from here
+wellesley she was an economics professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wellesley she was an economics professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wellesley she was an economics professor
+and a chair she said you can't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a chair she said you can't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a chair she said you can't take
+politics out of this analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics out of this analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics out of this analysis
+now you have three things you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have three things you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have three things you have
+physical systems your social system your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical systems your social system your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical systems your social system your
+political systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political systems
+and what we argue in what are diplomacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we argue in what are diplomacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we argue in what are diplomacy
+we try to mix them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to mix them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to mix them up
+and we said that all three are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we said that all three are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we said that all three are important
+you need to be careful about all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be careful about all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be careful about all three
+you just cannot pick one or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just cannot pick one or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just cannot pick one or the other
+and then your solution is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your solution is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your solution is not going to
+be very sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh here how is the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh here how is the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh here how is the difference between
+the social system and the political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social system and the political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social system and the political
+system sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system sometimes
+yeah so okay so yeah so then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so okay so yeah so then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so okay so yeah so then you have to
+go yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go yeah
+that is a good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a good point
+you have to go then to our diagram here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go then to our diagram here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go then to our diagram here
+let me see you can go back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see you can go back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see you can go back here
+so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+i did not do so i said societal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did not do so i said societal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did not do so i said societal so
+societal we are saying that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal we are saying that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal we are saying that there are
+only three things because we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only three things because we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only three things because we want to
+make life simpler we said we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make life simpler we said we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make life simpler we said we put
+governance assets as norms and values as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance assets as norms and values as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance assets as norms and values as
+societal we are keeping political as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal we are keeping political as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal we are keeping political as a
+different entity so this separation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different entity so this separation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different entity so this separation in
+many places you may find to be not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many places you may find to be not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many places you may find to be not
+really that clean you can put politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that clean you can put politics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that clean you can put politics
+also in societal domain that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in societal domain that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in societal domain that will be
+fine but then you need to be explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but then you need to be explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but then you need to be explicit
+but here we are explicit we are saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we are explicit we are saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we are explicit we are saying
+that for us when we talk about natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for us when we talk about natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for us when we talk about natural
+systems we are talking about quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we are talking about quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we are talking about quality
+quantity and ecosystems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and ecosystems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and ecosystems
+measurable quantifiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable quantifiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable quantifiable
+more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less
+when we talk about societal systems we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about societal systems we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about societal systems we
+talk about governance and we are keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about governance and we are keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about governance and we are keeping
+it broad governance could be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it broad governance could be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it broad governance could be your
+ngo to your government to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ngo to your government to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ngo to your government to
+basically your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically your
+water board in pakistan or bangladesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water board in pakistan or bangladesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water board in pakistan or bangladesh
+norms and values could be also quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms and values could be also quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms and values could be also quite
+broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad
+it could be your cultural values it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be your cultural values it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be your cultural values it
+could be religious values of waters we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be religious values of waters we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be religious values of waters we
+are keeping them broad assets is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are keeping them broad assets is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are keeping them broad assets is not
+only money it could be human assets too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only money it could be human assets too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only money it could be human assets too
+so we are being very careful when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are being very careful when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are being very careful when we
+coin these terms we spend a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin these terms we spend a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin these terms we spend a lot of time
+thinking about those so we kept them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about those so we kept them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about those so we kept them in
+a way that we don't need any more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that we don't need any more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that we don't need any more than
+this sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sex
+and we have asked this question to many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have asked this question to many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have asked this question to many
+of many of these water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many of these water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many of these water
+water diplomacy workshop attendees that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water diplomacy workshop attendees that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water diplomacy workshop attendees that
+look do i need anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look do i need anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look do i need anything else
+have we missed anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we missed anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we missed anything
+tell us something that we missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us something that we missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us something that we missed
+so maybe you will ask you the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you will ask you the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you will ask you the same
+question have we missed any variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question have we missed any variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question have we missed any variables
+that you need to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to include
+to talk about what are conflicts those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about what are conflicts those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about what are conflicts those
+are not there in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not there in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not there in this particular
+figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think of a variable or an actor or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a variable or an actor or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a variable or an actor or an
+institution we are saying everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution we are saying everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution we are saying everything is
+included here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe think about it and maybe before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe think about it and maybe before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe think about it and maybe before
+the end of the semester you can let or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the semester you can let or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the semester you can let or
+animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation
+these are big claims we're making say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are big claims we're making say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are big claims we're making say
+look i think you don't need anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look i think you don't need anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look i think you don't need anything
+else these six are good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else these six are good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else these six are good enough
+because we have defined this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have defined this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have defined this
+sufficiently broad so that you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently broad so that you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently broad so that you can go
+and dig deeper into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's those essentially six now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's those essentially six now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's those essentially six now we
+are saying that we can basically even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are saying that we can basically even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are saying that we can basically even
+write it down in a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down in a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down in a little bit more
+systematic we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic we were talking about
+variables and processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and processes
+that will come from the natural domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will come from the natural domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will come from the natural domain
+actors and institutions will come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors and institutions will come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors and institutions will come from
+societal domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal domain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then you have values interests and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have values interests and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have values interests and
+tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools
+and we go in that particular order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we go in that particular order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we go in that particular order so
+values really so these you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values really so these you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values really so these you need to be
+very very careful because what ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very careful because what ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very careful because what ends up
+happening in most cases since i came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in most cases since i came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in most cases since i came
+from a totally different domain when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a totally different domain when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a totally different domain when i
+was doing my engineering stuff we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing my engineering stuff we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing my engineering stuff we were
+particularly interested in tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we basically started working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we basically started working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we basically started working
+with larry and we found out under there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with larry and we found out under there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with larry and we found out under there
+is something called interests and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something called interests and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something called interests and
+positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions
+and then we need to talk about values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to talk about values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to talk about values
+now we get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get into
+really entangled mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really entangled mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really entangled mass
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+your problems policies and politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problems policies and politics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problems policies and politics
+what we argue that these things have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we argue that these things have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we argue that these things have to
+come into place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into place
+you have a problem you have a politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a problem you have a politics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a problem you have a politics
+you have a politics unless these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a politics unless these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a politics unless these three
+are aligned properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aligned properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aligned properly
+you're not going to get a solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to get a solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to get a solution that
+will be basically resilient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be basically resilient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be basically resilient and
+sustainable just think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable just think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable just think about what
+happened early between january 20th and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened early between january 20th and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened early between january 20th and
+today is up till 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is up till 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is up till 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just three months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just three months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just three months
+in three months we have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three months we have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three months we have already
+vaccinated about 200 million people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccinated about 200 million people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccinated about 200 million people
+that was not the case in december
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not the case in december
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not the case in december
+january what happened not nothing much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+january what happened not nothing much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+january what happened not nothing much
+changed in the us few people changed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed in the us few people changed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed in the us few people changed in
+white house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white house
+other than that most of the actors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that most of the actors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that most of the actors and
+institutions are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions are the same
+so some of the problems politics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of the problems politics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of the problems politics and
+politics has to align properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics has to align properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics has to align properly
+if it does things can explode or things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it does things can explode or things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it does things can explode or things
+can get totally basically out of control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get totally basically out of control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get totally basically out of control
+so that's what the basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the basically
+big time thinking about is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big time thinking about is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big time thinking about is basically
+this the difference between january 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the difference between january 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the difference between january 20th
+and say april 27th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this multiplicity of choices then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this multiplicity of choices then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this multiplicity of choices then
+what it does really this essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does really this essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does really this essentially
+fundamentally challenge this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally challenge this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally challenge this idea of
+finding optimal solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding optimal solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding optimal solutions
+this is where basically rita and weber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where basically rita and weber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where basically rita and weber
+found in 1973
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in 1973
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in 1973
+they were talking about that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were talking about that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were talking about that when you
+have a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a social
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+and this is couple we are calling them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is couple we are calling them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is couple we are calling them a
+couple natural human system problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple natural human system problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple natural human system problem
+to look for optimal solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for optimal solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for optimal solution is
+impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's a recognition we must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a recognition we must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a recognition we must have
+because this is the recognition at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the recognition at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the recognition at least
+oftentimes we do not have when we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes we do not have when we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes we do not have when we are
+coming from a technical domain from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a technical domain from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a technical domain from a
+technical domain we want to find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical domain we want to find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical domain we want to find an
+optimal solution very quickly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution very quickly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution very quickly and
+optimal solutions are possible for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solutions are possible for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solutions are possible for a
+well-structured systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can find out the optimal temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can find out the optimal temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can find out the optimal temperature
+for my room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my room
+there is no problem because i can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no problem because i can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no problem because i can put
+enough basically heating and air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough basically heating and air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough basically heating and air
+conditioning and thermometer to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning and thermometer to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning and thermometer to get it
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+but if i want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i want to do
+optimal temperature for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal temperature for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal temperature for
+city of boston it cannot be done because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of boston it cannot be done because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of boston it cannot be done because
+city of boston is open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of boston is open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of boston is open
+now things are coming back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now things are coming back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now things are coming back and forth
+from all kinds from maybe from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all kinds from maybe from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all kinds from maybe from
+connecticut or from maine or from canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecticut or from maine or from canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecticut or from maine or from canada
+where cold air is coming in so i cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where cold air is coming in so i cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where cold air is coming in so i cannot
+make this but on the other end my room i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this but on the other end my room i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this but on the other end my room i
+can do it because room is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it because room is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it because room is bounded
+this room is basically it has boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room is basically it has boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room is basically it has boundaries
+it can be insulated it can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be insulated it can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be insulated it can be done
+so if the system is bounded system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the system is bounded system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the system is bounded system is
+well structured system is well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well structured system is well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well structured system is well defined
+optimal solutions are okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solutions are okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solutions are okay
+but in most natural systems they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in most natural systems they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in most natural systems they are not
+in almost all couple systems is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in almost all couple systems is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in almost all couple systems is
+impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible
+when the natural system that human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the natural system that human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the natural system that human
+systems are coupled then you cannot find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are coupled then you cannot find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are coupled then you cannot find
+it then you need to be contingent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then you need to be contingent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then you need to be contingent in
+context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context
+then you say fine then what did i learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you say fine then what did i learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you say fine then what did i learn
+if everything depend on the context and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everything depend on the context and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everything depend on the context and
+everything is contingent why come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is contingent why come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is contingent why come to
+school just go and do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school just go and do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school just go and do it
+that's what i think will give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i think will give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i think will give you some
+clue really with maybe with water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue really with maybe with water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue really with maybe with water
+diplomacy and principal pragmatism how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomacy and principal pragmatism how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomacy and principal pragmatism how
+that can be done although they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be done although they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be done although they're
+contingent although they're contextual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingent although they're contextual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingent although they're contextual
+so what are diplomacy then what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are diplomacy then what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are diplomacy then what is this
+so scientific method i will say then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so scientific method i will say then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so scientific method i will say then in
+general is objective so we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is objective so we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is objective so we'll talk about
+little bit more closely so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more closely so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more closely so
+policy and decision making is subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy and decision making is subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy and decision making is subjective
+whether you like it or not that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you like it or not that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you like it or not that's what
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+so whether your political bias is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whether your political bias is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whether your political bias is a very
+biden versus trump admission you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biden versus trump admission you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biden versus trump admission you're
+seeing that policy making decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that policy making decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that policy making decision
+making so this is going to be subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making so this is going to be subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making so this is going to be subjective
+whether we like it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we like it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we like it or
+not then we're saying the scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not then we're saying the scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not then we're saying the scientific
+facts are objective and this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts are objective and this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts are objective and this will be
+maybe i think there are nuances that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i think there are nuances that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i think there are nuances that we
+don't want to get into right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get into right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get into right now
+social facts are subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social facts are subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social facts are subjective
+so i'm making a sharp distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm making a sharp distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm making a sharp distinction
+between these two things so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two things so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two things so there is a
+scientific fact and there is a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific fact and there is a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific fact and there is a social
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+when we talked about this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about this idea of
+alternative fact when people got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative fact when people got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative fact when people got
+confused is that they were mixing it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused is that they were mixing it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused is that they were mixing it up
+social facts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social facts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social facts are
+basically there are alternative facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there are alternative facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there are alternative facts
+scientific fact there is no relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific fact there is no relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific fact there is no relative
+facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts
+if i take my temperature if you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take my temperature if you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take my temperature if you can find
+it to be 98.4 it is 98.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be 98.4 it is 98.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be 98.4 it is 98.4
+maybe with another thermometer you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe with another thermometer you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe with another thermometer you can
+get 98.5 it cannot be 200 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's a scientific fact i said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a scientific fact i said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a scientific fact i said this
+is objective replicable reproducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is objective replicable reproducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is objective replicable reproducible
+social fact would be how i feel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social fact would be how i feel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social fact would be how i feel about
+the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature
+i may feel perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i may feel perfectly fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i may feel perfectly fine
+and lady may feel perfectly hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lady may feel perfectly hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lady may feel perfectly hot
+with the same temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same temperature
+although the thermometer is measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the thermometer is measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the thermometer is measuring
+same temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same temperature
+how both of us feels is quite different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how both of us feels is quite different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how both of us feels is quite different
+that's the social fact that simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the social fact that simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the social fact that simply
+cannot be objectively defined and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be objectively defined and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be objectively defined and you
+don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to
+but in decision making both are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in decision making both are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in decision making both are
+important really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important really
+i just cannot use scientific fact to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just cannot use scientific fact to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just cannot use scientific fact to
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decisions which will affect human beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions which will affect human beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions which will affect human beings
+i can do this daily for machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but when i bring in human beings when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when i bring in human beings when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when i bring in human beings when
+they have emotion they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have emotion they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have emotion they have a
+agencies they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies they have
+temptations i cannot use just scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptations i cannot use just scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptations i cannot use just scientific
+effects and assume that it will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and assume that it will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and assume that it will work
+so as a result now water diplomacy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result now water diplomacy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result now water diplomacy is
+both subjective and objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both subjective and objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both subjective and objective
+so that is essentially very problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is essentially very problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is essentially very problematic
+in terms of implementation but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of implementation but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of implementation but this is
+also very good because this is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very good because this is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very good because this is the way
+you'll keep your job for next 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll keep your job for next 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll keep your job for next 50 years
+because not anybody can do it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the reason i think larry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the reason i think larry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the reason i think larry is
+doing for 50 years i hope i can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing for 50 years i hope i can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing for 50 years i hope i can do it
+too for another 20 years i'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too for another 20 years i'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too for another 20 years i'll tell you
+really what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what to do
+and that is exactly where i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is exactly where i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is exactly where i think the
+brilliance and the ingenuity will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliance and the ingenuity will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliance and the ingenuity will come
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+that this is not easily separable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is not easily separable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is not easily separable
+i cannot just take objective facts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i cannot just take objective facts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i cannot just take objective facts and
+claims that i will be able to do water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims that i will be able to do water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims that i will be able to do water
+management very well neither can i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management very well neither can i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management very well neither can i do
+subjectively either so if i can combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjectively either so if i can combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjectively either so if i can combine
+these two in some creative ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two in some creative ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two in some creative ways
+you'll have credibility and you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have credibility and you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have credibility and you'll be
+able to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah please can you repeat again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah please can you repeat again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah please can you repeat again the
+example of the temperature which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the temperature which is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the temperature which is to
+to illustrate the uh the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illustrate the uh the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illustrate the uh the difference
+between the subjective and objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the subjective and objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the subjective and objective
+okay so just one second here let me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just one second here let me see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just one second here let me see
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+objective facts would be i would say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective facts would be i would say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective facts would be i would say we
+will go this into a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go this into a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go this into a little bit more
+detail also objective fact i am defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail also objective fact i am defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail also objective fact i am defining
+it very sharply so in my definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very sharply so in my definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very sharply so in my definition
+objective fact is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective fact is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective fact is based on
+scientific methods which are observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific methods which are observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific methods which are observable
+it has to be observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be observable
+if it is not observable so observable by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is not observable so observable by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is not observable so observable by
+how so then basically if you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how so then basically if you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how so then basically if you really want
+to be very sharp you say we have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very sharp you say we have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very sharp you say we have five
+senses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses
+if these are not sensed by your five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these are not sensed by your five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these are not sensed by your five
+senses it doesn't exist so i'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses it doesn't exist so i'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses it doesn't exist so i'll tell you
+although i don't want to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although i don't want to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although i don't want to basically
+make our friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our friend
+pinker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinker
+in other school on the red line he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other school on the red line he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other school on the red line he's a
+cognitive psychologist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive psychologist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive psychologist in
+at harvard delhi so he would tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at harvard delhi so he would tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at harvard delhi so he would tell you
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+everything else that you cannot sense or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else that you cannot sense or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else that you cannot sense or
+can observe doesn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can observe doesn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can observe doesn't exist
+so trust is no it doesn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a trust is simply can it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trust is simply can it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trust is simply can it's not
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+he has a whole book called enlightenment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a whole book called enlightenment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a whole book called enlightenment
+700 pages with hundreds of thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700 pages with hundreds of thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700 pages with hundreds of thousands of
+graphs and he's showing that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and he's showing that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and he's showing that with
+enlightenment we have basically done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightenment we have basically done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightenment we have basically done
+remarkably well because in all measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably well because in all measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably well because in all measures
+that he shows of course he's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he shows of course he's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he shows of course he's very
+selective he is showing that everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective he is showing that everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective he is showing that everything
+has improved like our infant modality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has improved like our infant modality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has improved like our infant modality
+has improved our war has gone down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has improved our war has gone down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has improved our war has gone down
+people dying from what has gone down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people dying from what has gone down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people dying from what has gone down
+people dying out of hunger has gone down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people dying out of hunger has gone down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people dying out of hunger has gone down
+so we are doing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are doing well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are doing well
+but in that book trust was not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in that book trust was not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in that book trust was not even
+mentioned once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned once
+but he doesn't care really about trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he doesn't care really about trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he doesn't care really about trust
+so for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for him
+it's a scientific fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a scientific fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a scientific fact
+unless it is observable it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it is observable it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it is observable it's not
+scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+social fact is now i feel bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social fact is now i feel bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social fact is now i feel bad
+and we have too many people suffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have too many people suffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have too many people suffering
+from mental disease right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mental disease right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mental disease right now
+mental disease will become the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental disease will become the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental disease will become the most
+pandemic really in next 20 years he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic really in next 20 years he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic really in next 20 years he
+doesn't want he doesn't want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want he doesn't want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want he doesn't want to talk
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+so for him those are subjective judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for him those are subjective judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for him those are subjective judgment
+you figure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure it out
+so that's the difference really thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the difference really thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the difference really thinks
+those are not observable doesn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are not observable doesn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are not observable doesn't exist
+so that's a very sharp it's a very crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a very sharp it's a very crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a very sharp it's a very crude
+definition but that's the way i try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition but that's the way i try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition but that's the way i try to
+do this also so i said this something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this also so i said this something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this also so i said this something
+subjective is meaning that these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective is meaning that these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective is meaning that these are not
+easily verifiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily verifiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily verifiable
+but i do disagree with him that no they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i do disagree with him that no they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i do disagree with him that no they
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+i may not be able to measure them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i may not be able to measure them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i may not be able to measure them
+but they are real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are real
+and you may not be you he will say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may not be you he will say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may not be you he will say that
+they are not even real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not even real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not even real
+they're just a fiction of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just a fiction of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just a fiction of your
+imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you very much thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much thank you
+so that brings us to this i think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that brings us to this i think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that brings us to this i think this
+you like now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like now
+so here i want you to look at these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here i want you to look at these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here i want you to look at these two
+pictures and i thought it was very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and i thought it was very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and i thought it was very nice
+so there is a difference between myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a difference between myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a difference between myth
+and fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fact
+look at this first figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this first figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this first figure
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+remember what this individual is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this individual now remembers myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this individual now remembers myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this individual now remembers myth
+although you have given him 12 facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you have given him 12 facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you have given him 12 facts
+so what is the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the problem
+the problem is that our cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that our cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that our cognitive
+ability to process information is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to process information is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to process information is not
+really very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very good
+so if you give me a lot of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you give me a lot of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you give me a lot of information
+it's happening with coffee if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's happening with coffee if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's happening with coffee if you think
+about coffee tealy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about coffee tealy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about coffee tealy
+people are so confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are so confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are so confused
+it's not that people are confused people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that people are confused people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that people are confused people
+just simply cannot separate it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply cannot separate it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply cannot separate it out
+because you are giving so many facts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are giving so many facts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are giving so many facts and
+so many conflicting facts so ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many conflicting facts so ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many conflicting facts so ultimately
+you remember the myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the myth
+that most likely i'll die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most likely i'll die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most likely i'll die
+although the probability of you dying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the probability of you dying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the probability of you dying is
+extremely low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely low
+even if you get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you get it
+on the other hand if you can give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if you can give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if you can give me
+with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some
+carefully constructed facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully constructed facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully constructed facts
+you do remember the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do remember the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do remember the fact
+so the argument that i will make here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the argument that i will make here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the argument that i will make here is
+that our challenge is to essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our challenge is to essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our challenge is to essentially
+when i am trying to debunk some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i am trying to debunk some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i am trying to debunk some of this
+myth or some of these social facts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth or some of these social facts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth or some of these social facts to
+create scientific facts those are easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create scientific facts those are easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create scientific facts those are easily
+digestible to the audience that i am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digestible to the audience that i am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digestible to the audience that i am
+giving it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving it to
+but that's very very powerful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's very very powerful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's very very powerful because
+otherwise i can keep talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise i can keep talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise i can keep talking about this
+climate change a general public does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change a general public does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change a general public does not
+understand what i'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what i'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what i'm talking about
+as a result they think it's a hoax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what does that mean really is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean really is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean really is this
+when you're trying to replace a myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to replace a myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to replace a myth
+from somebody's mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somebody's mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somebody's mind
+you need to replace it by some facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to replace it by some facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to replace it by some facts
+otherwise it will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it will get
+replaced by another myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the question is basically and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is basically and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is basically and the
+politicians are extremely powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politicians are extremely powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politicians are extremely powerful
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+basically replacing myths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically replacing myths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically replacing myths
+and meats are not really easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meats are not really easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meats are not really easily
+discounted i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted i don't
+believe that myth can be easily taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that myth can be easily taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that myth can be easily taken
+out they will be there the challenge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out they will be there the challenge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out they will be there the challenge is
+to create meet those are little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create meet those are little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create meet those are little bit more
+scientifically valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you can do this then i think you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can do this then i think you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can do this then i think you have
+an alternative narrative otherwise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternative narrative otherwise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternative narrative otherwise you
+don't have an alternative narrative you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an alternative narrative you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an alternative narrative you
+have no way to make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no way to make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no way to make any
+influence in the policy making and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence in the policy making and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence in the policy making and the
+decision making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that brings us to something that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that brings us to something that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that brings us to something that i
+like is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is that
+you remember you talked about what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember you talked about what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember you talked about what a
+diplomacy framework we did not say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomacy framework we did not say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomacy framework we did not say that
+it is a model it is not even a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a model it is not even a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a model it is not even a theory
+right now so what is a framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so what is a framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so what is a framework
+framework is something that is it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework is something that is it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework is something that is it's some
+general ideas of general relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general ideas of general relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general ideas of general relationships
+that gives you to address a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you to address a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you to address a particular
+problem in a particular way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in a particular way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in a particular way
+so that is the framework when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is the framework when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is the framework when the
+framework gets tested over time so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework gets tested over time so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework gets tested over time so we
+are doing it for many many years right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing it for many many years right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing it for many many years right
+now so gradually it will become a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so gradually it will become a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so gradually it will become a theory
+eventually it will become a model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it will become a model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it will become a model and
+predictable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable
+so right now we will put on water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now we will put on water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now we will put on water
+diplomacy principle pragmatism as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomacy principle pragmatism as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomacy principle pragmatism as
+framework this framework allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework this framework allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework this framework allows us to
+explain those things in certain ways it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain those things in certain ways it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain those things in certain ways it
+allows us to interfere in certain ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to interfere in certain ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to interfere in certain ways
+when it becomes really a theory then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it becomes really a theory then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it becomes really a theory then you
+guess basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess basically
+like evolution evolution is a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like evolution evolution is a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like evolution evolution is a theory
+newton's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton's law
+is a law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a law
+neutral law is not a theory it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral law is not a theory it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral law is not a theory it's not a
+framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework
+so there is a distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a distinction between
+framework theory and model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework theory and model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework theory and model
+so model is at the level that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so model is at the level that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so model is at the level that you are
+the newton's law so things are doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newton's law so things are doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newton's law so things are doesn't
+matter really whether i mean boston or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter really whether i mean boston or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter really whether i mean boston or
+i'm in brazil newton's law supplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that is what the difference is so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is what the difference is so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is what the difference is so if
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+develop certain law those are context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop certain law those are context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop certain law those are context
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+then you have a law so do i have a law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a law so do i have a law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a law so do i have a law
+for water no i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for water no i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for water no i don't
+i don't have a water diplomacy law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have a water diplomacy law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have a water diplomacy law
+we have a water diplomacy framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a water diplomacy framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a water diplomacy framework
+and that framework with time will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that framework with time will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that framework with time will
+probably get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get
+tested refined and get into theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested refined and get into theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested refined and get into theory and
+hopefully into a model someday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what are the principles the principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the principles the principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the principles the principle
+that we are trying to use here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are trying to use here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are trying to use here in
+principle pragmatic framework is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle pragmatic framework is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle pragmatic framework is this
+objective scientific method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective scientific method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective scientific method
+so we'll say that there is an objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll say that there is an objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll say that there is an objective
+scientific method these five senses it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific method these five senses it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific method these five senses it
+allows me to do certain things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to do certain things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to do certain things in
+certain ways those will be independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ways those will be independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ways those will be independent
+of context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+giving our example of taking temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving our example of taking temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving our example of taking temperature
+so temperature with a thermometer is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so temperature with a thermometer is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so temperature with a thermometer is a
+measurable thing i can easily validate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable thing i can easily validate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable thing i can easily validate
+this there is no ambiguity there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pragmatism comes in this sub-subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragmatism comes in this sub-subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragmatism comes in this sub-subjective
+interpretation now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation now
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+the example that i was giving that how i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example that i was giving that how i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example that i was giving that how i
+feel about temperature is a subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel about temperature is a subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel about temperature is a subjective
+interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation
+that interpretation should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interpretation should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interpretation should not be
+confused with scientific methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused with scientific methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused with scientific methods
+but i need both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i need both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i need both
+i need scientific method i need also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need scientific method i need also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need scientific method i need also
+subjective interpretation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective interpretation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective interpretation this is
+exactly where water diplomacy comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where water diplomacy comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where water diplomacy comes in
+that we just not only need scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just not only need scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just not only need scientific
+methods we also need subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods we also need subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods we also need subjective
+interpretation of the local values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of the local values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of the local values
+local context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local context
+then if i can combine these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if i can combine these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if i can combine these two
+we get principal pragmatism that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get principal pragmatism that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get principal pragmatism that is
+subjective and objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective and objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective and objective
+the same thing that we talked about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing that we talked about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing that we talked about our
+water diplomacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we said okay like i think i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we said okay like i think i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we said okay like i think i don't
+know you have talked about this we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have talked about this we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have talked about this we look
+at world in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at world in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at world in various
+i would say the simple ways we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would say the simple ways we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would say the simple ways we said that
+there are only three types of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only three types of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only three types of systems
+and our first job is to identify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our first job is to identify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our first job is to identify that
+problem and that's the diagnosis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that's the diagnosis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that's the diagnosis and
+characterization so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization so it's
+simple problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple problems
+but these causal relationships are well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these causal relationships are well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these causal relationships are well
+understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+complicated is often ambiguous but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated is often ambiguous but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated is often ambiguous but not
+easily identified but you can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily identified but you can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily identified but you can still
+identify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify this
+then you have complex problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have complex problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have complex problems
+not easily identifiable only perceivable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not easily identifiable only perceivable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not easily identifiable only perceivable
+in retrospect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in retrospect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in retrospect
+so a good example of this would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a good example of this would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a good example of this would be like
+flushing your toilet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flushing your toilet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flushing your toilet
+you can go and buy basically a toilet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go and buy basically a toilet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go and buy basically a toilet
+system from home depot for 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from home depot for 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from home depot for 100
+it will work out very nicely no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will work out very nicely no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will work out very nicely no problem
+bringing water to your home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing water to your home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing water to your home
+from cuabon like about 50 miles away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cuabon like about 50 miles away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cuabon like about 50 miles away and
+taking the water on the 16th floor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the water on the 16th floor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the water on the 16th floor of
+your room and you get out you get warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your room and you get out you get warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your room and you get out you get warm
+water that's a complicated system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that's a complicated system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that's a complicated system
+i need lots of pumps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need lots of pumps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need lots of pumps and
+pipes and then chlorination and heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipes and then chlorination and heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipes and then chlorination and heating
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+complex problem is the one then when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex problem is the one then when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex problem is the one then when we
+created this quabon reservoir we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created this quabon reservoir we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created this quabon reservoir we have
+also eliminated four villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also eliminated four villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also eliminated four villages
+from guava because we wanted to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from guava because we wanted to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from guava because we wanted to create a
+large reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large reservoir
+a lot of people have lost their homes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people have lost their homes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people have lost their homes
+and they had to be bought out so was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had to be bought out so was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had to be bought out so was
+this the right thing to do because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the right thing to do because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the right thing to do because you
+are basically removing human beings from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically removing human beings from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically removing human beings from
+four towns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four towns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four towns
+for 200 years because boston has to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 200 years because boston has to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 200 years because boston has to grow
+boston needed more water they needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston needed more water they needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston needed more water they needed to
+create a co-op and deserve in 1920s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a co-op and deserve in 1920s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a co-op and deserve in 1920s so
+they created this by eliminating four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they created this by eliminating four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they created this by eliminating four
+villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages
+and there are still people complaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are still people complaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are still people complaining
+that that was not the right thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was not the right thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was not the right thing to do
+so that's a complex problem where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a complex problem where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a complex problem where you
+have basically coupled a natural system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have basically coupled a natural system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have basically coupled a natural system
+with human systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with human systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with human systems
+now the system is in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the system is in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the system is in this case is
+knowable and predictable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowable and predictable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowable and predictable
+the flushing net oil is more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flushing net oil is more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flushing net oil is more or less
+predictable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable
+this is complicated but it's still more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is complicated but it's still more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is complicated but it's still more
+or less predictable not always but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less predictable not always but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less predictable not always but
+this one is most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is most of the time
+unpredictable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable
+and emergent meaning that things will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and emergent meaning that things will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and emergent meaning that things will
+just emerge that you have no idea really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just emerge that you have no idea really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just emerge that you have no idea really
+it was going to come and from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was going to come and from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was going to come and from your
+arsenic problem you have seen some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic problem you have seen some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic problem you have seen some of
+this emergence we'll talk about a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this emergence we'll talk about a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this emergence we'll talk about a little
+bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more
+if you are to intervene in these systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are to intervene in these systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are to intervene in these systems
+this will work with best practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is where i think most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where i think most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where i think most of the
+people got it wrong and i think we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got it wrong and i think we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got it wrong and i think we want
+you to be very careful what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be very careful what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be very careful what we are
+saying here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying here is that
+your best practices will apply very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your best practices will apply very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your best practices will apply very well
+for simple systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you go into complicated system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go into complicated system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go into complicated system you
+need some expert knowledge now and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some expert knowledge now and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some expert knowledge now and some
+contextual knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contextual knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contextual knowledge
+if you go into complex system now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go into complex system now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go into complex system now you
+need something totally different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need something totally different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need something totally different
+you need a synthesis of scientific facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a synthesis of scientific facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a synthesis of scientific facts
+and social facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social facts
+you simply cannot use best practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simply cannot use best practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simply cannot use best practices
+because there is no best practices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is no best practices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is no best practices for
+complex systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and although you will hear this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although you will hear this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although you will hear this time
+often that give me a roadmap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that give me a roadmap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that give me a roadmap
+no i cannot give you a roadmap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i cannot give you a roadmap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i cannot give you a roadmap
+roadmap assumes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roadmap assumes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roadmap assumes that
+i know the road so how do i know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know the road so how do i know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know the road so how do i know the
+road i know the road because i have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road i know the road because i have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road i know the road because i have seen
+it in the past so that means i am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the past so that means i am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the past so that means i am
+assuming the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the past
+will essentially be similar in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will essentially be similar in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will essentially be similar in the
+future as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future as well
+if the future is little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the future is little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the future is little bit different
+than the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the past
+my past knowledge is not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my past knowledge is not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my past knowledge is not going to be
+very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful
+so i cannot have a roadmap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i cannot have a roadmap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i cannot have a roadmap
+so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to
+hope for a roadmap to hope for a best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for a roadmap to hope for a best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for a roadmap to hope for a best
+practices is an illusion we must abandon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices is an illusion we must abandon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices is an illusion we must abandon
+to deal with complex problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that making sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that making sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that making sense
+this is very important because we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very important because we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very important because we need
+to make a distinction between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a distinction between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a distinction between these
+three class of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three class of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three class of problems
+your first job would be to essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first job would be to essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first job would be to essentially
+decide which one is simple which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which one is simple which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which one is simple which one is
+complicated which is complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated which is complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated which is complex
+and then you cannot use the tool those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you cannot use the tool those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you cannot use the tool those
+will be applicable for simple system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be applicable for simple system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be applicable for simple system
+when the problem is actually complex or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the problem is actually complex or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the problem is actually complex or
+vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you assume that everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you assume that everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you assume that everybody is
+working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complex problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these
+cases you heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you heard about
+the beginning that people describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning that people describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning that people describe
+they're they're all complex they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're all complex they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're all complex they may
+have simple components within them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have simple components within them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have simple components within them
+but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically
+the conflicts and what's at the heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conflicts and what's at the heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conflicts and what's at the heart of
+the conflicts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complex it sounds from your description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex it sounds from your description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex it sounds from your description
+like it's not really possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's not really possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's not really possible
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+usefully prescriptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a situation in which the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a situation in which the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a situation in which the problems
+you're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+highly complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you think that's right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that's right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that's right or
+do you know no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know no
+we're in trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in trouble
+at some level it is but at some level it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some level it is but at some level it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some level it is but at some level it
+is not so let me see what i can explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not so let me see what i can explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not so let me see what i can explain
+so the story that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the story that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the story that
+what has to happen then is when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has to happen then is when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has to happen then is when you are
+confronted with a problem like say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted with a problem like say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted with a problem like say we
+are confronted with the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are confronted with the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are confronted with the problem of
+ganges water treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganges water treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganges water treaty
+so let's take this as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take this as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take this as an example
+then we have to decidedly when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to decidedly when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to decidedly when we talk
+about ganges water treaty what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ganges water treaty what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ganges water treaty what are we
+talking about so if you ask me right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so if you ask me right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so if you ask me right now
+i will say genji's water treaty should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will say genji's water treaty should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will say genji's water treaty should
+primarily focus on the dry season flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily focus on the dry season flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily focus on the dry season flow
+so now i'm trying to make the problem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm trying to make the problem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm trying to make the problem a
+little bit sharper why dry season flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit sharper why dry season flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit sharper why dry season flow
+in the wet season i have about 70 to 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wet season i have about 70 to 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wet season i have about 70 to 80
+000 cubic meter per second of water flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 cubic meter per second of water flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 cubic meter per second of water flow
+that is a flood season flood season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a flood season flood season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a flood season flood season
+lasts for few weeks but it creates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts for few weeks but it creates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts for few weeks but it creates a
+problem but that is a recurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but that is a recurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but that is a recurring
+phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon
+then in the dry season is almost about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the dry season is almost about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the dry season is almost about
+eight to nine months that creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight to nine months that creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight to nine months that creates
+significant problem both from water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant problem both from water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant problem both from water
+availability for ecosystems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability for ecosystems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability for ecosystems to
+irrigation to navigability so many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigation to navigability so many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigation to navigability so many many
+things so i will focus on that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so i will focus on that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so i will focus on that part
+then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my
+question would be okay so given that dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question would be okay so given that dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question would be okay so given that dry
+season flow is only 4 000 as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season flow is only 4 000 as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season flow is only 4 000 as opposed to
+80 thousand now what can i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 thousand now what can i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 thousand now what can i do
+how do i basically resolve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i basically resolve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i basically resolve this
+complexity of the problem now we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the problem now we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the problem now we have to
+come up with delete with india and sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with delete with india and sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with delete with india and sit
+down and see really what are the options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and see really what are the options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and see really what are the options
+can i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i have
+what are the options those are possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the options those are possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the options those are possible
+so that we both can come up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we both can come up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we both can come up with some
+options where we know we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options where we know we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options where we know we're not going to
+get eighty thousand we need actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get eighty thousand we need actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get eighty thousand we need actually
+twenty thousand we only have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty thousand we only have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty thousand we only have four
+so how do i solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do i solve this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do i solve this problem
+it's not easily resolvable then where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not easily resolvable then where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not easily resolvable then where
+essentially this whole idea of mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this whole idea of mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this whole idea of mutual
+value creation negotiation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value creation negotiation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value creation negotiation and
+discussion has to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion has to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion has to come in
+rooted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooted in
+scientific facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific facts
+that's basically where i think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically where i think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically where i think you can
+think of really how do i get around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of really how do i get around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of really how do i get around this
+mess because otherwise it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess because otherwise it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess because otherwise it becomes
+such a complex problem that nothing can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a complex problem that nothing can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a complex problem that nothing can
+be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done
+so are you saying that when you face a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are you saying that when you face a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are you saying that when you face a
+complex problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex problem
+try to only work on part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to only work on part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to only work on part of it
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+uh what i would say that uh the prob uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what i would say that uh the prob uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what i would say that uh the prob uh
+the approach would be problem driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approach would be problem driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approach would be problem driven
+meaning that you have to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that you have to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that you have to define a
+particular problem that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem that you want to
+solve so here i have defined the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve so here i have defined the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve so here i have defined the problem
+with that i want to resolve the dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that i want to resolve the dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that i want to resolve the dry
+season flow in the ganges that is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season flow in the ganges that is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season flow in the ganges that is my
+problem right but isn't that really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right but isn't that really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right but isn't that really a
+part of the larger problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the larger problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the larger problem of
+managing the ganges it is it is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing the ganges it is it is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing the ganges it is it is no
+question about it no question about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about it no question about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about it no question about it
+and i don't think there is any way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't think there is any way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't think there is any way to
+design tangle this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design tangle this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design tangle this
+can you take it all separately no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you take it all separately no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you take it all separately no you
+cannot so then what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot so then what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot so then what you do
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+at one extreme then you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one extreme then you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one extreme then you can think of
+really that everything is interconnected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that everything is interconnected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that everything is interconnected
+with everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everything else
+if that is the case then you are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that is the case then you are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that is the case then you are in a
+mess that mess simply cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess that mess simply cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess that mess simply cannot be
+entangled right and you can argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled right and you can argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled right and you can argue that
+no no you are essentially being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no you are essentially being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no you are essentially being
+reductionist because you are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionist because you are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionist because you are trying to
+reduce the problem to something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the problem to something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the problem to something that is
+simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler
+to some extent yes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent yes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent yes but
+what we want to be careful really when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to be careful really when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to be careful really when
+i'm defining the problem for the dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm defining the problem for the dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm defining the problem for the dry
+season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season
+i don't want it to be a reductionist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want it to be a reductionist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want it to be a reductionist
+problem that basically it will not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that basically it will not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that basically it will not get
+affected by flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by flood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by flood
+so i need to be careful really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i need to be careful really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i need to be careful really the
+the lesser the dry season is eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lesser the dry season is eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lesser the dry season is eight
+months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months
+these eight months will affect it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eight months will affect it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eight months will affect it by
+other four months too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other four months too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other four months too
+how that is the question if they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that is the question if they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that is the question if they are
+cleanly separable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanly separable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanly separable
+then it's easy but they are not cleanly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's easy but they are not cleanly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's easy but they are not cleanly
+separable they will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable they will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable they will not be
+so this is where the complexity will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where the complexity will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where the complexity will
+come i don't think how hard we try you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come i don't think how hard we try you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come i don't think how hard we try you
+will be able to go in that's the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to go in that's the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to go in that's the reason
+scientific method is important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific method is important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific method is important because
+you need to keep this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to keep this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to keep this idea of
+experimentation valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation valid
+so you observe you ask questions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you observe you ask questions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you observe you ask questions you
+hypothesize you experiment analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesize you experiment analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesize you experiment analyze
+conclude and keep doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude and keep doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude and keep doing this
+then you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go
+here so i think with this i don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so i think with this i don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so i think with this i don't think
+we need to code this because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to code this because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to code this because this is
+more into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recognize that basically there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that basically there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that basically there is no
+panacea here so if there is no panacea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panacea here so if there is no panacea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panacea here so if there is no panacea
+then what is there what i am saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what is there what i am saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what is there what i am saying that
+we need to be precise in diagnosing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to be precise in diagnosing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to be precise in diagnosing the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+so so here the whole approach that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here the whole approach that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here the whole approach that we
+are trying to take is that it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to take is that it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to take is that it is a
+problem driven approach it is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem driven approach it is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem driven approach it is not a
+theory driven approach so i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory driven approach so i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory driven approach so i have a
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+the that problem is to solve dry season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that problem is to solve dry season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that problem is to solve dry season
+water problem in bangladesh or in india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water problem in bangladesh or in india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water problem in bangladesh or in india
+not to do this tonight so that is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do this tonight so that is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do this tonight so that is my
+diagnosis of the problem now what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis of the problem now what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis of the problem now what are
+the facets of the diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facets of the diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facets of the diagnosis
+what the aspect do i need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the aspect do i need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the aspect do i need to do
+is it really to keep a calcutta port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it really to keep a calcutta port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it really to keep a calcutta port
+navigable or is it really to stop salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigable or is it really to stop salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigable or is it really to stop salt
+water intuition in sundarban in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water intuition in sundarban in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water intuition in sundarban in
+bangladesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bangladesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bangladesh
+or both are important if both are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or both are important if both are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or both are important if both are
+important then how do i try to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important then how do i try to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important then how do i try to see
+really given the limited amount of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really given the limited amount of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really given the limited amount of water
+that i have can i do both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have can i do both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have can i do both
+if i cannot then do i have other options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i cannot then do i have other options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i cannot then do i have other options
+what if i use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i use
+groundwater can i use groundwater in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundwater can i use groundwater in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundwater can i use groundwater in a
+year and next year basically i have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and next year basically i have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and next year basically i have more
+rain it gets filled with groundwater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain it gets filled with groundwater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain it gets filled with groundwater
+also i cannot use it forever because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also i cannot use it forever because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also i cannot use it forever because it
+will get depleted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get depleted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get depleted
+so those are the type of discussion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the type of discussion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the type of discussion that
+has to happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to happen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to happen so
+the precisely the point with complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the precisely the point with complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the precisely the point with complex
+system is that complex systems will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is that complex systems will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is that complex systems will not
+allow you to give a solution that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to give a solution that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to give a solution that is
+static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static
+it will give you a solution given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will give you a solution given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will give you a solution given that
+particular problem given that time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem given that time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem given that time and
+space scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space scale
+then what we need to be careful is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we need to be careful is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we need to be careful is that
+we monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we monitor
+and we keep adapting to the changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we keep adapting to the changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we keep adapting to the changing
+situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+so that brings up this we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that brings up this we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that brings up this we have to
+embrace complexity with humility there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrace complexity with humility there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrace complexity with humility there
+that is not that basically i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not that basically i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not that basically i'm going to
+give you solution that you have it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you solution that you have it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you solution that you have it there
+is no prescription that is universal i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no prescription that is universal i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no prescription that is universal i
+cannot do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do it
+i'm just being very honest and blunt but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just being very honest and blunt but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just being very honest and blunt but
+at the same time i'm giving you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time i'm giving you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time i'm giving you a
+framework that framework will allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that framework will allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that framework will allow you
+to do things in certain ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things in certain ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things in certain ways
+then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you
+think in a systematic way what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in a systematic way what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in a systematic way what does that
+mean that means that you try to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that means that you try to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that means that you try to define
+what your system boundary is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your system boundary is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your system boundary is
+what are the nodes and links in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the nodes and links in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the nodes and links in that
+system so that you when you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that you when you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that you when you get this
+spaghetti diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti diagram
+what are the notes and links that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the notes and links that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the notes and links that
+create this spaghetti diagram and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this spaghetti diagram and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this spaghetti diagram and that
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+understandable and systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable and systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable and systematically
+manageable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable
+then you say okay i diagnose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you say okay i diagnose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you say okay i diagnose and
+prescribe so i'm saying you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe so i'm saying you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe so i'm saying you need to
+prescribe so what do you how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe so what do you how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe so what do you how do you
+prescribe them the way you prescribe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe them the way you prescribe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe them the way you prescribe
+by understanding the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by understanding the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by understanding the capacity
+of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system
+as well as the constraints that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the constraints that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the constraints that system
+imposes on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposes on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposes on you
+what that means really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means really
+the capacity and constant for the ganges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity and constant for the ganges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity and constant for the ganges
+between bangladesh india will be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between bangladesh india will be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between bangladesh india will be quite
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+if you are trying to do it for the nile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are trying to do it for the nile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are trying to do it for the nile
+between egypt and ethiopia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between egypt and ethiopia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between egypt and ethiopia
+so the challenge here is that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the challenge here is that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the challenge here is that you have
+diagnosed the problem now you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed the problem now you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed the problem now you have to
+give in to give some prescription that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give in to give some prescription that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give in to give some prescription that
+prescription must be consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription must be consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription must be consistent
+with the capacity that your system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the capacity that your system has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the capacity that your system has
+and that capacity can involve basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that capacity can involve basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that capacity can involve basically
+from human capital to basically actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from human capital to basically actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from human capital to basically actual
+assets of money to cultural values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets of money to cultural values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets of money to cultural values and
+everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else
+but not all of them are important at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not all of them are important at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not all of them are important at
+a giving given time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the challenge for us to get as water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge for us to get as water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge for us to get as water
+diplomat is to find out what those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomat is to find out what those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomat is to find out what those are
+and try to define that subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to define that subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to define that subset
+otherwise this set is very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise this set is very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise this set is very large
+you can go to the ganges and assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to the ganges and assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to the ganges and assume that
+look ganges water is probably one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look ganges water is probably one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look ganges water is probably one of the
+most polluted water in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most polluted water in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most polluted water in the world
+but it is the most holy water for hindus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is the most holy water for hindus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is the most holy water for hindus
+in india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in india
+so i cannot basically start questioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i cannot basically start questioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i cannot basically start questioning
+that cultural value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cultural value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cultural value
+that has to be taken into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be taken into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be taken into account
+so that is the capacity and constant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is the capacity and constant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is the capacity and constant the
+system is imposing on me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is imposing on me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is imposing on me
+then i said that there is no no nasia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i said that there is no no nasia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i said that there is no no nasia
+so let's be clear about this that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's be clear about this that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's be clear about this that there
+is no simple generalizable best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no simple generalizable best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no simple generalizable best
+practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then i said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i said okay
+excuse me shuffy when you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me shuffy when you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me shuffy when you say
+diagnose and prescribe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose and prescribe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose and prescribe
+using capacity and constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using capacity and constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using capacity and constraints
+you don't mean that you can't enhance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't mean that you can't enhance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't mean that you can't enhance
+the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity
+with resources from outside the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with resources from outside the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with resources from outside the system
+right no i don't i think very good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no i don't i think very good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no i don't i think very good point
+no question so i think we have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no question so i think we have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no question so i think we have to be
+exactly i think we we need to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly i think we we need to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly i think we we need to bring
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+capacity is not fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity is not fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity is not fixed
+capacity can be enhanced capacity can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity can be enhanced capacity can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity can be enhanced capacity can be
+reinforced even i think can be built and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced even i think can be built and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced even i think can be built and
+even can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even can be
+taken as an outside energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken as an outside energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken as an outside energy
+so world bank can create more basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so world bank can create more basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so world bank can create more basically
+can put in money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put in money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put in money
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+i think i need to be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i need to be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i need to be a little bit more
+careful there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not that so no let's not assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that so no let's not assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that so no let's not assume
+that the system capacitance constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system capacitance constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system capacitance constants
+are fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the question is do we need anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is do we need anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is do we need anything
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+because i'm also teaching this similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm also teaching this similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm also teaching this similar
+class at top so i think so we did post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class at top so i think so we did post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class at top so i think so we did post
+this question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question so
+and i'm asking maybe you guys also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm asking maybe you guys also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm asking maybe you guys also that
+okay so if is this a more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if is this a more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if is this a more or less
+general abstract level of things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general abstract level of things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general abstract level of things that we
+need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do
+to start addressing the problem then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start addressing the problem then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start addressing the problem then
+we'll get into very quickly our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into very quickly our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into very quickly our
+arsenic problem the how this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic problem the how this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic problem the how this can be
+applied in real time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied in real time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied in real time
+so maybe i think i don't know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe i think i don't know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe i think i don't know how much
+time do we have animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think we have about 10 or 15 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we have about 10 or 15 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we have about 10 or 15 minutes
+okay so yeah all right so let's do the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah all right so let's do the i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah all right so let's do the i
+think maybe i'll just go into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe i'll just go into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe i'll just go into this
+could you could you just go back one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could you just go back one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could you just go back one for
+a minute to the diagram to the list you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute to the diagram to the list you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute to the diagram to the list you
+had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+you said is in the question marks at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said is in the question marks at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said is in the question marks at the
+end is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end is that
+is that insufficient is that complete do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that insufficient is that complete do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that insufficient is that complete do
+we need anything else like one question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need anything else like one question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need anything else like one question
+you read i think i need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read i think i need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read i think i need to
+use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this
+my uneasiness with that list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uneasiness with that list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uneasiness with that list
+is that if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you're going to
+act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act
+adaptively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptively
+if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to
+continue to review and change what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to review and change what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to review and change what
+you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing
+you need to have the institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have the institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have the institutional
+capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity
+to do that just to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that just to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that just to build
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional
+capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity
+to think and act systematically to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think and act systematically to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think and act systematically to build
+the capacity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity to
+adapt adapt uh act adaptively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt adapt uh act adaptively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt adapt uh act adaptively
+and so the person who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the person who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the person who's
+talking about taking action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about taking action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about taking action
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+needs to think about the institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to think about the institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to think about the institutional
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+but the process that makes this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the process that makes this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the process that makes this list
+possible and that itself becomes an item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and that itself becomes an item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and that itself becomes an item
+on the list sure good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the list sure good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the list sure good point
+any other thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right i think let's see whether we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i think let's see whether we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i think let's see whether we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+so essentially that what we are arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially that what we are arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially that what we are arguing
+so i hope i convince you that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i hope i convince you that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i hope i convince you that there is
+no established methodology exists to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no established methodology exists to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no established methodology exists to
+resolve complex problems because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve complex problems because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve complex problems because these
+problems are not deterministic not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are not deterministic not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are not deterministic not
+random so that means you cannot use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so that means you cannot use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so that means you cannot use
+classical physics or you cannot use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics or you cannot use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics or you cannot use
+statistical mechanics to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics to do this
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+at the same time these problems can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time these problems can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time these problems can
+neither be fully explored by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither be fully explored by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither be fully explored by the
+positivist meaning this hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positivist meaning this hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positivist meaning this hypothesis
+testing type of framework that i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing type of framework that i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing type of framework that i was
+arguing that with five senses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that with five senses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that with five senses
+so you cannot just use scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you cannot just use scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you cannot just use scientific
+methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+nor can you use just interpretations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor can you use just interpretations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor can you use just interpretations
+so it's not that basically you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not that basically you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not that basically you can use
+either or methods really so you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either or methods really so you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either or methods really so you cannot
+use purely scientific method you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use purely scientific method you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use purely scientific method you cannot
+use purely subjective ethnographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use purely subjective ethnographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use purely subjective ethnographic
+matters to address these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters to address these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters to address these problems
+what then you have to do really is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what then you have to do really is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what then you have to do really is some
+way to basically combine your scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to basically combine your scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to basically combine your scientific
+facts and social facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts and social facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts and social facts
+so that's what is all about and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what is all about and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what is all about and if you
+look at the paper that i sent you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the paper that i sent you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the paper that i sent you to
+read this arsenic contamination problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this arsenic contamination problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this arsenic contamination problem
+essentially tries to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially tries to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially tries to do this
+is to explain the problem from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to explain the problem from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to explain the problem from a
+scientific facts perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific facts perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific facts perspective
+then use the understanding meaning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use the understanding meaning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use the understanding meaning the
+social facts to actually address the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social facts to actually address the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social facts to actually address the
+problem so what that means really so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so what that means really so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so what that means really so
+let's go back in this thing you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back in this thing you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back in this thing you've seen
+before you will not go here so i go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you will not go here so i go here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you will not go here so i go here
+so i use an illustrative case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i use an illustrative case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i use an illustrative case
+illustrative case is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrative case is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrative case is that
+it can support a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can support a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can support a theory
+so the arsenic contamination problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the arsenic contamination problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the arsenic contamination problem is
+used here as an illustrative case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used here as an illustrative case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used here as an illustrative case
+meaning that it illustrates that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that it illustrates that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that it illustrates that it's a
+complex problem but it does not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex problem but it does not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex problem but it does not really
+provide any validation of the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide any validation of the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide any validation of the theory
+but we have also used it as an extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have also used it as an extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have also used it as an extended
+case meaning that if i take this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case meaning that if i take this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case meaning that if i take this case
+and i look at all the features what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i look at all the features what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i look at all the features what i
+see really here is this is a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see really here is this is a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see really here is this is a couple
+natural and human system problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural and human system problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural and human system problem
+in this couple natural human system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this couple natural human system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this couple natural human system
+problem when i intervene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when i intervene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when i intervene
+it gives rise to emergent properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives rise to emergent properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives rise to emergent properties
+and then it becomes a complex problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it becomes a complex problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it becomes a complex problem
+so that means i can use this to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means i can use this to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means i can use this to show
+really when you have this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really when you have this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really when you have this type of
+coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling
+you will expect this type of things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will expect this type of things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will expect this type of things to
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now if you take actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if you take actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if you take actually what
+happened then there so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened then there so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened then there so you have
+basically bangladesh has decided that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically bangladesh has decided that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically bangladesh has decided that
+they will promote groundwater use as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will promote groundwater use as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will promote groundwater use as a
+case study that we are using it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study that we are using it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study that we are using it here
+there are two policy goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two policy goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two policy goals
+they want to increase agricultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to increase agricultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to increase agricultural
+productivity and reduce infant mortality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity and reduce infant mortality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity and reduce infant mortality
+so these were the policy goals they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these were the policy goals they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these were the policy goals they
+wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do
+a very sharp very well defined easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very sharp very well defined easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very sharp very well defined easily
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+and then you go and then you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is where essentially now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where essentially now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where essentially now if you
+try to link all this different component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to link all this different component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to link all this different component
+different variables processes now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables processes now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables processes now you
+see this is a mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is a mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is a mess
+and this mess really is not new and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this mess really is not new and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this mess really is not new and this
+is not even our mess i think many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not even our mess i think many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not even our mess i think many people
+have created this type of mess they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have created this type of mess they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have created this type of mess they call
+the system diagram and interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system diagram and interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system diagram and interaction
+diagram whatever and we are saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram whatever and we are saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram whatever and we are saying that
+this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really
+so old because it doesn't allow me to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so old because it doesn't allow me to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so old because it doesn't allow me to do
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+i just totally get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just totally get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just totally get
+paralyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyzed
+so it's not going to work because things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not going to work because things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not going to work because things
+are interconnected we understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interconnected we understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interconnected we understand that
+part the question then is becomes how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the question then is becomes how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the question then is becomes how do
+you diagnose or sharply define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you diagnose or sharply define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you diagnose or sharply define the
+problem that not all of these links and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that not all of these links and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that not all of these links and
+notes are equally important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes are equally important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes are equally important
+only some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only some are
+the question is which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is which are
+see in the case of like diocesan flow we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the case of like diocesan flow we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the case of like diocesan flow we
+gave you an example relief that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you an example relief that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you an example relief that is what
+we want to do so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do so that's a
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+simpler definition of the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler definition of the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler definition of the problem with
+the interconnections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interconnections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interconnections and
+interdependencies those will be needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdependencies those will be needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdependencies those will be needed
+once you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have that
+then you can go here so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can go here so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can go here so if you look at
+what bangladesh has done they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what bangladesh has done they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what bangladesh has done they wanted to
+have two policy goals and these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two policy goals and these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two policy goals and these were
+achieved really with tremendous success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved really with tremendous success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved really with tremendous success
+it has increased agricultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has increased agricultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has increased agricultural
+productivity decreased infant mortality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity decreased infant mortality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity decreased infant mortality
+agricultural productivity has gone up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural productivity has gone up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural productivity has gone up by
+almost hundred percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost hundred percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost hundred percent
+infant modality was the lowest in south
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant modality was the lowest in south
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant modality was the lowest in south
+asia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asia
+so in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in those
+terms it was very good really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms it was very good really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms it was very good really very
+basically successful story from 1960 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically successful story from 1960 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically successful story from 1960 to
+almost 1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 1980s
+then what you started seeing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you started seeing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you started seeing there
+arsenic contamination emerges now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic contamination emerges now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic contamination emerges now
+in 1960 they did not expect that arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1960 they did not expect that arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1960 they did not expect that arsenic
+contamination will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination will come
+the difficulty they have created they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty they have created they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty they have created they
+have not measured so they were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not measured so they were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not measured so they were not
+following it so they were not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it so they were not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it so they were not really
+monitoring the progress they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring the progress they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring the progress they are not
+being adopted they did not care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being adopted they did not care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being adopted they did not care
+so as a result it emerges even that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result it emerges even that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result it emerges even that
+emergence did not really lead to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence did not really lead to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence did not really lead to any
+action it took another 15 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action it took another 15 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action it took another 15 years
+before on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before on the
+the day first the arsenic was detected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day first the arsenic was detected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day first the arsenic was detected
+in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water
+then to actually create something at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to actually create something at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to actually create something at the
+government never it took 15 years why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government never it took 15 years why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government never it took 15 years why
+did it take that long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it take that long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it take that long
+so that's what basically the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what basically the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what basically the system
+failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed
+then you have taken interventions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have taken interventions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have taken interventions which
+left even more unintended emergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left even more unintended emergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left even more unintended emergence
+if you remember really you looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember really you looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember really you looked at
+this basically they put red and green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically they put red and green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically they put red and green
+wells now the villages that had red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wells now the villages that had red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wells now the villages that had red
+wells now have problems with basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wells now have problems with basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wells now have problems with basically
+girls getting married because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls getting married because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls getting married because they have
+a stigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stigma
+so you've created a social stigma by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've created a social stigma by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've created a social stigma by
+creating a solution that you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a solution that you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a solution that you wanted to
+do because you wanted to let people know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because you wanted to let people know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because you wanted to let people know
+that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+well is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is
+red meaning it has high arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red meaning it has high arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red meaning it has high arsenic
+concentration so where did that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so where did that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so where did that come
+from what i argue that basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what i argue that basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what i argue that basically this
+was also really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also really
+what we learned from this this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we learned from this this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we learned from this this was a
+theory driven causality-based reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory driven causality-based reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory driven causality-based reasoning
+where did that come from so that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did that come from so that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did that come from so that really
+came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+from if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from if you
+know the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the story of
+cholera in london in 1854
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholera in london in 1854
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholera in london in 1854
+in jon snow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in jon snow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in jon snow
+found out that he was an epidemiologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that he was an epidemiologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that he was an epidemiologist
+he found out that there is a cholera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found out that there is a cholera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found out that there is a cholera
+outbreak in london and they cannot find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outbreak in london and they cannot find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outbreak in london and they cannot find
+out what is going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what is going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what is going on
+so he did a very systematic way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he did a very systematic way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he did a very systematic way of
+finding out who has cholera where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out who has cholera where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out who has cholera where the
+drinking water is coming from and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking water is coming from and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking water is coming from and he
+found out well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out well
+and he went and basically started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he went and basically started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he went and basically started
+that well done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well done
+cholera went away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholera went away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholera went away
+so that is basically my theory or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is basically my theory or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is basically my theory or by
+basically scientific knowledge that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically scientific knowledge that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically scientific knowledge that i
+used in bangladesh also without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in bangladesh also without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in bangladesh also without
+understanding anything else so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding anything else so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding anything else so i
+basically went and started painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically went and started painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically went and started painting
+everything red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything red
+because there's no need and it stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no need and it stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no need and it stopped
+cholera so if i do this arsenic will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholera so if i do this arsenic will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholera so if i do this arsenic will be
+stopped yes it will be the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped yes it will be the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped yes it will be the only
+difficulty there is that this is rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty there is that this is rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty there is that this is rural
+bangladesh number one i have over 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bangladesh number one i have over 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bangladesh number one i have over 10
+million wealth right now and not one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million wealth right now and not one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million wealth right now and not one so
+as a result really my theory doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result really my theory doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result really my theory doesn't go
+with actually what is happening on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with actually what is happening on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with actually what is happening on the
+ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground
+so we got into serious mess and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we got into serious mess and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we got into serious mess and that
+took another 20 years to unfold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took another 20 years to unfold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took another 20 years to unfold
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what would happen in a principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen in a principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen in a principal
+pregnancy approximately what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnancy approximately what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnancy approximately what you want to
+do really you want to find out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do really you want to find out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do really you want to find out the
+problem different question so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem different question so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem different question so the
+question was that really okay so i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was that really okay so i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was that really okay so i have
+infant mortality problem in bangladesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant mortality problem in bangladesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant mortality problem in bangladesh
+so to solve that infinite modality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to solve that infinite modality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to solve that infinite modality
+problem i found out the quickest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem i found out the quickest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem i found out the quickest
+solution what was the quickest solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution what was the quickest solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution what was the quickest solution
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+dig some shallow wells it's cheaper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig some shallow wells it's cheaper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig some shallow wells it's cheaper is
+quicker fine and we've done that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker fine and we've done that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker fine and we've done that and
+that is perfectly fine what was missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is perfectly fine what was missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is perfectly fine what was missing
+there is that they did not monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that they did not monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that they did not monitor
+really the progression of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the progression of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the progression of this
+they just assumed that it's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just assumed that it's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just assumed that it's a simple
+solution it will stay forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it will stay forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it will stay forever
+if they have monitored this they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have monitored this they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have monitored this they would
+have found out long ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found out long ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found out long ago
+that's why basically this problem-driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why basically this problem-driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why basically this problem-driven
+question with hypothesis is consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question with hypothesis is consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question with hypothesis is consistent
+with observed signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with observed signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with observed signals
+i need to keep observing the system as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to keep observing the system as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to keep observing the system as
+it evolves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it evolves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it evolves
+if i can do this then i have an approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can do this then i have an approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can do this then i have an approach
+that is more or less functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is more or less functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is more or less functional
+so to summarize that basically what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to summarize that basically what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to summarize that basically what we
+need to do really we need to first find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do really we need to first find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do really we need to first find
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+a very sharp definition of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very sharp definition of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very sharp definition of the problem
+that we want to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to address
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+find out whether is this a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out whether is this a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out whether is this a simple
+problem complicated problem or a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem complicated problem or a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem complicated problem or a complex
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+then find out if it is a complex problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then find out if it is a complex problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then find out if it is a complex problem
+that what is the complexity coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is the complexity coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is the complexity coming from
+is the complexity coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the complexity coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the complexity coming from the
+scientific unknown or is it coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific unknown or is it coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific unknown or is it coming from
+the social fact those are alternatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social fact those are alternatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social fact those are alternatives
+then try to synthesize these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then try to synthesize these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then try to synthesize these two
+then design an intervention with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then design an intervention with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then design an intervention with some
+basically targeted metric that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically targeted metric that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically targeted metric that this is
+what i want to do and then monitor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to do and then monitor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to do and then monitor this
+as you go along then you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go along then you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go along then you could be
+adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive
+and find out a solution that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find out a solution that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find out a solution that will
+basically be resilient and change also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically be resilient and change also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically be resilient and change also
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+there is no universal solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no universal solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no universal solution
+so if you want message you want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want message you want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want message you want to take
+i think that would be that there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that would be that there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that would be that there is no
+universal generalizable solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal generalizable solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal generalizable solution for
+complex systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex systems
+complex systems will bring even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex systems will bring even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex systems will bring even more
+problems once you try to solve them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems once you try to solve them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems once you try to solve them by
+the time you have solved them you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you have solved them you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you have solved them you have
+given rise to another set of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given rise to another set of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given rise to another set of problems
+and this is also nothing new really this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also nothing new really this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also nothing new really this
+has been done in with ladies department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been done in with ladies department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been done in with ladies department
+for many years from like shawn to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many years from like shawn to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many years from like shawn to other
+people they have talked about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they have talked about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they have talked about these
+problems almost 50 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems almost 50 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems almost 50 years ago
+that the idea of really when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the idea of really when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the idea of really when you're
+trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+do these social problems really by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these social problems really by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these social problems really by the
+time you solve the problem you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you solve the problem you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you solve the problem you have
+given rise to another set of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given rise to another set of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given rise to another set of problems
+so the challenge is to essentially be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the challenge is to essentially be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the challenge is to essentially be
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aware of that problem nature will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that problem nature will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that problem nature will change
+and if it does really how do i detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it does really how do i detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it does really how do i detect
+them early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them early on
+so that i can be adaptive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that i can be adaptive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that i can be adaptive and
+act accordingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act accordingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act accordingly
+we'll stop here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+do you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have any
+final question to topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are your thoughts about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are your thoughts about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are your thoughts about the
+enabling conditions between india and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling conditions between india and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling conditions between india and
+pakistan and the uh on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pakistan and the uh on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pakistan and the uh on on
+taking up their divisions and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking up their divisions and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking up their divisions and then this
+water treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enable conditions should be those will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable conditions should be those will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable conditions should be those will
+remain three what you want to do really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain three what you want to do really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain three what you want to do really
+hopefully i think is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully i think is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully i think is that
+what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the
+main issues of contentions right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main issues of contentions right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main issues of contentions right now
+that needs to be discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be discussed
+because i have not following recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i have not following recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i have not following recently
+about the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the industry
+what would be good i think for if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be good i think for if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be good i think for if you
+can identify one or two things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can identify one or two things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can identify one or two things that
+both countries are in disagreement with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both countries are in disagreement with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both countries are in disagreement with
+what is that really so i can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that really so i can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that really so i can give you
+one example for example for brahmaputra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example for example for brahmaputra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example for example for brahmaputra
+is that what i followed recently is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what i followed recently is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what i followed recently is
+say for example india is claiming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example india is claiming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example india is claiming that
+china is holding all the water and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china is holding all the water and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china is holding all the water and then
+it will create problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will create problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will create problem
+physically that is not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically that is not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically that is not true
+because the amount of water that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the amount of water that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the amount of water that is
+coming from brahmaputra for china even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from brahmaputra for china even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from brahmaputra for china even
+if china we did this study with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if china we did this study with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if china we did this study with
+domination with another chinese student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domination with another chinese student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domination with another chinese student
+we had even if they decide to keep all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had even if they decide to keep all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had even if they decide to keep all
+the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water
+in china it will have no impact in india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china it will have no impact in india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china it will have no impact in india
+although they are making that claim so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they are making that claim so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they are making that claim so
+this is essentially a social media they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially a social media they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially a social media they
+want to create that yeah china is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create that yeah china is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create that yeah china is
+creating problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating problem
+but these are not based on facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are not based on facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are not based on facts
+so what you want to do really with indus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you want to do really with indus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you want to do really with indus
+to find out is it possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out is it possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out is it possible to
+find some very sharp scientific effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some very sharp scientific effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some very sharp scientific effects
+those are observable like one example i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are observable like one example i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are observable like one example i
+use with bangladesh in india for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use with bangladesh in india for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use with bangladesh in india for the
+ganges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganges
+even if i give all the water to india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if i give all the water to india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if i give all the water to india
+in the dry season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dry season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dry season
+india will still not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india will still not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india will still not be able to
+basically make their calcutta for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically make their calcutta for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically make their calcutta for
+navigable during the dry season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigable during the dry season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigable during the dry season
+so that means this is a non-starter why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means this is a non-starter why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means this is a non-starter why
+we start fighting with this try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start fighting with this try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start fighting with this try to find
+something else then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+although of course it is clear serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although of course it is clear serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although of course it is clear serious
+problem maybe india keeps all the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem maybe india keeps all the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem maybe india keeps all the water
+in the dry season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dry season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dry season
+but even if bangladesh decided i'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even if bangladesh decided i'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even if bangladesh decided i'll give
+you everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you everything
+still you will not solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you will not solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you will not solve the problem
+so that means you need alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means you need alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means you need alternative
+sources now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that part has not been explored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before we finish i just want to thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we finish i just want to thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we finish i just want to thank
+shafiq again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shafiq again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shafiq again
+um we and i've worked together a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we and i've worked together a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we and i've worked together a long
+time on this and i'm always learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on this and i'm always learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on this and i'm always learning
+something new each time i hear him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new each time i hear him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new each time i hear him
+present this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present this material
+so thank you for taking the time chefy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you for taking the time chefy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you for taking the time chefy
+to meet with the class and for sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet with the class and for sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet with the class and for sharing
+your ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ideas
+um and thank you for having such good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and thank you for having such good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and thank you for having such good
+ideas yeah so thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas yeah so thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas yeah so thank you very much
+i think no i don't want to embarrass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think no i don't want to embarrass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think no i don't want to embarrass
+larry larry has been an inspirational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larry larry has been an inspirational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larry larry has been an inspirational
+mentor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor
+so because many of the things that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because many of the things that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because many of the things that i
+discussed today i did not know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed today i did not know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed today i did not know about
+maybe 15 years ago when i started up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 15 years ago when i started up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 15 years ago when i started up so
+we have been talking for a long time now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been talking for a long time now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been talking for a long time now
+so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah
+if you look at this guy you say you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this guy you say you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this guy you say you need
+10 000 hours siri to develop any set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 000 hours siri to develop any set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 000 hours siri to develop any set of
+expertise so between both of us we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise so between both of us we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise so between both of us we
+probably spend more than ten thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably spend more than ten thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably spend more than ten thousand
+hours now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours now
+hopefully we have some level of at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we have some level of at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we have some level of at least
+understanding or expertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding or expertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding or expertise
+yeah also yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah also yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah also yeah
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+our side yeah for everybody in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our side yeah for everybody in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our side yeah for everybody in the class
+right the other people in this class are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the other people in this class are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the other people in this class are
+potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially
+the person you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person you'll
+find yourself coming back to and working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find yourself coming back to and working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find yourself coming back to and working
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+uh when sharpike and i we did not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when sharpike and i we did not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when sharpike and i we did not know
+each other when we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other when we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other when we first
+encountered some overlap in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered some overlap in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered some overlap in our
+interests and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and
+we just kept creating opportunities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just kept creating opportunities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just kept creating opportunities to
+exchange our thoughts and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange our thoughts and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange our thoughts and sort of
+animesh then gets added to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animesh then gets added to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animesh then gets added to the
+mix and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix and now
+extends both of our ideas and our work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends both of our ideas and our work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends both of our ideas and our work
+and his own work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his own work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his own work
+so everybody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody in the
+class should imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class should imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class should imagine
+that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+it's it's through these interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's through these interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's through these interactions
+with your colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your colleagues
+that you shape and sharpen your ideas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you shape and sharpen your ideas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you shape and sharpen your ideas so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i think thank you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think thank you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think thank you okay
+so for the class i think i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the class i think i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the class i think i have a
+challenge for you since you did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge for you since you did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge for you since you did not
+share much of your thoughts maybe you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share much of your thoughts maybe you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share much of your thoughts maybe you're
+too shy so think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too shy so think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too shy so think about the
+arsenic paper that you read i want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic paper that you read i want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic paper that you read i want you
+to find out at least one hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out at least one hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out at least one hole
+or one thing that you found it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one thing that you found it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one thing that you found it this is
+really outrageously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really outrageously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really outrageously
+stupid it's not going to work so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid it's not going to work so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid it's not going to work so i
+gave that same challenge to my students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave that same challenge to my students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave that same challenge to my students
+also so there are few things that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so there are few things that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so there are few things that i
+have issues i did not share those with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have issues i did not share those with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have issues i did not share those with
+you but i will not tell you right now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but i will not tell you right now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but i will not tell you right now i
+think but i want you to see really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but i want you to see really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but i want you to see really what
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+larry raised something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larry raised something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larry raised something very
+interesting here if the institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting here if the institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting here if the institutional
+mechanism is not there if the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is not there if the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is not there if the capacity
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+constant it's not going to work so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's not going to work so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's not going to work so we
+need to refine that but are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to refine that but are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to refine that but are there
+anything else you see really in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else you see really in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else you see really in terms of
+making it operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it operational
+what we are saying that see at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are saying that see at one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are saying that see at one point
+i said the complex systems you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said the complex systems you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said the complex systems you don't
+have generalizable solutions you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have generalizable solutions you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have generalizable solutions you don't
+have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any
+prescription but then we are giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription but then we are giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription but then we are giving you
+a prescription too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prescription too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prescription too
+so the line is very subtle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the line is very subtle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the line is very subtle here
+but at the same time i don't see a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the same time i don't see a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the same time i don't see a way
+around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it
+so the question is basically how do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is basically how do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is basically how do i
+bring in these ideas of principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in these ideas of principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in these ideas of principles of
+scientific methods which are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific methods which are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific methods which are more
+replicable more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicable more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicable more
+reproducible with the social facts which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible with the social facts which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible with the social facts which
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+going to be continuously subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be continuously subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be continuously subjective
+continuously contentious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously contentious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously contentious
+but at the same time this has to be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the same time this has to be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the same time this has to be made
+so that's why basically what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why basically what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why basically what are the
+hiccups or what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiccups or what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiccups or what are the
+binding constant that will essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding constant that will essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding constant that will essentially
+let it fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it fail
+if you can think of one or two ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can think of one or two ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can think of one or two ideas
+that will be good or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be good or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be good or
+maybe an example that you have seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe an example that you have seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe an example that you have seen in
+your real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your real life
+where you try to apply this and see did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you try to apply this and see did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you try to apply this and see did
+not work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not work
+he wants you to be a white hat hacker of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wants you to be a white hat hacker of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wants you to be a white hat hacker of
+his work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+that'll be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be good
+find find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find find
+programming problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming problems
+exactly so if i define the whole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so if i define the whole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so if i define the whole and
+then yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah
+that would be very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be very nice
+that's the way ideas get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way ideas get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way ideas get
+otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise
+yeah because you get stuck today yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because you get stuck today yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because you get stuck today yeah
+yeah and also apart from that i even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and also apart from that i even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and also apart from that i even if
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+your own uh specific issue regarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own uh specific issue regarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own uh specific issue regarding
+water diplomacy that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water diplomacy that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water diplomacy that can be
+related to the theory that tropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the theory that tropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the theory that tropic
+mentioned you can also write him an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you can also write him an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you can also write him an
+email so that yeah sure please please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email so that yeah sure please please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email so that yeah sure please please
+feel free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free
+all right i'm gonna disappear but thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i'm gonna disappear but thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i'm gonna disappear but thank
+you so much thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so much thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so much thank you very much
+look forward to the presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look forward to the presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look forward to the presentation
+starting next week okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting next week okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting next week okay
+all right bye yeah thank you thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LJNAUHOmpAY.txt b/LJNAUHOmpAY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a4633e37af100ef50feb14693a985733e94bd99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LJNAUHOmpAY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+a map is a door into time and place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map is a door into time and place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map is a door into time and place
+Boston 1775 to look at this map is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston 1775 to look at this map is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston 1775 to look at this map is to
+travel in time to visit a city that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel in time to visit a city that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel in time to visit a city that no
+longer exists or does it riverhill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer exists or does it riverhill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer exists or does it riverhill
+harbor and the common are constants but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harbor and the common are constants but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harbor and the common are constants but
+where is Boston neck today and what has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is Boston neck today and what has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is Boston neck today and what has
+become of the millpond fly 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become of the millpond fly 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become of the millpond fly 50 years
+forward to the shape and structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to the shape and structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to the shape and structure of
+Boston look more familiar what do names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston look more familiar what do names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston look more familiar what do names
+like India Wharf Liverpool Wharf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like India Wharf Liverpool Wharf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like India Wharf Liverpool Wharf and
+Russia Wharf say about Boston the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia Wharf say about Boston the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia Wharf say about Boston the world
+in 1826 what does the map reveal about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1826 what does the map reveal about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1826 what does the map reveal about
+the original role of Washington Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original role of Washington Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original role of Washington Street
+and what do you make of a receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you make of a receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you make of a receiving
+basin that abuts Boston Common moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basin that abuts Boston Common moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basin that abuts Boston Common moving
+toward Cambridge and forward another 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward Cambridge and forward another 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward Cambridge and forward another 50
+years follow the bridge to the juncture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years follow the bridge to the juncture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years follow the bridge to the juncture
+of broadway and main streets to what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of broadway and main streets to what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of broadway and main streets to what is
+now Kendall Square note where the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Kendall Square note where the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Kendall Square note where the water
+laps against the railroad along Albany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laps against the railroad along Albany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laps against the railroad along Albany
+Street in 1877 and observe how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street in 1877 and observe how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street in 1877 and observe how this
+canal functions and what it enables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+40 years later the Victoria quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 years later the Victoria quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 years later the Victoria quality of
+the last map is replaced by new layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last map is replaced by new layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last map is replaced by new layers
+of information building shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information building shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information building shape and
+materials red for brick yellow for wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials red for brick yellow for wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials red for brick yellow for wood
+owners identified by name each name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners identified by name each name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners identified by name each name
+tells a story every word is a clue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells a story every word is a clue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells a story every word is a clue to
+the history of this neighborhood to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of this neighborhood to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of this neighborhood to
+broader stories and shifts in culture as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader stories and shifts in culture as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader stories and shifts in culture as
+this map from 1916 fades into its 1930
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map from 1916 fades into its 1930
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map from 1916 fades into its 1930
+counterpart watch what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart watch what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart watch what happens to the
+lever brothers soap factory moving back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever brothers soap factory moving back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever brothers soap factory moving back
+and forth between 1916 and 1930 what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between 1916 and 1930 what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between 1916 and 1930 what do
+the changes over this 14-year period say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changes over this 14-year period say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changes over this 14-year period say
+about the nature and pace of change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature and pace of change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature and pace of change in
+this part of Cambridge by nineteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of Cambridge by nineteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of Cambridge by nineteen
+seventy homes and factories have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy homes and factories have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy homes and factories have been
+swept away who has the power to erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swept away who has the power to erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swept away who has the power to erase
+roads to consolidate hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads to consolidate hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads to consolidate hundreds of
+properties why do some things persist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties why do some things persist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties why do some things persist
+and others disappear to walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others disappear to walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others disappear to walk through
+these maps then return to the present is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these maps then return to the present is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these maps then return to the present is
+to cross a threshold and enter the once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cross a threshold and enter the once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cross a threshold and enter the once
+and future city
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LttE1vDVrm0.txt b/LttE1vDVrm0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b925edf70cb0967f9084606397fb1f7d60eb486
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LttE1vDVrm0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1514 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back today's problem is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back today's problem is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back today's problem is about
+solving homogeneous linear systems ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving homogeneous linear systems ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving homogeneous linear systems ax
+equals b equals z but it's also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals b equals z but it's also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals b equals z but it's also an
+introduction to the next lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the next lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the next lecture and
+next recitation section which are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next recitation section which are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next recitation section which are going
+to be about solving non-homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about solving non-homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about solving non-homogeneous
+linear systems ax equals B the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems ax equals B the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems ax equals B the problem
+is fill the blanks type and it says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fill the blanks type and it says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fill the blanks type and it says the
+set s of all points with coordinates X Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set s of all points with coordinates X Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set s of all points with coordinates X Y
+and Z such that x - 5 y + 2 Z = 9 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z such that x - 5 y + 2 Z = 9 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z such that x - 5 y + 2 Z = 9 is a
+blank in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank in
+R3 it is in a certain relation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 it is in a certain relation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 it is in a certain relation to the
+other blank s0 of all the points with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other blank s0 of all the points with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other blank s0 of all the points with
+coordinates X Y and Z that satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates X Y and Z that satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates X Y and Z that satisfy the
+following linear equation x - 5 y + 2 Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following linear equation x - 5 y + 2 Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following linear equation x - 5 y + 2 Z
+=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+=
+0 after we solve this we have the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 after we solve this we have the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 after we solve this we have the second
+part of the problem which says all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem which says all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem which says all
+points of x have a specific form XYZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of x have a specific form XYZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of x have a specific form XYZ
+equals blank 0 0 plus some parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals blank 0 0 plus some parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals blank 0 0 plus some parameter
+time blank 1 Z plus some other parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time blank 1 Z plus some other parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time blank 1 Z plus some other parameter
+times blank 01 and we need to fill all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times blank 01 and we need to fill all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times blank 01 and we need to fill all
+fill out all six blanks now you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill out all six blanks now you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill out all six blanks now you should
+pause the video fill in the blanks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video fill in the blanks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video fill in the blanks and
+then come back and see some pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then come back and see some pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then come back and see some pretty
+pictures that I prepared for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you and we're back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and we're back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and we're back
+so you probably picked this up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you probably picked this up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you probably picked this up in
+lectures already if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures already if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures already if you have a
+three-dimensional space with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space with three
+degrees of freedom and put in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom and put in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom and put in one
+constraint so put in one equation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so put in one equation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so put in one equation you
+get something that has two degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that has two degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that has two degrees of
+freedom something that's two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom something that's two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom something that's two-dimensional
+if this equation is linear rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this equation is linear rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this equation is linear rather than
+quadratic or cubic or exponential this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic or cubic or exponential this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic or cubic or exponential this
+something is something two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is something two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is something two-dimensional
+and flat something two-dimensional and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flat something two-dimensional and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flat something two-dimensional and
+flat in our three is also called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat in our three is also called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat in our three is also called a
+plane or a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane or a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane or a two
+plane similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s0 is also a plane now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s0 is also a plane now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s0 is also a plane now what's the
+relation between s and s0 if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between s and s0 if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between s and s0 if they're
+given by these two equations well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by these two equations well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by these two equations well first
+let's look at the general positions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the general positions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the general positions in
+which two planes in R3 can be first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which two planes in R3 can be first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which two planes in R3 can be first one
+is that they're intersecting along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're intersecting along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're intersecting along a
+line what's going to happen here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line what's going to happen here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line what's going to happen here is that
+all points on This Plane are points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all points on This Plane are points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all points on This Plane are points
+whose coordinates satisfy the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose coordinates satisfy the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose coordinates satisfy the equation
+of this plane the points in this plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this plane the points in this plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this plane the points in this plane
+are points whose coordinates satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are points whose coordinates satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are points whose coordinates satisfy the
+equation of this plane and the points on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of this plane and the points on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of this plane and the points on
+the line are points whose coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line are points whose coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line are points whose coordinates
+satisfy the system of this equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the system of this equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the system of this equation and
+this equation the other position in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation the other position in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation the other position in
+which two planes can be if is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which two planes can be if is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which two planes can be if is that
+they're not intersecting at all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not intersecting at all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not intersecting at all that
+they're parallel so let's start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're parallel so let's start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're parallel so let's start by
+trying to find this line here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find this line here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find this line here the
+equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of
+the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation
+of excuse me um the equation of a of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of excuse me um the equation of a of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of excuse me um the equation of a of one
+plane is x - 5 y + 2 Z = 9 the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is x - 5 y + 2 Z = 9 the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is x - 5 y + 2 Z = 9 the equation
+of the other one is x - 5 y + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other one is x - 5 y + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other one is x - 5 y + 2
+Z =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z =
+Z Now you can just look at it and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Now you can just look at it and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Now you can just look at it and see
+how many solutions it's supposed to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many solutions it's supposed to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many solutions it's supposed to have
+or you can try doing elimination and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can try doing elimination and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can try doing elimination and
+after one step of elimination get 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after one step of elimination get 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after one step of elimination get 0
+equal 9 which never happens there cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 9 which never happens there cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 9 which never happens there cannot
+exist numbers X Y and Z such that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist numbers X Y and Z such that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist numbers X Y and Z such that this
+combination of them produces zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of them produces zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of them produces zero and
+the same combination of them produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same combination of them produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same combination of them produces
+nine at the same time so this red line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine at the same time so this red line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine at the same time so this red line
+here doesn't exist and the situation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here doesn't exist and the situation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here doesn't exist and the situation of
+these two planes s and s0 is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two planes s and s0 is this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two planes s and s0 is this one
+they're parallel so let's add the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parallel in here and let's move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel in here and let's move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel in here and let's move on to
+the other half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other half of the
+problem the other half said all points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the other half said all points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the other half said all points
+of s have this specific form now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s have this specific form now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s have this specific form now let me
+call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this
+point here p 0 if all points of s have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here p 0 if all points of s have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here p 0 if all points of s have
+this form we can plug in any parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form we can plug in any parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form we can plug in any parameters
+C1 and C2 here and we're going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and C2 here and we're going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and C2 here and we're going to get a
+point of the plane so in particular we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the plane so in particular we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the plane so in particular we
+can plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plug in
+C1 and C2 equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and C2 equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and C2 equal to zero
+what we get then is that the point XYZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get then is that the point XYZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get then is that the point XYZ
+equals p 0 is a point of the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals p 0 is a point of the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals p 0 is a point of the plane
+s so p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 is an S what do we know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is an S what do we know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is an S what do we know about the
+point p 0 well the fact that it's an s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point p 0 well the fact that it's an s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point p 0 well the fact that it's an s
+means that its coordinates x uh minus 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that its coordinates x uh minus 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that its coordinates x uh minus 5
+y + 2 Z equal um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y + 2 Z equal um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y + 2 Z equal um
+9 that's the equation of s but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 that's the equation of s but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 that's the equation of s but we also
+know that y and z are equal to 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Zer solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer solving this
+system we get that the x coordinate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we get that the x coordinate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we get that the x coordinate of
+this point P of this point P0 is nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point P of this point P0 is nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point P of this point P0 is nine
+and we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can just
+add nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add nine
+here okay so we just have two blanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so we just have two blanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so we just have two blanks
+left to fill before we fill them let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to fill before we fill them let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to fill before we fill them let me
+show you a picture that I drew here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a picture that I drew here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a picture that I drew here so
+we have these two planes s0 and S which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these two planes s0 and S which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these two planes s0 and S which
+are parallel they're given by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are parallel they're given by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are parallel they're given by these
+equations and the plane s0 has a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and the plane s0 has a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and the plane s0 has a point
+zero in it because the equation is x - 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in it because the equation is x - 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in it because the equation is x - 5
+y + 2 zal 0 so it's Satisfied by 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y + 2 zal 0 so it's Satisfied by 0 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y + 2 zal 0 so it's Satisfied by 0 0 0
+the plane s has this point P0 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane s has this point P0 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane s has this point P0 in
+it which is 9 0 0 we just figure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is 9 0 0 we just figure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is 9 0 0 we just figure this
+out and there's this Vector connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and there's this Vector connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and there's this Vector connecting
+one plane to the other now since those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plane to the other now since those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plane to the other now since those
+two planes are parallel and there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two planes are parallel and there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two planes are parallel and there's this
+Vector going between them what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector going between them what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector going between them what we can
+see is that a way a good way to get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that a way a good way to get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that a way a good way to get any
+point in S is to go to any point in s0o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in S is to go to any point in s0o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in S is to go to any point in s0o
+and go up by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go up by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go up by this
+Vector now let me write this down it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector now let me write this down it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector now let me write this down it's
+what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just
+said is that any point in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the
+form go use this Vector to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus any
+point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in
+s0 and if we compare this to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s0 and if we compare this to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s0 and if we compare this to this
+expression here we also get p 0 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here we also get p 0 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here we also get p 0 plus
+this linear combination so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear combination so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear combination so this
+here has to be a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has to be a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has to be a point
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+s0 now we're left with a question of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s0 now we're left with a question of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s0 now we're left with a question of how
+to parameterize All Points in s0 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to parameterize All Points in s0 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to parameterize All Points in s0 what
+are all the points in s0 and what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the points in s0 and what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the points in s0 and what does
+this problem have to do with solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem have to do with solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem have to do with solving
+homogeneous linear equations well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous linear equations well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous linear equations well let me
+write this equation of s0 in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this equation of s0 in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this equation of s0 in a slightly
+different way let me write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way let me write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way let me write it as
+1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 x y z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+z and let me think of this as a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and let me think of this as a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and let me think of this as a matrix
+of the system it's a very tiny Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system it's a very tiny Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system it's a very tiny Matrix
+but it's a matrix and think of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a matrix and think of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a matrix and think of it as a
+matrix do a vector equal zero and trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix do a vector equal zero and trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix do a vector equal zero and trying
+to find all solutions of this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find all solutions of this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find all solutions of this system
+well let's do row reductions here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's do row reductions here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's do row reductions here it's
+already as upper triangular as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already as upper triangular as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already as upper triangular as these
+tiny matrices get this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pivot so we have a pivot variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X these are free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+Y and Z and if you remember how to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and Z and if you remember how to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and Z and if you remember how to solve
+this systems we for each free variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this systems we for each free variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this systems we for each free variable
+we get one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution so we get one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so we get one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so we get one particular
+solution when we plug in y is one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution when we plug in y is one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution when we plug in y is one and
+all the other free variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other free variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other free variables are
+zero plugging it in in here we just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero plugging it in in here we just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero plugging it in in here we just get
+that in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that case
+X um so we get x - 5 * 1 + 2 * 0 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X um so we get x - 5 * 1 + 2 * 0 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X um so we get x - 5 * 1 + 2 * 0 equals
+z so X is equal to 5 and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so X is equal to 5 and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so X is equal to 5 and the other
+solution is for setting all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is for setting all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is for setting all three
+variables equal to zero except Z which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables equal to zero except Z which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables equal to zero except Z which
+we set equal to 1 and then we get x - 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set equal to 1 and then we get x - 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set equal to 1 and then we get x - 5
+* 0 + 2 * 1 = 0 so we get that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 0 + 2 * 1 = 0 so we get that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 0 + 2 * 1 = 0 so we get that in this
+case x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case x
+= minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= minus
+2 and any solution of this system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and any solution of this system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and any solution of this system is
+going to be of the form some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be of the form some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be of the form some constant
+times this plus some other constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this plus some other constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this plus some other constant time
+this and if we walk back to our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if we walk back to our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if we walk back to our original
+problem here we see that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here we see that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here we see that these
+parameters these numbers here have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters these numbers here have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters these numbers here have been
+set up exactly so that we can just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up exactly so that we can just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up exactly so that we can just take
+these numbers and just copy them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers and just copy them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers and just copy them
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+five and minus 2 and this is the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and minus 2 and this is the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and minus 2 and this is the general
+form of any point of the plane s it's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of any point of the plane s it's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of any point of the plane s it's go
+up this vector and then add a point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this vector and then add a point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this vector and then add a point in
+s0o in the parallel plane that passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s0o in the parallel plane that passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s0o in the parallel plane that passes
+through the origin this finishes our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin this finishes our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin this finishes our
+problem but what I would encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but what I would encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but what I would encourage you
+to do now is to go on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now is to go on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now is to go on to the next
+lecture uh watch the next recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh watch the next recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh watch the next recitation
+video and then come back here and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and then come back here and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and then come back here and think
+about what what is it that we really did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what what is it that we really did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what what is it that we really did
+here on this half of the board thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/M8Jn9JdzoHU.txt b/M8Jn9JdzoHU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef4ded19bca2ceeb493cd4a6685e2e7cabb11992
--- /dev/null
+++ b/M8Jn9JdzoHU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3777 @@
+PROFESSOR: So for
+today's lecture
+
+we have Jason Ku
+guest lecturing.
+
+And he's the president of
+OrigaMIT, which you should all
+
+check out Sunday afternoons,
+origami club at MIT.
+
+He's an origami designer
+and a grad student
+
+in mechanical
+engineering, and he's
+
+going to talk about the more
+artistic perspective on how
+
+origami design
+works, in particular
+
+in the representational and tree
+method of origami design world.
+
+So take it away, Jason.
+
+JASON KU: Hi.
+
+I'm Jason.
+
+Eric gave a bit of
+an introduction.
+
+I've been folding
+origami instance maybe
+
+I was five years old,
+and I've been designing
+
+origami for maybe
+the past 10 years.
+
+I'm a PhD student in
+mechanical engineering,
+
+working in folding things
+on the micro and nano scale.
+
+So that's how this is
+applying to my research.
+
+I'm here to talk a little
+bit about origami art
+
+and how the concepts we've
+been talking about in class
+
+apply to origami in actually
+designing and folding
+
+artwork out of paper.
+
+These are all the
+websites that I'm
+
+going to be pulling
+pictures from.
+
+So if we can't
+use these pictures
+
+in future versions
+of this lecture,
+
+then you can still
+see some of the media.
+
+I want first make the analogy
+of origami art to music.
+
+Many, many people
+make this analogy,
+
+and it's actually
+very apt analogy.
+
+In music you have
+composers, you have
+
+people who produce a work of
+music, design the structure,
+
+design what the main
+aspects of the piece
+
+are, in terms of a
+structural sense,
+
+but aren't necessarily
+performers themselves.
+
+Now in origami, the
+performer and the composer
+
+are usually one and the same.
+
+But hopefully in the future,
+that won't always be the case.
+
+In music the composer
+usually makes
+
+a piece for multiple instruments
+or multiple voices or things
+
+like that, so most the time
+can't do all that performance.
+
+And some people are more
+gifted in the performance side.
+
+Some people are more gifted
+in the composition side.
+
+And I think it's a
+fairly apt analogy.
+
+There's tons of
+mathematics in music.
+
+There's tons of
+mathematics in origami.
+
+But there's also this level
+of artistic complexity, which
+
+we'll see later in this lecture.
+
+I'm going to concentrate mostly
+on representational origami.
+
+Representational
+origami is traditionally
+
+representing living
+things in our world,
+
+but it's pretty much, you
+see something not necessarily
+
+living, but you see
+something and you
+
+want to make that form
+for the form's sake,
+
+to represent that form.
+
+And this is different
+than, say, patterning
+
+to create artistic patterns
+on a sheet of paper,
+
+tessellating, making
+geometric polyhedra,
+
+or making more abstract art
+that doesn't necessarily
+
+have a relation to
+a real world object.
+
+So I'm going to start with a
+little bit about origami art.
+
+We've heard this.
+
+Eric mentioned this particular
+individual, Akira Yoshizawa.
+
+He is widely understood to be
+the father of modern origami.
+
+He was born in 1911.
+
+He was around for
+a very long time.
+
+Unfortunately,
+passed away in 2005.
+
+I was lucky enough to get
+to meet Akira Yoshizawa when
+
+he attended a convention
+in North Carolina
+
+when I was maybe around 10.
+
+He was very powerful
+and influential
+
+in the world of origami, because
+he was one of the first people
+
+to start creating new models,
+be able to look at an object
+
+and create that object
+just from folding.
+
+He was one of the first
+people to actually try
+
+to make a large
+number of new models,
+
+as opposed to the
+past many centuries
+
+when only a few traditional
+models were known or pursued.
+
+This is a picture of
+Yoshizawa right here.
+
+He's fairly happy
+in this picture.
+
+But he's holding the logo
+of the US organization
+
+in origami, OrigamiUSA,
+which is this sailboat.
+
+But as you can see, different
+than the traditional origami
+
+crane or the frog or
+things like that, you
+
+see a lot of curves in his
+work, a lot of shaping.
+
+He uses a technique called
+wet-folding, in which he
+
+weakens the paper
+to some degree,
+
+weakens the paper fibers
+by applying water, shaping
+
+the paper, and letting it dry
+so that it holds that form.
+
+And you can see in this
+sparrow-- this is particularly
+
+one of my favorite
+works by Yoshizawa--
+
+it really has the essence
+of this little bird,
+
+but is actually very
+simple and elegant.
+
+Origami design isn't
+all about making
+
+the most complex
+thing in the world.
+
+It's really trying to
+represent a subject elegantly.
+
+And I think this model does
+a very good job with that.
+
+But you can see here, very
+clean surfaces, not a lot
+
+of extra creases
+that you can see.
+
+Traditionally, wet-folding
+uses thicker paper
+
+and is slightly
+more substantial.
+
+So here are some
+of his other works.
+
+And I want to start
+out with Yoshizawa
+
+because he was represented
+as the father and the master,
+
+and many, many of the
+origami designers,
+
+if not all of the origami
+designers that I'm
+
+going to continue to
+talk about were heavily
+
+influenced by Yoshizawa.
+
+So I'm going to first talk
+about the traditional style.
+
+And I'm going to compare it
+to, say, the crane or the frog.
+
+These types of models are
+characterized by straight,
+
+well-defined, polygons
+in the final form,
+
+typically folded flat.
+
+Little shaping is
+traditionally needed
+
+to go from the base of the
+model to the final form.
+
+It's very geometric,
+these models,
+
+characterized by very
+straight, precise creases.
+
+So here is, I think,
+a very good example
+
+of this traditional style.
+
+While there are
+some curves here,
+
+everything is very
+well-defined, maybe
+
+just a slight shaping here.
+
+But even that is
+fairly well-defined.
+
+But you can see Komatsu, Hideo
+Komatsu, a Japanese folder,
+
+uses really clean, large
+polygons of open paper
+
+without creases on them
+to represent polygons
+
+on the model.
+
+The folded form.
+
+His design process isn't
+really using tree theory.
+
+I mean, all origami design
+is subjected to the condition
+
+that no two points on
+the unfolded square
+
+can increase in distance
+in the folded form.
+
+That's a property called
+developability of the paper.
+
+The paper's not going
+to stretch, basically.
+
+So all origami design is
+subject to that condition,
+
+but you don't have to deal with
+necessarily these things called
+
+uniaxial bases.
+
+Pretty much all of these
+models are non-uniaxial.
+
+His design process is
+kind of a trial and error
+
+process of folding along
+different 22.5 degree grids.
+
+22.5 degrees is, I
+guess, 1/8 of pi.
+
+1/16 of 360 degrees.
+
+And it's a particularly nice
+and useful discretization
+
+of angles in origami design.
+
+All the traditional bases are
+based on this 22.5 degree grid
+
+system.
+
+And there's a certain
+elegance of that.
+
+Actually I think, the mouse
+is based on a 30 degree grid
+
+system, but is kind
+of an exception,
+
+but follows the same principles.
+
+He keeps folding
+a piece of paper
+
+and tries to get these
+geometric shapes that really
+
+are able to by themselves
+capture the model.
+
+And I'm going to use some
+of that design technique
+
+later in a design example.
+
+He has a small but
+very distinguished
+
+repertoire because his process
+is less algorithmic-- I mean,
+
+he has algorithms, I'm sure,
+that are difficult to describe,
+
+but his process is
+actually very artistic.
+
+And while it's
+very exact, I think
+
+it's one of the most elegant
+examples of origami design.
+
+Here's another example
+of the traditional style.
+
+As you can see, there's slightly
+more curves and things in it,
+
+but it's fairly
+well characterized
+
+by these straight creases.
+
+Heavier paper for wet-folding.
+
+This model on the left
+here is box pleated.
+
+So as opposed to the
+22.5 degrees structure,
+
+box pleating is characterized
+by only multiples of 45 degrees.
+
+So pi over 4.
+
+And so you see the
+grid here, this model
+
+is based on a fairly
+large grid, so you
+
+can get the detail
+that it needs.
+
+These are not
+uniaxial bases, again,
+
+but they're still limited
+by this stretch ability
+
+constraint.
+
+And those were
+styles that stemmed
+
+from the traditional
+crisp folding of say
+
+the crane and the crab
+and the frog and all
+
+these traditional designs.
+
+The non-traditional
+style is more
+
+an extension of Yoshizawa's work
+and shaping and curved folding
+
+and things like wet-folding.
+
+There is much shape
+that needs to be
+
+done to create the
+essence of the model.
+
+The model is encapsulated by
+not necessarily the structure
+
+as much, but of the final
+shaping, the undefined shaping
+
+that you kind of
+put into the model.
+
+Here's an example
+of an English folder
+
+named David Brill, who
+is an investment banker,
+
+if my memory serves me.
+
+He now lives on a golf course.
+
+And I think he's retired now,
+but he likes to fold paper.
+
+But you can see
+here, a good example
+
+of this style, thick paper.
+
+The character of
+the model is really
+
+defined by these curved
+tension folds, which
+
+is slightly different than at
+least the traditional style.
+
+And oftentimes, it's
+very, very difficult
+
+to replicate to any of
+these types of models,
+
+because it has so much to do
+with subjectivity as opposed
+
+to objectivity, as in
+the traditional style.
+
+Here's another good
+example, Michael LaFosse.
+
+He's a paper folder who actually
+resides here in Massachusetts.
+
+He's in Haverhill,
+"Have-er-ill,"
+
+something like
+that, Massachusetts.
+
+He is unique in origami
+designers in the fact
+
+that he is also an
+avid paper maker.
+
+So he actually makes a lot
+of the media which he folds.
+
+And that gives this
+intimate relationship
+
+between the life
+cycle of the paper.
+
+He's able to make
+specialty paper that's
+
+really necessary to make some
+of the most complex works
+
+out there.
+
+He's gone to culinary school.
+
+He was a chef for a while.
+
+And he was also a marine
+biologist for a while.
+
+So these origami
+artists have come
+
+from many different
+walks of life.
+
+This next folder, Eric
+Joisel, he's a Frenchman,
+
+lives in Paris.
+
+He was a former clay sculptor.
+
+And actually, I think you can
+really see that in his work,
+
+the kind of solidness
+and really cohesiveness
+
+of his composition.
+
+All the detail and
+texturing are very well
+
+thought out in terms of the
+subject as a complete piece.
+
+Heavily influenced by Yoshizawa.
+
+A lot of this use of texture,
+incorporating texture
+
+into his models, he was a
+big pioneer in that area.
+
+This texturing is fairly
+obviously non-uniaxial.
+
+He doesn't go
+through a tree method
+
+and represent each
+one of these points
+
+as a stick in a stick figure.
+
+These flaps don't
+lie along an axis.
+
+They don't hinge
+perpendicular to that axis.
+
+Yet he's able to create
+these amazing forms in paper.
+
+He has stopped
+doing clay sculpture
+
+and does origami full time now.
+
+He's very well known for his
+depiction of the human form.
+
+This is taken from a
+collection of masks.
+
+He's done numerous,
+numerous masks
+
+that are really very expressive.
+
+He was one of the first people
+to really, for me at least,
+
+evoke emotion and convey
+emotion in his work.
+
+But you can see here, the
+structural crease pattern
+
+for this face is actually
+very, very simple.
+
+It's kind of represented
+by a few pleats.
+
+But the amount of work used to
+transform that very simple form
+
+into this very expressive,
+curved work of art
+
+is kind of astonishing.
+
+Here's a more recent work
+of the entire human form.
+
+You see how this is starting
+to come as some sort of blend
+
+between the traditional
+and nontraditional forms.
+
+It lies somewhere
+along the spectrum.
+
+But it's a very
+complex model, so it
+
+had needs to have this
+structural complexity.
+
+But at the same time, he
+shapes it to an extent
+
+that very few people can do.
+
+I'm paraphrasing a
+quote of his, but he's
+
+of the opinion that
+if you can reproduce
+
+exactly a piece of origami
+then it's not really art,
+
+because you're not putting
+anything more into the model,
+
+if it doesn't have something
+unique and original
+
+and something that can't
+be reproduced in the model.
+
+Here's two fantastic subjects
+in terms of art, to me.
+
+Very Escher-like and
+it's self-referencing.
+
+This is called
+the Self-made Man.
+
+And I forget the
+title of this work,
+
+but he's basically
+emerging from the paper.
+
+You see that his arm and leg
+are not actually finished.
+
+I think this is called
+Birth, actually.
+
+But really, using paper to
+express an artistic idea,
+
+very few people get to
+that stage of competency
+
+with the technical and
+being able to infuse
+
+that emotion into the subject.
+
+So Eric Joisel is a pioneer
+in that realm of origami art.
+
+Here are three
+very, very complex--
+
+These are very recent
+works, probably
+
+within the last year or two.
+
+Lots of use of texturing
+to make the armor here.
+
+Lots of planning,
+tree theory included.
+
+These are mostly
+box pleated models,
+
+but you can't really
+tell from here because
+
+of his impeccable
+ability to shape a model.
+
+I'm going to remind you
+guys that everything
+
+I'm showing to you is a
+representational work.
+
+Each one of these is made
+from a single uncut square.
+
+Pretty much, I
+believe everything
+
+I'm going to show you
+today has that property.
+
+AUDIENCE: When people fold
+these, do they fold them
+
+by hand or do they
+need special tools?
+
+To me, this looks like
+it would be completely
+
+impossible to just
+fold it by hand.
+
+JASON KU: These are
+actually fairly large works.
+
+Each one stands maybe
+about that tall.
+
+So the paper's very
+large to begin.
+
+But yeah, I believe
+he just uses his hands
+
+and this wet-folding
+technique to allow
+
+things to be held in place.
+
+I mean, many people, including
+Eric Joisel, use clips
+
+and braces and things like that
+to hold certain things in place
+
+while he's working on
+other areas of the model,
+
+but it's pretty much by hand.
+
+Some people use tweezers
+or things like that.
+
+But most of it is by hand.
+
+AUDIENCE: Does he add color
+or shade or those things?
+
+JASON KU: Sometimes.
+
+For example, that mask I
+think was speckled with paint
+
+after, before or after.
+
+There are different opinions
+on this idea of origami purity.
+
+I like Robert Lang's
+definition of origami,
+
+that it's any work
+whose primary structure
+
+is defined by folding.
+
+And that's a very broad
+definition of origami.
+
+But I think it
+works really well.
+
+So if the subject matter is
+still heavily characterized
+
+by the folding and
+not some other thing
+
+that you do to
+the model, I think
+
+most people are OK with
+that, as long as you're not
+
+trying to pass it off
+as something it's not.
+
+There are many origami designers
+to do multi-sheet things
+
+and do very complex works and
+very beautiful pieces of art.
+
+I think Joseph Wu is a
+great example of this,
+
+who I don't have
+pictures of his work.
+
+But he doesn't try to pass them
+off a single sheet origami.
+
+He is a very skilled designer.
+
+He could do it with
+a single sheet,
+
+but he finds that the
+solution is more elegant
+
+using multiple sheets.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+Just one more picture of
+some of Joisel's work.
+
+He actually made an entire
+orchestra of these little guys.
+
+This is two sheets.
+
+The saxophone is
+a different sheet.
+
+But again, he's not
+trying to pass them off
+
+as being the same sheet here,
+whereas in here, the weapons
+
+actually are from the
+same sheet of paper.
+
+And these multi-subject
+pieces, each one of these, it's
+
+not all three of them
+together as one sheet.
+
+Just to clarify.
+
+But these multi-subject,
+trying to represents
+
+clothes, and weapons,
+and the human,
+
+and all these types of things,
+is becoming more and more a way
+
+to a push the limits
+of origami design.
+
+So again, trying to breathe life
+into the paper is really what
+
+Yoshizawa's mantra was,
+and so is Eric Joisel's.
+
+All right.
+
+So I'm going to move on to this
+independent concept of really
+
+the ability that
+we have right now
+
+to pretty much-- We have the
+algorithms to make anything
+
+we want and really
+trying to capture
+
+that is this idea that I
+call this modern realism.
+
+The style, like
+Eric Joisel's work,
+
+kind of follow
+along the spectrum
+
+of this rigid structure
+and this free-form shaping,
+
+but really try to capture
+this realism of the subject.
+
+So I think Robert Lang is
+one of the foremost origami
+
+designers in this kind of area.
+
+He's a guy from
+California who is
+
+a pioneer of algorithmic
+origami design.
+
+You've heard his name
+a number of times.
+
+He has kind of
+codified tree theory,
+
+if not one of the
+pioneers of establishing
+
+that research himself.
+
+He wrote the program TreeMaker
+that you guys are all probably
+
+using to do your homework.
+
+He was at Caltech Ph.D., and
+was a laser physicist for NASA.
+
+And he decided maybe
+less than 10 years ago
+
+to quit and do
+origami full time.
+
+So that's what he does now.
+
+So here's a number of his works.
+
+Very complex, very exact.
+
+For example, he
+was a huge pioneer
+
+of what we call the Bug Wars.
+
+When we had these
+tools at our disposal
+
+to make very complex
+trees, we can
+
+represent very, very
+complex subjects.
+
+And that led to this Bug
+Wars of trying to one-up
+
+each other on how many legs you
+could make or things like that.
+
+So here's a centipede,
+for example,
+
+with lots and lots of legs.
+
+And the exactness to which
+we can specify the tree
+
+is phenomenal.
+
+For example, the
+scorpion here is a design
+
+that Robert Lang
+has approached--
+
+a subject he's approached--
+many, many, many times.
+
+This is a design that
+I particularly like.
+
+It's very clean in its folded
+and its structural forms.
+
+But he actually used
+TreeMaker and designed
+
+each of these pairs
+of legs to actually
+
+be increasing in
+length as they go back.
+
+So really being very
+exact with the proportions
+
+of the model, the
+proportions in the tree.
+
+And tree theory
+really allows you
+
+to do that, to capture that.
+
+Here's a slide for the
+mathematicians in here.
+
+This is not one
+square sheet of paper.
+
+This is probably the only
+model here that isn't.
+
+But it's what we call modular
+origami, making a single unit
+
+and sticking them all together
+in a very complex and elegant
+
+way.
+
+Here's a representation of
+some of the tessellation work
+
+that Robert Lang
+has been working on.
+
+This is a vase form.
+
+And all these, or at
+least these three,
+
+were very much characterized
+by using mathematics
+
+to find these forms.
+
+And while they're very
+heavily rooted in mathematics.
+
+Mathematics, as I'm sure
+all of us can appreciate,
+
+is an elegant subject
+in and of itself.
+
+There are elegant
+solutions to problems.
+
+And in origami it's
+particularly nice,
+
+because these elegant
+solutions often
+
+are very elegant and
+pleasing to the eye, as well.
+
+So this is also a Klein bottle.
+
+It's kind of a joke.
+
+But it topologically does
+intersect and things like that.
+
+So in an interesting work.
+
+I want to move on to a
+guy named Brian Chan, who
+
+is an alumni of MIT.
+
+He got his bachelor's, his
+master's, and his Ph.D. at MIT.
+
+He defended his Ph.D.
+in 2009, but he's still
+
+around Cambridge.
+
+He is a big pioneer of pushing
+the limits of complex folding.
+
+He's picked up origami
+design very quickly.
+
+And so it is possible to do.
+
+So I encourage all
+of you to try it.
+
+Here is an example of a very,
+very complex centipede that he
+
+designed kind of in
+response to Robert Lang's.
+
+There's a huge history
+of really trying
+
+to one-up each other in origami.
+
+And it really helps
+spur the creativity.
+
+And playful competition is
+very useful to any subject.
+
+These multi-subject
+things, like this
+
+rose, the stem and
+the petals itself,
+
+all from one square
+sheet of paper.
+
+He uses color change.
+
+One side of the paper is red;
+one side of the paper is green.
+
+There have been tons of
+people that design just the
+
+rose part of the rose, and then
+they make an additional stem
+
+and stick it on.
+
+This is the first
+one-piece model of that.
+
+And was somewhat
+influential in that respect.
+
+Here's a very complex,
+textured character
+
+from an anime TV show.
+
+I forget which one it's called.
+
+AUDIENCE: Rozen Maiden.
+
+JASON KU: Rozen
+Maiden Thank you.
+
+That is correct.
+
+But you really can see his
+use of color change here.
+
+Again, being able to make
+this cross in the fabric here.
+
+The zigzags of lace, and
+this texturing of the dress,
+
+very, very complex, in its form.
+
+But these are all
+actually uniaxial bases,
+
+all come from this
+idea of tree theory,
+
+being able to map
+things on your subject
+
+to the sheet of paper
+in an algorithmic way.
+
+Here's a very complex, another
+anime work, a Neko Bus.
+
+Neko is, I believe,
+Japanese for cat.
+
+And it's very, very complex.
+
+Again, similar to the centipede.
+
+Lots and lots of points.
+
+But this tree is actually
+kind of represented
+
+by-- There's a head
+region and there's
+
+many points sticking
+out on both sides.
+
+And then this flap kind of
+comes over and attaches up here,
+
+and you've got the tail.
+
+Here's another example
+of a multi-subject model.
+
+Every year there's
+a design challenge
+
+in New York for origami.
+
+And this was the
+sailing ship category.
+
+And he kind of went
+another direction with it.
+
+He did make a sailing
+ship, but this
+
+is a kraken attacking the ship.
+
+He's got a little person
+in one of his tentacles.
+
+Part of the ship
+and the ship itself,
+
+and it's all one square sheet
+of paper without cutting.
+
+And if that wasn't enough,
+then the MIT seal, as well.
+
+One square sheet of
+paper without cutting.
+
+The mens and manus,
+so the mind and hand.
+
+And I believe this isn't
+traditionally a crane,
+
+but yeah.
+
+The last person I
+want to touch on
+
+is a guy named
+Satoshi Kamiya, who's
+
+represented as probably
+the foremost pioneer
+
+of super-complex origami.
+
+He is a little further
+on the spectrum
+
+on the traditional
+style than many
+
+of these other
+super-complex folders,
+
+characterized by kind of
+very exact, straight creases,
+
+this texturing for example, a
+unique balance between making
+
+a very cleanly folded--
+The Japanese traditionally
+
+make very clean subjects in
+terms of exactness and form.
+
+Here's a little more
+shaping in the wet-folding.
+
+But again, this is one
+of my favorite works
+
+of his, another Lord
+of the Rings character.
+
+What's neat about this
+sea turtle actually,
+
+the diagrams for it
+were just published.
+
+I first all this work in
+2001 or something like that.
+
+But it has these plates
+on the back, this texture,
+
+but it also has plates on
+the front of the model.
+
+So you can actually
+pick it up, and it
+
+looks very, very convincing.
+
+Here are some more
+models by him.
+
+Again, you can see a lot
+of this texturing here
+
+in this wasp, very
+clean folding.
+
+A dog, multi-headed
+dog, a caribou
+
+with very complicated antler
+patterns, and this dragon.
+
+And again, you see the
+crisp, clean folding,
+
+but at the same time very
+well-planned and well-designed
+
+3D structure to be
+shaped afterwards.
+
+Here's another work that
+I particularly enjoy.
+
+Really lending this texturing
+he applies throughout the model,
+
+and it's a very
+cohesive subject,
+
+from an artistic sense.
+
+It's very complete.
+
+There's the same level
+of detail everywhere
+
+on the model, which
+is very useful.
+
+And I'm going to kind of
+end this artistic side
+
+with a model which
+is widely regarded
+
+as the most complex
+single work in origami.
+
+This took Kamiya over the
+course of a year to fold.
+
+There's thousands of
+scales on this guy.
+
+And again, it's one square
+sheet of paper without cutting.
+
+You see that it's
+a very long model.
+
+You'd think that
+this subject would
+
+be much better represented
+by a long rectangle
+
+or something like that.
+
+But actually it's
+very symmetric.
+
+This crease pattern,
+which we'll look at later,
+
+actually has an
+asymmetric crease pattern
+
+and is quite ingenious
+in how he decides
+
+to accomplish this
+form and structure.
+
+If you're interested in learning
+more about the origami art
+
+side of things, there's this
+phenomenal document documentary
+
+which you can and
+purchase online.
+
+Or I've believe OrigaMIT
+has a copy of this,
+
+and we'll probably be
+screening it some time
+
+this semester or next.
+
+It's called Between the Folds.
+
+And it features, among others,
+both Erik and Marty Demaine,
+
+Robert Lang, and many more.
+
+And there's a picture
+of Stata from the film.
+
+Now we're going to move on a
+little bit to origami design.
+
+We've learned what
+the algorithms are
+
+behind a lot of origami
+design, but now we're
+
+going to see how that applies
+more directly to creating
+
+a representational work of art.
+
+If you're really
+serious about wanting
+
+to get into origami design, this
+book, Origami Design Secrets
+
+by Robert Lang, is really
+the first major book
+
+on the methods of
+origami design.
+
+Most origami books are
+traditionally about diagrams,
+
+trying to fold specific models.
+
+This is the first
+book really to lay out
+
+some of the ground rules
+of how you create models.
+
+And it goes through a number of
+the things we've talked about.
+
+So just to review a little bit
+about tree theory, the idea,
+
+the process is you start with
+a subject, like this picture
+
+I took at a Japanese
+museum of a little crab.
+
+You kind of draw a
+little stick figure
+
+of what that crab might look
+like in a one-dimensional form,
+
+characterized just
+by the lengths
+
+of these flaps and
+the connectedness.
+
+You go from here to here
+to an origami base, which
+
+has all of those flaps
+of the right length
+
+and connected in the right way.
+
+And then you shape it
+into an origami model.
+
+Now this method, this step here
+might seem hard to you guys.
+
+With a little experience,
+it's actually very reasonable
+
+to assume that someone
+fairly well versed
+
+in the vocabulary
+of origami will
+
+be able to accomplish that step.
+
+This step, again, this kind
+of child's play, somewhat.
+
+It's actually not,
+to do it really well,
+
+to represent this model
+as a stick figure,
+
+and we'll see that when we
+try to go through an example.
+
+This step is the one where
+algorithms and mathematics
+
+really help to do a
+lot of the work for us,
+
+and essentially is kind of the
+easy part from our perspective,
+
+because it's kind of
+methodical and there's
+
+algorithms involved
+to help us out.
+
+The most artistic
+and free things
+
+we can do with
+origami design are
+
+kind of this step in the
+shaping and this step
+
+in defining the proportions.
+
+In this step really you define
+what the abstraction you
+
+choose to characterize
+in your model.
+
+Like here, we are
+choosing to represent
+
+all four legs on either side.
+
+You don't have too.
+
+But we also decided to model
+the eyes and the claws as is.
+
+But an underbelly to a crab.
+
+We could have modeled
+that with the texture.
+
+We could have modeled the
+little mouth parts of the crab.
+
+There are many things we
+could choose to model on here
+
+that we don't choose to.
+
+So this is one level
+of abstraction.
+
+And this comes with
+a lot of choice.
+
+Here, there's lots of algorithms
+and math to help us out.
+
+But as we'll see,
+there is actually
+
+a lot of choice going
+from here to here
+
+as well, artistic choice,
+and from here to here, again,
+
+probably the most blatant
+way that an artist can
+
+put his style in essence
+into an origami work.
+
+AUDIENCE: What is
+the extra fringe?
+
+JASON KU: Which one?
+
+This?
+
+AUDIENCE: Diagonal from the top.
+
+AUDIENCE: On the left.
+
+JASON KU: On the left.
+
+Oh, this?
+
+OK.
+
+So I modeled here
+the body of this crab
+
+as a flap coming from here.
+
+I kind of wanted a flap
+to cover the rest of this.
+
+And so that's why I've added
+this leg of the tree there.
+
+While branch edges-- this
+is a branch edge, it doesn't
+
+terminate-- will provide
+paper in that region,
+
+as we'll see later,
+branch edges of the tree,
+
+rivers in the space
+allocation, really
+
+don't lend themselves to
+being shaped very easily.
+
+And so if I isolate
+that body segment
+
+as a leaf edge
+for itself, then I
+
+can actually do
+control a little more
+
+about how I'm able to shape it.
+
+Good question.
+
+So we're going to
+review a little bit
+
+about uniaxial bases.
+
+This these are the definitions
+that Erik Demaine posed
+
+in the algorithm, I
+think in lecture four.
+
+Again, you have
+this uniaxial base.
+
+It has these
+characteristics that it's
+
+in the positive space above
+the z equals zero plane.
+
+And that's kind of
+represented here.
+
+The intersection with that
+plane is the projection.
+
+So if you shine
+the light above it,
+
+it would cast a shadow of
+a stick figure out, which
+
+is exactly kind of what we want.
+
+We want to make an origami
+base that associates itself
+
+with a stick figure.
+
+And then we partition
+the faces into flaps.
+
+So there's all
+these definitions.
+
+I think to put these in
+kind of layman's terms
+
+from an origami designer's
+point of view, what
+
+do these really mean?
+
+Really, the important
+characteristics that we want
+
+are that the flaps lie along
+or straddle a single line.
+
+Because if they do that, then
+we could just fold it in half
+
+and it will have that
+property of everything
+
+being above an axis and
+everything lying along an axis,
+
+and that the flaps hinge
+perpendicular to that axis.
+
+The reason why we need the
+flaps to hinge perpendicular
+
+to the axis is if they don't
+hinge perpendicular to the axis
+
+then you will not be able
+to create a projection
+
+to the plane that is a
+one-dimensional stick figure.
+
+If these hinges are
+tilted then that line
+
+will project to a line instead
+of a point, like we'd want.
+
+We'd want it to project to
+a single node on the tree.
+
+In any of these
+uniaxial bases, think
+
+about the base being thinned
+in the limiting case, that we
+
+can create folds parallel to
+this axis and thin this model
+
+until it's right along the axis.
+
+And then in that
+limiting case it
+
+is a stick figure, essentially.
+
+And once it is a stick figure,
+layering and orientation
+
+of the flaps really
+don't matter,
+
+because it is the stick figure.
+
+So this is kind of an
+informal definition,
+
+but we'll use these
+later in the lecture.
+
+So what is a flap?
+
+We kind of made this argument
+a couple lectures ago.
+
+So we want to model a flap, so
+that we can kind of stick it
+
+together.
+
+And this is kind of
+an intuitive sense
+
+of we take a sheet of paper,
+we thin it a little bit,
+
+we hinge it perpendicular
+to some axis.
+
+And when we do and
+we unfold the paper,
+
+we see that it
+takes up this kind
+
+of quarter octagon of paper.
+
+Now, if we continue
+to thin this,
+
+if we make it
+really, really thin,
+
+you see how deep the boundary,
+this fold that we make,
+
+will little closer and
+closer approximate a circle.
+
+Everyone see that?
+
+It's kind of like an umbrella.
+
+I like this analogy
+with an umbrella.
+
+That you have a
+single point that's
+
+the center the
+umbrella, and when
+
+you close the umbrella,
+all of the umbrella
+
+kind of maps to a single line.
+
+And so it's neat to
+see on the paper.
+
+It's kind of what
+you could think
+
+of as a projection to this tree.
+
+Lines on the unfolded
+square, these lines
+
+at the edges of the circle,
+map to a single point
+
+on this flap, or infinitely thin
+flap, or essentially the tree.
+
+This is kind of a
+leaf edge of our tree.
+
+And so everything along this
+line maps to a single point,
+
+is compressed onto
+a single point.
+
+You can do that with any
+point going up this flap.
+
+We can actually pick
+off a point here,
+
+and we see a line of constant
+elevation with respect
+
+to this flap.
+
+And so now we've created
+a very, very simple tree.
+
+Instead of one leaf
+edge extending off
+
+of the rest of the model, we
+have a branch edge, and then
+
+a leaf edge.
+
+And this branch edge is
+corresponding to this strip
+
+of paper here of constant width.
+
+That's what we call a river.
+
+And we see that a circle is
+just a limiting case of a river.
+
+Rivers separates two parts of
+the model off from each other
+
+by a constant distance.
+
+That's what that constant
+thickness strip of paper means.
+
+And the circle is really
+just a limiting case
+
+off that river that separates
+only a single point away
+
+from the rest of the model.
+
+That's all I want
+to say about that.
+
+And we can actually
+tile these rivers
+
+onto a plane to create
+arbitrary trees.
+
+So here's an example
+of the correspondence.
+
+I call these
+circle/river packings.
+
+That's the common term
+in origami design.
+
+This is a circle/river packing.
+
+It's kind of a space allocation.
+
+It's an idealization.
+
+The model we make
+is actually not
+
+going to be infinitely thin.
+
+So each flap is going to take up
+more space than these circles.
+
+But it's a good idealization.
+
+This circle/river packing
+or this space allocation
+
+actually maps
+uniquely to as a tree.
+
+So if we go through
+it, this point,
+
+this circle here might map
+to this line on the tree.
+
+It can actually also map to this
+line, this edge or this edge,
+
+as well.
+
+Because I don't really care
+how these flaps are oriented.
+
+The tree is just
+supposed to preserve
+
+length and connectedness.
+
+It doesn't really have to do
+with where they're mapped.
+
+And so we'll see some
+examples of that later.
+
+But we can kind of
+go through this tree
+
+and see all the
+different aspects of it,
+
+how the edges correspond
+to circles and rivers
+
+on the packing.
+
+And we're going to do a
+little bit of practice
+
+for that, because I think
+that was one of the day
+
+hardest parts for me starting
+out in origami design,
+
+was being able to be comfortable
+with going from a tree
+
+to a space allocation, from
+a space allocation to a tree.
+
+Getting that concept in my
+head was kind of difficult.
+
+So how about we
+practice a little bit.
+
+We have this space allocation
+of maybe two circles, a river,
+
+and three more circles.
+
+I'll just give you a second to
+see which one of these trees
+
+is represented by
+this space allocation.
+
+Or should I say
+how many of these.
+
+Because some of these
+trees might be equivalent.
+
+So we're going to start with
+the upper right one here.
+
+Does it correspond to
+this space allocation?
+
+Yes or no?
+
+No.
+
+Why?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+JASON KU: Yeah.
+
+So the topology's kind of wrong.
+
+You've got three equal
+length flaps up here,
+
+which is what we want.
+
+We want three equal
+length flaps separated off
+
+from the rest of the model by
+a river of the same length.
+
+That makes sense.
+
+But instead of separating
+off two flaps, two leaf
+
+edges of maybe
+twice the length, it
+
+separates three of the same
+length, which doesn't quite
+
+work out.
+
+So the distances and
+the connectivity's
+
+kind of off here, just
+terms of the numbers.
+
+So this one's wrong.
+
+How about this one?
+
+Yes.
+
+Right?
+
+It has the right topology.
+
+This one?
+
+No, again.
+
+The wrong typology.
+
+There is, again, three separated
+from two by a branch edge.
+
+But it doesn't have
+the right lengths
+
+associated with this
+space allocation.
+
+And how about this one?
+
+Yes.
+
+Right?
+
+I've transformed this
+tree from here to here.
+
+I just moved them around
+with respect to each other.
+
+They're equivalent, in terms
+of how we choose our tree.
+
+And this will be important
+when we actually use TreeMaker.
+
+Because it doesn't matter how
+we orient things in our tree,
+
+we can manipulate where we
+put our circles on the paper
+
+to get the same tree.
+
+The mapping from here
+to a tree is unique.
+
+Mapping from a tree
+to a space allocation
+
+is not, which leads to
+interesting design choices
+
+that you can make in
+designing an origami model.
+
+Yeah, those two.
+
+One more time.
+
+We'll go through this
+one a little quicker.
+
+I'll give you maybe
+five seconds or so.
+
+So we're going to start with
+this one, the first one.
+
+Does that map to this
+space allocation?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+JASON KU: Yes, it does.
+
+We have two equal length set off
+from the same length to equal,
+
+and then one twice as big.
+
+And see how I've actually
+added a redundant node here.
+
+I've split this leaf edge into
+a branch edge and a leaf edge.
+
+That's kind of a redundant
+node that I don't really need.
+
+It doesn't really change
+the topology of this at all.
+
+It would just map to
+a line right here.
+
+Everyone see that?
+
+How about this one?
+
+No.
+
+Right?
+
+For a number of reasons
+that I won't go into.
+
+How about this one?
+
+No.
+
+Again, the distances and
+the topology are wrong.
+
+This one?
+
+No.
+
+This is actually one of the
+trees from the slide before.
+
+And this one?
+
+Yes.
+
+This is actually just a
+manipulation of that tree.
+
+So yay!
+
+We're awesome.
+
+Now, going the other way
+is not necessarily unique.
+
+So there would be
+multiple answers here.
+
+Is this a correct
+representation of this tree?
+
+Yes or no?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+JASON KU: It has the
+correct topology, right?
+
+It has three equal length
+flaps separated off by a river
+
+from three equal length flaps.
+
+That's what we have here.
+
+But this river is actually twice
+as long as any of these flaps.
+
+So this is actually
+a little bit shorter
+
+than the length of
+any of these flaps,
+
+not really working for us there.
+
+How about this one?
+
+No, for pretty much
+the same reason.
+
+It actually has a very
+similar, if not identical, tree
+
+to this one.
+
+How about this one?
+
+No, topological problems there.
+
+This one?
+
+Yes.
+
+So it's got three equal
+length flaps separated off
+
+by a large 2x river, I guess.
+
+And this one?
+
+No, for the same reason here.
+
+And here we can actually
+see three different packings
+
+of a very similar,
+if not same, tree.
+
+And this goes to
+show you that there
+
+could be many
+different ways we could
+
+put these disks on a sheet of
+paper that could either improve
+
+efficiency or be more useful.
+
+For example, this packing
+has a central flap.
+
+We may or may not want
+that central flap.
+
+You can see that a central
+flap will use more paper
+
+than a flap at the corner
+or the edge of the paper,
+
+because it has 360
+degrees of paper
+
+that you have to fold
+as opposed to 180
+
+or even just 90
+degrees of paper.
+
+So typically in
+origami design, if you
+
+have a flap you need a little
+bit of bulk in, a little more
+
+paper, you might
+want to consider
+
+making that a central flap.
+
+If you want to make a very thin,
+maybe an antenna or something,
+
+a corner flap might
+be a better choice.
+
+So correct, in that sense.
+
+Now again, I want
+to stress the fact
+
+that this is an idealization.
+
+These are circles.
+
+They don't really account for
+all the paper in the square.
+
+This paper between the
+circles and the rivers
+
+is not really used.
+
+Pretty much everything in
+this no man's land here
+
+actually maps to a single
+point in the tree right.
+
+This is a bad example, so
+I'll use this correspondence.
+
+This kind of looks like a
+bikini or something like that.
+
+That's neither here nor there.
+
+But this space all maps to
+one of these branch nodes.
+
+Everyone see that?
+
+Because in the situation where
+we thin this model infinitely,
+
+this is kind of extra
+space that we kind of just
+
+don't even deal with.
+
+In reality, that
+extra space will
+
+have to go into either
+the rivers or the circles
+
+in the packing.
+
+So the reason why uniaxial
+bases are nice in this model
+
+is because since all they hinge
+creases of the model, basically
+
+the boundary of the
+flap with the model,
+
+hinge 90 degrees to some
+axis, then its projection maps
+
+to a single point.
+
+So if we cut off all the
+flaps along the hinge creases,
+
+we should actually get
+a very similar mapping
+
+to what we have here.
+
+And here's an example of
+a fairly complex model.
+
+But you can see, I've
+just highlighted the locus
+
+of possible hinge
+creases on this model.
+
+There's a unique way to do this.
+
+I won't go into it.
+
+But there is a unique way
+to add these hinge creases.
+
+But as you can see, the
+idea is very similar.
+
+But instead of having these
+curves of constant width,
+
+you have these discrete angular
+curves of constant width.
+
+So for example here, you have
+a river of constant width
+
+that changes directions
+at a discrete corner,
+
+but it's still a strip
+of constant width.
+
+Everyone see that?
+
+So maybe we could
+go ahead and see--
+
+If we had this crease
+pattern and we didn't
+
+know what the model
+was, we could actually
+
+pick off the tree and figure
+out what this model is.
+
+So maybe we start with
+these two points down here.
+
+They're all points separated
+off the rest of the model
+
+by a certain distance.
+
+And that distance here, all
+these lines that are connected
+
+must be at the same location,
+the same node on the tree,
+
+because all those hinge creases
+must map to a single point.
+
+So these two flaps
+connect with each other
+
+because they share this
+set of hinge creases.
+
+And so that's that
+point right there.
+
+I'm going to ignore these two
+flaps at the bottom for now.
+
+We have this big long river.
+
+I'm just going to deal
+with the big points first.
+
+And that connects to
+two more big points.
+
+Everyone see that?
+
+I don't want to go too fast.
+
+And actually, you can do that.
+
+You can just keep doing that,
+and methodically picking off
+
+distances on this hinge
+crease representation,
+
+this is discrete
+space allocation
+
+and fill in the whole tree.
+
+Anyone can think of
+what this might be?
+
+Maybe a four-legged animal with
+antlers, like maybe a moose.
+
+So this is a model
+I designed, I think,
+
+my freshman year
+as an undergrad.
+
+AUDIENCE: What
+happens when you have
+
+the squares inside the squares?
+
+JASON KU: That's an
+excellent question.
+
+First, I want to answer
+one other question
+
+before I get to that one.
+
+Here, these polygons,
+these squares,
+
+you could think of maybe
+putting a circle in them.
+
+And the square is taking up
+more paper than the circle,
+
+and so the flap
+that this represents
+
+would be the largest circle
+that would be fully contained
+
+in that square.
+
+And that would be the
+length of that flap.
+
+What does it mean to have
+instead of this point separated
+
+off from the rest of the model
+have a line separated off
+
+from the rest of the model?
+
+Can anyone guess
+why would you want
+
+that as an origami designer?
+
+Well, you might
+want that property
+
+if you want not just
+a point separated
+
+off from the rest of
+the model, but a line.
+
+You might want thickness.
+
+It's a qualification
+of thickness
+
+of that flap at the extreme
+distance away from the model.
+
+And I don't have
+this example with me.
+
+I talked about it yesterday
+at the OrigaMIT lecture.
+
+But let's say you wanted
+to model a butterfly wing.
+
+It's not well
+characterized by a stick.
+
+Its thickness is
+kind of important.
+
+So how I designed
+a butterfly wing
+
+is I separated a line
+off from the rest
+
+of the model, something
+similar to this,
+
+so that I would have enough
+paper to kind of spread out
+
+that idealized single point.
+
+I could spread the end of that
+point to have some thickness
+
+and to make a full
+butterfly wing.
+
+And what you're
+saying is what does it
+
+mean to have these points,
+these single leaf edges,
+
+separated off kind of
+surrounded by river?
+
+You see what that means?
+
+Yep, this is just a river.
+
+Rivers, again, don't have to
+go all the way across a model.
+
+They can also connect.
+
+You're separating
+these two points off
+
+from the rest of the model by
+a certain constant distance.
+
+So excellent question.
+
+And as I promised before, I
+want to take look a little bit
+
+about the structure
+of this model.
+
+It looks very symmetric, right?
+
+And you'd think that maybe
+it would be well represented
+
+by a rectangle of paper
+instead of a square.
+
+How do you fit
+this into a square
+
+by still having this detail?
+
+How do you think this
+texture was made?
+
+Anybody?
+
+It's kind of just pleating
+the paper back and forth.
+
+If you've ever taken
+a sheet of paper
+
+and pleated it to
+form a texture,
+
+kind of a
+one-dimensional problem,
+
+but you're pleating it.
+
+But after you pleat
+it, it's smaller.
+
+If we take a look at the
+crease pattern here--
+
+This is actually
+a crease pattern
+
+to an earlier version
+of this model.
+
+This is slightly
+less detailed, if you
+
+can imagine, than
+this model right here.
+
+What do you think this is?
+
+Maybe the scales, right?
+
+This is the head region.
+
+We can actually do
+a rough version,
+
+perform a rough version of
+this kind of hinge crease
+
+representation, and get
+an idea for the structure
+
+of this model.
+
+So here, we see the tail.
+
+I'll talk about this later.
+
+We have the two back
+feet separated off
+
+from the rest of the
+model by a distance.
+
+That's this distance here.
+
+Two more feet.
+
+This is kind of the neck region.
+
+And here's the head.
+
+OK.
+
+So this looks kind of weird.
+
+I haven't really been specific
+about the details here.
+
+But what does that pleating do?
+
+Well, it shrinks the
+useful area of the paper,
+
+because I pleated it.
+
+So that's why here the
+length of this flap
+
+is this distance here.
+
+That's the length of the tail.
+
+But when I make pleats,
+this thing shrinks.
+
+And it actually shrinks
+to this distance.
+
+This whole thing is cut in half.
+
+So we make these
+pleats, it shrinks,
+
+and then it can lie
+along this segment.
+
+Then this area here
+also shrinks by half.
+
+So the length is here.
+
+And it is able to cover
+this aspect, this part
+
+of this middle
+river with texture.
+
+Please ask questions,
+because this is complex.
+
+AUDIENCE: [? What's the ?]
+distance between the front
+
+and back legs?
+
+JASON KU: Yes.
+
+So this is the distance between
+the front and back legs.
+
+But we have to cover
+it with texture.
+
+There's no texture here.
+
+So what we do is create
+this extra flap here
+
+where the back legs are with
+a length of half of this,
+
+and cover it with texture.
+
+So that's what he's done here.
+
+And so the same goes for here.
+
+It's not quite half down
+here, but this covers up
+
+the rest of that section.
+
+And there's actually
+some overlap
+
+so that they can mesh correctly.
+
+Then here, we have enough paper
+to provide texture to the neck
+
+region, and then
+there's the head.
+
+It's kind of an ingenious way
+of actually the top and bottom,
+
+this top texture and
+this bottom texture,
+
+folding up onto this line
+segment which represents
+
+the length of the
+dragon, and still
+
+having space for
+these toes and feet.
+
+It's an ingenious way
+to distribute the paper,
+
+in this case.
+
+Here we can understand
+another reason
+
+why we might want to
+separate a line off
+
+from the rest of the model,
+because then that line has
+
+some thickness, you have
+a certain amount of space
+
+out there, and you
+can actually then
+
+create more points
+from that line being
+
+out at a certain distance.
+
+We can create a number of little
+points, which are then toes.
+
+So I thought that
+was pretty cool.
+
+One of my favorite
+examples of structure.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+JASON KU: These were
+all drawn by hand
+
+using a program very similar
+to Adobe Illustrator.
+
+So yeah, it's very tedious, and
+lots of copying and pasting.
+
+But you should see the
+more complicated version
+
+of this pattern.
+
+Because as you can see
+on this model here,
+
+there are actually scales
+on the feet part itself.
+
+These claws actually are longer
+in proportion to everything
+
+else in the model.
+
+So we actually add
+some more things.
+
+There's also a
+strip of paper here
+
+that has spines on the back.
+
+This crease pattern doesn't
+represent those things.
+
+So this is a simplified
+version, if you will.
+
+AUDIENCE: What was the
+starting size of the paper?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, how big is it?
+
+JASON KU: It's actually
+an amazingly efficient use
+
+of paper.
+
+The length of the
+dragon is pretty much
+
+this length right
+here, which is actually
+
+quite impressive for the
+amount of detail there is.
+
+The shrinkage
+factor is something
+
+like to the length
+of the squared
+
+to the length of the
+dragon is not even a half.
+
+The overall structure of this
+model is actually quite simple.
+
+The model itself is
+maybe about this big.
+
+So I'm guessing the
+size of the square
+
+was something like a meter,
+if not a little larger.
+
+It's a long time to work
+with a single sheet of paper.
+
+All right.
+
+So we're going to very quickly,
+maybe for the next 10, 15
+
+minutes, go through a
+design example of a crab.
+
+And so we're going to kind
+of go through it quickly.
+
+To help you do your
+homework, I just
+
+want to let you know about
+some details of TreeMaker that
+
+might be useful to
+you to be able to make
+
+a cleaner or nicer
+crease pattern.
+
+So to go to a TreeMaker example,
+I'm going to open up TreeMaker.
+
+I need to bring
+TreeMaker over here.
+
+So we have TreeMaker.
+
+And let's say we
+want to make a crab.
+
+So how do you want
+to draw this tree?
+
+Maybe I'll just draw the
+tree that we had before.
+
+First we have four legs
+all of equal length.
+
+We could have them all
+coming from the same spot.
+
+But traditionally, if we
+take a look at a crab--
+
+That's a cartoony
+version of a crab,
+
+but we see that these maybe
+our axis of our model is here.
+
+These legs actually don't
+need to split at the axis.
+
+We could actually model
+this as in the tree,
+
+maybe we have our body
+segment, and maybe we
+
+separate these four
+flaps off from the axis
+
+by a certain distance so that
+we actually can save paper.
+
+We don't have to make each
+one of these flaps this long.
+
+You see?
+
+So I'm going to add a
+little line segment there.
+
+Repeat on the other side.
+
+You get the idea.
+
+Then maybe you
+have some modeling
+
+of the thickness of the model.
+
+Then we have claws.
+
+One nice thing about this is
+we could view just the tree.
+
+That might make things
+a little easier.
+
+There's lots of these
+view characteristics
+
+that we're going to
+take advantage of.
+
+And maybe we want to
+represent the eyes.
+
+Now, the lengths of these
+edges in the program
+
+don't really mean anything.
+
+So take that into note first.
+
+You actually I've to
+click on each edge
+
+and specify its length
+relative to all the others.
+
+So maybe we want
+to make the claws
+
+half as long as the
+branch connecting them.
+
+Bear with me.
+
+There's no good way of
+automating this process
+
+at this point.
+
+And maybe we make
+the eyes-- they're
+
+pretty short-- so
+we maybe make them
+
+a quarter of the
+length of those.
+
+The body segment, I don't know.
+
+Also a quarter.
+
+This is really
+kind of arbitrary,
+
+but you can play around
+with these dimensions.
+
+And these guys, also a quarter.
+
+And the back legs
+can also be one.
+
+Something like that.
+
+All right.
+
+When we've got that, we see that
+we actually have circles there.
+
+Now, these circles
+are kind of crossing.
+
+We don't want
+that, because paper
+
+can't go to two points at once.
+
+What we can do now
+is scale everything.
+
+So it tries to pack
+all the circles such
+
+that none of the conditions
+are being violated.
+
+So this is a valid packing,
+except these points
+
+in the middle here, this
+whole polygon is constrained.
+
+The green line segments
+here are active paths.
+
+Basically, the distance between
+these points on the tree
+
+and these points on the
+paper are minimized,
+
+or they're equal.
+
+So there must be a crease there.
+
+That is a key statement
+of uniaxial bases,
+
+is that there must be a
+crease along active paths.
+
+Now, these two points can
+actually stand to get larger.
+
+That's evident to the fact
+that we can move these around
+
+and it's not violating
+any conditions.
+
+Well, if I move it over here,
+it's violating a condition.
+
+Whenever a condition
+is violated then
+
+you have these red
+lines that yell at you.
+
+But we can move this
+around in this area
+
+without violating
+any conditions.
+
+So it's not happy.
+
+It's not completely crystallized
+or well-constrained,
+
+so it's going to
+yell at us when we
+
+try to build the crease pattern.
+
+TreeMaker was not able
+to construct all polygons
+
+because a polygon was either
+non-convex or contained
+
+one or more nodes
+in its interiors.
+
+So these have nodes
+in its interior,
+
+so was not able to
+fill in this polygon.
+
+What we can do about
+that is we don't
+
+mind if these points
+get a little bigger.
+
+Or we could add an extra point.
+
+So we never modeled
+a body segment here.
+
+So maybe we just add
+in a body segment.
+
+So scale everything here.
+
+We still have this problem.
+
+This guy is unconstrained.
+
+So what I'm going to do is
+make this guy a little bigger
+
+by selecting the
+node and the edge.
+
+You have to do both.
+
+I can go here and scale
+just this selection.
+
+And it'll increase it by itself.
+
+Actually, nicely, this is
+somewhat of a symmetric crease
+
+pattern, which
+didn't occur before.
+
+So you see these lighter
+edges of the tree
+
+are fully constrained edges.
+
+These darker ones are not
+fully constrained edges.
+
+So this guy can actually
+also increase a little bit.
+
+So I'm going to scale selection.
+
+Now everything should be good.
+
+I can build the crease pattern.
+
+Guh!
+
+It built it, so whatever.
+
+So this is a foldable
+crease pattern
+
+that will form
+what we want it to.
+
+We can also go to
+this creases view,
+
+and it will show the
+creases of the model.
+
+It was not able to find
+valid mountain-valleys.
+
+Anyway.
+
+So to make this
+cleaner, you might
+
+want to deal with symmetry.
+
+So there's an ability to
+select diagonal symmetry
+
+and either add conditions
+to make a node fixed
+
+to the symmetry line, so
+add additional constraints
+
+to our system to
+make it cleaner.
+
+We can fix them to
+the symmetry line.
+
+We can fix it to the
+corner or the paper edge,
+
+fix to any arbitrary position.
+
+Or we can select two
+nodes and pair them
+
+about the symmetry line, which
+is a very useful thing to do.
+
+I don't know if it
+will yell at me again.
+
+Yeah, it didn't do anything.
+
+What I'm going to
+do is go in here.
+
+There's lots of things
+you could do here.
+
+We could perturb all
+the nodes, so they
+
+move if by a slight distance.
+
+And maybe if we try
+scaling it again,
+
+it'll find a valid solution.
+
+This was unfortunate.
+
+Scale everything.
+
+Kill the strain on this.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm confused.
+
+Is it failing
+because the problem
+
+is over-constrained
+or under-constrained?
+
+JASON KU: It's not
+failing because of either.
+
+It's failing because
+certain creases
+
+get very close together.
+
+Now it's failing
+because it can't
+
+find a correct
+valley-mountain assignment
+
+for the crease pattern.
+
+So it's able to build
+the creases fine.
+
+So build crease pattern, fine.
+
+It just wasn't able to construct
+a mountain-valley assignment,
+
+which in the creases view
+would usually give you
+
+mountain and valley assignments.
+
+AUDIENCE: That means
+it's not possible?
+
+JASON KU: It couldn't find it.
+
+It's not that it's not possible.
+
+It just couldn't find it.
+
+I want to say one other thing.
+
+Kill the crease pattern.
+
+We have a polygon bounded
+by active paths that's
+
+not triangular.
+
+But we can actually split it
+any of these up into triangles.
+
+I'm just going to mention
+that you can do this.
+
+You click on one
+of these polygons,
+
+go here, stub, triangulate tree.
+
+It adds random points.
+
+And now all the
+polygons are triangles,
+
+and that's much easier to fold.
+
+Or not.
+
+That's how you would do it.
+
+Anyway, I'm running
+out of time, so I'm
+
+going to go back to
+the presentation.
+
+But if you need any
+help with these,
+
+or the tutorial with
+this program, I'm around.
+
+You can contact me through
+the OrigaMIT website,
+
+or you can come to it an
+OrigaMIT workshop on Sunday
+
+and ask me questions then.
+
+So I'm going to quickly just go
+right back to the presentation.
+
+Play slide show.
+
+Nope.
+
+Technical difficulties.
+
+Play slide show.
+
+So that was the
+example of TreeMaker.
+
+Here's an example of a
+non-TreeMaker example
+
+that I designed this
+weekend of a crab.
+
+I actually designed
+this model it
+
+after I had drawn this picture.
+
+And I wanted to incorporate some
+of the elements of this picture
+
+into my design process.
+
+So one of the first
+I actually started
+
+was designing the
+back so that it
+
+would have this
+kind of structure
+
+with this polygon there, kind of
+a Komatsu-like design process,
+
+and trying to make the
+final form polygons
+
+and incorporate those
+into my crease pattern.
+
+So that's what this
+area is right here.
+
+It has a very similar structure
+to the tree we drew already.
+
+We have the four points for
+the legs, the body segment.
+
+These are going to be the eyes.
+
+And so there are some
+extra points just
+
+to make things easier to fold.
+
+The claws.
+
+Here's the body segment.
+
+There's these extra two
+things on either side.
+
+And I made those
+so that there could
+
+be an underbelly to
+the crab, and that I
+
+could add some texture
+in and things like that.
+
+But you can see some
+of the constraints
+
+that I've put on it are that
+I want this to be 22.5 degree
+
+folding, which is hard to
+implement in TreeMaker.
+
+I've also shown
+some of the thinning
+
+to make these points
+thinner on the right.
+
+So if we actually
+pick out the tree
+
+for this hinge
+representation, we
+
+get something that kind
+of looks like this.
+
+So we have our legs.
+
+Here's our body segment.
+
+Here are the flaps that I make
+into the underbelly, eyes,
+
+and the claws.
+
+And here's the folded
+proof of concept version
+
+that I folded last night.
+
+It's actually a
+really crappy picture.
+
+I apologize.
+
+But it's up here.
+
+I fold it like 10:00 last
+night, because I thought
+
+it would be useful for you guys
+to see what a folded one might
+
+look like.
+
+But it actually turns out
+to be somewhat non-uniaxial.
+
+And you can see some of the
+texturing on the underbelly,
+
+if you take a look at
+it and come up here.
+
+So that's kind of describing
+some of the design
+
+process of a real work that uses
+the concepts of uniaxial bases,
+
+that I can make this hinge
+crease representation,
+
+but then use some
+shaping to modify it.
+
+If you're interested in
+learning about anything related
+
+to origami, there's an
+excellent online forum
+
+that you can ask questions
+or show off work that you do
+
+or anything like that.
+
+And if you want to do
+something slightly more local--
+
+this is shameless
+self-promotion--
+
+but the origami club at MIT
+welcomes you with open arms.
+
+We meet every Sunday
+in the Student Center
+
+from 2:00 to 4:00 PM.
+
+You can find all sorts of
+details on our website.
+
+So that's about it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Are those
+origami letters?
+
+JASON KU: Those are, yes.
+
+Each one of these
+letters was a model.
+
+They're all the same model I
+designed, in which you have a 3
+
+by 4 grid of flippable
+squares of color change
+
+that you can flip to either
+be in the all white state
+
+or all black state.
+
+And you could also do some
+of these half pixeling.
+
+But you can basically make
+any of these letters--
+
+I have a whole alphabet of
+things-- from a single model.
+
+I was lazy.
+
+I didn't want to
+design 26 models.
+
+I just want to design one model.
+
+So that that's what those are.
+
+So that concludes the lecture.
+
+We're just about at time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MB63QIKU65s.txt b/MB63QIKU65s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc0f9cd1bd8f751c0794ed3fd415f3431f20104b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MB63QIKU65s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Faraday's integral law shows how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's integral law shows how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's integral law shows how a
+voltmeter reading induced by magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltmeter reading induced by magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltmeter reading induced by magnetic
+induction at the terminals of a coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction at the terminals of a coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction at the terminals of a coil
+provides a measurement of the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a measurement of the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a measurement of the magnetic
+flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+density farad's integral law states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density farad's integral law states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density farad's integral law states that
+the circulation of electric field e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circulation of electric field e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circulation of electric field e
+around a closed Contour C is determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a closed Contour C is determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a closed Contour C is determined
+by the time rate of magnetic flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time rate of magnetic flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time rate of magnetic flux
+linking the surface enclosed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking the surface enclosed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking the surface enclosed by the
+Contour the circulation of electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour the circulation of electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour the circulation of electric
+field e around the closed Contour C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field e around the closed Contour C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field e around the closed Contour C is
+determined by the time rate of magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the time rate of magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the time rate of magnetic
+flux linking the surface and closed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux linking the surface and closed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux linking the surface and closed by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Contour in this experiment the Contour C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour in this experiment the Contour C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour in this experiment the Contour C
+is traced out by the wire in this coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is traced out by the wire in this coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is traced out by the wire in this coil
+so that the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the surface
+s is the area having the entire length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is the area having the entire length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is the area having the entire length
+of the coil as its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coil as its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coil as its
+Edge in this coil the surface area s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge in this coil the surface area s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge in this coil the surface area s is
+8 cm by 21 1 cm multiplied by 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+turns we will use this coil with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns we will use this coil with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns we will use this coil with
+Faraday's law to find the magnetic flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's law to find the magnetic flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's law to find the magnetic flux
+associated with current in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wire here is the wire carrying a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire here is the wire carrying a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire here is the wire carrying a current
+eye producing this magnetic field h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye producing this magnetic field h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye producing this magnetic field h
+Suppy here is our coil in accordance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppy here is our coil in accordance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppy here is our coil in accordance
+with ampere's integral law the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ampere's integral law the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ampere's integral law the magnetic
+field intensity circulates around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field intensity circulates around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field intensity circulates around the
+current carried by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wire the magnetic flux passing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire the magnetic flux passing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire the magnetic flux passing through
+the coil contributes to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil contributes to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil contributes to the surface
+integral on the right in Faraday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral on the right in Faraday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral on the right in Faraday's
+law the current and hence the field are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law the current and hence the field are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law the current and hence the field are
+varying at 60 Herz so this integral has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying at 60 Herz so this integral has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying at 60 Herz so this integral has
+a Time rate of change app to the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Time rate of change app to the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Time rate of change app to the coil
+the line integral on the left becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integral on the left becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integral on the left becomes
+the negative of the terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative of the terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative of the terminal
+electromotive force or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voltage here is the induced volage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage here is the induced volage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage here is the induced volage in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+coil the total flux linked by the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil the total flux linked by the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil the total flux linked by the coil
+is Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subf the upper trace of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subf the upper trace of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subf the upper trace of this
+oscilloscope records the electromotive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope records the electromotive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope records the electromotive
+force of volage at the coil terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of volage at the coil terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of volage at the coil terminals
+the lower Trace is the current in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower Trace is the current in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower Trace is the current in the
+wire measured by the voltage drop across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire measured by the voltage drop across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire measured by the voltage drop across
+a 1 ohm series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistor with the coil rotated so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor with the coil rotated so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor with the coil rotated so that
+it links no magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it links no magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it links no magnetic
+flux no voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seen with the coil now place so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen with the coil now place so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen with the coil now place so that the
+magnetic flux passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perpendicularly through the coil the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicularly through the coil the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicularly through the coil the max
+ma imum signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma imum signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma imum signal is
+recorded with the coil straddling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wire the flux passing through the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire the flux passing through the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire the flux passing through the coil
+in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper
+section is oppositely directed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is oppositely directed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is oppositely directed to the
+flux through the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux through the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux through the lower
+section with it symmetrically positioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section with it symmetrically positioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section with it symmetrically positioned
+the next net flux is zero so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next net flux is zero so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next net flux is zero so the
+measured voltage is zero the scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured voltage is zero the scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured voltage is zero the scope
+traces are triggered on The Wire current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces are triggered on The Wire current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces are triggered on The Wire current
+the lower Trace so we can see the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower Trace so we can see the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower Trace so we can see the a
+change in Phase as the coil is moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in Phase as the coil is moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in Phase as the coil is moved
+from below the wire to above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wire the lower Trace current is 90° out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire the lower Trace current is 90° out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire the lower Trace current is 90° out
+of phase with the upper Trace induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase with the upper Trace induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase with the upper Trace induced
+voltage this is because the coil voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage this is because the coil voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage this is because the coil voltage
+is the time rate of change of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the time rate of change of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the time rate of change of the
+magnetic flux and hence of the time rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux and hence of the time rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux and hence of the time rate
+of change of the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the coil voltage is 90 de out of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil voltage is 90 de out of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil voltage is 90 de out of phase
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current the coil height is H the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the coil height is H the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the coil height is H the length
+is L and the number of turns is n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is L and the number of turns is n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is L and the number of turns is n in
+terms of these parameters this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of these parameters this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of these parameters this is the
+flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linkage the flux linkage for a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage the flux linkage for a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage the flux linkage for a single
+turn is the surface integral the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn is the surface integral the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn is the surface integral the total
+flux length is a obtain by multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux length is a obtain by multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux length is a obtain by multiplying
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+n r is the distance from the wire to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n r is the distance from the wire to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n r is the distance from the wire to the
+top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coil in the experiment this distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R farad's law gives this as the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R farad's law gives this as the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R farad's law gives this as the coil
+voltage to put data on a plot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage to put data on a plot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage to put data on a plot of
+normalized voltage as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized voltage as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized voltage as a function of
+normalized spacing we compute V sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero the coil has 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the coil has 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the coil has 20
+turns a length of 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns a length of 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns a length of 21
+cm and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm and the
+frequency is 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is 60
+HZ the peak wire current is 6 amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then vp0 is 1.9 molts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Peak with the spacing r equal to 62 CM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak with the spacing r equal to 62 CM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak with the spacing r equal to 62 CM
+the peak coil voltage measured at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak coil voltage measured at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak coil voltage measured at the
+terminals is about 2 molts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Peak here is the normalized voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak here is the normalized voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak here is the normalized voltage
+predicted by Faraday integral law as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted by Faraday integral law as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted by Faraday integral law as a
+function of normalized spacing our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of normalized spacing our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of normalized spacing our data
+point goes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are normalized vages measured at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are normalized vages measured at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are normalized vages measured at
+other spacings the discrepancy is due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other spacings the discrepancy is due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other spacings the discrepancy is due to
+the large sensing coil size as compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large sensing coil size as compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large sensing coil size as compared
+to the length of the current carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the length of the current carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the length of the current carrying
+wire and the proximity of the nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and the proximity of the nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and the proximity of the nearby
+returned current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned current
+wire Faraday's integral law predicts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire Faraday's integral law predicts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire Faraday's integral law predicts the
+voltage induced at the terminals of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage induced at the terminals of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage induced at the terminals of a
+coil that links a Time varying magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flux for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MnzkhmcYEFI.txt b/MnzkhmcYEFI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4d39ab600d9bfb0b70dc77df50f17cc1459fbd85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MnzkhmcYEFI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7491 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on Friday we had a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday we had a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday we had a very
+almost philosophical lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost philosophical lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost philosophical lecture
+and and the second law can get like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the second law can get like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the second law can get like that
+it gets it gets sometimes a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets it gets sometimes a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets it gets sometimes a little bit
+head in the clouds so today today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head in the clouds so today today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head in the clouds so today today's
+gonna be pretty mathematical but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be pretty mathematical but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be pretty mathematical but
+actually it's very practical it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's very practical it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's very practical it's it's
+we're going to start moving from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start moving from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start moving from this
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+highfalutin concept of of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highfalutin concept of of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highfalutin concept of of um
+Second Law towards useful equations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law towards useful equations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law towards useful equations that
+we can that we can that we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can that we can that we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can that we can that we can use
+things that we can use to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can use to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can use to make
+predictions so I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions so I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions so I'm going to tell you
+about summer Dynamic potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to start off just by listing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start off just by listing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start off just by listing
+them these are going to be presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them these are going to be presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them these are going to be presented
+without proof or motivation although you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without proof or motivation although you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without proof or motivation although you
+know we'll discuss so the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll discuss so the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll discuss so the first one
+is what we what we already know now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we what we already know now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we what we already know now for
+fixed U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium
+okay so you already know that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you already know that all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you already know that all right
+but there are others there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are others there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are others there are other
+conditions and other potentials so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and other potentials so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and other potentials so for
+fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+key internal energy U is minimum at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key internal energy U is minimum at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key internal energy U is minimum at
+equilibrium so this is a condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so this is a condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so this is a condition that
+you encounter in your introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you encounter in your introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you encounter in your introductory
+physics classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics classes
+They Don't Really state that but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They Don't Really state that but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They Don't Really state that but that's
+the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition
+anybody um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody um
+is there any is there ever really a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any is there ever really a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any is there ever really a way
+to fix the entropy is there a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix the entropy is there a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix the entropy is there a way
+how can we fix the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we fix the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we fix the entropy
+there's no entropy Reservoir we can't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no entropy Reservoir we can't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no entropy Reservoir we can't we
+can't connect the system to an entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't connect the system to an entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't connect the system to an entropy
+Reservoir like we can with a pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir like we can with a pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir like we can with a pressure
+Reservoir a temperature Reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so I'll tell you it's a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'll tell you it's a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'll tell you it's a little bit of
+an aside but the only way to fix entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aside but the only way to fix entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aside but the only way to fix entropy
+is to be in zero Kelvin when you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be in zero Kelvin when you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be in zero Kelvin when you're at
+Absolute Zero there's no entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolute Zero there's no entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolute Zero there's no entropy
+so the physicists like it down there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the physicists like it down there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the physicists like it down there but
+for the rest of us it's not terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of us it's not terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of us it's not terribly
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+okay four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fixed s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed s and
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new term here
+the enthalpy H equals U plus PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy H equals U plus PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy H equals U plus PV
+is minimized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+High equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's enthalpy
+this condition minimum enthalpy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this condition minimum enthalpy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this condition minimum enthalpy in
+equilibrium is not terribly useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is not terribly useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is not terribly useful
+but the enthalpy is useful it's a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the enthalpy is useful it's a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the enthalpy is useful it's a useful
+thing and one of the problems on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and one of the problems on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and one of the problems on the
+current pset is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current pset is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current pset is um
+making connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enthalpy and the heat of a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy and the heat of a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy and the heat of a process
+sometimes those terms enthalpy and heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes those terms enthalpy and heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes those terms enthalpy and heat
+are actually used interchangeably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually used interchangeably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually used interchangeably
+um that's not strictly correct but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's not strictly correct but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's not strictly correct but
+you'll see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see why
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and volume
+so now we're getting a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're getting a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're getting a little more
+practical right fixed temperature that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical right fixed temperature that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical right fixed temperature that's
+something we know how to do we all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we know how to do we all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we know how to do we all have
+thermostats that's what your thermostat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermostats that's what your thermostat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermostats that's what your thermostat
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Helm hopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f equals U minus t s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals U minus t s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals U minus t s
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+is men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do we equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we equilibrium
+so I'll tell you we spend almost no time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll tell you we spend almost no time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll tell you we spend almost no time
+at all on how much in this class because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all on how much in this class because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all on how much in this class because
+fixed temperature and volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed temperature and volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed temperature and volume
+are much less practical and useful than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much less practical and useful than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much less practical and useful than
+fixed temperature and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed temperature and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed temperature and pressure
+for materials processing however in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for materials processing however in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for materials processing however in
+other disciplines especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other disciplines especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other disciplines especially in
+semiconductors in semiconductor physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors in semiconductor physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors in semiconductor physics
+it's the helmhole free energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the helmhole free energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the helmhole free energy that
+matters because your your devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters because your your devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters because your your devices
+typically operate at a fixed temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically operate at a fixed temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically operate at a fixed temperature
+and your electrons are confined in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your electrons are confined in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your electrons are confined in the
+volume of the semic vector device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the semic vector device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the semic vector device
+so if we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were to
+do things like calculate the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things like calculate the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things like calculate the theoretical
+limiting efficiency of a solar cell we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting efficiency of a solar cell we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting efficiency of a solar cell we'd
+be worried about how it helps but as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worried about how it helps but as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worried about how it helps but as it
+is you'll almost never hear us discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'll almost never hear us discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'll almost never hear us discuss
+that at all in the rest of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at all in the rest of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at all in the rest of the class
+this is the one that matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for fixed temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fixed temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fixed temperature
+and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pressure
+anybody know what's the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know what's the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know what's the relevant
+potential for these conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who's right ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy
+gifts right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one way to see the rest of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way to see the rest of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way to see the rest of this
+class actually the rest of the term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class actually the rest of the term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class actually the rest of the term is
+um we're just calculating the Gibbs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're just calculating the Gibbs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're just calculating the Gibbs for
+different scenarios and and we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios and and we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios and and we're doing
+Price shopping for Gibbs I call it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Price shopping for Gibbs I call it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Price shopping for Gibbs I call it we
+calculate the Gibbs free energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the Gibbs free energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the Gibbs free energy for
+different scenarios and we we choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios and we we choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios and we we choose the
+lowest one as the equilibrium case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest one as the equilibrium case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest one as the equilibrium case
+okay so that that is um thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that that is um thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that that is um thermodynamic
+utensils now uh these are presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utensils now uh these are presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utensils now uh these are presented
+without proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without proof
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's not worth the time here to motivate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not worth the time here to motivate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not worth the time here to motivate
+each and every every one of those on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and every every one of those on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and every every one of those on the
+PSAT you're going to convince yourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSAT you're going to convince yourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSAT you're going to convince yourselves
+that given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this
+so one of the exercises is going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the exercises is going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the exercises is going through
+um a form of proof of this and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a form of proof of this and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a form of proof of this and that's
+useful because Gibbs is the one we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because Gibbs is the one we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because Gibbs is the one we care
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make some mathematical sides because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+without this uh my math note a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without this uh my math note a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without this uh my math note a lot of
+what comes is kind of weird and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes is kind of weird and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes is kind of weird and
+confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in 3020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State functions
+I say State variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're functions of at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and both the independent variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both the independent variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both the independent variables and
+this is where that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where that comes from
+it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry this pen is kind of smushy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it doesn't come from nowhere it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't come from nowhere it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't come from nowhere it comes
+from the combined statement so it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the combined statement so it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the combined statement so it comes
+from physical reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from physical reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from physical reasoning
+right d u equals t d s minus P T V plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right d u equals t d s minus P T V plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right d u equals t d s minus P T V plus
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence
+of a state function U is a function of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a state function U is a function of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a state function U is a function of s
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+and N this is a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N this is a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N this is a critical
+link here if you write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link here if you write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link here if you write down a
+differential form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential form
+we're going to learn how to identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to learn how to identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to learn how to identify the
+independent variables the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables the coefficients
+and the dependent variable and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dependent variable and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dependent variable and the
+existence of this differential form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of this differential form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of this differential form
+implies the state function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now in most cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we may never know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can
+we can still use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is we may never know the closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we may never know the closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we may never know the closed
+form of the state function but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the state function but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the state function but we can
+still use its differential form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use its differential form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use its differential form
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+outside of the ideal gas situation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the ideal gas situation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the ideal gas situation we
+almost never write down any state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost never write down any state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost never write down any state
+functions in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in this class
+you can't find a complete State function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't find a complete State function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't find a complete State function
+for something useful like um like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something useful like um like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something useful like um like a
+higher entropy alloy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher entropy alloy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher entropy alloy
+it doesn't exist it's too complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a corollary of this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a corollary of this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a corollary of this is that
+thermodynamic potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+what I'll call Natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will see
+a plenty in the case of gifts so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plenty in the case of gifts so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plenty in the case of gifts so for
+example entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example entropy
+is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and volume
+if you remember at equilibrium entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember at equilibrium entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember at equilibrium entropy
+was Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Max
+for fixed energy and fixed volume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fixed energy and fixed volume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fixed energy and fixed volume that
+tells you that those are its natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that those are its natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that those are its natural
+variables and equilibrium internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and equilibrium internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and equilibrium internal
+energy was maximum for fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy was maximum for fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy was maximum for fixed
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+and volume those are its natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and volume those are its natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and volume those are its natural
+variables enthalpy was equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables enthalpy was equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables enthalpy was equilibrium
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+a minimum of equilibrium for fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum of equilibrium for fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum of equilibrium for fixed
+entropy and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and pressure
+those are its natural variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are its natural variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are its natural variables
+for helmholz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for helmholz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for helmholz
+its natural variables are t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its natural variables are t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its natural variables are t
+and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V
+and for Gibbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for Gibbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for Gibbs
+its natural variables are t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its natural variables are t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its natural variables are t
+and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P
+before you date me here I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not writing the ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not writing the ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not writing the ends
+for compactness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for compactness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for compactness
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just leaving that off to keep the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leaving that off to keep the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leaving that off to keep the lines
+short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay one more note where on Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one more note where on Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one more note where on Earth
+.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.com
+when I learned Thermo these potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I learned Thermo these potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I learned Thermo these potentials
+who just told to me the way I just told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who just told to me the way I just told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who just told to me the way I just told
+them to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to you
+and it was you and I think in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was you and I think in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was you and I think in the back
+of my mind I said where does that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my mind I said where does that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my mind I said where does that come
+from and then I forgot the question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and then I forgot the question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and then I forgot the question and
+I didn't come back to it for years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't come back to it for years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't come back to it for years
+it does come from somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the potentials are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by change of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+via the genre transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is something we don't have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is something we don't have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is something we don't have time
+for in this class and probably I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in this class and probably I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in this class and probably I
+wouldn't be able to teach very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to teach very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to teach very well
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+um this is a math concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a math concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a math concept
+and um so for those of you who've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so for those of you who've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so for those of you who've seen
+vagina transforms and in your math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagina transforms and in your math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagina transforms and in your math
+classes that's great uh for those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes that's great uh for those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes that's great uh for those who
+are curious you could start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are curious you could start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are curious you could start with the
+wiki entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiki entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiki entry
+we're not going to cover it in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to cover it in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to cover it in detail
+you can think of it as uh just one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it as uh just one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it as uh just one more
+type of a transform like a Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of a transform like a Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of a transform like a Fourier
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+or Laplace transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Laplace transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Laplace transform
+right it's Fourier transform for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's Fourier transform for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's Fourier transform for example
+changes your natural variables from time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes your natural variables from time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes your natural variables from time
+to frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to frequency
+that's an example the genre transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example the genre transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example the genre transform
+will change natural variables for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change natural variables for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change natural variables for
+example from U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from U
+as a function of s and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of s and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of s and V
+to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H
+as a function of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of s
+and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P
+exchanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+for p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you remember H equals U plus PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you remember H equals U plus PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you remember H equals U plus PV
+and this comes from somewhere this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this comes from somewhere this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this comes from somewhere this is
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is beyond o2o I just wanted to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is beyond o2o I just wanted to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is beyond o2o I just wanted to know
+it comes from somewhere it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from somewhere it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from somewhere it comes from
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+for most of the class you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of the class you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of the class you can you can
+just memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's dive in a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's start with the combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's start with the combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's start with the combined
+statement d u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement d u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement d u
+equals t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals t
+d s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d s
+minus P DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P DV
+plus mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mu
+um I'll let this be a multi-component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll let this be a multi-component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll let this be a multi-component
+system so I'll keep the labels there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so I'll keep the labels there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so I'll keep the labels there
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+somebody please remind me what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody please remind me what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody please remind me what are the
+independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables
+in this differential form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s v and ni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s v and ni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s v and ni
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I suppose those are the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose those are the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose those are the independent
+variables right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables right
+the other things we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other things we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other things we call
+having fun with colors today the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having fun with colors today the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having fun with colors today the other
+things we call coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the coefficients describe how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the coefficients describe how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the coefficients describe how
+the dependent variable varies with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependent variable varies with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependent variable varies with the
+independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables
+and we can write down by inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can write down by inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can write down by inspection
+coefficient relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient relations
+and here they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d u d s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d u d s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d u d s
+d u d s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d u d s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d u d s
+at fixed volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed volume
+and fixed particle number equals what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fixed particle number equals what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fixed particle number equals what
+what is partial U by S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is partial U by S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is partial U by S
+you can you can pick it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can pick it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can pick it off
+yep you just look at the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fixed entropy and particle number equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed entropy and particle number equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed entropy and particle number equals
+minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus p
+and d u d m i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and d u d m i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and d u d m i
+at fixed entropy volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed entropy volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed entropy volume
+and particle number J not equal to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particle number J not equal to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particle number J not equal to I
+equals mu I so these are coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're called I mean you can call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called I mean you can call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called I mean you can call them
+oh I just picked a partial differentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I just picked a partial differentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I just picked a partial differentials
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um they're called coefficient relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're called coefficient relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're called coefficient relations
+a lot of problem solving in thermo comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of problem solving in thermo comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of problem solving in thermo comes
+down to calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to calculating
+these coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the multiple chapter actually in in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiple chapter actually in in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiple chapter actually in in uh
+get the chapter 10. of the book the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the chapter 10. of the book the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the chapter 10. of the book the most
+useful chapter is chapter four if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful chapter is chapter four if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful chapter is chapter four if you
+read only one chapter of this book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it contains only we need to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contains only we need to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contains only we need to actually
+solve problems to actually solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve problems to actually solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve problems to actually solve
+problems uh you just have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh you just have to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh you just have to understand
+chapter four and I say just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter four and I say just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter four and I say just it's
+actually one of the hairier chapters but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of the hairier chapters but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of the hairier chapters but
+but there it is and it's all about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there it is and it's all about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there it is and it's all about these
+coefficient relations and identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient relations and identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient relations and identifying
+independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables
+I'm calculating coefficients so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm calculating coefficients so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm calculating coefficients so let's
+let's see how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I wouldn't recall strategy I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't recall strategy I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't recall strategy I think it's
+a little funny besides the tactics kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little funny besides the tactics kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little funny besides the tactics kind
+of strategy but that's what it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strategy but that's what it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strategy but that's what it's called
+into hop so I'll stick with it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into hop so I'll stick with it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into hop so I'll stick with it the
+general strategy for deriving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general strategy for deriving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general strategy for deriving
+thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's really best illustrated by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really best illustrated by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really best illustrated by an
+example so that's what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so that's what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so that's what we're going to do
+here is the general problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the general problem statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State variables
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculate right so this is a you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate right so this is a you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate right so this is a you know a
+word problem Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word problem Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word problem Delta G
+for a given process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably half of all thermal problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably half of all thermal problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably half of all thermal problems
+boiled down to something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiled down to something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiled down to something like this
+there's some Penn State variable which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some Penn State variable which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some Penn State variable which
+you identify through the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you identify through the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you identify through the problem
+statement there are some independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement there are some independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement there are some independent
+variables which usually you're not told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which usually you're not told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which usually you're not told
+you figure them out through the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure them out through the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure them out through the problem
+statement or the situation in hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement or the situation in hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement or the situation in hand and
+you want to calculate the change for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to calculate the change for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to calculate the change for a
+given process so what example are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given process so what example are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given process so what example are we
+going to do example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V
+for a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving
+a change of pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at fixed entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is also made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also made
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adiabatic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this has helped remembering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has helped remembering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has helped remembering that
+fixed entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and reversible adiabatic processes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reversible adiabatic processes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reversible adiabatic processes are
+related that's really helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now I'm gonna step through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I'm gonna step through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I'm gonna step through this
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to
+write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down
+the differential for the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential for the change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential for the change in the
+dependent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is going to depend on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to depend on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to depend on some
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+times DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times DP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times DP
+plus some coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times d s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and our job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our job
+is to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to find those coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this is the this is the approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the this is the approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the this is the approach
+once you find these coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you find these coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you find these coefficients
+then you can integrate this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can integrate this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can integrate this term
+which for fixed entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for fixed entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for fixed entropy
+gives you the thing you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the thing you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the thing you're looking for
+which is the change in volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the change in volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the change in volume
+that's what we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions before I go on to actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions before I go on to actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions before I go on to actually do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're gonna start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna start
+one we're going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're going to write
+the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's rewriting what we did right DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rewriting what we did right DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rewriting what we did right DV
+equals x DP plus y d s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x equals d v d p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals d v d p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals d v d p
+at s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at s
+y equals DV DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals DV DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals DV DS
+at p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at p
+okay good then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to do a change of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a really useful reference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a really useful reference to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a really useful reference to
+half table 4.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half table 4.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half table 4.5
+to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express
+DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP
+and d s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms
+of d p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of d p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of d p
+n d t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahoth chooses p and t because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahoth chooses p and t because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahoth chooses p and t because it's a
+material science text another text might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material science text another text might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material science text another text might
+have chosen a different two you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chosen a different two you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chosen a different two you can
+choose any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose any two
+so we're going to look up in table 4.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it has the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for every state variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function
+of DP and DT so here this is Trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DP and DT so here this is Trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DP and DT so here this is Trivial
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+there's going to be no this is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be no this is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be no this is zero
+because DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because DP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because DP
+equals DP that's trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals DP that's trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals DP that's trivial
+this the entropy is non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the entropy is non-trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the entropy is non-trivial
+we could derive this but we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could derive this but we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could derive this but we're not going
+to take the time we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the time we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the time we're just going to
+copy it from the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy it from the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy it from the table
+it happens to be equal to CP over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens to be equal to CP over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens to be equal to CP over
+temperature times DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature times DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature times DT
+minus V Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's not obvious to me right I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not obvious to me right I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not obvious to me right I have to
+think about it this is this I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it this is this I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it this is this I could
+figure out if I thought about it long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out if I thought about it long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out if I thought about it long
+enough this it doesn't make sense to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough this it doesn't make sense to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough this it doesn't make sense to me
+I just have to derive it but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have to derive it but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have to derive it but you don't
+have to derive it or think about it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to derive it or think about it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to derive it or think about it it's
+right there on the table so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there on the table so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there on the table so here is
+pressure and entropy written now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and entropy written now as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and entropy written now as
+dependent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variables
+dependent on temperature and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're going to combine now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to combine now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to combine now and
+we get the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the following
+DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV
+equals X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals X
+I'm going to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals XDP right that's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals XDP right that's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals XDP right that's easy
+plus y what's the s the S equals CP over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y what's the s the S equals CP over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y what's the s the S equals CP over
+T DT minus V Alpha VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T DT minus V Alpha VP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T DT minus V Alpha VP
+all right I just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I just um
+is plugged in substituted substituted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plugged in substituted substituted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plugged in substituted substituted
+for DS here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's the second step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm going to collect terms the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to collect terms the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to collect terms the third
+step to collect terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collect terms so I have the following I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect terms so I have the following I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect terms so I have the following I
+have d v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have d v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have d v
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+y c p over temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y c p over temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y c p over temperature
+DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+x minus y v Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus y v Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus y v Alpha
+DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I still don't have X and Y I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I still don't have X and Y I assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I still don't have X and Y I assume
+over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I can say by inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d v DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d v DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d v DT
+at fixed pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed pressure
+equals y c p over T right that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals y c p over T right that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals y c p over T right that's this
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DV by temperature and fixed pressure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV by temperature and fixed pressure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV by temperature and fixed pressure is
+that coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that coefficient
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+d v d p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d v d p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d v d p
+at fixed temperature equals this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed temperature equals this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed temperature equals this
+coefficient x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient x minus
+y v Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I say get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we get the coefficients by inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fourth step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth step
+is you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+again referring to table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again referring to table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again referring to table
+4.5 so in table 4.5 you will find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.5 so in table 4.5 you will find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.5 so in table 4.5 you will find the
+differential form of volume written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential form of volume written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential form of volume written as a
+function of temperature and pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature and pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature and pressure and
+this is what you'll find V Alpha DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you'll find V Alpha DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you'll find V Alpha DT
+minus V beta DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this coefficient and this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be equal
+and this thing and this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing and this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing and this thing
+have to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be equal
+because they're both the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're both the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're both the same
+mathematical objects they're these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical objects they're these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical objects they're these
+partials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials
+maybe Walks Like a toxic attack it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Walks Like a toxic attack it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Walks Like a toxic attack it's the
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+compared to known coefficients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to known coefficients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to known coefficients and
+equate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're going to equate we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to equate we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to equate we're going to
+equate them and we're going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equate them and we're going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equate them and we're going to get the
+following DV DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following DV DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following DV DT
+at fixed pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed pressure
+well that was this right equals y c p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that was this right equals y c p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that was this right equals y c p
+over T but it's also this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T but it's also this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T but it's also this
+equals V Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals V Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals V Alpha
+and d v d p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and d v d p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and d v d p
+at fixed temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals this x minus y v Alpha but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals this x minus y v Alpha but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals this x minus y v Alpha but it's
+also this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this
+equals minus V beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus V beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus V beta
+so now we have our answer how we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have our answer how we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have our answer how we have a
+system of two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of two equations
+and two unknowns X and Y two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two unknowns X and Y two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two unknowns X and Y two equations
+and two and odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two and odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two and odds
+so now you can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can solve
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+solve for unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'll spare you the the algebra there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll spare you the the algebra there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll spare you the the algebra there
+because it's pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's pretty easy
+solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving
+for y v Alpha T over CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for y v Alpha T over CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for y v Alpha T over CP
+I'm solving for x equals V squared Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm solving for x equals V squared Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm solving for x equals V squared Alpha
+squared T over in c p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared T over in c p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared T over in c p
+minus V beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these are complicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are complicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are complicated and
+non-obvious right that's why you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-obvious right that's why you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-obvious right that's why you need
+the tactic set of tactics to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tactic set of tactics to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tactic set of tactics to get to
+these answers because if you follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these answers because if you follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these answers because if you follow this
+approach you will always get the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach you will always get the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach you will always get the right
+answer even if it doesn't make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer even if it doesn't make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer even if it doesn't make sense to
+you so here's the final answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so here's the final answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so here's the final answer
+DV equals V squared Alpha squared T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV equals V squared Alpha squared T over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV equals V squared Alpha squared T over
+CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus V beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V beta
+times d p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times d p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times d p
+plus v Alpha T over CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v Alpha T over CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v Alpha T over CP
+times d s this is the thing we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times d s this is the thing we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times d s this is the thing we were
+looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+find change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find change
+Delta V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+Delta p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta p
+at fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again this is mechanics right this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is mechanics right this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is mechanics right this will
+work for you even if if you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for you even if if you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for you even if if you don't have a
+physical intuition for every step this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical intuition for every step this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical intuition for every step this
+strategy works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+for a real material when you are okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a real material when you are okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a real material when you are okay
+this is this is very realistic I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is very realistic I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is very realistic I mean
+now we go from sort of multivariable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we go from sort of multivariable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we go from sort of multivariable
+calculus to money on the line right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus to money on the line right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus to money on the line right you
+are calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are calculating
+the effect of a pressure change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of a pressure change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of a pressure change
+on the volume of components let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the volume of components let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the volume of components let's say
+you're going to send this into outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to send this into outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to send this into outer
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+and you have a system made out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a system made out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a system made out of
+components and the components are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and the components are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and the components are made
+out of materials and you want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of materials and you want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of materials and you want to make
+sure that the pressure change that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the pressure change that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the pressure change that your
+device experience isn't going to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device experience isn't going to cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device experience isn't going to cause
+the thing to fall apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing to fall apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing to fall apart
+so now this matters a lot you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this matters a lot you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this matters a lot you need to
+know how to do that calculation here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do that calculation here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do that calculation here's
+how question where are you going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how question where are you going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how question where are you going to get
+these this this is the integround right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this this is the integround right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this this is the integround right
+how are you going to evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you going to evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you going to evaluate the
+integrand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how are you probably going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you probably going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you probably going to end up
+evaluating the integround
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating the integround
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating the integround
+when you're working at SpaceX and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're working at SpaceX and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're working at SpaceX and you
+need the answer in five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let me set up a straw man are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me set up a straw man are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me set up a straw man are you
+going to do density functional Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do density functional Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do density functional Theory
+calculations to calculate the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations to calculate the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations to calculate the thermal
+expansion coefficient and specific heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion coefficient and specific heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion coefficient and specific heat
+and volume and compressibility for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and volume and compressibility for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and volume and compressibility for your
+material from first principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're going to probably look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to probably look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to probably look at
+databases databases thanks that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases databases thanks that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases databases thanks that's like
+my favorite word if you're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite word if you're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite word if you're going to look
+at databases this stuff is in databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at databases this stuff is in databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at databases this stuff is in databases
+you're going to parameterize what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to parameterize what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to parameterize what you
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+using databases you're going to plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using databases you're going to plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using databases you're going to plug
+that in and you're going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in and you're going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in and you're going to do this
+integral numerically the computer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral numerically the computer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral numerically the computer is
+going to do it for you right you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it for you right you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it for you right you're
+going to make sure you have good sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make sure you have good sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make sure you have good sources
+of data you're going to make sure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data you're going to make sure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data you're going to make sure the
+data is inputted correctly you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is inputted correctly you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is inputted correctly you're going
+to make sure your units are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure your units are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure your units are right
+and then the computer is going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the computer is going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the computer is going to do
+this for you as a numerical integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for you as a numerical integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for you as a numerical integration
+that's how it works in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how it works in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how it works in the real world
+so so this is this sort of hairy looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is this sort of hairy looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is this sort of hairy looking
+challenge is why we hammer on this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is why we hammer on this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is why we hammer on this stuff
+in o2o and we make you talk to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in o2o and we make you talk to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in o2o and we make you talk to you know
+you get to meet the Librarians and such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to meet the Librarians and such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to meet the Librarians and such
+because being able to go from those data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because being able to go from those data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because being able to go from those data
+resources to answers right is really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to answers right is really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to answers right is really an
+important skill it's really an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important skill it's really an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important skill it's really an important
+skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+there is one case where you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one case where you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one case where you don't need
+to do any of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do any of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do any of that
+and we'll discuss this a little more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll discuss this a little more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll discuss this a little more in
+the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture
+and you can work this out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can work this out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can work this out uh
+you know on your own for if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on your own for if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on your own for if you're
+curious It's also worked out plenty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious It's also worked out plenty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious It's also worked out plenty in
+the textbook for an ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook for an ideal gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook for an ideal gas
+as with many things it simplifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're going to need any databases to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to need any databases to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to need any databases to
+evaluate this for an ideal gas it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this for an ideal gas it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this for an ideal gas it
+simplifies to the following x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies to the following x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies to the following x equals
+minus V over p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V over p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V over p
+times c p minus r over CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times c p minus r over CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times c p minus r over CP
+is also equal to V over p c v over c p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also equal to V over p c v over c p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also equal to V over p c v over c p
+and this leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an expression which before we just gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression which before we just gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression which before we just gave
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+P final over P initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals V but initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals V but initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals V but initial
+over V final so this is this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over V final so this is this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over V final so this is this is where
+that where that comes from if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where that comes from if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where that comes from if you use
+this expression for adiabatic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression for adiabatic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression for adiabatic process
+for an ideal gas it comes from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm not going to take time to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to take time to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to take time to derive
+that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now
+um it's kind of an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's kind of an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's kind of an interesting
+calculation you can just evaluate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you can just evaluate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you can just evaluate all
+this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff
+and I'll just mention that in P set two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just mention that in P set two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just mention that in P set two
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in P set two you're doing a related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in P set two you're doing a related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in P set two you're doing a related
+problem which is you're calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is you're calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is you're calculating
+change in Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in Gibbs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in Gibbs free energy
+with pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and entropy
+so we just did volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just did volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just did volume
+with pressure and entropy and in P said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pressure and entropy and in P said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pressure and entropy and in P said
+two you're going to do gives with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you're going to do gives with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you're going to do gives with
+pressure and entropy but the the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and entropy but the the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and entropy but the the overall
+what they call the General strategy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call the General strategy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call the General strategy is
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for the remaining minutes we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the remaining minutes we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the remaining minutes we're going
+to get a little bit specific and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a little bit specific and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a little bit specific and talk
+about Gibb strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's talk about equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fix pressure and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix pressure and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix pressure and everything
+so now we're processing materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're processing materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're processing materials
+Gibbs free energy equals U plus PV minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs free energy equals U plus PV minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs free energy equals U plus PV minus
+TS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS
+is minimized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's play with a differential form DG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's play with a differential form DG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's play with a differential form DG
+so I'm going to use the chain rule DG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS
+minus s DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s DT
+and that was just Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I can use the combined statement d u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can use the combined statement d u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can use the combined statement d u
+equals t d s minus P DV plus mu RI d n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals t d s minus P DV plus mu RI d n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals t d s minus P DV plus mu RI d n
+of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I
+right that is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d u
+I carry the rest of the terms plus P DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I carry the rest of the terms plus P DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I carry the rest of the terms plus P DV
+plus v d p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v d p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v d p
+minus t d s minus s t t so here I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t d s minus s t t so here I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t d s minus s t t so here I use
+combined statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm going to see a bunch of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to see a bunch of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to see a bunch of things
+canceling right I'm going to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling right I'm going to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling right I'm going to see a
+message cancel so we have TDS cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message cancel so we have TDS cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message cancel so we have TDS cancels
+TDS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus pdv cancels pdv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pdv cancels pdv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pdv cancels pdv
+and so this simplifies a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this simplifies a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this simplifies a little bit and
+I get the following equals minus s DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get the following equals minus s DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get the following equals minus s DT
+plus v d p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v d p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v d p
+plus mu I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mu I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mu I
+D and of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and of I
+good this is what we wanted because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this is what we wanted because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this is what we wanted because I
+told you the natural variables for Gibbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you the natural variables for Gibbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you the natural variables for Gibbs
+where temperature pressure and particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where temperature pressure and particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where temperature pressure and particle
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+and that's what we get that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we get that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we get that's what
+that's what the calculator gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a little clue there into how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a little clue there into how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a little clue there into how
+the genre transform works but again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genre transform works but again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genre transform works but again we
+won't go there so the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go there so the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go there so the independent
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are t
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and answer by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what are the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the coefficients
+somebody please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+and U of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U of I
+make a note here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a note here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a note here
+a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class
+I use implicit summation you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use implicit summation you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use implicit summation you probably
+picked up on that but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+mu of I and I just a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu of I and I just a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu of I and I just a little bit more
+compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact
+right there's no I index on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's no I index on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's no I index on the left
+hand side so that means it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side so that means it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side so that means it has to
+resolve on the right hand side so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve on the right hand side so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve on the right hand side so you
+implicitly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly so
+right and by inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by inspection
+minus s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s
+describes the change of Gibbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the change of Gibbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the change of Gibbs
+with temperature at fixed pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with temperature at fixed pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with temperature at fixed pressure
+and particle number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particle number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particle number
+volume describes the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume describes the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume describes the change
+of Gibbs with pressure at fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Gibbs with pressure at fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Gibbs with pressure at fixed
+temperature and particle number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and particle number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and particle number and
+finally our favorite chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally our favorite chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally our favorite chemical potential
+describes the change of Gibbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the change of Gibbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the change of Gibbs
+with particle number I at fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with particle number I at fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with particle number I at fixed
+temperature pressure and particles J not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature pressure and particles J not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature pressure and particles J not
+equal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal I
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can say something about the slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say something about the slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say something about the slope of
+these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+on a slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a slope of
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+pressure and here's Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and here's Gibbs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and here's Gibbs free energy
+and we're fixing temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're fixing temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're fixing temperature and
+particle number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the slope
+what's the slope is it positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the slope is it positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the slope is it positive or
+negative Gibbs versus pressure for fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Gibbs versus pressure for fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Gibbs versus pressure for fixed
+temperature and particle number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's positive positive because volume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive positive because volume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive positive because volume is
+always positive can't have negative ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive can't have negative ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive can't have negative ion
+right so that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's good
+being able to take off the slope and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to take off the slope and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to take off the slope and the
+curvature of these things is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of these things is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of these things is really
+useful it's really really useful as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful it's really really useful as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful it's really really useful as
+you'll see what about this what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see what about this what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see what about this what about
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+change of Gibbs with temperature for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of Gibbs with temperature for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of Gibbs with temperature for
+fixed pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed pressure
+and particle number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particle number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particle number
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+yeah it's negative because entropy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's negative because entropy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's negative because entropy is
+strictly positive so negative entropy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly positive so negative entropy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly positive so negative entropy is
+strictly negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah think about these these slopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah think about these these slopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah think about these these slopes
+but Gibbs free energy increases when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Gibbs free energy increases when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Gibbs free energy increases when we
+squeeze that's related to the enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze that's related to the enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze that's related to the enthalpy
+that's related to the enthalpy when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's related to the enthalpy when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's related to the enthalpy when we
+squeeze something we're increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze something we're increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze something we're increasing the
+energy content of all the bonds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy content of all the bonds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy content of all the bonds that
+make up that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up that thing
+when we squeeze something we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we squeeze something we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we squeeze something we're
+increasing the entropy content of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the entropy content of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the entropy content of all
+the bonds that make up that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonds that make up that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonds that make up that thing
+so this is Gibbs free energy getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is Gibbs free energy getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is Gibbs free energy getting
+higher as we squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we heat something gives decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we heat something gives decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we heat something gives decreases
+when we heat something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we heat something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we heat something
+we're increasing the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're increasing the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're increasing the entropy
+we're increasing the amount of mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're increasing the amount of mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're increasing the amount of mixed
+upness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upness
+and Gibbs depends negatively with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gibbs depends negatively with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gibbs depends negatively with
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll see this in many examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see this in many examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see this in many examples
+okay so up with pressure down with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so up with pressure down with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so up with pressure down with
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about conditions that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about conditions that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about conditions that we're
+interested in at fixed temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in at fixed temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in at fixed temperature
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at fixed temperature and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed temperature and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed temperature and pressure
+DT equals zero that's pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT equals zero that's pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT equals zero that's pretty easy
+and DP equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that means the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the equilibrium condition reduces to d g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium condition reduces to d g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium condition reduces to d g
+equals let's see minus s DT plus v d p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals let's see minus s DT plus v d p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals let's see minus s DT plus v d p
+plus mu y t n of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mu y t n of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mu y t n of I
+and we're holding that fixed and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're holding that fixed and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're holding that fixed and we're
+holding that fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding that fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding that fixed
+that means it basically reduces to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it basically reduces to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it basically reduces to this
+equals zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero right
+because G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because G
+is min at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is min at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is min at equilibrium
+so if you think back to calculus when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think back to calculus when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think back to calculus when
+you would um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would um
+calculate extrema right the extreme on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate extrema right the extreme on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate extrema right the extreme on
+positions of a function are where its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of a function are where its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of a function are where its
+slope is not is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so equilibrium condition is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so equilibrium condition is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so equilibrium condition is that the
+change of Gibbs with particle number I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of Gibbs with particle number I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of Gibbs with particle number I
+is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for most of the cases of interest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for most of the cases of interest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for most of the cases of interest to
+us is practicing material scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is practicing material scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is practicing material scientists
+that is multi-component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heterogeneous systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over I
+component k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the ni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ni
+component a introducing a new notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component a introducing a new notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component a introducing a new notation
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+superscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+labels phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the subscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+labels components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we can picture something in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can picture something in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can picture something in our
+minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds
+we have a phase boundary here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a phase boundary here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a phase boundary here
+two phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phases
+and each phase has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was a purple Ridge phase and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a purple Ridge phase and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a purple Ridge phase and this
+was an orange Ridge phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and evaluating the equilibrium condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluating the equilibrium condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluating the equilibrium condition
+is going to come down to knowing how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to come down to knowing how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to come down to knowing how the
+components can exchange between phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components can exchange between phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components can exchange between phases
+and what the effect of that exchange is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the effect of that exchange is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the effect of that exchange is
+on a chemical potential let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a chemical potential let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a chemical potential let me write
+that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+what determines whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what determines whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what determines whether or not
+components can exchange between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components can exchange between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components can exchange between the
+phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a boundary so the property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a boundary so the property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a boundary so the property of the
+boundary tells us what components can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary tells us what components can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary tells us what components can
+exchange between phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange between phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange between phases
+and that can be engineered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be engineered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be engineered
+so there's a lot of engineering around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of engineering around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of engineering around
+choosing boundaries to get the desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing boundaries to get the desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing boundaries to get the desired
+equilibrium condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but much of what comes later in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but much of what comes later in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but much of what comes later in this
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+composition dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculating composition dependence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating composition dependence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating composition dependence of
+those chemical potentials and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those chemical potentials and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those chemical potentials and we're
+going to develop models for that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to develop models for that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to develop models for that and
+graphical tools for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical tools for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical tools for that
+finally leading to Binary phase diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right one last note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll do one last note about independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do one last note about independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do one last note about independent
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes called natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if a state variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regulated what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated what does that mean
+controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regulations or controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you go to a McMaster car you can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to a McMaster car you can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to a McMaster car you can buy
+a regulator for pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regulator for pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regulator for pressure
+if you go to Home Depot you can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to Home Depot you can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to Home Depot you can get a
+regulator for temperature we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator for temperature we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator for temperature we call the
+thermostat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermostat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermostat
+and those things that you would buy have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those things that you would buy have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those things that you would buy have
+analogs in in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogs in in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogs in in you know
+at the real world in in r d Material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the real world in in r d Material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the real world in in r d Material
+Science as well if a state variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science as well if a state variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science as well if a state variable is
+regulated that's why I'm using that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated that's why I'm using that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated that's why I'm using that term
+because it'll help you in future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it'll help you in future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it'll help you in future
+if it's regulated then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's regulated then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's regulated then
+it must be independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so choosing your independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so choosing your independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so choosing your independent variables
+is one of the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the major
+intellectual challenges of Therma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual challenges of Therma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual challenges of Therma
+it helps even know that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps even know that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps even know that that's the
+challenge you're facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge you're facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge you're facing
+knowing that that's the challenge you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that that's the challenge you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that that's the challenge you're
+facing it gives you a good start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing it gives you a good start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing it gives you a good start
+identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the problem at hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's key to success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+if the problem statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the problem statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the problem statement
+says something about fixed pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you need to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+as one as an independent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if the problem says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the problem says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the problem says
+adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right you need to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you need to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you need to choose
+what what should be your independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what should be your independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what should be your independent
+variable if the problem statement said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable if the problem statement said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable if the problem statement said
+adiabatic what should be one of your two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic what should be one of your two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic what should be one of your two
+independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables
+entropy yeah entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if the problem statement says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the problem statement says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the problem statement says
+in a thermal bath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you need to choose temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to choose temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to choose temperature
+as one of your independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one of your independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one of your independent variables
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+so this is like a key for turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like a key for turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like a key for turning
+problems that you encounter on problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that you encounter on problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that you encounter on problem
+sets or in the real world into things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets or in the real world into things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets or in the real world into things
+you can solve using phone
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MtogKYrQ3sA.txt b/MtogKYrQ3sA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d01b393244fa323bd599532434e36b18d953a0a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MtogKYrQ3sA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10256 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+hi during the last two sessions we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi during the last two sessions we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi during the last two sessions we've
+looked at the problem of compensating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the problem of compensating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the problem of compensating
+feedback systems the discussion to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback systems the discussion to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback systems the discussion to this
+Point's been quite General we've tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point's been quite General we've tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point's been quite General we've tried
+to indicate the sorts of manipulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate the sorts of manipulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate the sorts of manipulations
+or the sorts of changes we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the sorts of changes we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the sorts of changes we'd like to
+make to the loop Transmission in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make to the loop Transmission in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make to the loop Transmission in order
+to improve the performance of a feedack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve the performance of a feedack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve the performance of a feedack
+back system however I've tried to temper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back system however I've tried to temper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back system however I've tried to temper
+that discussion by pointing out that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discussion by pointing out that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discussion by pointing out that a
+great deal depends on the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal depends on the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal depends on the physical
+reality of the system there are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality of the system there are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality of the system there are certain
+things we're able to do easily for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're able to do easily for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're able to do easily for
+certain systems other things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain systems other things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain systems other things that are
+virtually impossible for example if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually impossible for example if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually impossible for example if we
+attempt to alter the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to alter the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to alter the magnitude of the
+loop transmission we find out that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transmission we find out that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transmission we find out that in
+mechanical systems that's fairly easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical systems that's fairly easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical systems that's fairly easily
+or oftimes easily done and that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or oftimes easily done and that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or oftimes easily done and that we're
+able to add gain electronically to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to add gain electronically to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to add gain electronically to the
+loop transmission and that gain may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transmission and that gain may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transmission and that gain may have
+very wide wide bandwidth compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very wide wide bandwidth compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very wide wide bandwidth compared to the
+dominant poles in the loop transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant poles in the loop transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant poles in the loop transmission
+conversely we find it often times very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely we find it often times very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely we find it often times very
+very difficult to increase the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to increase the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to increase the loop
+transmission magnitude when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude when we're
+considering a high-speed feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering a high-speed feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering a high-speed feedback
+amplifier and that any stages that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and that any stages that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and that any stages that we
+added in an attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added in an attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added in an attempt
+to increase the loop transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase the loop transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase the loop transmission
+magnitude would have a profound effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude would have a profound effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude would have a profound effect
+on the Dynamics associated with the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Dynamics associated with the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Dynamics associated with the loop
+today I'd like to try to emphasize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'd like to try to emphasize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'd like to try to emphasize this
+aspect of of really working with a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of of really working with a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of of really working with a an
+actual system and seeing the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual system and seeing the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual system and seeing the kinds of
+modifications that are realistic for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications that are realistic for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications that are realistic for one
+particular system the system we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular system the system we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular system the system we'll look
+at is an amplifier that we intend to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is an amplifier that we intend to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is an amplifier that we intend to use
+in a feedback connection and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a feedback connection and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a feedback connection and we'll see
+how we can apply the various ideas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can apply the various ideas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can apply the various ideas that
+we've talked about to this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about to this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about to this particular
+amplifier I'd like to point out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier I'd like to point out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier I'd like to point out that
+there's a an example quite similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a an example quite similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a an example quite similar to
+the one we're going to do that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we're going to do that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we're going to do that's
+presented as a problem in the text I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented as a problem in the text I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented as a problem in the text I
+that problem there's a good bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem there's a good bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem there's a good bit of
+experimental work involved as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental work involved as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental work involved as we'll see
+when we go through the demonstration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go through the demonstration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go through the demonstration and
+and look at some of the responses from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at some of the responses from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at some of the responses from
+our actual amplifier using the equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our actual amplifier using the equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our actual amplifier using the equipment
+on the table and you're able to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the table and you're able to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the table and you're able to do that
+same sort of a thing in connection with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of a thing in connection with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of a thing in connection with
+the problem that I'll assign in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that I'll assign in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that I'll assign in the book
+it's a different example but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different example but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different example but it's the
+same general kind of a thing as we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same general kind of a thing as we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same general kind of a thing as we'll be
+doing here the equipment that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here the equipment that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here the equipment that's
+necessary to conduct the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to conduct the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to conduct the experimental
+portion of of the investigation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of of the investigation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of of the investigation is
+readly available in many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readly available in many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readly available in many many
+Laboratories and so I think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories and so I think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories and so I think this is a
+way you'll be able to go through one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you'll be able to go through one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you'll be able to go through one of
+these examples yourself and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples yourself and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples yourself and actually
+physically compensate a system to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically compensate a system to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically compensate a system to say
+the sorts of things I I'd expect you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorts of things I I'd expect you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorts of things I I'd expect you do
+will be very similar to what we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be very similar to what we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be very similar to what we'll do
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+today assume that we have an operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today assume that we have an operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today assume that we have an operational
+amplifier and that amplifier is given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and that amplifier is given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and that amplifier is given to
+us and there's not nothing we can do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and there's not nothing we can do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and there's not nothing we can do to
+change its transfer function you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its transfer function you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its transfer function you're
+given this little box with no user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this little box with no user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this little box with no user
+serviceable parts inside and it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serviceable parts inside and it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serviceable parts inside and it has a
+specified transfer function and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified transfer function and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified transfer function and we have
+to make do with that amplifier in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make do with that amplifier in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make do with that amplifier in our
+particular application our application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular application our application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular application our application
+is a non-inverting gain of 10 amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a non-inverting gain of 10 amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a non-inverting gain of 10 amplifier
+as I show here so we simply take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I show here so we simply take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I show here so we simply take our
+operational amplifier apply the input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier apply the input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier apply the input to
+the non-inverting input terminal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-inverting input terminal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-inverting input terminal of the
+amplifier and since we're trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and since we're trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and since we're trying to get
+a gain of 10 we take the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gain of 10 we take the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gain of 10 we take the output
+attenuate it by a factor of 10 through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuate it by a factor of 10 through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuate it by a factor of 10 through a
+a 9 R versus 1 R Network and feed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 9 R versus 1 R Network and feed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 9 R versus 1 R Network and feed the
+attenuated version of the output back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuated version of the output back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuated version of the output back to
+the inverting input of the operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverting input of the operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverting input of the operational
+amplifier so this configuration is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier so this configuration is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier so this configuration is the
+very familiar non-inverting amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar non-inverting amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar non-inverting amplifier
+this time we happen to have set it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time we happen to have set it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time we happen to have set it up
+for a closed loop or an ideal closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a closed loop or an ideal closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a closed loop or an ideal closed
+loop gain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 we assume that the transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 we assume that the transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 we assume that the transfer function
+associated with the operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the operational
+amplifier that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier that we have
+to use in this application has an a of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use in this application has an a of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use in this application has an a of s
+equal to 5 * 10 5 over three poles one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 5 * 10 5 over three poles one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 5 * 10 5 over three poles one
+Pole located at one radian per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole located at one radian per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole located at one radian per second
+and then two much higher frequency poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then two much higher frequency poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then two much higher frequency poles
+located at 10 4th radians per second and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located at 10 4th radians per second and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located at 10 4th radians per second and
+10 the 5th radians per second as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 the 5th radians per second as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 the 5th radians per second as I said
+we have no possibility of changing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have no possibility of changing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have no possibility of changing that
+we assume that that's a given which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume that that's a given which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume that that's a given which is a
+very realistic situation when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very realistic situation when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very realistic situation when you're
+dealing for example with an integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing for example with an integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing for example with an integrated
+circuit operational amplifier and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit operational amplifier and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit operational amplifier and you
+have to take what the manufacturer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take what the manufacturer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take what the manufacturer
+supplies to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies to you
+I'd like to say a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to say a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to say a little bit about the
+choice of transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of transfer
+function the general form where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the general form where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the general form where we have
+one very low frequency pole and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one very low frequency pole and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one very low frequency pole and then
+some higher frequency things that begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some higher frequency things that begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some higher frequency things that begin
+to give us additional negative phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us additional negative phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us additional negative phase
+shift at higher frequency is a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift at higher frequency is a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift at higher frequency is a very very
+common pattern you see when you design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common pattern you see when you design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common pattern you see when you design
+this sort of an amplifier or in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of an amplifier or in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of an amplifier or in fact
+when you design many mechanical systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you design many mechanical systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you design many mechanical systems
+Servo mechanisms you try to dominate The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Servo mechanisms you try to dominate The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Servo mechanisms you try to dominate The
+Loop transmission with a single low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop transmission with a single low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop transmission with a single low
+frequency pole we've looked at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency pole we've looked at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency pole we've looked at that
+method of stabilizing a feedback system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of stabilizing a feedback system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of stabilizing a feedback system
+before and so many many systems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and so many many systems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and so many many systems of
+Interest have a dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest have a dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest have a dominant
+pole however there's then something at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole however there's then something at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole however there's then something at
+high frequencies that comes in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies that comes in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies that comes in that
+begins to deteriorate the system and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to deteriorate the system and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to deteriorate the system and in
+particular gives you additional negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular gives you additional negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular gives you additional negative
+phase shift it may be several additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift it may be several additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift it may be several additional
+poles as I'm considering in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles as I'm considering in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles as I'm considering in this example
+it may be for example time delays when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be for example time delays when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be for example time delays when
+you look at certain kinds of transistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at certain kinds of transistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at certain kinds of transistors
+you find out that they have a time delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find out that they have a time delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find out that they have a time delay
+associated propag ation of diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated propag ation of diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated propag ation of diffusion
+time delay uh but anyway these higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time delay uh but anyway these higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time delay uh but anyway these higher
+frequency Dynamics give us additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Dynamics give us additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Dynamics give us additional
+negative phase shift and are ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative phase shift and are ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative phase shift and are ultimately
+the thing that that prevents us from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that that prevents us from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that that prevents us from
+getting as high crossover frequencies as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting as high crossover frequencies as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting as high crossover frequencies as
+we might like to have so this general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might like to have so this general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might like to have so this general
+form where we have a a single low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form where we have a a single low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form where we have a a single low
+frequency pole and then something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency pole and then something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency pole and then something else
+at high frequencies that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high frequencies that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high frequencies that gives
+additional Negative PH shift is quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional Negative PH shift is quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional Negative PH shift is quite a
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+pattern uh I've chosen specific numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern uh I've chosen specific numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern uh I've chosen specific numbers
+uh so that we can go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that we can go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that we can go through the
+analytic portions of the development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic portions of the development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic portions of the development
+using those numbers but it's really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using those numbers but it's really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using those numbers but it's really not
+necessary that I have the expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary that I have the expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary that I have the expression for
+the open loop gain of the amplifier or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open loop gain of the amplifier or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open loop gain of the amplifier or
+the open loop transfer function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open loop transfer function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open loop transfer function of the
+amplifier available in in analytic form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier available in in analytic form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier available in in analytic form
+as we'll see when I do the manipulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see when I do the manipulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see when I do the manipulations
+I could equally well have started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could equally well have started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could equally well have started with
+experimental evidence or experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental evidence or experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental evidence or experimental
+data had we measured the open loop gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data had we measured the open loop gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data had we measured the open loop gain
+of the operational amplifier presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the operational amplifier presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the operational amplifier presented
+that information in either gain phase or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information in either gain phase or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information in either gain phase or
+bod plot form as a function of frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bod plot form as a function of frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bod plot form as a function of frequency
+we would have been able to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have been able to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have been able to do all
+manipulations that we need to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations that we need to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations that we need to do in
+order to compensate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to compensate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to compensate the
+amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier
+the form where we have the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form where we have the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form where we have the high
+frequency uh additional poles coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency uh additional poles coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency uh additional poles coming in
+at somewhere on the order of 10 the 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at somewhere on the order of 10 the 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at somewhere on the order of 10 the 4th
+radians per second is unrealistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second is unrealistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second is unrealistically
+slow for modern operational amplifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow for modern operational amplifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow for modern operational amplifiers
+uh a more realistic value might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a more realistic value might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a more realistic value might be
+something on the order of 10 7th radians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the order of 10 7th radians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the order of 10 7th radians
+per second for many of the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second for many of the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second for many of the common
+integrated circuit operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated circuit operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated circuit operational
+amplifiers the reason reason we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers the reason reason we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers the reason reason we do it
+this way is that we make sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way is that we make sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way is that we make sort of a
+pseudo operational amplifier using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo operational amplifier using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo operational amplifier using
+several others so that we can control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several others so that we can control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several others so that we can control
+the transfer function very well and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function very well and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function very well and in
+order to be able to do that we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to do that we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to do that we'd like to
+have the important dynamics of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the important dynamics of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the important dynamics of our
+pseudo amplifier occur at frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo amplifier occur at frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo amplifier occur at frequencies
+well below the ultimate limitations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well below the ultimate limitations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well below the ultimate limitations of
+the components we use to build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components we use to build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components we use to build the
+system so in order to be able to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so in order to be able to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so in order to be able to build a
+demonstration system that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration system that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration system that very
+accurately represents this equation I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately represents this equation I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately represents this equation I've
+chosen to limit or to locate the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen to limit or to locate the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen to limit or to locate the higher
+frequency Pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Pole
+at a frequency that's considerably below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a frequency that's considerably below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a frequency that's considerably below
+the ultimate performance capabilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultimate performance capabilities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultimate performance capabilities of
+modern operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern operational
+amplifiers if we take our operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers if we take our operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers if we take our operational
+amplifier and connect it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and connect it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and connect it in the
+non-inverting gain of 10 configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inverting gain of 10 configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inverting gain of 10 configuration
+we get a loop that's indicated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a loop that's indicated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a loop that's indicated by the
+flock diagram here the input uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flock diagram here the input uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flock diagram here the input uh the
+output the open loop transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the open loop transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the open loop transfer function
+of the operational amplifier the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the operational amplifier the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the operational amplifier the
+quantity that we've introduced earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that we've introduced earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that we've introduced earlier
+and then in this particular system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in this particular system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in this particular system we
+have a feedback transfer function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a feedback transfer function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a feedback transfer function f
+equal to 1/10th representing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1/10th representing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1/10th representing the
+attenuation associated with the 9R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation associated with the 9R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation associated with the 9R
+versus R valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus R valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus R valued
+resistor this assumes of course that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor this assumes of course that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor this assumes of course that the
+feedback network doesn't load the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback network doesn't load the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback network doesn't load the output
+of the operational amplifier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the operational amplifier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the operational amplifier and
+similarly that the input of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly that the input of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly that the input of the
+operational amplifier does not cause any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier does not cause any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier does not cause any
+loading on the feedback Network so under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading on the feedback Network so under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading on the feedback Network so under
+those sorts of ideal conditions this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sorts of ideal conditions this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sorts of ideal conditions this is
+the block diagram the results uh we of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block diagram the results uh we of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block diagram the results uh we of
+course substitute a of s or for a of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course substitute a of s or for a of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course substitute a of s or for a of s
+the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+above if we once again look at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above if we once again look at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above if we once again look at our
+either our operational amplifier or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either our operational amplifier or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either our operational amplifier or the
+block diagram that we've just seen we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram that we've just seen we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram that we've just seen we
+recognize of course that the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize of course that the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize of course that the loop
+transmission for this system is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission for this system is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission for this system is simply
+1/10th of a of s since f is 1/10th and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/10th of a of s since f is 1/10th and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/10th of a of s since f is 1/10th and
+is frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is frequency
+independent we can plot that Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent we can plot that Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent we can plot that Loop
+Transmission in bod plot form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transmission in bod plot form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transmission in bod plot form
+and this is the result since a of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the result since a of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the result since a of s
+itself has a magnitude at DC of 5 * 10 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself has a magnitude at DC of 5 * 10 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself has a magnitude at DC of 5 * 10 5
+the a product will have a magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a product will have a magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a product will have a magnitude of
+of 5 * 10 4th reflecting the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5 * 10 4th reflecting the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5 * 10 4th reflecting the value of
+1/10th for f we have a first pole at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/10th for f we have a first pole at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/10th for f we have a first pole at one
+radian per second we then drop off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radian per second we then drop off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radian per second we then drop off with
+a 1/s one over frequency roll off until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1/s one over frequency roll off until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1/s one over frequency roll off until
+we get into the second pole at 10 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get into the second pole at 10 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get into the second pole at 10 4th
+Radian per second and eventually down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Radian per second and eventually down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Radian per second and eventually down
+here somewhere well below Unity gain for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somewhere well below Unity gain for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somewhere well below Unity gain for
+the loop transmission we'd get the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop transmission we'd get the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop transmission we'd get the third
+pole one located at 10 5th radians per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole one located at 10 5th radians per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole one located at 10 5th radians per
+second in the meantime the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second in the meantime the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second in the meantime the angle
+associated with the AF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the AF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the AF
+product starts originally at 0 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product starts originally at 0 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product starts originally at 0 degrees
+for very low frequencies well below one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for very low frequencies well below one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for very low frequencies well below one
+radian per second we have about- 45° of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radian per second we have about- 45° of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radian per second we have about- 45° of
+phase shift at 1 radian per second the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift at 1 radian per second the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift at 1 radian per second the
+corner frequency associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner frequency associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner frequency associated with the
+first pole in the AF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first pole in the AF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first pole in the AF
+product we then go through a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product we then go through a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product we then go through a relatively
+wide range of frequencies where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide range of frequencies where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide range of frequencies where the
+angle stays close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle stays close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle stays close to
+-90° reflecting the phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-90° reflecting the phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-90° reflecting the phase shift
+associated with the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the first
+pole uh out at the about 10 4th radians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole uh out at the about 10 4th radians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole uh out at the about 10 4th radians
+per second we pick up an additional 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second we pick up an additional 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second we pick up an additional 45
+degrees of negative phase shift so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of negative phase shift so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of negative phase shift so here
+we're down to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're down to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're down to minus
+135° by 10 4 radians per second the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+135° by 10 4 radians per second the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+135° by 10 4 radians per second the
+angle and continues ASM totically of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and continues ASM totically of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and continues ASM totically of
+course reaches minus 270° in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course reaches minus 270° in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course reaches minus 270° in our
+particular example since we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example since we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example since we have three
+poles ass assumed associated with the AF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles ass assumed associated with the AF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles ass assumed associated with the AF
+product this is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product this is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product this is of course
+the gain or the AF plot the negative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gain or the AF plot the negative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gain or the AF plot the negative of
+the loop transmission plotted in B plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop transmission plotted in B plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop transmission plotted in B plot
+coordinates that we get for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates that we get for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates that we get for our
+uncompensated gain of 10 amplifier we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated gain of 10 amplifier we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated gain of 10 amplifier we
+combine the a ofs associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the a ofs associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the a ofs associated with the
+amplifier with the fact of a 10th that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier with the fact of a 10th that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier with the fact of a 10th that
+equals F and if we look at the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals F and if we look at the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals F and if we look at the phase
+margin of this configuration recall that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin of this configuration recall that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin of this configuration recall that
+what we do is look at the unity gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is look at the unity gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is look at the unity gain
+frequency the crossover frequency the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the crossover frequency the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the crossover frequency the
+unity gain frequency associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity gain frequency associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity gain frequency associated with the
+AF product which is right here and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AF product which is right here and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AF product which is right here and that
+frequency if we do it with some accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency if we do it with some accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency if we do it with some accuracy
+works out to be 2.4 * 10 4 radians per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out to be 2.4 * 10 4 radians per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out to be 2.4 * 10 4 radians per
+seconds so this is about the unity gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so this is about the unity gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so this is about the unity gain
+frequency on our plot if we then go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency on our plot if we then go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency on our plot if we then go in
+and ask what the phase margin is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask what the phase margin is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask what the phase margin is for
+this particular system in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular system in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular system in other words
+how close is the angle to minus 180° at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close is the angle to minus 180° at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close is the angle to minus 180° at
+the crossover frequency we can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crossover frequency we can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crossover frequency we can do that
+construction like this we go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction like this we go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction like this we go to the
+unity gain frequency about here look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity gain frequency about here look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity gain frequency about here look at
+the angle curve and evaluate the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle curve and evaluate the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle curve and evaluate the angle
+or in particular the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in particular the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in particular the distance between
+the angle and minus 180°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle and minus 180°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle and minus 180°
+at the crossover frequency if we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the crossover frequency if we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the crossover frequency if we do that
+for this particular system we find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular system we find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular system we find out
+that we have 14 degrees of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have 14 degrees of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have 14 degrees of phase
+margin I've entered those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin I've entered those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin I've entered those
+values into a table where we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values into a table where we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values into a table where we're going to
+begin to tabulate results on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to tabulate results on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to tabulate results on our
+amplifier without compensation we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier without compensation we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier without compensation we have a
+crossover frequency of 2.4 * 10 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover frequency of 2.4 * 10 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover frequency of 2.4 * 10 4
+radians per second and a phase margin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second and a phase margin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second and a phase margin of
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+14° similarly if we evaluate the gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14° similarly if we evaluate the gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14° similarly if we evaluate the gain
+margin for this system by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin for this system by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin for this system by looking at the
+magnitude of the AF product at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the AF product at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the AF product at the
+frequency where the angle goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency where the angle goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency where the angle goes through
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+180° we find out the gain margin for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° we find out the gain margin for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° we find out the gain margin for the
+system is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is about
+two well what i' now like to do is look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two well what i' now like to do is look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two well what i' now like to do is look
+at the behavior of the system under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the behavior of the system under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the behavior of the system under
+these conditions and what we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions and what we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions and what we have here
+is a little board that's effectively our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little board that's effectively our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little board that's effectively our
+pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo
+amplifier uh we have we actually make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier uh we have we actually make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier uh we have we actually make it
+up out of of several operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up out of of several operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up out of of several operational
+amplifiers as you can see uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers as you can see uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers as you can see uh we have
+networks that fairly precisely locate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that fairly precisely locate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that fairly precisely locate
+the poles associated with our pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles associated with our pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles associated with our pseudo
+amplifier the poles at at s equals or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier the poles at at s equals or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier the poles at at s equals or at
+Omega equals 1 radian per second and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega equals 1 radian per second and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega equals 1 radian per second and at
+Omega equals 10 4 radians per second and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega equals 10 4 radians per second and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega equals 10 4 radians per second and
+Omega equals 10 5th radians per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega equals 10 5th radians per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega equals 10 5th radians per second
+and we drive our pseudo amplifier which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we drive our pseudo amplifier which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we drive our pseudo amplifier which
+is connected for the gain of 10 via two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connected for the gain of 10 via two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connected for the gain of 10 via two
+feedback networks to uh give us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback networks to uh give us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback networks to uh give us the
+closed loop or two feedback resistors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop or two feedback resistors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop or two feedback resistors to
+give us the closed loop gain of 10 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us the closed loop gain of 10 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us the closed loop gain of 10 the
+resistors are actually in here uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors are actually in here uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors are actually in here uh two
+Precision resistors equal 9 R and R down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision resistors equal 9 R and R down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision resistors equal 9 R and R down
+in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here
+somewhere uh we take that amplifier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh we take that amplifier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh we take that amplifier and
+we drive it with a signal generator with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we drive it with a signal generator with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we drive it with a signal generator with
+the signal from the signal generator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal from the signal generator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal from the signal generator and
+we then look at the output of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then look at the output of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then look at the output of our
+amplifier with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscilloscope what we're doing now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope what we're doing now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope what we're doing now is
+looking at the step response of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the step response of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the step response of our
+amplifier the signal generator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier the signal generator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier the signal generator is
+providing a a square wave but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a a square wave but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a a square wave but a
+relatively low frequency Square wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low frequency Square wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low frequency Square wave
+compared to the Dynamics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the Dynamics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the Dynamics of the
+amplifier and the step response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and the step response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and the step response is
+plotted on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted on the
+oscilloscope and we see uh rather highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope and we see uh rather highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope and we see uh rather highly
+oscillatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory
+response we notice that uh the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response we notice that uh the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response we notice that uh the amplitude
+of the step on this scale is about 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the step on this scale is about 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the step on this scale is about 2 and
+A2 major divisions uh the overshoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 major divisions uh the overshoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 major divisions uh the overshoot
+beyond the final value of the step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the final value of the step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the final value of the step is
+possibly 60% of final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly 60% of final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly 60% of final
+value and uh so we have a a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and uh so we have a a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and uh so we have a a very very
+highly oscillatory system uh if we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly oscillatory system uh if we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly oscillatory system uh if we talk
+about the peak overshoot for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the peak overshoot for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the peak overshoot for this
+particular system it's about as I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular system it's about as I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular system it's about as I say
+60% so we have a p KN of 1.6 indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60% so we have a p KN of 1.6 indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60% so we have a p KN of 1.6 indicate
+indicating that the peak overshoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating that the peak overshoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating that the peak overshoot
+reaches a value equal to 1.6 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches a value equal to 1.6 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches a value equal to 1.6 times the
+final value of the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final value of the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final value of the step
+response we can also look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response we can also look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response we can also look at this
+response and get some indication uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and get some indication uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and get some indication uh that
+the system actually reflects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system actually reflects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system actually reflects the
+situation we have we realize of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we have we realize of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we have we realize of course
+that 14 degrees of phase margin is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 14 degrees of phase margin is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 14 degrees of phase margin is a
+very low value and so we'd anticipate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low value and so we'd anticipate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low value and so we'd anticipate uh
+considerable overshoot and certainly our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable overshoot and certainly our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable overshoot and certainly our
+step response shows that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response shows that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response shows that for the
+uncompensated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated
+system uh but let's think a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh but let's think a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh but let's think a little bit
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+the effect of crossover frequency on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of crossover frequency on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of crossover frequency on the
+oscillation associated with the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation associated with the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation associated with the step
+response we said that from the bod plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response we said that from the bod plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response we said that from the bod plot
+we find that this system crosses over at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that this system crosses over at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that this system crosses over at
+about 2.4 * 10 4 radians per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2.4 * 10 4 radians per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2.4 * 10 4 radians per
+second that uh if we divide that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that uh if we divide that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that uh if we divide that number
+by 2 pi uh we get something like four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 pi uh we get something like four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 pi uh we get something like four
+kertz for the crossover frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kertz for the crossover frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kertz for the crossover frequency of the
+system now suppose we had a system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now suppose we had a system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now suppose we had a system that
+had zero phase margin and a crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had zero phase margin and a crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had zero phase margin and a crossover
+frequency of 4 KZ under those conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of 4 KZ under those conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of 4 KZ under those conditions
+the step response would be a sinusoid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step response would be a sinusoid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step response would be a sinusoid or
+a coos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coos
+at 4 ktz we put in a step if we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 4 ktz we put in a step if we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 4 ktz we put in a step if we had a
+system that that had zero phase margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that that had zero phase margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that that had zero phase margin
+180 degrees of negative phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180 degrees of negative phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180 degrees of negative phase shift
+associated with the AF product why we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the AF product why we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the AF product why we'd
+find that that the system would give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that that the system would give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that that the system would give us
+an oscillation at precisely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oscillation at precisely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oscillation at precisely the
+crossover frequency in response to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover frequency in response to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover frequency in response to a
+step so we we under those conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so we we under those conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so we we under those conditions
+would' get a 4 KZ constant amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would' get a 4 KZ constant amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would' get a 4 KZ constant amplitude
+oscillation here we have 14 degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation here we have 14 degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation here we have 14 degrees of
+phase margin close to zero at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase margin close to zero at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase margin close to zero at least
+uncomfortably close from a feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortably close from a feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortably close from a feedback
+system point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system point of view
+and so we'd anticipate that the ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'd anticipate that the ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'd anticipate that the ring
+frequency associated with the step would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency associated with the step would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency associated with the step would
+be somewhere in the order of 4 khz and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be somewhere in the order of 4 khz and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be somewhere in the order of 4 khz and
+we see that uh let me speed up the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that uh let me speed up the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that uh let me speed up the time
+scale just a bit uh one major division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale just a bit uh one major division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale just a bit uh one major division
+horizontally now corresponds to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally now corresponds to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally now corresponds to 100
+microseconds and if we move things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microseconds and if we move things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microseconds and if we move things
+around a little bit we can estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a little bit we can estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a little bit we can estimate the
+frequency of oscillation let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of oscillation let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of oscillation let's see
+here's one Peak a second Peak a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one Peak a second Peak a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one Peak a second Peak a third
+Peak and those Peaks are just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak and those Peaks are just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak and those Peaks are just a little
+bit under 300 microc apart they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit under 300 microc apart they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit under 300 microc apart they're just
+a little bit less than three major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit less than three major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit less than three major
+divisions apart and so we conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions apart and so we conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions apart and so we conclude that
+the dominant component associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant component associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant component associated with
+that ring frequency is somewhere on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ring frequency is somewhere on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ring frequency is somewhere on the
+order of 3 and 12 khz or thereabouts uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 3 and 12 khz or thereabouts uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 3 and 12 khz or thereabouts uh
+we get a very good estimate as I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a very good estimate as I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a very good estimate as I'd
+indicated for a likely damped system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated for a likely damped system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated for a likely damped system for
+a system that has relatively low phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system that has relatively low phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system that has relatively low phase
+margin we can get a very good estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin we can get a very good estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin we can get a very good estimate
+of the of the system crossover frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the system crossover frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the system crossover frequency
+by simply looking at the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by simply looking at the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by simply looking at the frequency of
+the Ring associated with the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ring associated with the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ring associated with the step
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system well if we decide that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well if we decide that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well if we decide that that's
+unacceptable performance and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable performance and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable performance and we
+certainly should we can then begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly should we can then begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly should we can then begin to
+ask what we might do to improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what we might do to improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what we might do to improve the
+system I've forbidden in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I've forbidden in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I've forbidden in this particular
+example our modifying a ofs we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example our modifying a ofs we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example our modifying a ofs we had
+indicated that we're given the amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated that we're given the amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated that we're given the amplifier
+and there's nothing we can do to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing we can do to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing we can do to change
+a ofs so the only things we can do are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ofs so the only things we can do are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ofs so the only things we can do are
+are add components external to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are add components external to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are add components external to the
+amplifier let's look at our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier let's look at our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier let's look at our original
+topology once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology once
+again and now we'd like to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and now we'd like to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and now we'd like to see if
+there's a way we can get a lead type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way we can get a lead type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way we can get a lead type
+transfer function into our system Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function into our system Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function into our system Let's
+see we notice that we have a resistive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we notice that we have a resistive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we notice that we have a resistive
+attenuator at the output it happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuator at the output it happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuator at the output it happens to
+be in the feedback path but as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the feedback path but as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the feedback path but as far as
+stability goes whether we put a lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability goes whether we put a lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability goes whether we put a lead
+transfer function in the forward path or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function in the forward path or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function in the forward path or
+in the feedback path we get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the feedback path we get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the feedback path we get the same
+effect here we see a a resistive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect here we see a a resistive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect here we see a a resistive
+attenuator and we recall that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuator and we recall that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuator and we recall that the
+topology of a of a lead type Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology of a of a lead type Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology of a of a lead type Network
+work was in fact a resistive attenuator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work was in fact a resistive attenuator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work was in fact a resistive attenuator
+that had a capacitor included so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a capacitor included so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a capacitor included so we can
+get a a lead type transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a a lead type transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a a lead type transfer function
+associated with the feedback path with f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the feedback path with f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the feedback path with f
+by connecting a capacitor across the 9R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by connecting a capacitor across the 9R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by connecting a capacitor across the 9R
+valued resistor so that's not quite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued resistor so that's not quite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued resistor so that's not quite the
+same in terms of closed loop response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in terms of closed loop response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in terms of closed loop response
+there's a little bit of change in zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of change in zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of change in zero
+location uh as if we were able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location uh as if we were able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location uh as if we were able to get
+the lead type transfer function a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead type transfer function a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead type transfer function a
+forward in a forward path but certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in a forward path but certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in a forward path but certainly
+in terms of improving the ability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of improving the ability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of improving the ability of the
+system we'd be able to do it VI this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method so then the topology which allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so then the topology which allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so then the topology which allows
+us to add a lead type transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to add a lead type transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to add a lead type transfer function
+is this we have the capacitor that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this we have the capacitor that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this we have the capacitor that we
+mentioned added across the 9R valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistor we can form a block diagram for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor we can form a block diagram for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor we can form a block diagram for
+that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that block diagram of course has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that block diagram of course has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that block diagram of course has the
+original a of s the one that we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original a of s the one that we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original a of s the one that we're not
+allowed to change we have the factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to change we have the factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to change we have the factor of
+a tenth which is the attenuation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tenth which is the attenuation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tenth which is the attenuation of the
+9R versus R valued resistor and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9R versus R valued resistor and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9R versus R valued resistor and now we
+have a lead type transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lead type transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lead type transfer function
+actually with an alpha of 10 notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually with an alpha of 10 notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually with an alpha of 10 notice that
+the overall transmission of this block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall transmission of this block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall transmission of this block
+at high frequencies is one the factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high frequencies is one the factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high frequencies is one the factor of
+10 increase from the zero Pole douet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 increase from the zero Pole douet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 increase from the zero Pole douet
+cancelling the factor of a tenth we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelling the factor of a tenth we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelling the factor of a tenth we
+recognize that must be true with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that must be true with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that must be true with our
+passive RC network so here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive RC network so here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive RC network so here we have the
+factor of a tenth at low frequencies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of a tenth at low frequencies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of a tenth at low frequencies and
+then we have the zero and the Pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the zero and the Pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the zero and the Pole
+located at a factor of 10 higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located at a factor of 10 higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located at a factor of 10 higher
+frequencies associated with our lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies associated with our lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies associated with our lead
+type transfer function if you keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type transfer function if you keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type transfer function if you keep track
+of the arithmetic uh why we get 9 r as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the arithmetic uh why we get 9 r as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the arithmetic uh why we get 9 r as
+the or one over 9 R is the frequency at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or one over 9 R is the frequency at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or one over 9 R is the frequency at
+which the zero is located incidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the zero is located incidentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the zero is located incidentally
+all of these numbers are done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these numbers are done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these numbers are done in
+considerable detail in the text and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable detail in the text and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable detail in the text and so
+there's no real need to belabor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real need to belabor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real need to belabor the
+arithmetic at this level the the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic at this level the the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic at this level the the numbers
+are available in the book and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available in the book and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available in the book and I think
+it's it's really more important to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's really more important to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's really more important to kind
+of get the feeling for how we approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get the feeling for how we approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get the feeling for how we approach
+the compensation problem to spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compensation problem to spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compensation problem to spend a
+great deal of time here belaboring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of time here belaboring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of time here belaboring the
+arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic
+well there's our lead topology and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's our lead topology and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's our lead topology and what
+we do in order to decide how we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do in order to decide how we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do in order to decide how we might
+locate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate
+the zero associated with the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero associated with the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero associated with the lead
+Network is basically go back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network is basically go back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network is basically go back to our
+original system bod plot and simply try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original system bod plot and simply try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original system bod plot and simply try
+a couple of combinations say well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of combinations say well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of combinations say well what
+happens if I locate the zero here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I locate the zero here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I locate the zero here for
+example I then know that I get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I then know that I get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I then know that I get an
+additional pole out a factor of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional pole out a factor of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional pole out a factor of 10
+beyond that and I make some modification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that and I make some modification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that and I make some modification
+to the angle and that sort of of playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the angle and that sort of of playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the angle and that sort of of playing
+around isn't particularly difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around isn't particularly difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around isn't particularly difficult to
+do you can do it very quickly and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you can do it very quickly and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you can do it very quickly and you
+rapidly begin to home in on a location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly begin to home in on a location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly begin to home in on a location
+for the zero that will result in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the zero that will result in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the zero that will result in the
+maximum phase margin for the system this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum phase margin for the system this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum phase margin for the system this
+isn't a mathematical op imum but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a mathematical op imum but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a mathematical op imum but you can
+very quickly find out where you ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly find out where you ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly find out where you ought to
+locate the zero to get the maximum phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate the zero to get the maximum phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate the zero to get the maximum phase
+margin in the resultant system or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin in the resultant system or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin in the resultant system or
+awfully close to the maximum phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awfully close to the maximum phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awfully close to the maximum phase
+margin in the resultant system and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin in the resultant system and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin in the resultant system and if we
+do that we find out that a good location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we find out that a good location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we find out that a good location
+for the zero is somewhere on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the zero is somewhere on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the zero is somewhere on the order
+of 2.5 * 10 4 radians per second if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2.5 * 10 4 radians per second if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2.5 * 10 4 radians per second if we
+add it a zero somewhere in here and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it a zero somewhere in here and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it a zero somewhere in here and of
+course we get a poll because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we get a poll because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we get a poll because of the
+characteristics of the feedback Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the feedback Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the feedback Network
+factor of 10 above that why we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10 above that why we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10 above that why we end up
+with about the maximum positive phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with about the maximum positive phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with about the maximum positive phase
+shift we're able to achieve and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift we're able to achieve and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift we're able to achieve and and
+consequently we add end up with maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently we add end up with maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently we add end up with maximum
+phase margin for our system so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase margin for our system so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase margin for our system so here we
+have a we've lived within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a we've lived within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a we've lived within the
+constraints we can build a lead network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints we can build a lead network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints we can build a lead network
+with an alpha of 10 since that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an alpha of 10 since that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an alpha of 10 since that was the
+attenuation associated with the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation associated with the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation associated with the feedback
+Network we're able to use that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network we're able to use that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network we're able to use that as the
+maximum spread between the pole and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum spread between the pole and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum spread between the pole and zero
+in our lead Network and we live within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our lead Network and we live within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our lead Network and we live within
+that constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constraint
+and we choose the the best location for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we choose the the best location for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we choose the the best location for
+the zero in terms of improving the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero in terms of improving the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero in terms of improving the phase
+margin of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin of the
+system when we do that we find out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system when we do that we find out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system when we do that we find out that
+our maximum positive phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our maximum positive phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our maximum positive phase shift
+combines with the phase shift associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines with the phase shift associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines with the phase shift associated
+with the amplifier itself with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the amplifier itself with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the amplifier itself with the
+original a of s and we find that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original a of s and we find that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original a of s and we find that we're
+able to get a phase margin of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get a phase margin of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get a phase margin of about
+47° crossover frequency with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47° crossover frequency with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47° crossover frequency with that
+combination is about 2.5 * 10 the 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is about 2.5 * 10 the 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is about 2.5 * 10 the 4
+radians per second we increase crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second we increase crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second we increase crossover
+frequency just a bit uh by adding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency just a bit uh by adding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency just a bit uh by adding the
+zero close to crossover in fact the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero close to crossover in fact the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero close to crossover in fact the zero
+location in our lead Network comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in our lead Network comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in our lead Network comes out
+just about at the compensated crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about at the compensated crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about at the compensated crossover
+frequency of the system we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the system we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the system we can look at
+that b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot so here is the resultant picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so here is the resultant picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so here is the resultant picture
+picture when we add to our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture when we add to our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture when we add to our original
+magnitude curve a zero somewhere on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude curve a zero somewhere on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude curve a zero somewhere on the
+order of 2.5 * 10 4th radians per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 2.5 * 10 4th radians per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 2.5 * 10 4th radians per second
+we push the curve up a little bit what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we push the curve up a little bit what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we push the curve up a little bit what
+we do is is get additional positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is is get additional positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is is get additional positive
+phase shift out in here we can now go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift out in here we can now go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift out in here we can now go to
+our new Unity gain frequency here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new Unity gain frequency here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new Unity gain frequency here's the
+Unity Point in our graph we can find our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity Point in our graph we can find our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity Point in our graph we can find our
+new Unity gain frequency which is 2.5 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Unity gain frequency which is 2.5 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Unity gain frequency which is 2.5 *
+10 4th and at that frequency we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 4th and at that frequency we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 4th and at that frequency we can look
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+angle we find out that the angle is such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle we find out that the angle is such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle we find out that the angle is such
+that we get 47 degrees of phase margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get 47 degrees of phase margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get 47 degrees of phase margin
+the negative phase shift is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative phase shift is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative phase shift is minus
+133° which corresponds to 47 degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+133° which corresponds to 47 degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+133° which corresponds to 47 degrees of
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+margin we can compare that bod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin we can compare that bod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin we can compare that bod
+plot with the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one here is our original uncompensated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here is our original uncompensated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here is our original uncompensated
+curve and here's the lead compensated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and here's the lead compensated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and here's the lead compensated
+magnitude placed on top of it and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude placed on top of it and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude placed on top of it and we
+notice of course that nothing much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice of course that nothing much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice of course that nothing much
+happens at low frequencies we begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at low frequencies we begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at low frequencies we begin to
+get significant departure from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get significant departure from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get significant departure from the
+uncompensated curve where we locate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated curve where we locate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated curve where we locate the
+zero but we begin to get appreciable Ang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but we begin to get appreciable Ang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but we begin to get appreciable Ang
+angular departure below that frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular departure below that frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular departure below that frequency
+and in fact by the location of the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact by the location of the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact by the location of the zero
+which frequency or the frequency at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which frequency or the frequency at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which frequency or the frequency at
+which the the zero is located which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the the zero is located which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the the zero is located which is
+somewhere in here we've gotten a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in here we've gotten a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in here we've gotten a very
+significant positive phase shift from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant positive phase shift from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant positive phase shift from
+our lead transfer function we indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lead transfer function we indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lead transfer function we indicated
+that last time that was what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last time that was what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last time that was what we were
+trying to exploit with lead compensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to exploit with lead compensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to exploit with lead compensation
+and that results in a significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that results in a significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that results in a significantly
+improved phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+margin let's look at the effect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin let's look at the effect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin let's look at the effect that
+that has on the step response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has on the step response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has on the step response of the
+system here once again we have our the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here once again we have our the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here once again we have our the
+same amplifier of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amplifier of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amplifier of course
+and I now simply by operating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I now simply by operating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I now simply by operating this
+switch am able to shut in the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch am able to shut in the capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch am able to shut in the capacitor
+across the feedback resistor and so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the feedback resistor and so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the feedback resistor and so when
+we do that we notice a very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that we notice a very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that we notice a very much
+improved response at least in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved response at least in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved response at least in terms of
+stability the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability the
+overshoot goes from this which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshoot goes from this which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshoot goes from this which is the
+uncompensated case to a much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated case to a much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated case to a much much
+smaller value like so uh we can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller value like so uh we can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller value like so uh we can now
+afford to bring up the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford to bring up the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford to bring up the amplitude
+scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and
+we can look for example at the overshoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look for example at the overshoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look for example at the overshoot
+the amplitude of the step is now about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the step is now about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the step is now about
+five major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five major
+divisions uh the overshoot is about half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions uh the overshoot is about half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions uh the overshoot is about half
+of a major division so now we have a a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a major division so now we have a a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a major division so now we have a a p
+knot for our compensated system of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot for our compensated system of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot for our compensated system of of
+about 1.1 a very significant Improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1.1 a very significant Improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1.1 a very significant Improvement
+compared to the overshoot associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the overshoot associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the overshoot associated
+with our uncompensated system again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our uncompensated system again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our uncompensated system again the
+parameters here are a lead Network an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters here are a lead Network an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters here are a lead Network an
+alpha of 10 a zero located at 2.5 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha of 10 a zero located at 2.5 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha of 10 a zero located at 2.5 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th we also might measure the rise time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th we also might measure the rise time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th we also might measure the rise time
+of our step response because that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our step response because that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our step response because that's a
+measure of course of the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of course of the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of course of the overall
+bandwidth of our system the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth of our system the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth of our system the speed of
+response of our system so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of our system so let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of our system so let's do that
+uh I am now at a horizontal speed of 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I am now at a horizontal speed of 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I am now at a horizontal speed of 50
+micros seconds per major division the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micros seconds per major division the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micros seconds per major division the
+oscilloscope is set up such that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope is set up such that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope is set up such that if we
+measure between this major Division and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure between this major Division and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure between this major Division and
+this major division will be measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this major division will be measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this major division will be measuring
+the 10 to 90% rise time of our step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10 to 90% rise time of our step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10 to 90% rise time of our step
+final value being here and initial value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final value being here and initial value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final value being here and initial value
+being down here and so let's see we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being down here and so let's see we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being down here and so let's see we have
+one and about a half major divisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and about a half major divisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and about a half major divisions
+between these between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these between these two
+points from here up to here so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points from here up to here so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points from here up to here so we have
+about one and a half major divisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one and a half major divisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one and a half major divisions
+we're at 50 micros seconds per major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at 50 micros seconds per major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at 50 micros seconds per major
+Division and so the rise time for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Division and so the rise time for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Division and so the rise time for the
+lead compensated amplifier is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead compensated amplifier is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead compensated amplifier is about
+75 micros the rise time for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 micros the rise time for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 micros the rise time for the
+uncompensated amplifier doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated amplifier doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated amplifier doesn't really
+mean much because we probably wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean much because we probably wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean much because we probably wouldn't
+operate the amplifier that way anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate the amplifier that way anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate the amplifier that way anyway
+the system is is not nearly stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enough well so that's one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough well so that's one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough well so that's one kind of
+compensation that we can apply to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation that we can apply to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation that we can apply to our
+operational amplifier what else might we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier what else might we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier what else might we
+do to it we talked about lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to it we talked about lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to it we talked about lag
+compensation and I'd like to look at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation and I'd like to look at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation and I'd like to look at at
+how we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we might
+apply lag compensation to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system if we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amplifier we'd mentioned last time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier we'd mentioned last time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier we'd mentioned last time that
+when we use this configuration with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we use this configuration with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we use this configuration with a
+resistive feedback and a non-inverting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive feedback and a non-inverting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive feedback and a non-inverting
+configuration if we simply shun a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration if we simply shun a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration if we simply shun a
+resistor between the input terminals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor between the input terminals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor between the input terminals of
+the amplifier we're able to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplifier we're able to reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplifier we're able to reduce the
+not FN fot product we did that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not FN fot product we did that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not FN fot product we did that as an
+example last time of of how we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example last time of of how we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example last time of of how we might
+modify compensate an amplifier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify compensate an amplifier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify compensate an amplifier in
+particular this non-inverting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this non-inverting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this non-inverting
+configuration or this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration or this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration or this type of
+non-inverting configuration by adding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inverting configuration by adding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inverting configuration by adding a
+resistor between the input terminals now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor between the input terminals now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor between the input terminals now
+if we had put a capacitor in series with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had put a capacitor in series with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had put a capacitor in series with
+that resistor we'd lower the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resistor we'd lower the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resistor we'd lower the loop
+transmission magnitude at frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude at frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude at frequencies
+where the impedance of the capacitor was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the impedance of the capacitor was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the impedance of the capacitor was
+small and yet we wouldn't change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and yet we wouldn't change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and yet we wouldn't change the
+loop transmission magnitude at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transmission magnitude at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transmission magnitude at
+frequencies where the Pence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies where the Pence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies where the Pence of the
+capacitor was is large so that's a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor was is large so that's a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor was is large so that's a way
+of getting a lag type transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting a lag type transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting a lag type transfer function
+into our Loop transmission we add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our Loop transmission we add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our Loop transmission we add a
+resistor and a capacitor across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor and a capacitor across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor and a capacitor across the
+input terminals of the amplifier and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input terminals of the amplifier and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input terminals of the amplifier and the
+effect there is simply at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect there is simply at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect there is simply at high
+frequencies where the capacitor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies where the capacitor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies where the capacitor is
+effectively a short circuit to shunt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a short circuit to shunt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a short circuit to shunt the
+input terminals reduce the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input terminals reduce the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input terminals reduce the amount of
+signal that's fed back to the input of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that's fed back to the input of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that's fed back to the input of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amplifier the effect on the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier the effect on the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier the effect on the block
+diagram for the amplifier is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for the amplifier is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for the amplifier is as
+follows this again parallels very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows this again parallels very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows this again parallels very
+closely uh what we did in an example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely uh what we did in an example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely uh what we did in an example I
+believe two sessions ago where we put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe two sessions ago where we put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe two sessions ago where we put a
+resistor between the terminals we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor between the terminals we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor between the terminals we found
+out that that resistor provided an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that that resistor provided an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that that resistor provided an
+attenuation to the input signal as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation to the input signal as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation to the input signal as well
+as to the signal fed back here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to the signal fed back here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to the signal fed back here we
+because we use an RC between the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we use an RC between the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we use an RC between the input
+terminals we get a an attenuation or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals we get a an attenuation or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals we get a an attenuation or a
+lag Type n transer function applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag Type n transer function applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag Type n transer function applied to
+both the input signal path and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the input signal path and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the input signal path and the
+feedback signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback signal
+path we're able to slide those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path we're able to slide those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path we're able to slide those
+two boxes through the summing point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two boxes through the summing point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two boxes through the summing point and
+replace them as one on the other side in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace them as one on the other side in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace them as one on the other side in
+other words we originally had a lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words we originally had a lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words we originally had a lag
+transfer function here a lag transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function here a lag transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function here a lag transfer
+function here we can bring them through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here we can bring them through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here we can bring them through
+the summing point and in this way we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summing point and in this way we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summing point and in this way we see
+that this method of compensation really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this method of compensation really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this method of compensation really
+does end up with our lag transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does end up with our lag transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does end up with our lag transfer
+function in the forward path rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the forward path rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the forward path rather than
+being in the feedback path as was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the feedback path as was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the feedback path as was the
+case with with lead compensation so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with with lead compensation so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with with lead compensation so here
+we have a lag type transfer function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lag type transfer function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lag type transfer function in
+the forward path of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward path of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward path of our
+system how do we choose the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system how do we choose the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system how do we choose the parameters
+that we use for our lag transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use for our lag transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use for our lag transfer
+function in other words the Alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in other words the Alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in other words the Alpha and
+the tow or equivalently the location of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tow or equivalently the location of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tow or equivalently the location of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+zero well there's a a rule of thumb that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well there's a a rule of thumb that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well there's a a rule of thumb that
+gets a starting point of times for lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a starting point of times for lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a starting point of times for lag
+compensation and what we do is is think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation and what we do is is think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation and what we do is is think
+about what we're trying to accomplish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we're trying to accomplish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we're trying to accomplish
+with lag compensation what we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lag compensation what we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lag compensation what we'd like to
+do is attenuate the loop transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is attenuate the loop transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is attenuate the loop transmission
+magnitude in the vicinity of crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude in the vicinity of crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude in the vicinity of crossover
+but hopefully not too much at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hopefully not too much at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hopefully not too much at
+frequencies well below crossover we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies well below crossover we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies well below crossover we
+prefer not to compromise system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer not to compromise system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer not to compromise system
+desensitivity at frequencies well below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desensitivity at frequencies well below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desensitivity at frequencies well below
+crossover so we'd like to locate our lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover so we'd like to locate our lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover so we'd like to locate our lag
+Network so that it it has significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network so that it it has significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network so that it it has significant
+effect on the amplitude characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on the amplitude characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on the amplitude characteristics
+of the AF product near the unity gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the AF product near the unity gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the AF product near the unity gain
+frequency but not at at very very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency but not at at very very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency but not at at very very low
+frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies
+furthermore we hope that the lag type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore we hope that the lag type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore we hope that the lag type
+transfer function doesn't give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function doesn't give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function doesn't give us
+considerable additional negative phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable additional negative phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable additional negative phase
+shift at crossover and that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift at crossover and that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift at crossover and that tells us
+that we have to locate the lag back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to locate the lag back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to locate the lag back
+aways from crossover if for example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aways from crossover if for example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aways from crossover if for example we
+located the zero associated with the lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located the zero associated with the lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located the zero associated with the lag
+Network at the crossover frequency we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network at the crossover frequency we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network at the crossover frequency we'd
+add an additional something on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add an additional something on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add an additional something on the order
+of 45 degrees of negative phase shift to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 45 degrees of negative phase shift to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 45 degrees of negative phase shift to
+our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our original
+uncompensated AF product and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated AF product and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated AF product and that would
+be a a disastrous kind of effect so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a a disastrous kind of effect so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a a disastrous kind of effect so we
+have to locate the lag Network such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to locate the lag Network such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to locate the lag Network such that
+its zero is well below crossover so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its zero is well below crossover so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its zero is well below crossover so that
+we don't get too much negative phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't get too much negative phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't get too much negative phase
+shift where we have the conflict on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift where we have the conflict on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift where we have the conflict on one
+hand you'd like to move the zero out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you'd like to move the zero out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you'd like to move the zero out
+close to crossover so you maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to crossover so you maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to crossover so you maintain
+desensitivity as over as wide a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desensitivity as over as wide a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desensitivity as over as wide a range of
+frequencies as possible on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies as possible on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies as possible on the other
+hand in order to maintain stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand in order to maintain stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand in order to maintain stability
+you'd like to have relatively little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to have relatively little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to have relatively little
+negative phase shift from the lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative phase shift from the lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative phase shift from the lag
+Network at cross over residual negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network at cross over residual negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network at cross over residual negative
+phase shift and so here we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift and so here we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift and so here we have this
+problem that really has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that really has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that really has to do with the
+the fact that lag transfer function is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that lag transfer function is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that lag transfer function is a
+physically realizable kind of transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically realizable kind of transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically realizable kind of transfer
+function it's a fundamental kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a fundamental kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a fundamental kind of a
+thing a starting point oftimes for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a starting point oftimes for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a starting point oftimes for that
+sort of a rule of thumb that people use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a rule of thumb that people use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a rule of thumb that people use
+as a starting point is to locate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a starting point is to locate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a starting point is to locate the
+zero of the lag Network possibly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of the lag Network possibly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of the lag Network possibly a
+factor of 10 below the compensated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10 below the compensated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10 below the compensated
+crossover frequency the cross crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover frequency the cross crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover frequency the cross crossover
+frequency that will result with lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that will result with lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that will result with lag
+compensation and we may choose to modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation and we may choose to modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation and we may choose to modify
+that move it a little closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that move it a little closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that move it a little closer to
+crossover if we're really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover if we're really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover if we're really interested in
+desensitivity move it a little further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desensitivity move it a little further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desensitivity move it a little further
+back if we're really concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if we're really concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if we're really concerned about
+stability but a good starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability but a good starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability but a good starting point
+might be this factor of 10 and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be this factor of 10 and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be this factor of 10 and then we
+can move around there so I've chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move around there so I've chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move around there so I've chosen
+that as as our one of the guidelines for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as as our one of the guidelines for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as as our one of the guidelines for
+choosing the lag Network another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the lag Network another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the lag Network another thing
+that I'd like to do so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd like to do so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd like to do so that we can
+intercompare performance between lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercompare performance between lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercompare performance between lead
+and lag compensation is shoot for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lag compensation is shoot for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lag compensation is shoot for the
+same amount of phase margin as we got in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of phase margin as we got in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of phase margin as we got in
+the lead compensated case in the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead compensated case in the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead compensated case in the lead
+compensated case the maximum phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated case the maximum phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated case the maximum phase
+margin we could achieve was really fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin we could achieve was really fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin we could achieve was really fixed
+we had a given transfer function for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a given transfer function for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a given transfer function for the
+amplifier and we knew that the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and we knew that the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and we knew that the maximum
+value of alpha that we could get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of alpha that we could get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of alpha that we could get out of
+our lead type transfer function was 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lead type transfer function was 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lead type transfer function was 10
+because that was the attenuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was the attenuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was the attenuation
+associated with the feedback Network so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the feedback Network so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the feedback Network so
+we had relatively few degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had relatively few degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had relatively few degrees of freedom
+the only thing we could do was locate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing we could do was locate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing we could do was locate
+the zero associated with the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero associated with the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero associated with the lead
+Network when we do lag compensation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network when we do lag compensation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network when we do lag compensation we
+can locate the zero anywhere we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can locate the zero anywhere we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can locate the zero anywhere we want to
+and we can also get the alpha make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can also get the alpha make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can also get the alpha make the
+alpha as large as we care to have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha as large as we care to have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha as large as we care to have it
+because we have really two degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have really two degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have really two degrees of
+freedom the r and the see we're free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom the r and the see we're free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom the r and the see we're free to
+choose both of those so we can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose both of those so we can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose both of those so we can can
+locate any two quantities associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate any two quantities associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate any two quantities associated
+with the lag Network for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lag Network for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lag Network for example the
+location of the pole and zero which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the pole and zero which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the pole and zero which of
+course corresponds to the location of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course corresponds to the location of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course corresponds to the location of
+either one and and the choice of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one and and the choice of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one and and the choice of alpha
+so I'm going to exploit that freedom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to exploit that freedom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to exploit that freedom to
+get as close as we can to 47 degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get as close as we can to 47 degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get as close as we can to 47 degrees of
+phase margin uh out of our lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase margin uh out of our lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase margin uh out of our lag
+compensated system and the way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated system and the way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated system and the way that we
+do this is to go back to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is to go back to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is to go back to the original
+uncompensated B plot for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system and our reasoning goes something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and our reasoning goes something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and our reasoning goes something
+as follows if we have the zero of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows if we have the zero of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows if we have the zero of the
+lag Network located about a factor of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag Network located about a factor of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag Network located about a factor of 10
+below our compensated crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below our compensated crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below our compensated crossover
+frequency the residual negative phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the residual negative phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the residual negative phase
+shift associated with the lag network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift associated with the lag network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift associated with the lag network
+will be something on the order of 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be something on the order of 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be something on the order of 5
+degrees if the pole were were very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees if the pole were were very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees if the pole were were very far
+below the zero we'd get 5.7 de of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the zero we'd get 5.7 de of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the zero we'd get 5.7 de of
+residual negative phasee shift assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual negative phasee shift assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual negative phasee shift assuming
+the pole is somewhat closer to the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole is somewhat closer to the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole is somewhat closer to the zero
+we get a residual negative phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a residual negative phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a residual negative phase shift
+on the order of 5° so if we follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of 5° so if we follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of 5° so if we follow this
+rule of thumb to start our design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of thumb to start our design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of thumb to start our design
+process we anticipate roughly five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we anticipate roughly five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we anticipate roughly five
+degrees of residual negative phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of residual negative phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of residual negative phase shift
+associated with a lag type transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a lag type transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a lag type transfer
+function our original lead compensate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function our original lead compensate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function our original lead compensate or
+our lead compensated system had a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lead compensated system had a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lead compensated system had a phase
+margin of 47° so what we do is look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin of 47° so what we do is look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin of 47° so what we do is look at
+our un uncompensated angle curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our un uncompensated angle curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our un uncompensated angle curve and
+look at the frequency where the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the frequency where the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the frequency where the phase
+shift associated with that uncompensated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift associated with that uncompensated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift associated with that uncompensated
+angle curve is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle curve is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle curve is minus
+128° somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128° somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128° somewhere in
+here and our reasoning for our the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and our reasoning for our the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and our reasoning for our the
+reason for that choice is as follows if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that choice is as follows if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that choice is as follows if
+we crossed over where the uncompensated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we crossed over where the uncompensated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we crossed over where the uncompensated
+angle curve was minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle curve was minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle curve was minus
+128° and we got another -5° of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128° and we got another -5° of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128° and we got another -5° of phase
+shift residual from the Network we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift residual from the Network we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift residual from the Network we'd
+have minus 133° of overall phase shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus 133° of overall phase shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus 133° of overall phase shifted
+crossover or 47° of phase margin fine we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover or 47° of phase margin fine we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover or 47° of phase margin fine we
+find the frequency where the angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the frequency where the angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the frequency where the angle of
+the AF product is minus 128 de and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AF product is minus 128 de and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AF product is minus 128 de and if
+you do this carefully you find out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this carefully you find out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this carefully you find out that
+that's about 6.7 * 10 3r radians per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about 6.7 * 10 3r radians per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about 6.7 * 10 3r radians per
+second somewhere back in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second somewhere back in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second somewhere back in here
+furthermore if you look at the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore if you look at the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore if you look at the magnitude
+at that frequency here's the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that frequency here's the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that frequency here's the frequency
+where the angle associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the angle associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the angle associated with the
+uncompensated transfer function is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated transfer function is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated transfer function is is
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+128° we find out that the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128° we find out that the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128° we find out that the magnitude of
+the uncompensated transfer function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncompensated transfer function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncompensated transfer function at
+that frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frequency is
+6.2 these kinds of manipulations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.2 these kinds of manipulations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.2 these kinds of manipulations are
+very easily done in bod plot form you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily done in bod plot form you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily done in bod plot form you
+can get incredibly accurate answers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get incredibly accurate answers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get incredibly accurate answers I
+mentioned one of the advantages of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned one of the advantages of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned one of the advantages of of
+using B plots for actually determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using B plots for actually determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using B plots for actually determining
+numbers in compensation is that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in compensation is that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in compensation is that when you
+draw these things you can get accuracies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw these things you can get accuracies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw these things you can get accuracies
+to really within the width of a pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really within the width of a pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really within the width of a pencil
+lead uh without much effort at all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead uh without much effort at all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead uh without much effort at all and
+so we're able to get numbers that are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're able to get numbers that are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're able to get numbers that are at
+least good to two places uh with simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least good to two places uh with simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least good to two places uh with simply
+a piece of graph paper and a and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of graph paper and a and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of graph paper and a and a
+pencil if we have a a cheap hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil if we have a a cheap hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil if we have a a cheap hand
+calculator we can do even better but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator we can do even better but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator we can do even better but uh
+we're able to to get far better results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to to get far better results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to to get far better results
+than usually the hardware justifies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than usually the hardware justifies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than usually the hardware justifies with
+this very simple graphical technique so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very simple graphical technique so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very simple graphical technique so
+we've now concluded two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now concluded two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now concluded two
+things one is that the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one is that the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one is that the original
+uncompensated system has minus 128
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated system has minus 128
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated system has minus 128
+degrees of phase shift at a frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of phase shift at a frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of phase shift at a frequency of
+of 6.7 time 10 the 3 radians per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 6.7 time 10 the 3 radians per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 6.7 time 10 the 3 radians per second
+and further that the magnitude of the AF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further that the magnitude of the AF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further that the magnitude of the AF
+product uncompensated at that frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product uncompensated at that frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product uncompensated at that frequency
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+6.2 well if we follow our rule of thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.2 well if we follow our rule of thumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.2 well if we follow our rule of thumb
+and and locate the zero of the lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and locate the zero of the lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and locate the zero of the lag
+Network a factor of 10 below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network a factor of 10 below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network a factor of 10 below the
+crossover frequency you see we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover frequency you see we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover frequency you see we're going
+to make the 6.7 * 10 3r be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the 6.7 * 10 3r be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the 6.7 * 10 3r be the
+compensated crossover frequency uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated crossover frequency uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated crossover frequency uh we'll
+have a phase margin under those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a phase margin under those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a phase margin under those
+conditions of 47° the phase shift of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of 47° the phase shift of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of 47° the phase shift of the
+uncompensated system combining with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated system combining with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated system combining with our
+assumed 5 Dees of residual negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed 5 Dees of residual negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed 5 Dees of residual negative
+phase shift from the lag network uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift from the lag network uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift from the lag network uh to
+locate our we we locate our zero at 6.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate our we we locate our zero at 6.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate our we we locate our zero at 6.7
+x 10 the second radians per second a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 10 the second radians per second a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 10 the second radians per second a
+factor 10 below that and we make alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 10 below that and we make alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 10 below that and we make alpha
+6.2 we need to make alpha 6.2 in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.2 we need to make alpha 6.2 in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.2 we need to make alpha 6.2 in order
+to squeeze down the magnitude portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to squeeze down the magnitude portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to squeeze down the magnitude portion of
+the loop transmission so that it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop transmission so that it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop transmission so that it goes
+through Unity at 6.7 * 10 3r radians per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Unity at 6.7 * 10 3r radians per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Unity at 6.7 * 10 3r radians per
+second since 6.2 was the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second since 6.2 was the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second since 6.2 was the magnitude of
+the uncompensated AF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncompensated AF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncompensated AF
+curve so those are the parameters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so those are the parameters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so those are the parameters that
+we'll use and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we do that to our Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that to our Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that to our Loop
+transmission why we add a pole in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission why we add a pole in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission why we add a pole in here
+as a uh back at about 100 radians per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a uh back at about 100 radians per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a uh back at about 100 radians per
+second something like that uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second something like that uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second something like that uh we have
+the alpha of 6 two which gets us out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha of 6 two which gets us out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha of 6 two which gets us out to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+620 or 670 radians per second actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+620 or 670 radians per second actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+620 or 670 radians per second actually
+we put in the zero there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put in the zero there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put in the zero there and then
+crossover occurs out at at about 6.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover occurs out at at about 6.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover occurs out at at about 6.7
+time 10 3 radians per second the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 10 3 radians per second the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 10 3 radians per second the phase
+margin at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin at
+crossover up in here somewhere is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover up in here somewhere is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover up in here somewhere is
+47° we notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47° we notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47° we notice the
+negative addition to the angle curve but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative addition to the angle curve but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative addition to the angle curve but
+by crossover that pretty much washes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out here again we can compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here again we can compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here again we can compare the
+uncompensated loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated loop
+transmission with the compensated one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission with the compensated one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission with the compensated one
+with the lag compensated one and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lag compensated one and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lag compensated one and again
+we notice that the magnitudes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we notice that the magnitudes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we notice that the magnitudes are
+identical with low frequencies we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical with low frequencies we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical with low frequencies we get
+the effect of the lag magn the lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of the lag magn the lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of the lag magn the lag
+transfer function on the magnitude curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function on the magnitude curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function on the magnitude curve
+to cause our compensated curve to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cause our compensated curve to drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cause our compensated curve to drop
+below the UNC compensated one we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the UNC compensated one we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the UNC compensated one we get the
+negative lump of phase but by crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative lump of phase but by crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative lump of phase but by crossover
+by this frequency that negative lump has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this frequency that negative lump has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this frequency that negative lump has
+largely washed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out let's look at the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out let's look at the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out let's look at the experimental
+results with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system here again we have the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here again we have the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here again we have the lead
+compensated response let me take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated response let me take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated response let me take that
+out we get our original uncompensated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we get our original uncompensated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we get our original uncompensated
+highly oscillatory response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly oscillatory response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly oscillatory response
+now let me put in lag compensation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me put in lag compensation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me put in lag compensation by
+effectively shunning the RC network that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively shunning the RC network that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively shunning the RC network that
+we talked about between the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about between the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about between the input
+terminals of the amplifier and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals of the amplifier and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals of the amplifier and once
+again we get a very well damped response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we get a very well damped response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we get a very well damped response
+let's look at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at its
+characteristics here we get a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics here we get a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics here we get a little bit
+more overshoot we have about a one major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more overshoot we have about a one major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more overshoot we have about a one major
+division overshoot about 20% so P not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division overshoot about 20% so P not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division overshoot about 20% so P not
+for this system is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this system is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this system is about
+1.2 we can once again measure the 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.2 we can once again measure the 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.2 we can once again measure the 10 to
+90% rise time here we are at 100 microsc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% rise time here we are at 100 microsc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% rise time here we are at 100 microsc
+per division this time we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per division this time we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per division this time we measure
+between here and here we get about 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here and here we get about 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here and here we get about 200
+microsc for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsc for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsc for
+the 10 to 90% rise time so uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10 to 90% rise time so uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10 to 90% rise time so uh we
+conclude for this system the lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude for this system the lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude for this system the lag
+compensated one p not is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated one p not is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated one p not is
+1.2 uh the 10 to 90% rise time is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.2 uh the 10 to 90% rise time is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.2 uh the 10 to 90% rise time is two
+major divisions or about 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major divisions or about 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major divisions or about 200
+micros uh these are with parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micros uh these are with parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micros uh these are with parameters
+Alpha of 6.2 in the lag Network 0 at 6.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha of 6.2 in the lag Network 0 at 6.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha of 6.2 in the lag Network 0 at 6.7
+x 10 the 2 that results in a 6.7 x 10 3r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 10 the 2 that results in a 6.7 x 10 3r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 10 the 2 that results in a 6.7 x 10 3r
+radian per second crossover frequency 47
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radian per second crossover frequency 47
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radian per second crossover frequency 47
+degrees of phase margin and if we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of phase margin and if we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of phase margin and if we keep
+track of things we get a gain margin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of things we get a gain margin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of things we get a gain margin of
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+14 well there's one apparent discrepancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 well there's one apparent discrepancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 well there's one apparent discrepancy
+that I'd like to spend just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd like to spend just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd like to spend just a little bit
+of time looking at or talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time looking at or talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time looking at or talking about
+uh we had said that for systems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we had said that for systems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we had said that for systems with
+corresponding amounts of phase margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding amounts of phase margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding amounts of phase margin
+the speed of response should scale just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of response should scale just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of response should scale just
+about directly with the crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about directly with the crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about directly with the crossover
+frequency furthermore there should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency furthermore there should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency furthermore there should be a
+very nearly one: one correspondence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nearly one: one correspondence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nearly one: one correspondence
+between phase margin and any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between phase margin and any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between phase margin and any other
+measures of relative stability the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of relative stability the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of relative stability the
+unfortunate part here is that we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate part here is that we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate part here is that we find
+out that in the lag compensated system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that in the lag compensated system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that in the lag compensated system
+we get a little bit more overshoot than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a little bit more overshoot than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a little bit more overshoot than
+we do with a lead compensated system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do with a lead compensated system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do with a lead compensated system
+furthermore there's roughly a 3:1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore there's roughly a 3:1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore there's roughly a 3:1
+difference in speed of response the lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in speed of response the lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in speed of response the lag
+compensated system being a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated system being a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated system being a factor of
+about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three
+slower whereas there's roughly a 4:1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower whereas there's roughly a 4:1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower whereas there's roughly a 4:1
+ratio uh in crossover frequencies and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio uh in crossover frequencies and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio uh in crossover frequencies and so
+that's a little bit bothersome here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit bothersome here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit bothersome here
+there's there's a very nearly 4 to1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a very nearly 4 to1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a very nearly 4 to1
+ratio in crossover frequencies actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio in crossover frequencies actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio in crossover frequencies actually
+a little less than a 3:1 ratio in speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little less than a 3:1 ratio in speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little less than a 3:1 ratio in speed
+of response that's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of response that's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of response that's a little bit
+disturbing the the uh it'd be nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing the the uh it'd be nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing the the uh it'd be nice to
+sort of sweep this under the rug and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sweep this under the rug and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sweep this under the rug and
+Mumble experimental error but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mumble experimental error but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mumble experimental error but it's
+really not that it's more fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not that it's more fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not that it's more fundamental
+than that uh when we use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that uh when we use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that uh when we use these
+estimators of system performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators of system performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators of system performance
+remember we were really comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we were really comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we were really comparing
+systems that had frequency independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that had frequency independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that had frequency independent
+feedback pads unfortunately we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback pads unfortunately we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback pads unfortunately we're not
+able to do that in the case of the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that in the case of the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that in the case of the lead
+compensated system the physical reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated system the physical reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated system the physical reality
+the the constraints that the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the constraints that the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the constraints that the system
+placed on us were such that we were only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on us were such that we were only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on us were such that we were only
+able to get lead compensation if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get lead compensation if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get lead compensation if we were
+willing to take it in the feedback pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to take it in the feedback pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to take it in the feedback pack
+well you can sort of argue the effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can sort of argue the effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can sort of argue the effects
+of that if uh we had in general if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that if uh we had in general if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that if uh we had in general if we
+have a feedback system with very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a feedback system with very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a feedback system with very large
+loop transmission magnitude the closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transmission magnitude the closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transmission magnitude the closed
+loop gain tends to go to the reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop gain tends to go to the reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop gain tends to go to the reciprocal
+of the feedback path here we have a lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the feedback path here we have a lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the feedback path here we have a lead
+Network a network that's highpass in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network a network that's highpass in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network a network that's highpass in
+nature in the feedback path that tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature in the feedback path that tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature in the feedback path that tends
+to make the forward the ideal Clos Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the forward the ideal Clos Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the forward the ideal Clos Loop
+gain Bel low pass in nature and so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain Bel low pass in nature and so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain Bel low pass in nature and so as
+opposed to a system that had a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a system that had a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a system that had a frequency
+independent feedback path but the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent feedback path but the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent feedback path but the same
+lead transfer function somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead transfer function somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead transfer function somewhere in the
+loop in particular in the forward path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop in particular in the forward path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop in particular in the forward path
+we'd anticipate that applying the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd anticipate that applying the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd anticipate that applying the lead
+compensation in the in the feedback path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation in the in the feedback path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation in the in the feedback path
+would tend to slow up the response a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tend to slow up the response a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tend to slow up the response a
+little bit tend to push down the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit tend to push down the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit tend to push down the peak
+overshoot be a little bit low pass in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshoot be a little bit low pass in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshoot be a little bit low pass in
+nature in reality uh we don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature in reality uh we don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature in reality uh we don't have a
+large loop transmission magnitude at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large loop transmission magnitude at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large loop transmission magnitude at the
+frequency where the lead network uh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency where the lead network uh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency where the lead network uh has
+other than than flat response so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than than flat response so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than than flat response so we
+don't get a pronounced effect that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get a pronounced effect that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get a pronounced effect that way
+but that's the effect that tends to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the effect that tends to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the effect that tends to push
+down the peak a little bit and tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the peak a little bit and tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the peak a little bit and tends to
+slow up the lead compensated response a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow up the lead compensated response a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow up the lead compensated response a
+little bit so that the ratio of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so that the ratio of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so that the ratio of of
+response or rise times uh isn't directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response or rise times uh isn't directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response or rise times uh isn't directly
+equal to the ratio of crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the ratio of crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the ratio of crossover
+frequencies while I didn't allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies while I didn't allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies while I didn't allow us to
+place the lead transfer function in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the lead transfer function in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the lead transfer function in the
+forward path by my original statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward path by my original statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward path by my original statement of
+the problem our our little amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem our our little amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem our our little amplifier
+here allows us to take some Liberties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here allows us to take some Liberties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here allows us to take some Liberties
+that exceed those in the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exceed those in the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exceed those in the problem
+statement and so let me go back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and so let me go back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and so let me go back to our
+first of all our original uncompensated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all our original uncompensated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all our original uncompensated
+case which is this and now let me look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case which is this and now let me look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case which is this and now let me look
+at another point in the amplifier which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at another point in the amplifier which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at another point in the amplifier which
+will allow me to place the lead Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow me to place the lead Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow me to place the lead Network
+in the forward path and the hope is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the forward path and the hope is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the forward path and the hope is that
+by doing this uh we'll be able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing this uh we'll be able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing this uh we'll be able to get
+better correspondence between the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better correspondence between the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better correspondence between the lead
+and the lag compensated case so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lag compensated case so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lag compensated case so let me
+as I say do something which was is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I say do something which was is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I say do something which was is
+really prohibited by my original problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really prohibited by my original problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really prohibited by my original problem
+statement but uh I include it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement but uh I include it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement but uh I include it in the
+experimental setup to convince you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental setup to convince you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental setup to convince you that
+uh this method really does give us good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this method really does give us good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this method really does give us good
+results there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results there is the
+result of applying lead compensation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of applying lead compensation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of applying lead compensation in
+the forward path to the same a ofs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward path to the same a ofs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward path to the same a ofs so
+now all we've done is is put a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all we've done is is put a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all we've done is is put a block
+that's the lead transfer function in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the lead transfer function in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the lead transfer function in the
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+path um when we do that we first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path um when we do that we first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path um when we do that we first of all
+note that we get about 20% overshoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that we get about 20% overshoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that we get about 20% overshoot
+from our step response so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our step response so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our step response so now we have
+the P not that's the same as the lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P not that's the same as the lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P not that's the same as the lag
+compensated case we anticipate that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated case we anticipate that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated case we anticipate that that
+should be true in that these systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be true in that these systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be true in that these systems
+have identical phase margins or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have identical phase margins or as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have identical phase margins or as
+nearly identical as I could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly identical as I could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly identical as I could make
+them uh if we measure the uh response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh if we measure the uh response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh if we measure the uh response
+the rise time well let's see here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rise time well let's see here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rise time well let's see here we're
+at 50 micros seconds per division let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 50 micros seconds per division let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 50 micros seconds per division let me
+just move things around a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just move things around a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just move things around a little bit and
+we see now that we have just about a 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see now that we have just about a 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see now that we have just about a 50
+microc rise time so if we take lead in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microc rise time so if we take lead in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microc rise time so if we take lead in
+the forward path path with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward path path with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward path path with the same
+parameters as we used in our previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters as we used in our previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters as we used in our previously
+determined lead example so that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined lead example so that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined lead example so that we're
+comparing comparable systems and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing comparable systems and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing comparable systems and in
+particular a z of 2.5 * 10 4 radians per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a z of 2.5 * 10 4 radians per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a z of 2.5 * 10 4 radians per
+second an alpha of 10 we of course get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second an alpha of 10 we of course get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second an alpha of 10 we of course get
+Crossover at exactly the same value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossover at exactly the same value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossover at exactly the same value the
+same value of phase margin those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same value of phase margin those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same value of phase margin those
+quantities are dependent on the AF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities are dependent on the AF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities are dependent on the AF
+product not the way a and not the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product not the way a and not the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product not the way a and not the way
+the Dynamics are distributed between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics are distributed between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics are distributed between a
+and F uh and we in fact get a peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F uh and we in fact get a peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F uh and we in fact get a peak
+overshoot 1.2 times the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshoot 1.2 times the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshoot 1.2 times the amplitude of the
+step and we get a rise time of about 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and we get a rise time of about 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and we get a rise time of about 50
+micros seconds the important thing is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micros seconds the important thing is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micros seconds the important thing is we
+get the same overshoot virtually as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same overshoot virtually as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same overshoot virtually as the
+lag compensated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag compensated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag compensated
+case we hope that's true or if what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we hope that's true or if what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we hope that's true or if what I've
+been telling you is true that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been telling you is true that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been telling you is true that should be
+so because we have the same phase margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because we have the same phase margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because we have the same phase margin
+in the two cases furthermore there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the two cases furthermore there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the two cases furthermore there's a
+4:1 ratio about in in Rise time time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4:1 ratio about in in Rise time time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4:1 ratio about in in Rise time time and
+that's just about the same ratio as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just about the same ratio as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just about the same ratio as the
+crossover frequencies so all of that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover frequencies so all of that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover frequencies so all of that uh
+hangs together and again reinforces my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangs together and again reinforces my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangs together and again reinforces my
+contention that we're able to make very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contention that we're able to make very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contention that we're able to make very
+very good predictions of behavior based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good predictions of behavior based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good predictions of behavior based
+on things like crossover frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on things like crossover frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on things like crossover frequency and
+phase margin that are very very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase margin that are very very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase margin that are very very easy to
+evaluate via the kinds of graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate via the kinds of graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate via the kinds of graphical
+manipulations that we we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations that we we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations that we we've been
+doing let's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing let's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing let's very
+quickly uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh just
+compare the magnitude portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the magnitude portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the magnitude portion of the
+loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop
+transmission uh first for the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission uh first for the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission uh first for the lead
+compensated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated
+case the lag compensated case so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the lag compensated case so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the lag compensated case so that we
+see the difference in desensitivity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the difference in desensitivity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the difference in desensitivity the
+desensitivity of those two systems being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desensitivity of those two systems being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desensitivity of those two systems being
+identical up to this frequency and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical up to this frequency and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical up to this frequency and then
+departing of course uh reduced a f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departing of course uh reduced a f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departing of course uh reduced a f
+pushing the whole curve down where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing the whole curve down where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing the whole curve down where we
+lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose
+desensitivity at all frequencies and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desensitivity at all frequencies and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desensitivity at all frequencies and a
+lowered first Pole where we again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered first Pole where we again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered first Pole where we again uh
+lose desensitivity over a very wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose desensitivity over a very wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose desensitivity over a very wide
+range of frequencies we didn't do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of frequencies we didn't do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of frequencies we didn't do these
+experimentally we certainly could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally we certainly could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally we certainly could have
+reduced a fnot had we cared to we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced a fnot had we cared to we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced a fnot had we cared to we could
+have lowered the first pole effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lowered the first pole effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lowered the first pole effectively
+as an extreme case of of lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an extreme case of of lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an extreme case of of lag
+compensation uh so the this would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation uh so the this would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation uh so the this would have
+been a a possibility uh uh as an extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a a possibility uh uh as an extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a a possibility uh uh as an extreme
+case of lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of lag
+compensation we didn't do those but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation we didn't do those but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation we didn't do those but uh
+we can at least see the effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can at least see the effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can at least see the effect on
+sensitivity had we performed those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity had we performed those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity had we performed those
+experiments as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments as
+well uh let me also look at the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh let me also look at the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh let me also look at the picture
+from a root Locust Point of View here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a root Locust Point of View here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a root Locust Point of View here's
+the uncompensated system and in our for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncompensated system and in our for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncompensated system and in our for
+our particular numbers we'd be out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our particular numbers we'd be out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our particular numbers we'd be out here
+somewhere we uh had very low damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere we uh had very low damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere we uh had very low damping
+ratio a considerable amount of overshoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio a considerable amount of overshoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio a considerable amount of overshoot
+so for the particular numbers we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the particular numbers we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the particular numbers we used
+uncompensated as I say we we'd have sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated as I say we we'd have sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated as I say we we'd have sort
+of this situation for the dominant pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this situation for the dominant pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this situation for the dominant pole
+pair the way lead compensation improves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair the way lead compensation improves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair the way lead compensation improves
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+situation is uh in the following way uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is uh in the following way uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is uh in the following way uh
+here we add an additional zero in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we add an additional zero in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we add an additional zero in our
+case it comes relatively at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it comes relatively at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it comes relatively at this
+location uh somewhere above the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location uh somewhere above the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location uh somewhere above the first
+pole in the in af ofs and another poll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole in the in af ofs and another poll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole in the in af ofs and another poll
+associated with the lead network uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the lead network uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the lead network uh the
+net effect of course is to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net effect of course is to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net effect of course is to have this
+Branch go to the right terminate on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch go to the right terminate on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch go to the right terminate on this
+zero uh since this is a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh since this is a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh since this is a situation where
+we can use the average distance rule we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the average distance rule we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the average distance rule we
+have three more poles than zeros what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three more poles than zeros what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three more poles than zeros what it
+tells us is that this dominant pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us is that this dominant pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us is that this dominant pair of
+branches has to move back a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches has to move back a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches has to move back a little
+bit before it eventually heads over into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit before it eventually heads over into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit before it eventually heads over into
+the right half of the S plane and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right half of the S plane and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right half of the S plane and if we
+keep track of that we find out basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of that we find out basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of that we find out basically
+that we can tolerate considerably larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can tolerate considerably larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can tolerate considerably larger
+values of a fnot before we get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a fnot before we get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a fnot before we get to a
+given damping ratio for the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given damping ratio for the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given damping ratio for the dominant
+pole pair so here uh in our particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole pair so here uh in our particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole pair so here uh in our particular
+system if if we kept track of how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if if we kept track of how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if if we kept track of how far
+out on the the root Locus diagram we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the the root Locus diagram we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the the root Locus diagram we had
+gone we'd find out that we get the much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone we'd find out that we get the much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone we'd find out that we get the much
+better damping ratio with a lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better damping ratio with a lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better damping ratio with a lead
+compensated case than with the lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated case than with the lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated case than with the lag
+compensated case or I'm sorry with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated case or I'm sorry with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated case or I'm sorry with the
+uncompensated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case the lag compensated system looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the lag compensated system looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the lag compensated system looks
+like this we have the pole at 1 radian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this we have the pole at 1 radian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this we have the pole at 1 radian
+per second the pole at 10 4th 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second the pole at 10 4th 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second the pole at 10 4th 10 to the
+5ifth those are the ones associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5ifth those are the ones associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5ifth those are the ones associated with
+a of s and we have the uh Pole Z doublet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of s and we have the uh Pole Z doublet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of s and we have the uh Pole Z doublet
+associated with the lag here's the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the lag here's the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the lag here's the pole
+of the lag transfer function here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lag transfer function here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lag transfer function here's the
+zero at 670 radians per second we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at 670 radians per second we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at 670 radians per second we do the
+root Locust diagram these two branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Locust diagram these two branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Locust diagram these two branches
+come together circle around one branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together circle around one branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together circle around one branch
+heads toward this zero one out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads toward this zero one out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads toward this zero one out here
+which joins this Branch they then spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which joins this Branch they then spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which joins this Branch they then spread
+off and the pattern out in here looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and the pattern out in here looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and the pattern out in here looks
+very very much like the uncompensated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very much like the uncompensated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very much like the uncompensated
+case uh however if we kept track of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh however if we kept track of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh however if we kept track of a
+fnot necessary to get out to a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fnot necessary to get out to a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fnot necessary to get out to a given
+damping ratio we'd find out that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping ratio we'd find out that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping ratio we'd find out that we
+could tolerate considerably more a fnot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tolerate considerably more a fnot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tolerate considerably more a fnot
+in the lag compensated case than in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lag compensated case than in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lag compensated case than in the
+uncompensated case in fact about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated case in fact about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated case in fact about a
+factor of 6.2 greater a f equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 6.2 greater a f equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 6.2 greater a f equal to the
+alpha of the network that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha of the network that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha of the network that we
+used let me finish up by just making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used let me finish up by just making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used let me finish up by just making a
+couple of statements uh comparing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of statements uh comparing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of statements uh comparing the
+various kinds of compensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of compensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of compensation
+we found in this particular example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found in this particular example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found in this particular example
+anyway that we got by far the widest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that we got by far the widest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that we got by far the widest
+bandwidth out of lead compensation when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth out of lead compensation when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth out of lead compensation when
+we applied the if we compare lead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we applied the if we compare lead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we applied the if we compare lead and
+lag compensation we got by far the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag compensation we got by far the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag compensation we got by far the
+widest bandwidth out of the lead kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widest bandwidth out of the lead kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widest bandwidth out of the lead kind of
+compensation and that might tend to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation and that might tend to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation and that might tend to make
+us believe that lead compensation must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us believe that lead compensation must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us believe that lead compensation must
+be good we can get comparable stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good we can get comparable stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good we can get comparable stability
+to that that we achieved with a lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that that we achieved with a lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that that we achieved with a lag
+compensator and yet we get considerably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensator and yet we get considerably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensator and yet we get considerably
+wider bandwidth someone somehow we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider bandwidth someone somehow we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider bandwidth someone somehow we we
+tend to have a feeling that maybe more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to have a feeling that maybe more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to have a feeling that maybe more
+is better in the case of bandwidth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better in the case of bandwidth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better in the case of bandwidth but
+that's not really true um I think any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really true um I think any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really true um I think any of
+you who have worked with digital systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who have worked with digital systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who have worked with digital systems
+recognize that anybody who solves sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that anybody who solves sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that anybody who solves sort
+of TTL kinds of problems with a M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of TTL kinds of problems with a M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of TTL kinds of problems with a M
+coupled logic deserves all the trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled logic deserves all the trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled logic deserves all the trouble
+he gets and and the reason for that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets and and the reason for that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets and and the reason for that is
+just that high-speed signals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that high-speed signals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that high-speed signals are
+difficult to deal with parasitics become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to deal with parasitics become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to deal with parasitics become
+more important that's certainly true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important that's certainly true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important that's certainly true in
+the case of of logic design it's equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of of logic design it's equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of of logic design it's equally
+true in in the case of analog design you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in in the case of analog design you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in in the case of analog design you
+really ought to design systems for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ought to design systems for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ought to design systems for the
+minimum bandwidth that yield accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum bandwidth that yield accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum bandwidth that yield accept
+acceptable performance rather than feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable performance rather than feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable performance rather than feel
+that more is always better if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more is always better if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more is always better if you're
+Building high-fi Systems bandwidth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building high-fi Systems bandwidth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building high-fi Systems bandwidth and
+much an excess of 20 khz helps dogs but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much an excess of 20 khz helps dogs but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much an excess of 20 khz helps dogs but
+not people and and so we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not people and and so we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not people and and so we don't really
+try to design for ultrawide bandwidth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to design for ultrawide bandwidth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to design for ultrawide bandwidth in
+in high five systems because the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high five systems because the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high five systems because the year
+doesn't respond to anything beyond 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't respond to anything beyond 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't respond to anything beyond 20
+khz and there's no real need to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+khz and there's no real need to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+khz and there's no real need to do it
+all we do is get into trouble so fine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we do is get into trouble so fine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we do is get into trouble so fine if
+in many systems we find that lead type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many systems we find that lead type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many systems we find that lead type
+compensation does result in increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation does result in increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation does result in increased
+bandwidth and sometimes we need it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth and sometimes we need it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth and sometimes we need it and
+in those cases we ought to try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those cases we ought to try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those cases we ought to try to get
+the most bandwidth we can of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most bandwidth we can of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most bandwidth we can of times
+resulting in lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting in lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting in lead
+compensation but in other systems we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation but in other systems we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation but in other systems we
+can't take advantage of of the or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't take advantage of of the or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't take advantage of of the or we
+can't really use the additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really use the additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really use the additional
+bandwidth we just get ourselves into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth we just get ourselves into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth we just get ourselves into
+trouble uh furthermore there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble uh furthermore there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble uh furthermore there are some
+systems where certain kinds of fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems where certain kinds of fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems where certain kinds of fixed
+elements where lead really doesn't help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements where lead really doesn't help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements where lead really doesn't help
+for example consider what happens if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example consider what happens if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example consider what happens if we
+have a system with a pure time delay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system with a pure time delay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system with a pure time delay in
+it a time delay has a transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a time delay has a transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a time delay has a transfer function
+e the minus St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e the minus St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e the minus St
+and that gives us negative phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives us negative phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives us negative phase shift
+at all frequencies in fact as we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all frequencies in fact as we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all frequencies in fact as we go to
+progressively higher fa frequencies we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively higher fa frequencies we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively higher fa frequencies we
+get unlimited negative phase shift out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get unlimited negative phase shift out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get unlimited negative phase shift out
+of a a pure time delay well the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a pure time delay well the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a pure time delay well the lead
+Network that can give us at most 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network that can give us at most 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network that can give us at most 90
+degrees of phase shift for incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of phase shift for incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of phase shift for incredible
+spread between the pole and zero really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread between the pole and zero really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread between the pole and zero really
+can't help very much to offset the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't help very much to offset the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't help very much to offset the
+unlimited negative phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited negative phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited negative phase shift
+associated with a time delay the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a time delay the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a time delay the only
+thing we can do to compensate A system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we can do to compensate A system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we can do to compensate A system
+that includes a pure time delay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes a pure time delay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes a pure time delay is
+effectively lag compensation or dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively lag compensation or dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively lag compensation or dominant
+pole compensation because we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole compensation because we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole compensation because we're really
+not able to make up for the very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not able to make up for the very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not able to make up for the very very
+large negative phase shift associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large negative phase shift associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large negative phase shift associated
+with that type of a transfer function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that type of a transfer function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that type of a transfer function so
+there are certainly transfer functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certainly transfer functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certainly transfer functions
+fixed element transfer functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed element transfer functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed element transfer functions that
+don't lend themselves very well to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't lend themselves very well to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't lend themselves very well to the
+application of lead compensation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of lead compensation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of lead compensation and
+there are other transfer functions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other transfer functions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other transfer functions where
+you get into at least more trouble than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get into at least more trouble than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get into at least more trouble than
+than you would otherwise if you use lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you would otherwise if you use lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you would otherwise if you use lead
+compensation so I think the the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation so I think the the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation so I think the the message
+to remember there is lead is fine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember there is lead is fine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember there is lead is fine in
+cases where it's applicable and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where it's applicable and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where it's applicable and where
+you really need the bandwidth otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really need the bandwidth otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really need the bandwidth otherwise
+maybe alternatives are are in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe alternatives are are in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe alternatives are are in order
+thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/N6AbhOVLB9s.txt b/N6AbhOVLB9s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..344c50a119b8eee5a538cba81a9f9776636581a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/N6AbhOVLB9s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7971 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yes so he has said light will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes so he has said light will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes so he has said light will be
+thrown on the origin of man and uh his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown on the origin of man and uh his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown on the origin of man and uh his
+history at the end of uh Origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history at the end of uh Origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history at the end of uh Origin of
+Species so um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Species so um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Species so um this is
+a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a
+note that uh reflects as we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that uh reflects as we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that uh reflects as we know
+Darwin's desire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's desire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's desire
+in uh the Origin of Species not to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh the Origin of Species not to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh the Origin of Species not to get
+into the complex questions of humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the complex questions of humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the complex questions of humans
+because humans are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because humans are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because humans are
+so embedded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so embedded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so embedded in
+culture and complex self-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and complex self-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and complex self-
+reference um that to get into that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference um that to get into that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference um that to get into that kind
+of a discussion when he's really trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a discussion when he's really trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a discussion when he's really trying
+to make the in some sense deeper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the in some sense deeper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the in some sense deeper and
+more profound point of the origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more profound point of the origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more profound point of the origin of
+life life forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life life forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life life forms
+uh would just be a needless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh would just be a needless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh would just be a needless
+distraction and so U he stayed he stayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distraction and so U he stayed he stayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distraction and so U he stayed he stayed
+quite clear of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite clear of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite clear of it
+um so how did Darwin form his views of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how did Darwin form his views of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how did Darwin form his views of
+humans and where did he get his uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and where did he get his uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and where did he get his uh what
+what what were the elements of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what were the elements of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what were the elements of his
+experience that uh in that may have fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that uh in that may have fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that uh in that may have fed
+into his thinking and U certainly of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into his thinking and U certainly of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into his thinking and U certainly of of
+primary importance was his his great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary importance was his his great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary importance was his his great
+Voyage The Voyage of the beagle because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voyage The Voyage of the beagle because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voyage The Voyage of the beagle because
+on this Voyage uh he gathered incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this Voyage uh he gathered incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this Voyage uh he gathered incredible
+amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of
+information uh all sort of summarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh all sort of summarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh all sort of summarized
+and and organized and uh given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and organized and uh given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and organized and uh given a
+narrative in his uh Journal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative in his uh Journal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative in his uh Journal of
+researches or Voyage of the beagle as is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researches or Voyage of the beagle as is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researches or Voyage of the beagle as is
+popularly called and in that work he uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularly called and in that work he uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularly called and in that work he uh
+he has many comments on humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has many comments on humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has many comments on humans
+he was fascinated with the people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was fascinated with the people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was fascinated with the people that
+he he encountered and you know he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he encountered and you know he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he encountered and you know he's a
+19th century Englishman so he's not used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century Englishman so he's not used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century Englishman so he's not used
+to seeing uh people in nature in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seeing uh people in nature in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seeing uh people in nature in other
+cultures so yeah he was he was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures so yeah he was he was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures so yeah he was he was pretty
+floored and you can see it in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floored and you can see it in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floored and you can see it in his
+language I could not have believed how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language I could not have believed how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language I could not have believed how
+wide was the difference between Savage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide was the difference between Savage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide was the difference between Savage
+and civilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and civilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and civilized
+man it is greater than between a wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man it is greater than between a wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man it is greater than between a wild
+and domesticated anim animal in as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and domesticated anim animal in as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and domesticated anim animal in as much
+as in man there is a greater power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in man there is a greater power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in man there is a greater power of
+improvement how does that strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement how does that strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement how does that strike
+you comment yeah CLA I was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you comment yeah CLA I was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you comment yeah CLA I was kind of
+wondering like what his position was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering like what his position was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering like what his position was
+looking at different races and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at different races and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at different races and like
+because he was talking at one point um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was talking at one point um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was talking at one point um I
+think about the ability to Twitch your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the ability to Twitch your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the ability to Twitch your
+skin on your skull and he said like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin on your skull and he said like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin on your skull and he said like
+people of Darker skin seem to have even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of Darker skin seem to have even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of Darker skin seem to have even
+more of an ability to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of an ability to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of an ability to do that
+than like than white people and yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like than white people and yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like than white people and yeah I
+know he made some comments about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he made some comments about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he made some comments about like
+Negroes and I didn't know what his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Negroes and I didn't know what his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Negroes and I didn't know what his
+position was there whether he like sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position was there whether he like sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position was there whether he like sees
+us as one species back then or he like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us as one species back then or he like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us as one species back then or he like I
+don't I don't know is he a racist is Dar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't know is he a racist is Dar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't know is he a racist is Dar
+a racist I mean this is a this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a racist I mean this is a this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a racist I mean this is a this is a
+discussed question yeah uh but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed question yeah uh but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed question yeah uh but uh
+certainly as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly as far as
+humans uh and the different races of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans uh and the different races of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans uh and the different races of
+humans as distinct species definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans as distinct species definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans as distinct species definitely
+not I mean uh you know this is I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I mean uh you know this is I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I mean uh you know this is I mean
+it's a much larger book than we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a much larger book than we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a much larger book than we had
+chance to read uh fully for for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to read uh fully for for this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to read uh fully for for this one
+class that we have on it but um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that we have on it but um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that we have on it but um there's
+uh an extensive discussion on race and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an extensive discussion on race and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an extensive discussion on race and
+yeah his uh is there like a chap yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah his uh is there like a chap yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah his uh is there like a chap yeah
+yeah his uh the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah his uh the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah his uh the main
+chapter which he uh goes through uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter which he uh goes through uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter which he uh goes through uh all
+the the issues is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the issues is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the issues is
+um chapter 4 I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um chapter 4 I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um chapter 4 I think it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um let's see oh I'm sorry chapter 7 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see oh I'm sorry chapter 7 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see oh I'm sorry chapter 7 uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um oh yeah on the racism yeah so he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh yeah on the racism yeah so he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh yeah on the racism yeah so he has
+a whole uh he has a whole dis discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole uh he has a whole dis discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole uh he has a whole dis discussion
+there on on race and I'll say a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on on race and I'll say a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on on race and I'll say a few
+things about it uh as as we go along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about it uh as as we go along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about it uh as as we go along
+here but you can see in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but you can see in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but you can see in the language
+that um he is uh you know he's he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um he is uh you know he's he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um he is uh you know he's he's
+amazed I mean this is not something he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazed I mean this is not something he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazed I mean this is not something he
+he expected to see uh people in in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he expected to see uh people in in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he expected to see uh people in in in a
+natural environment who were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural environment who were uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural environment who were uh
+really less developed than what he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really less developed than what he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really less developed than what he was
+familiar with from his British Uprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with from his British Uprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with from his British Uprising
+upbringing and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upbringing and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upbringing and uh
+so he he has many passages in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he he has many passages in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he he has many passages in the in the
+Voyage of the beagle where he sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voyage of the beagle where he sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voyage of the beagle where he sort of
+speculates and and describes these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculates and and describes these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculates and and describes these uh
+various people um and this this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various people um and this this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various people um and this this other
+section here in another harbor not far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section here in another harbor not far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section here in another harbor not far
+distant a woman who was suckling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant a woman who was suckling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant a woman who was suckling a
+recently born child came one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently born child came one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently born child came one day
+alongside the vessel and remained there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alongside the vessel and remained there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alongside the vessel and remained there
+out of mere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of mere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of mere
+curiosity whilst his sleep fell and Tha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity whilst his sleep fell and Tha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity whilst his sleep fell and Tha
+on her naked bosom and on the skin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on her naked bosom and on the skin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on her naked bosom and on the skin of
+her naked baby these poor wretches were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her naked baby these poor wretches were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her naked baby these poor wretches were
+stunted in their growth their hideous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunted in their growth their hideous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunted in their growth their hideous
+faces B dobbed with white paint their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces B dobbed with white paint their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces B dobbed with white paint their
+Skin's filthy and greasy their hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skin's filthy and greasy their hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skin's filthy and greasy their hair
+entangled uh this isn't what we would uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled uh this isn't what we would uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled uh this isn't what we would uh
+expect of uh you know somebody who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect of uh you know somebody who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect of uh you know somebody who was
+uh uh familiar with these scenes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh familiar with these scenes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh familiar with these scenes so
+obviously this is very surprising um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this is very surprising um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this is very surprising um and
+their gestures violent viewing such men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their gestures violent viewing such men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their gestures violent viewing such men
+one can hardly make oneself believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can hardly make oneself believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can hardly make oneself believe that
+they are fellow creatures inhabitants of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are fellow creatures inhabitants of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are fellow creatures inhabitants of
+the same world yeah Devon I want to slap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same world yeah Devon I want to slap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same world yeah Devon I want to slap
+across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+like I mean I think understandable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean I think understandable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean I think understandable for
+you know his time period but really man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know his time period but really man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know his time period but really man
+you got to get it together because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to get it together because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to get it together because
+what's the name of this particular group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the name of this particular group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the name of this particular group
+of what's how you pronounce that fian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's how you pronounce that fian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's how you pronounce that fian
+yeah so I was doing a little background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I was doing a little background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I was doing a little background
+reading on them and apparently they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading on them and apparently they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading on them and apparently they've
+got a creationist story involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a creationist story involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a creationist story involving
+humming birds and the notion that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humming birds and the notion that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humming birds and the notion that and
+you know what the important thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the important thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the important thing about
+those people is that they have language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people is that they have language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people is that they have language
+and they have culture absolutely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have culture absolutely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have culture absolutely and
+that at least at least with the creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least at least with the creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least at least with the creation
+story they have they can point to a God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story they have they can point to a God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story they have they can point to a God
+as it's flying around as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's flying around as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's flying around as opposed to
+pointing to the sky so it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to the sky so it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to the sky so it's a little
+it's a little frustrating and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little frustrating and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little frustrating and I think
+here Darwin begins to show some of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Darwin begins to show some of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Darwin begins to show some of his
+weaknesses in his indoctrination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaknesses in his indoctrination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaknesses in his indoctrination of
+traditional you know Western philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional you know Western philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional you know Western philosophy
+um yeah which but I don't think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah which but I don't think I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah which but I don't think I think
+it would be hard for anyone in that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be hard for anyone in that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be hard for anyone in that time
+period to kind of I I think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period to kind of I I think I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period to kind of I I think I think
+you're right there there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right there there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right there there are a lot of
+things here Darwin is just not into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here Darwin is just not into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here Darwin is just not into
+that uh space and experience of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh space and experience of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh space and experience of sort of
+understanding you know the context I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding you know the context I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding you know the context I
+mean he's he sees these people as has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean he's he sees these people as has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean he's he sees these people as has
+kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you
+know mammals just like you know the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know mammals just like you know the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know mammals just like you know the way
+he looks at uh the rest of uh the way he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he looks at uh the rest of uh the way he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he looks at uh the rest of uh the way he
+looks at the rest of the natural world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at the rest of the natural world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at the rest of the natural world
+and so he's astonished at the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he's astonished at the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he's astonished at the difference
+but you would have to say this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you would have to say this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you would have to say this was
+probably uh you know pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably uh you know pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably uh you know pretty much
+expected of this time I mean people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected of this time I mean people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected of this time I mean people were
+not used to encountering each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not used to encountering each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not used to encountering each other and
+and Darwin in some ways had the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Darwin in some ways had the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Darwin in some ways had the ability
+to really understand what he was looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really understand what he was looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really understand what he was looking
+at a difference that was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a difference that was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a difference that was pretty
+amazing and this is of course the young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing and this is of course the young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing and this is of course the young
+Darwin just kind of out there into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin just kind of out there into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin just kind of out there into the
+world and you know suddenly seeing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and you know suddenly seeing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and you know suddenly seeing these
+things are just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are just kind of
+overwhelming so I think I think in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming so I think I think in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming so I think I think in some
+sense it's it reflects a deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's it reflects a deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's it reflects a deeper
+understanding of what he's looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what he's looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what he's looking at
+than many people might have uh of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than many people might have uh of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than many people might have uh of his
+time been able to bring so he he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time been able to bring so he he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time been able to bring so he he could
+really so uh but if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so uh but if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so uh but if you look at the
+Martins these are uh these are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martins these are uh these are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martins these are uh these are uh
+paintings that uh uh watercolors that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintings that uh uh watercolors that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintings that uh uh watercolors that uh
+uh Conrad Martins did if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Conrad Martins did if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Conrad Martins did if you look
+closely this guy he's got quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely this guy he's got quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely this guy he's got quite a bit
+there he's got a he's got a Hut he's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he's got a he's got a Hut he's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he's got a he's got a Hut he's got
+a fire in front of it he's got a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fire in front of it he's got a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fire in front of it he's got a a
+Dugout he's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dugout he's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dugout he's got
+Spears he's got uh if you look closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spears he's got uh if you look closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spears he's got uh if you look closely
+he's got a pipe and tobacco he's got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got a pipe and tobacco he's got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got a pipe and tobacco he's got uh
+clothes monkeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes monkeys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes monkeys
+H well that's that's but you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H well that's that's but you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H well that's that's but you know you
+can see they're actually a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see they're actually a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see they're actually a fairly
+complex set of tools and you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex set of tools and you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex set of tools and you know a
+fairly extensive uh um um kit if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly extensive uh um um kit if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly extensive uh um um kit if you
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+for getting food and for protecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for getting food and for protecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for getting food and for protecting
+himself so you know when you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself so you know when you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself so you know when you when you
+reflect on this a bit uh there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on this a bit uh there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on this a bit uh there's a lot
+that's being revealed here that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being revealed here that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being revealed here that shows
+reflects uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects uh uh
+cultural uh Acquisitions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural uh Acquisitions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural uh Acquisitions of
+considerable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable uh
+extent so you know it's it's uh yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent so you know it's it's uh yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent so you know it's it's uh yeah it
+was it was a big surprise to Darwin but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was a big surprise to Darwin but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was a big surprise to Darwin but
+I think uh Darwin to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think uh Darwin to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think uh Darwin to his
+credit also absorb these materials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit also absorb these materials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit also absorb these materials and
+you know as he writes his Descent of Man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as he writes his Descent of Man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as he writes his Descent of Man
+you know this this experience becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this this experience becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this this experience becomes
+much more integrated into his General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more integrated into his General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more integrated into his General
+system of looking at things and uh he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of looking at things and uh he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of looking at things and uh he is
+um well we'll we'll see a few few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well we'll we'll see a few few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well we'll we'll see a few few more
+things so so what's happening at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so so what's happening at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so so what's happening at this
+period uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period uh
+are a lot of different things uh as I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of different things uh as I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of different things uh as I've
+mentioned in some of the some of my past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in some of the some of my past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in some of the some of my past
+uh some of the past classes um there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of the past classes um there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of the past classes um there was
+a lot of quarrying going on for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of quarrying going on for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of quarrying going on for the
+building of U uh uh for buildings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of U uh uh for buildings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of U uh uh for buildings and
+all kinds of other types of structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of other types of structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of other types of structures
+Bridges things of that sort because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridges things of that sort because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridges things of that sort because of
+the development of the time 1800s early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of the time 1800s early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of the time 1800s early
+1800s in England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1800s in England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1800s in England
+were uh the country was expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh the country was expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh the country was expanding
+rapidly there it was it was the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly there it was it was the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly there it was it was the growth
+was uh considerable Railways were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh considerable Railways were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh considerable Railways were being
+built uh cities were Rising uh and so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built uh cities were Rising uh and so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built uh cities were Rising uh and so a
+lot of this led to extensive coring for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this led to extensive coring for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this led to extensive coring for
+the raw materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the raw materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the raw materials
+mining stone making and this all led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining stone making and this all led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining stone making and this all led to
+all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of
+discoveries and uh in um in a limestone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries and uh in um in a limestone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries and uh in um in a limestone
+Quarry site in the valley of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quarry site in the valley of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quarry site in the valley of
+neander um the uh neanderthal remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neander um the uh neanderthal remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neander um the uh neanderthal remains
+were discovered in the summer of 1856
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were discovered in the summer of 1856
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were discovered in the summer of 1856
+this was just one of several such events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was just one of several such events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was just one of several such events
+and uh people began to discover these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh people began to discover these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh people began to discover these uh
+remnants of um very types of human human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnants of um very types of human human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnants of um very types of human human
+remains uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains uh
+and uh one of the works that was written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh one of the works that was written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh one of the works that was written
+at the time by th Huxley was titled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time by th Huxley was titled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time by th Huxley was titled
+man's place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man's place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man's place in
+nature um and in this work he he went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature um and in this work he he went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature um and in this work he he went
+through the discovery of these human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the discovery of these human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the discovery of these human
+remains and he made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains and he made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains and he made
+arguments in which he suggested argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments in which he suggested argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments in which he suggested argued
+that these really were part of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these really were part of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these really were part of the same
+ancestral uh tree of of humans that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestral uh tree of of humans that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestral uh tree of of humans that they
+were just uh more uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just uh more uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just uh more uh they
+were uh forms Affiliated associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh forms Affiliated associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh forms Affiliated associated with
+humans uh back in time uh humans had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans uh back in time uh humans had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans uh back in time uh humans had
+come from branched off from common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from branched off from common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from branched off from common
+ancestors and that these remains uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors and that these remains uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors and that these remains uh
+showed that humans had uh Connections in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that humans had uh Connections in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that humans had uh Connections in
+the natural world in the and in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural world in the and in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural world in the and in the past
+uh there were a number of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there were a number of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there were a number of other
+discoveries as I mentioned uh the Angus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries as I mentioned uh the Angus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries as I mentioned uh the Angus
+skull in Belgium um and uh there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skull in Belgium um and uh there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skull in Belgium um and uh there were
+discoverers discoveries in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoverers discoveries in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoverers discoveries in
+Gibralter uh and so people began to uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibralter uh and so people began to uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibralter uh and so people began to uh a
+lot of scientists especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of scientists especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of scientists especially
+morphologists and comparative Anonymous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphologists and comparative Anonymous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphologists and comparative Anonymous
+began to appreciate that these remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to appreciate that these remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to appreciate that these remains
+really were of human humanoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really were of human humanoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really were of human humanoid
+forms that had were extinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms that had were extinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms that had were extinct
+or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no
+longer uh in existence but that had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer uh in existence but that had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer uh in existence but that had been
+in existence in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in existence in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in existence in the
+past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+um so these these were illustrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so these these were illustrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so these these were illustrations
+from huxley's uh man's place in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from huxley's uh man's place in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from huxley's uh man's place in nature
+um they're a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're a little
+provocative uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provocative uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provocative uh
+but other people like Charles LEL who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other people like Charles LEL who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other people like Charles LEL who
+you remember from the geologist uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember from the geologist uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember from the geologist uh he
+wrote a very important book a big book I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a very important book a big book I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a very important book a big book I
+actually gave gives you a link to it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gave gives you a link to it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gave gives you a link to it I
+don't know if you you have some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you you have some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you you have some time
+when you get some time you can go poke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get some time you can go poke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get some time you can go poke
+around in some of these Works uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in some of these Works uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in some of these Works uh this
+book The Antiquity of man um was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book The Antiquity of man um was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book The Antiquity of man um was
+published in 1863 a very substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in 1863 a very substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in 1863 a very substantial
+work just dealing with u uh findings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work just dealing with u uh findings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work just dealing with u uh findings of
+uh and remains of uh humans from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and remains of uh humans from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and remains of uh humans from the
+various types of objects that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various types of objects that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various types of objects that have been
+found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found
+geologically um to be mixed in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geologically um to be mixed in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geologically um to be mixed in with
+various layers of uh uh ancient geology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various layers of uh uh ancient geology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various layers of uh uh ancient geology
+and of course lyel was very interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course lyel was very interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course lyel was very interested
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+studying you know the strata of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying you know the strata of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying you know the strata of things
+uh he was interested in you know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he was interested in you know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he was interested in you know he
+studied the sides of lakes and he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied the sides of lakes and he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied the sides of lakes and he had a
+whole concept of the change and flux of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole concept of the change and flux of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole concept of the change and flux of
+climate leading to changes in lake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate leading to changes in lake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate leading to changes in lake
+levels and land levels and you know his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and land levels and you know his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and land levels and you know his
+his concept of the world was really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his concept of the world was really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his concept of the world was really a
+sense of uh one of uh uh massive areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of uh one of uh uh massive areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of uh one of uh uh massive areas
+uh in constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in constant
+flux and in that flux many things uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and in that flux many things uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and in that flux many things uh of
+the past uh would be he could be found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past uh would be he could be found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past uh would be he could be found
+in various types of places layers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various types of places layers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various types of places layers and
+strata so here is one case uh in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strata so here is one case uh in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strata so here is one case uh in his
+Antiquity of man um in which uh he talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antiquity of man um in which uh he talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antiquity of man um in which uh he talks
+about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh
+low levels on Lake Zurich in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low levels on Lake Zurich in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low levels on Lake Zurich in
+1854 again a few a few years before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1854 again a few a few years before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1854 again a few a few years before
+Darwin's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's uh
+origin um in which uh a number of uh U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin um in which uh a number of uh U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin um in which uh a number of uh U
+different sites had been exposed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sites had been exposed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sites had been exposed and
+they found these old these old uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found these old these old uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found these old these old uh uh
+Neolithic uh Village implements and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neolithic uh Village implements and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neolithic uh Village implements and so
+forth that showed you know whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth that showed you know whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth that showed you know whole
+communities of people had lived here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities of people had lived here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities of people had lived here and
+the these people lived u in with uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these people lived u in with uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these people lived u in with uh you
+know in a different context LEL being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in a different context LEL being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in a different context LEL being
+the the orderly individual he is uh came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the orderly individual he is uh came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the orderly individual he is uh came
+up with a kind of a language for trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a kind of a language for trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a kind of a language for trying
+to characterize some of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to characterize some of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to characterize some of these uh
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+periods including the U Old Stone Age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods including the U Old Stone Age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods including the U Old Stone Age
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Paleolithic uh and then the Neolithic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paleolithic uh and then the Neolithic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paleolithic uh and then the Neolithic
+and then the Bronze Age and these became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the Bronze Age and these became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the Bronze Age and these became
+large categories for thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large categories for thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large categories for thinking about
+stages in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages in which
+U um in which U humans must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U um in which U humans must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U um in which U humans must have
+existed and that fan that Darin was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed and that fan that Darin was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed and that fan that Darin was
+looking at was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at was you
+know not a Bronze Age that was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not a Bronze Age that was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not a Bronze Age that was not a
+Bronze Age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bronze Age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bronze Age
+culture it was more a uh Neolithic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture it was more a uh Neolithic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture it was more a uh Neolithic uh
+new stone age tools specialized tools uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new stone age tools specialized tools uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new stone age tools specialized tools uh
+but not Advanced metal technologies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not Advanced metal technologies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not Advanced metal technologies and
+things of that sort other thinkers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that sort other thinkers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that sort other thinkers of
+the day were um expanding in the realm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day were um expanding in the realm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day were um expanding in the realm
+of anthropology people were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anthropology people were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anthropology people were actually
+being studied and uh it was becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being studied and uh it was becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being studied and uh it was becoming
+much more uh uh this was a a growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more uh uh this was a a growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more uh uh this was a a growing
+field In Darwin's time uh Edward Tyler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field In Darwin's time uh Edward Tyler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field In Darwin's time uh Edward Tyler
+was just one person there were many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just one person there were many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just one person there were many
+other anthropologists and he he U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other anthropologists and he he U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other anthropologists and he he U
+published a work called primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a work called primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a work called primitive
+culture in 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture in 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture in 18
+71 uh this is uh the same year as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71 uh this is uh the same year as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71 uh this is uh the same year as
+starman's origin in which you know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starman's origin in which you know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starman's origin in which you know he
+pretty much argued that all people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much argued that all people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much argued that all people have
+culture I mean and all cultures are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture I mean and all cultures are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture I mean and all cultures are in
+some sense modern in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense modern in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense modern in the sense that
+they're all of the current time um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all of the current time um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all of the current time um and
+uh he also argued that there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he also argued that there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he also argued that there were
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+persistent behaviors and Trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent behaviors and Trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent behaviors and Trends
+throughout all cultures and he he so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout all cultures and he he so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout all cultures and he he so he
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+um definitely had a a a comparativist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um definitely had a a a comparativist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um definitely had a a a comparativist
+approach to culture and mythology just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to culture and mythology just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to culture and mythology just
+you know he could he could see that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he could he could see that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he could he could see that uh
+all different all different cultures had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different all different cultures had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different all different cultures had
+some kind of Mythology that they uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of Mythology that they uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of Mythology that they uh at
+the center and in some sense his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center and in some sense his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center and in some sense his own
+included that you know there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included that you know there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included that you know there was a
+mythology associated with uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology associated with uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology associated with uh uh
+Christianity um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christianity um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christianity um
+he pretty much took a approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he pretty much took a approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he pretty much took a approach
+consistent with what Darwin takes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with what Darwin takes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with what Darwin takes and
+the uh Descent of Man that culture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Descent of Man that culture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Descent of Man that culture is
+adaptive having a culture is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive having a culture is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive having a culture is a big
+Advantage what are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage what are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage what are some of the
+advantages of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture
+Jake excuse me obviously uh support of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jake excuse me obviously uh support of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jake excuse me obviously uh support of
+all the people around you you're not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the people around you you're not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the people around you you're not on
+your own you don't have to if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own you don't have to if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own you don't have to if
+you I mean this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I mean this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I mean this is kind of
+a not the greatest example but like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a not the greatest example but like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a not the greatest example but like if
+you break your foot I can't go hunting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you break your foot I can't go hunting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you break your foot I can't go hunting
+but I could rely on my neighbor to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I could rely on my neighbor to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I could rely on my neighbor to say
+can you buy me some food oras if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you buy me some food oras if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you buy me some food oras if it's
+way like one when it was just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way like one when it was just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way like one when it was just like
+Hunter G you break your foot well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hunter G you break your foot well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hunter G you break your foot well now
+you're someone El F yeah okay you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're someone El F yeah okay you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're someone El F yeah okay you get to
+avoid becoming part of the food chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid becoming part of the food chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid becoming part of the food chain
+yeah no that that that's certainly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no that that that's certainly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no that that that's certainly I
+mean at at at at a fundamental level um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean at at at at a fundamental level um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean at at at at a fundamental level um
+the value of social networks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of social networks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of social networks is
+incredible yeah also allows pass out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible yeah also allows pass out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible yeah also allows pass out
+more just phal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more just phal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more just phal
+tra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tra
+traditions meths of doing things yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditions meths of doing things yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditions meths of doing things yeah
+these things these Traditions uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things these Traditions uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things these Traditions uh so you
+can pass down adaptation that is takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pass down adaptation that is takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pass down adaptation that is takes
+place outside of the body organisms pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place outside of the body organisms pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place outside of the body organisms pass
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+through uh through uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh through uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh through uh uh
+reproduction whatever they the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction whatever they the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction whatever they the content
+of their being so to speak whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their being so to speak whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their being so to speak whereas
+humans have ways of getting outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans have ways of getting outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans have ways of getting outside of
+that and passing down adaptability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and passing down adaptability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and passing down adaptability
+things that adapt them to their so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that adapt them to their so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that adapt them to their so that
+fian who has a spear probably didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fian who has a spear probably didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fian who has a spear probably didn't
+invent that technology almost certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent that technology almost certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent that technology almost certainly
+didn't but he knows how to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't but he knows how to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't but he knows how to use it
+because he got it from his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he got it from his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he got it from his
+culture so that's a very powerful force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture so that's a very powerful force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture so that's a very powerful force
+yeah education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah education
+education absolutely the the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education absolutely the the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education absolutely the the ability to
+uh pass down very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pass down very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pass down very
+complex Concepts and sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex Concepts and sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex Concepts and sets of
+ideas that uh you know you can begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that uh you know you can begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that uh you know you can begin to
+make use of that artian discipline as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of that artian discipline as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of that artian discipline as
+you begin to accumulate a body of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you begin to accumulate a body of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you begin to accumulate a body of
+knowledge you can you can uh pass that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge you can you can uh pass that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge you can you can uh pass that
+down and people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and people can
+become uh possessors of it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become uh possessors of it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become uh possessors of it through
+education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+Tyler was really he sort of naturalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tyler was really he sort of naturalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tyler was really he sort of naturalized
+he and his his colleagues and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and his his colleagues and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and his his colleagues and other
+people of his time uh like I said he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of his time uh like I said he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of his time uh like I said he
+wasn't working alone but he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't working alone but he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't working alone but he's a
+representative a very representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative a very representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative a very representative
+figure in this uh general movement we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure in this uh general movement we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure in this uh general movement we're
+thinking culture more as a natural thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking culture more as a natural thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking culture more as a natural thing
+you know a natural production whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a natural production whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a natural production whereas
+traditionally culture was more seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally culture was more seen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally culture was more seen as
+you know a kind of a within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a kind of a within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a kind of a within the
+framework of religious humanism that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of religious humanism that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of religious humanism that you
+know culture was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know culture was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know culture was
+somehow a the thing that had come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow a the thing that had come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow a the thing that had come down
+from you know uh in a in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know uh in a in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know uh in a in a in a
+religious sense that it was religiously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious sense that it was religiously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious sense that it was religiously
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+inspired so these were naturalists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired so these were naturalists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired so these were naturalists
+approaches to the whole concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to the whole concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to the whole concept of
+culture it's just everybody has it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture it's just everybody has it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture it's just everybody has it it's
+and you know and even thinking of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know and even thinking of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know and even thinking of it as
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+levels uh you know they all function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels uh you know they all function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels uh you know they all function for
+the people who are part of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are part of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are part of them
+also um Tyler rejected poist arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um Tyler rejected poist arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um Tyler rejected poist arguments
+of the of the day poist arguments were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the day poist arguments were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the day poist arguments were
+that the human races had all been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the human races had all been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the human races had all been
+created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created
+separately that they were different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately that they were different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately that they were different from
+each other he held and argued for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other he held and argued for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other he held and argued for a
+monogynous which argued that all races
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monogynous which argued that all races
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monogynous which argued that all races
+were simply branches of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were simply branches of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were simply branches of the
+same uh you know just branches of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh you know just branches of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh you know just branches of uh
+Homo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Homo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Homo
+Sapien and that um as as far as uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sapien and that um as as far as uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sapien and that um as as far as uh you
+know uh having different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh having different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh having different
+Origins out of the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Origins out of the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Origins out of the question
+just and also he rejected the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and also he rejected the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and also he rejected the notion of
+um uh cultural degeneration you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh cultural degeneration you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh cultural degeneration you know the
+sense that well some people had high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that well some people had high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that well some people had high
+cultures at one time and then they kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures at one time and then they kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures at one time and then they kind
+of degenerated into uh you know into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degenerated into uh you know into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degenerated into uh you know into
+lower existences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower existences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower existences
+lower I mean his his arguments were that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower I mean his his arguments were that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower I mean his his arguments were that
+you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all
+cultures at at the level that they exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures at at the level that they exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures at at the level that they exist
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+functioning um effectively for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning um effectively for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning um effectively for the
+people who are part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are part of
+them um so a a a much more naturalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um so a a a much more naturalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um so a a a much more naturalized
+approach to the human context so Darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to the human context so Darwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to the human context so Darwin
+was part of a a whole series his his his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part of a a whole series his his his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part of a a whole series his his his
+Descent of Man was part of a a a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Descent of Man was part of a a a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Descent of Man was part of a a a whole
+sort of series of discoveries and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of series of discoveries and new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of series of discoveries and new
+fields that had had emerged in this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that had had emerged in this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that had had emerged in this time
+and he was familiar with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was familiar with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was familiar with all
+these he he was widely read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these he he was widely read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these he he was widely read
+so okay so uh we're just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so uh we're just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so uh we're just looking at
+Descent of Man but there is this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Descent of Man but there is this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Descent of Man but there is this other
+section of the book huge uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the book huge uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the book huge uh which is
+selection in relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection in relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection in relation to
+sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex
+um but um it's organized basically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but um it's organized basically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but um it's organized basically in
+the seven chapters and these chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seven chapters and these chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seven chapters and these chapters
+look at various phases uh the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at various phases uh the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at various phases uh the first
+chapter is really uh Works sort of on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter is really uh Works sort of on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter is really uh Works sort of on a
+on a physical basis looking at uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a physical basis looking at uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a physical basis looking at uh a
+number of uh uh aspects of uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh uh aspects of uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh uh aspects of uh that
+humans have in common with other forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans have in common with other forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans have in common with other forms
+of um other mammals um and then he goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um other mammals um and then he goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um other mammals um and then he goes
+through a number of different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a number of different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a number of different types of
+comparative sections I only had you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative sections I only had you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative sections I only had you read
+a a few sections here just Snippets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a few sections here just Snippets so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a few sections here just Snippets so
+um and the the discussion on race is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the the discussion on race is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the the discussion on race is um
+is definitely at the end but um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is definitely at the end but um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is definitely at the end but um I think
+uh it is interesting to sort of just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is interesting to sort of just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is interesting to sort of just go
+back to how he starts with this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to how he starts with this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to how he starts with this because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um it's very characteristic of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's very characteristic of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's very characteristic of his
+thinking the way he start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh he says on U at the first page of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh he says on U at the first page of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh he says on U at the first page of
+of part one he says he who wishes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of part one he says he who wishes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of part one he says he who wishes to
+decide whether man is the modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether man is the modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether man is the modified
+descendant of some preexisting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendant of some preexisting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendant of some preexisting
+form would probably first inquire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form would probably first inquire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form would probably first inquire
+whether man varies however slightly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether man varies however slightly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether man varies however slightly in
+bodily structure and in mental faculties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodily structure and in mental faculties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodily structure and in mental faculties
+so he's looking for that variation does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's looking for that variation does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's looking for that variation does
+variation actually take place in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation actually take place in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation actually take place in humans
+and that that's the pattern he used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's the pattern he used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's the pattern he used in
+his origin is there this thing are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his origin is there this thing are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his origin is there this thing are these
+these forms varying um and if so whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these forms varying um and if so whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these forms varying um and if so whether
+the variations are transmitted to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variations are transmitted to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variations are transmitted to his
+offspring in accordance with the laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offspring in accordance with the laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offspring in accordance with the laws
+which Prevail with the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Prevail with the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Prevail with the lower
+animals so this is this is why he U um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals so this is this is why he U um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals so this is this is why he U um
+he's he's uh so interested in structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's uh so interested in structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's uh so interested in structure
+bone structure and rudiments rudiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone structure and rudiments rudiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone structure and rudiments rudiments
+are very important part of his argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very important part of his argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very important part of his argument
+because he can use these rudiments to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he can use these rudiments to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he can use these rudiments to
+sort of argue these things are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of argue these things are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of argue these things are being
+inherited generation after generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited generation after generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited generation after generation
+yet their functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet their functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet their functions
+are they have no function don't about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they have no function don't about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they have no function don't about
+the ear thing for a long time I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ear thing for a long time I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ear thing for a long time I was
+trying to figure out if I had it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out if I had it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out if I had it is it
+it's inside like on the little pict it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's inside like on the little pict it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's inside like on the little pict it's
+some little Ridge yeah I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some little Ridge yeah I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some little Ridge yeah I I
+I I thinks like before it poked out more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I thinks like before it poked out more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I thinks like before it poked out more
+he gets into a whole series of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets into a whole series of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets into a whole series of kind of
+uh little Little's going on about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh little Little's going on about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh little Little's going on about the
+ear he's he's definitely but as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ear he's he's definitely but as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ear he's he's definitely but as he
+builds up this argument you realize yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds up this argument you realize yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds up this argument you realize yeah
+there's a substantial amount of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a substantial amount of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a substantial amount of material
+there I mean he's he's really looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I mean he's he's really looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I mean he's he's really looked at
+these uh de one thing on the ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh de one thing on the ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh de one thing on the ear
+argument while I agree it went on for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument while I agree it went on for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument while I agree it went on for a
+bit it was a fascinating and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit it was a fascinating and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit it was a fascinating and one of the
+best examples I've ever seen of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best examples I've ever seen of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best examples I've ever seen of the
+interplay between Art and Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interplay between Art and Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interplay between Art and Science
+because he starts that section with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he starts that section with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he starts that section with the
+celebrated sculptor informs me of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrated sculptor informs me of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrated sculptor informs me of a
+little peculiarity external so this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little peculiarity external so this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little peculiarity external so this guy
+this guy was there trying to sculpt a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy was there trying to sculpt a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy was there trying to sculpt a
+picture of what was Puck which I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of what was Puck which I assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of what was Puck which I assume
+was Midsummer Night's Dream and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Midsummer Night's Dream and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Midsummer Night's Dream and he was
+looking at you know how do I make how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at you know how do I make how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at you know how do I make how do
+I make the shape of the ear so pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make the shape of the ear so pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make the shape of the ear so pointed
+and when he went to look at drawings he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when he went to look at drawings he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when he went to look at drawings he
+started noticing that there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started noticing that there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started noticing that there were
+actually points and suddenly an effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually points and suddenly an effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually points and suddenly an effort
+of self-expression suddenly become turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of self-expression suddenly become turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of self-expression suddenly become turns
+into a scientific Endeavor I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a scientific Endeavor I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a scientific Endeavor I just
+thought that was a wonderful kind of CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that was a wonderful kind of CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that was a wonderful kind of CP
+snow like you know two cultures sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow like you know two cultures sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow like you know two cultures sort of
+thing well Darwin Darwin and it's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well Darwin Darwin and it's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well Darwin Darwin and it's also a
+wonderful example of Darwin's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful example of Darwin's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful example of Darwin's kind of
+omnivorous interest yeah he reads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnivorous interest yeah he reads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnivorous interest yeah he reads
+everything and uh he's he's uh he's he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and uh he's he's uh he's he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and uh he's he's uh he's he's
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+encyclopedia of uh reference and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encyclopedia of uh reference and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encyclopedia of uh reference and he
+pulls all sorts of things from letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls all sorts of things from letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls all sorts of things from letters
+that he's letters that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's letters that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's letters that people have
+written them uh articles uh books uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written them uh articles uh books uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written them uh articles uh books uh
+it's amazing how extensive his his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's amazing how extensive his his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's amazing how extensive his his
+knowledge is is he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is is he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is is he's
+accumulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating
+um all right and then he he ask the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right and then he he ask the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right and then he he ask the the
+the next paragraph in the opening is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next paragraph in the opening is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next paragraph in the opening is um
+the inquir the Inquirer would next come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inquir the Inquirer would next come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inquir the Inquirer would next come
+to the the important Point whether man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the important Point whether man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the important Point whether man
+tends to increase at so rapid a rate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to increase at so rapid a rate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to increase at so rapid a rate as
+to lead to occasional severe struggles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead to occasional severe struggles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead to occasional severe struggles
+for existence and consequently to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for existence and consequently to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for existence and consequently to
+beneficial variations whether in body or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial variations whether in body or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial variations whether in body or
+mind being preserved and injurious ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind being preserved and injurious ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind being preserved and injurious ones
+eliminated and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated and um
+so and these these two questions he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and these these two questions he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and these these two questions he
+answers uh in the affirmative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers uh in the affirmative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers uh in the affirmative
+that there's massive EV evidence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's massive EV evidence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's massive EV evidence for
+both and uh so he kind of sets up his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and uh so he kind of sets up his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and uh so he kind of sets up his
+his uh book in the same framework that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his uh book in the same framework that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his uh book in the same framework that
+he uh of thinking that he set up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uh of thinking that he set up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uh of thinking that he set up the
+Origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Species okay um so then uh in chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Species okay um so then uh in chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Species okay um so then uh in chapter
+one as David suggested and referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as David suggested and referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as David suggested and referred to
+they're different classes of fact um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're different classes of fact um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're different classes of fact um um
+including bodily structure similar body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including bodily structure similar body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including bodily structure similar body
+bodily structure between humans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodily structure between humans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodily structure between humans and
+their relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their relative
+mammals um bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals um bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals um bone
+structure the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the internal
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+uh the second big area that he explores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the second big area that he explores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the second big area that he explores
+is embryonic development he looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is embryonic development he looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is embryonic development he looks at
+these embryos and he has the photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these embryos and he has the photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these embryos and he has the photograph
+of uh the human embryo and the canine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the human embryo and the canine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the human embryo and the canine
+the dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dog
+embryo um and uh Darren actually was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryo um and uh Darren actually was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryo um and uh Darren actually was
+very fond of dogs but some people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fond of dogs but some people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fond of dogs but some people would
+see that as an unflattering comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that as an unflattering comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that as an unflattering comparison
+but uh again it's it's a you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh again it's it's a you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh again it's it's a you know it's a
+pretty convincing comparison you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty convincing comparison you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty convincing comparison you can see
+the similarities in these uh these forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similarities in these uh these forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similarities in these uh these forms
+um and then um rudiments as we said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then um rudiments as we said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then um rudiments as we said you
+know all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all these
+I mean he gets into the OC coxics too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean he gets into the OC coxics too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean he gets into the OC coxics too
+he's really interested in that tailbone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's really interested in that tailbone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's really interested in that tailbone
+and you know the fact that you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the fact that you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the fact that you know it
+shows sort of rudiment of a actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows sort of rudiment of a actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows sort of rudiment of a actual
+tail and uh that U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail and uh that U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail and uh that U
+the best way to understand that is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way to understand that is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way to understand that is you
+know it's no longer a functioning part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's no longer a functioning part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's no longer a functioning part
+of U human anatomy but that uh at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U human anatomy but that uh at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U human anatomy but that uh at some
+ancestral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestral
+stage uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage uh
+uh and ancestors uh other species no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and ancestors uh other species no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and ancestors uh other species no
+doubt uh possessed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt uh possessed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt uh possessed it
+so so there are a lot of different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there are a lot of different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there are a lot of different uh
+details and uh this tends to be U uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details and uh this tends to be U uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details and uh this tends to be U uh
+this is this is the core of his uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the core of his uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the core of his uh
+argument he also makes arguments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument he also makes arguments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument he also makes arguments about
+diseases what are his arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there Chris men can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Chris men can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Chris men can
+also men can get diseases from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also men can get diseases from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also men can get diseases from
+yeah okay and why is that how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay and why is that how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay and why is that how does that
+it reflects that they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reflects that they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reflects that they have the same
+immune systems or same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune systems or same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune systems or same
+architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+yeah yeah they they sort of pass through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah they they sort of pass through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah they they sort of pass through
+so they're again this suggests um a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're again this suggests um a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're again this suggests um a a
+common a set of common traits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common a set of common traits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common a set of common traits and
+characteristics that that uh argues for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that that uh argues for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that that uh argues for
+some kind of U common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of U common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of U common
+origin um one important point I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin um one important point I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin um one important point I thought
+brought up there is you could make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up there is you could make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up there is you could make the
+argument that if there's a if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that if there's a if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that if there's a if there's a
+Creator and you know he created all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creator and you know he created all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creator and you know he created all of
+these different organisms including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different organisms including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different organisms including
+including the diseases if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the diseases if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the diseases if you just
+assume there would be living things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume there would be living things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume there would be living things and
+and the monkeys and the and man that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the monkeys and the and man that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the monkeys and the and man that he
+just hardwired it for all of them to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hardwired it for all of them to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hardwired it for all of them to get
+to get sick like that on its own isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get sick like that on its own isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get sick like that on its own isn't a
+good enough explanation but what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough explanation but what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough explanation but what does
+kind of turn the tides is that it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of turn the tides is that it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of turn the tides is that it says
+it says in his work that the medicines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says in his work that the medicines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says in his work that the medicines
+that we make for ourselves also work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we make for ourselves also work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we make for ourselves also work on
+these same animals so here's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same animals so here's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same animals so here's something
+that obviously wasn't made by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that obviously wasn't made by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that obviously wasn't made by the
+Creator and at this point if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creator and at this point if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creator and at this point if you want to
+stick with the Creator you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with the Creator you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with the Creator you have to
+stretch the argument you have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch the argument you have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch the argument you have to say
+well he made the mind of man able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he made the mind of man able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he made the mind of man able to
+make medicine that was hardwired to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make medicine that was hardwired to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make medicine that was hardwired to work
+not just for man but for all these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just for man but for all these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just for man but for all these other
+things and you realize that the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you realize that the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you realize that the story
+starts getting more and more stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts getting more and more stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts getting more and more stress
+harder and hard maintain yeah yeah very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder and hard maintain yeah yeah very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder and hard maintain yeah yeah very
+good point excellent um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point excellent um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point excellent um
+and then also he argues I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also he argues I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also he argues I think in
+sections that I didn't ask you to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections that I didn't ask you to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections that I didn't ask you to read
+but he argues U that the mental powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he argues U that the mental powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he argues U that the mental powers
+are in in many cases very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in in many cases very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in in many cases very
+similar they a whole set of emotions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar they a whole set of emotions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar they a whole set of emotions um
+a set of uh an ability to interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of uh an ability to interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of uh an ability to interact with
+the environment through perception and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment through perception and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment through perception and
+through certain types of judgment that U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through certain types of judgment that U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through certain types of judgment that U
+really indicate that uh uh human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really indicate that uh uh human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really indicate that uh uh human
+capacity is uh an extension and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity is uh an extension and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity is uh an extension and an
+advance in some ways and and a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance in some ways and and a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance in some ways and and a a
+weakening in other ways of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakening in other ways of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakening in other ways of the same
+types of powers that exist in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of powers that exist in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of powers that exist in other
+organisms specifically other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms specifically other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms specifically other
+mammals um so we can see here a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals um so we can see here a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals um so we can see here a kind of
+an emergence of u a naturalistic view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emergence of u a naturalistic view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emergence of u a naturalistic view of
+humans being basically yeah another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans being basically yeah another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans being basically yeah another
+species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+so Darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Darwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Darwin
+really does explore the question of race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does explore the question of race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does explore the question of race
+in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+some at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some at some
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+and most of his uh most of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of his uh most of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of his uh most of his
+discussion uh tries to capture the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion uh tries to capture the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion uh tries to capture the the
+uh the similarities in race and to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the similarities in race and to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the similarities in race and to point
+out that um these these so-called races
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that um these these so-called races
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that um these these so-called races
+uh could not be could not possibly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could not be could not possibly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could not be could not possibly be
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+species why what are some of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species why what are some of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species why what are some of the reasons
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this well you remember he went on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well you remember he went on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well you remember he went on his
+great voyages and he went to these great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great voyages and he went to these great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great voyages and he went to these great
+cities and what did he find in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and what did he find in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and what did he find in these
+cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in South America very sou humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in South America very sou humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in South America very sou humans
+interbred freely I mean this was not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interbred freely I mean this was not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interbred freely I mean this was not you
+know this was not this was not a uh U uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this was not this was not a uh U uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this was not this was not a uh U uh
+uncommon thing it was uncommon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon thing it was uncommon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon thing it was uncommon in
+England but as he traveled the world he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England but as he traveled the world he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England but as he traveled the world he
+saw you know people all kinds of racial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw you know people all kinds of racial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw you know people all kinds of racial
+mixtures and you know was just highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures and you know was just highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures and you know was just highly
+unlikely that uh you know if if these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely that uh you know if if these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely that uh you know if if these uh
+different races could interm Mar and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different races could interm Mar and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different races could interm Mar and in
+in in Darwin's sense in breed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Darwin's sense in breed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Darwin's sense in breed and
+produce uh offspring that they basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce uh offspring that they basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce uh offspring that they basically
+were you know they were functioning as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you know they were functioning as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you know they were functioning as a
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+species yeah he said um like even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species yeah he said um like even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species yeah he said um like even a
+slight degree of sterility between any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight degree of sterility between any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight degree of sterility between any
+two forms when first crossed it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two forms when first crossed it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two forms when first crossed it's a
+decisive test and there specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisive test and there specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisive test and there specific
+distinct so if we can't do have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct so if we can't do have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct so if we can't do have the
+ability like regardless of how different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability like regardless of how different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability like regardless of how different
+cultures are and all that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures are and all that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures are and all that if you have
+the ability to cross breath then yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to cross breath then yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to cross breath then yeah
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+species yeah so he he came to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species yeah so he he came to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species yeah so he he came to the
+conclusion that uh most racial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion that uh most racial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion that uh most racial
+characteristics are from uh sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics are from uh sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics are from uh sexual
+selection how do what is he what is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection how do what is he what is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection how do what is he what is he
+what is he getting at there that racial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is he getting at there that racial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is he getting at there that racial
+characteristics would be primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics would be primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics would be primarily
+through sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through sexual
+selection Okay so uh yes so sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection Okay so uh yes so sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection Okay so uh yes so sexual
+selection mainly uh a secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection mainly uh a secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection mainly uh a secondary
+selection process not as not as powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection process not as not as powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection process not as not as powerful
+but um and the expression of uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um and the expression of uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um and the expression of uh these
+characteristics through sexual selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics through sexual selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics through sexual selection
+are ones that uh in some ways are weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ones that uh in some ways are weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ones that uh in some ways are weak
+weaker forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker forms of
+selection they persist but they can very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection they persist but they can very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection they persist but they can very
+easily sort of revert back to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily sort of revert back to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily sort of revert back to uh
+something else or get changed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else or get changed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else or get changed to
+something else and so it's it's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and so it's it's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and so it's it's not as
+uh it's not as powerful a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not as powerful a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not as powerful a form of
+selection um As Natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection um As Natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection um As Natural
+Selection but uh basically sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Selection but uh basically sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Selection but uh basically sexual
+selection simply Works through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection simply Works through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection simply Works through the
+process of people selecting each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of people selecting each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of people selecting each other
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+mates and uh through this process Darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mates and uh through this process Darwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mates and uh through this process Darwin
+argues the phenomena that we call Race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argues the phenomena that we call Race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argues the phenomena that we call Race
+imers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imers
+but just like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just like these
+dogs uh almost all of them inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs uh almost all of them inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs uh almost all of them inner
+breed if they're at least at the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breed if they're at least at the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breed if they're at least at the the
+right size and so forth and if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right size and so forth and if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right size and so forth and if you don't
+maintain them or if they drift off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain them or if they drift off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain them or if they drift off and
+breed with other uh species not similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breed with other uh species not similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breed with other uh species not similar
+to them um they will revert back into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them um they will revert back into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them um they will revert back into uh
+or or change to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or change to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or change to uh
+combinations and ultimately lose their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and ultimately lose their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and ultimately lose their
+specific uh breed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+characteristics so the same with humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics so the same with humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics so the same with humans
+if they intermar and through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they intermar and through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they intermar and through the
+generations continue to intermar across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations continue to intermar across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations continue to intermar across
+these uh these racial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh these racial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh these racial
+groupings they basically become you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings they basically become you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings they basically become you know
+uh combinations blends of things and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh combinations blends of things and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh combinations blends of things and so
+U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the
+many of the secondary sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the secondary sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the secondary sexual
+characteristics of that are expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of that are expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of that are expressed in
+the what we call a phenotype today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what we call a phenotype today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what we call a phenotype today
+disappear or get changed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear or get changed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear or get changed or
+Blended all right so uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blended all right so uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blended all right so uh so
+basically this this view is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this this view is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this this view is
+um uh not a common view in In Darwin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh not a common view in In Darwin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh not a common view in In Darwin's
+day and it's one of the things that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and it's one of the things that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and it's one of the things that I've
+always you know yeah Darwin had kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always you know yeah Darwin had kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always you know yeah Darwin had kind of
+biases and elements and sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases and elements and sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases and elements and sometimes you
+want to say you know this seems but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say you know this seems but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say you know this seems but at
+the end of the at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the at the end of the day
+Darwin really made a very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin really made a very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin really made a very powerful
+argument that uh what that rejected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that uh what that rejected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that uh what that rejected the
+kind of racist uh view that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of racist uh view that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of racist uh view that you know
+these different peoples are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different peoples are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different peoples are different
+species and should not be allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and should not be allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and should not be allowed to
+inter miix and they were you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter miix and they were you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter miix and they were you know I
+think Darwin was a very powerful force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Darwin was a very powerful force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Darwin was a very powerful force
+against that kind of argument so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that kind of argument so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that kind of argument so as a
+person of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person of his
+day you know we should we should at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you know we should we should at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you know we should we should at
+least respect the fact that uh he gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least respect the fact that uh he gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least respect the fact that uh he gave
+very strong scientific backing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong scientific backing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong scientific backing for the
+concept that uh humans as races are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that uh humans as races are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that uh humans as races are
+basically just variations of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just variations of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just variations of the same
+species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so people always ask is Dar what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so people always ask is Dar what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so people always ask is Dar what is
+the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+darwinist he says a lot of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darwinist he says a lot of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darwinist he says a lot of things that
+uh make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make you
+wonder like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder like
+U if the various checks specified in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U if the various checks specified in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U if the various checks specified in the
+last two paragraphs and perhaps others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two paragraphs and perhaps others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two paragraphs and perhaps others
+as yet known uh this in chapter four do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as yet known uh this in chapter four do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as yet known uh this in chapter four do
+not prevent The Reckless The Vicious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not prevent The Reckless The Vicious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not prevent The Reckless The Vicious and
+otherwise inferior members of society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise inferior members of society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise inferior members of society
+from increasing at a quicker rate than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from increasing at a quicker rate than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from increasing at a quicker rate than
+the better class of men the nation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better class of men the nation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better class of men the nation will
+retrograde as has two often occurred in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde as has two often occurred in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde as has two often occurred in
+the history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of the
+world we must remember that progress is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we must remember that progress is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we must remember that progress is
+no invariable rule what's he saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here Jake he's saying that uh you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Jake he's saying that uh you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Jake he's saying that uh you want
+your better members of society to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your better members of society to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your better members of society to uh
+reproduce faster more politically than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce faster more politically than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce faster more politically than
+the yeah less helpful okay so this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah less helpful okay so this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah less helpful okay so this is uh
+this this is a a way of thinking that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a a way of thinking that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a a way of thinking that uh
+emerged uh that was ultimately called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged uh that was ultimately called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged uh that was ultimately called
+social Darwinism does anybody have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social Darwinism does anybody have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social Darwinism does anybody have
+any concepts of what social Darwinism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any concepts of what social Darwinism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any concepts of what social Darwinism is
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+about it's a big cluster of ideas we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's a big cluster of ideas we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's a big cluster of ideas we're
+going to explore it uh later in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explore it uh later in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explore it uh later in a couple
+of our classes but um the argument here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our classes but um the argument here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our classes but um the argument here
+is that uh yeah kind of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh yeah kind of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh yeah kind of people who
+are not very thoughtful breed very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not very thoughtful breed very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not very thoughtful breed very fast
+and you know they're going to outp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know they're going to outp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know they're going to outp
+populate uh the intellectuals and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populate uh the intellectuals and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populate uh the intellectuals and the uh
+the better class of people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better class of people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better class of people and
+eventually they will kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they will kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they will kind of
+overwhelm the uh the society with uh low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelm the uh the society with uh low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelm the uh the society with uh low
+class so this was uh this was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so this was uh this was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so this was uh this was something
+that U uh Darwin's uh uh you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U uh Darwin's uh uh you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U uh Darwin's uh uh you know this
+this type of argument is is certainly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of argument is is certainly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of argument is is certainly a
+fear in the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear in the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear in the back of
+Darwin's mind that uh inferior people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's mind that uh inferior people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's mind that uh inferior people
+can breed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can breed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can breed
+faster and uh you know it is what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and uh you know it is what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and uh you know it is what it is
+it's not it's not what we would consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not what we would consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not what we would consider
+a a socially U uh I mean first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a socially U uh I mean first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a socially U uh I mean first of all
+it's not true uh because uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not true uh because uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not true uh because uh there are
+many people I mean breeding rates have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people I mean breeding rates have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people I mean breeding rates have
+to do with lots and lots of things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with lots and lots of things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with lots and lots of things but
+uh not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not uh
+with factors of uh poverty and and lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with factors of uh poverty and and lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with factors of uh poverty and and lack
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+intelligence and for Darwin's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and for Darwin's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and for Darwin's kind of
+like adherence to this notion of fleux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like adherence to this notion of fleux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like adherence to this notion of fleux
+and change he seems to treat the Notions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change he seems to treat the Notions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change he seems to treat the Notions
+of Superior and inferior members of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Superior and inferior members of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Superior and inferior members of
+society is a rather static thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is a rather static thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is a rather static thing which
+is it's like kind of contrary you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's like kind of contrary you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's like kind of contrary you know
+to it's like just do take a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's like just do take a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's like just do take a little bit
+of what you've been doing and just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you've been doing and just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you've been doing and just you
+know and a lot of people uh Hoy later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and a lot of people uh Hoy later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and a lot of people uh Hoy later
+said uh uh he was a colleague of darm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh uh he was a colleague of darm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh uh he was a colleague of darm
+but uh he said you know if if if we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh he said you know if if if we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh he said you know if if if we are
+going to select people on the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to select people on the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to select people on the basis of
+poverty and wealth as uh being uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty and wealth as uh being uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty and wealth as uh being uh as
+meriting survival there are a lot of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meriting survival there are a lot of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meriting survival there are a lot of us
+who would be uh selected out in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would be uh selected out in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would be uh selected out in other
+words uh perfectly brilliant people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words uh perfectly brilliant people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words uh perfectly brilliant people
+emerg from the most humble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerg from the most humble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerg from the most humble
+circumstances and uh the idea that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances and uh the idea that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances and uh the idea that you
+know uh because you're born in poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh because you're born in poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh because you're born in poverty
+or you you come from a family that uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you you come from a family that uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you you come from a family that uh of
+of poor means the idea that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poor means the idea that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poor means the idea that that's a
+reflection on the merits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection on the merits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection on the merits
+and uh of of your existence and is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh of of your existence and is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh of of your existence and is is
+really um uh wrong because lots and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um uh wrong because lots and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um uh wrong because lots and lots
+of talent Emer thing that Huxley calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talent Emer thing that Huxley calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talent Emer thing that Huxley calls
+him out on that too because Huxley was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him out on that too because Huxley was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him out on that too because Huxley was
+what like mostly self-taught have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what like mostly self-taught have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what like mostly self-taught have very
+little schooling absolutely absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little schooling absolutely absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little schooling absolutely absolutely
+oxy came from a family that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxy came from a family that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxy came from a family that would
+definitely have Mar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have Mar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have Mar
+uh suppression maybe not extrap but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppression maybe not extrap but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppression maybe not extrap but you
+know not encouragement he says all ought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not encouragement he says all ought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not encouragement he says all ought
+to refrain from Marriage who cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to refrain from Marriage who cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to refrain from Marriage who cannot
+avoid object poverty for their children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid object poverty for their children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid object poverty for their children
+well you know there's some good advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know there's some good advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know there's some good advice
+there shouldn't get married if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there shouldn't get married if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there shouldn't get married if you can't
+take care of your kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of your kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of your kids
+uh uh but uh he then goes on he says for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh but uh he then goes on he says for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh but uh he then goes on he says for
+poverty is not only a great evil but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty is not only a great evil but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty is not only a great evil but
+tends to its own increase by leading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to its own increase by leading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to its own increase by leading to
+recklessness in marriage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recklessness in marriage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recklessness in marriage
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+know I'm not sure uh that bears uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm not sure uh that bears uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm not sure uh that bears uh uh
+you know that there's much evidence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that there's much evidence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that there's much evidence for
+that statistically right that people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that statistically right that people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that statistically right that people who
+do not go to college uh tend to marry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not go to college uh tend to marry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not go to college uh tend to marry
+considerably younger and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably younger and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably younger and then
+proliferate earlier on their wife before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferate earlier on their wife before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferate earlier on their wife before
+they can establish themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can establish themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can establish themselves
+okay all right well is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right well is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right well is that what
+recklessness means uh I'm not sure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recklessness means uh I'm not sure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recklessness means uh I'm not sure uh
+it's it's it's kind of yeah it is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's kind of yeah it is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's kind of yeah it is true
+that uh uh people who I mean people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh people who I mean people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh people who I mean people who
+go to college have to defer you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to college have to defer you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to college have to defer you know and
+and uh but In Darwin's day very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but In Darwin's day very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but In Darwin's day very few
+people went to college you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people went to college you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people went to college you know it's
+just a little tiny fraction of extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little tiny fraction of extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little tiny fraction of extremely
+wealthy people but you know I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthy people but you know I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthy people but you know I mean there
+are some legitimate questions in here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some legitimate questions in here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some legitimate questions in here I
+I wouldn't I I wouldn't reject that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't I I wouldn't reject that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't I I wouldn't reject that it's
+just Darwin it's not what Darwin spends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Darwin it's not what Darwin spends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Darwin it's not what Darwin spends
+his time studying he he here he's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his time studying he he here he's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his time studying he he here he's just
+kind of putting these in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of putting these in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of putting these in um
+U as you know just his kind of Common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U as you know just his kind of Common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U as you know just his kind of Common
+Sense things but they're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sense things but they're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sense things but they're not really
+based on a scientific uh sampling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a scientific uh sampling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a scientific uh sampling and
+you know a whole but uh that said these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a whole but uh that said these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a whole but uh that said these
+are all questions that are worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all questions that are worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all questions that are worth
+considering and studying and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering and studying and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering and studying and trying to
+understand okay well not sure we uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand okay well not sure we uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand okay well not sure we uh I
+put this in I'm not going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in I'm not going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in I'm not going to say
+anything about Wallace but I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about Wallace but I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about Wallace but I just want
+want to bring him back in here Wallace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bring him back in here Wallace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bring him back in here Wallace
+was a really really important thinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a really really important thinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a really really important thinger
+thinker um and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinker um and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinker um and he
+uh he developed his uh sarak law and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he developed his uh sarak law and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he developed his uh sarak law and he
+was a specialist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a specialist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a specialist
+in uh biodistribution geological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh biodistribution geological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh biodistribution geological
+distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of
+species uh alip Patric speciation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species uh alip Patric speciation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species uh alip Patric speciation that's
+the type of speciation that takes place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of speciation that takes place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of speciation that takes place
+from GE uh from Geographic separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from GE uh from Geographic separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from GE uh from Geographic separation
+like Darwin's finches and and uh he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Darwin's finches and and uh he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Darwin's finches and and uh he did
+an incredible amount of work and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredible amount of work and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredible amount of work and he
+wrote uh uh wonderful wonderful works on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote uh uh wonderful wonderful works on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote uh uh wonderful wonderful works on
+geological distribution um he um also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geological distribution um he um also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geological distribution um he um also
+argued later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued later in
+life that humans had humans had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life that humans had humans had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life that humans had humans had
+developed we'll have to finish here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed we'll have to finish here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed we'll have to finish here
+humans had developed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans had developed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans had developed the
+capacity to think at such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to think at such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to think at such a
+level that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that
+it sort of stepped out of the gradualism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of stepped out of the gradualism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of stepped out of the gradualism
+of the darwinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the darwinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the darwinian
+model he could not uh uh Wallace felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model he could not uh uh Wallace felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model he could not uh uh Wallace felt
+that there was some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was some kind of
+intervention at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention at some
+point uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh that
+uh gave rise to human consciousness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gave rise to human consciousness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gave rise to human consciousness and
+the ability to think and to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to think and to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to think and to create
+culture and everything because you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and everything because you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and everything because you could
+not find an organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not find an organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not find an organism
+uh you know a species a primate that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know a species a primate that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know a species a primate that was
+even close to what humans were so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even close to what humans were so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even close to what humans were so he
+just thought the jump was so vast it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thought the jump was so vast it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thought the jump was so vast it
+could not be explained through natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not be explained through natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not be explained through natural
+gradual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradual
+processes and so he kind of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and so he kind of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and so he kind of uh uh
+developed a view that humans were an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a view that humans were an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a view that humans were an
+exception at somehow at some point some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception at somehow at some point some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception at somehow at some point some
+intervention he never explained quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention he never explained quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention he never explained quite
+what the inter I mean who did it or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the inter I mean who did it or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the inter I mean who did it or you
+know how it happened or what the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how it happened or what the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how it happened or what the what
+the physical force that caused it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical force that caused it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical force that caused it was
+but uh he did have this View and it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh he did have this View and it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh he did have this View and it uh
+Darwin is really really upset with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin is really really upset with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin is really really upset with
+Wallace over some of his thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wallace over some of his thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wallace over some of his thinking about
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+exceptionalism but you know Wallace was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptionalism but you know Wallace was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptionalism but you know Wallace was
+a thinker on his own right and uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thinker on his own right and uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thinker on his own right and uh he
+had okay so we don't have time to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had okay so we don't have time to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had okay so we don't have time to do a
+whole lot here I gave you these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot here I gave you these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot here I gave you these
+slides um there's a lot I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides um there's a lot I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides um there's a lot I just want to
+point out this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing that um there's a lot known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today about human migration patterns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today about human migration patterns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today about human migration patterns and
+u a lot of this has been traced uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u a lot of this has been traced uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u a lot of this has been traced uh and
+studied scientifically and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied scientifically and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied scientifically and we have a
+much much better understanding of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much better understanding of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much better understanding of how
+all this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this uh
+worked and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and then
+uh I've got some things on Earl early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I've got some things on Earl early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I've got some things on Earl early
+tool development and then I always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool development and then I always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool development and then I always have
+to end with this chart because uh we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end with this chart because uh we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end with this chart because uh we are
+in a dilemma uh you know since the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a dilemma uh you know since the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a dilemma uh you know since the old
+stone age uh you can see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone age uh you can see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone age uh you can see what's
+happening with human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening with human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening with human
+population and uh you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and uh you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and uh you know people
+somebody's got to I mean people have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's got to I mean people have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's got to I mean people have to
+deal with this and I don't think people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this and I don't think people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this and I don't think people
+are dealing with it you've said a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dealing with it you've said a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dealing with it you've said a few
+times so they're not they're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so they're not they're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so they're not they're kind of
+just wishing it away and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wishing it away and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wishing it away and this is a
+powerful problem for us and darwinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful problem for us and darwinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful problem for us and darwinian
+framework allows us to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework allows us to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework allows us to think
+deliberately about what these conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately about what these conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately about what these conditions
+are what can we do about them there just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what can we do about them there just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what can we do about them there just
+aren't enough people doing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't enough people doing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't enough people doing anything
+about this and um it's it's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and um it's it's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and um it's it's most
+unfortunate um I mean there are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate um I mean there are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate um I mean there are people
+you know this is uh somebody who's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is uh somebody who's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is uh somebody who's you
+know on the far end of it but he says uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on the far end of it but he says uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on the far end of it but he says uh
+Fenner uh Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fenner uh Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fenner uh Professor
+microbiology that uh humans will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbiology that uh humans will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbiology that uh humans will not be
+able to survive the population explosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to survive the population explosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to survive the population explosion
+and unbridled consumption and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unbridled consumption and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unbridled consumption and will
+become extinct perhaps within a century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become extinct perhaps within a century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become extinct perhaps within a century
+well that's a little soon but the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's a little soon but the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's a little soon but the point
+as well is is made that we are on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well is is made that we are on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well is is made that we are on a
+really bad track and that uh somehow we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad track and that uh somehow we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad track and that uh somehow we
+have to get a hold of it and I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get a hold of it and I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get a hold of it and I think we
+have the technological capabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the technological capabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the technological capabilities and
+but you know it's something on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know it's something on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know it's something on the
+political side or we have a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political side or we have a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political side or we have a lot of it
+comes back to the culture our culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back to the culture our culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back to the culture our culture
+May well be a set of blinders for us too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May well be a set of blinders for us too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May well be a set of blinders for us too
+e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NJUIkyavUD4.txt b/NJUIkyavUD4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..92ff75e4e1037ef97aeb2a4e9f887e14025110d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NJUIkyavUD4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1538 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ladies and gentlemen,
+welcome to this
+
+lecture on nonlinear finite
+element analysis of solids and
+
+structures.
+
+In this lecture, I would like
+to continue to consider the
+
+plate with a hole that we
+already considered in the
+
+previous lecture.
+
+But I now would like to
+turn our attention
+
+to a nonlinear solution.
+
+As we mentioned in previous
+lectures, a nonlinear analysis
+
+should only be performed only
+once a linear solution has
+
+been obtained.
+
+The linear solution checks the
+finite element model and
+
+yields valuable insight
+into what
+
+nonlinearities are important.
+
+And once again, we considered
+the linear solution of this
+
+plate in the previous lecture.
+
+We now want to go on with
+the nonlinear solution.
+
+Here we have the plate with
+the hole once again.
+
+It's a square plate subjected
+to the loading shown.
+
+Here is the whole.
+
+These were the material
+data that we used
+
+in the linear analysis.
+
+The thickness of the plate
+is given here.
+
+We consider only one quarter
+of the plate because of
+
+symmetry conditions, we can
+considering that one quarter,
+
+analyze the whole plate,
+as we have discussed in
+
+the previous lecture.
+
+In the previous lecture, we
+also showed how we use
+
+ADINA-IN to generate the
+data for this mesh.
+
+And this input data then is
+used in ADINA to actually
+
+perform the analysis.
+
+We did the analysis for
+linear conditions in
+
+the previous lecture.
+
+Some important considerations
+for the nonlinear analysis are
+
+now what material model to
+select, what displacement
+
+strain assumptions to make,
+what sequence of load
+
+application to choose, and
+what nonlinear equation
+
+solution strategy and
+
+convergence criteria to select.
+
+We will address these issues
+in this lecture.
+
+We use, once again,
+the ADINA system.
+
+Now, of course, for the
+
+elasto-plastic static response.
+
+We will also investigate the
+effect on the response when a
+
+shaft is placed into
+the plate hole.
+
+Some important observations
+regarding the nonlinear
+
+analysis are given on
+this viewgraph.
+
+First of all, we notice that
+the recommendations that we
+
+discussed regarding the linear
+analysis that we discussed in
+
+the previous lecture are also
+very valid here of course.
+
+But for the nonlinear analysis,
+we need also to
+
+consider and be careful with the
+sequence and incremental
+
+magnitudes of load application
+and the choice of convergence
+
+tolerances.
+
+We ill address, of course,
+these issues just now.
+
+The first analysis that I'd like
+to discuss with you is a
+
+limit load calculation
+of the plate.
+
+Here we show the plate and the
+load, p, will increase
+
+continuously up to a maximum
+value and then decrease to 0.
+
+The plate is modelled as an
+elasto-plastic material.
+
+And the material assumption
+is summarized on
+
+this viewgraph here.
+
+Here are the material
+properties.
+
+We assume basically
+it is a steel.
+
+Notice the stress strain
+law is shown here.
+
+We assume isotropic hardening
+in the analysis.
+
+We discussed what this means
+in an earlier lecture.
+
+The initial Young's modulus is
+the one that we use for the
+
+linear analysis.
+
+Nu is equal to 0.3.
+
+And the strain hardening
+modulus is given here.
+
+This idealization is probably
+only applicable to small
+
+strain conditions,
+strains that are
+
+smaller than 2% roughly.
+
+The maximum that you would want
+to allow is probably 4%.
+
+And we will actually perform
+the analysis first using a
+
+materially nonlinear
+only formulation.
+
+This means, as we discussed in
+the early lectures, that we
+
+neglect all kinematic
+nonlinearities, that we only
+
+include the material
+nonlinearities in the
+
+analysis, these material
+nonlinearities.
+
+Later on, we however want to
+also perform in this lecture
+
+an analysis that includes the
+displacement large quotations
+
+and in fact even large
+strain conditions.
+
+And we will study those analysis
+results in comparison
+
+to the material nonlinear
+only analysis results.
+
+The load history used
+for the analysis is
+
+shown on this viewgraph.
+
+You can see that we are
+increasingly linearly the load
+
+up to a maximum value of 650
+MPa, megapascals, and then
+
+suddenly decrease
+the load to 0.
+
+Notice we are using altogether
+14 steps, 13 to increase the
+
+load and just one step
+to decrease the load.
+
+Of course, we are having
+here a time axis.
+
+But the load step or time
+step that we used was
+
+delta t equal to 1.
+
+Well we performed this analysis
+a few weeks ago in my
+
+laboratory at MIT.
+
+And we brought in a video crew
+to video record our actions.
+
+I'd like to now share with you
+what we have recorded and also
+
+narrate to you what actually is
+happening in the computer
+
+run as we prepare the computer
+run, as we run it, and also
+
+interprets the resides.
+
+Our first step is to modify
+the input data that we
+
+prepared in the previous
+lecture for the linear
+
+analysis of the plate.
+
+We now have to, of course,
+modify this input data.
+
+First of all, to introduce the
+load curve, this load history
+
+curve that we just discussed.
+
+And then we also have to modify
+the material data to
+
+correspond to the elasto-plastic
+material data
+
+that we now want to associate
+with a plate.
+
+So let us look now at the video
+record of what we did
+
+some weeks ago in my laboratory
+at MIT regarding
+
+the change of these
+input data.
+
+Here we see once more the
+mesh that we're using
+
+to analyze the plate.
+
+And now we prepare input
+data for ADINA-IN.
+
+Here we input the time function
+that we employ.
+
+You recognize the function
+points for time 0, 13, and 14
+
+with the values 0, 6.5, 0.
+
+We also input that 14 steps are
+used in the analysis, that
+
+time step delta t is 1.
+
+Next we input the material
+definition.
+
+And note that there is a
+typographical error.
+
+We typed plestic instead
+of plastic.
+
+We try to do the typing fast and
+did not notice the error.
+
+Notice the Young's module E,
+Poisson's ratio nu, the strain
+
+hardening modulus ET, and the
+yield stress [? sigma ?]
+
+yield are defined.
+
+Because of the typographical
+error, the program prints out
+
+an error message, namely the
+plestic material is not found
+
+in the library.
+
+Here we see the library
+of material models
+
+available in ADINA.
+
+The library consists of the
+material models elastic,
+
+orthotropic, thermo-elastic,
+and so on and so on.
+
+We know retype the material
+data definition.
+
+We also do not want to use
+equilibrium iterations.
+
+The default in ADINA is to use
+equilibrium iterations.
+
+Actually, the BFGS method we
+discussed earlier because
+
+large errors of solution
+can accumulate when
+
+iterations are not used.
+
+We discussed all of
+this earlier.
+
+Let's see what happens when we
+do not iterate in the solution
+
+of this problem, just
+as a point of study.
+
+We now finally by the command
+ADINA generate
+
+the ADINA data input.
+
+Note that in this input
+preparation we only change the
+
+data from the linear analysis
+data used in the previous
+
+lecture to the data for the
+nonlinear analysis we want to
+
+perform now.
+
+Having set up the proper input
+data for ADINA-IN and having
+
+used ADINA-IN to generate the
+input data for ADINA, we can
+
+now execute that input data with
+ADINA obtain our first
+
+analysis results.
+
+We evaluate these analysis
+results by plotting the force
+
+applied here as a function
+of the displacements
+
+corresponding to this
+motion as well.
+
+And we will see that the force
+displacement curve looks
+
+rather unphysical.
+
+In other words, the
+results don't make
+
+much physical sense.
+
+So we search for
+an explanation.
+
+Why is that so?
+
+And we will find that the reason
+is that we did not use
+
+equilibrium iterations
+in the analysis.
+
+In fact, if you go back, you
+will see that we deliberately
+
+did not want to use equilibrium
+iterations in this
+
+first analysis, although in
+ADINA the default is to use
+
+equipment directions.
+
+But I wanted to once show you
+what kind of results you must
+
+expect if you don't use
+equilibrium iterations.
+
+So we realized that we should
+really use equilibrium
+
+iterations and that we will, of
+course, have to change our
+
+input a little bit through
+ADINA-IN in order to perform
+
+equilibrium iterations.
+
+The load history that we will
+still be using is the same.
+
+Here it is shown once again.
+
+But now we will use the default
+method of equilibrium
+
+iterations, the BFGS method.
+
+And this one will be applied,
+this method of equilibrium
+
+iteration will be used
+for each load step.
+
+Once again, 13 load steps up
+and one load step down.
+
+The convergence criteria that
+we using in the analysis are
+
+show here, the convergence
+criteria on energy.
+
+And we talked about this one
+quite extensively in a
+
+previous lecture.
+
+And the convergence criteria on
+the force, again, I'd like
+
+to refer you to our
+previous lecture.
+
+When we apply equilibrium
+iterations in each step, we
+
+will see that our results
+look good.
+
+They make physical sense.
+
+In fact, they look
+quite appealing.
+
+So let us look now at these
+solution results.
+
+Let us go, in other words, to
+what has happened in the
+
+laboratory the way we
+have been video
+
+recording it earlier.
+
+Here we see the solution
+results, the load applied as a
+
+function of the displacement,
+the extension
+
+of the quarter plate.
+
+On the horizontal axis, we
+measure the displacement.
+
+On the vertical axis, we
+measures of value of the load,
+
+actually the pressure applied.
+
+So far the curve looks OK.
+
+But we show here only the
+responsible for the first 13
+
+steps for which the load has
+increased monotonically.
+
+here we see now the
+load displacement
+
+response for all 14 steps.
+
+Notice that the scale on the
+horizontal axis measuring
+
+displacement is different from
+what we used before.
+
+Note that the 13 first steps
+bring us to the maximum load
+
+and maximum positive
+displacement and that the
+
+predicted unloading response
+in step 14 is quite
+
+unrealistic.
+
+We obtain a large negative
+displacement.
+
+As we will see, this is due to
+not having used equilibrium
+
+iterations.
+
+Next, we look at the mesh and
+study the plastic zones as
+
+they develop with
+increasing load.
+
+A time code is given
+about the mesh.
+
+This time code gives
+the step number.
+
+It increases until time
+is equal to 14.
+
+The plastic zones are
+shown by shading the
+
+area that is plastic.
+
+For the first steps, there's
+no plasticity.
+
+Then the plastic zone is small,
+it develops around the
+
+hole and it grows rapidly
+as the larger
+
+load levels are reached.
+
+Note also how the plastic zone
+spreads through the elements.
+
+We used 3 by 3 Gauss numerical
+integration and test whether
+
+an integration point
+has gone plastic.
+
+If so, we shade the contributory
+area of the
+
+integration point.
+
+As an average for each
+integration point, the
+
+contributory area is 1/9 ninth
+of the element area.
+
+Here at step 12, you can very
+nicely see how the plastic
+
+zones have progressed through
+the elements.
+
+The elastic plastic
+interface boundary
+
+goes through the elements.
+
+Note that at step 14, after
+unloading much off the plate
+
+is still plastic.
+
+This is quite unphysical.
+
+We now rerun the analysis with
+equilibrium iterations and
+
+here is the load displacement
+response we now obtain.
+
+First we look at the
+scales on the axes.
+
+We note that the loading
+response is similar to what we
+
+had before.
+
+Although a much larger
+displacement is
+
+reached in steps 13.
+
+The unloading response in step
+14 is now quite realistic,
+
+with a permanent positive
+displacement at zero load.
+
+Finally, we show the plastic
+zones for this analysis.
+
+Note that we show the initial
+mesh time 0 and then
+
+immediately the time
+equals 6 results.
+
+Initially, the plasticity
+progresses as much as in the
+
+analysis without equilibrium
+iterations, but the final
+
+spread of plasticity reached
+in step 13 is larger.
+
+And after unloading of the
+load at the end of the
+
+analysis, the complete
+plate is elastic.
+
+However, clearly permanent
+deformations have occurred as
+
+can be seen by looking at the
+default mesh at time 14.
+
+As we discussed already, our
+analysis results now look
+
+quite good.
+
+They look quite reasonable.
+
+But one additional way to
+evaluate the analysis results
+
+is to plot stress vectors.
+
+We did so in the linear analysis
+of the previous
+
+lecture when we also looked at
+the analysis results obtained
+
+from this mesh, but of course,
+in linear analysis.
+
+We want to do now the same for
+the nonlinear analysis results
+
+that we obtained.
+
+And let us just quickly look
+at what we're doing in the
+
+stress vector output.
+
+We plot at each integration
+point two lines as shown here.
+
+If they are carrying an arrow,
+then it is tensile stress.
+
+No arrow means compressive
+stress.
+
+And notice these two
+lines correspond to
+
+the principal stresses.
+
+Notice that the lengths of these
+lines are proportional
+
+to the magnitudes
+of the stresses.
+
+So let's now do a stress vector
+plot for the mesh at
+
+time 13 and at time 14, in other
+words, at maximum load
+
+application and after removal
+of the total load, four the
+
+results that we just
+have obtained.
+
+Here we see the stress vectors
+plotted onto the total mesh
+
+for the stress state at time
+13, that is at total load.
+
+We note of course, that there
+is very much information,
+
+there are many stress vectors.
+
+To see any detail we have to
+focus our attention onto
+
+certain elements.
+
+Here we now look closer at the
+elements adjacent to the
+
+horizontal symmetry line.
+
+We note that the stress vectors
+correspond to vertical
+
+tensile stresses as expected.
+
+At a top edge of the plate we
+see tensile vertical stresses
+
+and tensile horizontal
+stresses.
+
+The maximum stress at any
+integration point is 1100
+
+megapascals and occurs
+near the hole.
+
+Here we now see the stress
+vector plot at time 14, that
+
+is after load removal.
+
+It is most interesting
+to study the
+
+stress flow in the mesh.
+
+Note that the stresses flow
+along and parallel to the free
+
+surface of the plate.
+
+This must be so because there
+are no externally applied
+
+tractions anymore.
+
+Here we see the detail of
+the stress flow in the
+
+corner of the plate.
+
+The stress vectors are parallel
+to the free surface.
+
+And here is the stress flow in
+the elements around the hole.
+
+The same observations apply.
+
+The maximum stress is
+880.3 megapascals.
+
+This completes what I wanted to
+show you in this phase of
+
+the analysis.
+
+This completes our materially
+nonlinear only
+
+analysis of the plate.
+
+However, if we look at the
+solution results once more
+
+closely, we find that in this
+element here the magnitude of
+
+the strains is about 2% at the
+end of load step 11, 4% at the
+
+end of load step 12, and
+14% to 15% at the end
+
+of load step 13.
+
+In other words, at maximum
+load application, we have
+
+certainly here large strains.
+
+And one might very well ask,
+what is the effect of this
+
+large strain on the
+analysis results?
+
+Of course, in the materially
+nonlinear only solution, we
+
+did not include any kinematic
+nonlinearities.
+
+So our next objective is then to
+perform analysis that said
+
+include kinematic
+nonlinearities.
+
+And we want to now proceed
+with a total Lagrangian
+
+formulation analysis, which
+includes large displacements,
+
+large rotations, but
+only small strains.
+
+And I also want to share with
+you some solution results that
+
+we obtained using an updated
+Lagrangian formulation.
+
+We did not talk about
+this formulation
+
+in the earlier lectures.
+
+We did talk about this
+formulation, but not about
+
+that formulation.
+
+This formulation really
+is best covered
+
+in a separate lecture.
+
+However, it's still very
+interesting to look at the
+
+solution results that we obtain
+we this formulation.
+
+If you want to read up on this
+formulation, please refer to
+
+the study guide in which
+a reference given.
+
+A paper is referred
+to in which this
+
+formulation is described.
+
+So let us now look at the
+solution results obtained from
+
+these three formulations.
+
+And the solution results that
+we want to look at are once
+
+again the force displacement
+curve for each of these
+
+formulations.
+
+In other words, force applies
+here, displacement seen here,
+
+for these three formulations.
+
+Let's turn back to the
+laboratory and see what are
+
+the results.
+
+Here we see the analysis results
+for the MNO, that is
+
+the materially nonlinear only,
+the TL, that is the total
+
+Lagrangian, and to UL, that
+is the updated Lagrangian
+
+formulations.
+
+We look first at the horizontal
+axis scale giving
+
+the displacement.
+
+And then at the vertical axis
+scale giving the load that is
+
+the pressure applied.
+
+Notice that there are three, in
+fact we will we later four
+
+distinct curves.
+
+However, under this much
+plasticity, the curves are
+
+almost the same.
+
+The TL analysis results
+corresponds to the smallest
+
+displacements.
+
+The MNO solution gives
+larger displacements.
+
+And the UL solution gives the
+largest displacements.
+
+For the UL solution, we actually
+see two curves when
+
+looking closely.
+
+These correspond to using once
+14 steps as for the TL and MNO
+
+analyses and then using
+once twice the
+
+number of load steps.
+
+Note that the unloading response
+in all solutions is
+
+quite the same.
+
+However, of course, the
+permanent displacements at 0
+
+applied load are quite different
+because the maximum
+
+displacements corresponding to
+peak load were different.
+
+These analysis results underline
+the importance of
+
+choosing the appropriate
+kinematic
+
+formation for the analysis.
+
+Here, large strain effects are
+quite significant at the very
+
+high load levels.
+
+In the next analysis we now
+consider the effect of a shaft
+
+in the hole.
+
+Notice, we look at the same
+plate as before except that we
+
+know first consider elastic
+condition only.
+
+And the shaft is shown here.
+
+The shaft has this Young's
+modulus and Poisson ratio,
+
+same as the plate.
+
+But it is 5 times thicker than
+the plate and for the shaft we
+
+also consider plane strength
+conditions.
+
+What we want to do is place a
+shaft in there, the shaft
+
+being initially flush with the
+hole, assuming no friction
+
+between the shaft
+and the hole.
+
+And then we pull on the plate
+and want to investigate what
+
+is the effect of having
+that shaft there.
+
+The analysis input data have to
+now be modified because we
+
+have to put the shaft in there
+using finite elements as shown
+
+here in red.
+
+We used collapsed 8-node
+elements to
+
+represent the shaft.
+
+In other words, these collapsed
+8-node isoparametric
+
+elements become, of
+course, triangular
+
+elements as shown here.
+
+Notice we now have a contact
+surface here.
+
+And that contact surface is
+modeled using a contact
+
+algorithm, which we did
+not talk about in
+
+this series of lectures.
+
+This again, would be best
+covered in another lecture.
+
+I'd like to refer you here to
+another paper, the reference
+
+of which is also given in the
+study guide, if you're
+
+interested in reading about
+the contact algorithm.
+
+The contact algorithm can take
+into account friction
+
+conditions as well, but in this
+particular analysis, we
+
+assume 0 friction along
+the contact surface.
+
+The solution procedure that we
+are using is it the full
+
+Newton method without
+line searches.
+
+And the convergence criteria
+that we are
+
+using are listed here.
+
+These we have been talking
+about earlier already.
+
+Here we now because of the
+contact conditions have to
+
+introduce also this convergence
+criterion, which
+
+is really a convergence
+criterion on the incremental
+
+contact force.
+
+So let us now proceed
+with this analysis.
+
+And once again, we perform the
+analysis and of course, we're
+
+looking at solution results.
+
+Here we see the mesh of the
+plate once more, the mesh we
+
+used in the previous analyses.
+
+We now need to change the input
+data for the analysis to
+
+also define the shaft.
+
+This is done using ADINA-IN.
+
+We need to define the addition
+nodal points and elements for
+
+the shaft in the same way as
+we input earlier the nodal
+
+points and elements
+of the plate.
+
+Let's look at the information
+that defines the content
+
+condition between the
+plate and the shaft.
+
+And here we see the input
+for ADINA-IN.
+
+There are two contact
+surfaces.
+
+The one is the plate hole
+surface and the other is the
+
+shaft surface.
+
+We denote these two to be
+a contact surface pair.
+
+Here you now see the mesh of
+the shaft and the plate.
+
+The shaft is defined by
+triangular elements.
+
+Here we see the default
+mesh at maximum load.
+
+Note that the plate has been
+extended vertically and has
+
+shrunk horizontally.
+
+The shaft has prevented the
+hole to shrink much
+
+horizontally.
+
+And on top off the shaft,
+a gap has opened.
+
+All of these deformations
+are quite realistic.
+
+Here, we see just the shaft and
+the ring of elements of
+
+the plate around it.
+
+Once again, the calculated
+deformations make sense.
+
+If you look closely at the shaft
+by itself, you observe
+
+that it has been compressed
+horizontally by the plate.
+
+Let's look next at some
+stress vector plots.
+
+These also show that a
+physically realistic solution
+
+has been obtained.
+
+Here we see the stress vectors
+in the element layer of the
+
+plate around the shaft.
+
+Note that the stress vectors
+are plotted onto
+
+the original mesh.
+
+For the element adjacent to the
+horizontal symmetry axis
+
+off the plate, we see a vertical
+tensile stress and a
+
+horizontal compressive stress.
+
+Such stresses are
+to be expected.
+
+The horizontal compressive
+stress is, of course, due to
+
+the contact with the shaft.
+
+Note that going around the
+shaft, the stresses in the
+
+plate align to be parallel to
+the free surface of the hole,
+
+since there is only contact near
+the horizontal symmetry
+
+axis of the plate.
+
+This completes what I wanted to
+discuss with you for this
+
+phase of the analysis.
+
+Finally, I would like to look
+with you at the analysis
+
+results we obtained when we
+apply to this plate with the
+
+shaft 100 MPa up there
+and down here.
+
+We assume that they plate
+is made of an
+
+elasto-plastic material.
+
+In fact, we model that
+material as shown
+
+in our early analysis.
+
+And in addition to this loading
+here shown, also the
+
+shaft expands.
+
+It expands uniformly.
+
+And in fact, it expands 0.05%
+based on the initial
+
+dimensions of the shaft during
+each load step and we apply 10
+
+load steps.
+
+So the loading then all together
+is in the first load
+
+step, 100 MPa applied here.
+
+And from the second to 11th load
+step, we expand the shaft
+
+by 0.05% in diameter, so to
+say, based on the initial
+
+dimensions.
+
+We use the updated Lagrangian
+formulation to model the
+
+response of the plate.
+
+Let's look now at these
+analysis results.
+
+Here we see just as a
+reminder once more
+
+the mesh we are using.
+
+Also, here is once more
+the detail of the
+
+mesh around the shaft.
+
+This is the default
+mesh at step 1.
+
+The deformations are due to the
+tensile load of the 100
+
+megapascals on the plate.
+
+Next we plot the plastic zones
+in the plate as they develop
+
+when the shaft expands.
+
+Notice again the time code above
+the mesh giving the step
+
+number since delta t equals 1.
+
+There are all together
+11 steps.
+
+The shaft expands from step
+2 step to step 11.
+
+We see the time code running and
+at time 7 we see the first
+
+plasticity.
+
+This plasticity spreads as the
+shaft further expands.
+
+The maximum plastic zone is,
+of course, reached at the
+
+maximum expansion of the shaft,
+that is at time 11.
+
+This completes what I wanted
+to say about this analysis.
+
+Note that after each analysis
+step we looked at the
+
+calculated deformations and
+stresses is to identify
+
+whether these make sense.
+
+This brings us to the end of
+this lecture and to the end of
+
+this course.
+
+I'd like to now just take a few
+minutes for some closing
+
+remarks regarding the course.
+
+I mentioned already in the first
+lecture that nonlinear
+
+finite element analysis
+is a very large field.
+
+There are continuum mechanics
+principles, numerical
+
+algorithms, and software
+considerations.
+
+We could not cover in detail
+many aspects of all of these
+
+fields in these 22 lectures.
+
+However, I do believe that the
+22 lectures provide a good
+
+introduction and a good
+foundation for further study.
+
+I would hope that you would
+listen to these lectures with
+
+your colleagues, that these
+lectures would initiate
+
+discussions, stimulations for
+your work in nonlinear
+
+analysis and, of course,
+also questions.
+
+We at MIT continue to
+work in nonlinear
+
+finite element analysis.
+
+And we also offer from time
+to time weekly courses.
+
+I would be glad to see some
+off you at these weekly
+
+courses to share some of the
+experiences that you have had
+
+listening to these video
+lectures and also regarding
+
+your work in practice.
+
+Finally, I'd like to mention
+that a video course of this
+
+nature can only be produced
+through the concerted effort
+
+of a number of very
+devoted people.
+
+I'd like to thank for their
+collaboration and support Dick
+
+Norris, Elizabeth DeRienzo,
+Pat [? Regan ?]
+
+of the Center of Advanced
+Engineering Study at MIT, and
+
+Ted Sussman, my student.
+
+And very finally, thanks also
+for the crew around here.
+
+Thank you for your attention.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NinWEPPrkDQ.txt b/NinWEPPrkDQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..403150c17c8fe5a67798e2889b01e8ff454f9ec8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NinWEPPrkDQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right today's lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today's lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today's lecture is
+full of tries and trays and trees oh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of tries and trays and trees oh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of tries and trays and trees oh my
+lots of different uh synonyms all coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different uh synonyms all coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different uh synonyms all coming
+from trees uh in particular we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from trees uh in particular we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from trees uh in particular we're going
+to cover suffix trees today and various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover suffix trees today and various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover suffix trees today and various
+representations of them and how to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of them and how to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of them and how to build
+them in linear time other good things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in linear time other good things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in linear time other good things
+some of you may have seen suffix trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may have seen suffix trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may have seen suffix trees
+before but uh hopefully haven't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but uh hopefully haven't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but uh hopefully haven't actually
+seen most of the things I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen most of the things I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen most of the things I'm going to
+cover except for the very Basics so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover except for the very Basics so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover except for the very Basics so the
+general problem we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general problem we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general problem we're interested in
+solving today is string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching
+and string matching we're given two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and string matching we're given two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and string matching we're given two
+strings one of them we call the text T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings one of them we call the text T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings one of them we call the text T
+and the other one we call the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so these are
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+strings over some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings over some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings over some
+alphabet the alphabet we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet the alphabet we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet the alphabet we're going to
+always call capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always call capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always call capital
+Sigma think of that it could be binary 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma think of that it could be binary 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma think of that it could be binary 0
+and one could be asky so there's 256
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one could be asky so there's 256
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one could be asky so there's 256
+characters in there could be Unicode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters in there could be Unicode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters in there could be Unicode
+pick your favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick your favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick your favorite
+alphabet then could be acgt for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet then could be acgt for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet then could be acgt for
+DNA and their goal is to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and their goal is to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and their goal is to find the
+occurrences of the pattern in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Andor could be we want to find some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andor could be we want to find some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andor could be we want to find some of
+those occurrences or all of them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those occurrences or all of them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those occurrences or all of them or
+count them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in this lecture we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this lecture we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this lecture we're only
+interested in substring searches so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in substring searches so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in substring searches so the
+pattern is is just a string you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is is just a string you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is is just a string you want to
+know all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+places where P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where P
+occurs P might appear multiple times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs P might appear multiple times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs P might appear multiple times
+with even overlapping itself so on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with even overlapping itself so on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with even overlapping itself so on those
+two positions whatever want to find all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two positions whatever want to find all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two positions whatever want to find all
+the shifts of P where it's identical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shifts of P where it's identical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shifts of P where it's identical to
+T now there are lots of variations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T now there are lots of variations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T now there are lots of variations on
+this problem which we won't look at in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem which we won't look at in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem which we won't look at in
+this lecture uh such as when the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture uh such as when the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture uh such as when the pattern
+has wild cards in it or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has wild cards in it or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has wild cards in it or you could
+imagine it being a regular expression or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it being a regular expression or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it being a regular expression or
+you don't want to match exactly you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to match exactly you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to match exactly you want
+to match approximately could have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match approximately could have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match approximately could have some
+mismatches uh or could require some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatches uh or could require some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatches uh or could require some
+edits to to match T we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edits to to match T we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edits to to match T we're not going to
+look at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at those
+problems uh this is both an algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh this is both an algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh this is both an algorithmic
+problem and a data structures problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and a data structures problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and a data structures problem
+if I give you this text in the pattern I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I give you this text in the pattern I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I give you this text in the pattern I
+just want to know the answer you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to know the answer you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to know the answer you can do
+that in linear time famous K moris Pratt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in linear time famous K moris Pratt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in linear time famous K moris Pratt
+or Bo or Moore or uh Raven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Bo or Moore or uh Raven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Bo or Moore or uh Raven
+karp uh lots of linear time algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+karp uh lots of linear time algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+karp uh lots of linear time algorithms
+for doing that we're interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing that we're interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing that we're interested in the
+data structure version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure version of the
+problem static data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem static data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem static data
+structure so we're given the text up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so we're given the text up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so we're given the text up
+front given T and we want to pre-process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front given T and we want to pre-process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front given T and we want to pre-process
+T and then query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and then query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and then query
+consists of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of the
+pattern so we imagine T being very big p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so we imagine T being very big p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so we imagine T being very big p
+being not so big and we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being not so big and we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being not so big and we'd like to
+spend something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh order P time to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+query that would be ideal because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query that would be ideal because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query that would be ideal because you
+have to at least look at the query and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to at least look at the query and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to at least look at the query and
+you don't really want to spend time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really want to spend time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really want to spend time
+looking at the text you'd also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the text you'd also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the text you'd also like
+something like order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like order
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+space we don't want the space of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we don't want the space of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we don't want the space of the
+data structure to be much bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure to be much bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure to be much bigger than
+the original text so these are goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original text so these are goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original text so these are goals
+which we will more or less achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will more or less achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will more or less achieve
+depending on exactly the problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on exactly the problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on exactly the problem you
+want sometimes we'll achieve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want sometimes we'll achieve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want sometimes we'll achieve this
+sometimes we'll achieve almost this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we'll achieve almost this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we'll achieve almost this uh
+but this is pretty I mean these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is pretty I mean these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is pretty I mean these are
+really nice running times and space it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice running times and space it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice running times and space it's
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+optimal before we get to that problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal before we get to that problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal before we get to that problem I
+want to solve a simpler problem which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to solve a simpler problem which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to solve a simpler problem which is
+necessary to solve this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to solve this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to solve this one
+one so I'll call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+warmup and it's our good friend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmup and it's our good friend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmup and it's our good friend the
+predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem but now among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strings so let's say we have K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings so let's say we have K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings so let's say we have K
+strings t k texts T1 to TK and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings t k texts T1 to TK and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings t k texts T1 to TK and now the
+query is you're given some pattern p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query is you're given some pattern p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query is you're given some pattern p and
+you want to know where P fits among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know where P fits among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know where P fits among
+these strings in lexical order okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strings in lexical order okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strings in lexical order okay so
+regular predecessor but now comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular predecessor but now comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular predecessor but now comparison
+is string comparison so of course we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is string comparison so of course we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is string comparison so of course we you
+could try to solve that using our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try to solve that using our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try to solve that using our
+existing predecessor data structures but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing predecessor data structures but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing predecessor data structures but
+they won't do very well even a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't do very well even a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't do very well even a binary
+search tree is not going to do well here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree is not going to do well here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree is not going to do well here
+because comparing two strings could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because comparing two strings could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because comparing two strings could take
+a very long time if those strings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very long time if those strings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very long time if those strings are
+long so we don't want to do that instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so we don't want to do that instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so we don't want to do that instead
+we're going to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to build a
+try now tries we've seen in the fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try now tries we've seen in the fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try now tries we've seen in the fast
+sorting lecture uh when W is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting lecture uh when W is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting lecture uh when W is at least
+log to 2 plus Epsilon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log to 2 plus Epsilon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log to 2 plus Epsilon of
+N and we use we use tries in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and we use we use tries in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and we use we use tries in a
+particular setting there uh we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular setting there uh we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular setting there uh we're going
+to use them in their more native setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use them in their more native setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use them in their more native setting
+today a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lot in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in this
+setting uh it's again a tri as a rooted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting uh it's again a tri as a rooted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting uh it's again a tri as a rooted
+tree the children branches are labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in this case they're labeled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case they're labeled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case they're labeled with
+letters in the alphabet Sigma so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters in the alphabet Sigma so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters in the alphabet Sigma so you
+have a node and let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a node and let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a node and let's say we
+have the English alphabet A B up to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the English alphabet A B up to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the English alphabet A B up to Z
+those are your 26 possible children some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are your 26 possible children some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are your 26 possible children some
+of them may not exist they're null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them may not exist they're null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them may not exist they're null
+pointers Others May point to actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers Others May point to actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers Others May point to actual
+notes okay that is a try in its native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes okay that is a try in its native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes okay that is a try in its native
+setting which is when the alphabet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting which is when the alphabet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting which is when the alphabet is
+something you care about now when we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you care about now when we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you care about now when we use
+before our alphabet just represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before our alphabet just represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before our alphabet just represented
+some digit in some kind of arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some digit in some kind of arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some digit in some kind of arbitrary
+representation uh the digit was made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation uh the digit was made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation uh the digit was made up
+of log to the Epsilon bits I we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of log to the Epsilon bits I we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of log to the Epsilon bits I we're just
+using it as a tool but this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it as a tool but this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it as a tool but this is where
+tries actually come from they come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries actually come from they come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries actually come from they come from
+trying to retrieve strings out of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to retrieve strings out of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to retrieve strings out of uh
+some database in this case we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some database in this case we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some database in this case we're doing
+predecessor over strings this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor over strings this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor over strings this is a
+practical problem uh like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical problem uh like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical problem uh like a lot of
+Library search engines you type in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library search engines you type in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library search engines you type in the
+beginning of the title of a book and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the title of a book and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the title of a book and it
+gives you you want to know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you you want to know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you you want to know what is the
+proceeding succeeding book title of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeding succeeding book title of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeding succeeding book title of what
+you query for so this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you query for so this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you query for so this is something
+people care about although really they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people care about although really they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people care about although really they
+want to typically want to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to typically want to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to typically want to solve this
+problem because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because it's
+harder okay so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder okay so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder okay so that's a
+try uh now to make it to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try uh now to make it to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try uh now to make it to make this
+actually work or what we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work or what we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work or what we'd like to
+do uh is represent our strings so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh is represent our strings so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh is represent our strings so how do
+we use this structure to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this structure to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this structure to represent
+strings T1 t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K so we're going to represent those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so we're going to represent those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so we're going to represent those
+strings in the obvious way which we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings in the obvious way which we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings in the obvious way which we've
+done many times in the past in when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done many times in the past in when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done many times in the past in when we
+were doing integer data structures as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing integer data structures as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing integer data structures as
+root to leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paths because any root tole path is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths because any root tole path is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths because any root tole path is just
+a sequence of letters and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of letters and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of letters and that's a
+string so just throw them in there now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string so just throw them in there now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string so just throw them in there now
+to do that we need to change things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that we need to change things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that we need to change things a
+little bit we're going to add a new uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+letter uh which will usually represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter uh which will usually represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter uh which will usually represent
+as a dollar sign to the end of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+string okay so uh I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string okay so uh I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string okay so uh I have an
+example we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strings which are various spellings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings which are various spellings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings which are various spellings of
+Anna and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anna and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anna and
+an and say we'd like to throw these into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an and say we'd like to throw these into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an and say we'd like to throw these into
+a try so they all start with a so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a try so they all start with a so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a try so they all start with a so at the
+root there's going to be four branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root there's going to be four branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root there's going to be four branches
+corresponding to dollar sign a e and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to dollar sign a e and N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to dollar sign a e and N
+I'm supposing my alphabet is just AE n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm supposing my alphabet is just AE n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm supposing my alphabet is just AE n
+because that's all that appears here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's all that appears here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's all that appears here
+here but everything will be on the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but everything will be on the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but everything will be on the a
+branch and then from there we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and then from there we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and then from there we're going
+to have uh let's see they all go to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have uh let's see they all go to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have uh let's see they all go to n
+next so they all follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so they all follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so they all follow this
+Branch then one of them goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch then one of them goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch then one of them goes to
+a uh these all go to n afterwards so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh these all go to n afterwards so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh these all go to n afterwards so
+we've got dollar sign a we use e n we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got dollar sign a we use e n we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got dollar sign a we use e n we
+use and on the a branch we are done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and on the a branch we are done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and on the a branch we are done this
+this corresponds to a n a so that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corresponds to a n a so that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corresponds to a n a so that we're
+finished and so we imagine there being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished and so we imagine there being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished and so we imagine there being a
+dollar sign at the end of this string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign at the end of this string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign at the end of this string
+and so we follow the dollar sign child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we follow the dollar sign child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we follow the dollar sign child
+the others are blank and this Leaf here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others are blank and this Leaf here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others are blank and this Leaf here
+corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds
+TOA on the other hand if we could do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TOA on the other hand if we could do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TOA on the other hand if we could do an
+Ann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh there's three options we could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's three options we could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's three options we could be
+done or there could be an A or an e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done or there could be an A or an e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done or there could be an A or an e to
+follow so if we're done that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow so if we're done that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow so if we're done that would
+correspond to the dollar sign pointer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the dollar sign pointer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the dollar sign pointer so
+that's going to be a leaf corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a leaf corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a leaf corresponding
+to this string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this string
+here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh
+or could be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or could be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or could be an
+A and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done and then we have a leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and then we have a leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and then we have a leaf
+corresponding to Anna a an N A or could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to Anna a an N A or could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to Anna a an N A or could
+be we have an e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we have an e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we have an e
+next and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done okay not very exciting but that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay not very exciting but that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay not very exciting but that is
+the tri representation of an Ana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tri representation of an Ana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tri representation of an Ana
+annn andn e okay and you can see there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annn andn e okay and you can see there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annn andn e okay and you can see there's
+exactly one leaf per uh word down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one leaf per uh word down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one leaf per uh word down here
+and furthermore the if you take an in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore the if you take an in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore the if you take an in
+order traversal of those leaves you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order traversal of those leaves you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order traversal of those leaves you get
+these strings in order and typically if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strings in order and typically if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strings in order and typically if
+you're going to store a data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to store a data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to store a data structure
+like this you would store these actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you would store these actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you would store these actual
+pointers so once you get to a leaf you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers so once you get to a leaf you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers so once you get to a leaf you
+know which word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matched so that's a try seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched so that's a try seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched so that's a try seems
+pretty trivial trivial I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know but it turns out there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but it turns out there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but it turns out there's something
+already pretty interesting about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already pretty interesting about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already pretty interesting about this
+data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure
+uh so how do you do a predecessor search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so how do you do a predecessor search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so how do you do a predecessor search
+right if I'm searching for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I'm searching for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I'm searching for something
+like uh I don't know a n e because I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh I don't know a n e because I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh I don't know a n e because I I
+made a typo uh then I follow a and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a typo uh then I follow a and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a typo uh then I follow a and and
+then I follow this e Branch here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I follow this e Branch here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I follow this e Branch here and
+discover whoops there's nothing here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover whoops there's nothing here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover whoops there's nothing here but
+right at that note I see okay well my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at that note I see okay well my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at that note I see okay well my
+predecessor is going to be the max in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor is going to be the max in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor is going to be the max in
+this sub tree which happens to be Ana my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub tree which happens to be Ana my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub tree which happens to be Ana my
+successor is going to be the Min in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor is going to be the Min in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor is going to be the Min in this
+sub tree which happens to be Ann and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree which happens to be Ann and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree which happens to be Ann and so
+I find what I want how how long does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find what I want how how long does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find what I want how how long does it
+take me to do that well if I store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take me to do that well if I store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take me to do that well if I store
+subtree mins and Maxes then I just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtree mins and Maxes then I just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtree mins and Maxes then I just have
+to walk down the tree that will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to walk down the tree that will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to walk down the tree that will take
+order P time to walk down and then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order P time to walk down and then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order P time to walk down and then once
+I'm at a node I've got to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at a node I've got to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at a node I've got to do a
+predecessor or a successor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor or a successor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor or a successor in the
+node okay so there are two issues one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node okay so there are two issues one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node okay so there are two issues one is
+how given a note how do you know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how given a note how do you know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how given a note how do you know which
+way to walk down and then when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to walk down and then when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to walk down and then when you're
+done how do I mean how do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done how do I mean how do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done how do I mean how do you do
+predecessor in a node is the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor in a node is the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor in a node is the fundamental
+question now this is something we spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now this is something we spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now this is something we spent
+a lot of time doing in say Fusion trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time doing in say Fusion trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time doing in say Fusion trees
+that was the big challenge so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the big challenge so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the big challenge so this is
+not really so trivial how do I represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really so trivial how do I represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really so trivial how do I represent
+a node one way to make a trivial is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a node one way to make a trivial is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a node one way to make a trivial is to
+assume that the alphabet is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the alphabet is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the alphabet is constant
+sized like two then of course there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized like two then of course there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized like two then of course there's
+nothing to do it's a binary try you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do it's a binary try you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do it's a binary try you look
+at zero you look at one you can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero you look at one you can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero you look at one you can figure
+out anything you need to do uh is if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out anything you need to do uh is if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out anything you need to do uh is if the
+alphabet is constant but things get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet is constant but things get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet is constant but things get
+interesting if you imagine well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if you imagine well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if you imagine well the
+alphabet's some parameter we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet's some parameter we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet's some parameter we don't know
+how big it is it might be substantial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big it is it might be substantial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big it is it might be substantial so
+let's think about how you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about how you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about how you might
+represent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a
+try or the node of a try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's call this
+TR node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR node
+representation so any suggestions how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so any suggestions how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so any suggestions how
+would you what are the obvious ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you what are the obvious ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you what are the obvious ways to
+represent the node of a try nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the node of a try nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the node of a try nothing
+fancy I have three obvious answers at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy I have three obvious answers at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy I have three obvious answers at
+least aray good that was my number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least aray good that was my number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least aray good that was my number
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+anymore that's I think the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore that's I think the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore that's I think the most
+obvious tree good do a binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious tree good do a binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious tree good do a binary search
+tree or has hash table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good okay so for each of them we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so for each of them we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so for each of them we have
+query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query
+time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space okay if I use an array meaning I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay if I use an array meaning I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay if I use an array meaning I
+have let's say for a through z I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let's say for a through z I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let's say for a through z I have a
+pointer that goes either as null or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer that goes either as null or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer that goes either as null or
+points to the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to the child
+uh this is going to be really fast right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is going to be really fast right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is going to be really fast right
+because at a note if I want to know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at a note if I want to know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at a note if I want to know uh
+you know I just look at that the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I just look at that the i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I just look at that the i
+letter in my pattern P I say oh it's a j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter in my pattern P I say oh it's a j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter in my pattern P I say oh it's a j
+and so I look at the J position I follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I look at the J position I follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I look at the J position I follow
+it uh you might wonder how do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh you might wonder how do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh you might wonder how do I do
+predecessor and successor well this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor and successor well this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor and successor well this is a
+static data structure so for every cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static data structure so for every cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static data structure so for every cell
+if it's null I can store the predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's null I can store the predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's null I can store the predecessor
+and successor in the node I mean so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and successor in the node I mean so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and successor in the node I mean so no
+with no more space just uh this is Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no more space just uh this is Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no more space just uh this is Sigma
+space per node and so the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space per node and so the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space per node and so the amount of
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+is T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is T
+Sigma which is not so great but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma which is not so great but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma which is not so great but the
+query is fast query is order P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query is fast query is order P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query is fast query is order P
+time okay uh BST the idea of the BST is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay uh BST the idea of the BST is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay uh BST the idea of the BST is
+instead of having a node that has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having a node that has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having a node that has some
+pointers some of which may be absent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers some of which may be absent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers some of which may be absent
+let's expand it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's expand it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's expand it out
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+uh something like this actually I'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something like this actually I'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something like this actually I'll use
+colors this will make life a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors this will make life a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors this will make life a little bit
+cleaner in a moment cuz we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner in a moment cuz we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner in a moment cuz we're going to
+modify this approach so let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify this approach so let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify this approach so let's say that
+the uh the pointers you care about are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the pointers you care about are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the pointers you care about are
+red those are the actual letter pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red those are the actual letter pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red those are the actual letter pointers
+you want to do so the idea is to expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do so the idea is to expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do so the idea is to expand
+out this High degree node into binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this High degree node into binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this High degree node into binary
+nodes you put appropriate keys in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes you put appropriate keys in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes you put appropriate keys in here
+so you can do a binary search and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do a binary search and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do a binary search and then
+eventually you get down to where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you get down to where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you get down to where you
+need to go so uh this structure has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go so uh this structure has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go so uh this structure has
+height log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height log
+Sigma and so the query time is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and so the query time is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and so the query time is going to
+be P log Sigma so that goes up a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be P log Sigma so that goes up a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be P log Sigma so that goes up a little
+bit not perfect but the space now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit not perfect but the space now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit not perfect but the space now
+becomes linear so that's an improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes linear so that's an improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes linear so that's an improvement
+so ideally we'd like the best of both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ideally we'd like the best of both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ideally we'd like the best of both of
+these like Optimal query time optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these like Optimal query time optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these like Optimal query time optimal
+space linear space and hash tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space linear space and hash tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space linear space and hash tables
+achieve that they give you order P space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve that they give you order P space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve that they give you order P space
+Sorry order P query and Order t space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry order P query and Order t space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry order P query and Order t space
+again the issue is some of these cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the issue is some of these cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the issue is some of these cells
+are absent so don't use an array that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are absent so don't use an array that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are absent so don't use an array that's
+like a direct mapped hash table use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a direct mapped hash table use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a direct mapped hash table use a
+hash table use hashing that way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table use hashing that way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table use hashing that way you can
+use linear space per node however many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use linear space per node however many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use linear space per node however many
+occupied children there are uh what is T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied children there are uh what is T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied children there are uh what is T
+here by the way T is the the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by the way T is the the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by the way T is the the sum of the
+lengths of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of the
+ti uh because here we're storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ti uh because here we're storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ti uh because here we're storing
+multiple TI or it's the number of nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple TI or it's the number of nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple TI or it's the number of nodes
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree which if your if your strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree which if your if your strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree which if your if your strings
+happen to have a lot of common prefixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to have a lot of common prefixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to have a lot of common prefixes
+the number of nodes in the try could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of nodes in the try could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of nodes in the try could be
+smaller than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that
+but not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in
+general okay what's the problem with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general okay what's the problem with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general okay what's the problem with the
+hash table question um so for BST we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table question um so for BST we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table question um so for BST we're
+not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the
+Ma we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ma we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ma we're just going to
+find uh yes for the BST we need to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh yes for the BST we need to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh yes for the BST we need to store
+some keys in this node that lets you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some keys in this node that lets you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some keys in this node that lets you do
+binary search for example every node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search for example every node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search for example every node
+could store the max in the left sub tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could store the max in the left sub tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could store the max in the left sub tree
+just within this little tree though so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just within this little tree though so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just within this little tree though so
+that's why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not it is order T oh sorry I see why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it is order T oh sorry I see why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it is order T oh sorry I see why is
+it not OT Sigma space yeah you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not OT Sigma space yeah you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not OT Sigma space yeah you're only
+storing one letter here so that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing one letter here so that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing one letter here so that's it
+fits in a single word and two pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits in a single word and two pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits in a single word and two pointers
+so every node only takes constant space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every node only takes constant space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every node only takes constant space
+so it's only T order t space not t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's only T order t space not t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's only T order t space not t
+Sigma yep other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma yep other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma yep other
+questions or answers there's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or answers there's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or answers there's a problem
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+hashing doesn't actually solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing doesn't actually solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing doesn't actually solve the
+problem we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we want to
+solve it doesn't solve predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it doesn't solve predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it doesn't solve predecessor
+because hashing mixes up the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because hashing mixes up the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because hashing mixes up the order of
+the nodes this is the problem we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes this is the problem we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes this is the problem we had
+with uh what's it called uh signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh what's it called uh signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh what's it called uh signature
+sort right which hashed it it messed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort right which hashed it it messed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort right which hashed it it messed up
+it permuted all the things in the nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it permuted all the things in the nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it permuted all the things in the nodes
+and so you didn't know uh I mean in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you didn't know uh I mean in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you didn't know uh I mean in a
+hash table you can't solve predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table you can't solve predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table you can't solve predecessor
+that's what the predecessor problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the predecessor problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the predecessor problem is
+for uh so I guess you could try to throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh so I guess you could try to throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh so I guess you could try to throw
+a predecessor data structure in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a predecessor data structure in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a predecessor data structure in here
+actually I hadn't thought of that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I hadn't thought of that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I hadn't thought of that before
+so we could use y fast trees or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could use y fast trees or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could use y fast trees or
+something and we would get order t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and we would get order t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and we would get order t
+space and guess with high probability we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and guess with high probability we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and guess with high probability we
+I mean this is also with with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is also with with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is also with with high
+probability we get order P log log Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability we get order P log log Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability we get order P log log Sigma
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+guess cuz uh use Venom deis so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess cuz uh use Venom deis so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess cuz uh use Venom deis so this is
+I'm going to have to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have to call it
+3.5 uh Venom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 uh Venom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 uh Venom
+deis so that would be another approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deis so that would be another approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deis so that would be another approach
+so the hashing will not do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the hashing will not do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the hashing will not do uh
+predecessor okay it will do exact search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor okay it will do exact search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor okay it will do exact search
+which is still an interesting problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is still an interesting problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is still an interesting problem I
+give you some strings I want to know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some strings I want to know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some strings I want to know is
+this string in your set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this string in your set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this string in your set
+uh but it won't won't solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it won't won't solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it won't won't solve the
+predecessor problem okay so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor problem okay so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor problem okay so this is an
+interesting solution to hashing but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting solution to hashing but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting solution to hashing but not
+quite what we want in venom to BOS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite what we want in venom to BOS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite what we want in venom to BOS
+doesn't quite do what we want either it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite do what we want either it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite do what we want either it
+improves over the BST approach but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improves over the BST approach but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improves over the BST approach but and
+that we get another log in there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get another log in there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get another log in there but
+it's still not order P kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still not order P kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still not order P kind of like
+order P or at least instead of order P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order P or at least instead of order P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order P or at least instead of order P
+Times log log Sigma I'd kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times log log Sigma I'd kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times log log Sigma I'd kind of like
+order P plus log log Sigma or plus log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order P plus log log Sigma or plus log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order P plus log log Sigma or plus log
+Sigma and Order P plus log Sigma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and Order P plus log Sigma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and Order P plus log Sigma is
+known so that's what I want to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known so that's what I want to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known so that's what I want to tell you
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is normally done with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is normally done with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is normally done with a
+structure called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure called
+trays which is a uh portando I guess of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trays which is a uh portando I guess of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trays which is a uh portando I guess of
+tree and array somewhere in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and array somewhere in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and array somewhere in there
+there's a tree and an array so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tree and an array so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tree and an array so it's it's
+a bit of a awkward word uh but what and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a awkward word uh but what and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a awkward word uh but what and
+that those are developed by Cole kovitz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those are developed by Cole kovitz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those are developed by Cole kovitz
+and lanstein in 2006 so fairly recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lanstein in 2006 so fairly recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lanstein in 2006 so fairly recent
+Innovation so this is I have this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation so this is I have this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation so this is I have this number
+six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+trays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trays
+achieve order P plus log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve order P plus log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve order P plus log
+Sigma and order t-space so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and order t-space so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and order t-space so this is
+pretty good they will do predecessor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good they will do predecessor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good they will do predecessor and
+successor definitely an improvement over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor definitely an improvement over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor definitely an improvement over
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+BST
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BST
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BST
+um it's open whether you could do order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's open whether you could do order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's open whether you could do order
+P plus log log Sigma at least as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P plus log log Sigma at least as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P plus log log Sigma at least as far as
+I can tell no one has worked on this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tell no one has worked on this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tell no one has worked on this and
+maybe we will work on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we will work on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we will work on it
+today so that's something to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so that's something to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so that's something to think about
+whether you could get the best of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you could get the best of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you could get the best of all of
+these worlds for predecessor there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these worlds for predecessor there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these worlds for predecessor there's a
+lower bound you need to spend at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound you need to spend at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound you need to spend at least
+log log Sigma time because even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log Sigma time because even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log Sigma time because even if
+you're try as a single node you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're try as a single node you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're try as a single node you have the
+predecessor lower bound and we know log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor lower bound and we know log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor lower bound and we know log
+log Universe size is the best you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log Universe size is the best you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log Universe size is the best you can do
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regime okay so uh that's where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime okay so uh that's where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime okay so uh that's where we're
+going I want instead of describing trays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going I want instead of describing trays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going I want instead of describing trays
+though I'm going to describe a new way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I'm going to describe a new way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I'm going to describe a new way
+to do it which has never been seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it which has never been seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it which has never been seen
+before in any class or anywhere because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in any class or anywhere because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in any class or anywhere because
+it's brand new it's developed by Martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's brand new it's developed by Martin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's brand new it's developed by Martin
+farch Colton who uh you know did the LCA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farch Colton who uh you know did the LCA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farch Colton who uh you know did the LCA
+and the level ancestor structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the level ancestor structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the level ancestor structures that
+we saw last class uh and he just told it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last class uh and he just told it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last class uh and he just told it
+to me and it's really cool so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and it's really cool so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and it's really cool so we're
+going to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+so simpler way to get this same bound of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so simpler way to get this same bound of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so simpler way to get this same bound of
+of trays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the first thing we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing we're going to do is
+use a weight balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BST this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BST this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BST this will
+achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve
+uh p + log K query and linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space okay K remember is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay K remember is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay K remember is the number of
+strings that we're storing so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings that we're storing so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings that we're storing so it's the
+number of leaves in the TR so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of leaves in the TR so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of leaves in the TR so it's not
+quite as good as P plus log Sigma but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as good as P plus log Sigma but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as good as P plus log Sigma but
+it's going to be a warmup going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a warmup going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a warmup going to do
+this and then we're going to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we're going to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we're going to improve
+it okay so remember weight balanced uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so remember weight balanced uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so remember weight balanced uh
+trees we talked about them way back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees we talked about them way back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees we talked about them way back in
+lecture three I believe um there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture three I believe um there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture three I believe um there's an
+issue of what is the weight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of what is the weight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of what is the weight and
+typically you say the weight of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you say the weight of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you say the weight of a
+subtree is the number of nodes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtree is the number of nodes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtree is the number of nodes in the
+sub tree I'm going to change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree I'm going to change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree I'm going to change that
+slightly and say the weight of a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly and say the weight of a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly and say the weight of a sub
+tree is the number of descendant leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree is the number of descendant leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree is the number of descendant leaves
+in the sub tree not the number of nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because well because it's log K we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well because it's log K we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well because it's log K we
+really care about the number of leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about the number of leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about the number of leaves
+down there there could be long paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there there could be long paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there there could be long paths
+here which we are not so excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which we are not so excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which we are not so excited about
+uh we really care about how many leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we really care about how many leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we really care about how many leaves
+are down there so like the weight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are down there so like the weight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are down there so like the weight of
+this node here is uh three there three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node here is uh three there three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node here is uh three there three
+leaves below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves below
+it okay so now it should be you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so now it should be you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so now it should be you may
+recall weight balance bsts try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall weight balance bsts try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall weight balance bsts try to make
+the weight of the left sub tree within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of the left sub tree within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of the left sub tree within a
+constant factor of the weight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor of the weight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor of the weight of the
+right sub tree because we're static we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sub tree because we're static we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sub tree because we're static we
+can be even simpler and say find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be even simpler and say find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be even simpler and say find the
+optimal partition so we have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal partition so we have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal partition so we have all these
+uh yeah so we're thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so we're thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so we're thinking about this
+approach okay this idea of expanding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach okay this idea of expanding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach okay this idea of expanding a
+large degree node into some binary tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large degree node into some binary tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large degree node into some binary tree
+we have a choice of what binary tree to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a choice of what binary tree to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a choice of what binary tree to
+use okay with three nodes not very many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use okay with three nodes not very many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use okay with three nodes not very many
+choices it could be this or it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices it could be this or it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices it could be this or it could be
+a straight line this way or a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line this way or a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line this way or a straight
+line that way those are different and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that way those are different and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that way those are different and if
+one of these guys is really heavy one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these guys is really heavy one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these guys is really heavy one of
+these children is really heavy you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these children is really heavy you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these children is really heavy you want
+to put it closer to the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it closer to the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it closer to the root
+so that's what we're going to do we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we're going to do we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we're going to do we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+uh let me let me draw it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me let me draw it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me let me draw it this
+way as kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as kind of an
+array but what this array represents is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array but what this array represents is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array but what this array represents is
+for a node so here's my node it has lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a node so here's my node it has lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a node so here's my node it has lots
+of children uh some of these are heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of children uh some of these are heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of children uh some of these are heavy
+some of them are light lighter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are light lighter than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are light lighter than
+others okay we don't know how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others okay we don't know how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others okay we don't know how they're
+distributed but they're ordered we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed but they're ordered we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed but they're ordered we have
+to preserve the order so if I take what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to preserve the order so if I take what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to preserve the order so if I take what
+this is supposed to represent is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is supposed to represent is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is supposed to represent is the
+total number of leaves in this sub tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of leaves in this sub tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of leaves in this sub tree
+so total number of leaves here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so total number of leaves here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so total number of leaves here and then
+uh I'm going to partition this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going to partition this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going to partition this this
+rectangle into groups corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle into groups corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle into groups corresponding to
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+sizes okay so these this is small medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes okay so these this is small medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes okay so these this is small medium
+small little less than medium uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small little less than medium uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small little less than medium uh
+big and then small so something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and then small so something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and then small so something like
+that so these horizontal lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so these horizontal lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so these horizontal lengths
+correspond to the number of leaves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the number of leaves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the number of leaves in
+these things correspond to the weight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things correspond to the weight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things correspond to the weight of
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+children so I look at that and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so I look at that and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so I look at that and I say
+well what I'd really like to do is split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what I'd really like to do is split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what I'd really like to do is split
+this in the middle which maybe here say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the middle which maybe here say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the middle which maybe here say
+okay well then I'll split here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well then I'll split here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well then I'll split here that's
+pretty close to the middle and so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to the middle and so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to the middle and so my
+left sub tree will consist of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left sub tree will consist of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left sub tree will consist of these guys
+my right sub tree will consist of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my right sub tree will consist of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my right sub tree will consist of these
+guys and then I recurse over here I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and then I recurse over here I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and then I recurse over here I I
+split at the middle I find the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split at the middle I find the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split at the middle I find the thing
+that's closest to the middle over here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's closest to the middle over here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's closest to the middle over here I
+split at the middle find the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split at the middle find the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split at the middle find the thing
+that's closest to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's closest to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's closest to the
+middle and then uh this is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and then uh this is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and then uh this is pretty much
+determined so my root node corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined so my root node corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined so my root node corresponds
+to this one uh it's going to partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this one uh it's going to partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this one uh it's going to partition
+here so over on the right there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so over on the right there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so over on the right there's going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+uh and here's going to be the big tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and here's going to be the big tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and here's going to be the big tree
+and then here is the small tree so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here is the small tree so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here is the small tree so this
+small tree corresponds to this one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small tree corresponds to this one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small tree corresponds to this one this
+big tree corresponds to this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tree corresponds to this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tree corresponds to this interval
+then the left we've got four uh things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the left we've got four uh things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the left we've got four uh things
+we need to store so these are the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to store so these are the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to store so these are the the
+red pointers that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red pointers that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red pointers that we had
+before then over on the left we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before then over on the left we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before then over on the left we're going
+to have a partition and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a partition and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a partition and then there's
+going to be two guys here uh it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be two guys here uh it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be two guys here uh it doesn't
+really matter how we store them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter how we store them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter how we store them
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+this uh they are I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh they are I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh they are I guess
+medium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and
+small and then over on the left we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and then over on the left we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and then over on the left we also
+have two guys so it's going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two guys so it's going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two guys so it's going to be uh
+again something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so we got medium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we got medium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we got medium and
+small okay so you see how that worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay so you see how that worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay so you see how that worked
+our main goal was to make this big guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our main goal was to make this big guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our main goal was to make this big guy
+as close to the root as possible it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as close to the root as possible it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as close to the root as possible it was
+the biggest and that's basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest and that's basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest and that's basically what
+happened this one was really big and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened this one was really big and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened this one was really big and we
+couldn't quite put it as a child of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't quite put it as a child of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't quite put it as a child of the
+root because it appeared in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root because it appeared in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root because it appeared in the middle
+but we could put it as a grandchild of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we could put it as a grandchild of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we could put it as a grandchild of
+the root in general if you have a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root in general if you have a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root in general if you have a super
+heavy child it will always become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy child it will always become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy child it will always become a
+child or grandchild of the root uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child or grandchild of the root uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child or grandchild of the root uh and
+so in constant number of traversals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in constant number of traversals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in constant number of traversals
+you'll get there now again you fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get there now again you fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get there now again you fill in
+these nodes with some keys so you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nodes with some keys so you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nodes with some keys so you can do
+a binary search but now the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binary search but now the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binary search but now the binary
+search might work might go faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search might work might go faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search might work might go faster than
+log Sigma which is what we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log Sigma which is what we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log Sigma which is what we had before
+and indeed you can prove that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed you can prove that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed you can prove that this
+really works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+claim claim is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim claim is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim claim is uh
+every two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every two
+edges you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges you
+follow either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Advance one letter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P these are the red edges that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P these are the red edges that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P these are the red edges that we want
+to follow so if we follow a red Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow so if we follow a red Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow so if we follow a red Edge
+then we've made progress to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've made progress to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've made progress to the next
+node so this would be following a red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so this would be following a red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so this would be following a red
+Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge
+or uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh we
+reduce the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number of
+candidate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate uh
+TI by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI by
+2/3 or I guess two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 or I guess two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 or I guess two
+2/3 of its original value so we lose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 of its original value so we lose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 of its original value so we lose a
+third of the strings that's what I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the strings that's what I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the strings that's what I'd
+like to claim and it's not too hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to claim and it's not too hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to claim and it's not too hard to
+see this it's sort of you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this it's sort of you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this it's sort of you have to
+imagine all of these possible partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine all of these possible partitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine all of these possible partitions
+which a little bit awkward the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a little bit awkward the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a little bit awkward the idea is
+the following if you if you take one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following if you if you take one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following if you if you take one of
+these arrays or this view of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arrays or this view of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arrays or this view of all the
+leaves just laid out on a line you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves just laid out on a line you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves just laid out on a line you say
+well it would be really nice if I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it would be really nice if I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it would be really nice if I'd like
+to split in the H in half but that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to split in the H in half but that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to split in the H in half but that will
+never happen unless I'm really lucky so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never happen unless I'm really lucky so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never happen unless I'm really lucky so
+let's think about uh this 1/3 splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about uh this 1/3 splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about uh this 1/3 splitting
+if I was able if I were able to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was able if I were able to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was able if I were able to cut
+anywhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in
+here uh then in one step actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh then in one step actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh then in one step actually I
+would achieve uh this 2/3 reduction I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would achieve uh this 2/3 reduction I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would achieve uh this 2/3 reduction I'd
+lose a third of the nodes right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a third of the nodes right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a third of the nodes right if I
+where's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's my
+red if I end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red if I end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red if I end up
+cutting uh here for example then either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting uh here for example then either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting uh here for example then either
+I go to the left and I lost almost 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go to the left and I lost almost 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go to the left and I lost almost 2/3
+in or I go to the right and I at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or I go to the right and I at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or I go to the right and I at least
+lost this one3 of the nodes or one3 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost this one3 of the nodes or one3 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost this one3 of the nodes or one3 of
+the leaves I should say okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves I should say okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves I should say okay so that
+that would be a good situation if I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a good situation if I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a good situation if I got
+some cut in here but it might might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cut in here but it might might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cut in here but it might might be
+there is no possible cut I can make in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no possible cut I can make in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no possible cut I can make in
+here because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because there's a
+giant child in here that has more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant child in here that has more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant child in here that has more than
+onethird of the nodes it would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onethird of the nodes it would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onethird of the nodes it would have to
+span all the way across here and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span all the way across here and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span all the way across here and so I
+can't make any Cuts I can only cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make any Cuts I can only cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make any Cuts I can only cut
+between child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between child
+boundaries okay in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries okay in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries okay in that
+situation you make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation you make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation you make this
+uh well this is when I need to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well this is when I need to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well this is when I need to follow
+two edges not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two edges not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two edges not
+one uh when there's a super big child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh when there's a super big child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh when there's a super big child
+like that as we said it will become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that as we said it will become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that as we said it will become a
+grandchild of the root so it will be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandchild of the root so it will be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandchild of the root so it will be uh
+there's the root and then here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the root and then here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the root and then here is the
+giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant
+tree and then there there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and then there there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and then there there's going to be
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+stuff here and here so after I go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here and here so after I go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here and here so after I go down
+two either one step or two steps I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two either one step or two steps I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two either one step or two steps I will
+either get here and now this was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either get here and now this was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either get here and now this was uh
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+need more red chalks all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more red chalks all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more red chalks all over the place
+uh this was a red pointer this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this was a red pointer this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this was a red pointer this is going
+to a child and so if I went there I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a child and so if I went there I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a child and so if I went there I'm
+happy in two steps I reduced I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy in two steps I reduced I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy in two steps I reduced I went
+Advanced one letter in P or in two steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced one letter in P or in two steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced one letter in P or in two steps
+I went here or I went here and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went here or I went here and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went here or I went here and this was
+a huge amount of the nodes this was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of the nodes this was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of the nodes this was at
+least a third of the nodes so again if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a third of the nodes so again if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a third of the nodes so again if I
+end up here or end up here I lost 2/3 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up here or end up here I lost 2/3 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up here or end up here I lost 2/3 of
+the candidate leaves I lost oneir of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the candidate leaves I lost oneir of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the candidate leaves I lost oneir of the
+candidate leaves leaving uh 2/3 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate leaves leaving uh 2/3 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate leaves leaving uh 2/3 of
+them okay so if this happens I charge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so if this happens I charge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so if this happens I charge to
+this order P term and if the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this order P term and if the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this order P term and if the other
+situation happens I charge the log K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation happens I charge the log K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation happens I charge the log K
+term because I can only reduce K by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term because I can only reduce K by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term because I can only reduce K by
+factor of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of uh
+2/3 uh log order log K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 uh log order log K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 uh log order log K
+times okay so this implies order p + log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times okay so this implies order p + log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times okay so this implies order p + log
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+search so a very simple idea just change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search so a very simple idea just change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search so a very simple idea just change
+the way we do bsts and we get a in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we do bsts and we get a in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we do bsts and we get a in some
+cases a better bound but not in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases a better bound but not in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases a better bound but not in all
+cases CU maybe log k p plus log K might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases CU maybe log k p plus log K might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases CU maybe log k p plus log K might
+be bigger than P * log Sigma I mean k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bigger than P * log Sigma I mean k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bigger than P * log Sigma I mean k
+and sigma are kind of incomparable so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma are kind of incomparable so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma are kind of incomparable so we
+don't know but that's where method five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know but that's where method five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know but that's where method five
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in which is our good friend from last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which is our good friend from last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which is our good friend from last
+class Leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class Leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class Leaf
+trimming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction okay so uh we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction okay so uh we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction okay so uh we're going to use
+this idea of finding we're going to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of finding we're going to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of finding we're going to cut
+low maximally deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nodes with the right number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes with the right number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes with the right number of
+descendants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them so we need at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we need at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we need at least
+Sigma uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+descendant uh it could just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendant uh it could just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendant uh it could just be
+descendants or descendant leaves doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants or descendant leaves doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants or descendant leaves doesn't
+actually matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um let me draw a picture maybe so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um let me draw a picture maybe so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um let me draw a picture maybe so
+we've had this is pretty much what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had this is pretty much what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had this is pretty much what we
+did before except before we this magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before except before we this magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before except before we this magic
+number was log n that we needed or half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number was log n that we needed or half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number was log n that we needed or half
+log n or something now it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n or something now it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n or something now it's going to be
+Sigma that we need so idea is we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma that we need so idea is we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma that we need so idea is we find
+these maximally deep nodes dots that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these maximally deep nodes dots that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these maximally deep nodes dots that
+have at least uh I guess there's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least uh I guess there's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least uh I guess there's really
+multiple things hanging off here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple things hanging off here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple things hanging off here in
+general could be several things hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general could be several things hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general could be several things hanging
+off but the total number of descendants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off but the total number of descendants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off but the total number of descendants
+of each of these nodes is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of these nodes is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of these nodes is at least
+Sigma so what that implies is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so what that implies is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so what that implies is that the
+number of these dots the number of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of these dots the number of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of these dots the number of the
+leaves in the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves in the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves in the top
+tree so here number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so here number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so here number of
+leaves is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves is at
+most T over Sigma because we can charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most T over Sigma because we can charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most T over Sigma because we can charge
+each of these nodes to the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these nodes to the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these nodes to the sigma
+descendants in each of them okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants in each of them okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants in each of them okay so
+that's good because it says we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good because it says we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good because it says we can use
+method one the simple array method which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method one the simple array method which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method one the simple array method which
+is fast but spacious but if our if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fast but spacious but if our if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fast but spacious but if our if our
+new size of this of the try gets divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new size of this of the try gets divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new size of this of the try gets divided
+by a sigma Factor then this turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a sigma Factor then this turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a sigma Factor then this turns out to
+be linear so up here we use method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one uh now got to be a little careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh now got to be a little careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh now got to be a little careful
+because we can't use method one on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can't use method one on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can't use method one on all
+the nodes we can definitely use it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes we can definitely use it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes we can definitely use it on
+the leaves because there aren't too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves because there aren't too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves because there aren't too many
+leaves that means we can also use it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves that means we can also use it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves that means we can also use it on
+the number of branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nodes number of branching nodes is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes number of branching nodes is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes number of branching nodes is also
+going to be at most T over Sigma because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at most T over Sigma because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at most T over Sigma because
+it's actually one fewer branching node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually one fewer branching node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually one fewer branching node
+than there are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than there are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than there are are
+leaves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves so
+great I can use arrays on the leaves I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I can use arrays on the leaves I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I can use arrays on the leaves I
+can use arrays on the branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use arrays on the branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use arrays on the branching
+nodes I can't use it on the non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes I can't use it on the non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes I can't use it on the non-
+branching nodes non- branching nodes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching nodes non- branching nodes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching nodes non- branching nodes are
+nodes with a single send it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes with a single send it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes with a single send it and
+everything else is null what do I do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is null what do I do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is null what do I do for
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+nodes not very difficult I just store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes not very difficult I just store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes not very difficult I just store
+that one po or and I store it label I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one po or and I store it label I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one po or and I store it label I
+guess you can think of that as method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you can think of that as method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you can think of that as method
+two in a very trivial case you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in a very trivial case you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in a very trivial case you see is
+this the right label uh yes or no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the right label uh yes or no okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the right label uh yes or no okay
+so I'll call this is the non- branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nodes uh non- branching top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes uh non- branching top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes uh non- branching top
+nodes I will use method two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes I will use method two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes I will use method two
+so I guess this is really uh well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess this is really uh well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess this is really uh well for
+these guys I use method one for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys I use method one for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys I use method one for these
+guys I use method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys I use method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys I use method
+one okay so I can afford all this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so I can afford all this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so I can afford all this this
+will all take order t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space and it will be fast because either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and it will be fast because either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and it will be fast because either
+I'm using arrays or I really don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using arrays or I really don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using arrays or I really don't have
+any work to do and so it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any work to do and so it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any work to do and so it doesn't really
+matter what I do but except I can't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what I do but except I can't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what I do but except I can't use
+arrays because they would be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays because they would be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays because they would be too
+spacious okay so that handles the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacious okay so that handles the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacious okay so that handles the top
+now the issue is what about these bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the issue is what about these bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the issue is what about these bottom
+structures the bot structures what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures the bot structures what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures the bot structures what do we
+know they have to have less than Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they have to have less than Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they have to have less than Sigma
+nodes less than Sigma descendants also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes less than Sigma descendants also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes less than Sigma descendants also
+less than Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Sigma
+leaves um so in other words in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves um so in other words in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves um so in other words in these
+trees uh sorry in these trees we have K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees uh sorry in these trees we have K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees uh sorry in these trees we have K
+less than Sigma well then we can afford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Sigma well then we can afford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Sigma well then we can afford
+to use method four because our whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use method four because our whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use method four because our whole
+goal was to get K down to Sigma in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal was to get K down to Sigma in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal was to get K down to Sigma in this
+bound so in the in the bottom trees we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound so in the in the bottom trees we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound so in the in the bottom trees we
+use method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use method
+4 okay method 4 was always linear space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 okay method 4 was always linear space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 okay method 4 was always linear space
+and the issue was we paid p+ log K but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the issue was we paid p+ log K but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the issue was we paid p+ log K but
+now in here K is uh less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in here K is uh less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in here K is uh less than
+Sigma in these trees so that means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma in these trees so that means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma in these trees so that means we
+get order P plus log Sigma query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time okay and that's the best we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay and that's the best we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay and that's the best we know
+how to do if we want predecessor at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do if we want predecessor at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do if we want predecessor at the
+notes so it matches this tray Bound in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so it matches this tray Bound in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so it matches this tray Bound in
+pretty easy way just apply weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy way just apply weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy way just apply weight
+balance clean things up a little bit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance clean things up a little bit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance clean things up a little bit but
+only do that at the leaves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only do that at the leaves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only do that at the leaves and
+everywhere up here basically except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere up here basically except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere up here basically except the
+non- branching nodes you use arrays so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- branching nodes you use arrays so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- branching nodes you use arrays so
+for the most part arrays and then at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part arrays and then at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part arrays and then at the
+bottom you use weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom you use weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom you use weight
+balance so this is how you ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance so this is how you ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance so this is how you ought to
+represent a try if you want to preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a try if you want to preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a try if you want to preserve
+the order of of the children this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of of the children this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of of the children this is the
+best we know how to do if you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best we know how to do if you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best we know how to do if you don't want
+to preserve order just use a hash table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to preserve order just use a hash table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to preserve order just use a hash table
+so it depends on the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh one fun application of this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one fun application of this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one fun application of this is uh
+string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorting it's not a data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting it's not a data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting it's not a data structures
+problem so I don't want to spend too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I don't want to spend too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I don't want to spend too
+much time on it but you use this TR data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time on it but you use this TR data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time on it but you use this TR data
+structure you to sort strings you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you to sort strings you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you to sort strings you just
+throw in a string and then throw in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw in a string and then throw in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw in a string and then throw in a
+string we didn't talk about Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string we didn't talk about Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string we didn't talk about Dynamic
+tries uh but it can be done and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries uh but it can be done and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries uh but it can be done and if you
+throw it uh you just sort of find where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it uh you just sort of find where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it uh you just sort of find where
+you fall off and then add the thing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fall off and then add the thing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fall off and then add the thing now
+you have to make maintain all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make maintain all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make maintain all of this
+funky stuff but weight balance trees can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funky stuff but weight balance trees can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funky stuff but weight balance trees can
+be made Dynamic and in Direction can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made Dynamic and in Direction can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made Dynamic and in Direction can be
+made Dynamic so you end up with uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made Dynamic so you end up with uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made Dynamic so you end up with uh in
+this sort of simple incremental scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of simple incremental scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of simple incremental scheme
+you end up with t + K log Sigma to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with t + K log Sigma to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with t + K log Sigma to sort
+K strings of total size t uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K strings of total size t uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K strings of total size t uh with
+alphabet size Sigma this is good if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet size Sigma this is good if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet size Sigma this is good if I
+used for example merge sort to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for example merge sort to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for example merge sort to sort
+strings it's going to be very bad it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings it's going to be very bad it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings it's going to be very bad it's
+going to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to something
+like uh T * K * log something don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh T * K * log something don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh T * K * log something don't
+really care about the log T * K is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about the log T * K is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about the log T * K is bad
+that's because comparing strings could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because comparing strings could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because comparing strings could
+potentially take T time and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially take T time and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially take T time and then there's
+K of them whereas this is linear this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of them whereas this is linear this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of them whereas this is linear this is
+the sum of the lengths of the strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the lengths of the strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the lengths of the strings
+there's this extra little term but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this extra little term but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this extra little term but most
+of the time that's going to be dominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time that's going to be dominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time that's going to be dominated
+by the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the length of the
+strings so that's good way to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings so that's good way to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings so that's good way to sort
+strings using tries all right tries by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings using tries all right tries by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings using tries all right tries by
+themselves though I mean this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves though I mean this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves though I mean this is about
+all there is to say so let's move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there is to say so let's move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there is to say so let's move on to
+suffix trees and compress tries now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix trees and compress tries now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix trees and compress tries now we
+actually did compress tries in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did compress tries in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did compress tries in the uh
+signature sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+uh yeah actually why don't I go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so tries branches were labed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so tries branches were labed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so tries branches were labed with
+letters that's still going to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters that's still going to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters that's still going to be true
+for a compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a compressed
+try but as we saw in that lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try but as we saw in that lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try but as we saw in that lecture
+compressed try we're going to do we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed try we're going to do we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed try we're going to do we're
+going to get rid of the non- branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nodes so the idea with the compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so the idea with the compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so the idea with the compressed
+try is very simple just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try is very simple just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try is very simple just
+contract uh non- branching paths into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract uh non- branching paths into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract uh non- branching paths into a
+single edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is our example of a try we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our example of a try we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our example of a try we're
+just going to modify it to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to modify it to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to modify it to make a
+compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try namely uh here we have a non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try namely uh here we have a non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try namely uh here we have a non-
+branching path there's we have to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching path there's we have to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching path there's we have to follow
+an a then we have to follow an N there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a then we have to follow an N there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a then we have to follow an N there's
+no point in having this node we might as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no point in having this node we might as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no point in having this node we might as
+well just have a single edge that says a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just have a single edge that says a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just have a single edge that says a
+an on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an on
+it okay so we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so we go
+from here from the root going to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here from the root going to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here from the root going to have an
+edge that says a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n and in some sense the key of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and in some sense the key of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and in some sense the key of this
+child is a if you were if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is a if you were if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is a if you were if you're
+starting up here and you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting up here and you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting up here and you want to know
+which way should I go uh you should only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way should I go uh you should only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way should I go uh you should only
+go this way if your first letter is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this way if your first letter is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this way if your first letter is a
+after that your next letter better be n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that your next letter better be n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that your next letter better be n
+otherwise you fell off the tree so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you fell off the tree so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you fell off the tree so
+that's the compression we're doing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the compression we're doing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the compression we're doing now
+here we have this is a branching node so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have this is a branching node so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have this is a branching node so
+that node we keep intact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is an N this is an a here but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an N this is an a here but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an N this is an a here but here
+it's non- branching so I'll make draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's non- branching so I'll make draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's non- branching so I'll make draw
+this a little bit longer in reality it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit longer in reality it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit longer in reality it's
+just a single edge and again the key is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a single edge and again the key is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a single edge and again the key is
+a and then you must have a dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and then you must have a dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and then you must have a dollar sign
+afterwards then you reach a leaf the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards then you reach a leaf the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards then you reach a leaf the
+first Leaf if we follow the N Branch uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Leaf if we follow the N Branch uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Leaf if we follow the N Branch uh
+this is branching so that note is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preserved uh if I go this way it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved uh if I go this way it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved uh if I go this way it's a
+dollar sign I reach a leaf if I go this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign I reach a leaf if I go this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign I reach a leaf if I go this
+way it's an a that must be followed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's an a that must be followed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's an a that must be followed by a
+dollar sign so that's a leaf and if I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign so that's a leaf and if I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign so that's a leaf and if I go
+this way it must be an e followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way it must be an e followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way it must be an e followed by
+dollar sign which is a leaf okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign which is a leaf okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign which is a leaf okay and
+again these Four Leaves Can point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these Four Leaves Can point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these Four Leaves Can point to
+these places so that's the compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these places so that's the compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these places so that's the compressed
+try pretty obvious the nice thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try pretty obvious the nice thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try pretty obvious the nice thing about
+the compressed try is the number here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compressed try is the number here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compressed try is the number here we
+knew the number of non- branching nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the number of non- branching nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the number of non- branching nodes
+was at most the number of leaves over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at most the number of leaves over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at most the number of leaves over
+here the number of internal NOS is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the number of internal NOS is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the number of internal NOS is at
+most the number of leaves so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the number of leaves so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the number of leaves so this
+structure has order k nodes in total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure has order k nodes in total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure has order k nodes in total
+because we got rid of all the non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we got rid of all the non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we got rid of all the non-
+branching nodes I guess except the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching nodes I guess except the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching nodes I guess except the root
+the root might not be branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root might not be branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root might not be branching
+but that's we've got a big O there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's we've got a big O there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's we've got a big O there to
+cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover
+us okay uh and all the things we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us okay uh and all the things we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us okay uh and all the things we said
+about representing tries here you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about representing tries here you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about representing tries here you can do
+the same thing with a compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with a compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with a compressed
+try I need to write down that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try I need to write down that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try I need to write down that
+3.5 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and in fact these results get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in fact these results get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in fact these results get better
+because before order T meant the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because before order T meant the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because before order T meant the number
+of nodes in the try now order T will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nodes in the try now order T will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nodes in the try now order T will be
+the number of nodes in the compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of nodes in the compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of nodes in the compressed
+try which is actually order K so life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try which is actually order K so life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try which is actually order K so life
+gets life gets really good in this world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets life gets really good in this world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets life gets really good in this world
+I did it in the try setting because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did it in the try setting because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did it in the try setting because it's
+just simpler to think about but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simpler to think about but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simpler to think about but really
+you would always store a compressed try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would always store a compressed try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would always store a compressed try
+there's no point in storing a try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no point in storing a try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no point in storing a try
+you can still do the same kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+searches okay but really compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches okay but really compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches okay but really compressed
+tries are warm up for suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries are warm up for suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries are warm up for suffix
+trees so let's talk about suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trees suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees suffix
+trees are a compressed Tri so really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees are a compressed Tri so really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees are a compressed Tri so really
+they should be called compress they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be called compress they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be called compress they
+should be called suffix tries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be called suffix tries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be called suffix tries and
+occasionally people will call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally people will call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally people will call them
+compressed suffix tries but mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed suffix tries but mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed suffix tries but mostly
+people call them suffix trees so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call them suffix trees so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call them suffix trees so for
+consistency I'll call them trees as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency I'll call them trees as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency I'll call them trees as well
+but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tries want to introduce some notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay with tries we were thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay with tries we were thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay with tries we were thinking
+about lots of different strings in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lots of different strings in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lots of different strings in this
+case we're think we're going back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're think we're going back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're think we're going back to our
+string matching problem we have a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string matching problem we have a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string matching problem we have a single
+text we want to pre-process that text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text we want to pre-process that text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text we want to pre-process that text
+but we're going to turn it into multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to turn it into multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to turn it into multiple
+strings by looking at all suffixes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings by looking at all suffixes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings by looking at all suffixes of
+the string so this is python notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string so this is python notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string so this is python notation
+for everything from letter I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything from letter I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything from letter I
+onwards and we do that for all I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards and we do that for all I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards and we do that for all I so
+that's a lot of strings and we build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of strings and we build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of strings and we build the
+compressed try over them that's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed try over them that's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed try over them that's the idea
+and to make it work out because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to make it work out because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to make it work out because you
+remember with tries we had to pen dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember with tries we had to pen dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember with tries we had to pen dollar
+sign to every every string in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign to every every string in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign to every every string in this case
+we just have to pen dollar sign to T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have to pen dollar sign to T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have to pen dollar sign to T and
+then all suffixes will end with dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all suffixes will end with dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all suffixes will end with dollar
+sign so that that covers US dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so that that covers US dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so that that covers US dollar sign
+again is a character not appearing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is a character not appearing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is a character not appearing in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+alphabet and that's it so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet and that's it so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet and that's it so that's
+definition Let's do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+uh maybe over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here at this point we're going for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at this point we're going for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at this point we're going for this
+goal of order P query order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of order P query order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of order P query order
+t-space suffix trees will be a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-space suffix trees will be a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-space suffix trees will be a way to
+achieve that goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's
+do my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do my favorite
+example which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+banana I had a friend who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana I had a friend who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana I had a friend who
+said I know how to spell banana I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I know how to spell banana I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I know how to spell banana I just
+don't know when to stop it's got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know when to stop it's got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know when to stop it's got this
+nice pattern to it and a lot of repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice pattern to it and a lot of repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice pattern to it and a lot of repeated
+letters and so on so uh I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and so on so uh I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and so on so uh I'm going to
+number the characters he said that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the characters he said that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the characters he said that when
+he was like six not when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was like six not when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was like six not when he was
+older I think we all it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older I think we all it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older I think we all it's a little
+harder when you're writing it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder when you're writing it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder when you're writing it on the
+board but we all know how to spell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board but we all know how to spell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board but we all know how to spell
+banana I hope I got it right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana I hope I got it right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana I hope I got it right right
+should be seven letters including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be seven letters including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be seven letters including the
+dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar
+sign okay uh so there they are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign okay uh so there they are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign okay uh so there they are so
+there's a suffix which is the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a suffix which is the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a suffix which is the whole
+string there's a suffix which is a an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string there's a suffix which is a an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string there's a suffix which is a an a
+dollar sign there's a suffix which is na
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign there's a suffix which is na
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign there's a suffix which is na
+dollar sign there's a suffix which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign there's a suffix which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign there's a suffix which is
+dollar sign suffix na dollar sign a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign suffix na dollar sign a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign suffix na dollar sign a
+dollar sign and dollar sign and empty I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign and dollar sign and empty I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign and dollar sign and empty I
+suppose but we're not going to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose but we're not going to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose but we're not going to store
+that one don't need to uh cool so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one don't need to uh cool so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one don't need to uh cool so I'm
+going to cheat a little bit and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cheat a little bit and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cheat a little bit and look at
+my figure cuz it is takes a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my figure cuz it is takes a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my figure cuz it is takes a little bit
+of thinking one of the the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking one of the the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking one of the the final
+challenge of this lecture will be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of this lecture will be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of this lecture will be um
+construct this diagram in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct this diagram in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct this diagram in linear
+time but I'm just for now going to cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because it's a little tricky to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a little tricky to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a little tricky to do it
+and get all the nodes in sorted order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that should give it to us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that should give it to us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that should give it to us and
+then the suffixes are use another color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the suffixes are use another color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the suffixes are use another color
+six 5 3 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six 5 3 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six 5 3 1
+0 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 4
+two cool so this I claim is a suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cool so this I claim is a suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cool so this I claim is a suffix
+tree of banana you see the banana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of banana you see the banana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of banana you see the banana
+substring then the next one is a na na
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring then the next one is a na na
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring then the next one is a na na
+dollar sign uh then the next one is na
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign uh then the next one is na
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign uh then the next one is na
+na sign then the next one is a na dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+na sign then the next one is a na dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+na sign then the next one is a na dollar
+sign next one is na dollar sign next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign next one is na dollar sign next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign next one is na dollar sign next one
+is a dollar sign and then dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a dollar sign and then dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a dollar sign and then dollar sign
+okay so that's nice clean representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's nice clean representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's nice clean representation
+of all the suffixes and you can see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the suffixes and you can see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the suffixes and you can see if
+you wanted to search from the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to search from the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to search from the middle of
+the the string suppose I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the string suppose I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the string suppose I wanted to
+search for Nan then it's right there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for Nan then it's right there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for Nan then it's right there I
+just do n n then I'm then I'm done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do n n then I'm then I'm done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do n n then I'm then I'm done this
+this virtual node in the middle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this virtual node in the middle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this virtual node in the middle here
+along the you know onethird of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the you know onethird of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the you know onethird of the way
+down the edge that represents n an and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the edge that represents n an and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the edge that represents n an and
+indeed if you look at the descendant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed if you look at the descendant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed if you look at the descendant
+leaf that corresponds to an occurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf that corresponds to an occurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf that corresponds to an occurrence
+of n if I was going to look for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n if I was going to look for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n if I was going to look for a
+n I would do a n and so I'm halfway down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n I would do a n and so I'm halfway down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n I would do a n and so I'm halfway down
+this Edge and then this subtree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge and then this subtree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge and then this subtree
+represents all the occurrences of a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents all the occurrences of a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents all the occurrences of a n
+you think about it uh there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it uh there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it uh there's there's
+two of them one at one that starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them one at one that starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them one at one that starts at
+position three one that starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position three one that starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position three one that starts at
+position one here's one occurrence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position one here's one occurrence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position one here's one occurrence of a
+n here's here's another occurrence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n here's here's another occurrence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n here's here's another occurrence of a
+an this works even when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an this works even when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an this works even when they're
+overlapping if I search for Ana I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping if I search for Ana I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping if I search for Ana I would
+get here and then these are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get here and then these are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get here and then these are the two
+occurrences of Ana and they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences of Ana and they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences of Ana and they actually
+overlap each other this one and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap each other this one and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap each other this one and this one
+so this is a great data structure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a great data structure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a great data structure it
+solves what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves what we
+need it's all substrings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+searching so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+applications of suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trees if I just do a search in the try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees if I just do a search in the try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees if I just do a search in the try
+for a particular pattern we get sub tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular pattern we get sub tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular pattern we get sub tree
+representing all of the occurrences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t so this is great in order P time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so this is great in order P time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so this is great in order P time
+walking down this structure I can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking down this structure I can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking down this structure I can figure
+out all the occurrences and so then if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the occurrences and so then if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the occurrences and so then if I
+wanted to know how many there were I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know how many there were I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know how many there were I
+could just store sub tree sizes number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just store sub tree sizes number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just store sub tree sizes number
+of leaves below every node if I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leaves below every node if I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leaves below every node if I wanted
+to know if I wanted to list them I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know if I wanted to list them I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know if I wanted to list them I could
+just do an in traversal and I'll even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do an in traversal and I'll even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do an in traversal and I'll even
+get them in order so in particular if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them in order so in particular if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them in order so in particular if I
+wanted to uh if I wanted to list the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to uh if I wanted to list the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to uh if I wanted to list the
+first 10 occurrences I could store uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 10 occurrences I could store uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 10 occurrences I could store uh
+the leftmost leaf from every node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leftmost leaf from every node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leftmost leaf from every node
+teleport down to the first occurrence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleport down to the first occurrence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleport down to the first occurrence in
+constant time and then I could just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time and then I could just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time and then I could just have
+a link list of all the leaves so once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a link list of all the leaves so once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a link list of all the leaves so once I
+find the first one I can just follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the first one I can just follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the first one I can just follow
+until I find oh that's not an occurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I find oh that's not an occurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I find oh that's not an occurrence
+of P so I can list the first K of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P so I can list the first K of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P so I can list the first K of them
+in order K time once I've done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order K time once I've done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order K time once I've done the
+search of P time so this is really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search of P time so this is really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search of P time so this is really good
+searching I it's the ideal situation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching I it's the ideal situation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching I it's the ideal situation you
+can list any information you want about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can list any information you want about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can list any information you want about
+all of the answers in the optimal time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the answers in the optimal time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the answers in the optimal time
+the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the
+output uh how big is this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output uh how big is this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output uh how big is this data
+structure well there are t suffixes so K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure well there are t suffixes so K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure well there are t suffixes so K
+is the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the size of
+T um and we look at our Tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T um and we look at our Tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T um and we look at our Tri
+representations our general goal was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations our general goal was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations our general goal was to
+get uh here capital T was the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh here capital T was the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh here capital T was the sum of the
+lengths well sum of the lengths is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths well sum of the lengths is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths well sum of the lengths is not
+good that would be quadratic sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that would be quadratic sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that would be quadratic sum of the
+lengths of the suffixes but we also said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of the suffixes but we also said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of the suffixes but we also said
+or the number of nodes in the tri but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the number of nodes in the tri but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the number of nodes in the tri but
+and we know the number of leaves in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know the number of leaves in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know the number of leaves in this
+Tri is exactly the size of T and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tri is exactly the size of T and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tri is exactly the size of T and so the
+because it's a compressed Tri the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a compressed Tri the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a compressed Tri the number
+of internal nodes is also less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of internal nodes is also less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of internal nodes is also less than the
+size of T so the total number of nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of T so the total number of nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of T so the total number of nodes
+here is order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T and so if we use any of the reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and so if we use any of the reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and so if we use any of the reasonable
+representations we get order t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space okay now there's one issue which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay now there's one issue which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay now there's one issue which
+is how long does a search for p cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how long does a search for p cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how long does a search for p cost and
+it depends our on our representation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends our on our representation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends our on our representation it
+depends how quickly we can Traverse a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends how quickly we can Traverse a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends how quickly we can Traverse a
+node if we use hashing method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node if we use hashing method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node if we use hashing method
+three use hashing then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three use hashing then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three use hashing then we
+get uh order P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time okay but the trouble with is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay but the trouble with is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay but the trouble with is it
+permutes the children of every note so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutes the children of every note so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutes the children of every note so
+in that situation the leaves will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that situation the leaves will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that situation the leaves will not be
+ordered in the same way that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered in the same way that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered in the same way that they're
+ordered in the string so if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered in the string so if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered in the string so if you really
+want to be able to find the first five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to find the first five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to find the first five
+occurrences of pattern P you can't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences of pattern P you can't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences of pattern P you can't use
+hashing you can find some five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing you can find some five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing you can find some five
+occurrences but you won't find the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences but you won't find the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences but you won't find the first
+in the usual ordering of the string so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the usual ordering of the string so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the usual ordering of the string so
+if you want if you really want the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want if you really want the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want if you really want the first
+five you want them in order then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five you want them in order then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five you want them in order then you
+should use uh trays or this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use uh trays or this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use uh trays or this method
+method six that we use six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method six that we use six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method six that we use six
+five use trays then it will be order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five use trays then it will be order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five use trays then it will be order
+p uh Times log Sigma because we pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p uh Times log Sigma because we pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p uh Times log Sigma because we pay
+sorry order P plus log Sigma that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry order P plus log Sigma that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry order P plus log Sigma that was
+our our query time here P plus log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our query time here P plus log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our query time here P plus log
+Sigma okay a small penalty to pay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma okay a small penalty to pay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma okay a small penalty to pay but
+the nice thing is then your answers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing is then your answers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing is then your answers are
+represented in order no permutation no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in order no permutation no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in order no permutation no
+hashing no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing no
+randomization okay so this is the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization okay so this is the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization okay so this is the reason
+suffix trees were invented they let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix trees were invented they let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix trees were invented they let you
+do searches fast but actually they let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do searches fast but actually they let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do searches fast but actually they let
+you do a ton of things fast and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a ton of things fast and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a ton of things fast and I want
+to quickly give you an overview of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quickly give you an overview of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quickly give you an overview of the
+zillions of things you can do with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillions of things you can do with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillions of things you can do with a
+suffix tree and then I want to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix tree and then I want to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix tree and then I want to get to
+how to build them in linear time which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to build them in linear time which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to build them in linear time which
+is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some
+interesting uh algorithms dat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh algorithms dat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh algorithms dat
+structures okay I already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures okay I already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures okay I already talked about
+if you want to find the first K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to find the first K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to find the first K
+occurrences you can do that in order K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences you can do that in order K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences you can do that in order K
+time if you want to find the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you want to find the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you want to find the number of
+occurrences you can do that in constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences you can do that in constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences you can do that in constant
+time just by augmenting with sub tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time just by augmenting with sub tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time just by augmenting with sub tree
+sizes uh here's another thing you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes uh here's another thing you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes uh here's another thing you could
+do suppose you have a very long string I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do suppose you have a very long string I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do suppose you have a very long string I
+mean think of t as an entire document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean think of t as an entire document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean think of t as an entire document
+you know it could be uh the mirum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it could be uh the mirum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it could be uh the mirum
+Webster dictionary or it could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Webster dictionary or it could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Webster dictionary or it could be the
+web okay so T we're imagining T to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web okay so T we're imagining T to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web okay so T we're imagining T to be
+huge data structure and then we're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge data structure and then we're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge data structure and then we're able
+to search for substrings within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to search for substrings within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to search for substrings within that
+data structure very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure very
+fast um so that's cool what here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast um so that's cool what here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast um so that's cool what here's an
+interesting puzzle what is the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting puzzle what is the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting puzzle what is the longest
+substring what is the longest string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring what is the longest string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring what is the longest string
+that appears twice on the web this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears twice on the web this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears twice on the web this is
+called the longest repeated substring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the longest repeated substring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the longest repeated substring
+could be overlapping maybe not well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be overlapping maybe not well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be overlapping maybe not well you
+take the web you throw it in a suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the web you throw it in a suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the web you throw it in a suffix
+tree not sure anyone could actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree not sure anyone could actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree not sure anyone could actually do
+that but small small part of the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but small small part of the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but small small part of the web
+dictionary this this would be no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary this this would be no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary this this would be no problem
+but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+or uh Wikipedia would be feasible you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh Wikipedia would be feasible you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh Wikipedia would be feasible you
+take Wikipedia you throw it in a suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Wikipedia you throw it in a suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Wikipedia you throw it in a suffix
+tree and if I look I mean what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and if I look I mean what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and if I look I mean what I'm
+interested in is basically a node that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is basically a node that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is basically a node that
+has two at least two descendant leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two at least two descendant leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two at least two descendant leaves
+and if I'm counting the number of leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I'm counting the number of leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I'm counting the number of leaves
+at every node I could just do one pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every node I could just do one pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every node I could just do one pass
+over this data structure and find what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this data structure and find what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this data structure and find what
+are all the nodes that have at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the nodes that have at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the nodes that have at least two
+descendant leaves that's all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendant leaves that's all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendant leaves that's all the
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+nodes and then among them I'd also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and then among them I'd also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and then among them I'd also like
+to know how deep is it because the depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how deep is it because the depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how deep is it because the depth
+corresponds to uh how long the string is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to uh how long the string is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to uh how long the string is
+right this one is a Ana so this one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this one is a Ana so this one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this one is a Ana so this one has
+a I call it a letter depth of three this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I call it a letter depth of three this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I call it a letter depth of three this
+one has a letter depth of one this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has a letter depth of one this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has a letter depth of one this one
+has a letter depth of two so I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a letter depth of two so I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a letter depth of two so I just want
+to find the deepest node that has at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the deepest node that has at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the deepest node that has at
+least two to send it leave so in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two to send it leave so in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two to send it leave so in linear
+time I can find the longest repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I can find the longest repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I can find the longest repeated
+substring or I could find the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring or I could find the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring or I could find the longest
+substring that appears five times or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring that appears five times or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring that appears five times or
+whatever I mean I just do one pass over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I mean I just do one pass over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I mean I just do one pass over
+this thing find the deepest node that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing find the deepest node that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing find the deepest node that
+has my threshold of leaves so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has my threshold of leaves so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has my threshold of leaves so that's
+kind of a neat thing you can do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a neat thing you can do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a neat thing you can do in
+linear time on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+string ah here's another fun one suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string ah here's another fun one suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string ah here's another fun one suppose
+I have this giant string and I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this giant string and I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this giant string and I just want
+to compare two substrings in it so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare two substrings in it so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare two substrings in it so let's
+say uh so here's my giant string and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh so here's my giant string and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh so here's my giant string and I
+want to suppose I want to measure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to suppose I want to measure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to suppose I want to measure how
+long is a repeated substring so I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long is a repeated substring so I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long is a repeated substring so I say
+well I've got position I and I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I've got position I and I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I've got position I and I've got
+position J let's say I already know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position J let's say I already know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position J let's say I already know that
+they match for a little bit I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they match for a little bit I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they match for a little bit I want to
+know how long do they match how far can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how long do they match how far can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how long do they match how far can
+I go to the right and have them still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go to the right and have them still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go to the right and have them still
+match how could I do that well I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match how could I do that well I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match how could I do that well I could
+look at the suffix starting at I that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the suffix starting at I that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the suffix starting at I that
+corresponds to a leaf over here I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a leaf over here I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a leaf over here I could
+look at the suffix starting at J that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the suffix starting at J that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the suffix starting at J that
+corresponds to some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to some other
+Leaf uh and what is the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leaf uh and what is the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leaf uh and what is the length of the
+longest common prefix of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common prefix of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common prefix of those two
+suffixes in the suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree three
+letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters
+LCA yeah if I take the LCA of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCA yeah if I take the LCA of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCA yeah if I take the LCA of those two
+leaves so for example I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves so for example I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves so for example I don't know I
+take these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these two
+leaves the LCA gives me the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the LCA gives me the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the LCA gives me the longest
+common prefix then they Branch so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common prefix then they Branch so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common prefix then they Branch so
+longest common prefix of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common prefix of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common prefix of these two
+suffixes is the letter a so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes is the letter a so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes is the letter a so it's just
+length one and again if I label every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length one and again if I label every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length one and again if I label every
+node with the letter depth I can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node with the letter depth I can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node with the letter depth I can figure
+out exactly how long these guys match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out exactly how long these guys match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out exactly how long these guys match
+even if they overlap so in constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they overlap so in constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they overlap so in constant time
+because we already have a constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we already have a constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we already have a constant time
+LCA query linear space constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCA query linear space constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCA query linear space constant time
+query given any two positions I I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query given any two positions I I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query given any two positions I I can
+tell you how long they match for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how long they match for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how long they match for in
+constant Time Boom instantaneously it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Time Boom instantaneously it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Time Boom instantaneously it's
+kind of crazy so you can do tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of crazy so you can do tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of crazy so you can do tons of
+these queries instantly so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these queries instantly so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these queries instantly so that's one
+reason why people care about lcas there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why people care about lcas there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why people care about lcas there
+are other reasons but uh mostly lcas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other reasons but uh mostly lcas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other reasons but uh mostly lcas
+were developed for suffix trees to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were developed for suffix trees to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were developed for suffix trees to
+answer queries like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer queries like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer queries like
+that okay got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay got some
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+more so why don't I just write uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so why don't I just write uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so why don't I just write uh
+LCP of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCP of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCP of one
+suffix and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suffix is equivalent to an LCA quer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix is equivalent to an LCA quer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix is equivalent to an LCA quer and
+so we can do that in constant time after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do that in constant time after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do that in constant time after
+pre-processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here's another one uh suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's another one uh suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's another one uh suppose I
+want to find all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+occurrences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences
+of sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sorry
+t i to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t i to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t i to
+J okay so I I give you a substring and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J okay so I I give you a substring and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J okay so I I give you a substring and I
+want to know where does it occur the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know where does it occur the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know where does it occur the
+substring is restricted to come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring is restricted to come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring is restricted to come from the
+text now this is a little subtle I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text now this is a little subtle I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text now this is a little subtle I mean
+of course I could solve it in J minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I could solve it in J minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I could solve it in J minus I
++ one time I just do the search but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one time I just do the search but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one time I just do the search but what
+if I want to do it in constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to do it in constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to do it in constant
+time maybe this is a really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe this is a really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe this is a really big
+substring but I still know it appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring but I still know it appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring but I still know it appears
+multiple times I want to know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times I want to know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times I want to know how many
+times does it appear uh I claim I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times does it appear uh I claim I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times does it appear uh I claim I can do
+this in constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in constant time
+how well this is a level ancestor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well this is a level ancestor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well this is a level ancestor
+query why is it a level ancestor query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query why is it a level ancestor query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query why is it a level ancestor query
+if I look at the suffix starting at I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at the suffix starting at I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at the suffix starting at I
+and then I just want to trim off I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I just want to trim off I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I just want to trim off I want
+to stop or I don't care about the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop or I don't care about the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop or I don't care about the entire
+suffix I just want to do that J uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix I just want to do that J uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix I just want to do that J uh it's
+like saying well suppose I suppose I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saying well suppose I suppose I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saying well suppose I suppose I'm
+looking for occurrences of a and a so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for occurrences of a and a so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for occurrences of a and a so I
+go a and a I start at let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go a and a I start at let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go a and a I start at let's say the
+first currens of Ana which is an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first currens of Ana which is an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first currens of Ana which is an a
+dollar sign so this is the leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign so this is the leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign so this is the leaf
+corresponding to Ana and and then if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to Ana and and then if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to Ana and and then if I
+want to find all occurrences of Ana I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find all occurrences of Ana I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find all occurrences of Ana I
+just need to go up to the ancestor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to go up to the ancestor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to go up to the ancestor that
+represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents
+Ana so this is what I'd call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ana so this is what I'd call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ana so this is what I'd call a
+weighted level ancestor it's not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted level ancestor it's not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted level ancestor it's not quite
+the problem we solved in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem we solved in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem we solved in the last
+lecture exure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture exure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture exure
+15 uh because now it's weighted so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 uh because now it's weighted so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 uh because now it's weighted so it's
+the level ancestor J minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level ancestor J minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level ancestor J minus
+I of the ti suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I of the ti suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I of the ti suffix
+Leaf okay so I find this Leaf which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leaf okay so I find this Leaf which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leaf okay so I find this Leaf which I
+just have an array of all the leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have an array of all the leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have an array of all the leaves
+given a suffix tell me what Leaf it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a suffix tell me what Leaf it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a suffix tell me what Leaf it is
+in the suffix tree and then I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the suffix tree and then I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the suffix tree and then I want to
+find the J minus I ancestor except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the J minus I ancestor except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the J minus I ancestor except the
+edges don't just have unit length so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges don't just have unit length so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges don't just have unit length so
+here I want to find the third ancestor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I want to find the third ancestor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I want to find the third ancestor
+except it's really the ancestor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it's really the ancestor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it's really the ancestor in the
+compressed try I want to do the J minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed try I want to do the J minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed try I want to do the J minus
+I ancestor in the suffix in the try but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ancestor in the suffix in the try but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ancestor in the suffix in the try but
+what I have is a compressed tree and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have is a compressed tree and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have is a compressed tree and so
+these edges are labeled with how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges are labeled with how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges are labeled with how many
+characters are on them I got a deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters are on them I got a deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters are on them I got a deal with
+that fortunately the data structure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fortunately the data structure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fortunately the data structure we
+gave for level ancestor which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave for level ancestor which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave for level ancestor which was
+constant time query linear space can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time query linear space can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time query linear space can be
+fairly easily adapted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easily adapted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easily adapted to
+weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights
+uh not quite in constant time though can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not quite in constant time though can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not quite in constant time though can
+be solved in log log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solved in log log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solved in log log n
+time and I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I think that's
+optimal because even if if you have a if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal because even if if you have a if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal because even if if you have a if
+your thing is a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thing is a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thing is a single
+path uh with maybe the occasional Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path uh with maybe the occasional Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path uh with maybe the occasional Branch
+then finding your I ancestor here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finding your I ancestor here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finding your I ancestor here is
+like solving a predecessor problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like solving a predecessor problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like solving a predecessor problem right
+because you say well I want to I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you say well I want to I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you say well I want to I want to
+from the I from the I position up I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the I from the I position up I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the I from the I position up I want
+to know what is the previous uh I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what is the previous uh I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what is the previous uh I want
+to round up or round down so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to round up or round down so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to round up or round down so I want to
+do a predecessor or a successor on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a predecessor or a successor on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a predecessor or a successor on this
+straight line and so for a predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line and so for a predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line and so for a predecessor
+you need log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need log log
+time for the right for the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for the right for the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for the right for the right
+parameters and this can be achieved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and this can be achieved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and this can be achieved and
+the basic idea is you use latter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea is you use latter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea is you use latter
+decomposition just like before but now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition just like before but now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition just like before but now a
+ladder can't be represented by an array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder can't be represented by an array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder can't be represented by an array
+because there are lots of absent places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are lots of absent places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are lots of absent places
+in the array now instead you use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the array now instead you use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the array now instead you use a
+predecessor you use a vomos to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor you use a vomos to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor you use a vomos to represent
+a ladder so that's basically all you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ladder so that's basically all you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ladder so that's basically all you do
+vanoos represents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanoos represents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanoos represents a
+ladder that's what you do in the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder that's what you do in the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder that's what you do in the top
+structure remember we had indirection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure remember we had indirection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure remember we had indirection
+Leaf trimming top was this thing lad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leaf trimming top was this thing lad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leaf trimming top was this thing lad
+decomposition bottom was lookup tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition bottom was lookup tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition bottom was lookup tables
+the other problem is you can't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other problem is you can't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other problem is you can't use
+lookup tables anymore because in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup tables anymore because in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup tables anymore because in one of
+these tiny trees you could have a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tiny trees you could have a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tiny trees you could have a super
+long path that's non- branching that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long path that's non- branching that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long path that's non- branching that got
+compressed and you can't afford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed and you can't afford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed and you can't afford to
+enumerate all possible situations that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate all possible situations that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate all possible situations that's
+kind of annoying um so instead of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of annoying um so instead of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of annoying um so instead of using
+lookup tables this was actually an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup tables this was actually an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup tables this was actually an idea
+from uh some students in this class last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh some students in this class last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh some students in this class last
+time I taught this material they said oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I taught this material they said oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I taught this material they said oh
+well instead of using a lookup table you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well instead of using a lookup table you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well instead of using a lookup table you
+can use ladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use ladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use ladder
+decomposition so down here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition so down here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition so down here in the
+compressed tree we have log and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed tree we have log and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed tree we have log and
+different nodes if you use lad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different nodes if you use lad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different nodes if you use lad
+decomposition on that thing but not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition on that thing but not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition on that thing but not not
+the hybrid structure remember we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hybrid structure remember we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hybrid structure remember we use
+jump pointers plus ladders jump pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump pointers plus ladders jump pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump pointers plus ladders jump pointers
+still work here just you have to round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still work here just you have to round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still work here just you have to round
+them to a different place um down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to a different place um down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to a different place um down here
+I'm not going to try to do jump pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to try to do jump pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to try to do jump pointers
+plus ladders I'll just do ladders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus ladders I'll just do ladders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus ladders I'll just do ladders and
+remember just ladders gave us a log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember just ladders gave us a log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember just ladders gave us a log n
+query time but now n is or this is T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query time but now n is or this is T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query time but now n is or this is T
+whatever n is now log T and so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever n is now log T and so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever n is now log T and so we get
+log log T query time that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log T query time that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log T query time that's basically
+all you have to do uh yeah so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have to do uh yeah so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have to do uh yeah so you're
+always jumping to the top of a ladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always jumping to the top of a ladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always jumping to the top of a ladder
+you'll only have to Traverse log log T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll only have to Traverse log log T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll only have to Traverse log log T
+ladders at the very last ladder you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladders at the very last ladder you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladders at the very last ladder you
+might have to do a predic or query that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to do a predic or query that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to do a predic or query that
+will cost you log log log T but overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cost you log log log T but overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cost you log log log T but overall
+it'll be log log T time just by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be log log T time just by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be log log T time just by this
+kind of tweak to our level ancestor data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tweak to our level ancestor data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tweak to our level ancestor data
+structure so I thought that was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so I thought that was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so I thought that was kind of
+a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fun
+connection uh this is this is the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection uh this is this is the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection uh this is this is the reason
+essentially level ancestors were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially level ancestors were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially level ancestors were
+developed and people use them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed and people use them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed and people use them because
+you can do these kinds of things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do these kinds of things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do these kinds of things in
+nearly constant time even if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly constant time even if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly constant time even if the
+substring is huge so if you imagine well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring is huge so if you imagine well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring is huge so if you imagine well
+here's maybe I know ahead of time all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's maybe I know ahead of time all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's maybe I know ahead of time all
+the queries I might want to do if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queries I might want to do if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queries I might want to do if I
+could just I just throw them into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just I just throw them into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just I just throw them into the
+text just add them in there then I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text just add them in there then I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text just add them in there then I've
+got these substrings that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got these substrings that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got these substrings that you know
+they're now represented in the suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're now represented in the suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're now represented in the suffix
+tree so now any substring I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so now any substring I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so now any substring I want to
+query in log log n time I can find all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query in log log n time I can find all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query in log log n time I can find all
+the occurrences of that substring even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the occurrences of that substring even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the occurrences of that substring even
+if the substring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the substring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the substring is
+huge so if you know what's if you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge so if you know what's if you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge so if you know what's if you kind
+of know what queries you want you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know what queries you want you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know what queries you want you can
+pre-process them and solve them even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-process them and solve them even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-process them and solve them even
+faster than order P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than order P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than order P
+time cool another thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time cool another thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time cool another thing you can
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+is uh represent multiple documents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh represent multiple documents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh represent multiple documents and
+that's what I was sort of getting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I was sort of getting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I was sort of getting at
+there if you have multiple documents say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you have multiple documents say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you have multiple documents say
+you're storing the entire web or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're storing the entire web or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're storing the entire web or
+Wikipedia and like there's multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia and like there's multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia and like there's multiple
+Pages you want to separate them all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pages you want to separate them all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pages you want to separate them all you
+need to do is say okay uh I'll take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is say okay uh I'll take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is say okay uh I'll take my
+first string and then put a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first string and then put a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first string and then put a special
+dollar sign after it then take my second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign after it then take my second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign after it then take my second
+string put a special dollar sign after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string put a special dollar sign after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string put a special dollar sign after
+it and take my Ki string and put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and take my Ki string and put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and take my Ki string and put a
+special dollar sign after it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special dollar sign after it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special dollar sign after it
+just concatenate them with dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just concatenate them with dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just concatenate them with dollar sign
+different dollar signs in between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dollar signs in between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dollar signs in between them
+then build a suffix Tree on this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then build a suffix Tree on this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then build a suffix Tree on this thing
+which I'll call T so you can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll call T so you can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll call T so you can use the
+same suffix tree data structure but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same suffix tree data structure but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same suffix tree data structure but now
+in some sense you're representing all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense you're representing all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense you're representing all of
+these documents and all the ways they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these documents and all the ways they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these documents and all the ways they
+interweave because there are some shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interweave because there are some shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interweave because there are some shared
+substrings here that are shared by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrings here that are shared by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrings here that are shared by this
+and this and whatever and those will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and whatever and those will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and whatever and those will be
+represented in the same structure or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in the same structure or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in the same structure or I
+can do a search and then I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a search and then I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a search and then I've
+effectively found all the documents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively found all the documents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively found all the documents that
+contain it one issue though suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain it one issue though suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain it one issue though suppose I
+want to find all the documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find all the documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find all the documents
+containing the word MIT or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing the word MIT or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing the word MIT or something
+okay maybe all K of them match maybe one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe all K of them match maybe one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe all K of them match maybe one
+document matches maybe two documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document matches maybe two documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document matches maybe two documents
+match suppose two documents match the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match suppose two documents match the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match suppose two documents match the
+first document mentions MIT a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first document mentions MIT a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first document mentions MIT a billion
+times the second document represents it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the second document represents it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the second document represents it
+has MIT in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has MIT in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has MIT in it
+once then suffix trees are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once then suffix trees are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once then suffix trees are kind of
+annoying because they will find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying because they will find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying because they will find that
+billion in one matches as a sub tree but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion in one matches as a sub tree but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion in one matches as a sub tree but
+if I just want to know the answer oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just want to know the answer oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just want to know the answer oh
+these two documents match I'd like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two documents match I'd like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two documents match I'd like to do
+that in order two time not order billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order two time not order billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order two time not order billion
+time use technical terms okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time use technical terms okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time use technical terms okay and that
+is called the document retrieval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the document retrieval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the document retrieval
+problem or document retrieval data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or document retrieval data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or document retrieval data
+structure this is a problem considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure this is a problem considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure this is a problem considered
+by m Krishnan in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by m Krishnan in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by m Krishnan in
+2002 document retrieval you can do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 document retrieval you can do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 document retrieval you can do in
+order P plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order P plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order P plus
+log uh sorry P plus number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log uh sorry P plus number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log uh sorry P plus number of
+documents matching so if I want to list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents matching so if I want to list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents matching so if I want to list
+all the documents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the documents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the documents that
+match I could do it in order the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match I could do it in order the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match I could do it in order the number
+of documents that match not the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of documents that match not the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of documents that match not the order of
+a number of occurrences of the string so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of occurrences of the string so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of occurrences of the string so
+I still got to do the P search in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still got to do the P search in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still got to do the P search in the
+beginning and then this is better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and then this is better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and then this is better and
+the fun thing is this the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fun thing is this the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fun thing is this the solution to
+this data structure uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data structure uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data structure uses
+rmq range minimum queries from last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rmq range minimum queries from last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rmq range minimum queries from last
+lecture so let me tell you how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so let me tell you how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so let me tell you how it works
+it's actually very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I think we'll move on to how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I think we'll move on to how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I think we'll move on to how to
+build a suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a suffix
+tree so document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+retrieval uh here's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do okay remember these different dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay remember these different dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay remember these different dollar
+signs I represent different documents so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs I represent different documents so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs I represent different documents so
+in some sense I want to represent I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense I want to represent I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense I want to represent I want
+to remember which which suffixes came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember which which suffixes came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember which which suffixes came
+from the same document okay so at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same document okay so at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same document okay so at every
+dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign
+I I want to store the number of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I want to store the number of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I want to store the number of the
+previous dollar sign I okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous dollar sign I okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous dollar sign I okay let's
+suppose I just the suffixes when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I just the suffixes when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I just the suffixes when they
+get to one of the dollar signs I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to one of the dollar signs I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to one of the dollar signs I can
+just stop I don't have to store the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stop I don't have to store the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stop I don't have to store the rest
+I'm just going to I'm going to throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to I'm going to throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to I'm going to throw
+away whenever I hit a dollar sign I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away whenever I hit a dollar sign I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away whenever I hit a dollar sign I will
+stop the suffix tree so that way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the suffix tree so that way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the suffix tree so that way the
+dollar signs really are leaves all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar signs really are leaves all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar signs really are leaves all of
+them now become leaves so I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now become leaves so I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now become leaves so I don't really
+care about a suffix that goes all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about a suffix that goes all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about a suffix that goes all the
+way through here I just want the suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through here I just want the suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through here I just want the suffix
+to the dollar sign so those represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dollar sign so those represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dollar sign so those represent
+the individual documents so dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual documents so dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual documents so dollar sign
+eyes are leaves and I want each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes are leaves and I want each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes are leaves and I want each of them
+just to store a pointer basically to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to store a pointer basically to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to store a pointer basically to the
+previous one of the same type the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one of the same type the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one of the same type the same
+dollar sign I came from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign I came from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign I came from the same
+document okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the idea if I I did a search I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the idea if I I did a search I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the idea if I I did a search I
+got down to a node and now there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got down to a node and now there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got down to a node and now there's this
+big sub tree here and uh this sub tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big sub tree here and uh this sub tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big sub tree here and uh this sub tree
+you know has a bunch of leaves in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know has a bunch of leaves in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know has a bunch of leaves in it
+those represent all the occurrences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those represent all the occurrences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those represent all the occurrences of
+pattern P this is p and let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern P this is p and let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern P this is p and let's suppose
+that those leaves are numbered I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those leaves are numbered I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those leaves are numbered I'm
+numbering the leaves from one to N I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering the leaves from one to N I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering the leaves from one to N I
+guess um then in here the leaves will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess um then in here the leaves will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess um then in here the leaves will be
+an interval interval L comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval interval L comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval interval L comma
+n and the trouble is a lot of these have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and the trouble is a lot of these have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and the trouble is a lot of these have
+the same label dollar sign I and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same label dollar sign I and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same label dollar sign I and I just
+want to find the unique ones how do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that what we do is find the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we do is find the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we do is find the first
+occurrence of dollar sign I for each I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence of dollar sign I for each I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence of dollar sign I for each I
+if I could just find the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I could just find the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I could just find the first
+occurrence of dollar sign I for each eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence of dollar sign I for each eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence of dollar sign I for each eye
+then I only have to pay order number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I only have to pay order number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I only have to pay order number of
+distinct documents that I won't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct documents that I won't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct documents that I won't have to
+pay for every match within the document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for every match within the document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for every match within the document
+now one way to define the first dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one way to define the first dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one way to define the first dollar
+sign I is that's a dollar sign I whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign I is that's a dollar sign I whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign I is that's a dollar sign I whose
+stored value we said we store the leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored value we said we store the leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored value we said we store the leaf
+number of the previous dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the previous dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the previous dollar
+sign whose stored value is less than L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign whose stored value is less than L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign whose stored value is less than L
+if it's Le If the previous guy so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's Le If the previous guy so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's Le If the previous guy so we
+find some position here if the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some position here if the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some position here if the previous
+guy is less than L that means it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is less than L that means it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is less than L that means it was the
+first of that type okay so that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of that type okay so that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of that type okay so that's just
+if we store this that's definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we store this that's definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we store this that's definition of
+being first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being first
+so I want to find in this interval I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to find in this interval I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to find in this interval I
+want to find dollar sign eyes that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find dollar sign eyes that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find dollar sign eyes that have
+very small stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small stored
+values how would I find the very best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values how would I find the very best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values how would I find the very best
+one range minimum query so we do a range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one range minimum query so we do a range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one range minimum query so we do a range
+minimum query on L comma n if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum query on L comma n if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum query on L comma n if there's
+any firsts in there this will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it find uh let's say position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it find uh let's say position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it find uh let's say position
+M with the smallest possible stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M with the smallest possible stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M with the smallest possible stored
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if the
+stored number is less than L then output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored number is less than L then output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored number is less than L then output
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recurse on the remaining intervals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse on the remaining intervals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse on the remaining intervals so
+there's going to be from l to n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be from l to n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be from l to n minus
+one and M + one to n so we find the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and M + one to n so we find the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and M + one to n so we find the best
+candidate the minimum that's minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate the minimum that's minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate the minimum that's minimum
+sword value if anything's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sword value if anything's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sword value if anything's going to be
+less than L that would be it if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than L that would be it if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than L that would be it if it is
+less than L we output it then we recurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than L we output it then we recurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than L we output it then we recurse
+over here and we recurse over here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and we recurse over here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and we recurse over here at
+some point this will stop finding things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point this will stop finding things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point this will stop finding things
+we're going to do another rmq over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do another rmq over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do another rmq over here
+might not find anything then we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not find anything then we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not find anything then we just
+stop that recursion okay but the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop that recursion okay but the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop that recursion okay but the number
+of recursions we have to do is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recursions we have to do is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recursions we have to do is going to
+be equal to the number of documents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the number of documents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the number of documents that
+match maybe plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match maybe plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match maybe plus
+one okay so we achiev this bound using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so we achiev this bound using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so we achiev this bound using
+rmq because rmq we can do in constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rmq because rmq we can do in constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rmq because rmq we can do in constant
+time with appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with appropriate
+pre-processing now the rmq is over an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processing now the rmq is over an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processing now the rmq is over an
+array it's over this array of stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array it's over this array of stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array it's over this array of stored
+values indexed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values indexed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values indexed by
+leaves and this idea of taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves and this idea of taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves and this idea of taking the
+leaves and writing them down in order is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves and writing them down in order is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves and writing them down in order is
+actually something we need it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually something we need it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually something we need it's called a
+suffix array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to use this alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this alternate
+representation of suffix trees in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of suffix trees in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of suffix trees in order
+to compute them suffix arrays in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute them suffix arrays in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute them suffix arrays in some
+sense are easier to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about the idea with the suffix array is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the idea with the suffix array is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the idea with the suffix array is
+to write down all the suffixes sort them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is conceptual imagine you take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is conceptual imagine you take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is conceptual imagine you take all
+the suffixes their total size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suffixes their total size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suffixes their total size is
+quadratic in t so you'd never actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in t so you'd never actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in t so you'd never actually
+want to do this but just imagine writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this but just imagine writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this but just imagine writing
+them down sorting them lexically using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them down sorting them lexically using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them down sorting them lexically using
+our string sorting algorithm say uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our string sorting algorithm say uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our string sorting algorithm say uh and
+then we can't represent them explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can't represent them explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can't represent them explicitly
+because it would be too big just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be too big just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be too big just write
+down their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down their
+index so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index so just
+store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indices okay let's do this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices okay let's do this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices okay let's do this for
+banana oops bana is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana oops bana is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana oops bana is over
+here H and make my life a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+harder banana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder banana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder banana
+so actually they're they're already here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually they're they're already here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually they're they're already here
+in sorted order if dollar sign is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sorted order if dollar sign is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sorted order if dollar sign is I'm
+supposing swords first first suffix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing swords first first suffix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing swords first first suffix is
+dollar sign then a dollar sign then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign then a dollar sign then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign then a dollar sign then a
+and a dollar sign then a na na dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a dollar sign then a na na dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a dollar sign then a na na dollar
+sign then banana then na dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign then banana then na dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign then banana then na dollar sign
+then na na dollar sign so I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then na na dollar sign so I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then na na dollar sign so I'll just
+write that down over here dollar sign a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that down over here dollar sign a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that down over here dollar sign a
+dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar
+sign uh a and a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+n dollar sign then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+banana then na a dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana then na a dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana then na a dollar sign
+then na a na a dollar sign if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then na a na a dollar sign if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then na a na a dollar sign if you look
+at these they are indeed in sorted order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these they are indeed in sorted order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these they are indeed in sorted order
+dollar sign A's B's NS and everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign A's B's NS and everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign A's B's NS and everything is
+sorted here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted here
+lexically okay now I can't store this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexically okay now I can't store this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexically okay now I can't store this
+because it's quadratic size instead I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's quadratic size instead I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's quadratic size instead I
+just write down the numbers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down the numbers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down the numbers that are
+down there this was suff the six suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there this was suff the six suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there this was suff the six suffix
+it was starting at position six then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was starting at position six then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was starting at position six then
+five then three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five then three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five then three and
+one then zero that's everything uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then zero that's everything uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then zero that's everything uh then
+four then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four then
+two this thing is a suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this thing is a suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this thing is a suffix
+array it also has linear size it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array it also has linear size it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array it also has linear size it's just
+a permutation on the suffix labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a permutation on the suffix labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a permutation on the suffix labels
+suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indices um what else do I want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices um what else do I want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices um what else do I want to tell
+you about it there's some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about it there's some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about it there's some other
+information that's helpful to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's helpful to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's helpful to write down
+about the uh suffix aray it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh suffix aray it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh suffix aray it's called
+longest common prefix information LCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common prefix information LCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common prefix information LCP
+the idea is to look at adjacent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is to look at adjacent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is to look at adjacent uh
+elements in the suffix array in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the suffix array in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the suffix array in some
+sense this represents the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this represents the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this represents the same
+information right our whole goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information right our whole goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information right our whole goal is to
+sort the suffixes if we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the suffixes if we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the suffixes if we could do
+this then as we'll see we can also build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then as we'll see we can also build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then as we'll see we can also build
+this and this is sort of what we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is sort of what we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is sort of what we really
+want the suffix array by itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the suffix array by itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the suffix array by itself is
+pretty good if you add in LCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good if you add in LCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good if you add in LCP
+information LCP is what is the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information LCP is what is the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information LCP is what is the longest
+common prefix of these two suffixes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common prefix of these two suffixes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common prefix of these two suffixes this
+case Zero in this case one letter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Zero in this case one letter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Zero in this case one letter in
+this case three letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case three letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case three letters
+match so here the value is three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match so here the value is three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match so here the value is three and
+next one zero letters match next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one zero letters match next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one zero letters match next one
+zero letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero letters
+match next one two letters match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match next one two letters match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match next one two letters match
+na okay so this is another array you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+na okay so this is another array you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+na okay so this is another array you
+could store here 0 1 3 0 02 long prefix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could store here 0 1 3 0 02 long prefix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could store here 0 1 3 0 02 long prefix
+longest common prefix of the suffixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common prefix of the suffixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common prefix of the suffixes
+because each of these is a suffix but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each of these is a suffix but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each of these is a suffix but
+here we're interested in how long they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're interested in how long they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're interested in how long they
+match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match
+for I claim if you have this suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I claim if you have this suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I claim if you have this suffix
+array and this LCP information you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and this LCP information you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and this LCP information you can
+build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this
+structure anyone want to tell me how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure anyone want to tell me how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure anyone want to tell me how to
+build this using this a one word or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this using this a one word or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this using this a one word or two
+word answer that we saw I think last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word answer that we saw I think last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word answer that we saw I think last
+class but we saw a lot of things last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but we saw a lot of things last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but we saw a lot of things last
+class it's maybe not obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magic words are cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree cartisian tree was how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree cartisian tree was how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree cartisian tree was how we
+converted rmq into LCA I think yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted rmq into LCA I think yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted rmq into LCA I think yeah
+which was you take the minimum value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was you take the minimum value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was you take the minimum value in
+the array make that the root and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array make that the root and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array make that the root and then
+recurse on the two sides in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse on the two sides in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse on the two sides in this
+situation so cartisian tree of the LCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so cartisian tree of the LCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so cartisian tree of the LCP
+array basically gives you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array basically gives you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array basically gives you this
+transformation the minimum values here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation the minimum values here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation the minimum values here
+are the zeros now before we just broke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the zeros now before we just broke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the zeros now before we just broke
+ties we picked an arbitrary zero put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties we picked an arbitrary zero put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties we picked an arbitrary zero put it
+at the root now I want to take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the root now I want to take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the root now I want to take all the
+zeros put them at the root if I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros put them at the root if I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros put them at the root if I do that
+I get three zeros at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get three zeros at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get three zeros at the
+root and then I have everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and then I have everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and then I have everything in
+between so there's nothing left of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so there's nothing left of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so there's nothing left of the
+first zero uh then next one there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first zero uh then next one there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first zero uh then next one there's
+these guys and if the min's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys and if the min's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys and if the min's going to be
+one and then three so here I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then three so here I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then three so here I'm going to
+get a one when I recurse and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a one when I recurse and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a one when I recurse and then a
+three okay then uh in at the uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay then uh in at the uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay then uh in at the uh yeah
+there's nothing in between these zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing in between these zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing in between these zeros
+then after the last zero there's a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after the last zero there's a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after the last zero there's a two
+so this would be the cartisian tree a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be the cartisian tree a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be the cartisian tree a
+slightly different version where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different version where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different version where we
+don't break ties we take all them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't break ties we take all them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't break ties we take all them in
+simultaneously put them at the root now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously put them at the root now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously put them at the root now
+does that look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that look like this
+thing yeah everything except the leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing yeah everything except the leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing yeah everything except the leaves
+all we're missing are the leaves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're missing are the leaves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're missing are the leaves the
+leaves are represented by these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves are represented by these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves are represented by these values
+so just visit them in order here do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just visit them in order here do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just visit them in order here do an
+in order traversal of the missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order traversal of the missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order traversal of the missing
+pointers here we're going to get a six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers here we're going to get a six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers here we're going to get a six
+and then a five and then a three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a five and then a three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a five and then a three and
+then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a
+one and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then a
+zero and then a four and then a two now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then a four and then a two now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then a four and then a two now
+the meaning of these values is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of these values is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of these values is slightly
+different maybe I should Circle them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different maybe I should Circle them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different maybe I should Circle them in
+red uh the these leaves are just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red uh the these leaves are just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red uh the these leaves are just like
+these leaves they're exactly the labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these leaves they're exactly the labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these leaves they're exactly the labels
+we wrote down in the same order these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote down in the same order these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote down in the same order these
+numbers are slightly different what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are slightly different what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are slightly different what they
+represent are letter depths the letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent are letter depths the letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent are letter depths the letter
+depth of this note is zero letter depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of this note is zero letter depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of this note is zero letter depth
+of this note is one letter depth of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this note is one letter depth of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this note is one letter depth of this
+note is three that's what I wrote here 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note is three that's what I wrote here 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note is three that's what I wrote here 1
+3 two this one says two these lcps are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 two this one says two these lcps are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 two this one says two these lcps are
+exactly the letter depth that's how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the letter depth that's how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the letter depth that's how far
+down the tree you are once you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the tree you are once you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the tree you are once you have this
+structure and the letter depths you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and the letter depths you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and the letter depths you can
+very easily put in these labels I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily put in these labels I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily put in these labels I won't
+say how to do that but in linear time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how to do that but in linear time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how to do that but in linear time if
+I could build the suffix array plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could build the suffix array plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could build the suffix array plus the
+LCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCP
+I could build suffix tree okay so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could build suffix tree okay so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could build suffix tree okay so our
+real goal is to build this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real goal is to build this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real goal is to build this information
+these two arrays if we could do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two arrays if we could do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two arrays if we could do it in
+linear time we get a suffix Tree in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time we get a suffix Tree in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time we get a suffix Tree in
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+time so that is what remains to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do not quite linear time if you want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not quite linear time if you want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not quite linear time if you want a
+nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely
+sorted suffix tree where all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted suffix tree where all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted suffix tree where all the
+children are labeled here uh so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are labeled here uh so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are labeled here uh so in
+particular if I just had a single node I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if I just had a single node I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if I just had a single node I
+have to be able to sort the letters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to sort the letters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to sort the letters in
+the alphabet okay so however long that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alphabet okay so however long that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alphabet okay so however long that
+takes maybe it's a small alphabet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes maybe it's a small alphabet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes maybe it's a small alphabet you
+can do linear time sorting by radic sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do linear time sorting by radic sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do linear time sorting by radic sort
+or whatever U however long that takes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever U however long that takes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever U however long that takes we
+do it once then the rest will be order T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it once then the rest will be order T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it once then the rest will be order T
+time here's how we do it first step sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here's how we do it first step sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here's how we do it first step sort
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+alphabet okay this will turn to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet okay this will turn to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet okay this will turn to be more
+interesting than you might think I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting than you might think I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting than you might think I'll
+come back to it second step replace each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to it second step replace each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to it second step replace each
+letter by its index in the sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter by its index in the sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter by its index in the sorted
+order this sounds boring but it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order this sounds boring but it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order this sounds boring but it will be
+useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later third step the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later third step the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later third step the big
+idea this is an algorithm by caran and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea this is an algorithm by caran and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea this is an algorithm by caran and
+Saunders from 2003
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saunders from 2003
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saunders from 2003
+uh problem was first solved in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problem was first solved in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problem was first solved in this
+running time by Martin Farge Colton our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time by Martin Farge Colton our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time by Martin Farge Colton our
+good friend uh but then it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good friend uh but then it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good friend uh but then it got
+simplified so I'll tell you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified so I'll tell you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified so I'll tell you a little bit
+about that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a
+moment okay and going to be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay and going to be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay and going to be a lot of
+writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+01 okay the idea here is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 okay the idea here is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 okay the idea here is we're going to
+take the 3 I letter 3 i+ 1 3 I plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the 3 I letter 3 i+ 1 3 I plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the 3 I letter 3 i+ 1 3 I plus
+second letter concatenate them into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second letter concatenate them into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second letter concatenate them into a
+single triple letter think of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single triple letter think of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single triple letter think of it as a
+single letter and then just do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single letter and then just do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single letter and then just do that for
+all I so it's like I take these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I so it's like I take these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I so it's like I take these guys
+make them one letter these guys make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them one letter these guys make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them one letter these guys make
+them one letter now I could start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one letter now I could start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one letter now I could start at
+zero or I could start at one or I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or I could start at one or I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or I could start at one or I could
+start at two do them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at two do them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at two do them
+all so uh this is going to be 3 I + 1 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so uh this is going to be 3 I + 1 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so uh this is going to be 3 I + 1 uh
+3 I + 2 3 I + 3 and this one's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 I + 2 3 I + 3 and this one's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 I + 2 3 I + 3 and this one's going to
+be 3 I + 2 3 I + 3 3 I +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 3 I + 2 3 I + 3 3 I +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 3 I + 2 3 I + 3 3 I +
+4 okay we'll see why we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 okay we'll see why we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 okay we'll see why we're going to do
+this to recurse but the point is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to recurse but the point is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to recurse but the point is if I
+want to represent all the suffixes of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to represent all the suffixes of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to represent all the suffixes of T
+suffix could start at a position zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix could start at a position zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix could start at a position zero
+mod 3 or position one mod 3 or position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod 3 or position one mod 3 or position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod 3 or position one mod 3 or position
+two mod 3 so if I could sort all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mod 3 so if I could sort all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mod 3 so if I could sort all the
+suffixes of these guys I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes of these guys I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes of these guys I would
+effectively sort all the suffixes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively sort all the suffixes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively sort all the suffixes of the
+original t this tripling up doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original t this tripling up doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original t this tripling up doesn't
+really change things up to like a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really change things up to like a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really change things up to like a plus
+one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now what next I believe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recursion I'm going to take t0 and T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion I'm going to take t0 and T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion I'm going to take t0 and T1
+and concatenate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and concatenate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and concatenate
+them this thing has size 2/3 n it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this thing has size 2/3 n it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this thing has size 2/3 n it has
+number of characters 2/3 n because each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of characters 2/3 n because each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of characters 2/3 n because each
+of them has third of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them has third of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them has third of the number of
+characters of course all the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters of course all the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters of course all the information
+is still there which is kind of weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still there which is kind of weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still there which is kind of weird
+but if you treat this as a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you treat this as a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you treat this as a single
+character each of them has a third nend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character each of them has a third nend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character each of them has a third nend
+we can't afford to recurse on all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't afford to recurse on all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't afford to recurse on all three
+can only afford to recurse on two out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only afford to recurse on two out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only afford to recurse on two out of
+the three because then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three because then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three because then we're going to
+get a recurrence of the form T of n is T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a recurrence of the form T of n is T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a recurrence of the form T of n is T
+of 2/3 n plus order n and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2/3 n plus order n and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2/3 n plus order n and this is
+geometric so that's order n that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric so that's order n that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric so that's order n that's how
+we're going to get linear time after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get linear time after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get linear time after the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+sort uh if I if I if this was 3/3 n then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort uh if I if I if this was 3/3 n then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort uh if I if I if this was 3/3 n then
+this would be n log n and we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be n log n and we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be n log n and we don't want
+to do that okay so that's what I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that okay so that's what I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that okay so that's what I can
+afford now I've got to deal with it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford now I've got to deal with it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford now I've got to deal with it what
+this tells me is the sorted order of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells me is the sorted order of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells me is the sorted order of all
+the suffixes of t0 and T1 all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suffixes of t0 and T1 all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suffixes of t0 and T1 all the
+suffixes starting at positions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes starting at positions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes starting at positions that are
+zero or one mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or one mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or one mod
+3 so next thing we'd like to do is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so next thing we'd like to do is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so next thing we'd like to do is sort
+the suffixes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suffixes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suffixes of
+T2 and we can do that at Claim by radic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 and we can do that at Claim by radic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 and we can do that at Claim by radic
+sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do we do that well if you look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do that well if you look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do that well if you look at a
+suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix
+T2i this is the same thing as T from 3 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2i this is the same thing as T from 3 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2i this is the same thing as T from 3 I
++ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 2
+onwards okay which we can think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards okay which we can think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards okay which we can think of as
+that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first
+character comma the next character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+onwards okay which we can uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards okay which we can uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards okay which we can uh sorry
+that's a angle bracket and this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a angle bracket and this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a angle bracket and this thing is
+basically t0 of I + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically t0 of I + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically t0 of I + 1
+onwards okay so if I strip off the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards okay so if I strip off the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards okay so if I strip off the first
+letter then I get a suffix that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter then I get a suffix that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter then I get a suffix that I know
+about I know the sorted order of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I know the sorted order of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I know the sorted order of all the
+t0 suffixes so this is really just a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 suffixes so this is really just a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 suffixes so this is really just a you
+can think of this as a two character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of this as a two character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of this as a two character
+value there's a single character from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value there's a single character from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value there's a single character from
+Sigma here and then which we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma here and then which we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma here and then which we've already
+reduced down to uh this is an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced down to uh this is an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced down to uh this is an integer
+between 0 and sigma minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and sigma minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and sigma minus
+one this thing you can do this the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this thing you can do this the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this thing you can do this the same
+thing with these recursive values so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with these recursive values so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with these recursive values so
+you've just got two values small you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just got two values small you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just got two values small you can
+radic sort them in linear time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radic sort them in linear time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radic sort them in linear time and then
+we will have sorted the t2 suffixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have sorted the t2 suffixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have sorted the t2 suffixes
+because we already knew the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we already knew the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we already knew the order of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+guys okay one more thing which we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys okay one more thing which we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys okay one more thing which we have
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+merge uh suffixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of t0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t0 and
+T1 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suffixes of T2 and this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes of T2 and this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes of T2 and this is where
+we use the fact that there are three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the fact that there are three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the fact that there are three of
+these things and not two of them this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and not two of them this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and not two of them this is
+a weird case where three-way divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weird case where three-way divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weird case where three-way divide and
+conquer Works two-way divide and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer Works two-way divide and conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer Works two-way divide and conquer
+is what FR Colton did originally is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what FR Colton did originally is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what FR Colton did originally is much
+more complicated because of this merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated because of this merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated because of this merge
+step merge gets painful I claim this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step merge gets painful I claim this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step merge gets painful I claim this
+merging is easy because if I need to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merging is easy because if I need to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merging is easy because if I need to all
+I need is merging is linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need is merging is linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need is merging is linear time
+provided your comparison is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided your comparison is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided your comparison is constant
+time so if I need to compare a t0 suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so if I need to compare a t0 suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so if I need to compare a t0 suffix
+with a T2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a T2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a T2
+suffix if I want to do that comparison I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix if I want to do that comparison I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix if I want to do that comparison I
+strip off the first letter from this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip off the first letter from this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip off the first letter from this one
+it turns into a T1 suffix turns you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns into a T1 suffix turns you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns into a T1 suffix turns you know
+it's the first character plus a T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first character plus a T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first character plus a T1
+suffix i strip off the first character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix i strip off the first character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix i strip off the first character
+this one turns into the first character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one turns into the first character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one turns into the first character
+and then a t0 suffix and these things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a t0 suffix and these things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a t0 suffix and these things I
+know how to compare because I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to compare because I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to compare because I already
+sorted t0 comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted t0 comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted t0 comma
+T1 if I need to compare a T1 suffix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 if I need to compare a T1 suffix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 if I need to compare a T1 suffix with
+a T2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suffix how do I do it I strip off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix how do I do it I strip off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix how do I do it I strip off the
+first two letters of this one I get a t0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two letters of this one I get a t0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two letters of this one I get a t0
+suffix i strip off the first two letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix i strip off the first two letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix i strip off the first two letters
+of this one I get a T1 suffix I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this one I get a T1 suffix I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this one I get a T1 suffix I can't
+strip off one letter because this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip off one letter because this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip off one letter because this would
+turn into a T2 and I don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into a T2 and I don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into a T2 and I don't know how to
+compare a T2 to other things that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare a T2 to other things that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare a T2 to other things that's the
+whole point well I guess it's a T2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole point well I guess it's a T2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole point well I guess it's a T2
+versus a t0 if I did that which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a t0 if I did that which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a t0 if I did that which is this
+case but here strip off two letters I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but here strip off two letters I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but here strip off two letters I
+get something I know how to compare this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something I know how to compare this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something I know how to compare this
+technique does not work if you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique does not work if you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique does not work if you only have
+two things it only works if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things it only works if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things it only works if you have
+three things because there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things because there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things because there's sort of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+situations so constant Time by comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations so constant Time by comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations so constant Time by comparing
+these little uh tupal the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little uh tupal the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little uh tupal the first
+character or two plus uh the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character or two plus uh the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character or two plus uh the remaining
+suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix
+I can do the comparator in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do the comparator in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do the comparator in
+merge uh and then if I can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge uh and then if I can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge uh and then if I can do that
+everything is linear time the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is linear time the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is linear time the only
+interesting thing is how do I sort the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is how do I sort the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is how do I sort the
+alphabet when I recurse and for that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet when I recurse and for that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet when I recurse and for that you
+use radic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use radic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use radic
+sort so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort so the first
+time you pay a sort of Sigma we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you pay a sort of Sigma we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you pay a sort of Sigma we don't
+know how long that takes depends on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how long that takes depends on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how long that takes depends on your
+alphabet but every following recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet but every following recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet but every following recursion
+it's a radic sort because you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a radic sort because you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a radic sort because you have a
+triple of values each of which is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple of values each of which is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple of values each of which is small
+and so you can do it in linear times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can do it in linear times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can do it in linear times
+because there's only three three digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's only three three digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's only three three digits
+to the thing you're sorting so overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the thing you're sorting so overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the thing you're sorting so overall
+this is a recursive algorithm gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a recursive algorithm gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a recursive algorithm gives you
+linear time because you're making one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time because you're making one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time because you're making one
+recursive call of 2/3 the size pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call of 2/3 the size pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call of 2/3 the size pretty
+clever and simple and that's suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever and simple and that's suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever and simple and that's suffix
+trees and how you build them or you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and how you build them or you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and how you build them or you get
+suffix arrays you can do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix arrays you can do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix arrays you can do the same thing
+and get LCP information at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get LCP information at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get LCP information at the same time
+it's written in the notes then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written in the notes then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written in the notes then you get
+suffix trees and then you're done
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Nrylh_-40ng.txt b/Nrylh_-40ng.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..42ef96dd907c6250aa6c386d387081beb0452306
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Nrylh_-40ng.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1115 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+um another active learning technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another active learning technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another active learning technique
+that can be very very effective in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be very very effective in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be very very effective in
+supporting student learning is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting student learning is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting student learning is the
+jigsaw and it gets its name from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jigsaw and it gets its name from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jigsaw and it gets its name from the
+from the the activity involved when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the activity involved when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the activity involved when you
+do a jigsaw puzzle and usually most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a jigsaw puzzle and usually most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a jigsaw puzzle and usually most
+people when they do a jigsaw will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people when they do a jigsaw will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people when they do a jigsaw will look
+for the the board they'll find all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the board they'll find all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the board they'll find all the
+edge pieces or they'll find all the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge pieces or they'll find all the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge pieces or they'll find all the blue
+pieces or all the or they'll find all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces or all the or they'll find all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces or all the or they'll find all
+the pieces that have have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces that have have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces that have have a certain
+image on them you do the homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image on them you do the homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image on them you do the homogeneous
+aspects of the exercise so you get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the exercise so you get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the exercise so you get all
+the edge pieces the blue pieces the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge pieces the blue pieces the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge pieces the blue pieces the the
+the particular image pieces but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular image pieces but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular image pieces but
+eventually you have to take those pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you have to take those pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you have to take those pieces
+and put them together you have to link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them together you have to link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them together you have to link
+them up with pieces that don't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up with pieces that don't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up with pieces that don't look
+quite like those pieces so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite like those pieces so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite like those pieces so that's the
+heterogeneous component of it and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous component of it and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous component of it and and so
+what you do in a jigsaw is you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do in a jigsaw is you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do in a jigsaw is you ask
+students to become experts if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to become experts if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to become experts if you will
+homogeneous experts in a particular area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous experts in a particular area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous experts in a particular area
+on a particular topic and you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a particular topic and you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a particular topic and you can do
+this by giving them a reading in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by giving them a reading in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by giving them a reading in
+class you can do this by asking them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you can do this by asking them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you can do this by asking them to
+reflect on something that you've you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on something that you've you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on something that you've you've
+addressed in in a previous class or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed in in a previous class or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed in in a previous class or that
+they've addressed in a previous homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've addressed in a previous homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've addressed in a previous homework
+but but they sit together or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but they sit together or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but they sit together or they
+collect they they group together in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect they they group together in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect they they group together in this
+what I call homogeneous group where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call homogeneous group where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call homogeneous group where
+everyone is talking about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is talking about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is talking about the same
+particular topic and they just discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular topic and they just discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular topic and they just discuss
+that topic and they become experts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that topic and they become experts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that topic and they become experts in
+that homogeneous topic and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that homogeneous topic and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that homogeneous topic and then you can
+have three or four different topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three or four different topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three or four different topics
+whatever depending on the size size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever depending on the size size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever depending on the size size of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+class and you have these local groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and you have these local groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and you have these local groups of
+experts like the edge pieces and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts like the edge pieces and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts like the edge pieces and the
+blue pieces and the and the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue pieces and the and the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue pieces and the and the picture
+pieces um and then after giving them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces um and then after giving them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces um and then after giving them a
+period of time maybe five minutes 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time maybe five minutes 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time maybe five minutes 10
+minutes depending on the class you break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes depending on the class you break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes depending on the class you break
+them up into heterogeneous groups so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up into heterogeneous groups so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up into heterogeneous groups so you
+get one one representative from group a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one one representative from group a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one one representative from group a
+goes with one representative from Group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes with one representative from Group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes with one representative from Group
+B and one representative from group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and one representative from group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and one representative from group
+Group C and one representative from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Group C and one representative from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Group C and one representative from
+Group D and now you have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Group D and now you have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Group D and now you have a new
+heterogeneous group that has an a a b a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous group that has an a a b a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous group that has an a a b a
+c and a D in it or if we use the puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and a D in it or if we use the puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and a D in it or if we use the puzzle
+analogy um you have a group that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy um you have a group that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy um you have a group that has
+some person that's the edge expert some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some person that's the edge expert some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some person that's the edge expert some
+person that's the picture expert and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that's the picture expert and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that's the picture expert and
+some person that's the blue piece expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some person that's the blue piece expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some person that's the blue piece expert
+and they're all in a group and now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all in a group and now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all in a group and now they
+share what they know individually with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share what they know individually with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share what they know individually with
+each other and then they combine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and then they combine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and then they combine that
+expertise they synthesize that expertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise they synthesize that expertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise they synthesize that expertise
+to make something bigger to to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make something bigger to to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make something bigger to to come up
+with a glob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a glob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a glob
+more Global understanding of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Global understanding of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Global understanding of the problem
+um and then each group does that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then each group does that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then each group does that in
+their own way so the heterogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own way so the heterogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own way so the heterogeneous
+groups then form a more holistic or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups then form a more holistic or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups then form a more holistic or a
+more heterogeneous solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more heterogeneous solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more heterogeneous solution to the
+problem um as if they're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um as if they're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um as if they're putting
+together the different kinds of puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the different kinds of puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the different kinds of puzzle
+pieces and then again as with the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and then again as with the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and then again as with the other
+activities we asked them to to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities we asked them to to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities we asked them to to then
+report out before that I usually ask I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report out before that I usually ask I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report out before that I usually ask I
+usually will circulate in the room the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually will circulate in the room the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually will circulate in the room the
+same way I do with the pair share to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way I do with the pair share to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way I do with the pair share to
+hear what each to the groups are saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear what each to the groups are saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear what each to the groups are saying
+to see if any groups are having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if any groups are having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if any groups are having
+particular issues or if they have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular issues or if they have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular issues or if they have some
+particular breakthroughs that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular breakthroughs that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular breakthroughs that I want to
+make sure they share with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure they share with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure they share with the with the
+class as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class as a
+whole there's some logistical issues one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole there's some logistical issues one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole there's some logistical issues one
+you want to make sure that the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make sure that the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make sure that the students
+really can become these hom genious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can become these hom genious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can become these hom genious
+experts so if you have a group of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts so if you have a group of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts so if you have a group of four
+people that they've all really come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that they've all really come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that they've all really come up
+to speed on the topic so um ideally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speed on the topic so um ideally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speed on the topic so um ideally you
+would give a pre-class assignment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give a pre-class assignment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give a pre-class assignment and
+you'd say yes I need everybody to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd say yes I need everybody to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd say yes I need everybody to read
+this article and to be able to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this article and to be able to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this article and to be able to explain
+this point this point and this point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point this point and this point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point this point and this point and
+you would assign that to that group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would assign that to that group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would assign that to that group of
+that a particular group of students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a particular group of students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a particular group of students and
+then you do the same with a few other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do the same with a few other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do the same with a few other
+topics um you you're assuming then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics um you you're assuming then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics um you you're assuming then that
+the students have read the paper or have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students have read the paper or have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students have read the paper or have
+read the article whatever it is you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the article whatever it is you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the article whatever it is you want
+them to read and that they understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to read and that they understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to read and that they understand it
+to the level that you hope they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the level that you hope they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the level that you hope they
+understood it sometimes you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood it sometimes you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood it sometimes you don't have
+time for that or it just doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for that or it just doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for that or it just doesn't work
+out so you give them something to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so you give them something to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so you give them something to read
+within in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within in
+class and again that can be tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and again that can be tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and again that can be tricky
+students may not have the same level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students may not have the same level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students may not have the same level
+understanding so groups may be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding so groups may be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding so groups may be a little
+bit spotty um the other thing that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit spotty um the other thing that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit spotty um the other thing that can
+happen with the jigsaw which is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with the jigsaw which is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with the jigsaw which is like a
+really silly problem but it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really silly problem but it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really silly problem but it but
+sometimes it just trips you up is um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it just trips you up is um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it just trips you up is um if
+you have depending on the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have depending on the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have depending on the number of
+students you have to kind of think on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students you have to kind of think on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students you have to kind of think on
+your feet about how many students are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your feet about how many students are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your feet about how many students are in
+the homogeneous group versus how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homogeneous group versus how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homogeneous group versus how many
+students are in the heterogeneous group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are in the heterogeneous group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are in the heterogeneous group
+if it's a perfect square it works fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a perfect square it works fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a perfect square it works fine
+so if you've got nine students or 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you've got nine students or 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you've got nine students or 16
+students or or 25 students you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students or or 25 students you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students or or 25 students you know you
+have five groups of five groups in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five groups of five groups in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five groups of five groups in one
+situation then five groups in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation then five groups in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation then five groups in the other
+that means you have to have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you have to have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you have to have the same
+number of groups as heterogeneous topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of groups as heterogeneous topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of groups as heterogeneous topics
+so if I went ABC D I have to then have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I went ABC D I have to then have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I went ABC D I have to then have
+four groups because I had to have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four groups because I had to have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four groups because I had to have four
+A's Four B's four C's and four D's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's Four B's four C's and four D's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's Four B's four C's and four D's so
+sometimes just the number of topics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes just the number of topics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes just the number of topics and
+the number of students that you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of students that you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of students that you have in
+your class makes it kind of hard to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your class makes it kind of hard to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your class makes it kind of hard to make
+groups that don't have extra people or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that don't have extra people or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that don't have extra people or
+aren't short a particular expert and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't short a particular expert and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't short a particular expert and
+that's just something you want to plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just something you want to plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just something you want to plan
+beforehand and if somebody doesn't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand and if somebody doesn't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand and if somebody doesn't come
+to class you know if you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to class you know if you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to class you know if you know you have
+25 students in your class and somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 students in your class and somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 students in your class and somebody
+doesn't show up then you you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't show up then you you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't show up then you you have to
+kind of uh deal with it on this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh deal with it on this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh deal with it on this on the
+fly but um that can be the biggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly but um that can be the biggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly but um that can be the biggest that
+can be the trickiest thing with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be the trickiest thing with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be the trickiest thing with with the
+jigsaw is just getting the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jigsaw is just getting the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jigsaw is just getting the number
+students right
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OTkq4OsG_Yc.txt b/OTkq4OsG_Yc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea9b50f21af13bd65ea77955a3de3f839388f976
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OTkq4OsG_Yc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5992 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right everyone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right everyone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right everyone so
+welcome to 15. s50 PO thean analytics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to 15. s50 PO thean analytics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to 15. s50 PO thean analytics so
+this is going to be Monday Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be Monday Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be Monday Wednesday
+Friday from 3:30 to 5: um I just got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday from 3:30 to 5: um I just got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday from 3:30 to 5: um I just got uh
+a room for review session on Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a room for review session on Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a room for review session on Tuesday
+Thursday for anyone who needs to catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday for anyone who needs to catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday for anyone who needs to catch
+up a little bit the class is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a little bit the class is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a little bit the class is here
+4370 um I'm Kevin Desmond I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4370 um I'm Kevin Desmond I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4370 um I'm Kevin Desmond I'm going to
+be the instructor Paul mes a faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the instructor Paul mes a faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the instructor Paul mes a faculty
+adviser and this is worth um three three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adviser and this is worth um three three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adviser and this is worth um three three
+age credits the gameplay aspect so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age credits the gameplay aspect so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age credits the gameplay aspect so this
+is what I did and I think this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I did and I think this is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I did and I think this is I
+think this is really cool so progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is really cool so progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is really cool so progress
+Stars gave us our own private league for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stars gave us our own private league for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stars gave us our own private league for
+only MIT people in this course and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only MIT people in this course and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only MIT people in this course and my
+goal here is to separate um people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal here is to separate um people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal here is to separate um people who
+are like fairly new from people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like fairly new from people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like fairly new from people who are
+very competitive because I I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very competitive because I I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very competitive because I I don't want
+I don't want someone not to pass the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want someone not to pass the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want someone not to pass the
+course because they happen to be not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course because they happen to be not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course because they happen to be not
+that great at poker so I created this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that great at poker so I created this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that great at poker so I created this
+thing called the beginners league and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called the beginners league and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called the beginners league and
+these are going to be daily turbos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going to be daily turbos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going to be daily turbos
+turbos means like their fastish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbos means like their fastish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbos means like their fastish
+tournaments and to get the gameplay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments and to get the gameplay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments and to get the gameplay
+credit you can cash you can make money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit you can cash you can make money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit you can cash you can make money
+in one of them or you can play in 10 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of them or you can play in 10 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of them or you can play in 10 of
+them so those who are struggling can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so those who are struggling can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so those who are struggling can get
+this gameplay credit by playing 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gameplay credit by playing 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gameplay credit by playing 10
+tournaments which is about like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments which is about like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments which is about like a
+10-hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-hour
+commitment let's go into the gameplay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment let's go into the gameplay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment let's go into the gameplay
+aspect more so Poker Stars created this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect more so Poker Stars created this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect more so Poker Stars created this
+private league for us which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private league for us which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private league for us which is really
+cool so poker stars is is generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so poker stars is is generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so poker stars is is generally
+considered like the most reputable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered like the most reputable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered like the most reputable
+online poker site that's why we use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online poker site that's why we use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online poker site that's why we use them
+so they have two different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have two different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have two different types of
+games so they have real money and play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games so they have real money and play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games so they have real money and play
+money games now um if you're in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money games now um if you're in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money games now um if you're in the US
+you can't do real money like that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do real money like that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do real money like that it
+used to be something that was very gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be something that was very gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be something that was very gray
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+um it became and then there was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it became and then there was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it became and then there was one
+poker site which turned out to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker site which turned out to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker site which turned out to be like
+legitimately like a Ponzi scheme and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimately like a Ponzi scheme and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimately like a Ponzi scheme and as
+a result um now poker in in the US is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result um now poker in in the US is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result um now poker in in the US is
+like much more black and white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like much more black and white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like much more black and white
+definitely not okay for real money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not okay for real money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not okay for real money
+however their play money scene is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however their play money scene is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however their play money scene is is
+pretty resilient and that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty resilient and that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty resilient and that's what we're
+taking advantage of here the Poker Stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of here the Poker Stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of here the Poker Stars
+play money scene is broken down to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play money scene is broken down to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play money scene is broken down to two
+different things they have like public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things they have like public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things they have like public
+games where you can just go and play for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games where you can just go and play for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games where you can just go and play for
+like play chips in uh against anyone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like play chips in uh against anyone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like play chips in uh against anyone in
+the world which is cool and you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world which is cool and you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world which is cool and you can do
+that like and I recommend you give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like and I recommend you give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like and I recommend you give it a
+shot just to get used to the software um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot just to get used to the software um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot just to get used to the software um
+in addition you can do home games which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition you can do home games which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition you can do home games which
+is what we're generally going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're generally going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're generally going to be
+doing that's what they call their like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that's what they call their like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that's what they call their like
+private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private
+leagues um so the private in the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leagues um so the private in the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leagues um so the private in the private
+leagues in like their home games they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leagues in like their home games they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leagues in like their home games they
+have this showcase and you might notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this showcase and you might notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this showcase and you might notice
+as soon as you log in that the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as you log in that the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as you log in that the MIT
+league poker thean analytics is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+league poker thean analytics is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+league poker thean analytics is already
+at the top that's not just for us that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top that's not just for us that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top that's not just for us that's
+for everyone anyone in the world who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everyone anyone in the world who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everyone anyone in the world who
+logs into poker stars and looks at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs into poker stars and looks at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs into poker stars and looks at home
+games has the MIT League at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games has the MIT League at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games has the MIT League at the top
+which I think is really cool so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is really cool so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is really cool so to
+access this I'll send out more specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access this I'll send out more specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access this I'll send out more specific
+instructions later I gave you guys the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions later I gave you guys the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions later I gave you guys the
+um just like the passcode of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just like the passcode of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just like the passcode of what you
+need but to actually get there what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need but to actually get there what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need but to actually get there what you
+need to do is you log into Poker Stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is you log into Poker Stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is you log into Poker Stars
+you go to like this button which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to like this button which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to like this button which is a
+little house to access a home games and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little house to access a home games and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little house to access a home games and
+then you want to join a game and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want to join a game and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want to join a game and what
+you do is you put the club ID which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you put the club ID which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you put the club ID which is
+557832 you put the invitation code which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+557832 you put the invitation code which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+557832 you put the invitation code which
+you're all going to have on stellar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all going to have on stellar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all going to have on stellar and
+then you put your real name preferably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you put your real name preferably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you put your real name preferably
+the one that's listed in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's listed in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's listed in the course
+because I actually have to approve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I actually have to approve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I actually have to approve
+everyone that joins the league and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone that joins the league and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone that joins the league and I
+can't do it just based on someone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it just based on someone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it just based on someone's
+screen name and I guess you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen name and I guess you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen name and I guess you have to
+agree to some sort of terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree to some sort of terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree to some sort of terms and
+conditions so let's talk about hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so let's talk about hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so let's talk about hand
+histories so a lot of the analytics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histories so a lot of the analytics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histories so a lot of the analytics are
+going to be based off of um hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be based off of um hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be based off of um hand
+histories which are just text files that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histories which are just text files that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histories which are just text files that
+poker stars gives you um to the extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker stars gives you um to the extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker stars gives you um to the extent
+that you um you indicate that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you um you indicate that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you um you indicate that you want
+to save them down so these are like kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save them down so these are like kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save them down so these are like kind
+of jumbled messes of text each line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jumbled messes of text each line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jumbled messes of text each line is
+just one thing that happens and you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one thing that happens and you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one thing that happens and you you
+might get used to reading it or or might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get used to reading it or or might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get used to reading it or or might
+not depending on um how much you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depending on um how much you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depending on um how much you're
+going to scrutinize it but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to scrutinize it but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to scrutinize it but more
+importantly you can use these in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly you can use these in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly you can use these in all the
+data analytic um programs that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analytic um programs that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analytic um programs that we're
+going to use like in particular like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use like in particular like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use like in particular like
+poker tracker runs off of that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker tracker runs off of that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker tracker runs off of that you'll
+you'll load a um just thousands of hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll load a um just thousands of hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll load a um just thousands of hands
+into poker tracker and it'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into poker tracker and it'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into poker tracker and it'll do
+analytics for you like it knows exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics for you like it knows exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics for you like it knows exactly
+what's going on based on that format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on based on that format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on based on that format
+which is generally considered universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is generally considered universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is generally considered universal
+and then um for the sake of visualizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um for the sake of visualizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um for the sake of visualizing
+these hands like if you just read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hands like if you just read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hands like if you just read it
+that's fine but then if you want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but then if you want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but then if you want to show
+other people um I'm recommending we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people um I'm recommending we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people um I'm recommending we use
+something called the universal hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the universal hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the universal hand
+history replayer which is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history replayer which is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history replayer which is something
+that's free and what it does it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's free and what it does it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's free and what it does it just
+reads the hands and it plays them um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads the hands and it plays them um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads the hands and it plays them um it
+animates what happened as if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animates what happened as if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animates what happened as if you were
+seeing it for real so the deal with hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it for real so the deal with hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it for real so the deal with hand
+histories is if you're a real money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histories is if you're a real money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histories is if you're a real money
+player Poker Stars like dedicates um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player Poker Stars like dedicates um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player Poker Stars like dedicates um
+databases of hand histories so that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases of hand histories so that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases of hand histories so that um
+if you want you can request all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want you can request all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want you can request all your
+hand histories at any time um for play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand histories at any time um for play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand histories at any time um for play
+money Players they let you capture your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money Players they let you capture your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money Players they let you capture your
+own hand histories if you want but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own hand histories if you want but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own hand histories if you want but they
+definitely don't save them so the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely don't save them so the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely don't save them so the reason
+I'm showing you this now and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing you this now and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing you this now and I'm going
+to email it out to you later is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to email it out to you later is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to email it out to you later is if you
+lose your hand histories or you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose your hand histories or you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose your hand histories or you don't
+capture them in time you'll never get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture them in time you'll never get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture them in time you'll never get
+them back so make sure you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back so make sure you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back so make sure you're actually
+capturing hand histories um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing hand histories um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing hand histories um because
+we're going to be using that for a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be using that for a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be using that for a lot
+of the analysis we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the analysis we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the analysis we do
+okay so let's talk about the league and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's talk about the league and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's talk about the league and
+honestly I think like this league is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly I think like this league is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly I think like this league is
+going to be really cool usually the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really cool usually the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really cool usually the the
+the evolution of a player is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of a player is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of a player is like
+they're terrible at poker and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're terrible at poker and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're terrible at poker and then they
+start becoming good at playing against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start becoming good at playing against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start becoming good at playing against
+bad people and then when they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad people and then when they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad people and then when they actually
+start playing for real they get crushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start playing for real they get crushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start playing for real they get crushed
+again because they're used to playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because they're used to playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because they're used to playing
+against other bad people so this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against other bad people so this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against other bad people so this will
+actually um hopefully get you used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um hopefully get you used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um hopefully get you used to
+playing against other people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing against other people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing against other people who are
+playing correctly which is not something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing correctly which is not something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing correctly which is not something
+um you can commonly learn just from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can commonly learn just from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can commonly learn just from um
+from like playing around with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like playing around with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like playing around with your
+friends um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends um in
+addition you can through playing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition you can through playing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition you can through playing in
+these online leagues you can collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these online leagues you can collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these online leagues you can collect
+stats that you could never get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stats that you could never get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stats that you could never get from
+playing live and I think this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing live and I think this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing live and I think this is like
+the this is why the tourn like the live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is why the tourn like the live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is why the tourn like the live
+tournament scene is dominated by online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament scene is dominated by online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament scene is dominated by online
+Pros it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pros it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pros it's
+because no like no live pro can get as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no like no live pro can get as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no like no live pro can get as
+many hands or analyze their play in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many hands or analyze their play in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many hands or analyze their play in the
+way that you can do online there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you can do online there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you can do online there's just
+it's not even comparable so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not even comparable so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not even comparable so this is
+given even if you're your whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given even if you're your whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given even if you're your whole
+intention is to only play um live the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention is to only play um live the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention is to only play um live the
+entire rest of your life doing this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire rest of your life doing this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire rest of your life doing this type
+of analytics would give you a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analytics would give you a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analytics would give you a chance to
+learn at a much faster rate and learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn at a much faster rate and learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn at a much faster rate and learn
+things that you would never see live so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you would never see live so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you would never see live so
+every week we're going to have uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week we're going to have uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week we're going to have uh a
+major tournament which is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major tournament which is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major tournament which is basically
+going to be the same structure maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same structure maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same structure maybe a
+bit slower than the ones we do daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit slower than the ones we do daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit slower than the ones we do daily
+except they're going to have real prizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except they're going to have real prizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except they're going to have real prizes
+so Akuna is giving us for their first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Akuna is giving us for their first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Akuna is giving us for their first
+tournament Beats headphones an Apple TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament Beats headphones an Apple TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament Beats headphones an Apple TV
+Bose speakers and a lot of gift cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bose speakers and a lot of gift cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bose speakers and a lot of gift cards
+and then for their second tournament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for their second tournament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for their second tournament
+they're giving us all of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're giving us all of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're giving us all of those things
+plus an iPad Air and an iPad mini but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus an iPad Air and an iPad mini but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus an iPad Air and an iPad mini but
+we're not done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not done
+yet because this class is focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet because this class is focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet because this class is focused on
+playing live we're going to end the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing live we're going to end the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing live we're going to end the
+class with a live tournament sponsored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class with a live tournament sponsored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class with a live tournament sponsored
+by oper on the 31st which is the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by oper on the 31st which is the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by oper on the 31st which is the day
+after the last day of the class so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the last day of the class so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the last day of the class so after
+the League's over and after you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the League's over and after you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the League's over and after you guys are
+good at poker like you'll have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at poker like you'll have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at poker like you'll have an
+opportunity to play each other in a live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to play each other in a live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to play each other in a live
+tournament where their prize pull is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament where their prize pull is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament where their prize pull is all
+of the auna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the auna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the auna
+prizes plus a PlayStation 4 plus an iPad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes plus a PlayStation 4 plus an iPad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes plus a PlayStation 4 plus an iPad
+plus a Kindle and plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a Kindle and plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a Kindle and plus a
+GoPro I I want this to reflect what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GoPro I I want this to reflect what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GoPro I I want this to reflect what the
+what um the type of things like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um the type of things like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um the type of things like an
+online multi-table tournament player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online multi-table tournament player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online multi-table tournament player
+would do how it normally works is during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do how it normally works is during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do how it normally works is during
+the week and basically every single day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week and basically every single day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week and basically every single day
+there's a uniform amount of tournaments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a uniform amount of tournaments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a uniform amount of tournaments
+that will just run every single day at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will just run every single day at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will just run every single day at
+like at the top of the hour and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at the top of the hour and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at the top of the hour and these
+Pros will just grind those out they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pros will just grind those out they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pros will just grind those out they'll
+get used to the structure and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to the structure and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to the structure and that's
+where where um where they'll kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where um where they'll kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where um where they'll kind of
+like grind their teeth and then on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like grind their teeth and then on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like grind their teeth and then on the
+weekends that's when you get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekends that's when you get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekends that's when you get a lot of
+the like um a lot of the square money a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like um a lot of the square money a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like um a lot of the square money a
+lot of the like um the newer guys who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the like um the newer guys who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the like um the newer guys who
+only play poker on the weekend and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only play poker on the weekend and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only play poker on the weekend and those
+are more gimmicky like idiosyncratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more gimmicky like idiosyncratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more gimmicky like idiosyncratic
+tournaments but also the highest value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments but also the highest value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments but also the highest value
+so that's why I'm producing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why I'm producing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why I'm producing the the
+tournament structure like this where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament structure like this where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament structure like this where the
+bulk of your tournaments will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk of your tournaments will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk of your tournaments will be very
+similar to each other but then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to each other but then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to each other but then the
+tournaments that really matter will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments that really matter will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments that really matter will be
+completely different at least relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different at least relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different at least relatively
+different so that's why I'm doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so that's why I'm doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so that's why I'm doing that
+that's that will make you get a feel for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that will make you get a feel for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that will make you get a feel for
+what these guys have to go through um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these guys have to go through um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these guys have to go through um so
+let's talk about turbos turbos let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about turbos turbos let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about turbos turbos let you
+focus on pre flap decisions which um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on pre flap decisions which um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on pre flap decisions which um are
+the area where I think there's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area where I think there's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area where I think there's the most
+to learn among people who are new at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn among people who are new at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn among people who are new at
+poker um by basically the like all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker um by basically the like all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker um by basically the like all of
+your value that you're losing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your value that you're losing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your value that you're losing in
+tournament is from screwing up pre- flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament is from screwing up pre- flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament is from screwing up pre- flop
+like no one gets that right live because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no one gets that right live because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no one gets that right live because
+it's really difficult to to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really difficult to to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really difficult to to be able to
+to um like feel comfortable doing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um like feel comfortable doing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um like feel comfortable doing which
+is generally considered right and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generally considered right and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generally considered right and we're
+going to spend a lot of time on pre flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend a lot of time on pre flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend a lot of time on pre flop
+but these turbos encourage you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these turbos encourage you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these turbos encourage you to do
+that sort of thing cuz live is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing cuz live is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing cuz live is a lot of
+pre flop and you're going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre flop and you're going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre flop and you're going to be doing
+that in the turbos online too um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the turbos online too um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the turbos online too um in
+addition no one wants to spend like six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition no one wants to spend like six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition no one wants to spend like six
+hours doing a tournament so I'm making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours doing a tournament so I'm making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours doing a tournament so I'm making
+these turbo so you can be in and out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these turbo so you can be in and out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these turbo so you can be in and out in
+like 45 minutes and then you can like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 45 minutes and then you can like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 45 minutes and then you can like
+boot up another tournament or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boot up another tournament or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boot up another tournament or you can
+like be done with poker for that night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like be done with poker for that night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like be done with poker for that night
+um in addition you you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in addition you you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in addition you you have the
+opportunity you can play as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity you can play as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity you can play as many
+tournaments as you want like it it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments as you want like it it's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments as you want like it it's for
+a Pros to do something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Pros to do something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Pros to do something called
+multi-tabling which is they'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-tabling which is they'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-tabling which is they'll do
+multiple like tournaments at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple like tournaments at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple like tournaments at the same
+time like if you want you can do for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like if you want you can do for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like if you want you can do for the
+beginners I probably recommend you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginners I probably recommend you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginners I probably recommend you just
+do one but for the regular League like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one but for the regular League like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one but for the regular League like
+have at it if you want to do like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at it if you want to do like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at it if you want to do like all
+four tournaments at the same time like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four tournaments at the same time like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four tournaments at the same time like
+go ahead to the extent that they're they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead to the extent that they're they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead to the extent that they're they
+overlap with each other a little bit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap with each other a little bit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap with each other a little bit um
+okay so that's the end with the prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the end with the prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the end with the prize
+league so the schedule is uh we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+league so the schedule is uh we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+league so the schedule is uh we're going
+to go through what what I'm calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through what what I'm calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through what what I'm calling
+basic strategy which are like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic strategy which are like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic strategy which are like the the
+basic axioms that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic axioms that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic axioms that we're going to be
+using to um in order to analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using to um in order to analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using to um in order to analyze the
+decisionmaking process in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisionmaking process in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisionmaking process in
+poker um then we're going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker um then we're going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker um then we're going to be doing
+pre- flop analysis and we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre- flop analysis and we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre- flop analysis and we're going to be
+doing a lot of this because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of this because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of this because this is
+really like a this is where the value ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like a this is where the value ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like a this is where the value ad
+is going to be is getting this right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be is getting this right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be is getting this right I
+think the way that we can um tackle this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the way that we can um tackle this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the way that we can um tackle this
+thing is kind of a way I recommend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is kind of a way I recommend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is kind of a way I recommend that
+you learn anything complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn anything complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn anything complicated
+so um we we're going to break this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we we're going to break this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we we're going to break this down
+into three different sections like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three different sections like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three different sections like
+fundamental concepts practice which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental concepts practice which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental concepts practice which are
+actually implementing those Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually implementing those Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually implementing those Concepts
+when like when you have 10 seconds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when like when you have 10 seconds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when like when you have 10 seconds to
+make a decision and then more advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a decision and then more advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a decision and then more advanced
+stuff um okay so with regard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff um okay so with regard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff um okay so with regard to
+Concepts um I'm going to call this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts um I'm going to call this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts um I'm going to call this like
+the basic framework for decision making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic framework for decision making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic framework for decision making
+it's like being unexploitable like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like being unexploitable like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like being unexploitable like you
+want to get to the level when you sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get to the level when you sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get to the level when you sit
+down at a table every in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at a table every in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at a table every in the room
+doesn't turn and go I want to sit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't turn and go I want to sit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't turn and go I want to sit at
+that guy's table you want to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy's table you want to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy's table you want to be a
+slightly winning player way before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly winning player way before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly winning player way before you
+want to become like a huge winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to become like a huge winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to become like a huge winning
+player in order to let you know the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player in order to let you know the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player in order to let you know the type
+of thing that we're learning I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing that we're learning I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing that we're learning I'm going
+to label the sides with this to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to label the sides with this to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to label the sides with this to indicate
+that this is like a basic concept learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is like a basic concept learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is like a basic concept learn
+this thing before you move on um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing before you move on um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing before you move on um the
+advanced stuff is once you once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced stuff is once you once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced stuff is once you once you
+learned how to do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to do things
+which is like how to do things is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like how to do things is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like how to do things is pretty
+is pretty broad we're going to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty broad we're going to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty broad we're going to learn
+like Minor Adjustments that we can do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Minor Adjustments that we can do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Minor Adjustments that we can do to
+get um quite a bit of extra money like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um quite a bit of extra money like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um quite a bit of extra money like
+how to grind out that that additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to grind out that that additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to grind out that that additional
+like half big blind an hour out of out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like half big blind an hour out of out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like half big blind an hour out of out
+of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our
+opponents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponents
+um so any any real deviations from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so any any real deviations from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so any any real deviations from what
+we normal do normally do uh in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we normal do normally do uh in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we normal do normally do uh in addition
+to metag game metag game is always fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to metag game metag game is always fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to metag game metag game is always fun
+like anything not related to the hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like anything not related to the hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like anything not related to the hand
+hand uh decision- making process like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand uh decision- making process like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand uh decision- making process like
+table selection or like bankroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table selection or like bankroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table selection or like bankroll
+management or like deciding whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management or like deciding whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management or like deciding whether or
+not to play like that stuff is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to play like that stuff is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to play like that stuff is really
+fun and that's going to be indicated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun and that's going to be indicated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun and that's going to be indicated by
+this Ace here okay so I'm going to label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Ace here okay so I'm going to label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Ace here okay so I'm going to label
+those sides for anything that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sides for anything that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sides for anything that's uh
+considered Advanced and stuff you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered Advanced and stuff you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered Advanced and stuff you should
+only really do when you get the concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only really do when you get the concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only really do when you get the concepts
+down and then a lot of this class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then a lot of this class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then a lot of this class is
+going to be focused on uh practice which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be focused on uh practice which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be focused on uh practice which
+is how to actually Implement like how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how to actually Implement like how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how to actually Implement like how to
+implement these concept steps on a uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement these concept steps on a uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement these concept steps on a uh on
+a day-to-day basis when you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day-to-day basis when you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day-to-day basis when you're actually
+playing so especially live like we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing so especially live like we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing so especially live like we are
+not going to have all the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to have all the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to have all the information
+we're not going to have like calculators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to have like calculators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to have like calculators
+and we're not going to have that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not going to have that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not going to have that much
+time to make a decision um so how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to make a decision um so how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to make a decision um so how to
+like apply these in real time making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like apply these in real time making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like apply these in real time making
+rules of thumb figuring out what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of thumb figuring out what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of thumb figuring out what you can
+just ignore and what you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ignore and what you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ignore and what you have to
+definitely do and then some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely do and then some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely do and then some of the
+psychology stuff related to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology stuff related to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology stuff related to actually
+performing live is going to be what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing live is going to be what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing live is going to be what I'm
+calling practice which is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling practice which is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling practice which is going to be
+indicated that by that poker chip with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated that by that poker chip with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated that by that poker chip with a
+pet all right anyway so let's um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pet all right anyway so let's um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pet all right anyway so let's um let's
+talk about the what what I'm bringing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the what what I'm bringing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the what what I'm bringing to
+the table here so um so this this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table here so um so this this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table here so um so this this course
+is primarily going to be from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is primarily going to be from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is primarily going to be from my
+perspective and um the the decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and um the the decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and um the the decisions
+about what I'm um I guess what what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what I'm um I guess what what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what I'm um I guess what what I'm
+going to teach you here and like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to teach you here and like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to teach you here and like the
+like value calls I'm making is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like value calls I'm making is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like value calls I'm making is going to
+come from what I consider the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from what I consider the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from what I consider the the
+appropriate way for someone to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate way for someone to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate way for someone to play
+poker like so my my background is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker like so my my background is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker like so my my background is that I
+was an online like multi-table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an online like multi-table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an online like multi-table
+tournament grinder not because like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament grinder not because like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament grinder not because like I
+was a great Pro but because like I sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great Pro but because like I sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great Pro but because like I sat
+more than I played like I was definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than I played like I was definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than I played like I was definitely
+a person who did not play every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person who did not play every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person who did not play every single
+tournament like the um I told you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament like the um I told you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament like the um I told you like
+the World Series of Poker has like 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the World Series of Poker has like 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the World Series of Poker has like 25
+different tournaments like 10 or Texas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tournaments like 10 or Texas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tournaments like 10 or Texas
+hold them and then they have like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold them and then they have like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold them and then they have like like
+an Omaha tournament and like a horse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Omaha tournament and like a horse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Omaha tournament and like a horse
+tournament which is a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament which is a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament which is a combination of
+five different games and what is common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different games and what is common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different games and what is common
+is that any like Pro who plays one plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that any like Pro who plays one plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that any like Pro who plays one plays
+them all like I consider that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all like I consider that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all like I consider that like
+ridiculous for someone who's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous for someone who's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous for someone who's actually
+interested in making like any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in making like any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in making like any sort of
+money or career playing poker so I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or career playing poker so I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or career playing poker so I I'm
+definitely someone who likes uh who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely someone who likes uh who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely someone who likes uh who
+prefers identifying value and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers identifying value and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers identifying value and like
+monetizing it so anyway so so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetizing it so anyway so so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetizing it so anyway so so that's the
+perspective that I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective that I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective that I'm going to be
+teaching this course from like I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this course from like I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this course from like I like
+Roi like it's a great like efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roi like it's a great like efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roi like it's a great like efficiency
+metric um I'm going to give some cons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric um I'm going to give some cons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric um I'm going to give some cons
+usually like you try to maximize your r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually like you try to maximize your r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually like you try to maximize your r
+Roi up until the point where it's below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roi up until the point where it's below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roi up until the point where it's below
+some sort of hourly that you set for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of hourly that you set for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of hourly that you set for
+yourself um because one of the ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself um because one of the ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself um because one of the ways you
+supplement Roi by moving down in Stakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement Roi by moving down in Stakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement Roi by moving down in Stakes
+like usually lower Stakes are easier gam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like usually lower Stakes are easier gam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like usually lower Stakes are easier gam
+so you should have a higher win rate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should have a higher win rate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should have a higher win rate but
+that win rate's multiplied by um a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that win rate's multiplied by um a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that win rate's multiplied by um a much
+lower number so usually you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower number so usually you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower number so usually you're going to
+move around in Stakes until you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around in Stakes until you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around in Stakes until you like
+have a good Roi but hopefully above what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good Roi but hopefully above what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good Roi but hopefully above what
+you consider your lowest amount that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider your lowest amount that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider your lowest amount that you
+can uh that you can feel comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh that you can feel comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh that you can feel comfortable
+earning in addition I want to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning in addition I want to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning in addition I want to focus on
+live tournaments because who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live tournaments because who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live tournaments because who knows
+what's going to happen to online um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen to online um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen to online um
+whereas I think live tournaments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas I think live tournaments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas I think live tournaments are
+very social they're very like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very social they're very like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very social they're very like they're
+very public everyone knows who who wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very public everyone knows who who wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very public everyone knows who who wins
+live tournaments so I'm going to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live tournaments so I'm going to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live tournaments so I'm going to teach
+uh in a way such that focuses on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a way such that focuses on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a way such that focuses on these
+types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values um okay so let's move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to let's move on to some of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let's move on to some of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let's move on to some of the the
+concepts and tools that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and tools that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and tools that we're going to
+learn so we're we're done learning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn so we're we're done learning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn so we're we're done learning about
+uh we're done learning about what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're done learning about what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're done learning about what we're
+actually going to be doing during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be doing during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be doing during this
+class so let's learn a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so let's learn a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so let's learn a little bit about
+poker so first thing is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker so first thing is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker so first thing is we're going to
+be using poker tracker for a lot so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using poker tracker for a lot so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using poker tracker for a lot so I'm
+going to email out exactly how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to email out exactly how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to email out exactly how to
+install this thing uh poker drer has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install this thing uh poker drer has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install this thing uh poker drer has
+donated 115 licenses to their product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donated 115 licenses to their product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donated 115 licenses to their product
+for us and then our next lesson um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us and then our next lesson um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us and then our next lesson um on
+Wednesday is going to be Joel freed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday is going to be Joel freed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday is going to be Joel freed uh
+teaching us how to use this thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching us how to use this thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching us how to use this thing and
+going through some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through some of the
+analytics okay so one other thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics okay so one other thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics okay so one other thing that I
+like using is a universal replayer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like using is a universal replayer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like using is a universal replayer and
+what this thing does is it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this thing does is it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this thing does is it just
+visualizes hand histories so you'll feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizes hand histories so you'll feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizes hand histories so you'll feed
+it a hand history um in a text file it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a hand history um in a text file it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a hand history um in a text file it
+animates it it probably does other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animates it it probably does other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animates it it probably does other
+things but it's free and uh this thing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but it's free and uh this thing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but it's free and uh this thing's
+been around for a while I'm not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around for a while I'm not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around for a while I'm not even
+sure if it's supported anymore but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if it's supported anymore but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if it's supported anymore but it's
+a thing that I'm used to so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing that I'm used to so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing that I'm used to so this is what
+it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks
+like just you give it a hand and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just you give it a hand and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just you give it a hand and then it
+reproduces what like you might have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduces what like you might have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduces what like you might have seen
+if you actually played that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you actually played that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you actually played that
+hand um so let let's move on to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand um so let let's move on to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand um so let let's move on to a
+concept so stack size so this might seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept so stack size so this might seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept so stack size so this might seem
+fairly simple but um we ought to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple but um we ought to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple but um we ought to make
+sure we're talking about the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we're talking about the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we're talking about the same thing
+when we go through this so um your stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go through this so um your stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go through this so um your stack
+size are it's the value of the chips in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size are it's the value of the chips in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size are it's the value of the chips in
+front of you so that's fairly normal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you so that's fairly normal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you so that's fairly normal but
+we have this thing called effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this thing called effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this thing called effective
+stack size which is what we're usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack size which is what we're usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack size which is what we're usually
+going to be talking about when we refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about when we refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about when we refer
+to stack which is the minimum of of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stack which is the minimum of of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stack which is the minimum of of like
+your stack or the next biggest stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stack or the next biggest stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stack or the next biggest stack
+after you and the way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you and the way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you and the way to think about
+this is the number of chips you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the number of chips you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the number of chips you could
+possibly lose in this one hand that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly lose in this one hand that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly lose in this one hand that's
+what your your relevant stack size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your your relevant stack size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your your relevant stack size is
+and the the way you make decisions will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the way you make decisions will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the way you make decisions will
+depend on your effective stack much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on your effective stack much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on your effective stack much more
+than anything else so so an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anything else so so an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anything else so so an example of
+this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would
+be say you're in a um say you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be say you're in a um say you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be say you're in a um say you're in a
+heads up situation where you're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads up situation where you're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads up situation where you're the
+you're the you're the hero here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the you're the hero here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the you're the hero here in the
+small blind right big blind has whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small blind right big blind has whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small blind right big blind has whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips and you have you have some amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips and you have you have some amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips and you have you have some amount
+of chips with Queens all right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have so if you have 1500 chips and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so if you have 1500 chips and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so if you have 1500 chips and so
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he say blinds are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh are 1020 you have what like 50 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are 1020 you have what like 50 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are 1020 you have what like 50 times
+uh the blinds combined here so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the blinds combined here so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the blinds combined here so this is a
+pretty different hand than Aces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty different hand than Aces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty different hand than Aces
+why so say that you you raise with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so say that you you raise with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so say that you you raise with
+queens and then he raises you okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queens and then he raises you okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queens and then he raises you okay so
+you raise to like 60 he raises you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you raise to like 60 he raises you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you raise to like 60 he raises you to
+200 you raise to 600 and he pushes to,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 you raise to 600 and he pushes to,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 you raise to 600 and he pushes to,
+1500 like your Queens are probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 like your Queens are probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 like your Queens are probably not
+really that good anymore like it matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that good anymore like it matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that good anymore like it matters
+how many chips you have here however if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many chips you have here however if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many chips you have here however if
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+if you have 300 chips you raise with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have 300 chips you raise with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have 300 chips you raise with
+queens and then he pushes over you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queens and then he pushes over you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queens and then he pushes over you can't
+fold that like you might as well have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold that like you might as well have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold that like you might as well have
+Aces and it makes your hands like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aces and it makes your hands like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aces and it makes your hands like the
+way you play hands materially different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you play hands materially different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you play hands materially different
+that's why chip Size Matters in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why chip Size Matters in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why chip Size Matters in general
+when like the chip stack is low you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when like the chip stack is low you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when like the chip stack is low you're
+playing these two hands basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing these two hands basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing these two hands basically
+identical you're saying like you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical you're saying like you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical you're saying like you're just
+playing this range however when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing this range however when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing this range however when we're
+talking about effective chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about effective chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about effective chip
+stack it's it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack it's it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack it's it's the same
+thing where even if you have,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where even if you have,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where even if you have,
+1500 and he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 and he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 and he has
+300 if you raise he's going to push you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 if you raise he's going to push you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 if you raise he's going to push you
+don't have the opportunity to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the opportunity to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the opportunity to do that
+back and forth anymore so you might as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth anymore so you might as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth anymore so you might as
+well have 300 uh with regard to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well have 300 uh with regard to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well have 300 uh with regard to your
+decision- making here that's why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision- making here that's why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision- making here that's why we're
+looking at the effective stack because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the effective stack because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the effective stack because
+it really matters who has the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really matters who has the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really matters who has the least
+number of chips because that determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of chips because that determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of chips because that determines
+when the action's going to be over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so really like I like this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so really like I like this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so really like I like this definition
+the most the most amount of chips that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most the most amount of chips that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most the most amount of chips that
+you can lose in the hand it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can lose in the hand it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can lose in the hand it's a it's a
+lot more um I think simple to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more um I think simple to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more um I think simple to think
+about than this like Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about than this like Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about than this like Min
+formula um okay and then we're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula um okay and then we're almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula um okay and then we're almost
+always talking about effective stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always talking about effective stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always talking about effective stack
+let's talk about Dan Harrington so Dan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about Dan Harrington so Dan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about Dan Harrington so Dan
+Harrington is um is is a player who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harrington is um is is a player who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harrington is um is is a player who
+whose style I I very much like um his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose style I I very much like um his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose style I I very much like um his
+nickname's action Dan which um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickname's action Dan which um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickname's action Dan which um the
+consensus is he just kind of gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus is he just kind of gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus is he just kind of gave
+himself because he's considered like Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself because he's considered like Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself because he's considered like Mr
+fundamental like tight aggressive ABC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental like tight aggressive ABC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental like tight aggressive ABC
+player so th this like playing style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player so th this like playing style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player so th this like playing style
+this temperament uh tight aggressive is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this temperament uh tight aggressive is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this temperament uh tight aggressive is
+something that um is something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that um is something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that um is something that is
+used to characterize like basic playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to characterize like basic playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to characterize like basic playing
+Styles so let's quickly go through what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Styles so let's quickly go through what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Styles so let's quickly go through what
+those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are
+so there are two different axes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two different axes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two different axes here
+there's um how often you bet where bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's um how often you bet where bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's um how often you bet where bet
+means like you are raising the stake so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means like you are raising the stake so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means like you are raising the stake so
+either you bet or you raise and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you bet or you raise and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you bet or you raise and then
+here is how often you call either you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is how often you call either you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is how often you call either you
+call a lot or you call not that much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a lot or you call not that much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a lot or you call not that much you
+can get a good feel for the type of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a good feel for the type of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a good feel for the type of uh
+person someone is by what box they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person someone is by what box they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person someone is by what box they they
+fill in um so these have names so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in um so these have names so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in um so these have names so
+someone who's tight aggressive you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's tight aggressive you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's tight aggressive you would
+just refer to them as tag which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just refer to them as tag which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just refer to them as tag which is like
+what Dan Harrington is like you you bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Dan Harrington is like you you bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Dan Harrington is like you you bet
+when you have good hands and you fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have good hands and you fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have good hands and you fold
+when you have bad hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have bad hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have bad hands
+um another like possibly winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another like possibly winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another like possibly winning
+strategy is loose aggressive lag where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is loose aggressive lag where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is loose aggressive lag where
+you certainly bet when you have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certainly bet when you have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certainly bet when you have good
+hands but you will see a lot of cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands but you will see a lot of cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands but you will see a lot of cards
+before you'll give up on a hand like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you'll give up on a hand like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you'll give up on a hand like
+you're definitely willing to call a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're definitely willing to call a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're definitely willing to call a lot
+um these um tight passive are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these um tight passive are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these um tight passive are not
+pronounceable words so they they the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounceable words so they they the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounceable words so they they the
+community generally came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community generally came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community generally came up with
+different words to describe these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different words to describe these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different words to describe these
+um so a tight passive person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so a tight passive person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so a tight passive person
+is weak like they're someone who you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weak like they're someone who you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weak like they're someone who you can
+completely run over because they fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely run over because they fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely run over because they fold
+when they have a bad hand they check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they have a bad hand they check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they have a bad hand they check
+when they have a good hand like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they have a good hand like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they have a good hand like they
+they're like I guess it would be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like I guess it would be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like I guess it would be called
+like rocks like you're you never need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like rocks like you're you never need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like rocks like you're you never need to
+worry about having a big losing night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about having a big losing night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about having a big losing night
+against these guys so someone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against these guys so someone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against these guys so someone who's
+tight passive is generally considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight passive is generally considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight passive is generally considered
+playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing
+suboptimally and then the loose passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suboptimally and then the loose passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suboptimally and then the loose passive
+people um are described via this which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um are described via this which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um are described via this which I
+I forget what it's from I think it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget what it's from I think it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget what it's from I think it might
+be from an old version of of like poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be from an old version of of like poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be from an old version of of like poker
+tracker or um maybe it was like on party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracker or um maybe it was like on party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracker or um maybe it was like on party
+poker or something but everyone loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker or something but everyone loved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker or something but everyone loved
+seeing this icon which you could label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this icon which you could label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this icon which you could label
+people as because a loose passive person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as because a loose passive person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as because a loose passive person
+is what they are a calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what they are a calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what they are a calling
+machine that's what that stands for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that's what that stands for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that's what that stands for and
+it means that when you have a hand they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that when you have a hand they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that when you have a hand they
+will call all of your back you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will call all of your back you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will call all of your back you will
+extract value out of them but when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract value out of them but when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract value out of them but when they
+have a hand they they're okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hand they they're okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hand they they're okay with
+letting you look at your draws to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting you look at your draws to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting you look at your draws to make a
+decision about whether like by the river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision about whether like by the river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision about whether like by the river
+you have a hand or not like they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a hand or not like they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a hand or not like they are
+there's virtually no way that these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's virtually no way that these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's virtually no way that these guys
+are making money in poker like I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making money in poker like I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making money in poker like I think
+it would be like over a realistic sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be like over a realistic sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be like over a realistic sample
+size there's no type of player who could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size there's no type of player who could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size there's no type of player who could
+fit in this quadrant and be good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in this quadrant and be good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in this quadrant and be good enough
+on any other metric to actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any other metric to actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any other metric to actually be
+making money in poker um so in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making money in poker um so in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making money in poker um so in general
+how we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we look at this
+is we like we we would call this tag guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we like we we would call this tag guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we like we we would call this tag guy
+like solid ABC like that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like solid ABC like that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like solid ABC like that's what I'm
+recommending you guys play as um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending you guys play as um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending you guys play as um you can
+like tag players like as a as a quadrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tag players like as a as a quadrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tag players like as a as a quadrant
+are going to be the biggest winners lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be the biggest winners lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be the biggest winners lag
+players someone who's very aggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players someone who's very aggressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players someone who's very aggressive
+and plays a lot of hands could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plays a lot of hands could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plays a lot of hands could possibly
+be a pretty good winner um it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a pretty good winner um it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a pretty good winner um it depends
+on it depends on the type of game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it depends on the type of game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it depends on the type of game and
+then like their opponent and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like their opponent and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like their opponent and their
+ability to pick spots but there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to pick spots but there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to pick spots but there are a
+lot of big lag winners there are not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of big lag winners there are not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of big lag winners there are not a
+lot of big um weak winners and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of big um weak winners and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of big um weak winners and there are
+not a lot of calling machines loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot of calling machines loose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot of calling machines loose
+passive players who are not big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive players who are not big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive players who are not big
+losers so anytime you see like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers so anytime you see like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers so anytime you see like this is
+the definition of someone who's canete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of someone who's canete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of someone who's canete
+fish like a huge donator to the game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish like a huge donator to the game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish like a huge donator to the game and
+you're you're ability to recognize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're ability to recognize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're ability to recognize this
+type of thing will help you find like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of thing will help you find like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of thing will help you find like
+good games to play when you see someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good games to play when you see someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good games to play when you see someone
+doing this kind of thing um anyway back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this kind of thing um anyway back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this kind of thing um anyway back
+to action Dan so um Dan Harrington is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to action Dan so um Dan Harrington is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to action Dan so um Dan Harrington is is
+a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty
+uh like pretty good poker player he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like pretty good poker player he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like pretty good poker player he's
+been around the block he he won the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around the block he he won the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around the block he he won the main
+event back in 1995 when it had like 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event back in 1995 when it had like 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event back in 1995 when it had like 300
+people in it he has two World Series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in it he has two World Series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in it he has two World Series of
+Poker bracelets and um One World Poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poker bracelets and um One World Poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poker bracelets and um One World Poker
+Tour title but anyway so so Harrington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tour title but anyway so so Harrington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tour title but anyway so so Harrington
+popularized this thing called the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularized this thing called the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularized this thing called the M
+ratio which was invented by someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio which was invented by someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio which was invented by someone
+else so the M ratio was invented by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so the M ratio was invented by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so the M ratio was invented by this
+guy Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy Paul
+McGrill who is a back Amon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McGrill who is a back Amon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McGrill who is a back Amon
+theorist Apparently one of the best back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist Apparently one of the best back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist Apparently one of the best back
+am players in the world comment for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am players in the world comment for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am players in the world comment for the
+wsob world series of back Amon um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wsob world series of back Amon um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wsob world series of back Amon um and
+eight WSOP uh final tables anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight WSOP uh final tables anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight WSOP uh final tables anyway so
+he's supposedly really really good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's supposedly really really good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's supposedly really really good at
+math even by like MIT standards U but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math even by like MIT standards U but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math even by like MIT standards U but he
+invented this thing called the MRA but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented this thing called the MRA but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented this thing called the MRA but
+then it never caught on until Harrington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it never caught on until Harrington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it never caught on until Harrington
+started doing it all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing it all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing it all right so
+Harrington's M ratio um is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harrington's M ratio um is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harrington's M ratio um is your
+effective stack divided by the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective stack divided by the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective stack divided by the sum of
+the blinds and the anes so you you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blinds and the anes so you you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blinds and the anes so you you'll
+hear people talk about like oh I had 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear people talk about like oh I had 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear people talk about like oh I had 10
+big blinds or like 15 big blinds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds or like 15 big blinds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds or like 15 big blinds or
+whatever to talk about their chip stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever to talk about their chip stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever to talk about their chip stack
+but that has the fundamental problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that has the fundamental problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that has the fundamental problem of
+um it it has a lot of different problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it has a lot of different problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it has a lot of different problems
+one is it doesn't um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is it doesn't um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is it doesn't um
+it doesn't tell the story of so blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't tell the story of so blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't tell the story of so blinds
+so the usually blind levels are like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the usually blind levels are like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the usually blind levels are like um
+1 two or 2 4 where the big blind is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 two or 2 4 where the big blind is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 two or 2 4 where the big blind is just
+twice the small blind so that's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the small blind so that's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the small blind so that's like the
+assumption but if you're at a blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption but if you're at a blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption but if you're at a blind
+level that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that's like
+13 and then like or 3 five the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 and then like or 3 five the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 and then like or 3 five the number of
+big blinds you have is not indicative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds you have is not indicative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds you have is not indicative of
+of anything it's not indicative of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anything it's not indicative of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anything it's not indicative of like
+how many hands you can see or like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many hands you can see or like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many hands you can see or like how
+much you care about winning a pot pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you care about winning a pot pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you care about winning a pot pre
+flop so using big blinds is bad in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop so using big blinds is bad in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop so using big blinds is bad in
+addition to once you start having like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to once you start having like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to once you start having like
+if you're 50 100 blinds and you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're 50 100 blinds and you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're 50 100 blinds and you have an
+anti of like 25 like you're you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti of like 25 like you're you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti of like 25 like you're you have
+basically half the stack that you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically half the stack that you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically half the stack that you had
+before in realistic terms just to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in realistic terms just to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in realistic terms just to get
+big blind doesn't factor in Andes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blind doesn't factor in Andes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blind doesn't factor in Andes uh
+anes at all and that's a major problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anes at all and that's a major problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anes at all and that's a major problem
+in referring to it like that um so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in referring to it like that um so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in referring to it like that um so um
+using M seems to make a lot more sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using M seems to make a lot more sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using M seems to make a lot more sense
+so what it is is it's basically the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it is is it's basically the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it is is it's basically the like
+percentage of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of your
+of your stack that is the blinds and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your stack that is the blinds and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your stack that is the blinds and the
+anes so it's like how many rounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anes so it's like how many rounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anes so it's like how many rounds of
+Poker you can survive if you just fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poker you can survive if you just fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poker you can survive if you just fold
+every single hand um of course you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single hand um of course you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single hand um of course you're
+not going to do that although I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do that although I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do that although I think
+that's what he's actually getting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what he's actually getting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what he's actually getting at
+because he uses M to refer to when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he uses M to refer to when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he uses M to refer to when you
+have to make a move which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make a move which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make a move which is not
+generally how I recommend you do it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally how I recommend you do it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally how I recommend you do it I
+think it's more important because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's more important because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's more important because it
+means how important the blinds are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means how important the blinds are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means how important the blinds are to
+your stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stack
+so the see the only reason anyone plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the see the only reason anyone plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the see the only reason anyone plays
+any hand of Poker is because someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any hand of Poker is because someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any hand of Poker is because someone
+wants to win the blinds like even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to win the blinds like even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to win the blinds like even if you
+like even if you have Kings you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like even if you have Kings you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like even if you have Kings you're like
+to some extent if you could win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent if you could win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent if you could win the
+blinds like 99% of the time you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds like 99% of the time you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds like 99% of the time you would
+just do that you don't really like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do that you don't really like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do that you don't really like all
+the time want someone to to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time want someone to to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time want someone to to go up
+against you so the blinds are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against you so the blinds are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against you so the blinds are really
+driving the decision-making process at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the decision-making process at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the decision-making process at
+least the at least pre flop and like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the at least pre flop and like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the at least pre flop and like the
+percentage that those blinds are of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage that those blinds are of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage that those blinds are of your
+stack matter a lot if they're like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack matter a lot if they're like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack matter a lot if they're like if
+they're 1% of your stack if your m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're 1% of your stack if your m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're 1% of your stack if your m is
+100 the blinds basically don't matter at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 the blinds basically don't matter at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 the blinds basically don't matter at
+all like the whatever happens after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all like the whatever happens after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all like the whatever happens after the
+blinds is going to materially impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds is going to materially impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds is going to materially impact
+your decision where if your m is two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your decision where if your m is two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your decision where if your m is two and
+the blinds are half your stack like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blinds are half your stack like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blinds are half your stack like
+winning those seems really important you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning those seems really important you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning those seems really important you
+should do whatever you can to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do whatever you can to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do whatever you can to kind of
+maximize your chance of winning that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize your chance of winning that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize your chance of winning that so
+that that's why m is uh is a good ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's why m is uh is a good ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's why m is uh is a good ratio
+here um and then in addition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and then in addition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and then in addition for
+tournaments it makes it much easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments it makes it much easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments it makes it much easier to
+talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk
+about um hands with without having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um hands with without having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um hands with without having to
+worry about all the like different parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about all the like different parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about all the like different parts
+of the tournament life cycle like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tournament life cycle like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tournament life cycle like if you
+have 1,500 chips and it's 100 it's 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1,500 chips and it's 100 it's 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1,500 chips and it's 100 it's 50
+100 blinds you can basically make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 blinds you can basically make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 blinds you can basically make the
+same decisions as if you have 10 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same decisions as if you have 10 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same decisions as if you have 10 times
+as many chips at a level that's 10 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many chips at a level that's 10 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many chips at a level that's 10 times
+as uh as high blinds you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh as high blinds you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh as high blinds you don't need to
+like you can just divide in your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can just divide in your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can just divide in your head
+and basically make the same decision you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically make the same decision you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically make the same decision you
+don't need to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to worry
+about doing anything different as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing anything different as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing anything different as a
+result of having more chips so hertin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of having more chips so hertin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of having more chips so hertin
+invented invented brought up a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented invented brought up a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented invented brought up a bunch of
+other things that no one even uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that no one even uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that no one even uh that
+never really caught on he invented this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really caught on he invented this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really caught on he invented this
+thing called The Q ratio which is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called The Q ratio which is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called The Q ratio which is your
+stack size divided by the average stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack size divided by the average stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack size divided by the average stack
+size uh in the tournament so I I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size uh in the tournament so I I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size uh in the tournament so I I guess
+you might use this to get an idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might use this to get an idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might use this to get an idea of
+like how far behind you are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how far behind you are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how far behind you are in the
+tournament like if your if your Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament like if your if your Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament like if your if your Q is
+five you don't need to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five you don't need to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five you don't need to be that
+aggressive but if your Q is 0.2 like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive but if your Q is 0.2 like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive but if your Q is 0.2 like you
+have a lot of catching up to do before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of catching up to do before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of catching up to do before
+you're realistically going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're realistically going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're realistically going to be
+anywhere near the money like I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere near the money like I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere near the money like I don't
+really make decisions based on that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make decisions based on that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make decisions based on that I
+think the community doesn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the community doesn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the community doesn't so
+like it it never really caught on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it it never really caught on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it it never really caught on for
+anything I've never actually heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I've never actually heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I've never actually heard
+anyone use that um so he came with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone use that um so he came with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone use that um so he came with this
+thing called effective M which is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called effective M which is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called effective M which is more
+which makes sense if you look at M from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes sense if you look at M from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes sense if you look at M from
+his perspective effective M it's your M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his perspective effective M it's your M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his perspective effective M it's your M
+divided by um you you multiply it by how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by um you you multiply it by how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by um you you multiply it by how
+short stacked your table or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short stacked your table or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short stacked your table or how
+short-handed your table is and it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-handed your table is and it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-handed your table is and it gives
+you the equivalent of the number of 10-h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the equivalent of the number of 10-h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the equivalent of the number of 10-h
+handed uh t cables you could survive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed uh t cables you could survive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed uh t cables you could survive it
+just means that say you have 10 m so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means that say you have 10 m so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means that say you have 10 m so you
+could you could survive 10 rounds of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could survive 10 rounds of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could survive 10 rounds of uh
+blinds but you have three people at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds but you have three people at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds but you have three people at your
+table you can't survive for another like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table you can't survive for another like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table you can't survive for another like
+six hours because you actually pay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six hours because you actually pay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six hours because you actually pay the
+blind every other hand that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind every other hand that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind every other hand that's what
+effective m is doing it it reduces your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective m is doing it it reduces your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective m is doing it it reduces your
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+proportionately um since he's looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionately um since he's looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionately um since he's looking at
+this from the perspective of when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from the perspective of when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from the perspective of when you
+need to start making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to start making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to start making
+moves uh it kind of makes sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves uh it kind of makes sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves uh it kind of makes sense that
+your M would be reduced if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your M would be reduced if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your M would be reduced if you're
+short-handed but I look at M from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-handed but I look at M from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-handed but I look at M from the
+perspective of how valuable it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of how valuable it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of how valuable it is in
+terms of blinds um so I don't really use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of blinds um so I don't really use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of blinds um so I don't really use
+that I don't know anyone who really uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know anyone who really uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know anyone who really uses
+effective M either um but he invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective M either um but he invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective M either um but he invented
+them and like maybe they'll catch on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and like maybe they'll catch on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and like maybe they'll catch on
+eventually so I think that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually so I think that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually so I think that's going to be
+done for today thanks everyone for a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for today thanks everyone for a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for today thanks everyone for a uh
+good first lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good first lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good first lecture
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/P19jcEvALl4.txt b/P19jcEvALl4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..438981b3ba5e56bd397f78e56142247855b32603
--- /dev/null
+++ b/P19jcEvALl4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+and type and i take a p-type and i put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and type and i take a p-type and i put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and type and i take a p-type and i put
+them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together
+some really important things happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so important that it led to this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important that it led to this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important that it led to this which
+is the very first transistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the very first transistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the very first transistor
+that's the transistor it's it's a dope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the transistor it's it's a dope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the transistor it's it's a dope
+semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+one type next to a dope semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type next to a dope semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type next to a dope semiconductor
+another type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type
+now those are the three uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now those are the three uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now those are the three uh people
+bardeen shockley and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bardeen shockley and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bardeen shockley and
+bertain who who won the nobel prize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bertain who who won the nobel prize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bertain who who won the nobel prize for
+this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work
+and that's the first transistor does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the first transistor does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the first transistor does
+anybody know how many transistors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know how many transistors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know how many transistors we
+make today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+per second that's the that's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second that's the that's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second that's the that's the only
+time metric we can use yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time metric we can use yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time metric we can use yeah it's
+something around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something around
+10 trillion we make 10 trillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 trillion we make 10 trillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 trillion we make 10 trillion
+transistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors
+per second today this is a big deal this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second today this is a big deal this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second today this is a big deal this
+started at all and it's all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at all and it's all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at all and it's all about
+chemistry and then the physics of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and then the physics of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and then the physics of this
+device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+right this led to diodes and photodiodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this led to diodes and photodiodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this led to diodes and photodiodes
+this led to the whole revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this led to the whole revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this led to the whole revolution
+and what i want to point out here is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i want to point out here is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i want to point out here is and
+you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that
+this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also
+led it called on chemistry so i love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led it called on chemistry so i love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led it called on chemistry so i love
+this chart this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart this is actually
+unfortunately they didn't update it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately they didn't update it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately they didn't update it but
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+intel's an intel chart that they used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intel's an intel chart that they used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intel's an intel chart that they used to
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+and what they're showing is how are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they're showing is how are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they're showing is how are they
+making chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making chips
+right how much of the periodic table do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how much of the periodic table do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how much of the periodic table do
+they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need
+to make the current chip well in the 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the current chip well in the 80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the current chip well in the 80s
+there's almost nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's almost nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's almost nothing
+lit up here there's a little bit over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lit up here there's a little bit over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lit up here there's a little bit over
+here that you can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that you can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that you can't see
+stuff we just talked about but look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we just talked about but look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we just talked about but look at
+the 90s and look at the 2000s and today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 90s and look at the 2000s and today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 90s and look at the 2000s and today
+it's 75 percent of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 75 percent of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 75 percent of this
+it's literally 75 of this is in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's literally 75 of this is in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's literally 75 of this is in your
+phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone
+now why the reason is exactly what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why the reason is exactly what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why the reason is exactly what we've
+talked about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about today
+because they need more and more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they need more and more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they need more and more and more
+flexibility and ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility and ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility and ways
+to tune the band gap and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tune the band gap and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tune the band gap and the
+semi-conducting properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-conducting properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-conducting properties
+of these materials and the doping why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these materials and the doping why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these materials and the doping why do
+they need new waves because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need new waves because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need new waves because they're
+making them so darn small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them so darn small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them so darn small
+you know they're so small it gets harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're so small it gets harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're so small it gets harder
+to figure out how to do it right how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to do it right how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to do it right how to
+do it in a way that's also stable over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in a way that's also stable over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in a way that's also stable over
+time for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for example
+right so they need new chemistry this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they need new chemistry this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they need new chemistry this is
+a call to action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a call to action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a call to action
+to the field of chemistry and chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the field of chemistry and chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the field of chemistry and chemistry
+responded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded
+right and there's there's the the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there's there's the the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there's there's the the data
+on the cost i thought that was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cost i thought that was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cost i thought that was kind of
+cool okay so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay so you know
+these are orders of magnitude of of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are orders of magnitude of of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are orders of magnitude of of a
+cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and
+and number of transistors um and i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number of transistors um and i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number of transistors um and i'll
+i'll just say one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just say one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just say one more
+one more why this matters um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more why this matters um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more why this matters um
+because the semiconductor is also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the semiconductor is also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the semiconductor is also the
+same thing we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing we use
+uh to to take electricity from the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to take electricity from the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to take electricity from the sun
+to generate electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate electricity
+from the sun and you can imagine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sun and you can imagine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sun and you can imagine this
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+you are doing that in your goody bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are doing that in your goody bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are doing that in your goody bag
+right you're you're literally using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're you're literally using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're you're literally using this
+semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+right to generate electricity okay by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to generate electricity okay by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to generate electricity okay by
+shining light on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining light on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining light on it
+why is this important well i like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this important well i like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this important well i like this
+comparison right all the coal oil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison right all the coal oil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison right all the coal oil and
+gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+known to humans is what you get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to humans is what you get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to humans is what you get from the
+sun in about 20 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun in about 20 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun in about 20 days
+this is the sun now we've seen the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sun now we've seen the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sun now we've seen the sun
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+this is how we see it in our class the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we see it in our class the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we see it in our class the
+sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun
+is is a spectrum of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a spectrum of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a spectrum of different
+wavelengths and intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and intensities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and intensities
+and this is already on planet earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is already on planet earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is already on planet earth
+right because you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you can see
+those chemistries that are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those chemistries that are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those chemistries that are in the
+atmosphere have already absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere have already absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere have already absorbed
+right remember ozone down here helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember ozone down here helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember ozone down here helping
+us uh with uv radiation and out here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh with uv radiation and out here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh with uv radiation and out here you
+got a lot of water and other things co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lot of water and other things co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lot of water and other things co2
+those are absorbing that's why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are absorbing that's why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are absorbing that's why it
+doesn't look smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look smooth
+yeah but the point is i you know i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but the point is i you know i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but the point is i you know i want
+a semiconductor to absorb as much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a semiconductor to absorb as much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a semiconductor to absorb as much of
+this as possible if i want a good solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as possible if i want a good solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as possible if i want a good solar
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+right i should absorb as much of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i should absorb as much of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i should absorb as much of this as
+possible um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible um
+and but the problem is that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but the problem is that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but the problem is that it's a
+constrained optimization problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained optimization problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained optimization problem
+so let's let's see if i uh i'll just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's see if i uh i'll just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's see if i uh i'll just use
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+if i have a you know i'm now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a you know i'm now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a you know i'm now
+this goes back to bore by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes back to bore by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes back to bore by the way
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+bore absorbing light it's just now i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore absorbing light it's just now i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore absorbing light it's just now i've
+got an actual solid i don't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an actual solid i don't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an actual solid i don't have an
+atom right i've got a solid which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom right i've got a solid which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom right i've got a solid which is
+what you need if you want to generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need if you want to generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need if you want to generate a
+current i got to hook leads up to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current i got to hook leads up to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current i got to hook leads up to it
+right so but my solid is a semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but my solid is a semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but my solid is a semiconductor
+and you can imagine say well if my gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can imagine say well if my gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can imagine say well if my gap
+were really really tiny then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really really tiny then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really really tiny then
+any amount almost any amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any amount almost any amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any amount almost any amount
+of this spectrum would uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this spectrum would uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this spectrum would uh
+would excite electrons right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would excite electrons right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would excite electrons right
+and and i might grab most of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i might grab most of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i might grab most of that
+spectrum i might absorb most of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum i might absorb most of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum i might absorb most of it
+but the problem with that is that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem with that is that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem with that is that then
+all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these
+will thermalize like i said in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will thermalize like i said in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will thermalize like i said in the
+beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+loss to heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+loss to heat so if my band gap is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss to heat so if my band gap is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss to heat so if my band gap is really
+small i absorb a lot of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small i absorb a lot of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small i absorb a lot of the light
+but i lose most of it as heat but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i lose most of it as heat but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i lose most of it as heat but
+if my band gap is really big then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my band gap is really big then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my band gap is really big then
+there's so much of this light that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much of this light that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much of this light that i
+cannot absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i want a big but by the way also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want a big but by the way also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want a big but by the way also the
+voltage that you get out of your solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that you get out of your solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that you get out of your solar
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+is essentially this band gap so if i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially this band gap so if i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially this band gap so if i get
+to really really small band gaps i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really really small band gaps i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really really small band gaps i have
+almost no voltage that's bad too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no voltage that's bad too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no voltage that's bad too
+right but if my band gap is too big oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if my band gap is too big oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if my band gap is too big oh
+i'll get a high voltage no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get a high voltage no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get a high voltage no
+you won't absorb any photons so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't absorb any photons so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't absorb any photons so it's a
+constraint problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint problem
+it's a constraint problem and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a constraint problem and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a constraint problem and you can
+actually solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve this
+and you can plot in fact here's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can plot in fact here's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can plot in fact here's a little
+animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation
+oh energy comes in from the sun it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh energy comes in from the sun it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh energy comes in from the sun it
+excites an electron this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excites an electron this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excites an electron this is how
+powerpoint sees it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerpoint sees it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerpoint sees it
+leaves behind a hole and you get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves behind a hole and you get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves behind a hole and you get them
+out that's the solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that's the solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that's the solar cell
+okay and this is the chart i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is the chart i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is the chart i want to
+show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you
+because you see if if i take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see if if i take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see if if i take this
+constraint into account that i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint into account that i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint into account that i don't
+absorb light if the gap is too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb light if the gap is too big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb light if the gap is too big
+but i do absorb light and it all goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i do absorb light and it all goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i do absorb light and it all goes to
+heat if the gap is too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat if the gap is too small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat if the gap is too small
+it means there's some sweet spot there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means there's some sweet spot there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means there's some sweet spot there's
+some sweet spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sweet spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sweet spot
+and that's what is plotted here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what is plotted here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what is plotted here this is
+the band gap of a semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band gap of a semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band gap of a semiconductor
+and this is the maximum that that solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the maximum that that solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the maximum that that solar
+cell efficiency could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell efficiency could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell efficiency could be
+that's the maximum that it could be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the maximum that it could be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the maximum that it could be for
+that gap so you can see the sweet spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gap so you can see the sweet spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gap so you can see the sweet spot
+is right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right there
+is right there that's a thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right there that's a thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right there that's a thermodynamic
+derivation called shock liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation called shock liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation called shock liquid
+of the maximum efficiency you could ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the maximum efficiency you could ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the maximum efficiency you could ever
+get out of a single material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of a single material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of a single material
+and notice if you put the materials here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice if you put the materials here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice if you put the materials here
+silicon is 90 of the solar cells you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon is 90 of the solar cells you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon is 90 of the solar cells you buy
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+and and notice that it's not quite at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and notice that it's not quite at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and notice that it's not quite at
+its maximum potential it's also not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its maximum potential it's also not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its maximum potential it's also not
+quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+in the middle where you'd want it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle where you'd want it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle where you'd want it should
+have a slightly higher gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a slightly higher gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a slightly higher gap
+you get to higher efficiency right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to higher efficiency right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to higher efficiency right but
+these materials out of gallium arsenide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these materials out of gallium arsenide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these materials out of gallium arsenide
+they do have the right what is gs that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have the right what is gs that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have the right what is gs that's
+not an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an element
+gallium arsenide it does have a a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium arsenide it does have a a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium arsenide it does have a a better
+gap but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap but it's
+it's much more expensive right and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more expensive right and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more expensive right and so we
+go and a lot of solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and a lot of solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and a lot of solar cell
+research is on getting as close to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research is on getting as close to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research is on getting as close to this
+point as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/P6AX8KdXAts.txt b/P6AX8KdXAts.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78a43150e4c2bf62b2eb41b4945b36edf3708808
--- /dev/null
+++ b/P6AX8KdXAts.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14296 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so today discrete law contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today discrete law contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today discrete law contracts
+which is very linked to lightning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very linked to lightning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very linked to lightning
+Network so if you didn't get the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network so if you didn't get the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network so if you didn't get the last
+two lectures this might not make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lectures this might not make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lectures this might not make that
+much sense so hope but I think everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much sense so hope but I think everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much sense so hope but I think everyone
+here is like up-to-date on these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is like up-to-date on these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is like up-to-date on these things
+so today I'm gonna talk about discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today I'm gonna talk about discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today I'm gonna talk about discrete
+log contracts which is a paper I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log contracts which is a paper I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log contracts which is a paper I wrote
+last summer but it's evolved out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last summer but it's evolved out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last summer but it's evolved out of
+lightning Network and I'll try to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning Network and I'll try to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning Network and I'll try to sort
+of explain how it you hopefully you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of explain how it you hopefully you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of explain how it you hopefully you'll
+see the connections and how you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the connections and how you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the connections and how you can get
+from one to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to the other
+talk about Oracle's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Oracle's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Oracle's talk about
+anticipated signatures which has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated signatures which has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated signatures which has some
+fun math things and talk about building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun math things and talk about building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun math things and talk about building
+the discrete log contracts themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete log contracts themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete log contracts themselves
+and how that'll work okay so conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that'll work okay so conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that'll work okay so conditional
+payments I guess you could call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments I guess you could call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments I guess you could call this
+smart contracts smart contracts is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart contracts smart contracts is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart contracts smart contracts is a
+pretty vague term and it's used a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty vague term and it's used a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty vague term and it's used a lot in
+this sort of Bitcoin blockchain etherium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of Bitcoin blockchain etherium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of Bitcoin blockchain etherium
+world and usually it's pretty like a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and usually it's pretty like a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and usually it's pretty like a lot
+of times they use it as a buzz word and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times they use it as a buzz word and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times they use it as a buzz word and
+it's like oh like I'll put my land title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like oh like I'll put my land title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like oh like I'll put my land title
+in a smart contract and then I can like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a smart contract and then I can like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a smart contract and then I can like
+buy a house and a lot of times it's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a house and a lot of times it's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a house and a lot of times it's used
+in ways that's make it seem as though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that's make it seem as though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that's make it seem as though
+you don't need a government anymore or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need a government anymore or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need a government anymore or a
+judicial system anymore to enforce these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judicial system anymore to enforce these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judicial system anymore to enforce these
+contracts and in the case of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and in the case of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and in the case of something
+like this tree log contracts that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this tree log contracts that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this tree log contracts that's kind
+of true because what bitcoin did and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of true because what bitcoin did and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of true because what bitcoin did and
+what made people's pretty impressed was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what made people's pretty impressed was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what made people's pretty impressed was
+that hey you don't need a government to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hey you don't need a government to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hey you don't need a government to
+enforce the scarcity of the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce the scarcity of the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce the scarcity of the you know
+currency that's being created so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency that's being created so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency that's being created so that's
+kind of cool but it doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool but it doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool but it doesn't mean that
+you can now use blockchain technology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now use blockchain technology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now use blockchain technology to
+not need a government to enforce say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not need a government to enforce say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not need a government to enforce say
+rights to property if you say hey this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to property if you say hey this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to property if you say hey this
+is my land and I've got a smart contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my land and I've got a smart contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my land and I've got a smart contract
+that says my land is you know this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says my land is you know this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says my land is you know this is my
+land on the blockchain and then like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land on the blockchain and then like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land on the blockchain and then like an
+army comes and says well we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army comes and says well we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army comes and says well we're taking
+your farm and you're like no it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your farm and you're like no it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your farm and you're like no it's on the
+blockchain and they don't really care so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and they don't really care so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and they don't really care so
+so it's hard like another way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's hard like another way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's hard like another way to think
+about it is the only thing the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is the only thing the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is the only thing the Bitcoin
+network can do is move Bitcoin and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network can do is move Bitcoin and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network can do is move Bitcoin and the
+only thing the etherium network can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing the etherium network can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing the etherium network can do
+is move aetherium to some extent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is move aetherium to some extent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is move aetherium to some extent it
+doesn't extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't extend
+out to like you know autonomous drones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to like you know autonomous drones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to like you know autonomous drones
+to like shoot you if you trespass or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like shoot you if you trespass or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like shoot you if you trespass or
+anything like that yet okay so that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that yet okay so that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that yet okay so that so
+the simplest and I think most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest and I think most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest and I think most
+straightforward and and maybe the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and and maybe the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and and maybe the most
+useful type of smart contract is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful type of smart contract is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful type of smart contract is a
+conditional payment where it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional payment where it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional payment where it's basically
+I'm gonna pay you based on some external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna pay you based on some external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna pay you based on some external
+data so I'm gonna use the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so I'm gonna use the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so I'm gonna use the example of
+Alice and Bob betting on tomorrow's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and Bob betting on tomorrow's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and Bob betting on tomorrow's
+weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather
+if it rains Alice gets a coin if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it rains Alice gets a coin if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it rains Alice gets a coin if it's
+sunny Bob gets a coin and we need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunny Bob gets a coin and we need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunny Bob gets a coin and we need some
+kind of way to get this data right off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of way to get this data right off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of way to get this data right off
+weather is not not in Bitcoin and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather is not not in Bitcoin and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather is not not in Bitcoin and and I
+think yeah that is a word that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah that is a word that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah that is a word that it's
+weird like when I'll meet with fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird like when I'll meet with fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird like when I'll meet with fancy
+rich people like who are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich people like who are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich people like who are getting
+companies that come to the Media Lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that come to the Media Lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that come to the Media Lab
+know I still use the word bet like to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I still use the word bet like to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I still use the word bet like to me
+everything's a bet right insurance is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's a bet right insurance is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's a bet right insurance is a
+bet like if I buy car insurance I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet like if I buy car insurance I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet like if I buy car insurance I'm
+betting Geico or whatever but I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting Geico or whatever but I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting Geico or whatever but I'm gonna
+crash my car and they're like I bet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash my car and they're like I bet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash my car and they're like I bet you
+won't and then if I crash my car they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't and then if I crash my car they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't and then if I crash my car they're
+like ah shoot and then they give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ah shoot and then they give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ah shoot and then they give me the
+money and if I get health insurance I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and if I get health insurance I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and if I get health insurance I'm
+like I bet I'm gonna get cancer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I bet I'm gonna get cancer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I bet I'm gonna get cancer and
+they're like bet you won't and then if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like bet you won't and then if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like bet you won't and then if I
+get cancer I win and I get a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cancer I win and I get a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cancer I win and I get a bunch of
+money right well so so there's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money right well so so there's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money right well so so there's there
+they're offset by the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're offset by the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're offset by the fact that you
+don't actually want to get cancer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually want to get cancer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually want to get cancer and
+you don't want to crash your car and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to crash your car and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to crash your car and so
+the fact that you're betting that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you're betting that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you're betting that you
+will do it means that in the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do it means that in the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do it means that in the case that
+something bad happens you ask you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something bad happens you ask you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something bad happens you ask you get a
+bunch of money to defer this cost but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of money to defer this cost but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of money to defer this cost but
+fundamentally from the insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally from the insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally from the insurance
+company's perspective in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company's perspective in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company's perspective in your
+perspective in this insurance contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective in this insurance contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective in this insurance contract
+it's a bet about whether you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bet about whether you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bet about whether you're going to
+do this or not and like almost all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this or not and like almost all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this or not and like almost all the
+financial contracts you can look at as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial contracts you can look at as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial contracts you can look at as
+bets like derivatives and futures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets like derivatives and futures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets like derivatives and futures and
+all those kind of things okay so so keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those kind of things okay so so keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those kind of things okay so so keep
+it simple for the example there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it simple for the example there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it simple for the example there's a very
+limited set of outcomes right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited set of outcomes right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited set of outcomes right it's
+either rainy or sunny tomorrow and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either rainy or sunny tomorrow and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either rainy or sunny tomorrow and we
+don't know that it's gonna what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that it's gonna what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that it's gonna what the
+weather is gonna be tomorrow yet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather is gonna be tomorrow yet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather is gonna be tomorrow yet and
+we're gonna bet the clock okay so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna bet the clock okay so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna bet the clock okay so yeah
+we need Oracle's and I would argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need Oracle's and I would argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need Oracle's and I would argue that
+the Lightning Network script is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lightning Network script is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lightning Network script is
+essentially a smart contract right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a smart contract right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a smart contract right the
+this key now or this other key later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this key now or this other key later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this key now or this other key later
+enlightening however we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightening however we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightening however we don't have
+external state right there's no need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external state right there's no need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external state right there's no need to
+query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query
+a third party there's no need to query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third party there's no need to query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third party there's no need to query
+the outside world me and all the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside world me and all the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside world me and all the data
+that is used in the channel is generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is used in the channel is generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is used in the channel is generated
+by the participants of the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the participants of the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the participants of the channel
+themselves right they're making up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves right they're making up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves right they're making up
+random Keys throwing them oh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Keys throwing them oh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Keys throwing them oh you know
+sending them to each other just so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending them to each other just so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending them to each other just so that
+they can negotiate over the balances in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can negotiate over the balances in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can negotiate over the balances in
+that channel that said they're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that channel that said they're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that channel that said they're probably
+exchanging something outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging something outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging something outside of the
+scope of the system right there probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of the system right there probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of the system right there probably
+trading you know I'll give you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading you know I'll give you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading you know I'll give you a little
+bit of Bitcoin and for some cookies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of Bitcoin and for some cookies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of Bitcoin and for some cookies or
+something like that and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and there's some
+delivery of goods or services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery of goods or services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery of goods or services
+that's not a bakery but for the estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a bakery but for the estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a bakery but for the estate
+itself it's all internal if we want an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's all internal if we want an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's all internal if we want an
+external state we need some way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external state we need some way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external state we need some way to get
+that external state into our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that external state into our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that external state into our system
+usually this is called an Oracle okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually this is called an Oracle okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually this is called an Oracle okay so
+the simplest Oracle would be two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest Oracle would be two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest Oracle would be two of
+three multi-sig and there are places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three multi-sig and there are places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three multi-sig and there are places
+that do this and it's not I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do this and it's not I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do this and it's not I don't want
+to say it's like a stupid idea it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it's like a stupid idea it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it's like a stupid idea it's
+actually quite powerful and Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite powerful and Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite powerful and Bitcoin
+enables it in ways that like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables it in ways that like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables it in ways that like you
+couldn't necessarily do before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't necessarily do before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't necessarily do before but
+there's problems with it okay so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's problems with it okay so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's problems with it okay so if you
+just say two of two multi-sig where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say two of two multi-sig where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say two of two multi-sig where
+Alice and Bob both put coins into a -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and Bob both put coins into a -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and Bob both put coins into a -
+you know into a channel like structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know into a channel like structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know into a channel like structure
+where they both need to sign and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they both need to sign and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they both need to sign and then
+they can say okay well at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can say okay well at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can say okay well at the end of the
+you know at the end of tomorrow whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at the end of tomorrow whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at the end of tomorrow whether
+it's sunny or rainy we distribute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sunny or rainy we distribute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sunny or rainy we distribute the
+coins the problem is it gets stuck if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins the problem is it gets stuck if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins the problem is it gets stuck if
+they disagree right also rich players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they disagree right also rich players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they disagree right also rich players
+are an advantage they can say well I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are an advantage they can say well I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are an advantage they can say well I I
+think I'm right I I'm fine not signing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm right I I'm fine not signing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm right I I'm fine not signing
+to get these coins out it's works great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get these coins out it's works great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get these coins out it's works great
+with friends sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with friends sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with friends sort of you know
+gentlemen's agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentlemen's agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentlemen's agreement
+ladies agreement or shake hands okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladies agreement or shake hands okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladies agreement or shake hands okay
+yeah you're right it was sunny but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're right it was sunny but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're right it was sunny but
+bitcoin is the currency of enemies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin is the currency of enemies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin is the currency of enemies so
+you want a third party to decide in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a third party to decide in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a third party to decide in the
+case of conflict there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of conflict there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of conflict there's a lot of
+actually interesting sort of game theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interesting sort of game theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interesting sort of game theory
+things here where people have tried I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here where people have tried I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here where people have tried I've
+seen rapport like been to talks where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen rapport like been to talks where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen rapport like been to talks where
+people are like yeah you don't need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are like yeah you don't need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are like yeah you don't need an
+Oracle you just you know agree on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle you just you know agree on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle you just you know agree on it
+without any outside influence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any outside influence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any outside influence and
+there's some fun things some fun attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some fun things some fun attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some fun things some fun attacks
+where you can basically say okay Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can basically say okay Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can basically say okay Alice
+it rains you win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it rains you win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it rains you win
+but I'm not giving you the money and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not giving you the money and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not giving you the money and I
+can't get my money back either but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get my money back either but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get my money back either but
+here's what I'll do I'll sign a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what I'll do I'll sign a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what I'll do I'll sign a bunch of
+time locks transactions and if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time locks transactions and if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time locks transactions and if you want
+a little bit of your money you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of your money you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of your money you can take
+it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right
+now if you want more of it you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you want more of it you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you want more of it you just have
+to wait weeks months years and then Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait weeks months years and then Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait weeks months years and then Bob
+can say okay it's up to you right wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say okay it's up to you right wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say okay it's up to you right wait
+like how much of your money do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how much of your money do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how much of your money do you want
+back you can wait and so you're playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you can wait and so you're playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you can wait and so you're playing
+off the time value of money kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the time value of money kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the time value of money kind of
+thing anyway so I have seen many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing anyway so I have seen many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing anyway so I have seen many things
+where it's like you don't need an Oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's like you don't need an Oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's like you don't need an Oracle
+just have these two parties agree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have these two parties agree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have these two parties agree and
+like game theory hand-wave but I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like game theory hand-wave but I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like game theory hand-wave but I have
+never been convinced by them like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been convinced by them like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been convinced by them like
+ultimately if we're in a bet and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately if we're in a bet and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately if we're in a bet and we
+don't trust each other we we need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't trust each other we we need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't trust each other we we need some
+arbitrator to decide the outcome of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrator to decide the outcome of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrator to decide the outcome of the
+bet okay so you have a third party right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet okay so you have a third party right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet okay so you have a third party right
+you say hey we're gonna bet on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say hey we're gonna bet on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say hey we're gonna bet on you know
+this this weather and if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this weather and if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this weather and if there's a
+dispute we nominate you know Geoff over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispute we nominate you know Geoff over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispute we nominate you know Geoff over
+here and he's gonna be the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and he's gonna be the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and he's gonna be the one that
+decides whether it actually rained or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides whether it actually rained or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides whether it actually rained or
+was sunny in order to determine who gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sunny in order to determine who gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sunny in order to determine who gets
+are you gets the money okay so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you gets the money okay so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you gets the money okay so you have
+three keys right you've got Alice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three keys right you've got Alice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three keys right you've got Alice and
+Bob who are in the bet and you've got Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob who are in the bet and you've got Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob who are in the bet and you've got Oh
+Olivia who is the Oracle and if Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olivia who is the Oracle and if Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olivia who is the Oracle and if Alice
+and Bob Burchill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob Burchill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob Burchill
+they both sign and they don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both sign and they don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both sign and they don't even
+contact Olivia right they're like yep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact Olivia right they're like yep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact Olivia right they're like yep it
+was rainy okay you get the coins don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was rainy okay you get the coins don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was rainy okay you get the coins don't
+even involve Olivia she doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even involve Olivia she doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even involve Olivia she doesn't have to
+deal with anything but if they fight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with anything but if they fight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with anything but if they fight and
+they're saying you know this was totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saying you know this was totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saying you know this was totally
+not raining it's like right now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not raining it's like right now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not raining it's like right now this is
+not rain right this doesn't count like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not rain right this doesn't count like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not rain right this doesn't count like
+there's not it's basically sunny so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not it's basically sunny so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not it's basically sunny so if
+they fight about this they can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fight about this they can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fight about this they can ask
+Olivia design either of them can contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olivia design either of them can contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olivia design either of them can contact
+Olivia and say you know hey there my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olivia and say you know hey there my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olivia and say you know hey there my
+counter parties either unresponsive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter parties either unresponsive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter parties either unresponsive or
+uncooperative can you sign and then sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncooperative can you sign and then sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncooperative can you sign and then sign
+off on the fact that it is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on the fact that it is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on the fact that it is in fact
+raining I get the coins the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raining I get the coins the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raining I get the coins the problem is
+let's say it's sunny and then Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's sunny and then Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's sunny and then Alice
+tells Olivia hey it's out hey yeah hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells Olivia hey it's out hey yeah hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells Olivia hey it's out hey yeah hey
+it's Alice say it's raining and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Alice say it's raining and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Alice say it's raining and I'll
+give you a point eight coins right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a point eight coins right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a point eight coins right I'm
+not supposed to get anything but give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not supposed to get anything but give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not supposed to get anything but give me
+point two you get point eight win-win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point two you get point eight win-win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point two you get point eight win-win
+for both of us so the Oracle is can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of us so the Oracle is can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of us so the Oracle is can be
+influenced and bribed right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced and bribed right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced and bribed right so the
+problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here
+you've got interaction between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got interaction between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got interaction between the
+Oracle and the participants in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle and the participants in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle and the participants in the back
+two or three multi-sig Oracle's they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three multi-sig Oracle's they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three multi-sig Oracle's they see
+every contract right the the contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every contract right the the contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every contract right the the contract
+itself is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is essentially
+not a smart contract really anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a smart contract really anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a smart contract really anymore
+because olivia has to know like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because olivia has to know like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because olivia has to know like the
+legalish looking terms of the contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legalish looking terms of the contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legalish looking terms of the contract
+right Olivia the Oracle has to say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Olivia the Oracle has to say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Olivia the Oracle has to say okay
+in what case do I side with Alice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what case do I side with Alice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what case do I side with Alice in
+what case do I side with Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what case do I side with Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what case do I side with Bob
+it could be programmatic but it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be programmatic but it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be programmatic but it could
+also just be a sheet of paper with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just be a sheet of paper with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just be a sheet of paper with a
+bunch of text on it and Olivia is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of text on it and Olivia is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of text on it and Olivia is an
+actual person and determines based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual person and determines based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual person and determines based on
+that right so this is this is just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so this is this is just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so this is this is just sort
+of a custodian arbitrator kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a custodian arbitrator kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a custodian arbitrator kind of thing
+it's not that cool like high-tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that cool like high-tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that cool like high-tech
+cryptography kind of thing really yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography kind of thing really yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography kind of thing really yeah
+and they also decide individually so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also decide individually so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also decide individually so
+they can equivocate so if everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can equivocate so if everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can equivocate so if everyone's
+betting on the weather they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting on the weather they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting on the weather they don't have
+to sign that it's sunny universally they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign that it's sunny universally they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign that it's sunny universally they
+can sign too sunny on this side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sign too sunny on this side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sign too sunny on this side and
+rainy on that side there's nothing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainy on that side there's nothing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainy on that side there's nothing you
+can do about that so I think what led me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do about that so I think what led me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do about that so I think what led me
+to think about these it'd be better if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about these it'd be better if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about these it'd be better if
+the Oracle couldn't equivocate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Oracle couldn't equivocate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Oracle couldn't equivocate right
+they can't determine you know they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't determine you know they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't determine you know they can't
+say two different things and it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say two different things and it's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say two different things and it's even
+better if they never see the contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if they never see the contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if they never see the contract
+but how do we do that okay so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do we do that okay so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do we do that okay so any
+questions about the general setup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the general setup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the general setup of
+what we're trying to accomplish here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's and then you can have Moulton you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's and then you can have Moulton you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's and then you can have Moulton you
+know lots of different types of bets but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know lots of different types of bets but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know lots of different types of bets but
+anyway this is the essential problem how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is the essential problem how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is the essential problem how
+do we do this and like in aetherium most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do this and like in aetherium most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do this and like in aetherium most
+of the time everything's on chain right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time everything's on chain right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time everything's on chain right
+the data sources are published on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data sources are published on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data sources are published on the
+etherion blockchain so you sort of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etherion blockchain so you sort of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etherion blockchain so you sort of have
+similar problems there's ideas of okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar problems there's ideas of okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar problems there's ideas of okay
+let's have a bunch of Oracle's and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have a bunch of Oracle's and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have a bunch of Oracle's and then
+you sort of take the average of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of take the average of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of take the average of all the
+ore there's there's different ways but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ore there's there's different ways but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ore there's there's different ways but
+this thing is okay make the Oracles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is okay make the Oracles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is okay make the Oracles
+never see the contracts but how okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see the contracts but how okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see the contracts but how okay and
+then how is gonna be kind of complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how is gonna be kind of complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how is gonna be kind of complicated
+so remember these from last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember these from last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember these from last time
+right these sign with this key and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these sign with this key and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these sign with this key and you
+have to wait sign with these two keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait sign with these two keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait sign with these two keys
+and you get it immediately this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get it immediately this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get it immediately this kind of
+you know same same exact script is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know same same exact script is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know same same exact script is like
+so that will be used okay and then a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will be used okay and then a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will be used okay and then a I
+talked about this I'm a third class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this I'm a third class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this I'm a third class
+about signatures but we're gonna go more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about signatures but we're gonna go more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about signatures but we're gonna go more
+in depth in Schnoor signatures here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in depth in Schnoor signatures here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in depth in Schnoor signatures here
+okay so in Bitcoin we've got this CCDs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in Bitcoin we've got this CCDs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in Bitcoin we've got this CCDs
+elliptic curve in Bitcoin UCC it is DC e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic curve in Bitcoin UCC it is DC e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic curve in Bitcoin UCC it is DC e
+CDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF
+elliptic curve digital digital signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic curve digital digital signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic curve digital digital signature
+algorithm which is different than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which is different than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which is different than what
+I'm gonna explain but this aspect is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna explain but this aspect is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna explain but this aspect is the
+same right the public keys are private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right the public keys are private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right the public keys are private
+keys times the generator point so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys times the generator point so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys times the generator point so we we
+can do this without actually using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this without actually using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this without actually using the
+Bitcoin signature algorithm we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin signature algorithm we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin signature algorithm we can use
+our own external signature algorithm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own external signature algorithm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own external signature algorithm and
+then use the keys generated by that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use the keys generated by that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use the keys generated by that in
+Bitcoin itself okay so a and B lowercase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin itself okay so a and B lowercase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin itself okay so a and B lowercase
+scalar big a big B uppercase their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar big a big B uppercase their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar big a big B uppercase their
+points on the curve so what operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the curve so what operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the curve so what operations
+can we do I think this is review but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do I think this is review but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do I think this is review but
+this was like months ago regular numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was like months ago regular numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was like months ago regular numbers
+you can do whatever you want there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do whatever you want there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do whatever you want there
+regular numbers it's easy add subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular numbers it's easy add subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular numbers it's easy add subtract
+multiply divide it's literally in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply divide it's literally in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply divide it's literally in the
+software just like big in dot add and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software just like big in dot add and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software just like big in dot add and
+the big in addition and multiple there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big in addition and multiple there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big in addition and multiple there
+just you're just adding numbers so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you're just adding numbers so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you're just adding numbers so you
+do whatever you want with these points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do whatever you want with these points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do whatever you want with these points
+points are group they do not have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are group they do not have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are group they do not have two
+operations defined they only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations defined they only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations defined they only have one
+operation to find and we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation to find and we call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation to find and we call that
+addition it's sort of you know like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition it's sort of you know like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition it's sort of you know like you
+could call it something else sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call it something else sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call it something else sometimes
+they use a different symbol than plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use a different symbol than plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use a different symbol than plus
+but additions sort of what we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but additions sort of what we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but additions sort of what we call it
+and it works the way you'd think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it works the way you'd think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it works the way you'd think
+addition would work right you add these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition would work right you add these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition would work right you add these
+two things if you add a and B and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things if you add a and B and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things if you add a and B and then
+subtract B you get back to a things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract B you get back to a things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract B you get back to a things like
+that okay so you can add them subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so you can add them subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so you can add them subtract
+them you can't multiply or divide right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you can't multiply or divide right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you can't multiply or divide right
+these are not defined okay and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not defined okay and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not defined okay and you can
+mix these things so you cannot add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix these things so you cannot add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix these things so you cannot add a
+point and a scaler that's also undefined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and a scaler that's also undefined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and a scaler that's also undefined
+so if you have like a point here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have like a point here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have like a point here and you
+want to add five it doesn't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add five it doesn't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add five it doesn't make sense
+however you can multiply a point by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you can multiply a point by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you can multiply a point by a
+scalar and you can divide a point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar and you can divide a point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar and you can divide a point uh
+yeah you can divide that and the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can divide that and the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can divide that and the way you
+do that is you just in the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is you just in the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is you just in the actual
+elliptic curve you you two double a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic curve you you two double a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic curve you you two double a
+point you take the tangent so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you take the tangent so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you take the tangent so instead of
+like drawing a line between two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like drawing a line between two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like drawing a line between two points
+you say well I'm drawing a line between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well I'm drawing a line between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well I'm drawing a line between
+this single point which basically means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this single point which basically means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this single point which basically means
+the tangent as you sort of like think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent as you sort of like think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent as you sort of like think of
+like limit as the side the spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like limit as the side the spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like limit as the side the spacing
+between those two points goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two points goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two points goes to zero
+and then if you can double a point if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you can double a point if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you can double a point if
+you can add a plus a then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add a plus a then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add a plus a then you can
+multiply by any arbitrary number by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by any arbitrary number by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by any arbitrary number by
+saying okay I'll take two a to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay I'll take two a to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay I'll take two a to be a
+tangent I'll take for a to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent I'll take for a to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent I'll take for a to be the
+tension to that I'll take a day that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension to that I'll take a day that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension to that I'll take a day that'll
+be the tangent of that and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the tangent of that and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the tangent of that and then you can
+add up like you can do binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up like you can do binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up like you can do binary
+decomposition and computers are real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and computers are real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and computers are real
+good at that and say okay I'm gonna I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at that and say okay I'm gonna I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at that and say okay I'm gonna I
+need five a so I'm gonna take a plus for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need five a so I'm gonna take a plus for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need five a so I'm gonna take a plus for
+a right yeah so you can divide devise a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right yeah so you can divide devise a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right yeah so you can divide devise a
+little little annoying but you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little annoying but you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little annoying but you can do
+that okay so you can you've got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so you can you've got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so you can you've got all
+these operations we can do you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations we can do you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations we can do you can do
+whatever you want with the scalars you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want with the scalars you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want with the scalars you
+can add points subtract points multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add points subtract points multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add points subtract points multiply
+its points by scalars with this alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its points by scalars with this alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its points by scalars with this alone
+you can do and then also well you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do and then also well you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do and then also well you have
+to throw hash functions in there for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throw hash functions in there for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throw hash functions in there for the
+stuff we're gonna do but you guys know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we're gonna do but you guys know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we're gonna do but you guys know
+all about hash functions so with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about hash functions so with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about hash functions so with this
+and hash functions you can do like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hash functions you can do like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hash functions you can do like
+ridiculous amounts of stuff it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous amounts of stuff it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous amounts of stuff it's really
+kind of impressive also you say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of impressive also you say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of impressive also you say yeah
+part of the signature system is you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the signature system is you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the signature system is you pick
+some random point Chi sometimes in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some random point Chi sometimes in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some random point Chi sometimes in other
+systems you have G and H two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you have G and H two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you have G and H two other
+points but the idea is everyone just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but the idea is everyone just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but the idea is everyone just
+dude you know agrees we've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude you know agrees we've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude you know agrees we've got some
+point G and everyone agrees on it okay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point G and everyone agrees on it okay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point G and everyone agrees on it okay a
+nice property you can add keys you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice property you can add keys you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice property you can add keys you can
+you know the addition sort of works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the addition sort of works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the addition sort of works
+addition in the scalar world works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition in the scalar world works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition in the scalar world works in
+the point world as well right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point world as well right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point world as well right so if you
+have a times G Plus B times G and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a times G Plus B times G and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a times G Plus B times G and that's
+the point that's equal to a plus B times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that's equal to a plus B times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that's equal to a plus B times
+G also going to be a point so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G also going to be a point so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G also going to be a point so that is
+what we're gonna use and you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna use and you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna use and you can use
+this to share keys right I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to share keys right I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to share keys right I think I
+explained this last time if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained this last time if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained this last time if you know
+little a but you don't know little B you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a but you don't know little B you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a but you don't know little B you
+can't sign but if you learn both you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't sign but if you learn both you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't sign but if you learn both you can
+sign for this you know come this some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign for this you know come this some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign for this you know come this some
+pumpkin so this is a way to like share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumpkin so this is a way to like share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumpkin so this is a way to like share
+keys okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys okay
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+okay that's sort of at work anyway snore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's sort of at work anyway snore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's sort of at work anyway snore
+signatures which are going to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures which are going to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures which are going to go into
+Bitcoin probably not even this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin probably not even this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin probably not even this year
+maybe next year and there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe next year and there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe next year and there's a lot of
+cool things you can do with them I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool things you can do with them I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool things you can do with them I think
+I'm talking about that next week and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about that next week and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about that next week and
+like that's aggregation right but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's aggregation right but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's aggregation right but the
+basic idea of a snore signature you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea of a snore signature you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea of a snore signature you've
+got a public key that you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a public key that you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a public key that you've already
+told everyone right so before anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told everyone right so before anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told everyone right so before anything
+happens you pick a random private key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you pick a random private key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you pick a random private key
+little a multiply it by G and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a multiply it by G and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a multiply it by G and then
+compute big a and tell the that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute big a and tell the that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute big a and tell the that to the
+world either by sin you know having that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world either by sin you know having that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world either by sin you know having that
+is an output address in your Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an output address in your Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an output address in your Bitcoin
+script or publishing it on a website you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script or publishing it on a website you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script or publishing it on a website you
+know somehow you propagate hey this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somehow you propagate hey this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somehow you propagate hey this is
+my public key this is me okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my public key this is me okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my public key this is me okay and then
+when you sign you come up with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you sign you come up with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you sign you come up with another
+private heat pretty much the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private heat pretty much the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private heat pretty much the exact same
+as little a it's gonna be called little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as little a it's gonna be called little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as little a it's gonna be called little
+K and then you compute R which is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then you compute R which is K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then you compute R which is K
+times the generator point so this R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the generator point so this R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the generator point so this R is
+pretty much the same idea as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same idea as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same idea as you know
+it's another public key but this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another public key but this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another public key but this will
+only be used once and then to sign you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be used once and then to sign you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be used once and then to sign you
+compute s which is K that thing you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute s which is K that thing you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute s which is K that thing you just
+made up - the hash of the message to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up - the hash of the message to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up - the hash of the message to
+sign concatenated with R times your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign concatenated with R times your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign concatenated with R times your
+private key okay and then the signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key okay and then the signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key okay and then the signature
+R is R and s and then for someone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is R and s and then for someone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is R and s and then for someone to
+verify this they know em right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify this they know em right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify this they know em right the
+message you're trying to sign they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message you're trying to sign they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message you're trying to sign they know
+your public key big a they know R and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your public key big a they know R and s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your public key big a they know R and s
+your signature and they try to what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your signature and they try to what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your signature and they try to what they
+do is they just multiply both sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they just multiply both sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they just multiply both sides of
+this equation by G right so you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation by G right so you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation by G right so you can you
+can do that same as regular math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that same as regular math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that same as regular math
+multiply both sides by the same thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by the same thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by the same thing so
+they can't verify this because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't verify this because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't verify this because they
+don't know a little a they don't know K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know a little a they don't know K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know a little a they don't know K
+but if you multiply it by G well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you multiply it by G well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you multiply it by G well then
+you get s times G equals K times G minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get s times G equals K times G minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get s times G equals K times G minus
+this hash times a times G well that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hash times a times G well that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hash times a times G well that is
+just your public key right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just your public key right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just your public key right
+this is R and this you also know because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is R and this you also know because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is R and this you also know because
+they gave us so do you know G yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they gave us so do you know G yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they gave us so do you know G yeah this
+you know s times G so that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know s times G so that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know s times G so that's how you
+verify and it's like there's all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify and it's like there's all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify and it's like there's all sorts
+of proofs about why you can't Forge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proofs about why you can't Forge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proofs about why you can't Forge
+these and stuff like that but it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and stuff like that but it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and stuff like that but it sort of
+makes sense right if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right if you're trying to
+forge a signature and you say hey I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forge a signature and you say hey I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forge a signature and you say hey I'm
+going to solve for s right well I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to solve for s right well I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to solve for s right well I can't
+I can't solve for s directly because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't solve for s directly because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't solve for s directly because I
+don't know little a I don't ok the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know little a I don't ok the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know little a I don't ok the the
+problem is I want to okay I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is I want to okay I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is I want to okay I want to
+solve for some one of these things I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for some one of these things I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for some one of these things I've
+basically got an equation where I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically got an equation where I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically got an equation where I've got
+R minus the hash of our and I can't tear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R minus the hash of our and I can't tear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R minus the hash of our and I can't tear
+those apart right like I need like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those apart right like I need like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those apart right like I need like how
+do I solve for R but there's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I solve for R but there's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I solve for R but there's like the
+hash of our and are on the same side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash of our and are on the same side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash of our and are on the same side of
+the equation I could try to move this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation I could try to move this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation I could try to move this so
+that like okay R equals the hash of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like okay R equals the hash of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like okay R equals the hash of our
+like wait how am I going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wait how am I going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wait how am I going to do that
+right so any time you try to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so any time you try to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so any time you try to solve
+you're gonna have an R and a hash of are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have an R and a hash of are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have an R and a hash of are
+in the same equation and like that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same equation and like that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same equation and like that seems
+impossible right okay so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible right okay so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible right okay so this is this
+issue or signatures it works great it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue or signatures it works great it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue or signatures it works great it's
+got nice lots of nice properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got nice lots of nice properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got nice lots of nice properties
+actually all of this could work in ECDSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all of this could work in ECDSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all of this could work in ECDSA
+it's just that ECDSA is like really ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that ECDSA is like really ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that ECDSA is like really ugly
+and complicated but anyway so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complicated but anyway so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complicated but anyway so what
+discreet law contracts uses is a fixed R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet law contracts uses is a fixed R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet law contracts uses is a fixed R
+signature it's the exact same equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature it's the exact same equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature it's the exact same equation
+but you sort of move where R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you sort of move where R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you sort of move where R is
+considered so before you'd say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered so before you'd say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered so before you'd say the
+public key is a and now my signature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key is a and now my signature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key is a and now my signature is
+r and death now we're just gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and death now we're just gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and death now we're just gonna say
+okay make the public key a and are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay make the public key a and are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay make the public key a and are two
+points and make the signature just s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and make the signature just s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and make the signature just s so
+same equation everything is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation everything is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation everything is the same
+it's just that you generate K at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that you generate K at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that you generate K at the
+same time you're generating a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time you're generating a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time you're generating a and
+publish both a and R as your public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish both a and R as your public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish both a and R as your public key
+right no no problem okay the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no no problem okay the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no no problem okay the problem is
+you can only sign once that's why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only sign once that's why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only sign once that's why you
+don't usually do this it's there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't usually do this it's there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't usually do this it's there's no
+size difference right it's like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size difference right it's like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size difference right it's like okay
+well your public key gets twice as big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well your public key gets twice as big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well your public key gets twice as big
+and your signature gets half as big no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your signature gets half as big no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your signature gets half as big no
+no net gain but you can only sign once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no net gain but you can only sign once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no net gain but you can only sign once
+and why yeah I'm actually it looks kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why yeah I'm actually it looks kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why yeah I'm actually it looks kind
+of scary but it's actually not too bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scary but it's actually not too bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scary but it's actually not too bad
+so the idea is I sign I have an A and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is I sign I have an A and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is I sign I have an A and an
+R and those don't change right so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and those don't change right so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and those don't change right so I have
+a little lane okay those don't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little lane okay those don't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little lane okay those don't change
+but I'm signing two different messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm signing two different messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm signing two different messages
+so the idea is I have signature 1s 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is I have signature 1s 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is I have signature 1s 1
+which is K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is K minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is K minus
+the hash of message one could get me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash of message one could get me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash of message one could get me to
+our times my pregnancy signature - is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our times my pregnancy signature - is K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our times my pregnancy signature - is K
+- the house of muscies - in our times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- the house of muscies - in our times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- the house of muscies - in our times I
+private key so I published both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key so I published both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key so I published both of these
+signatures and then someone says oh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures and then someone says oh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures and then someone says oh I'm
+going to subtract these two signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to subtract these two signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to subtract these two signatures
+from each other right so s1 minus s2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other right so s1 minus s2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other right so s1 minus s2
+well that would be you know this top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that would be you know this top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that would be you know this top
+thing - this thing which is K - the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing - this thing which is K - the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing - this thing which is K - the hash
+of message 1 times a minus K plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of message 1 times a minus K plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of message 1 times a minus K plus the
+Hass admissions 2 times a the KS cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hass admissions 2 times a the KS cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hass admissions 2 times a the KS cancel
+out that's the important part here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that's the important part here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that's the important part here so
+K's are gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K's are gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K's are gone
+cool now I've got this s1 minus s2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool now I've got this s1 minus s2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool now I've got this s1 minus s2 which
+I can compute right s is just a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can compute right s is just a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can compute right s is just a scalar
+s1 minus s2 type it's like a you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s1 minus s2 type it's like a you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s1 minus s2 type it's like a you know a
+millionth of a second in my computer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millionth of a second in my computer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millionth of a second in my computer to
+do now I've got this you know this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now I've got this you know this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now I've got this you know this thing
+I know s1 minus s2 equals the hash of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know s1 minus s2 equals the hash of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know s1 minus s2 equals the hash of
+message to R times little egg - the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to R times little egg - the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to R times little egg - the hash
+of message 1 all right little a I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of message 1 all right little a I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of message 1 all right little a I don't
+know little it right so I can't I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know little it right so I can't I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know little it right so I can't I can't
+figure out this but I know I know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out this but I know I know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out this but I know I know what's
+on this side of the equation right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side of the equation right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side of the equation right I
+know this sort of subtracted s what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this sort of subtracted s what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this sort of subtracted s what can
+I do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do here
+well I can factor out a right because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I can factor out a right because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I can factor out a right because a
+is multiplied on both sides of this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is multiplied on both sides of this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is multiplied on both sides of this so
+now I can factor you know put a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can factor you know put a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can factor you know put a little
+parentheses okay this hash is message to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses okay this hash is message to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses okay this hash is message to
+our - the hash of mesh is 1 R times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our - the hash of mesh is 1 R times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our - the hash of mesh is 1 R times the
+private key here and now we can divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key here and now we can divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key here and now we can divide
+and well this is the whole equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well this is the whole equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well this is the whole equation
+right I divide out I divide by a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I divide out I divide by a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I divide out I divide by a little
+light here and this thing I know divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light here and this thing I know divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light here and this thing I know divided
+by a thing I don't know equals the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a thing I don't know equals the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a thing I don't know equals the thing
+I know right so I can move things around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know right so I can move things around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know right so I can move things around
+and say ok well then a is this thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say ok well then a is this thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say ok well then a is this thing I
+know right this the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right this the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right this the difference between
+the two signatures divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two signatures divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two signatures divided by the
+difference between these two hashes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two hashes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two hashes and
+those two hashes also I know right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two hashes also I know right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two hashes also I know right I
+know what the messages are I know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the messages are I know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the messages are I know what
+the R value is it works so the big thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R value is it works so the big thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R value is it works so the big thing
+here is if you have the same K value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is if you have the same K value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is if you have the same K value and
+the same a value you can find their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same a value you can find their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same a value you can find their
+private key so the normally this is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key so the normally this is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key so the normally this is okay
+because K is different right so you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because K is different right so you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because K is different right so you'd
+have K sub 1 K sub 2 here and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K sub 1 K sub 2 here and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K sub 1 K sub 2 here and then if
+you build this equation you've got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build this equation you've got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build this equation you've got these
+Ches which do not cancel out and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ches which do not cancel out and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ches which do not cancel out and because
+you don't know what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what they are
+and you you don't get anywhere with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you don't get anywhere with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you don't get anywhere with this
+okay but so if you do use the same K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but so if you do use the same K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but so if you do use the same K
+value you will lose your private key fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you will lose your private key fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you will lose your private key fun
+fact I first learned about this in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I first learned about this in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I first learned about this in like
+2011 from the PlayStation 3 code signing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2011 from the PlayStation 3 code signing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2011 from the PlayStation 3 code signing
+thing and yeah that was gone I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and yeah that was gone I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and yeah that was gone I think
+because I started to get in the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I started to get in the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I started to get in the Bitcoin
+and also it was like Oh PlayStation 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also it was like Oh PlayStation 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also it was like Oh PlayStation 3
+got hacked cool so Sony had a cave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got hacked cool so Sony had a cave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got hacked cool so Sony had a cave that
+like they probably read up on how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they probably read up on how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they probably read up on how to do
+this and they say ok K needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they say ok K needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they say ok K needs to be
+random so they just made a random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so they just made a random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so they just made a random number
+and hard-coded it as the K that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hard-coded it as the K that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hard-coded it as the K that they
+used I don't think they realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used I don't think they realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used I don't think they realized that
+has to be random and different each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be random and different each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be random and different each time
+so it was just a single random K yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was just a single random K yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was just a single random K yeah
+there's other there's other cases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other there's other cases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other there's other cases of
+this being a problem in Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being a problem in Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being a problem in Bitcoin
+blockchain dot info I believe a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain dot info I believe a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain dot info I believe a couple
+years ago had something where K was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago had something where K was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago had something where K was
+random but it was like only four bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random but it was like only four bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random but it was like only four bytes
+of randomness or something and so you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of randomness or something and so you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of randomness or something and so you'd
+end up getting some occasional case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up getting some occasional case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up getting some occasional case that
+were the same and then you could compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the same and then you could compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the same and then you could compute
+people's private keys there's a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's private keys there's a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's private keys there's a couple
+other things like that where if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like that where if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like that where if you know
+so so actually in practice now you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so actually in practice now you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so actually in practice now you don't
+make K randomly in most in in Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make K randomly in most in in Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make K randomly in most in in Bitcoin
+core and most of the Bitcoin libraries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and most of the Bitcoin libraries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and most of the Bitcoin libraries
+you make K basically the hash of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make K basically the hash of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make K basically the hash of your
+private key and the message so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key and the message so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key and the message so that
+changes for each message and it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes for each message and it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes for each message and it's also
+got like secret information so no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got like secret information so no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got like secret information so no one
+can figure it out that that's called RFC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure it out that that's called RFC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure it out that that's called RFC
+six nine seven nine and it is safer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six nine seven nine and it is safer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six nine seven nine and it is safer
+because you don't keep needing new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't keep needing new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't keep needing new
+randomness each time yes hysteresis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean will people can't it like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean will people can't it like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean will people can't it like people
+have made it in very recent history I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made it in very recent history I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made it in very recent history I
+wouldn't be surprised if people continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be surprised if people continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be surprised if people continue
+to make this mistake you know couple to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this mistake you know couple to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this mistake you know couple to
+three years ago blockchain info had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years ago blockchain info had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years ago blockchain info had this
+where the case were the same it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the case were the same it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the case were the same it's it's
+not immediately uh you know you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not immediately uh you know you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not immediately uh you know you have to
+sort of look for it but yeah people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of look for it but yeah people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of look for it but yeah people
+still make all sorts of mistakes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still make all sorts of mistakes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still make all sorts of mistakes like
+this there's there's elliptic curves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's there's elliptic curves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's there's elliptic curves are
+actually less I think of a minefield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually less I think of a minefield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually less I think of a minefield
+than like RSA RSA has all sorts of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like RSA RSA has all sorts of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like RSA RSA has all sorts of like
+I had no idea that would break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had no idea that would break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had no idea that would break the
+security the system but it does like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security the system but it does like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security the system but it does like you
+know an RSA you've got P and Q 2 big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an RSA you've got P and Q 2 big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an RSA you've got P and Q 2 big
+prime numbers you multiply them to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime numbers you multiply them to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime numbers you multiply them to get
+your modulus and but if P minus 1 or n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your modulus and but if P minus 1 or n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your modulus and but if P minus 1 or n
+minus 1 is smooth which means has many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 is smooth which means has many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 is smooth which means has many
+small factors then you can break it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small factors then you can break it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small factors then you can break it and
+find their private key like I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find their private key like I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find their private key like I didn't
+know that until last year in a class I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that until last year in a class I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that until last year in a class I
+was like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like really
+oh wow so there's all sorts of bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wow so there's all sorts of bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wow so there's all sorts of bad
+things that can happen in elliptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can happen in elliptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can happen in elliptic
+curves it's kind of nice in that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves it's kind of nice in that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves it's kind of nice in that you're
+your random numbers can really just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your random numbers can really just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your random numbers can really just be
+random numbers so it's not - not as bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers so it's not - not as bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers so it's not - not as bad
+but you do have to watch out for some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do have to watch out for some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do have to watch out for some of
+these things ok so what's this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things ok so what's this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things ok so what's this new
+system right if you're pub key is a n R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right if you're pub key is a n R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right if you're pub key is a n R
+and a message M right you cannot compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a message M right you cannot compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a message M right you cannot compute
+s so I know they're public key right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so I know they're public key right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so I know they're public key right I
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+R I know they're like I know this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R I know they're like I know this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R I know they're like I know this whole
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+I can't compute s right because s is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't compute s right because s is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't compute s right because s is in
+terms of K and little a I can compute s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of K and little a I can compute s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of K and little a I can compute s
+times G though because that's times G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times G though because that's times G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times G though because that's times G is
+in terms of R and big a which I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of R and big a which I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of R and big a which I know
+right so you can't can be a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can't can be a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can't can be a little less
+but you can compute s times G so s times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can compute s times G so s times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can compute s times G so s times
+G is computable for any given message so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is computable for any given message so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is computable for any given message so
+if someone publishes this new type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone publishes this new type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone publishes this new type of
+pump key a and are together I can say ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump key a and are together I can say ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump key a and are together I can say ok
+well what will it look like if you sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what will it look like if you sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what will it look like if you sign
+the message sunny right if you just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message sunny right if you just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message sunny right if you just take
+the word sunny stick it in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word sunny stick it in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word sunny stick it in here
+concatenated with the R value already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenated with the R value already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenated with the R value already
+told me hash that multiplied by your pub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me hash that multiplied by your pub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me hash that multiplied by your pub
+key and then subtract that from your R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and then subtract that from your R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and then subtract that from your R
+value I'll get a point on the curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I'll get a point on the curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I'll get a point on the curve and
+I can compute that and I can commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can compute that and I can commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can compute that and I can commute
+that from for any M I care to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from for any M I care to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from for any M I care to
+throw into this equation so this is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw into this equation so this is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw into this equation so this is kind
+of neat right I can compute a point on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neat right I can compute a point on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neat right I can compute a point on a
+curve for any message that you have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve for any message that you have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve for any message that you have not
+yet signed and then the signature itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet signed and then the signature itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet signed and then the signature itself
+would be s this sort of is looking like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be s this sort of is looking like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be s this sort of is looking like
+a key pair right so this is an unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key pair right so this is an unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key pair right so this is an unknown
+scalar right I don't know what s is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar right I don't know what s is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar right I don't know what s is I
+but I can compute s times G this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can compute s times G this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can compute s times G this is a
+public key private key right this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key private key right this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key private key right this is the
+exact same set up so now we can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same set up so now we can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same set up so now we can use this
+for a third-party Oracle to sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a third-party Oracle to sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a third-party Oracle to sign
+messages and then when they sign the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and then when they sign the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and then when they sign the
+message they're revealing a private key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message they're revealing a private key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message they're revealing a private key
+to a public key you've already computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a public key you've already computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a public key you've already computed
+so when I was making this I definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I was making this I definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I was making this I definitely
+didn't start with from our signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't start with from our signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't start with from our signatures
+and do this I had my own crazy scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do this I had my own crazy scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do this I had my own crazy scheme
+which had like all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had like all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had like all these different
+equations and like R was multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and like R was multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and like R was multiplied by
+this other hash and there was all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other hash and there was all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other hash and there was all these
+things and then I was talking to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then I was talking to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then I was talking to people
+and eventually was like wait you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually was like wait you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually was like wait you don't
+need all this this this is just a snore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need all this this this is just a snore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need all this this this is just a snore
+signature where I've already known as R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature where I've already known as R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature where I've already known as R
+so okay this is much nicer I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay this is much nicer I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay this is much nicer I don't have
+to write this whole crazy proof and okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write this whole crazy proof and okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write this whole crazy proof and okay
+so we can use this so olivia's and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can use this so olivia's and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can use this so olivia's and we
+can use Olivia's signature s as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use Olivia's signature s as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use Olivia's signature s as a
+private key in our transactions and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key in our transactions and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key in our transactions and we
+use s times G as a public key and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use s times G as a public key and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use s times G as a public key and then
+we can also do the fun stuff where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also do the fun stuff where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also do the fun stuff where we
+mix with Alice and Bob's public keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix with Alice and Bob's public keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix with Alice and Bob's public keys
+right so I can say that Alice's pump key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can say that Alice's pump key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can say that Alice's pump key
+plus s times G is the public key for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus s times G is the public key for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus s times G is the public key for
+this contract and Alice's private key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this contract and Alice's private key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this contract and Alice's private key
+plus s is the per is gonna be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus s is the per is gonna be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus s is the per is gonna be the
+private key for this contract so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key for this contract so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key for this contract so I can
+say we what we can do is we can say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we what we can do is we can say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we what we can do is we can say okay
+I'm gonna compute an address where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna compute an address where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna compute an address where it's
+your pump key plus the signature of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pump key plus the signature of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pump key plus the signature of this
+Oracle signing the word sunny times G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle signing the word sunny times G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle signing the word sunny times G
+and that's the pub key for Alice's sunny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the pub key for Alice's sunny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the pub key for Alice's sunny
+pub key right Alice can only spend this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pub key right Alice can only spend this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pub key right Alice can only spend this
+if the Oracle signs the word sunny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Oracle signs the word sunny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Oracle signs the word sunny and
+she has her private key if the Oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has her private key if the Oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has her private key if the Oracle
+signs the word rainy Alice doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs the word rainy Alice doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs the word rainy Alice doesn't know
+how to you know doesn't know learn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to you know doesn't know learn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to you know doesn't know learn the
+private key any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key any questions about that
+part make sense okay so this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part make sense okay so this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part make sense okay so this is kind of
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+so what you can do so quick recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can do so quick recap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can do so quick recap
+lightning you use the you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning you use the you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning you use the you use the
+mechanism where you're adding these keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism where you're adding these keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism where you're adding these keys
+to revoke old states right you say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to revoke old states right you say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to revoke old states right you say okay
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+if I give you this key you can outspend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I give you this key you can outspend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I give you this key you can outspend
+it immediately if I give you this key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it immediately if I give you this key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it immediately if I give you this key
+you can now spend it immediately so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now spend it immediately so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now spend it immediately so we
+enforce that with the most recent one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce that with the most recent one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce that with the most recent one is
+like the okay one because if I broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the okay one because if I broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the okay one because if I broadcast
+one of these old ones you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these old ones you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these old ones you can
+immediately get it in this great log I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately get it in this great log I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately get it in this great log I
+switch it around a bit I say you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch it around a bit I say you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch it around a bit I say you know it
+looks like a channel we both put money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a channel we both put money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a channel we both put money
+into here and then we build three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here and then we build three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here and then we build three
+different transactions all at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different transactions all at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different transactions all at the same
+time before we even you know do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time before we even you know do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time before we even you know do anything
+before we actually fund this we build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we actually fund this we build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we actually fund this we build
+these descent in transactions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these descent in transactions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these descent in transactions and the
+idea is that the public keys in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that the public keys in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that the public keys in here
+this is Bob's public key but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Bob's public key but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Bob's public key but it's also
+got the sum you know the sum of Bob's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the sum you know the sum of Bob's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the sum you know the sum of Bob's
+public key plus the Oracles signature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key plus the Oracles signature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key plus the Oracles signature of
+the word son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word son
+so if Bob broadcasts it the own and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if Bob broadcasts it the own and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if Bob broadcasts it the own and the
+only way he can immediately take his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way he can immediately take his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way he can immediately take his
+funds is if the Oracle have signed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds is if the Oracle have signed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds is if the Oracle have signed the
+word Sonny and he knows that s value if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word Sonny and he knows that s value if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word Sonny and he knows that s value if
+he broadcasts it and then waits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he broadcasts it and then waits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he broadcasts it and then waits
+right if he broadcasts it but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if he broadcasts it but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if he broadcasts it but it's not
+actually Sonny then Alice can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Sonny then Alice can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Sonny then Alice can take the
+money after a little while right after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money after a little while right after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money after a little while right after a
+day you use the same time up procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you use the same time up procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you use the same time up procedure
+where okay if I broadcast this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where okay if I broadcast this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where okay if I broadcast this and I
+know the key I immediately sweep it if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the key I immediately sweep it if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the key I immediately sweep it if I
+broadcast it and I don't know the key my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast it and I don't know the key my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast it and I don't know the key my
+counterparty can take everything after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty can take everything after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty can take everything after a
+day so ya all create states are created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so ya all create states are created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so ya all create states are created
+the start the validity is a determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start the validity is a determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start the validity is a determined
+by a non-interactive oracle signature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a non-interactive oracle signature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a non-interactive oracle signature so
+the Oracle signs cloudy which is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Oracle signs cloudy which is yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Oracle signs cloudy which is yeah
+and now either party can broadcast the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now either party can broadcast the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now either party can broadcast the
+cloudy transaction and then take their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloudy transaction and then take their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloudy transaction and then take their
+money immediately if anyone tries to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money immediately if anyone tries to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money immediately if anyone tries to you
+know if anyone tries to broadcast so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if anyone tries to broadcast so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if anyone tries to broadcast so for
+example if Alice tries to broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if Alice tries to broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if Alice tries to broadcast
+rainy at this point the Oracle has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainy at this point the Oracle has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainy at this point the Oracle has
+signed the word cloudy they're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed the word cloudy they're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed the word cloudy they're not going
+to sign the word rainy if they do sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign the word rainy if they do sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign the word rainy if they do sign
+the word rainy they reveal their private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word rainy they reveal their private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word rainy they reveal their private
+key so if Alice broadcast this her money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key so if Alice broadcast this her money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key so if Alice broadcast this her money
+stuck she doesn't actually have this key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck she doesn't actually have this key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck she doesn't actually have this key
+and then Bob just waits and then takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Bob just waits and then takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Bob just waits and then takes
+all of Alice's money so but you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of Alice's money so but you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of Alice's money so but you you know
+from the network's perspective you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the network's perspective you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the network's perspective you can
+broadcast any of these transactions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast any of these transactions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast any of these transactions but
+you don't want to because you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to because you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to because you don't know
+the key it's not your it's not your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key it's not your it's not your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key it's not your it's not your
+funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds
+okay so yeah in the case where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah in the case where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah in the case where it's
+cloudy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloudy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloudy
+how signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those are transaction signature yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are transaction signature yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are transaction signature yeah
+because you know that Bob his waist is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know that Bob his waist is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know that Bob his waist is
+Alice's money yeah Alice it's sending to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice's money yeah Alice it's sending to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice's money yeah Alice it's sending to
+Alice's public key plus the Oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice's public key plus the Oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice's public key plus the Oracle
+signature public key and Alice can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature public key and Alice can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature public key and Alice can't
+sign with that right she does she knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign with that right she does she knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign with that right she does she knows
+her private key but she doesn't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her private key but she doesn't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her private key but she doesn't know the
+Oracle rainy private key so she can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle rainy private key so she can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle rainy private key so she can't
+sign with this to take the money so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign with this to take the money so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign with this to take the money so the
+money's just stuck here but it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money's just stuck here but it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money's just stuck here but it's got
+that timeout period right it's yes wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that timeout period right it's yes wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that timeout period right it's yes wait
+today have it here yeah it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today have it here yeah it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today have it here yeah it's the same
+script right it's enlightening its Pub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script right it's enlightening its Pub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script right it's enlightening its Pub
+our or pub T and time right there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our or pub T and time right there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our or pub T and time right there's a
+revocable one and a timeout one yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revocable one and a timeout one yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revocable one and a timeout one yeah so
+enlightening it's it's the opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightening it's it's the opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightening it's it's the opposite of
+lightning right enlightening correct is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning right enlightening correct is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning right enlightening correct is
+to use the time up all right so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the time up all right so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the time up all right so I'm
+lightning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enlightening I've broadcast this I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightening I've broadcast this I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightening I've broadcast this I have
+to wait right it's Alice's key that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait right it's Alice's key that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait right it's Alice's key that then
+takes a day and then I can sweep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a day and then I can sweep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a day and then I can sweep it
+that's the correct thing that happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the correct thing that happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the correct thing that happens if
+I broadcast this Bob can immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I broadcast this Bob can immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I broadcast this Bob can immediately
+take it because I've already given him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it because I've already given him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it because I've already given him
+the the private key it's the opposite in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the private key it's the opposite in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the private key it's the opposite in
+discrete law contracts where if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete law contracts where if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete law contracts where if I
+broadcast the wrong thing it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast the wrong thing it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast the wrong thing it's just
+stuck forever I'm never gonna be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck forever I'm never gonna be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck forever I'm never gonna be able to
+get it and then my counterparty can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it and then my counterparty can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it and then my counterparty can get
+it after a day if I broadcast the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after a day if I broadcast the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after a day if I broadcast the right
+thing my counterparty can still get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing my counterparty can still get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing my counterparty can still get it
+after a day right so if Alice broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a day right so if Alice broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a day right so if Alice broadcast
+this alice has to immediately you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alice has to immediately you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alice has to immediately you know
+spend this because this Alice five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend this because this Alice five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend this because this Alice five
+bitcoins is also Bob's after a day so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins is also Bob's after a day so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins is also Bob's after a day so
+she needs to say okay I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she needs to say okay I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she needs to say okay I'm gonna
+broadcast this and then immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast this and then immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast this and then immediately
+sweep the funds to my own regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep the funds to my own regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep the funds to my own regular
+address so what's nice is that's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address so what's nice is that's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address so what's nice is that's like a
+better timing model anyway so in cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better timing model anyway so in cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better timing model anyway so in cases
+of fraud the recoverable key can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fraud the recoverable key can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fraud the recoverable key can be used
+after Katie revealed so that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Katie revealed so that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Katie revealed so that's in
+lighting right and lightning broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting right and lightning broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting right and lightning broadcast
+the most recent there is no pub are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most recent there is no pub are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most recent there is no pub are
+right no one can sign this because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no one can sign this because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no one can sign this because you
+haven't revealed it and then the timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't revealed it and then the timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't revealed it and then the timing
+happens in set so you broadcast your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in set so you broadcast your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in set so you broadcast your
+most recent state you wait a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recent state you wait a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recent state you wait a little
+while and you don't you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and you don't you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and you don't you don't
+have any rush you you know you've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any rush you you know you've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any rush you you know you've never
+given pub are away so you can just leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given pub are away so you can just leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given pub are away so you can just leave
+it and then time elapses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then time elapses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then time elapses
+so maybe the timeout is one day you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe the timeout is one day you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe the timeout is one day you
+don't have to spend it after that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to spend it after that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to spend it after that one
+day you can leave it for a week or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you can leave it for a week or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you can leave it for a week or a
+month and then later spend it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and then later spend it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and then later spend it because
+you're really sure your counterparty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really sure your counterparty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really sure your counterparty is
+never gonna get this private key so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gonna get this private key so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gonna get this private key so
+that's the way lightning works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way lightning works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way lightning works in
+discrete log contracts however the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete log contracts however the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete log contracts however the time
+out one is the incorrect one when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one is the incorrect one when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one is the incorrect one when you
+publish the wrong transaction right huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish the wrong transaction right huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish the wrong transaction right huh
+Bar is the Oracle signature plus your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar is the Oracle signature plus your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar is the Oracle signature plus your
+you know the Oracles signature plus your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Oracles signature plus your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Oracles signature plus your
+own private key and pub tea is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own private key and pub tea is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own private key and pub tea is just the
+other person gets it after a while so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person gets it after a while so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person gets it after a while so
+you should be able to you know you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to you know you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to you know you if
+you publish the right transaction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you publish the right transaction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you publish the right transaction you
+can immediately spend it if you publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can immediately spend it if you publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can immediately spend it if you publish
+the wrong transaction you'll never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong transaction you'll never be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong transaction you'll never be
+able to spend it in your counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to spend it in your counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to spend it in your counterparty
+will next you know tomorrow or next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will next you know tomorrow or next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will next you know tomorrow or next week
+so it's kind of a nicer model I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of a nicer model I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of a nicer model I think
+because enlightening you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because enlightening you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because enlightening you have to be
+watching your channels in discrete log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching your channels in discrete log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching your channels in discrete log
+contract nothing bad can happen if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract nothing bad can happen if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract nothing bad can happen if you
+go offline so that's really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go offline so that's really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go offline so that's really nice
+right enlightening you have to watch for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right enlightening you have to watch for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right enlightening you have to watch for
+fraud old states could be broadcast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud old states could be broadcast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud old states could be broadcast and
+you got to grab it in DLC sweep it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to grab it in DLC sweep it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to grab it in DLC sweep it as
+soon as you want it's easier you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you want it's easier you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you want it's easier you have
+the software do both at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software do both at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software do both at the same time
+there's no surprises so for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no surprises so for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no surprises so for example in
+lightning this is the current state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning this is the current state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning this is the current state
+right Alice has nine coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Alice has nine coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Alice has nine coins
+Bob can at any time broadcast this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob can at any time broadcast this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob can at any time broadcast this
+transaction and Alice must respond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and Alice must respond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and Alice must respond and
+say no that's wrong I'm taking all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no that's wrong I'm taking all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no that's wrong I'm taking all these
+nine coins and your software does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine coins and your software does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine coins and your software does that
+automatically sure but you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically sure but you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically sure but you have to be
+online and you have to you know be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online and you have to you know be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online and you have to you know be
+watching the blockchain so surprises can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching the blockchain so surprises can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching the blockchain so surprises can
+happen and you know there's software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and you know there's software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and you know there's software
+working on called like watchtowers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on called like watchtowers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on called like watchtowers to
+like anonymously outsource watching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like anonymously outsource watching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like anonymously outsource watching this
+to other people and things like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other people and things like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other people and things like that but
+but it's a downside right you you fraud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a downside right you you fraud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a downside right you you fraud
+could occur if you're offline in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could occur if you're offline in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could occur if you're offline in
+discrete log contracts fraud cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete log contracts fraud cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete log contracts fraud cannot
+occur hey I don't want to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur hey I don't want to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur hey I don't want to say that
+there's all sorts of things New York who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of things New York who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of things New York who
+can do this bad oh but the the idea of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this bad oh but the the idea of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this bad oh but the the idea of I
+go offline right I'm Alice I entered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go offline right I'm Alice I entered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go offline right I'm Alice I entered in
+this contract about the weather on next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this contract about the weather on next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this contract about the weather on next
+week but then I forget about it and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but then I forget about it and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but then I forget about it and I
+just don't even sign into my computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't even sign into my computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't even sign into my computer
+for a month there's no risk that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a month there's no risk that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a month there's no risk that the
+wrong thing will happen you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong thing will happen you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong thing will happen you know
+assuming the Oracle is signing correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the Oracle is signing correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the Oracle is signing correctly
+Bob can't do anything bad right if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob can't do anything bad right if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob can't do anything bad right if this
+is now endorsed by the Oracle as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now endorsed by the Oracle as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now endorsed by the Oracle as being
+the correct transaction if Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct transaction if Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct transaction if Bob
+broadcasts this or this he can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasts this or this he can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasts this or this he can never
+take those coins right it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those coins right it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those coins right it's just
+indefinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinitely
+stuck here Alice gets her coins with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck here Alice gets her coins with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck here Alice gets her coins with no
+restrictions and Bob's coins are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions and Bob's coins are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions and Bob's coins are just
+stuck there forever right he'll never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck there forever right he'll never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck there forever right he'll never
+learn the the key to sign with this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the the key to sign with this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the the key to sign with this and
+so Alice can come back in a week come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Alice can come back in a week come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Alice can come back in a week come
+back in a month and say oh cool Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in a month and say oh cool Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in a month and say oh cool Bob
+broadcasts the wrong thing you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasts the wrong thing you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasts the wrong thing you know I
+can take these coins at my leisure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take these coins at my leisure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take these coins at my leisure if
+Bob casts broadcasts the right thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob casts broadcasts the right thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob casts broadcasts the right thing and
+then immediately takes his coins Alice's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then immediately takes his coins Alice's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then immediately takes his coins Alice's
+coins are still there everything's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins are still there everything's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins are still there everything's fine
+so this is I think a nicer timing model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is I think a nicer timing model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is I think a nicer timing model
+and that you don't have to be online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you don't have to be online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you don't have to be online
+quickly also it's nicer in that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly also it's nicer in that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly also it's nicer in that in
+lightning if you're being honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning if you're being honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning if you're being honest
+and you'd broadcast the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd broadcast the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd broadcast the correct
+transaction you have to wait that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction you have to wait that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction you have to wait that's
+anointing right the time out could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anointing right the time out could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anointing right the time out could be a
+day or a week or something and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day or a week or something and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day or a week or something and maybe
+your counterparty you know if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your counterparty you know if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your counterparty you know if your
+counterparty is online and cooperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty is online and cooperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty is online and cooperative
+you don't have to use this transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to use this transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to use this transaction
+you can just say hey look I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just say hey look I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just say hey look I want to
+close out I've got nine you've got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close out I've got nine you've got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close out I've got nine you've got one
+let's just build a transaction sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just build a transaction sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just build a transaction sending
+nine to me and one to you with no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine to me and one to you with no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine to me and one to you with no no
+weird scripts or anything and then Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird scripts or anything and then Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird scripts or anything and then Bob
+can say okay sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say okay sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say okay sure
+closing the channel here we go and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing the channel here we go and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing the channel here we go and we
+just closed it but if Bob's offline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just closed it but if Bob's offline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just closed it but if Bob's offline
+which happens Alice says shoot I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens Alice says shoot I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens Alice says shoot I have to
+close this channel I want my nine coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close this channel I want my nine coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close this channel I want my nine coins
+I broadcast this closing the channel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I broadcast this closing the channel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I broadcast this closing the channel and
+they have to wait a few days and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to wait a few days and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to wait a few days and that's
+annoying right that's not great whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying right that's not great whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying right that's not great whereas
+in discrete log contracts if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in discrete log contracts if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in discrete log contracts if you're
+doing on it let's say I'm I'm Alice Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing on it let's say I'm I'm Alice Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing on it let's say I'm I'm Alice Bob
+seems to be offline I can't contact him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be offline I can't contact him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be offline I can't contact him
+I say okay Bob you're not there fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say okay Bob you're not there fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say okay Bob you're not there fine
+well the it was cloudy I broadcast this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the it was cloudy I broadcast this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the it was cloudy I broadcast this
+I immediately take my five coins don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I immediately take my five coins don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I immediately take my five coins don't
+have to wait at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait at all
+and the software does both of those at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the software does both of those at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the software does both of those at
+the same time so this is a nicer timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time so this is a nicer timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time so this is a nicer timing
+model than lightning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah no surprises and no waiting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no surprises and no waiting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no surprises and no waiting the
+only time you have to wait is if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only time you have to wait is if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only time you have to wait is if the
+other party you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other party you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other party you know
+Alice would have to wait and you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice would have to wait and you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice would have to wait and you know if
+Bob broadcasts let's say Bob brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob broadcasts let's say Bob brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob broadcasts let's say Bob brought
+broadcasts this Alice gets one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasts this Alice gets one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasts this Alice gets one point
+immediately and nine coins after a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and nine coins after a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and nine coins after a few
+days so Alice is like well I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days so Alice is like well I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days so Alice is like well I have to
+wait a little but hey I get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a little but hey I get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a little but hey I get all the
+money even though I was only supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money even though I was only supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money even though I was only supposed to
+get half great there are some attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get half great there are some attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get half great there are some attacks
+where for example let's say this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where for example let's say this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where for example let's say this was
+like zero or like point zero zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like zero or like point zero zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like zero or like point zero zero one
+like basically nothing and the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like basically nothing and the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like basically nothing and the actual
+thing that happened was it was raining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happened was it was raining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happened was it was raining
+and Bob's like shoot I got nothing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob's like shoot I got nothing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob's like shoot I got nothing right
+fine I'm just gonna sign this you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I'm just gonna sign this you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I'm just gonna sign this you know I
+started I'm just gonna broadcast this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started I'm just gonna broadcast this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started I'm just gonna broadcast this
+where I get all the money I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I get all the money I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I get all the money I don't
+actually get all the money right alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get all the money right alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get all the money right alice
+is gonna take this after a day but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna take this after a day but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna take this after a day but
+basically I lost everything anyways so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I lost everything anyways so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I lost everything anyways so
+fine you know like I so that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine you know like I so that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine you know like I so that is an
+attack where if there's almost no money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack where if there's almost no money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack where if there's almost no money
+on one side Bob can be a jerk and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side Bob can be a jerk and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side Bob can be a jerk and say
+well I'm gonna broadcast the invalid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm gonna broadcast the invalid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm gonna broadcast the invalid
+transaction just to prevent my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction just to prevent my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction just to prevent my
+counterparty from getting her money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty from getting her money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty from getting her money
+immediately she gets it all but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately she gets it all but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately she gets it all but maybe
+all is pretty close to what she would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is pretty close to what she would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is pretty close to what she would
+have gotten anyway so bob has no real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten anyway so bob has no real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten anyway so bob has no real
+loss and alice has no real gain there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss and alice has no real gain there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss and alice has no real gain there
+and then Alice has to waste them some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Alice has to waste them some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Alice has to waste them some
+time waiting so that's an attack the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time waiting so that's an attack the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time waiting so that's an attack the the
+easiest way to sort of mitigate that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest way to sort of mitigate that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest way to sort of mitigate that is
+to have this kind of construction where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this kind of construction where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this kind of construction where
+it's like well Bob still got one even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well Bob still got one even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well Bob still got one even
+when Bob loses he still gets one coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Bob loses he still gets one coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Bob loses he still gets one coin
+back right there's there's extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back right there's there's extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back right there's there's extra
+collateral in the contract and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral in the contract and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral in the contract and then he
+doesn't want to broadcast their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to broadcast their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to broadcast their own
+thing to to be a jerk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct
+you are a subtraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are a subtraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are a subtraction
+if look from the network's perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if look from the network's perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if look from the network's perspective
+right so if I'm a minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I'm a minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I'm a minor
+looking at the Bitcoin network I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the Bitcoin network I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the Bitcoin network I have no
+idea what these things mean right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what these things mean right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what these things mean right it
+just says I'll you know key one coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just says I'll you know key one coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just says I'll you know key one coin
+other key nine points different you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other key nine points different you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other key nine points different you know
+I just see two different transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just see two different transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just see two different transactions
+spending the same output so if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending the same output so if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending the same output so if you see
+them if you see Bob broadcast this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if you see Bob broadcast this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if you see Bob broadcast this
+transaction you actually do not want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction you actually do not want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction you actually do not want to
+broadcast this probably because you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast this probably because you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast this probably because you'd
+rather have all the money instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have all the money instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have all the money instead of
+half even if it takes you some time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half even if it takes you some time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half even if it takes you some time but
+if you if you have you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you have you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you have you know you're
+saying okay I'm Alice I broadcast this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay I'm Alice I broadcast this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay I'm Alice I broadcast this
+and then Bob broadcast this right after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Bob broadcast this right after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Bob broadcast this right after
+you're like oh shoot that's a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like oh shoot that's a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like oh shoot that's a much
+better transaction I would I you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better transaction I would I you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better transaction I would I you know
+but you don't know which is gonna get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know which is gonna get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know which is gonna get in
+because the miners have no idea what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the miners have no idea what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the miners have no idea what's
+going on so if you see that Bob is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so if you see that Bob is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so if you see that Bob is being
+you know the actuals the actual outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the actuals the actual outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the actuals the actual outcome
+was it was rainy Bob sees this and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was rainy Bob sees this and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was rainy Bob sees this and has
+so very little money at stake so bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very little money at stake so bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very little money at stake so bob
+says fine you know what screw it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says fine you know what screw it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says fine you know what screw it I'm
+gonna broadcast this just so Alice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna broadcast this just so Alice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna broadcast this just so Alice you
+know yes sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yes sir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yes sir
+you know 0.001 right away but has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 0.001 right away but has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 0.001 right away but has to
+wait a long time for the 9.99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a long time for the 9.99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a long time for the 9.99
+then Alice could say I'm broadcasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Alice could say I'm broadcasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Alice could say I'm broadcasting
+this and then immediately try to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then immediately try to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then immediately try to spend
+it with a high fee you could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you could yeah you could hope that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could yeah you could hope that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could yeah you could hope that your
+yeah there's so there's no there's no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's so there's no there's no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's so there's no there's no no
+rush right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rush right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rush right
+the Oracle signs it was cloudy you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Oracle signs it was cloudy you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Oracle signs it was cloudy you've
+both got those private keys you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both got those private keys you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both got those private keys you can just
+wait you know there's no need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait you know there's no need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait you know there's no need to
+immediately broadcast in him once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately broadcast in him once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately broadcast in him once you
+broadcast this you do need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast this you do need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast this you do need to
+immediately spend the part that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately spend the part that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately spend the part that that's
+going to you because that also has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you because that also has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you because that also has the
+clause that it could go to the other guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause that it could go to the other guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause that it could go to the other guy
+in a week or a day so but yeah and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a week or a day so but yeah and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a week or a day so but yeah and you
+can just leave it here you just leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just leave it here you just leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just leave it here you just leave it
+don't progress anything and you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't progress anything and you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't progress anything and you're like
+well maybe he'll screw up and broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe he'll screw up and broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe he'll screw up and broadcast
+the wrong thing and then I'll get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong thing and then I'll get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong thing and then I'll get all
+the money probably not gonna happen but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's all sorts of things the Oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of things the Oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of things the Oracle
+can do that's bad so if the Oracle never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that's bad so if the Oracle never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that's bad so if the Oracle never
+signs none of these will ever be valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs none of these will ever be valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs none of these will ever be valid
+right so you should what the contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you should what the contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you should what the contract
+should have is a timeout where if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have is a timeout where if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have is a timeout where if you
+know so if we're betting on the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so if we're betting on the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so if we're betting on the price
+we're so we're betting on the weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're so we're betting on the weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're so we're betting on the weather
+tomorrow we can say okay well by Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow we can say okay well by Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow we can say okay well by Monday
+if the Oracle hasn't signed anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Oracle hasn't signed anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Oracle hasn't signed anything
+we've got a time lock transaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a time lock transaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a time lock transaction that
+just gives us both back five points all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives us both back five points all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives us both back five points all
+right you know it's a wash trade but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know it's a wash trade but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know it's a wash trade but
+yeah that that that can happen yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that that that can happen yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that that that can happen yeah so
+hopefully the Oracle doesn't do it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the Oracle doesn't do it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the Oracle doesn't do it okay
+but but that's like it's not the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but that's like it's not the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but that's like it's not the end of
+the world it's like okay the Oracles not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world it's like okay the Oracles not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world it's like okay the Oracles not
+there so we don't know how to execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we don't know how to execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we don't know how to execute
+this trade you know this bet so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trade you know this bet so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trade you know this bet so we just
+get our money back it didn't work and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our money back it didn't work and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our money back it didn't work and we
+wasted time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted time
+oh okay so some scalability fun stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay so some scalability fun stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay so some scalability fun stuff
+you can do discrete log contracts within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do discrete log contracts within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do discrete log contracts within
+a channel so let's say you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a channel so let's say you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a channel so let's say you've got a
+lightning channel and if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning channel and if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning channel and if you want to
+cooperate if both parties cooperate no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate if both parties cooperate no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate if both parties cooperate no
+transactions get broadcast the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions get broadcast the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions get broadcast the
+blockchain at all this is kind of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain at all this is kind of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain at all this is kind of cool
+okay so you've got these nested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've got these nested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've got these nested
+contracts so this is a lightning channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts so this is a lightning channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts so this is a lightning channel
+right and it's you know Alice has ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's you know Alice has ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's you know Alice has ten
+points Bob has 20 points and they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points Bob has 20 points and they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points Bob has 20 points and they've
+been making you know lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been making you know lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been making you know lots of different
+transactions this is a say the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions this is a say the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions this is a say the you know
+30th 35th state of the transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30th 35th state of the transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30th 35th state of the transaction
+there's all sorts of transactions before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of transactions before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of transactions before
+this but they've all been revoked by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but they've all been revoked by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but they've all been revoked by
+sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing
+private keys and then you say okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private keys and then you say okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private keys and then you say okay well
+Alice has ten points Bob has 20 coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice has ten points Bob has 20 coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice has ten points Bob has 20 coins
+let's build a contract so we both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's build a contract so we both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's build a contract so we both
+decrement our balances by five and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement our balances by five and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement our balances by five and then
+we create a third output so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create a third output so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create a third output so this is a
+it's sort of like having an HDL see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like having an HDL see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like having an HDL see
+where you've got you know a this sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got you know a this sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got you know a this sorry
+these arrows don't really line up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arrows don't really line up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arrows don't really line up the
+right way but um you've got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way but um you've got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way but um you've got one
+transaction with three outputs Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction with three outputs Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction with three outputs Alice
+gets five coins Bob gets 15 coins and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets five coins Bob gets 15 coins and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets five coins Bob gets 15 coins and a
+new two of two multi-sig gets ten points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new two of two multi-sig gets ten points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new two of two multi-sig gets ten points
+from that you build two different colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that you build two different colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that you build two different colors
+or something yeah these are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something yeah these are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something yeah these are two
+different transactions this is all one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different transactions this is all one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different transactions this is all one
+transactions all right so from there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions all right so from there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions all right so from there you
+say okay we're gonna build a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay we're gonna build a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay we're gonna build a discrete
+log contract that's an output in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log contract that's an output in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log contract that's an output in the
+channel and we don't you know if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel and we don't you know if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel and we don't you know if we want
+to we can broadcast the whole thing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we can broadcast the whole thing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we can broadcast the whole thing any
+of us at any time can say ok I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us at any time can say ok I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us at any time can say ok I'm
+broadcasting this current state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasting this current state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasting this current state of the
+channel which is Alice five Bob fifteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel which is Alice five Bob fifteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel which is Alice five Bob fifteen
+Alice and Bob ten and then I have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and Bob ten and then I have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and Bob ten and then I have these
+transactions as well and I can broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions as well and I can broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions as well and I can broadcast
+either of those so if your counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those so if your counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those so if your counterparty
+becomes unresponsive you close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes unresponsive you close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes unresponsive you close the
+channel and close the contract but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel and close the contract but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel and close the contract but if
+the counterparty is cooperative then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counterparty is cooperative then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counterparty is cooperative then the
+Oracle signs okay it was rainy this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle signs okay it was rainy this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle signs okay it was rainy this now
+becomes valid both parties agree yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes valid both parties agree yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes valid both parties agree yeah
+you know Alice one nine coins Bob can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Alice one nine coins Bob can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Alice one nine coins Bob can be
+a jerk and just be unresponsive and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a jerk and just be unresponsive and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a jerk and just be unresponsive and then
+alice is like all right fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice is like all right fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice is like all right fine
+close the channel spend you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the channel spend you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the channel spend you know
+broadcast this transaction broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast this transaction broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast this transaction broadcast
+this transaction take the nine coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transaction take the nine coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transaction take the nine coins
+Alice has to do nine Tran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice has to do nine Tran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice has to do nine Tran
+Alice has to do three transactions in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice has to do three transactions in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice has to do three transactions in a
+road to do that but if there's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road to do that but if there's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road to do that but if there's not going
+you know that's that's totally doable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's that's totally doable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's that's totally doable
+right quote you know this to close this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right quote you know this to close this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right quote you know this to close this
+to finalize the contract and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finalize the contract and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finalize the contract and then this
+to sweep the money to herself before Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sweep the money to herself before Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sweep the money to herself before Bob
+tries to get it but if Bob's cooperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to get it but if Bob's cooperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to get it but if Bob's cooperative
+and says okay yeah you won this bet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says okay yeah you won this bet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says okay yeah you won this bet and
+also we keep doing these contracts we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we keep doing these contracts we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we keep doing these contracts we
+keep betting with each other this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep betting with each other this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep betting with each other this is the
+only valid one the other one I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only valid one the other one I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only valid one the other one I'm not
+gonna broadcast I'll never get the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna broadcast I'll never get the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna broadcast I'll never get the money
+and then we say well Alice got nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we say well Alice got nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we say well Alice got nine
+got +9 Bob got +1 we just make a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got +9 Bob got +1 we just make a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got +9 Bob got +1 we just make a new
+state of the channel right so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the channel right so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the channel right so this was
+the old state 5 15 10 we went up level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old state 5 15 10 we went up level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old state 5 15 10 we went up level
+and now the new state is Alice gets 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the new state is Alice gets 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the new state is Alice gets 14
+Bob gets 16 and then we revoke the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob gets 16 and then we revoke the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob gets 16 and then we revoke the old
+state so the contract was built you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so the contract was built you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so the contract was built you know
+the all the different terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the different terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the different terms of the
+contract were built one of them became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract were built one of them became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract were built one of them became
+known to be valid and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to be valid and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to be valid and then they
+basically deleted the whole thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically deleted the whole thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically deleted the whole thing and
+they never touched the block right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never touched the block right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never touched the block right they
+saw this was all descendant transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this was all descendant transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this was all descendant transactions
+within a lightning channel and now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a lightning channel and now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a lightning channel and now we've
+got our new balances so we can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got our new balances so we can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got our new balances so we can keep
+doing this we can have like five of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this we can have like five of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this we can have like five of
+these at the same time and then keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these at the same time and then keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these at the same time and then keep
+sequentially making all these contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially making all these contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially making all these contracts
+what's nice about this is no one ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's nice about this is no one ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's nice about this is no one ever
+sees anything right Alice and Bob know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees anything right Alice and Bob know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees anything right Alice and Bob know
+that they were betting on the weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were betting on the weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were betting on the weather
+nobody else can see that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody else can see that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody else can see that they were
+making a bet at all right there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a bet at all right there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a bet at all right there's no
+transaction that goes onto the watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction that goes onto the watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction that goes onto the watching
+in the worst case scenario a transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the worst case scenario a transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the worst case scenario a transaction
+does go onto the blockchain and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does go onto the blockchain and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does go onto the blockchain and if you
+see this get broadcast the thing is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this get broadcast the thing is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this get broadcast the thing is it's
+still not clear that it was a contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not clear that it was a contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not clear that it was a contract
+you you it could be a channel within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you it could be a channel within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you it could be a channel within a
+channel and there's reasons to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel and there's reasons to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel and there's reasons to do that
+you could say okay this is our this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say okay this is our this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say okay this is our this is
+our cold channel that we keep all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cold channel that we keep all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cold channel that we keep all the
+keys offline and this is our hot channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys offline and this is our hot channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys offline and this is our hot channel
+that we keep transacting very quickly we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we keep transacting very quickly we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we keep transacting very quickly we
+can do something things like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do something things like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do something things like that so
+there's there's reasons to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's reasons to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's reasons to do this
+but so the scripts themselves if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so the scripts themselves if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so the scripts themselves if you
+broadcast the transaction look exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast the transaction look exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast the transaction look exactly
+the same as lightning it's just key a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as lightning it's just key a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as lightning it's just key a
+and time or key B so this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time or key B so this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time or key B so this is kind of
+cool I think okay other other cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool I think okay other other cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool I think okay other other cool
+things you can do you can split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do you can split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do you can split the
+r-value into an exponent and mantissa so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-value into an exponent and mantissa so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-value into an exponent and mantissa so
+it's hard to explain okay so let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to explain okay so let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to explain okay so let's say I
+did the example with like sunny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the example with like sunny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the example with like sunny and
+rainy right but in practice I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainy right but in practice I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainy right but in practice I think
+people are going to use this for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to use this for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to use this for like
+futures contracts where there's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures contracts where there's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures contracts where there's like a
+bunch of different prices so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different prices so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different prices so you could
+say okay the price will put the price on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay the price will put the price on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay the price will put the price on
+this axis price is $1 $2 $3 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis price is $1 $2 $3 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis price is $1 $2 $3 for
+five dollars for example and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five dollars for example and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five dollars for example and then you
+know Alice gets money here Bob gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Alice gets money here Bob gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Alice gets money here Bob gets
+money here and it can be like that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money here and it can be like that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money here and it can be like that or
+something where at one dollar Alice gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where at one dollar Alice gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where at one dollar Alice gets
+all the money at two dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the money at two dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the money at two dollars
+Alice gets most of it three dollars Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice gets most of it three dollars Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice gets most of it three dollars Bob
+gets most of it so they're half-and-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets most of it so they're half-and-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets most of it so they're half-and-half
+things like that um what might happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that um what might happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that um what might happen is
+that there's like knock in and knock out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's like knock in and knock out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's like knock in and knock out
+where if the price is six or seven or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if the price is six or seven or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if the price is six or seven or
+something really high well all the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really high well all the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really high well all the money
+goes to Bob that's just how it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Bob that's just how it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Bob that's just how it is and
+like you not even sure the order order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you not even sure the order order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you not even sure the order order
+of magnitude so it might actually go you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude so it might actually go you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude so it might actually go you
+know one and then ten like there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one and then ten like there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one and then ten like there might
+there might be like orders of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be like orders of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be like orders of magnitude
+where okay the current price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where okay the current price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where okay the current price of
+something we're betting on is twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're betting on is twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're betting on is twenty
+dollars right so we actually only care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars right so we actually only care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars right so we actually only care
+about the range from $10 to $30 we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the range from $10 to $30 we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the range from $10 to $30 we only
+care about and they're like $20 its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about and they're like $20 its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about and they're like $20 its
+Alice and Bob get 50 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and Bob get 50 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and Bob get 50 50
+we might not care about what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might not care about what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might not care about what happens if
+it's point O you know one cent or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's point O you know one cent or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's point O you know one cent or what
+happens if it goes to $5,000 we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if it goes to $5,000 we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if it goes to $5,000 we don't
+care or we care you know but but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care or we care you know but but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care or we care you know but but the
+thing is if he goes to $30 or $5,000 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is if he goes to $30 or $5,000 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is if he goes to $30 or $5,000 the
+same outcome happens so we can do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same outcome happens so we can do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same outcome happens so we can do is we
+can say okay instead of just using one R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say okay instead of just using one R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say okay instead of just using one R
+value where the the Oracle signs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value where the the Oracle signs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value where the the Oracle signs the
+price and we have to compute messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and we have to compute messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and we have to compute messages
+for all the different prices and compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the different prices and compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the different prices and compute
+s times G for all the different prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s times G for all the different prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s times G for all the different prices
+they can say okay well we've got our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can say okay well we've got our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can say okay well we've got our
+exponent and our mantissa and mantissa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and our mantissa and mantissa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and our mantissa and mantissa
+is a weird word for the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a weird word for the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a weird word for the thing that's
+behind the decimal point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then I can so exponent you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then I can so exponent you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then I can so exponent you can just
+say okay well it's either 10 to the 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay well it's either 10 to the 1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay well it's either 10 to the 1 or
+10 to the 2 or 10 to the 3 or 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 2 or 10 to the 3 or 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 2 or 10 to the 3 or 10 to the
+4 and I'm gonna have an R value for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and I'm gonna have an R value for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and I'm gonna have an R value for that
+and I'm gonna produce an s times G for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna produce an s times G for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna produce an s times G for
+that and then the mantissa could be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then the mantissa could be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then the mantissa could be you
+know like 1 2 3 4 to 9 something looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like 1 2 3 4 to 9 something looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like 1 2 3 4 to 9 something looks
+simple like that so in some cases so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple like that so in some cases so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple like that so in some cases so for
+example in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the case of
+10 to the to 10 to the 3 10 to the 4 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the to 10 to the 3 10 to the 4 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the to 10 to the 3 10 to the 4 we
+don't care about the mantissa right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about the mantissa right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about the mantissa right if
+the exponent is 10 to the 2 3 or 4 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent is 10 to the 2 3 or 4 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent is 10 to the 2 3 or 4 or
+then Bob gets all the money right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Bob gets all the money right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Bob gets all the money right away
+and if the exponent is 10 to the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the exponent is 10 to the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the exponent is 10 to the zero
+then Alice gets all the money we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Alice gets all the money we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Alice gets all the money we don't
+have to involve the mantissa at all but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to involve the mantissa at all but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to involve the mantissa at all but
+if the exponent is 10 to the 1 then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the exponent is 10 to the 1 then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the exponent is 10 to the 1 then we
+actually care and we can just add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually care and we can just add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually care and we can just add the
+point so we say okay s G equals our 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so we say okay s G equals our 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so we say okay s G equals our 10
+to the 1 minus the hash times a and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1 minus the hash times a and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1 minus the hash times a and then
+this is s G exponent and then s G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is s G exponent and then s G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is s G exponent and then s G
+mantissa is our you know 3 minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mantissa is our you know 3 minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mantissa is our you know 3 minus the
+hash times a and then we can just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash times a and then we can just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash times a and then we can just add
+these two points so we say s G exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two points so we say s G exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two points so we say s G exponent
+plus s G mantissa equals the contract as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus s G mantissa equals the contract as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus s G mantissa equals the contract as
+G contract and that's what we put in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G contract and that's what we put in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G contract and that's what we put in our
+that's what we put in our contract for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we put in our contract for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we put in our contract for
+the keys that way we need the Oracle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys that way we need the Oracle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys that way we need the Oracle to
+sign that the exponent is 10 to the 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that the exponent is 10 to the 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that the exponent is 10 to the 1
+and the number you know the base is 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number you know the base is 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number you know the base is 3
+okay it was $30 so that way it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it was $30 so that way it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it was $30 so that way it's it's a
+little extra data for the Oracle to sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little extra data for the Oracle to sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little extra data for the Oracle to sign
+but pretty pretty small right next to 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but pretty pretty small right next to 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but pretty pretty small right next to 32
+bytes and then we can potentially save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes and then we can potentially save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes and then we can potentially save
+on a lot of these extra transactions out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a lot of these extra transactions out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a lot of these extra transactions out
+in areas that all end up being the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in areas that all end up being the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in areas that all end up being the same
+result to us any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result to us any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result to us any questions about that
+does that sort of make sense it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that sort of make sense it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that sort of make sense it's an
+optimization right you don't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization right you don't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization right you don't have to do
+it but it can lead to a lot less data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it can lead to a lot less data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it can lead to a lot less data
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well it's the ideas the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well it's the ideas the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well it's the ideas the actual
+number is going to be our mantissa times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is going to be our mantissa times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is going to be our mantissa times
+our X you know or 10 to the rxp right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our X you know or 10 to the rxp right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our X you know or 10 to the rxp right so
+the actual so if the number was 20 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual so if the number was 20 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual so if the number was 20 you
+say ok 10 to the 1 our X 1 is 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ok 10 to the 1 our X 1 is 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ok 10 to the 1 our X 1 is 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mantises do if the act of the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mantises do if the act of the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mantises do if the act of the number
+was 5000 you say ok 10 to the 3 5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 5000 you say ok 10 to the 3 5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 5000 you say ok 10 to the 3 5 and
+then you just release both of these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just release both of these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just release both of these and
+they're they're independent so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're independent so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're independent so that the
+2 users can use them independently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 users can use them independently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 users can use them independently and
+the the most likely case is we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the most likely case is we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the most likely case is we don't
+care about the mantissa we only care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the mantissa we only care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the mantissa we only care
+about the exponent so we are we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the exponent so we are we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the exponent so we are we're only
+some of our bets only deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our bets only deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our bets only deal with the
+magnitude of the price you could also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the price you could also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the price you could also do
+that's where you're only dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you're only dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you're only dealing with
+the mantissa but that seems kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mantissa but that seems kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mantissa but that seems kind of
+silly where it's like I don't care if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly where it's like I don't care if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly where it's like I don't care if
+it's two dollars or 20 dollars or $200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two dollars or 20 dollars or $200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two dollars or 20 dollars or $200
+but anyway if the first digit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway if the first digit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway if the first digit of the
+price starts with 2 you know is 2 I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price starts with 2 you know is 2 I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price starts with 2 you know is 2 I went
+you could do that but probably not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do that but probably not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do that but probably not as
+useful but but yeah if and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful but but yeah if and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful but but yeah if and then in the
+extreme case the extreme version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme case the extreme version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme case the extreme version of this
+would be to have bind you know decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to have bind you know decompose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to have bind you know decompose
+the number being signed into binary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number being signed into binary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number being signed into binary and
+then sign every bit and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sign every bit and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sign every bit and then there's
+only two signatures possible for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two signatures possible for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two signatures possible for every
+bit and then the users can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and then the users can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and then the users can sort of
+combine these things in any way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these things in any way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these things in any way they
+want more signature data but gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want more signature data but gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want more signature data but gives the
+users a lot of flexibility okay multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users a lot of flexibility okay multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users a lot of flexibility okay multi
+Oracle another thing you can do so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle another thing you can do so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle another thing you can do so the
+problem is these how trustworthy is are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is these how trustworthy is are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is these how trustworthy is are
+these Oracle's the Oracles can cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Oracle's the Oracles can cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Oracle's the Oracles can cheat
+right they can just easily sign that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they can just easily sign that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they can just easily sign that
+it's rainy when it's sunny there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rainy when it's sunny there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rainy when it's sunny there that's
+publicly knowable and if they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly knowable and if they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly knowable and if they have a
+reputation that's you know hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation that's you know hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation that's you know hopefully
+hurts them but you are trusting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts them but you are trusting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts them but you are trusting the
+Oracle to sign the right thing so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle to sign the right thing so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle to sign the right thing so maybe
+they want to use two Oracle's so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to use two Oracle's so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to use two Oracle's so that's
+totally doable right you have the S the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally doable right you have the S the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally doable right you have the S the
+Oracle a Oracle and the B Oracle and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle a Oracle and the B Oracle and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle a Oracle and the B Oracle and you
+just add the two points that you come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add the two points that you come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add the two points that you come up
+with and then when they both release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and then when they both release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and then when they both release
+their s values you add those two s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their s values you add those two s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their s values you add those two s
+points and you'll get the private key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and you'll get the private key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and you'll get the private key
+totally easy for n of em there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally easy for n of em there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally easy for n of em there's no
+sizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizing
+right you just you can pick 10 Oracle's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you just you can pick 10 Oracle's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you just you can pick 10 Oracle's
+add up all those things no one can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up all those things no one can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up all those things no one can tell
+and your transactions are still really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your transactions are still really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your transactions are still really
+small for n of M it or usually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small for n of M it or usually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small for n of M it or usually it's
+called M event huh well anyway there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called M event huh well anyway there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called M event huh well anyway there's a
+sized blow up because you're gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized blow up because you're gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized blow up because you're gonna say
+okay well I want two of three and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I want two of three and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I want two of three and I have
+to make new transactions for all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make new transactions for all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make new transactions for all these
+different combinations and so you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different combinations and so you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different combinations and so you end up
+having a lot of transactions for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lot of transactions for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lot of transactions for small
+things like sunny or rainy it's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like sunny or rainy it's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like sunny or rainy it's totally
+doable for things like where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable for things like where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable for things like where you're
+already hitting up against limits where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already hitting up against limits where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already hitting up against limits where
+oh we have to sign thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we have to sign thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we have to sign thousands of
+transactions for all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions for all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions for all the possible
+different prices then this can get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different prices then this can get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different prices then this can get very
+costly another downside to this is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly another downside to this is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly another downside to this is if
+they sign different things you get stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sign different things you get stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sign different things you get stuck
+right so if we say okay we're gonna use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if we say okay we're gonna use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if we say okay we're gonna use
+Thomson Reuters Oracle and Bloomberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thomson Reuters Oracle and Bloomberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thomson Reuters Oracle and Bloomberg
+Oracle and we're gonna you know use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle and we're gonna you know use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle and we're gonna you know use
+their price of oil and then one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their price of oil and then one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their price of oil and then one of them
+signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs
+oh it's fifty dollars and three cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's fifty dollars and three cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's fifty dollars and three cents
+and the other signs that it's fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other signs that it's fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other signs that it's fifty
+dollars and five cents shoot we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars and five cents shoot we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars and five cents shoot we can't
+you know we just used the same value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we just used the same value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we just used the same value for
+all these SG points to build all the yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these SG points to build all the yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these SG points to build all the yes
+you know the combined points now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the combined points now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the combined points now we
+don't have a match so we cannot build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a match so we cannot build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a match so we cannot build
+the the point the private key that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the point the private key that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the point the private key that we're
+looking for so this contract either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for so this contract either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for so this contract either
+reverts so that's another reason why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverts so that's another reason why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverts so that's another reason why you
+might want to decompose it this way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to decompose it this way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to decompose it this way you
+could have a construction where you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a construction where you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a construction where you say
+okay we're using Bloomberg and Thomson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're using Bloomberg and Thomson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're using Bloomberg and Thomson
+Reuters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reuters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reuters
+but for Thomson Reuters we're only using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for Thomson Reuters we're only using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for Thomson Reuters we're only using
+the exponent and for Bloomberg we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent and for Bloomberg we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent and for Bloomberg we're
+using both so the idea is if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using both so the idea is if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using both so the idea is if there's a
+case where the exponent is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the exponent is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the exponent is different
+between Bloomberg and Thomson Reuters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Bloomberg and Thomson Reuters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Bloomberg and Thomson Reuters
+our contract fails but if the case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our contract fails but if the case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our contract fails but if the case is
+there their exponent is the same then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there their exponent is the same then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there their exponent is the same then we
+just go with the actual you know precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go with the actual you know precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go with the actual you know precise
+price from Bloomberg so in case Thomson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price from Bloomberg so in case Thomson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price from Bloomberg so in case Thomson
+Reuters gets hacked and they say oh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reuters gets hacked and they say oh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reuters gets hacked and they say oh the
+price of oil is you know 50 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of oil is you know 50 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of oil is you know 50 million
+dollars a barrel and that could cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a barrel and that could cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a barrel and that could cause
+contracts to go the wrong way then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts to go the wrong way then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts to go the wrong way then
+that's sort of a safety catch on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a safety catch on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a safety catch on there
+so there's all sorts of things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's all sorts of things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's all sorts of things you can
+do like that I don't know how this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like that I don't know how this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like that I don't know how this will
+actually work out will there be lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work out will there be lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work out will there be lots of
+different Oracle's my guess is no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Oracle's my guess is no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Oracle's my guess is no you
+kind of want them to be reputable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of want them to be reputable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of want them to be reputable and
+you can't really make money doing it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really make money doing it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really make money doing it and
+it's really scalable and cheap to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really scalable and cheap to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really scalable and cheap to be an
+Oracle because like all you're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle because like all you're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle because like all you're doing is
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+things so it feels like the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so it feels like the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so it feels like the kind of
+thing that once you have a you know once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that once you have a you know once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that once you have a you know once
+you get some momentum you're just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some momentum you're just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some momentum you're just gonna
+be this monopoly and everyone's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this monopoly and everyone's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this monopoly and everyone's gonna
+use the same Oracle but who knows yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same Oracle but who knows yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same Oracle but who knows yeah
+Oracle problem so so yeah we're cooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle problem so so yeah we're cooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle problem so so yeah we're cooks
+can lie they can also they can they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lie they can also they can they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lie they can also they can they can
+equivocate right they can sign two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivocate right they can sign two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivocate right they can sign two
+different things but then they reveal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things but then they reveal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things but then they reveal
+their private key so you might want them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their private key so you might want them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their private key so you might want them
+to post coins on the blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to post coins on the blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to post coins on the blockchain
+with their a you know that's that's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their a you know that's that's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their a you know that's that's got
+their their regular public key a so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their regular public key a so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their regular public key a so that
+if they ever do sign to the same message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they ever do sign to the same message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they ever do sign to the same message
+then they lose their money and everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they lose their money and everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they lose their money and everyone
+can try to grab it yeah what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to grab it yeah what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to grab it yeah what are the
+other things oh I was going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things oh I was going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things oh I was going to talk
+about innovation time yeah so so another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about innovation time yeah so so another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about innovation time yeah so so another
+thing that people like to do with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that people like to do with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that people like to do with these
+types of contracts is enter into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of contracts is enter into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of contracts is enter into
+contracts and then sort of sell their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and then sort of sell their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and then sort of sell their
+position in the contract so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in the contract so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in the contract so for example
+if we were in a contract about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were in a contract about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were in a contract about the
+weather and I look outside I'm like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather and I look outside I'm like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather and I look outside I'm like oh
+it's definitely gonna be rainy like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's definitely gonna be rainy like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's definitely gonna be rainy like so
+the the Oracle is gonna sign about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Oracle is gonna sign about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Oracle is gonna sign about the
+weather as of noon like it's 11 o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather as of noon like it's 11 o'clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather as of noon like it's 11 o'clock
+it's gonna be rainy I want to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be rainy I want to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be rainy I want to sort of
+lock in my profit and it's not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock in my profit and it's not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock in my profit and it's not exactly
+sure yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yet
+so there may still be some value to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there may still be some value to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there may still be some value to the
+sunny position but it's looking pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunny position but it's looking pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunny position but it's looking pretty
+grim for the sunny position I might just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grim for the sunny position I might just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grim for the sunny position I might just
+contact my counterparty and say hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact my counterparty and say hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact my counterparty and say hey
+let's close early right I don't need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's close early right I don't need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's close early right I don't need the
+entire profit but like give me 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire profit but like give me 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire profit but like give me 90
+percent of it because it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of it because it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of it because it's you know
+pretty rainy and they might agree to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty rainy and they might agree to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty rainy and they might agree to do
+that but a better way to do it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but a better way to do it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but a better way to do it would be
+to say I'm going to let someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I'm going to let someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I'm going to let someone else
+take my position so for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my position so for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my position so for example if you
+have so if you've got like Alice and Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so if you've got like Alice and Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so if you've got like Alice and Bob
+are in a contract and then there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a contract and then there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a contract and then there's like
+Alice gets nine Bob gets one for Sun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice gets nine Bob gets one for Sun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice gets nine Bob gets one for Sun and
+then Alice gets one Bob gets nine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Alice gets one Bob gets nine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Alice gets one Bob gets nine for
+rain and then they say okay let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain and then they say okay let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain and then they say okay let's just
+do it early Bob Bob might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it early Bob Bob might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it early Bob Bob might not be
+cooperative but Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperative but Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperative but Bob
+Alice wants to say let's just get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice wants to say let's just get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice wants to say let's just get out of
+it right now at some at one of them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right now at some at one of them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right now at some at one of them you
+know a little bit less than this bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a little bit less than this bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a little bit less than this bob
+says no I want to keep holding it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says no I want to keep holding it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says no I want to keep holding it
+through what Alice wants to do is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what Alice wants to do is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what Alice wants to do is say
+look I'm gonna replace myself with Carol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I'm gonna replace myself with Carol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I'm gonna replace myself with Carol
+Alice finds some other person Carol -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice finds some other person Carol -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice finds some other person Carol -
+now have a Carol Bob transaction where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have a Carol Bob transaction where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have a Carol Bob transaction where
+it's the same exact contract so be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same exact contract so be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same exact contract so be
+carole91 and Carol one Bob nine for Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carole91 and Carol one Bob nine for Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carole91 and Carol one Bob nine for Sun
+and rain so what's nice about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rain so what's nice about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rain so what's nice about this is
+from Bob's perspective nothing changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Bob's perspective nothing changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Bob's perspective nothing changes
+except the counterparties public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the counterparties public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the counterparties public key
+which Bob doesn't care about right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Bob doesn't care about right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Bob doesn't care about right so
+Alice can say hey Bob let's switch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice can say hey Bob let's switch this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice can say hey Bob let's switch this
+transaction you have the same exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction you have the same exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction you have the same exact
+payout based on the same exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payout based on the same exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payout based on the same exact
+signatures from the Oracle so it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures from the Oracle so it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures from the Oracle so it's no
+change to you it's just that my public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to you it's just that my public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to you it's just that my public
+key is gonna change because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is gonna change because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is gonna change because it's
+actually gonna be someone else and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gonna be someone else and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gonna be someone else and then
+Bob that way Bob software can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob that way Bob software can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob that way Bob software can
+automatically do it this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically do it this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically do it this is still
+interactive in that Bob's keys have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive in that Bob's keys have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive in that Bob's keys have to
+sign right Bob needs to make a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign right Bob needs to make a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign right Bob needs to make a new
+signature spending from here to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature spending from here to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature spending from here to go into
+this new - of - output so that's new so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new - of - output so that's new so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new - of - output so that's new so
+their computer has to be on and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their computer has to be on and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their computer has to be on and they
+have to sign but you can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sign but you can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sign but you can make the
+computer software do it automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer software do it automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer software do it automatically
+because there's no user interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no user interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no user interaction
+needed in that it's like hey your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed in that it's like hey your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed in that it's like hey your
+position didn't change and then probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position didn't change and then probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position didn't change and then probably
+put in something where like Alice pays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in something where like Alice pays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in something where like Alice pays
+Bob a little extra right Alice gives Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob a little extra right Alice gives Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob a little extra right Alice gives Bob
+of dollar to to incentivize him to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollar to to incentivize him to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollar to to incentivize him to leave
+his computer on to collect fee you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his computer on to collect fee you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his computer on to collect fee you know
+essentially it's like oh if I leave my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's like oh if I leave my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's like oh if I leave my
+computer on and my counterparty wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer on and my counterparty wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer on and my counterparty wants to
+know Veit and switch with someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Veit and switch with someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Veit and switch with someone else
+it might make a buck and my position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might make a buck and my position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might make a buck and my position
+doesn't change so cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change so cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change so cool
+so that is doable I do not look forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is doable I do not look forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is doable I do not look forward
+to programming that because that now has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to programming that because that now has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to programming that because that now has
+three different computers talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different computers talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different computers talking to
+each other and they all have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and they all have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and they all have to do
+messages and the right sequence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and the right sequence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and the right sequence and
+stuff and that's not the most fun part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and that's not the most fun part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and that's not the most fun part
+of programming but yeah so anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of programming but yeah so anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of programming but yeah so anyway so
+that's any of this what are some use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's any of this what are some use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's any of this what are some use
+cases I can think of some but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases I can think of some but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases I can think of some but
+all sorts of other ideas I think it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of other ideas I think it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of other ideas I think it's I
+think it can be pretty useful you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it can be pretty useful you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it can be pretty useful you could
+do currency futures so I think one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do currency futures so I think one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do currency futures so I think one of
+the biggest would be dollar futures so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest would be dollar futures so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest would be dollar futures so
+right now in CME I think or cibot or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in CME I think or cibot or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in CME I think or cibot or one
+of those Chicago kind of places or both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those Chicago kind of places or both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those Chicago kind of places or both
+of them you can do Bitcoin futures which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them you can do Bitcoin futures which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them you can do Bitcoin futures which
+are dollars settled Bitcoin futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dollars settled Bitcoin futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dollars settled Bitcoin futures
+right so you get a bunch of dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you get a bunch of dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you get a bunch of dollars
+based on the price of Bitcoin yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the price of Bitcoin yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the price of Bitcoin yeah so
+like you can say I want you know ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can say I want you know ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can say I want you know ten
+bitcoins for delivery on next week and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins for delivery on next week and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins for delivery on next week and
+then you don't get the ten bitcoins but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't get the ten bitcoins but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't get the ten bitcoins but
+you get however much however many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get however much however many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get however much however many
+dollars those ten bitcoins are worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars those ten bitcoins are worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars those ten bitcoins are worth
+based on some exchange price that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on some exchange price that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on some exchange price that they
+agree on you know we're gonna use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on you know we're gonna use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on you know we're gonna use the
+average of these different exchanges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of these different exchanges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of these different exchanges and
+stuff with DLC you could do sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff with DLC you could do sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff with DLC you could do sort of the
+inverse of that where I have bitcoins I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of that where I have bitcoins I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of that where I have bitcoins I
+am drew into a contract where I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am drew into a contract where I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am drew into a contract where I have
+dollars being delivered all right sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars being delivered all right sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars being delivered all right sorry
+I've bitcoins you know the dollar value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've bitcoins you know the dollar value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've bitcoins you know the dollar value
+being delivered so the idea is I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being delivered so the idea is I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being delivered so the idea is I have
+ten thousand dollars worth of Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten thousand dollars worth of Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten thousand dollars worth of Bitcoin
+being delivered to me on Friday so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being delivered to me on Friday so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being delivered to me on Friday so if
+the price of Bitcoin goes up I get fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of Bitcoin goes up I get fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of Bitcoin goes up I get fewer
+of them if I if the price of bitcoins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them if I if the price of bitcoins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them if I if the price of bitcoins
+goes down I get more of them such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down I get more of them such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down I get more of them such that
+the amount of Bitcoin I receive on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of Bitcoin I receive on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of Bitcoin I receive on
+Friday is has a value of ten thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday is has a value of ten thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday is has a value of ten thousand
+dollars and that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars and that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars and that's a pretty
+straightforward discrete log contract to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward discrete log contract to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward discrete log contract to
+build right you just need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build right you just need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build right you just need to know the
+price of a it actually ends up being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of a it actually ends up being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of a it actually ends up being a
+lot easier to think of Bitcoin as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot easier to think of Bitcoin as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot easier to think of Bitcoin as the
+main currency and then dollars as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main currency and then dollars as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main currency and then dollars as the
+asset being traded so you sort of want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset being traded so you sort of want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset being traded so you sort of want
+to know the price of $1 in bitcoins how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the price of $1 in bitcoins how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the price of $1 in bitcoins how
+many Satoshi is a dollars worth and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Satoshi is a dollars worth and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Satoshi is a dollars worth and then
+you build your contract from there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build your contract from there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build your contract from there and
+so if the price of a dollar goes up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the price of a dollar goes up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the price of a dollar goes up you
+get you know more of these things so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you know more of these things so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you know more of these things so one
+side will say okay I've got $10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side will say okay I've got $10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side will say okay I've got $10,000
+worth of Bitcoin coming on Friday the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth of Bitcoin coming on Friday the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth of Bitcoin coming on Friday the
+other side basically says I get whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side basically says I get whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side basically says I get whatever
+whatever's left in this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever's left in this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever's left in this you know
+contract and and that other side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract and and that other side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract and and that other side is
+essentially like a more volatile Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like a more volatile Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like a more volatile Bitcoin
+so the price of Bitcoin goes up great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the price of Bitcoin goes up great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the price of Bitcoin goes up great
+also you get more of them and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you get more of them and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you get more of them and if the
+price of Bitcoin goes down you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of Bitcoin goes down you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of Bitcoin goes down you're really
+screwed because your bitcoins worth less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed because your bitcoins worth less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed because your bitcoins worth less
+and you lose most of them but I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you lose most of them but I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you lose most of them but I feel
+like people will want to do that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people will want to do that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people will want to do that like
+there will be people who are like cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be people who are like cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be people who are like cool
+double volatile Bitcoin you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double volatile Bitcoin you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double volatile Bitcoin you know where
+do I sign up and there's also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I sign up and there's also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I sign up and there's also going to
+be people who are like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be people who are like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be people who are like I
+I think bitcoin is cool but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think bitcoin is cool but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think bitcoin is cool but I want to
+anonymously and trustless trust lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymously and trustless trust lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymously and trustless trust lists
+except for the Oracle you know not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the Oracle you know not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the Oracle you know not so
+trust fully shorted right I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust fully shorted right I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust fully shorted right I want to say
+okay I'm not I sort of don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm not I sort of don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm not I sort of don't have a
+Bitcoin position anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin position anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin position anymore
+however it's it's not it's not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it's it's not it's not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it's it's not it's not the same
+in that you don't know who your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that you don't know who your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that you don't know who your
+counterparty is it's fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty is it's fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty is it's fully
+collateralized at the outset so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateralized at the outset so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateralized at the outset so if the
+price of you know if both parties put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of you know if both parties put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of you know if both parties put in
+ten you know both parties put in ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten you know both parties put in ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten you know both parties put in ten
+coins twenty bitcoins is all that's ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins twenty bitcoins is all that's ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins twenty bitcoins is all that's ever
+coming out of this contract right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of this contract right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of this contract right you
+can't say hey I want to do like a margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say hey I want to do like a margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say hey I want to do like a margin
+call you need to put like 40 more coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call you need to put like 40 more coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call you need to put like 40 more coins
+in this contract because the price went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this contract because the price went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this contract because the price went
+down your counterparty just will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down your counterparty just will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down your counterparty just will say
+like no I'm you know so so they're sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no I'm you know so so they're sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no I'm you know so so they're sort
+of bounded loss and gain for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bounded loss and gain for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bounded loss and gain for both
+parties at the outset also because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties at the outset also because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties at the outset also because you
+have no idea who your counterparty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea who your counterparty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea who your counterparty is
+right you can do this totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can do this totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can do this totally
+anonymously it's it's I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymously it's it's I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymously it's it's I don't want to
+say it's trustless because you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's trustless because you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's trustless because you are
+trusting the Oracle tip report the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusting the Oracle tip report the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusting the Oracle tip report the
+correct price but your counterparty you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct price but your counterparty you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct price but your counterparty you
+don't trust it all right you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't trust it all right you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't trust it all right you have no
+idea who they are you assume everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea who they are you assume everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea who they are you assume everything
+they're telling you is a lie you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're telling you is a lie you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're telling you is a lie you know
+like they're trying to hack you stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're trying to hack you stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're trying to hack you stuff
+like that so I think currency futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so I think currency futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so I think currency futures
+would be a big one where people come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a big one where people come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a big one where people come in
+buy and sell stocks might be a big one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and sell stocks might be a big one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and sell stocks might be a big one
+there's a lot of issues there with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of issues there with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of issues there with like
+insider trading because if you can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insider trading because if you can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insider trading because if you can now
+anonymously trade stock futures oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymously trade stock futures oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymously trade stock futures oh
+that's probably something people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably something people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably something people might
+want to do who shouldn't be doing it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do who shouldn't be doing it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do who shouldn't be doing it but
+it's hard to enforce because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to enforce because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to enforce because these
+Oracle's have no idea that anyone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle's have no idea that anyone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle's have no idea that anyone is
+actually making contracts and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making contracts and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making contracts and if you
+look on the blockchain you never see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look on the blockchain you never see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look on the blockchain you never see the
+contracts or you might sort of be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts or you might sort of be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts or you might sort of be like
+well is this a lightning Network channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is this a lightning Network channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is this a lightning Network channel
+that closed or is this a discrete log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that closed or is this a discrete log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that closed or is this a discrete log
+contract that just executed it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract that just executed it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract that just executed it just
+looks like keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like keys
+you can't oh that's an important point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't oh that's an important point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't oh that's an important point
+given even if you're the Oracle and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given even if you're the Oracle and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given even if you're the Oracle and you
+know what you signed the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you signed the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you signed the fact that
+you're adding these two points means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're adding these two points means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're adding these two points means
+that unless you knew the original you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unless you knew the original you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unless you knew the original you
+know Alice key you wouldn't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Alice key you wouldn't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Alice key you wouldn't be able to
+tell oh that's Alice's key plus my key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell oh that's Alice's key plus my key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell oh that's Alice's key plus my key
+right cuz you don't know what Alice's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cuz you don't know what Alice's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cuz you don't know what Alice's
+key was it never existed independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key was it never existed independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key was it never existed independently
+you know or Oh Alice and Bob knew it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or Oh Alice and Bob knew it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or Oh Alice and Bob knew it but
+you didn't as the orc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't as the orc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't as the orc
+and so no one will be oracles won't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so no one will be oracles won't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so no one will be oracles won't know
+what you know contracts are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know contracts are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know contracts are being
+executed even after the fact you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed even after the fact you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed even after the fact you can
+however prove that you used you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however prove that you used you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however prove that you used you know if
+you want to if you're Alice you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to if you're Alice you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to if you're Alice you can say
+hey this was my contract I can show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey this was my contract I can show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey this was my contract I can show you
+all the terms and you can prove it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the terms and you can prove it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the terms and you can prove it by
+you know signing a message with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know signing a message with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know signing a message with the
+Alice private key and then also showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice private key and then also showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice private key and then also showing
+that it you know this is my public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it you know this is my public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it you know this is my public key
+and I got I added it to the Oracles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I got I added it to the Oracles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I got I added it to the Oracles
+thing yeah commodities sports there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing yeah commodities sports there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing yeah commodities sports there's
+all sorts of fun things you can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of fun things you can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of fun things you can do with
+it it's pretty general conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's pretty general conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's pretty general conditional
+payments based on any number or element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments based on any number or element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments based on any number or element
+from predetermined set cool so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from predetermined set cool so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from predetermined set cool so any
+questions about this yes you could talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this yes you could talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this yes you could talk
+to the Oracles because they'll probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Oracles because they'll probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Oracles because they'll probably
+be publicly known entities and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be publicly known entities and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be publicly known entities and so you
+could say hey Oracle's don't sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say hey Oracle's don't sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say hey Oracle's don't sign
+don't sign message it I mean yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't sign message it I mean yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't sign message it I mean yeah but
+the actual counterparty is a and B if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual counterparty is a and B if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual counterparty is a and B if
+it's like OTC if it's just Alice and Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like OTC if it's just Alice and Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like OTC if it's just Alice and Bob
+sort of talking to each other hey let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of talking to each other hey let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of talking to each other hey let's
+build this contract we both trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this contract we both trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this contract we both trust
+Bloomberg their prices are correct it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloomberg their prices are correct it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloomberg their prices are correct it's
+you can't see that this happened at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see that this happened at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see that this happened at all
+Bloomberg has so some Oracle someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloomberg has so some Oracle someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloomberg has so some Oracle someone
+somewhere has to be saying look I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere has to be saying look I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere has to be saying look I'm
+going to sign the price of oil that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sign the price of oil that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sign the price of oil that's it
+oh yeah yeah so well so yeah most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yeah so well so yeah most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yeah so well so yeah most of
+these transactions never happen if Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transactions never happen if Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transactions never happen if Alice
+and Bob see that the Oracle sign they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob see that the Oracle sign they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob see that the Oracle sign they
+don't have to actually broadcast it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to actually broadcast it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to actually broadcast it but
+they do need to they do need the Oracles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do need to they do need the Oracles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do need to they do need the Oracles
+public key first to build the contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key first to build the contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key first to build the contract
+so if you could try to regulate public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you could try to regulate public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you could try to regulate public
+Oracle's but that seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the question is the Cayman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the question is the Cayman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the question is the Cayman
+Islanders soccer program that Brad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islanders soccer program that Brad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islanders soccer program that Brad
+yeah the issue there is the signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the issue there is the signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the issue there is the signatures
+are sort of usable by anyone you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of usable by anyone you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of usable by anyone you could
+say ok well Bloomberg charges money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ok well Bloomberg charges money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ok well Bloomberg charges money to
+provide these signatures in these public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide these signatures in these public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide these signatures in these public
+keys but if those get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys but if those get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys but if those get out
+everyone knows oh these are Bloomberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone knows oh these are Bloomberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone knows oh these are Bloomberg
+signatures you know these are these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures you know these are these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures you know these are these this
+is the Bloomberg data we can now execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Bloomberg data we can now execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Bloomberg data we can now execute
+trades using this data and we do have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades using this data and we do have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades using this data and we do have so
+we are limited this eliminates the trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are limited this eliminates the trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are limited this eliminates the trust
+between counterparties but doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between counterparties but doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between counterparties but doesn't
+eliminate the Oracle trust but the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate the Oracle trust but the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate the Oracle trust but the thing
+is the Oracle trust is sort of the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Oracle trust is sort of the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Oracle trust is sort of the easy
+problem right there's not too much okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right there's not too much okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right there's not too much okay
+too many cases of you know if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many cases of you know if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many cases of you know if you have
+some OTC contracts and you say oh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some OTC contracts and you say oh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some OTC contracts and you say oh we're
+using the price according to Bloomberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the price according to Bloomberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the price according to Bloomberg
+or the price according to The Wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the price according to The Wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the price according to The Wall
+Street Journal or whatever generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street Journal or whatever generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street Journal or whatever generally
+that works so yeah so what you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works so yeah so what you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works so yeah so what you can do is
+I think the place that people will try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the place that people will try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the place that people will try
+to regulate is the matchmaking area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regulate is the matchmaking area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regulate is the matchmaking area
+where if it's OTC and Alice just calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if it's OTC and Alice just calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if it's OTC and Alice just calls
+up Bob and you know alice is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Bob and you know alice is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Bob and you know alice is in the
+Cayman Islands and Bob's in British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cayman Islands and Bob's in British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cayman Islands and Bob's in British
+Virgin Islands or whatever or those the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virgin Islands or whatever or those the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virgin Islands or whatever or those the
+same thing I don't know they say hey I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing I don't know they say hey I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing I don't know they say hey I
+want a short oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a short oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a short oil
+I want to go long oil okay and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to go long oil okay and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to go long oil okay and we just
+build our contracts between our two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build our contracts between our two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build our contracts between our two
+computers and Bloomberg has no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and Bloomberg has no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and Bloomberg has no idea
+we're doing this no one else in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing this no one else in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing this no one else in the
+world has any idea we're doing this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world has any idea we're doing this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world has any idea we're doing this and
+we have this smart contract but in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this smart contract but in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this smart contract but in most
+cases people will not know who they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases people will not know who they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases people will not know who they're
+wanting to trade with right they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to trade with right they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to trade with right they want
+some kind of exchange where we can meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of exchange where we can meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of exchange where we can meet
+and say hey I want to I want to short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say hey I want to I want to short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say hey I want to I want to short
+VidCon you know I want dollars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VidCon you know I want dollars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VidCon you know I want dollars and
+someone says oh cool I want double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone says oh cool I want double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone says oh cool I want double
+volatile Bitcoin let's let's meet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile Bitcoin let's let's meet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile Bitcoin let's let's meet and
+let's make this a contract those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make this a contract those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make this a contract those
+exchanges will probably be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges will probably be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges will probably be more
+regulated I guess you could sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated I guess you could sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated I guess you could sort of say
+hey we need to you to qky see all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey we need to you to qky see all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey we need to you to qky see all your
+exchange participants but even then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange participants but even then like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange participants but even then like
+if you wanted so similar to all coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted so similar to all coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted so similar to all coins
+stuff now you could say I'm Oprah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff now you could say I'm Oprah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff now you could say I'm Oprah
+operating an exchange out of wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating an exchange out of wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating an exchange out of wherever
+and you can't operate an Oracle out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't operate an Oracle out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't operate an Oracle out of
+wherever really because people won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever really because people won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever really because people won't
+trust it but you could say I'm operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust it but you could say I'm operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust it but you could say I'm operating
+an exchange out of Hong Kong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exchange out of Hong Kong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exchange out of Hong Kong
+we don't care why see anyone maybe we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care why see anyone maybe we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care why see anyone maybe we'll
+get shut down in a year but anyway we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get shut down in a year but anyway we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get shut down in a year but anyway we
+you know you you can use the Bloomberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you you can use the Bloomberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you you can use the Bloomberg
+data feed and enter into these contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data feed and enter into these contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data feed and enter into these contracts
+so yeah it makes enforcement hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah it makes enforcement hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah it makes enforcement hard
+makes me into the whole here from public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes me into the whole here from public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes me into the whole here from public
+policy side is keeping verticals mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy side is keeping verticals mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy side is keeping verticals mark
+semi regulated and times 400 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi regulated and times 400 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi regulated and times 400 years
+that's what they seem so use for us too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they seem so use for us too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they seem so use for us too
+much figure that out so whatever we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much figure that out so whatever we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much figure that out so whatever we go
+currency interest rates so there was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency interest rates so there was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency interest rates so there was it
+the spot market itself was being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot market itself was being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot market itself was being
+manipulated or the spot market says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulated or the spot market says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulated or the spot market says the
+price is $50 the Oracle says it's 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is $50 the Oracle says it's 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is $50 the Oracle says it's 80
+cognition because you're long or shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition because you're long or shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition because you're long or shorter
+position but you just sort of sue people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position but you just sort of sue people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position but you just sort of sue people
+and say hey look this Oracle was wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say hey look this Oracle was wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say hey look this Oracle was wrong
+like obviously the spot price was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like obviously the spot price was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like obviously the spot price was this
+it's not as hard saying what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as hard saying what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as hard saying what is this
+spot price right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+besides simply holes the holes here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides simply holes the holes here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides simply holes the holes here is
+not so much on the oracles which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much on the oracles which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much on the oracles which it
+could need to closely somebody could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could need to closely somebody could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could need to closely somebody could
+just become an aggregator or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just become an aggregator or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just become an aggregator or
+the verticals because the CMA tips for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verticals because the CMA tips for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verticals because the CMA tips for
+prices but somebody's in the Cayman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices but somebody's in the Cayman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices but somebody's in the Cayman
+Islands who say we're into state descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islands who say we're into state descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islands who say we're into state descent
+or prices right there would be in crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or prices right there would be in crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or prices right there would be in crypto
+it's all through the banking system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all through the banking system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all through the banking system and
+that's why you're seeing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you're seeing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you're seeing a lot of
+exchanges having a hard time getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges having a hard time getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges having a hard time getting
+basically deposit accounts and banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically deposit accounts and banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically deposit accounts and banks
+yeah because the banking regulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because the banking regulators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because the banking regulators
+around the globe were trying to regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe were trying to regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe were trying to regulate
+the one Repsol brass that's harder for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one Repsol brass that's harder for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one Repsol brass that's harder for
+their daily exchange yeah perfect let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their daily exchange yeah perfect let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their daily exchange yeah perfect let's
+start a computer you've got it you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a computer you've got it you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a computer you've got it you don't
+have to ask the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask the air
+Oracle's somebody who's single-stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle's somebody who's single-stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle's somebody who's single-stock
+futures are at the end in this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures are at the end in this country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures are at the end in this country
+so yeah well options aren't right so oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah well options aren't right so oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah well options aren't right so oh
+I didn't say you want to make options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't say you want to make options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't say you want to make options
+contracts with this you just don't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts with this you just don't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts with this you just don't give
+the data to one side it's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data to one side it's basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data to one side it's basically the
+same construction but like now Alice has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same construction but like now Alice has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same construction but like now Alice has
+the option to broadcast the transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option to broadcast the transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option to broadcast the transaction
+and Bob doesn't but so you could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob doesn't but so you could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob doesn't but so you could make
+options with this or features I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options with this or features I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options with this or features I mean I
+try to server farms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to server farms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to server farms
+this is a great technology or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great technology or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great technology or anything
+that is on a useful person very post I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is on a useful person very post I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is on a useful person very post I
+think it has both these cases one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it has both these cases one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it has both these cases one of the
+big ones will be sort of similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big ones will be sort of similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big ones will be sort of similar to
+Bitcoin where it's like hey I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin where it's like hey I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin where it's like hey I can do
+these things that maybe I'm not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that maybe I'm not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that maybe I'm not you know
+people don't want me to do and in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't want me to do and in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't want me to do and in some
+cases they don't want me to do is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases they don't want me to do is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases they don't want me to do is just
+like scale in terms of like okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like scale in terms of like okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like scale in terms of like okay I'm
+some guy in like Thailand and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guy in like Thailand and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guy in like Thailand and I want to
+go along Apple and probably you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along Apple and probably you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along Apple and probably you can
+legally do that but if you've got like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legally do that but if you've got like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legally do that but if you've got like a
+couple hundred bucks and you're in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple hundred bucks and you're in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple hundred bucks and you're in some
+random country and you want to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random country and you want to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random country and you want to you know
+go long hour but you know some US equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go long hour but you know some US equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go long hour but you know some US equity
+that's not really feasible right maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really feasible right maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really feasible right maybe
+you can open accounts maybe you can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can open accounts maybe you can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can open accounts maybe you can try
+to open a foreign account like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open a foreign account like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open a foreign account like it's
+there's a lot of friction and so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of friction and so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of friction and so with
+this kind of thing it's like hey we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing it's like hey we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing it's like hey we've
+got you know Bitcoin I trust this price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you know Bitcoin I trust this price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you know Bitcoin I trust this price
+Oracle okay I'll do it with like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle okay I'll do it with like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle okay I'll do it with like you
+know a couple hundred bucks worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a couple hundred bucks worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a couple hundred bucks worth of
+Bitcoin that said there's also cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin that said there's also cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin that said there's also cases
+where it's like okay I work yet Foxconn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's like okay I work yet Foxconn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's like okay I work yet Foxconn
+in Shenzhen and I think the Apple iPhone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Shenzhen and I think the Apple iPhone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Shenzhen and I think the Apple iPhone
+11 is not going to be any good so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 is not going to be any good so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 is not going to be any good so I'm
+gonna short Apple using this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna short Apple using this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna short Apple using this kind of
+technology so there will be good and bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so there will be good and bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so there will be good and bad
+things you could also it could also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you could also it could also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you could also it could also be
+useful in cases between actual regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in cases between actual regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in cases between actual regular
+legal Wall Street II kind of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal Wall Street II kind of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal Wall Street II kind of people
+maybe not where then it's good where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not where then it's good where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not where then it's good where
+you've got like not a lot of trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got like not a lot of trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got like not a lot of trust
+between your current parties but you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your current parties but you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your current parties but you do
+trust some kind of Oracle feed and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust some kind of Oracle feed and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust some kind of Oracle feed and the
+other thing is like I have talked to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is like I have talked to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is like I have talked to the
+sort of Wall Street people and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Wall Street people and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Wall Street people and they
+don't really like it because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really like it because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really like it because they're
+like wait there's no leverage right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wait there's no leverage right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wait there's no leverage right you
+have to put all the money you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put all the money you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put all the money you're gonna
+get in at the beginning and and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in at the beginning and and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in at the beginning and and they
+always want to have it like super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to have it like super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to have it like super
+leveraged you can you can crank up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraged you can you can crank up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraged you can you can crank up the
+slope so you can say okay well we both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so you can say okay well we both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so you can say okay well we both
+put 10 bitcoins in but a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put 10 bitcoins in but a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put 10 bitcoins in but a small
+difference in price right so like a 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in price right so like a 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in price right so like a 5%
+movement in price will like make all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement in price will like make all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement in price will like make all the
+money go to one side of the other so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money go to one side of the other so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money go to one side of the other so we
+hit the knock in and knock out really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the knock in and knock out really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the knock in and knock out really
+soon so you can do that which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon so you can do that which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon so you can do that which is kind of
+like leverage but fundamentally it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like leverage but fundamentally it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like leverage but fundamentally it's you
+know the only the bitcoins that go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the only the bitcoins that go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the only the bitcoins that go into
+the contract come out yeah I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contract come out yeah I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contract come out yeah I don't know
+how this will be regulated I'm working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this will be regulated I'm working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this will be regulated I'm working
+there's a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a company
+in Japan who's interested in building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japan who's interested in building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japan who's interested in building
+this technology there's like it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology there's like it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology there's like it's a
+brokerage that's making this stuff I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brokerage that's making this stuff I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brokerage that's making this stuff I'm
+working on it with some other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it with some other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it with some other people
+we'll see I don't know how it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see I don't know how it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see I don't know how it will be
+right maybe people won't like it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe people won't like it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe people won't like it it's
+yeah so I think it'll be gone yeah oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I think it'll be gone yeah oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I think it'll be gone yeah oh I
+think this will be cool I think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this will be cool I think I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this will be cool I think I think
+people would use it I just you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would use it I just you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would use it I just you know it's
+a lot of work to program and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work to program and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work to program and I don't
+have enough time but uh but I there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough time but uh but I there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough time but uh but I there's
+other people starting to get I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people starting to get I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people starting to get I don't
+know it's weird it's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's weird it's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's weird it's sort of like
+lightning was like three years ago and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning was like three years ago and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning was like three years ago and
+some people were like oh cool and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people were like oh cool and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people were like oh cool and then
+eventually people are like oh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually people are like oh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually people are like oh this is a
+really big deal and let's all work on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big deal and let's all work on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big deal and let's all work on it
+and I it might be the same with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I it might be the same with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I it might be the same with this
+we're like no one really cares and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're like no one really cares and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're like no one really cares and then
+eventually people will be like oh hey we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually people will be like oh hey we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually people will be like oh hey we
+should build this and like use it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should build this and like use it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should build this and like use it and
+start companies and things like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start companies and things like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start companies and things like that so
+hopefully people get into it I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully people get into it I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully people get into it I think
+it's a pretty nice construction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty nice construction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty nice construction for
+these kinds of things it competes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things it competes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things it competes
+there's things like auger which is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's things like auger which is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's things like auger which is I
+don't think it's the best idea it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's the best idea it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's the best idea it had
+like the auger the idea is the Oracle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the auger the idea is the Oracle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the auger the idea is the Oracle is
+sort of everyone and like everyone votes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of everyone and like everyone votes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of everyone and like everyone votes
+on what these outcomes for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what these outcomes for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what these outcomes for different
+things were but yeah I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were but yeah I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were but yeah I don't know I
+don't know how far along they are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how far along they are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how far along they are in
+terms of their software but that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of their software but that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of their software but that was
+also like two or three years ago and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like two or three years ago and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like two or three years ago and
+this this could be applied more broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this could be applied more broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this could be applied more broadly
+like where anytime you have a fear IAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where anytime you have a fear IAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where anytime you have a fear IAM
+type smart contracts or something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type smart contracts or something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type smart contracts or something where
+you want some external oracle who then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want some external oracle who then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want some external oracle who then
+can like sign things and then you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can like sign things and then you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can like sign things and then you you
+can use it in a way where the Oracles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it in a way where the Oracles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it in a way where the Oracles
+signature doesn't show up after the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature doesn't show up after the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature doesn't show up after the fact
+so anyway any questions sounds good
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PZQgldCzIjs.txt b/PZQgldCzIjs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..772a3cd60f4df1ad7a60ed8fb00ada4955cfd2e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PZQgldCzIjs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,907 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello I'm Tom Kohan I'm the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello I'm Tom Kohan I'm the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello I'm Tom Kohan I'm the head
+instructor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor for
+15662 how to secure the American dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15662 how to secure the American dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15662 how to secure the American dream
+for the Next Generation Workforce I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Next Generation Workforce I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Next Generation Workforce I'd
+like to take a little time to tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to take a little time to tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to take a little time to tell you a
+little bit about myself and why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about myself and why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about myself and why I'm
+offering this course I've been studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering this course I've been studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering this course I've been studying
+and teaching and working on issues about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and teaching and working on issues about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and teaching and working on issues about
+the nature of work for the last 40 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of work for the last 40 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of work for the last 40 years
+I've never been more concerned about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never been more concerned about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never been more concerned about the
+future of work than I am right now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of work than I am right now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of work than I am right now I'm
+concerned about the need for more jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about the need for more jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about the need for more jobs
+better jobs for you and for all people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better jobs for you and for all people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better jobs for you and for all people
+in the Next Generation and so I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Next Generation and so I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Next Generation and so I think we
+can work together in this course to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work together in this course to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work together in this course to
+explore how you can address these issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore how you can address these issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore how you can address these issues
+and secure your future as well so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secure your future as well so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secure your future as well so let me
+tell you a little bit about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit about my
+background and so you can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and so you can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and so you can understand
+where I'm coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm coming from
+I grew up on a small family farm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I grew up on a small family farm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I grew up on a small family farm in
+Wisconsin we learned at a very early age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wisconsin we learned at a very early age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wisconsin we learned at a very early age
+the importance of working together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of working together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of working together the
+value of hard work and the satisfaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of hard work and the satisfaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of hard work and the satisfaction
+that comes from doing a job very well my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from doing a job very well my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from doing a job very well my
+father only had an eighth grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father only had an eighth grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father only had an eighth grade
+education but he told all of us my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education but he told all of us my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education but he told all of us my
+brother and my sisters get as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother and my sisters get as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother and my sisters get as much
+education as you can so that you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education as you can so that you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education as you can so that you can get
+an occupation and a career that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an occupation and a career that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an occupation and a career that is
+better than what farming will be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than what farming will be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than what farming will be in the
+future that was clearly the best advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future that was clearly the best advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future that was clearly the best advice
+I could have ever gotten and it worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have ever gotten and it worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have ever gotten and it worked
+uh here I am uh many years later an M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here I am uh many years later an M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here I am uh many years later an M
+Professor thanks to a good education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor thanks to a good education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor thanks to a good education
+from the schools in Wisconsin and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the schools in Wisconsin and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the schools in Wisconsin and from
+the University of Wisconsin so in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the University of Wisconsin so in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the University of Wisconsin so in my
+professional life I've been fortunate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional life I've been fortunate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional life I've been fortunate to
+work with a wide variety of business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with a wide variety of business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with a wide variety of business and
+labor and government organizations over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor and government organizations over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor and government organizations over
+the years and I've been a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years and I've been a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years and I've been a constant
+advocate for improving relations at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocate for improving relations at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocate for improving relations at the
+workplace for getting people to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace for getting people to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace for getting people to work
+together to think about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to think about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to think about how the
+workforce is changing and how they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce is changing and how they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce is changing and how they need
+to change to meet the the conditions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change to meet the the conditions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change to meet the the conditions of
+the economy and the society and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy and the society and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy and the society and the
+workforce that we find ourselves in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce that we find ourselves in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce that we find ourselves in and
+so that's what I want to do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I want to do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I want to do in this
+course to engage you the Next Generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to engage you the Next Generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to engage you the Next Generation
+workers and those of us in the baby boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and those of us in the baby boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and those of us in the baby boom
+generation who still care about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation who still care about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation who still care about these
+issues and want to make a contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and want to make a contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and want to make a contribution
+to a discussion of how we can improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a discussion of how we can improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a discussion of how we can improve
+the workplace and I want to especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workplace and I want to especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workplace and I want to especially
+learn and listen from you I'm engaged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and listen from you I'm engaged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and listen from you I'm engaged in
+writing a book on this topic and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a book on this topic and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a book on this topic and I want
+to get your ideas so you help shape how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your ideas so you help shape how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your ideas so you help shape how
+we're going to change how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to change how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to change how we're going to
+adapt and how we're going to create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt and how we're going to create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt and how we're going to create the
+workplace of the future I'm Barbara Dyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace of the future I'm Barbara Dyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace of the future I'm Barbara Dyer
+president and CEO of the Hitachi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president and CEO of the Hitachi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president and CEO of the Hitachi
+foundation and Senior lecturer at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation and Senior lecturer at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation and Senior lecturer at MIT
+Sloan School of Management the Hitachi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sloan School of Management the Hitachi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sloan School of Management the Hitachi
+Foundation focuses on the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation focuses on the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation focuses on the role of
+business in society with a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business in society with a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business in society with a particular
+emphasis on how how businesses create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on how how businesses create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on how how businesses create
+social and economic value in the pursuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and economic value in the pursuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and economic value in the pursuit
+of profits we'll be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of profits we'll be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of profits we'll be talking about
+startup companies and their motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup companies and their motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup companies and their motivation
+to create a real benefit for society and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a real benefit for society and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a real benefit for society and
+we'll be talking some about traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking some about traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking some about traditional
+businesses more long-term businesses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses more long-term businesses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses more long-term businesses and
+the ways in which they create social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways in which they create social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways in which they create social
+value and environmental value and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and environmental value and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and environmental value and the
+lessons that can be learned across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons that can be learned across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons that can be learned across the
+Spectrum from early stage businesses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum from early stage businesses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum from early stage businesses to
+later stage businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later stage businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later stage businesses
+I'm zanab ton I'm an adjunct associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm zanab ton I'm an adjunct associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm zanab ton I'm an adjunct associate
+professor at MIT slon in the operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at MIT slon in the operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at MIT slon in the operations
+Management Group I will tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management Group I will tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management Group I will tell you about
+how we can create companies that deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can create companies that deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can create companies that deliver
+Great Value to their investors good jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great Value to their investors good jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great Value to their investors good jobs
+to their employees and great value to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their employees and great value to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their employees and great value to
+their customers all at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their customers all at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their customers all at the same
+time I'm Christine ween a PhD student at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm Christine ween a PhD student at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm Christine ween a PhD student at
+mit's Institute for work and employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's Institute for work and employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's Institute for work and employment
+research I am going to be talking to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research I am going to be talking to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research I am going to be talking to you
+about how labor unions are Reinventing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how labor unions are Reinventing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how labor unions are Reinventing
+themselves and how new forms of worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and how new forms of worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and how new forms of worker
+advocacy can help support your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocacy can help support your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocacy can help support your
+aspirations for work I Fresca Cecilio an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirations for work I Fresca Cecilio an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirations for work I Fresca Cecilio an
+undergraduate at MIT I'm going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate at MIT I'm going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate at MIT I'm going to tell
+you more about what our generation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more about what our generation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more about what our generation the
+so-called Millennials say are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Millennials say are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Millennials say are their
+goals and aspirations for work and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals and aspirations for work and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals and aspirations for work and their
+version of the American dream hello my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the American dream hello my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the American dream hello my
+name is John McCarthy I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is John McCarthy I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is John McCarthy I'm a
+post-doctoral fellow here at mit's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-doctoral fellow here at mit's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-doctoral fellow here at mit's
+Institute for work and employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute for work and employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute for work and employment
+research I'm going to be talking to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research I'm going to be talking to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research I'm going to be talking to you
+about freelancing work including new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about freelancing work including new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about freelancing work including new
+technology mediated work Arrangements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology mediated work Arrangements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology mediated work Arrangements
+that are springing up across the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are springing up across the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are springing up across the economy
+we're going to look at some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at some of the
+positive and negative aspects of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative aspects of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative aspects of these
+work arrangements and also talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work arrangements and also talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work arrangements and also talk about
+how work institutions might emerge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how work institutions might emerge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how work institutions might emerge to
+ameliorate some of the negative aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ameliorate some of the negative aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ameliorate some of the negative aspects
+of these work arrangements so I hope we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these work arrangements so I hope we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these work arrangements so I hope we
+will learn together and then let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will learn together and then let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will learn together and then let's take
+our lessons and our message to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lessons and our message to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lessons and our message to the
+broader audiences to Future Leaders in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader audiences to Future Leaders in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader audiences to Future Leaders in
+this country and around the world
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Pas_hfAna28.txt b/Pas_hfAna28.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..83913edc4119e09eea7c4f3b50bdb8978665df95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Pas_hfAna28.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1019 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 820 special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 820 special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 820 special relativity
+in this section we want to discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this section we want to discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this section we want to discuss the
+classical doppler effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical doppler effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical doppler effect
+the doppler effect was first noted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doppler effect was first noted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doppler effect was first noted by
+christian doppler hence the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christian doppler hence the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christian doppler hence the name
+in 1842
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1842
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1842
+and what we're discussing as a doppler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're discussing as a doppler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're discussing as a doppler
+effect is a frequency change when moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is a frequency change when moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is a frequency change when moving
+from one reference frame into another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one reference frame into another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one reference frame into another
+so this can happen for example if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this can happen for example if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this can happen for example if the
+source of a sound wave is moving like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of a sound wave is moving like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of a sound wave is moving like we
+experience when a car is passing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience when a car is passing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience when a car is passing by
+application of the doppler effect are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the doppler effect are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the doppler effect are
+numerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous
+we can use the doppler effect to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the doppler effect to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the doppler effect to measure
+the velocity of the speeding car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of the speeding car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of the speeding car
+we can use the doppler effect to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the doppler effect to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the doppler effect to measure
+the distance of distance galaxies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance of distance galaxies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance of distance galaxies
+as a reminder the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder the velocity
+is of a wave so the velocity in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of a wave so the velocity in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of a wave so the velocity in which
+the wave is propagating is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave is propagating is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave is propagating is equal to the
+frequency times the wavelength so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency times the wavelength so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency times the wavelength so when
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+move relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move relative
+to the source of the wave we see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the source of the wave we see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the source of the wave we see this
+apparent change in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent change in frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent change in frequency
+but let's introduce this topic not in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's introduce this topic not in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's introduce this topic not in my
+words but in the ones of sheldon cooper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words but in the ones of sheldon cooper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words but in the ones of sheldon cooper
+from the big bang theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we go to the party i don't care if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to the party i don't care if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to the party i don't care if
+anybody gets it i'm going as the doppler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody gets it i'm going as the doppler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody gets it i'm going as the doppler
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+no it's not if i have to i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not if i have to i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not if i have to i can
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what time does the costume parade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what time does the costume parade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what time does the costume parade
+start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+the parade yeah so the judges can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parade yeah so the judges can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parade yeah so the judges can give
+out the prizes for best costume the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the prizes for best costume the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the prizes for best costume the most
+frightening most authentic most accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightening most authentic most accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightening most authentic most accurate
+visualization of a scientific principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh sheldon i'm sorry but there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sheldon i'm sorry but there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sheldon i'm sorry but there aren't
+gonna be any parades or judges or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be any parades or judges or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be any parades or judges or
+prizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes
+this party is just going to suck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this party is just going to suck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this party is just going to suck
+oh come on it's going to be fun and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh come on it's going to be fun and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh come on it's going to be fun and you
+all look great i mean look at you thor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all look great i mean look at you thor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all look great i mean look at you thor
+and oh peter pan that's so cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh peter pan that's so cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh peter pan that's so cute
+actually penny he's right peter pan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i got a handful of pixie dust with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got a handful of pixie dust with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got a handful of pixie dust with your
+name on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name on it
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+no you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i hate what sheldon's supposed to be oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hate what sheldon's supposed to be oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hate what sheldon's supposed to be oh
+he's the doppler effect yes it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's the doppler effect yes it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's the doppler effect yes it's the
+apparent change in the frequency of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent change in the frequency of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent change in the frequency of a
+wave caused by relative motion between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave caused by relative motion between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave caused by relative motion between
+the source of the wave and the observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh sure i see it now the doppler effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sure i see it now the doppler effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sure i see it now the doppler effect
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+the doppler effect so now we have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doppler effect so now we have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doppler effect so now we have it
+all right so let's look at a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's look at a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's look at a specific
+situation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation here
+in which we have a sound wave emitted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we have a sound wave emitted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we have a sound wave emitted by
+a moving car the car is moving with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moving car the car is moving with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moving car the car is moving with a
+velocity u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity u
+and is emitting sound with the engine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is emitting sound with the engine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is emitting sound with the engine or
+the horn of the car if you then look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horn of the car if you then look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horn of the car if you then look at
+the wavelength as we observe so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength as we observe so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength as we observe so we have
+an observer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as we observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we observe the
+wavelength the wavelength is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength the wavelength is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength the wavelength is actually
+modified because the crests of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified because the crests of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified because the crests of the
+moving car the horn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving car the horn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving car the horn
+the engine they are moving themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine they are moving themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine they are moving themselves
+with the velocity u times t zero which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the velocity u times t zero which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the velocity u times t zero which
+is the period which is equal to u times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the period which is equal to u times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the period which is equal to u times
+one over the frequency as the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the frequency as the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the frequency as the frequency
+emitted by the car at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted by the car at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted by the car at rest
+so the wavelength is modified to lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the wavelength is modified to lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the wavelength is modified to lambda
+minus u times 1 over f0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus u times 1 over f0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus u times 1 over f0
+so then we can use this equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we can use this equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we can use this equation here
+to calculate the wavelength at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the wavelength at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the wavelength at the
+frequency as observed by this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency as observed by this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency as observed by this person
+here which is the velocity of the moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is the velocity of the moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is the velocity of the moving
+wave divided by the modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave divided by the modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave divided by the modified
+or the the observed wavelength and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the observed wavelength and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the observed wavelength and so
+that's v over lambda minus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's v over lambda minus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's v over lambda minus u
+times 1 over f 0 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over f 0 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over f 0 or
+f 0 times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f 0 times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f 0 times 1
+over 1 minus uv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 minus uv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 minus uv
+all right so we see that the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we see that the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we see that the frequency
+is modified when we observe the moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is modified when we observe the moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is modified when we observe the moving
+car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+and you have all experiences in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have all experiences in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have all experiences in life
+already so let's look at a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so let's look at a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so let's look at a few more
+examples of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just share this little video it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just share this little video it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just share this little video it's
+a very short video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you were able to hear the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you were able to hear the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you were able to hear the change in
+frequency in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is interesting now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is interesting now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is interesting now
+so you've heard exactly what i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've heard exactly what i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've heard exactly what i was
+describing before the sound of a moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing before the sound of a moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing before the sound of a moving
+vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle
+in the first case a car honking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first case a car honking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first case a car honking in the
+second case a european fire truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second case a european fire truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second case a european fire truck
+passing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing by
+and so there's an additional part to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's an additional part to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's an additional part to
+this story here if i would ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this story here if i would ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this story here if i would ask you
+please to make the sound of a fire truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please to make the sound of a fire truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please to make the sound of a fire truck
+i think not many of you would say nina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think not many of you would say nina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think not many of you would say nina
+nina nina which is the sound of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nina nina which is the sound of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nina nina which is the sound of this
+fire truck for european
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire truck for european
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire truck for european
+there's a few more of those examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few more of those examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few more of those examples
+which are really weird if i ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are really weird if i ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are really weird if i ask you to
+make the sound of a rooster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the sound of a rooster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the sound of a rooster
+you and i will probably disagree on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and i will probably disagree on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and i will probably disagree on the
+sound of a rooster i would say kikiriki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound of a rooster i would say kikiriki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound of a rooster i would say kikiriki
+and you would make a sound which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would make a sound which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would make a sound which is
+rather unfamiliar to me so that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather unfamiliar to me so that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather unfamiliar to me so that's just a
+fun fact on the side but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun fact on the side but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun fact on the side but
+this was a short introduction to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a short introduction to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a short introduction to the
+classical doppler effect and in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical doppler effect and in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical doppler effect and in the next
+video we will look at the relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we will look at the relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we will look at the relativistic
+doppler effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..afd5dc49e1806be743aa336a321058f12e898a8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Q4iKuKAjzK0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2713 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+JON GRUBER: At the beginning of
+the lecture, we're going to
+
+actually talk about
+productivity, one of the most
+
+important topics in economics.
+
+And really one of the most
+famous applications--
+
+or, more generally,
+misapplications--
+
+of the principles of diminishing
+marginal product
+
+in the history of economics.
+
+Many of you may have heard of
+a guy named Thomas Malthus.
+
+He was a famous philosopher
+who, in 1798, posited the
+
+theory that we're all
+in big trouble.
+
+And he did so following the
+basic tenets that I've taught
+
+you so far.
+
+Malthus pointed out
+look, we've got--
+
+he said, think about
+production of food.
+
+He said, with the production
+of food you've got, as with
+
+any other production process--
+he didn't put it in these
+
+terms, but basically he was
+appealing to what we
+
+learned last time.
+
+He said, like any other
+production process you've got
+
+two inputs, labor and capital.
+
+But with food, the
+capital is land.
+
+And unlike other kinds of
+capital, it's fixed even in
+
+the long-run.
+
+That is, we talked about the
+long-run being defined as the
+
+period of time over which
+all inputs are variable.
+
+Well, land is never variable.
+
+There's a certain amount
+of land on
+
+earth, that's not variable.
+
+And at the end of the day,
+production of food is
+
+essentially just short-run,
+there is no long-run.
+
+At the end of the day,
+production of food, capital's
+
+fixed, it's only labor.
+
+Moreover, in that situation
+labor has diminishing marginal
+
+product with a given
+amount of land.
+
+It doesn't matter how many
+workers you have, there's only
+
+so much you can grow on it.
+
+Obviously, as you increase
+workers you can grow more
+
+originally.
+
+But eventually, you'll run out
+of useful use for those
+
+workers, yet the demand for food
+will not stop growing.
+
+So basically, the demand for
+food is going to continue to
+
+grow unabated over time
+as population grows.
+
+Demand for food [? it fuels ?]
+proportional to population, so
+
+it's growing over time.
+
+Yet the production of food
+eventually has to slow down,
+
+because there's a diminishing
+marginal product of labor
+
+without an increasing capital.
+
+So basically what you've got is
+a forever growing demand,
+
+but a gradually slowing
+production, because the
+
+marginal product of labor's
+diminishing with this fixed
+
+capital or land.
+
+The result is mass starvation.
+
+So Malthus predicted that by
+about where we are now, if not
+
+before, the world would
+be suffering from mass
+
+starvation.
+
+Through the basic principles--
+
+not because he's a
+crazy nutcase--
+
+but the basic principles
+we've studied so far.
+
+Which you've got ever-increasing
+demand, but
+
+diminishing marginal product
+of producing food.
+
+And in the end you get
+mass starvation.
+
+Well, as we all know
+Malthus was wrong.
+
+World population has risen about
+800% since he wrote his
+
+article at the end of the
+18th century, and yet
+
+we're fatter than ever.
+
+Our problem is we eat too
+much, not enough.
+
+Now that's not true
+around the world,
+
+there's starvation elsewhere.
+
+But there's clearly no more
+starvation worldwide than
+
+there was at his time despite
+the fact that the world
+
+population has grown
+eight-fold.
+
+So what did Malthus get wrong?
+
+What Malthus got wrong is what
+I haven't taught you yet.
+
+Which is that aggregate
+production is not just about k
+
+and l, but also about
+productivity.
+
+It's also about productivity.
+
+That the production function
+really looks like-- the form
+
+of the production function,
+which we wrote last time as q
+
+equals f of k and l.
+
+Really more generally, can be
+written as q equals A, times f
+
+of k and l, where A is aggregate
+productivity.
+
+Really, let's say that this is
+big Q. If we think about the
+
+big Q for society, now let's
+think of aggregate quantity
+
+for society or else
+we wouldn't talk
+
+about a specific firm.
+
+But if we think about aggregate
+product, aggregate
+
+quantity produced in society,
+it's a function of the
+
+aggregate capital and labor
+of the society, but also a
+
+function of productivity.
+
+It's also a function of the fact
+that we use our inputs
+
+more effectively over time.
+
+So for example, one thing
+Malthus missed is that the
+
+acreage of land-- it's an
+empirical fact, the number of
+
+acres of land on Earth
+are fixed.
+
+Earth is not growing--
+
+but the arability of that
+land is not fixed.
+
+We get better and better at
+figuring out how to grow more
+
+and more stuff on the
+same amount of land.
+
+That's the factor A, that's a
+productivity improvement.
+
+Likewise, agricultural
+technology has improved.
+
+We have disease-resistant seeds,
+we have better land
+
+management.
+
+The bottom line is we are making
+more and more of a
+
+given plot of land compared to
+what Malthus saw in his time.
+
+So while k if it's defined as
+land may be fixed, and l
+
+therefore there's diminishing
+marginal product of a given
+
+production function, the
+production function itself is
+
+improving over time because of
+productivity improvements.
+
+Productivity, the arability of
+land, disease-resistant seeds,
+
+and other things are making that
+given quantity of land
+
+more productive over time.
+
+So effectively, in the long-run
+if A goes up faster
+
+than the marginal product of
+labor diminishes, then overall
+
+quantity can increase even
+though k, the underlying level
+
+of land, is fixed.
+
+That's what Malthus missed, is
+that there's two factors going
+
+on over time.
+
+The marginal product of labor's
+falling, it's true,
+
+for a given plot of land.
+
+But we're making each plot of
+land so much more productive,
+
+it's overcoming that.
+
+And as a result, food production
+is actually rising
+
+per capita.
+
+So since 1950, world food
+consumption per capita has
+
+gone up 40%.
+
+Despite the fact that the
+Earth's not gotten any bigger,
+
+and despite the fact the
+population's grown a
+
+lot over that time.
+
+And basically this huge increase
+of agricultural
+
+productivity has overcome
+the diminishing
+
+marginal product of labor.
+
+There's actually a great little
+box in the Perloff Text
+
+about a single individual and
+his contributions to that.
+
+A scientist who led what's
+called the Green Revolution.
+
+He experimented in Mexico with
+different methods of improving
+
+agricultural productivity, and
+then essentially brought those
+
+to Southeast Asia--
+
+India, Pakistan and
+other places.
+
+And they estimate, saved about
+a billion lives through the
+
+increase in agriculture
+productivity he made possible
+
+for this Green Revolution
+in Southeast Asia.
+
+Really, just changed the entire
+trajectory of that part
+
+of the world through the
+agricultural productivity
+
+improvements that
+he put in place.
+
+So it's very interesting putting
+a personal face on
+
+this impersonal letter A, how
+one scientist can really make
+
+a difference in that case.
+
+This also leads to the larger
+question which this course
+
+doesn't spent a lot of time
+on, but which is more of a
+
+macro question, which is what
+determines the overall
+
+standard of living
+in our country?
+
+The standard of living in our
+country, that is basically for
+
+a given level of labor we
+supply, what determines the
+
+level of our utility, of our
+social welfare, given how much
+
+labor we can supply?
+
+Well, ultimately, what's going
+to determine-- or another way
+
+to think of it is what
+determines the amount of stuff
+
+we can have for a given amount
+of labor effort we put in?
+
+Well, that's society's
+productivity.
+
+Society's productivity is how
+much more we can have for each
+
+given level of labor input.
+
+So what determines how much
+stuff we can have?
+
+Well, it's k and A. Given a
+fixed amount of labor input,
+
+given how much we work, what
+determines how much stuff we
+
+can have, with how much capital
+we have, and how
+
+productively we make
+use of it?
+
+Now, productivity in the
+US has followed a very
+
+interesting trend.
+
+So productivity, which is how
+much we produce for a given
+
+amount of inputs, has followed
+an interesting trend.
+
+From World War II until about
+1973, productivity grew
+
+rapidly in the US.
+
+Productivity grew at about
+2.3% per year--
+
+2.4% per year--
+
+from the end of World
+War II through 1973.
+
+That is, working no harder and
+having no more machines, we
+
+can consume 2.4% more stuff
+every single year.
+
+That's pretty impressive.
+
+That means we can just sit
+around, work no harder than we
+
+were, and have no more machines,
+and produce 2.4%
+
+more per year.
+
+Now, of course, over time we
+worked harder and had more
+
+machines, so overall output in
+US economy grew much faster
+
+than 2.4% a year.
+
+It grew more like 7-10% a
+year over that period.
+
+Yet, the point is that a lot of
+that we can get for free,
+
+essentially, without any harder
+
+work or any more capital.
+
+However, starting in 1973
+until the early 1990s,
+
+productivity growth fell
+dramatically to 1% per year.
+
+That is literally we lost 1 1/2%
+per year of stuff we were
+
+getting before.
+
+We were getting 2 1/2% a year
+up to '73, all of a sudden
+
+it's down to 1%.
+
+That's 1 1/2% a year less stuff
+we can get unless we
+
+work harder to make up for it.
+
+Why did this happen?
+
+Well, we don't exactly know,
+but there's two good
+
+candidates.
+
+We know the two candidates, we
+just don't know the right
+
+proportions.
+
+One is that we have less capital
+in our society because
+
+savings fell.
+
+The amount of savings US
+households do fell
+
+dramatically.
+
+And the US has a very
+low savings rate.
+
+The US savings rate over this
+period averaged about 3%.
+
+That is, every dollar
+we earned we saved
+
+about 3% as a society.
+
+Compared to countries
+like Japan, where
+
+it's more like 20%.
+
+Every dollar they earn
+they save about 20%.
+
+Now why does that matter?
+
+Well, we'll talk about this
+later in the course, but
+
+essentially the amount we save
+determines the amount of
+
+capital we have in society.
+
+Because essentially, where
+do firms get the
+
+money to build machines?
+
+They get it by borrowing from
+households who save. And the
+
+less we save, the less money
+there is that firms could
+
+invest in building machines.
+
+And we'll talk about that at
+length later in the semester.
+
+But the bottom line is, the more
+we save as a country, the
+
+more money we have available,
+the more firms can take that
+
+money and build machines
+that improve
+
+our standard of living.
+
+And that saving fell a lot,
+and that's one reason.
+
+And the other reason is that
+productivity fell for reasons
+
+we don't quite understand.
+
+We know that productivity slowed
+down, but we don't
+
+quite understand why that is.
+
+But then in the 1990s,
+productivity shot up again.
+
+So productivity went back up
+towards our historic levels,
+
+from 1% back up to
+over 2% a year.
+
+Why is that?
+
+Well, it's unclear, but we think
+it's basically the IT
+
+revolution.
+
+Essentially, we think that the
+slow diffusion of computers,
+
+which people were predicting
+should increase productivity
+
+as way back as the 1980s,
+suddenly in the 1990s it
+
+really happened.
+
+And this IT revolution led to
+a big productivity increase.
+
+It's not clear if that's dying
+down now again, or if it's
+
+going to continue.
+
+It'll be interesting
+to see what happens
+
+over the next 15 years.
+
+So we have this period of high
+productivity growth, slowed
+
+down from '73 to the early '90s
+and then picked up again.
+
+We're not quite clear if that
+year's coming to an end or
+
+not, but that's sort of where we
+are now in that time path.
+
+What's very interesting--
+
+so that's what happens to
+productivity, that's all I'll
+
+talk about it for this course,
+it's more of a macro topic.
+
+But I will mention
+an interesting
+
+micro spin on that.
+
+Which is, if society's more
+productive, that's like found
+
+money for society.
+
+That's like saying with all our
+resources we suddenly get
+
+extra money.
+
+Society then has to decide
+what to do with that.
+
+The US and Europe have followed
+very different paths
+
+in what to do with that money.
+
+In the US, we've taken
+that money and
+
+bought a lot more stuff.
+
+We have the highest standard
+of living in the world.
+
+We buy the most stuff per capita
+of anyone the world.
+
+In Europe, they took a lot of
+that money and took more
+
+leisure with it.
+
+They decided we're not going to
+quite have as much stuff,
+
+but we're going to have six
+weeks a year of vacation
+
+instead of two weeks
+a year of vacation.
+
+So if we go back to our
+discussion of what determines
+
+labor supply is the choice
+between leisure and
+
+consumption, and you think of
+the wage as the opportunity
+
+cost of leisure, well, what
+they've decided in Europe is
+
+to choose more along the leisure
+axis, and less along
+
+the consumption axis.
+
+In the US, we've chosen less
+among the leisure axis-- we
+
+work way harder than Europe--
+
+but we have more stuff.
+
+And the question is, how do
+we feel about that choice?
+
+Has that been ultimately a
+welfare maximizing choice?
+
+Now an economist will say of
+course it's been, because it's
+
+a choice we made.
+
+Of course, it's been
+welfare maximizing.
+
+We talk about revealed
+preference, and people's
+
+choices reveal what
+they prefer.
+
+So our revealed preference, we
+just prefer stuff more and
+
+leisure less than Europe.
+
+But in fact, it's not clear that
+that is each individual's
+
+optimal choice.
+
+If a given individual says,
+look, I'd rather have less
+
+stuff and more time off, it may
+be hard to find the job
+
+that lets them do that.
+
+So while that may be the choice
+we've made as a society
+
+with our social institutions,
+that may not serve the
+
+interests of every individual
+in society.
+
+And that's the kind
+of trade-off we
+
+need to think about.
+
+So anyway, that's sort of
+what I wanted to say on
+
+productivity.
+
+Yeah, question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Does higher
+productivity translate into
+
+more income, or more income for
+individuals who will buy
+
+stuff [INAUDIBLE] taking
+more leisure?
+
+JON GRUBER: Because basically
+the point is think of our
+
+economy as a pie.
+
+That basically the idea is
+let's think of you have a
+
+start up, and your start up is
+such that you can make this
+
+product, and you could
+make $1 million a
+
+year with 10 workers.
+
+You could make $1
+million worth of
+
+stuff with 10 workers.
+
+So each of your workers
+takes home $100,000.
+
+Now imagine that you discover
+new technology which lets you,
+
+with the same amount
+of workers, make
+
+$2 million a year.
+
+Well, some of that you'll keep,
+but some of it you'll
+
+pay your workers more.
+
+So suddenly they have more
+money, because you've suddenly
+
+managed to make twice as
+valuable stuff with the same
+
+amount of resources.
+
+So that's the situation
+which improves
+
+our standard of living.
+
+Other questions about that?
+
+Comments?
+
+OK, so the bottom line, coming
+back to sort of micro-theory
+
+we're talking about, is we have
+to think about production
+
+functions as having a
+productivity adjustment.
+
+Macro raises these big issues
+about sort of ultimately what
+
+determines our standard of
+living in this country, and
+
+how do we want to spend
+that money?
+
+So, with that as background,
+we're now going to stop
+
+talking about production
+and move on
+
+to cost. Cost is--
+
+quite frankly this is perhaps my
+least favorite thing in the
+
+whole course.
+
+It's a little bit boring, but
+you need to understand how
+
+cost structure in a firm works
+to understand how firms make
+
+the decisions that ultimately
+get to be a lot more
+
+interesting again, so just
+sort of bear with me.
+
+Now, so we talked about costs,
+let's start with a couple of
+
+definitions.
+
+Basically, let's back up, where
+are we coming from?
+
+I talked about what the firm's
+decision is, the firm has to
+
+maximize profits, which is
+revenues minus cost. So we
+
+have to ask what are costs if
+we're going to make this
+
+profit maximizing decision.
+
+Well, costs are going to
+have a few components.
+
+The first component, costs are
+going to have really two major
+
+components--
+
+fixed costs, and
+variable costs.
+
+Fixed costs and variable
+costs.
+
+Fixed costs are the costs of
+inputs that cannot be varied
+
+in the short-run.
+
+Remember, I said that the
+short-run is defined as a
+
+period over time which only
+some inputs can vary.
+
+Well, fixed costs are the costs
+of those inputs that
+
+can't vary in the short-run.
+
+Variable costs--
+
+so that's like capital
+in the short-run--
+
+variable costs are the cost of
+goods that can vary in the
+
+short run, that's like labor.
+
+So total costs is the sum of
+these two, so total costs
+
+equals fixed cost plus
+variable cost.
+
+Finally, another definition
+that's important is marginal
+
+cost, which is the change in
+cost with a change in output.
+
+So the marginal cost
+is just like--
+
+remember, we want to think in
+terms of marginal decision
+
+making in this course.
+
+So the marginal cost is the
+change in cost with the change
+
+in-- actually, that should
+be a little q.
+
+The change in a firm's cost with
+the change in the firm's
+
+output is marginal cost.
+
+And then finally, average cost
+is just what it sounds like.
+
+Average cost is just c over
+q, it's just the average.
+
+So the difference between
+marginal and average cost, is
+
+basically average costs is the
+average over the whole set of
+
+goods produced.
+
+Marginal cost is the cost of
+that next unit of production.
+
+So those are our key
+definitions.
+
+Now with those in mind, let's
+ask how do we get costs?
+
+And the answer is we get them
+from the production function.
+
+Once we do a production
+function, we can derive costs.
+
+So if we have some production
+function, q equals f of l and
+
+k, then we can say the cost of
+producing q is equal to f of
+
+wl plus rk.
+
+Where w is the wage rate, or the
+rate you pay per unit of
+
+labor, and r is the rental rate,
+or the rate you pay per
+
+unit of capital.
+
+Now, let me just pause here
+for a second to talk about
+
+pricing capital.
+
+It's easy to think the cost of
+an hour of labor, it's the
+
+wage you pay for an hour.
+
+It's harder to think about the
+cost of a unit of capital.
+
+Because we buy the
+machines, right?
+
+So how do we think
+about the cost?
+
+I'm going to cover this later in
+the course, for now imagine
+
+all machines are rented.
+
+Imagine you rent every
+machine you use.
+
+And think of r as the rental
+price of that unit of capital.
+
+So with buildings it make sense,
+firms often rent the
+
+buildings they're in.
+
+Think of r as the rental price
+of that unit of building, or
+
+that unit of machine.
+
+We'll come back later to see why
+that's a sensible way to
+
+think about it.
+
+The key point is, the reason we
+have to do this is the wage
+
+is a flow measure, every hour
+I pay you a new wage.
+
+If I use the cost of buying the
+machine, that be a stock
+
+measure, so you couldn't really
+compare it to wages.
+
+So we want to use
+a flow measure.
+
+The flow measures is what we
+have to pay every period to
+
+rent the machine.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+just take the cost of the
+machine and estimate the
+
+amount of time we want,
+and then divide it?
+
+JON GRUBER: Sure.
+
+No, and I'll cover that later.
+
+You could think of
+the rental--
+
+if I bought the machine today
+and sold it tomorrow, that'd
+
+be like I rented it.
+
+And this would be the cost
+difference between what I paid
+
+for it and what I'd
+sell it for.
+
+But it's just easier to think
+of it as the rental, because
+
+the flow measure-- like the
+wage-- is a flow measure.
+
+Now, in the short-run,
+capital is fixed.
+
+So in the short-run, our
+fixed costs are rk bar.
+
+That's our fixed cost, the
+rental rate times the fixed
+
+amount of capital in
+the short-run.
+
+And our variable costs are
+w times l, which is
+
+a function of q.
+
+That is, the more you produce
+the more labor
+
+you use in the short-run.
+
+So total costs in the short-run,
+short-run total
+
+costs, are rk bar
+plus wL of q.
+
+k is not a function of q because
+k's fixed in the
+
+short-run, but the amount of
+labor used is a function of
+
+how much you produce.
+
+This implies that the marginal
+cost, the key concept we want
+
+to work with, marginal cost,
+which is the derivative of
+
+total costs with respect
+to quantity.
+
+So dc dq is going to
+be equal to w--
+
+or, let's do it in deltas,
+because we're not doing
+
+calculus here.
+
+Delta c delta q is going to be
+w times delta l over delta q.
+
+That's going to be the
+marginal cost.
+
+The marginal cost-- so I'm just
+differentiating the total
+
+cost function--
+
+is going to be the wage
+times delta l delta q.
+
+So the marginal cost of
+producing the next unit is
+
+going to be how much labor I
+have to produce to produce the
+
+next unit, times the wage
+I pay per unit of labor.
+
+Now, does anyone remember
+what we call this?
+
+I know this wasn't on the exam
+last night, so you may not--
+
+cast your mind back to the
+lecture on Monday.
+
+Do you remember what we call
+delta l over delta q?
+
+Anyone?
+
+Bueller?
+
+No?
+
+It's the marginal product
+of labor.
+
+Remember from Monday?
+
+So this is the wage times the
+marginal product of labor.
+
+So what we say is that the
+marginal cost is equal to the
+
+wage times the marginal--
+
+I'm sorry the wage over.
+
+I'm sorry, it's one over.
+
+That delta q does-- l was
+the marginal product.
+
+The wage over the marginal
+product of labor.
+
+So marginal cost is
+the wage over the
+
+marginal product of labor.
+
+Marginal product of labor was
+delta q delta l, so wage over
+
+the marginal product of labor
+is the marginal cost.
+
+So think about this
+intuitively.
+
+What we're saying is the cost of
+the next unit of production
+
+is declining with the marginal
+product of labor, it sort of
+
+makes sense.
+
+The more productive is a worker,
+the less expensive is
+
+producing the next unit.
+
+The less productive is the
+next worker, the more
+
+expensive is producing
+the next unit.
+
+So it's an inverse relationship
+between the
+
+marginal cost and the marginal
+product where the wage is the
+
+constant that scales
+that relationship.
+
+So basically, when workers are
+very, very high marginal
+
+product, then it's going
+to be cheap to
+
+produce the next unit.
+
+When workers have a low marginal
+product, it's going
+
+to be expensive to produce the
+next unit, and that's going to
+
+depend on what you actually
+have to pay the worker.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+So basically, the first key
+thing we want to derive here
+
+is that the marginal cost is
+directly related to the
+
+marginal product of labor, and
+the marginal product of labor
+
+we saw last time comes out
+of production function.
+
+So if you're given a wage, and
+given a production function,
+
+you should be able to derive the
+short-run marginal cost.
+
+You might someday be
+asked to do that.
+
+Now what about the long-run?
+
+The short-run's no fun, what
+about the long-run?
+
+In the long-run, firms
+can choose their mix
+
+of labor and capital.
+
+Remember, in the short-run the
+capital is fixed, so fixed
+
+costs rk bar.
+
+The only thing they could
+change was the amount of
+
+labor, so we could derive
+their marginal costs.
+
+What about in the long-run?
+
+Well, the long-run's a little
+more interesting because in
+
+the long-run firms get to choose
+their input mix to
+
+maximize their production
+efficiency.
+
+So input mix is chosen to
+maximize production efficiency
+
+which equates to minimizing
+costs.
+
+Maximizing production efficiency
+equates to
+
+minimizing costs.
+
+So we talked last time about
+isoquants, and the notion that
+
+isoquants were combinations
+of labor and capital that
+
+delivered the same output.
+
+Just like indifference curves
+are combinations of pizza and
+
+movies that deliver the same
+utility, isoquants are a
+
+combination of labor
+and capital that
+
+deliver the same output.
+
+The key point is that,
+technologically, any choice of
+
+labor and capital produces the
+same q, so there's nothing
+
+that tells you technologically
+which of those to use.
+
+We just know, technologically,
+there's a set of choices which
+
+deliver the same q.
+
+Well, how do we tell
+which to use?
+
+Well, we want to choose the one
+which is minimizing costs.
+
+So to do that, we're going to
+have to bring in the cost of
+
+those inputs.
+
+Just like we said there's a set
+of pizza and movies, all
+
+of which leave you
+indifferent.
+
+How do you decide which pizza
+and movies to choose?
+
+Well, you bring in the
+relative price
+
+of pizza and movies.
+
+Here, we're going to bring in
+the relative price of capital
+
+and labor to determine
+how we choose
+
+between capital and labor.
+
+So to do that, we're going to
+draw isocost lines which are
+
+going to be just like our
+old budget constraints.
+
+Isocost lines which represent
+the cost of different
+
+combinations of inputs, just
+like our old budget constraint
+
+represented the cost of
+different consumption goods.
+
+So if you look at figure 9-1,
+here we're going to have
+
+isocost curves which are
+going to represent--
+
+and we're going to assume here
+that the wage is $5 an hour,
+
+and the rental rate is $10
+per unit of capital.
+
+So, in other words, the $50
+isocost line in figure 9-1
+
+shows all combinations
+of labor and
+
+capital that cost $50.
+
+So you could spend $50 in
+production if you had 10 units
+
+of labor, and no units
+of capital.
+
+Or five units of capital, and
+no units of labor, or any
+
+combination in between.
+
+These are all the combinations
+of labor and
+
+capital that cost $50.
+
+Likewise, the $100 isocost is
+all combinations of labor and
+
+capital that cost $100.
+
+So each of these isocosts give
+you the combination of inputs
+
+that cost a certain amount.
+
+Just like a budget constraint
+gave you the combination of
+
+pizza and movies on which
+you spent your income.
+
+Now, you may have said well,
+wait a second, the difference
+
+with consumers is we knew their
+income so we knew what
+
+their budget constraint is.
+
+Here we don't know whether to
+choose the $50 cost, the $100
+
+cost, $150.
+
+We don't know what the
+total amount is.
+
+That's what makes firms
+hard, that's why we
+
+have an extra step.
+
+So hold that thought,
+we'll come back
+
+to that next lecture.
+
+For now, let's just say there's
+a set of trade-offs
+
+that the firm can choose from,
+and a set of isoquants that
+
+they have.
+
+And what's the slope of
+this isocost line?
+
+It's the negative of the
+wage rental ratio.
+
+The slope of the isocost
+is minus w over r.
+
+The slope is minus w over r.
+
+It's basically the trade-off
+between labor and capital's
+
+going to be determined by the
+relative prices of those
+
+inputs, so slope is going
+to be minus w over r.
+
+So basically, how many units of
+capital do you have to give
+
+up to get the next
+unit of labor?
+
+Well, what this isocost tells
+you is you have to give up 1/2
+
+a unit of capital to get
+a unit of labor.
+
+So the slope is minus 1/2.
+
+Likewise, you could say you have
+to give up two units of
+
+labor to get one unit
+of capital.
+
+So that's why the slope is minus
+1/2, that's what it's
+
+telling us.
+
+Once again, budget constraints
+are about opportunity costs.
+
+How much labor do you have
+to give up to get
+
+another unit of capital?
+
+Or how much capital do you have
+to give up to get another
+
+unit of labor?
+
+Now, armed with isoquants, which
+are like indifference
+
+curves, and these isocosts
+which are like budget
+
+constraints, we can then
+figure out what is the
+
+economically efficient
+combination of inputs for the
+
+firm to use.
+
+The economically efficient
+combination of inputs for a
+
+given level of output.
+
+So the economically efficient
+input combination for a given
+
+level of output is going to be
+determined by the tangency of
+
+the isoquant with the isocost,
+as you see in figure 9-2.
+
+Here we're going to use our same
+isoquant we had before,
+
+which is we're going to assume
+that q equals square
+
+root of k times l.
+
+So same production function we
+had before, which gave a
+
+series of isoquants
+last lecture.
+
+So basically, what we see
+is that the efficient--
+
+if you want to produce a given
+amount of q, then basically
+
+what you're going to do is
+you're going to look for the
+
+tangency of that isoquant with
+the isocost. And you're going
+
+to say that the efficient way to
+produce that is going to be
+
+to use 2 1/2 units of capital
+and 5 units of labor.
+
+It's going to say look, given
+the relative prices that are
+
+given to us by this budget
+constraint, the production
+
+technology is given to us by
+this production function from
+
+which we derived isoquants
+last time.
+
+So the optimal combination of
+inputs to get this level of
+
+output is going to be 2
+1/2 units of capital
+
+and 5 units of labor.
+
+And that will produce basically
+
+square root of 12 1/2.
+
+So basically the quantity will
+be equal to the square root of
+
+5 times 2 1/2, or the square
+root of 12 1/2 units of
+
+production.
+
+So basically, that is
+going to give us the
+
+efficient way to do that.
+
+Now, once again as always, we
+want to think about things
+
+intuitively, graphically,
+and mathematically.
+
+Let's think about for a second
+the mathematics.
+
+We know that the slope
+of the isoquant--
+
+we talked last time--
+
+the slope of the isoquant
+at any given point.
+
+The isoquant slope was the
+marginal rate of technical
+
+substitution.
+
+We defined that last time.
+
+The slope of the isoquant was
+the marginal rate of technical
+
+substitution which is the
+marginal product of labor over
+
+the marginal product
+of capital.
+
+And what we're saying is we want
+to set that marginal rate
+
+of technical substitution
+equal to the input costs
+
+ratio w over r.
+
+That's what we're saying, the
+efficient thing to do is to
+
+set the marginal rate of
+technical substitution equal
+
+to the price ratio.
+
+That's what happens when
+the slopes are equal.
+
+Now, once again, I
+find it easier to
+
+rewrite this equation--
+
+once you've developed the
+intuition, I find it easier to
+
+think of it this way.
+
+Rewrite this as the marginal
+product of labor over the
+
+wage, equals the marginal
+product of capital over the
+
+rental rate.
+
+What this is telling us is the
+efficient place is where
+
+essentially for every dollar you
+spent on workers, you're
+
+getting the same return as a
+dollar spent on machines.
+
+The marginal product of labor
+over the wage is sort of the
+
+bang for buck of workers.
+
+What are you getting for your
+next dollar of wage?
+
+The marginal product of capital
+over r is the bang for
+
+the buck of machines.
+
+What are you getting for your
+next dollar of rent?
+
+And the efficient point is
+where these are equal.
+
+If they're not equal, then you
+have too much of one and not
+
+enough of the other.
+
+So basically, what we
+can do is we can
+
+solve in this example--
+
+in this example, we could say
+the marginal product of labor
+
+is 1/2 k over the square
+root of k times l.
+
+The marginal product of capital
+from this production
+
+function is--
+
+once again I'm using this
+production function q equals
+
+square root of k times l.
+
+Marginal project of capital
+is 1/2 l over square
+
+root of k times l.
+
+So the ratio of the marginal
+products is simply k over l.
+
+The marginal rate of technical
+substitution, given this
+
+production function,
+is k over l.
+
+That's the marginal rate of
+technical substitution.
+
+So this says that given this
+production function and these
+
+prices, at the optimum you
+should set k over l equal to w
+
+over r, which equals 1/2.
+
+So what this says is given
+this production function,
+
+these price ratios, the optimal
+thing to do is to use
+
+half as much capital as labor.
+
+Half as much capital as labor
+is the optimal thing to do,
+
+and that's what we see in figure
+9-2, is the optimal
+
+thing to do is use half as
+much capital as labor.
+
+Now, in other words,
+let's say, to
+
+now develop the intuition.
+
+Imagine you told me no, I should
+use as much capital as
+
+I should use labor.
+
+As much capital as I
+should use labor.
+
+Imagine I told you that.
+
+Imagine I said no, in fact, the
+efficient thing to use is
+
+why not have one machine
+for every worker?
+
+How would you tell me
+intuitively why that's wrong?
+
+Why would I be wrong
+to say use one
+
+machine for every worker?
+
+Why would that be wrong,
+given the prices
+
+prevailing in the market?
+
+Someone can tell me this.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, renting
+machines is a lot more
+
+expensive than paying
+more workers.
+
+JON GRUBER: Twice as
+expensive to rent a
+
+machine as get a worker.
+
+AUDIENCE: So it would be more
+cost-effective to have the
+
+workers share machines rather
+than get a whole new machine.
+
+JON GRUBER: The key point is
+the machine costs twice as
+
+much, but the machine doesn't
+do twice as much.
+
+The machine and the worker
+do the same thing.
+
+The marginal rate of technical
+substitution is one.
+
+You're indifferent between one
+more machine and one more
+
+worker, but the machine cost
+twice as much as the worker.
+
+So you want more workers and
+fewer machines, right?
+
+Given the machines and workers,
+this is a perfectly
+
+substitutable production
+function.
+
+The marginal rate of technical
+substitution is k over l.
+
+You're perfectly indifferent
+between these two, given
+
+that-- not perfectly
+substitutable, but at this
+
+point you're indifferent
+between the two.
+
+So given that you're indifferent
+and the machines
+
+cost twice as much, why not
+buy half as many machines?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: But then, if the
+machines cost twice as much,
+
+why buy any machines?
+
+JON GRUBER: Oh, that's
+very good point.
+
+Because it's not a perfectly
+substitutable function.
+
+My bad.
+
+If it was, if the production
+function--
+
+great question.
+
+Let's say the production
+function was of the form q
+
+equals k plus l.
+
+That's perfectly substitutable
+production.
+
+Then you're right, in that
+situation you should only buy
+
+workers because they do exactly
+the same thing.
+
+But that's not the case here.
+
+This exhibits diminishing
+marginal product.
+
+So if you only bought workers,
+eventually each worker would
+
+do so much less that you'd be
+better off getting a machine.
+
+It's not perfectly
+
+substitutable, I misspoke before.
+
+At the margin they have
+an equal effect.
+
+But as you get more and more
+laborers, they'll be less and
+
+less productive, so eventually
+you're going to
+
+want to buy a machine.
+
+But you're only going
+to buy half as
+
+many machines as workers.
+
+You never want to buy one
+machine per worker.
+
+But you also don't want no
+machines per workers, because
+
+the workers won't have
+anything to do then.
+
+Here you'd want no machines
+per worker, right?
+
+The optimal thing to do,
+if you have a perfectly
+
+substitutable production
+function, you'd only just buy
+
+the cheaper input.
+
+But that's not the case when you
+have diminishing marginal
+
+products, then you're going to
+use a combination of inputs.
+
+But the combination used will be
+determined by the prices in
+
+the market.
+
+Other questions about that?
+
+So now we can ask, just as we
+asked in consumer theory, how
+
+does a price change in the price
+of goods affect your
+
+consumption decisions, we can
+ask how does a change in the
+
+price of inputs affect your
+production decisions?
+
+You could see that in the
+next page, figure 9-3.
+
+Imagine that wages went up.
+
+So imagine now wages, instead
+of being $5 an hour,
+
+are $7.50 an hour.
+
+They pass a new minimum
+wage, and wages go
+
+up to $7.50 an hour.
+
+What does that do?
+
+Well, that steepens the isocost.
+Your trade-off is now
+
+you're going to get fewer
+workers for every machine you
+
+give up, or more machines for
+every worker you give up.
+
+And so at the same isoquant,
+that's going to shift you to
+
+using less labor and
+more capital.
+
+By the same logic as before,
+you're going to use less labor
+
+and more capital, because you're
+going to see this shift
+
+in relative prices.
+
+This figure shows why the
+minimum wage leads to
+
+unemployment.
+
+We talked about it last time.
+
+We did in a graph, we just said
+supply and demand and
+
+showed you.
+
+But actually this is the
+underlying mechanics of how
+
+minimum wage leads
+to unemployment.
+
+Because the minimum wage,
+by change, is
+
+relative input prices.
+
+If the only way you could
+produce things was with labor,
+
+there wouldn't be much
+unemployment for a minimum
+
+wage because basically you
+wouldn't have anything else
+
+you could do.
+
+You'd still have to
+hire the workers.
+
+But, in fact, that's not the
+only way to produce things.
+
+You can substitute to capital.
+
+As a minimum wage goes up, firms
+will substitute towards
+
+capital, and that's why the
+minimum wage will lead to
+
+unemployment.
+
+So this is sort of the
+underlying mechanics of how
+
+that happens.
+
+All right, now armed
+with that--
+
+so basically when we
+did consumer theory
+
+we were done here.
+
+We basically said, look, we
+now know you have a budget
+
+constraint, you have
+indifference curves, you're
+
+fine with their tangent,
+you're done.
+
+The reason firms are one step
+harder is you don't have a
+
+budget constraint.
+
+q is not given to you, q is
+ultimately decided by you.
+
+You the firm are going to
+decide on little q.
+
+With our example for consumers,
+your parents gave
+
+you $96, you had no choice.
+
+Well here the firm isn't given
+little q, it's going to
+
+decide little q.
+
+What that means is we're
+not done yet.
+
+There's one extra step we need
+to do with firms, which is
+
+figure out where little
+q comes from.
+
+So to do that, we're going to
+have to then say well, how
+
+does a firm think about the set
+of choices of little q?
+
+And how does it think about how
+it changes production as
+
+little q changes?
+
+So to see that, go
+to figure 9-4a.
+
+This shows the long-run
+expansion path for a firm.
+
+This shows how, as it produces
+different amounts of goods, it
+
+will choose different
+units of inputs.
+
+So for the first level of
+production, it chooses five
+
+machines and 10 workers.
+
+Then if it wants to double
+production, it chooses 10
+
+machines and 20 workers.
+
+So if it wants to increase
+production by another 50%, it
+
+chooses 15 machines and
+30 workers, and so on.
+
+This is a linear
+expansion path.
+
+This says this firm is a
+production function, and
+
+prices are such that basically
+they always want these inputs
+
+in fixed proportions.
+
+So it would be a fixed
+proportional expansion path.
+
+No matter how much you choose to
+produce, you always want to
+
+use twice as much labor
+as capital.
+
+However, that doesn't
+have to be the case.
+
+So this long-run expansion
+path is going to be what
+
+becomes our underlying
+cost curve.
+
+This is where underlying cost
+curves are going to come from,
+
+and hopefully where supply is
+going to come from, is this
+
+long-run expansion path.
+
+This long-run expansion path is
+going to show us how much
+
+more we have to spend
+to produce
+
+different amounts of quantity.
+
+Now in this case, what you see
+here is that you have these
+
+fixed proportions.
+
+That as you increase quantity,
+that the input portion stays
+
+the same, but that doesn't
+have to be.
+
+For instance, figure 9b, you can
+imagine a world where, as
+
+you produce more units,
+capital becomes less
+
+productive.
+
+So you want more and
+more labor, but not
+
+that much more capital.
+
+So this might be the example
+of like McDonald's.
+
+If McDonald's wants to produce
+more burgers, ultimately
+
+there's only so many fryolators
+it can use.
+
+Ultimately, it needs more
+people to package up the
+
+burgers and sell them.
+
+So you might think that capital
+becomes less and less
+
+productive.
+
+And as a given McDonald's
+franchise expands its sales,
+
+it might want to increase the
+ratio of labor to capital.
+
+So this is a case where
+capital's becoming less
+
+productive.
+
+And as you see, as you expand
+production you're going to
+
+more labor and less capital.
+
+In other words, the marginal
+product of labor is still
+
+steep, and the marginal
+product of capital is
+
+flattening.
+
+So you want more
+and more labor,
+
+and not as much capital.
+
+That's one kind of
+expansion path.
+
+Figure 9c shows a different
+kind of expansion path.
+
+Here's one where labor becomes
+less productive.
+
+So this might be, for example,
+something which is a mass
+
+production process, like
+producing automobiles.
+
+Where basically as you produce
+more and more automobiles, you
+
+need more and more machines
+to produce them.
+
+The people just run
+the machines.
+
+So it's much more efficient to
+have to do it through more
+
+machines and less through more
+workers in automobile
+
+production.
+
+So in that case you could have
+a steeper expansion path,
+
+where basically the marginal
+product of labor is falling
+
+relative to the marginal product
+of capital, so you
+
+want to increase the ratio of
+capital to labor over time.
+
+The bottom line is as firms
+produce more, they may hold
+
+constant or may change the ratio
+of their inputs, but
+
+they'll clearly use
+more inputs.
+
+They're going to use more
+inputs, but the mix of the
+
+inputs they'll use will change
+with their production levels.
+
+So the question we have to ask
+is, well, what's going to
+
+determine their production
+level?
+
+Where does q come from?
+
+I'll have to leave that as
+a teaser for next time.
+
+Let me just say where q comes
+from, is q is going to come
+
+from market competition.
+
+We're going to get q--
+
+I'm not done, I have one
+more thing to cover.
+
+But we're going to get q from
+market competition.
+
+Now there is one other
+thing I want to cover
+
+though related to costs.
+
+Which is an important concept
+that we have to have in the
+
+back of our mind, which when we
+come back, we think about
+
+competition.
+
+Which is fixed versus
+sunk cost. Fixed--
+
+my wife always thought I was
+saying some costs, I'm not.
+
+I'm saying sunk costs.
+
+Fixed versus sunk costs.
+
+Fixed versus sunk costs.
+
+Sunk costs are costs which are
+fixed even in the long-run.
+
+Fixed costs are costs which are
+fixed in the short-run,
+
+and variable in the long-run,
+so capital.
+
+Sunk costs are costs which are
+fixed in the long-run.
+
+That is, they're foregone
+once you produce.
+
+The minute you produce one unit,
+those sunk costs are
+
+gone forever, and
+they cannot be
+
+changed even in the long-run.
+
+In other words, importantly,
+they cannot be changed by how
+
+much you produce.
+
+So in the long-run, you can
+change the cost of capital by
+
+building bigger or
+smaller plants,
+
+producing more or less.
+
+But some costs cannot
+be changed.
+
+So what's a classic example?
+
+Well, the classic example for
+example would be medical
+
+education, or any professional
+education.
+
+Once you've gone to med school
+and done all your grueling
+
+years of staying up all night,
+you've paid those costs.
+
+They're now paid for, and it
+doesn't matter if you see
+
+three patients the rest of your
+life or three million
+
+patients the rest of your life,
+you've already paid
+
+those costs.
+
+Think of that as the capital
+of a doctor's office.
+
+Now when you take your office
+as a doctor, if you want to
+
+see more patients in the
+short-run, they might be
+
+crammed into your office, and
+in the long-run you might
+
+build a bigger office.
+
+So in the short-run, how hard
+you work is variable.
+
+In the long-run, how big your
+office is is variable-- how
+
+many secretaries you
+hire, et cetera.
+
+But your medical school
+spending is gone.
+
+That's not variable in the
+long-run, that's sunk.
+
+And that's a very important
+distinction is between
+
+basically these fixed costs,
+what we call fixed costs.
+
+Which are costs where, like the
+costs of the office and
+
+the machinery the physician
+uses, which can be changed
+
+over a 10-year period, versus
+sunk costs which once paid are
+
+gone forever.
+
+And the key reason, just to
+give you a hint about why
+
+these will matter, is because
+when firms set up this--
+
+we may see firms in the
+market losing money.
+
+You may see firms in the
+market losing money.
+
+In fact, in any point in time
+we see lots of firms in the
+
+market losing money.
+
+You might say, why don't they
+go out of business?
+
+The reason they don't go out of
+business is because they've
+
+already pay huge sunk costs.
+
+It's not efficient to
+go out of business.
+
+They've already invested
+a certain amount.
+
+It's not going to be efficient
+to go out of business, because
+
+then they'll give up the
+cost they've invested.
+
+So if you're a doctor, and
+you've spent all this money on
+
+med school, and you're not
+making money as a doctor in
+
+the first couple of years.
+
+If you quit and go do something
+else, you've just
+
+given up all the investment
+you made in med school.
+
+So if there's any prospect that
+eventually you'll make
+
+money, you might want to hang
+on and keep being a doctor.
+
+So that's the difference between
+a fixed cost and a
+
+sunk cost.
+
+So I'm going to come back to
+that, but it's important to
+
+remember that distinction when
+we talk about competition.
+
+So let me stop there, and
+we'll come back on
+
+Wednesday, I guess.
+
+Have a good three-day weekend.
+
+We'll come back on Wednesday
+and we'll talk about
+
+competition.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QcXr9NShqnw.txt b/QcXr9NShqnw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..321f7f390e262e323ab1e9280fd1aa0576674302
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QcXr9NShqnw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
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+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know in some ways today's classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in some ways today's classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in some ways today's classes
+you know it's the most challenging of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's the most challenging of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's the most challenging of
+the semester these are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester these are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester these are really
+complicated difficult threshold issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated difficult threshold issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated difficult threshold issues
+and we're just starting to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're just starting to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're just starting to see the
+powerful implications of having gotten a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful implications of having gotten a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful implications of having gotten a
+number of things wrong in this space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things wrong in this space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things wrong in this space and
+what it does so it's I try to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does so it's I try to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does so it's I try to put the
+manufacturing stuff in early so you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing stuff in early so you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing stuff in early so you'd
+see that there are real issues here not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there are real issues here not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there are real issues here not
+just you know kind of abstract science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know kind of abstract science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know kind of abstract science
+policy questions but real issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy questions but real issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy questions but real issues that
+have big implications so let me start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have big implications so let me start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have big implications so let me start
+with Samuelson and you know you're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Samuelson and you know you're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Samuelson and you know you're all
+probably familiar with him but probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably familiar with him but probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably familiar with him but probably
+among a handful of that most famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among a handful of that most famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among a handful of that most famous
+economist of the 20th century one of em
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist of the 20th century one of em
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist of the 20th century one of em
+I t's great stars an amazing figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I t's great stars an amazing figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I t's great stars an amazing figure
+lived well into his 90s you know I heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived well into his 90s you know I heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived well into his 90s you know I heard
+him talk when he was just a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him talk when he was just a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him talk when he was just a few years
+ago before he died and he was incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago before he died and he was incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago before he died and he was incredibly
+sharp and funny and astute just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp and funny and astute just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp and funny and astute just a
+phenomenal figure and he really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenal figure and he really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenal figure and he really
+rethought really it was a foundational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethought really it was a foundational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethought really it was a foundational
+creator of neoclassical economics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creator of neoclassical economics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creator of neoclassical economics the
+attempt to bring you know discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to bring you know discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to bring you know discipline
+metrics to economic thinking so then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics to economic thinking so then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics to economic thinking so then he
+writes this surprising piece in 2004
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes this surprising piece in 2004
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes this surprising piece in 2004
+which takes on mainstream economics now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which takes on mainstream economics now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which takes on mainstream economics now
+he had actually done writing on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had actually done writing on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had actually done writing on this
+topic coming to somewhat similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic coming to somewhat similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic coming to somewhat similar
+conclusions much much earlier in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions much much earlier in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions much much earlier in his
+career but he comes back to it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career but he comes back to it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career but he comes back to it in this
+piece and it's it took everybody aback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and it's it took everybody aback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and it's it took everybody aback
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+mainstream economics and thought this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream economics and thought this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream economics and thought this
+was a completely settled territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a completely settled territory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a completely settled territory
+mainstream economists like Greenspan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream economists like Greenspan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream economists like Greenspan
+Josh Bhagwati Gregory Mankiw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Josh Bhagwati Gregory Mankiw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Josh Bhagwati Gregory Mankiw
+they were arguing and this is a quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were arguing and this is a quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were arguing and this is a quote
+from man q yes good jobs may be lost in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from man q yes good jobs may be lost in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from man q yes good jobs may be lost in
+the short run but still total US net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short run but still total US net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short run but still total US net
+national product must buy economic laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national product must buy economic laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national product must buy economic laws
+of comparative advantage be raised in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparative advantage be raised in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparative advantage be raised in
+the long run and in China to never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run and in China to never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run and in China to never
+forget the real gains of consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the real gains of consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the real gains of consumers
+alongside admitted possible losses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alongside admitted possible losses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alongside admitted possible losses of
+some producers in this working out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some producers in this working out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some producers in this working out of
+what Schumpeter called creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Schumpeter called creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Schumpeter called creative
+capitalist destruction correct economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist destruction correct economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist destruction correct economic
+law recognizes some American groups can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law recognizes some American groups can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law recognizes some American groups can
+be hurt by dynamic free trade but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hurt by dynamic free trade but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hurt by dynamic free trade but
+correct economic law indicates the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct economic law indicates the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct economic law indicates the word
+creative destruction by it's proof that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative destruction by it's proof that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative destruction by it's proof that
+the gains of the American winners are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gains of the American winners are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gains of the American winners are
+big enough to more than compensate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough to more than compensate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough to more than compensate from
+the losers and then same else concludes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the losers and then same else concludes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the losers and then same else concludes
+the last paragraph can only be innuendo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last paragraph can only be innuendo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last paragraph can only be innuendo
+for it is dead wrong about the necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it is dead wrong about the necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it is dead wrong about the necessary
+supply of winnings over losing's so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of winnings over losing's so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of winnings over losing's so you
+know here is the guy who created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here is the guy who created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here is the guy who created
+mainstream economics taking on the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream economics taking on the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream economics taking on the whole
+economic mainstream assumption about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic mainstream assumption about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic mainstream assumption about the
+benefits and gains of trade and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits and gains of trade and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits and gains of trade and it's a
+startling moment this you know article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startling moment this you know article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startling moment this you know article
+is like a bombshell in 2004 so how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a bombshell in 2004 so how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a bombshell in 2004 so how could
+the US be a loser in competition with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US be a loser in competition with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US be a loser in competition with a
+low-wage lower cost competitor like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-wage lower cost competitor like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-wage lower cost competitor like
+China obviously those others despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China obviously those others despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China obviously those others despite
+David Ricardo's theory of comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Ricardo's theory of comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Ricardo's theory of comparative
+advantage and remember we talked in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage and remember we talked in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage and remember we talked in the
+first class about Ricardo's theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first class about Ricardo's theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first class about Ricardo's theory of
+comparative advantage we had the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage we had the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage we had the example
+of Portugal in England England gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Portugal in England England gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Portugal in England England gets a
+lot of rain and has like grass across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of rain and has like grass across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of rain and has like grass across
+Portugal has a lot more Sun a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portugal has a lot more Sun a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portugal has a lot more Sun a lot less
+rain grows grapes it produces wine port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain grows grapes it produces wine port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain grows grapes it produces wine port
+each side traits to their comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each side traits to their comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each side traits to their comparative
+advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage
+now these he's thinking of a resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these he's thinking of a resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these he's thinking of a resource
+advantage right he's not thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage right he's not thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage right he's not thinking about
+a comparative innovation advantage so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comparative innovation advantage so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comparative innovation advantage so
+what happens in the time from Ricardo to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the time from Ricardo to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the time from Ricardo to
+the present is that nations begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present is that nations begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present is that nations begin
+building a comparative innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a comparative innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a comparative innovation
+advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage
+through building strong innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through building strong innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through building strong innovation
+systems right and arguably the u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems right and arguably the u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems right and arguably the u.s.
+leads that effort coming out of World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads that effort coming out of World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads that effort coming out of World
+War two to develop a comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War two to develop a comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War two to develop a comparative
+innovation advantage so and Samuelson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation advantage so and Samuelson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation advantage so and Samuelson
+goes on to argue that if China or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on to argue that if China or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on to argue that if China or
+another comparable country begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another comparable country begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another comparable country begins to
+make productivity enhancing gains in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make productivity enhancing gains in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make productivity enhancing gains in its
+production and couples that with a wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and couples that with a wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and couples that with a wage
+advantage it can capture some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage it can capture some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage it can capture some of the
+comparative advantage that had born to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage that had born to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage that had born to a
+competitor like the US so in a Ricardo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor like the US so in a Ricardo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor like the US so in a Ricardo
+since there's never unemployment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there's never unemployment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there's never unemployment that
+lasts forever from trade it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts forever from trade it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts forever from trade it'll
+eventually sort itself out right but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually sort itself out right but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually sort itself out right but the
+way in which it's been sorting itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which it's been sorting itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which it's been sorting itself
+out is that as he puts it real wages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is that as he puts it real wages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is that as he puts it real wages
+have been lowered by this version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been lowered by this version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been lowered by this version of
+dynamic fair trade so to compete wages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic fair trade so to compete wages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic fair trade so to compete wages
+come down right in that in the US and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down right in that in the US and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down right in that in the US and
+that's that's what's been going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what's been going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what's been going on
+so wages can drop after a time to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wages can drop after a time to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wages can drop after a time to a
+point where a productivity enhancement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where a productivity enhancement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where a productivity enhancement
+or productivity advantage in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or productivity advantage in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or productivity advantage in another
+country is offset but these are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is offset but these are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is offset but these are still
+net harmful terms of trade so the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net harmful terms of trade so the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net harmful terms of trade so the and
+this is not a new story right this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a new story right this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a new story right this is a
+story it's been going on for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story it's been going on for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story it's been going on for a long time
+Samuelson argues so farming moves from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samuelson argues so farming moves from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samuelson argues so farming moves from
+the eastern part of the United States to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eastern part of the United States to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eastern part of the United States to
+the Midwest you know that's a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Midwest you know that's a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Midwest you know that's a straight
+comparative advantage the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage the ability to
+scale up agricultural production of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up agricultural production of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up agricultural production of the
+Midwest as opposed to the more crowded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Midwest as opposed to the more crowded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Midwest as opposed to the more crowded
+East and Hillier East and rockier East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East and Hillier East and rockier East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East and Hillier East and rockier East
+you know we can see it we understand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we can see it we understand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we can see it we understand why
+agricultural production sheis to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural production sheis to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural production sheis to the
+Midwest textile and shoe manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Midwest textile and shoe manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Midwest textile and shoe manufacturing
+moved from New England to the lower wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved from New England to the lower wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved from New England to the lower wage
+South early in that the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South early in that the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South early in that the beginning of the
+20th century English manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century English manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century English manufacturing
+leadership shifts to the u.s. starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership shifts to the u.s. starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership shifts to the u.s. starting
+in the middle of the nineteenth century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of the nineteenth century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of the nineteenth century
+right we develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we develop
+the early stages of mass production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early stages of mass production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early stages of mass production
+through interchange minutiae made parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through interchange minutiae made parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through interchange minutiae made parts
+not Britain then we'll talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Britain then we'll talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Britain then we'll talk more about
+that in the later class so as Samuelson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the later class so as Samuelson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the later class so as Samuelson
+puts it even where the leaders continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it even where the leaders continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it even where the leaders continue
+to progress in absolute growth their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to progress in absolute growth their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to progress in absolute growth their
+rate of growth tended to be attenuated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of growth tended to be attenuated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of growth tended to be attenuated
+by an adverse headwind generated from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an adverse headwind generated from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an adverse headwind generated from
+lower wage competitors and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower wage competitors and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower wage competitors and other
+technical imitators in each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical imitators in each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical imitators in each one of these
+examples right so this is an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples right so this is an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples right so this is an old
+economic story that he's raising so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic story that he's raising so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic story that he's raising so a
+Productivity gain in one country can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Productivity gain in one country can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Productivity gain in one country can
+benefit that country alone while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit that country alone while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit that country alone while
+permanently hurting the other country by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently hurting the other country by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently hurting the other country by
+reducing the gains from trade that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the gains from trade that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the gains from trade that are
+possible between the two countries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible between the two countries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible between the two countries and
+all of this he acknowledges his long-run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this he acknowledges his long-run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this he acknowledges his long-run
+Schumpeter in effects destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schumpeter in effects destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schumpeter in effects destructive
+creative destruction of capitalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative destruction of capitalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative destruction of capitalism
+effects and he concludes that in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and he concludes that in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and he concludes that in effect
+is a roulette wheel of evolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a roulette wheel of evolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a roulette wheel of evolving
+comparative advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage
+now his warning is a powerful one if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now his warning is a powerful one if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now his warning is a powerful one if you
+respond with tariffs and protectionism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond with tariffs and protectionism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond with tariffs and protectionism
+you are you will be breeding economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are you will be breeding economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are you will be breeding economic
+arterial sclerosis you will be limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arterial sclerosis you will be limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arterial sclerosis you will be limiting
+your ability to effectively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to effectively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to effectively and
+efficiently compete so that's not a fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently compete so that's not a fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently compete so that's not a fix
+in his mind so this is you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his mind so this is you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his mind so this is you know this is
+one of the most important economists in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important economists in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important economists in
+the last century and a good part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last century and a good part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last century and a good part of this
+weighing in on an historic conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighing in on an historic conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighing in on an historic conclusion
+that economics came to about the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that economics came to about the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that economics came to about the overall
+benefits of trade and saying it's a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of trade and saying it's a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of trade and saying it's a much
+more complicated story than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated story than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated story than that
+so it was a powerful message when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was a powerful message when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was a powerful message when he
+when he put this out so I just finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he put this out so I just finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he put this out so I just finished
+talking about some about Samuelson so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about some about Samuelson so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about some about Samuelson so
+we're all set up for you to do us your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all set up for you to do us your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all set up for you to do us your
+view of this Samuelson and lead us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of this Samuelson and lead us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of this Samuelson and lead us in
+some Q&A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is something that all people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that all people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that all people
+actually I thought as well is sure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I thought as well is sure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I thought as well is sure if
+this is something that's like regarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that's like regarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that's like regarded
+to be you know pretty substantial why a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you know pretty substantial why a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you know pretty substantial why a
+lot of years to the USS dedication as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of years to the USS dedication as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of years to the USS dedication as a
+country to change their economic outlook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country to change their economic outlook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country to change their economic outlook
+in certain ways so I was thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain ways so I was thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain ways so I was thinking about
+the timeline so singles and starts yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timeline so singles and starts yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timeline so singles and starts yeah
+now this is not the main work for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is not the main work for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is not the main work for what
+she's been recognized for but with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's been recognized for but with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's been recognized for but with an
+economist named Wolfgang Stoll fur the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist named Wolfgang Stoll fur the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist named Wolfgang Stoll fur the
+two of them put out a doctrine on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them put out a doctrine on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them put out a doctrine on
+advantages and disadvantages of trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages and disadvantages of trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages and disadvantages of trading
+regimes you know pretty early in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes you know pretty early in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes you know pretty early in the
+career and I you know I'm thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career and I you know I'm thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career and I you know I'm thinking that
+50s but I have to go back and check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s but I have to go back and check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s but I have to go back and check the
+actual dates so he kind of launches that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual dates so he kind of launches that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual dates so he kind of launches that
+theoretical highly mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical highly mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical highly mathematical
+framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework
+he returns to it in 2004 because in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he returns to it in 2004 because in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he returns to it in 2004 because in his
+view the mainstream economics which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view the mainstream economics which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view the mainstream economics which of
+course he created has taken you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he created has taken you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he created has taken you know a
+departing path by assuming the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departing path by assuming the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departing path by assuming the you know
+continuing eternal benefits of a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing eternal benefits of a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing eternal benefits of a free
+trading system without really analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading system without really analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading system without really analyzing
+the competitive processes that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competitive processes that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competitive processes that are going
+on here and and just to add one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here and and just to add one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here and and just to add one more
+thing Lily there's an economist in MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing Lily there's an economist in MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing Lily there's an economist in MIT
+named David Otter who's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named David Otter who's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named David Otter who's doing
+startling work and I refer to them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startling work and I refer to them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startling work and I refer to them in
+some of the other readings we got into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other readings we got into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other readings we got into
+but doing startling work on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but doing startling work on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but doing startling work on you know
+these very significant trade impacts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very significant trade impacts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very significant trade impacts to
+break this he was he was in the bush to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break this he was he was in the bush to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break this he was he was in the bush to
+regime yeah I'm just wondering about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime yeah I'm just wondering about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime yeah I'm just wondering about the
+timing of this article could be be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing of this article could be be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing of this article could be be
+unprepared it's not that there haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprepared it's not that there haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprepared it's not that there haven't
+been significant net gains right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been significant net gains right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been significant net gains right
+consumers are no question about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are no question about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are no question about is
+significant beneficiaries of the regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant beneficiaries of the regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant beneficiaries of the regime
+but there just are dramatic effects is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there just are dramatic effects is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there just are dramatic effects is
+what's a Moses argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any sensor the winners made in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sensor the winners made in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sensor the winners made in the US
+has been the winners for light a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been the winners for light a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been the winners for light a lot of
+this consecutive construction area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this consecutive construction area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this consecutive construction area
+through segments and we have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through segments and we have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through segments and we have to deal
+with sort of productivity ratings now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of productivity ratings now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of productivity ratings now
+probably China and so like you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably China and so like you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably China and so like you start
+they're losing and starts expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're losing and starts expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're losing and starts expanding
+towards stable systems which is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards stable systems which is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards stable systems which is probably
+inside of the US here into somewhat like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the US here into somewhat like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the US here into somewhat like
+2004 and so like China is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 and so like China is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 and so like China is really
+becoming sort of a forefront I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming sort of a forefront I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming sort of a forefront I guess I
+think greets man he's like chairman of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think greets man he's like chairman of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think greets man he's like chairman of
+the Fed this time with eight seven six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fed this time with eight seven six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fed this time with eight seven six
+so he like sees all this but he's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he like sees all this but he's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he like sees all this but he's just
+probably not in a position to respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not in a position to respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not in a position to respond
+but you can't really kind of shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess sort of like gravity in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess sort of like gravity in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess sort of like gravity in the way
+that mainstream economics is thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mainstream economics is thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mainstream economics is thinking
+he's just out of all of that I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just out of all of that I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just out of all of that I would say
+and then well seems it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then well seems it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then well seems it doesn't really
+happen confuses for kids would even say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen confuses for kids would even say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen confuses for kids would even say
+he's got the backing of like having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got the backing of like having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got the backing of like having
+created and legitimacy if I'm creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and legitimacy if I'm creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and legitimacy if I'm creative
+nature right now so I think it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature right now so I think it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature right now so I think it's pretty
+okay like disagree for something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like disagree for something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like disagree for something which
+is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well regarding the winners losers this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well regarding the winners losers this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well regarding the winners losers this
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+people also mentioned that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also mentioned that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also mentioned that sort of
+thought process might drive a wedge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought process might drive a wedge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought process might drive a wedge the
+two that could create an income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the question was does this model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was does this model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was does this model of
+international trade this free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade this free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade this free trade
+inherently create that including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently create that including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently create that including
+equality or are there other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+last week you make more money but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week you make more money but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week you make more money but
+they're not going to spread those jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to spread those jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to spread those jobs
+that amassed middle wealth are here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that amassed middle wealth are here yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that amassed middle wealth are here yeah
+that was your quote Martine from Andy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was your quote Martine from Andy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was your quote Martine from Andy
+growth of Intel it was a great quote and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of Intel it was a great quote and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of Intel it was a great quote and
+I think I made this there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I made this there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I made this there's a lot of
+variables and the author constraint is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the author constraint is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the author constraint is
+variables make a certain weight there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables make a certain weight there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables make a certain weight there's
+a lot of variables that into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of variables that into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of variables that into account
+we're like how people actually do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're like how people actually do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're like how people actually do things
+so if you reticle you might work out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you reticle you might work out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you reticle you might work out but
+in terms of the actual how it gets done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the actual how it gets done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the actual how it gets done
+in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's taxable isn't healthy for actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's taxable isn't healthy for actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's taxable isn't healthy for actually
+sort of using these systems rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of using these systems rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of using these systems rather than
+kind of because I wonder like if honors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of because I wonder like if honors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of because I wonder like if honors
+analyzing the way that people actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the way that people actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the way that people actually
+and effectively straight loss Vocaloid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and effectively straight loss Vocaloid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and effectively straight loss Vocaloid
+system like will he arrive at the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like will he arrive at the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like will he arrive at the system
+software will be an okay many words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software will be an okay many words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software will be an okay many words that
+he wrote looks at specific communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote looks at specific communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote looks at specific communities
+that are like areas that were focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are like areas that were focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are like areas that were focused on
+an industry that's now gone so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an industry that's now gone so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an industry that's now gone so it's
+looking at like real people and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at like real people and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at like real people and how
+their real incomes have changed so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their real incomes have changed so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their real incomes have changed so like
+I think like furniture in North Carolina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think like furniture in North Carolina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think like furniture in North Carolina
+or something like that and so you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that and so you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that and so you keep
+hearing groove just by like looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing groove just by like looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing groove just by like looking at
+that group of people before and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that group of people before and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that group of people before and after
+that there has been like income changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there has been like income changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there has been like income changes
+and that is important there is so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is important there is so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is important there is so if you
+use that example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think a lot of the weight when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think a lot of the weight when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think a lot of the weight when they
+talk about games being made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I do feel like like it was it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do feel like like it was it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do feel like like it was it would have
+been able to contrive an example but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to contrive an example but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to contrive an example but I
+think that I would see the point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that I would see the point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that I would see the point that
+specifically showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explain why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just think that another point was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think that another point was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think that another point was that
+the one of the debate is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the debate is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the debate is kind of
+predicated on the fact that I'm the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicated on the fact that I'm the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicated on the fact that I'm the idea
+of like trickle-down and it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like trickle-down and it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like trickle-down and it kind of
+successively proven that trickle-down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successively proven that trickle-down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successively proven that trickle-down
+has some limitations has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some limitations has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some limitations has a lot of
+limitations especially considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations especially considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations especially considering
+developments in other countries and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments in other countries and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments in other countries and how
+like the market clearing wedding trait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the market clearing wedding trait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the market clearing wedding trait
+of the United States has just been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the United States has just been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the United States has just been
+subject to a little natural reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to a little natural reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to a little natural reduction
+due to development due to increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to development due to increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to development due to increased
+capital and innovation in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and innovation in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and innovation in other
+countries and so the kind of gap between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and so the kind of gap between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and so the kind of gap between
+the rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why don't we dive into the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't we dive into the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't we dive into the next
+reading which was Gary pizanno and Willy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading which was Gary pizanno and Willy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading which was Gary pizanno and Willy
+xi and that's yours - Kevin mine ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xi and that's yours - Kevin mine ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xi and that's yours - Kevin mine ok
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+I'll just summarize very quickly and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just summarize very quickly and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just summarize very quickly and you
+can you know add more but this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know add more but this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know add more but this is an
+article they wrote they later turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article they wrote they later turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article they wrote they later turn this
+into quite a well-known book and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into quite a well-known book and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into quite a well-known book and they
+you know in this article and they later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in this article and they later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in this article and they later
+expand on it they look at a whole set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand on it they look at a whole set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand on it they look at a whole set of
+technology areas but they start from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology areas but they start from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology areas but they start from you
+know the Kindle to and point out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Kindle to and point out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Kindle to and point out that
+very large portions of that technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large portions of that technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large portions of that technology
+can no longer be produced in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can no longer be produced in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can no longer be produced in the United
+States this is the source for a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States this is the source for a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States this is the source for a number
+of the components that it can only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the components that it can only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the components that it can only be
+made in various countries abroad so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in various countries abroad so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in various countries abroad so they
+argue that there's an eroding US ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that there's an eroding US ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that there's an eroding US ability
+to create virtually every brand of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create virtually every brand of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create virtually every brand of
+notebook computer except Apple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebook computer except Apple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebook computer except Apple and
+mobile handheld designs are now largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile handheld designs are now largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile handheld designs are now largely
+in Asia as well so then they look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Asia as well so then they look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Asia as well so then they look at a
+whole series of technology fields right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole series of technology fields right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole series of technology fields right
+and find that there's been a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find that there's been a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find that there's been a lot of
+erosion in US leadership in a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erosion in US leadership in a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erosion in US leadership in a series of
+these areas from advanced materials to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas from advanced materials to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas from advanced materials to
+computing and communications they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing and communications they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing and communications they
+identify fields that are gone and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify fields that are gone and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify fields that are gone and they
+identify fields that remain competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify fields that remain competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify fields that remain competitive
+and at risk same story for energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at risk same story for energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at risk same story for energy
+technologies and storage for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and storage for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and storage for different
+aspects of semiconductor industry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of semiconductor industry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of semiconductor industry and
+for this display sector so the erosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this display sector so the erosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this display sector so the erosion
+of these industrial capabilities they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these industrial capabilities they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these industrial capabilities they
+essentially portrays so they helped us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially portrays so they helped us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially portrays so they helped us
+take the Samuelson theory and make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Samuelson theory and make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Samuelson theory and make it
+much more concrete in terms of actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more concrete in terms of actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more concrete in terms of actual
+effective industry segments that are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective industry segments that are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective industry segments that are no
+longer you know present that significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer you know present that significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer you know present that significant
+scale in the u.s. so let me leave it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale in the u.s. so let me leave it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale in the u.s. so let me leave it to
+you Kevin Saul years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following kind of situations to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following kind of situations to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following kind of situations to sort
+of fix the issue what role should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fix the issue what role should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fix the issue what role should
+government intervening company decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when innovation for the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I was wondering does this also think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was wondering does this also think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was wondering does this also think we
+need other companies that the u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+younger that Excel reduce industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger that Excel reduce industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger that Excel reduce industry
+comments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does it really affect the you ask that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it really affect the you ask that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it really affect the you ask that
+much like why can't you guys France
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like why can't you guys France
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like why can't you guys France
+benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits
+let's do benefit from investor comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do benefit from investor comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do benefit from investor comments
+from overseas other than loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from overseas other than loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from overseas other than loss of
+employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lasting benefits they get extra tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasting benefits they get extra tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasting benefits they get extra tax
+revenue just their economy in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue just their economy in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue just their economy in general
+like they have fate might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they have fate might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they have fate might be able to
+even undergo an entire information wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even undergo an entire information wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even undergo an entire information wave
+because of this so yeah we it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this so yeah we it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this so yeah we it's not so
+much that we can't benefit so much as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that we can't benefit so much as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that we can't benefit so much as it
+is that a lot of the valley will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a lot of the valley will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a lot of the valley will be
+created in the future so like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created in the future so like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created in the future so like the
+prophets wanting 10 years in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prophets wanting 10 years in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prophets wanting 10 years in the future
+these things that we never build up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that we never build up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that we never build up the
+capability and there's those are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability and there's those are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability and there's those are things
+that sound like knowing it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sound like knowing it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sound like knowing it's like
+actually creating your supply chain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually creating your supply chain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually creating your supply chain a
+certain way and creating the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way and creating the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way and creating the this is
+something like so smelly took like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like so smelly took like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like so smelly took like
+eighty years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so my big lorry when I was leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so my big lorry when I was leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so my big lorry when I was leaving
+this more and we they're very short-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more and we they're very short-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more and we they're very short-term
+focus in the u.s. we don't really say go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus in the u.s. we don't really say go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus in the u.s. we don't really say go
+to sue the futures gonna be optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sue the futures gonna be optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sue the futures gonna be optimistic
+am i clear - professor I was then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am i clear - professor I was then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am i clear - professor I was then and
+the like patient countries tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like patient countries tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like patient countries tend to be
+more let's say I think long-term focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more let's say I think long-term focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more let's say I think long-term focus
+so I think that's really point with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's really point with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's really point with this
+piece that we're very short time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that we're very short time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that we're very short time for
+focus we're trying to find the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus we're trying to find the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus we're trying to find the big
+weight very quickly that's why our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight very quickly that's why our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight very quickly that's why our
+industries are kind of like don't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries are kind of like don't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries are kind of like don't matter
+as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much
+Wall Street finance which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what was paper where was Japan that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was paper where was Japan that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was paper where was Japan that
+looks like hundreds of units of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like hundreds of units of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like hundreds of units of the
+future had that antidote an advisor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future had that antidote an advisor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future had that antidote an advisor or
+someone he said oh yeah this is my plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone he said oh yeah this is my plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone he said oh yeah this is my plan
+for the next hundred years it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next hundred years it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next hundred years it was
+criticized for thinking too far I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticized for thinking too far I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticized for thinking too far I think
+it's interesting also what's the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting also what's the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting also what's the link
+between like moving those capacities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between like moving those capacities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between like moving those capacities
+overseas in making room for new ideas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overseas in making room for new ideas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overseas in making room for new ideas to
+be born you know and like the u.s. seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be born you know and like the u.s. seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be born you know and like the u.s. seems
+not more but innovative and purely like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not more but innovative and purely like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not more but innovative and purely like
+the idea like fluff or kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea like fluff or kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea like fluff or kind of
+innovation and then ships the ideas you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and then ships the ideas you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and then ships the ideas you
+know to another country would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to another country would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to another country would actually
+reduce that like does it does they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce that like does it does they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce that like does it does they need
+to be that separation for us to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that separation for us to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that separation for us to be able
+to have the room to innovate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just let me jump in with a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just let me jump in with a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just let me jump in with a couple
+of slides that I was gonna use later but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slides that I was gonna use later but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slides that I was gonna use later but
+they're relevant very relevant to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're relevant very relevant to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're relevant very relevant to this
+discussion so this is what the share of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion so this is what the share of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion so this is what the share of
+employment and services versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment and services versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment and services versus
+manufacturing so that's the left-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing so that's the left-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing so that's the left-hand
+chart so services in the US eighty six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart so services in the US eighty six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart so services in the US eighty six
+percent production fourteen percent it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent production fourteen percent it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent production fourteen percent it's
+actually somewhat lower than that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually somewhat lower than that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually somewhat lower than that and
+then that's the share of earnings in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's the share of earnings in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's the share of earnings in the
+Standard & Poor 500 coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standard & Poor 500 coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standard & Poor 500 coming from
+manufacturing versus services right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing versus services right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing versus services right so
+the reason one reason why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason one reason why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason one reason why you
+manufacture is that's where the money is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture is that's where the money is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture is that's where the money is
+right it's not in services so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not in services so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not in services so if you
+develop an economy that's overwhelmingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop an economy that's overwhelmingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop an economy that's overwhelmingly
+services as we have been handing for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services as we have been handing for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services as we have been handing for for
+a long time look at the returns right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time look at the returns right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time look at the returns right
+and then let's look at I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let's look at I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let's look at I'm really
+jumping ahead here but let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping ahead here but let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping ahead here but let's look at the
+trade balance for high-technology goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade balance for high-technology goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade balance for high-technology goods
+versus all manufactured products so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus all manufactured products so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus all manufactured products so the
+u.s. is running a gigantic trade deficit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. is running a gigantic trade deficit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. is running a gigantic trade deficit
+in all manufactured products but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all manufactured products but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all manufactured products but now
+we're running a major trade deficit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running a major trade deficit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running a major trade deficit in
+advanced manufacturing technologies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced manufacturing technologies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced manufacturing technologies so
+that goes right to your point Chloe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes right to your point Chloe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes right to your point Chloe
+right let's seed commodity production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's seed commodity production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's seed commodity production
+and make it up on the high end except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it up on the high end except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it up on the high end except
+we're not doing that right instead the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not doing that right instead the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not doing that right instead the
+whole picture looks bleak right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole picture looks bleak right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole picture looks bleak right this
+class is designed to scare you to death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll see that's fascinating because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that's fascinating because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that's fascinating because
+I've heard the assumption actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard the assumption actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard the assumption actually be
+that the u.s. keeps the international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the u.s. keeps the international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the u.s. keeps the international
+students and that's why I mean we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and that's why I mean we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and that's why I mean we've
+mentioned in several classes because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in several classes because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in several classes because I
+think like the opportunity for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like the opportunity for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like the opportunity for people
+that come here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come here
+like it's now a lot more where let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's now a lot more where let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's now a lot more where let's
+take a green card the equities well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a green card the equities well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a green card the equities well you
+know a significant portion of students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a significant portion of students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a significant portion of students
+from abroad do stay here right but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from abroad do stay here right but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from abroad do stay here right but the
+numbers are in decline and more going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are in decline and more going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are in decline and more going
+back to their home countries but does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to their home countries but does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to their home countries but does
+that mean you all tell me that the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean you all tell me that the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean you all tell me that the US
+ought to close its doors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to close its doors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to close its doors to
+international students right and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international students right and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international students right and said
+what we should do right is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we should do right is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we should do right is that the
+right economic strategy we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right economic strategy we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right economic strategy we've got
+somebody who thinks it is at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who thinks it is at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who thinks it is at the moment
+I know no no really I'm asking in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know no no really I'm asking in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know no no really I'm asking in a
+serious kind of way it's I mean the u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious kind of way it's I mean the u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious kind of way it's I mean the u.s.
+model historically was to have these you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model historically was to have these you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model historically was to have these you
+know international universities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know international universities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know international universities and
+attract talent from all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract talent from all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract talent from all over the place
+because if you're running an innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're running an innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're running an innovation
+system that feeds talent from the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that feeds talent from the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that feeds talent from the entire
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+what an incredible competitive advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an incredible competitive advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an incredible competitive advantage
+right what an incredible competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what an incredible competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what an incredible competitive
+opportunity but I think the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity but I think the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity but I think the other side
+of that coin is that it's it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that coin is that it's it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that coin is that it's it's it's a
+value in itself and yeah you really ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in itself and yeah you really ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in itself and yeah you really ask
+some terrific questions in your email to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some terrific questions in your email to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some terrific questions in your email to
+me and this is one of them you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and this is one of them you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and this is one of them you know what
+are these Americans doing right what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these Americans doing right what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these Americans doing right what do
+they think they're doing here but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think they're doing here but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think they're doing here but I
+still think it's of overall value to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still think it's of overall value to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still think it's of overall value to
+have as much talent here because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as much talent here because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as much talent here because that's
+how knowledge gets sharpened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how knowledge gets sharpened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how knowledge gets sharpened
+that's how we get sharper and better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we get sharper and better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we get sharper and better and
+so that would be my argument but people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be my argument but people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be my argument but people
+should feel free to disagree about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should feel free to disagree about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should feel free to disagree about
+whether students who are coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether students who are coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether students who are coming from
+other countries might be considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries might be considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries might be considered
+spies because they would be then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spies because they would be then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spies because they would be then
+understanding knowledge and innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding knowledge and innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding knowledge and innovation
+innovation paradigm and then taking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation paradigm and then taking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation paradigm and then taking it
+back to their home countries and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to their home countries and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to their home countries and that
+also makes me feel uncomfortable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also makes me feel uncomfortable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also makes me feel uncomfortable because
+I feel like Trust sort of precludes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like Trust sort of precludes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like Trust sort of precludes
+cooperation and it precludes the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation and it precludes the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation and it precludes the United
+States ability to work in a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States ability to work in a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States ability to work in a global
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know in the end having you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the end having you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the end having you know
+world talent base with common education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world talent base with common education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world talent base with common education
+experiences that's very powerful for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences that's very powerful for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences that's very powerful for the
+world in general I mean that's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in general I mean that's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in general I mean that's a real
+huge net plus and you know we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge net plus and you know we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge net plus and you know we can't
+assume that all innovation is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that all innovation is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that all innovation is gonna
+happen the United States and we can wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen the United States and we can wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen the United States and we can wall
+ourselves off it's important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves off it's important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves off it's important for
+innovation to occur elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation to occur elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation to occur elsewhere
+there's an old there's an old story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an old there's an old story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an old there's an old story
+about small towns and lawyers right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about small towns and lawyers right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about small towns and lawyers right so
+if there's a small town and there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a small town and there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a small town and there's one
+lawyer Lori's going to starve there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer Lori's going to starve there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer Lori's going to starve there's a
+small town and two lawyers that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small town and two lawyers that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small town and two lawyers that both
+gonna get rich right because their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get rich right because their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get rich right because their
+clients will be suing each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients will be suing each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients will be suing each other
+constantly right in other words they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly right in other words they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly right in other words they're
+gonna create more net right and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna create more net right and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna create more net right and you know
+if China is doing brilliant things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if China is doing brilliant things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if China is doing brilliant things to
+bring 300 400 or more million people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring 300 400 or more million people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring 300 400 or more million people
+into its middle class that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into its middle class that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into its middle class that's a great
+thing for the world that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the world that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the world that's a great
+overall incredible net plus to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall incredible net plus to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall incredible net plus to create a
+massive new middle class and if the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive new middle class and if the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive new middle class and if the US
+can't figure out how to you know take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't figure out how to you know take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't figure out how to you know take
+advantage of that and you know shame on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of that and you know shame on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of that and you know shame on
+us right because it's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us right because it's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us right because it's really important
+that the world do these things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the world do these things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the world do these things right
+same story in India same story in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same story in India same story in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same story in India same story in all
+kinds of other developing countries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of other developing countries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of other developing countries that
+are starting to become emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to become emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to become emerging
+economies so these things need to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies so these things need to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies so these things need to happen
+and you know we're not gonna be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we're not gonna be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we're not gonna be able to
+wall them off we just have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall them off we just have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall them off we just have to figure out
+to develop our own competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop our own competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop our own competitive
+capabilities to be participating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities to be participating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities to be participating that
+would that would be what I would argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that would be what I would argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that would be what I would argue
+you know a lot of people see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of people see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of people see this
+differently Matthew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently Matthew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently Matthew
+even if you didn't care about you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you didn't care about you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you didn't care about you just
+cared about the UI's except to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cared about the UI's except to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cared about the UI's except to recognize
+that you don't have a comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have a comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have a comparative
+advantage and everything and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage and everything and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage and everything and that's
+actually about having those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually about having those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually about having those
+international students there they say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international students there they say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international students there they say a
+Sloan student who you know was working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sloan student who you know was working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sloan student who you know was working
+manufacturing in China just as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing in China just as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing in China just as much as
+their benefit they're sharing yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their benefit they're sharing yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their benefit they're sharing yeah I
+think that's important and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's important and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's important and when we
+consider like the educational model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider like the educational model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider like the educational model and
+bringing international people into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing international people into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing international people into that
+it's I think it's important to not adopt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I think it's important to not adopt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I think it's important to not adopt
+the perspective that we're the only ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perspective that we're the only ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perspective that we're the only ones
+that have anything to offer you got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have anything to offer you got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have anything to offer you got it
+other people bring other perspective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people bring other perspective and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people bring other perspective and
+that's valuable even just for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's valuable even just for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's valuable even just for our
+benefit not to mention other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit not to mention other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit not to mention other countries
+so Louie we answered your question you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Louie we answered your question you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Louie we answered your question you
+know are you satisfied with what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are you satisfied with what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are you satisfied with what we've
+talked about here you can critique us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just for the sake of the world is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the sake of the world is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the sake of the world is they
+are countries see this as a national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are countries see this as a national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are countries see this as a national
+strategic move to have to attract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic move to have to attract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic move to have to attract
+talents because they are such a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents because they are such a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents because they are such a small
+country and they're only resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right your Singapore example is various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your Singapore example is various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your Singapore example is various
+student it's really interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student it's really interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student it's really interesting because
+Singapore roost until fairly recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore roost until fairly recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore roost until fairly recently
+had a strategy for higher education in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a strategy for higher education in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a strategy for higher education in
+particular graduate education to get its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular graduate education to get its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular graduate education to get its
+students out into the world right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students out into the world right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students out into the world right to
+send them through the best educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them through the best educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them through the best educational
+institutions around the world so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions around the world so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions around the world so that
+they would learn other countries and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would learn other countries and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would learn other countries and how
+they worked and what ideas could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they worked and what ideas could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they worked and what ideas could be
+gained from them and that they would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained from them and that they would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained from them and that they would be
+able to set up relationships for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to set up relationships for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to set up relationships for those
+countries they would be able to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries they would be able to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries they would be able to have
+working relationships with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working relationships with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working relationships with the
+communities that they learned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities that they learned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities that they learned and
+Singapore you know small island nation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore you know small island nation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore you know small island nation
+city-state really no real resources they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city-state really no real resources they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city-state really no real resources they
+have to trade to live so they organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to trade to live so they organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to trade to live so they organize
+themselves around becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves around becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves around becoming
+intermediaries in all kinds of trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediaries in all kinds of trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediaries in all kinds of trading
+activities worldwide whether is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities worldwide whether is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities worldwide whether is you know
+petroleum and oil and and fossil fuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petroleum and oil and and fossil fuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petroleum and oil and and fossil fuels
+or it's running the world's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's running the world's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's running the world's most
+efficient port or running the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient port or running the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient port or running the most
+efficient you know cargo transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient you know cargo transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient you know cargo transport
+aircraft operation in the world they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft operation in the world they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft operation in the world they
+figured out these intermediary spots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out these intermediary spots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out these intermediary spots and
+then they use their relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they use their relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they use their relationship
+building to be able to build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building to be able to build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building to be able to build the
+relationships they needed to play that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships they needed to play that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships they needed to play that
+dramatic intermediary role benefited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic intermediary role benefited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic intermediary role benefited by
+their geography so it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their geography so it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their geography so it's a very
+interesting example of a country that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example of a country that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example of a country that's
+adopted a kind of a broad look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted a kind of a broad look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted a kind of a broad look at
+education and where to get it please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like local patrons and aunts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like local patrons and aunts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like local patrons and aunts
+international neighbors and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international neighbors and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international neighbors and this
+conflict the government takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict the government takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict the government takes the
+responsibility to settle this company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility to settle this company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility to settle this company
+instead of so it is when we see maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of so it is when we see maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of so it is when we see maybe
+there's a sourcing of Manufacturing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sourcing of Manufacturing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sourcing of Manufacturing's
+there are lots of lots of talents we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of lots of talents we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of lots of talents we
+just stop all should the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stop all should the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stop all should the government
+think they're responsible to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're responsible to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're responsible to solve the
+social costs associated with had a team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social costs associated with had a team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social costs associated with had a team
+what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think that is because I don't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that is because I don't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that is because I don't matter
+as much as like the execution of ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as like the execution of ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as like the execution of ideas
+in social networks Facebook right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in social networks Facebook right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in social networks Facebook right so the
+danger is like looking at something here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger is like looking at something here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger is like looking at something here
+another company like China had seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another company like China had seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another company like China had seems
+like oh that's a great idea we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh that's a great idea we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh that's a great idea we can do
+that what we do a better whereyou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we do a better whereyou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we do a better whereyou
+cheaper that's the real kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper that's the real kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper that's the real kind of thing
+like that and it's something that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and it's something that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and it's something that's not
+very like it's hard to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so Kevin how about another question a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Kevin how about another question a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Kevin how about another question a
+closing question on Geary pizanno and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing question on Geary pizanno and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing question on Geary pizanno and
+will Ishii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why don't governments of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't governments of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't governments of the world
+cooperate to drop each other up and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate to drop each other up and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate to drop each other up and I'm
+a cynical to the next person I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cynical to the next person I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cynical to the next person I
+understand right be the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like often people who have to make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like often people who have to make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like often people who have to make these
+decisions they usually want to put their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions they usually want to put their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions they usually want to put their
+people first like hey America first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people first like hey America first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people first like hey America first so
+that usually means it's the government's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually means it's the government's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually means it's the government's
+all of its short-term yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so I see I see why the a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I see I see why the a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I see I see why the a lot of
+these countries might I see why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these countries might I see why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these countries might I see why it
+long-term it would be good for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term it would be good for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term it would be good for the
+operate but in the short term if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate but in the short term if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate but in the short term if
+somebody savoring aids on a deal when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody savoring aids on a deal when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody savoring aids on a deal when
+you've already put billions and billions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already put billions and billions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already put billions and billions
+of dollars into it that could hurt you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollars into it that could hurt you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollars into it that could hurt you
+they could get away scot-free and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could get away scot-free and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could get away scot-free and then
+they could realize hey I've for whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could realize hey I've for whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could realize hey I've for whatever
+reason I wanted to I wanted to have less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I wanted to I wanted to have less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I wanted to I wanted to have less
+economic benefit than what I'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic benefit than what I'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic benefit than what I'm getting
+so it's basically it comes down to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's basically it comes down to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's basically it comes down to this
+trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust
+so like that could happen yes we are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like that could happen yes we are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like that could happen yes we are the
+world I'd love to get happen but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I'd love to get happen but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I'd love to get happen but I think
+it's gonna take a long time definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna take a long time definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna take a long time definitely
+colonialism exists we've definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonialism exists we've definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonialism exists we've definitely
+other countries different resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he's like what happened and then I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like what happened and then I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like what happened and then I think
+there's a like a long-standing history I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a like a long-standing history I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a like a long-standing history I
+was kind of doing that and not doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of doing that and not doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of doing that and not doing it
+right just because it is so advantageous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just because it is so advantageous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just because it is so advantageous
+for like my party it's a reading anchor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like my party it's a reading anchor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like my party it's a reading anchor
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+and I think that little of trust is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that little of trust is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that little of trust is sort
+of part of it from that history book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of part of it from that history book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of part of it from that history book
+also in the case of Max is saying so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the case of Max is saying so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the case of Max is saying so
+let's say you know this is multinational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you know this is multinational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you know this is multinational
+cooperation then somebody does sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation then somebody does sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation then somebody does sort of
+renege on a deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renege on a deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renege on a deal
+there's I can't see really like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I can't see really like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I can't see really like a
+conflict deviation piece start being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict deviation piece start being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict deviation piece start being in
+there that doesn't this is an escalate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that doesn't this is an escalate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that doesn't this is an escalate
+very quickly especially large threats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly especially large threats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly especially large threats
+are involved so like maybe Wars words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involved so like maybe Wars words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involved so like maybe Wars words
+these shootings every bit like tears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these shootings every bit like tears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these shootings every bit like tears
+there could be large strain implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be large strain implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be large strain implications
+that now whereas previously would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now whereas previously would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now whereas previously would have
+been isolated in foreign countries at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been isolated in foreign countries at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been isolated in foreign countries at
+its multinational office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its multinational office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its multinational office
+I'm talking about why corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about why corporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about why corporation
+significant because cooperation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant because cooperation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant because cooperation and
+collaboration are so true but the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration are so true but the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration are so true but the rest
+so much I'm a sort of fundamental trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much I'm a sort of fundamental trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much I'm a sort of fundamental trust
+in that kind of collaboration all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that kind of collaboration all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that kind of collaboration all these
+sort of implies a power imbalance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of implies a power imbalance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of implies a power imbalance that
+is engagement by that sense of trust and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is engagement by that sense of trust and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is engagement by that sense of trust and
+it's so difficult for local state to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so difficult for local state to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so difficult for local state to
+enact trust and cooperation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enact trust and cooperation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enact trust and cooperation because
+there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Germany and because we have been for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and because we have been for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and because we have been for the
+past 200 years ago it seems such from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+keyboard and I think we should we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard and I think we should we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard and I think we should we have
+more students in this course weird sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more students in this course weird sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more students in this course weird sort
+of clean air defence bathrooms because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clean air defence bathrooms because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clean air defence bathrooms because I
+feel like we don't talk enough about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like we don't talk enough about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like we don't talk enough about the
+implications of war and the implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of war and the implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of war and the implications
+for fires and bioterrorism but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fires and bioterrorism but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fires and bioterrorism but I do
+think it's certainly important to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's certainly important to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's certainly important to think
+about collaborations are ideal like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is collaboration agency any system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is collaboration agency any system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is collaboration agency any system
+where we feel that new respect to color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we feel that new respect to color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we feel that new respect to color
+dynamics and also the potential for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and also the potential for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and also the potential for us
+to be heard and I think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be heard and I think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be heard and I think of the
+collaboration between nations like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration between nations like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration between nations like for
+example that comes to me like Rover 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that comes to me like Rover 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that comes to me like Rover 1
+X's versus like a like they were great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's versus like a like they were great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's versus like a like they were great
+collaboration people than that and bro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration people than that and bro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration people than that and bro
+that's like a massive master that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because then entire world just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then entire world just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then entire world just
+completely collapse because and honestly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely collapse because and honestly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely collapse because and honestly
+like you probably can have it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the bullet casing produces another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bullet casing produces another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bullet casing produces another
+country the stop for a rifle building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country the stop for a rifle building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country the stop for a rifle building a
+third country it's just everything is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third country it's just everything is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third country it's just everything is so
+interconnected as sama no I'm gonna put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected as sama no I'm gonna put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected as sama no I'm gonna put
+us back into manufacturing and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us back into manufacturing and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us back into manufacturing and out of
+war so I think on the macro I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war so I think on the macro I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war so I think on the macro I think we
+are in relative peace is it ever going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in relative peace is it ever going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in relative peace is it ever going
+to be a like so which is like its macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a like so which is like its macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a like so which is like its macro
+utopia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe let me Kevin why don't you give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe let me Kevin why don't you give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe let me Kevin why don't you give us
+closing thought on this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting all right will now dive into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting all right will now dive into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting all right will now dive into
+jonas nam and ed Steinfeld both of whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jonas nam and ed Steinfeld both of whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jonas nam and ed Steinfeld both of whom
+worked in MIT so Jonas is now teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in MIT so Jonas is now teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in MIT so Jonas is now teaching
+at Johns Hopkins ice and he's from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Johns Hopkins ice and he's from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Johns Hopkins ice and he's from
+Germany flowing to Mandor and spent lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany flowing to Mandor and spent lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany flowing to Mandor and spent lots
+and lots of time in China so he knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of time in China so he knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of time in China so he knows
+both German and Chinese economics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both German and Chinese economics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both German and Chinese economics and
+manufacturing systems in particular it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing systems in particular it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing systems in particular it's
+Steinfeld has going on they had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steinfeld has going on they had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steinfeld has going on they had the
+Watson Institute at Brown from MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson Institute at Brown from MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson Institute at Brown from MIT
+political science department but both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political science department but both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political science department but both
+are terrific scholars of the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are terrific scholars of the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are terrific scholars of the kind of
+manufacturing advances that China has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing advances that China has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing advances that China has
+been able to put together so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to put together so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to put together so you know
+this dramatic thing happens China moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dramatic thing happens China moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dramatic thing happens China moves
+from 5.7 percent of global manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 5.7 percent of global manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 5.7 percent of global manufacturing
+output in 2002 you know almost 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output in 2002 you know almost 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output in 2002 you know almost 20
+percent in 2011 passed in the US and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent in 2011 passed in the US and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent in 2011 passed in the US and
+output I mean that that is startling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output I mean that that is startling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output I mean that that is startling
+right that is that is a number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that is that is a number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that is that is a number that
+those numbers jump off the page how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers jump off the page how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers jump off the page how did
+that happen right so what happened here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen right so what happened here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen right so what happened here
+so the operating assumption in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the operating assumption in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the operating assumption in the US
+has been that China had lower production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been that China had lower production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been that China had lower production
+costs due to lower wage costs and lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs due to lower wage costs and lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs due to lower wage costs and lower
+cost parts that was the operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost parts that was the operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost parts that was the operating
+assumption and then there's been an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and then there's been an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and then there's been an
+assumption in the US that manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption in the US that manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption in the US that manufacturing
+naturally migrates to low cost producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally migrates to low cost producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally migrates to low cost producers
+and the knowledge required for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the knowledge required for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the knowledge required for
+manufacturing processes is comparatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing processes is comparatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing processes is comparatively
+trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial
+and Naaman Steinfeld argue either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Naaman Steinfeld argue either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Naaman Steinfeld argue either of
+those is true the assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those is true the assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those is true the assumption that
+production knowledge flowed via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production knowledge flowed via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production knowledge flowed via
+multinationals from outside into China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinationals from outside into China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinationals from outside into China
+it's a much more complicated story than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a much more complicated story than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a much more complicated story than
+that the assumption that the IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the assumption that the IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the assumption that the IT
+revolution enables severing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution enables severing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution enables severing of
+manufacturing from R&D from production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing from R&D from production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing from R&D from production
+and design and you know is turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design and you know is turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design and you know is turns out to
+be more complicated stories so and none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more complicated stories so and none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more complicated stories so and none
+of these explanations explain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these explanations explain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these explanations explain that
+dramatic rise in China's production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic rise in China's production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic rise in China's production
+capability and output instead they argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability and output instead they argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability and output instead they argue
+that China has developed some remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that China has developed some remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that China has developed some remarkable
+new process innovation and manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new process innovation and manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new process innovation and manufacturing
+innovation and that and that needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and that and that needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and that and that needs to be
+understood and respected as a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood and respected as a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood and respected as a major
+innovation advance so China has tended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation advance so China has tended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation advance so China has tended
+they argued to specialize in rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they argued to specialize in rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they argued to specialize in rapid
+scale-up and cost reduction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale-up and cost reduction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale-up and cost reduction in
+combination and they join really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and they join really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and they join really
+remarkable skills in simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable skills in simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable skills in simultaneous
+management of the tempo of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management of the tempo of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management of the tempo of production
+and production volume and controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and production volume and controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and production volume and controlling
+cost and that that's a very powerful set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and that that's a very powerful set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and that that's a very powerful set
+of skills and capabilities and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of skills and capabilities and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of skills and capabilities and that
+these kinds of factors are much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of factors are much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of factors are much better
+explanations for that remarkable rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations for that remarkable rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations for that remarkable rise
+then simply you know a wage differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then simply you know a wage differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then simply you know a wage differential
+so they argue that this is enabled China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they argue that this is enabled China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they argue that this is enabled China
+to expand even in industries that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand even in industries that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand even in industries that are
+highly automated or not on governmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly automated or not on governmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly automated or not on governmental
+priority lists and low costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority lists and low costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority lists and low costs and
+government support are just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government support are just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government support are just not
+sufficient to explain China's remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to explain China's remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to explain China's remarkable
+accomplishments in manufacturing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishments in manufacturing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishments in manufacturing so
+let's get more into a little detail here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get more into a little detail here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get more into a little detail here
+China is developing production processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China is developing production processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China is developing production processes
+that were previously in areas that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were previously in areas that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were previously in areas that were
+previously thought fully mature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously thought fully mature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously thought fully mature and
+impervious to additional cost reductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impervious to additional cost reductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impervious to additional cost reductions
+or technological improvement China has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or technological improvement China has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or technological improvement China has
+taken on various sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken on various sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken on various sectors
+and shown that in fact you can bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shown that in fact you can bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shown that in fact you can bring
+innovation to these in process and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation to these in process and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation to these in process and in
+cost so the key has been accumulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so the key has been accumulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so the key has been accumulation of
+firm specific expertise that has enabled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm specific expertise that has enabled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm specific expertise that has enabled
+what they call extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call extensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call extensive
+multi-directional inner firm learning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-directional inner firm learning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-directional inner firm learning in
+other words they're able to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words they're able to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words they're able to get a
+community of producers to operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of producers to operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of producers to operate
+together in a unified kind of way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a unified kind of way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a unified kind of way that's
+kind of unthinkable and the much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of unthinkable and the much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of unthinkable and the much more
+fragmented decentralized to us system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmented decentralized to us system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmented decentralized to us system to
+build a level of cooperation pickly in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a level of cooperation pickly in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a level of cooperation pickly in a
+regional basis that is able to scale up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional basis that is able to scale up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional basis that is able to scale up
+production very quickly in ways that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production very quickly in ways that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production very quickly in ways that are
+pretty pretty unprecedented so elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pretty unprecedented so elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pretty unprecedented so elements
+of China's new production model they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of China's new production model they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of China's new production model they
+argue include backward design capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue include backward design capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue include backward design capability
+in other words taking an existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words taking an existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words taking an existing
+product and rethinking it right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and rethinking it right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and rethinking it right so that
+you can create lower cost production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can create lower cost production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can create lower cost production
+systems for those components and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems for those components and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems for those components and
+therefore be able to sell it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore be able to sell it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore be able to sell it into a
+lower cost lower wage Chinese economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower cost lower wage Chinese economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower cost lower wage Chinese economy
+right in a creative kind of way here yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in a creative kind of way here yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in a creative kind of way here yes
+there's been a partnership of foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a partnership of foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a partnership of foreign
+design and Chinese manufacturing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and Chinese manufacturing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and Chinese manufacturing but
+that has been multi-directional they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been multi-directional they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been multi-directional they
+argue both sides have been informing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue both sides have been informing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue both sides have been informing
+each other and technology absorption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and technology absorption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and technology absorption and
+collaborative development across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative development across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative development across
+networked production firms has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networked production firms has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networked production firms has been
+remarkable that's part of this ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable that's part of this ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable that's part of this ability
+to do rapid scale-up so these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do rapid scale-up so these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do rapid scale-up so these are all
+new elements that we haven't seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new elements that we haven't seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new elements that we haven't seen in
+production systems that China has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production systems that China has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production systems that China has been
+able they argue to put together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able they argue to put together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able they argue to put together in
+unique ways so an explanation of Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique ways so an explanation of Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique ways so an explanation of Chinese
+manufacturing is just a wage advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing is just a wage advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing is just a wage advantage
+completely understates they argue when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely understates they argue when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely understates they argue when
+in fact China's accomplished here it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact China's accomplished here it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact China's accomplished here it's a
+remarkable story so we have to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable story so we have to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable story so we have to kind of
+keep this in mind as we you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this in mind as we you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this in mind as we you know
+confront these global competitive at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confront these global competitive at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confront these global competitive at
+issues in the class today it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in the class today it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in the class today it's not a
+simple story of a wage advantage it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple story of a wage advantage it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple story of a wage advantage it's a
+much more complex and interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complex and interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complex and interesting and
+innovation based story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation based story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation based story
+I'm pretty into detail about why China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pretty into detail about why China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pretty into detail about why China
+buffets that's a wide could do things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffets that's a wide could do things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffets that's a wide could do things in
+such a short time but my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forced to reckon with learn from them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to reckon with learn from them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to reckon with learn from them so
+I like part of my thinking you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like part of my thinking you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like part of my thinking you've got
+maybe they had such a traffic because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they just yeah they have just having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just yeah they have just having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just yeah they have just having
+taps there the fact that they were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taps there the fact that they were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taps there the fact that they were able
+to do it so quickly it's been remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so quickly it's been remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so quickly it's been remarkable
+but beyond that the fact that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but beyond that the fact that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but beyond that the fact that they are
+where they are now we should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are now we should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are now we should not be
+baptized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe maybe like all maybe back yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe maybe like all maybe back yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe maybe like all maybe back yeah
+I do think kinds of mind with this deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do think kinds of mind with this deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do think kinds of mind with this deep
+there's this presumption that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this presumption that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this presumption that if we
+weren't buying manufactured goods from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't buying manufactured goods from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't buying manufactured goods from
+trying that we could just ink them envy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying that we could just ink them envy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying that we could just ink them envy
+us but that's pretty clearly not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us but that's pretty clearly not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us but that's pretty clearly not true
+especially is emphasized by a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially is emphasized by a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially is emphasized by a lot of
+these reading lately simply can't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reading lately simply can't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reading lately simply can't make
+them anymore so I see that there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them anymore so I see that there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them anymore so I see that there can be
+a lot of talk about not purchasing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of talk about not purchasing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of talk about not purchasing as
+many goods from China but if we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many goods from China but if we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many goods from China but if we wanted
+that we clean our lifestyles have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we clean our lifestyles have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we clean our lifestyles have
+Kindles have these other devices way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kindles have these other devices way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kindles have these other devices way in
+the short-term for us to not take long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short-term for us to not take long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short-term for us to not take long
+term we could change versus simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we could change versus simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we could change versus simply
+trying to feedbacks was that putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to feedbacks was that putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to feedbacks was that putting in
+digging into like why China has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging into like why China has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging into like why China has an
+engineer I think it's two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer I think it's two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer I think it's two things
+mostly because work and the their life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly because work and the their life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly because work and the their life
+has been very integrated for example at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been very integrated for example at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been very integrated for example at
+factories like semiconductor factories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories like semiconductor factories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories like semiconductor factories
+you live in dorms and you go to work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you live in dorms and you go to work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you live in dorms and you go to work and
+it's very there's not that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very there's not that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very there's not that much
+separation between like from work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between like from work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between like from work in
+your actual life so there's a very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your actual life so there's a very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your actual life so there's a very much
+an expectation that you are very devoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expectation that you are very devoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expectation that you are very devoted
+and dedicated to work and also I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dedicated to work and also I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dedicated to work and also I think
+in China it's less stigmatized to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in China it's less stigmatized to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in China it's less stigmatized to go
+into like kind of manufacturing and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into like kind of manufacturing and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into like kind of manufacturing and kind
+of work on these really innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work on these really innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work on these really innovation
+driven from manufacturing kind of in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven from manufacturing kind of in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven from manufacturing kind of in a
+reverse process and so that means like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse process and so that means like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse process and so that means like a
+lot of the academics fair aren't afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the academics fair aren't afraid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the academics fair aren't afraid
+to go into these fields which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into these fields which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into these fields which is
+important because especially to feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because especially to feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because especially to feel
+like semiconductors you need a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like semiconductors you need a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like semiconductors you need a lot of
+technical expertise even though it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical expertise even though it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical expertise even though it might
+just be manufacturing if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be manufacturing if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be manufacturing if you want
+make those improvements make them faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those improvements make them faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those improvements make them faster
+smaller etc you have to be able to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller etc you have to be able to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller etc you have to be able to have
+that background to innovate further and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that background to innovate further and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that background to innovate further and
+I think that's why a lot of these firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's why a lot of these firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's why a lot of these firms
+have been having success taking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been having success taking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been having success taking that
+extra step beyond just learning from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra step beyond just learning from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra step beyond just learning from the
+innovations posed by other countries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations posed by other countries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations posed by other countries and
+they think this might be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think this might be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think this might be a little bit
+controversial I think the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial I think the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial I think the government
+structure in China also has had a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in China also has had a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in China also has had a big
+role in why they're able to you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in why they're able to you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in why they're able to you know if
+that happens and quickly because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens and quickly because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens and quickly because they're
+able to come up with an idea and turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to come up with an idea and turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to come up with an idea and turn it
+around really quickly because it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around really quickly because it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around really quickly because it's very
+integrated and more unilateral as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated and more unilateral as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated and more unilateral as
+opposed to you know that structure here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to you know that structure here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to you know that structure here
+so like if they have a construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like if they have a construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like if they have a construction
+project like they want to make a bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project like they want to make a bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project like they want to make a bridge
+happen it will happen in a year for lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it will happen in a year for lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it will happen in a year for lady
+in the US probably take like three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Kevin what do we lead you back into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kevin what do we lead you back into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kevin what do we lead you back into this
+how are you reacting to these comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in short versus long sir what direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in short versus long sir what direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in short versus long sir what direction
+a nation my head speaking of short serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nation my head speaking of short serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nation my head speaking of short serve
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do people feel the USS reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah they have this rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll come back to that Rashid when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that Rashid when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that Rashid when we
+talk about these advanced manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about these advanced manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about these advanced manufacturing
+partnerships because we do maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnerships because we do maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnerships because we do maintain
+capability so for example in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so for example in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so for example in this paper
+thing one solar cells the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing one solar cells the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing one solar cells the United States
+problem is in China the Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is in China the Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is in China the Chinese
+government is stopping subsidies so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is stopping subsidies so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is stopping subsidies so yeah
+that's marginally legal or even illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's marginally legal or even illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's marginally legal or even illegal
+how long is it going to take us to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long is it going to take us to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long is it going to take us to work
+that out in an international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forge ahead with purpose I agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forge ahead with purpose I agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forge ahead with purpose I agree with
+you we need to understand that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we need to understand that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we need to understand that there are
+some things that change those better can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that change those better can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that change those better can
+even adopt some unfair practices but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even adopt some unfair practices but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even adopt some unfair practices but we
+need to protect what we can still do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to protect what we can still do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to protect what we can still do I
+think because we don't want to lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think because we don't want to lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think because we don't want to lose the
+entire solar market and then they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire solar market and then they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire solar market and then they take
+their subsidies away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it illegal to subsidize industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are anti-dumping rules notice can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are anti-dumping rules notice can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are anti-dumping rules notice can
+you dump on a foreign market a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dump on a foreign market a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dump on a foreign market a good
+that's produced and sold at less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's produced and sold at less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's produced and sold at less than
+its cost to produce right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its cost to produce right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its cost to produce right so that's
+where you begin to run into issues right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you begin to run into issues right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you begin to run into issues right
+but remember to Lily that that China is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember to Lily that that China is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember to Lily that that China is
+selling its solar capability into its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling its solar capability into its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling its solar capability into its
+own market because of its own staggering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own market because of its own staggering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own market because of its own staggering
+demand and for power resources so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and for power resources so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and for power resources so you
+know this is not entirely an attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is not entirely an attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is not entirely an attempt to
+capture world solar markets this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture world solar markets this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture world solar markets this is
+serving a pretty strong need in its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving a pretty strong need in its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving a pretty strong need in its own
+power development areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Japanese companies with card statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese companies with card statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese companies with card statement
+are that companies in the US wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that companies in the US wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that companies in the US wouldn't
+focus on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so a closing thought Kevin on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a closing thought Kevin on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a closing thought Kevin on this
+great debate you've kicked off here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great debate you've kicked off here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great debate you've kicked off here okay
+it's going to be very interesting feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be very interesting feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be very interesting feel
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright go ahead because people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+representatives have to think like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives have to think like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives have to think like to
+members in advance and then Facebook the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members in advance and then Facebook the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members in advance and then Facebook the
+most they can think of they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most they can think of they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most they can think of they need to
+produce results within a very short time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce results within a very short time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce results within a very short time
+period centers they have six years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period centers they have six years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period centers they have six years
+president if he's lucky he gets he so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different emphasis and what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different emphasis and what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different emphasis and what they're
+incentivized to do so if we were to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivized to do so if we were to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivized to do so if we were to try
+to adopt that kind of structure we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adopt that kind of structure we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adopt that kind of structure we have
+to make some radical changes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make some radical changes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make some radical changes to the
+Constitution yeah it's it's hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution yeah it's it's hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution yeah it's it's hard for
+democracies think longer term yeah all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracies think longer term yeah all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracies think longer term yeah all
+right so we're gonna dive into Suzanne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're gonna dive into Suzanne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're gonna dive into Suzanne
+burgers work on the production in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burgers work on the production in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burgers work on the production in the
+innovation economy studies so we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation economy studies so we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation economy studies so we talked
+last class about her work on distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class about her work on distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class about her work on distributed
+production and she led this big study at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and she led this big study at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and she led this big study at
+MIT the pie study production of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT the pie study production of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT the pie study production of the
+innovation economy pulled together a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation economy pulled together a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation economy pulled together a
+whole faculty group from a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole faculty group from a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole faculty group from a variety of
+fields and ended up with this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and ended up with this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and ended up with this you know
+in depth you know to volume study what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in depth you know to volume study what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in depth you know to volume study what
+had been happening in US production and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been happening in US production and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been happening in US production and
+it's you know I think there's some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know I think there's some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know I think there's some very
+important stories here I had you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important stories here I had you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important stories here I had you read
+that kind of eliminate report the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of eliminate report the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of eliminate report the the
+depths you know in the two volumes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depths you know in the two volumes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depths you know in the two volumes is
+really quite powerful so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite powerful so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite powerful so if you want to
+read further in this area this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read further in this area this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read further in this area this is a
+great place to start so Suzanne's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great place to start so Suzanne's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great place to start so Suzanne's
+Suzanne wrote the kind of cover overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suzanne wrote the kind of cover overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suzanne wrote the kind of cover overall
+view drawing on chapters that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view drawing on chapters that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view drawing on chapters that particular
+faculty members and researchers you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members and researchers you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members and researchers you know
+pulled together in different segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled together in different segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled together in different segments
+and then she did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then she did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then she did the
+kind of over it beats the overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of over it beats the overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of over it beats the overview
+pieces you know one of the most powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces you know one of the most powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces you know one of the most powerful
+books in my view that's been written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books in my view that's been written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books in my view that's been written
+about us manufacturing so well worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about us manufacturing so well worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about us manufacturing so well worth
+well worth thinking about you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well worth thinking about you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well worth thinking about you're just
+getting a kind of early snapshot frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a kind of early snapshot frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a kind of early snapshot frankly
+from the plenary report I had you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the plenary report I had you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the plenary report I had you read
+but I want to try and pull out frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to try and pull out frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to try and pull out frankly
+blending the preliminary report with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blending the preliminary report with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blending the preliminary report with my
+knowledge of the underlying report some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of the underlying report some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of the underlying report some
+stories that I think helped us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories that I think helped us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories that I think helped us
+understand you know what's been going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you know what's been going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you know what's been going on
+in US manufacturing and she tells a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in US manufacturing and she tells a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in US manufacturing and she tells a
+series of these in her book one story is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of these in her book one story is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of these in her book one story is
+that manufacturing turns out not to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that manufacturing turns out not to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that manufacturing turns out not to be
+agriculture and I'll explain what in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture and I'll explain what in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture and I'll explain what in
+heaven's name I'm talking about in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaven's name I'm talking about in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaven's name I'm talking about in a
+minute secondly that our manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute secondly that our manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute secondly that our manufacturing
+firms are increasingly as she puts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are increasingly as she puts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are increasingly as she puts it
+home alone that small mid-sized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home alone that small mid-sized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home alone that small mid-sized and
+startup firms are having a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup firms are having a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup firms are having a lot of
+trouble scaling up their production in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble scaling up their production in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble scaling up their production in
+the US a fourth story is about if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US a fourth story is about if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US a fourth story is about if you
+want to keep strong innovation you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep strong innovation you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep strong innovation you need
+to think about the link between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the link between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the link between
+innovation and production which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and production which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and production which is this
+book argues is profound that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book argues is profound that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book argues is profound that there's a
+real link between innovation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real link between innovation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real link between innovation and
+production this deep work force training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production this deep work force training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production this deep work force training
+education issues there's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education issues there's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education issues there's important
+lessons from Germany and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons from Germany and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons from Germany and then there's
+some very interesting jobs stories here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very interesting jobs stories here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very interesting jobs stories here
+too so let me try and tell these quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first you know manufacturing is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you know manufacturing is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you know manufacturing is not
+agriculture for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture for a long time
+The Economist's thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Economist's thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Economist's thought that
+manufacturing was agriculture in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing was agriculture in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing was agriculture in other
+words in 1900 you know half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in 1900 you know half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in 1900 you know half the
+population not quite but half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population not quite but half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population not quite but half the
+population was farming and you know now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population was farming and you know now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population was farming and you know now
+less than two percent of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than two percent of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than two percent of the population
+is farming and we're producing much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is farming and we're producing much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is farming and we're producing much much
+more right so it's a story of staggering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more right so it's a story of staggering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more right so it's a story of staggering
+productivity gains and advances but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity gains and advances but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity gains and advances but the
+MIT report takes that argument apart so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT report takes that argument apart so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT report takes that argument apart so
+economists were saying oh this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists were saying oh this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists were saying oh this is just
+productivity gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity gains
+we're just much more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just much more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just much more efficient
+production so what if you lost one third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so what if you lost one third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so what if you lost one third
+of your men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your men
+factoring jobs between 2000 and 2010 no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring jobs between 2000 and 2010 no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring jobs between 2000 and 2010 no
+problem productivity gets right but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem productivity gets right but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem productivity gets right but then
+the story turns out to be much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story turns out to be much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story turns out to be much more
+complicated we thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated we thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated we thought that
+manufacturing output was holding firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing output was holding firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing output was holding firm
+but it turns out that it wasn't right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that it wasn't right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that it wasn't right so
+we thought we were producing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought we were producing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought we were producing the same
+with less labor but it wasn't the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with less labor but it wasn't the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with less labor but it wasn't the case
+in fact in 15 of 19 industrial sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in 15 of 19 industrial sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in 15 of 19 industrial sectors
+we had output decline and our official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had output decline and our official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had output decline and our official
+statistics overestimated output because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics overestimated output because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics overestimated output because
+we adopted a view of computing and IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we adopted a view of computing and IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we adopted a view of computing and IT
+technologies that assumed the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that assumed the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that assumed the components
+for definitional reasons were produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for definitional reasons were produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for definitional reasons were produced
+in the United States they weren't right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States they weren't right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States they weren't right
+that's the Willie she Garrett pizanno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Willie she Garrett pizanno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Willie she Garrett pizanno
+story right so we were completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story right so we were completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story right so we were completely
+inflating our numbers an output wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflating our numbers an output wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflating our numbers an output wasn't
+what we thought it was so if output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we thought it was so if output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we thought it was so if output
+which is obviously half the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is obviously half the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is obviously half the story of
+productivity is not what you thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity is not what you thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity is not what you thought it
+was then the productivity numbers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was then the productivity numbers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was then the productivity numbers were
+considerably lower than mainstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably lower than mainstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably lower than mainstream
+economics had been telling us it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics had been telling us it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics had been telling us it's not
+that they weren't productivity gains in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they weren't productivity gains in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they weren't productivity gains in
+that period but that their work but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that period but that their work but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that period but that their work but they
+weren't what we thought they were so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't what we thought they were so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't what we thought they were so
+instead the job loss numbers really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead the job loss numbers really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead the job loss numbers really
+tells us the secretary sector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us the secretary sector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us the secretary sector is
+hollowing out not getting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollowing out not getting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollowing out not getting more
+productive so a second story what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive so a second story what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive so a second story what
+Suzanne calls the home loan story so she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suzanne calls the home loan story so she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suzanne calls the home loan story so she
+tells a story that for the last several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells a story that for the last several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells a story that for the last several
+decades we've been thinning out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades we've been thinning out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades we've been thinning out in the
+u.s. our manufacturing sector we used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. our manufacturing sector we used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. our manufacturing sector we used to
+have firms and supply chains that had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have firms and supply chains that had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have firms and supply chains that had to
+be very vertically integrated this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very vertically integrated this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very vertically integrated this is
+the story we told last week about Legos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story we told last week about Legos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story we told last week about Legos
+and model airplanes right we hit on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and model airplanes right we hit on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and model airplanes right we hit on a
+financial model the martín you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial model the martín you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial model the martín you've been
+pointing some of this out we hit on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing some of this out we hit on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing some of this out we hit on a
+financial model that emphasized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial model that emphasized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial model that emphasized
+quarterly returns which led us to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarterly returns which led us to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarterly returns which led us to want
+to reduce interim risk which led us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce interim risk which led us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce interim risk which led us in
+the financial sector to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial sector to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial sector to focus on
+getting firms to nurture their core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting firms to nurture their core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting firms to nurture their core
+competency not do a lot of other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competency not do a lot of other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competency not do a lot of other stuff
+so therefore they should go what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore they should go what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore they should go what's
+called a set light strip the firm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a set light strip the firm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a set light strip the firm of
+assets that are not part of its core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets that are not part of its core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets that are not part of its core
+competency right so we began to thin out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competency right so we began to thin out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competency right so we began to thin out
+what had been these very vertically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what had been these very vertically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what had been these very vertically
+integrated groups of firms so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated groups of firms so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated groups of firms so the
+companies in the system are now much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in the system are now much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in the system are now much
+more home alone Story number three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more home alone Story number three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more home alone Story number three is
+related this is the scale up problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related this is the scale up problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related this is the scale up problem so
+the u.s. is home to you know a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. is home to you know a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. is home to you know a large
+percentage of the world's multinationals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the world's multinationals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the world's multinationals
+they're global they can get production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're global they can get production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're global they can get production
+efficiencies by producing in lower-cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies by producing in lower-cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies by producing in lower-cost
+countries and they need to be in global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and they need to be in global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and they need to be in global
+markets they don't have an option here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets they don't have an option here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets they don't have an option here
+it they need to be worldwide generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they need to be worldwide generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they need to be worldwide generally
+speaking they're okay they're producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking they're okay they're producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking they're okay they're producing
+more abroad than they did in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abroad than they did in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abroad than they did in the past
+but there's too much more vulnerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's too much more vulnerable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's too much more vulnerable
+sectors so one of those sectors are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors so one of those sectors are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors so one of those sectors are what
+we could call what the book calls Main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could call what the book calls Main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could call what the book calls Main
+Street firms so these are the small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street firms so these are the small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street firms so these are the small and
+mid-sized firms so there are between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-sized firms so there are between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-sized firms so there are between
+250,000 and 300,000 let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250,000 and 300,000 let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250,000 and 300,000 let's call it
+250,000 of these small and mid-sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250,000 of these small and mid-sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250,000 of these small and mid-sized
+firms and employ less than 500 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and employ less than 500 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and employ less than 500 people
+that is most of the manufacturing sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is most of the manufacturing sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is most of the manufacturing sector
+that's a majority of us productions they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a majority of us productions they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a majority of us productions they
+have trouble getting scale up funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble getting scale up funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble getting scale up funding
+they are thinly capitalized they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are thinly capitalized they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are thinly capitalized they have to
+be risk averse to survive they don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be risk averse to survive they don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be risk averse to survive they don't do
+what we would consider R&D although they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would consider R&D although they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would consider R&D although they
+can be very innovative in modifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very innovative in modifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very innovative in modifying
+products and changing processes but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and changing processes but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and changing processes but they
+don't do what we would consider you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do what we would consider you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do what we would consider you know
+innovation based research so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation based research so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation based research so they're
+kind of outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of outside
+of the u.s. innovation system and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the u.s. innovation system and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the u.s. innovation system and there
+are a lot of them it's a big part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of them it's a big part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of them it's a big part of
+this for them to innovate they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for them to innovate they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for them to innovate they have to
+have access to ideas which they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to ideas which they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to ideas which they don't
+necessarily have in a thin doubt echo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have in a thin doubt echo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have in a thin doubt echo
+system and they've got to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and they've got to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and they've got to have the
+financing to scale up part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing to scale up part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing to scale up part of the
+production the innovation economy study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production the innovation economy study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production the innovation economy study
+was led by John Reid was head of the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was led by John Reid was head of the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was led by John Reid was head of the MIT
+Zak yuta committee and former chairman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zak yuta committee and former chairman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zak yuta committee and former chairman
+of Citicorp a brilliant famous banker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Citicorp a brilliant famous banker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Citicorp a brilliant famous banker
+who created you know a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who created you know a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who created you know a lot of the
+amazing City Court model John Reid was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing City Court model John Reid was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing City Court model John Reid was
+part of these deliberations and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of these deliberations and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of these deliberations and he said
+yes we ended local banking in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we ended local banking in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we ended local banking in the United
+States it was the storm era where your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States it was the storm era where your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States it was the storm era where your
+neighborhood banker would know in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood banker would know in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood banker would know in your
+city or town who the quality producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city or town who the quality producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city or town who the quality producers
+were and know and know who to lend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and know and know who to lend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and know and know who to lend to
+that's gone we substituted really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gone we substituted really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gone we substituted really
+national and then international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national and then international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national and then international
+financing models and we replaced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing models and we replaced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing models and we replaced that
+kind of face-to-face kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of face-to-face kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of face-to-face kind of
+relationship based banking to a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship based banking to a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship based banking to a very
+significant extent the Main Street firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant extent the Main Street firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant extent the Main Street firms
+were dramatically affected by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were dramatically affected by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were dramatically affected by their
+ability to get scale up money out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to get scale up money out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to get scale up money out of
+their banking system right it really hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their banking system right it really hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their banking system right it really hit
+them and there isn't really a substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and there isn't really a substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and there isn't really a substitute
+for them and then meanwhile and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them and then meanwhile and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them and then meanwhile and we'll
+talk about this more later in class you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this more later in class you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this more later in class you
+know the other manufacturing community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the other manufacturing community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the other manufacturing community
+is entrepreneurial startups that want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entrepreneurial startups that want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entrepreneurial startups that want to
+make something they want to make a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something they want to make a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something they want to make a hard
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unfortunately the venture capital system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the venture capital system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the venture capital system
+has walked from this territory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has walked from this territory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has walked from this territory so
+venture capital at this point in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital at this point in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital at this point in the US
+funds predominantly software secondarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds predominantly software secondarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds predominantly software secondarily
+biotech than a series of service sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotech than a series of service sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotech than a series of service sectors
+like media entertainment business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like media entertainment business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like media entertainment business
+services they're not funding firms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services they're not funding firms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services they're not funding firms that
+want to make something that have hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make something that have hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make something that have hard
+technologies so the implications of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies so the implications of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies so the implications of this
+are really quite powerful that's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really quite powerful that's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really quite powerful that's part of
+the reason why Raphael right put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why Raphael right put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why Raphael right put the
+engine together down the street because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine together down the street because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine together down the street because
+a lot of MIT developed hard technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of MIT developed hard technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of MIT developed hard technologies
+just not getting out we'd have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not getting out we'd have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not getting out we'd have a
+different way to stand them up but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to stand them up but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to stand them up but this
+is where the next generation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where the next generation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where the next generation of
+manufacturing will come from this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing will come from this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing will come from this is
+what the next generation of manufactured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the next generation of manufactured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the next generation of manufactured
+goods will come from and we're not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods will come from and we're not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods will come from and we're not doing
+it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right
+big time societal implications here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big time societal implications here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big time societal implications here so
+there's a big scale up problem for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big scale up problem for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big scale up problem for these
+two right how are you gonna scale-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right how are you gonna scale-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right how are you gonna scale-up
+innovative production and the innovative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative production and the innovative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative production and the innovative
+technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies
+we're in trouble to the extent we rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in trouble to the extent we rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in trouble to the extent we rely
+on them we were rely on them a lot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them we were rely on them a lot this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them we were rely on them a lot this
+is just a chart that shows who does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a chart that shows who does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a chart that shows who does the
+Rd so large companies do Rd small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd so large companies do Rd small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd so large companies do Rd small
+companies don't right so the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies don't right so the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies don't right so the small
+companies are just not part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are just not part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are just not part of the
+innovation system story for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system story for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system story for the
+relationship between innovation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between innovation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between innovation and
+production so you know what's wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so you know what's wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so you know what's wrong with
+scaling up abroad the issue is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling up abroad the issue is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling up abroad the issue is that for
+most products not all products it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most products not all products it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most products not all products it looks
+like there's a lot of exceptions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a lot of exceptions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a lot of exceptions in the
+IT area but for most products you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IT area but for most products you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IT area but for most products you need
+your innovation pretty closely related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your innovation pretty closely related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your innovation pretty closely related
+particularly to your initial production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly to your initial production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly to your initial production
+stage so it's there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage so it's there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage so it's there's a lot of
+interchange as you design for production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange as you design for production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange as you design for production
+you take your idea and you design it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take your idea and you design it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take your idea and you design it for
+production right that's a very creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production right that's a very creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production right that's a very creative
+process lots of engineering you often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process lots of engineering you often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process lots of engineering you often
+have to rethink your basic science so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to rethink your basic science so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to rethink your basic science so if
+you're shifting your production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shifting your production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shifting your production
+capability abroad this is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability abroad this is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability abroad this is the most
+important conclusion of the pie study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important conclusion of the pie study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important conclusion of the pie study
+you're starting to affect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting to affect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting to affect your
+innovation capability so the u.s. is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation capability so the u.s. is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation capability so the u.s. is
+thought that its competitive advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that its competitive advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that its competitive advantage
+really since the end of World War two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really since the end of World War two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really since the end of World War two
+is in a strong innovation system but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a strong innovation system but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a strong innovation system but if
+it's shifting production particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's shifting production particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's shifting production particularly
+initial production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial production
+it's losing that interaction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's losing that interaction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's losing that interaction between
+initial production and its innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial production and its innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial production and its innovation
+capability so a fifth story is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so a fifth story is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so a fifth story is how do
+you begin to wrestle with these issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you begin to wrestle with these issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you begin to wrestle with these issues
+they looked hard at workforce so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looked hard at workforce so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looked hard at workforce so there's
+lots of work for studies out and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of work for studies out and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of work for studies out and they
+consist of CEOs saying we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist of CEOs saying we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist of CEOs saying we don't have
+enough skilled workers and the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough skilled workers and the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough skilled workers and the MIT
+approach led by Paul Osterman a faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach led by Paul Osterman a faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach led by Paul Osterman a faculty
+member at Sloan said look let's not ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member at Sloan said look let's not ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member at Sloan said look let's not ask
+the CEOs right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CEOs right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CEOs right
+the CEOs may be saying there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CEOs may be saying there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CEOs may be saying there's a
+tremendous shortage of $10,000 Cadillacs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous shortage of $10,000 Cadillacs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous shortage of $10,000 Cadillacs
+right that may be what they're in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that may be what they're in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that may be what they're in effect
+saying in other words what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying in other words what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying in other words what they're
+prepared to pay for it skills is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to pay for it skills is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to pay for it skills is not an
+appropriate compensation for the skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate compensation for the skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate compensation for the skills
+doesn't match markets so let's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't match markets so let's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't match markets so let's actually
+ask the human resources departments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the human resources departments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the human resources departments and
+let's not ask him are you sure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not ask him are you sure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not ask him are you sure to
+skilled workers let's ask them how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled workers let's ask them how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled workers let's ask them how long
+did it take you to hire for positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it take you to hire for positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it take you to hire for positions
+that have come up in your firm and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have come up in your firm and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have come up in your firm and what
+they found was that 75% of the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found was that 75% of the firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found was that 75% of the firm
+studied and they reached way over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied and they reached way over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied and they reached way over a
+thousand I think was several thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand I think was several thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand I think was several thousand
+they were able to hire within one month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to hire within one month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to hire within one month
+now that's logical because after all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's logical because after all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's logical because after all we
+just laid off almost six million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just laid off almost six million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just laid off almost six million
+production workers right and they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production workers right and they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production workers right and they've
+been largely shunted into lower end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been largely shunted into lower end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been largely shunted into lower end
+service sectors maybe they would want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service sectors maybe they would want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service sectors maybe they would want to
+come back so presumably there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back so presumably there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back so presumably there's a
+surplus of capability out there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus of capability out there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus of capability out there but
+the most interesting part of what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting part of what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting part of what they
+what they found was that for 25 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they found was that for 25 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they found was that for 25 percent
+of the firm's they weren't able to hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the firm's they weren't able to hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the firm's they weren't able to hire
+in a month it was taking them a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a month it was taking them a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a month it was taking them a lot
+longer and interestingly these tended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and interestingly these tended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and interestingly these tended to
+be the smaller more technology focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the smaller more technology focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the smaller more technology focused
+innovative technology focused firms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative technology focused firms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative technology focused firms and
+they were having a much harder time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were having a much harder time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were having a much harder time
+actually because they needed a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because they needed a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because they needed a higher
+skill rafted workers they're having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill rafted workers they're having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill rafted workers they're having a
+lot of trouble hiring in a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of trouble hiring in a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of trouble hiring in a reasonable
+time so there's no Paul Osterman would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so there's no Paul Osterman would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so there's no Paul Osterman would
+summarize saying there's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize saying there's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize saying there's not an
+immediate emergency here on workforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate emergency here on workforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate emergency here on workforce
+skills but we're gonna have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills but we're gonna have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills but we're gonna have trouble
+ahead and that the signal is the 25% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and that the signal is the 25% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and that the signal is the 25% of
+more innovative firms that are having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more innovative firms that are having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more innovative firms that are having
+more trouble getting the skill sets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more trouble getting the skill sets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more trouble getting the skill sets that
+they needed and look we've got a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed and look we've got a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed and look we've got a big
+demographics problem so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics problem so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics problem so the
+manufacturing workforce is an ageing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing workforce is an ageing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing workforce is an ageing
+workforce and it's gonna be need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce and it's gonna be need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce and it's gonna be need
+replacing six-story and there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing six-story and there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing six-story and there's only one
+more to go after this what can we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to go after this what can we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to go after this what can we learn
+from Germany so the US has been sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Germany so the US has been sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Germany so the US has been sitting
+around for at least a decade more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for at least a decade more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for at least a decade more like
+20 years thinking oh we have to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years thinking oh we have to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years thinking oh we have to lose
+manufacturing jobs because we're high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing jobs because we're high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing jobs because we're high
+wage and high costs we have to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage and high costs we have to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage and high costs we have to lose
+these jobs somebody never sent that memo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these jobs somebody never sent that memo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these jobs somebody never sent that memo
+to Germany they fail to get that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Germany they fail to get that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Germany they fail to get that word
+right because Germany is much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because Germany is much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because Germany is much higher
+wage and I are across the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage and I are across the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage and I are across the United States
+their wages and benefits are 66% higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wages and benefits are 66% higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wages and benefits are 66% higher
+than for their manufacturing workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for their manufacturing workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for their manufacturing workers
+then for us manufacturing workers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for us manufacturing workers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for us manufacturing workers and
+they are running staggering trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are running staggering trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are running staggering trade
+surpluses with everybody including a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpluses with everybody including a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpluses with everybody including a
+major trade surplus with Germany I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major trade surplus with Germany I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major trade surplus with Germany I mean
+with China excuse me what are they doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with China excuse me what are they doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with China excuse me what are they doing
+they're supposed to lose this sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to lose this sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to lose this sector
+right according to our thinking but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right according to our thinking but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right according to our thinking but they
+didn't so the u.s. is about eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't so the u.s. is about eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't so the u.s. is about eight
+percent of its workforce in production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of its workforce in production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of its workforce in production
+jobs Germany 20 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs Germany 20 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs Germany 20 percent
+what are they doing this is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they doing this is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they doing this is an important
+set of lessons here well how is Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of lessons here well how is Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of lessons here well how is Germany
+organized its manufacturing sector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized its manufacturing sector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized its manufacturing sector so
+that it's able to run an extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's able to run an extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's able to run an extremely
+successful manufacturing sector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful manufacturing sector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful manufacturing sector that
+continues to bring major returns back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to bring major returns back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to bring major returns back to
+its economy even though it's very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its economy even though it's very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its economy even though it's very high
+wage and I cost what are they doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage and I cost what are they doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage and I cost what are they doing
+right so there may be important lessons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there may be important lessons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there may be important lessons
+for us to learn and the pie study in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to learn and the pie study in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to learn and the pie study in
+fact went through a number of these they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact went through a number of these they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact went through a number of these they
+found that unlike the US which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that unlike the US which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that unlike the US which was
+thinning out its ecosystem for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinning out its ecosystem for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinning out its ecosystem for its
+manufacturers that it's small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers that it's small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers that it's small and
+mid-sized manufacturers in particular or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-sized manufacturers in particular or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-sized manufacturers in particular or
+more home alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more home alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more home alone
+Germany was doing the opposite a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany was doing the opposite a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany was doing the opposite a much
+more connected collaborative system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more connected collaborative system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more connected collaborative system
+right in part through a Fraunhofer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in part through a Fraunhofer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in part through a Fraunhofer
+network system that brought starting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network system that brought starting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network system that brought starting in
+the end of World War two and parsley by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of World War two and parsley by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of World War two and parsley by
+the way paid for by the Marshall Plan by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way paid for by the Marshall Plan by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way paid for by the Marshall Plan by
+the u.s. brought large and small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. brought large and small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. brought large and small and
+mid-sized firms and Germany the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-sized firms and Germany the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-sized firms and Germany the small
+and mid-sized firms are called MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mid-sized firms are called MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mid-sized firms are called MIT
+Alstott and it's a famous German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alstott and it's a famous German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alstott and it's a famous German
+capability these very talented small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability these very talented small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability these very talented small and
+mid-sized firms they were able to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-sized firms they were able to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-sized firms they were able to bring
+them together in collaborations around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together in collaborations around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together in collaborations around
+new innovations in production and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new innovations in production and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new innovations in production and they
+would work together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work together
+assisted by German engineering academics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisted by German engineering academics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisted by German engineering academics
+in the process they have 60 of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process they have 60 of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process they have 60 of these
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+front offer institutes really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front offer institutes really
+manufacturing Institute's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Institute's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Institute's you know
+spread all over the country so they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread all over the country so they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread all over the country so they have
+a way of avoiding the home alone problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of avoiding the home alone problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+if anything they're ever enriching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anything they're ever enriching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anything they're ever enriching the
+collaboration between their firms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration between their firms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration between their firms and
+the trade off of ideas they have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade off of ideas they have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade off of ideas they have a whole
+system for collaborative R&D that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for collaborative R&D that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for collaborative R&D that's
+shared between the small and mid-sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared between the small and mid-sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared between the small and mid-sized
+firms and the larger firms through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and the larger firms through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and the larger firms through that
+system they have you know the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they have you know the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they have you know the most
+famous workforce training system in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous workforce training system in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous workforce training system in the
+world through a remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world through a remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world through a remarkable
+apprenticeship system that consistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprenticeship system that consistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprenticeship system that consistently
+produces incredibly highly skilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces incredibly highly skilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces incredibly highly skilled
+workers and the apprenticeships will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and the apprenticeships will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and the apprenticeships will
+last for three or four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last for three or four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last for three or four years
+really in-depth training we have nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in-depth training we have nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in-depth training we have nothing
+like that we have highly decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we have highly decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we have highly decentralized
+labor markets the United States you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor markets the United States you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor markets the United States you have
+nothing close to this so they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing close to this so they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing close to this so they have a
+whole shared training system for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole shared training system for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole shared training system for their
+workforce and they've developed ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce and they've developed ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce and they've developed ways
+through these collaborative mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these collaborative mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these collaborative mechanisms
+to rapidly scale up their production so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rapidly scale up their production so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rapidly scale up their production so
+you know Germany's workforce in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Germany's workforce in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Germany's workforce in
+manufacturing is 80 percent unionized no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing is 80 percent unionized no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing is 80 percent unionized no
+well I'm remotely close to that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm remotely close to that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm remotely close to that it's a
+different system it's hard for the u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different system it's hard for the u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different system it's hard for the u.s.
+to do an apprenticeship system here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do an apprenticeship system here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do an apprenticeship system here it
+doesn't quite match the way we organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite match the way we organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite match the way we organize
+things but there are some ideas that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but there are some ideas that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but there are some ideas that we
+could learn from and the seventh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could learn from and the seventh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could learn from and the seventh and
+last story is that is about jobs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last story is that is about jobs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last story is that is about jobs the
+manufacturing sector affects our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing sector affects our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing sector affects our
+services sector and Suzanne Berger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services sector and Suzanne Berger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services sector and Suzanne Berger and
+the team tell interesting story here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team tell interesting story here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team tell interesting story here
+that the 21st century firm right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the 21st century firm right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the 21st century firm right is
+going to increasingly tie a complex hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increasingly tie a complex hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increasingly tie a complex hard
+product to a service and link them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to a service and link them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to a service and link them and
+offer customers solutions not a good or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer customers solutions not a good or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer customers solutions not a good or
+a service but a solution to a problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a service but a solution to a problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a service but a solution to a problem so
+you know your Apple iPhone in many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your Apple iPhone in many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your Apple iPhone in many ways
+is a combined service delivery hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a combined service delivery hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a combined service delivery hardware
+technology right there's lots of service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology right there's lots of service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology right there's lots of service
+delivery through that Apple iPhone right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery through that Apple iPhone right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery through that Apple iPhone right
+things are going to be more like that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to be more like that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to be more like that in
+the future now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future now
+personal services tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal services tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal services tend to be
+face-to-face and they're hard to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face-to-face and they're hard to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face-to-face and they're hard to scale
+up quickly right it's their kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up quickly right it's their kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up quickly right it's their kind of
+one-to-one a relationship building and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-to-one a relationship building and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-to-one a relationship building and
+that process takes a long time whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process takes a long time whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process takes a long time whereas
+if you're producing a manufactured good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're producing a manufactured good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're producing a manufactured good
+you can produce you know one product on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can produce you know one product on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can produce you know one product on
+day one on day 12 you can produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one on day 12 you can produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one on day 12 you can produce a
+million products right you can scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million products right you can scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million products right you can scale
+very quickly much faster than through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly much faster than through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly much faster than through a
+personal service operation right so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal service operation right so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal service operation right so when
+advantage of manufacturing is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of manufacturing is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of manufacturing is that it
+tends to scale up the gains in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to scale up the gains in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to scale up the gains in your
+economy much more quickly part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy much more quickly part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy much more quickly part of the
+reason why it took so long to recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why it took so long to recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why it took so long to recover
+from the 2007-2008 recession is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the 2007-2008 recession is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the 2007-2008 recession is that we
+had so damaged our manufacturing sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had so damaged our manufacturing sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had so damaged our manufacturing sector
+that the normal scale up coming out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the normal scale up coming out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the normal scale up coming out of a
+recession just wasn't happening it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession just wasn't happening it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession just wasn't happening it was
+taking forever but if you're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking forever but if you're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking forever but if you're able to
+combine a tradable good right that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine a tradable good right that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine a tradable good right that can
+scale with a service then the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale with a service then the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale with a service then the service
+starts to become tradable as well right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to become tradable as well right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to become tradable as well right
+and can scale so that's a whole new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can scale so that's a whole new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can scale so that's a whole new
+capability and services that we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability and services that we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability and services that we haven't
+really spent a lot of time thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really spent a lot of time thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really spent a lot of time thinking
+about but it's very interesting since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but it's very interesting since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but it's very interesting since
+86% of our work forces and services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+86% of our work forces and services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+86% of our work forces and services
+maybe we ought to work on this territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we ought to work on this territory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we ought to work on this territory
+but a prerequisite is having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a prerequisite is having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a prerequisite is having the
+trainable goods that you can tie to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trainable goods that you can tie to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trainable goods that you can tie to a
+service right yet another reason why in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service right yet another reason why in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service right yet another reason why in
+the next generation of firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next generation of firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next generation of firms
+manufacturing capability is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing capability is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing capability is going to be
+important you saw this chart before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you saw this chart before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you saw this chart before this
+shows you where susato returns come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you where susato returns come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you where susato returns come from
+right predominantly from production not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right predominantly from production not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right predominantly from production not
+from services so let me just summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from services so let me just summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from services so let me just summarize
+here's the stories that Suzanne and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the stories that Suzanne and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the stories that Suzanne and the
+pie study taught us manufacturing is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pie study taught us manufacturing is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pie study taught us manufacturing is not
+agriculture this sector was hollowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture this sector was hollowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture this sector was hollowing
+out and wasn't enjoying productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and wasn't enjoying productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and wasn't enjoying productivity
+advances to the extent we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances to the extent we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances to the extent we thought
+possible our manufacturing firms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible our manufacturing firms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible our manufacturing firms are
+increasingly home alone their ecosystems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly home alone their ecosystems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly home alone their ecosystems
+of support are thinned out there's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of support are thinned out there's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of support are thinned out there's less
+of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what
+pizanno when she called a commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizanno when she called a commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizanno when she called a commons
+available to support them there's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to support them there's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to support them there's a real
+scale up problem for small mid-sized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up problem for small mid-sized to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up problem for small mid-sized to
+firms and for start-up firm for somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and for start-up firm for somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and for start-up firm for somewhat
+different reasons there's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reasons there's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reasons there's important
+linkage between innovation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage between innovation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage between innovation and
+production these are very related and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production these are very related and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production these are very related and
+tied each other and if you lose one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied each other and if you lose one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied each other and if you lose one
+it'll affect the other there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll affect the other there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll affect the other there's
+interesting lessons about workforce that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting lessons about workforce that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting lessons about workforce that
+we've got a problem ahead and upskilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a problem ahead and upskilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a problem ahead and upskilling
+our workforce is not an emergency now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our workforce is not an emergency now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our workforce is not an emergency now
+but we probably have a problem ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we probably have a problem ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we probably have a problem ahead
+very important lessons from Germany on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important lessons from Germany on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important lessons from Germany on
+the societal benefits of a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the societal benefits of a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the societal benefits of a strong
+production sector and then in this jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production sector and then in this jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production sector and then in this jobs
+area if you're able to tie tradable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area if you're able to tie tradable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area if you're able to tie tradable
+goods to services then the services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods to services then the services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods to services then the services
+themselves become tradable and scalable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves become tradable and scalable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves become tradable and scalable
+as well and then you know there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and then you know there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and then you know there's an
+underlying question about how our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying question about how our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying question about how our
+manufacturing sector therefore affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing sector therefore affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing sector therefore affects
+our services signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our services signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our services signal
+so let's come back and do some questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's come back and do some questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's come back and do some questions
+about this and then we'll dive into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and then we'll dive into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and then we'll dive into the
+next round of readings and Steph will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next round of readings and Steph will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next round of readings and Steph will
+lead us in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Qh-GfY-5voo.txt b/Qh-GfY-5voo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..51ac8c4d441faaa914914047573bfa0e4727c318
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Qh-GfY-5voo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8243 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get down to business um one announcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to business um one announcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to business um one announcement
+tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+be weekly quiz number 11 based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be weekly quiz number 11 based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be weekly quiz number 11 based on
+homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework
+11 um and then of course Thursday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 um and then of course Thursday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 um and then of course Thursday and
+Friday there will be no academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday there will be no academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday there will be no academic
+exercises in connection with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises in connection with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises in connection with the
+Thanksgiving day uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving day uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving day uh
+holiday so uh last day we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday so uh last day we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday so uh last day we started
+talking about polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about polymers
+macromolecules um these are chemicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecules um these are chemicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecules um these are chemicals
+that have uh a uh very high molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have uh a uh very high molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have uh a uh very high molecular
+weight with a repeating chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight with a repeating chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight with a repeating chemical
+structure I've given an example here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I've given an example here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I've given an example here of
+vinyl chloride as the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vinyl chloride as the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vinyl chloride as the individual
+molecule and by addition polymerization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and by addition polymerization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and by addition polymerization
+we can break that double bond have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can break that double bond have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can break that double bond have it
+propagate and we end up with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate and we end up with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate and we end up with something
+which is the polyvinyl chloride n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the polyvinyl chloride n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the polyvinyl chloride n
+numbers can be very large and we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers can be very large and we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers can be very large and we can get
+uh molecular weights in the vicinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh molecular weights in the vicinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh molecular weights in the vicinity of
+a million grams per mole we further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million grams per mole we further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million grams per mole we further
+looked at tailoring Properties by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at tailoring Properties by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at tailoring Properties by
+control of molecular architecture we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of molecular architecture we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of molecular architecture we saw
+that we could look at bulk composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could look at bulk composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could look at bulk composition
+and form such things as copolymers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form such things as copolymers which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form such things as copolymers which
+are to polymers what Alloys are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to polymers what Alloys are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to polymers what Alloys are to
+Metals uh another way of tailoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals uh another way of tailoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals uh another way of tailoring
+properties is to uh vary the arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties is to uh vary the arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties is to uh vary the arrangement
+of the side groups on the backbone um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the side groups on the backbone um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the side groups on the backbone um
+this is the tacticity of the polymer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the tacticity of the polymer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the tacticity of the polymer and
+it is to a polymer what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to a polymer what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to a polymer what the
+stereoisomerism is to individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereoisomerism is to individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereoisomerism is to individual
+molecules and then lastly we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and then lastly we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and then lastly we looked at
+the shape of the backbone itself uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the backbone itself uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the backbone itself uh
+different confirmations and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different confirmations and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different confirmations and this is
+owing to the rotation capability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owing to the rotation capability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owing to the rotation capability of the
+carbon carbon Bond and at the very end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon carbon Bond and at the very end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon carbon Bond and at the very end
+of the lecture we looked at uh two forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture we looked at uh two forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture we looked at uh two forms
+of uh formation one is addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh formation one is addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh formation one is addition
+polymerization which uh is shown here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization which uh is shown here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization which uh is shown here we
+have the three stages we start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the three stages we start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the three stages we start with
+initiation here you see uh hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation here you see uh hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation here you see uh hydrogen
+peroxide which is turned into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide which is turned into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide which is turned into the
+radical and that triggers this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical and that triggers this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical and that triggers this reaction
+which then moves the uh unpaired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then moves the uh unpaired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then moves the uh unpaired
+electron to the end here and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to the end here and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to the end here and this is
+sticking out like a hot poker and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking out like a hot poker and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking out like a hot poker and other
+gas molecules in this case ethylene that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas molecules in this case ethylene that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas molecules in this case ethylene that
+come in contact with it will in turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in contact with it will in turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in contact with it will in turn
+have their double bond uh broken and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their double bond uh broken and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their double bond uh broken and so
+on and so on and finally we get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so on and finally we get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so on and finally we get to the
+length that we want we terminate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length that we want we terminate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length that we want we terminate the
+reaction and that's the uh end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and that's the uh end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and that's the uh end of the
+process the second one was condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the second one was condensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the second one was condensation
+polymerization and of condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization and of condensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization and of condensation
+polymerization is stepwise where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization is stepwise where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization is stepwise where you
+take two different myrr types and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two different myrr types and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two different myrr types and here's
+a cartoon showing an example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cartoon showing an example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cartoon showing an example of the
+formation of uh pet this is the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of uh pet this is the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of uh pet this is the material
+that's used for soda bottles and many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used for soda bottles and many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used for soda bottles and many of
+the clear plastic uh uh containers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clear plastic uh uh containers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clear plastic uh uh containers that
+you find in uh uh the supermarket or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find in uh uh the supermarket or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find in uh uh the supermarket or the
+the drugstore so uh this one vividly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drugstore so uh this one vividly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drugstore so uh this one vividly
+indicates that it in fact is an acidbase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that it in fact is an acidbase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that it in fact is an acidbase
+reaction I I said last day you had an R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction I I said last day you had an R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction I I said last day you had an R1
+which is a proton donor and an R2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a proton donor and an R2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a proton donor and an R2 which
+is a hydroxy donor well those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hydroxy donor well those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hydroxy donor well those are
+classical arous definitions and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical arous definitions and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical arous definitions and so in
+this case you start with talic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you start with talic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you start with talic acid
+which is basically Benzene with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically Benzene with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically Benzene with this
+carboxilic acid on the end the co is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxilic acid on the end the co is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxilic acid on the end the co is
+carboxilic acid acid we'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxilic acid acid we'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxilic acid acid we'll see that
+repeatedly it's a basic group basic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly it's a basic group basic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly it's a basic group basic is
+the wrong term it's it's an intrin it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong term it's it's an intrin it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong term it's it's an intrin it's
+a group intrinsic to proteins it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group intrinsic to proteins it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group intrinsic to proteins it's an
+acidic group it's not a basic group but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic group it's not a basic group but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic group it's not a basic group but
+basic meaning a different way so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic meaning a different way so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic meaning a different way so here's
+talic acid here's ethylene glycol this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talic acid here's ethylene glycol this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talic acid here's ethylene glycol this
+is what you put in your uh cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you put in your uh cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you put in your uh cooling
+system this is the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is the same thing as
+Prestone 2 antifreeze it's a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prestone 2 antifreeze it's a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prestone 2 antifreeze it's a double
+alcohol it's got hydroxy at both ends so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol it's got hydroxy at both ends so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol it's got hydroxy at both ends so
+it gives up one of those combines with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives up one of those combines with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives up one of those combines with
+the uh proton here to form water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh proton here to form water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh proton here to form water and
+then we form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we form the
+amid bond which then uh starts the um po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amid bond which then uh starts the um po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amid bond which then uh starts the um po
+polymer here and uh it in fact is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer here and uh it in fact is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer here and uh it in fact is a
+polyester because at the end you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyester because at the end you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyester because at the end you've got
+this coo that the the O acts is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coo that the the O acts is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coo that the the O acts is a
+bridging oxygen so bridging oxygen we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridging oxygen so bridging oxygen we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridging oxygen so bridging oxygen we've
+seen in silicates borates as critical in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in silicates borates as critical in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in silicates borates as critical in
+covalent Network formation and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent Network formation and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent Network formation and they're
+operative here when they're operative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operative here when they're operative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operative here when they're operative in
+a uh polymer system that type of polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh polymer system that type of polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh polymer system that type of polymer
+is termed a polyester because the Esther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is termed a polyester because the Esther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is termed a polyester because the Esther
+linkage is this oxygen with the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage is this oxygen with the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage is this oxygen with the double
+bond so this is polyethylene pthalate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond so this is polyethylene pthalate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond so this is polyethylene pthalate
+pet as you know it and uh the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pet as you know it and uh the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pet as you know it and uh the other
+thing that I wanted to point out is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I wanted to point out is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I wanted to point out is that
+if you look carefully at the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look carefully at the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look carefully at the structure
+of these last day uh we we studied uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these last day uh we we studied uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these last day uh we we studied uh
+cross linking and cross linking depended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross linking and cross linking depended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross linking and cross linking depended
+upon a coent bridge between two chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon a coent bridge between two chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon a coent bridge between two chains
+and uh in this case it's typically made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in this case it's typically made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in this case it's typically made
+with sulfur so we have sulfur attacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sulfur so we have sulfur attacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sulfur so we have sulfur attacking
+residual double Bonds in the backbone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual double Bonds in the backbone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual double Bonds in the backbone to
+form uh single bonds between backbones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh single bonds between backbones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh single bonds between backbones
+so we have two chains linking well uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two chains linking well uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two chains linking well uh if
+you look at the features of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the features of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the features of the um
+polymers that are made by condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers that are made by condensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers that are made by condensation
+polymerization you'll notice that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization you'll notice that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization you'll notice that in
+many instances I think here's a good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many instances I think here's a good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many instances I think here's a good one
+to look at uh Kevlar you see the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at uh Kevlar you see the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at uh Kevlar you see the uh
+carbonal group here the C with the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonal group here the C with the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonal group here the C with the uh
+double bond to the oxygen and on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond to the oxygen and on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond to the oxygen and on this
+side you have an amino group and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you have an amino group and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you have an amino group and a
+nitrogen with a hydrogen and what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen with a hydrogen and what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen with a hydrogen and what can
+happen is adjacent chains can hang the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is adjacent chains can hang the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is adjacent chains can hang the
+aminos uh on one side opposite carbonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aminos uh on one side opposite carbonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aminos uh on one side opposite carbonal
+from the other side and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other side and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other side and look at the
+situation that we've set up here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that we've set up here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that we've set up here's the
+oxygen off the uh carbonal group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen off the uh carbonal group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen off the uh carbonal group and
+it's sitting opposite the hydrogen off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sitting opposite the hydrogen off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sitting opposite the hydrogen off
+the uh uh amino group and you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh amino group and you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh amino group and you know what
+that can lead to hydrogen bonding and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can lead to hydrogen bonding and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can lead to hydrogen bonding and so
+in many of these condensation polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many of these condensation polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many of these condensation polymers
+nylons um silicons hydrogen bonding Acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nylons um silicons hydrogen bonding Acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nylons um silicons hydrogen bonding Acts
+almost as a pseudo cross linking it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as a pseudo cross linking it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as a pseudo cross linking it's
+nowhere near as strong as a true calent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere near as strong as a true calent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere near as strong as a true calent
+cross link but what we do observe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross link but what we do observe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross link but what we do observe is
+that the nylons um kevlars things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the nylons um kevlars things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the nylons um kevlars things like
+this have much much higher strength and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this have much much higher strength and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this have much much higher strength and
+we're going to learn a little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to learn a little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to learn a little bit later
+they have a higher um uh melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a higher um uh melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a higher um uh melting point
+owing to this hydrogen bonding so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owing to this hydrogen bonding so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owing to this hydrogen bonding so I
+think we want to just uh document that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we want to just uh document that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we want to just uh document that
+hydrogen bonding operative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+nylons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nylons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nylons
+and silicons and this leads to some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicons and this leads to some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicons and this leads to some uh
+additional uh strengthening of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional uh strengthening of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional uh strengthening of the
+material what I wanted to do today was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material what I wanted to do today was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material what I wanted to do today was
+to uh take up this uh concept that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh take up this uh concept that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh take up this uh concept that we
+talked about with regard to ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about with regard to ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about with regard to ordering
+versus disordering last day we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus disordering last day we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus disordering last day we talked
+about uh low density polyethylene versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh low density polyethylene versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh low density polyethylene versus
+highdensity polyethylene so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highdensity polyethylene so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highdensity polyethylene so I want to
+just revisit influences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just revisit influences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just revisit influences
+on ordering influences on ordering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ordering influences on ordering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ordering influences on ordering and
+actually what favors uh what favors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what favors uh what favors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what favors uh what favors
+crystallization factors favoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization factors favoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization factors favoring
+crystallization and remember we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization and remember we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization and remember we're not
+talking about perfect crystals here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about perfect crystals here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about perfect crystals here
+we're talking about local ordering over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about local ordering over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about local ordering over
+certain lengths of a chain which give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain lengths of a chain which give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain lengths of a chain which give
+rise to some uh uh strengthening of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to some uh uh strengthening of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to some uh uh strengthening of the
+material and so I'm just going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and so I'm just going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and so I'm just going to go
+back and revisit 1 two and three above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and revisit 1 two and three above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and revisit 1 two and three above
+I'm going to ask ask how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to ask ask how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to ask ask how does
+composition how does tacticity and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition how does tacticity and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition how does tacticity and how
+does Confirmation enhance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Confirmation enhance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Confirmation enhance uh
+crystallization so first thing let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization so first thing let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization so first thing let's
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+composition the the way to favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition the the way to favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition the the way to favor
+crystallization is to make materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization is to make materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization is to make materials
+more nearly uniform the higher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more nearly uniform the higher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more nearly uniform the higher the
+degree of uniformity in the polymer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of uniformity in the polymer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of uniformity in the polymer the
+greater the chances are that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater the chances are that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater the chances are that it can
+zigzag back and forth and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zigzag back and forth and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zigzag back and forth and in a
+predictable manner set up these zones of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable manner set up these zones of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable manner set up these zones of
+crystallinity so if this is a a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallinity so if this is a a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallinity so if this is a a straight
+chain or linear chain uh polymer if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain or linear chain uh polymer if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain or linear chain uh polymer if it's
+made homogeneous of a same U composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made homogeneous of a same U composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made homogeneous of a same U composition
+then the chances of its folding back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the chances of its folding back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the chances of its folding back and
+forth on itself and setting up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth on itself and setting up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth on itself and setting up this
+local sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+semicrystalline semicrystalline region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicrystalline semicrystalline region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicrystalline semicrystalline region
+are greater than if the polymer has uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are greater than if the polymer has uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are greater than if the polymer has uh
+some random variation in composition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some random variation in composition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some random variation in composition so
+the factor that favors CST ization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is having single composition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is having single composition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is having single composition so
+homopolymers are uh much more e easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homopolymers are uh much more e easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homopolymers are uh much more e easily
+crystallized so as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallized so as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallized so as an example
+polyethylene oxide uh can form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene oxide uh can form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene oxide uh can form a
+crystall and polymer whereas if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystall and polymer whereas if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystall and polymer whereas if you take
+the polyethylene oxide block copolymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polyethylene oxide block copolymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polyethylene oxide block copolymer
+with say polypropylene oxide the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with say polypropylene oxide the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with say polypropylene oxide the second
+case is more likely to be amorphous the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is more likely to be amorphous the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is more likely to be amorphous the
+second Factor we want to look at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Factor we want to look at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Factor we want to look at is
+tacticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacticity
+tacticity you know you've got the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacticity you know you've got the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacticity you know you've got the three
+forms of tacticity isotactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of tacticity isotactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of tacticity isotactic
+syndiotactic and atactic and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndiotactic and atactic and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndiotactic and atactic and the one
+that's more readily uh willing to pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more readily uh willing to pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more readily uh willing to pack
+is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+isotactic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotactic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotactic so
+isotactic version will uh be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotactic version will uh be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotactic version will uh be
+favored from the standpoint Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored from the standpoint Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored from the standpoint Of
+crystallization and we have evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization and we have evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization and we have evidence
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+isotactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotactic
+isotactic polystyrene is a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotactic polystyrene is a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotactic polystyrene is a highly
+crystalline so when you see some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline so when you see some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline so when you see some of
+these hard polystyrene containers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hard polystyrene containers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hard polystyrene containers uh
+they're predominantly isotactic whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're predominantly isotactic whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're predominantly isotactic whereas
+atactic atactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atactic atactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atactic atactic
+polystyrene is dominantly a morphus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polystyrene is dominantly a morphus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polystyrene is dominantly a morphus so
+there's the influence of tacticity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the influence of tacticity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the influence of tacticity and
+the third one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one is
+confirmation how does Confirmation act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation how does Confirmation act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation how does Confirmation act
+well we've got the linear chains we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've got the linear chains we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've got the linear chains we've
+got Branch chains and we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got Branch chains and we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got Branch chains and we've got
+Crosslink chains and clearly following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crosslink chains and clearly following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crosslink chains and clearly following
+this Paradigm the linear chains are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Paradigm the linear chains are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Paradigm the linear chains are
+favored when it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored when it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored when it comes
+to the formation of uh ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the formation of uh ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the formation of uh ordered
+structures so if you look at something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so if you look at something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so if you look at something
+like highdensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like highdensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like highdensity
+polyethylene uh that's shown here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene uh that's shown here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene uh that's shown here this
+the the uh opaque milk jug uh this has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh opaque milk jug uh this has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh opaque milk jug uh this has a
+uh High degree of linearity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh High degree of linearity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh High degree of linearity in the
+chains whereas branching or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains whereas branching or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains whereas branching or
+cross-linking are going to uh make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linking are going to uh make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linking are going to uh make
+things very difficult for from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things very difficult for from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things very difficult for from the
+perspective of uh forming uh crystallin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of uh forming uh crystallin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of uh forming uh crystallin
+structures and in fact here's a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and in fact here's a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and in fact here's a uh
+something that's volume versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's volume versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's volume versus
+temperature should remind you of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature should remind you of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature should remind you of the
+unit that we've just covered in silicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit that we've just covered in silicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit that we've just covered in silicate
+glasses we see uh the um cooling curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses we see uh the um cooling curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses we see uh the um cooling curves
+here at two different rates and fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at two different rates and fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at two different rates and fast
+cooling has a knee in the curve at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling has a knee in the curve at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling has a knee in the curve at a
+higher glass transition temperature than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher glass transition temperature than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher glass transition temperature than
+slow Cooling and uh similarly with fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow Cooling and uh similarly with fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow Cooling and uh similarly with fast
+cooling there's a higher degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling there's a higher degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling there's a higher degree of
+quenched in uh free volume so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quenched in uh free volume so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quenched in uh free volume so all of
+those uh ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh ideas
+apply the other thing I want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the other thing I want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the other thing I want to look at
+now is uh on the basis of what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is uh on the basis of what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is uh on the basis of what we've
+seen so far what are the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so far what are the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so far what are the properties of
+polymers now that we can tailor things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers now that we can tailor things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers now that we can tailor things
+to a great extent but there are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a great extent but there are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a great extent but there are certain
+properties that that they uh that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that that they uh that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that that they uh that they
+all share so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those first one
+electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical
+insulators electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+insulators why whenever I ask why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators why whenever I ask why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators why whenever I ask why we
+have to look at electronic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at electronic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at electronic structure
+here we have strong Cove valent bonds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have strong Cove valent bonds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have strong Cove valent bonds up
+and down the backbone and we have uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down the backbone and we have uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down the backbone and we have uh uh
+relatively weak vander's bonds with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively weak vander's bonds with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively weak vander's bonds with some
+hydrogen bonding in between in no case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonding in between in no case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonding in between in no case
+are we looking at free electrons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we looking at free electrons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we looking at free electrons so
+strong calent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bonds internally these are intra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds internally these are intra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds internally these are intra
+molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular
+bonds no free electrons with Cove valent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds no free electrons with Cove valent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds no free electrons with Cove valent
+bonds we have electron sharing we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds we have electron sharing we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds we have electron sharing we have
+octet stability and the uh electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet stability and the uh electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet stability and the uh electrical
+insularity that accompanies that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insularity that accompanies that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insularity that accompanies that second
+optically Optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Behavior while they're transparent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior while they're transparent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior while they're transparent to
+visible light again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+high strength Cove valent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high strength Cove valent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high strength Cove valent
+bonds transparent to visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds transparent to visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds transparent to visible
+light and in the case of uh amorphus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and in the case of uh amorphus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and in the case of uh amorphus
+when amorphous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when amorphous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when amorphous
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+clear amorphus are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear amorphus are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear amorphus are
+clear and when we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+semicrystalline the semic crystallin set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicrystalline the semic crystallin set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicrystalline the semic crystallin set
+up regions of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up regions of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up regions of of
+higher atom density which translate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher atom density which translate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher atom density which translate into
+regions of higher refractive index and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of higher refractive index and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of higher refractive index and
+since the refractive indices are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the refractive indices are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the refractive indices are not
+matched between the amorphus and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched between the amorphus and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched between the amorphus and the
+semicrystalline regime this acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicrystalline regime this acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicrystalline regime this acts
+effectively as an interface that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively as an interface that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively as an interface that can
+scatter light so the semicrystalline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter light so the semicrystalline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter light so the semicrystalline
+although they're in formally they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they're in formally they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they're in formally they're
+transparent visible light these in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent visible light these in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent visible light these in fact
+prove to be opaque as you can see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove to be opaque as you can see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove to be opaque as you can see from
+the appearance of that uh uh milk jug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appearance of that uh uh milk jug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appearance of that uh uh milk jug
+now the question you got to ask is could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question you got to ask is could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question you got to ask is could
+you uh generate semicrystalline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh generate semicrystalline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh generate semicrystalline
+zones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones that
+were either index matched or on a length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were either index matched or on a length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were either index matched or on a length
+scale shorter than that of visible light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale shorter than that of visible light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale shorter than that of visible light
+we saw that in the inorganic case with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw that in the inorganic case with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw that in the inorganic case with
+the difference between pyroceram glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between pyroceram glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between pyroceram glass
+and Visions the only difference was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Visions the only difference was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Visions the only difference was that
+the crystallites in Visions were uh much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystallites in Visions were uh much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystallites in Visions were uh much
+much smaller and as a result we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller and as a result we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller and as a result we were
+able to get the strengthening effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get the strengthening effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get the strengthening effect
+without incurring the penalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without incurring the penalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without incurring the penalty
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+opacity third one is chemically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opacity third one is chemically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opacity third one is chemically
+inert polymers are chemically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inert again the strong Cove valent bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert again the strong Cove valent bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert again the strong Cove valent bonds
+octet stability same same uh reasons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet stability same same uh reasons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet stability same same uh reasons and
+this leads to their extensive use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads to their extensive use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads to their extensive use in
+packaging packaging especially of foods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaging packaging especially of foods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaging packaging especially of foods
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+beverages foods and beverages explo this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beverages foods and beverages explo this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beverages foods and beverages explo this
+uh this property and lastly uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this property and lastly uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this property and lastly uh they're
+solid at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature solid at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature solid at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature solid at room
+temperature the long molecules even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the long molecules even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the long molecules even
+though they're only weak Vander Fall's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they're only weak Vander Fall's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they're only weak Vander Fall's
+bonds operative between molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds operative between molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds operative between molecules
+remember the strong Cove valent bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the strong Cove valent bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the strong Cove valent bonds
+are within the molecule if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are within the molecule if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are within the molecule if you want to
+ask the question is something solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question is something solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question is something solid
+liquid or gas you have to ask how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid or gas you have to ask how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid or gas you have to ask how does
+one molecule bond to another one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one molecule bond to another one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one molecule bond to another one of
+identical composition and for that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical composition and for that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical composition and for that we've
+got not strong Cove valent bonds but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got not strong Cove valent bonds but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got not strong Cove valent bonds but
+we've got weak Vander va's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got weak Vander va's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got weak Vander va's
+bonds weak vander's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bonds but they're operating over such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds but they're operating over such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds but they're operating over such
+large contact areas these molecules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large contact areas these molecules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large contact areas these molecules are
+very very long so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very long so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very long so the
+long molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long molecule
+presents a high surface to volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents a high surface to volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents a high surface to volume
+ratio very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio very very
+high very high surface to volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ratio and that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and that leads to
+uh uh strong strong bonding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh strong strong bonding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh strong strong bonding and
+ultimately it leads to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entanglement so we have entanglement we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement so we have entanglement we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement so we have entanglement we
+have a weak Vander Fall's bonds over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a weak Vander Fall's bonds over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a weak Vander Fall's bonds over uh
+high surface to volume ratio and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high surface to volume ratio and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high surface to volume ratio and that
+leads to uh solidity at room temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to uh solidity at room temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to uh solidity at room temperature
+and we recognized last day that absent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we recognized last day that absent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we recognized last day that absent
+cross-linking that absent cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linking that absent cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linking that absent cross
+linking we can reprocess these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+reheating this gives us thermoplastics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reheating this gives us thermoplastics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reheating this gives us thermoplastics
+that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reprocessed and even in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprocessed and even in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprocessed and even in the case of
+hydrogen bonding although the nylons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonding although the nylons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonding although the nylons
+have to go to slightly higher temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go to slightly higher temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go to slightly higher temp
+temperatures we are able to uh reprocess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures we are able to uh reprocess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures we are able to uh reprocess
+the nylons in the case of cross linking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nylons in the case of cross linking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nylons in the case of cross linking
+of course we have to go to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we have to go to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we have to go to other
+measures because heating to very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures because heating to very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures because heating to very very
+high temperatures capable of breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperatures capable of breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperatures capable of breaking
+the cross links will also break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross links will also break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross links will also break the
+backbone so these things become not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone so these things become not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone so these things become not very
+easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily
+recyclable and in fact what I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recyclable and in fact what I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recyclable and in fact what I've got
+here is uh the the recycle codes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is uh the the recycle codes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is uh the the recycle codes which
+you see on uh uh products today here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see on uh uh products today here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see on uh uh products today here's
+the the first one is the polyethylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first one is the polyethylene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first one is the polyethylene
+pthalate which we just saw the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pthalate which we just saw the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pthalate which we just saw the uh
+reaction for and that's used in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction for and that's used in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction for and that's used in these
+clear plastics for many of the uh things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear plastics for many of the uh things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear plastics for many of the uh things
+such as in this case is dishwash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as in this case is dishwash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as in this case is dishwash
+detergent the 2 L soda bottles and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detergent the 2 L soda bottles and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detergent the 2 L soda bottles and so on
+are are this uh the high density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are this uh the high density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are this uh the high density
+polyethylene that's this one here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene that's this one here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene that's this one here the
+next One V is the reaction I showed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next One V is the reaction I showed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next One V is the reaction I showed at
+the beginning of the lecture polyvinyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the lecture polyvinyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the lecture polyvinyl
+chloride uh fourth one is lowdensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride uh fourth one is lowdensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride uh fourth one is lowdensity
+polyethylene which is the stretch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene which is the stretch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene which is the stretch and
+Sealing and so on and I want you to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sealing and so on and I want you to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sealing and so on and I want you to note
+that uh all of these have names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh all of these have names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh all of these have names
+associated with them and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with them and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with them and these are
+inventions all of these materials that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventions all of these materials that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventions all of these materials that
+I'm showing you are inventions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing you are inventions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing you are inventions of the
+modern era they all came as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern era they all came as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern era they all came as a result of
+uh research patenting Etc so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh research patenting Etc so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh research patenting Etc so you see
+this one 1940 1951 these are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one 1940 1951 these are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one 1940 1951 these are very very
+recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent
+materials polypropylene 1951 polystyrene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials polypropylene 1951 polystyrene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials polypropylene 1951 polystyrene
+technically was in uh was uh isolated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically was in uh was uh isolated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically was in uh was uh isolated by
+a German Apothecary in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a German Apothecary in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a German Apothecary in
+1839 who didn't realize what he had he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1839 who didn't realize what he had he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1839 who didn't realize what he had he
+had some material that he got out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some material that he got out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some material that he got out of
+this uh resin and it was around 1922
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh resin and it was around 1922
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh resin and it was around 1922
+when Herman studinger uh reasoned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Herman studinger uh reasoned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Herman studinger uh reasoned that
+in fact this was a long chain of styrene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this was a long chain of styrene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this was a long chain of styrene
+it was poly styrene he wrote extensively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was poly styrene he wrote extensively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was poly styrene he wrote extensively
+on it and eventually won the Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and eventually won the Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and eventually won the Nobel Prize
+for it but technically Simon uh isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it but technically Simon uh isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it but technically Simon uh isolated
+polystyrene in uh uh 183 n and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polystyrene in uh uh 183 n and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polystyrene in uh uh 183 n and then
+seven is everything else so if you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven is everything else so if you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven is everything else so if you see a
+seven at the bottom it's who knows all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven at the bottom it's who knows all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven at the bottom it's who knows all
+right so that's the uh that's the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the uh that's the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the uh that's the chain
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+events so what I'd like to do now is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events so what I'd like to do now is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events so what I'd like to do now is um
+I want to show you a few demonstrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you a few demonstrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you a few demonstrations
+and uh in years past I had someone come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in years past I had someone come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in years past I had someone come
+in here and do this but uh she's since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and do this but uh she's since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and do this but uh she's since
+graduated and there's a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated and there's a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated and there's a whole bunch of
+other factors involved so what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors involved so what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors involved so what I want to
+do is I've got some video footage of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I've got some video footage of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I've got some video footage of uh
+the demonstration as it was done so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demonstration as it was done so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demonstration as it was done so what
+you're going to see is several things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see is several things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see is several things
+the first thing I'm going to show you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing I'm going to show you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing I'm going to show you is
+the synthesis of nylon and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synthesis of nylon and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synthesis of nylon and this is
+Beaker synthesis of Nylon 66 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beaker synthesis of Nylon 66 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beaker synthesis of Nylon 66 it's
+condensation polymerization and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation polymerization and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation polymerization and we're
+going to use uh hexamethylene diamine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use uh hexamethylene diamine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use uh hexamethylene diamine so
+that's the base uh and adipic acid which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the base uh and adipic acid which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the base uh and adipic acid which
+is obviously an acid so acid plus base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obviously an acid so acid plus base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obviously an acid so acid plus base
+gives water Plus in this case the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives water Plus in this case the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives water Plus in this case the the
+neutralized uh uh polymer this is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralized uh uh polymer this is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralized uh uh polymer this is only
+done for demonstration purposes it in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for demonstration purposes it in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for demonstration purposes it in in
+uh industry uh nylon is not synthesized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh industry uh nylon is not synthesized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh industry uh nylon is not synthesized
+this way they typically go up to around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way they typically go up to around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way they typically go up to around
+300° C so they're going to take each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300° C so they're going to take each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300° C so they're going to take each of
+these ingredients and they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ingredients and they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ingredients and they're going to
+um dissolve them in different solvents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dissolve them in different solvents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dissolve them in different solvents
+so uh in the one case we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in the one case we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in the one case we're going to
+dissolve the U hexamethylene diamine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve the U hexamethylene diamine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve the U hexamethylene diamine in
+an aquous solution and then the adipic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aquous solution and then the adipic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aquous solution and then the adipic
+acid is going to be dissolved in hexane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid is going to be dissolved in hexane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid is going to be dissolved in hexane
+well hexane is aliphatic it's non-polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well hexane is aliphatic it's non-polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well hexane is aliphatic it's non-polar
+it's emiss with water so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's emiss with water so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's emiss with water so you're going to
+see two liquid phases an aquous phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see two liquid phases an aquous phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see two liquid phases an aquous phase
+and an organic phase so one ingredient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an organic phase so one ingredient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an organic phase so one ingredient
+is in an aquous phase the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in an aquous phase the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in an aquous phase the other
+ingredient is in the organic phase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient is in the organic phase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient is in the organic phase the
+only place they come in contact with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only place they come in contact with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only place they come in contact with one
+another is at the interface you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another is at the interface you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another is at the interface you're going
+to see nylon synthesize at the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see nylon synthesize at the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see nylon synthesize at the interface
+between the two liquids and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two liquids and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two liquids and here's the
+here's the reaction let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this this is Heidi Birch speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B first because it's dissolved in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B first because it's dissolved in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B first because it's dissolved in water
+which has a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a higher
+density than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hexane and then I have my acid dissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexane and then I have my acid dissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexane and then I have my acid dissolved
+in the hexane so what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hexane so what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hexane so what's going to happen
+when I pour that in it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I pour that in it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I pour that in it's not going to
+mix right what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix right what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix right what's going to
+happen it's going to face separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it's going to face separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it's going to face separate
+exactly and we're going to have strata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and we're going to have strata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and we're going to have strata
+is that going to help or hurt our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction it's going to hurt our reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction it's going to hurt our reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction it's going to hurt our reaction
+right because to have a good reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because to have a good reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because to have a good reaction
+you need intimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need intimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need intimate
+mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing
+well this is like the O water problem oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is like the O water problem oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is like the O water problem oh
+shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut
+up so this is pretty actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so this is pretty actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so this is pretty actually pretty
+unexciting really interesting has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexciting really interesting has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexciting really interesting has
+happened it's just kind of sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened it's just kind of sitting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened it's just kind of sitting there
+nothing's exploding out of the beaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's exploding out of the beaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's exploding out of the beaker
+nothing's coming out train your eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's coming out train your eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's coming out train your eye
+right kind of Tain but if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right kind of Tain but if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right kind of Tain but if you look
+carefully you can kind of see where's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully you can kind of see where's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully you can kind of see where's my
+pointer kind of see this film right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer kind of see this film right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer kind of see this film right
+there see that big bubble well there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there see that big bubble well there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there see that big bubble well there's a
+scum that's floating at the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scum that's floating at the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scum that's floating at the interface
+between the two layers that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two layers that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two layers that's actually
+the nylon that we formed what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nylon that we formed what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nylon that we formed what happens is
+I mentioned that nylon has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned that nylon has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned that nylon has that
+excellent chemical resistance but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent chemical resistance but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent chemical resistance but when
+we formed it it made a barrier film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we formed it it made a barrier film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we formed it it made a barrier film
+between the two layers so that no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two layers so that no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two layers so that no more
+reactant could get through to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant could get through to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant could get through to each other
+to form more nylon so what I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form more nylon so what I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form more nylon so what I have to do
+is remove that barrier film to allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remove that barrier film to allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remove that barrier film to allow the
+reactants to come into contact and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants to come into contact and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants to come into contact and I'm
+doing that by drawing off the nylon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that by drawing off the nylon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that by drawing off the nylon as
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+formed because I'm drawing off the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed because I'm drawing off the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed because I'm drawing off the film
+are very half I'm going to show you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very half I'm going to show you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very half I'm going to show you we
+had a a closeup of a of a previous year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a a closeup of a of a previous year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a a closeup of a of a previous year
+when she did it we actually had a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she did it we actually had a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she did it we actually had a camera
+focused right on the beaker so you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused right on the beaker so you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused right on the beaker so you get a
+better scene of the formation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better scene of the formation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better scene of the formation of the
+nylon it's happening right here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nylon it's happening right here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nylon it's happening right here at the
+interface between the hexane and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between the hexane and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between the hexane and the
+aquous solution so the nylon is forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquous solution so the nylon is forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquous solution so the nylon is forming
+right here and as soon as the nylon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and as soon as the nylon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and as soon as the nylon
+forms it seals off the reaction so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms it seals off the reaction so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms it seals off the reaction so no
+more reactants can get here what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reactants can get here what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reactants can get here what she
+does is she pulls this up and as she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is she pulls this up and as she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is she pulls this up and as she
+pulls the nylon up she exposes fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls the nylon up she exposes fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls the nylon up she exposes fresh
+interface so the everything's occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface so the everything's occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface so the everything's occurring
+at this interface it's a self-limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this interface it's a self-limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this interface it's a self-limiting
+reaction so this next one I think shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so this next one I think shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so this next one I think shows
+it's just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better Hazard and what's happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better Hazard and what's happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better Hazard and what's happening is
+the polymer I'm forming has a very broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer I'm forming has a very broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer I'm forming has a very broad
+molecular weight distribution it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight distribution it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight distribution it's not
+all 240 G per mole or whatever and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 240 G per mole or whatever and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 240 G per mole or whatever and that
+greatly affects the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly affects the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly affects the mechanical
+properties and in fact it affects them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and in fact it affects them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and in fact it affects them
+detrimentally so the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detrimentally so the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detrimentally so the mechanical
+properties of this nylon that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this nylon that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this nylon that I'm
+forming aren't very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming aren't very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming aren't very
+good okay the second one I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay the second one I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay the second one I'm going to
+show you is a demonstration of the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you is a demonstration of the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you is a demonstration of the role
+that the glass transition temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the glass transition temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the glass transition temperature
+plays in rubbers rubbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays in rubbers rubbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays in rubbers rubbers
+are materials that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are materials that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are materials that are
+cross-link and they gain their balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-link and they gain their balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-link and they gain their balance
+from the fact that if you pull on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact that if you pull on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact that if you pull on the
+rubber these cross links will cause you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber these cross links will cause you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber these cross links will cause you
+to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to
+recoil but if you cool the rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoil but if you cool the rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoil but if you cool the rubber
+below the glass transition temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the glass transition temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the glass transition temperature
+the entire structure becomes a rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire structure becomes a rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire structure becomes a rigid
+solid and so the the rubber loses its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and so the the rubber loses its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and so the the rubber loses its
+bounce I if we in our our lab if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce I if we in our our lab if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce I if we in our our lab if we have
+to make for example uh a hole through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make for example uh a hole through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make for example uh a hole through a
+rubber stopper if you take that rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber stopper if you take that rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber stopper if you take that rubber
+stopper put it on a drill press and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopper put it on a drill press and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopper put it on a drill press and try
+to drill it's uh very dangerous to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drill it's uh very dangerous to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drill it's uh very dangerous to do
+because the rubber will grip onto the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the rubber will grip onto the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the rubber will grip onto the uh
+onto the drill bit if you quench the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the drill bit if you quench the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the drill bit if you quench the
+rubber in liquid nitrogen take it below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber in liquid nitrogen take it below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber in liquid nitrogen take it below
+its glass transition temperature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its glass transition temperature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its glass transition temperature the
+rubber behaves as a a brittle solid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber behaves as a a brittle solid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber behaves as a a brittle solid and
+then you just drill right through get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just drill right through get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just drill right through get a
+nice clean hole and then the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice clean hole and then the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice clean hole and then the material
+Heats back up above its glass transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heats back up above its glass transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heats back up above its glass transition
+temperature so Heidi's going to uh show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so Heidi's going to uh show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so Heidi's going to uh show
+you um two different rubbers one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um two different rubbers one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um two different rubbers one that
+has a glass transition temperature above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a glass transition temperature above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a glass transition temperature above
+room temperature so room temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature so room temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature so room temperature is
+already down here and the the the rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already down here and the the the rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already down here and the the the rubber
+ball I'm saying in quotation marks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball I'm saying in quotation marks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball I'm saying in quotation marks the
+ball is going to act like a billiard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball is going to act like a billiard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball is going to act like a billiard
+ball it's solid very poor balance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball it's solid very poor balance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball it's solid very poor balance the
+other one has a glass transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one has a glass transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one has a glass transition
+temperature uh negative deg C and so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh negative deg C and so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh negative deg C and so at
+room temperature at bounce as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature at bounce as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature at bounce as well so
+she's going to in one case heat both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's going to in one case heat both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's going to in one case heat both of
+them above the glass transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them above the glass transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them above the glass transition
+temperature put them in boiling water in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature put them in boiling water in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature put them in boiling water in
+the other case she's going to put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case she's going to put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case she's going to put them
+in liquid nitrogen so she'll turn both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in liquid nitrogen so she'll turn both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in liquid nitrogen so she'll turn both
+of them into solids and both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them into solids and both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them into solids and both of them
+into the liquids let's Okay the thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the liquids let's Okay the thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the liquids let's Okay the thing I
+want to talk about now is the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about now is the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about now is the effect of
+temperature on polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature on polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature on polymer
+molecules basically when do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules basically when do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules basically when do I get
+rubbery behavior and when do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbery behavior and when do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbery behavior and when do I get
+glassy Behavior because I can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glassy Behavior because I can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glassy Behavior because I can get the
+same polymer to exhibit rubbery Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same polymer to exhibit rubbery Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same polymer to exhibit rubbery Behavior
+or glassy Behavior depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or glassy Behavior depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or glassy Behavior depending on the
+temperature at which I use that material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at which I use that material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at which I use that material
+as Dr sway told you polymers have what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Dr sway told you polymers have what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Dr sway told you polymers have what's
+called a glass transition temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a glass transition temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a glass transition temperature
+and the type of behavior that I get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the type of behavior that I get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the type of behavior that I get is
+determined by my my use temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by my my use temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by my my use temperature
+relative to my glass transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to my glass transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to my glass transition
+temperature so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so I have
+here six little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balls with faces pained on them the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls with faces pained on them the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls with faces pained on them the ones
+with the happy faces are poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the happy faces are poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the happy faces are poly
+isoprene the ones with the sad faces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoprene the ones with the sad faces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoprene the ones with the sad faces are
+polor borine now polor borine is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polor borine now polor borine is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polor borine now polor borine is a
+synthetic rubber that was developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic rubber that was developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic rubber that was developed
+during World War II when we didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during World War II when we didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during World War II when we didn't have
+access to all the the rubber trees grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to all the the rubber trees grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to all the the rubber trees grows
+in Southeast Asia so the happy balls are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Southeast Asia so the happy balls are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Southeast Asia so the happy balls are
+happy because their glass transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy because their glass transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy because their glass transition
+temperature is- 67 so we're our use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is- 67 so we're our use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is- 67 so we're our use
+temperature at room temperature is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at room temperature is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at room temperature is much
+greater than their glass transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than their glass transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than their glass transition
+temperature so they behave as a rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so they behave as a rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so they behave as a rubber
+as rubber would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as rubber would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as rubber would
+nor has a glass transition temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor has a glass transition temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor has a glass transition temperature
+of 40 so we're below its glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 40 so we're below its glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 40 so we're below its glass
+transition temperature at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition temperature at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition temperature at room
+temperature and it just dissipates all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and it just dissipates all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and it just dissipates all
+the energy we get a much more glassy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy we get a much more glassy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy we get a much more glassy
+like behavior from this material and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like behavior from this material and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like behavior from this material and it
+doesn't fail so what we can do here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fail so what we can do here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fail so what we can do here to
+demonstrate the effect is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate the effect is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate the effect is we're going to
+raise the the uh the used temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the the uh the used temperature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the the uh the used temperature of
+both materials and we're going to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both materials and we're going to lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both materials and we're going to lower
+the used temperature of both materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the used temperature of both materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the used temperature of both materials
+so I'm going to drop them in boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to drop them in boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to drop them in boiling
+water and host the little faces stay on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and host the little faces stay on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and host the little faces stay on
+because I just painted them all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just painted them all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just painted them all the
+white out I don't know how that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white out I don't know how that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white out I don't know how that's going
+to work and then I'm going to drop two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work and then I'm going to drop two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work and then I'm going to drop two
+of them in liquid nitrogen now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them in liquid nitrogen now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them in liquid nitrogen now these
+will be our controls remember polor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be our controls remember polor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be our controls remember polor
+polyisoprene now something to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyisoprene now something to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyisoprene now something to think
+about which I know Dr sway always likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which I know Dr sway always likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which I know Dr sway always likes
+to ask is why does one have a high glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask is why does one have a high glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask is why does one have a high glass
+transition temperature and why does one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition temperature and why does one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition temperature and why does one
+have a low temperature and I'll leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a low temperature and I'll leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a low temperature and I'll leave
+you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that
+little while I try to fish these bad Bo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out okay oh why not work so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay oh why not work so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay oh why not work so this is the
+poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly
+can you hear the sound that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+makes when I drop the one that's at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes when I drop the one that's at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes when I drop the one that's at room
+temperature I get a nice rubbery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I get a nice rubbery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I get a nice rubbery
+sound I'll Chase it later when I drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound I'll Chase it later when I drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound I'll Chase it later when I drop
+that one I get a plastic hard glassy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one I get a plastic hard glassy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one I get a plastic hard glassy
+sound I've Co it below it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound I've Co it below it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound I've Co it below it's you
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+see imp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see imp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see imp
+I pay attention now let's go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh his eye came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh his eye came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh his eye came
+off same thing I pulled the poly below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off same thing I pulled the poly below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off same thing I pulled the poly below
+it's transition temperature as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's transition temperature as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's transition temperature as well so
+it too gives exhibits a glassy Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it too gives exhibits a glassy Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it too gives exhibits a glassy Collision
+like a pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pool
+ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball
+now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in
+here now this is the polor borning so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now this is the polor borning so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now this is the polor borning so it
+should still continue to bounce because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should still continue to bounce because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should still continue to bounce because
+we've raised its use temperature above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've raised its use temperature above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've raised its use temperature above
+it's glass transition further Above It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's glass transition further Above It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's glass transition further Above It
+Glass transition temperature that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glass transition temperature that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glass transition temperature that's not
+the exciting one the ex exciting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exciting one the ex exciting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exciting one the ex exciting one
+is I can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I can get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I can get it
+out what happens to the poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what happens to the poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what happens to the poly
+borning this is the sad ball the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borning this is the sad ball the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borning this is the sad ball the one
+that wouldn't bounce at room temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't bounce at room temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't bounce at room temperature
+by raising its used temperature above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by raising its used temperature above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by raising its used temperature above
+its glass transition temperature by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its glass transition temperature by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its glass transition temperature by
+dunking it in boiling water I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dunking it in boiling water I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dunking it in boiling water I get a
+rubbery response so the take- home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbery response so the take- home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbery response so the take- home
+message of this is whether you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message of this is whether you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message of this is whether you get a
+plastic or whether you get a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic or whether you get a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic or whether you get a glass
+depends on the use temperature relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the use temperature relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the use temperature relative
+to the glass transition water okay last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the glass transition water okay last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the glass transition water okay last
+thing I'm going to show you is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm going to show you is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm going to show you is something
+very peculiar with macro molecules I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very peculiar with macro molecules I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very peculiar with macro molecules I'm
+going to uh show you two beakers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh show you two beakers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh show you two beakers that
+contain uh liquids that are clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain uh liquids that are clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain uh liquids that are clear
+colorless but they've been in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless but they've been in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless but they've been in this case
+uh green food coloring has been added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh green food coloring has been added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh green food coloring has been added
+the first one is water and when the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is water and when the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is water and when the uh
+propeller spins uh you get a vortex in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller spins uh you get a vortex in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller spins uh you get a vortex in
+the case of polymers at low spin rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of polymers at low spin rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of polymers at low spin rates
+the same thing happens at a low spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing happens at a low spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing happens at a low spin
+rate you'll get a vortex at a high spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you'll get a vortex at a high spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you'll get a vortex at a high spin
+rate when the spin rate goes faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate when the spin rate goes faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate when the spin rate goes faster than
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+and these are liquids we're above glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are liquids we're above glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are liquids we're above glass
+transition temperature but if you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition temperature but if you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition temperature but if you try to
+spin too quickly you get sheer dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin too quickly you get sheer dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin too quickly you get sheer dependent
+Behavior it's peculiar with longchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior it's peculiar with longchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior it's peculiar with longchain
+molecules and what happens is at very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and what happens is at very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and what happens is at very
+very high Shear rates the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high Shear rates the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high Shear rates the molecules
+actually won't slip fast enough and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually won't slip fast enough and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually won't slip fast enough and they
+essentially behave as an elastomer so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially behave as an elastomer so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially behave as an elastomer so at
+very high Shear rates instead of seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high Shear rates instead of seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high Shear rates instead of seeing
+the the uh Vortex trough you see quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh Vortex trough you see quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh Vortex trough you see quite
+the opposite and this is called the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite and this is called the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite and this is called the uh
+weisenberg effect and it has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weisenberg effect and it has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weisenberg effect and it has to do with
+the inability of the molecules to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inability of the molecules to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inability of the molecules to move
+quickly enough over one another let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly enough over one another let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly enough over one another let's
+see what this one looks like this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what this one looks like this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what this one looks like this is a
+short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+one when I turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when I turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when I turn it
+on you can see I get a tornado vortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you can see I get a tornado vortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you can see I get a tornado vortex
+in now that's water now that was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in now that's water now that was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in now that's water now that was just
+plain water with a little secret F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain water with a little secret F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain water with a little secret F
+coloring recipe now this is something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring recipe now this is something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring recipe now this is something a
+little bit different this is a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different this is a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different this is a solution
+a 1% ution of polyethylene oxide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1% ution of polyethylene oxide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1% ution of polyethylene oxide in
+water you can see the chemical repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you can see the chemical repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you can see the chemical repeat
+unit of polyethylene oxide up there now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of polyethylene oxide up there now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of polyethylene oxide up there now
+when I turn this on something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I turn this on something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I turn this on something else
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+entirely it climbs up the stirring L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely it climbs up the stirring L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely it climbs up the stirring L and
+The Swinging off you see is I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Swinging off you see is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Swinging off you see is I've
+overcome this inal for and it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome this inal for and it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome this inal for and it's being
+flung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flung
+out so there's the weissenberg effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so there's the weissenberg effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so there's the weissenberg effect
+and this is at very very high Shear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is at very very high Shear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is at very very high Shear
+rates and the one thing I wish she'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and the one thing I wish she'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and the one thing I wish she'd
+done is uh turn the speed down at very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is uh turn the speed down at very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is uh turn the speed down at very
+very low speeds you you'd actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low speeds you you'd actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low speeds you you'd actually see
+the vortex form because you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vortex form because you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vortex form because you're asking
+the molecules to Shear over one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules to Shear over one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules to Shear over one another
+at a slow enough rate that they can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a slow enough rate that they can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a slow enough rate that they can keep
+pace so this is very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pace so this is very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pace so this is very different from
+Newtonian fluids this is non- neonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian fluids this is non- neonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian fluids this is non- neonian
+flow and this you have to understand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and this you have to understand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and this you have to understand if
+you're doing such things as injection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing such things as injection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing such things as injection
+molding of polymers because they they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molding of polymers because they they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molding of polymers because they they do
+weird things at at very very high Shear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird things at at very very high Shear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird things at at very very high Shear
+rates and let's face it if you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and let's face it if you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and let's face it if you're in the
+business to make money you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business to make money you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business to make money you're not going
+to be gently plunging the Piston into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be gently plunging the Piston into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be gently plunging the Piston into
+the mold you want to pop these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mold you want to pop these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mold you want to pop these things
+out quickly so it's there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out quickly so it's there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out quickly so it's there's a lot of
+esoteric physics involved okay I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esoteric physics involved okay I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esoteric physics involved okay I'm going
+to hold that there um what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold that there um what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold that there um what I want to
+talk about now for the last few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about now for the last few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about now for the last few minutes
+is the cultural impact of of the Advent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cultural impact of of the Advent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cultural impact of of the Advent
+of polymers in fact uh uh many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polymers in fact uh uh many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polymers in fact uh uh many of these
+come under the the general rubric of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come under the the general rubric of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come under the the general rubric of
+synthetics these are man-made materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetics these are man-made materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetics these are man-made materials
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+synthetics and they all occurred the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetics and they all occurred the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetics and they all occurred the
+real burst occurred at the dawn of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real burst occurred at the dawn of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real burst occurred at the dawn of the
+uh uh 20th century and what I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh 20th century and what I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh 20th century and what I like to
+talk about is the pattern of adoption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is the pattern of adoption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is the pattern of adoption
+and this is something that occurs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something that occurs with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something that occurs with
+other materials but certainly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other materials but certainly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other materials but certainly in the
+case of polymers at first it's wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of polymers at first it's wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of polymers at first it's wonder
+they they have these strange properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have these strange properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have these strange properties
+that that we've seen some of here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we've seen some of here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we've seen some of here and
+then people go crazy with substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then people go crazy with substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then people go crazy with substitution
+and what we find is that for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we find is that for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we find is that for example the
+the first commercial polymer was bake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first commercial polymer was bake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first commercial polymer was bake
+light and bite was used for such things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and bite was used for such things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and bite was used for such things
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+billiard balls piano keys and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billiard balls piano keys and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billiard balls piano keys and so on so
+you have what I call the fake everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have what I call the fake everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have what I call the fake everything
+so you have faux Ivory which then means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have faux Ivory which then means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have faux Ivory which then means
+you can have Ivory free billiard balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have Ivory free billiard balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have Ivory free billiard balls
+Ivory free piano keys and so on you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ivory free piano keys and so on you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ivory free piano keys and so on you can
+have with the Advent of nylon you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with the Advent of nylon you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with the Advent of nylon you have
+fake silk and so you have instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake silk and so you have instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake silk and so you have instead of
+using silk silk stockings were a luxury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using silk silk stockings were a luxury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using silk silk stockings were a luxury
+afforded only by the rich with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afforded only by the rich with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afforded only by the rich with the
+Advent of nylon stockings there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advent of nylon stockings there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advent of nylon stockings there's a
+democratization price plummets huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratization price plummets huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratization price plummets huge
+social changes take place so all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social changes take place so all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social changes take place so all sorts
+of things take take precedence that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things take take precedence that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things take take precedence that uh
+previously couldn't happen I think I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously couldn't happen I think I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously couldn't happen I think I've
+got some shots here here's a this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some shots here here's a this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some shots here here's a this is a
+an ad from a something like a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ad from a something like a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ad from a something like a look
+magazine uh this is bakeel light um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine uh this is bakeel light um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine uh this is bakeel light um and
+uh if you go to Grandma's house you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you go to Grandma's house you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you go to Grandma's house you may
+even see some of these large uh coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even see some of these large uh coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even see some of these large uh coffee
+earns and these handles on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earns and these handles on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earns and these handles on the side
+they're Ty sort of brownish these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Ty sort of brownish these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Ty sort of brownish these are
+made of bite and it's a phenolic resin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of bite and it's a phenolic resin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of bite and it's a phenolic resin
+that's made by carbolic acid with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's made by carbolic acid with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's made by carbolic acid with
+formaldehido there's a it's an addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehido there's a it's an addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehido there's a it's an addition
+excuse me a uh condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me a uh condensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me a uh condensation
+polymerization and note the symbol here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization and note the symbol here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization and note the symbol here
+for Bake Light B light there's a b with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Bake Light B light there's a b with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Bake Light B light there's a b with
+an Infinity uh sign underneath it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Infinity uh sign underneath it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Infinity uh sign underneath it the
+material of a thousand uses and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material of a thousand uses and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material of a thousand uses and this is
+uh these are all substitute parts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are all substitute parts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are all substitute parts that
+previously were made of metal or wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously were made of metal or wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously were made of metal or wood
+now being made of Bake Light by now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now being made of Bake Light by now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now being made of Bake Light by now I
+mean 1910 1915 so big change and plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean 1910 1915 so big change and plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean 1910 1915 so big change and plus
+you know certain parts that used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know certain parts that used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know certain parts that used to be
+made of metal are now being made of Bake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of metal are now being made of Bake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of metal are now being made of Bake
+Light which is an electrical insulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Light which is an electrical insulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Light which is an electrical insulator
+and for electrical applications in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for electrical applications in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for electrical applications in
+certain instances you do not want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain instances you do not want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain instances you do not want the
+ability of that part to conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of that part to conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of that part to conduct
+electricity so that's the sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity so that's the sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity so that's the sort of thing
+that takes uh takes place and then uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes uh takes place and then uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes uh takes place and then uh we
+have New Uses new products uh new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have New Uses new products uh new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have New Uses new products uh new
+devices and then here's a shot from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and then here's a shot from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and then here's a shot from um
+Fortune Magazine 1940
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortune Magazine 1940
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortune Magazine 1940
+think referring to them as Plastics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think referring to them as Plastics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think referring to them as Plastics and
+I'll explain why in a second but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain why in a second but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain why in a second but all
+these new products you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new products you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new products you've got the
+telephone here fashion Auto Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone here fashion Auto Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone here fashion Auto Parts
+Footwear all of these different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Footwear all of these different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Footwear all of these different things
+there's LP record you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's LP record you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's LP record you don't know what
+this is but the years ago there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is but the years ago there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is but the years ago there was an
+electromechanical device called a tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromechanical device called a tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromechanical device called a tone
+arm with a needle in it and it used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm with a needle in it and it used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm with a needle in it and it used to
+play records yeah they were made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play records yeah they were made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play records yeah they were made of
+vinyl actually they're made of polyvinyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vinyl actually they're made of polyvinyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vinyl actually they're made of polyvinyl
+chloride um and uh look at this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride um and uh look at this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride um and uh look at this thing
+here you see this thing that's a film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see this thing that's a film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see this thing that's a film
+strip you know photography had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip you know photography had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip you know photography had been
+invented back in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented back in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented back in the early
+1800s the mere fact that you can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1800s the mere fact that you can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1800s the mere fact that you can go to
+the movies is a result of the Advent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies is a result of the Advent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies is a result of the Advent of
+macromolecular chemistry without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecular chemistry without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecular chemistry without
+Celluloid you there's no way you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celluloid you there's no way you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celluloid you there's no way you could
+take glass plates and move them at 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take glass plates and move them at 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take glass plates and move them at 24
+frames a second and watch Star Wars you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames a second and watch Star Wars you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames a second and watch Star Wars you
+just can't do that right you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't do that right you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't do that right you have to
+have the ability to put Haight on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the ability to put Haight on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the ability to put Haight on
+something that is flexible and can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is flexible and can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is flexible and can be
+made in Long strips and there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in Long strips and there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in Long strips and there was no
+material until the Advent of of polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material until the Advent of of polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material until the Advent of of polymers
+why plastic uh the general public refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why plastic uh the general public refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why plastic uh the general public refers
+to these as Plastics if I go to uh Shaws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these as Plastics if I go to uh Shaws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these as Plastics if I go to uh Shaws
+and I'm checking out and they ask me if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm checking out and they ask me if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm checking out and they ask me if
+I want paper or PL they ask me what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want paper or PL they ask me what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want paper or PL they ask me what kind
+of bag I want sometimes I slip and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bag I want sometimes I slip and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bag I want sometimes I slip and I say
+I the polymer bag and they look at me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the polymer bag and they look at me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the polymer bag and they look at me
+and I that one you know they just uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I that one you know they just uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I that one you know they just uh so
+it comes from the Greek word meaning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from the Greek word meaning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from the Greek word meaning to
+shape and it's a cognate of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and it's a cognate of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and it's a cognate of the word
+Potter so plastical really means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Potter so plastical really means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Potter so plastical really means
+something that can be shaped and many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can be shaped and many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can be shaped and many of
+these products products are made by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these products products are made by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these products products are made by
+processes that involve starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that involve starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that involve starting with
+polymer that's change that the the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer that's change that the the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer that's change that the the shape
+has changed that's what makes it so easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed that's what makes it so easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed that's what makes it so easy
+to stamp things out all right uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stamp things out all right uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stamp things out all right uh this is
+also from the 1940 um Fortune Magazine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also from the 1940 um Fortune Magazine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also from the 1940 um Fortune Magazine
+this is a whole new world I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a whole new world I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a whole new world I don't know
+if you can read this definition but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can read this definition but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can read this definition but
+here's this here's a area called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this here's a area called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this here's a area called
+cellulose there's nylon Island over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellulose there's nylon Island over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellulose there's nylon Island over here
+there's cast phenolic I mean the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's cast phenolic I mean the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's cast phenolic I mean the whole
+world there's the acrylic mountains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world there's the acrylic mountains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world there's the acrylic mountains
+everything is polymer everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is polymer everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is polymer everything is
+polymer right I uh I recall seeing a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer right I uh I recall seeing a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer right I uh I recall seeing a u
+in a in an antique shop a lady's walam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in an antique shop a lady's walam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in an antique shop a lady's walam
+watch made here in walam Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch made here in walam Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch made here in walam Massachusetts
+in 1922 Platinum case en crusted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1922 Platinum case en crusted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1922 Platinum case en crusted with
+diamonds the crystal was made of acrylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds the crystal was made of acrylic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds the crystal was made of acrylic
+acrylic acrylic has very poor scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrylic acrylic has very poor scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrylic acrylic has very poor scratch
+resistance but acrylic was an advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance but acrylic was an advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance but acrylic was an advanced
+material and by golly they were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and by golly they were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and by golly they were going to
+make it out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it out of
+acrylic so an advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrylic so an advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrylic so an advanced
+material uh and it keeps going and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh and it keeps going and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh and it keeps going and going
+here we are after World War II this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are after World War II this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are after World War II this is
+Plastics The Future Has Arrived if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plastics The Future Has Arrived if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plastics The Future Has Arrived if you
+at first it doesn't look like anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first it doesn't look like anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first it doesn't look like anything
+it looks like abstract art actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like abstract art actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like abstract art actually this
+is a room this is an entire room made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a room this is an entire room made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a room this is an entire room made of
+sprayed polyurethane foam this 1968
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprayed polyurethane foam this 1968
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprayed polyurethane foam this 1968
+people going crazy over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people going crazy over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people going crazy over
+polymers but then uh people come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers but then uh people come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers but then uh people come to
+their senses and uh this book here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their senses and uh this book here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their senses and uh this book here
+documents quite nicely um the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents quite nicely um the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents quite nicely um the sort of
+the next stage which is the Chagrin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next stage which is the Chagrin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next stage which is the Chagrin and
+for that I want to uh take you to a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that I want to uh take you to a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that I want to uh take you to a a
+piece of iconic film making when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of iconic film making when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of iconic film making when people
+are starting to wonder what's the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to wonder what's the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to wonder what's the real
+future of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polymers this could be you three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers this could be you three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers this could be you three years
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+now he's just graduated from college and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he's just graduated from college and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he's just graduated from college and
+he's coming home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a young Dustin Hoffman in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+1968 okay now this is the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+watch we're all so proud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dr what are you going to do now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr what are you going to do now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr what are you going to do now that's
+Angela
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angela
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angela
+Lansbury I think it's your future you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lansbury I think it's your future you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lansbury I think it's your future you're
+life well that's a little hard to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life well that's a little hard to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life well that's a little hard to say
+Ben excuse me Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Maguire I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just want to say one word to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to say one word to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to say one word to
+you just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Plastics tell me how you is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plastics tell me how you is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plastics tell me how you is a great
+future in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future in
+Plastics think about what you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plastics think about what you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plastics think about what you think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+yes upet that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deal well in point of fact that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal well in point of fact that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal well in point of fact that's so
+ironic uh by 1968 it's not true to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic uh by 1968 it's not true to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic uh by 1968 it's not true to say
+that there was such a great future in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was such a great future in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was such a great future in
+Plastics because people started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plastics because people started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plastics because people started to
+realize the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize the next thing
+about which is the concern and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which is the concern and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which is the concern and what's
+the concern well I've already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concern well I've already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concern well I've already talked
+about uh recycling but there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh recycling but there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh recycling but there are other
+concerns and they all come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns and they all come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns and they all come from
+this environmental safety and health we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this environmental safety and health we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this environmental safety and health we
+know about the environmental the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the environmental the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the environmental the uh
+difficulty to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recycle and that's a challenging problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle and that's a challenging problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle and that's a challenging problem
+to to this day when it comes to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to this day when it comes to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to this day when it comes to uh
+thermosets and you know even the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermosets and you know even the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermosets and you know even the ones
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+recycled uh there's this concept recycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycled uh there's this concept recycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycled uh there's this concept recycle
+as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reuse we recycle po po ethylene talate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse we recycle po po ethylene talate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse we recycle po po ethylene talate
+but I hope you don't think that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I hope you don't think that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I hope you don't think that this
+goes back on the supermarket shelves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back on the supermarket shelves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back on the supermarket shelves in
+about 20 days as another bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 days as another bottle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 days as another bottle
+containing dishwash detergent there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing dishwash detergent there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing dishwash detergent there's a
+Cascade of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade of
+utility Cascade of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+utility so you start off with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility so you start off with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility so you start off with something
+of high value then it get shredded maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of high value then it get shredded maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of high value then it get shredded maybe
+end as carpet fiber then you end up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end as carpet fiber then you end up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end as carpet fiber then you end up as
+something that could get molded into a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that could get molded into a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that could get molded into a a
+park bench but the the value keeps going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park bench but the the value keeps going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park bench but the the value keeps going
+lower and lower and lower so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and lower and lower so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and lower and lower so this is a
+still a a thorny issue when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a a thorny issue when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a a thorny issue when it comes to
+much of polymers and then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of polymers and then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of polymers and then of course
+they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not
+degradable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradable
+non-degradable in landfill right why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-degradable in landfill right why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-degradable in landfill right why
+bonding strong coent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding strong coent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding strong coent
+bonds very difficult and then the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds very difficult and then the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds very difficult and then the second
+one so that's the E and let's talk talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's the E and let's talk talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's the E and let's talk talk
+about the H Health um we saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the H Health um we saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the H Health um we saw the
+weisenberg effect in order to facilitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weisenberg effect in order to facilitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weisenberg effect in order to facilitate
+the processing of polymers we add uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processing of polymers we add uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processing of polymers we add uh
+lubricants what's effectively a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lubricants what's effectively a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lubricants what's effectively a
+lubricant to enable the polymer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lubricant to enable the polymer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lubricant to enable the polymer the
+longchain molecules to more easily slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longchain molecules to more easily slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longchain molecules to more easily slip
+over one another and these additives are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one another and these additives are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one another and these additives are
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+plasticizers plasticizers so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticizers plasticizers so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticizers plasticizers so they
+facilitate slip and these are low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate slip and these are low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate slip and these are low
+molecular weight Organics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight Organics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight Organics
+low molecular weight organic so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low molecular weight organic so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low molecular weight organic so if
+they're low molecular weight and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're low molecular weight and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're low molecular weight and they're
+organic they have vapor pressure they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic they have vapor pressure they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic they have vapor pressure they
+have a very very low melting point low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very very low melting point low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very very low melting point low
+boiling point so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point so they're
+volatile and when you're finished when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile and when you're finished when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile and when you're finished when
+you're finished processing you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're finished processing you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're finished processing you like to
+get most of them out but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get most of them out but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get most of them out but they're
+embedded inside macromolecular solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded inside macromolecular solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded inside macromolecular solids
+and they take time the new car smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they take time the new car smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they take time the new car smell
+that you smell that's plasticizer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you smell that's plasticizer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you smell that's plasticizer and
+you'll smell it until the last the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll smell it until the last the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll smell it until the last the
+plasticizer is out and the trouble with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticizer is out and the trouble with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticizer is out and the trouble with
+some of these plasticizers is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these plasticizers is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these plasticizers is that they
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structures structures that are similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures structures that are similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures structures that are similar
+to certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hormones and so they can be ingested and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormones and so they can be ingested and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormones and so they can be ingested and
+over certain periods of time could I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over certain periods of time could I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over certain periods of time could I
+underline could it's very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underline could it's very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underline could it's very difficult to
+prove direct cause and effect but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove direct cause and effect but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove direct cause and effect but
+they're becoming increasingly suspect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're becoming increasingly suspect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're becoming increasingly suspect in
+uh genetic disorders so the down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh genetic disorders so the down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh genetic disorders so the down the
+road 25 years down the road you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road 25 years down the road you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road 25 years down the road you might
+find that people that have been exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that people that have been exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that people that have been exposed
+to these could be uh the bearers of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these could be uh the bearers of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these could be uh the bearers of more
+tumors than the general population one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumors than the general population one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumors than the general population one
+um one commonly used one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one commonly used one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one commonly used one is
+dioctyl phalate this is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioctyl phalate this is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioctyl phalate this is one of the most
+commonly used uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used uh
+lubricants and you know I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lubricants and you know I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lubricants and you know I talked about
+the democratization the faux silk giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the democratization the faux silk giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the democratization the faux silk giving
+rise to Silk stock excuse me nylon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to Silk stock excuse me nylon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to Silk stock excuse me nylon
+stockings for everybody but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockings for everybody but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockings for everybody but you know
+what those early pictures of polymers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those early pictures of polymers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those early pictures of polymers as
+these Wonder materials by the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Wonder materials by the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Wonder materials by the time that
+movie was made the people were starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie was made the people were starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie was made the people were starting
+to use the term plastic to be synonymous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the term plastic to be synonymous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the term plastic to be synonymous
+with cheap with shoty with junk plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cheap with shoty with junk plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cheap with shoty with junk plastic
+didn't have the connotation it had when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the connotation it had when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the connotation it had when
+the the watch with the acrylic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the watch with the acrylic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the watch with the acrylic uh
+Crystal was made things that changed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal was made things that changed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal was made things that changed a
+lot and part of it has to do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and part of it has to do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and part of it has to do with this
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+recyclability uh look at this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recyclability uh look at this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recyclability uh look at this this is
+the annual production of polymers about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the annual production of polymers about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the annual production of polymers about
+100 billion pounds 50 million tons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 billion pounds 50 million tons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 billion pounds 50 million tons and
+only about 3 to 4 million tons recycled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about 3 to 4 million tons recycled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about 3 to 4 million tons recycled
+and by recycle I mean returned you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by recycle I mean returned you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by recycle I mean returned you might
+ask me well why is it that if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me well why is it that if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me well why is it that if you can't
+reuse this directly do they make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse this directly do they make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse this directly do they make it
+recyclable and the answer is if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recyclable and the answer is if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recyclable and the answer is if this
+were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not
+recyclable and the aluminum can is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recyclable and the aluminum can is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recyclable and the aluminum can is
+recyclable people would not buy aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recyclable people would not buy aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recyclable people would not buy aluminum
+uh cans bearing soda they would buy only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cans bearing soda they would buy only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cans bearing soda they would buy only
+polymer because they wouldn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer because they wouldn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer because they wouldn't want to
+pay the 5cent deposit this is human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay the 5cent deposit this is human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay the 5cent deposit this is human
+nature so we if once we decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature so we if once we decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature so we if once we decide to
+recycle any beverage container we must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle any beverage container we must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle any beverage container we must
+demand a 5 Cent or whatever the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand a 5 Cent or whatever the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand a 5 Cent or whatever the uh
+deposit is across the board otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit is across the board otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit is across the board otherwise
+people will base their purchases on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will base their purchases on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will base their purchases on the
+one that is least environmentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that is least environmentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that is least environmentally
+friendly because it doesn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly because it doesn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly because it doesn't have the
+deposit on it that's a policy issue for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit on it that's a policy issue for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit on it that's a policy issue for
+you 3 to four million tons recycled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 3 to four million tons recycled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 3 to four million tons recycled
+steel us annual production is 140
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel us annual production is 140
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel us annual production is 140
+million tons about three times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million tons about three times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million tons about three times that
+80 million tons is Virgin metal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 million tons is Virgin metal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 million tons is Virgin metal and
+about 60 million tons recycled scrap a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 60 million tons recycled scrap a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 60 million tons recycled scrap a
+lot of uh recycling steel is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh recycling steel is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh recycling steel is the most
+recycled material by far uh you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycled material by far uh you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycled material by far uh you might
+say what about aluminum I heard aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what about aluminum I heard aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what about aluminum I heard aluminum
+was yeah you heard it from the aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was yeah you heard it from the aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was yeah you heard it from the aluminum
+industry there's 4 million tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry there's 4 million tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry there's 4 million tons of
+aluminum capacity in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum capacity in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum capacity in the United States
+about 1 million tons recycled and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1 million tons recycled and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1 million tons recycled and most
+of it is thanks to the used beverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is thanks to the used beverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is thanks to the used beverage
+containers but this is a very special uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers but this is a very special uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers but this is a very special uh
+situation because this is made of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation because this is made of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation because this is made of three
+different Alloys that were designed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Alloys that were designed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Alloys that were designed for
+the environment DFE designed for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment DFE designed for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment DFE designed for the
+environment they were chosen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment they were chosen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment they were chosen the
+constituents of those Alloys were chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents of those Alloys were chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents of those Alloys were chosen
+to allow for recycling so they contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow for recycling so they contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow for recycling so they contain
+only aluminum silicon and magnesium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only aluminum silicon and magnesium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only aluminum silicon and magnesium and
+these will melt down and allow to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will melt down and allow to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will melt down and allow to be
+reprocessed very very easily but uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprocessed very very easily but uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprocessed very very easily but uh you
+know I like to give the example I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I like to give the example I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I like to give the example I could
+take the door off a 1928 model T4 board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the door off a 1928 model T4 board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the door off a 1928 model T4 board
+throw it into an electric Arc furnace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it into an electric Arc furnace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it into an electric Arc furnace
+melt it down reshape it and put it on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt it down reshape it and put it on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt it down reshape it and put it on a
+2005 t- bird the same steel okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 t- bird the same steel okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 t- bird the same steel okay I
+cannot take the wing off uh McDonald
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot take the wing off uh McDonald
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot take the wing off uh McDonald
+Douglas DC3 aircraft it's aluminum melt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Douglas DC3 aircraft it's aluminum melt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Douglas DC3 aircraft it's aluminum melt
+it down and put it on tomorrow's Boeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down and put it on tomorrow's Boeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down and put it on tomorrow's Boeing
+777 because the different Alloys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+777 because the different Alloys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+777 because the different Alloys are
+used in the top of the wing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the top of the wing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the top of the wing and the
+bottom of the wing one set contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the wing one set contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the wing one set contains
+copper aluminum the other set contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper aluminum the other set contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper aluminum the other set contains
+contain zinc aluminum and when you co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain zinc aluminum and when you co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain zinc aluminum and when you co
+melt that you end up with a mix that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt that you end up with a mix that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt that you end up with a mix that's
+neither fish nor foul and aluminum's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither fish nor foul and aluminum's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither fish nor foul and aluminum's
+reactivity is so great that to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity is so great that to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity is so great that to separate
+the copper and the zinc is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copper and the zinc is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copper and the zinc is either
+impossible or too costly so too costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible or too costly so too costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible or too costly so too costly
+is equivalent to Impossible okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to Impossible okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to Impossible okay so
+what's the conclusion you end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the conclusion you end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the conclusion you end up with a
+virgin metal so I think this is a a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virgin metal so I think this is a a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virgin metal so I think this is a a good
+place to stay with these wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to stay with these wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to stay with these wonderful
+materials and I'll see you on Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RFu2N_6lkmw.txt b/RFu2N_6lkmw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..16ba43d776fc027e8cf3ae8fc90d9b4839e4f178
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RFu2N_6lkmw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+The LD and ST instructions access main memory.
+
+Note that its the same main memory that holds
+the instructions, even though for drafting
+
+convenience we show it has two separate boxes
+in our datapath diagram.
+
+In the form we show it here, main memory has
+three ports:
+
+two read ports for fetching instructions and
+reading load data, and one write port used
+
+by the ST instruction to write data into main
+memory.
+
+The address calculation is exactly the same
+computation as performed by the ADDC instruction:
+
+the contents of the RA register are added
+to the sign-extended 16-bit literal from the
+
+low-order 16 bits of the instruction.
+
+So we'll simply reuse the existing datapath
+hardware to compute the address.
+
+For the LD instruction the output of the ALU
+is routed to main memory as the address of
+
+the location we wish to access.
+
+After the memory's propagation delay, the
+contents of the addressed location is returned
+
+by the memory and we need to route that back
+to the register file to be written into the
+
+RC register.
+
+The memory has two control signals: MOE (memory
+output enable), which we set to 1 when we
+
+want to read a value from the memory.
+
+And MWE (memory write enable) which is set
+to 1 when we want main memory to store the
+
+value on its write data (WD) port into the
+addressed memory location.
+
+We need to add another MUX to select which
+value to write back to the register file:
+
+the output of the ALU or the data returning
+from main memory.
+
+We've used a 3-to-1 MUX and we'll see the
+use for the other MUX input when we get to
+
+the implementation of branches and jumps.
+
+The two-bit WDSEL signal is used to select
+the source of the write-back value.
+
+Let's follow the flow of data when executing
+the LD instruction.
+
+The ALU operands are chosen just as they are
+for the ADDC instruction and the ALU is requested
+
+to perform an ADD operation.
+
+The ALU result is connected to the address
+port of main memory, who's control signals
+
+are set for a read operation.
+
+The WDSEL control signals are set to 2 to
+route the returning data to the register file.
+
+Execution of the ST instruction is very similar
+to the execution of the LD instruction, with
+
+one extra complication.
+
+The value to be written to memory comes from
+the RC register, but the RC instruction field
+
+is not connected a register file read address.
+
+Happily, the RB register address isn't being
+used by the ST instruction since the second
+
+ALU operand comes from the literal field.
+
+So we'll use a MUX to enable the RC field
+to be selected as the address for the register
+
+file's second read port.
+
+When the RA2SEL control signal is 0, the RB
+field is selected as the address.
+
+When RA2SEL is 1, the RC field is selected.
+
+The output from the second read data port
+is connected to the write data port of main
+
+memory.
+
+The ST instruction is the only instruction
+that does not write a result into the register
+
+file.
+
+So the WERF control signal will be 0 when
+executing ST.
+
+Here's the flow of data when executing ST.
+
+The operands are selected as for LD and the
+ALU performs the address computation with
+
+the result sent to main memory as the address.
+
+Meanwhile the RC field is selected as the
+address for the second register file read
+
+port and the value from the RC register becomes
+the write data for main memory.
+
+By setting the MWR control signal to 1, the
+main memory will write the WD data into the
+
+selected memory location at the end of the
+cycle.
+
+The WERF control signal is set to zero since
+we won't be writing a value into the register
+
+file.
+
+And, since we're not writing to the register
+file, we don't care about the value for the
+
+WDSEL signal.
+
+Of course, the logic will need to supply some
+value for WDSEL.
+
+The "don't care" annotation is telling the
+logic designer that she's welcome to supply
+
+whatever value is most convenient.
+
+This is particularly useful when using Karnaugh
+maps to optimize the control logic, where
+
+the value can be chosen as either 0 or 1,
+whichever results in the best minimization
+
+of the logic equations.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RSK0cVy0wDQ.txt b/RSK0cVy0wDQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bdba09e5147a075fdda782b37f6593936500495b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RSK0cVy0wDQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4995 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+brain mechanisms and sleep we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain mechanisms and sleep we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain mechanisms and sleep we were
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+sleep pathologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep pathologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep pathologies
+and irregularities and sleep patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and irregularities and sleep patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and irregularities and sleep patterns
+last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we defined these different things and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defined these different things and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defined these different things and i
+think i hurriedly told you about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i hurriedly told you about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i hurriedly told you about these
+two phenomena of sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phenomena of sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phenomena of sleep
+sleep awake activity not wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+night terrance on ambulance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+robert thomas who's in the class with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robert thomas who's in the class with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robert thomas who's in the class with us
+volunteered to tell us a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteered to tell us a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteered to tell us a little bit
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+his work on sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work on sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work on sleep
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+he's an md and he's been attending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's an md and he's been attending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's an md and he's been attending the
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we
+continue with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with this
+we will ask him to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will ask him to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will ask him to talk
+he'll tell us a little bit about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh part of what we do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh part of what we do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh part of what we do uh
+is to record sleep studies on patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to record sleep studies on patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to record sleep studies on patients
+the technical term is a polysomnogram it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical term is a polysomnogram it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical term is a polysomnogram it
+just means multiple recorded variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means multiple recorded variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means multiple recorded variables
+during sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during sleep
+i'll first show you a few slides on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll first show you a few slides on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll first show you a few slides on what
+normal sleep looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal sleep looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal sleep looks like
+and then some snapshots of disease and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some snapshots of disease and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some snapshots of disease and i
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+send to dr schneider a whole set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send to dr schneider a whole set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send to dr schneider a whole set of
+expanded descriptions of disease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded descriptions of disease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded descriptions of disease and
+normals which you can put up on the site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normals which you can put up on the site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normals which you can put up on the site
+and you can look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can look at it
+so we record sleep we record breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we record sleep we record breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we record sleep we record breathing
+we record oxygen levels indirectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we record oxygen levels indirectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we record oxygen levels indirectly
+through what's called oxygen saturation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what's called oxygen saturation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what's called oxygen saturation
+a little finger probe which uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little finger probe which uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little finger probe which uses
+infrared light to look at the absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared light to look at the absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared light to look at the absorption
+spectra differences between oxy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra differences between oxy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra differences between oxy and
+deoxyhemoglobin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deoxyhemoglobin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deoxyhemoglobin
+so if you hold your breath and you allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you hold your breath and you allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you hold your breath and you allow
+your oxygen levels to drop which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your oxygen levels to drop which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your oxygen levels to drop which is
+actually quite hard to do when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite hard to do when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite hard to do when you're
+awake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awake
+you will change the amount of oxygenated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will change the amount of oxygenated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will change the amount of oxygenated
+hemoglobin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if you have abnormal breathing during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have abnormal breathing during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have abnormal breathing during
+sleep then that is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep then that is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep then that is one of the
+reflections of pathology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflections of pathology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflections of pathology
+how do you record sleep if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you record sleep if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you record sleep if you're
+eeg electroencephalographic activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eeg electroencephalographic activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eeg electroencephalographic activity
+by what's called a cross cranial montage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it says they're actually c382
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says they're actually c382
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says they're actually c382
+there's a standard convention of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a standard convention of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a standard convention of
+recording eeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording eeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording eeg
+and what that means is you're recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that means is you're recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that means is you're recording
+from a central site on the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a central site on the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a central site on the left side
+the odd numbers are on the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odd numbers are on the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odd numbers are on the left side
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ear
+on the right side so you're measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right side so you're measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right side so you're measuring
+the average brain activity across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average brain activity across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average brain activity across the
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+it turns out when these systems were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out when these systems were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out when these systems were
+developed in the 60s there weren't too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the 60s there weren't too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the 60s there weren't too
+many eeg channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many eeg channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many eeg channels
+so they had to minimize the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they had to minimize the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they had to minimize the number of
+leads put on the head and it turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads put on the head and it turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads put on the head and it turned out
+this worked well enough so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this worked well enough so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this worked well enough so you're
+sampling from a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling from a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling from a distance
+this is c4 a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is c4 a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is c4 a1
+right side to left ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side to left ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side to left ear
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is an occipital 0182
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it turns out that the alpha rhythm which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the alpha rhythm which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the alpha rhythm which
+is which i'll show in a moment which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which i'll show in a moment which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which i'll show in a moment which is
+at rest baseline fast activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rest baseline fast activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rest baseline fast activity
+uh is best seen on the occipital leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is best seen on the occipital leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is best seen on the occipital leads
+and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have
+eye movement left and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye movement left and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye movement left and right
+these are offset so that when you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are offset so that when you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are offset so that when you move
+your eyes up or down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes up or down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes up or down
+the channels show a pattern which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channels show a pattern which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channels show a pattern which you
+will see in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see in a moment
+and this is emg electromyogram measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is emg electromyogram measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is emg electromyogram measuring
+from the chin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the chin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the chin
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh where are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where are we
+they should be awake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be awake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be awake
+this is what wake eg looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what wake eg looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what wake eg looks like
+you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this
+rhythm here each of the vertical lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each of the vertical lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one second
+and if you look at an area such as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at an area such as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at an area such as this
+there are about 10 little squigs across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are about 10 little squigs across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are about 10 little squigs across
+in that second and there's also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that second and there's also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that second and there's also some
+degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of
+waxing and waning of the rhythm and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waxing and waning of the rhythm and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waxing and waning of the rhythm and this
+is the algorithm this person is awake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a person falls asleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a person falls asleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a person falls asleep
+you see that there are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that there are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that there are less
+squids in any given area so if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squids in any given area so if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squids in any given area so if you just
+count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the number of
+waves uh between here and here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves uh between here and here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves uh between here and here you have
+one two three four five that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five that's going to
+what's called the theta range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the theta range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the theta range
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+stage one sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh that was stage two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that was stage two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that was stage two
+right sorry this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sorry this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sorry this is
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+back to the beginning this is wake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the beginning this is wake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the beginning this is wake
+in stage one sleep you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in stage one sleep you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in stage one sleep you see
+a dropout of the faster alpha and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dropout of the faster alpha and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dropout of the faster alpha and you
+start seeing what are called theta waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start seeing what are called theta waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start seeing what are called theta waves
+so in any given second there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in any given second there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in any given second there will be
+about four to six four to seven waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four to six four to seven waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four to six four to seven waves
+and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have
+what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called
+k complexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k complexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k complexes
+it sticks out like a thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sticks out like a thumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sticks out like a thumb
+and you have spindles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have spindles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have spindles
+these are faster activities which look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are faster activities which look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are faster activities which look
+like a spindle in its morphology you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a spindle in its morphology you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a spindle in its morphology you see
+a k complex so you see a spindle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k complex so you see a spindle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k complex so you see a spindle it's
+stage two sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage two sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage two sleep
+and as an amount of slower waves start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as an amount of slower waves start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as an amount of slower waves start
+getting larger and larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are slower waves as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are slower waves as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are slower waves as you can see
+they take up almost a second and if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take up almost a second and if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take up almost a second and if they
+turn out to be a certain amplitude don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be a certain amplitude don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be a certain amplitude don't
+worry about the actual number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the actual number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the actual number
+it's a delta wave and if twenty percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a delta wave and if twenty percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a delta wave and if twenty percent
+to fifty percent of sleep has so called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fifty percent of sleep has so called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fifty percent of sleep has so called
+big chunky slow waves delta waves it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big chunky slow waves delta waves it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big chunky slow waves delta waves it
+stage three sleep if it's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage three sleep if it's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage three sleep if it's more than
+fifty percent is stage four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is stage four sleep where more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is stage four sleep where more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is stage four sleep where more than
+fifty percent have these larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty percent have these larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty percent have these larger
+waveforms this is fairly arbitrary but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms this is fairly arbitrary but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms this is fairly arbitrary but
+it seems to work fairly well they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to work fairly well they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to work fairly well they could
+have chosen you know 60 y50 it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chosen you know 60 y50 it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chosen you know 60 y50 it doesn't
+have any specific biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any specific biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any specific biological
+significance but once you use it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance but once you use it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance but once you use it as a
+standard it works fairly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard it works fairly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard it works fairly well
+now rem sleep is completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now rem sleep is completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now rem sleep is completely different
+now this is rent sleep you can see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is rent sleep you can see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is rent sleep you can see these
+eye movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye movements
+so when the eye is flicker up or down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the eye is flicker up or down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the eye is flicker up or down
+forwards or to the side you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwards or to the side you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwards or to the side you have
+these eye movements the eng tone the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eye movements the eng tone the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eye movements the eng tone the
+chin tone is very low there is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chin tone is very low there is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chin tone is very low there is very
+little emg activity it's called atonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little emg activity it's called atonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little emg activity it's called atonia
+lack of tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of tone
+uh the breathing muscles continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the breathing muscles continue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the breathing muscles continue the
+eye muscles continue and turns out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye muscles continue and turns out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye muscles continue and turns out a
+middle ear muscle also has activity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle ear muscle also has activity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle ear muscle also has activity but
+much of the other muscles are paralyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the other muscles are paralyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the other muscles are paralyzed
+the eeg looks very much like you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eeg looks very much like you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eeg looks very much like you're in
+light sleep that's why it was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light sleep that's why it was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light sleep that's why it was called
+paradoxical sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxical sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxical sleep
+and these are the features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the features of
+ren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ren
+stage ram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage ram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage ram
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+in disease don't worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in disease don't worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in disease don't worry about the
+captions i'll send you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captions i'll send you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captions i'll send you
+more precise details later in disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precise details later in disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precise details later in disease
+things then you get pretty messy and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things then you get pretty messy and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things then you get pretty messy and we
+measure more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure more things
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+these are the same channels you have eeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the same channels you have eeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the same channels you have eeg
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+eye movements you have chin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye movements you have chin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye movements you have chin
+thermistor is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermistor is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermistor is a
+thermal based breathing sensor it's put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal based breathing sensor it's put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal based breathing sensor it's put
+under the nose and when you breathe out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the nose and when you breathe out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the nose and when you breathe out
+the air is warmer when you breathe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air is warmer when you breathe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air is warmer when you breathe in
+the air is cooler so that's the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air is cooler so that's the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air is cooler so that's the signal
+as you breathe in and breathe out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you breathe in and breathe out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you breathe in and breathe out
+the nasal here is a nasal pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nasal here is a nasal pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nasal here is a nasal pressure
+transducer you put what looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transducer you put what looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transducer you put what looks like a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+cannula into the nose and you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannula into the nose and you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannula into the nose and you measure
+the fluctuations in air pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluctuations in air pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluctuations in air pressure
+so when you take a big breath and let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you take a big breath and let it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you take a big breath and let it
+out you have a bigger fluctuation when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you have a bigger fluctuation when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you have a bigger fluctuation when
+you take a little breath so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a little breath so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a little breath so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+if you just look here you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just look here you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just look here you have a
+reduction that's a signal you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction that's a signal you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction that's a signal you have a
+reduction and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and then you have
+an increase an abrupt increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an increase an abrupt increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an increase an abrupt increase
+these are two effort bands it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two effort bands it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two effort bands it's
+measuring the effort of breathing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the effort of breathing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the effort of breathing and
+this is your oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your oxygen
+levels you can see that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels you can see that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels you can see that it is
+fluctuating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating
+that's about normal and that's decreased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about normal and that's decreased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about normal and that's decreased
+this is an example of what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of what's called
+sleep apnea which dr schneider mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep apnea which dr schneider mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep apnea which dr schneider mentioned
+it's a very common disease of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very common disease of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very common disease of
+sleep where you have a range of abnormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep where you have a range of abnormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep where you have a range of abnormal
+breathing behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing behaviors
+and i'll show you another sample of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll show you another sample of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll show you another sample of what
+could happen if a person goes into rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen if a person goes into rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen if a person goes into rent
+sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep
+uh you see that eye movement there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you see that eye movement there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you see that eye movement there you
+see the tone uh the tone is pretty low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the tone uh the tone is pretty low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the tone uh the tone is pretty low
+the eeg looks like the person is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eeg looks like the person is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eeg looks like the person is in
+right sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sleep
+this is your airflow trace there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your airflow trace there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your airflow trace there is no
+breathing at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing at all
+and then there is this big gasp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is this big gasp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is this big gasp and
+recovery causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery causing
+an arousal think of like a splatter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arousal think of like a splatter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arousal think of like a splatter of
+ink and see the oxygen is almost going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ink and see the oxygen is almost going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ink and see the oxygen is almost going
+off the trace you can do this hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the trace you can do this hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the trace you can do this hundreds
+of times on an average night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times on an average night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times on an average night
+and uh be very sick medically sleepy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh be very sick medically sleepy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh be very sick medically sleepy
+tired unable to concentrate have labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired unable to concentrate have labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired unable to concentrate have labels
+of depression attention deficit disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of depression attention deficit disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of depression attention deficit disorder
+can cause hypertension strokes heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause hypertension strokes heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause hypertension strokes heart
+attacks when it's really very severe so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks when it's really very severe so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks when it's really very severe so
+it's pretty serious stuff and we treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty serious stuff and we treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty serious stuff and we treat
+diseases like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases like this
+predominantly by using air pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly by using air pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly by using air pressure
+through a mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a mask
+and the air pressure keeps the airway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the air pressure keeps the airway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the air pressure keeps the airway
+open and it actually prevents much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and it actually prevents much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and it actually prevents much of
+this the lucky few have large tonsils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the lucky few have large tonsils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the lucky few have large tonsils
+something similar and you can do surgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar and you can do surgery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar and you can do surgery
+and open up the airway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open up the airway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open up the airway
+and then there's just many other samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's just many other samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's just many other samples
+showing different features of abnormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing different features of abnormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing different features of abnormal
+breathing you can see here the oxygen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing you can see here the oxygen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing you can see here the oxygen is
+fluctuating you have a good ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating you have a good ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating you have a good ongoing
+breathing effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing effort
+flow is decreased this is a recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow is decreased this is a recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow is decreased this is a recovery
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+and you have a smattering of ink out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a smattering of ink out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a smattering of ink out
+there which is essentially a transient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which is essentially a transient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which is essentially a transient
+intrusion of wakefulness into sleep so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrusion of wakefulness into sleep so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrusion of wakefulness into sleep so
+if you imagine someone's clapping their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you imagine someone's clapping their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you imagine someone's clapping their
+hands loudly by your ear once every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands loudly by your ear once every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands loudly by your ear once every
+minute you would not feel very well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute you would not feel very well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute you would not feel very well and
+this goes on day after day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes on day after day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes on day after day
+non-stop i mean for years and years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stop i mean for years and years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stop i mean for years and years
+these patients are very sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patients are very sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patients are very sick
+uh i mean they're really hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i mean they're really hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i mean they're really hurt
+so i think i'll stop there and what i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think i'll stop there and what i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think i'll stop there and what i'll
+do is to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to send
+a collection of slides with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collection of slides with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collection of slides with
+simple uh details and i'll annotate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh details and i'll annotate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh details and i'll annotate you
+know what different things mean i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what different things mean i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what different things mean i can
+put it up there and it'll be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it up there and it'll be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it up there and it'll be pretty
+useful and interesting if nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and interesting if nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and interesting if nothing else
+thank you very much for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sleep apnea that he's talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sleep apnea that he's talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sleep apnea that he's talking about
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+he mentioned that some cases can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he mentioned that some cases can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he mentioned that some cases can be
+sort of cured by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cured by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cured by
+surgery on the throat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery on the throat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery on the throat
+that's obstructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obstructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obstructive
+apnea but there are also cases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apnea but there are also cases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apnea but there are also cases of
+central apnea where something is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central apnea where something is wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central apnea where something is wrong
+in the nervous system control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nervous system control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nervous system control
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i'm not sure what they do now do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure what they do now do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure what they do now do they
+have drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have drugs
+to help with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay how is the air pressure applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so these people actually wear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these people actually wear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these people actually wear the
+mask all night and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask all night and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask all night and
+obviously it's very serious you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it's very serious you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it's very serious you could
+see the oxygen levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the oxygen levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the oxygen levels
+uh sorry co2 levels going way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry co2 levels going way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry co2 levels going way up
+obviously dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously dangerous
+the gill goes too far they would start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gill goes too far they would start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gill goes too far they would start
+losing brain cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now we mentioned narcolepsy before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we mentioned narcolepsy before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we mentioned narcolepsy before
+we found out that there are a few kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found out that there are a few kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found out that there are a few kids
+in the class that have some signs of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class that have some signs of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class that have some signs of it
+mild narcolepsy is pretty common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mild narcolepsy is pretty common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mild narcolepsy is pretty common
+i also have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like the sleep on sep ram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the sleep on sep ram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the sleep on sep ram
+but it becomes accentuated when i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it becomes accentuated when i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it becomes accentuated when i'm
+hypoglycemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypoglycemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypoglycemic
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+totally compatible with normal function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally compatible with normal function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally compatible with normal function
+but it on the other hand the severe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it on the other hand the severe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it on the other hand the severe
+narcolepsy can cause a lot of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narcolepsy can cause a lot of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narcolepsy can cause a lot of problems
+i'll describe one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll describe one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll describe one
+i'll describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one phenomenon that i've experienced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one phenomenon that i've experienced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one phenomenon that i've experienced in
+hypoglycemia i can be having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypoglycemia i can be having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypoglycemia i can be having a
+conversation with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with you
+i'm understanding each sentence but i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm understanding each sentence but i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm understanding each sentence but i'm
+not putting one sentence together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not putting one sentence together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not putting one sentence together with
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+and i experience sort of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i experience sort of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i experience sort of little
+micro sleeps it's called i literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro sleeps it's called i literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro sleeps it's called i literally
+go to sleep while i'm talking to you or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to sleep while i'm talking to you or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to sleep while i'm talking to you or
+listening to you and then i wake up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to you and then i wake up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to you and then i wake up you
+say well that happens to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well that happens to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well that happens to me
+when people are talking to me they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people are talking to me they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people are talking to me they're
+boring and i but this is different this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring and i but this is different this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring and i but this is different this
+is genuinely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is genuinely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is genuinely
+you literally lose consciousness but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you literally lose consciousness but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you literally lose consciousness but you
+don't fall over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a very interesting phenomenon it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very interesting phenomenon it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very interesting phenomenon it's
+called excessive daytime sleepiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called excessive daytime sleepiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called excessive daytime sleepiness
+but that's a symptom of narcolepsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a symptom of narcolepsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a symptom of narcolepsy
+and in many it's actually what i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many it's actually what i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many it's actually what i just
+described can happen to you also if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described can happen to you also if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described can happen to you also if
+you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just
+sleep deprived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with
+in diabetes is that if the blood sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diabetes is that if the blood sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diabetes is that if the blood sugar
+is very high or very low it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very high or very low it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very high or very low it just
+accentuates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accentuates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accentuates
+the effects of sleep deprivation a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of sleep deprivation a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of sleep deprivation a lot
+so it's very important for diabetics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very important for diabetics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very important for diabetics to
+get adequate sleep because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get adequate sleep because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get adequate sleep because of this
+i'm not sure how many physicians know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure how many physicians know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure how many physicians know
+this but i can give them a detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but i can give them a detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but i can give them a detailed
+report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+narcolepsy has been found in animals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narcolepsy has been found in animals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narcolepsy has been found in animals to
+have a genetic basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a genetic basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a genetic basis
+in fact the narcoleptic dogs they find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the narcoleptic dogs they find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the narcoleptic dogs they find a
+defective gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defective gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defective gene
+in this lx2 receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lx2 receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lx2 receptor
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the ligand is oxyren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ligand is oxyren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ligand is oxyren
+so they took that the gene for that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they took that the gene for that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they took that the gene for that and
+knocked it out in mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocked it out in mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocked it out in mice
+in a study actually they were studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a study actually they were studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a study actually they were studying
+body weight regulation but then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body weight regulation but then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body weight regulation but then they
+discovered that these mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that these mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that these mice
+did have frequent behavioral arrests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have frequent behavioral arrests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have frequent behavioral arrests
+that resemble cataplexy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resemble cataplexy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resemble cataplexy
+that is during their waking periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is during their waking periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is during their waking periods
+and it was triggered while they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was triggered while they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was triggered while they were
+interacting with other mice so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with other mice so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with other mice so it's
+quite possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's very similar to what we see in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very similar to what we see in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very similar to what we see in both
+dogs and humans with narcolepsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if someone can ask bob to bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone can ask bob to bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone can ask bob to bring the
+video down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video down
+i'll continue with the lecture but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll continue with the lecture but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll continue with the lecture but then
+when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he
+when he gets it set up i will show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he gets it set up i will show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he gets it set up i will show you
+the film that will show you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film that will show you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film that will show you a little
+more you'll show a cataplex person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you'll show a cataplex person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you'll show a cataplex person
+there's also a person with apnea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a person with apnea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a person with apnea
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the rest of the time we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of the time we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of the time we're going to
+be talking about brain systems in sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about brain systems in sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about brain systems in sleep
+the focus has been on the action of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus has been on the action of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus has been on the action of
+these wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wide
+axons with very widespread distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons with very widespread distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons with very widespread distributions
+the serotonin axons that come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serotonin axons that come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serotonin axons that come from the
+raphe nuclei in the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raphe nuclei in the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raphe nuclei in the hindbrain
+the norepinephrine axons that also come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norepinephrine axons that also come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norepinephrine axons that also come
+mainly from the hind brain the locus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly from the hind brain the locus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly from the hind brain the locus
+release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release
+and also acetylcholine axons which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also acetylcholine axons which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also acetylcholine axons which are
+widespread in the forebrain and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread in the forebrain and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread in the forebrain and they
+come from large neurons in the basal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from large neurons in the basal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from large neurons in the basal
+forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so about setting this up let's talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so about setting this up let's talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so about setting this up let's talk a
+little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+some of the early studies two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the early studies two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the early studies two of the
+early studies transections gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early studies transections gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early studies transections gross
+transections of the brain and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transections of the brain and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transections of the brain and then
+notice early studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice early studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice early studies
+transactions produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions produced
+two kinds of cat preparations the cervo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of cat preparations the cervo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of cat preparations the cervo
+isolate and then cephali slay and i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate and then cephali slay and i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate and then cephali slay and i've
+gotten the textbook illustrations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten the textbook illustrations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten the textbook illustrations and
+i'll show you on the shmu brain exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you on the shmu brain exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you on the shmu brain exactly
+where these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these are
+and cephalus delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cephalus delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cephalus delay
+is a transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transaction
+basically between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically between the
+spinal cord and brain the lower end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord and brain the lower end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord and brain the lower end of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+hindbrain or medulla oblongata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain or medulla oblongata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain or medulla oblongata
+remember the lower half lower end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the lower half lower end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the lower half lower end of the
+hind brain is the medulla oblongata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind brain is the medulla oblongata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind brain is the medulla oblongata
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and if you make a transaction there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body
+shows no spontaneous behaviors but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows no spontaneous behaviors but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows no spontaneous behaviors but the
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows
+indications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indications of
+a cycle of sleep and waking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle of sleep and waking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle of sleep and waking
+it shows wakefulness slow wave sleep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows wakefulness slow wave sleep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows wakefulness slow wave sleep and
+rem sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rem sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rem sleep
+even though the body is not connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the body is not connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the body is not connected
+with the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the brain
+if you make the transection way up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make the transection way up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make the transection way up here
+you have what they call cervo isolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have what they call cervo isolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have what they call cervo isolate
+now that's right through the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's right through the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's right through the middle of
+the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain
+and in this case the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case the brain
+that is the forebrain here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the forebrain here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the forebrain here
+including the whole all of the neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the whole all of the neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the whole all of the neocortex
+seems to show constant slow wave sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and yet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet the
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+still of course connected with the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still of course connected with the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still of course connected with the whole
+brain stem now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain stem now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain stem now
+shows alternating periods of muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows alternating periods of muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows alternating periods of muscle
+atonia indicating that it's going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atonia indicating that it's going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atonia indicating that it's going into
+paradoxical sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxical sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxical sleep
+these are where those transactions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are where those transactions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are where those transactions are
+on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your
+schmoo diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually we shouldn't call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we shouldn't call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we shouldn't call this the
+schwa this is really an embryonic top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwa this is really an embryonic top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwa this is really an embryonic top
+view of an embryonic brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of an embryonic brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of an embryonic brain
+so there's the encephali slay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the encephali slay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the encephali slay
+there's the civilian solely now so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the civilian solely now so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the civilian solely now so these
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+focused attention on the hindbrain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused attention on the hindbrain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused attention on the hindbrain in
+the search for mechanisms controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search for mechanisms controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search for mechanisms controlling
+rem sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rem sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rem sleep
+and the muscle atonia that accompanies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the muscle atonia that accompanies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the muscle atonia that accompanies
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's review now this study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's review now this study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's review now this study
+also here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another early study professor nauta this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another early study professor nauta this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another early study professor nauta this
+is long before he came to mit he came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is long before he came to mit he came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is long before he came to mit he came
+here in 1961
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in 1961
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in 1961
+when he was working on his phd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he took rats with an interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he took rats with an interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he took rats with an interest in
+studying sleep and he made two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying sleep and he made two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying sleep and he made two kinds of
+lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions
+i don't i never asked him how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't i never asked him how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't i never asked him how many
+rats used in these decide in finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats used in these decide in finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats used in these decide in finding
+lesions that would work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions that would work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions that would work
+but he made lesions of the anterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he made lesions of the anterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he made lesions of the anterior
+hypothalamus and posterior hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and posterior hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and posterior hypothalamus
+these were pretty large lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were pretty large lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were pretty large lesions
+okay he found drastically different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he found drastically different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he found drastically different
+effects on sleep and waking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects on sleep and waking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects on sleep and waking
+remember the transection studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the transection studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the transection studies that
+focused attention on the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused attention on the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused attention on the hindbrain
+these were studies in the forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were studies in the forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were studies in the forebrain
+in the hypothalamus the anterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hypothalamus the anterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hypothalamus the anterior
+hypothalamic lesions made rats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamic lesions made rats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamic lesions made rats
+show insomnia they never went to sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show insomnia they never went to sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show insomnia they never went to sleep
+in fact if he kept them away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if he kept them away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if he kept them away
+alive long enough it became actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive long enough it became actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive long enough it became actually
+more difficult to keep them alive and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to keep them alive and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to keep them alive and he
+claimed that some of them would start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed that some of them would start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed that some of them would start to
+die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die
+the posterior hypothalamic lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posterior hypothalamic lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posterior hypothalamic lesions
+made them sleep most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made them sleep most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made them sleep most of the time
+these were just hypothalamic lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were just hypothalamic lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were just hypothalamic lesions
+so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+hypothalamus is probably involved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus is probably involved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus is probably involved in the
+regulation of the sleep cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so people have tried stimulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people have tried stimulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people have tried stimulating
+electrically these same regions and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically these same regions and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically these same regions and if
+you stimulate that anterior hypothyroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stimulate that anterior hypothyroid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stimulate that anterior hypothyroid
+region that what we call the pre-optic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that what we call the pre-optic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that what we call the pre-optic
+area in front of the optic chiasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in front of the optic chiasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in front of the optic chiasm
+and the anterior hypothalamic nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the anterior hypothalamic nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the anterior hypothalamic nucleus
+first of all if you have the cat doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all if you have the cat doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all if you have the cat doing a
+behavior where he's running he will slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior where he's running he will slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior where he's running he will slow
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+and if he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if he's
+normally just walking around a cage or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally just walking around a cage or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally just walking around a cage or a
+room and you start stimulating there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and you start stimulating there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and you start stimulating there
+you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get
+fixed action patterns that can't show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action patterns that can't show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action patterns that can't show
+when they're preparing for sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're preparing for sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're preparing for sleep
+you know they will clear a little area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they will clear a little area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they will clear a little area
+they will curl up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will curl up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will curl up
+assume a sleep posture and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume a sleep posture and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume a sleep posture and so forth
+in a pretty natural manner but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a pretty natural manner but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a pretty natural manner but if you
+stimulate the posture hypothalamic area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate the posture hypothalamic area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate the posture hypothalamic area
+you get opposite effects you speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get opposite effects you speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get opposite effects you speed up
+running behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running behavior
+and you get increased alertness you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get increased alertness you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get increased alertness you get
+sympathetic arousal effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic arousal effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic arousal effects
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now remember we said that you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these insomnia and hypersomnia effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these insomnia and hypersomnia effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these insomnia and hypersomnia effects
+from stimulating hypoth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from stimulating hypoth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from stimulating hypoth
+lesioning the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesioning the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesioning the hypothalamus
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+there's a related effect from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a related effect from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a related effect from
+the raphael nuclei to midbrain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the raphael nuclei to midbrain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the raphael nuclei to midbrain and
+hindbrain these are the raphae nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain these are the raphae nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain these are the raphae nuclei
+are the cells that contain serotonin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the cells that contain serotonin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the cells that contain serotonin
+they're the source of widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the source of widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the source of widely
+projecting serotonin accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting serotonin accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting serotonin accents
+and if you make lesions there you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you make lesions there you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you make lesions there you also
+get insomnia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get insomnia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get insomnia
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+the severe the severity of the insomnia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the severe the severity of the insomnia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the severe the severity of the insomnia
+is directly related to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is directly related to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is directly related to the number of
+serotonin the amount of reduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serotonin the amount of reduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serotonin the amount of reduction of
+serotonin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serotonin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serotonin
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+the size of the lesion in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you begin to see that regulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you begin to see that regulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you begin to see that regulation of
+sleep is a complicated business it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep is a complicated business it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep is a complicated business it
+involves hind brain and forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves hind brain and forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves hind brain and forebrain
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to mention one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to mention one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to mention one more
+study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study
+relevant to what we're talking about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to what we're talking about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to what we're talking about and
+then we'll show a video of some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll show a video of some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll show a video of some of these
+sleep pathologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep pathologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep pathologies
+i don't have too much to say about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have too much to say about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have too much to say about these
+these other things but we'll say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things but we'll say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things but we'll say a
+little bit the locus release region now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the locus release region now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the locus release region now
+this is a region in the hindbrain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a region in the hindbrain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a region in the hindbrain in
+this textbook diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this textbook diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this textbook diagram
+it's right there below the cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right there below the cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right there below the cerebellum
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i've circled it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've circled it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've circled it there
+it's not circled on your textbook like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not circled on your textbook like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not circled on your textbook like
+this but i'm pointing to that region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you make a lesion in the vicinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make a lesion in the vicinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make a lesion in the vicinity of
+the locus aurelius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locus aurelius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locus aurelius
+that may not be those cells but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may not be those cells but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may not be those cells but you're
+near there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near there
+it's you get a very interesting effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you get a very interesting effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you get a very interesting effect
+in cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cats
+and it's been seen now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been seen now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been seen now
+in rare human case patients that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rare human case patients that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rare human case patients that have
+lesions in that area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why do you think we don't get many human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think we don't get many human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think we don't get many human
+cases with such lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases with such lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases with such lesions
+because usually if you have a lesion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually if you have a lesion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually if you have a lesion in
+that area you die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area you die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area you die
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but with a cat it's possible to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a cat it's possible to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a cat it's possible to be very
+selective and make a small lesion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective and make a small lesion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective and make a small lesion in the
+in that region and the cat appears to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that region and the cat appears to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that region and the cat appears to be
+pretty normal he goes to sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty normal he goes to sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty normal he goes to sleep
+when he enters rem sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he enters rem sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he enters rem sleep
+he doesn't get the muscle atonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't get the muscle atonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't get the muscle atonia
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+moves around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves around
+he lacks the atonia so with the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he lacks the atonia so with the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he lacks the atonia so with the active
+forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain
+and corticospinal tract and cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and corticospinal tract and cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and corticospinal tract and cortical
+cortex-dehydrated mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex-dehydrated mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex-dehydrated mechanisms
+you get the behavior that that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the behavior that that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the behavior that that would
+cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause
+okay and the cat appears to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the cat appears to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the cat appears to be
+hallucinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallucinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallucinating
+acting out his dream so to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting out his dream so to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting out his dream so to speak
+and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people
+these rare patients with that i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rare patients with that i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rare patients with that i don't
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+more than i think two cases that i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than i think two cases that i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than i think two cases that i've
+read about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about
+you do get similar things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well he's doing that are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well he's doing that are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well he's doing that are there
+questions about any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about any of this
+there were some questions last time some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some questions last time some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some questions last time some
+of which i didn't get to yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the locus ceruleus is it related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locus ceruleus is it related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locus ceruleus is it related to
+sleepwalking that's a very good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleepwalking that's a very good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleepwalking that's a very good question
+because i just described the cat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i just described the cat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i just described the cat that
+when he's asleep we'll get up and run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he's asleep we'll get up and run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he's asleep we'll get up and run
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no
+the when you lesion the locust fruitious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when you lesion the locust fruitious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when you lesion the locust fruitious
+region and get this activity during rem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and get this activity during rem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and get this activity during rem
+sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep
+okay it's very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's very different from
+sleepwalking because in sleepwalking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleepwalking because in sleepwalking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleepwalking because in sleepwalking
+we're not in rem sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not in rem sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not in rem sleep
+we're in slow wave sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in slow wave sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in slow wave sleep
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's somnambulism or sleepwalking okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's somnambulism or sleepwalking okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's somnambulism or sleepwalking okay
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no they seem to have the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they seem to have the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they seem to have the effects of
+sleep they don't they don't become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep they don't they don't become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep they don't they don't become
+neurotic and crazy they just have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotic and crazy they just have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotic and crazy they just have this
+abnormality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormality
+and of course they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course they
+we we keep them in padded areas where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we keep them in padded areas where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we keep them in padded areas where
+they can't hurt themselves of course it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't hurt themselves of course it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't hurt themselves of course it
+could hurt themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hurt themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hurt themselves
+in that kind of situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now this is actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is actually uh
+uh a donahue show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a donahue show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a donahue show
+on tv where he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tv where he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tv where he's
+because of the popular interest in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the popular interest in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the popular interest in these
+things he's he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things he's he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things he's he has
+a narcoleptic god brought on his show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a narcoleptic god brought on his show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a narcoleptic god brought on his show
+and he has a woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he has a woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he has a woman
+who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has
+cataplectic attacks and narcolepsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cataplectic attacks and narcolepsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cataplectic attacks and narcolepsy
+you'll see her with her daughter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see her with her daughter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see her with her daughter and
+they have a little video that the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a little video that the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a little video that the family
+took of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took of her
+where she collapsed in a chair and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she collapsed in a chair and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she collapsed in a chair and then
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+revive her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RpPlj2HnuWg.txt b/RpPlj2HnuWg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e62f447c832157c883365a25d84e5a5a6f69fa1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RpPlj2HnuWg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15323 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hope you all are enjoying the class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you all are enjoying the class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you all are enjoying the class so
+far it's it's always interesting we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far it's it's always interesting we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far it's it's always interesting we have
+people with a variety of backgrounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with a variety of backgrounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with a variety of backgrounds
+here so it's just great to kind of hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's just great to kind of hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's just great to kind of hear
+the questions as we're going along so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions as we're going along so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions as we're going along so
+I'm going to give a quick example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give a quick example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give a quick example to
+begin the class right now they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin the class right now they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin the class right now they kind of
+drive in some of the concepts that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive in some of the concepts that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive in some of the concepts that we
+talked about on the first class but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about on the first class but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about on the first class but this
+is kind of real rather than sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of real rather than sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of real rather than sort of
+cartoon neural networks but it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon neural networks but it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon neural networks but it's sort of
+a real research result that that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real research result that that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real research result that that we have
+before I begin I'd like to thank Emily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I begin I'd like to thank Emily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I begin I'd like to thank Emily
+Joe who was one of my graduate students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe who was one of my graduate students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe who was one of my graduate students
+who actually did all the work I just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually did all the work I just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually did all the work I just put
+some of the slides together for not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the slides together for not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the slides together for not even
+all of them just a few so really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them just a few so really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them just a few so really the
+credit for this work goes to Emily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit for this work goes to Emily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit for this work goes to Emily
+anything I misrepresent is my fault if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I misrepresent is my fault if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I misrepresent is my fault if
+not hers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hers
+she graduated so I'll take the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she graduated so I'll take the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she graduated so I'll take the paper
+that's not interesting so with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not interesting so with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not interesting so with that
+we'll begin so all right so the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll begin so all right so the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll begin so all right so the overall
+goal of this project was really to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of this project was really to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of this project was really to
+detect and classified Network attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect and classified Network attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect and classified Network attacks
+from real internet traffic and in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from real internet traffic and in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from real internet traffic and in order
+to do this as many of you can imagine we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this as many of you can imagine we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this as many of you can imagine we
+had to find a dataset that was of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to find a dataset that was of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to find a dataset that was of
+interest so this is probably a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest so this is probably a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest so this is probably a problem
+any of you are currently thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you are currently thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you are currently thinking about
+which is what data set should I get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what data set should I get my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what data set should I get my
+hands on right so we have a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands on right so we have a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands on right so we have a variety of
+data sets some are sensitive in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets some are sensitive in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets some are sensitive in nature
+right so think of internal network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so think of internal network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so think of internal network
+traffic that we're trying to collect no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic that we're trying to collect no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic that we're trying to collect no
+one's going to let us end this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's going to let us end this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's going to let us end this you know
+and silver to graduate students to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silver to graduate students to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silver to graduate students to kind
+of work on and then more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work on and then more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work on and then more
+publish so the first thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish so the first thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish so the first thing that we
+wanted to do was look for a dataset that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do was look for a dataset that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do was look for a dataset that
+was kind of open and out there and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of open and out there and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of open and out there and we
+were fortunate that there is a group in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were fortunate that there is a group in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were fortunate that there is a group in
+Japan called the Maui working group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan called the Maui working group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan called the Maui working group
+which stands for the measurement and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands for the measurement and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands for the measurement and use
+my measurement and analysis of wide area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my measurement and analysis of wide area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my measurement and analysis of wide area
+Internet traffic working group that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet traffic working group that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet traffic working group that
+actually has a tiny link that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a tiny link that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a tiny link that they've
+tapped using a network app and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapped using a network app and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapped using a network app and they
+actually make this data available it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make this data available it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make this data available it's
+actually continuously updated even to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually continuously updated even to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually continuously updated even to
+today so that's really cool and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so that's really cool and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so that's really cool and this is
+within that its thing called the day in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that its thing called the day in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that its thing called the day in
+the life of the Internet and so this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life of the Internet and so this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life of the Internet and so this has
+been going on for multiple years the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going on for multiple years the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going on for multiple years the
+data sets reasonably large when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets reasonably large when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets reasonably large when you
+convert it into what we call an analyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it into what we call an analyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it into what we call an analyst
+friendly form which is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly form which is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly form which is something that
+you are I could read and make some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are I could read and make some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are I could read and make some sense
+out of it's about 20 terabytes in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it's about 20 terabytes in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it's about 20 terabytes in size
+so reasonably large data set not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reasonably large data set not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reasonably large data set not going
+to fit on a single computer or a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit on a single computer or a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit on a single computer or a single
+node so certainly a good use case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so certainly a good use case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so certainly a good use case for
+using high performance computing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using high performance computing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using high performance computing their
+supercomputing and one additional piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercomputing and one additional piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercomputing and one additional piece
+that we should know this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should know this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should know this is something
+that as you're starting off your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you're starting off your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you're starting off your
+projects you may also think about IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects you may also think about IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects you may also think about IP
+addresses are often seen as reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses are often seen as reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses are often seen as reasonably
+sensitive right so you can see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive right so you can see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive right so you can see where
+traffic is coming and going from so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic is coming and going from so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic is coming and going from so in
+this particular data set they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular data set they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular data set they've
+actually deterministically anonymized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually deterministically anonymized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually deterministically anonymized
+each of the IP addresses and as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the IP addresses and as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the IP addresses and as you're
+downloading the data you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading the data you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading the data you have to
+essentially sign the user agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially sign the user agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially sign the user agreement
+saying that you will not attempt to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you will not attempt to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you will not attempt to kind
+of go back and figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go back and figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go back and figure out what the
+original IP addresses were so as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original IP addresses were so as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original IP addresses were so as you're
+coming up with the data sets and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with the data sets and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with the data sets and I think
+Jeremy's going to talk a lot more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeremy's going to talk a lot more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeremy's going to talk a lot more about
+this in the in the next part you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the in the next part you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the in the next part you might
+think about you know are there certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about you know are there certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about you know are there certain
+fields in the data that I'm collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields in the data that I'm collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields in the data that I'm collecting
+that might be deemed sensitive either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be deemed sensitive either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be deemed sensitive either
+today or in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today or in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today or in the future
+and if so are there just simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if so are there just simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if so are there just simple
+techniques that I could use to anonymize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that I could use to anonymize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that I could use to anonymize
+the data and then with a with a decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and then with a with a decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and then with a with a decent
+and user agreement you might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and user agreement you might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and user agreement you might be able to
+enforce some level of you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce some level of you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce some level of you know people
+not trying to break it and trying to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to break it and trying to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to break it and trying to go
+back it's not impossible to do it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back it's not impossible to do it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back it's not impossible to do it but
+any legitimate researcher who's using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any legitimate researcher who's using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any legitimate researcher who's using
+data really shouldn't care about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data really shouldn't care about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data really shouldn't care about what
+the original IP addresses in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original IP addresses in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original IP addresses in this
+particular case are or maybe other such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case are or maybe other such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case are or maybe other such
+data within whatever you're collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data within whatever you're collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data within whatever you're collecting
+all right so just a great definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so just a great definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so just a great definition of
+anomaly detection I really love this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomaly detection I really love this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomaly detection I really love this
+definition of what an outlier is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of what an outlier is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of what an outlier is from
+paper by Hawkins so an outlier is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Hawkins so an outlier is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Hawkins so an outlier is an
+observation that deviates so much from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that deviates so much from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that deviates so much from
+other observations as to arouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other observations as to arouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other observations as to arouse
+suspicion that it was generated by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicion that it was generated by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicion that it was generated by a
+different mechanism so when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mechanism so when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mechanism so when we're
+looking at network traffic that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at network traffic that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at network traffic that's what
+we're looking for right we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for right we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for right we're looking
+for these mechanisms that are present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these mechanisms that are present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these mechanisms that are present in
+network traffic that deviates so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network traffic that deviates so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network traffic that deviates so much
+from normal behavior that it arouses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from normal behavior that it arouses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from normal behavior that it arouses
+suspicion and it could be from over up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicion and it could be from over up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicion and it could be from over up
+for a variety of reasons it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a variety of reasons it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a variety of reasons it could be
+somebody uploaded this cool video of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody uploaded this cool video of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody uploaded this cool video of you
+know somebody falling flat on their face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somebody falling flat on their face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somebody falling flat on their face
+or it could be a botnet or a DDoS attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be a botnet or a DDoS attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be a botnet or a DDoS attack
+or something like that so outlier could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that so outlier could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that so outlier could
+be sometimes referred to as an anomaly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sometimes referred to as an anomaly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sometimes referred to as an anomaly
+surprise or exception and within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise or exception and within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise or exception and within the
+context of cyber networks these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of cyber networks these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of cyber networks these
+mechanisms can be botnets C and C or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms can be botnets C and C or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms can be botnets C and C or
+command & Conquer servers insider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command & Conquer servers insider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command & Conquer servers insider
+threats or any other network attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threats or any other network attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threats or any other network attacks
+such as distributed denial of service or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as distributed denial of service or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as distributed denial of service or
+port scan attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port scan attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port scan attacks
+there are a number of general techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of general techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of general techniques
+to deal with outlier detection so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with outlier detection so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with outlier detection so the
+first one is to look for changes is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is to look for changes is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is to look for changes is to
+essentially use statistics you take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially use statistics you take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially use statistics you take you
+look at the you know what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the you know what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the you know what's going on in
+your mechanism and you look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mechanism and you look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mechanism and you look for
+statistical anomalies from that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical anomalies from that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical anomalies from that and that
+those of you you'll highlight those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you you'll highlight those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you you'll highlight those
+anomalies and then you'll kind of drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies and then you'll kind of drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies and then you'll kind of drive
+deep into that you could do clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep into that you could do clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep into that you could do clustering
+so if you're looking at unsupervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're looking at unsupervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're looking at unsupervised
+learning you could cluster your data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning you could cluster your data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning you could cluster your data and
+things that are really far away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are really far away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are really far away from
+existing clusters or known clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing clusters or known clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing clusters or known clusters
+something that you want to take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you want to take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you want to take a look
+at you could move similar to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you could move similar to that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you could move similar to that is
+also distance based technique so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also distance based technique so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also distance based technique so these
+are kind of closely related that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of closely related that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of closely related that you
+look for observations that vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for observations that vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for observations that vary
+significantly from other observations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly from other observations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly from other observations in
+some sort of a feature space and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a feature space and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a feature space and finally
+you can use a model-based technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use a model-based technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use a model-based technique
+where you attempt to model the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you attempt to model the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you attempt to model the behavior
+of normal right now you use air quotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normal right now you use air quotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normal right now you use air quotes
+for the word normal and then you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the word normal and then you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the word normal and then you come
+and you look for things that deviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look for things that deviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look for things that deviate
+from this background model so all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this background model so all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this background model so all these
+four techniques are approaches to a nod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four techniques are approaches to a nod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four techniques are approaches to a nod
+leaders are kind of related with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders are kind of related with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders are kind of related with each
+other it's not a hard and fast rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other it's not a hard and fast rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other it's not a hard and fast rule
+about how they deviate from each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they deviate from each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they deviate from each other
+but for the popularity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the popularity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the popularity and the
+complexity of network traffic we decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of network traffic we decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of network traffic we decided
+to go with a model-based technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with a model-based technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with a model-based technique
+because we found that any other means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we found that any other means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we found that any other means of
+trying to represent the data would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to represent the data would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to represent the data would be
+difficult so this is sort of a top-down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult so this is sort of a top-down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult so this is sort of a top-down
+approach of how we kind of thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach of how we kind of thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach of how we kind of thought about
+well let's look at network traffic let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at network traffic let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at network traffic let's
+think about anomalies in network traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about anomalies in network traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about anomalies in network traffic
+and let's come up with what's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's come up with what's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's come up with what's a good
+approach to to address that so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to to address that so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to to address that so when we
+talk about network attacks not to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about network attacks not to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about network attacks not to go
+into detail there is a wide variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into detail there is a wide variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into detail there is a wide variety of
+network attacks out there you know every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network attacks out there you know every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network attacks out there you know every
+day we see news articles about new ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day we see news articles about new ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day we see news articles about new ones
+the focus of this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus of this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus of this work
+to look at just a couple of these one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at just a couple of these one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at just a couple of these one
+was in this section that we call probing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in this section that we call probing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in this section that we call probing
+and scanning and another was in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scanning and another was in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scanning and another was in this
+resource usage or resource utilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource usage or resource utilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource usage or resource utilization
+area and specifically we looked at port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and specifically we looked at port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and specifically we looked at port
+scanning and distributed denial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning and distributed denial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning and distributed denial of
+service attacks as a quick example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service attacks as a quick example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service attacks as a quick example of
+what happens in one of these network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in one of these network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in one of these network
+attacks so this is a attack often in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks so this is a attack often in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks so this is a attack often in
+within the bucket of probing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the bucket of probing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the bucket of probing and
+scanning so essentially what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning so essentially what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning so essentially what happens is
+you have an attacker that attempts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an attacker that attempts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an attacker that attempts to
+find out what ports are open on a victim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what ports are open on a victim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what ports are open on a victim
+or a target system it does this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a target system it does this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a target system it does this by
+sending requests similar to pings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending requests similar to pings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending requests similar to pings
+to to a victim or a target system if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to a victim or a target system if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to a victim or a target system if the
+target system acknowledges one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target system acknowledges one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target system acknowledges one of these
+things you can say oh this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can say oh this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can say oh this particular
+port is open and then one may go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port is open and then one may go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port is open and then one may go and
+look at what software typically runs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what software typically runs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what software typically runs on
+those ports and attempt to use some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ports and attempt to use some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ports and attempt to use some of
+the known vulnerabilities of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the known vulnerabilities of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the known vulnerabilities of that
+software right so a lot of software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software right so a lot of software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software right so a lot of software
+packages have specific ports that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages have specific ports that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages have specific ports that they
+tend to use so you can say oh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to use so you can say oh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to use so you can say oh you know
+port the guy making up a number here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port the guy making up a number here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port the guy making up a number here for
+10,000 is open and I know that's used by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 is open and I know that's used by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 is open and I know that's used by
+by Microsoft SQL Server or any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Microsoft SQL Server or any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Microsoft SQL Server or any other
+piece of software and then you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of software and then you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of software and then you can say
+well here's a known vulnerability that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's a known vulnerability that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's a known vulnerability that I
+could use and then I'll try attacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use and then I'll try attacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use and then I'll try attacking
+that so this is just a simple technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is just a simple technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is just a simple technique
+that a lot of attackers use very low bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of attackers use very low bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of attackers use very low bar
+very easy to do you could write one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to do you could write one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to do you could write one by
+mistake but just to find out what for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake but just to find out what for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake but just to find out what for so
+and then trying to use you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then trying to use you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then trying to use you know in
+vulnerabilities or every works now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerabilities or every works now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerabilities or every works now the
+least common denominator the the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least common denominator the the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least common denominator the the easiest
+piece of data to collect is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of data to collect is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of data to collect is what's
+called a network packet I'm sure many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a network packet I'm sure many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a network packet I'm sure many of
+you are familiar with the concept of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are familiar with the concept of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are familiar with the concept of a
+network packet it's for those that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network packet it's for those that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network packet it's for those that are
+not think of if you're sending a letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not think of if you're sending a letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not think of if you're sending a letter
+it's all the material on the envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all the material on the envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all the material on the envelope
+right so it's the address where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's the address where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's the address where it's
+coming from who it's going to plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from who it's going to plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from who it's going to plus a
+little bit of information of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of information of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of information of sort of
+what's in the packet as well the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the packet as well the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the packet as well the reason
+that we often use network packets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we often use network packets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we often use network packets and
+I'll kind of open this up to the class a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll kind of open this up to the class a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll kind of open this up to the class a
+lot of the cyber research actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the cyber research actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the cyber research actually
+focuses on network packets but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses on network packets but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses on network packets but those
+often form a very small percentage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often form a very small percentage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often form a very small percentage of
+the actual data the payloads we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual data the payloads we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual data the payloads we're
+actually a lot of the data actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a lot of the data actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a lot of the data actually is
+can anyone guess why we tend to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anyone guess why we tend to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anyone guess why we tend to use a
+network packets rather than payloads not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network packets rather than payloads not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network packets rather than payloads not
+Alber head or oh sorry in the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alber head or oh sorry in the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alber head or oh sorry in the network
+header yep sorry the network header not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header yep sorry the network header not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header yep sorry the network header not
+the packet yeah so yes anyone guess why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packet yeah so yes anyone guess why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packet yeah so yes anyone guess why
+we tend to use the header rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tend to use the header rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tend to use the header rather than
+the PAP then the payload of the packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PAP then the payload of the packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PAP then the payload of the packet
+encrypted yeah encryption exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted yeah encryption exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted yeah encryption exactly so
+very often especially these days the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often especially these days the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often especially these days the
+payload of the packet is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload of the packet is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload of the packet is typically
+encrypted so there's not too much that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted so there's not too much that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted so there's not too much that
+you can do with it so using the header
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with it so using the header
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with it so using the header
+information the header is not right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the header is not right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the header is not right it's
+the outside of the envelope the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside of the envelope the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside of the envelope the inside
+of the envelope is something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the envelope is something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the envelope is something that you
+cannot see by putting it up to the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot see by putting it up to the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot see by putting it up to the light
+so it actually they tend to use me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it actually they tend to use me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it actually they tend to use me the
+header of the packet so the headers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header of the packet so the headers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header of the packet so the headers so
+this is what a packet looks like on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the left side that's what a packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left side that's what a packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left side that's what a packet
+looks like and if you kind of convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and if you kind of convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and if you kind of convert
+that into a human readable form just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into a human readable form just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into a human readable form just a
+header information this is the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header information this is the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header information this is the type of
+data that you get out of it so it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that you get out of it so it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that you get out of it so it gives
+you things that you would expect what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you things that you would expect what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you things that you would expect what
+was the IP address that I started from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the IP address that I started from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the IP address that I started from
+what was a port that I started from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was a port that I started from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was a port that I started from what
+was the destination IP address what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the destination IP address what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the destination IP address what was
+the port you know the destination port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the port you know the destination port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the port you know the destination port
+plus a bunch of other information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a bunch of other information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a bunch of other information about
+certain flags that were said whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain flags that were said whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain flags that were said whether
+it's what direction the flow in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what direction the flow in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what direction the flow in what
+direction the traffic is moving in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the traffic is moving in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the traffic is moving in and
+stuff like that and then any flags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that and then any flags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that and then any flags
+associated with it what type of packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it what type of packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it what type of packet
+it is of what type of protocol is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is of what type of protocol is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is of what type of protocol is a
+packet using etc all right so just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet using etc all right so just as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet using etc all right so just as a
+reminder the data we're using is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder the data we're using is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder the data we're using is from
+the Maori working group but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Maori working group but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Maori working group but there's a
+lot of other data out there that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other data out there that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other data out there that you
+might be able to to get your hands on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to to get your hands on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to to get your hands on so
+one of the challenges how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the challenges how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the challenges how many people
+here have worked in cyber security or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have worked in cyber security or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have worked in cyber security or
+done some research and cyber security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done some research and cyber security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done some research and cyber security
+and full of people so one of the huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and full of people so one of the huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and full of people so one of the huge
+challenges this is something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges this is something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges this is something that you
+may run into in your in your data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may run into in your in your data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may run into in your in your data sets
+is the is Brown truth is understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the is Brown truth is understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the is Brown truth is understanding
+when so if you're trying to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when so if you're trying to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when so if you're trying to find out
+when there was an attack in your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there was an attack in your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there was an attack in your data
+someone needs to have you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone needs to have you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone needs to have you know there
+needs to be some ground truth associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be some ground truth associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be some ground truth associated
+with that as much as we'd all love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that as much as we'd all love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that as much as we'd all love to
+sit and write DDoS attacks and port scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit and write DDoS attacks and port scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit and write DDoS attacks and port scan
+attacks on ourselves sometimes you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks on ourselves sometimes you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks on ourselves sometimes you know
+getting that at scale can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that at scale can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that at scale can be very
+difficult so for the purpose of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult so for the purpose of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult so for the purpose of this
+work we used a synthetic data generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we used a synthetic data generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we used a synthetic data generator
+in which we took real Internet traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we took real Internet traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we took real Internet traffic
+data but then injected synthetic impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but then injected synthetic impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but then injected synthetic impacts
+into it that would and that was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it that would and that was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it that would and that was sort of
+our way of looking for establishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our way of looking for establishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our way of looking for establishing
+ground truth so the Maori working group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground truth so the Maori working group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground truth so the Maori working group
+actually does published ground truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does published ground truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does published ground truth
+based on a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a number of
+that they have a lot of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have a lot of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have a lot of these are
+heuristics based detectors in our in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristics based detectors in our in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristics based detectors in our in our
+you say now looking at that ground truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say now looking at that ground truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say now looking at that ground truth
+it was really difficult to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really difficult to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really difficult to actually
+understand when an attack was occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand when an attack was occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand when an attack was occurring
+you know sort of like somewhere in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of like somewhere in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of like somewhere in this
+hour an attack occurred which if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour an attack occurred which if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour an attack occurred which if you're
+trying to chain the machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to chain the machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to chain the machine learning
+classifier on that or an anomaly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier on that or an anomaly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier on that or an anomaly
+detector that's kind of vague right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector that's kind of vague right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector that's kind of vague right
+because there's a lot happening in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot happening in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot happening in an
+hour of Internet traffic and so if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour of Internet traffic and so if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour of Internet traffic and so if it's
+somewhere in that hour an attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in that hour an attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in that hour an attack
+occurred that can be very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred that can be very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred that can be very difficult to
+find so that's sort of a reason that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find so that's sort of a reason that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find so that's sort of a reason that we
+focused on using a synthetic attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on using a synthetic attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on using a synthetic attack
+generator yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator yep
+pieces a little bit more about what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces a little bit more about what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces a little bit more about what kind
+of guys contracted so you know is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of guys contracted so you know is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of guys contracted so you know is just
+evident where you're joining some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evident where you're joining some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evident where you're joining some
+colorized post that it's injecting data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorized post that it's injecting data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorized post that it's injecting data
+to some destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some destination
+is there also like return clothes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there also like return clothes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there also like return clothes that
+are in there yeah yeah so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in there yeah yeah so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in there yeah yeah so the question
+that was asked is you know I guess how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was asked is you know I guess how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was asked is you know I guess how
+sophisticated is this tool and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated is this tool and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated is this tool and how
+detailed can you do it so the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed can you do it so the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed can you do it so the exact
+details of that I would you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of that I would you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of that I would you know
+probably forward you to Emily but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably forward you to Emily but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably forward you to Emily but from
+looking at what what was being done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what what was being done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what what was being done
+these are reasonably sophisticated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are reasonably sophisticated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are reasonably sophisticated so
+it's not as simple as you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as simple as you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as simple as you know you have
+to give it a text file of all the IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it a text file of all the IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it a text file of all the IP
+addresses sourcing so but you do have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses sourcing so but you do have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses sourcing so but you do have to
+set some parameters so what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set some parameters so what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set some parameters so what you can do
+for example if it's a DDoS attack right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if it's a DDoS attack right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if it's a DDoS attack right
+that's maybe the easiest one to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe the easiest one to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe the easiest one to describe
+is you would give it a maybe a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you would give it a maybe a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you would give it a maybe a range of
+IP addresses and ports that you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP addresses and ports that you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP addresses and ports that you'd like
+to see injected you'd give it a flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see injected you'd give it a flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see injected you'd give it a flow
+rate and then you could tell it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and then you could tell it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and then you could tell it what
+type of package you'd like introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of package you'd like introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of package you'd like introduced
+and has it sort of allows you to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has it sort of allows you to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has it sort of allows you to do a
+number of these different this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of these different this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of these different this
+particular tool at least allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tool at least allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tool at least allows you to
+pick a number of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a number of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a number of these different
+features that it then injects into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that it then injects into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that it then injects into the
+original pcap file if you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original pcap file if you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original pcap file if you're looking for
+some of the other attacks so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other attacks so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other attacks so this is
+just a list of the attacks that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a list of the attacks that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a list of the attacks that that
+they currently support as of a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they currently support as of a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they currently support as of a few
+months ago and they might be adding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months ago and they might be adding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months ago and they might be adding to
+this you know we focus on a few of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know we focus on a few of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know we focus on a few of these
+that that were also easy for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that were also easy for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that were also easy for us to
+reason and kind of go back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason and kind of go back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason and kind of go back into the
+actual data that we collected to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual data that we collected to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual data that we collected to see if
+the actual injection made sense to us or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual injection made sense to us or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual injection made sense to us or
+not but they do have a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but they do have a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but they do have a number of
+different parameters that you could that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameters that you could that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameters that you could that
+you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could
+when you're doing that so that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing that so that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing that so that's just a
+little bit you know as we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit you know as we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit you know as we talked about
+in the data conditioning phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data conditioning phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data conditioning phase of
+labeling data is often a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling data is often a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling data is often a pretty
+difficult process in the world of cyber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult process in the world of cyber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult process in the world of cyber
+anomaly in the world of network network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomaly in the world of network network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomaly in the world of network network
+packets and network security going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets and network security going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets and network security going back
+and trying to label is an extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to label is an extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to label is an extremely
+time-consuming task and very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-consuming task and very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-consuming task and very difficult
+and up to a lot of interpretation as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up to a lot of interpretation as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up to a lot of interpretation as to
+what one calls an attack so what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one calls an attack so what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one calls an attack so what we did
+manually inspect a few of these that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually inspect a few of these that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually inspect a few of these that's
+certainly not scalable so we decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not scalable so we decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not scalable so we decided to
+go with a synthetic attack generator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with a synthetic attack generator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with a synthetic attack generator and
+I'm sure some of your projects you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure some of your projects you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure some of your projects you may
+also kind of think about you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of think about you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of think about you know is
+that it is that a route that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is that a route that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is that a route that you need to
+take at least to start off with ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take at least to start off with ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take at least to start off with ok so
+this is the overall pipeline of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the overall pipeline of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the overall pipeline of the
+system so as I mentioned the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so as I mentioned the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so as I mentioned the first time
+we chatted we spent a majority of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we chatted we spent a majority of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we chatted we spent a majority of our
+time in sort of the first step which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in sort of the first step which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in sort of the first step which is
+the first step here which is which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step here which is which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step here which is which is
+data conditioning which is data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data conditioning which is data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data conditioning which is data
+conditioning so within data conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning so within data conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning so within data conditioning
+we did you know taking the raw data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did you know taking the raw data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did you know taking the raw data
+which is downloading this from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is downloading this from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is downloading this from the
+internet this comes to you in a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet this comes to you in a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet this comes to you in a binary
+format which is a dot pcap for those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format which is a dot pcap for those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format which is a dot pcap for those who
+are familiar with a packet capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are familiar with a packet capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are familiar with a packet capture
+outputs that's that binary format that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs that's that binary format that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs that's that binary format that
+comes from like TCP dump for example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from like TCP dump for example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from like TCP dump for example we
+then convert that pcap file into flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then convert that pcap file into flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then convert that pcap file into flows
+parse that into human readable form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse that into human readable form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse that into human readable form
+feature engineer training machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature engineer training machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature engineer training machine
+learning classifier do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning classifier do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning classifier do the same thing
+with the synthetic data and then get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the synthetic data and then get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the synthetic data and then get
+good results we hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good results we hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good results we hope
+so step one a beta condition was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so step one a beta condition was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so step one a beta condition was to
+download the actual raw data the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the actual raw data the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the actual raw data the data
+was downloaded in a compressed binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was downloaded in a compressed binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was downloaded in a compressed binary
+format which is probably what a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format which is probably what a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format which is probably what a lot of
+you will get your hands on typical size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get your hands on typical size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get your hands on typical size
+of a single zipped file or typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single zipped file or typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single zipped file or typical
+compressed files about 2.2 and 1/2 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed files about 2.2 and 1/2 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed files about 2.2 and 1/2 K
+when you decompress that it goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you decompress that it goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you decompress that it goes to
+about 10 gigs about 4x and a single pcap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 gigs about 4x and a single pcap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 gigs about 4x and a single pcap
+file corresponds to such about 10 gig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file corresponds to such about 10 gig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file corresponds to such about 10 gig
+for about 15 minutes worth of traffic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about 15 minutes worth of traffic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about 15 minutes worth of traffic so
+if you're trying to do multiple days you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to do multiple days you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to do multiple days you
+can imagine how this starts to explode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine how this starts to explode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine how this starts to explode
+in terms of volume and about 15 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of volume and about 15 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of volume and about 15 minutes
+you know on average is about 150,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on average is about 150,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on average is about 150,000
+pack but it corresponds to about 150,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack but it corresponds to about 150,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack but it corresponds to about 150,000
+packets per second so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets per second so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets per second so this is a
+reasonable amount of network traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable amount of network traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable amount of network traffic
+that we're getting our hands on but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're getting our hands on but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're getting our hands on but even
+close to the types of volume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the types of volume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the types of volume that
+large-scale providers have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale providers have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale providers have to deal with
+on a regular basis once we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a regular basis once we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a regular basis once we have the
+actual what once we have the the pcap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual what once we have the the pcap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual what once we have the the pcap
+file downloaded just the network packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file downloaded just the network packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file downloaded just the network packets
+don't really tell us much it's tough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really tell us much it's tough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really tell us much it's tough to
+do things with so what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things with so what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things with so what we want to do is
+convert this into a representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this into a representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this into a representation
+that's useful to do analysis and so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useful to do analysis and so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useful to do analysis and so a
+lot of work has been done using network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work has been done using network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work has been done using network
+flows and a network flow is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and a network flow is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and a network flow is essentially
+a sequence of packets from a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of packets from a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of packets from a single
+source to destination so as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source to destination so as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source to destination so as you can
+imagine when you're streaming a YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine when you're streaming a YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine when you're streaming a YouTube
+video for example it's not one big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video for example it's not one big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video for example it's not one big
+packet that comes to you but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet that comes to you but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet that comes to you but it's a
+series of packets and so flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of packets and so flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of packets and so flow
+essentially tries to detect that and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially tries to detect that and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially tries to detect that and say
+ok all of these things was a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok all of these things was a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok all of these things was a person
+watching this video rights from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this video rights from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this video rights from this
+source to this destination within some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source to this destination within some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source to this destination within some
+time window is defined as a network flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time window is defined as a network flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time window is defined as a network flow
+and so we convert each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we convert each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we convert each of these
+15-minute pcap files into network flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15-minute pcap files into network flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15-minute pcap files into network flow
+representation using a tool called GAF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation using a tool called GAF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation using a tool called GAF
+which stands for yet another flow meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands for yet another flow meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands for yet another flow meter
+and so that that helps us do some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that that helps us do some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that that helps us do some of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+you know flow establishing these network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know flow establishing these network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know flow establishing these network
+flows and so the size of about 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and so the size of about 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and so the size of about 15
+minutes worth of flows goes to about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes worth of flows goes to about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes worth of flows goes to about two
+gigabytes and we set a timeout of flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabytes and we set a timeout of flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabytes and we set a timeout of flow
+to be about five minutes okay once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about five minutes okay once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about five minutes okay once we
+have the flows they're still in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the flows they're still in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the flows they're still in this
+binary format we need to now convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary format we need to now convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary format we need to now convert
+them into a representation that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into a representation that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into a representation that we can
+look at so flow comes with an ASCII
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at so flow comes with an ASCII
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at so flow comes with an ASCII
+converter called ASCII sorry yeah comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter called ASCII sorry yeah comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter called ASCII sorry yeah comes
+with a ASCII converter called yaks key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a ASCII converter called yaks key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a ASCII converter called yaks key
+and that essentially converts the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that essentially converts the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that essentially converts the data
+from this floor representation into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this floor representation into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this floor representation into a
+tabular form and if there's one lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabular form and if there's one lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabular form and if there's one lesson
+that I think Jeremy will talk to you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think Jeremy will talk to you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think Jeremy will talk to you a
+lot about next is tables tables tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about next is tables tables tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about next is tables tables tables
+people love looking at tabular data it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people love looking at tabular data it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people love looking at tabular data it's
+very easy to understand I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to understand I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to understand I wouldn't
+recommend it but you could open this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend it but you could open this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend it but you could open this up
+in Excel a huge but it would open up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Excel a huge but it would open up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Excel a huge but it would open up but
+it's very easy to kind of look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy to kind of look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy to kind of look at
+especially when we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when we're trying to
+establish truth in the data to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish truth in the data to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish truth in the data to go back
+and take a look at it so far for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take a look at it so far for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take a look at it so far for our
+pipeline we take the java files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline we take the java files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline we take the java files
+converted into text files each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted into text files each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted into text files each of these
+ASCII table so again about 15 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASCII table so again about 15 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASCII table so again about 15 minutes
+worth of data is about 8 gigabytes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth of data is about 8 gigabytes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth of data is about 8 gigabytes in
+size and we record a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and we record a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and we record a number of different
+container pieces for flow we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container pieces for flow we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container pieces for flow we're going to
+the details but if you're interested you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details but if you're interested you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details but if you're interested you
+can kind of look at what constant what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of look at what constant what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of look at what constant what
+are the various entities or features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the various entities or features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the various entities or features
+that come up in a network flow alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come up in a network flow alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come up in a network flow alright
+so now that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we have
+network flows that's that sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network flows that's that sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network flows that's that sort of like
+sort of part one of data conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of part one of data conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of part one of data conditioning
+right we've converted into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we've converted into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we've converted into some
+representation that makes sense we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that makes sense we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that makes sense we have
+in a human readable form sort of step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a human readable form sort of step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a human readable form sort of step
+one data conditioning done now the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one data conditioning done now the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one data conditioning done now the next
+thing is to convert it into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to convert it into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to convert it into something
+that actually makes sense for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually makes sense for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually makes sense for our
+machine learning algorithm and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithm and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithm and so this
+is sort of bucketed into the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of bucketed into the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of bucketed into the area of
+feature engineering when we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature engineering when we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature engineering when we kind of
+think back at it and so feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think back at it and so feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think back at it and so feature
+engineering is really really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is really really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is really really important
+you'll spend a lot of time doing this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll spend a lot of time doing this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll spend a lot of time doing this on
+new datasets so each of these flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new datasets so each of these flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new datasets so each of these flows
+contains about 21 different features and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains about 21 different features and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains about 21 different features and
+one of the end we need to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the end we need to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the end we need to look for
+essentially which of these features make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially which of these features make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially which of these features make
+sense for us to pass into a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for us to pass into a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for us to pass into a machine
+learning model others we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning model others we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning model others we're just going
+to end up training an unknown Z so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up training an unknown Z so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up training an unknown Z so we
+have to use some domain knowledge right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use some domain knowledge right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use some domain knowledge right
+where we talk to experts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we talk to experts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we talk to experts in
+cybersecurity and say well you know IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cybersecurity and say well you know IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cybersecurity and say well you know IP
+address this kind of an important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address this kind of an important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address this kind of an important thing
+but maybe this other flag not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe this other flag not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe this other flag not as
+important and then we use a lot of trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and then we use a lot of trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and then we use a lot of trial
+and error and luck as well to help make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and error and luck as well to help make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and error and luck as well to help make
+some of these features once we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these features once we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these features once we have
+these once we kind of pick a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these once we kind of pick a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these once we kind of pick a set of
+features that we're interested in when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that we're interested in when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that we're interested in when
+we look back at the anomaly detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look back at the anomaly detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look back at the anomaly detection
+literature a lot of work has been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature a lot of work has been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature a lot of work has been done
+with this concept of you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this concept of you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this concept of you know you have
+these flows but you need to convert them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these flows but you need to convert them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these flows but you need to convert them
+into some some other format that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some some other format that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some some other format that makes
+sense to look for a long lizard so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to look for a long lizard so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to look for a long lizard so just
+converting into a feature space in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting into a feature space in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting into a feature space in which
+Menominee's makes sense and so we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Menominee's makes sense and so we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Menominee's makes sense and so we looked
+at using entropy and the basic intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at using entropy and the basic intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at using entropy and the basic intuition
+behind this is that if we if the we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this is that if we if the we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this is that if we if the we're
+looking at various flows between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at various flows between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at various flows between
+different fields and that the entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fields and that the entropy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fields and that the entropy of
+these flows should be roughly equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these flows should be roughly equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these flows should be roughly equal
+should be roughly similar should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be roughly similar should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be roughly similar should be
+about the same not equal that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same not equal that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same not equal that should be
+unchanging when there is no big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanging when there is no big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanging when there is no big
+mechanism defined by an outlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism defined by an outlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism defined by an outlier
+detection mechanism that's involved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection mechanism that's involved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection mechanism that's involved with
+changing the entropy so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the entropy so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the entropy so for example
+right just to make this more clear if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just to make this more clear if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just to make this more clear if
+you're having a DDoS attack this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're having a DDoS attack this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're having a DDoS attack this is
+typically a number of different source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically a number of different source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically a number of different source
+IPM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPM
+attempting to talk to a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempting to talk to a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempting to talk to a single
+destination IP address so you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination IP address so you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination IP address so you would
+expect to see an increase in the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see an increase in the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see an increase in the entropy
+of the source IP field in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the source IP field in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the source IP field in that
+particular example and enforced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example and enforced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example and enforced and
+attacks you would probably see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks you would probably see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks you would probably see something
+on the destination port entropy would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the destination port entropy would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the destination port entropy would go
+up right that's a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right that's a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right that's a little bit of
+intuition so a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition so a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition so a little bit more
+complicated than that but that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that but that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that but that's a very
+high-level view of what's going on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level view of what's going on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level view of what's going on and
+for entropy we just use the standard you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for entropy we just use the standard you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for entropy we just use the standard you
+know sure many of you are familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sure many of you are familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sure many of you are familiar with
+information theory are very familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information theory are very familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information theory are very familiar
+with Shannon entropy and we compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Shannon entropy and we compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Shannon entropy and we compute the
+flow associated with each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow associated with each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow associated with each of the
+features that we paid from the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that we paid from the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that we paid from the network
+flow before so from the feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow before so from the feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow before so from the feature
+engineering we pick to some set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering we pick to some set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering we pick to some set of
+features associated to that we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features associated to that we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features associated to that we all
+remember what neural networks are this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what neural networks are this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what neural networks are this
+is just there for completeness so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just there for completeness so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just there for completeness so we
+take these now network flows these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these now network flows these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these now network flows these these
+entropy associated with the network flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy associated with the network flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy associated with the network flow
+we use those as input features for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use those as input features for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use those as input features for a
+neural network model now you'll recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network model now you'll recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network model now you'll recall
+recall from the neural network talk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall from the neural network talk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall from the neural network talk that
+we had last week we have inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had last week we have inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had last week we have inputs and
+outputs we have weights associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs we have weights associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs we have weights associated with
+them and then we have this nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then we have this nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then we have this nonlinear
+equation that sort of represents inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that sort of represents inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that sort of represents inputs
+and outputs and inputs and output that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outputs and inputs and output that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outputs and inputs and output that
+each of the layers there's the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the layers there's the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the layers there's the equation
+you can see very giving me the Q that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see very giving me the Q that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see very giving me the Q that
+I'm walking towards the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm walking towards the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm walking towards the slides
+so the features that loops the features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the features that loops the features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the features that loops the features
+that we have over here correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have over here correspond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have over here correspond to the
+various entropies that we've computed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various entropies that we've computed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various entropies that we've computed in
+the previous step and the outputs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous step and the outputs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous step and the outputs of
+this network correspond to a class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network correspond to a class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network correspond to a class of
+attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack
+so in particular we focused on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular we focused on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular we focused on you know
+obviously no attack DDoS attacks port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously no attack DDoS attacks port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously no attack DDoS attacks port
+scans network scans and p2p network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans network scans and p2p network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans network scans and p2p network
+scans the model itself had three hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans the model itself had three hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans the model itself had three hidden
+layers with 130 and 100 mils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers with 130 and 100 mils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers with 130 and 100 mils
+respectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively
+and an output layer and we used for illu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an output layer and we used for illu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an output layer and we used for illu
+activation I'm having to talk in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation I'm having to talk in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation I'm having to talk in more
+depth about why we selected these but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth about why we selected these but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth about why we selected these but
+I'll save that for another time and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll save that for another time and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll save that for another time and kind
+of going through this process we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going through this process we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going through this process we
+actually had very good results so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had very good results so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had very good results so that's
+a sort of the short form of the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of the short form of the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of the short form of the research
+work but what I wanted to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but what I wanted to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but what I wanted to really
+emphasize is the amount of effort that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize is the amount of effort that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize is the amount of effort that
+went into the data conditioning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into the data conditioning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into the data conditioning the
+importance of you know collecting data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of you know collecting data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of you know collecting data
+anonymizing data making it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymizing data making it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymizing data making it you know
+human readable converting into a format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human readable converting into a format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human readable converting into a format
+that people understand and then kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people understand and then kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people understand and then kind of
+walking through this sort of it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking through this sort of it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking through this sort of it was
+certainly an iterative process as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly an iterative process as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly an iterative process as much
+as this is a very short form of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this is a very short form of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this is a very short form of what we
+did this this took a long time to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this this took a long time to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this this took a long time to get to
+these results and what we're presenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these results and what we're presenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these results and what we're presenting
+over here is the attack type and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is the attack type and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is the attack type and
+intensity so this is the ground truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so this is the ground truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so this is the ground truth
+from the synthetic data generator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the synthetic data generator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the synthetic data generator and
+then this is sort of the prediction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is sort of the prediction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is sort of the prediction that
+our model has across the site and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model has across the site and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model has across the site and this
+is a confusion matrix so a higher number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a confusion matrix so a higher number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a confusion matrix so a higher number
+or a darker blue indicates that we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a darker blue indicates that we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a darker blue indicates that we did a
+really good job and we've also used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good job and we've also used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good job and we've also used
+varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying
+ten cities of these an attack so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten cities of these an attack so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten cities of these an attack so
+certainly if we have strong which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if we have strong which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if we have strong which means
+we injected about twenty thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we injected about twenty thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we injected about twenty thousand
+packets in the fifteen minutes we can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets in the fifteen minutes we can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets in the fifteen minutes we can we
+can detect those are really really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can detect those are really really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can detect those are really really well
+as you have weaker weaker attacks of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have weaker weaker attacks of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have weaker weaker attacks of our
+system doesn't do as well as probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system doesn't do as well as probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system doesn't do as well as probably
+reasonable but certainly an area of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable but certainly an area of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable but certainly an area of one
+important research so with that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important research so with that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important research so with that I just
+wanted to hand it over to Jeremy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to hand it over to Jeremy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to hand it over to Jeremy but
+these are some initial work and results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some initial work and results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some initial work and results
+of detecting across line Network attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of detecting across line Network attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of detecting across line Network attacks
+the keynotes was you know data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keynotes was you know data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keynotes was you know data
+conditioning was where we ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning was where we ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning was where we ended up
+spending a majority of the time cleaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a majority of the time cleaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a majority of the time cleaning
+up the collected data coming up with we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the collected data coming up with we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the collected data coming up with we
+struck we spent a lot of time trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck we spent a lot of time trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck we spent a lot of time trying to
+figure out how to label this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to label this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to label this data
+because we were just unable to really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we were just unable to really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we were just unable to really do
+it and finally we ended up going the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and finally we ended up going the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and finally we ended up going the
+synthetic generator path but you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic generator path but you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic generator path but you know we
+actually did spend a significant amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did spend a significant amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did spend a significant amount
+of time try to figure that out and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time try to figure that out and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time try to figure that out and then
+we spend a lot of time on feature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spend a lot of time on feature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spend a lot of time on feature in
+engineering which did consist of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering which did consist of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering which did consist of a lot
+of trial and error okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay thank you very much I'm Jeremy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you very much I'm Jeremy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you very much I'm Jeremy
+Konner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Konner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Konner
+from Lincoln Laboratory supercomputing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Lincoln Laboratory supercomputing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Lincoln Laboratory supercomputing
+Center most of you know me already just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center most of you know me already just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center most of you know me already just
+really introducing myself for video and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this has been this topic has been teed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been this topic has been teed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been this topic has been teed
+up really well by Sid and Vijay I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up really well by Sid and Vijay I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up really well by Sid and Vijay I think
+they Illustrated sort of going from if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Illustrated sort of going from if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Illustrated sort of going from if
+we think about our pipeline going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about our pipeline going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about our pipeline going from
+left to right so they've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right so they've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right so they've talked about
+kind of the end state that what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the end state that what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the end state that what you're
+trying to do building these models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do building these models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do building these models
+Vijay talked about the data that feeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vijay talked about the data that feeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vijay talked about the data that feeds
+into that I'm going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that I'm going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that I'm going to talk about the
+data architecture that you go through to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data architecture that you go through to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data architecture that you go through to
+kind of build up to that and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of build up to that and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of build up to that and the reason
+we've done it in this order which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done it in this order which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done it in this order which is the
+reverse order that you do it in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse order that you do it in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse order that you do it in real
+life is because it's difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is because it's difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is because it's difficult to
+appreciate the data architecture piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate the data architecture piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate the data architecture piece
+without an understanding of where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without an understanding of where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without an understanding of where you're
+going and so you see from SIDS talk I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and so you see from SIDS talk I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and so you see from SIDS talk I
+think it became very clear that having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it became very clear that having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it became very clear that having
+lots of data is really important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of data is really important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of data is really important for
+creating these models without the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating these models without the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating these models without the data
+you can't you can't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't you can't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't you can't do anything
+and likewise you didn't see it but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise you didn't see it but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise you didn't see it but all
+that data was created in a very precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data was created in a very precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data was created in a very precise
+form that made it easy to do that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that made it easy to do that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that made it easy to do that kind
+of work and then vijay talked a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work and then vijay talked a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work and then vijay talked a little
+about some of things given a data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of things given a data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of things given a data set
+what did he have to do to get in a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did he have to do to get in a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did he have to do to get in a form
+such that it would work for his AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it would work for his AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it would work for his AI
+training application and what vijay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training application and what vijay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training application and what vijay is
+doing and did in that application is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and did in that application is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and did in that application is
+very much a sort of microcosm of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much a sort of microcosm of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much a sort of microcosm of which
+many of you will be doing in your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you will be doing in your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you will be doing in your own
+projects you will try to identify data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects you will try to identify data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects you will try to identify data
+sets you will try and do feature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets you will try and do feature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets you will try and do feature in
+engineering and then go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and then go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and then go through this
+sort of trial and error process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of trial and error process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of trial and error process of
+coming up with AI models that suits on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with AI models that suits on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with AI models that suits on
+purpose and a key part of that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose and a key part of that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose and a key part of that is what
+we call AI data architecture so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call AI data architecture so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call AI data architecture so i'm
+going to talk about some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about some of the things
+that we've learned over the last ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've learned over the last ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've learned over the last ten
+years in data architecture as a head of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in data architecture as a head of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in data architecture as a head of
+a supercomputing Center I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a supercomputing Center I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a supercomputing Center I have the
+privilege of working with really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege of working with really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege of working with really
+everyone at MIT on all their data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone at MIT on all their data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone at MIT on all their data
+analysis problems and over the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis problems and over the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis problems and over the years
+we've learned some techniques some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learned some techniques some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learned some techniques some
+really simple techniques that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple techniques that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple techniques that can
+dramatically make data architecture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically make data architecture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically make data architecture for
+your applications a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your applications a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your applications a lot
+there's a lot of people out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of people out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of people out there
+selling very fancy software to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling very fancy software to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling very fancy software to solve
+data architecture problems we have found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data architecture problems we have found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data architecture problems we have found
+that we can use very simple techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use very simple techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use very simple techniques
+to solve most of those problems using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve most of those problems using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve most of those problems using
+software that's built into every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that's built into every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that's built into every single
+computer that that is made today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that that is made today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that that is made today
+that's don't need to go and download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's don't need to go and download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's don't need to go and download
+some new tool to do any of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new tool to do any of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new tool to do any of the things
+I'm going to talk about right now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about right now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about right now so
+with that introduction I'm going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that introduction I'm going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that introduction I'm going to just
+go over there's the outline of my talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over there's the outline of my talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over there's the outline of my talk
+I'm going to add some introduction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to add some introduction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to add some introduction and
+motivation which I'll go through quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation which I'll go through quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation which I'll go through quickly
+because I think Sid and Vijay did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think Sid and Vijay did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think Sid and Vijay did a
+fantastic job of motivating what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic job of motivating what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic job of motivating what we're
+doing and then I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and then I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and then I'm going to talk about
+our serve three big ideas and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our serve three big ideas and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our serve three big ideas and how to
+make AI data architecture simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make AI data architecture simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make AI data architecture simple and
+effective across a wide range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective across a wide range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective across a wide range of
+applications one is and as Vijay talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications one is and as Vijay talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications one is and as Vijay talked
+about we're going to really hit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we're going to really hit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we're going to really hit this
+concept of tabular data there's a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of tabular data there's a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of tabular data there's a reason
+why tabular data is so good and why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why tabular data is so good and why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why tabular data is so good and why it
+is such a preferred format and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such a preferred format and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such a preferred format and so you
+want to try and get your data into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try and get your data into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try and get your data into these
+tabular formats and the nice thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabular formats and the nice thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabular formats and the nice thing is
+that should that should that if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should that should that if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should that should that if that
+sounds really simple it's because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds really simple it's because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds really simple it's because it is
+really simple lots of people that want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple lots of people that want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple lots of people that want
+you to buy tools that make this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to buy tools that make this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to buy tools that make this process
+complicated because that's how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because that's how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because that's how they
+inject themselves in the process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject themselves in the process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject themselves in the process and
+we've discovered actually you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've discovered actually you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've discovered actually you can do
+world-class MIT quality AI org
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world-class MIT quality AI org
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world-class MIT quality AI org
+with really really simple tools getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with really really simple tools getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with really really simple tools getting
+things in a tabular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a tabular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a tabular
+starting and then how to organize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting and then how to organize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting and then how to organize the
+data how to organize the data in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data how to organize the data in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data how to organize the data in the
+pipeline that Vijay showed which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline that Vijay showed which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline that Vijay showed which is
+pretty standard across a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty standard across a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty standard across a lot of
+applications again there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications again there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications again there's lots of
+applications and tools that will try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and tools that will try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and tools that will try to
+do that for you we've just found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that for you we've just found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that for you we've just found that
+simple folder naming and file naming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple folder naming and file naming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple folder naming and file naming
+schemes get you a long way they require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes get you a long way they require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes get you a long way they require
+no tools and they make it really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no tools and they make it really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no tools and they make it really easy
+for other people to join your project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other people to join your project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other people to join your project
+because they can just look at the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can just look at the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can just look at the data
+and it's pretty clear what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's pretty clear what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's pretty clear what's going on
+and it also makes the data easy to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also makes the data easy to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also makes the data easy to share
+so that's another simple thing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another simple thing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another simple thing and then
+finally I want to talk about every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I want to talk about every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I want to talk about every
+single application we've demoed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single application we've demoed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single application we've demoed here
+involve datasets that were designed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve datasets that were designed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve datasets that were designed for
+sharing designing your data is such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing designing your data is such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing designing your data is such that
+you can give it to others actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can give it to others actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can give it to others actually
+addresses a lot of the data architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses a lot of the data architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses a lot of the data architecture
+problems that you will encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that you will encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that you will encounter
+yourself by thinking about okay how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself by thinking about okay how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself by thinking about okay how do I
+make this data such that I could give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this data such that I could give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this data such that I could give it
+to someone else you're really making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to someone else you're really making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to someone else you're really making it
+much better product for yourself if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better product for yourself if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better product for yourself if
+you're making it to the other people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making it to the other people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making it to the other people can
+join your team much more quickly and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join your team much more quickly and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join your team much more quickly and be
+much more effective and so thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more effective and so thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more effective and so thinking
+about sharing of data is really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sharing of data is really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sharing of data is really an
+important thing and what you'll discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing and what you'll discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing and what you'll discover
+is that generalized sharing of data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that generalized sharing of data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that generalized sharing of data is
+very hard just pointing to a data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard just pointing to a data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard just pointing to a data set
+and saying I want to share it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying I want to share it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying I want to share it is very
+challenging there's a lot of barriers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging there's a lot of barriers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging there's a lot of barriers to
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+but if you have some idea with the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have some idea with the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have some idea with the end
+purposes with the particular application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes with the particular application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes with the particular application
+that you want to share this data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to share this data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to share this data for
+then it becomes a lot easier both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it becomes a lot easier both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it becomes a lot easier both
+technically and administrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically and administrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically and administrator
+and we will talk a little bit about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will talk a little bit about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will talk a little bit about some
+of the administrative burdens that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the administrative burdens that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the administrative burdens that you
+need to go through to share data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go through to share data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go through to share data and
+this is where knowing the purpose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where knowing the purpose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where knowing the purpose in
+this case we want to do particular AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we want to do particular AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we want to do particular AI
+application dramatically simplifies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application dramatically simplifies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application dramatically simplifies the
+the process of doing data shown so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of doing data shown so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of doing data shown so just
+some motivation this is a slide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some motivation this is a slide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some motivation this is a slide that
+Vijay presented earlier and the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vijay presented earlier and the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vijay presented earlier and the big
+thing to emphasize here is we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to emphasize here is we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to emphasize here is we have a
+bunch of breakthroughs and the key is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of breakthroughs and the key is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of breakthroughs and the key is
+the bottom row which says that the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom row which says that the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom row which says that the time
+from algorithm to breakthrough is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from algorithm to breakthrough is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from algorithm to breakthrough is like
+two decades but the time from getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two decades but the time from getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two decades but the time from getting
+data set that is a shareable well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set that is a shareable well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set that is a shareable well
+architected data set to breakthrough was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architected data set to breakthrough was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architected data set to breakthrough was
+much much shorter was only three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much shorter was only three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much shorter was only three years
+and so that's kind of motivation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's kind of motivation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's kind of motivation for the
+fact that why data is so important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that why data is so important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that why data is so important to
+making progress in AI the data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making progress in AI the data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making progress in AI the data is
+actually writing the program as vijay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually writing the program as vijay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually writing the program as vijay
+mentioned in the first lecture and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in the first lecture and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in the first lecture and so
+having data is really important and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having data is really important and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having data is really important and it
+has been often observed that eighty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been often observed that eighty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been often observed that eighty
+percent of the effort associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the effort associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the effort associated with
+building an AI system is data wrangling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building an AI system is data wrangling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building an AI system is data wrangling
+or data architecture as we call it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or data architecture as we call it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or data architecture as we call it and
+one of the benefits of these challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the benefits of these challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the benefits of these challenge
+problems that are these open and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are these open and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are these open and
+shareable datasets is they have done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareable datasets is they have done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareable datasets is they have done a
+lot of that data architecture and data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that data architecture and data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that data architecture and data
+wrangling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrangling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrangling
+for the community which is why they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the community which is why they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the community which is why they're
+able to have a lot of people work on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have a lot of people work on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have a lot of people work on it
+and make progress on it if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make progress on it if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make progress on it if you're doing
+a new application you have to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new application you have to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new application you have to do this
+data architecture data wrangling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data architecture data wrangling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data architecture data wrangling
+yourself and and we're going to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and and we're going to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and and we're going to share
+with you the techniques for doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you the techniques for doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you the techniques for doing that
+effectively and I would say in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively and I would say in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively and I would say in most
+situations this 80% of the effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations this 80% of the effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations this 80% of the effort
+actually is going to discovering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is going to discovering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is going to discovering the
+methods that we are going to cover in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that we are going to cover in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that we are going to cover in a
+few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes
+that is it takes people a long time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it takes people a long time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it takes people a long time to
+figure out how simple tables are good we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how simple tables are good we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how simple tables are good we
+can organize our data that way and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can organize our data that way and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can organize our data that way and just
+having a good set of folder names and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a good set of folder names and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a good set of folder names and
+file names really solves most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file names really solves most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file names really solves most of the
+problems right that's the beauty of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems right that's the beauty of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems right that's the beauty of the
+solution is sound so phenomenally simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is sound so phenomenally simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is sound so phenomenally simple
+how could it possibly work that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could it possibly work that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could it possibly work that's
+actually you know if there's one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know if there's one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know if there's one thing
+we figured out here at MIT is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figured out here at MIT is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figured out here at MIT is that
+simple can be very good and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple can be very good and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple can be very good and very
+powerful so as was mentioned before sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful so as was mentioned before sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful so as was mentioned before sort
+of these neural networks as depicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these neural networks as depicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these neural networks as depicted
+here dry this space of applications most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here dry this space of applications most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here dry this space of applications most
+of the innovations we've seen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the innovations we've seen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the innovations we've seen in the
+past few years have been using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past few years have been using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past few years have been using these
+neural networks this one slide sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks this one slide sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks this one slide sort of
+covers all of neural networks and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers all of neural networks and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers all of neural networks and one
+slide you have the the picture you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide you have the the picture you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide you have the the picture you have
+the input features which are shown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input features which are shown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input features which are shown in
+grey dots you have the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grey dots you have the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grey dots you have the output
+classifications that are shown in blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifications that are shown in blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifications that are shown in blue
+dots and then you have their neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and then you have their neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and then you have their neural
+network and all their various weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and all their various weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and all their various weight
+matrices or weight tables in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices or weight tables in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices or weight tables in the
+if you had one goal in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had one goal in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had one goal in terms of
+understanding AI making a commitment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding AI making a commitment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding AI making a commitment to
+understanding this one slide and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding this one slide and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding this one slide and you
+pretty much understand a good fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much understand a good fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much understand a good fraction
+of the entire field and while you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the entire field and while you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the entire field and while you are
+here at MIT please feel free to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT please feel free to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT please feel free to talk to
+any of us about this slide or these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of us about this slide or these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of us about this slide or these
+concepts and we will work with you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and we will work with you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and we will work with you to
+help you understand it because anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you understand it because anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you understand it because anyone
+who's ever coming to you and offering an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's ever coming to you and offering an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's ever coming to you and offering an
+AI solution that uses neural networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI solution that uses neural networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI solution that uses neural networks
+which is a significant fraction them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a significant fraction them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a significant fraction them
+they're just doing this this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just doing this this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just doing this this is all
+they're doing it's all on this one slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing it's all on this one slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing it's all on this one slide
+many of them by the way do not know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them by the way do not know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them by the way do not know the
+math that the one equation here that sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that the one equation here that sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that the one equation here that sin
+does they have software they play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does they have software they play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does they have software they play with
+knobs but they don't even understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs but they don't even understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs but they don't even understand the
+underlying mathematics and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying mathematics and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying mathematics and just
+understanding this math taking the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding this math taking the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding this math taking the time
+to do it you will know more than anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it you will know more than anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it you will know more than anyone
+who is actually trying to sell you AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is actually trying to sell you AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is actually trying to sell you AI
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now as a Sid said you talk about back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as a Sid said you talk about back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as a Sid said you talk about back
+sighs I just added batches to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sighs I just added batches to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sighs I just added batches to this
+figure to emphasize the fact that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure to emphasize the fact that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure to emphasize the fact that all of
+these letters are mostly uppercase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these letters are mostly uppercase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these letters are mostly uppercase and
+if you want to know one thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to know one thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to know one thing about
+matrix math is the easiest way to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix math is the easiest way to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix math is the easiest way to go
+from a vector equation to a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a vector equation to a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a vector equation to a matrix
+equation is take all the lowercase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is take all the lowercase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is take all the lowercase
+letters and make them uppercase and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and make them uppercase and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and make them uppercase and most
+of the time that actually just works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time that actually just works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time that actually just works in
+fact typically what we do if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact typically what we do if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact typically what we do if you're a
+linear algebraic person is we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebraic person is we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebraic person is we do that
+and see if it breaks anything and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if it breaks anything and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if it breaks anything and if it
+doesn't break anything while we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't break anything while we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't break anything while we assume
+it's right and all these matrices right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right and all these matrices right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right and all these matrices right
+are tabular a matrix it's just a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tabular a matrix it's just a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tabular a matrix it's just a big
+table it's a pretty big spreadsheet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table it's a pretty big spreadsheet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table it's a pretty big spreadsheet so
+basically all of neural networks and AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all of neural networks and AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all of neural networks and AI
+is just about taking spreadsheets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just about taking spreadsheets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just about taking spreadsheets and
+transforming them and so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming them and so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming them and so this is just
+motivation for why these tables are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for why these tables are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for why these tables are so
+important here is this standard pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here is this standard pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here is this standard pipeline
+Vijay talked about it briefly and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vijay talked about it briefly and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vijay talked about it briefly and again
+what we've discovered is that in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've discovered is that in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've discovered is that in most
+data analysis which includes AI this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis which includes AI this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis which includes AI this
+pipeline represents pretty much what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline represents pretty much what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline represents pretty much what
+most applications are doing it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most applications are doing it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most applications are doing it's not
+that any application does all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any application does all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any application does all of that
+but most of the steps in an application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the steps in an application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the steps in an application
+fall into this pipeline basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into this pipeline basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into this pipeline basically you
+have raw data you parse it usually into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have raw data you parse it usually into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have raw data you parse it usually into
+some tabular format you may ingest it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tabular format you may ingest it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tabular format you may ingest it
+into a database you then query that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a database you then query that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a database you then query that
+database for a subset to do analysis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database for a subset to do analysis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database for a subset to do analysis or
+you might scan the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might scan the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might scan the whole
+database if you're doing all the files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database if you're doing all the files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database if you're doing all the files
+if you want to do some application and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do some application and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do some application and
+involve all the data and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve all the data and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve all the data and then you
+analyze it and then you visualize it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it and then you visualize it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it and then you visualize it and
+so this is sort of the big steps in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of the big steps in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of the big steps in a
+pipeline that we see and again most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline that we see and again most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline that we see and again most
+applications we'll see will use three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications we'll see will use three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications we'll see will use three of
+these steps they're not using all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps they're not using all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps they're not using all of
+them but it's a great framework for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but it's a great framework for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but it's a great framework for
+looking at any data analysis pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at any data analysis pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at any data analysis pipeline
+it's easy to use it's easy to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to use it's easy to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to use it's easy to understand
+and it's easy to maintain and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's easy to maintain and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's easy to maintain and those are
+we you know we like all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know we like all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know we like all of those
+features and I'll get into those more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and I'll get into those more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and I'll get into those more
+data and more more detail and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and more more detail and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and more more detail and then
+finally I've already talked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I've already talked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I've already talked with
+significantly about data sharing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly about data sharing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly about data sharing those
+are some examples of the data we put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some examples of the data we put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some examples of the data we put up
+for sharing the moments and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sharing the moments and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sharing the moments and time
+challenge the graph challenge and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge the graph challenge and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge the graph challenge and again
+creating sharing quality data really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating sharing quality data really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating sharing quality data really
+it's not just a service to the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just a service to the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just a service to the community
+it's principally a service to yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's principally a service to yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's principally a service to yourself
+and in fact we've worked with a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we've worked with a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we've worked with a number
+of applications and sponsors where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of applications and sponsors where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of applications and sponsors where we
+help them do this and they find the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them do this and they find the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them do this and they find the data
+than they made shareable is instantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they made shareable is instantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they made shareable is instantly
+the most valuable data in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most valuable data in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most valuable data in their
+organization because it's shareable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization because it's shareable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization because it's shareable
+within their organization to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within their organization to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within their organization to the same
+things that make it shareable to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that make it shareable to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that make it shareable to the
+broader community make it shareable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader community make it shareable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader community make it shareable
+within your organization to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your organization to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your organization to other
+partners especially important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners especially important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners especially important
+and again as I said before Co designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again as I said before Co designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again as I said before Co designing
+the sharing and the purpose of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sharing and the purpose of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sharing and the purpose of the data
+is quite if you need to do that in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite if you need to do that in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite if you need to do that in order
+to do a fective sharing you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a fective sharing you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a fective sharing you can't just
+sort of share data arbitrarily it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of share data arbitrarily it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of share data arbitrarily it's not
+to be very difficult to do but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very difficult to do but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very difficult to do but if you
+have a particular application in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a particular application in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a particular application in mind
+sharing the data is quite simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing the data is quite simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing the data is quite simple and
+I'll get into that later so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get into that later so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get into that later so I'm just
+gonna then sort of hammer home some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna then sort of hammer home some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna then sort of hammer home some of
+these points here so nothing really new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points here so nothing really new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points here so nothing really new
+here just through repeating what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just through repeating what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just through repeating what I've
+already said about these things but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said about these things but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said about these things but with
+having a little bit more attachment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a little bit more attachment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a little bit more attachment to
+them so why do we like tables well we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so why do we like tables well we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so why do we like tables well we've
+been using tables to analyze data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been using tables to analyze data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been using tables to analyze data for
+thousands of years so on the right is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of years so on the right is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of years so on the right is a
+12th century manuscript it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th century manuscript it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th century manuscript it's actually a
+table of tides and if you could read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of tides and if you could read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of tides and if you could read
+Latin and Roman numerals you already can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin and Roman numerals you already can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin and Roman numerals you already can
+tell that it's probably oh there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that it's probably oh there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that it's probably oh there's some
+column there's some roads and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column there's some roads and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column there's some roads and those
+Roman numerals or numbers even 800 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman numerals or numbers even 800 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman numerals or numbers even 800 years
+later we can still see that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we can still see that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we can still see that this is a
+data table and it goes back further you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data table and it goes back further you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data table and it goes back further you
+can find Kamiya form tablets that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find Kamiya form tablets that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find Kamiya form tablets that are
+thousands of years old that are clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of years old that are clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of years old that are clearly
+written in a tabular form so humans have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in a tabular form so humans have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in a tabular form so humans have
+been looking at data in a tabular form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been looking at data in a tabular form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been looking at data in a tabular form
+for for thousands of years part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for thousands of years part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for thousands of years part of that
+is to how our brain is actually wired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to how our brain is actually wired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to how our brain is actually wired
+one the 2d projections since we live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the 2d projections since we live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the 2d projections since we live in
+3d space is the only projection that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d space is the only projection that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d space is the only projection that
+will show you all the data without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you all the data without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you all the data without
+occlusion so if you want to look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occlusion so if you want to look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occlusion so if you want to look at all
+the day that kind of has to be presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day that kind of has to be presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day that kind of has to be presented
+in 2d form we have a 2d optical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2d form we have a 2d optical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2d form we have a 2d optical system
+in addition we have special hardwired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition we have special hardwired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition we have special hardwired
+parts of our eyes the detective vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of our eyes the detective vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of our eyes the detective vertical
+and horizontal lines for presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and horizontal lines for presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and horizontal lines for presumably
+detecting the horizon or trees or who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting the horizon or trees or who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting the horizon or trees or who
+knows what and that makes it very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what and that makes it very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what and that makes it very easy
+for our eyes to look at tabular data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our eyes to look at tabular data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our eyes to look at tabular data and
+because of this tag their data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this tag their data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this tag their data is
+compatible with almost every data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible with almost every data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible with almost every data
+analysis software on earth if I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis software on earth if I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis software on earth if I make
+data analysis software they can't read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis software they can't read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis software they can't read
+tables or write out tables it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables or write out tables it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables or write out tables it's going to
+have a very small market share and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very small market share and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very small market share and this
+is just an example of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just an example of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just an example of some of the
+software out there that is designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software out there that is designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software out there that is designed to
+use tables so whether it be spreadsheets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use tables so whether it be spreadsheets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use tables so whether it be spreadsheets
+or databases for the neural network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or databases for the neural network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or databases for the neural network
+packages that we've already looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages that we've already looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages that we've already looked at
+various languages and libraries and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various languages and libraries and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various languages and libraries and even
+things that you wouldn't think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you wouldn't think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you wouldn't think are
+tabular like hierarchical file formats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabular like hierarchical file formats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabular like hierarchical file formats
+like JSON and XML can actually be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like JSON and XML can actually be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like JSON and XML can actually be made
+compatible with a tabular format so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible with a tabular format so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible with a tabular format so I'm
+just going to walk through these a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to walk through these a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to walk through these a
+little more detail so of course our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail so of course our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail so of course our
+favorite is spreadsheets here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite is spreadsheets here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite is spreadsheets here's an
+example of a spreadsheet on the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a spreadsheet on the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a spreadsheet on the left and
+what's great about it is that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's great about it is that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's great about it is that I have
+four different types of data that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different types of data that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different types of data that are
+very very different and you can all look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very different and you can all look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very different and you can all look
+at them and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them and sort of
+sense of what they long and that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what they long and that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what they long and that just
+shows how flexible this tabular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows how flexible this tabular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows how flexible this tabular
+spreadsheet form is is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet form is is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet form is is that we can
+really it can handle really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it can handle really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it can handle really really
+diverse types of data in a way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse types of data in a way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse types of data in a way that's
+intuitive to us some of the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive to us some of the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive to us some of the biggest
+pieces of software that are you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of software that are you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of software that are you that the
+implements are Microsoft Excel Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements are Microsoft Excel Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements are Microsoft Excel Google
+sheets Apple numbers it's used by about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets Apple numbers it's used by about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets Apple numbers it's used by about
+a hundred million people every day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred million people every day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred million people every day and
+so this is the most popular tool for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the most popular tool for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the most popular tool for
+using data analysis and there's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using data analysis and there's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using data analysis and there's a good
+reason for it and thinking of things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for it and thinking of things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for it and thinking of things in
+a tabular format so they can be pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tabular format so they can be pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tabular format so they can be pulled
+into this really makes communication a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this really makes communication a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this really makes communication a
+lot easier and so again just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot easier and so again just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot easier and so again just from
+hammering home this element of tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammering home this element of tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammering home this element of tables
+within that there's specific formats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that there's specific formats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that there's specific formats
+that we found to be very popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found to be very popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found to be very popular
+so CSV and tsp are just not proprietary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so CSV and tsp are just not proprietary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so CSV and tsp are just not proprietary
+plain text ways of organizing data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain text ways of organizing data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain text ways of organizing data we
+highly encourage people to use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly encourage people to use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly encourage people to use them
+because then it can be used by any tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then it can be used by any tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then it can be used by any tool
+CSV just stands for comma separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSV just stands for comma separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSV just stands for comma separated
+values it's usually file name dot CSV in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values it's usually file name dot CSV in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values it's usually file name dot CSV in
+lower case or file name ducks use to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower case or file name ducks use to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower case or file name ducks use to be
+in uppercase and on all it means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uppercase and on all it means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uppercase and on all it means is that
+the columns so each each row is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns so each each row is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns so each each row is
+terminated by a newline and within each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminated by a newline and within each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminated by a newline and within each
+row the columns are separated by a comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row the columns are separated by a comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row the columns are separated by a comma
+that's all that means we tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that means we tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that means we tend to
+encourage people to use TSV which stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage people to use TSV which stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage people to use TSV which stands
+for tab-separated values because we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tab-separated values because we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tab-separated values because we can
+replace the comma with a tab and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the comma with a tab and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the comma with a tab and that
+allows us to write higher-performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to write higher-performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to write higher-performance
+readers and writers because it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers and writers because it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers and writers because it is not
+uncommon to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon to have
+within a value and so it makes it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a value and so it makes it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a value and so it makes it very
+difficult to sort of write parsers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to sort of write parsers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to sort of write parsers that
+can do that fast but it's okay to say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that fast but it's okay to say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that fast but it's okay to say to
+a person generating data if you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person generating data if you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person generating data if you put a
+tab inside a value that's a file a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tab inside a value that's a file a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tab inside a value that's a file a lot
+you you should do that and so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you should do that and so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you should do that and so that means
+I can read some I can write a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can read some I can write a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can read some I can write a program
+that can read this data really fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can read this data really fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can read this data really fast and
+it can write this data really fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can write this data really fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can write this data really fast and
+that's why in sort of the big data AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why in sort of the big data AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why in sort of the big data AI
+space people often tend to use a TSP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space people often tend to use a TSP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space people often tend to use a TSP and
+again it's easily readable and writable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's easily readable and writable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's easily readable and writable
+by all those spreadsheet programs that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by all those spreadsheet programs that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by all those spreadsheet programs that I
+have said before databases play a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said before databases play a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said before databases play a very
+important role as well there's several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role as well there's several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role as well there's several
+different kinds of types of databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of types of databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of types of databases
+that are called SQL no sequel a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are called SQL no sequel a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are called SQL no sequel a new
+sequel they're good for different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel they're good for different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel they're good for different things
+I won't dwell on that here but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't dwell on that here but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't dwell on that here but there are
+different types of databases all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of databases all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of databases all of them
+operate on tables in fact the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on tables in fact the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on tables in fact the central
+object in a Navis is literally called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in a Navis is literally called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in a Navis is literally called a
+database table and so native aliases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database table and so native aliases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database table and so native aliases
+play an important role I won't go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play an important role I won't go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play an important role I won't go into
+detail here but I just want to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail here but I just want to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail here but I just want to mention
+this likewise you've already had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this likewise you've already had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this likewise you've already had some
+demonstrations of different languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations of different languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations of different languages
+and libraries think everything you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and libraries think everything you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and libraries think everything you saw
+was in Python there's other languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in Python there's other languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in Python there's other languages
+Giulia MATLAB octave are many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Giulia MATLAB octave are many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Giulia MATLAB octave are many other
+languages that play important roles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that play important roles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that play important roles and
+data analysis we've talked about Jupiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis we've talked about Jupiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis we've talked about Jupiter
+notebooks which is a universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebooks which is a universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebooks which is a universe
+so interface to these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so interface to these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so interface to these different
+languages and libraries to allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and libraries to allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and libraries to allow you to
+do data analysis in addition to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do data analysis in addition to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do data analysis in addition to the
+various machine learning tools we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various machine learning tools we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various machine learning tools we've
+talked a lot about tensorflow but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about tensorflow but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about tensorflow but
+there's others they on Oh cat cafe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's others they on Oh cat cafe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's others they on Oh cat cafe and
+video digits all are examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video digits all are examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video digits all are examples of
+different tools for doing AI and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tools for doing AI and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tools for doing AI and again
+they love to ingest tabular data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they love to ingest tabular data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they love to ingest tabular data and
+they're very good at writing out tabular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very good at writing out tabular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very good at writing out tabular
+data completely consistent with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data completely consistent with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data completely consistent with with
+here and then finally I want to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then finally I want to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then finally I want to mention
+XML and JSON which are very popular in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML and JSON which are very popular in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML and JSON which are very popular in
+object oriented languages like C++ Java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object oriented languages like C++ Java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object oriented languages like C++ Java
+and Python those languages rely on data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Python those languages rely on data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Python those languages rely on data
+structures which are basically just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures which are basically just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures which are basically just a
+set of fields and then those fields can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of fields and then those fields can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of fields and then those fields can
+also be data structures and this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be data structures and this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be data structures and this can
+continue on these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue on these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue on these are called
+hierarchical data structures the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical data structures the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical data structures the way
+these languages are organized and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these languages are organized and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these languages are organized and so
+it's very natural for them to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very natural for them to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very natural for them to have
+formats that they can just say write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats that they can just say write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats that they can just say write out
+this whole blob of data and it'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole blob of data and it'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole blob of data and it'll write
+it out into a hierarchical form called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out into a hierarchical form called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out into a hierarchical form called
+XML or JSON
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML or JSON
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML or JSON
+however it's not very human readable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it's not very human readable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it's not very human readable and
+I just told you that all the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just told you that all the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just told you that all the data
+analysis tools want tables which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis tools want tables which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis tools want tables which means
+that these formants aren't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these formants aren't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these formants aren't necessarily
+very good for doing data analysis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good for doing data analysis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good for doing data analysis on
+fortunately we've discovered some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately we've discovered some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately we've discovered some ways
+that we can basically convert these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can basically convert these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can basically convert these
+hierarchical formats into a giant what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical formats into a giant what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical formats into a giant what
+we call sparse table and sparse just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call sparse table and sparse just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call sparse table and sparse just
+means a table where lots of the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a table where lots of the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a table where lots of the value
+entry or I'm sorry are empty thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry or I'm sorry are empty thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry or I'm sorry are empty thought of
+the entries are empty and so we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entries are empty and so we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entries are empty and so we can just
+use that space to represent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that space to represent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that space to represent this
+hierarchy and all the tools we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy and all the tools we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy and all the tools we've just
+talked about can adjust this data pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about can adjust this data pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about can adjust this data pretty
+easily because tables are so popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily because tables are so popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily because tables are so popular
+every single different approach or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single different approach or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single different approach or
+software package and they have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software package and they have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software package and they have a bunch
+of them list listed in the in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them list listed in the in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them list listed in the in the first
+column here assign different names to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column here assign different names to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column here assign different names to
+the standard ways we refer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard ways we refer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard ways we refer to the
+elements of a table and there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of a table and there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of a table and there aren't
+that many so when you think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many so when you think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many so when you think about a
+table there's certain standard terms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table there's certain standard terms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table there's certain standard terms for
+dealing with what do we call the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with what do we call the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with what do we call the table
+in Excel it's called a sheet what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Excel it's called a sheet what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Excel it's called a sheet what we
+what do we how do we refer to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we how do we refer to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we how do we refer to a
+particular row what do we call a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular row what do we call a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular row what do we call a whole
+row how do we refer to a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row how do we refer to a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row how do we refer to a particular
+column what do we call the whole column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column what do we call the whole column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column what do we call the whole column
+what do we call an entry and what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we call an entry and what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we call an entry and what kind
+of math can we do on it and so whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of math can we do on it and so whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of math can we do on it and so whenever
+you're encountering a new piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're encountering a new piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're encountering a new piece of
+software and we deal with it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and we deal with it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and we deal with it all the
+time a lot of times it gets offered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a lot of times it gets offered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a lot of times it gets offered and
+maybe it's related to data analysis it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's related to data analysis it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's related to data analysis it
+seems really really confusing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems really really confusing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems really really confusing it's
+probably working on tables and so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably working on tables and so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably working on tables and so all
+you have to need to learn is what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to need to learn is what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to need to learn is what are
+they calling these things and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they calling these things and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they calling these things and different
+software gives different names just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software gives different names just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software gives different names just for
+arbitrary historical reasons and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary historical reasons and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary historical reasons and so if
+you can figure out what what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure out what what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure out what what it's
+calling these things then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling these things then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling these things then you'll
+discover that the software is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that the software is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that the software is a lot
+easier to understand so we definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to understand so we definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to understand so we definitely
+encourage you to to just map whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to to just map whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to to just map whatever
+software into these concept and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software into these concept and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software into these concept and all the
+sudden life becomes a lot easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden life becomes a lot easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden life becomes a lot easier
+and because tabular data is used so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because tabular data is used so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because tabular data is used so
+commonly whether it be in spreadsheets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly whether it be in spreadsheets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly whether it be in spreadsheets
+or analyzing graphs or databases or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or analyzing graphs or databases or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or analyzing graphs or databases or
+matrices it's a natural interchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices it's a natural interchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices it's a natural interchange
+format so by reading in tabular data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format so by reading in tabular data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format so by reading in tabular data and
+writing out tabular data you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing out tabular data you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing out tabular data you're
+preserving your ability to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving your ability to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving your ability to have that
+soft that data go into any application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft that data go into any application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft that data go into any application
+again you have to be careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have to be careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have to be careful about
+people who want to write proprietary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who want to write proprietary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who want to write proprietary
+formats because they're basically sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats because they're basically sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats because they're basically sort
+of preventing you from basically working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of preventing you from basically working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of preventing you from basically working
+with other tools and other communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other tools and other communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other tools and other communities
+and this is another reason why tabular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is another reason why tabular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is another reason why tabular
+data is so great all right so moving on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is so great all right so moving on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is so great all right so moving on
+here I want to just talk about basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I want to just talk about basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I want to just talk about basic
+files and folders so hopefully you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files and folders so hopefully you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files and folders so hopefully you two
+becoming tables are good that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming tables are good that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming tables are good that's sort of
+lesson one and we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson one and we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson one and we're going to talk about
+how files and folder names well-chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how files and folder names well-chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how files and folder names well-chosen
+is also good right again this sounds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also good right again this sounds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also good right again this sounds so
+obvious but it is really the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious but it is really the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious but it is really the thing that
+we've discovered is working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've discovered is working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've discovered is working with
+thousands of MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of MIT
+Searchers over the past decade that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Searchers over the past decade that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Searchers over the past decade that
+these are the sort of fundamentals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the sort of fundamentals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the sort of fundamentals that
+told you out I've already mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you out I've already mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you out I've already mentioned this
+pipeline that you talked about it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline that you talked about it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline that you talked about it's a
+way we organize the the data it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we organize the the data it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we organize the the data it's easy
+to build it has built-in tools in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build it has built-in tools in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build it has built-in tools in every
+single computer you have to support this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single computer you have to support this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single computer you have to support this
+to just create folders and files that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just create folders and files that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just create folders and files that
+means it has no technical back that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it has no technical back that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it has no technical back that is
+you never have to worry about if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never have to worry about if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never have to worry about if you
+have folders and files that in ten years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have folders and files that in ten years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have folders and files that in ten years
+oh my god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my god
+folders and files are gonna go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folders and files are gonna go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folders and files are gonna go away
+they've been around for 50 years in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been around for 50 years in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been around for 50 years in
+pretty much their present form we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much their present form we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much their present form we don't
+anticipate them changing they're easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate them changing they're easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate them changing they're easier
+to understand I was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand I was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand I was talking about
+tablets already talking about tabular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablets already talking about tabular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablets already talking about tabular
+file formats and how useful they are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file formats and how useful they are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file formats and how useful they are and
+we will talk about a simple naming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about a simple naming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about a simple naming
+scheme for your data files ai requires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme for your data files ai requires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme for your data files ai requires a
+lot of data which means often thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of data which means often thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of data which means often thousands
+or millions of files having good schemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or millions of files having good schemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or millions of files having good schemes
+for naming them really helps you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for naming them really helps you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for naming them really helps you and
+helps share the data amongst people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps share the data amongst people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps share the data amongst people in
+your team they can just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team they can just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team they can just look at the
+folders and files and I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folders and files and I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folders and files and I sort of
+understand what's going on and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on and again
+this folder structure is very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this folder structure is very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this folder structure is very easy to
+maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain
+it doesn't require any special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't require any special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't require any special
+technology and anyone can look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and anyone can look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and anyone can look at it
+getting into some more detail about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into some more detail about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into some more detail about
+those table formats some sort of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those table formats some sort of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those table formats some sort of real
+truth in the weeds types of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth in the weeds types of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth in the weeds types of things that
+are really important if I just talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really important if I just talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really important if I just talked
+about you wanna avoid proprietary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you wanna avoid proprietary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you wanna avoid proprietary
+formats if you can using CSV and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats if you can using CSV and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats if you can using CSV and
+see are great they might be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see are great they might be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see are great they might be a little
+bulkier you can compress them no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulkier you can compress them no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulkier you can compress them no problem
+with doing that then you get pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with doing that then you get pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with doing that then you get pretty much
+all the benefits of a proprietary format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the benefits of a proprietary format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the benefits of a proprietary format
+but in a way that's generally usable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a way that's generally usable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a way that's generally usable
+within a within a TSP or CSV file it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a within a TSP or CSV file it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a within a TSP or CSV file it's
+good practice to make sure that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good practice to make sure that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good practice to make sure that each
+column label is unique so that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column label is unique so that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column label is unique so that that's
+actually a big help you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a big help you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a big help you don't want to
+have essentially the same column label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have essentially the same column label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have essentially the same column label
+or column name occur over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or column name occur over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or column name occur over and over again
+and likewise is helpful if if the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise is helpful if if the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise is helpful if if the first
+column are the row labels and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column are the row labels and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column are the row labels and those are
+each unique as well and just those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each unique as well and just those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each unique as well and just those two
+practices make it a lot easier to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices make it a lot easier to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices make it a lot easier to to
+read and organize the data otherwise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and organize the data otherwise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and organize the data otherwise you
+end up having to do various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up having to do various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up having to do various
+transformations if a lot of the entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations if a lot of the entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations if a lot of the entries
+are empty ie the table is very sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are empty ie the table is very sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are empty ie the table is very sparse
+there's another format we use which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another format we use which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another format we use which is
+called sometimes called triples format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called sometimes called triples format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called sometimes called triples format
+basically every single entry in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every single entry in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every single entry in the
+table can be referred to by its row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table can be referred to by its row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table can be referred to by its row
+label its column label and its value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label its column label and its value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label its column label and its value
+that's forms a triple so you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's forms a triple so you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's forms a triple so you can just
+write another file can be a TSP file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write another file can be a TSP file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write another file can be a TSP file
+that has three columns the first column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has three columns the first column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has three columns the first column
+is the row label the first column is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the row label the first column is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the row label the first column is the
+next the next column is a column label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the next column is a column label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the next column is a column label
+and the next column is the value label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next column is the value label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next column is the value label
+and most software can read this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most software can read this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most software can read this in
+pretty nicely it's a very convenient way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nicely it's a very convenient way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nicely it's a very convenient way
+dealing with very very sparse data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with very very sparse data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with very very sparse data
+without losing any benefits so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without losing any benefits so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without losing any benefits so that's a
+very good thing in terms of actual file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good thing in terms of actual file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good thing in terms of actual file
+naming as I said before you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming as I said before you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming as I said before you want to
+avoid having lots of tiny files most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid having lots of tiny files most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid having lots of tiny files most
+file systems most data systems do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file systems most data systems do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file systems most data systems do not
+work with small files really well you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with small files really well you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with small files really well you do
+want to compress that decompression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compress that decompression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compress that decompression
+doesn't take much time it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take much time it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take much time it's usually
+quite beneficial and so it's better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite beneficial and so it's better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite beneficial and so it's better to
+have fewer larger files a sweet spot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fewer larger files a sweet spot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fewer larger files a sweet spot for
+a long time has been filed sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time has been filed sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time has been filed sort of in
+the 1 Vega byte 200 megabyte range this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 Vega byte 200 megabyte range this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 Vega byte 200 megabyte range this
+1 megabyte is big enough so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 megabyte is big enough so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 megabyte is big enough so that you can
+read it in and give high bandwidth get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it in and give high bandwidth get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it in and give high bandwidth get
+the data into your program quickly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data into your program quickly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data into your program quickly and
+up to a hundred megabyte once you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a hundred megabyte once you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a hundred megabyte once you start
+going beyond that you maybe can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going beyond that you maybe can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going beyond that you maybe can start
+exhausting the memory of your computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhausting the memory of your computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhausting the memory of your computer
+or your processor and so this is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your processor and so this is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your processor and so this is 1
+megabytes a 100 megabyte range has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabytes a 100 megabyte range has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabytes a 100 megabyte range has been
+a sweet spot for quite a while you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sweet spot for quite a while you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sweet spot for quite a while you want
+to keep directories 2 less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep directories 2 less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep directories 2 less than a
+thousand files that's pretty common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand files that's pretty common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand files that's pretty common
+nowadays creating directories with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays creating directories with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays creating directories with a
+really large number of files files so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large number of files files so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large number of files files so
+most systems don't really like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most systems don't really like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most systems don't really like that
+you'll find it's also hard to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find it's also hard to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find it's also hard to work with
+and so that's something you want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's something you want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's something you want to keep
+your directories less than a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your directories less than a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your directories less than a thousand
+and so you do that by using hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you do that by using hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you do that by using hierarchical
+directories and so when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories and so when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories and so when it comes to
+naming files to things that tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming files to things that tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming files to things that tend to be
+pretty Universal is source and time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty Universal is source and time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty Universal is source and time of
+data right there's when you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right there's when you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right there's when you when you
+call it where you collected it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it where you collected it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it where you collected it
+when you collected it are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you collected it are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you collected it are pretty
+fundamental aspects that you can rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental aspects that you can rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental aspects that you can rely on
+being a part of almost all of datasets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a part of almost all of datasets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a part of almost all of datasets
+and so this is a simple naming scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a simple naming scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a simple naming scheme
+that we use that we find is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use that we find is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use that we find is very
+accessible we just create a hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible we just create a hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible we just create a hierarchical
+directory here begins with source and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory here begins with source and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory here begins with source and
+then we have the years the months the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the years the months the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the years the months the
+days the hours and this however far you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days the hours and this however far you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days the hours and this however far you
+need to go to kind of hit your sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go to kind of hit your sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go to kind of hit your sort of
+thousand files per folder window and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand files per folder window and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand files per folder window and
+then we repeat all that name but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we repeat all that name but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we repeat all that name but from
+the file name itself so there's the file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the file name itself so there's the file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the file name itself so there's the file
+ever gets separated from its directory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever gets separated from its directory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever gets separated from its directory
+structure you still have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you still have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you still have that
+information and that's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and that's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and that's really important
+because it's easy for files to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's easy for files to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's easy for files to get
+separated and then you know it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated and then you know it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated and then you know it's like a
+kid wandering around without his parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid wandering around without his parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid wandering around without his parents
+so but if it's got a little label on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but if it's got a little label on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but if it's got a little label on it
+you know it says this is my address then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it says this is my address then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it says this is my address then
+you can get that get the kid back home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get that get the kid back home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get that get the kid back home
+so and likewise sometimes you'll do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and likewise sometimes you'll do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and likewise sometimes you'll do the
+time first and then source it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time first and then source it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time first and then source it really
+depends on the application they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the application they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the application they're both
+both fun but this again it sounds really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both fun but this again it sounds really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both fun but this again it sounds really
+simple but it it solves a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but it it solves a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but it it solves a lot of
+problems if you give data to people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems if you give data to people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems if you give data to people in
+this form they're going to know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form they're going to know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form they're going to know what it
+means right it doesn't require a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means right it doesn't require a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means right it doesn't require a lot of
+explanations like dates are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations like dates are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations like dates are pretty
+obvious source names are pretty obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious source names are pretty obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious source names are pretty obvious
+and then they can basically work through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they can basically work through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they can basically work through
+it pretty nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pretty nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pretty nicely
+my databases and files can work together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my databases and files can work together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my databases and files can work together
+you'll have some people like we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have some people like we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have some people like we do
+everything with files or we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with files or we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with files or we do
+everything with databases they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with databases they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with databases they do
+different things they serve different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things they serve different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things they serve different
+purposes so databases are good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes so databases are good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes so databases are good for
+quickly finding a small amount of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly finding a small amount of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly finding a small amount of data
+being a big data set so if I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a big data set so if I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a big data set so if I'm going to
+look up a little bit of data and a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up a little bit of data and a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up a little bit of data and a big
+data set that's what databases do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set that's what databases do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set that's what databases do well
+likewise if I want to read a ton of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise if I want to read a ton of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise if I want to read a ton of data
+like all of the data and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all of the data and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all of the data and I want to
+analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze
+that's what file systems do well so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what file systems do well so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what file systems do well so you
+a lot of times keep them both around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times keep them both around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times keep them both around you
+have databases for looking up little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have databases for looking up little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have databases for looking up little
+elements quickly and you have files in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements quickly and you have files in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements quickly and you have files in
+data and file system if I want to read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and file system if I want to read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and file system if I want to read a
+lot of data so they work together very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of data so they work together very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of data so they work together very
+harmoniously they serve different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmoniously they serve different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmoniously they serve different
+purposes and again different databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes and again different databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes and again different databases
+are good for different things I won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good for different things I won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good for different things I won't be
+later these you can read them yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later these you can read them yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later these you can read them yourself
+but there are a variety of database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are a variety of database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are a variety of database
+technologies out there they serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies out there they serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies out there they serve
+different purposes so let me talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different purposes so let me talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different purposes so let me talk about
+the folder structure a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the folder structure a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the folder structure a little bit more
+detail this is getting really like it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail this is getting really like it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail this is getting really like it is
+really just this simple when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just this simple when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just this simple when we talk
+about our standard pipeline it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our standard pipeline it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our standard pipeline it's just a
+bunch of folders that we made like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of folders that we made like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of folders that we made like we
+show on the right so every unit we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show on the right so every unit we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show on the right so every unit we have
+an overall folder that we usually call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overall folder that we usually call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overall folder that we usually call
+pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline
+and then we basically labeled each step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we basically labeled each step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we basically labeled each step
+with step zero step one so people know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with step zero step one so people know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with step zero step one so people know
+which is the beginning and which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the beginning and which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the beginning and which is the
+end and what's happening in there so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and what's happening in there so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and what's happening in there so we
+have steps you're a rock step one parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have steps you're a rock step one parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have steps you're a rock step one parts
+step to ingest step three query step for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step to ingest step three query step for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step to ingest step three query step for
+analysis step five five is it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis step five five is it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis step five five is it is
+if you're doing that and then within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing that and then within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing that and then within
+each one of those within each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those within each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those within each one of
+these will have a folder will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will have a folder will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will have a folder will have a
+readme which basically tells people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readme which basically tells people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readme which basically tells people
+something about okay what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about okay what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about okay what's going on
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+those reading these are really good even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those reading these are really good even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those reading these are really good even
+if you never share this data with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you never share this data with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you never share this data with
+anybody else as you get on in life you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else as you get on in life you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else as you get on in life you
+will often be asked to revisit things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will often be asked to revisit things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will often be asked to revisit things
+and just having this information so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just having this information so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just having this information so that
+two years later you can go back and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years later you can go back and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years later you can go back and look
+at it is really really helpful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it is really really helpful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it is really really helpful and
+because otherwise you'll discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise you'll discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise you'll discover that
+you don't remember what it is you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't remember what it is you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't remember what it is you were
+doing so you write a little read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so you write a little read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so you write a little read
+easement to give you some information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easement to give you some information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easement to give you some information
+about what's going on and then within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on and then within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on and then within
+each staff there's usually read me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each staff there's usually read me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each staff there's usually read me that
+talk to you about what the instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you about what the instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you about what the instructions
+in here and then we have a folder called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and then we have a folder called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and then we have a folder called
+code and folder called data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and folder called data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and folder called data and
+basically the code describes how you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the code describes how you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the code describes how you put
+data into this folder so in the step 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data into this folder so in the step 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data into this folder so in the step 0
+raw this is often the code maybe for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw this is often the code maybe for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw this is often the code maybe for
+downloading the data from the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading the data from the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading the data from the internet
+or down or how you collected the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or down or how you collected the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or down or how you collected the data
+that's the code that basically puts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the code that basically puts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the code that basically puts the
+data into that folder and then with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data into that folder and then with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data into that folder and then with
+in the next hole to hear parse this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next hole to hear parse this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next hole to hear parse this is
+the code that takes this raw data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code that takes this raw data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code that takes this raw data and
+parses it and puts it into this folder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parses it and puts it into this folder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parses it and puts it into this folder
+and then for ingest you know this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for ingest you know this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for ingest you know this will
+be the code that takes the data from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the code that takes the data from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the code that takes the data from the
+parsed form sticks to the database and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsed form sticks to the database and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsed form sticks to the database and
+these might be the log files of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these might be the log files of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these might be the log files of the
+database entry so a lot of times when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database entry so a lot of times when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database entry so a lot of times when
+you ingest data into a database you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ingest data into a database you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ingest data into a database you'll
+have log files in the keep track of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have log files in the keep track of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have log files in the keep track of what
+that happened and likewise this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened and likewise this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened and likewise this
+continues on down so very simple and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues on down so very simple and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues on down so very simple and you
+and I would offer to you if you someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would offer to you if you someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would offer to you if you someone
+gave you this and you looked at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you this and you looked at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you this and you looked at it
+without any documentation you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any documentation you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any documentation you probably
+have a pretty good idea of what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pretty good idea of what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pretty good idea of what's going
+on oh this is some kind of pipeline I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on oh this is some kind of pipeline I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on oh this is some kind of pipeline I
+wonder where it begins probably step 0 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder where it begins probably step 0 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder where it begins probably step 0 I
+wonder what that is it's probably raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder what that is it's probably raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder what that is it's probably raw
+data right it's that simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right it's that simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right it's that simple
+and this just makes it so easy the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just makes it so easy the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just makes it so easy the more
+you can give stuff to people and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can give stuff to people and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can give stuff to people and they
+could just understand it without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just understand it without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just understand it without any
+additional explanation that's incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional explanation that's incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional explanation that's incredibly
+valuable and again allows your teams to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable and again allows your teams to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable and again allows your teams to
+contribute quickly to projects and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute quickly to projects and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute quickly to projects and then
+finally we'll add a little thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we'll add a little thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we'll add a little thing here
+which is a data file list this is a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a data file list this is a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a data file list this is a list
+of the full names of all the data files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the full names of all the data files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the full names of all the data files
+because especially on our systems people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because especially on our systems people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because especially on our systems people
+are often processing lots of data which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often processing lots of data which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often processing lots of data which
+contain millions of files if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain millions of files if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain millions of files if you're
+going to be using many processors to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using many processors to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using many processors to do
+that it's it really punishes the file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's it really punishes the file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's it really punishes the file
+system if you ask a thousand processors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you ask a thousand processors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you ask a thousand processors
+to all Traverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all Traverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all Traverse
+a data directory and build up the file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data directory and build up the file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data directory and build up the file
+name so they can figure out which files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name so they can figure out which files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name so they can figure out which files
+they should each process that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should each process that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should each process that really
+that's actually a great way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a great way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a great way to get
+kicked off a computer is to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicked off a computer is to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicked off a computer is to have a
+thousand processes all doing LS dash L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand processes all doing LS dash L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand processes all doing LS dash L
+on all the folders in a directory with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all the folders in a directory with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all the folders in a directory with
+millions of files right people bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of files right people bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of files right people bring the
+file system to its knees so if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file system to its knees so if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file system to its knees so if you just
+have this one file that you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this one file that you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this one file that you generate
+once and lifts all the names of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and lifts all the names of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and lifts all the names of the
+files then every single process can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files then every single process can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files then every single process can just
+read in that file pick up which files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in that file pick up which files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in that file pick up which files
+they want to read and then do their work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to read and then do their work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to read and then do their work
+and then even know what the names to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then even know what the names to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then even know what the names to
+write the files are and that's really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the files are and that's really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the files are and that's really a
+very efficient way dramatically speeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient way dramatically speeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient way dramatically speeds
+up your processing and keeps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up your processing and keeps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up your processing and keeps the
+pressure on the file system at a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure on the file system at a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure on the file system at a minimum
+in addition if you just want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition if you just want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition if you just want to look at
+what you have you don't have to type LS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have you don't have to type LS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have you don't have to type LS
+to list the directory which might take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to list the directory which might take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to list the directory which might take a
+while you could just look in this file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you could just look in this file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you could just look in this file
+and see what what do I have right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what what do I have right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what what do I have right it's
+very convenient to be able to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient to be able to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient to be able to know what
+what the datasets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the datasets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the datasets
+alright you could go in there you see oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright you could go in there you see oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright you could go in there you see oh
+I see all these you know timestamps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see all these you know timestamps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see all these you know timestamps and
+sources I know what I have right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources I know what I have right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources I know what I have right it
+makes it really easy for people to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it really easy for people to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it really easy for people to get
+through this so finally I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this so finally I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this so finally I want to talk
+about using a charity and so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about using a charity and so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about using a charity and so again
+co.design using and sharing together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co.design using and sharing together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co.design using and sharing together
+most data that she will deal with starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most data that she will deal with starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most data that she will deal with starts
+out unusable and um shareable as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out unusable and um shareable as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out unusable and um shareable as the
+data is not suited for the perf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is not suited for the perf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is not suited for the perf
+you wanted to use it for and do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to use it for and do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to use it for and do not have
+permission to share it with anybody and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to share it with anybody and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to share it with anybody and
+so if you understand the data and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you understand the data and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you understand the data and its
+purpose you can get through both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose you can get through both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose you can get through both of
+those problems so really practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems so really practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems so really practical
+aspects here of data sharing we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects here of data sharing we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects here of data sharing we're gonna
+talk about a few different roles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a few different roles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a few different roles that
+are very common in data sharing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very common in data sharing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very common in data sharing the
+first is the keeper of the data this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is the keeper of the data this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is the keeper of the data this is
+the actual person who has the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual person who has the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual person who has the ability to
+make the copy of the data you can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the copy of the data you can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the copy of the data you can talk
+to lots of people but until you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lots of people but until you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lots of people but until you find the
+keeper of the data you haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeper of the data you haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeper of the data you haven't really
+gotten anywhere right because logs as oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten anywhere right because logs as oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten anywhere right because logs as oh
+yes we have data and we can share it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we have data and we can share it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we have data and we can share it or
+we can give it to its center and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can give it to its center and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can give it to its center and there's
+someone who can eventually type a copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who can eventually type a copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who can eventually type a copy
+command to the data you want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command to the data you want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command to the data you want to find
+that person that's the person you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person that's the person you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person that's the person you really
+need to work with they're the one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to work with they're the one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to work with they're the one person
+who can really really help you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can really really help you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can really really help you because
+they actually have hands-on access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually have hands-on access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually have hands-on access to
+the data so you want to find that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so you want to find that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so you want to find that then
+you want to get a sample or copy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get a sample or copy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get a sample or copy the
+data to your team to assess it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to your team to assess it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to your team to assess it is
+always good to do good OPSEC which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always good to do good OPSEC which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always good to do good OPSEC which is
+good operational security which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good operational security which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good operational security which means
+fewer accounts fewer people having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer accounts fewer people having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer accounts fewer people having
+access is better a lot of times people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access is better a lot of times people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access is better a lot of times people
+say oh here's the data give me a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh here's the data give me a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh here's the data give me a list of
+names that you want to have access to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names that you want to have access to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names that you want to have access to it
+if you provide them one name that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you provide them one name that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you provide them one name that's
+often pretty easy to get approved if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often pretty easy to get approved if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often pretty easy to get approved if you
+provide ten names now questions will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide ten names now questions will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide ten names now questions will
+happen why are we giving ten people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen why are we giving ten people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen why are we giving ten people
+access to this data you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to this data you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to this data you don't really
+need ten people to have access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need ten people to have access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need ten people to have access to the
+data you can just have one person get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you can just have one person get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you can just have one person get
+the data on after the team that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data on after the team that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data on after the team that's
+relatively easy to prove you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy to prove you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy to prove you start
+giving a list of twenty names have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a list of twenty names have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a list of twenty names have
+accidents and that might just end the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents and that might just end the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents and that might just end the
+exercise right there and once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise right there and once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise right there and once the
+question starts happening you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question starts happening you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question starts happening you'll
+discover well maybe we've lost that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover well maybe we've lost that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover well maybe we've lost that
+money and we need to move on to someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and we need to move on to someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and we need to move on to someone
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+so and guess what that keeper do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and guess what that keeper do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and guess what that keeper do they
+like you now that they've raised all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you now that they've raised all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you now that they've raised all
+kinds of questions because something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of questions because something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of questions because something
+they thought was okay well now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought was okay well now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought was okay well now we're
+people no you may no longer have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people no you may no longer have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people no you may no longer have a
+friend right so you've lost a friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend right so you've lost a friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend right so you've lost a friend
+you've lost the sorts of data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've lost the sorts of data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've lost the sorts of data so
+minimizing the access to the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the access to the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the access to the data
+getting just the people access to who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting just the people access to who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting just the people access to who
+need you to make it to make your next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you to make it to make your next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you to make it to make your next
+step really good practice I have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step really good practice I have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step really good practice I have been
+that keeper I had been the person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keeper I had been the person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keeper I had been the person who
+has to approve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to approve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to approve
+and nothing makes me sort of shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing makes me sort of shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing makes me sort of shut
+something down quicker than someone says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something down quicker than someone says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something down quicker than someone says
+well I want 20 people to have a census
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I want 20 people to have a census
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I want 20 people to have a census
+I'm like well no zero works for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like well no zero works for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like well no zero works for me
+that's a that's a number in 20 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a number in 20 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a number in 20 right
+that's one of the numbers there how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the numbers there how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the numbers there how
+about zero that works for me so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about zero that works for me so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about zero that works for me so then
+once you get a copy of the data you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get a copy of the data you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get a copy of the data you then
+convert a sample of it to a tabular form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert a sample of it to a tabular form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert a sample of it to a tabular form
+you can identify the useful columns or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can identify the useful columns or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can identify the useful columns or
+features in that and then you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in that and then you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in that and then you can get
+rid of the rest that's a huge service to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the rest that's a huge service to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the rest that's a huge service to
+your community is if you have a volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your community is if you have a volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your community is if you have a volume
+of data you know like all of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data you know like all of this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data you know like all of this stuff
+is not going to be useful now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be useful now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be useful now you're
+just giving people useful data that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giving people useful data that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giving people useful data that's
+really really valuable that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really valuable that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really valuable that's sort of
+written and since you're talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written and since you're talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written and since you're talking to
+keeper of the data they may have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeper of the data they may have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeper of the data they may have the
+most information about what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most information about what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most information about what these
+different columns or features mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different columns or features mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different columns or features mean
+that's not a conversation that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a conversation that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a conversation that a lot of
+people are going to get to have and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to get to have and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to get to have and so
+you get to help your whole team by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to help your whole team by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to help your whole team by
+saying oh we know these columns mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh we know these columns mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh we know these columns mean
+this they're not relevant let's get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they're not relevant let's get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they're not relevant let's get rid
+of them that's a huge service to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them that's a huge service to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them that's a huge service to your
+community it's less data it makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community it's less data it makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community it's less data it makes it
+easier to release you then make it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to release you then make it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to release you then make it well
+if there are is data columns or features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are is data columns or features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are is data columns or features
+that are sensitive in some way there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sensitive in some way there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sensitive in some way there's a
+variety of techniques you can use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of techniques you can use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of techniques you can use to
+minimize anonymize possibly simulate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize anonymize possibly simulate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize anonymize possibly simulate or
+use surrogate information to make it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use surrogate information to make it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use surrogate information to make it so
+that you can share that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can share that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can share that data
+and there's lots of techniques but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's lots of techniques but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's lots of techniques but we
+need those are only applicable when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need those are only applicable when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need those are only applicable when you
+know your application so if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your application so if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your application so if I look at
+this data and I see this one column that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data and I see this one column that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data and I see this one column that
+might be sensitive but valuable for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be sensitive but valuable for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be sensitive but valuable for my
+application I can often come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application I can often come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application I can often come up with a
+minimization scheme that will work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization scheme that will work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization scheme that will work for
+that because all data analysis based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because all data analysis based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because all data analysis based on
+tables which is mathematically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables which is mathematically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables which is mathematically just
+matrices one of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices one of the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices one of the fundamental
+properties of matrices that we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of matrices that we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of matrices that we really
+really like is that reordering the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like is that reordering the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like is that reordering the rows
+of the columns doesn't change any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the columns doesn't change any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the columns doesn't change any of the
+math that's kind of like the big deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that's kind of like the big deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that's kind of like the big deal of
+matrices and tables you can move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and tables you can move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and tables you can move the
+Rope reorder the roads really columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rope reorder the roads really columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rope reorder the roads really columns
+and everything should still just work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything should still just work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything should still just work
+which means if you re label the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means if you re label the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means if you re label the columns
+or leave re label the rows things should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or leave re label the rows things should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or leave re label the rows things should
+still just work and you'll get the be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still just work and you'll get the be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still just work and you'll get the be
+able to do the science you need so a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do the science you need so a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do the science you need so a lot
+of times when you share data with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times when you share data with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times when you share data with
+researchers information that normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers information that normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers information that normally
+you would delete that you would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would delete that you would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would delete that you would think
+would be valuable someone else the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be valuable someone else the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be valuable someone else the
+reasons like I don't care right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons like I don't care right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons like I don't care right
+it doesn't change as long as it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't change as long as it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't change as long as it doesn't
+change fun something fundamental about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change fun something fundamental about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change fun something fundamental about
+the structure of the data I can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the data I can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the data I can work
+with that and again that's something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and again that's something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and again that's something you
+would never know unless you have an in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never know unless you have an in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never know unless you have an in
+purpose in mind so then you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose in mind so then you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose in mind so then you want to
+obtain a preliminary approval to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a preliminary approval to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a preliminary approval to take
+and I have the data set I've worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have the data set I've worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have the data set I've worked with
+the keeper is OK for me to share this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keeper is OK for me to share this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keeper is OK for me to share this
+the broader set of people to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broader set of people to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broader set of people to make sure
+that they they like it too that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they they like it too that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they they like it too that's
+usually easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually easy
+it's just a small sample and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a small sample and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a small sample and then you
+can test with your AI users you repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can test with your AI users you repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can test with your AI users you repeat
+this process until you basically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process until you basically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process until you basically have
+Dan's like if this is what we want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan's like if this is what we want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan's like if this is what we want this
+is we want to share and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we want to share and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we want to share and then you can
+sort of go through the process of how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of go through the process of how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of go through the process of how do
+we really get an agreement in place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really get an agreement in place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really get an agreement in place to
+do that you also then create the folder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that you also then create the folder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that you also then create the folder
+naming structure for scaling out to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming structure for scaling out to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming structure for scaling out to more
+data files and then finally what's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data files and then finally what's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data files and then finally what's great
+is if you can then automate this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you can then automate this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you can then automate this process
+process at the Dana Boehner's site it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process at the Dana Boehner's site it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process at the Dana Boehner's site it's
+tremendously valuable then you have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously valuable then you have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously valuable then you have just
+gifted them a data architecture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifted them a data architecture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifted them a data architecture that
+makes their data AI ready and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes their data AI ready and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes their data AI ready and then
+moving forward they can now share with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving forward they can now share with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving forward they can now share with
+you within their own organization or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you within their own organization or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you within their own organization or
+with others right so this is incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with others right so this is incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with others right so this is incredibly
+valuable right we said data architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable right we said data architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable right we said data architecture
+and wrangling is often 80% of the effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wrangling is often 80% of the effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wrangling is often 80% of the effort
+you do this you've now eliminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this you've now eliminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this you've now eliminated
+potentially 80% of the efforts of anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially 80% of the efforts of anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially 80% of the efforts of anyone
+else who ever wants to do data analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else who ever wants to do data analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else who ever wants to do data analysis
+of AI on this data right this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AI on this data right this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AI on this data right this is a
+phenomenally huge win for anyone that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenally huge win for anyone that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenally huge win for anyone that
+you partner with is to give them a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you partner with is to give them a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you partner with is to give them a very
+simple data architecture they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple data architecture they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple data architecture they can
+maintain going forward it's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain going forward it's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain going forward it's a huge
+savings to them alright so another roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings to them alright so another roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings to them alright so another roll
+we want to talk about is the data on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to talk about is the data on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to talk about is the data on our
+subject matter expert or Smith so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter expert or Smith so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter expert or Smith so we've
+talked about the keeper of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the keeper of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the keeper of the data
+there's often a subject matter expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's often a subject matter expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's often a subject matter expert
+but associated with the data that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but associated with the data that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but associated with the data that is an
+advocate right the keepers often like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocate right the keepers often like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocate right the keepers often like to
+pay I maintain the data I do with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay I maintain the data I do with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay I maintain the data I do with these
+subject matter experts tell me to do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter experts tell me to do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter experts tell me to do but
+there's someone out there who's wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's someone out there who's wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's someone out there who's wants to
+help you get the data because they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you get the data because they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you get the data because they see
+it's going to be valuable to you and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be valuable to you and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be valuable to you and all
+these AI data products are generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these AI data products are generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these AI data products are generally
+best made by people with am knowledge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best made by people with am knowledge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best made by people with am knowledge so
+it's we're highly motivated to engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we're highly motivated to engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we're highly motivated to engage
+with these subject matter experts pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these subject matter experts pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these subject matter experts pull
+them into the AI community so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into the AI community so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into the AI community so they can
+see the best practices that will allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the best practices that will allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the best practices that will allow
+them to understand which data they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to understand which data they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to understand which data they have
+how it might be useful to AI and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it might be useful to AI and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it might be useful to AI and how it
+how to prepare it so that's better so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to prepare it so that's better so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to prepare it so that's better so
+whenever we get engaged with subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we get engaged with subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we get engaged with subject
+matter experts and other communities you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter experts and other communities you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter experts and other communities you
+know at data owners we really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at data owners we really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at data owners we really want to
+pull them into the community have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull them into the community have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull them into the community have them
+come to our environment so they can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to our environment so they can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to our environment so they can see
+what's going on and help us identify new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on and help us identify new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on and help us identify new
+data sets and help make those data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets and help make those data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets and help make those data sets
+appropriate for our consumption so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for our consumption so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for our consumption so one
+of the big things you'll run into is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big things you'll run into is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big things you'll run into is
+that there are concerns with sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are concerns with sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are concerns with sharing
+data that is there's a lot of confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that is there's a lot of confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that is there's a lot of confusion
+about the liability of sharing data with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the liability of sharing data with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the liability of sharing data with
+researchers and data owners often have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers and data owners often have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers and data owners often have
+to think about the lowest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the lowest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the lowest common
+denominator if it's a company they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator if it's a company they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator if it's a company they have
+to think about us and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about us and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about us and he
+and other requirements all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other requirements all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other requirements all kinds of
+different frameworks for thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frameworks for thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frameworks for thinking about
+that the good news is there are standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the good news is there are standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the good news is there are standard
+practices that meet these requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices that meet these requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices that meet these requirements
+and I'm going to list what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to list what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to list what these
+standard practices are we have worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard practices are we have worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard practices are we have worked
+with many folks who've tried to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many folks who've tried to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many folks who've tried to share
+data successfully and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data successfully and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data successfully and these are the
+properties of successful data sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of successful data sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of successful data sharing
+activities and the activities that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and the activities that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and the activities that don't
+do these things often are unsuccessful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these things often are unsuccessful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these things often are unsuccessful
+we didn't invent any of this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't invent any of this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't invent any of this this is
+just our observations from working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just our observations from working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just our observations from working with
+many people who tried to share data one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people who tried to share data one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people who tried to share data one
+you want data available the curated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want data available the curated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want data available the curated
+repositories just taking data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repositories just taking data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repositories just taking data and
+posting it somewhere without proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posting it somewhere without proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posting it somewhere without proper
+curation really does no good for anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curation really does no good for anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curation really does no good for anyone
+you want to use standard anonymization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use standard anonymization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use standard anonymization
+methods where needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods where needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods where needed
+Aisling sampling simulation I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aisling sampling simulation I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aisling sampling simulation I've already
+talked about those but those do work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about those but those do work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about those but those do work
+particularly when they are coupled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when they are coupled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when they are coupled with
+access requires registration with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access requires registration with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access requires registration with a
+repository and legitimate need so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository and legitimate need so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository and legitimate need so
+there's a data agreement associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a data agreement associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a data agreement associated with
+getting the you know getting the data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the you know getting the data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the you know getting the data in
+some way shape or form and those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way shape or form and those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way shape or form and those two
+together really really work well and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together really really work well and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together really really work well and you
+also want to focus on getting the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to focus on getting the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to focus on getting the data
+to the people who are actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the people who are actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the people who are actually going to
+add value to it so one of the misnomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add value to it so one of the misnomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add value to it so one of the misnomers
+take data and we'll make it available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take data and we'll make it available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take data and we'll make it available to
+all 10 billion souls on the planet er
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 10 billion souls on the planet er
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 10 billion souls on the planet er
+when really less than a hundred could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when really less than a hundred could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when really less than a hundred could
+ever actually add value to us so why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever actually add value to us so why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever actually add value to us so why are
+we going through all the trouble and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going through all the trouble and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going through all the trouble and the
+issues associated with making data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues associated with making data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues associated with making data
+available to anyone when really we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to anyone when really we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to anyone when really we only
+want to get that data to people with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get that data to people with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get that data to people with the
+skills and legitimate research needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills and legitimate research needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills and legitimate research needs to
+make a use of it and so by setting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a use of it and so by setting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a use of it and so by setting up
+curated repositories people then apply I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curated repositories people then apply I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curated repositories people then apply I
+want to get access to the data they talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get access to the data they talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get access to the data they talk
+about what their need is that sets sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what their need is that sets sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what their need is that sets sort
+of a swimlane you can't just do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a swimlane you can't just do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a swimlane you can't just do anything
+you want with the data when you say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want with the data when you say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want with the data when you say I'm
+going to use it for this purpose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use it for this purpose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use it for this purpose you
+have to stick to those guidelines if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stick to those guidelines if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stick to those guidelines if you
+want to change them you have to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change them you have to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change them you have to go back
+and say look I want to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say look I want to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say look I want to do something
+different if you're a legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different if you're a legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different if you're a legitimate
+researcher with legitimate research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher with legitimate research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher with legitimate research
+needs that's usually pretty easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs that's usually pretty easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs that's usually pretty easy to
+approve and then recipients agree not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve and then recipients agree not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve and then recipients agree not to
+repost the whole data set or to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repost the whole data set or to D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repost the whole data set or to D
+anonymize it this is what it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymize it this is what it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymize it this is what it makes
+anonymization work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymization work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymization work
+not that the anonymization or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that the anonymization or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that the anonymization or the
+encryption is so strong it's unbreakable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption is so strong it's unbreakable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption is so strong it's unbreakable
+is that people agree not to reverse it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that people agree not to reverse it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that people agree not to reverse it
+and the good thing about working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the good thing about working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the good thing about working with
+legitimate researchers is they're highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate researchers is they're highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate researchers is they're highly
+motivated not to break their agreements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated not to break their agreements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated not to break their agreements
+if you're at MIT or any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're at MIT or any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're at MIT or any of these
+universities and you break your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and you break your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and you break your data
+sharing agreements that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing agreements that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing agreements that is
+professionally very detrimental to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally very detrimental to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally very detrimental to you
+because it is very detrimental to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is very detrimental to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is very detrimental to the
+organization no research organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization no research organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization no research organization
+ever wants to have a reputation that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever wants to have a reputation that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever wants to have a reputation that it
+does not respect its data usage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not respect its data usage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not respect its data usage
+agreements that will put that research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements that will put that research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements that will put that research
+organization out of business so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization out of business so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization out of business so there's
+a lot of incentive for legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of incentive for legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of incentive for legitimate
+researchers to honor these agreements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers to honor these agreements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers to honor these agreements
+which may not be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may not be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may not be the same
+just general people who are in working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just general people who are in working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just general people who are in working
+in other types of environments so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other types of environments so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other types of environments so they
+can publish their analysis and data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can publish their analysis and data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can publish their analysis and data
+examples as necessary they agree to cite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples as necessary they agree to cite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples as necessary they agree to cite
+the repository program provide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repository program provide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repository program provide the
+publication's back and their project Ori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication's back and their project Ori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication's back and their project Ori
+can carry enriched products so if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can carry enriched products so if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can carry enriched products so if a
+researcher discovers some derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher discovers some derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher discovers some derivative
+product loci I can apply this to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product loci I can apply this to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product loci I can apply this to all the
+data you know I'd like to have that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you know I'd like to have that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you know I'd like to have that be
+posted somewhere they can often use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted somewhere they can often use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted somewhere they can often use the
+original repository to do that and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original repository to do that and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original repository to do that and again
+we encourage everyone to encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we encourage everyone to encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we encourage everyone to encourage
+people to follow these guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to follow these guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to follow these guidelines
+they're very beneficial so I've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very beneficial so I've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very beneficial so I've talked
+about the data keeper I've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the data keeper I've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the data keeper I've talked about
+the subject matter expert now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject matter expert now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject matter expert now I'm going
+to talk about a final critical role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about a final critical role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about a final critical role
+which is the ISO which is an information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the ISO which is an information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the ISO which is an information
+security officer in almost every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security officer in almost every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security officer in almost every single
+organization that has data there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that has data there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that has data there is an
+information security officer that needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information security officer that needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information security officer that needs
+to sign off on making the data available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign off on making the data available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign off on making the data available
+to anyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anyone else
+they're the person whose neck is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the person whose neck is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the person whose neck is on the
+line and saying that it's ok to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and saying that it's ok to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and saying that it's ok to share
+this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data
+the benefits outweigh the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits outweigh the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits outweigh the potential
+risks and subject matter experts need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks and subject matter experts need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks and subject matter experts need to
+communicate with the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with the information
+security officer they're also the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security officer they're also the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security officer they're also the ones
+advocating for this data to be released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocating for this data to be released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocating for this data to be released
+but they don't know the language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't know the language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't know the language of
+information security officers and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information security officers and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information security officers and this
+causes huge problems and I would say 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes huge problems and I would say 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes huge problems and I would say 90%
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+sharing efforts died because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing efforts died because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing efforts died because of
+miscommunication between subject matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miscommunication between subject matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miscommunication between subject matter
+experts and information security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts and information security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts and information security
+officers because the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officers because the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officers because the information
+security officer fundamentally needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security officer fundamentally needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security officer fundamentally needs to
+believe that the subject matter expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that the subject matter expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that the subject matter expert
+understands the risk understands basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands the risk understands basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands the risk understands basic
+security concepts in order for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security concepts in order for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security concepts in order for them to
+trust them with their signature to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust them with their signature to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust them with their signature to get
+it released and so typically what hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it released and so typically what hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it released and so typically what hand
+happens is that an ISO needs very basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that an ISO needs very basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that an ISO needs very basic
+information from the subject matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from the subject matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from the subject matter
+expert in order to approve the release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in order to approve the release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in order to approve the release
+of information what's the project what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information what's the project what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information what's the project what's
+the need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need
+where is it the data going to be who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it the data going to be who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it the data going to be who's
+going to be using it for how long they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using it for how long they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using it for how long they
+are expecting one sentence answers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expecting one sentence answers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expecting one sentence answers to
+each of these a subject matter expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these a subject matter expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these a subject matter expert
+typically replies with an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically replies with an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically replies with an entire
+research proposal and so I'm an ISO and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research proposal and so I'm an ISO and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research proposal and so I'm an ISO and
+I'm trying to assess whether subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to assess whether subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to assess whether subject
+matter expert knows anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter expert knows anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter expert knows anything about
+security and I gave them really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and I gave them really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and I gave them really easy
+softball questions and they come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softball questions and they come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softball questions and they come back
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something that clearly took them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something that clearly took them
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+way more time and effort that answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way more time and effort that answers
+none of my questions what's my opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of my questions what's my opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of my questions what's my opinion
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be of that subject matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be of that subject matter
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert and how much I should trust them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert and how much I should trust them
+it's going to be zero and from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be zero and from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be zero and from that
+moment onward I'll be polite but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment onward I'll be polite but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment onward I'll be polite but you
+know how about zero data that works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how about zero data that works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how about zero data that works for
+me right that's a good number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me right that's a good number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me right that's a good number
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so this is really important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+so if there's one thing we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's one thing we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's one thing we can do
+because very few of your ISOs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because very few of your ISOs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because very few of your ISOs and
+something that my team gets involved on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that my team gets involved on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that my team gets involved on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot is to intercept this conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot is to intercept this conversation
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it goes bad is we can help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+help answer these questions in a proper
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+help answer these questions in a proper
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and some go through a few examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and some go through a few examples
+you so a really common question is was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so a really common question is was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so a really common question is was
+the data you're seeking to share so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you're seeking to share so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you're seeking to share so this
+is a very common question to get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very common question to get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very common question to get back
+from a nice sub describe the data to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a nice sub describe the data to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a nice sub describe the data to be
+shared focusing on its risk to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared focusing on its risk to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared focusing on its risk to the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization if it were to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+accidentally released with the public or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally released with the public or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally released with the public or
+otherwise misuse very common question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise misuse very common question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's an example answer very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's an example answer very
+short answer the data was collected on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short answer the data was collected on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short answer the data was collected on
+these dates at this location in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dates at this location in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+accordance with our mission the risk has
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+been assessed and addressed by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+appropriate combination of excision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate combination of excision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate combination of excision
+anonymization and/or agreements they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymization and/or agreements they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymization and/or agreements they're
+released to appropriate legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released to appropriate legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released to appropriate legitimate
+researchers will further our mission and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers will further our mission and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers will further our mission and
+is endorsed by leadership very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is endorsed by leadership very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is endorsed by leadership very very very
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+short answer but we've covered a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short answer but we've covered a lot of
+ground in that short answer now explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground in that short answer now explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground in that short answer now explain
+sentence 1 establishes the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence 1 establishes the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence 1 establishes the identity
+finite scope and proper collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite scope and proper collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite scope and proper collection of
+the data in one sense sends 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data in one sense sends 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data in one sense sends 2
+establishes that risk was assessed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes that risk was assessed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes that risk was assessed in
+the mitigations were taken sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitigations were taken sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitigations were taken sentence
+three establishes the finance coppa the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three establishes the finance coppa the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three establishes the finance coppa the
+recipients and appropriate reasons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipients and appropriate reasons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipients and appropriate reasons for
+release and mission approval we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release and mission approval we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release and mission approval we've
+covered we've answered nine questions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered we've answered nine questions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered we've answered nine questions in
+three sentences at the level of detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sentences at the level of detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sentences at the level of detail
+and ISO ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ISO ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ISO ones
+I can always ask you more questions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can always ask you more questions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can always ask you more questions for
+more detail and they're usually looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail and they're usually looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail and they're usually looking
+for another one sentence answer and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another one sentence answer and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another one sentence answer and you
+build these up to be three four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build these up to be three four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build these up to be three four five
+sentence things that cover broadly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence things that cover broadly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence things that cover broadly what
+you're wanting to do and you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wanting to do and you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wanting to do and you see here
+you don't want to do anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to do anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to do anything that
+requires the I so that have detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires the I so that have detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires the I so that have detailed
+technical knowledge of what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical knowledge of what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical knowledge of what you're doing
+they're looking for overall scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking for overall scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking for overall scope
+overall limiters on what you're doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall limiters on what you're doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall limiters on what you're doing so
+that is somehow contained to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is somehow contained to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is somehow contained to a
+reasonable risk another question here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable risk another question here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable risk another question here
+that's very common is where to whom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very common is where to whom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very common is where to whom is
+the data going so please describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data going so please describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data going so please describe the
+intended recipients so an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended recipients so an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended recipients so an example
+answers the data will be shared with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers the data will be shared with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers the data will be shared with
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers at a specific set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers at a specific set of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions that'll be processed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+those institutions own systems meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those institutions own systems meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those institutions own systems meeting
+their institution security policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their institution security policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their institution security policies
+which include password controlled access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which include password controlled access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which include password controlled access
+regular application of system updates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular application of system updates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular application of system updates
+encryption of mobile devices such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption of mobile devices such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption of mobile devices such as
+laptops authoritah it accesses the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptops authoritah it accesses the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptops authoritah it accesses the data
+will be limited to personnel working as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be limited to personnel working as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be limited to personnel working as
+part of this effort right again you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this effort right again you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this effort right again you've
+covered a lot of ground very simply we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered a lot of ground very simply we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered a lot of ground very simply we
+didn't really go into too many details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really go into too many details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really go into too many details
+that are specific to this to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are specific to this to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are specific to this to this
+particular case and then the final one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case and then the final one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case and then the final one
+is what controls are there on further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what controls are there on further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what controls are there on further
+release either policy or legal so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release either policy or legal so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release either policy or legal so an
+example is an acceptable use guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is an acceptable use guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is an acceptable use guidelines
+that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were
+- dia na mais the deal will be provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- dia na mais the deal will be provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- dia na mais the deal will be provided
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all personnel working on the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all personnel working on the data
+publication guidelines have been agreed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication guidelines have been agreed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication guidelines have been agreed
+to the Lao for high level stats apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Lao for high level stats apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Lao for high level stats apply
+needs to be published but prohibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be published but prohibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be published but prohibit
+including any individual data records a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including any individual data records a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including any individual data records a
+set of notional records has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of notional records has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of notional records has been
+provided that can be published an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided that can be published an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided that can be published an
+example of the data format but is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the data format but is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the data format but is not
+part of the actual data set the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the actual data set the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+agreement requires of all that it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement requires of all that it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+deleted in the end of the agent except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted in the end of the agent except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted in the end of the agent except
+those items retained for publication I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those items retained for publication I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those items retained for publication I'm
+not saying you have to use but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying you have to use but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying you have to use but again
+this is another example of what Isis are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another example of what Isis are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another example of what Isis are
+expecting you give them language like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting you give them language like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting you give them language like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+their confidence swell to the guy I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their confidence swell to the guy I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their confidence swell to the guy I'm
+dealing with someone that understands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with someone that understands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with someone that understands
+the risks I'm taking on their behalf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risks I'm taking on their behalf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risks I'm taking on their behalf and
+we can move forward in a very productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can move forward in a very productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can move forward in a very productive
+way and if you ever have questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and if you ever have questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and if you ever have questions about
+how the news is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the news is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the news is
+feel free to talk to my team or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to talk to my team or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to talk to my team or other
+people or other ISOs who've had to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or other ISOs who've had to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or other ISOs who've had to deal
+with this we actually are working with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this we actually are working with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this we actually are working with a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people on this language a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people on this language a lot of
+people in the government to sort of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the government to sort of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the government to sort of get
+these best practices out there we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these best practices out there we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these best practices out there we have
+socialized this with a fair number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialized this with a fair number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialized this with a fair number of
+experts in this field and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts in this field and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts in this field and there's
+general consensus is a very good methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general consensus is a very good methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general consensus is a very good methods
+for helping you get data out so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for helping you get data out so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for helping you get data out so that
+brings me then the talk so as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings me then the talk so as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings me then the talk so as I said
+before data wrangling very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before data wrangling very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before data wrangling very important
+significant part of the effort analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant part of the effort analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant part of the effort analysis
+really relies and tap your data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really relies and tap your data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really relies and tap your data so
+that's a really good format you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really good format you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really good format you can do
+it in very simple non proprietary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in very simple non proprietary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in very simple non proprietary
+formats taking you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats taking you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats taking you're going to have to
+name your folders and file something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name your folders and file something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name your folders and file something you
+might as well name something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well name something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well name something that's
+really generally usable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really generally usable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really generally usable
+and then finally co designing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally co designing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally co designing the
+sharing and what the intent is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing and what the intent is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing and what the intent is at the
+same time that's doable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time that's doable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time that's doable
+generalized release of data very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized release of data very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized release of data very very
+hard tailored release for specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard tailored release for specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard tailored release for specific
+applications very very doable if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications very very doable if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications very very doable if you
+have good communication from all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have good communication from all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have good communication from all the
+stakeholders as well so these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders as well so these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders as well so these are just
+really practical things isn't sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really practical things isn't sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really practical things isn't sort of
+fancy AI this is sort of bread and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy AI this is sort of bread and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy AI this is sort of bread and
+butter how you actually get data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butter how you actually get data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butter how you actually get data
+analysis done and with that I'm happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis done and with that I'm happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis done and with that I'm happy to
+take any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SEcVf93k0ZE.txt b/SEcVf93k0ZE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a5a18b076f2aec594aec842dcb3c107945433bdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SEcVf93k0ZE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right welcome to the first seminar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right welcome to the first seminar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right welcome to the first seminar
+of physics 8224 exploring black holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physics 8224 exploring black holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physics 8224 exploring black holes
+astrophysics and cosmology general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astrophysics and cosmology general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astrophysics and cosmology general
+relativity my name is Edwin Taylor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity my name is Edwin Taylor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity my name is Edwin Taylor and
+with us tonight is Kristen Burgess who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us tonight is Kristen Burgess who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us tonight is Kristen Burgess who
+was the section leader the recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the section leader the recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the section leader the recitation
+teacher last time we offered the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher last time we offered the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher last time we offered the course
+Ed buringer is ill today and uh phoned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed buringer is ill today and uh phoned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed buringer is ill today and uh phoned
+in that he was not going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that he was not going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that he was not going to be able to
+come and so I asked Kristen to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and so I asked Kristen to uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and so I asked Kristen to uh uh
+work with us tonight she's a cosmologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with us tonight she's a cosmologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with us tonight she's a cosmologist
+graduate student and uh so what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student and uh so what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student and uh so what's going
+to happen tonight this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen tonight this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen tonight this is a good
+opportunity for you to begin to probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for you to begin to probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for you to begin to probe
+the things you may want to go into more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you may want to go into more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you may want to go into more
+deeply when you get into the projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply when you get into the projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply when you get into the projects
+what we're going to do is write big on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is write big on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is write big on
+the Blackboard your questions and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Blackboard your questions and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Blackboard your questions and we'll
+fill the Blackboard uh or until you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the Blackboard uh or until you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the Blackboard uh or until you run
+dry and then uh Kristen we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry and then uh Kristen we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry and then uh Kristen we'll take
+cosmology and I'll take black holes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology and I'll take black holes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology and I'll take black holes and
+we'll see whether we can put together a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see whether we can put together a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see whether we can put together a
+connected talk that will answer some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected talk that will answer some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected talk that will answer some of
+your questions so we're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your questions so we're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your questions so we're putting
+ourselves on the line here and no doubt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves on the line here and no doubt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves on the line here and no doubt
+for some of your questions the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of your questions the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of your questions the answer
+will be I don't have a clue and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be I don't have a clue and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be I don't have a clue and that's
+part of uh what we're here for is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of uh what we're here for is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of uh what we're here for is to
+admit our ignorance so well I think also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit our ignorance so well I think also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit our ignorance so well I think also
+perhaps the point is more to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the point is more to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the point is more to get the
+questions out on the table and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions out on the table and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions out on the table and start
+thinking about these things I guess you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these things I guess you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these things I guess you
+have to hand in in soon um possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to hand in in soon um possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to hand in in soon um possible
+project research topic so here's a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project research topic so here's a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project research topic so here's a time
+to start asking questions if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start asking questions if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start asking questions if you don't
+even know what something is or want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know what something is or want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know what something is or want to
+know a little more about it or want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a little more about it or want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a little more about it or want to
+know if the thing you saw on Star Trek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if the thing you saw on Star Trek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if the thing you saw on Star Trek
+is really physics or I mean anything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really physics or I mean anything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really physics or I mean anything is
+fair game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who's
+first does anybody have a question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first does anybody have a question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first does anybody have a question about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+universe has anybody looked at any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe has anybody looked at any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe has anybody looked at any of
+the topics yet for projects at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topics yet for projects at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topics yet for projects at the end
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+semester anything look particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting yes um I'm wondering about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting yes um I'm wondering about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting yes um I'm wondering about
+the idea that matter if matter can or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that matter if matter can or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that matter if matter can or
+cannot escape from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot escape from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot escape from
+black the question I'm going to repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black the question I'm going to repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black the question I'm going to repeat
+the questions because you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions because you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions because you don't have a
+mic um she's wondering about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic um she's wondering about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic um she's wondering about the
+question of whether or not matter can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether or not matter can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether or not matter can
+escape from a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hole I want to line up all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole I want to line up all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole I want to line up all these
+questions and then we'll sort them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and then we'll sort them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and then we'll sort them out
+yes um I talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um I talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um I talk more about
+radiation what is hawking radiation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation what is hawking radiation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation what is hawking radiation or
+is there a more specific question brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a more specific question brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a more specific question brief
+a very brief introduction to S the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very brief introduction to S the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very brief introduction to S the basic
+idea to what it is and they sounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to what it is and they sounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to what it is and they sounded
+quite interesting so that's just can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interesting so that's just can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interesting so that's just can put
+more so tell us more about Hawking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so tell us more about Hawking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so tell us more about Hawking
+Hawking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawking
+radiation you're from you from Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation you're from you from Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation you're from you from Cambridge
+all right see these two people are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right see these two people are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right see these two people are from
+Cambridge and that's where oh three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge and that's where oh three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge and that's where oh three of
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and I was wondering about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I was wondering about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I was wondering about
+gravitational R gravitational waves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational R gravitational waves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational R gravitational waves and
+what the current ways are for trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the current ways are for trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the current ways are for trying to
+detect them and what the current ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect them and what the current ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect them and what the current ideas
+for Det
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Det
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Det
+gravitational uh waves are without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational uh waves are without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational uh waves are without
+having some big cosmological catastrophe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some big cosmological catastrophe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some big cosmological catastrophe
+happen somewhere else that so what if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen somewhere else that so what if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen somewhere else that so what if I
+were to say what is gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to say what is gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to say what is gravitational
+radiation and how do we detect it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and how do we detect it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and how do we detect it is
+that your question or do you want to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your question or do you want to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your question or do you want to I
+got to fit it in that much board so um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to fit it in that much board so um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to fit it in that much board so um I
+don't know that's your job um not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that's your job um not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that's your job um not like
+how do we detect it how are we trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we detect it how are we trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we detect it how are we trying to
+detect it now but like what are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect it now but like what are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect it now but like what are what
+produces it in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces it in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces it in the first
+place yes and and what a ways we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place yes and and what a ways we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place yes and and what a ways we're
+thinking about detecting in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about detecting in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about detecting in the future
+not just ways we're trying to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just ways we're trying to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just ways we're trying to do now
+okay so it's Lego and Lisa and all maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's Lego and Lisa and all maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's Lego and Lisa and all maybe
+I'll turn that into two questions if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll turn that into two questions if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll turn that into two questions if
+that's okay so one is what produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay so one is what produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay so one is what produces
+gravitational radiation because that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational radiation because that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational radiation because that's a
+good question and two is how are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question and two is how are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question and two is how are we
+detecting it now and what are the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting it now and what are the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting it now and what are the future
+prospects right okay you got to not go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospects right okay you got to not go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospects right okay you got to not go
+move on to the next one quite yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to the next one quite yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to the next one quite yet
+here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay Mass black holes and regular black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Mass black holes and regular black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Mass black holes and regular black
+besides the mass difference like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the mass difference like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the mass difference like what
+that how that makes that different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how that makes that different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how that makes that different from
+each other okay what super about a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other okay what super about a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other okay what super about a super
+massive black hole okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right um how fast does gravity travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um how fast does gravity travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um how fast does gravity travel
+okay so how fast does gravity travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how fast does gravity travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how fast does gravity travel
+that's a good way to phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so do you I mean do we want to refine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so do you I mean do we want to refine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so do you I mean do we want to refine
+it like how fast does gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like how fast does gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like how fast does gravitational
+interaction propagate or do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction propagate or do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction propagate or do you want to
+just leave it as how fast does gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave it as how fast does gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave it as how fast does gravity
+travel well I was thinking like how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel well I was thinking like how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel well I was thinking like how fast
+gravitation like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation like the
+interaction okay well you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction okay well you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction okay well you can just
+that's fine how fast does inter how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine how fast does inter how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine how fast does inter how fast
+does gravitational interaction propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does gravitational interaction propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does gravitational interaction propagate
+I think that's a great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un
+was is that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was is that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was is that right
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and essentially why is the black hole in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially why is the black hole in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially why is the black hole in
+the middle of our galaxy not as luminous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of our galaxy not as luminous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of our galaxy not as luminous
+as it ought to be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is inside a black hole good all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is inside a black hole good all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is inside a black hole good all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are the reports from inside a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the reports from inside a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the reports from inside a black
+hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah great all right so yeah sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah great all right so yeah sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah great all right so yeah sorry the
+last one is what is inside a black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one is what is inside a black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one is what is inside a black hole
+and then do all Galaxies have black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do all Galaxies have black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do all Galaxies have black
+holes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+center yeah are there actually spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center yeah are there actually spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center yeah are there actually spinning
+black holes and if so why aren't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spinning do all black holes spin in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning do all black holes spin in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning do all black holes spin in
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+or are there any non-spinning black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are there any non-spinning black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are there any non-spinning black
+holes or is it an empty set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay somebody I saw somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay somebody I saw somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay somebody I saw somebody's
+hand Austin did you have it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand Austin did you have it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand Austin did you have it's a little
+bit the same as number eight but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry what was to number eight you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry what was to number eight you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry what was to number eight you can
+add what do we know about space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add what do we know about space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add what do we know about space time
+inside the Horizon okay just you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the Horizon okay just you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the Horizon okay just you could
+just put space time inside the horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+there your turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great I'll be back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you yeah apart from at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah apart from at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah apart from at the end of the
+lives of massive stars how do black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives of massive stars how do black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives of massive stars how do black
+holes form so like primordial black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes form so like primordial black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes form so like primordial black
+holes okay so right how do black holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes okay so right how do black holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes okay so right how do black holes
+form can I just leave it at that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form can I just leave it at that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form can I just leave it at that and
+we'll get into the details when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into the details when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into the details when we talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it what effects does frame draging have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what effects does frame draging have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what effects does frame draging have
+on around the great so yeah just what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on around the great so yeah just what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on around the great so yeah just what
+effects does frame draging frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects does frame draging frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects does frame draging frame
+dragging question mark okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M um primordial uh primordial black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M um primordial uh primordial black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M um primordial uh primordial black
+holes um do they exist is there anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes um do they exist is there anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes um do they exist is there anything
+being done to find them how might they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done to find them how might they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done to find them how might they
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+detected primordial black holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected primordial black holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected primordial black holes
+how do they exist and how would we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they exist and how would we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they exist and how would we find
+out if they do primordial just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if they do primordial just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if they do primordial just means
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Austin sorry what was the last question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Austin sorry what was the last question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Austin sorry what was the last question
+is what is the connection between black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the connection between black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the connection between black
+holes now and the Big Bang or the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes now and the Big Bang or the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes now and the Big Bang or the the
+initial Singularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay know more about the causes of gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay know more about the causes of gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay know more about the causes of gamma
+re bursters say that again the causes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re bursters say that again the causes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re bursters say that again the causes of
+Gam reers what are the causes of gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gam reers what are the causes of gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gam reers what are the causes of gamma
+ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray
+bursters you answer that and you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+famous what do quantum mechanics have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous what do quantum mechanics have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous what do quantum mechanics have to
+say great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question what does quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what does quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what does quantum mechanics
+have to say about black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+holes again answer that and you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes again answer that and you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes again answer that and you'll be
+famous these are great questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what was that we're getting near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what was that we're getting near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what was that we're getting near
+the end um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end um
+18 the the relation between information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 the the relation between information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 the the relation between information
+and black holes I can you guys still see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and black holes I can you guys still see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and black holes I can you guys still see
+it down there yeah okay sorry uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down there yeah okay sorry uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down there yeah okay sorry uh the
+relation between information in black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between information in black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between information in black
+holes and entropy in black holes what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and entropy in black holes what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and entropy in black holes what is
+the entropy information paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatever we'll we'll make up a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we'll we'll make up a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we'll we'll make up a question
+out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ideas uh going along the lines of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas uh going along the lines of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas uh going along the lines of the
+theory that black holes are portals into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that black holes are portals into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that black holes are portals into
+other universes when it presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other universes when it presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other universes when it presumably
+something going into a black hole in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something going into a black hole in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something going into a black hole in
+Another Universe maybe wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another Universe maybe wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another Universe maybe wind up
+here can you use a black hole to travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can you use a black hole to travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can you use a black hole to travel
+to other universes is that no she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other universes is that no she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other universes is that no she's
+asking the reverse question could could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the reverse question could could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the reverse question could could
+someone in Another Universe travel into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in Another Universe travel into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in Another Universe travel into
+ours through a black hole okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours through a black hole okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours through a black hole okay let's
+just say black hole Universe travel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say black hole Universe travel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say black hole Universe travel and
+we'll okay sounds good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we got a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we got a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we got a couple
+more what's uh bugging you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more what's uh bugging you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more what's uh bugging you that you
+haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't
+uh given us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given us
+yet do you guys have questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet do you guys have questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet do you guys have questions about the
+big bang and the origins of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bang and the origins of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bang and the origins of the universe
+or about what we know today about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or about what we know today about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or about what we know today about the
+size of the universe or yeah what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the universe or yeah what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the universe or yeah what was
+before the Big Bang okay so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the Big Bang okay so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the Big Bang okay so the question
+is what was before the Big Bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does Universe wrap back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Universe wrap back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Universe wrap back on
+itself okay so the question is does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay so the question is does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay so the question is does the
+universe wrap back on itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if we look far enough away would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we look far enough away would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we look far enough away would it
+be thetically possible to see the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thetically possible to see the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thetically possible to see the big
+bang and it be in One Direction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang and it be in One Direction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang and it be in One Direction or
+that's the best we can do that's a no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best we can do that's a no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best we can do that's a no
+that's a great that's a great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great that's a great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great that's a great question
+if we look far enough out can we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look far enough out can we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look far enough out can we see the
+big bang and in which direction would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bang and in which direction would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bang and in which direction would it
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think that's about it well I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's about it well I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's about it well I mean we
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+uh keep going below here you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keep going below here you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keep going below here you guys
+probably have more questions right last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have more questions right last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have more questions right last
+year we had 40 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year we had 40 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year we had 40 so
+I think yes but we didn't have to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think yes but we didn't have to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think yes but we didn't have to write
+big last year why don't why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big last year why don't why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big last year why don't why don't we
+just keep going and it's okay if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep going and it's okay if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep going and it's okay if we have
+to cover some up because we can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover some up because we can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover some up because we can always
+pull the Blackboard back down so sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the Blackboard back down so sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the Blackboard back down so sorry
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+the nonlinearity here but I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinearity here but I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinearity here but I'm going to
+start below here so we got up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+22 about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 about
+okay so how about just what is dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how about just what is dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how about just what is dark
+matter well um I know see and it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter well um I know see and it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter well um I know see and it and it
+constitutes most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutes most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutes most of the
+mass compared to what we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and okay explain Dark Matter again do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay explain Dark Matter again do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay explain Dark Matter again do
+that and you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you'll be
+famous well it isn't it's partly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous well it isn't it's partly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous well it isn't it's partly that
+and partly you're asking the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and partly you're asking the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and partly you're asking the questions
+right at the edge that's what's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the edge that's what's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the edge that's what's uh
+you're up to date I mean that's great to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're up to date I mean that's great to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're up to date I mean that's great to
+have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those
+questions there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions there was
+one uh what was space time like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh what was space time like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh what was space time like in the
+universe before atoms were formed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe before atoms were formed like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe before atoms were formed like
+in that time what was space time like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that time what was space time like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that time what was space time like
+before atoms yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right in the corner um is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right in the corner um is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right in the corner um is it
+possible for a black hole to pinch off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for a black hole to pinch off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for a black hole to pinch off
+and form Another Universe great so can a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form Another Universe great so can a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form Another Universe great so can a
+black hole pinch off and form Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole pinch off and form Another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole pinch off and form Another
+Universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M what would happen if two black holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M what would happen if two black holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M what would happen if two black holes
+collided great so what would happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collided great so what would happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collided great so what would happen if
+two black holes collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right can you come down a little so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can you come down a little so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can you come down a little so
+maybe the camera can't see where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the camera can't see where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the camera can't see where that
+shadow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow is
+okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+27 if one made a black hole in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 if one made a black hole in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 if one made a black hole in a
+laboratory how would one theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory how would one theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory how would one theoretically
+contain it how about just can you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain it how about just can you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain it how about just can you make a
+black ho in the lab okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right what's the science fiction story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the science fiction story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the science fiction story
+about people who arrive on Mars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people who arrive on Mars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people who arrive on Mars and
+there's a black hole held in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a black hole held in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a black hole held in the
+somehow and they turn it off and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow and they turn it off and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow and they turn it off and the
+black hole starts oscillating through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole starts oscillating through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole starts oscillating through
+Mars and every time it goes through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mars and every time it goes through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mars and every time it goes through it
+makes a hole so pretty soon Mars is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a hole so pretty soon Mars is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a hole so pretty soon Mars is just
+like a Swiss cheese and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Swiss cheese and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Swiss cheese and it
+collapses that's a science fiction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapses that's a science fiction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapses that's a science fiction but
+it's if you know given the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if you know given the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if you know given the situation
+that's probably what would happen Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably what would happen Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably what would happen Okay
+how do you make it and what do you store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you make it and what do you store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you make it and what do you store
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+in there was another one Austin is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there was another one Austin is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there was another one Austin is there
+a center to our universe great is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a center to our universe great is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a center to our universe great is there
+a center of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what I suggest we I think we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what I suggest we I think we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what I suggest we I think we we
+gotta give them a little more time some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta give them a little more time some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta give them a little more time some
+people haven't asked any questions yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people haven't asked any questions yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people haven't asked any questions yet
+will the universe stop expanding Ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the universe stop expanding Ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the universe stop expanding Ah
+that's a great question so yeah will the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question so yeah will the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question so yeah will the
+universe stop expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the shape of the universe oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the shape of the universe oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the shape of the universe oh
+great what's the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great what's the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great what's the shape of the
+universe those two might be related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any more yeah what do we learn by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more yeah what do we learn by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more yeah what do we learn by uh
+examining peculiar geometries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examining peculiar geometries of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examining peculiar geometries of
+SpaceTime like I've I've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime like I've I've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime like I've I've heard
+about somebody taking a model of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about somebody taking a model of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about somebody taking a model of the
+universe where it was actually space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe where it was actually space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe where it was actually space
+time was actually pinched in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was actually pinched in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was actually pinched in the middle
+between you had two loes with a pinch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you had two loes with a pinch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you had two loes with a pinch in
+the middle you gain by studying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle you gain by studying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle you gain by studying that
+okay so how about if the question is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how about if the question is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how about if the question is um
+how do you what do what do we learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you what do what do we learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you what do what do we learn from
+strange geometries of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does anybody want to know anything more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody want to know anything more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody want to know anything more
+about the cosmic microwave background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radiation all right I guess I walked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation all right I guess I walked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation all right I guess I walked
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that all right I'll just write CMB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right I'll just write CMB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right I'll just write CMB
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mark yeah what is the universe expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark yeah what is the universe expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark yeah what is the universe expanding
+into that's good what is the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that's good what is the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that's good what is the universe
+expanding into you can add it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding into you can add it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding into you can add it on the
+line make it 33 under that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay is there anyone who hasn't gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is there anyone who hasn't gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is there anyone who hasn't gotten
+to ask a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask a question
+yet do you have any anything you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet do you have any anything you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet do you have any anything you want to
+add we can please a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more what I suggest we do is to start in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more what I suggest we do is to start in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more what I suggest we do is to start in
+a large scale and you can take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large scale and you can take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large scale and you can take those
+questions having to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions having to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions having to do with
+cosmology and say something about each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology and say something about each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology and say something about each
+one we will obviously not answer all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we will obviously not answer all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we will obviously not answer all of
+these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in
+detail and one of the major purposes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and one of the major purposes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and one of the major purposes of
+this exercise is so you can see with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exercise is so you can see with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exercise is so you can see with
+each other what a rich subject this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other what a rich subject this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other what a rich subject this is
+and how many things there will be to St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many things there will be to St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many things there will be to St
+study all of which we won't cover even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study all of which we won't cover even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study all of which we won't cover even
+in this class but uh life goes on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class but uh life goes on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class but uh life goes on you
+want to start sure so I guess I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to start sure so I guess I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to start sure so I guess I mean
+maybe I would just start by talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I would just start by talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I would just start by talking
+about our picture of the universe as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our picture of the universe as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our picture of the universe as a
+whole just because some people had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole just because some people had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole just because some people had some
+questions about things like the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about things like the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about things like the center
+of it and what's it expanding into and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and what's it expanding into and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and what's it expanding into and
+everything um there isn't a center to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything um there isn't a center to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything um there isn't a center to
+the universe and the example that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe and the example that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe and the example that people
+always give is imagine you were say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always give is imagine you were say an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always give is imagine you were say an
+ant walking on the surface of a balloon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ant walking on the surface of a balloon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ant walking on the surface of a balloon
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+or something perfectly spherical even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something perfectly spherical even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something perfectly spherical even
+nothing looks like the center to you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing looks like the center to you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing looks like the center to you you
+can't leave the surface so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't leave the surface so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't leave the surface so you can't
+talk about inside the balloon um and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about inside the balloon um and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about inside the balloon um and as
+the universe expands and this sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe expands and this sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe expands and this sphere
+just gets bigger and bigger um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gets bigger and bigger um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gets bigger and bigger um
+everything is moving away from you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is moving away from you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is moving away from you but
+there's still no Center um but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still no Center um but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still no Center um but in fact
+from any point on the surface it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any point on the surface it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any point on the surface it would
+look like everything was moving away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like everything was moving away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like everything was moving away
+from you so everybody sort of thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you so everybody sort of thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you so everybody sort of thinks
+they're at the center um like here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're at the center um like here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're at the center um like here in
+our galaxy we see everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our galaxy we see everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our galaxy we see everything else
+receding from us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receding from us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receding from us
+but it's not because we're somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not because we're somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not because we're somehow
+magically at the center does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically at the center does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically at the center does that make
+sense do you have a question question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense do you have a question question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense do you have a question question
+how did it all come from one place well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did it all come from one place well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did it all come from one place well
+so imagine that this balloon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine that this balloon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine that this balloon is
+shrinking down and getting smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinking down and getting smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinking down and getting smaller and
+smaller and smaller as you go back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller as you go back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller as you go back in
+time and originally it just sort of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and originally it just sort of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and originally it just sort of all
+started from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started from one
+point um I mean at the very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um I mean at the very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um I mean at the very very
+beginning of the universe is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the universe is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the universe is actually
+pretty complicated thing in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty complicated thing in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty complicated thing in fact
+inflation which is one of the things I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation which is one of the things I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation which is one of the things I'm
+doing my thesis on is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing my thesis on is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing my thesis on is one of the
+theories that tries to talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories that tries to talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories that tries to talk about this
+um of course you don't really want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of course you don't really want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of course you don't really want a
+model where everything is infinite at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where everything is infinite at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where everything is infinite at
+the very beginning um but say right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning um but say right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning um but say right
+after the very beginning things can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the very beginning things can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the very beginning things can be
+very very very small and dense and hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very small and dense and hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very small and dense and hot
+but not actually infinite and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not actually infinite and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not actually infinite and then
+expand from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand from
+there is that makes sense so then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that makes sense so then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that makes sense so then what
+does that mean it's expanding into does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean it's expanding into does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean it's expanding into does
+anybody have any ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think so I mean what about this balloon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so I mean what about this balloon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so I mean what about this balloon
+as I'm blowing the balloon up to the an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm blowing the balloon up to the an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm blowing the balloon up to the an
+who's on the surface of the balloon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's on the surface of the balloon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's on the surface of the balloon and
+can never leave the surface what as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never leave the surface what as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never leave the surface what as the
+balloon expands what is it expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into the ant can't really answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the ant can't really answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the ant can't really answer that
+question can it I mean it's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question can it I mean it's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question can it I mean it's sort of like
+the expansion of the universe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion of the universe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion of the universe is
+creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating
+SpaceTime itself um so it's not like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime itself um so it's not like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime itself um so it's not like you
+can point to something and say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can point to something and say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can point to something and say that's
+outside the universe and now it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the universe and now it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the universe and now it's in the
+universe or whatever I mean these become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe or whatever I mean these become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe or whatever I mean these become
+pretty hard and maybe even philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty hard and maybe even philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty hard and maybe even philosophical
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+um does that does that seem reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does that does that seem reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does that does that seem reasonable
+is anybody not satisfied with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anybody not satisfied with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anybody not satisfied with that
+answer what were some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what were some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what were some of the other
+questions about that were related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that were related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that were related to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so maybe we can even talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so maybe we can even talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so maybe we can even talk
+about will the universe stop expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about will the universe stop expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about will the universe stop expanding
+so this is something that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is something that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is something that you will
+definitely get into later in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely get into later in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely get into later in the course
+and I'm not going to probably spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not going to probably spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not going to probably spend a
+whole lot of time talking about it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of time talking about it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of time talking about it now
+you'll probably have homework about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably have homework about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably have homework about and
+everything um but there are actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything um but there are actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything um but there are actually a
+couple different possibilities for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different possibilities for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different possibilities for the
+future of the universe and it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of the universe and it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of the universe and it depends on
+um what the universe is made up of now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what the universe is made up of now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what the universe is made up of now
+so what the density is of matter um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the density is of matter um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the density is of matter um and
+other strange things and it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other strange things and it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other strange things and it's possible
+that it could expand forever um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it could expand forever um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it could expand forever um it's
+possible that it could stop expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that it could stop expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that it could stop expanding
+and shrink back down and collapse um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shrink back down and collapse um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shrink back down and collapse um in
+a big crunch and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big crunch and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big crunch and we don't
+know so that's maybe not a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that's maybe not a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that's maybe not a very
+satisfying answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying answer
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah about this yeah so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah about this yeah so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah about this yeah so um
+right so there's normal matter which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's normal matter which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's normal matter which is
+pretty much everything you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much everything you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much everything you guys are
+familiar with um and then there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with um and then there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with um and then there's this
+stuff called vacuum energy or dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff called vacuum energy or dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff called vacuum energy or dark
+energy or a cosmological constant or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or a cosmological constant or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or a cosmological constant or it
+has a lot of other strange names um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of other strange names um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of other strange names um and
+it doesn't behave at all like normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't behave at all like normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't behave at all like normal
+matter does and in fact it causes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter does and in fact it causes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter does and in fact it causes the
+expansion in the universe to speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in the universe to speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in the universe to speed up
+instead of slow down so if you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of slow down so if you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of slow down so if you imagine
+you just had a universe made of the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just had a universe made of the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just had a universe made of the kind
+of matter you're familiar with and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matter you're familiar with and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matter you're familiar with and it
+was a expanding over time gravity would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a expanding over time gravity would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a expanding over time gravity would
+kind of be slowing down this expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of be slowing down this expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of be slowing down this expansion
+pulling everything back together and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling everything back together and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling everything back together and you
+would imagine that long enough in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would imagine that long enough in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would imagine that long enough in the
+future the expansion would stop um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future the expansion would stop um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future the expansion would stop um so
+cosmological constant has sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmological constant has sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmological constant has sort of the
+opposite effect and it actually makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite effect and it actually makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite effect and it actually makes
+the expansion speed up um and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion speed up um and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion speed up um and we'll talk
+about that later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that later in the
+course s right do you want to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course s right do you want to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course s right do you want to pick
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's inside a black hole what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's inside a black hole what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's inside a black hole what do we
+know about SpaceTime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about SpaceTime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about SpaceTime
+there you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have to
+decide what kind of theory you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what kind of theory you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what kind of theory you're going
+to bring to bear on that question if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring to bear on that question if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring to bear on that question if
+it's general relativity that's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's general relativity that's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's general relativity that's called a
+classical Theory there's no quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical Theory there's no quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical Theory there's no quantum
+mechanics in it and we have equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics in it and we have equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics in it and we have equations
+that we think can be extrapolated inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think can be extrapolated inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think can be extrapolated inside
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Horizon when we of course no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon when we of course no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon when we of course no one
+according to that theory no one can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to that theory no one can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to that theory no one can go
+inside the Horizon and come out again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the Horizon and come out again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the Horizon and come out again
+once you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you go
+inside your radially inward motion takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside your radially inward motion takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside your radially inward motion takes
+on the same inevitability that time does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same inevitability that time does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same inevitability that time does
+for you you're young I'm old that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you you're young I'm old that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you you're young I'm old that's
+inevitable the only alternative is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable the only alternative is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable the only alternative is not
+as pleasant and the same inevitability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as pleasant and the same inevitability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as pleasant and the same inevitability
+happens according to the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens according to the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens according to the classical
+Theory now there's some detail to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory now there's some detail to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory now there's some detail to this
+which is quite interesting when a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quite interesting when a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quite interesting when a black
+hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole
+forms we talked about two black holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms we talked about two black holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms we talked about two black holes
+colliding when two black holes Collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding when two black holes Collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding when two black holes Collide
+and coales and make a single black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coales and make a single black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coales and make a single black hole
+a huge amount of energy is given off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of energy is given off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of energy is given off in
+the form of gravitational radiation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of gravitational radiation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of gravitational radiation but
+once that new black hole is formed there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that new black hole is formed there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that new black hole is formed there
+is also gravitational radiation inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also gravitational radiation inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also gravitational radiation inside
+and we don't know what happens to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't know what happens to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't know what happens to that
+it reverberates just like a u uh sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reverberates just like a u uh sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reverberates just like a u uh sound
+inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a
+sphere and um you will read some some in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere and um you will read some some in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere and um you will read some some in
+exploring black holes about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring black holes about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring black holes about what's
+called egg beater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called egg beater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called egg beater
+SpaceTime if it's a young black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime if it's a young black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime if it's a young black hole
+there is some chance that if you fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some chance that if you fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some chance that if you fall
+into it you'll just be ripped apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it you'll just be ripped apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it you'll just be ripped apart
+because of these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these um
+chaotic um gravitational waves that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaotic um gravitational waves that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaotic um gravitational waves that are
+inside there is some evidence that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside there is some evidence that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside there is some evidence that if
+you wait long enough things will calm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wait long enough things will calm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wait long enough things will calm
+down but they really don't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but they really don't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but they really don't know about
+that as Ed buringer said last time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as Ed buringer said last time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as Ed buringer said last time if
+you have a spinning black hole then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a spinning black hole then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a spinning black hole then the
+then the uh singularity in the middle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the uh singularity in the middle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the uh singularity in the middle is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ring and the spinning black hole has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring and the spinning black hole has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring and the spinning black hole has
+some other interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other interesting
+features there's a outer Horizon then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features there's a outer Horizon then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features there's a outer Horizon then
+there's an inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an inner
+Horizon and once again there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon and once again there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon and once again there is some
+Theory there is some U theoretical work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory there is some U theoretical work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory there is some U theoretical work
+that tells you that the metric that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you that the metric that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you that the metric that
+deals with the spinning black hole the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals with the spinning black hole the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals with the spinning black hole the
+so-called CER metric is okay between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called CER metric is okay between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called CER metric is okay between the
+outer Horizon and the inner Horizon but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer Horizon and the inner Horizon but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer Horizon and the inner Horizon but
+as you get to the inner Horizon you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get to the inner Horizon you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get to the inner Horizon you get
+into a chaotic re region this is of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a chaotic re region this is of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a chaotic re region this is of some
+real interest to a lot of people because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest to a lot of people because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest to a lot of people because
+if you can make it through that chaotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can make it through that chaotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can make it through that chaotic
+inner Horizon you might be able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner Horizon you might be able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner Horizon you might be able to get
+to the ring in the middle and goodness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ring in the middle and goodness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ring in the middle and goodness
+knows what you might be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what you might be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what you might be able to do
+appear in Another Universe go backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in Another Universe go backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in Another Universe go backward
+in time who knows so once we get inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time who knows so once we get inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time who knows so once we get inside
+the inside the Horizon we have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inside the Horizon we have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inside the Horizon we have a very
+interesting situation because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting situation because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting situation because there are
+many possibilities that can be worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many possibilities that can be worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many possibilities that can be worked on
+theoretically some of which sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically some of which sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically some of which sound like
+science fiction and indeed is science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction and indeed is science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction and indeed is science
+fiction at the minute because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction at the minute because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction at the minute because there's no
+way to publish the results of doing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to publish the results of doing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to publish the results of doing an
+experiment at least outside the Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment at least outside the Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment at least outside the Horizon
+inside you could have a little community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside you could have a little community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside you could have a little community
+that would ride Inward and communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would ride Inward and communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would ride Inward and communicate
+with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other what was space time like before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other what was space time like before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other what was space time like before
+Adams well I'll leave that to you but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adams well I'll leave that to you but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adams well I'll leave that to you but um
+let's see so I we can talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so I we can talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so I we can talk about that
+now SpaceTime doesn't really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now SpaceTime doesn't really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now SpaceTime doesn't really have
+anything to do with atoms I mean so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with atoms I mean so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with atoms I mean so if
+you think about what atoms are made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what atoms are made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what atoms are made of
+um they're made out of what does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're made out of what does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're made out of what does anybody
+know what particles go into making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what particles go into making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what particles go into making
+atoms right so but even um before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms right so but even um before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms right so but even um before you
+get that small you have protons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that small you have protons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that small you have protons and
+neutrons and it turns out that protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons and it turns out that protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons and it turns out that protons
+and neutrons are themselves made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neutrons are themselves made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neutrons are themselves made of
+quarks um and there's also electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks um and there's also electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks um and there's also electrons
+which are themselves fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are themselves fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are themselves fundamental
+particles so when the universe was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so when the universe was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so when the universe was was
+hot enough that um essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot enough that um essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot enough that um essentially the
+quirks weren't even bound together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quirks weren't even bound together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quirks weren't even bound together to
+form neutrons and protons there was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form neutrons and protons there was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form neutrons and protons there was just
+this whole hot sea of quirks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole hot sea of quirks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole hot sea of quirks that
+SpaceTime existed you know just fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime existed you know just fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime existed you know just fine
+before atoms on their own existed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before atoms on their own existed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before atoms on their own existed and
+even before that I mean you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even before that I mean you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even before that I mean you could
+imagine a universe where you just had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a universe where you just had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a universe where you just had
+say a whole bunch of photons um and You'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a whole bunch of photons um and You'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a whole bunch of photons um and You'
+have SpaceTime yeah what I meant more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have SpaceTime yeah what I meant more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have SpaceTime yeah what I meant more
+with that question was when the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that question was when the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that question was when the entire
+universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe
+was that dense okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that dense okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that dense okay so
+um inflation is this period in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um inflation is this period in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um inflation is this period in the very
+beginning that's sort of the bang part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that's sort of the bang part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that's sort of the bang part
+of the big bang and essentially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big bang and essentially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big bang and essentially when
+inflation ends the energy that's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation ends the energy that's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation ends the energy that's there
+goes into sort of the normal fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into sort of the normal fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into sort of the normal fundamental
+particles that we think of like quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that we think of like quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that we think of like quarks
+and electrons and everything and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electrons and everything and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electrons and everything and it's
+just this hot soup and it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this hot soup and it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this hot soup and it's very very
+dense but it's there and SpaceTime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense but it's there and SpaceTime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense but it's there and SpaceTime
+exists I mean things are squished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists I mean things are squished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists I mean things are squished
+together a lot relative to the size as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a lot relative to the size as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a lot relative to the size as
+they are today but maybe I'm still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are today but maybe I'm still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are today but maybe I'm still not
+understanding your question what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding your question what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding your question what was
+space time like during that inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time like during that inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time like during that inflation
+period um that's a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period um that's a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period um that's a little bit of a
+harder question to answer um we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder question to answer um we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder question to answer um we don't
+have one single accepted model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one single accepted model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one single accepted model that
+describes the universe then um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the universe then um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the universe then um and I
+think it depends on you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it depends on you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it depends on you know the
+particulars in fact there are models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulars in fact there are models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulars in fact there are models
+that have more than four dimensions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have more than four dimensions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have more than four dimensions you
+know you may have heard of all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you may have heard of all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you may have heard of all this
+crazy doing cosmology and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy doing cosmology and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy doing cosmology and five
+dimensions or strength area in 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions or strength area in 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions or strength area in 11
+Dimensions or all this stuff and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions or all this stuff and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions or all this stuff and we just
+don't know at this point about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know at this point about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know at this point about that
+so were there other questions relating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so were there other questions relating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so were there other questions relating
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that primordial black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that primordial black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that primordial black
+holes and this will have something to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and this will have something to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and this will have something to do
+with Hawking radiation and the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Hawking radiation and the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Hawking radiation and the relation
+between quantum mechanics and general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between quantum mechanics and general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between quantum mechanics and general
+relativity according to general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity according to general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity according to general
+relativity in a non-rotating black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity in a non-rotating black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity in a non-rotating black hole
+the matter that goes in goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter that goes in goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter that goes in goes to the
+center and is crushed to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and is crushed to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and is crushed to a
+point quantum mechanics forbids this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point quantum mechanics forbids this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point quantum mechanics forbids this
+quantum mechanics will not allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics will not allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics will not allow you
+even to put a single electron at a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to put a single electron at a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to put a single electron at a point
+much less all the debris that may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less all the debris that may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less all the debris that may be
+pouring into a black hole so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pouring into a black hole so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pouring into a black hole so one of the
+beauties of general relativity is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauties of general relativity is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauties of general relativity is it
+proves its own demise it cannot work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves its own demise it cannot work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves its own demise it cannot work in
+the center at this Singularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center at this Singularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center at this Singularity
+Point although and we don't have now one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point although and we don't have now one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point although and we don't have now one
+of the big if you say what is this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big if you say what is this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big if you say what is this what
+is the biggest qu what is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the biggest qu what is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the biggest qu what is one of the
+biggest questions it would be what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest questions it would be what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest questions it would be what is
+the relation between general relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between general relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between general relativity
+and Quon mechanics we don't know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Quon mechanics we don't know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Quon mechanics we don't know we're
+edging up on it and and stepen Hawking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edging up on it and and stepen Hawking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edging up on it and and stepen Hawking
+edged up on it in the following way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edged up on it in the following way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edged up on it in the following way
+there's a there's a paradox which we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a paradox which we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a paradox which we've
+also mentioned which John Wheeler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mentioned which John Wheeler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mentioned which John Wheeler
+explained to me you've got a dirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained to me you've got a dirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained to me you've got a dirty
+teacup and you throw it into a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacup and you throw it into a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacup and you throw it into a black
+hole well a dirty teacup has disorder in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole well a dirty teacup has disorder in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole well a dirty teacup has disorder in
+it it's dirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's dirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's dirty
+you throw it into a black hole and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you throw it into a black hole and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you throw it into a black hole and it's
+gone so the disorder in the universe has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone so the disorder in the universe has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone so the disorder in the universe has
+decreased or the other thing sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased or the other thing sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased or the other thing sometimes
+people say is what if I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say is what if I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say is what if I take a
+dictionary and throw it into a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary and throw it into a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary and throw it into a black
+hole I mean clearly there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole I mean clearly there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole I mean clearly there's a lot of
+information in the dictionary and can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the dictionary and can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the dictionary and can I
+destroy information by throwing it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy information by throwing it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy information by throwing it into
+a black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a black hole
+right so uh there's a sequence of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh there's a sequence of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh there's a sequence of of the
+history of this which you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of this which you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of this which you will be
+reading in Thorn's book but one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading in Thorn's book but one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading in Thorn's book but one thing
+Hawking realized is that it is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawking realized is that it is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawking realized is that it is that when
+you look at a black hole it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a black hole it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a black hole it is not
+really black it is just very very cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really black it is just very very cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really black it is just very very cold
+and it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a
+temperature and it emits radiation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and it emits radiation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and it emits radiation and
+one way to think of this radiation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to think of this radiation there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to think of this radiation there
+are many ways but one way is that vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many ways but one way is that vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many ways but one way is that vacuum
+all around us is not a vacuum it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all around us is not a vacuum it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all around us is not a vacuum it is a
+continual uh virtual particles are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continual uh virtual particles are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continual uh virtual particles are being
+created and and rejoined so I might just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and and rejoined so I might just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and and rejoined so I might just
+rephrase that a little bit what really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rephrase that a little bit what really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rephrase that a little bit what really
+we just need to revise our definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need to revise our definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need to revise our definition of
+vacuum so there is such thing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum so there is such thing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum so there is such thing as a
+vacuum but instead of thinking of vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum but instead of thinking of vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum but instead of thinking of vacuum
+as completely absolutely empty space you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as completely absolutely empty space you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as completely absolutely empty space you
+need to think of the vacuum as simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think of the vacuum as simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think of the vacuum as simply
+the lowest possible energy density that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest possible energy density that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest possible energy density that
+there is and it's not zero so you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is and it's not zero so you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is and it's not zero so you may
+know about electron positron pair sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about electron positron pair sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about electron positron pair sort
+of virtual particles that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of virtual particles that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of virtual particles that can be
+spontaneously created from the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously created from the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously created from the vacuum
+and then you know they annihilate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know they annihilate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know they annihilate and
+disappear again and this is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear again and this is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear again and this is happening
+all over so for a tiny tiny tiny bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over so for a tiny tiny tiny bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over so for a tiny tiny tiny bit of
+time these particles appear and then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time these particles appear and then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time these particles appear and then go
+away but they have gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but they have gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but they have gravitational
+interaction I mean they're sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction I mean they're sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction I mean they're sort of like
+you can think of almost as there being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of almost as there being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of almost as there being
+some mass density um in the vacuum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mass density um in the vacuum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mass density um in the vacuum and
+so that's the vacuum it's just nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the vacuum it's just nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the vacuum it's just nonzero
+so all right go ahead oh fine and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right go ahead oh fine and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right go ahead oh fine and uh
+Hawking realized that if you have one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawking realized that if you have one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawking realized that if you have one of
+these pairs created very near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pairs created very near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pairs created very near the
+Horizon one of them can disappear into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon one of them can disappear into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon one of them can disappear into
+the black hole and the other one get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black hole and the other one get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black hole and the other one get
+away now that one that gets away is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away now that one that gets away is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away now that one that gets away is a
+permanent particle now and so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent particle now and so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent particle now and so you have
+the black hole and this additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black hole and this additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black hole and this additional
+particle now conservation of energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle now conservation of energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle now conservation of energy is
+something we fight very hard to preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we fight very hard to preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we fight very hard to preserve
+and that means that the black hole must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that the black hole must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that the black hole must
+have lost energy that appears as in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lost energy that appears as in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lost energy that appears as in this
+distant particle and so the black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant particle and so the black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant particle and so the black hole
+is and he worked out the formulas and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and he worked out the formulas and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and he worked out the formulas and it
+turns out that there is a temperature to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that there is a temperature to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that there is a temperature to
+the black hole I think it's inversely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black hole I think it's inversely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black hole I think it's inversely
+proportional to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to its
+mass and so as the black hole evaporates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and so as the black hole evaporates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and so as the black hole evaporates
+which for a sun-sized black hole would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for a sun-sized black hole would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for a sun-sized black hole would
+be many times the age of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be many times the age of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be many times the age of the universe
+as it evaporates it gets smaller in mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it evaporates it gets smaller in mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it evaporates it gets smaller in mass
+and the temperature goes up and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the temperature goes up and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the temperature goes up and then it
+gets smaller and the temperature goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller and the temperature goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller and the temperature goes up
+and it radiates more and at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it radiates more and at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it radiates more and at the end
+there'll be this huge who knows probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be this huge who knows probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be this huge who knows probably
+a huge bang so the question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge bang so the question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge bang so the question about
+primordial black holes has to really has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primordial black holes has to really has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primordial black holes has to really has
+to do with how big were they if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with how big were they if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with how big were they if they
+were the size if they were the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the size if they were the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the size if they were the mass of
+baseballs they we know how they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseballs they we know how they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseballs they we know how they would
+have evolved and they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have evolved and they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have evolved and they would have
+exploded long ago then intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded long ago then intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded long ago then intermediate
+sizes would be exploding now and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes would be exploding now and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes would be exploding now and we
+looking out could this be the basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking out could this be the basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking out could this be the basis for
+the gamma ray bursts I don't think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gamma ray bursts I don't think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gamma ray bursts I don't think so
+but you know it might be primordial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know it might be primordial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know it might be primordial
+black holes blowing up or black holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black holes blowing up or black holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black holes blowing up or black holes
+colliding so the general answer to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding so the general answer to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding so the general answer to these
+questions is we don't have a theory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is we don't have a theory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is we don't have a theory that
+combines quantum mechanics and black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines quantum mechanics and black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines quantum mechanics and black
+holes Hawking radiation is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes Hawking radiation is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes Hawking radiation is kind of
+edging up on this Theory and and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edging up on this Theory and and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edging up on this Theory and and one of
+the consequences was that he and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences was that he and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences was that he and others
+figured out that the entropy of a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out that the entropy of a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out that the entropy of a black
+hole is related to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole is related to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole is related to a
+area so when you throw the teacup into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so when you throw the teacup into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so when you throw the teacup into
+the black hole the mass goes up the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black hole the mass goes up the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black hole the mass goes up the area
+the uh The Horizon gets a little bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh The Horizon gets a little bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh The Horizon gets a little bigger
+and the disorder in the teacup is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the disorder in the teacup is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the disorder in the teacup is still
+there so you have not violated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you have not violated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you have not violated
+thermodynamics why if so with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics why if so with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics why if so with the the
+particle anti particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+why if one of the particles is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why if one of the particles is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why if one of the particles is going
+into the black why can't that added Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the black why can't that added Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the black why can't that added Mass
+to the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the black
+hole why does that energy not offset the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole why does that energy not offset the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole why does that energy not offset the
+energy of the particle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the particle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the particle that
+escapes I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escapes I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escapes I don't
+know yeah I mean it it becomes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah I mean it it becomes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah I mean it it becomes a little
+tricky and I think at this point some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky and I think at this point some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky and I think at this point some of
+the uh oversimplified pictures that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh oversimplified pictures that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh oversimplified pictures that we
+Ed to describe this sort of breakdown I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed to describe this sort of breakdown I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed to describe this sort of breakdown I
+mean something that you'll hear which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean something that you'll hear which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean something that you'll hear which I
+personally think is wrong as the EXP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally think is wrong as the EXP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally think is wrong as the EXP
+explanation is that you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation is that you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation is that you have this
+particle AN anti- particle and say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle AN anti- particle and say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle AN anti- particle and say the
+particle goes out carrying you know its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle goes out carrying you know its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle goes out carrying you know its
+mass m and the other and the anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass m and the other and the anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass m and the other and the anti-
+particle goes in and it sort of like has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle goes in and it sort of like has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle goes in and it sort of like has
+a negative Mass to the black hole I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative Mass to the black hole I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative Mass to the black hole I mean
+this is this is I think not a correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is I think not a correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is I think not a correct
+description but well one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description but well one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description but well one way
+to right you'd think that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right you'd think that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right you'd think that they would
+sort of each happen about the same this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of each happen about the same this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of each happen about the same this
+becomes hard to talk about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes hard to talk about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes hard to talk about in this
+language at this point I'm afraid I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language at this point I'm afraid I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language at this point I'm afraid I mean
+maybe somebody could give you a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe somebody could give you a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe somebody could give you a better
+answer well I think you say here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer well I think you say here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer well I think you say here's the
+initial condition black hole Here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition black hole Here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition black hole Here's the
+final condition black hole and Far Away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final condition black hole and Far Away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final condition black hole and Far Away
+particle now a lot of complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle now a lot of complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle now a lot of complicated
+stuff's gone off in the gone on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff's gone off in the gone on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff's gone off in the gone on in the
+middle but the beginning situation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle but the beginning situation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle but the beginning situation is
+clear and the final situation is clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and the final situation is clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and the final situation is clear
+and I can't describe to you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can't describe to you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can't describe to you the
+intermediate situation and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apologize yes when when when matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize yes when when when matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize yes when when when matter
+falls into a black hole it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls into a black hole it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls into a black hole it's like
+ringing a bell it'll it'll vibrate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ringing a bell it'll it'll vibrate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ringing a bell it'll it'll vibrate a
+little then it'll settle down and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little then it'll settle down and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little then it'll settle down and the
+new it's the radius of the Horizon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new it's the radius of the Horizon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new it's the radius of the Horizon is
+two times the mass in the units you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times the mass in the units you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times the mass in the units you
+you're learning to use so when the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning to use so when the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning to use so when the mass
+goes up the radius goes up and one of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up the radius goes up and one of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up the radius goes up and one of uh
+Hawking's theorems is the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawking's theorems is the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawking's theorems is the area of the
+Horizon never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon never
+decreases because if it did the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases because if it did the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases because if it did the entropy
+would decrease since the entropy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would decrease since the entropy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would decrease since the entropy is
+related to the area so when two black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the area so when two black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the area so when two black
+holes collide one of the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes collide one of the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes collide one of the homework
+problems you have two black holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you have two black holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you have two black holes
+Collide the resulting black hole has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collide the resulting black hole has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collide the resulting black hole has a
+bigger area than the sum of the ones or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger area than the sum of the ones or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger area than the sum of the ones or
+at least not less than the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least not less than the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least not less than the sum of the
+two that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that
+collided you said it it rang like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collided you said it it rang like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collided you said it it rang like a
+bell what's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell what's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell what's sort of
+frequency and what s what of can you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and what s what of can you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and what s what of can you say
+what a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is I don't know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I don't know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I don't know um
+the essentially what we talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essentially what we talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essentially what we talk about is
+stable structures and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable structures and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable structures and this is an
+unstable structure it will radiate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable structure it will radiate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable structure it will radiate I
+mean one part of the story that thorn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean one part of the story that thorn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean one part of the story that thorn
+tells is supposing you've got a little a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells is supposing you've got a little a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells is supposing you've got a little a
+little mountain on the on the black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mountain on the on the black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mountain on the on the black hole
+what happens to it I mean does it grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to it I mean does it grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to it I mean does it grow
+does the black hole explode because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the black hole explode because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the black hole explode because it's
+it's not stable or does the mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not stable or does the mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not stable or does the mountain
+decrease and you end up with a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease and you end up with a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease and you end up with a stable
+structure the second is true but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the second is true but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the second is true but the
+non-equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-equilibrium
+black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole
+is described by Einstein's field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is described by Einstein's field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is described by Einstein's field
+equations which are highly nonlinear one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations which are highly nonlinear one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations which are highly nonlinear one
+can do a calculation as a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a calculation as a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a calculation as a general
+relativist but it's the answer is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativist but it's the answer is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativist but it's the answer is not
+something you can write down in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula okay so as a black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay so as a black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay so as a black hole
+evaporates it need these M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporates it need these M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporates it need these M
+and the mass is related to the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mass is related to the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mass is related to the radius of
+the black hole so would that as it lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black hole so would that as it lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black hole so would that as it lost
+Mass it would use radius which mean area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass it would use radius which mean area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass it would use radius which mean area
+would decrease yes so I don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would decrease yes so I don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would decrease yes so I don't understand
+why the area would decrease right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the area would decrease right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the area would decrease right we're
+talking I'm confusing you with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking I'm confusing you with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking I'm confusing you with two
+different theories one is classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different theories one is classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different theories one is classical
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+relativity which says that the area of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity which says that the area of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity which says that the area of a
+black hole never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole never
+decreases number one number two we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases number one number two we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases number one number two we're
+edging up to a quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edging up to a quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edging up to a quantum mechanical
+understanding relation between general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding relation between general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding relation between general
+relativity and quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity and quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity and quantum
+mechanics according to and that edging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics according to and that edging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics according to and that edging
+into it is hawking radiation is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it is hawking radiation is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it is hawking radiation is sort of
+the first little Commando raid into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first little Commando raid into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first little Commando raid into this
+foreign enemy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign enemy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign enemy
+territory and he worked through pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory and he worked through pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory and he worked through pretty
+carefully the consequences of Hawking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully the consequences of Hawking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully the consequences of Hawking
+radiation and the consequences are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and the consequences are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and the consequences are that
+a black hole does have a temperature a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a black hole does have a temperature a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a black hole does have a temperature a
+big black hole has an immensely small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big black hole has an immensely small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big black hole has an immensely small
+temperature a little teeny tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature a little teeny tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature a little teeny tiny
+temperature but it radiates and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but it radiates and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but it radiates and a
+sun-sized one would take 10 to the 80th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun-sized one would take 10 to the 80th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun-sized one would take 10 to the 80th
+years to radiate away or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to radiate away or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to radiate away or something like
+that but a a little black hole would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but a a little black hole would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but a a little black hole would
+radiate like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate like
+mad so as as the thing radiates away it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad so as as the thing radiates away it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad so as as the thing radiates away it
+gets less massive its temperature goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets less massive its temperature goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets less massive its temperature goes
+up it's inversely proportional to mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's inversely proportional to mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's inversely proportional to mass
+the temperature goes up it radiates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature goes up it radiates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature goes up it radiates
+faster its temperature goes up its mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster its temperature goes up its mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster its temperature goes up its mass
+decreases faster and at the end it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases faster and at the end it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases faster and at the end it would
+go in a it could be a big explosion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in a it could be a big explosion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in a it could be a big explosion that
+would be a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a complicated
+um you know complicated since that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know complicated since that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know complicated since that's a
+changing structure would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing structure would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing structure would be a
+complicated calculation but essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated calculation but essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated calculation but essentially
+the point is just that this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is just that this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is just that this whole
+radiation thing is a quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation thing is a quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation thing is a quantum mechanical
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those uh approximations foring you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh approximations foring you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh approximations foring you take
+radi it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radi it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radi it's not
+eating absolutely that assumes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating absolutely that assumes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating absolutely that assumes there's
+nothing being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing being
+added and of course there is everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added and of course there is everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added and of course there is everywhere
+in space atoms and so forth that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space atoms and so forth that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space atoms and so forth that are
+raining down on any black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raining down on any black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raining down on any black hole
+so whether the two would come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whether the two would come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whether the two would come into
+equilibrium or not I don't know depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium or not I don't know depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium or not I don't know depends
+on the size and the density and things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the size and the density and things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the size and the density and things I
+have no way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no way of
+knowing so here should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe you want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you want to talk about
+gravitational radiation a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational radiation a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational radiation a little
+um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+really no so I was going to maybe just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really no so I was going to maybe just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really no so I was going to maybe just
+try to say a little bit more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to say a little bit more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to say a little bit more about the
+CMB maybe you think I'm going crazy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMB maybe you think I'm going crazy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMB maybe you think I'm going crazy but
+this just very exciting so um so edwins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just very exciting so um so edwins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just very exciting so um so edwins
+was explaining a little bit at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was explaining a little bit at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was explaining a little bit at the very
+beginning about this but I think after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning about this but I think after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning about this but I think after
+having talked about this picture of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having talked about this picture of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having talked about this picture of a
+hot expanding universe and the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot expanding universe and the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot expanding universe and the particles
+it maybe will make a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe will make a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe will make a little bit more
+sense so I mean imagine in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so I mean imagine in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so I mean imagine in the very
+beginning we're talking the first few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning we're talking the first few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning we're talking the first few
+hundred thousand years um you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand years um you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand years um you just have
+this very very hot to be honest pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very very hot to be honest pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very very hot to be honest pretty
+boring soup of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring soup of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring soup of stuff
+um and finally when it cools down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and finally when it cools down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and finally when it cools down to the
+point that um the electrons and protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that um the electrons and protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that um the electrons and protons
+can combine to form neutral hydrogen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can combine to form neutral hydrogen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can combine to form neutral hydrogen um
+the universe sort of goes through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe sort of goes through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe sort of goes through this
+phase transition where it goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase transition where it goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase transition where it goes from
+ionized charged plasma to neutral to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionized charged plasma to neutral to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionized charged plasma to neutral to
+hydrogen um and in the first part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen um and in the first part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen um and in the first part the
+photons interact strongly with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons interact strongly with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons interact strongly with the
+charged particles whereas once it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particles whereas once it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particles whereas once it
+becomes neutral hydrogen um they pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes neutral hydrogen um they pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes neutral hydrogen um they pretty
+much don't interact anymore with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much don't interact anymore with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much don't interact anymore with the
+photons and all these photons are free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and all these photons are free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and all these photons are free
+streaming and pretty much don't interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streaming and pretty much don't interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streaming and pretty much don't interact
+with anything until they hit our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anything until they hit our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anything until they hit our
+detector um so I mean that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector um so I mean that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector um so I mean that's pretty
+amazing to think of 14 billion years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing to think of 14 billion years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing to think of 14 billion years
+later where the first thing this Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later where the first thing this Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later where the first thing this Photon
+has touched but that's how it goes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has touched but that's how it goes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has touched but that's how it goes so
+this happened everywhere at this certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happened everywhere at this certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happened everywhere at this certain
+time in the past um and what we see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the past um and what we see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the past um and what we see is
+that light from this it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light from this it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light from this it's called the
+surface of last Gathering because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of last Gathering because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of last Gathering because it's
+the last time the photons um interacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last time the photons um interacted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last time the photons um interacted
+with the matter um and they got they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the matter um and they got they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the matter um and they got they
+decoupled and they've been traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoupled and they've been traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoupled and they've been traveling
+toward us and that's what we see so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward us and that's what we see so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward us and that's what we see so it's
+this picture of what the temperature was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture of what the temperature was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture of what the temperature was
+um of the matter on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the matter on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the matter on this
+shell um that's pretty much the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell um that's pretty much the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell um that's pretty much the picture
+does anybody have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody have
+spe what about all the all the photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spe what about all the all the photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spe what about all the all the photons
+that didn't interact with stuff before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't interact with stuff before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't interact with stuff before
+theyit or didn't hit well right so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theyit or didn't hit well right so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theyit or didn't hit well right so there
+are many many many many photons that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many many many photons that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many many many photons that we
+won't see I mean and they're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't see I mean and they're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't see I mean and they're just going
+there's some going through Edwin right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some going through Edwin right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some going through Edwin right
+now like they're all over um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now like they're all over um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now like they're all over um but the
+point is the ones we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the ones we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the ones we
+observe um are ones that we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe um are ones that we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe um are ones that we have been
+freest streaming since the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freest streaming since the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freest streaming since the surface of
+last scattering and so we're pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last scattering and so we're pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last scattering and so we're pretty much
+the only ones we see are ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only ones we see are ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only ones we see are ones that are
+you know giving us this picture of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know giving us this picture of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know giving us this picture of what
+it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like representative sample of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like representative sample of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like representative sample of the
+original ones yeah so right certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original ones yeah so right certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original ones yeah so right certainly
+some of them will you know hit a Galaxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them will you know hit a Galaxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them will you know hit a Galaxy
+or a star or do other things but we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a star or do other things but we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a star or do other things but we then
+just won't see those but you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just won't see those but you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just won't see those but you know it's
+not like there's some big selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like there's some big selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like there's some big selection
+effect where we're only seeing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect where we're only seeing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect where we're only seeing some
+population of the original distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of the original distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of the original distribution
+I mean this is the original measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is the original measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is the original measurements
+from the Kobe satellite in the early 90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Kobe satellite in the early 90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Kobe satellite in the early 90s
+there's this gorgeous gorgeous picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this gorgeous gorgeous picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this gorgeous gorgeous picture
+um this sort of famous talk at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this sort of famous talk at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this sort of famous talk at the
+annual astronomer conference where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual astronomer conference where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual astronomer conference where the
+guy just went up and put this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy just went up and put this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy just went up and put this picture
+down that was the most perfect Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that was the most perfect Maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that was the most perfect Maxwell
+bolman distribution you've ever seen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolman distribution you've ever seen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolman distribution you've ever seen um
+and like this curve going right through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like this curve going right through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like this curve going right through
+it and the air Bars were like I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the air Bars were like I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the air Bars were like I don't
+know magnified by 200 times the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know magnified by 200 times the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know magnified by 200 times the line
+went right through it um and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went right through it um and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went right through it um and they were
+just measuring I mean it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just measuring I mean it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just measuring I mean it's just the
+black body formula that you guys all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black body formula that you guys all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black body formula that you guys all
+learned about in thermophysics um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about in thermophysics um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about in thermophysics um so I
+mean it really is just rating like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it really is just rating like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it really is just rating like a
+perfect black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect black
+body um so anyway I was going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body um so anyway I was going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body um so anyway I was going to say
+that's the that's the part that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the part that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the part that's the
+same so at the level of one part and 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so at the level of one part and 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so at the level of one part and 10
+to the five there are then little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the five there are then little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the five there are then little
+fluctuations and that's sort of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations and that's sort of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations and that's sort of where
+all the interesting physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the interesting physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the interesting physics
+is see as you as you've heard this 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is see as you as you've heard this 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is see as you as you've heard this 100
+times as you look outward in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as you look outward in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as you look outward in space
+you're Looking Backward in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're Looking Backward in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're Looking Backward in time and
+there comes a place where the time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there comes a place where the time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there comes a place where the time is
+300,000 years after the beginning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300,000 years after the beginning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300,000 years after the beginning and
+that is a wall of plasma moving that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a wall of plasma moving that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a wall of plasma moving that is
+moving away from us because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving away from us because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving away from us because the the
+world is the universe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is the universe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is the universe is
+expanding and we are seeing and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding and we are seeing and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding and we are seeing and what we
+see is layers of that that in a way how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is layers of that that in a way how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is layers of that that in a way how
+can I say the light comes from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I say the light comes from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I say the light comes from different
+layers but the each layer is moving away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers but the each layer is moving away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers but the each layer is moving away
+from us so fast that a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from us so fast that a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from us so fast that a very high
+temperature has been reduced to almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature has been reduced to almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature has been reduced to almost
+3° as low as 3 degrees K so it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3° as low as 3 degrees K so it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3° as low as 3 degrees K so it's a very
+interesting view as you look out and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting view as you look out and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting view as you look out and you
+can't see that radiation because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see that radiation because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see that radiation because it's
+microwave because it's typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave because it's typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave because it's typical
+temperature is you can see it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is you can see it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is you can see it if you
+don't have cable if you have a TV with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have cable if you have a TV with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have cable if you have a TV with
+antennas it's uh something like a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas it's uh something like a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas it's uh something like a couple
+percent of the static that you see your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the static that you see your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the static that you see your
+TV I mean it really is microwaves and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV I mean it really is microwaves and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV I mean it really is microwaves and it
+really is I mean in fact there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is I mean in fact there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is I mean in fact there's a
+really cool story which maybe you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool story which maybe you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool story which maybe you guys
+will learn about later in the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will learn about later in the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will learn about later in the semester
+about the guys who discovered this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the guys who discovered this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the guys who discovered this in
+the first place and they were building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place and they were building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place and they were building
+antennas and they were trying to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas and they were trying to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas and they were trying to get rid
+of this noise in their antennas and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this noise in their antennas and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this noise in their antennas and no
+matter what they did they couldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what they did they couldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what they did they couldn't get
+rid of it and they finally figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of it and they finally figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of it and they finally figured out
+it's not noise in our I mean it well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not noise in our I mean it well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not noise in our I mean it well it
+is it's a signal in our detector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a signal in our detector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a signal in our detector and
+it's the same in every direction and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same in every direction and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same in every direction and it
+must be you know coming from way out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be you know coming from way out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be you know coming from way out
+there in the univers there's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the univers there's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the univers there's a really
+interesting human story worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting human story worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting human story worry about that
+these were penus and Wilson and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were penus and Wilson and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were penus and Wilson and they
+were looking for Pigeon droppings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking for Pigeon droppings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking for Pigeon droppings and
+everything in their antenna yeah they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in their antenna yeah they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in their antenna yeah they
+were just going crazy and they called up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just going crazy and they called up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just going crazy and they called up
+Bernie Burke who's still here as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernie Burke who's still here as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernie Burke who's still here as a
+physics professor and they said we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics professor and they said we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics professor and they said we're
+having this problem and he said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this problem and he said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this problem and he said you
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+call Robert dicki who was at Princeton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Robert dicki who was at Princeton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Robert dicki who was at Princeton
+because he knew that Robert Dicky and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he knew that Robert Dicky and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he knew that Robert Dicky and
+his students were setting up an antenna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his students were setting up an antenna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his students were setting up an antenna
+because they figured there had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they figured there had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they figured there had to be
+microwave radiation left over from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave radiation left over from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave radiation left over from this
+so Dicky picked up the phone and The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Dicky picked up the phone and The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Dicky picked up the phone and The
+Graduate students were in the the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graduate students were in the the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graduate students were in the the other
+room all men he picked up the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room all men he picked up the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room all men he picked up the phone
+there was a long talk and he put it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a long talk and he put it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a long talk and he put it down
+said boys we've been uh we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said boys we've been uh we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said boys we've been uh we've been
+scooped peny wi and Wilson did get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scooped peny wi and Wilson did get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scooped peny wi and Wilson did get the
+Nobel Prize eventually for discovering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize eventually for discovering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize eventually for discovering
+this um but so the other side effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um but so the other side effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um but so the other side effect of
+all this is that we can't see any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this is that we can't see any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this is that we can't see any
+farther this sort of at least using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther this sort of at least using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther this sort of at least using
+photons as the method for seeing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons as the method for seeing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons as the method for seeing we
+can't see through that wall because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see through that wall because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see through that wall because the
+universe is opaque so once you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is opaque so once you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is opaque so once you try to
+look back farther than the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look back farther than the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look back farther than the surface of
+last scattering um and you have this hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last scattering um and you have this hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last scattering um and you have this hot
+plasma the photons have a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma the photons have a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma the photons have a very very
+short mean free path and so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short mean free path and so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short mean free path and so you can't
+see through it anymore and so we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see through it anymore and so we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see through it anymore and so we sort of
+don't have any hope of using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any hope of using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any hope of using the
+traditional observation techniques to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional observation techniques to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional observation techniques to
+see you know anything about actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you know anything about actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you know anything about actually the
+very beginning so this is the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning so this is the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning so this is the closest
+you can get to observing the big bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get to observing the big bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get to observing the big bang
+with light with light yeah what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with light with light yeah what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with light with light yeah what is the
+implication of the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication of the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication of the one
+part so essentially that arises from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so essentially that arises from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so essentially that arises from the
+fact that the univers is not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the univers is not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the univers is not completely
+homogeneous so the fact that it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous so the fact that it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous so the fact that it looks
+the same temperature in One Direction as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same temperature in One Direction as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same temperature in One Direction as
+the other um says something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other um says something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other um says something about the
+universe being isotropic and homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe being isotropic and homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe being isotropic and homogeneous
+because they're you know otherwise they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're you know otherwise they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're you know otherwise they
+wouldn't be in thermal equilibrium I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be in thermal equilibrium I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be in thermal equilibrium I
+mean like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean like what
+is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right
+so so what the little part on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what the little part on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what the little part on top of
+that is saying that it's not perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is saying that it's not perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is saying that it's not perfectly
+homogeneous there's little ripples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous there's little ripples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous there's little ripples in
+the density so if you were to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density so if you were to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density so if you were to measure
+sort of the local density of matter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the local density of matter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the local density of matter in
+the universe um it's it's not perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe um it's it's not perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe um it's it's not perfectly
+smooth in fact it's there were sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth in fact it's there were sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth in fact it's there were sort of
+these slight ripples in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slight ripples in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slight ripples in the very
+beginning that then through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that then through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that then through
+gravitational interaction grew and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational interaction grew and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational interaction grew and
+that's what formed galaxies eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what formed galaxies eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what formed galaxies eventually
+so sort of the progenitors of what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sort of the progenitors of what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sort of the progenitors of what would
+become galaxies were these little tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become galaxies were these little tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become galaxies were these little tiny
+ripples um in fact inflation predicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples um in fact inflation predicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples um in fact inflation predicts
+exactly these Ripples and it's in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly these Ripples and it's in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly these Ripples and it's in fact
+Quantum fluctuations that get blown up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum fluctuations that get blown up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum fluctuations that get blown up
+during inflation you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during inflation you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during inflation you know sort of
+inflated to these large length scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflated to these large length scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflated to these large length scales
+and then no like you know over billions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then no like you know over billions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then no like you know over billions
+of years um they amplify because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years um they amplify because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years um they amplify because you can
+imagine if it's a little bit more dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if it's a little bit more dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if it's a little bit more dense
+in one place than nearby that'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one place than nearby that'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one place than nearby that'll have a
+stronger gravitational pole and so it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger gravitational pole and so it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger gravitational pole and so it'll
+get even more dense and I mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get even more dense and I mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get even more dense and I mean this is
+what formed large scale structure in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what formed large scale structure in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what formed large scale structure in the
+universe so um looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe so um looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe so um looking at the
+anisotropy back at 300,000 years when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropy back at 300,000 years when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropy back at 300,000 years when we
+see the CNB gives us a picture of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the CNB gives us a picture of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the CNB gives us a picture of what
+the sort of the large scale structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the large scale structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the large scale structure
+was at that time um and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at that time um and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at that time um and so you know
+people do things like numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do things like numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do things like numerical
+simulations of if you started with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations of if you started with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations of if you started with that
+level of fluctuations in the density and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of fluctuations in the density and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of fluctuations in the density and
+try to evolve forward using the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to evolve forward using the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to evolve forward using the physics
+that we think governs all of this do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think governs all of this do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think governs all of this do you
+end up with a universe that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a universe that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a universe that looks like
+the universe we see around ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe we see around ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe we see around ourselves
+today um so the parameters that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um so the parameters that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um so the parameters that come
+into this are like you know first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this are like you know first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this are like you know first of all
+of course the temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the temperature of the
+cmbb but also things like the expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cmbb but also things like the expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cmbb but also things like the expansion
+rate of the universe and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the universe and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the universe and also the
+derivative of the expansion rate or sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the expansion rate or sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the expansion rate or sort
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+acceleration um what fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration um what fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration um what fraction of the
+matter is bearing out so I mean there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is bearing out so I mean there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is bearing out so I mean there's
+sort of a lot of things that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a lot of things that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a lot of things that will
+influence this spectrum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence this spectrum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence this spectrum of
+perturbations um in in fact like almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations um in in fact like almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations um in in fact like almost
+all of cosmology turns out to be encoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of cosmology turns out to be encoded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of cosmology turns out to be encoded
+um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the
+Spectrum how supposing you want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum how supposing you want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum how supposing you want to look
+back farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back farther
+what Messengers can you use well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Messengers can you use well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Messengers can you use well
+neutrinos would be a possibility because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos would be a possibility because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos would be a possibility because
+they would go through a plasma another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would go through a plasma another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would go through a plasma another
+possibility is gravitational waves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is gravitational waves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is gravitational waves so
+let's talk a little bit about gravit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk a little bit about gravit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk a little bit about gravit
+which Kristen doesn't want to and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Kristen doesn't want to and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Kristen doesn't want to and I will
+do as best I can gravitational waves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as best I can gravitational waves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as best I can gravitational waves are
+stretching and shrinking of the fabric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching and shrinking of the fabric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching and shrinking of the fabric
+of SpaceTime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of SpaceTime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of SpaceTime
+itself and if you ask how much what grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and if you ask how much what grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and if you ask how much what grab
+well first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of
+hulls Taylor and hulls who got the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hulls Taylor and hulls who got the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hulls Taylor and hulls who got the Nobel
+Prize as as um biringer mentioned last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize as as um biringer mentioned last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize as as um biringer mentioned last
+time for showing that a neutron pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for showing that a neutron pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for showing that a neutron pair
+that's circling each other one of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's circling each other one of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's circling each other one of which
+we can see because it's a pulsar or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see because it's a pulsar or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see because it's a pulsar or
+observe that they are the radius between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that they are the radius between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that they are the radius between
+them is shrinking at exactly the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is shrinking at exactly the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is shrinking at exactly the rate
+that they know a tremendous amount about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they know a tremendous amount about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they know a tremendous amount about
+this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these
+orbits uh all the gravitational general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits uh all the gravitational general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits uh all the gravitational general
+relativity effects and so forth and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity effects and so forth and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity effects and so forth and they
+can calculate what the radiation ought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate what the radiation ought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate what the radiation ought
+to be for gravitational radiation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be for gravitational radiation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be for gravitational radiation and
+that energy that's given off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy that's given off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy that's given off in
+gravitational radiation is lost from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational radiation is lost from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational radiation is lost from the
+orbital energy so that one can predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital energy so that one can predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital energy so that one can predict
+how given all the parameters that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how given all the parameters that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how given all the parameters that they
+know very well at what rate this orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very well at what rate this orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very well at what rate this orbital
+radius should be changing and it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius should be changing and it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius should be changing and it works
+perfectly uh and so that is a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly uh and so that is a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly uh and so that is a strong
+that is considered to be strong it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is considered to be strong it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is considered to be strong it could
+be something else but the fact that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something else but the fact that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something else but the fact that it's
+perfectly predicted given what they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly predicted given what they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly predicted given what they know
+is itself strong uh evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is itself strong uh evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is itself strong uh evidence that
+gravitational waves exist MIT is um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational waves exist MIT is um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational waves exist MIT is um with
+Caltech and others is setting up two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caltech and others is setting up two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caltech and others is setting up two
+gravitational wave detectors one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational wave detectors one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational wave detectors one in
+Hanford Washington one in Louisiana and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanford Washington one in Louisiana and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanford Washington one in Louisiana and
+they need two because uh essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need two because uh essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need two because uh essentially
+what they are are two arms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are are two arms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are are two arms of
+interferometers and they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometers and they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometers and they're going to
+measure the small change between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the small change between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the small change between
+between uh two masses that are hung as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh two masses that are hung as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh two masses that are hung as
+pendula as the gravitational waves go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendula as the gravitational waves go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendula as the gravitational waves go
+over the Baseline here is like 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the Baseline here is like 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the Baseline here is like 4
+kilometers I mean it's huge and and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers I mean it's huge and and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers I mean it's huge and and they
+can detect the waves falling uh striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can detect the waves falling uh striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can detect the waves falling uh striking
+the Pacific coast and a truck going by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pacific coast and a truck going by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pacific coast and a truck going by
+is like a like an explosion the joke is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a like an explosion the joke is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a like an explosion the joke is
+they did they measured halftime during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did they measured halftime during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did they measured halftime during
+the Super Bowl Louisiana because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Super Bowl Louisiana because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Super Bowl Louisiana because
+everybody went and flushed the toilet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody went and flushed the toilet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody went and flushed the toilet
+and it actually made enough of a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually made enough of a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually made enough of a signal
+like all the water running through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all the water running through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all the water running through the
+plumbing that they measured it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumbing that they measured it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumbing that they measured it in the
+det so that is why they have to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+det so that is why they have to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+det so that is why they have to have two
+because if they detect something in hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they detect something in hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they detect something in hand
+they want to be sure it isn't people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to be sure it isn't people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to be sure it isn't people
+flushing toilets and of course they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flushing toilets and of course they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flushing toilets and of course they
+during the Super Bowl that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the Super Bowl that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the Super Bowl that's probably
+happened in both places well no but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in both places well no but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in both places well no but I
+mean the fact is that you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the fact is that you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the fact is that you can calculate
+what the time delay should be um between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the time delay should be um between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the time delay should be um between
+seeing the signal in one detector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the signal in one detector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the signal in one detector and
+seeing the signal you know whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the signal you know whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the signal you know whatever it
+is 4,000 kilometers away and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4,000 kilometers away and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4,000 kilometers away and the other
+um and if it was something like a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if it was something like a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if it was something like a big
+earthquake that actually affected both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquake that actually affected both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquake that actually affected both
+the signal the time delay between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal the time delay between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal the time delay between the
+signals would be very different than if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals would be very different than if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals would be very different than if
+it were a gravitational wave or Super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were a gravitational wave or Super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were a gravitational wave or Super
+Bowl or whatever but I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bowl or whatever but I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bowl or whatever but I mean this
+detector imagine four K kilometers apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector imagine four K kilometers apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector imagine four K kilometers apart
+two masses with a little mirror on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two masses with a little mirror on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two masses with a little mirror on the
+end and Shining a laser back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and Shining a laser back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and Shining a laser back and forth
+you know that sort of bounced from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that sort of bounced from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that sort of bounced from one
+mirror to the next and being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror to the next and being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror to the next and being able to
+detect these two things getting closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect these two things getting closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect these two things getting closer
+together or farther apart by less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or farther apart by less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or farther apart by less than a
+wavelength I mean that's the sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength I mean that's the sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength I mean that's the sensitivity
+of this detector so it's amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this detector so it's amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this detector so it's amazing
+to me that this works but and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that this works but and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that this works but and so they
+have made predict there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made predict there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made predict there's only one
+gravitational source that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational source that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational source that they can
+predict pretty carefully and that is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict pretty carefully and that is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict pretty carefully and that is two
+uh orbiting um a binary system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh orbiting um a binary system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh orbiting um a binary system that
+finally coalesces they have a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally coalesces they have a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally coalesces they have a pretty
+good way of predicting how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way of predicting how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way of predicting how much
+gravitational energy would be given off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational energy would be given off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational energy would be given off
+by that everything else is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that everything else is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that everything else is kind of a
+guess and so they've set up these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and so they've set up these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and so they've set up these
+detectors because of the length and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors because of the length and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors because of the length and the
+and the frequency of the U uh hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frequency of the U uh hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frequency of the U uh hanging
+masses and so forth they've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and so forth they've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and so forth they've got the
+maximum sensitivity at about a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum sensitivity at about a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum sensitivity at about a 100
+cycles and they've set it up so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles and they've set it up so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles and they've set it up so if
+they're lucky and they turn it on they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're lucky and they turn it on they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're lucky and they turn it on they
+will detect some things but they may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will detect some things but they may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will detect some things but they may not
+and then there's a second generation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a second generation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a second generation and
+so forth and there's other people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and there's other people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and there's other people in
+Europe who are working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe who are working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe who are working on
+it they ultimately would like to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they ultimately would like to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they ultimately would like to put
+these interferometers into orbit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interferometers into orbit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interferometers into orbit and
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+uh planning going on for a system called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh planning going on for a system called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh planning going on for a system called
+uh Liza Lisa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Liza Lisa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Liza Lisa
+Lisa and uh it would involve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lisa and uh it would involve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lisa and uh it would involve a
+triangular setup that would be run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular setup that would be run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular setup that would be run
+behind the Earth and would be a th000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the Earth and would be a th000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the Earth and would be a th000
+kilometers on a side or 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers on a side or 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers on a side or 10,000
+kilometers or something incredible it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers or something incredible it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers or something incredible it's
+pretty ambitious yes but of course it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty ambitious yes but of course it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty ambitious yes but of course it
+would be far from the trucks and the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be far from the trucks and the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be far from the trucks and the in
+the uh uh Super Bowl that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh Super Bowl that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh Super Bowl that would be the
+good news the bad news is it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news the bad news is it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news the bad news is it would be
+way out there and it's very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out there and it's very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out there and it's very hard to
+maintain you can't send the shuttle up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain you can't send the shuttle up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain you can't send the shuttle up
+to work on it yeah pretty much once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on it yeah pretty much once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on it yeah pretty much once you
+deploy this thing you don't get to touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploy this thing you don't get to touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploy this thing you don't get to touch
+it again but buringer has said to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again but buringer has said to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again but buringer has said to me
+that he thinks this is as important a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he thinks this is as important a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he thinks this is as important a
+development as the development of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development as the development of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development as the development of the
+telescope because it's a whole you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope because it's a whole you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope because it's a whole you know
+that as soon as you get a signal you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as soon as you get a signal you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as soon as you get a signal you're
+going to find things that it never would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find things that it never would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find things that it never would
+have occurred to you before and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have occurred to you before and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have occurred to you before and and
+they'll get better and as they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll get better and as they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll get better and as they get
+better more and more things will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better more and more things will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better more and more things will become
+we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect
+if you can predict what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can predict what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can predict what you're going to
+see then you know when you should get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see then you know when you should get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see then you know when you should get a
+signal but once you get a signal you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal but once you get a signal you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal but once you get a signal you're
+going to find things that you had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find things that you had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find things that you had no
+idea about something that we maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea about something that we maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea about something that we maybe
+didn't say but the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say but the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say but the gravitational
+radiation does propagate at the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation does propagate at the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation does propagate at the speed of
+light so the same as electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation
+um yes I mean I guess is the Photon a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes I mean I guess is the Photon a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes I mean I guess is the Photon a
+wave or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave or a
+particle what so I mean if if you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle what so I mean if if you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle what so I mean if if you say
+look at this from Quantum field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this from Quantum field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this from Quantum field Theory
+perspective you know all of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective you know all of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective you know all of the things
+that are normally particles then become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are normally particles then become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are normally particles then become
+fields in this Theory and you know sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields in this Theory and you know sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields in this Theory and you know sure
+people talk about the graviton field um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk about the graviton field um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk about the graviton field um
+and it really is you know much like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really is you know much like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really is you know much like what
+you might think of as you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think of as you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think of as you know the
+photon field um what's a particle like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon field um what's a particle like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon field um what's a particle like a
+photon in many regards I mean it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon in many regards I mean it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon in many regards I mean it's a
+particle that has well I don't let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that has well I don't let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that has well I don't let me
+not get too far into it but um I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get too far into it but um I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get too far into it but um I mean we
+don't have a full theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a full theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a full theory
+of uh well Quantum field Theory with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh well Quantum field Theory with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh well Quantum field Theory with
+gravity all you know happily working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity all you know happily working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity all you know happily working
+together so that's a pretty hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so that's a pretty hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so that's a pretty hard
+question to answer you want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to answer you want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to answer you want to talk
+about whether all Galaxies have black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether all Galaxies have black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether all Galaxies have black
+holes um that's a pretty you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes um that's a pretty you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes um that's a pretty you know just
+from a logic point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a logic point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a logic point of
+view uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view uh
+I don't know how you how you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how you how you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how you how you want to
+answer that I mean have we seen a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that I mean have we seen a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that I mean have we seen a black
+hole in the center of every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in the center of every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in the center of every single
+Galaxy that we've seen well no of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galaxy that we've seen well no of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galaxy that we've seen well no of course
+not um but that doesn't mean they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um but that doesn't mean they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um but that doesn't mean they're not
+there um it's actually I mean how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um it's actually I mean how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um it's actually I mean how would
+you guys imagine you even go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys imagine you even go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys imagine you even go about
+detecting a black hole in the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting a black hole in the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting a black hole in the center of
+a galaxy can't see it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a galaxy can't see it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a galaxy can't see it it's
+black does anybody have any ideas what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black does anybody have any ideas what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black does anybody have any ideas what
+you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you mean gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean gravitational
+lensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lensing
+um yeah so gravitational lensing I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so gravitational lensing I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so gravitational lensing I think
+works great if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works great if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works great if you have
+say empty space a black hole a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say empty space a black hole a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say empty space a black hole a source
+behind it and you can see something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it and you can see something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it and you can see something you
+got to remember in the center of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to remember in the center of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to remember in the center of a
+galaxy if we're really talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy if we're really talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy if we're really talking about
+black holes in the centers of galaxies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black holes in the centers of galaxies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black holes in the centers of galaxies
+it's you know there's a bunch of crud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know there's a bunch of crud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know there's a bunch of crud
+surrounding it and in fact probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding it and in fact probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding it and in fact probably
+opaque crud that you can't even see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opaque crud that you can't even see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opaque crud that you can't even see
+through because there's a this whole big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through because there's a this whole big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through because there's a this whole big
+accretion disc you know full of dust and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accretion disc you know full of dust and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accretion disc you know full of dust and
+everything and it's very I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and it's very I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and it's very I don't know
+you can't I mean if you look towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't I mean if you look towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't I mean if you look towards the
+center of our galaxy um you just you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of our galaxy um you just you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of our galaxy um you just you see
+dust you can't see all the way there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust you can't see all the way there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust you can't see all the way there so
+I mean it's a little bit that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's a little bit that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's a little bit that's a little
+bit of a of a harder way I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a of a harder way I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a of a harder way I think
+yeah close to the s f enough Mass yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah close to the s f enough Mass yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah close to the s f enough Mass yeah
+pretty much what you try to do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much what you try to do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much what you try to do is you
+try to calculate um so for say a star at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to calculate um so for say a star at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to calculate um so for say a star at
+a given orbit looking or at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given orbit looking or at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given orbit looking or at a given
+radius orbiting um you can just use you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius orbiting um you can just use you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius orbiting um you can just use you
+know the laws of physics to say what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the laws of physics to say what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the laws of physics to say what the
+mass must be providing the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass must be providing the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass must be providing the central
+gravitational potential for you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational potential for you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational potential for you know a
+certain orbit to be traveling you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain orbit to be traveling you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain orbit to be traveling you know
+at the radius it is and it's more mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the radius it is and it's more mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the radius it is and it's more mass
+then I mean if you put that much mass in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I mean if you put that much mass in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I mean if you put that much mass in
+a size of that radius it would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a size of that radius it would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a size of that radius it would be a
+black hole so I mean what they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole so I mean what they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole so I mean what they actually
+do is look at the Doppler shift um so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is look at the Doppler shift um so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is look at the Doppler shift um so as
+you imagine looking say you're lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine looking say you're lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine looking say you're lucky
+enough to look Edge on and you add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to look Edge on and you add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to look Edge on and you add a
+black hole and then some stuff traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole and then some stuff traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole and then some stuff traveling
+around it the stuff that's on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it the stuff that's on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it the stuff that's on this side
+is going to be traveling away from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be traveling away from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be traveling away from you
+so it's red shifted and then it's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's red shifted and then it's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's red shifted and then it's coming
+this side it's traveling towards you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side it's traveling towards you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side it's traveling towards you so
+it's blue shifted so you can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's blue shifted so you can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's blue shifted so you can get the
+relative velocity um of the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity um of the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity um of the stuff
+traveling around and yeah when you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling around and yeah when you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling around and yeah when you just
+do the calculation the amount of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the calculation the amount of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the calculation the amount of mass
+you need in the center um to sustain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need in the center um to sustain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need in the center um to sustain
+that orbit is enough to be a black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that orbit is enough to be a black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that orbit is enough to be a black hole
+that does raise a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does raise a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does raise a very important
+question though and that is you say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question though and that is you say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question though and that is you say how
+you detect a black hole and I think she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you detect a black hole and I think she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you detect a black hole and I think she
+is Kristen has said it correctly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Kristen has said it correctly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Kristen has said it correctly you
+look at the orbits around it and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the orbits around it and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the orbits around it and you say
+well this has got two and a half Million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this has got two and a half Million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this has got two and a half Million
+Suns Mass it's got to be a black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suns Mass it's got to be a black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suns Mass it's got to be a black hole
+you'll notice there's a little Skip and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice there's a little Skip and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice there's a little Skip and
+logic there the thing in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic there the thing in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic there the thing in the middle
+surely has 2 and a half million times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely has 2 and a half million times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely has 2 and a half million times
+the Sun's mass but I know respectable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun's mass but I know respectable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun's mass but I know respectable
+physicist I think I'm correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist I think I'm correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist I think I'm correctly
+representing him Phil Morrison does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing him Phil Morrison does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing him Phil Morrison does not
+believe in black holes why not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in black holes why not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in black holes why not because
+he says general relativity has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says general relativity has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says general relativity has been
+proven in in um situations in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven in in um situations in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven in in um situations in which the
+gravitational effects are not terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational effects are not terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational effects are not terribly
+huge that's where we know it works but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge that's where we know it works but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge that's where we know it works but
+it has not been demonstrated he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has not been demonstrated he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has not been demonstrated he would
+say for extremely high curvatures and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for extremely high curvatures and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for extremely high curvatures and we
+and all all we know from this evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all all we know from this evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all all we know from this evidence
+is that there's something in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's something in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's something in there
+that's 2 and a half million times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 2 and a half million times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 2 and a half million times the
+mass of the Sun but we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the Sun but we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the Sun but we don't know
+there's a horizon we don't know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a horizon we don't know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a horizon we don't know that
+there's a ring Singularity at the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a ring Singularity at the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a ring Singularity at the center
+we don't know it's got an inner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know it's got an inner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know it's got an inner and
+outer Horizon and all that business the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer Horizon and all that business the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer Horizon and all that business the
+ker metric which has been set up for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ker metric which has been set up for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ker metric which has been set up for the
+rotating black hole we assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating black hole we assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating black hole we assume that the
+black hole exists and a lot of the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole exists and a lot of the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole exists and a lot of the early
+reading you do in the thorn book talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading you do in the thorn book talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading you do in the thorn book talks
+about how Chandra secar and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how Chandra secar and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how Chandra secar and others
+showed that a white dwarf cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that a white dwarf cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that a white dwarf cannot
+maintain itself against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain itself against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain itself against the
+gravitational forces if it's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational forces if it's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational forces if it's more than
+1.4 times the mass of of the Sun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4 times the mass of of the Sun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4 times the mass of of the Sun and
+then you go to the next stage which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go to the next stage which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go to the next stage which is
+the neutron star and we know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutron star and we know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutron star and we know something
+about that and you then the next stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and you then the next stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and you then the next stage
+is the black hole if it continues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the black hole if it continues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the black hole if it continues to
+accumulate Mass but black holes are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate Mass but black holes are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate Mass but black holes are not
+things that we can just look at and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can just look at and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can just look at and say
+yeah well of course there it is and sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well of course there it is and sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well of course there it is and sure
+enough down near the middle there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough down near the middle there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough down near the middle there's the
+black there's the Horizon and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black there's the Horizon and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black there's the Horizon and so forth
+all we know for sure is that if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we know for sure is that if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we know for sure is that if our
+theories are correct there's a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories are correct there's a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories are correct there's a black
+hole in the center of our galaxy if Phil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in the center of our galaxy if Phil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in the center of our galaxy if Phil
+Morrison's right there may be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morrison's right there may be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morrison's right there may be something
+with 2 and a half million times the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 2 and a half million times the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 2 and a half million times the uh
+mass of the Sun but it's not a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the Sun but it's not a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the Sun but it's not a black
+hole it's something else because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole it's something else because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole it's something else because the
+theory doesn't work now part of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory doesn't work now part of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory doesn't work now part of what
+you'll read about in Thorn's book is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll read about in Thorn's book is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll read about in Thorn's book is a
+bet between Hawking and and Kip Thorne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet between Hawking and and Kip Thorne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet between Hawking and and Kip Thorne
+Hawking to make life interesting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawking to make life interesting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawking to make life interesting but
+there wasn't a black hole and he finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't a black hole and he finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't a black hole and he finally
+gave in and and sent the reward that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave in and and sent the reward that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave in and and sent the reward that
+they had agreed on which I won't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had agreed on which I won't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had agreed on which I won't tell
+you about in polite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+company um so I want to ask you guys a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company um so I want to ask you guys a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company um so I want to ask you guys a
+question which will lead in maybe to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which will lead in maybe to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which will lead in maybe to the
+answer or these what do you think would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer or these what do you think would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer or these what do you think would
+happen to say the orbit of the earth if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to say the orbit of the earth if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to say the orbit of the earth if
+I took the Sun and replaced it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took the Sun and replaced it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took the Sun and replaced it with a
+black hole that has exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole that has exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole that has exactly the same
+mass as our sun what would happen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass as our sun what would happen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass as our sun what would happen to the
+orbit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit of the
+earth exactly so people I think have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth exactly so people I think have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth exactly so people I think have a
+sort of common misconception that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of common misconception that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of common misconception that
+anything that's a black hole sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's a black hole sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's a black hole sort of
+sucks matter in and you can't help but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucks matter in and you can't help but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucks matter in and you can't help but
+fall towards a black hole well I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall towards a black hole well I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall towards a black hole well I mean
+that's only true in so much much as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only true in so much much as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only true in so much much as it's
+true that anything with a gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that anything with a gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that anything with a gravitational
+potential will try to attract matter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential will try to attract matter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential will try to attract matter and
+the fact is we have angular momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact is we have angular momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact is we have angular momentum and
+we're in this orbit and so nothing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in this orbit and so nothing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in this orbit and so nothing so
+how does that mean I could say contain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that mean I could say contain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that mean I could say contain a
+black hole if I made one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole if I made one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole if I made one in the
+lab I mean what's different about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab I mean what's different about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab I mean what's different about it
+being a black hole so say I make a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a black hole so say I make a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a black hole so say I make a you
+know I don't know one kilogram black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know one kilogram black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know one kilogram black
+hole in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in the
+lab does that mean that that that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab does that mean that that that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab does that mean that that that I can
+just put in a box or what are what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put in a box or what are what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put in a box or what are what do
+you guys think that the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are yeah oh you're were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are yeah oh you're were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are yeah oh you're were talking about
+the Hawking radiation earlier about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hawking radiation earlier about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hawking radiation earlier about it
+evaporating away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporating away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporating away and
+exploding all right so really inter yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploding all right so really inter yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploding all right so really inter yeah
+I mean I guess maybe who knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I guess maybe who knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I guess maybe who knows what
+would really happen I guess the thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really happen I guess the thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really happen I guess the thing I
+was trying to get at is say I have a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to get at is say I have a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to get at is say I have a 1
+kilogram baseball and a 1 kilogram black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram baseball and a 1 kilogram black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram baseball and a 1 kilogram black
+hole um if you were to calculate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole um if you were to calculate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole um if you were to calculate what
+the Schwarz field radius is for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schwarz field radius is for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schwarz field radius is for this
+it's well inside the outside surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well inside the outside surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well inside the outside surface of
+the of the baseball so I can't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the baseball so I can't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the baseball so I can't like
+stick my finger through the Event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick my finger through the Event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick my finger through the Event
+Horizon because there's a baseball in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon because there's a baseball in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon because there's a baseball in
+the way and in fact by the time I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way and in fact by the time I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way and in fact by the time I got to
+that radius most of the mass would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that radius most of the mass would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that radius most of the mass would be
+outside and so it's not actually a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and so it's not actually a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and so it's not actually a black
+hole you know it's not no one piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole you know it's not no one piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole you know it's not no one piece of
+it is dense enough to have enough Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is dense enough to have enough Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is dense enough to have enough Mass
+within that radius whereas if I had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that radius whereas if I had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that radius whereas if I had the
+1 kilogram black hole I I maybe could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 kilogram black hole I I maybe could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 kilogram black hole I I maybe could
+stick my finger through the vent Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick my finger through the vent Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick my finger through the vent Horizon
+and I don't know I wouldn't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know I wouldn't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know I wouldn't want to do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+but there was a really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was a really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was a really interesting
+question about why is it is true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about why is it is true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about why is it is true that
+the black hole at the center of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black hole at the center of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black hole at the center of our
+universe is not emitting radiation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is not emitting radiation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is not emitting radiation is
+not making its presence known as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not making its presence known as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not making its presence known as much as
+black holes in some other um some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black holes in some other um some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black holes in some other um some other
+galaxies that we've looked at you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies that we've looked at you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies that we've looked at you must
+understand that when a black hole is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that when a black hole is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that when a black hole is
+formed quite often it's formed by a star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed quite often it's formed by a star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed quite often it's formed by a star
+collapsing not one that big but a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsing not one that big but a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsing not one that big but a lot of
+stuff is blown off and then if it begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is blown off and then if it begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is blown off and then if it begins
+to accumulate and pretty soon it's eaten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accumulate and pretty soon it's eaten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accumulate and pretty soon it's eaten
+up all the stuff in the vicinity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the stuff in the vicinity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the stuff in the vicinity right
+as she said everything else is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as she said everything else is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as she said everything else is going to
+if it's far enough away if you get close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's far enough away if you get close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's far enough away if you get close
+enough to a black hole you do get sucked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to a black hole you do get sucked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to a black hole you do get sucked
+in and this is something you will deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and this is something you will deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and this is something you will deal
+with when we get to chapter four about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with when we get to chapter four about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with when we get to chapter four about
+orbits four yes well I mean it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits four yes well I mean it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits four yes well I mean it's not so
+much a matter of how close but whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much a matter of how close but whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much a matter of how close but whether
+or not say you have enough angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not say you have enough angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not say you have enough angular
+momentum to sustain you in some orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum to sustain you in some orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum to sustain you in some orbit
+outside it versus but you cannot have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside it versus but you cannot have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside it versus but you cannot have a
+stable orbit inside six times the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable orbit inside six times the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable orbit inside six times the radius
+of 6 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 6 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 6 m
+um so what's prob and they have detected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what's prob and they have detected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what's prob and they have detected
+some little emissions as if some blob of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some little emissions as if some blob of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some little emissions as if some blob of
+stuff has has cycled into the black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff has has cycled into the black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff has has cycled into the black hole
+at the center of the Galaxy but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center of the Galaxy but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center of the Galaxy but it's not
+a steady beam because this it's eaten up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a steady beam because this it's eaten up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a steady beam because this it's eaten up
+all the things that are nearby and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things that are nearby and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things that are nearby and our
+Galaxy's old enough so that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galaxy's old enough so that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galaxy's old enough so that it's not
+running into things that it gobbles up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running into things that it gobbles up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running into things that it gobbles up
+in yeah I mean in creates a big black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yeah I mean in creates a big black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yeah I mean in creates a big black
+hole in the center of say a Galaxy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in the center of say a Galaxy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in the center of say a Galaxy that
+has some huge accretion with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some huge accretion with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some huge accretion with a lot of
+stuff falling in um is a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff falling in um is a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff falling in um is a tremendous
+source of energy I mean it will radiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of energy I mean it will radiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of energy I mean it will radiate
+it'll it will emit a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll it will emit a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll it will emit a whole lot of
+photons um as this stuff is falling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons um as this stuff is falling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons um as this stuff is falling in
+so I mean it's certainly not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean it's certainly not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean it's certainly not the case
+that you should always think of a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should always think of a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should always think of a black
+hole as black um well it's only a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole as black um well it's only a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole as black um well it's only a black
+hole on its own without anything pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole on its own without anything pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole on its own without anything pulling
+in oh the other thing I was going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in oh the other thing I was going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in oh the other thing I was going to say
+about um when we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um when we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um when we were talking about
+black holes in the centers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black holes in the centers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black holes in the centers of
+galaxies we should probably be honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies we should probably be honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies we should probably be honest
+that we're not entirely sure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not entirely sure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not entirely sure how
+galaxies form um I mean this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies form um I mean this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies form um I mean this is a
+current Topic in astrophysics research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current Topic in astrophysics research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current Topic in astrophysics research
+and certainly there's a lot of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly there's a lot of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly there's a lot of stuff
+about galaxies that we do understand um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about galaxies that we do understand um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about galaxies that we do understand um
+but you know some people talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know some people talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know some people talk about
+whether maybe if the black holes existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether maybe if the black holes existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether maybe if the black holes existed
+first and they seated Galaxy formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and they seated Galaxy formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and they seated Galaxy formation
+sort of you had a black hole and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you had a black hole and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you had a black hole and that's
+what caused everything else to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what caused everything else to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what caused everything else to you know
+come and assemble around it or is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and assemble around it or is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and assemble around it or is it the
+other way around do you have a Galaxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around do you have a Galaxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around do you have a Galaxy
+and so then it's this big strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then it's this big strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then it's this big strong
+potential and so then the stuff falls to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and so then the stuff falls to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and so then the stuff falls to
+the center and that's how you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center and that's how you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center and that's how you get a
+black hole and I mean there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole and I mean there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole and I mean there are a lot of
+theories out there about all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories out there about all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories out there about all this stuff
+but maybe we'll talk about some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe we'll talk about some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe we'll talk about some of that
+later in the I'll talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the I'll talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the I'll talk a little bit
+about frame dragging and you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about frame dragging and you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about frame dragging and you might want
+to talk about the uh gamma ray bursters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the uh gamma ray bursters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the uh gamma ray bursters
+uh um a rotating black hole a one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um a rotating black hole a one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um a rotating black hole a one way of
+thinking of it is it carries space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of it is it carries space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of it is it carries space time
+around with it in some sense to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with it in some sense to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with it in some sense to put it
+another way if you say if you drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way if you say if you drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way if you say if you drop
+something from a distance with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from a distance with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from a distance with zero
+angular momentum toward a rotating black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum toward a rotating black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum toward a rotating black
+hole it will come come in and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole it will come come in and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole it will come come in and start
+going around like this before it crosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around like this before it crosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around like this before it crosses
+the Horizon at every point in that orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Horizon at every point in that orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Horizon at every point in that orbit
+it has zero angular momentum so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has zero angular momentum so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has zero angular momentum so even
+though it's at you might say circulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's at you might say circulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's at you might say circulating
+around the black hole SpaceTime itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the black hole SpaceTime itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the black hole SpaceTime itself
+is one way of speaking is circulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one way of speaking is circulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one way of speaking is circulating
+and so it's at rest Lo with the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's at rest Lo with the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's at rest Lo with the local
+SpaceTime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+uh the analogy is like a tornado but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the analogy is like a tornado but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the analogy is like a tornado but
+it's not a terribly good analogy if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a terribly good analogy if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a terribly good analogy if you
+want to go straight into a ro toward a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go straight into a ro toward a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go straight into a ro toward a
+rotating black hole and you're climbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating black hole and you're climbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating black hole and you're climbing
+down a pole that's ra sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a pole that's ra sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a pole that's ra sitting
+radially you are going to feel as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radially you are going to feel as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radially you are going to feel as you go
+in you are picking up angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you are picking up angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you are picking up angular momentum
+because if you had zero angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you had zero angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you had zero angular momentum
+you'd be going around so you're picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be going around so you're picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be going around so you're picking
+up angular momentum and if you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up angular momentum and if you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up angular momentum and if you're just
+moving in in a rocket you've got to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in in a rocket you've got to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in in a rocket you've got to have
+Rockets going off to the side not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockets going off to the side not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockets going off to the side not only
+to keep you from going radially inward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep you from going radially inward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep you from going radially inward
+but to keep you from circulating because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to keep you from circulating because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to keep you from circulating because
+of the because of the rotation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the because of the rotation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the because of the rotation of
+SpaceTime if however you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime if however you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime if however you
+stop so now you're at rest with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop so now you're at rest with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop so now you're at rest with respect
+to the black hole but you're not moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the black hole but you're not moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the black hole but you're not moving
+in or out you have angular momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or out you have angular momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or out you have angular momentum and
+so you don't have to keep your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to keep your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to keep your your
+Rockets blasting this is a mistake we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockets blasting this is a mistake we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockets blasting this is a mistake we
+made in the first edition printings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in the first edition printings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in the first edition printings of
+this of exploring black holes it is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of exploring black holes it is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of exploring black holes it is like
+a tornado but it isn't like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tornado but it isn't like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tornado but it isn't like you
+experience a tornado if you're hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience a tornado if you're hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience a tornado if you're hanging
+on to a the post of your porch as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to a the post of your porch as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to a the post of your porch as a
+tornado passes over you've got to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tornado passes over you've got to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tornado passes over you've got to keep
+hanging on even though you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging on even though you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging on even though you're not
+changing your position the same it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing your position the same it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing your position the same it's not
+true as you move in toward a black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true as you move in toward a black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true as you move in toward a black hole
+you have to keep your Rockets going as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to keep your Rockets going as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to keep your Rockets going as
+you move in but once you stop you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move in but once you stop you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move in but once you stop you've got
+the angular momentum you need you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum you need you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum you need you still
+have to keep your Rockets pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep your Rockets pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep your Rockets pointing
+inward so you don't fall but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward so you don't fall but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward so you don't fall but you don't
+need sidewards rockets at that point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need sidewards rockets at that point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need sidewards rockets at that point so
+it's a very interesting combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very interesting combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very interesting combination of
+analogy to things like tornadoes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy to things like tornadoes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy to things like tornadoes and
+difference from things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tadoes oh I was going to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tadoes oh I was going to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tadoes oh I was going to say something
+about dark matter um so do you guys all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about dark matter um so do you guys all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about dark matter um so do you guys all
+know what dark matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what dark matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what dark matter
+is do you well okay so I mean the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do you well okay so I mean the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do you well okay so I mean the basic
+idea is um if you say look at a Galaxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is um if you say look at a Galaxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is um if you say look at a Galaxy
+and you count up all the light that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you count up all the light that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you count up all the light that's
+coming from it um it's something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from it um it's something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from it um it's something like
+let's see and then you you count up how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see and then you you count up how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see and then you you count up how
+much mass there has to be in order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much mass there has to be in order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much mass there has to be in order for
+the Dynamics of the Galaxy to work the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of the Galaxy to work the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of the Galaxy to work the
+way it say we're missing a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it say we're missing a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it say we're missing a whole bunch
+of matter so clearly there's some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matter so clearly there's some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matter so clearly there's some stuff
+there that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's not
+luminous um I think it's something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminous um I think it's something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminous um I think it's something like
+90% yeah I mean it's the the mass to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% yeah I mean it's the the mass to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% yeah I mean it's the the mass to
+light ratio is off by yeah a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light ratio is off by yeah a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light ratio is off by yeah a couple
+orders of magnitude um so it clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude um so it clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude um so it clearly
+can't be made up all of safe stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be made up all of safe stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be made up all of safe stuff like
+the sun you know so if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun you know so if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun you know so if you look at the
+Luminosity of the sun and the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luminosity of the sun and the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luminosity of the sun and the mass of
+the Sun um this is clearly not what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun um this is clearly not what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun um this is clearly not what is
+making up these external galaxies um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making up these external galaxies um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making up these external galaxies um so
+I mean you'll get probably more into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you'll get probably more into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you'll get probably more into
+this later on in the semester but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this later on in the semester but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this later on in the semester but the
+basic idea is that of all of the matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea is that of all of the matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea is that of all of the matter
+in the universe most of it is um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the universe most of it is um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the universe most of it is um not
+luminous it's dark and in fact of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminous it's dark and in fact of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminous it's dark and in fact of all
+the the dark matter which we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the dark matter which we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the dark matter which we don't know
+what it is most of it is even not made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is most of it is even not made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is most of it is even not made
+out of barons um and so we really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of barons um and so we really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of barons um and so we really don't
+know what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is
+um I mean if you go to physics gloam or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean if you go to physics gloam or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean if you go to physics gloam or
+maybe even the more advanced seminars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even the more advanced seminars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even the more advanced seminars
+this is frequently a topic for the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is frequently a topic for the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is frequently a topic for the whole
+hour seminar what is dark matter what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour seminar what is dark matter what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour seminar what is dark matter what is
+non-ionic dark matter um some basic well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-ionic dark matter um some basic well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-ionic dark matter um some basic well
+some possible ideas are maybe it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some possible ideas are maybe it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some possible ideas are maybe it could
+be partially heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be partially heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be partially heavy
+neutrinos um if so we now think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos um if so we now think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos um if so we now think that
+neutrinos are not Mass but have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos are not Mass but have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos are not Mass but have some
+small amount of mass it prob those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of mass it prob those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of mass it prob those
+probably can't make up all of it though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably can't make up all of it though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably can't make up all of it though
+so even if that was some of it you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if that was some of it you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if that was some of it you still
+need something else um there's other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need something else um there's other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need something else um there's other
+strange particles called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange particles called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange particles called
+Axion that we haven't yet detected but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Axion that we haven't yet detected but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Axion that we haven't yet detected but
+we think they exist just sort of from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think they exist just sort of from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think they exist just sort of from
+the theoretical point of view it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theoretical point of view it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theoretical point of view it makes
+something else work out way nicer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else work out way nicer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else work out way nicer um
+possibly primordial back holes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly primordial back holes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly primordial back holes people
+talk about things called wimps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about things called wimps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about things called wimps and
+machos so wimps are weekly interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machos so wimps are weekly interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machos so wimps are weekly interacting
+mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of
+particles and then I guess I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and then I guess I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and then I guess I don't know
+which order they happened in but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which order they happened in but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which order they happened in but um
+physicists come up with strange names so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists come up with strange names so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists come up with strange names so
+and machos are massive Halo objects um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and machos are massive Halo objects um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and machos are massive Halo objects um
+anyway so there's sort of it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so there's sort of it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so there's sort of it could be
+maybe super super symmetric mod which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe super super symmetric mod which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe super super symmetric mod which
+again we haven't detected any of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we haven't detected any of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we haven't detected any of that
+but it certainly makes the theories work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it certainly makes the theories work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it certainly makes the theories work
+out better if it exists um we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out better if it exists um we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out better if it exists um we really
+don't know there's a cosmologist at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know there's a cosmologist at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know there's a cosmologist at MIT
+named Paul sheer and before a colloquium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Paul sheer and before a colloquium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Paul sheer and before a colloquium
+once I said to him aren't you ashamed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I said to him aren't you ashamed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I said to him aren't you ashamed to
+be in a profession in which only 5% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a profession in which only 5% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a profession in which only 5% of
+what can be seen in which all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can be seen in which all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can be seen in which all of the
+things you talk about only 5% can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you talk about only 5% can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you talk about only 5% can be
+seen you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen you said
+1% so it's about 1% of the things we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% so it's about 1% of the things we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% so it's about 1% of the things we see
+and then we think we can make up from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we think we can make up from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we think we can make up from
+gaseous hydrogen and bits of neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaseous hydrogen and bits of neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaseous hydrogen and bits of neutrinos
+and stuff we can make it to 5% and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff we can make it to 5% and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff we can make it to 5% and then
+there's something like 33% dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something like 33% dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something like 33% dark
+matter and then there's something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and then there's something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and then there's something like
+70 60 7% dark energy which is pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 60 7% dark energy which is pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 60 7% dark energy which is pushing
+things apart and it gets worse since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things apart and it gets worse since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things apart and it gets worse since
+Dark Energy may have to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dark Energy may have to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dark Energy may have to do with the
+vacuum and so it's the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum and so it's the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum and so it's the same as the
+universe expands the same density and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe expands the same density and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe expands the same density and so
+it's more important the bigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more important the bigger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more important the bigger the
+universe is it wasn't very important at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is it wasn't very important at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is it wasn't very important at
+the beginning so this is a it's a i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning so this is a it's a i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning so this is a it's a i
+attended to talk at Harbor just before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attended to talk at Harbor just before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attended to talk at Harbor just before
+this and and sort of outlined what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and and sort of outlined what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and and sort of outlined what we
+know about cosmology and he said we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about cosmology and he said we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about cosmology and he said we know
+what the parameters are and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the parameters are and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the parameters are and we're
+beginning to get error bars on it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to get error bars on it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to get error bars on it but
+the the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the stuff
+itself uh we think it's there but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself uh we think it's there but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself uh we think it's there but we
+have no idea what it is I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea what it is I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea what it is I don't know I
+think we're doing pretty good we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're doing pretty good we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're doing pretty good we can see
+90% of the way back to the Big Bang from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% of the way back to the Big Bang from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% of the way back to the Big Bang from
+you know here on one little teeny planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here on one little teeny planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here on one little teeny planet
+and one little teeny solar system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one little teeny solar system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one little teeny solar system and
+one sort of average size Galaxy I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sort of average size Galaxy I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sort of average size Galaxy I think
+we're doing pretty good we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing pretty good we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing pretty good we're doing
+great but there's plenty to do uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but there's plenty to do uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but there's plenty to do uh if you
+decide to go into this as a profession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to go into this as a profession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to go into this as a profession
+well we didn't answer all the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we didn't answer all the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we didn't answer all the questions
+but I think think we're going to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think think we're going to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think think we're going to stop
+now it's been uh you've been sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's been uh you've been sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's been uh you've been sitting
+here but please feel free to if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but please feel free to if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but please feel free to if you want
+to come up and ask more questions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up and ask more questions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up and ask more questions um
+we'll stick around for a little while so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll stick around for a little while so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll stick around for a little while so
+don't be try great and the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be try great and the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be try great and the next thing
+the next meeting is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next meeting is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next meeting is on
+Thursday from 230 to 4 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+273 yeah I think that's not a problem
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SEyDJ2qMVl4.txt b/SEyDJ2qMVl4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a5e716260fccd682b829f16422ad4ae158378b8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SEyDJ2qMVl4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2836 @@
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So, lecture 13 was
+about a lot of things.
+
+We had algorithms for the
+carpenter's rule theorem.
+
+We had three of those.
+
+Let's see, there's
+the CDR strain
+
+of pseudo-triangulations,
+which we're
+
+going to talk about
+a bunch today.
+
+There's the energy method, which
+we'll talk about a little bit.
+
+Then there was locked trees.
+
+I'll give you-- there's one
+new result in locked trees
+
+I'll tell you about.
+
+And then we had the last topic,
+which was-- cheat-- oh, right.
+
+Last topic for today
+is four dimensions,
+
+which wasn't covered in class.
+
+And what we did talk
+about in class is 3D.
+
+Essentially no updates
+there, although open problems
+
+are still open.
+
+Fairly challenging.
+
+But 4D we didn't get
+to talk about at all.
+
+And that's not too hard,
+how to unfold any 4D chain.
+
+So that'll be fun.
+
+Also 5D chains we'll get--
+and 6D and 7D, but not eight.
+
+Any dimension.
+
+First question for
+today is why do we
+
+care so much about
+expansiveness?
+
+And this is mostly--
+mostly, I want
+
+to reference next lecture,
+which will use expansiveness.
+
+But, indeed, the original
+point of expansiveness
+
+was just a convenient way
+to ensure self-intersection.
+
+Essentially, before the
+idea of expansiveness,
+
+we had this idea of a
+really complicated chain.
+
+that's not very complicated
+but for the carpenter's rule
+
+problem, we had this
+idea that, well,
+
+how do we distinguish
+between a linkage
+
+that is locked within Epsilon?
+
+However you draw it, if
+it's not self-touching,
+
+it's going to
+jiggle a little bit.
+
+Versus something they
+can eventually unfold.
+
+And there was no good
+way to distinguish
+
+between just jiggling a little
+bit and unfolding all the way.
+
+Which was frustrating,
+and expansiveness gave us
+
+a way to guarantee that.
+
+Not only did it avoid
+self-intersection,
+
+which is nice.
+
+If you expand, you
+don't self-intersect.
+
+But it also gave a way
+that things would actually
+
+be rigid if it was
+impossible to do.
+
+And so you couldn't move at all.
+
+That reduced it to a rigidity
+theory problem or, really,
+
+a tensegrity theory problem.
+
+Which was kind of what
+this problem needed.
+
+That's why it was
+open for 25 years
+
+before we could prove
+it with tensegrities.
+
+So, that's one answer.
+
+But, in fact, now that we
+know expansive motions exist,
+
+they're really handy.
+
+They let us prove that the
+energy method worked, for one.
+
+And next class we're going
+to use them to add thickness
+
+to our edges, add polygons or
+regions attached to every edge.
+
+And if you have an
+expansive motion,
+
+it turns out under
+certain conditions,
+
+this thing will still work.
+
+Whereas with non-expansive
+motions like those
+
+produced by the energy method
+it won't work in general.
+
+So initially it was
+convenience, but it turns out
+
+to be handy mathematically.
+
+Two, we've seen one example
+just proving the energy method
+
+That's actually our next topic.
+
+We will see another,
+next lecture.
+
+But a few people asked about
+the proof of the energy method,
+
+so I wanted to review it.
+
+How do we know we don't get
+stuck in a local minimum?
+
+So this is an obvious
+question to ask
+
+if you're familiar
+with gradient descent.
+
+If not, here's a
+kind of picture.
+
+Imagine you have some
+energy landscape.
+
+In reality, this
+is a surface drawn
+
+over n times d
+dimensions, but I will
+
+assume n times d equals
+1 because I can draw it.
+
+So here's configurations.
+
+And then on the x-axis, or in
+general all the other axes.
+
+And then the y-axis, which
+will always be one thing,
+
+is the energy function.
+
+So sometimes the energy is high.
+
+At some points it's going to
+actually shoot off to infinity.
+
+That's where you'd
+self-intersect.
+
+Remember, the energy function
+was sum over all edges.
+
+The w sum over all vertices.
+
+U of 1 over the distance
+between u and dw.
+
+So when a distance goes to 0,
+the energy shoots to infinity.
+
+Those are the points
+we want to avoid.
+
+So those are bad things.
+
+But if we start at some
+non self-intersecting
+
+configuration, we'll
+have some finite energy.
+
+And the idea is, well, if we
+followed the negative gradient,
+
+that will decrease energy
+as fast as possible.
+
+And from here it's going
+to basically follow
+
+this trajectory.
+
+And it would get stuck
+in this little well.
+
+This is called a local minimum.
+
+But this local minimum
+might be lower.
+
+And so the worry is that
+it depends where you start.
+
+If I start over here,
+I'll fall down there.
+
+But if I start in
+this kind of well,
+
+I'll end up at this kind
+of accumulation point.
+
+And what I really want
+is maybe some kind
+
+of global energy minimum.
+
+That's the usual issue
+with gradient descent.
+
+That's why people don't like to
+use gradient descent sometimes.
+
+Because it gets stuck.
+
+Hey, Jason.
+
+However, with this
+particular setting
+
+we actually proved that
+the energy method does not
+
+get stuck in a local minimum.
+
+And I'll just review
+that proof because it
+
+went by quickly in lecture.
+
+So the idea in our setting is
+we know the carpenter's rule
+
+theorem.
+
+Carpenter's rule
+theorem tells us
+
+that any configuration
+where we're not done--
+
+and I'll start just by thinking
+about a single chain, maybe
+
+an open chain or a closed chain.
+
+Any chain that is not
+already straight or convex,
+
+not only can be
+unfolded, but has
+
+an expansive motion
+to unfolding.
+
+Expansive motion
+tells us that if we
+
+look at any distance between
+a vertex and an edge,
+
+this increases.
+
+That's not how we
+define expansive.
+
+We define it between
+every pair of vertices.
+
+But it turns out
+if you have-- this
+
+is actually something we needed
+for non-self-intersection.
+
+If you have a vertex and an
+edge, and you know that-- well,
+
+this edge stays fixed
+length because it's a bar.
+
+We know that these
+distances increase.
+
+And this distance
+increases by expansiveness.
+
+Then, in fact, this point
+must go away from this bar.
+
+You can draw an ellipse.
+
+If you held these fixed, it
+would move along an ellipse.
+
+Or held the sum fixed.
+
+But you've got to go
+outside that ellipse.
+
+This guy's got to get farther
+away from-- every vertex,
+
+it has to get farther
+away from every bar
+
+if the pairwise vertex-vertex
+distances increase.
+
+So if you take this
+expansive motion,
+
+you know that it is an
+energy-decreasing motion.
+
+So what that tells you is
+that any configuration that's
+
+not already straight
+or convex has
+
+an energy-decreasing motion.
+
+So this tells you, you never
+get stuck in a local minimum.
+
+Because what's a local
+minimum in one dimension?
+
+It's a place where you
+cannot go down from here.
+
+And those are the places
+we're worried about.
+
+And the claim is the
+only places where
+
+you don't have a downhill motion
+are places where you don't have
+
+expansive motions, and
+therefore the configuration
+
+must already be
+straight or convex.
+
+And then you're done.
+
+So you don't have to
+worry about getting
+
+stuck with the energy method.
+
+There is one tricky
+part which is,
+
+if you have a linkage that
+consists of multiple pieces--
+
+maybe you have some open
+chains, some closed chains,
+
+you can have some
+guy stuck in here.
+
+They won't necessarily
+straighten out,
+
+but-- there's a couple kinds
+of things you could do.
+
+You could unfold this chain,
+you could unfold this chain,
+
+or you could just let them
+fly away from each other.
+
+All of those things
+will decrease energy.
+
+And so the worry here would
+be that these two linkages
+
+fly apart and never
+really unfold locally.
+
+That would be bad for us because
+we're always decreasing energy.
+
+There's always a
+decreasing flow,
+
+but we may not actually finish.
+
+We might not finally make this.
+
+Our goal in this case, remember,
+is to make it outer convex.
+
+Meaning that all the
+outermost chains are straight.
+
+All that outermost
+polygons become convex.
+
+So we want to argue this.
+
+And I'm just going to
+sketch the proof here.
+
+Essentially, when you
+have multiple components,
+
+once they're very,
+very, very far away,
+
+their contribution
+to energy, just
+
+by all the pairwise distances
+across between two components,
+
+will be very, very tiny.
+
+And the claim is actually
+the energy method
+
+won't get you all the way to
+an outer-convex configuration,
+
+but it will get you within
+some Epsilon of outer convex.
+
+You get to choose
+whatever Epsilon you want.
+
+And so when these guys
+are far enough away,
+
+their contribution to energy
+is much less than Epsilon.
+
+Once they're, like, n squared
+divided by Epsilon away
+
+or something, the
+contribution between them
+
+will be far less than Epsilon.
+
+So, what really
+matters in energy
+
+is all the distances
+inside the linkages, inside
+
+the components.
+
+And we're following the gradient
+motion, which decreases energy
+
+as fast as possible.
+
+And so you can prove
+that it's better--
+
+if you want to decrease
+energy as fast as possible,
+
+it's better at some point
+to unfold the pieces.
+
+Not to just let them
+continue flying apart.
+
+So waving my hands
+a little bit there.
+
+But if you know that you're
+at least Epsilon away
+
+from being done,
+then the energy will
+
+be fairly high within
+the components.
+
+And therefore it's worth
+unfolding the components.
+
+But it's especially
+clear for one component.
+
+All right.
+
+Any questions about that.?
+
+That's why the
+energy method works.
+
+The next set of
+topics is related
+
+to pointed
+pseudo-triangulations,
+
+which are indeed very cool.
+
+There's dozens of
+papers about them.
+
+They've spawned their
+whole little sub-field
+
+of computational geometry.
+
+We touched on them a
+little bit in lecture,
+
+but there's a lot
+more to say about it.
+
+In particular, why they even
+work for the carpenter's rule
+
+problem.
+
+I didn't make clear,
+but I would like to.
+
+So a couple things about them.
+
+They were actually
+originally invented
+
+in 1994 or the first
+used, I guess, in 1994.
+
+At this point, they were
+called geodesic triangulations
+
+for a particular reason.
+
+And so for the carpenter's
+rule problem, we had a polygon
+
+and then we
+pseudo-triangulated the inside
+
+and the outside of the polygon.
+
+Here we're just
+pseudo-triangulating
+
+the inside.
+
+In that setting, they're
+call geodesic triangulations.
+
+And it's for a particular data
+structures problem, actually.
+
+This is sometimes
+covered in 6851,
+
+which is Advanced
+Data Structures.
+
+You can check out online.
+
+The goal is to
+decompose this polygon
+
+in a kind of balanced way.
+
+So first you choose
+a pseudo-triangle
+
+that's kind of most in
+the middle of the polygon.
+
+Then you recurse on the sides.
+
+Actually number one is this one.
+
+And if you do this,
+it turns out if you
+
+want to walk from any
+point in this polygon
+
+to any other point
+in the polygon,
+
+you only visit log
+n pseudo-triangles.
+
+Just a nice, small number.
+
+And this is a particular problem
+called ray shooting, where
+
+you imagine you have a laser
+to shoot in some direction.
+
+The polygon-- you want to know
+when it exits the polygon, when
+
+it hits the boundary
+and where it hits.
+
+One way to do that is to
+walk through the pieces here,
+
+the pseudo-triangles.
+
+And if you only have to
+walk through log n of them,
+
+it turns out walking through
+a single triangle only takes
+
+log n time.
+
+Total amount of time
+is log squared n.
+
+So this is a pretty good way
+to do ray shooting in polygons.
+
+Which is nice.
+
+So that's where
+they originally come
+
+from but they weren't used
+very much until later.
+
+So let me tell you some
+nice properties about them.
+
+Pseudo-triangulation
+has 2n minus 3 edges
+
+and n minus 2 pseudo-triangles.
+
+Always.
+
+I should say, if you draw a
+pointed pseudo-triangulation,
+
+remember pointed
+means at every vertex
+
+of the pseudo-triangulation.
+
+You have some angle
+which is-- you
+
+have a reflex angle
+bigger than 180.
+
+This is the pointed property.
+
+Pseudo-triangles-- all
+the faces look like this.
+
+They only have three
+convex vertices.
+
+All the other
+vertices are reflex.
+
+So this is pseudo-triangle.
+
+Pointed pseudo-triangulation
+has both of these properties.
+
+And it's pretty easy to
+prove this by induction.
+
+I won't go through
+the proof here.
+
+It's interesting
+in the way that it
+
+is different from triangulation.
+
+So n here is the
+number of points.
+
+And I'm thinking about
+pointed pseudo-triangulations
+
+of the points.
+
+Meaning, I take some
+points and I add edges
+
+until I can't anymore.
+
+Subject to the pointed property.
+
+So I add this edge,
+I'm still pointed.
+
+I add this edge,
+I'm still pointed.
+
+I add this edge,
+I'm still pointed.
+
+Can't add this edge.
+
+Can't really add that edge.
+
+Let's see if I can and this
+one and this one and this one.
+
+Anymore?
+
+This one and now I'm done.
+
+I can tell that I'm done because
+at this point, all of the faces
+
+are pseudo-triangles.
+
+They each have three
+convex vertices.
+
+And as soon as you have that all
+the faces are pseudo-triangles,
+
+we can show that you
+can't add any more
+
+edges while still being pointed.
+
+I'm still pointed
+because I only added
+
+edges that preserve pointedness.
+
+And this is a sort
+of greedy algorithm
+
+to construct pointed
+pseudo-triangulation.
+
+It always works.
+
+And we can count
+the number of edges.
+
+I won't bother, but it
+will always be 2n minus 3.
+
+By contrast, if you look
+at regular triangulations--
+
+so a triangulation would
+go all the way to the point
+
+where every face is a
+triangle, like this.
+
+And in that case they have
+more edges, obviously.
+
+In general they
+will have-- here is
+
+two more edges because there
+are two interior vertices.
+
+So, in general, it would
+be 2n minus 3 plus i edges
+
+for a triangulation, where i is
+the number of interior points.
+
+And it will have n minus
+2 plus i faces, triangles.
+
+Pseudo-triangulations are quite
+minimal in the number of edges.
+
+In particular, they are
+minimally generically rigid.
+
+This is the number
+of edges I want
+
+for a nice rigid structure.
+
+2 n minus 3 is
+what I should have.
+
+And indeed, pointed
+pseudo-triangulations
+
+are minimally generically rigid.
+
+That's the next thing.
+
+Minimally generically rigid.
+
+This was the Laman condition.
+
+We saw a couple
+characterizations,
+
+but in particular,
+you can fairly easily
+
+prove that they satisfy
+the Laman condition.
+
+Why?
+
+Well, first thing to check is
+they have 2n minus 3 edges.
+
+That, I just claim.
+
+Second thing to
+check is that if I
+
+look at any subset of the
+vertices, k of the vertices,
+
+they should only have at most
+2k minus 3 edges among them.
+
+It should induce at
+most 2k minus 3 edges.
+
+Well, let's look
+at any k vertices.
+
+What are the edges
+that they induce?
+
+Well, the thing
+I know about them
+
+is that they will induce
+a pointed set of edges.
+
+Because this structure without
+the blue edges is pointed.
+
+If I remove edges
+from it, it will still
+
+be pointed, [CHUCKLE] right?
+
+If you have a big
+angle, you'll continue
+
+to have a big angle if
+you remove edges from it.
+
+It's a matter which subset of
+edges I look at, in particular,
+
+in the deuce subset.
+
+It will still be pointed.
+
+If I have a pointed set of
+edges on some k vertices,
+
+I can use that greedy
+algorithm to finish
+
+the pseudo-triangulation.
+
+As long as you're
+pointed, you can add edges
+
+until you can't
+add edges, subject
+
+to the pointed constraint.
+
+At all times
+preserving pointedness.
+
+This is what I did to
+generate this triangulation
+
+the first place.
+
+If I take some
+subset of k vertices,
+
+I can do it again
+on those k vertices.
+
+When I'm finished, I will
+have a pseudo-triangulation.
+
+And that has 2n minus 3 edges.
+
+In this case, 2k minus 3 edges.
+
+So I started with some
+pointed set of edges.
+
+I added stuff.
+
+I ended up with 2k minus 3.
+
+That means I started with,
+at most, 2k minus 3 edges.
+
+2k minus 3.
+
+And so that's how you
+prove the Laman condition.
+
+It's kind of trivial,
+because pointedness
+
+is an inherited property.
+
+So if you believe in
+2n minus 3, then you
+
+believe minimally
+generically rigid.
+
+Cool.
+
+Even cooler is that the
+converse is roughly true.
+
+In some sense, all
+Laman graphs can
+
+be drawn a pseudo-triangulation.
+
+There's one catch, which is
+that you need a plane area.
+
+Any planar Laman graph
+has a pseudo-triangulation
+
+as a realization.
+
+Realization was just a way
+to draw the graph in 2D.
+
+Now, pseudo-triangulations
+are planar,
+
+meaning none of the
+edges cross each other.
+
+So you definitely need a graph
+that can be drawn in the plane
+
+without crossings.
+
+That's the planar constraint.
+
+But if you have a planar
+minimally generically
+
+rigid graph, you can always draw
+it as a pseudo-triangulation.
+
+So it's kind of a
+converse of this theorem.
+
+And a sense in which
+pseudo-triangulations
+
+are universal for planar
+minimal generic rigidity.
+
+Which is pretty neat.
+
+I will not prove that
+theorem, but I will give you
+
+a visual sense of what
+the proof looks like.
+
+It's based on the Henneberg
+number construction.
+
+So we know minimally
+generically rigid graphs
+
+can always be drawn
+in a Henneberg way,
+
+either by adding new
+degree-two vertices,
+
+or by adding new
+degree-three vertices
+
+and removing one of
+the existing edges.
+
+And the claim is, you take
+any Henneberg construction.
+
+You can do it-- you
+can implement it
+
+in a pseudo-triangulation.
+
+So you start up with
+your single edge,
+
+that's a pseudo-triangulation.
+
+You keep adding things.
+
+Preserving the fact
+that at all times
+
+is a pointed
+pseudo-triangulation.
+
+It's tricky, but
+for example, if you
+
+know that you want to add this
+red vertex next to these two,
+
+you find a place
+that will guarantee
+
+that this is a pseudo-triangle.
+
+This is a pseudo-triangle.
+
+It will be pointed for
+free because it's just
+
+a degree-two vertex.
+
+So the challenge is
+preserving pseudo-triangles.
+
+And same for adding the
+degree-three vertex.
+
+This is harder,
+of course, but you
+
+need to-- you find
+a little patch here
+
+where, if you choose
+the point in there,
+
+you get pseudo-triangles
+on all three sides.
+
+And also, that
+removing the edge still
+
+preserves pseudo-triangulation.
+
+It's definitely not trivial to
+do this, but it can be done.
+
+And it's kind of
+neat that it can
+
+be done for any
+Henneberg construction.
+
+The last thing I wanted to tell
+you about pseudo-triangulations
+
+is why they work for the
+carpenter's rule theorem.
+
+Why do they give
+expansive motions.
+
+Well, they're rigid of course.
+
+They don't give you any motions.
+
+But what we claimed is that if
+you remove a convex hull edge--
+
+so if we take a pointed
+pseudo-triangulation,
+
+and then we remove a convex
+hull edge, we of course
+
+get something that's flexible.
+
+Because we were minimally
+generically rigid,
+
+so if you remove an
+edge, you will now
+
+be generically flexible.
+
+It turns out, you're not
+only generically flexible,
+
+you are actually flexible for
+at least a little bit of time.
+
+So pointed pseudo-triangulation
+minus convex hull edge.
+
+It's not only as flexible,
+but it flexes expansively.
+
+Meaning, if you look at
+all pairwise distances--
+
+expansively-- look at
+all pairwise distances,
+
+they either stay the same,
+they're connected by a bar,
+
+or they will increase.
+
+And this is what we wanted
+for carpenter's rule.
+
+You could do that motion
+for a little while.
+
+Then you might have to
+switch to a different
+
+pseudo-triangulation
+according to a flip, which
+
+I won't talk about.
+
+We already did in lecture.
+
+But at all times
+the claim is there
+
+is an expansive
+pseudo-triangulation motion
+
+by removing single edge.
+
+So why does this hold?
+
+This, it turns
+out, you can prove
+
+using things similar
+to what we know
+
+from our proof of the
+carpenter's rule theorem
+
+that we covered.
+
+So it's kind of neat to see
+the connection between the two.
+
+So, why is this true?
+
+Well, we already
+argued that the thing
+
+is flexible without the
+expansiveness constraint.
+
+So we want to add the
+expansiveness constraint.
+
+So just like before, we're going
+to add all pairwise struts.
+
+So between all
+pairs of vertices,
+
+let's say they're already
+connected by a bar,
+
+we add a strut between them.
+
+Meaning, that could
+only increase in length.
+
+Now we have a tensegrity.
+
+We want to argue that tensegrity
+is infinitesimally flexible.
+
+So, we're going to do that
+using the duality just
+
+like CDR, just like the
+proof the carpenter's rule
+
+theorem we saw.
+
+We say, OK we want to prove this
+thing is flexible by duality.
+
+That's equivalent
+to proving something
+
+about the equilibrium stresses.
+
+Now in the case of CDR
+in a single chain, what
+
+we needed to say was
+the equilibrium stresses
+
+were all zero.
+
+And then we said,
+OK, if in order
+
+to prove the equilibrium
+stresses are all zero,
+
+we use Maxwell-Cremona theorem.
+
+That's equivalent to saying all
+polyhedral lifting are flat.
+
+And then we prove
+that by looking
+
+at the maximum z-coordinate.
+
+In this case, we can't argue
+that all the stresses are zero.
+
+It's not true.
+
+But if you recall
+the duality claim,
+
+I said if you have a
+tensegrity, the tensegrity
+
+is rigid if and only if the
+underlying linkage is rigid.
+
+Like when you replace
+struts with bars.
+
+Which is going to be true here.
+
+And there is a stress,
+an equilibrium stress,
+
+that is non-zero on every strut.
+
+Equilibrium stress being
+non-zero in every strut
+
+means that all the
+struts basically
+
+have to stay fixed length.
+
+They become bars and
+then you're done.
+
+What I need to
+prove the opposite,
+
+I want to prove its
+flexible, I need
+
+to find a strut where
+there's no stress.
+
+If I find a strut where
+there's no stress,
+
+then basically that strut can
+expand and there's a motion.
+
+That is roughly
+true. [CHUCKLE] It's
+
+a little bit more
+complicated than that
+
+but I'm going to just
+claim suffice as to prove.
+
+There's a strut that has zero
+in every equilibrium stress.
+
+Which strut am I
+going to choose?
+
+I am going to
+choose the one that
+
+comes from this
+convex hull edge, e.
+
+So I removed a convex
+hull edge as a bar.
+
+It's going to get replaced
+when I add all pairwise struts,
+
+by a strut.
+
+So I've got the vertices
+on the corner here.
+
+One of these, I
+replaced with a strut.
+
+The other guys are
+whatever they are.
+
+This is a pseudo-triangulation.
+
+Not a very interesting
+triangulation in this case.
+
+I'm going to add a vertex here.
+
+Now it's a pseudo-triangulation.
+
+So this guy got replaced
+with a strut, for example.
+
+I claim this guy is
+zero in every stress.
+
+Why is it zero in every stress?
+
+Well, I claim, we've
+essentially proved this,
+
+in any equilibrium stress
+non-zero stresses must
+
+be on or interior to
+convex polygons of bars.
+
+OK, first believe this claim.
+
+The only place I have non-zero
+stress is when I'm interior
+
+or on the boundary of a
+convex polygon of bars.
+
+And then, so there might be
+some non-zero stresses in here.
+
+These edges might be
+non-zero stressed.
+
+Intuitively, what's
+happening here,
+
+these guys are going to serve
+as mountains in the lifting.
+
+And there's a hole.
+
+So you go deep into
+the hole there.
+
+Claim is that is the picture.
+
+So you've got some
+convex polygons.
+
+There's stuff in here
+that's-- could be bad.
+
+Could be stressed.
+
+But the stuff outside the convex
+polygons, whatever they are,
+
+have to be flat.
+
+Meaning they have zero stress.
+
+I'm jumping back and
+forth between the lifting
+
+and the stresses
+by Maxwell-Cremona.
+
+Those are the same thing.
+
+Now look at edge e.
+
+Edge e is a strut.
+
+The other edges here that I've
+drawn, those are the bars.
+
+I haven't drawn all
+the other struts.
+
+I should really use
+a color for this guy.
+
+So this red edge-- there's
+lots of other red edges
+
+I'm not drawing between
+all pairs of vertices,
+
+but the only bars
+are the white edges.
+
+And those white
+edges-- well there's
+
+some convex polygons,
+here's a convex polygon,
+
+here's a convex polygon.
+
+But none of the convex
+polygons enclose e.
+
+Because e's on the convex hull.
+
+E's on the outside here.
+
+So it can't be
+stressed by this claim.
+
+And so if you
+believe this claim,
+
+then you believe
+e has zero stress
+
+because it's not interior
+to any convex bar polygon.
+
+Because it's a strut, not a bar.
+
+OK.
+
+Now let's prove the claim.
+
+It follows from the argument
+we gave in, was it lecture 12?
+
+Previous one?
+
+Where we proved the
+carpenter's rule theorem.
+
+But it's not obvious
+that it follows.
+
+Let me explain why.
+
+I want to look at the
+maximum z-coordinate.
+
+I want to look at the region
+of all the points in the plane
+
+that, in the polyhedral lifting,
+given by Maxwell-Cremona's
+
+theorem, they are at maximum z.
+
+That is some region.
+
+It could be two-dimensional.
+
+It could be one-dimensional.
+
+Can't be three-dimensional.
+[CHUCKLE]
+
+It's part of the plane.
+
+So this region may have
+some one-dimensional parts.
+
+It may have some two-dimensional
+parts, like this whole part.
+
+All of this stuff might
+lift to maximum z.
+
+It could be-- have some
+non-convex parts, like this.
+
+Whatever.
+
+This is kind of generically
+what it might look like.
+
+I guess it could have cycles
+with not-filled interior.
+
+All these things are plausible,
+except we had this lemma.
+
+This is the key lemma, the heart
+of the proof of the carpenter's
+
+rule theorem.
+
+If you look at m and
+you look at a vertex, v,
+
+of the boundary of m.
+
+I'll use this Dell
+notation to mean--
+
+ignore the points in here.
+
+I want points along
+the boundary here.
+
+And in particular I want
+to look at these vertices
+
+in this drawing.
+
+Look at such a vertex, v, and
+suppose that v is pointed.
+
+We didn't use this
+terminology because we
+
+didn't have it at the time.
+
+But maybe v looks like this.
+
+And there is an angle
+here, this reflex.
+
+That's a point of vertex.
+
+Now I'm looking here just at
+the bars, ignoring the struts.
+
+So suppose vertex v has a reflex
+angle among just the bars.
+
+Then the claim is locally, this
+entire region must be in m.
+
+Must be locally at the
+maximum z-coordinate.
+
+How did we prove that?
+
+Well.
+
+the claim is this had to
+be flat because there's
+
+no mountains here.
+
+So if you think of a
+reflex region and v
+
+is at the maximum
+z-coordinate, right?
+
+It's on the boundary of
+the maximum z-coordinate
+
+so it has maximum possible z.
+
+So there's no way you can go up.
+
+These edges could be mountains.
+
+But all the other edges
+which are not drawn here,
+
+these blue-- there
+are some other edges.
+
+Those are the
+struts coming to v.
+
+Those all have to be valleys.
+
+They all have to lift to valleys
+because stresses can only
+
+carry positive stress.
+
+Positive stress
+correspond to valleys.
+
+These guys are all valleys
+and this is at maximum z.
+
+You really can't use those
+valleys, right? [CHUCKLE]
+
+You're up here at maximum z.
+
+If you use valleys, you go to
+higher z, which is not allowed.
+
+So these actually all
+have to be flat out here.
+
+Which means locally,
+all this stuff
+
+is at maximum z That was the
+proof we had a couple lectures
+
+ago.
+
+Now, once you know that
+that's at maximum z,
+
+you know that a lot of
+these things are impossible.
+
+Because look, here's a
+reflex angle among bars.
+
+There might be more
+bars here, but we
+
+know that this is pointed.
+
+Whatever's missing here,
+there's some reflex angle.
+
+We're assuming we have a
+pointed pseudo-triangulation.
+
+And then we remove an edge.
+
+It's still pointed.
+
+So that means all of
+this has to be in m.
+
+Is it in this picture?
+
+No, contradiction.
+
+So you cannot have
+one-dimensional parts
+
+because wherever you have
+a one-dimensional part,
+
+there's a reflex
+angle that's not in m.
+
+So that's bad.
+
+In fact, they all have to
+be two-dimensional parts
+
+like this.
+
+Can it be a two-dimensional
+part like this?
+
+No, because here's a reflex
+angle that is not in m.
+
+Contradiction.
+
+So the only situation
+you can have is a convex
+
+polygon with the
+interior all in m.
+
+Sorry , wrong.
+
+The reverse.
+
+The exterior should all be in m.
+
+Because, you have all
+these reflex angles.
+
+That has to contain
+the pointed part.
+
+And locally, by this
+lemma, it has to be in m.
+
+So all this stuff has
+to locally be in m.
+
+The only way is for
+all of that to be in m.
+
+Inside, we don't know.
+
+Could be stresses
+there, and this
+
+could be a hole
+where you go deeper.
+
+All of this is at the
+maximum z-coordinate.
+
+The boundary, here.
+
+The inside, who knows.
+
+Could go down.
+
+So you can have
+stresses interior
+
+to convex polygons
+in bars, but not
+
+exterior to the convex polygon.
+
+M is either everything,
+and there's no boundary,
+
+and then there's no stress.
+
+Or it's not
+everything, and then it
+
+will have to have stresses only
+interior to convex polygons.
+
+And that's what we're claiming,
+is that stresses can only
+
+be interior to
+convex bar polygons.
+
+And in particular then,
+e is not stressed.
+
+The end.
+
+This is definitely harder
+than the case we talked about
+
+for carpenter's rule theorem.
+
+When you have a
+single chain, you're
+
+just trying to prove
+there's an expansive motion.
+
+It's a lot easier than this
+because m is much simpler.
+
+It could basically only
+be a path or cycle.
+
+You only have a single chain.
+
+Here m could be more
+complicated, but in the end,
+
+it's actually
+pretty darn simple.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+Cool.
+
+Perfectly clear?
+[CHUCKLE] Definitely
+
+a bit complicated, but nice.
+
+Now, it turns out
+pseudo-triangulations
+
+are really at the core
+of expansive motions.
+
+I'll just mention one
+more theorem about them.
+
+So you may recall
+I mentioned, if you
+
+look at the space of
+infinitesimal motions
+
+of a linkage or a
+tensegrity, they form a cone.
+
+It lives in some
+high-dimensional space,
+
+but I'll try to
+draw a cone here.
+
+These guys go off to infinity.
+
+I'm drawing it in three
+dimensions, I guess.
+
+You have some place here--
+this is the zero zero
+
+zero motion we're nothing moves.
+
+And these are potential
+different motion--
+
+each of these points corresponds
+to an assignment of velocity
+
+vectors where you move and you
+preserve all the constraints.
+
+If I take such a motion,
+I can scale it up.
+
+It's still a motion.
+
+Motions form a cone.
+
+It's called a convex cone.
+
+Every motion can be scaled up
+or down all the way to zero.
+
+So if we look at the cone
+of expansive motions,
+
+it's also a cone.
+
+It's a cone of motions of a
+particular tensegrity where
+
+we add all pairwise struts.
+
+Then, the pseudo-triangulations
+correspond
+
+to these edges of the cone.
+
+These edges,
+they're really rays.
+
+They go off to infinity.
+
+These things are
+called extreme rays.
+
+Meaning, they're extreme
+in a particular direction.
+
+Like if I want the motion
+that is the most this way,
+
+then it will be this ray.
+
+They're kind of the
+corners of this polyhedron.
+
+The edges of the
+polyhedron, if you will.
+
+Although in higher
+dimensions, it is edges
+
+but they're called extreme
+rays in the case of a cone.
+
+The extreme rays in the
+cone of expansive motions
+
+equal pointed
+pseudo-triangulations
+
+minus one edge.
+
+I think I have a slide about it.
+
+Yes.
+
+So this is a paper by [? Roto ?]
+[? Santos ?] [? Enstrenu ?].
+
+This is just a particular
+example for five points.
+
+These are all the different
+pseudo-triangulations
+
+minus an edge.
+
+In some cases, like here,
+you get two triangles.
+
+So that becomes rigid.
+
+So they fill in the
+whole clique to indicate
+
+that's a rigid component.
+
+But the claim is
+for five points.
+
+These are the edges
+of the expansive cone.
+
+Each of these guys has
+an expansive motion.
+
+Like this guy would rotate.
+
+Pretty simple.
+
+This one would open up a little.
+
+Like that.
+
+In general, all these guys
+have an expansive motion.
+
+Those are
+characterizing the cone.
+
+Those are kind of the
+extreme rays in this fairly
+
+high-dimensional cone.
+
+It has something like 10
+dimensions if it's 5 times 2.
+
+And you can prove that
+if you're interested.
+
+Read the paper.
+
+So, in fact,
+pseudo-triangulations
+
+are really core to
+expansive motions.
+
+If you wrote down the
+linear program, which
+
+is the expansive
+motions, then you
+
+are essentially
+characterizing this
+
+as the polyhedron in
+the linear program.
+
+If you know linear programming.
+
+And you follow the
+simplex method.
+
+Simplex method is all about
+finding where the edges are.
+
+And here they are.
+
+So you would actually, if you
+implemented the linear program,
+
+ran it on a simplex
+solver, you would
+
+get pointed
+pseudo-triangulations
+
+automatically.
+
+They would just pop out.
+
+That's actually originally
+how they were discovered.
+
+But then this is why they
+were discovered that way.
+
+End of pseudo-triangulations.
+
+All right.
+
+Next question is have any of
+the open problems been solved?
+
+[CHUCKLE] I get this
+almost every lecture
+
+and usually the answer is, no.
+
+So I don't tell you anything.
+
+But this time, there
+is a nice result
+
+which is related
+to this picture.
+
+These are slides
+from the lecture.
+
+We had this linear
+locked tree, which
+
+is minimal among all
+linear locked trees.
+
+Minimum number of edges.
+
+We have this
+equilateral locked tree.
+
+All the edges were
+the same length.
+
+Was not strongly locked.
+
+There was some positive
+distances here,
+
+but it is locked.
+
+I didn't mention this question,
+but an obvious open question
+
+is, can you get both
+at the same time?
+
+Is there a linear
+equilateral locked tree?
+
+If there were, it'd
+probably be a lot easier
+
+to prove locked that this mess.
+
+So it'd be nice to get both but,
+in fact, you cannot get both.
+
+There's this paper by a bunch
+of people in the open problem
+
+session from two years ago.
+
+It finally got
+published last year.
+
+And it proves a bunch
+of things, but one
+
+of the things it
+proves that there's
+
+no equilateral locked tree
+that is also linear, also
+
+lives in a single dimension.
+
+And the way it proves
+that, essentially,
+
+so you take any linear
+equilateral tree.
+
+What does it look like?
+
+Well, it lives
+along a line here.
+
+It's segmented into
+equal-length chunks.
+
+So from a high level,
+it looks like this.
+
+Now in reality,
+there could be lots
+
+of edges along each
+of these segments.
+
+And there's interesting
+things happening
+
+inside one of these vertices.
+
+Could be something like this.
+
+That's one way to do a
+tree-like structure in there.
+
+It could have parts
+like this that
+
+go from side to side
+without touching these guys.
+
+Who knows what's happening
+here, but from a high-level
+
+perspective, it's a bunch
+of segments in a path.
+
+The idea is this is
+basically just looking
+
+at five of the vertices
+out of all n of them.
+
+But if we just look at
+those five vertices,
+
+everything looks good.
+
+This is in canonical form.
+
+Canonical form for
+a tree is where
+
+all the edges
+point to the right.
+
+Something like this
+is nice and canonical.
+
+So right now this is canonical.
+
+What we do is look
+inside the path here.
+
+Look for a break point where
+things are not canonical.
+
+And then we fix it.
+
+So here's just an
+example of that.
+
+Here, this is what it looks
+like currently at a high level.
+
+Here's what it looks
+like in reality.
+
+So imagine-- so the tree
+is doing this stuff locally
+
+at all these vertices.
+
+Right now, we're coalescing this
+all into one big mega-vertex.
+
+And then it looks like this.
+
+But suppose now we realize,
+oh actually there's
+
+kind of a split here.
+
+There's stuff over
+to the right of this.
+
+There's stuff over
+to right of this.
+
+They're not directly connected.
+
+Then what we'll do
+is pull it apart.
+
+Treat these as two
+separate vertices.
+
+Increase the number of vertices
+in this picture by one.
+
+So we end up splitting
+w here, according
+
+to whatever is actually
+happening in the linkage.
+
+And then we say, oh gosh, this
+is not really canonical, right?
+
+This edge is
+pointing to the left.
+
+These guys are pointing
+to the right, still.
+
+But this one's
+pointing to the left.
+
+So it looks like this picture
+got a rightward edge and then
+
+a leftward edge.
+
+We fix it by just rotating
+this edge 180 degrees, keeping
+
+at all times this thing
+pointing to the right.
+
+So this comes
+along for the ride.
+
+And then we will end
+up with this picture.
+
+Now we're canonical again
+with one more vertex.
+
+We'll repeat.
+
+Eventually we'll be canonical
+with all the vertices.
+
+And we're done.
+
+So if you take any
+two configurations,
+
+you canonicalize both of them.
+
+You will end up with
+essentially the same picture.
+
+It doesn't matter
+which route you choose.
+
+But it's already
+known that it doesn't
+
+matter which route you choose.
+
+You can change the route
+just by flopping the tree
+
+with one motion or a very
+small number of motions.
+
+So if you have two
+configurations,
+
+you canonicalize
+both of them then.
+
+Then there's a
+motion between them
+
+and you get a motion from one
+configuration to the other.
+
+Therefore, there
+are no locked trees
+
+that are equilateral and linear.
+
+Kind of nice.
+
+The last thing I want
+to talk about is 4D.
+
+A couple people asked about 4D.
+
+Why is it so different from 3D?
+
+The essential reason is we
+have one-dimensional bars,
+
+but four dimensions of motion.
+
+That's a gap of
+three dimensions.
+
+Three dimensions is a lot.
+
+When you have
+one-dimensional chains in 3D,
+
+you have a gap of
+two dimensions.
+
+Two dimensions turns
+out to not be a lot.
+
+[CHUCKLE] So why is that?
+
+Let me prove it to you.
+
+Here is actually an animation
+of the motion, just for fun.
+
+This is in the textbook.
+
+The top row is if you are zoomed
+out from the very beginning.
+
+It's this mess and you
+basically pull out a string.
+
+It actually wiggles
+around a lot.
+
+Here's what it looks
+like zoomed in.
+
+This is the original mess.
+
+And you end up flopping
+this over here,
+
+then flopping it over there.
+
+And it's hard to
+see because this
+
+is a two-dimensional projection
+of a four-dimensional thing.
+
+But eventually you pull
+open the whole thing.
+
+So how does this algorithm work?
+
+It's actually very simple.
+
+For open chains,
+it's very simple.
+
+Closed chains, a little
+more complicated.
+
+Trees, also very simple.
+
+So unfolding 4D open chains.
+
+This is by Roxanna Cocan
+and Joseph O'Rourke.
+
+Back before the
+carpenter's rule theorem.
+
+This publication was later
+but the original version
+
+was in 1998, I think, or '99.
+
+So what do we do?
+
+Well, what I do is
+look at the end bar.
+
+So let's say this is
+the end of the chain.
+
+From here it goes in some
+direction, and stuff.
+
+What I'd like to do
+is rotate this bar
+
+so that it extends this bar.
+
+So I have an
+180-degree angle here.
+
+That's my goal.
+
+If I can do that, I
+can fuse that vertex,
+
+never rotate it again.
+
+Treat this as a longer edge.
+
+Therefore the remaining
+thing has n minus 1 edges
+
+if I had n edges originally.
+
+So I can just apply induction.
+
+In other words,
+just repeat that.
+
+Eventually the whole
+thing will be straight.
+
+So the challenge is,
+can I make a move--
+
+can I fold this last
+bar to extend the next--
+
+the second bar?
+
+Two issues.
+
+Two problems that
+could happen here.
+
+One is that there's no
+continuous motion to get there.
+
+The other problem is that
+even instantaneously,
+
+if I just picked it
+up and dropped it
+
+into the right
+location, it might
+
+intersect the rest of the chain.
+
+Maybe the chain here comes
+and intersects that ray.
+
+If it intersects that ray, I
+can just jiggle the whole chain
+
+a little bit, and it won't.
+
+[CHUCKLE] Is that clear?
+
+Let's see, you've got
+these one-dimensional bars,
+
+and this is a
+one-dimensional target ray.
+
+So if a bar happens
+to be on this ray,
+
+just wiggle it a tiny bit.
+
+It's going to come
+off of that place.
+
+This will actually even
+work in three dimensions.
+
+This step.
+
+There's an even easier way to do
+it, is just to rotate this bar.
+
+If you rotate this
+bar, you can basically
+
+point the ray wherever you want.
+
+And if you look at where
+that bar is pointing,
+
+it's kind of hard
+to draw the picture
+
+but you just have to miss all
+of these one-dimensional things.
+
+So it's very easy to miss.
+
+So let's just assume for now--
+we'll kind of see this again
+
+in a moment.
+
+Assume that this ray
+happens to be clear.
+
+There maybe things that
+come very close to it.
+
+Maybe they go on the backside
+and then come on the front.
+
+But they never-- don't
+actually touch the ray.
+
+Now think about where this bar
+can go relative to this vertex.
+
+If I draw a little
+sphere here, I'm
+
+going to draw it initially
+in three dimensions
+
+but really it's in
+four dimensions.
+
+So I have a little sphere.
+
+Where this bar is
+currently, corresponds
+
+to a single point on the sphere.
+
+I'm currently here.
+
+Where I want to be corresponds
+to another point on the sphere.
+
+My goal is to find a path on
+the sphere that gets to the x.
+
+Gets to the buried treasure.
+
+This is essentially treating
+this as a whole ray.
+
+So I don't even care
+that it's short.
+
+If I just imagine it
+going off to infinity,
+
+can I go from
+position a position b?
+
+Now in three dimensions, this
+is a two-dimensional sphere.
+
+And if you look at the
+obstacles, the things
+
+I have to avoid,
+those correspond
+
+to one-dimensional bars here.
+
+Which, if you project
+them onto the sphere,
+
+correspond to great
+circular arcs.
+
+So the worry would
+be-- let me draw them
+
+in red, the obstacles.
+
+The things that will
+kill you if you hit them.
+
+The worry would be
+you have what we
+
+call a cage,
+something like this,
+
+of one-dimensional
+obstacles on the sphere that
+
+block this x-point.
+
+Block the target
+from the source.
+
+And in 3D this--
+if you draw what
+
+happens in the knitting
+needles, this is what happens.
+
+You can't move the last link
+to extend the previous one
+
+because one-dimensional
+barriers are
+
+a problem on a
+two-dimensional sphere
+
+because 2 minus 1 equals 1.
+
+But on a
+three-dimensional sphere,
+
+if you draw
+one-dimensional obstacles,
+
+they have basically no
+effect on the sphere.
+
+They do not
+disconnect the surface
+
+of a three-dimensional sphere.
+
+Can you see that?
+[CHUCKLE] The analogy--
+
+if you just keep the difference
+in dimensions the same--
+
+so we have a
+three-dimensional sphere
+
+versus a one-dimensional
+obstacle.
+
+Let's go down a dimension.
+
+You have a
+two-dimensional sphere
+
+and a zero-dimensional obstacle.
+
+What's a zero-dimensional
+obstacle?
+
+A point.
+
+So imagine you have all
+these red points which
+
+you can't touch.
+
+And then you have the initial
+position and the target
+
+position, b.
+
+How do you get there?
+
+No problem.
+
+There's tons of paths.
+
+It's basically the same in four
+dimensions, just harder to see.
+
+You have a three-sphere, which
+is the boundary of a four-ball.
+
+And you have these
+one-dimensional arcs on it.
+
+And they just don't
+block your way at all
+
+because they're so
+low-dimensional.
+
+So that's intuitively why 4D
+is easy, 5D is also easy, 6D,
+
+and so on.
+
+Because the obstacles
+are so tiny.
+
+The obstacles remain
+one-dimensional
+
+on this high-dimensional sphere.
+
+You can just fix
+one link at a time.
+
+Eventually the whole
+thing will be straight.
+
+Ta-da, 4D!
+
+Any final questions?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is the situation
+of folding a surface
+
+in four dimensions
+roughly analogous
+
+with folding [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Folding a
+two-dimensional surface
+
+in four dimensions?
+
+Definitely, this
+argument breaks down.
+
+And so you can get
+locked things, there.
+
+If you'd asked earlier
+I could show one example
+
+we have of a kind
+of locked surface.
+
+I don't know if there's
+actually a locked 2D
+
+surface in 4D known, though.
+
+I suspect there is one.
+
+That could be an interesting
+question to work on.
+
+Think about that.
+
+All right, see you Thursday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SioXozu-Loo.txt b/SioXozu-Loo.txt
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/SioXozu-Loo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1710 @@
+This is also written in the
+form, it's the k that's on the
+
+right hand side.
+Actually, I found that source
+
+is of considerable difficulty.
+And, in general,
+
+it is.
+For these, the temperature
+
+concentration model,
+it's natural to have the k on
+
+the right-hand side,
+and to separate out the (q)e as
+
+part of it.
+Another model for which that's
+
+true is mixing,
+as I think I will show you on
+
+Monday.
+On the other hand,
+
+there are some common
+first-order models for which
+
+it's not a natural way to
+separate things out.
+
+Examples would be the RC
+circuit, radioactive decay,
+
+stuff like that.
+So, this is not a universal
+
+utility.
+But I thought that that form of
+
+writing it was a sufficient
+utility to make a special case,
+
+and I emphasize it very heavily
+in the nodes.
+
+Let's look at the equation.
+And, this form will be good
+
+enough, the y prime.
+When you solve it,
+
+let me remind you how the
+solutions look,
+
+because that explains the
+terminology.
+
+The solution looks like,
+after you have done the
+
+integrating factor and
+multiplied through,
+
+and integrated both sides,
+in short, what you're supposed
+
+to do, the solution looks like y
+equals, there's the term e to
+
+the negative k out
+front times an integral which
+
+you can either make definite or
+indefinite, according to your
+
+preference.
+q of t times e to the kt inside
+
+dt,
+it will help you to remember
+
+the opposite signs if you think
+that when q is a constant,
+
+one, for example,
+you want these two guys to
+
+cancel out and produce a
+constant solution.
+
+That's a good way to remember
+that the signs have to be
+
+opposite.
+But, I don't encourage you to
+
+remember the formula at all.
+It's just a convenient thing
+
+for me to be able to use right
+now.
+
+And then, there's the other
+term, which comes by putting up
+
+the arbitrary constant
+explicitly, c e to the negative
+
+kt.
+So, you could either write it
+
+this way, where this is somewhat
+vague, or you could make it
+
+definite by putting a zero here
+and a t there,
+
+and change the dummy variable
+inside according to the way the
+
+notes tell you to do it.
+Now, when you do this,
+
+and if k is positive,
+that's absolutely essential,
+
+only when that is so,
+then this term,
+
+as I told you a week or so ago,
+this term goes to zero because
+
+k is positive as t goes to
+infinity.
+
+So, this goes to zero as t
+goes, and it doesn't matter what
+
+c is, as t goes to infinity.
+This term stays some sort of
+
+function.
+And so, this term is called the
+
+steady-state or long-term
+solution, or it's called both,
+
+a long-term solution.
+And this, which disappears,
+
+gets smaller and smaller as
+time goes on,
+
+is therefore called the
+transient because it disappears
+
+at the time increases to
+infinity.
+
+So, this part uses the initial
+condition, uses the initial
+
+value.
+Let's call it y of zero,
+
+assuming that you
+started the initial value,
+
+t, when t was equal to zero,
+which is a common thing to do,
+
+although of course not
+necessary.
+
+The starting value appears in
+this term.
+
+This one is just some function.
+Now, the general picture or the
+
+way that looks is,
+the steady-state solution will
+
+be some solution like,
+I don't know,
+
+like that, let's say.
+So, that's a steady-state
+
+solution, the SSS.
+Well, what do the other guys
+
+look like?
+Well, the steady-state solution
+
+has this starting point.
+Other solutions can have any of
+
+these other starting points.
+So, in the beginning,
+
+they won't look like the
+steady-state solution.
+
+But, we know that as time goes
+on, they must approach it
+
+because this term represents the
+difference between the solution
+
+and the steady-state solution.
+So, this term is going to zero.
+
+And therefore,
+whatever these guys do to start
+
+out with, after a while they
+must follow the steady-state
+
+solution more and more closely.
+They must, in short,
+
+be asymptotic to it.
+So, the solutions to any
+
+equation of that form will look
+like this.
+
+Up here, maybe it started at
+127.
+
+That's okay.
+After a while,
+
+it's going to start approaching
+that green curve.
+
+Of course, they won't cross
+each other.
+
+That's the rock star,
+and these are the groupies
+
+trying to get close to it.
+Now, but something follows from
+
+that picture.
+Which is the steady-state
+
+solution?
+What, in short,
+
+is so special about this green
+curve?
+
+All these other white solution
+curves have that same property,
+
+the same property that all the
+other white curves and the green
+
+curve, too, are trying to get
+close to them.
+
+In other words,
+there is nothing special about
+
+the green curve.
+It's just that they all want to
+
+get close to each other.
+And therefore,
+
+though you can write a formula
+like this, there isn't one
+
+steady-state solution.
+There are many.
+
+Now, this produces vagueness.
+You talk about the steady-state
+
+solution; which one are you
+talking about?
+
+I have no answer to that;
+the usual answer is whichever
+
+one looks simplest.
+Normally, the one that will
+
+look simplest is the one where c
+is zero.
+
+But, if this is a peculiar
+function, it might be that for
+
+some other value of c,
+you get an even simpler
+
+expression.
+So, the steady-state solution:
+
+about the best I can see,
+either you integrate that,
+
+don't use an arbitrary
+constant, and use what you get,
+
+or pick the simplest.
+Pick the value of c,
+
+which gives you the simplest
+answer.
+
+Pick the simplest function,
+and that's what usually called
+
+the steady-state solution.
+Now, from that point of view,
+
+what I'm calling the input in
+this input response point of
+
+view, which we are going to be
+using, by the way,
+
+constantly, well,
+pretty much all term long,
+
+but certainly for the next
+month or so, I'm constantly
+
+going to be coming back to it.
+The input is the q of t.
+
+In other words,
+
+it seems rather peculiar.
+But the input is the right-hand
+
+side of the equation of the
+differential equation.
+
+And the reason is because I'm
+always thinking of the
+
+temperature model.
+The external water bath at
+
+temperature T external,
+the internal thing here,
+
+the problem is,
+given this function,
+
+the external water bath
+temperature is driving,
+
+so to speak,
+the temperature of the inside.
+
+And therefore,
+the input is the temperature of
+
+the water bath.
+I don't like the word output,
+
+although it would be the
+natural thing because this
+
+temperature doesn't look like an
+output.
+
+Anyone might be willing to say,
+yeah, you are inputting the
+
+value of the temperature here.
+This, it's more likely,
+
+the normal term is response.
+This thing, this plus the water
+
+bath, is a little system.
+And the response of the system,
+
+i.e.
+the change in the internal
+
+temperature is governed by the
+driving external temperature.
+
+So, the input is q of t,
+and the response of
+
+the system is the solution to
+the differential equation.
+
+Now, if the thing is special,
+as it's going to be for most of
+
+this period, it has that special
+form, then I'm going to,
+
+I really want to call q sub e
+the input.
+
+I want to call q sub e the
+input, and there is no standard
+
+way of doing that,
+although there's a most common
+
+way.
+So, I'm just calling it the
+
+physical input,
+in other words,
+
+the temperature input,
+or the concentration input.
+
+And, that will be my (q)e of t,
+and by the
+
+subscript e, you will understand
+that I'm writing it in that form
+
+and thinking of this model,
+or concentration model,
+
+or mixing model as I will show
+you on Monday.
+
+By the way, this is often
+handled, I mean,
+
+how would you handle this to
+get rid of a k?
+
+Well, divide through by k.
+So, this equation is often,
+
+in the literature,
+written this way:
+
+one over k times y prime plus y
+is equal to, well,
+
+now they call it q of t,
+not (q)e of t because they've
+
+gotten rid of this funny factor.
+But
+
+I will continue to call it (q)e.
+So, in other words,
+
+and this part this is just,
+frankly, called the input.
+
+It doesn't say physical or
+anything.
+
+And, this is the solution,
+it's then the response,
+
+and this funny coefficient of y
+prime,
+
+that's not in standard linear
+form, is it, anymore?
+
+But, it's a standard form if
+you want to do this input
+
+response analysis.
+So, this is also a way of
+
+writing the equation.
+I'm not going to use it because
+
+how many standard forms could
+this poor little course absorb?
+
+I'll stick to that one.
+Okay, you have,
+
+then, the superposition
+principle, which I don't think
+
+I'm going to-- the solution,
+which solution?
+
+Well, normally it means any
+solution, or in other words,
+
+the steady-state solution.
+Now, notice that terminology
+
+only makes sense if k is
+positive.
+
+And, in fact,
+there is nothing like the
+
+picture, the picture doesn't
+look at all like this if k is
+
+negative, and therefore,
+the terms would steady state,
+
+transient would be totally
+inappropriate if k were
+
+negative.
+So, this assumes definitely
+
+that k has to be greater than
+zero.
+
+Otherwise, no.
+So, I'll call this the physical
+
+input.
+And then, you have the
+
+superposition principle,
+which I really can't improve
+
+upon what's written in the
+notes, this superposition of
+
+inputs.
+Whether they are physical
+
+inputs or nonphysical inputs,
+if the input q of t produces
+
+the response, y of t,
+
+and q two of t produces the
+response, y two of t,
+
+-- then a simple calculation
+with the differential equation
+
+shows you that by,
+so to speak,
+
+adding, that the sum of these
+two, I stated it very generally
+
+in the notes but it corresponds,
+we will have as the response
+
+y1, the steady-state response y1
+plus y2,
+
+and a constant times y1.
+That's an expression,
+
+essentially,
+of the linear,
+
+it uses the fact that the
+special form of the equation,
+
+and we will have a very
+efficient and elegant way of
+
+seeing this when we study higher
+order equations.
+
+For now, I will just,
+the little calculation that's
+
+done in the notes will suffice
+for first-order equations.
+
+If you don't have a complicated
+equation, there's no point in
+
+making a fuss over proofs using
+it.
+
+But essentially,
+it uses the fact that the
+
+equation is linear.
+Or, that's bad,
+
+so linearity of the ODE.
+In other words,
+
+it's a consequence of the fact
+that the equation looks the way
+
+it does.
+And, something like this would
+
+not, in any sense,
+be true if the equation,
+
+for example,
+had here a y squared
+
+instead of t.
+Everything I'm saying this
+
+period would be total nonsense
+and totally inapplicable.
+
+Now, today, what I wanted to
+discuss was, what's in the notes
+
+that I gave you today,
+which is, what happens when the
+
+physical input is trigonometric?
+For certain reasons,
+
+that's the most important case
+there is.
+
+It's because of the existence
+of what are called Fourier
+
+series, and there are a couple
+of words about them.
+
+That's something we will be
+studying in about three weeks or
+
+so.
+What's going on,
+
+roughly, is that,
+so I'm going to take the
+
+equation in the form y prime
+plus ky equals k times 
+
+(q)e of t,
+and the input that I'm
+
+interested in is when this is a
+simple one that you use on the
+
+visual that you did about two
+points worth of work for handing
+
+in today, cosine omega t.
+
+So, if you like,
+k here.
+
+So, the (q)e is cosine omega t.
+That was the physical input.
+
+And, omega, as you know,
+is, you have to be careful when
+
+you use the word frequency.
+I assume you got this from
+
+physics class all last semester.
+But anyway, just to remind you,
+
+there's a whole yoga of five or
+six terms that go whenever
+
+you're talking about
+trigonometric functions.
+
+Instead of giving a long
+explanation, the end of the
+
+second page of the notes just
+gives you a reference list of
+
+what you are expected to know
+for 18.03 and physics as well,
+
+with a brief one or two line
+description of what each of
+
+those means.
+So, think of it as something to
+
+refer back to if you have
+forgotten.
+
+But, omega is what's called the
+angular frequency or the
+
+circular frequency.
+It's somewhat misleading to
+
+call it the frequency,
+although I probably will.
+
+It's the angular frequency.
+It's, in other words,
+
+it's the number of complete
+oscillations.
+
+This cosine omega t
+is going up and down right?
+
+So, a complete oscillation as
+it goes down and then returns to
+
+where it started.
+That's a complete oscillation.
+
+This is only half an
+oscillation because you didn't
+
+give it a chance to get back.
+Okay, so the number of complete
+
+oscillations in how much time,
+well, in two pi,
+
+in the distance,
+two pi on the t-axis in the
+
+interval of length two pi
+because, for example,
+
+if omega is one,
+cosine t takes two
+
+pi to repeat itself,
+right?
+
+If omega were two,
+it would repeat itself.
+
+It would make two complete
+oscillations in the interval,
+
+two pi.
+So, it's what happens to the
+
+interval, two pi,
+not what happens in the time
+
+interval, one,
+which is the natural meaning of
+
+the word frequency.
+There's always this factor of
+
+two pi that floats around to
+make all of your formulas and
+
+solutions incorrect.
+Okay, now, so,
+
+what I'm out to do is,
+the problem is for the physical
+
+input, (q)e cosine omega t,
+
+find the response.
+In other words,
+
+solve the differential
+equation.
+
+In short, for the visual that
+you looked at,
+
+I think I've forgot the colors
+now.
+
+The input was in green,
+maybe, but I do remember that
+
+the response was in yellow.
+I think I remember that.
+
+So, find the response,
+yellow, and the input was,
+
+what color was it,
+green?
+
+Blue, blue.
+Light blue.
+
+Okay, so we've got to solve the
+differential equation.
+
+Now, it's a question of how I'm
+going to solve the differential
+
+equation.
+I'm going to use complex
+
+numbers throughout,
+A because that's the way it's
+
+usually done.
+B, to give you practice using
+
+complex numbers,
+and I don't think I need any
+
+other reasons.
+So, I'm going to use complex
+
+numbers.
+I'm going to complexify.
+
+To use complex numbers,
+what you do is complexification
+
+of the problem.
+So, I'm going to complexify the
+
+problem, turn it into the domain
+of complex numbers.
+
+So, take the differential
+equation, turn it into a
+
+differential equation involving
+complex numbers,
+
+solve that, and then go back to
+the real domain to get the
+
+answer, since it's easier to
+integrate exponentials.
+
+And therefore,
+try to introduce,
+
+try to change the trigonometric
+functions into complex
+
+exponentials,
+simply because the work will be
+
+easier to do.
+All right, so let's do it.
+
+To change this differential
+equation, remember,
+
+I've got cosine omega t here.
+
+I'm going to use the fact that
+e to the i omega t,
+
+Euler's formula,
+that the real part of it is
+
+cosine omega t.
+So, I'm going to view this as
+
+the real part of this complex
+function.
+
+But, I will throw at the
+imaginary part,
+
+too, since at one point we will
+need it.
+
+Now, what is the equation,
+then, that it's going to turn
+
+into?
+The complexified equation is
+
+going to be y prime plus ky
+equals, and now,
+
+instead of the right hand side,
+k times cosine omega t,
+
+I'll use the whole complex
+exponential, e i omega t.
+
+Now, I have a problem because
+
+y, here, in this equation,
+y means the real function which
+
+solves that problem.
+I therefore cannot continue to
+
+call this y because I want y to
+be a real function.
+
+I have to change its name.
+Since this is complex function
+
+on the right-hand side,
+I will have to expect a complex
+
+solution to the differential
+equation.
+
+I'm going to call that complex
+solution y tilda.
+
+Now, that's what I would also
+use as the designation for the
+
+variable.
+So, y tilda is the complex
+
+solution.
+And, it's going to have the
+
+form y1 plus i times y2.
+
+It's going to be the complex
+solution.
+
+And now, what I say is,
+so, solve it.
+
+Find this complex solution.
+So, find the program is to find
+
+y tilde, --
+-- that's the complex solution.
+
+And then I say,
+all you have to do is take the
+
+real part of that,
+and that will answer the
+
+original problem.
+Then, y1, that's the real part
+
+of it, right?
+It's a function,
+
+you know, like this is cosine
+plus sine, as it was over here,
+
+it will naturally be something
+different.
+
+It will be something different,
+but that part of it,
+
+the real part will solve the
+original problem,
+
+the original,
+real, ODE.
+
+Now, you will say,
+you expect us to believe that?
+
+Well, yes, in fact.
+I think we've got a lot to do,
+
+so since the argument for this
+is given in the nodes,
+
+so, read this in the notes.
+It only takes a line or two of
+
+standard work with
+differentiation.
+
+So, read in the notes the
+argument for that,
+
+why that's so.
+It just amounts to separating
+
+real and imaginary parts.
+Okay, so let's,
+
+now, solve this.
+Since that's our program,
+
+all we have to find is the
+solution.
+
+Well, just use integrating
+factors and just do it.
+
+So, the integrating factor will
+be, what, e to the,
+
+I don't want to use that
+formula.
+
+So, the integrating factor will
+be e to the kt is the
+
+integrating factor.
+If I multiply through both
+
+sides by the integrating factor,
+then the left-hand side will
+
+become y e to the kt,
+the way it always does,
+
+prime, Y tilde, sorry,
+
+and the right-hand side will
+be, now I'm going to start
+
+combining exponentials.
+It will be k times e to the
+
+power i times omega t plus k.
+
+I'm going to write that k plus
+omega t.
+
+i omega t plus k.
+
+Thank you.
+i omega t plus k,
+
+or k plus i omega t.
+
+kt?
+Sorry.
+
+So, it's k times e to the i
+omega t times e to the kt.
+
+So, that's (k plus i omega)
+
+times t. Sorry.
+
+So, y tilda e to the kt
+is k divided by,
+
+now I integrate this,
+so it essentially reproduces
+
+itself, except you have to put
+down on the bottom k plus i
+
+omega.
+I'll take the final step.
+
+What's y tilda equals,
+see, when you do it this way,
+
+then you don't get a messy
+looking formula that you
+
+substitute into and that is
+scary looking.
+
+This is never scary.
+Now, I'm going to do two things
+
+simultaneously.
+First of all,
+
+here, if I multiply,
+after I get the answer,
+
+I'm going to want to multiply
+it by e to the negative kt,
+
+right,
+to solve for y tilda.
+
+If I multiply this by e to the
+negative kt, then that just gets
+
+rid of the k that I put in,
+and left back with e to the i
+
+omega t.
+So, that side is easy.
+
+All that is left is e to the i
+omega t.
+
+Now, what's interesting is this
+thing out here,
+
+k plus i omega.
+I'm going to take a typical
+
+step of scaling it.
+And you scale it.
+
+I'm going to divide the top and
+bottom by k.
+
+And, what does that produce?
+One divided by one plus i times
+
+omega over k.
+
+What I've done is take these
+two separate constants,
+
+and shown that the critical
+thing is their ratio.
+
+Okay, now, what I have to do
+now is take the real part.
+
+Now, there are two ways to do
+this.
+
+There are two ways to do this.
+Both are instructive.
+
+So, there are two methods.
+I have a multiplication.
+
+The problem is,
+of course, that these two
+
+things are multiplied together.
+And, one of them is,
+
+essentially,
+in Cartesian form,
+
+and the other is,
+essentially,
+
+in polar form.
+You have to make a decision.
+
+Either go polar,
+it sounds like go postal,
+
+doesn't it, or worse,
+like a bear,
+
+savage, attack it savagely,
+which that's a very good,
+
+aggressive attitude to have
+when doing a problem,
+
+or we can go Cartesian.
+Going polar is a little faster,
+
+and I think it's what's done in
+the nodes.
+
+The notes to do both of these.
+They just do the first.
+
+On the other hand,
+they give you a formula,
+
+which is the critical thing
+that you will need to go
+
+Cartesian.
+I hope I can do both of them if
+
+we sort of hurry along.
+How do I go polar?
+
+To go polar,
+what you want to do is express
+
+this thing in polar form.
+Now, one of the things I didn't
+
+emphasize enough,
+probably, when I talked to you
+
+about complex numbers last time
+is, so I will remind you,
+
+which saves my conscience and
+doesn't hurt yours,
+
+suppose you have alpha as a
+complex number.
+
+See, this complex number is a
+reciprocal.
+
+The good number is what's down
+below.
+
+Unfortunately,
+it's downstairs.
+
+You should know,
+like you know the back of your
+
+hand, which nobody knows,
+one over alpha.
+
+So that's the form.
+The number I'm interested in,
+
+that coefficient,
+it is of the form one over
+
+alpha.
+One over alpha times alpha is
+
+equal to one.
+
+And, from that,
+it follows, first of all,
+
+if I take absolute values,
+if the absolute value of one
+
+over alpha times the absolute
+value of this is equal to one,
+
+so, this is equal to one over
+the absolute value of alpha.
+
+I think you all knew that.
+I'm a little less certain you
+
+knew how to take care of the
+angles.
+
+How about the argument?
+Well, the argument of the
+
+angle, in other words,
+the angle of one over alpha
+
+plus, because when you multiply,
+angles add.
+
+Remember that.
+Plus, the angle associated with
+
+alpha has to be the angle
+associated with one.
+
+But what's that?
+One is out here.
+
+What's the angle of one?
+Zero.
+
+Therefore, the argument,
+the absolute value of this
+
+thing is want over the absolute
+value.
+
+That's easy.
+And, you should know that the
+
+argument of want over alpha is
+equal to minus the argument of
+
+alpha.
+So, when you take reciprocal,
+
+the angle turns into its
+negative.
+
+Okay, I'm going to use that
+now, because my aim is to turn
+
+this into polar form.
+So, let's do that someplace,
+
+I guess here.
+So, I want the polar form for
+
+one over one plus i times omega
+over k.
+
+Okay, I will draw a picture.
+
+Here's one.
+Here is omega over k.
+
+Let's call this angle phi.
+
+It's a natural thing to call
+it.
+
+It's a right triangle,
+of course.
+
+Okay, now, this is going to be
+a complex number times e to an
+
+angle.
+Now, what's the angle going to
+
+be?
+Well, this is a complex number,
+
+the angle for the complex
+number.
+
+So, the argument of the complex
+number, one plus i times omega
+
+over k is how much?
+
+Well, there's the complex
+number one plus i over one plus
+
+i times omega over k.
+
+Its angle is phi.
+So, the argument of this is
+
+phi, and therefore,
+the argument of its reciprocal
+
+is negative phi.
+So, it's e to the minus i phi.
+
+And, what's A?
+
+A is one over the absolute
+value of that complex number.
+
+Well, the absolute value of
+this complex number is one plus
+
+omega over k squared.
+
+So, the A is going to be one
+over that, the square root of
+
+one plus omega over k,
+the quantity squared,
+
+times e to the minus i phi.
+
+See, I did that.
+
+That's a critical step.
+You must turn that coefficient.
+
+If you want to go polar,
+you must turn is that
+
+coefficient, write that
+coefficient in the polar form.
+
+And for that,
+you need these basic facts
+
+about, draw the complex number,
+draw its angle,
+
+and so on and so forth.
+And now, what's there for the
+
+solution?
+Once you've done that,
+
+the work is over.
+What's the complex solution?
+
+The complex solution is this.
+I've just found the polar form
+
+for this.
+So, I multiply it by e to the i
+
+omega t,
+which means these things add.
+
+So, it's equal to A,
+this A, times e to the i omega
+
+t minus i times phi.
+
+Or, in other words,
+the coefficient is one over,
+
+this is a real number,
+now, square root of one plus
+
+omega over k squared.
+
+And, this is e to the,
+see if I get it right,
+
+now.
+And finally,
+
+now, what's the answer to our
+real problem?
+
+y1: the real answer.
+I mean: the really real answer.
+
+What is it?
+Well, this is a real number.
+
+So, I simply reproduce that as
+the coefficient out front.
+
+And for the other part,
+I want the real part of that.
+
+But you can write that down
+instantly.
+
+So, let's recopy the
+coefficient.
+
+And then, I want just the real
+part of this.
+
+Well, this is e to the i times
+some crazy angle.
+
+So, the real part is the cosine
+of that crazy angle.
+
+So, it's the cosine of omega t
+minus phi.
+
+And, if somebody says,
+
+yeah, well, okay,
+I got the omega k,
+
+I know what that is.
+That came from the problem,
+
+the driving frequency,
+driving angular frequency.
+
+That was omega,
+and k, I guess,
+
+k was the conductivity,
+the thing which told you how
+
+quickly the heat that penetrated
+the walls of the little inner
+
+chamber.
+So, that's okay,
+
+but what's this phi?
+Well, the best way to get phi
+
+is just to draw that picture,
+but if you want a formula for
+
+phi, phi will be,
+well, I guess from the picture,
+
+it's the arc tangent of omega,
+k, divided by k,
+
+over one,
+which I don't have to put
+
+in.
+So, it's this number,
+
+phi, in reference to this
+function.
+
+See, if the phi weren't there,
+this would be cosine omega t,
+
+and we all know what that looks
+
+like.
+The phi is called the phase lag
+
+or phase delay,
+something like that,
+
+the phase lag of the function.
+What does it represent?
+
+It represents,
+let me draw you a picture.
+
+Let's draw the picture like
+this.
+
+Here's cosine omega t.
+
+Now, regular cosine would look
+sort of like that.
+
+But, I will indicate that the
+angular frequency is not one by
+
+making my cosine squinchy up a
+little too much.
+
+Everybody can tell that that's
+the cosine on a limp axis,
+
+something for Salvador Dali,
+okay.
+
+So, there's cosine of
+something.
+
+So, what was it?
+Blue?
+
+I don't have blue.
+Yes, I have blue.
+
+Okay, so now you will know what
+I'm talking about because this
+
+looks just like the screen on
+your computer when you put in
+
+the visual for this.
+Frequency: your response order
+
+one.
+So, this is cosine omega t.
+
+Now, how will cosine omega t
+
+minus phi look?
+
+Well, it'll be moved over.
+Let's, for example,
+
+suppose phi were pi over two.
+Now, where's pi over two on the
+
+picture?
+Well, what I do is cosine omega
+
+t minus this.
+I move it over by one,
+
+so that this point becomes that
+one, and it looks like,
+
+the site will look like this.
+In other words,
+
+I shove it over by,
+so this is the point where
+
+omega t equals pi over two.
+
+It's not the value of t.
+It's not the value of t.
+
+It's the value of omega t.
+
+And, when I do that,
+then the blue curve has been
+
+shoved over one quarter of its
+total cycle, and that turns it,
+
+of course, into the sine curve,
+which I hope I can draw.
+
+So, this goes up to there,
+and then, it's got to get back
+
+through.
+Let me stop there while I'm
+
+ahead.
+So, this is sine omega t,
+
+the yellow thing,
+
+but that's also,
+in another life,
+
+cosine of omega t minus pi over
+two.
+
+The main thing is you don't
+subtract, the pi over two is not
+
+being subtracted from the t.
+It's being subtracted from the
+
+whole expression,
+and this whole expression
+
+represents an angle,
+which tells you where you are
+
+in the travel,
+a long cosine to this.
+
+What this quantity gets to be
+two pi, you're back where you
+
+started.
+That's not the distance on the
+
+t axis.
+It's the angle through which
+
+you go through.
+In other words,
+
+does number describes where you
+are on the cosine cycle.
+
+It doesn't tell you,
+it's not aiming at telling you
+
+exactly where you are on the t
+axis.
+
+The response function looks
+like one over the square root of
+
+one plus omega over k squared
+times cosine omega t minus phi.
+
+And, I asked you on the problem
+set, if k goes up,
+
+in other words,
+if the conductivity rises,
+
+if heat can get more rapidly
+from the outside to the inside,
+
+for example,
+how does that affect the
+
+amplitude?
+This is the amplitude,
+
+A, and the phase lag.
+In other words,
+
+how does this affect the
+response?
+
+And now, you can see.
+If k goes up,
+
+this fraction is becoming
+smaller.
+
+That means the denominator is
+becoming smaller,
+
+and therefore,
+the amplitude is going up.
+
+What's happening to the phase
+lag?
+
+Well, the phase lag looks like
+this: phi one omega over k.
+
+If k is going up,
+
+then the size of this side is
+going down, and the angle is
+
+going down.
+Now, that part is intuitive.
+
+I would have expected everybody
+to get that.
+
+It's the heat gets in quickly,
+more quickly,
+
+then the amplitude will match
+more quickly.
+
+This will rise,
+and get fairly close to one,
+
+in fact, and there should be
+very little lag in the way the
+
+response follows input.
+But how about the other one?
+
+Okay, I give you two minutes.
+The other one,
+
+you will figure out yourself.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SyEBd_VZXWQ.txt b/SyEBd_VZXWQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1b907233ce86df1133ce9ec5157335a6dd4fef5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SyEBd_VZXWQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2739 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
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+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu the light beam from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu the light beam from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu the light beam from a
+laser is as close to an ideal beam as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser is as close to an ideal beam as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser is as close to an ideal beam as
+one can get what I mean by that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can get what I mean by that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can get what I mean by that is that
+the properties of this beam the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of this beam the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of this beam the
+propagation properties are limited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation properties are limited by
+ 
+
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+propagation properties are limited by
+fundamental laws of
+
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+fundamental laws of
+ 
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+fundamental laws of
+physics for example laws of
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+
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+defraction and not by the properties of
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+defraction and not by the properties of
+ 
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+defraction and not by the properties of
+the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+the light
+source for example a laser beam from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source for example a laser beam from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source for example a laser beam from a
+well- behaved laser can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well- behaved laser can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well- behaved laser can be
+columnated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnated
+to a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+angle this angle is determined by as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle this angle is determined by as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle this angle is determined by as I
+say the laws of defraction which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the laws of defraction which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the laws of defraction which is the
+wavelength of the light divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the light divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the light divided by the
+diameter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of the
+beam and doesn't say anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and doesn't say anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and doesn't say anything about the
+size of the source or the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the source or the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the source or the properties of
+the source and that is the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source and that is the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source and that is the ideal
+colation limit on a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colation limit on a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colation limit on a on a
+beam the same time a laser beam can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam the same time a laser beam can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam the same time a laser beam can be
+focused to a very small spot the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused to a very small spot the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused to a very small spot the size of
+that spot is again determined by law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spot is again determined by law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spot is again determined by law of
+defraction which is the wavelength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction which is the wavelength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction which is the wavelength of
+the light divided by the diameter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light divided by the diameter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light divided by the diameter of the
+of the beam multiplied by the focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the beam multiplied by the focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the beam multiplied by the focal
+length of the lens and if we choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the lens and if we choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the lens and if we choose the
+diameter of the beam and the focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of the beam and the focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of the beam and the focal
+length of the lens about equal then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the lens about equal then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the lens about equal then the
+spot size would be of the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot size would be of the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot size would be of the order of the
+wavelength of light and again doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of light and again doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of light and again doesn't
+say anything about the physical size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything about the physical size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything about the physical size of
+the light source or what have you as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light source or what have you as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light source or what have you as we
+would have uh in a case of a an AR lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have uh in a case of a an AR lamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have uh in a case of a an AR lamp
+or any other kind of uh light Source now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any other kind of uh light Source now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any other kind of uh light Source now
+in these demonstrations that follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these demonstrations that follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these demonstrations that follow
+we're going to illustrate some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to illustrate some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to illustrate some of these
+basic properties of uh of laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic properties of uh of laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic properties of uh of laser
+beams what we're going to start with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams what we're going to start with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams what we're going to start with is
+this laser here which is a helium neon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this laser here which is a helium neon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this laser here which is a helium neon
+laser and here is the beam from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and here is the beam from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and here is the beam from the
+laser we're going to reflect it by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser we're going to reflect it by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser we're going to reflect it by this
+mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror
+here and then reflect It Again by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then reflect It Again by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then reflect It Again by this
+mirror here and let the beam fall on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror here and let the beam fall on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror here and let the beam fall on the
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+screen now you might be able to get a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen now you might be able to get a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen now you might be able to get a a
+better feeling for the beam if I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better feeling for the beam if I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better feeling for the beam if I use the
+black card maybe the colors will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black card maybe the colors will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black card maybe the colors will come
+out better so here is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out better so here is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out better so here is essentially the
+beam coming out from directly from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam coming out from directly from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam coming out from directly from uh
+from this uh laser and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this uh laser and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this uh laser and it's very
+difficult very difficult to to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult very difficult to to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult very difficult to to tell
+what's going on it looks pretty pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on it looks pretty pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on it looks pretty pretty
+uh pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pretty
+colate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colate
+now what the first thing I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what the first thing I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what the first thing I'm going to do
+is is expand the beam and see and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is expand the beam and see and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is expand the beam and see and see
+what it looks like so I'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like so I'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like so I'm going to take
+a short focal length lens and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short focal length lens and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short focal length lens and I'm going
+to place it in the way of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to place it in the way of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to place it in the way of the
+beam and here on the screen now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and here on the screen now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and here on the screen now we
+see we see the uh we see the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we see the uh we see the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we see the uh we see the uh the
+expanded beam now if we go take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded beam now if we go take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded beam now if we go take a
+closeup we can see that uh it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closeup we can see that uh it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closeup we can see that uh it's got
+rings and what have you now these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings and what have you now these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings and what have you now these these
+rings that you see or these fringes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings that you see or these fringes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings that you see or these fringes are
+due to the fact that the laser beam has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the fact that the laser beam has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the fact that the laser beam has
+to go through Optical components like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through Optical components like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through Optical components like
+the output mirror of the laser has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output mirror of the laser has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output mirror of the laser has to be
+reflected by these mirrors and then has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected by these mirrors and then has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected by these mirrors and then has
+to pass through this lens over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass through this lens over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass through this lens over here and
+and they all corrupt the the laser beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all corrupt the the laser beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all corrupt the the laser beam
+but we can easily get rid of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can easily get rid of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can easily get rid of these
+Effects by placing a pinhole here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Effects by placing a pinhole here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Effects by placing a pinhole here is the
+uh here's the here's the pin hole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's the here's the pin hole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's the here's the pin hole and
+and what I can do I can just place the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I can do I can just place the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I can do I can just place the
+pin hole in front of this lens or at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin hole in front of this lens or at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin hole in front of this lens or at the
+focus of this lens here and uh if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus of this lens here and uh if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus of this lens here and uh if I have
+my adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my adjustment
+right I have then so-called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have then so-called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have then so-called the
+specially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specially
+filtered uh laser beam as you can see on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtered uh laser beam as you can see on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtered uh laser beam as you can see on
+the screen now we got rid of the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen now we got rid of the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen now we got rid of the all
+these rings and this is as close to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rings and this is as close to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rings and this is as close to an
+ideal laser beam as one one can get now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal laser beam as one one can get now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal laser beam as one one can get now
+what we see here is is the the speckle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see here is is the the speckle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see here is is the the speckle
+so if I move the screen a little bit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I move the screen a little bit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I move the screen a little bit you
+can see I can wash out the speckle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see I can wash out the speckle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see I can wash out the speckle so
+when it's still you can see the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's still you can see the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's still you can see the the
+speckle pattern because the surface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speckle pattern because the surface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speckle pattern because the surface is
+not uh is not smooth but otherwise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh is not smooth but otherwise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh is not smooth but otherwise you
+don't see any any fringes uh on the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see any any fringes uh on the beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see any any fringes uh on the beam
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+also uh the there's an intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh the there's an intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh the there's an intensity
+distribution which is which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which is which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which is which is
+essentially gussan squar the field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially gussan squar the field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially gussan squar the field is
+Gan but the intensity distribution is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gan but the intensity distribution is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gan but the intensity distribution is uh
+is gussan squ so that essentially drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gussan squ so that essentially drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gussan squ so that essentially drops
+off the zero in the in the wings all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the zero in the in the wings all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the zero in the in the wings all
+right so this is this is a so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is this is a so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is this is a so-called
+spatially filtered laser beam and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially filtered laser beam and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially filtered laser beam and for
+some experiments it's very important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some experiments it's very important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some experiments it's very important to
+to uh spatially filter the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh spatially filter the beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh spatially filter the beam
+especially in interferometry and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in interferometry and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in interferometry and and
+what have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have
+you now I'm going to uh well no before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now I'm going to uh well no before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now I'm going to uh well no before I
+do anything else I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything else I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything else I'm going to show you
+that that uh the placing of the pinhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh the placing of the pinhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh the placing of the pinhole
+is uh is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is very
+critical if I if we can now take a close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical if I if we can now take a close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical if I if we can now take a close
+up of the of the spot now if I move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of the of the spot now if I move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of the of the spot now if I move the
+pinhole slightly you can see that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinhole slightly you can see that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinhole slightly you can see that that
+the first of all the beam disappears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of all the beam disappears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of all the beam disappears
+because this pinhole is only of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this pinhole is only of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this pinhole is only of the
+order of about 12 microns or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of about 12 microns or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of about 12 microns or
+so and another point that one has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and another point that one has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and another point that one has to
+watch out for when using such a pin hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out for when using such a pin hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out for when using such a pin hole
+as a special filter is that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a special filter is that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a special filter is that if the
+pinhole interrupts any part of the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinhole interrupts any part of the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinhole interrupts any part of the laser
+beam the now let's look at the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam the now let's look at the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam the now let's look at the the the
+inset again that this this G calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inset again that this this G calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inset again that this this G calcium
+distribution in the beam gets gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in the beam gets gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in the beam gets gets
+affected and you will start to see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected and you will start to see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected and you will start to see all
+kinds of uh defraction rings so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of uh defraction rings so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of uh defraction rings so again
+for the special filter to work the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the special filter to work the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the special filter to work the the
+uh the the pinhole must not cut any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the pinhole must not cut any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the pinhole must not cut any of
+the essential part of the of the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essential part of the of the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essential part of the of the laser
+beam now what I'm going to do is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam now what I'm going to do is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam now what I'm going to do is is
+cumate uh this this beam of light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumate uh this this beam of light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumate uh this this beam of light and
+here what I will use is is a uh a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I will use is is a uh a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I will use is is a uh a simple
+two lens uh two lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lens uh two lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lens uh two lens
+cator and uh I'll place it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cator and uh I'll place it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cator and uh I'll place it over
+here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and here it
+is here's the here's the output from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here's the here's the output from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here's the here's the output from the
+from the cator on the black card you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cator on the black card you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cator on the black card you can
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+that obviously you can't check on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that obviously you can't check on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that obviously you can't check on the
+exact colation but you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact colation but you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact colation but you can see that the
+beam can be can be uh simply uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam can be can be uh simply uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam can be can be uh simply uh
+columnated all right now the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnated all right now the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnated all right now the next thing
+that one sometime wants to do wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one sometime wants to do wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one sometime wants to do wants to
+focus the laser beams again if I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus the laser beams again if I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus the laser beams again if I take a
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+lens and again place it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens and again place it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens and again place it in the
+beam now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam now I
+can focus let's look at the beam again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can focus let's look at the beam again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can focus let's look at the beam again I
+can focus to a tiny spot and back out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can focus to a tiny spot and back out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can focus to a tiny spot and back out
+again here we we are me Focus the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here we we are me Focus the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here we we are me Focus the small
+spot now it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot now it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot now it's very
+difficult to see the size of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to see the size of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to see the size of the of the
+spot or even the shape of this focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot or even the shape of this focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot or even the shape of this focused
+gaussian gussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian gussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian gussian
+beam remember I said before they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam remember I said before they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam remember I said before they can be
+focused to to a spot size of the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused to to a spot size of the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused to to a spot size of the order
+of the wavelength uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wavelength uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wavelength uh of
+light and it's not so easy to see it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and it's not so easy to see it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and it's not so easy to see it on
+this card so what we're going to do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this card so what we're going to do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this card so what we're going to do when
+we come back we going going to uh get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come back we going going to uh get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come back we going going to uh get a
+water tank and pass the light beam the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water tank and pass the light beam the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water tank and pass the light beam the
+focus light beam laser beam into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus light beam laser beam into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus light beam laser beam into the
+water tank and we'll add some scatterers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water tank and we'll add some scatterers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water tank and we'll add some scatterers
+to enhance the uh uh the the this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enhance the uh uh the the this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enhance the uh uh the the this the
+scattering from the laser beam by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering from the laser beam by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering from the laser beam by the
+water and then you'll see you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and then you'll see you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and then you'll see you get a
+better picture for for the focusing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better picture for for the focusing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better picture for for the focusing of
+uh of this gaussian uh laser beam so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of this gaussian uh laser beam so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of this gaussian uh laser beam so
+when we come back we'll have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we come back we'll have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we come back we'll have that
+already ready for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already ready for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already ready for
+you we have now placed the water tank in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we have now placed the water tank in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we have now placed the water tank in
+place so that we can pass the laser beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so that we can pass the laser beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so that we can pass the laser beam
+through it and visualize the the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and visualize the the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and visualize the the laser
+beam as it passes through the through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam as it passes through the through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam as it passes through the through
+the through the water we've also here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the through the water we've also here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the through the water we've also here is
+the tank by the way and uh We've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tank by the way and uh We've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tank by the way and uh We've also
+added uh few drops of milk to enhance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added uh few drops of milk to enhance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added uh few drops of milk to enhance
+the scaning and that's why the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scaning and that's why the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scaning and that's why the water
+looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+murky in addition we've tilted the tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murky in addition we've tilted the tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murky in addition we've tilted the tank
+a little bit so that we can get a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit so that we can get a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit so that we can get a better
+angle for the for the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle for the for the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle for the for the camera
+now the setup is just like we had it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the setup is just like we had it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the setup is just like we had it
+before but let me remind you of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but let me remind you of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but let me remind you of it
+here's the laser is the beam from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the laser is the beam from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the laser is the beam from the
+laser reflected by this mirror here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser reflected by this mirror here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser reflected by this mirror here then
+we pass it through a polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pass it through a polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pass it through a polarization
+Rotator here so that we can adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rotator here so that we can adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rotator here so that we can adjust the
+polarization for uh maximum uh scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization for uh maximum uh scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization for uh maximum uh scattered
+light for the camera and then the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light for the camera and then the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light for the camera and then the output
+after the polation Rotator gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the polation Rotator gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the polation Rotator gets
+reflected by this mirror here into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected by this mirror here into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected by this mirror here into this
+short focal length lens this spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short focal length lens this spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short focal length lens this spatial
+filter we had before and then the cator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter we had before and then the cator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter we had before and then the cator
+the output of the cator is here before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the cator is here before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the cator is here before
+it goes into the tank and then out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes into the tank and then out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes into the tank and then out here
+after leaves leaves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after leaves leaves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after leaves leaves the
+tank now in order to visualize the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank now in order to visualize the beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank now in order to visualize the beam
+as it propagates in the water we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it propagates in the water we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it propagates in the water we'll have
+to turn the room lights down but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn the room lights down but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn the room lights down but let me
+tell you what I'm going to do when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what I'm going to do when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what I'm going to do when the
+room lights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room lights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room lights are
+down I'm going to first look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I'm going to first look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I'm going to first look at the
+columnated beam in the water and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnated beam in the water and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnated beam in the water and then
+I'm going to take this lens and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take this lens and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take this lens and another
+lens like this and I'm going to place it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens like this and I'm going to place it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens like this and I'm going to place it
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so that we can focus the light into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that we can focus the light into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that we can focus the light into
+into the tank all right so and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the tank all right so and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the tank all right so and then we
+can explore the region around around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explore the region around around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explore the region around around the
+focus so now we're ready to turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus so now we're ready to turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus so now we're ready to turn the
+room lights down and look at the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room lights down and look at the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room lights down and look at the region
+around the focus uh by simply observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the focus uh by simply observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the focus uh by simply observing
+the scattered light uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water now that the room lights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water now that the room lights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water now that the room lights are
+dimmed and the camera focused into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimmed and the camera focused into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimmed and the camera focused into the
+tank first thing we see is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank first thing we see is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank first thing we see is is the
+columnated beam or the scattered light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnated beam or the scattered light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnated beam or the scattered light
+associated with the col columnated beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the col columnated beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the col columnated beam
+there's not much I can really say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not much I can really say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not much I can really say about
+that more interesting is when I put a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more interesting is when I put a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more interesting is when I put a a
+lens before the before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens before the before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens before the before the
+tank and look at the focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region here we are I'm going to adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here we are I'm going to adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here we are I'm going to adjust
+the position of the lens so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of the lens so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of the lens so that the
+waist or the focused region the focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waist or the focused region the focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waist or the focused region the focal
+region is in the center of your of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is in the center of your of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is in the center of your of your
+screen now the things that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen now the things that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen now the things that you can
+observe is that laser beam coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe is that laser beam coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe is that laser beam coming in
+from from the left then is then Focus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the left then is then Focus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the left then is then Focus to
+a uh a region where the spot is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a region where the spot is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a region where the spot is small
+spot size is small then expands again on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot size is small then expands again on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot size is small then expands again on
+the other side now because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side now because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side now because of the
+limitation of Television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation of Television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation of Television
+recording and especially recording of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording and especially recording of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording and especially recording of
+color especially red you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color especially red you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color especially red you do
+better if you want to see how narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if you want to see how narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if you want to see how narrow
+that focal region is you do better if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that focal region is you do better if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that focal region is you do better if
+you turn down the color turn off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn down the color turn off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn down the color turn off the
+color and look at it in black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and look at it in black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and look at it in black and
+white if you do that you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white if you do that you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white if you do that you'll see that
+that the the focal region is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the focal region is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the focal region is now
+narrower than it is when when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+red but in fact the truth is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red but in fact the truth is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red but in fact the truth is that you
+cannot really observe in this way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot really observe in this way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot really observe in this way the
+the uh the true size of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the true size of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the true size of the of the
+focused spot because that's only uh few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused spot because that's only uh few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused spot because that's only uh few
+microns and it's going to be limited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns and it's going to be limited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns and it's going to be limited by
+television resolution uh in any case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television resolution uh in any case but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television resolution uh in any case but
+at least you get a feel for the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least you get a feel for the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least you get a feel for the fact
+that the beam is pretty narrow at the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the beam is pretty narrow at the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the beam is pretty narrow at the at
+the focus another thing you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus another thing you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus another thing you want to
+observe is that the region around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe is that the region around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe is that the region around the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+focus is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus is is
+reasonably uh constant in in in diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably uh constant in in in diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably uh constant in in in diameter
+and that's called the ra region where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called the ra region where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called the ra region where
+the expansion of the beam is not so big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion of the beam is not so big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion of the beam is not so big
+but after that then the beam expands one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after that then the beam expands one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after that then the beam expands one
+side and then symmetrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and then symmetrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and then symmetrically
+symmetrically the the other side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically the the other side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically the the other side of the
+beam the intens distribution if I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam the intens distribution if I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam the intens distribution if I take a
+slice anywhere along the beam the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice anywhere along the beam the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice anywhere along the beam the
+intensity distribution is still Gan or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity distribution is still Gan or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity distribution is still Gan or
+Gan Square the field distribution is Gan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gan Square the field distribution is Gan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gan Square the field distribution is Gan
+intensity is Gan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squar the the other uh thing to observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar the the other uh thing to observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar the the other uh thing to observe
+is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the
+curvature now at the focal at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature now at the focal at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature now at the focal at the
+focus or at the the middle of that R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus or at the the middle of that R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus or at the the middle of that R
+range what we call the focus or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range what we call the focus or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range what we call the focus or the
+waist of the beam the Curve curvature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waist of the beam the Curve curvature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waist of the beam the Curve curvature is
+the radius of curvature is is infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of curvature is is infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of curvature is is infinite
+which means that we have a plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that we have a plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that we have a plain
+wave now the it stays plain within the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave now the it stays plain within the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave now the it stays plain within the r
+region or close to plane and then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region or close to plane and then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region or close to plane and then then
+we develop the curvature so we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we develop the curvature so we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we develop the curvature so we have an
+expanding Beam on one side expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding Beam on one side expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding Beam on one side expanding
+Beam on the other side in fact if we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beam on the other side in fact if we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beam on the other side in fact if we go
+far away the curvature the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away the curvature the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away the curvature the radius of
+curvature is the same as if we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature is the same as if we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature is the same as if we had a
+spherical wav starting at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wav starting at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wav starting at the at the
+waist all right that's with this lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waist all right that's with this lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waist all right that's with this lens
+now I'm going to take this lens off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to take this lens off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to take this lens off and
+place another lens that is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place another lens that is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place another lens that is a little
+shorter in in uh in focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+length and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and here we
+are I let me turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I let me turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I let me turn it
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+around and then let me again Center it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and then let me again Center it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and then let me again Center it
+so that you can the waist is the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can the waist is the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can the waist is the middle
+of your screen you can see now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your screen you can see now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your screen you can see now the
+Divergence is is different showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence is is different showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence is is different showing that
+it's a short of focal length length now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a short of focal length length now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a short of focal length length now
+if I move it to one side you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I move it to one side you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I move it to one side you can see
+that the beam gets quite big very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the beam gets quite big very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the beam gets quite big very
+quickly and also the same to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and also the same to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and also the same to the other
+side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the and then but you other thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and then but you other thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and then but you other thing you
+notice that the ra range or the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the ra range or the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the ra range or the region
+around Focus now is smaller so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Focus now is smaller so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Focus now is smaller so it's a
+tighter uh Focus than in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter uh Focus than in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter uh Focus than in the previous
+case and as the as the uh focal length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and as the as the uh focal length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and as the as the uh focal length
+of the lens gets get bigger and bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lens gets get bigger and bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lens gets get bigger and bigger
+then the r region gets bigger and bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the r region gets bigger and bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the r region gets bigger and bigger
+also so here we are with a shorter focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so here we are with a shorter focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so here we are with a shorter focal
+length lens and again if you want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length lens and again if you want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length lens and again if you want to see
+a nice small focal region then you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice small focal region then you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice small focal region then you want
+to turn down your color and look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn down your color and look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn down your color and look at it
+in uh in black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in black and
+white so in summary we've Illustrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white so in summary we've Illustrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white so in summary we've Illustrated
+some of the basic properties associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the basic properties associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the basic properties associated
+with the Optics of laser beams such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Optics of laser beams such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Optics of laser beams such as
+cimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cimation
+focusing and what have you also we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing and what have you also we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing and what have you also we've
+shown that the use of a special filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that the use of a special filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that the use of a special filter
+can help clean up the laser beam and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help clean up the laser beam and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help clean up the laser beam and uh
+it looks very beautiful after that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks very beautiful after that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks very beautiful after that but
+in order to really measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to really measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to really measure the
+properties of the of laser beams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the of laser beams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the of laser beams and
+measure the exact sides of the focus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the exact sides of the focus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the exact sides of the focus and
+the exact colation degree of colation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact colation degree of colation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact colation degree of colation
+one really needs to use more precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one really needs to use more precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one really needs to use more precise
+methods such as taking a tiny pinhole of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods such as taking a tiny pinhole of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods such as taking a tiny pinhole of
+the order of one or two microns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of one or two microns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of one or two microns in
+diameter and then scanning it across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter and then scanning it across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter and then scanning it across the
+beam at various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam at various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam at various
+locations otherwise uh it's uh it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations otherwise uh it's uh it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations otherwise uh it's uh it's only
+it's only appr proximate but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only appr proximate but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only appr proximate but I think
+you'll get a feel for for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a feel for for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a feel for for these
+properties in these uh of the laser beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties in these uh of the laser beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties in these uh of the laser beam
+in these demonstrations
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/T-FQQVhPoNo.txt b/T-FQQVhPoNo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a09284ac95b16125b84c0afe58ede056f55bbb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/T-FQQVhPoNo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,971 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+so in this short video we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this short video we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this short video we'll talk about
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+of normalization and higher order qed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normalization and higher order qed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normalization and higher order qed
+diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+and we have already seen that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have already seen that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have already seen that when we
+perform the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the integration
+of a matrix element over q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix element over q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix element over q
+that there's infinities and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's infinities and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's infinities and those
+infinities can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinities can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinities can be
+getting around with by introducing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting around with by introducing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting around with by introducing a
+cut-off scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut-off scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut-off scale
+and then only introducing or only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then only introducing or only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then only introducing or only
+integrating up to this cut off scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating up to this cut off scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating up to this cut off scale
+and as an effect we normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as an effect we normalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as an effect we normalize
+or redefine masses and couplings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or redefine masses and couplings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or redefine masses and couplings
+involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+so the first of such an effect or effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first of such an effect or effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first of such an effect or effect
+of higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of higher order
+is the so-called vacuum polarization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the so-called vacuum polarization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the so-called vacuum polarization so
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+higher order contribution which you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order contribution which you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order contribution which you know
+look like this an additional loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this an additional loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this an additional loop
+which you can think about in the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can think about in the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can think about in the photon
+is thorough energetic that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thorough energetic that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thorough energetic that it can
+polarize the vacuum produce a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarize the vacuum produce a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarize the vacuum produce a particle
+on the particle pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the particle pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the particle pair
+and that particle in anti-carbonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that particle in anti-carbonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that particle in anti-carbonic
+pair then provides kind of a screening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair then provides kind of a screening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair then provides kind of a screening
+of the charge you want to probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the charge you want to probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the charge you want to probe
+so imagine this particle here emits a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine this particle here emits a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine this particle here emits a
+photon and wants to probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon and wants to probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon and wants to probe
+the charge electric charge of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge electric charge of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge electric charge of this
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+the fact that there is this vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there is this vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there is this vacuum
+polarization going on screens the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization going on screens the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization going on screens the charge
+you actually want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually want to go
+so effectively you see a charge which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively you see a charge which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively you see a charge which is
+either reduced or increased depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either reduced or increased depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either reduced or increased depending on
+the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect
+on the sort of effect um for the fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sort of effect um for the fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sort of effect um for the fine
+structure content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure content
+constant remember alpha is one over 137
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant remember alpha is one over 137
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant remember alpha is one over 137
+alpha at zero um we measure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha at zero um we measure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha at zero um we measure that
+the value of alpha slightly increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of alpha slightly increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of alpha slightly increases
+as we go to higher and higher energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go to higher and higher energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go to higher and higher energies
+and so this has been measured in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this has been measured in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this has been measured in many
+places experimentally confirmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places experimentally confirmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places experimentally confirmed
+for example at lab where at the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example at lab where at the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example at lab where at the mass of
+the w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the w
+or the scale of w mass the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the scale of w mass the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the scale of w mass the value of
+alpha has been measured to 1 over 128
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha has been measured to 1 over 128
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha has been measured to 1 over 128
+and you can do this analytically you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do this analytically you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do this analytically you can
+calculate what the scale of the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what the scale of the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what the scale of the effect
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+and plot this so you see here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plot this so you see here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plot this so you see here the
+running of alpha qed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running of alpha qed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running of alpha qed
+as a function of the energy scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the energy scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the energy scale and
+you see this increase here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this increase here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this increase here
+there's another interesting point as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another interesting point as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another interesting point as you
+open up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+masses uh new particles of biomass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses uh new particles of biomass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses uh new particles of biomass and
+squawk and undeclared pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squawk and undeclared pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squawk and undeclared pairs
+you find this kind of stepping approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find this kind of stepping approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find this kind of stepping approach
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+the new particles for example the mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new particles for example the mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new particles for example the mirror
+and antimony or quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and antimony or quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and antimony or quarks
+and anticlocks are allowed to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anticlocks are allowed to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anticlocks are allowed to use a
+stepping function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping function
+all right so this is first the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is first the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is first the first
+effect vacuum polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect vacuum polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect vacuum polarization
+a second effect is very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second effect is very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second effect is very interesting
+probably one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the
+most famous higher order processes in qe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous higher order processes in qe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous higher order processes in qe
+and it has to do with the anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to do with the anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to do with the anomalous
+magnetic moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic moment
+the magnetic moment is defined as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic moment is defined as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic moment is defined as the
+factor g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor g
+of times e over 2m times s spin of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times e over 2m times s spin of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times e over 2m times s spin of the
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+diagrams of this form here modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams of this form here modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams of this form here modify the
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+so instead of having a vertex like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of having a vertex like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of having a vertex like this
+you have higher orders which modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have higher orders which modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have higher orders which modify the
+voltage this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage this
+leads them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads them to
+a modified magnetic moment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modified magnetic moment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modified magnetic moment of the
+fermion involved in this case of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermion involved in this case of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermion involved in this case of an
+electron but you can also define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron but you can also define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron but you can also define this
+formula or a tower any other term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula or a tower any other term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula or a tower any other term
+so this was shown by schwinger already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was shown by schwinger already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was shown by schwinger already
+in 1948
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1948
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1948
+and then experimentally confirmed many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then experimentally confirmed many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then experimentally confirmed many
+times after this g minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times after this g minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times after this g minus
+v factor which is two leading order is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v factor which is two leading order is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v factor which is two leading order is
+modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified
+to two plus pi over alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two plus pi over alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two plus pi over alpha
+and next to leading order we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next to leading order we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next to leading order we can
+calculate this to many orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this to many orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this to many orders
+um and with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and with a
+mind-blowing precision so the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind-blowing precision so the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind-blowing precision so the position
+is better than 10 to the minus 12 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better than 10 to the minus 12 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better than 10 to the minus 12 right
+now i think it's 1.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i think it's 1.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i think it's 1.7
+times minus 13 at this stage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times minus 13 at this stage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times minus 13 at this stage and
+experiments have tried to measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments have tried to measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments have tried to measure this
+to find new effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find new effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find new effects
+imagine you can have new particles which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you can have new particles which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you can have new particles which
+make modifications to the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make modifications to the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make modifications to the magnetic
+moment here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you would have sensitivity by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would have sensitivity by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would have sensitivity by making
+experimental measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental measurements
+so the electrons and also the mu and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the electrons and also the mu and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the electrons and also the mu and g
+minus two have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two have
+measured with this very high precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured with this very high precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured with this very high precision
+no new physics have been observed but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no new physics have been observed but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no new physics have been observed but
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+uh differences um some differences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh differences um some differences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh differences um some differences are
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+differences have caused quite some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences have caused quite some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences have caused quite some
+excitement about further improvements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement about further improvements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement about further improvements in
+g minus two measurement specifically for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g minus two measurement specifically for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g minus two measurement specifically for
+the neuron so they're ongoing
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/T1W3NNp55fk.txt b/T1W3NNp55fk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86bb388c7038aae8e6f3c8df10b5895ed88577e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/T1W3NNp55fk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16331 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh let me go ahead and get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh let me go ahead and get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh let me go ahead and get started
+so um you know today continuing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know today continuing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know today continuing my
+Monday Theory Wednesday empiric stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday Theory Wednesday empiric stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday Theory Wednesday empiric stuff
+I'm going to talk about empirics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about empirics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about empirics of
+Dynamic competition you know in this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic competition you know in this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic competition you know in this set
+of lectors I say there's also you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectors I say there's also you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectors I say there's also you know
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+reduced form in structural literatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form in structural literatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form in structural literatures
+on Dynamic competition and here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Dynamic competition and here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Dynamic competition and here I'm
+going to completely ignore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to completely ignore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to completely ignore the
+structural literature it's just the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural literature it's just the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural literature it's just the you
+know there's sort of some technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's sort of some technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's sort of some technical
+things that come at the start of that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that come at the start of that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that come at the start of that or
+techniques and and so we've left we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and and so we've left we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and and so we've left we've
+left that all for 273 so those we do 273
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that all for 273 so those we do 273
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that all for 273 so those we do 273
+in the spring we'll see it there um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spring we'll see it there um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spring we'll see it there um but
+I would say that it's also it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say that it's also it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say that it's also it's one of
+the you know there's some neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know there's some neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know there's some neat
+structural stuff on Dynamic competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural stuff on Dynamic competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural stuff on Dynamic competition
+but it it is sort of a real challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it is sort of a real challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it is sort of a real challenge
+for structural estimation because a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for structural estimation because a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for structural estimation because a lot
+of structural estimation is built on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of structural estimation is built on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of structural estimation is built on
+there being a unique equilibrium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being a unique equilibrium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being a unique equilibrium and
+being able to invert going from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to invert going from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to invert going from the
+equilibrium back to The Primitives if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium back to The Primitives if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium back to The Primitives if
+you think about everything I said about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about everything I said about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about everything I said about
+repeated games when there are a zillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated games when there are a zillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated games when there are a zillion
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+equilibria you know like if there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria you know like if there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria you know like if there's the
+same Primitives can lead to a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Primitives can lead to a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Primitives can lead to a thousand
+different equilibria you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different equilibria you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different equilibria you can't
+necessarily go backwards from here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily go backwards from here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily go backwards from here's
+what we observed to what The Primitives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we observed to what The Primitives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we observed to what The Primitives
+are and that sort of causes challenges F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and that sort of causes challenges F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and that sort of causes challenges F
+literature but um anyway I will not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature but um anyway I will not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature but um anyway I will not get
+in there so anyway I'm going to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there so anyway I'm going to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there so anyway I'm going to study
+the talk about sort of like reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talk about sort of like reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talk about sort of like reduced
+moral literature which is you know a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral literature which is you know a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral literature which is you know a lot
+of is trying to provide evidence on do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is trying to provide evidence on do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is trying to provide evidence on do
+the models that we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models that we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models that we've talked about
+previously apply and can we get anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously apply and can we get anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously apply and can we get anything
+about where they're working well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where they're working well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where they're working well and
+where they're not working well what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're not working well what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're not working well what else
+we might want to put in them uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to put in them uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to put in them uh I'm
+going to start with you know one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with you know one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with you know one of my
+favorite papers uh Rob Porter study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite papers uh Rob Porter study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite papers uh Rob Porter study of
+cartel stability joint executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel stability joint executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel stability joint executive
+committee 188
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee 188
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee 188
+1886 you know I have a number of classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1886 you know I have a number of classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1886 you know I have a number of classic
+papers in this course a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers in this course a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers in this course a number of
+classic papers I omit from this syllabus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic papers I omit from this syllabus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic papers I omit from this syllabus
+and you know Porters is a rare paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know Porters is a rare paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know Porters is a rare paper
+that you pick up and it's 40 years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you pick up and it's 40 years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you pick up and it's 40 years old
+and somehow 40 years later it still just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow 40 years later it still just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow 40 years later it still just
+reads very much like a current paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads very much like a current paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads very much like a current paper
+seems very well done it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems very well done it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems very well done it's very
+thoughtful and there's hardly anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtful and there's hardly anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtful and there's hardly anything
+in it we look at and say wow that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it we look at and say wow that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it we look at and say wow that seems
+archaic the way he's doing things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaic the way he's doing things here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaic the way he's doing things here
+um so anyway papers about uh railroad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so anyway papers about uh railroad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so anyway papers about uh railroad
+cartels in the railroad cartel in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartels in the railroad cartel in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartels in the railroad cartel in the
+1880s you know again if you go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880s you know again if you go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880s you know again if you go back to
+1880s you have to remember um a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880s you have to remember um a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880s you have to remember um a lot of
+things had not yet been invented in 1880
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things had not yet been invented in 1880
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things had not yet been invented in 1880
+um like you know the electric light bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like you know the electric light bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like you know the electric light bulb
+had not been invented the car had not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not been invented the car had not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not been invented the car had not
+been invented the paved Road had not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been invented the paved Road had not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been invented the paved Road had not
+been invented so if you know obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been invented so if you know obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been invented so if you know obviously
+no need for paved roads if you hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no need for paved roads if you hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no need for paved roads if you hadn't
+invented the car you know but so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented the car you know but so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented the car you know but so if you
+needed to transport Goods there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to transport Goods there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to transport Goods there were
+basically two ways to transport Goods by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically two ways to transport Goods by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically two ways to transport Goods by
+water or then newly by rail um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water or then newly by rail um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water or then newly by rail um and
+railroads became an incredibly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroads became an incredibly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroads became an incredibly important
+industry you know if you look at the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry you know if you look at the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry you know if you look at the US
+Stock Market in the 1880s I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stock Market in the 1880s I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stock Market in the 1880s I think
+statistic is like railroads were roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic is like railroads were roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic is like railroads were roughly
+half the capitalization of the US Stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the capitalization of the US Stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the capitalization of the US Stock
+Market so like some sense half the firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market so like some sense half the firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market so like some sense half the firms
+buy value in this country were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy value in this country were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy value in this country were
+railroads um one thing that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroads um one thing that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroads um one thing that was
+challenging for railroads is you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging for railroads is you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging for railroads is you know a
+lot of this class has been about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this class has been about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this class has been about what
+makes price above marginal cost well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes price above marginal cost well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes price above marginal cost well if
+you've got a railroad you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a railroad you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a railroad you need to have
+price above marginal cost because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price above marginal cost because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price above marginal cost because they
+have these enormous fixed costs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these enormous fixed costs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these enormous fixed costs of
+laying tracks to get from New York City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying tracks to get from New York City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying tracks to get from New York City
+to Chicago and putting down steel rails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Chicago and putting down steel rails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Chicago and putting down steel rails
+and clearing space on the whole path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clearing space on the whole path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clearing space on the whole path and
+acquiring the right of way and then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquiring the right of way and then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquiring the right of way and then once
+you've done it you can transport Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done it you can transport Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done it you can transport Goods
+fairly cheap ly from you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly cheap ly from you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly cheap ly from you know you can
+undercut the horse and cart by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut the horse and cart by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut the horse and cart by an
+enormous margin but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous margin but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous margin but you
+know marginal costs of carrying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know marginal costs of carrying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know marginal costs of carrying the
+goods once you built the railroad are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods once you built the railroad are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods once you built the railroad are
+relatively low and so if competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low and so if competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low and so if competition
+force is price down to marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is price down to marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is price down to marginal cost
+you're never going to make the billions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never going to make the billions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never going to make the billions
+of dollars it cost you to build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollars it cost you to build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollars it cost you to build the
+rails themselves and then so there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rails themselves and then so there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rails themselves and then so there were
+lots and lots of railroads who struggled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of railroads who struggled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of railroads who struggled
+to keep up prices there were lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep up prices there were lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep up prices there were lots of
+railroad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroad
+bankruptcies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankruptcies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankruptcies
+um so um Porter paper is studying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um Porter paper is studying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um Porter paper is studying a
+cartel so all of these things which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel so all of these things which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel so all of these things which are
+not so visible but these I took the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so visible but these I took the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so visible but these I took the old
+Maps you know these are all railroads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps you know these are all railroads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps you know these are all railroads
+that went from Chicago uh out here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went from Chicago uh out here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went from Chicago uh out here on
+the shore of Lake Michigan to the east
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shore of Lake Michigan to the east
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shore of Lake Michigan to the east
+coast uh in 1880 there were three ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast uh in 1880 there were three ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast uh in 1880 there were three ways
+to get from Chicago to the east coast um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from Chicago to the east coast um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from Chicago to the east coast um
+there was the New York Central Railroad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the New York Central Railroad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the New York Central Railroad
+this is the one owned by Vanderbuilt um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one owned by Vanderbuilt um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one owned by Vanderbuilt um
+it went either this way or this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went either this way or this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went either this way or this way
+along the Great Lakes uh through Albany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the Great Lakes uh through Albany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the Great Lakes uh through Albany
+and then down to New York City City to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then down to New York City City to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then down to New York City City to
+get to the East Coast uh there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the East Coast uh there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the East Coast uh there was a
+Pennsylvania Railroad that ran across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania Railroad that ran across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania Railroad that ran across
+Pennsylvania and got to Philadelphia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania and got to Philadelphia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania and got to Philadelphia and
+then went to places from Philadelphia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then went to places from Philadelphia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then went to places from Philadelphia
+but got you the East Coast there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but got you the East Coast there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but got you the East Coast there and
+then there was the Baltimore and Ohio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there was the Baltimore and Ohio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there was the Baltimore and Ohio
+Railroad that started here took a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Railroad that started here took a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Railroad that started here took a more
+southerly route across Pennsylvania and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southerly route across Pennsylvania and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southerly route across Pennsylvania and
+then that up in Baltimore uh and so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that up in Baltimore uh and so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that up in Baltimore uh and so from
+either of those three you can use either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those three you can use either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those three you can use either
+of those three railroads to get things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those three railroads to get things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those three railroads to get things
+to the east coast um jumping ahead a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the east coast um jumping ahead a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the east coast um jumping ahead a
+second you know why was this important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second you know why was this important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second you know why was this important
+the big thing that like railroads did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big thing that like railroads did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big thing that like railroads did
+carry passengers but passenger travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry passengers but passenger travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry passengers but passenger travel
+was not where most of their money came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not where most of their money came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not where most of their money came
+from most of their money came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from most of their money came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from most of their money came from
+transporting Freight in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting Freight in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting Freight in particular
+transporting grain um then as now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting grain um then as now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting grain um then as now you
+know this is where corn grows in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is where corn grows in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is where corn grows in the
+United States corn and other grains tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States corn and other grains tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States corn and other grains tend
+to grow in the Midwest it's much cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow in the Midwest it's much cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow in the Midwest it's much cheaper
+to produce things there than in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce things there than in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce things there than in New
+Hampshire so all the grain was grown out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hampshire so all the grain was grown out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hampshire so all the grain was grown out
+here it got to Chicago and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it got to Chicago and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it got to Chicago and then you
+needed to get it from Chicago to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to get it from Chicago to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to get it from Chicago to the
+east coast which is where a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east coast which is where a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east coast which is where a lot of
+people lived in big cities and didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people lived in big cities and didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people lived in big cities and didn't
+have Farms um and in addition a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Farms um and in addition a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Farms um and in addition a lot of
+the grain when it reached the East Coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grain when it reached the East Coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grain when it reached the East Coast
+actually went to uh went to Europe um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually went to uh went to Europe um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually went to uh went to Europe um so
+it would go by boat from the east coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would go by boat from the east coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would go by boat from the east coast
+to Europe and because it was going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Europe and because it was going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Europe and because it was going from
+the boat to the Europe in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat to the Europe in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat to the Europe in some sense
+that equalized the prices at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equalized the prices at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equalized the prices at all the
+ports on the East Coast because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports on the East Coast because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports on the East Coast because
+basically the sort of the European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the sort of the European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the sort of the European
+demand was big enough that roughly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand was big enough that roughly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand was big enough that roughly you
+didn't price getting to Chicago to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't price getting to Chicago to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't price getting to Chicago to to
+New York Philadelphia Baltimore was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Philadelphia Baltimore was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Philadelphia Baltimore was all
+roughly the same okay um so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the same okay um so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the same okay um so anyway
+cartel had three members what did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel had three members what did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel had three members what did they
+do so there have been a couple failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so there have been a couple failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so there have been a couple failed
+cartels before that but cartels were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartels before that but cartels were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartels before that but cartels were
+still legal until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still legal until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still legal until
+1887 um so what the cartels did is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1887 um so what the cartels did is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1887 um so what the cartels did is they
+hired the premier Al cartel consultant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired the premier Al cartel consultant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired the premier Al cartel consultant
+of the day Albert Fink uh Albert fin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day Albert Fink uh Albert fin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day Albert Fink uh Albert fin
+sort of met with them you know the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of met with them you know the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of met with them you know the you
+know these firms could have merged but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these firms could have merged but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these firms could have merged but
+you know there are many reasons why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are many reasons why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are many reasons why you
+may not want to merge each one had their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not want to merge each one had their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not want to merge each one had their
+different railroad they want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different railroad they want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different railroad they want to do
+different things with it so the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things with it so the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things with it so the three
+firms continued to operate separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms continued to operate separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms continued to operate separately
+and they just hired a cartel consultant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just hired a cartel consultant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just hired a cartel consultant
+to arrange how their cartel was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to arrange how their cartel was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to arrange how their cartel was going to
+work um you know what do we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um you know what do we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um you know what do we know about
+what Albert Fink did you know in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Albert Fink did you know in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Albert Fink did you know in some
+sense this was the secret to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this was the secret to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this was the secret to his
+business model so he didn't publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model so he didn't publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model so he didn't publish
+exactly what it was that he did to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it was that he did to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it was that he did to
+maintain cartels um one thing we know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain cartels um one thing we know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain cartels um one thing we know he
+did with the railroad cartel is he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did with the railroad cartel is he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did with the railroad cartel is he had
+the option that observability was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option that observability was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option that observability was
+important and he had the observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and he had the observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and he had the observation
+that observability is actually an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that observability is actually an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that observability is actually an easy
+thing to do in railroad because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do in railroad because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do in railroad because you can
+just hire minimum wage employees and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hire minimum wage employees and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hire minimum wage employees and you
+know minimum wage employees were cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know minimum wage employees were cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know minimum wage employees were cheap
+the 1880s you just hire minimum wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1880s you just hire minimum wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1880s you just hire minimum wage
+employees to count cars leaving Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees to count cars leaving Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees to count cars leaving Chicago
+and so you can just see you know trains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can just see you know trains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can just see you know trains
+have New York Central or Pennsylvania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have New York Central or Pennsylvania
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have New York Central or Pennsylvania
+Railroad or Baltimore Ohio paint on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Railroad or Baltimore Ohio paint on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Railroad or Baltimore Ohio paint on the
+outside of them you can just count how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of them you can just count how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of them you can just count how
+many carts full of grain they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many carts full of grain they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many carts full of grain they have
+leaving the rail yard and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the rail yard and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the rail yard and you know the
+quantities from all the firms precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities from all the firms precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities from all the firms precisely
+what you don't know is whether the firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you don't know is whether the firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you don't know is whether the firms
+are cheating on their agreements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cheating on their agreements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cheating on their agreements and
+charging less than you know 30 cents per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging less than you know 30 cents per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging less than you know 30 cents per
+100 pounds or whatever they've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 pounds or whatever they've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 pounds or whatever they've all
+agreed should be the rate for getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed should be the rate for getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed should be the rate for getting
+grain from Chicago to New York so this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain from Chicago to New York so this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain from Chicago to New York so this a
+situation where price is unobservable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where price is unobservable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where price is unobservable
+because you don't know if they've cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't know if they've cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't know if they've cut
+secret deals with people to carry their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret deals with people to carry their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret deals with people to carry their
+grain to the east coast at a lower price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain to the east coast at a lower price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain to the east coast at a lower price
+quantity is clearly observable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is clearly observable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is clearly observable because
+you can just count cars okay and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just count cars okay and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just count cars okay and those
+records that he has of his car counters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records that he has of his car counters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records that he has of his car counters
+survived um and so that's sort of part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived um and so that's sort of part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived um and so that's sort of part
+of the basis of Porter's paper um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the basis of Porter's paper um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the basis of Porter's paper um okay
+one other detail is um you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other detail is um you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other detail is um you know the
+1880s was before a lot of global warming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880s was before a lot of global warming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880s was before a lot of global warming
+so it was not uh 68° in November in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was not uh 68° in November in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was not uh 68° in November in the
+1880s um you know in Newton where I live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880s um you know in Newton where I live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880s um you know in Newton where I live
+there were lots of big ice harvesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were lots of big ice harvesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were lots of big ice harvesting
+businesses where sort of people needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses where sort of people needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses where sort of people needed
+ice boxes or whatever and they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice boxes or whatever and they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice boxes or whatever and they would
+sort of on the lakes in Newton they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of on the lakes in Newton they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of on the lakes in Newton they
+would carve big chunk foot thick chunks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would carve big chunk foot thick chunks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would carve big chunk foot thick chunks
+of ice and sell them in the winter you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ice and sell them in the winter you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ice and sell them in the winter you
+obviously that doesn't work anymore um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that doesn't work anymore um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that doesn't work anymore um
+one thing that also didn't work then was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that also didn't work then was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that also didn't work then was
+you could also get grain out of Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also get grain out of Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also get grain out of Chicago
+by shipping it over the northern tip of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by shipping it over the northern tip of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by shipping it over the northern tip of
+Michigan down here and then through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan down here and then through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan down here and then through
+canals connecting the other Great Lakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canals connecting the other Great Lakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canals connecting the other Great Lakes
+out to St Lawrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to St Lawrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to St Lawrence
+Seaway this was the cheaper way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seaway this was the cheaper way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seaway this was the cheaper way to get
+grain out of out of out of Chicago um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain out of out of out of Chicago um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain out of out of out of Chicago um
+but there was just there was a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was just there was a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was just there was a limited
+Fleet of boats that would pass through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fleet of boats that would pass through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fleet of boats that would pass through
+the great lakes and so in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great lakes and so in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great lakes and so in some sense
+there's like a fixed quantity that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a fixed quantity that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a fixed quantity that's
+going to go through the Great Lakes doe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through the Great Lakes doe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through the Great Lakes doe
+to the capacity of the ships but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the capacity of the ships but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the capacity of the ships but then
+that's sort of fixed and it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of fixed and it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of fixed and it's always
+going to undercut the railroads but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to undercut the railroads but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to undercut the railroads but it's
+just a limited quantity and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a limited quantity and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a limited quantity and then
+importantly for this paper um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly for this paper um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly for this paper um you know
+pre- global warming The Straits of maeno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre- global warming The Straits of maeno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre- global warming The Straits of maeno
+were frozen for several months a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were frozen for several months a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were frozen for several months a year
+and were impassible for several months a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and were impassible for several months a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and were impassible for several months a
+year so grains harvested in the fall you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so grains harvested in the fall you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so grains harvested in the fall you
+want to get it out but then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get it out but then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get it out but then in the
+winter uh it's months where in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter uh it's months where in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter uh it's months where in which
+Straits of Mino are closed and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Straits of Mino are closed and you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Straits of Mino are closed and you can't
+get it out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ship okay any questions on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship okay any questions on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship okay any questions on the on the
+basics of this situation okay so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics of this situation okay so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics of this situation okay so anyway
+you know Porter's thought was that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Porter's thought was that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Porter's thought was that you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+interested you know there's a previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested you know there's a previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested you know there's a previous
+literature talking about price Wars in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature talking about price Wars in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature talking about price Wars in
+this industry and failed attempts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this industry and failed attempts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this industry and failed attempts to
+collusion to collude and you know Porter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusion to collude and you know Porter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusion to collude and you know Porter
+the hypothesis that no this wasn't an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis that no this wasn't an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis that no this wasn't an
+industry with failed attempts to collude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry with failed attempts to collude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry with failed attempts to collude
+these price Wars that people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these price Wars that people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these price Wars that people were
+talking about could have been signs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about could have been signs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about could have been signs that
+you know think had already figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know think had already figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know think had already figured out
+the sort of green Porter theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of green Porter theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of green Porter theory of
+collusion under imperfect observability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusion under imperfect observability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusion under imperfect observability
+and what we were observing is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we were observing is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we were observing is like the
+functioning of a green Porter style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning of a green Porter style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning of a green Porter style
+cartel that three takes out to um uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel that three takes out to um uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel that three takes out to um uh in
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+investigate starting point for his paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate starting point for his paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate starting point for his paper
+was then thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was then thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was then thinking
+about what would we observe if if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what would we observe if if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what would we observe if if there
+was a functioning green portter cartel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a functioning green portter cartel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a functioning green portter cartel
+in this industry and so he starts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this industry and so he starts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this industry and so he starts with
+this assumption that demand takes a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assumption that demand takes a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assumption that demand takes a log
+linear form uh log of QT quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear form uh log of QT quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear form uh log of QT quantity
+demanded in week and so this T's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded in week and so this T's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded in week and so this T's are
+going to uh be weeks in his in his paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh be weeks in his in his paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh be weeks in his in his paper
+log of quantity in a week is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of quantity in a week is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of quantity in a week is a constant
+minus Alpha time the log of the price uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha time the log of the price uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha time the log of the price uh
+plus Alpha 2 * Lakes dummy uh plus u1t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Alpha 2 * Lakes dummy uh plus u1t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Alpha 2 * Lakes dummy uh plus u1t
+so this is a dummy for whether the Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a dummy for whether the Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a dummy for whether the Great
+Lakes are frozen which he takes is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lakes are frozen which he takes is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lakes are frozen which he takes is just
+an exogenous shift in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exogenous shift in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exogenous shift in
+demand let me say that's a better way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand let me say that's a better way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand let me say that's a better way to
+do it in a you know like it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in a you know like it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in a you know like it would be
+better to do that in a linear demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to do that in a linear demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to do that in a linear demand
+model in a linear demand model you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in a linear demand model you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in a linear demand model you would
+say there's like some quantity like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's like some quantity like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's like some quantity like
+3,000 tons a week that disappears when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 tons a week that disappears when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 tons a week that disappears when
+the Great Lakes are open and that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great Lakes are open and that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great Lakes are open and that we're
+subtracting why we're doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting why we're doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting why we're doing it
+additively in a log model is less is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additively in a log model is less is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additively in a log model is less is
+less clear but anyway that's what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less clear but anyway that's what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less clear but anyway that's what he
+what he's able to do in the log model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's able to do in the log model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's able to do in the log model
+um okay and they says you know what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and they says you know what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and they says you know what's a
+cartel going to do I you know I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel going to do I you know I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel going to do I you know I know
+that our basic markup formula is price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our basic markup formula is price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our basic markup formula is price
+Minus cost over price is minus Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minus cost over price is minus Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minus cost over price is minus Theta
+over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the
+elasticity uh and he's going to suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity uh and he's going to suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity uh and he's going to suppose
+that a cartel is doing you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a cartel is doing you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a cartel is doing you know like
+what we said cartels do they sort of set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we said cartels do they sort of set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we said cartels do they sort of set
+high prices for a while they jump down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high prices for a while they jump down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high prices for a while they jump down
+they set low prices they go up and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they set low prices they go up and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they set low prices they go up and they
+set high prices they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set high prices they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set high prices they do
+this uh and he has two different markups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh and he has two different markups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh and he has two different markups
+he has theta equals Theta C in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has theta equals Theta C in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has theta equals Theta C in
+Cooperative periods and theta equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative periods and theta equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative periods and theta equals
+Theta W in price War periods and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta W in price War periods and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta W in price War periods and you
+know you might think that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you might think that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you might think that if you're
+setting the Monopoly price in the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the Monopoly price in the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the Monopoly price in the high
+periods you do price Minus cost over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods you do price Minus cost over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods you do price Minus cost over
+price equals one over the elasticity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price equals one over the elasticity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price equals one over the elasticity so
+Theta would be one and in the price War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta would be one and in the price War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta would be one and in the price War
+Phase if you have go to pricing at Cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase if you have go to pricing at Cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase if you have go to pricing at Cost
+it's zero over the elasticity so Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero over the elasticity so Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero over the elasticity so Theta
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+zero you know that's not exactly what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you know that's not exactly what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you know that's not exactly what an
+op opal cartel does though because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op opal cartel does though because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op opal cartel does though because if
+you think about the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the first order
+condition DP DP is equal to zero when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition DP DP is equal to zero when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition DP DP is equal to zero when
+you're setting prices at the Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're setting prices at the Monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're setting prices at the Monopoly
+price and so because dpy DP is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and so because dpy DP is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and so because dpy DP is zero
+cutting prices slightly makes it easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting prices slightly makes it easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting prices slightly makes it easier
+to deter collusion and has no first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deter collusion and has no first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deter collusion and has no first
+order effect on your per period profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order effect on your per period profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order effect on your per period profits
+so in an optimal green Porter cartel you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in an optimal green Porter cartel you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in an optimal green Porter cartel you
+always want Theta somewhat less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want Theta somewhat less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want Theta somewhat less than one
+because it just makes it easier to deter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it just makes it easier to deter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it just makes it easier to deter
+colluding and doesn't do anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colluding and doesn't do anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colluding and doesn't do anything to
+your your profits to first order um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your profits to first order um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your profits to first order um and
+again the Theta equal Theta W during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the Theta equal Theta W during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the Theta equal Theta W during
+price Wars has said that simplest green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price Wars has said that simplest green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price Wars has said that simplest green
+Porter model you would want theta equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Porter model you would want theta equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Porter model you would want theta equals
+zero you just price at Cost but a brew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you just price at Cost but a brew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you just price at Cost but a brew
+Pier stiti you might note you could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pier stiti you might note you could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pier stiti you might note you could go
+to Theta below cost or you could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Theta below cost or you could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Theta below cost or you could you
+know maybe you don't go all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe you don't go all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe you don't go all the way to
+cost anyway so that but we think Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost anyway so that but we think Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost anyway so that but we think Theta
+is going to be this one maybe a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be this one maybe a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be this one maybe a little
+bit less than one this one maybe about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit less than one this one maybe about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit less than one this one maybe about
+zero would be the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero would be the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero would be the natural
+assumption um and then he says well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption um and then he says well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption um and then he says well okay
+let me I've got a demand I've assumed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me I've got a demand I've assumed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me I've got a demand I've assumed a
+demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand
+curve let me also assume a functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve let me also assume a functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve let me also assume a functional
+form for marginal costs he picks this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for marginal costs he picks this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for marginal costs he picks this
+one so marginal cost is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so marginal cost is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so marginal cost is a
+constant times quantity to the beta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times quantity to the beta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times quantity to the beta so
+you think of if they're increasing cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of if they're increasing cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of if they're increasing cost
+you think beta is going to be slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think beta is going to be slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think beta is going to be slightly
+bigger than one the more quantity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one the more quantity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one the more quantity we
+have to carry in a in a month the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to carry in a in a month the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to carry in a in a month the higher
+is our marginal cost sorry quanti is be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our marginal cost sorry quanti is be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our marginal cost sorry quanti is be
+higher slightly higher than zero so beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher slightly higher than zero so beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher slightly higher than zero so beta
+equals z would be con marginal cost are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z would be con marginal cost are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z would be con marginal cost are
+independent of qu quantity beta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of qu quantity beta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of qu quantity beta is
+slightly greater than zero is marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly greater than zero is marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly greater than zero is marginal
+cost increase with quantity um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost increase with quantity um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost increase with quantity um and then
+a random shock in every period and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random shock in every period and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random shock in every period and you
+know the random shock could reflect fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the random shock could reflect fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the random shock could reflect fuel
+costs labor costs difficulty of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs labor costs difficulty of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs labor costs difficulty of of
+getting your equip you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting your equip you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting your equip you know your
+equipment not being in place to carry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment not being in place to carry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment not being in place to carry a
+load needing to you know whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load needing to you know whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load needing to you know whatever
+whatever you know you may have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you know you may have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you know you may have different
+quality of equipment and so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of equipment and so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of equipment and so you have
+like some weeks you have good cheap to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some weeks you have good cheap to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some weeks you have good cheap to
+run equipment is available some weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run equipment is available some weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run equipment is available some weeks
+it's not um and so he says what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not um and so he says what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not um and so he says what would
+happen if we had those marginal costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if we had those marginal costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if we had those marginal costs
+you would get this equation price minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get this equation price minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get this equation price minus
+marginal cost over price equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost over price equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost over price equals
+this and so then you just solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so then you just solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so then you just solve that
+equation for price I put you know price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for price I put you know price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for price I put you know price
+over this side and I get price times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this side and I get price times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this side and I get price times
+Theta over alpha 1 so I have price * 1us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta over alpha 1 so I have price * 1us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta over alpha 1 so I have price * 1us
+Theta over alpha 1 equals this and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta over alpha 1 equals this and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta over alpha 1 equals this and so I
+get price equals 1us Theta over Alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get price equals 1us Theta over Alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get price equals 1us Theta over Alpha 1
+time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is how a firm would price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is how a firm would price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is how a firm would price
+again using different thetas in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again using different thetas in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again using different thetas in the two
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+periods Okay this may look like you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods Okay this may look like you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods Okay this may look like you've
+just got a big mess but then take logs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got a big mess but then take logs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got a big mess but then take logs
+of both sides uh and what you get is log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both sides uh and what you get is log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both sides uh and what you get is log
+of p on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p on the left
+side the right side I get some terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the right side I get some terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the right side I get some terms
+that let me just sort of do this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me just sort of do this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me just sort of do this first
+for you're in a price War so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you're in a price War so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you're in a price War so this is
+Theta W I first get some terms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta W I first get some terms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta W I first get some terms that are
+I would get you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would get you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would get you know these
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+uh log gamma minus log of 1us theta over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh log gamma minus log of 1us theta over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh log gamma minus log of 1us theta over
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+1 and then I just get beta 1 log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q and then I get log of this is just U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so then what Porter says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so then what Porter says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so then what Porter says is
+that so this is what I would get in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is what I would get in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is what I would get in a
+price War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price War
+Phase right I would get that if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase right I would get that if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase right I would get that if you had
+a price war and then if you were in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price war and then if you were in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price war and then if you were in The
+Cooperative phase I'd be I'd get log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative phase I'd be I'd get log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative phase I'd be I'd get log
+gamma KN minus log 1us Theta C over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma KN minus log 1us Theta C over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma KN minus log 1us Theta C over
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+1 plus beta 1 log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus beta 1 log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus beta 1 log
+Q Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q Plus
+u2t that's what you'd get if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u2t that's what you'd get if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u2t that's what you'd get if you were
+cooperating and so what pter notes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperating and so what pter notes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperating and so what pter notes is
+that this is just a linear demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is just a linear demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is just a linear demand curve
+where log of PT would be a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where log of PT would be a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where log of PT would be a constant
+where the constant is this thing you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the constant is this thing you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the constant is this thing you get
+in the price War Phase plus beta 1 log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the price War Phase plus beta 1 log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the price War Phase plus beta 1 log
+QT plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QT plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QT plus
+u2t plus another constant times an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u2t plus another constant times an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u2t plus another constant times an
+indicator for whether you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator for whether you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator for whether you're in the
+Cooperative phase and the Cooperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative phase and the Cooperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative phase and the Cooperative
+phase just shifts you from this to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase just shifts you from this to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase just shifts you from this to this
+by adding log 1 minus Theta W over Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding log 1 minus Theta W over Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding log 1 minus Theta W over Alpha
+1 and subtracting 1us log Theta C over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and subtracting 1us log Theta C over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and subtracting 1us log Theta C over
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+1 so you know what he says is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so you know what he says is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so you know what he says is that you
+know like if you had this again two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like if you had this again two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like if you had this again two
+assumptions you have this log linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions you have this log linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions you have this log linear
+form for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for
+demand and you have this particular form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and you have this particular form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and you have this particular form
+for marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for marginal
+costs then this is the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs then this is the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs then this is the appropriate
+Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply
+equation and it's going to also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and it's going to also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and it's going to also be
+linear and so then the neat thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and so then the neat thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and so then the neat thing you
+got is that basically this Assumption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got is that basically this Assumption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got is that basically this Assumption of
+green Porter cartel plus log linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green Porter cartel plus log linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green Porter cartel plus log linear
+demand gives us uh just a simple 2x two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand gives us uh just a simple 2x two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand gives us uh just a simple 2x two
+Supply demand system so you know demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply demand system so you know demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply demand system so you know demand
+is what he assumed it is Supply is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what he assumed it is Supply is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what he assumed it is Supply is
+what's derived like that and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's derived like that and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's derived like that and if you
+think about the way that system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the way that system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the way that system is
+working um you know right when I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working um you know right when I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working um you know right when I think
+Toby or you've seen before you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toby or you've seen before you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toby or you've seen before you're trying
+to estimate supply and demand you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate supply and demand you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate supply and demand you need
+an instrument you need a variable that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instrument you need a variable that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instrument you need a variable that's
+excluded from demand to estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded from demand to estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded from demand to estimate the
+demand un variable excluded from Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand un variable excluded from Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand un variable excluded from Supply
+to estimate the supply curve and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate the supply curve and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate the supply curve and so what
+he gets is that um you know we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets is that um you know we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets is that um you know we have a
+supply demand system the indicator for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply demand system the indicator for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply demand system the indicator for
+whether we're in a Cooperative phase or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we're in a Cooperative phase or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we're in a Cooperative phase or
+a price War Phase doesn't affect demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price War Phase doesn't affect demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price War Phase doesn't affect demand
+this is a very common thing to do in IO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very common thing to do in IO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very common thing to do in IO
+it's it is a great assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it is a great assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it is a great assumption that
+you're looking for what affects demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for what affects demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for what affects demand
+you know what affects demand without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what affects demand without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what affects demand without
+affecting price what affects pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting price what affects pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting price what affects pricing
+without affecting demand uh whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without affecting demand uh whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without affecting demand uh whether the
+firm Behavior determines their prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm Behavior determines their prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm Behavior determines their prices
+but it isn't directly affecting demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it isn't directly affecting demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it isn't directly affecting demand
+other than through the price change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than through the price change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than through the price change so
+if the firms are colluding or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the firms are colluding or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the firms are colluding or not
+colluding that affects shifts price but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colluding that affects shifts price but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colluding that affects shifts price but
+that doesn't have an independent effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't have an independent effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't have an independent effect
+on demand and then what does he have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on demand and then what does he have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on demand and then what does he have
+that has an independent effect on demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an independent effect on demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an independent effect on demand
+but not on price uh the Great Lakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not on price uh the Great Lakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not on price uh the Great Lakes
+being frozen so if you take this view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being frozen so if you take this view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being frozen so if you take this view
+that the Great Lakes are just pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Great Lakes are just pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Great Lakes are just pulling
+some amount of traffic out but then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount of traffic out but then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount of traffic out but then once
+they've pulled it out the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've pulled it out the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've pulled it out the remaining
+traffic is just same residual demand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic is just same residual demand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic is just same residual demand you
+would have been facing before it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been facing before it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been facing before it's not
+affecting your it's not affect in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting your it's not affect in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting your it's not affect in this
+model it's not affecting your price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so anyway we can use I as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anyway we can use I as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anyway we can use I as the
+instrument for price in the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for price in the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for price in the demand
+equation we can use Lakes as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we can use Lakes as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we can use Lakes as the
+instrument for quantity in the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for quantity in the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for quantity in the supply
+equation and estimate supply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+demand and least they actually you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and least they actually you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and least they actually you know
+as I said this argument is better if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said this argument is better if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said this argument is better if you
+use linear demand curves so um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use linear demand curves so um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use linear demand curves so um this
+week's problem set it's a largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's problem set it's a largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's problem set it's a largely
+empirical problem set but what I if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical problem set but what I if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical problem set but what I if you
+haven't seen it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen it yet
+I'm giving you the data from Porter's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm giving you the data from Porter's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm giving you the data from Porter's
+actual paper and having you pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual paper and having you pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual paper and having you pretend
+you're Rob Porter and you think a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're Rob Porter and you think a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're Rob Porter and you think a linear
+demand specification would be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand specification would be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand specification would be better
+than a log linear demand specification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a log linear demand specification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a log linear demand specification
+because in the linear demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the linear demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the linear demand
+specification subtracting the Lakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification subtracting the Lakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification subtracting the Lakes
+thing is a better thing to do and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is a better thing to do and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is a better thing to do and this
+asking you to sort of redo his Bas his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to sort of redo his Bas his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to sort of redo his Bas his
+paper had you wanted to assume linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper had you wanted to assume linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper had you wanted to assume linear
+demand instead of the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand instead of the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand instead of the log
+demand um or at least discuss how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand um or at least discuss how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand um or at least discuss how you
+would estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would estimate the
+model um okay anyway so Porter paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um okay anyway so Porter paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um okay anyway so Porter paper
+again you know big data set for 1880 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know big data set for 1880 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know big data set for 1880 is
+a small data set for today it's uh 328
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small data set for today it's uh 328
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small data set for today it's uh 328
+weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly
+observations um what you've got in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations um what you've got in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations um what you've got in the
+data set here is total shipments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set here is total shipments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set here is total shipments of
+grain for the week um the official price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain for the week um the official price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain for the week um the official price
+so you know Albert thinkink himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know Albert thinkink himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know Albert thinkink himself
+announced what the price was um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced what the price was um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced what the price was um so you
+know the price is 30 cents per 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the price is 30 cents per 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the price is 30 cents per 100
+pounds he that was part of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds he that was part of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds he that was part of his
+responsibility was just to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility was just to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility was just to tell the
+firms what Char what price to charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms what Char what price to charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms what Char what price to charge
+every week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week
+um uh Lakes say a dummy equal to one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Lakes say a dummy equal to one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Lakes say a dummy equal to one if
+the Great Lakes were were open for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great Lakes were were open for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great Lakes were were open for
+shipping so someone recorded the dates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping so someone recorded the dates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping so someone recorded the dates
+at which these Lakes froze and unfroze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which these Lakes froze and unfroze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which these Lakes froze and unfroze
+every year uh and then you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year uh and then you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year uh and then you know when
+railroads are half the economy like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroads are half the economy like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroads are half the economy like
+there were like if you read The Wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were like if you read The Wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were like if you read The Wall
+Street Journal I don't know Wall Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street Journal I don't know Wall Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street Journal I don't know Wall Street
+Journal existed but you know half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal existed but you know half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal existed but you know half of the
+Articles would be on railroads because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Articles would be on railroads because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Articles would be on railroads because
+they were half of the half of the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were half of the half of the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were half of the half of the sort
+of economy and so there's plenty of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of economy and so there's plenty of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of economy and so there's plenty of uh
+newspaper there's actually a use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper there's actually a use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper there's actually a use
+newspaper he uses called the um rail I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper he uses called the um rail I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper he uses called the um rail I
+think it's Railway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+review so besides being daily newspapers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review so besides being daily newspapers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review so besides being daily newspapers
+on business there were daily newspapers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on business there were daily newspapers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on business there were daily newspapers
+on the railroad industry and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the railroad industry and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the railroad industry and so you
+could buy a newspaper called the railway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could buy a newspaper called the railway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could buy a newspaper called the railway
+review and read today's railroad news um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review and read today's railroad news um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review and read today's railroad news um
+Harvard Business School library has our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard Business School library has our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard Business School library has our
+has copies of Railway review I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has copies of Railway review I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has copies of Railway review I don't
+know if you can get in there with an MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you can get in there with an MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you can get in there with an MIT
+ID I think not but anyway when when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID I think not but anyway when when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID I think not but anyway when when I
+was a graduate student I did go there at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a graduate student I did go there at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a graduate student I did go there at
+one point and like look up look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point and like look up look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point and like look up look at the
+Old Railway reviews in there there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Old Railway reviews in there there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Old Railway reviews in there there in
+Baker Library um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baker Library um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baker Library um
+uh anyway he recorded whether there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anyway he recorded whether there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anyway he recorded whether there were
+stories in the railway review indicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories in the railway review indicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories in the railway review indicating
+that a price war is occurring in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a price war is occurring in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a price war is occurring in the
+industry in in the railroad industry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry in in the railroad industry um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry in in the railroad industry um
+and so if the newspaper had stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if the newspaper had stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if the newspaper had stories
+about price Wars going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about price Wars going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about price Wars going on in the
+railroad industry then he would report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroad industry then he would report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroad industry then he would report
+it as being one otherwise he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as being one otherwise he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as being one otherwise he would
+report it as being zero and so in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report it as being zero and so in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report it as being zero and so in some
+sense he used this as his Cooperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense he used this as his Cooperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense he used this as his Cooperative
+phase is no story and Railway review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase is no story and Railway review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase is no story and Railway review
+about uh price War uh price War phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh price War uh price War phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh price War uh price War phases
+Railway review says price war going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Railway review says price war going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Railway review says price war going on
+in the uh JC cartel this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+week so any we get you know two ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so any we get you know two ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so any we get you know two ways to
+estimate this model um one the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this model um one the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this model um one the simplest
+one is just assume that I is obser the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is just assume that I is obser the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is just assume that I is obser the
+cooperation indicator is observable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation indicator is observable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation indicator is observable and
+just use the PO variable that he got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use the PO variable that he got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use the PO variable that he got
+from the newspaper to do this you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the newspaper to do this you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the newspaper to do this you then
+just have a standard simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a standard simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a standard simultaneous
+equation model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation model
+um the other approach that he uses is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other approach that he uses is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other approach that he uses is to
+assume that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that it is
+unobserved uh so it's an unobserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved uh so it's an unobserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved uh so it's an unobserved
+random variable with some mean gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable with some mean gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable with some mean gamma
+which is to be estimated and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to be estimated and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to be estimated and then you
+have a simultaneous version of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a simultaneous version of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a simultaneous version of a
+switching regressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching regressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching regressions
+model has have switching regressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model has have switching regressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model has have switching regressions
+model entirely disappeared from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model entirely disappeared from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model entirely disappeared from a
+chometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chometric
+sequence yeah okay so okay how does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence yeah okay so okay how does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence yeah okay so okay how does the
+switching regressions model work um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching regressions model work um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching regressions model work um you
+know so suppose you have the follow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so suppose you have the follow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so suppose you have the follow you
+know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obviously you know our our standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you know our our standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you know our our standard
+linear model like yal X beta plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model like yal X beta plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model like yal X beta plus
+Epsilon I put X here you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon I put X here you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon I put X here you know there's
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relationship like yal x *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta and you know what you expect to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and you know what you expect to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and you know what you expect to see
+is a cloud of points like that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cloud of points like that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cloud of points like that okay so
+you you got y equals function X That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you got y equals function X That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you got y equals function X That's
+What You observe you can fit a line by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What You observe you can fit a line by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What You observe you can fit a line by
+OS going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OS going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OS going through
+that um we do that all the time suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um we do that all the time suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um we do that all the time suppose
+you have the following Suppose there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the following Suppose there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the following Suppose there are
+two different relationships there's yal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different relationships there's yal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different relationships there's yal
+X beta plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon and there's also another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and there's also another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and there's also another
+relationship yal X beta prime plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship yal X beta prime plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship yal X beta prime plus
+Epsilon um and this happens with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon um and this happens with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon um and this happens with
+probability uh one minus gamma and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh one minus gamma and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh one minus gamma and this
+happens with probability gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose they're actually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose they're actually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose they're actually two
+different relationships some periods you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different relationships some periods you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different relationships some periods you
+know for instance like if you were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for instance like if you were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for instance like if you were doing
+demand for ice cream on a beach there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for ice cream on a beach there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for ice cream on a beach there
+are two different relationships demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two different relationships demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two different relationships demand
+when it's rainy and demand when it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's rainy and demand when it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's rainy and demand when it's not
+rainy and you know like you may not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainy and you know like you may not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainy and you know like you may not have
+riness but you know that there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riness but you know that there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riness but you know that there's going
+to be like one demand curve on rainy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like one demand curve on rainy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like one demand curve on rainy
+days one demand curve on non-rainy days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days one demand curve on non-rainy days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days one demand curve on non-rainy days
+and they're going to be different and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to be different and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to be different and it
+may be that this is the um you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that this is the um you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that this is the um you know this
+is the demand curve on the non-rainy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the demand curve on the non-rainy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the demand curve on the non-rainy
+days a function of price I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days a function of price I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days a function of price I guess the
+price should be positive and then on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price should be positive and then on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price should be positive and then on the
+sunny hot days there's some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunny hot days there's some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunny hot days there's some other
+relationship that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that looks like
+this okay and you might ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and you might ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and you might ask yourself
+okay you know suppose it is just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know suppose it is just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know suppose it is just you
+know suppose there's one X but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suppose there's one X but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suppose there's one X but then
+there's also a constant and suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a constant and suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a constant and suppose that
+it it really is just this is the yal X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it really is just this is the yal X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it really is just this is the yal X
+Prime beta plus Epsilon and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime beta plus Epsilon and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime beta plus Epsilon and it's the
+constant is higher on the sunny days and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is higher on the sunny days and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is higher on the sunny days and
+demand looks like that okay question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand looks like that okay question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand looks like that okay question is
+can you estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you estimate
+that okay um first answer is without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay um first answer is without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay um first answer is without any
+additional assumption on the if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional assumption on the if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional assumption on the if you just
+go with a standard you know expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with a standard you know expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with a standard you know expectation
+of Epsilon given x equals z assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Epsilon given x equals z assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Epsilon given x equals z assumption
+you can't estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't estimate
+that and the reason you can't estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the reason you can't estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the reason you can't estimate
+that is you might think well can't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you might think well can't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you might think well can't I
+just draw two best fit lines and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw two best fit lines and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw two best fit lines and ask
+what combination of two lines minimizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what combination of two lines minimizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what combination of two lines minimizes
+the sum of squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of squared
+residuals from the closer line and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals from the closer line and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals from the closer line and that
+isn't that efficient estimator of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that efficient estimator of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that efficient estimator of this
+model but the problem is like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but the problem is like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but the problem is like you know
+you can't tell this model apart from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't tell this model apart from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't tell this model apart from a
+model where there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where there's one
+line and the epsilons have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and the epsilons have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and the epsilons have this
+distribution right if you're only doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right if you're only doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right if you're only doing
+mean zero errors you can't tell you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean zero errors you can't tell you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean zero errors you can't tell you know
+two lines with this distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines with this distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines with this distribution of
+Errors apart from one line with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Errors apart from one line with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Errors apart from one line with this
+distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of
+errors and so without some assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors and so without some assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors and so without some assumption
+Beyond expectation of Epsilon given x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond expectation of Epsilon given x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond expectation of Epsilon given x
+equals z you can't estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z you can't estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z you can't estimate the
+switching regressions model but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching regressions model but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching regressions model but if
+you're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to
+go you know Epsilon normal 0 Sigma s if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go you know Epsilon normal 0 Sigma s if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go you know Epsilon normal 0 Sigma s if
+you're willing to add that to your model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to add that to your model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to add that to your model
+as an identifying assumption if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an identifying assumption if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an identifying assumption if you're
+willing to add this then yeah the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to add this then yeah the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to add this then yeah the simple
+intuition that I can estimate this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that I can estimate this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that I can estimate this one
+by maximum likelihood and just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by maximum likelihood and just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by maximum likelihood and just saying
+what combination of two lines and sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what combination of two lines and sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what combination of two lines and sigma
+you know so what beta beta Prime Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so what beta beta Prime Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so what beta beta Prime Sigma
+and Lambda best fit the data I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lambda best fit the data I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lambda best fit the data I can do
+that okay you need you need functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay you need you need functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay you need you need functional
+forms to estimate switching regressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms to estimate switching regressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms to estimate switching regressions
+but once if you're willing to impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once if you're willing to impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once if you're willing to impose
+functional forms then you can estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional forms then you can estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional forms then you can estimate
+this and you can and you can recover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you can and you can recover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you can and you can recover the
+you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you
+never you know you don't expost know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never you know you don't expost know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never you know you don't expost know
+which which um which equation generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which um which equation generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which um which equation generated
+every data point so you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every data point so you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every data point so you know like
+there's a data point right here you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a data point right here you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a data point right here you know
+you don't know for sure whether it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know for sure whether it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know for sure whether it was
+this line with an error of zero or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line with an error of zero or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line with an error of zero or this
+line with a very huge positive error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with a very huge positive error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with a very huge positive error
+but you do get a ban posterior that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do get a ban posterior that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do get a ban posterior that with
+high probability it was this line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability it was this line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability it was this line that
+generated it so what you get is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated it so what you get is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated it so what you get is you know
+you get this model you and then X poost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this model you and then X poost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this model you and then X poost
+you get a probabilistic e you know basan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a probabilistic e you know basan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a probabilistic e you know basan
+posterior on which state generated every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior on which state generated every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior on which state generated every
+data point okay anyway so what Porter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point okay anyway so what Porter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point okay anyway so what Porter
+does is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is just
+basically do the simultaneous equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically do the simultaneous equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically do the simultaneous equation
+version of a switching regressions model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of a switching regressions model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of a switching regressions model
+and he says that we have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says that we have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says that we have these two
+models that generated the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that generated the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that generated the data
+um every period is either generated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every period is either generated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every period is either generated by
+this with I equals z or this with I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with I equals z or this with I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with I equals z or this with I
+equals 1 but I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 but I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 but I is
+unobserved and all I know is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved and all I know is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved and all I know is that
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+probability you know there's some I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you know there's some I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you know there's some I'm
+going to there's some probability Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to there's some probability Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to there's some probability Lambda
+that I equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 and or that it t equals one but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and or that it t equals one but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and or that it t equals one but I'm
+going to treat it as an unobservable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to treat it as an unobservable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to treat it as an unobservable and
+sort of fit a you know fit the data by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fit a you know fit the data by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fit a you know fit the data by
+combination of two simultaneous equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of two simultaneous equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of two simultaneous equation
+systems one simultaneous equation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems one simultaneous equation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems one simultaneous equation system
+with I equals 0 one simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I equals 0 one simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I equals 0 one simultaneous
+equation system with I equals 1 and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation system with I equals 1 and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation system with I equals 1 and in
+every period explain the again it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every period explain the again it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every period explain the again it's you
+know every period you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every period you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every period you get a
+PT QT pair and you just ask which model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PT QT pair and you just ask which model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PT QT pair and you just ask which model
+best explains PT QT and is it the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best explains PT QT and is it the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best explains PT QT and is it the model
+I equals 0 or I equals 1 but I'm do do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I equals 0 or I equals 1 but I'm do do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I equals 0 or I equals 1 but I'm do do
+this by maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by maximum
+likelihood so that's the you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood so that's the you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood so that's the you know I
+think that's the some sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's the some sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's the some sense the
+preferred estimation in his model is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred estimation in his model is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred estimation in his model is to
+say that I don't want to trust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I don't want to trust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I don't want to trust the
+railway review data and I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railway review data and I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railway review data and I'm going to do
+this with the unobserved it and say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with the unobserved it and say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with the unobserved it and say what
+fits the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better and you know this this is also I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and you know this this is also I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and you know this this is also I
+I think you know um this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you know um this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you know um this idea of
+explicit unobservables and putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit unobservables and putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit unobservables and putting the
+unobservables in your model and allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservables in your model and allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservables in your model and allowing
+them making some assumption about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them making some assumption about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them making some assumption about the
+random process they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random process they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random process they
+follow huge this is also something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow huge this is also something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow huge this is also something
+that's that's done all over the place uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's done all over the place uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's done all over the place uh
+in IO these days of taking it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in IO these days of taking it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in IO these days of taking it on
+observable putting it in they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable putting it in they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable putting it in they're
+modeling the unobservable and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling the unobservable and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling the unobservable and then
+seeing what you can do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what you can do with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what you can do with that
+unobservable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservable
+um okay what do his estimates look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay what do his estimates look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay what do his estimates look like
+um you know the first thing is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the first thing is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the first thing is that you
+know prices are dramatically higher in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know prices are dramatically higher in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know prices are dramatically higher in
+the Cooperative phase than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cooperative phase than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cooperative phase than the
+non-cooperative phase if you use the PO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-cooperative phase if you use the PO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-cooperative phase if you use the PO
+dummy it's you know model prices are e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy it's you know model prices are e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy it's you know model prices are e
+to the 38 times as high when you uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 38 times as high when you uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 38 times as high when you uh are
+in The Cooperative phase uh when you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in The Cooperative phase uh when you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in The Cooperative phase uh when you use
+the PN dummy prices are e to the 0. 545
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PN dummy prices are e to the 0. 545
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PN dummy prices are e to the 0. 545
+times as high you so is e to the 0.545
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as high you so is e to the 0.545
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as high you so is e to the 0.545
+like 80% or something so prices are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 80% or something so prices are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 80% or something so prices are much
+much higher you know here's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher you know here's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher you know here's a simple
+table again we don't know PN but we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table again we don't know PN but we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table again we don't know PN but we've
+got um PN star which is what's our you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got um PN star which is what's our you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got um PN star which is what's our you
+know classify them exp poost based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know classify them exp poost based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know classify them exp poost based on
+which do I think it is after seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which do I think it is after seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which do I think it is after seeing the
+price and it's like the average price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and it's like the average price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and it's like the average price is
+17 in The Cooperative phase is 28 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 in The Cooperative phase is 28 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 in The Cooperative phase is 28 in the
+non-cooperative phase sorry 28 in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-cooperative phase sorry 28 in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-cooperative phase sorry 28 in The
+Cooperative 16 in the price War so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative 16 in the price War so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative 16 in the price War so
+that's roughly the magnitude of how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's roughly the magnitude of how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's roughly the magnitude of how much
+collusion is affecting prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusion is affecting prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusion is affecting prices
+um the model with the switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the model with the switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the model with the switching
+regressions assuming that the PO is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions assuming that the PO is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions assuming that the PO is
+misreported um fits dramatically better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misreported um fits dramatically better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misreported um fits dramatically better
+than the one using po the r squar goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the one using po the r squar goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the one using po the r squar goes
+from. 32 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from. 32 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from. 32 to
+86 so it looks like the model with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+86 so it looks like the model with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+86 so it looks like the model with the
+unobserved Cooperative phase is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved Cooperative phase is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved Cooperative phase is really
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+um you know the model tells you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the model tells you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the model tells you what
+percentage of weeks are in the price War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of weeks are in the price War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of weeks are in the price War
+Phase and it says that about 28% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase and it says that about 28% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase and it says that about 28% of the
+weeks are in the price War Phase in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks are in the price War Phase in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks are in the price War Phase in the
+data and if you just look at the raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and if you just look at the raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and if you just look at the raw
+data like you know you I guess the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data like you know you I guess the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data like you know you I guess the you
+know the beginning of the first price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the beginning of the first price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the beginning of the first price
+War you know you see prices going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War you know you see prices going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War you know you see prices going on
+like this at Great you know 40 cents 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this at Great you know 40 cents 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this at Great you know 40 cents 36
+35 30 cents per 100 pound 35 35 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 30 cents per 100 pound 35 35 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 30 cents per 100 pound 35 35 and then
+it drops to 16 you know again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it drops to 16 you know again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it drops to 16 you know again this is
+not some cost shock that it s you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not some cost shock that it s you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not some cost shock that it s you
+suddenly became able to transport grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly became able to transport grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly became able to transport grain
+from Chicago to East Coast at half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Chicago to East Coast at half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Chicago to East Coast at half the
+price as as of one week ago uh it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price as as of one week ago uh it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price as as of one week ago uh it does
+look like just dramatic evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like just dramatic evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like just dramatic evidence that
+this is a price War they pric really low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a price War they pric really low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a price War they pric really low
+for a long time we do think they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time we do think they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time we do think they would
+be losing money getting grain to the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be losing money getting grain to the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be losing money getting grain to the US
+these goes to 12 cents and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these goes to 12 cents and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these goes to 12 cents and then they
+jump back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+afterwards and I didn't put the um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards and I didn't put the um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards and I didn't put the um I
+didn't put the the that other key test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put the the that other key test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put the the that other key test
+in obviously you know like the key test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in obviously you know like the key test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in obviously you know like the key test
+he as is the green Porter model is does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he as is the green Porter model is does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he as is the green Porter model is does
+a model with two Supply curves fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model with two Supply curves fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model with two Supply curves fit
+better than a model with one supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than a model with one supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than a model with one supply
+curve right the static Nash story here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve right the static Nash story here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve right the static Nash story here
+would be that we have this model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that we have this model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that we have this model and
+there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no
+I like the I is just always they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like the I is just always they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like the I is just always they're just
+always behaving the same in every period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always behaving the same in every period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always behaving the same in every period
+and so if you test this sort of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you test this sort of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you test this sort of two
+different behaviors versus one behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different behaviors versus one behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different behaviors versus one behavior
+model um I guess you can think of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um I guess you can think of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um I guess you can think of that
+as like testing the you know testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like testing the you know testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like testing the you know testing
+Lambda is not in either Z one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is not in either Z one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is not in either Z one right
+Lambda Lambda equals z or Lambda equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Lambda equals z or Lambda equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Lambda equals z or Lambda equals
+1 is the model with one regime instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is the model with one regime instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is the model with one regime instead
+of two and can you tell whether Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two and can you tell whether Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two and can you tell whether Lambda
+is significantly different from zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is significantly different from zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is significantly different from zero or
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+um uh oh do I I don't have an estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh oh do I I don't have an estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh oh do I I don't have an estimate
+of Lambda in here do I okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Lambda in here do I okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Lambda in here do I okay
+anyway he provides tests in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway he provides tests in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway he provides tests in the paper
+and saying it's tremendously significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying it's tremendously significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying it's tremendously significant
+that sort of two Supply curves fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of two Supply curves fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of two Supply curves fit
+better than one supply curve and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than one supply curve and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than one supply curve and it's
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+it's not surprising great it's things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not surprising great it's things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not surprising great it's things
+like this are really hard to fit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this are really hard to fit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this are really hard to fit with
+one supply curve uh whereas with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one supply curve uh whereas with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one supply curve uh whereas with two
+Supply curves you fit that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply curves you fit that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply curves you fit that much
+better okay so next I get to go to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better okay so next I get to go to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better okay so next I get to go to one
+of my own papers um I you know still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my own papers um I you know still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my own papers um I you know still
+like including this just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like including this just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like including this just you
+know sentimental reasons so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sentimental reasons so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sentimental reasons so this was
+actually you know when I when I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know when I when I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know when I when I was a
+graduate student here we didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student here we didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student here we didn't have
+there was no seconde paper so 14192 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no seconde paper so 14192 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no seconde paper so 14192 you
+know was not invented until the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know was not invented until the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know was not invented until the year
+2019 or whatever um what did exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2019 or whatever um what did exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2019 or whatever um what did exist
+before then was there was both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before then was there was both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before then was there was both the
+history paper and an econometrics paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history paper and an econometrics paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history paper and an econometrics paper
+and one of the great bonuses was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the great bonuses was for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the great bonuses was for
+your what everyone tried to think was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your what everyone tried to think was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your what everyone tried to think was
+like you know getting through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know getting through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know getting through the
+program with the least amount of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program with the least amount of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program with the least amount of work
+possible is could I write a history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible is could I write a history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible is could I write a history
+paper that's also my econometrics paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that's also my econometrics paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that's also my econometrics paper
+because you then got to know there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you then got to know there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you then got to know there was
+no rule against handing in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no rule against handing in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no rule against handing in the same
+paper of your history paper and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper of your history paper and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper of your history paper and your
+econometrics paper so as a student in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometrics paper so as a student in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometrics paper so as a student in
+this program I I you know like oh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program I I you know like oh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program I I you know like oh this
+reeval cartel data is from 1880 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reeval cartel data is from 1880 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reeval cartel data is from 1880 that
+qualifies as making it a history paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualifies as making it a history paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualifies as making it a history paper
+so anyway so this was my history paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway so this was my history paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway so this was my history paper
+and mycometrics paper um but anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mycometrics paper um but anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mycometrics paper um but anyway so
+the and you know I guess I also like do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and you know I guess I also like do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and you know I guess I also like do
+it just as combinations of you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just as combinations of you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just as combinations of you know like
+you don't have to be all that creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to be all that creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to be all that creative
+and original to write papers and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and original to write papers and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and original to write papers and a lot
+of time it works to just make small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time it works to just make small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time it works to just make small
+improvements on the existing literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements on the existing literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements on the existing literature
+and just you know you make you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just you know you make you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just you know you make you start
+with something that's in the existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something that's in the existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something that's in the existing
+literature you make a small Improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature you make a small Improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature you make a small Improvement
+of it you know you're at the frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it you know you're at the frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it you know you're at the frontier
+whereas if you start from scratch and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you start from scratch and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you start from scratch and do
+something really creative you can end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really creative you can end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really creative you can end up
+with a worst version of what someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a worst version of what someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a worst version of what someone
+else did before and so anyway so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else did before and so anyway so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else did before and so anyway so this
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+my paper sort of looking at sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my paper sort of looking at sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my paper sort of looking at sort of like
+thinking about what more could I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what more could I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what more could I say
+about green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about green
+Porter and and the you know motivating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Porter and and the you know motivating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Porter and and the you know motivating
+idea here was that um you know Porter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here was that um you know Porter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here was that um you know Porter
+shows that there are two regimes and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that there are two regimes and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that there are two regimes and two
+regimes ex explain the data better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes ex explain the data better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes ex explain the data better than
+one but what sort of I think the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but what sort of I think the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but what sort of I think the content
+of the green Porter theory is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the green Porter theory is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the green Porter theory is not just
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+but price Wars occur when there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but price Wars occur when there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but price Wars occur when there are
+suspicious demand realizations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious demand realizations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious demand realizations and
+demand realizations that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand realizations that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand realizations that look like
+someone cheated on the cartel agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone cheated on the cartel agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone cheated on the cartel agreement
+and and then when there is a demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then when there is a demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then when there is a demand
+realization that some looks like someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization that some looks like someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization that some looks like someone
+cheated on the cartel agreement then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated on the cartel agreement then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated on the cartel agreement then you
+should be more likely to trigger a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be more likely to trigger a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be more likely to trigger a price
+War and what we think these price Wars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War and what we think these price Wars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War and what we think these price Wars
+should look like is you're pricing High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look like is you're pricing High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look like is you're pricing High
+you go down you have a price War for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go down you have a price War for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go down you have a price War for
+some number of periods and then you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of periods and then you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of periods and then you go
+back to pricing high again so it's both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to pricing high again so it's both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to pricing high again so it's both
+the price Wars are supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price Wars are supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price Wars are supposed to be
+continuous periods and they're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous periods and they're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous periods and they're supposed
+to come after some demand pattern that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come after some demand pattern that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come after some demand pattern that
+looks like someone might have cheated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like someone might have cheated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like someone might have cheated
+and so that's what I'm trying to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's what I'm trying to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's what I'm trying to test
+here so um you know basic exercis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so um you know basic exercis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so um you know basic exercis is
+just reestimate Porter's model um I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reestimate Porter's model um I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reestimate Porter's model um I do
+make uh a few changes which reflect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh a few changes which reflect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh a few changes which reflect this
+being the 1990s instead of the 1980s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the 1990s instead of the 1980s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the 1990s instead of the 1980s and
+computers were better um one is uh paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers were better um one is uh paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers were better um one is uh paper
+allows for serial correlation in demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows for serial correlation in demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows for serial correlation in demand
+you know the demand importer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the demand importer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the demand importer is
+tremendously Ser correlated if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously Ser correlated if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously Ser correlated if you look
+at it so he didn't allow serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it so he didn't allow serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it so he didn't allow serial
+correlation Supply is just like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation Supply is just like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation Supply is just like in
+Porter with there being an unobservable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Porter with there being an unobservable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Porter with there being an unobservable
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+t uh but then the main sort of economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh but then the main sort of economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh but then the main sort of economic
+idea is to let the regime transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is to let the regime transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is to let the regime transitions
+follow A first order markof process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow A first order markof process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow A first order markof process
+where the probability of cooperation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the probability of cooperation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the probability of cooperation at
+t+ one conditional on whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t+ one conditional on whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t+ one conditional on whether you
+cooperating at T and some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperating at T and some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperating at T and some other
+observable variables WT is going to be e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable variables WT is going to be e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable variables WT is going to be e
+to the gamma WT over 1 plus e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the gamma WT over 1 plus e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the gamma WT over 1 plus e to the
+gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+WT so these variables WT are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WT so these variables WT are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WT so these variables WT are going to
+affect the probability of the Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the probability of the Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the probability of the Markov
+transitions from cooperating to price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions from cooperating to price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions from cooperating to price
+War and from or from Price War back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cooperation and you know what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation and you know what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation and you know what are
+variables I put in here so obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I put in here so obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I put in here so obviously
+first version to estimate is just let W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first version to estimate is just let W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first version to estimate is just let W
+be constant this is Porter's model where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be constant this is Porter's model where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be constant this is Porter's model where
+the regimes are IID so if W is if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regimes are IID so if W is if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regimes are IID so if W is if there
+is nothing in W other than a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing in W other than a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing in W other than a constant
+this is just uh this is Porter's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just uh this is Porter's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just uh this is Porter's
+model um if you put it in here so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um if you put it in here so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um if you put it in here so you
+let the cooperation indicator affect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the cooperation indicator affect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the cooperation indicator affect you
+know you let it affect the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you let it affect the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you let it affect the probability
+that it plus one is one then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it plus one is one then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it plus one is one then you have
+the first order Markov structure on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first order Markov structure on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first order Markov structure on
+price Wars and you can see whether price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price Wars and you can see whether price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price Wars and you can see whether price
+Wars are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wars are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wars are
+continuous um that you know because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous um that you know because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous um that you know because if
+price Wars are continuous periods what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price Wars are continuous periods what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price Wars are continuous periods what
+you'll see is if you're cooperating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see is if you're cooperating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see is if you're cooperating
+there's a 90% chance you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 90% chance you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 90% chance you're going to
+cooperate if you're once you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate if you're once you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate if you're once you're in a
+price War there's a 90% chance you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price War there's a 90% chance you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price War there's a 90% chance you're
+going to be in a price war and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in a price war and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in a price war and then it
+so the price Wars become sort of long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the price Wars become sort of long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the price Wars become sort of long
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+periods um and then the primary interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods um and then the primary interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods um and then the primary interest
+in specifications that also include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in specifications that also include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in specifications that also include
+variables that look like suspicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that look like suspicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that look like suspicious
+demand patterns um what is it that think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand patterns um what is it that think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand patterns um what is it that think
+was doing well think could have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing well think could have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing well think could have done
+many many things there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many things there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many things there are lots of
+things that could make you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that could make you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that could make you think that
+somebody was cheating or could make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody was cheating or could make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody was cheating or could make the
+firms think someone was cheating um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms think someone was cheating um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms think someone was cheating um one
+would be whether any firm had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be whether any firm had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be whether any firm had an
+unusually large market share you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusually large market share you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusually large market share you know
+this isn't in the green Porter model but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't in the green Porter model but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't in the green Porter model but
+in in the je there were guys Counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the je there were guys Counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the je there were guys Counting
+Cars and Counting Cars by Railroad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cars and Counting Cars by Railroad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cars and Counting Cars by Railroad and
+so if You observe the Pennsylvania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if You observe the Pennsylvania
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if You observe the Pennsylvania
+Railroad has 50% more demand than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Railroad has 50% more demand than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Railroad has 50% more demand than
+everybody else this week it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else this week it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else this week it could be
+that all the grain shippers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the grain shippers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the grain shippers were
+actually trying to get it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually trying to get it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually trying to get it to
+Philadelphia but it could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia but it could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia but it could be the
+Pennsylvania Railroad was cheating so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania Railroad was cheating so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania Railroad was cheating so if
+one firm had an unusually larg market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one firm had an unusually larg market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one firm had an unusually larg market
+share that might make you trigger a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share that might make you trigger a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share that might make you trigger a
+price War um another thing would be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price War um another thing would be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price War um another thing would be if
+like any firm had an unusually small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any firm had an unusually small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any firm had an unusually small
+market share like one firms could worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share like one firms could worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share like one firms could worry
+that the other two guys are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other two guys are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other two guys are both
+cheating against me and so if I see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating against me and so if I see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating against me and so if I see that
+like instead of being 30 3030 or 3034 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like instead of being 30 3030 or 3034 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like instead of being 30 3030 or 3034 40
+or whatever it's you know 40 50 10 The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it's you know 40 50 10 The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it's you know 40 50 10 The
+Firm that's getting the 10 could worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Firm that's getting the 10 could worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Firm that's getting the 10 could worry
+that the other two are both cheating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other two are both cheating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other two are both cheating on
+the cartel agreement and so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartel agreement and so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartel agreement and so you might
+want to have a system where if anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a system where if anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a system where if anybody
+has an unusually small market share then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an unusually small market share then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an unusually small market share then
+you start a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start a price
+War uh another thing you could also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War uh another thing you could also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War uh another thing you could also do
+is just if aggregate demand is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just if aggregate demand is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just if aggregate demand is is
+unusually high this would be more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusually high this would be more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusually high this would be more like
+the green Porter textbook model but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green Porter textbook model but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green Porter textbook model but if
+you know if suddenly aggregate demand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if suddenly aggregate demand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if suddenly aggregate demand is
+really high then you think that someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high then you think that someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high then you think that someone
+out there must be cheating therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there must be cheating therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there must be cheating therefore
+we're going to be more likely to start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be more likely to start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be more likely to start a
+price war and obviously you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price war and obviously you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price war and obviously you could do
+many combinations of these uh what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many combinations of these uh what I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many combinations of these uh what I do
+in the paper is just sort of put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paper is just sort of put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paper is just sort of put in
+several you know put in several of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several you know put in several of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several you know put in several of them
+and see what what's there but first um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what what's there but first um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what what's there but first um
+first just sort of the standard model uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first just sort of the standard model uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first just sort of the standard model uh
+without the W's so standard model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the W's so standard model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the W's so standard model
+without the W's uh there's strong serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the W's uh there's strong serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the W's uh there's strong serial
+correlation um the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation um the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation um the effect
+of uh collusion or the Cooperative phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh collusion or the Cooperative phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh collusion or the Cooperative phase
+on pricing is even larger than Porter by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pricing is even larger than Porter by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pricing is even larger than Porter by
+a little bit it's 6 instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit it's 6 instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit it's 6 instead of
+0.5 um but what does change when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 um but what does change when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 um but what does change when you
+count for this Sero correlation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count for this Sero correlation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count for this Sero correlation is the
+demand elasticity which Porter had at 08
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand elasticity which Porter had at 08
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand elasticity which Porter had at 08
+and it was sort of a puzzle why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was sort of a puzzle why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was sort of a puzzle why would
+the cartel be pricing where the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartel be pricing where the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartel be pricing where the demand
+elasticity was 08 don't we know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity was 08 don't we know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity was 08 don't we know that you
+normally price in the elastic part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally price in the elastic part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally price in the elastic part of
+the demand curve once you account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve once you account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve once you account for
+the Sero correlation that mystery goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sero correlation that mystery goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sero correlation that mystery goes
+away and I now say that the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and I now say that the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and I now say that the demand
+elasticity was minus one 1.8 not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity was minus one 1.8 not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity was minus one 1.8 not
+minus8 uh and so if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus8 uh and so if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus8 uh and so if you think
+about what the opt what the Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the opt what the Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the opt what the Theta
+implied Theta by the data is the implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied Theta by the data is the implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied Theta by the data is the implied
+Theta from how they're pricing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta from how they're pricing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta from how they're pricing you know
+how big is a again you have price Minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big is a again you have price Minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big is a again you have price Minus
+cost over price equals Theta over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost over price equals Theta over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost over price equals Theta over the
+elasticity so you know now you plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity so you know now you plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity so you know now you plug in
+1.8 here instead of uh instead of 08 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.8 here instead of uh instead of 08 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.8 here instead of uh instead of 08 and
+you say what's the Theta that's causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say what's the Theta that's causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say what's the Theta that's causing
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um now I'm getting that the Theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I'm getting that the Theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I'm getting that the Theta is
+fairly they're using a Theta that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly they're using a Theta that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly they're using a Theta that's
+pretty close to one the it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to one the it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to one the it looks like
+the Theta is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Theta is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Theta is like
+085 so again I'm not you you're not if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+085 so again I'm not you you're not if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+085 so again I'm not you you're not if
+you assume that Theta C equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume that Theta C equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume that Theta C equals
+zero uh would imply that Theta sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh would imply that Theta sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh would imply that Theta sorry
+Theta W equals z would imply that Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta W equals z would imply that Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta W equals z would imply that Theta
+C is about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is about like
+085 so with this new demand elasticy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+085 so with this new demand elasticy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+085 so with this new demand elasticy it
+looks like it's not just a green pter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's not just a green pter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's not just a green pter
+cartel having two regimes it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel having two regimes it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel having two regimes it's two
+regimes where one is close to cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes where one is close to cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes where one is close to cost and
+the other is very close to the Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is very close to the Monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is very close to the Monopoly
+price so it looks like they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price so it looks like they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price so it looks like they are
+aggressively trying to get nearly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressively trying to get nearly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressively trying to get nearly the
+full Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full Monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full Monopoly
+profits okay um and if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits okay um and if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits okay um and if you look at this
+you know the probability of a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the probability of a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the probability of a price
+War um the probability of cooperating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War um the probability of cooperating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War um the probability of cooperating
+when you're cooperating today is e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're cooperating today is e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're cooperating today is e to
+the 3.6 over 1 plus e to 3.6 so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3.6 over 1 plus e to 3.6 so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3.6 over 1 plus e to 3.6 so if
+you're cooperating today the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're cooperating today the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're cooperating today the probability
+of cooperating tomorrow is very high if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cooperating tomorrow is very high if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cooperating tomorrow is very high if
+you're in a price War today the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a price War today the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a price War today the
+probability of cooperating tomorrow is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of cooperating tomorrow is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of cooperating tomorrow is e
+to the minus 2.6 over 1+ eus 2.6 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 2.6 over 1+ eus 2.6 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 2.6 over 1+ eus 2.6 so that
+says if you're in a price War there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if you're in a price War there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if you're in a price War there's
+very low probability that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low probability that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low probability that you're going
+to go back to cooperating Next Period so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to cooperating Next Period so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to cooperating Next Period so
+clearly that these numbers are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly that these numbers are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly that these numbers are different
+mean that these price Wars are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that these price Wars are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that these price Wars are
+continuous periods in the data uh and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous periods in the data uh and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous periods in the data uh and it
+also you know it makes you reclassify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you know it makes you reclassify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you know it makes you reclassify
+some of the periods like in Porters data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the periods like in Porters data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the periods like in Porters data
+you can be like okay price War price War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be like okay price War price War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be like okay price War price War
+price War price War cooperation price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price War price War cooperation price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price War price War cooperation price
+War price War price War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War price War price War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War price War price War
+and then you know with putting in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know with putting in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know with putting in this
+variable it reclassifies them it says no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it reclassifies them it says no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it reclassifies them it says no
+that's a price War to it's just a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a price War to it's just a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a price War to it's just a price
+war that has a big Epsilon attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war that has a big Epsilon attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war that has a big Epsilon attached to
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+um okay um okay and then what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay um okay and then what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay um okay and then what about
+these variables for things causing price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these variables for things causing price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these variables for things causing price
+Wars some of them are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wars some of them are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wars some of them are kind of
+significant if you do the sort of 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant if you do the sort of 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant if you do the sort of 5%
+level kind of significant one-sided tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level kind of significant one-sided tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level kind of significant one-sided tail
+techn so uh some firm having unusually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techn so uh some firm having unusually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techn so uh some firm having unusually
+large market share it seems like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large market share it seems like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large market share it seems like that
+makes price Wars more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes price Wars more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes price Wars more likely to
+start um also VT the aggregate demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start um also VT the aggregate demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start um also VT the aggregate demand
+residual being high also makes it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual being high also makes it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual being high also makes it look
+like price Wars are com to start so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like price Wars are com to start so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like price Wars are com to start so if
+you think about like this a model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about like this a model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about like this a model of
+Albert thinkink it does seem like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert thinkink it does seem like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert thinkink it does seem like if
+aggregate demand is unusually high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand is unusually high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand is unusually high
+or one firm has an unusually high market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one firm has an unusually high market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one firm has an unusually high market
+share that makes it more likely that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share that makes it more likely that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share that makes it more likely that is
+declaring price war starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaring price war starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaring price war starts
+tomorrow okay um you know significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow okay um you know significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow okay um you know significance
+is just marginal though and the triggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just marginal though and the triggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just marginal though and the triggers
+are not really powerful enough to deter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not really powerful enough to deter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not really powerful enough to deter
+deviation so if these were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation so if these were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation so if these were the
+magnitudes of the triggers that think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes of the triggers that think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes of the triggers that think
+was using and you were advised New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was using and you were advised New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was using and you were advised New York
+Central Railroad you'd be like yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Railroad you'd be like yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Railroad you'd be like yeah you
+guys should be cheating because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys should be cheating because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys should be cheating because if you
+cheat you gain 10% market share you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat you gain 10% market share you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat you gain 10% market share you're
+going to earn a lot more money and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to earn a lot more money and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to earn a lot more money and the
+probability of price War only goes up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of price War only goes up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of price War only goes up by
+a few percents you'd be better off you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few percents you'd be better off you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few percents you'd be better off you'd
+be better off cheating on this agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better off cheating on this agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better off cheating on this agreement
+so obviously you know what what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously you know what what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously you know what what's going
+on is you know so you know this leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is you know so you know this leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is you know so you know this leaves
+multiple hypotheses though one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple hypotheses though one is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple hypotheses though one is that
+think got it wrong and his triggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think got it wrong and his triggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think got it wrong and his triggers
+weren't sensitive enough he was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't sensitive enough he was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't sensitive enough he was too
+hesitant to trigger price Wars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitant to trigger price Wars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitant to trigger price Wars and
+therefore firms did have an incentive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore firms did have an incentive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore firms did have an incentive to
+cheat and firms did cheat uh the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat and firms did cheat uh the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat and firms did cheat uh the other
+hypothesis that he had a trigger that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that he had a trigger that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that he had a trigger that's
+imperfectly correlated with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfectly correlated with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfectly correlated with all the
+variables I put in there and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I put in there and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I put in there and because
+it's imperfectly correlated there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's imperfectly correlated there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's imperfectly correlated there's
+attenuation bias there's a stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation bias there's a stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation bias there's a stronger
+trigger out there I just didn't find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger out there I just didn't find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger out there I just didn't find it
+um and you this unfortunately this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you this unfortunately this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you this unfortunately this the
+kind of thing where you might say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing where you might say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing where you might say oh
+could I do some machine learning thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I do some machine learning thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I do some machine learning thing
+and figure out exactly what Albert Frink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out exactly what Albert Frink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out exactly what Albert Frink
+was doing you know there are there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing you know there are there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing you know there are there are
+between eight and 11 price Wars so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between eight and 11 price Wars so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between eight and 11 price Wars so in
+some sense you only have eight or 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense you only have eight or 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense you only have eight or 11
+data points you there's only so much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points you there's only so much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points you there's only so much you
+can do with sophisticated statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with sophisticated statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with sophisticated statistics
+when you're trying to figure out when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to figure out when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to figure out when
+eight price Wars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight price Wars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight price Wars
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that anyway so other things in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyway so other things in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyway so other things in the paper
+I do have something looking at rodenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do have something looking at rodenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do have something looking at rodenberg
+saloner effects I won't talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saloner effects I won't talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saloner effects I won't talk about that
+um you know the paper sort of asks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the paper sort of asks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the paper sort of asks the
+question in the back part are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in the back part are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in the back part are there
+secret price cuts and does it look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret price cuts and does it look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret price cuts and does it look like
+the secret price Cuts were being given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secret price Cuts were being given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secret price Cuts were being given
+uh and the way it does this is to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the way it does this is to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the way it does this is to add
+extra unobserved supp extra unobserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra unobserved supp extra unobserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra unobserved supp extra unobserved
+demand regimes saying that if firms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand regimes saying that if firms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand regimes saying that if firms are
+giving secret price Cuts demand is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving secret price Cuts demand is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving secret price Cuts demand is going
+to look unusually high relative to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look unusually high relative to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look unusually high relative to what
+demand normally looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand normally looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand normally looks like
+can we estimate a hidden demand hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we estimate a hidden demand hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we estimate a hidden demand hidden
+regime model to say are does it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime model to say are does it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime model to say are does it look
+like there's some fraction of periods in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's some fraction of periods in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's some fraction of periods in
+which people are cheating and demand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people are cheating and demand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people are cheating and demand is
+unusually high uh and it provides some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusually high uh and it provides some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusually high uh and it provides some
+suggestive evidence that it does look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive evidence that it does look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive evidence that it does look
+like that's probably what was going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's probably what was going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's probably what was going on
+here historically is that there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here historically is that there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here historically is that there are a
+period of demand periods where demand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of demand periods where demand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of demand periods where demand is
+on suspiciously High making you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on suspiciously High making you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on suspiciously High making you think
+someone is cheating um and so it think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is cheating um and so it think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is cheating um and so it think
+the go it aims toward the think didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the go it aims toward the think didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the go it aims toward the think didn't
+have it quite right and the firms were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it quite right and the firms were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it quite right and the firms were
+doing some cheating on each other um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some cheating on each other um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some cheating on each other um
+uh but obviously you know if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but obviously you know if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but obviously you know if you think
+about like where did I miss an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like where did I miss an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like where did I miss an enormous
+opportunity you know there are papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity you know there are papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity you know there are papers
+that written subsequent to mind that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that written subsequent to mind that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that written subsequent to mind that now
+have thousands and thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thousands and thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thousands and thousands of
+citations that say well what you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations that say well what you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations that say well what you could
+do in a situation like this is instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in a situation like this is instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in a situation like this is instead
+of instead of like estimating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instead of like estimating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instead of like estimating the
+trigger and saying is the trigger strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger and saying is the trigger strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger and saying is the trigger strong
+enough to uh cause collusion maybe what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to uh cause collusion maybe what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to uh cause collusion maybe what
+you could do is impose that the trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is impose that the trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is impose that the trigger
+is strong enough to stop firms from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strong enough to stop firms from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strong enough to stop firms from
+colluding and then estimate the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colluding and then estimate the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colluding and then estimate the model
+and see if you can find the trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if you can find the trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if you can find the trigger
+based on that add adding allowing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that add adding allowing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that add adding allowing some
+extra measurement error so it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra measurement error so it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra measurement error so it could be
+that the price Wars start one week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the price Wars start one week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the price Wars start one week
+earlier than I think they start because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier than I think they start because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier than I think they start because
+some firm had an enormous market share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some firm had an enormous market share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some firm had an enormous market share
+one week earlier the reported price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one week earlier the reported price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one week earlier the reported price is
+still high but maybe the price were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still high but maybe the price were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still high but maybe the price were
+actually started one week earlier with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually started one week earlier with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually started one week earlier with a
+mismeasured PR you know the there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismeasured PR you know the there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismeasured PR you know the there was an
+enormous cheating incident for two weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous cheating incident for two weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous cheating incident for two weeks
+earlier they start the price War the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier they start the price War the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier they start the price War the
+price where only shows up in my data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price where only shows up in my data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price where only shows up in my data
+which uses posted prices one week later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uses posted prices one week later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uses posted prices one week later
+therefore I missed it um so anyway I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I missed it um so anyway I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I missed it um so anyway I
+think this is sort of in some sense what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is sort of in some sense what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is sort of in some sense what
+the what the structural literature has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the structural literature has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the structural literature has
+done is to say if we think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is to say if we think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is to say if we think that the
+firms are playing an equilibrium we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are playing an equilibrium we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are playing an equilibrium we
+should impose that an equilibrium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should impose that an equilibrium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should impose that an equilibrium is
+being played and make that an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being played and make that an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being played and make that an extra
+constraint on the model and estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on the model and estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on the model and estimate the
+model with that constrainted um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with that constrainted um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with that constrainted um so
+didn't think I didn't think to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think I didn't think to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think I didn't think to do that
+at the time but it you know in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time but it you know in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time but it you know in some
+sense it's a it is a very natural thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's a it is a very natural thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's a it is a very natural thing
+to sort of say is let's impose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of say is let's impose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of say is let's impose that
+constraint see what happens and is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint see what happens and is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint see what happens and is the
+model now able to explain the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model now able to explain the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model now able to explain the data
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so for instance right like in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for instance right like in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for instance right like in this
+week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+um you know it's it's very clear where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's it's very clear where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's it's very clear where
+this price war starts um the price war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this price war starts um the price war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this price war starts um the price war
+starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts
+here but it could be that in this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it could be that in this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it could be that in this week
+the firms were already cheating on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firms were already cheating on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firms were already cheating on the
+agreement and they were actually pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement and they were actually pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement and they were actually pricing
+here and we just have a mismeasured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we just have a mismeasured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we just have a mismeasured
+price because the prices in this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price because the prices in this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price because the prices in this data
+set are the prices they were supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set are the prices they were supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set are the prices they were supposed to
+be charging not the ones they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be charging not the ones they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be charging not the ones they actually
+charged you know next thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged you know next thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged you know next thing I want to
+get to is is um you know I I this I the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to is is um you know I I this I the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to is is um you know I I this I the
+benefit of like seeing what my care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of like seeing what my care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of like seeing what my care
+interesting like you know I red mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting like you know I red mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting like you know I red mask
+inol for many years and mass control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inol for many years and mass control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inol for many years and mass control
+point out that like these Edward Cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that like these Edward Cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that like these Edward Cycles
+are possible you sort of always thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are possible you sort of always thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are possible you sort of always thought
+of at least seen as a this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at least seen as a this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at least seen as a this is an
+interesting uh this is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh this is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh this is an interesting
+possibility that in models with small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that in models with small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that in models with small
+numbers of firms firms can collude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of firms firms can collude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of firms firms can collude and
+they could collude not on constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could collude not on constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could collude not on constant
+prices like in you know the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices like in you know the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices like in you know the standard
+repeated game equilibrium but they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated game equilibrium but they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated game equilibrium but they might
+collude collusion might lead to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collude collusion might lead to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collude collusion might lead to these
+edar Cycles where price goes like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edar Cycles where price goes like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edar Cycles where price goes like that
+and I think it was always at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it was always at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it was always at least
+initially thought of as a intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially thought of as a intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially thought of as a intellectual
+curiosity that you might CLA models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity that you might CLA models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity that you might CLA models
+might actually more naturally lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually more naturally lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually more naturally lead to
+cycling prices rather than high prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycling prices rather than high prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycling prices rather than high prices
+and then this is a view that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is a view that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is a view that of the
+world has actually has changed as high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world has actually has changed as high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world has actually has changed as high
+frequency price data came into view came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency price data came into view came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency price data came into view came
+into U started getting collected because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into U started getting collected because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into U started getting collected because
+you know like again if I ask you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like again if I ask you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like again if I ask you you
+know like what are the prices at gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like what are the prices at gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like what are the prices at gas
+stations and what are prices at gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations and what are prices at gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations and what are prices at gas
+stations do you know you may know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations do you know you may know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations do you know you may know that
+like yeah sometimes gas is 369 sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah sometimes gas is 369 sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah sometimes gas is 369 sometimes
+it's 379 sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 379 sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 379 sometimes it's
+359 I've never really noticed a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+359 I've never really noticed a pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+359 I've never really noticed a pattern
+other than knowing that sometimes I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than knowing that sometimes I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than knowing that sometimes I get
+a good deal on gas and sometimes I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good deal on gas and sometimes I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good deal on gas and sometimes I get a
+bad deal on gas um and so actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad deal on gas um and so actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad deal on gas um and so actually you
+know Mike n was a student sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Mike n was a student sitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Mike n was a student sitting in
+this class where you guys are sitting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class where you guys are sitting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class where you guys are sitting uh
+in the early 2000s uh and he decided he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early 2000s uh and he decided he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early 2000s uh and he decided he
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+actually investigate the Edgeworth cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually investigate the Edgeworth cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually investigate the Edgeworth cycle
+hypothesis you know at least there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis you know at least there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis you know at least there was
+some you know had some notion that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know had some notion that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know had some notion that it
+seemed like in he had the view that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like in he had the view that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like in he had the view that in
+Toronto where I grew up and went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toronto where I grew up and went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toronto where I grew up and went to
+college I I think prices did cycle or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college I I think prices did cycle or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college I I think prices did cycle or at
+least I I know they changed a lot and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least I I know they changed a lot and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least I I know they changed a lot and I
+wonder if they were if they are cycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if they were if they are cycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if they were if they are cycling
+um and so what um Mike did was um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so what um Mike did was um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so what um Mike did was um he
+still had a girlfriend who was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still had a girlfriend who was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still had a girlfriend who was in
+Toronto and he was a PhD student and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toronto and he was a PhD student and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toronto and he was a PhD student and he
+got her to collect a data set for him uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got her to collect a data set for him uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got her to collect a data set for him uh
+and the way she did this was um uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way she did this was um uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way she did this was um uh uh
+she had she she um uh she had a like 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had she she um uh she had a like 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had she she um uh she had a like 25
+or 30 minute car commute in Toronto and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 30 minute car commute in Toronto and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 30 minute car commute in Toronto and
+she stuck a voice recorder in her in her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she stuck a voice recorder in her in her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she stuck a voice recorder in her in her
+pocket or whatever and as she passed gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket or whatever and as she passed gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket or whatever and as she passed gas
+stations on the way to and from work she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations on the way to and from work she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations on the way to and from work she
+read off she just read to herself what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read off she just read to herself what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read off she just read to herself what
+prices they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices they were
+charging uh and then transcribed them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging uh and then transcribed them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging uh and then transcribed them um
+and so what she got was a twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what she got was a twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what she got was a twice
+weekly uh data set of uh prices of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly uh data set of uh prices of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly uh data set of uh prices of of
+gas station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas station
+in Toronto which are you know located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Toronto which are you know located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Toronto which are you know located
+along it was like you know map of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along it was like you know map of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along it was like you know map of
+Toronto she works here she lives here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toronto she works here she lives here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toronto she works here she lives here
+she drives this route every single day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she drives this route every single day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she drives this route every single day
+and so you get you know 14 gas stations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get you know 14 gas stations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get you know 14 gas stations
+along that route and you get the twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that route and you get the twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that route and you get the twice
+daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily
+prices and this is one of those ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and this is one of those ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and this is one of those ones
+where you know just the immediate paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know just the immediate paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know just the immediate paper
+itis is like so this is a uh graph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itis is like so this is a uh graph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itis is like so this is a uh graph of
+her twice daily data and what you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her twice daily data and what you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her twice daily data and what you see is
+that you know this was was the wholesale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know this was was the wholesale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know this was was the wholesale
+price of gasoline uh in in Toronto if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of gasoline uh in in Toronto if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of gasoline uh in in Toronto if
+you just bought it wholesale at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just bought it wholesale at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just bought it wholesale at like
+whatever those big enormous fuel tanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever those big enormous fuel tanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever those big enormous fuel tanks
+are that the the pump trucks back up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that the the pump trucks back up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that the the pump trucks back up to
+to take it to the gas stations and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it to the gas stations and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it to the gas stations and this
+is her data on the retail price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is her data on the retail price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is her data on the retail price of
+gasoline and I just think you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline and I just think you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline and I just think you know just
+that one graph just makes it enormously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one graph just makes it enormously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one graph just makes it enormously
+clear that you know this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that you know this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that you know this is not a
+cost-based explanation for why gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost-based explanation for why gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost-based explanation for why gas
+prices change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices change
+clearly these are playing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly these are playing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly these are playing you know
+somehow the gas stations in Toronto are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the gas stations in Toronto are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the gas stations in Toronto are
+somehow playing some kind of Edgeworth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow playing some kind of Edgeworth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow playing some kind of Edgeworth
+cycle uh equilibrium and they're playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle uh equilibrium and they're playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle uh equilibrium and they're playing
+some kind of edgear cycle equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of edgear cycle equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of edgear cycle equilibrium
+where the prices just jump up really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the prices just jump up really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the prices just jump up really
+high and then go down they hit right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and then go down they hit right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and then go down they hit right the
+firms at various points are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms at various points are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms at various points are really
+losing money pumping gas um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing money pumping gas um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing money pumping gas um and then
+prices jump up and become very large and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices jump up and become very large and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices jump up and become very large and
+then they just keep cycling like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they just keep cycling like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they just keep cycling like that
+you know these Cycles you might think oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these Cycles you might think oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these Cycles you might think oh
+are those weekly Cycles the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those weekly Cycles the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those weekly Cycles the the
+frequencies there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies there are
+roughly a week long but they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly a week long but they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly a week long but they're not
+synchronized with days of the week like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronized with days of the week like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronized with days of the week like
+sometimes they're six days long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're six days long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're six days long
+sometimes they're eight days long over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're eight days long over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're eight days long over
+the course of the day the the Cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the day the the Cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the day the the Cycles
+shift relative to the week so it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift relative to the week so it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift relative to the week so it's some
+weeks the big jump comes on Monday some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks the big jump comes on Monday some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks the big jump comes on Monday some
+it's Wednesday some parts of the datea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Wednesday some parts of the datea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Wednesday some parts of the datea
+it's Friday but anyway prices are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Friday but anyway prices are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Friday but anyway prices are just
+following that cycling pattern and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following that cycling pattern and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following that cycling pattern and
+actually I I find this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I I find this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I I find this kind of
+remarkable because if if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable because if if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable because if if you think about
+it you know somehow like there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know somehow like there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know somehow like there's there's
+a sort of Interest Network geography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of Interest Network geography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of Interest Network geography
+question here is like how do they even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here is like how do they even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here is like how do they even
+do this like I I get that okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this like I I get that okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this like I I get that okay this
+station raises its price and so then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station raises its price and so then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station raises its price and so then the
+two next to it raise their prices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two next to it raise their prices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two next to it raise their prices and
+undercut it the next day and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut it the next day and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut it the next day and then this
+one undercuts this and then this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one undercuts this and then this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one undercuts this and then this you
+know then these two undercut these ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know then these two undercut these ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know then these two undercut these ones
+and then the even ones undercut the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the even ones undercut the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the even ones undercut the odd
+ones or whatever but somehow there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones or whatever but somehow there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones or whatever but somehow there are
+like lots of chains of gas stations like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lots of chains of gas stations like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lots of chains of gas stations like
+you could also have driven this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also have driven this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also have driven this way and
+you would have gas stations here and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have gas stations here and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have gas stations here and how
+do you keep the Cycles in sync so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you keep the Cycles in sync so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you keep the Cycles in sync so that
+like you know you you might think I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know you you might think I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know you you might think I go
+this way and I pass an even number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and I pass an even number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and I pass an even number of
+stations I go this way I pass an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations I go this way I pass an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations I go this way I pass an odd
+number of stations who's undercutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of stations who's undercutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of stations who's undercutting
+whom but somehow the whole city must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom but somehow the whole city must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom but somehow the whole city must
+geography must be such that the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography must be such that the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography must be such that the city
+hangs together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangs together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangs together and
+Cycles together with itself um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles together with itself um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles together with itself um and
+actually you know there's someone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know there's someone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know there's someone has
+another paper on Canada more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another paper on Canada more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another paper on Canada more generally
+got high frequency data and it turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got high frequency data and it turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got high frequency data and it turned
+out that and I don't know why some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that and I don't know why some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that and I don't know why some
+cities in Canada do this and some do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities in Canada do this and some do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities in Canada do this and some do not
+um so like you go is like some cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so like you go is like some cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so like you go is like some cities
+have these sort of cycling prices some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these sort of cycling prices some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these sort of cycling prices some
+do not have these cycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prices um and again it was largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices um and again it was largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices um and again it was largely
+unknown until people started Gathering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown until people started Gathering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown until people started Gathering
+high frequency data because you use data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency data because you use data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency data because you use data
+at a onewe frequency you don't see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a onewe frequency you don't see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a onewe frequency you don't see this
+because you miss the periods in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you miss the periods in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you miss the periods in
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+um uh you know another subsequent paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know another subsequent paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know another subsequent paper
+on this uh jongman Wang wrote a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this uh jongman Wang wrote a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this uh jongman Wang wrote a paper
+about gasoline pricing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about gasoline pricing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about gasoline pricing and
+yeah if we believe like the Ed for cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if we believe like the Ed for cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if we believe like the Ed for cycle
+story wouldn't we believe that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story wouldn't we believe that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story wouldn't we believe that these
+Cycles would only occur with gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles would only occur with gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles would only occur with gas
+stations that are close to other gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations that are close to other gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations that are close to other gas
+stations so like if you have gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations so like if you have gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations so like if you have gas
+stations kind of out away from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations kind of out away from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations kind of out away from other
+stations they would have no incentive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations they would have no incentive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations they would have no incentive to
+do this to do this yeah so obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this to do this yeah so obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this to do this yeah so obviously
+this is you know yeah this data is urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know yeah this data is urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know yeah this data is urban
+Toronto you know like Toronto is a city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toronto you know like Toronto is a city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toronto you know like Toronto is a city
+of I don't know how many million people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I don't know how many million people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I don't know how many million people
+so I assume that there are gas stations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I assume that there are gas stations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I assume that there are gas stations
+every I assume every gas station in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every I assume every gas station in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every I assume every gas station in
+urban toron was close to some other gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban toron was close to some other gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban toron was close to some other gas
+station Urban Toronto and so it it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station Urban Toronto and so it it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station Urban Toronto and so it it could
+be something about yeah the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something about yeah the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something about yeah the density
+needs to be high enough to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be high enough to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be high enough to get the
+things to cycle and and once you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to cycle and and once you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to cycle and and once you get
+Islands without gas stations the islands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islands without gas stations the islands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islands without gas stations the islands
+break up the cycling in the other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up the cycling in the other places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up the cycling in the other places
+yeah it it's um you know you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it it's um you know you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it it's um you know you need to
+think of there being price competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of there being price competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of there being price competition
+between adjacent stations and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between adjacent stations and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between adjacent stations and every
+station adjacent to another one to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station adjacent to another one to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station adjacent to another one to have
+this to work somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to work somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to work somehow
+um and you know these graphs are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know these graphs are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know these graphs are like
+you know these graphs are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these graphs are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these graphs are um
+you know I think these graphs are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think these graphs are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think these graphs are the
+average prices in their data set across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average prices in their data set across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average prices in their data set across
+all 14 stations or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 14 stations or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 14 stations or something like that
+so it's so it is like a synchron like at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's so it is like a synchron like at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's so it is like a synchron like at
+least in her commute it's synchronous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in her commute it's synchronous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in her commute it's synchronous
+for the length of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the length of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the length of her
+commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute
+um um okay so anyway um shman Wong uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um okay so anyway um shman Wong uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um okay so anyway um shman Wong uh
+wrote a paper then about gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a paper then about gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a paper then about gasoline
+cycling in uh Perth Australia Perth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycling in uh Perth Australia Perth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycling in uh Perth Australia Perth is
+also nice because Perth is like uh Perth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also nice because Perth is like uh Perth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also nice because Perth is like uh Perth
+is all the way over on the West Coast of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all the way over on the West Coast of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all the way over on the West Coast of
+Australia where there's almost nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australia where there's almost nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australia where there's almost nothing
+else and so per Perth is like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and so per Perth is like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and so per Perth is like an
+isolated City all by itself there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated City all by itself there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated City all by itself there's also
+only two gas there's actually one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two gas there's actually one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two gas there's actually one
+gasoline refinery in Perth so everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline refinery in Perth so everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline refinery in Perth so everyone
+has there you can import gasoline but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has there you can import gasoline but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has there you can import gasoline but
+other than other than importing gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than other than importing gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than other than importing gasoline
+you're all buying it from the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all buying it from the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all buying it from the other
+Refinery I believe um anyway and Perth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Refinery I believe um anyway and Perth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Refinery I believe um anyway and Perth
+had this problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this problem of
+uh prices there were known to cycle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh prices there were known to cycle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh prices there were known to cycle and
+prices were known to cycle and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices were known to cycle and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices were known to cycle and this was
+seen as something that was very bad for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as something that was very bad for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as something that was very bad for
+consumers and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and so the
+Australian I don't know whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australian I don't know whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australian I don't know whatever it is
+Australian competition Authority or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australian competition Authority or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australian competition Authority or
+somebody in 2001 passed a regulation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in 2001 passed a regulation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in 2001 passed a regulation to
+try to stop price cycling uh and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to stop price cycling uh and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to stop price cycling uh and what
+they did to try to stop price cycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did to try to stop price cycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did to try to stop price cycling
+was a a law and the law said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a a law and the law said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a a law and the law said that
+gasoline stations can only change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline stations can only change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline stations can only change their
+price once a day at most every gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price once a day at most every gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price once a day at most every gasoline
+station must by 2 P.M every day report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station must by 2 P.M every day report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station must by 2 P.M every day report
+to the government what price they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the government what price they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the government what price they will
+charge the next day and they must charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge the next day and they must charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge the next day and they must charge
+that price the next day no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that price the next day no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that price the next day no matter what
+so every day by 2 p.m. you had to sub to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every day by 2 p.m. you had to sub to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every day by 2 p.m. you had to sub to
+a government website what price you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a government website what price you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a government website what price you were
+going to charge the next day and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to charge the next day and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to charge the next day and then
+your price was fixed and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your price was fixed and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your price was fixed and they were
+thinking that okay this is going to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that okay this is going to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that okay this is going to stop
+the this could stop the price cycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this could stop the price cycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this could stop the price cycling
+because you know these price Cycles you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know these price Cycles you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know these price Cycles you
+go from pricing low to pricing 20 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from pricing low to pricing 20 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from pricing low to pricing 20 cents
+above everybody else if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above everybody else if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above everybody else if you do
+that no one is going to buy from you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no one is going to buy from you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no one is going to buy from you and
+then if we do this daily thing firms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we do this daily thing firms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we do this daily thing firms are
+going to be left with zero demand for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be left with zero demand for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be left with zero demand for a
+full day they're not going to want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full day they're not going to want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full day they're not going to want to do
+that this going to disrupt this price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this going to disrupt this price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this going to disrupt this price
+cycing which we think is keeping prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycing which we think is keeping prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycing which we think is keeping prices
+above marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above marginal
+cost anyway that was what they did so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost anyway that was what they did so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost anyway that was what they did so
+anyway and what Wong does is gather data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and what Wong does is gather data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and what Wong does is gather data
+before and after the the uh gas price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and after the the uh gas price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and after the the uh gas price
+stting he add another very clever thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stting he add another very clever thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stting he add another very clever thing
+to this paper which is how do I get high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this paper which is how do I get high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this paper which is how do I get high
+frequency data on the prices that gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency data on the prices that gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency data on the prices that gas
+stations are charging you know can I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations are charging you know can I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations are charging you know can I go
+to Every gas station in the city of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Every gas station in the city of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Every gas station in the city of
+Perth and say could you give me your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perth and say could you give me your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perth and say could you give me your
+price change with the exact minute by-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price change with the exact minute by-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price change with the exact minute by-
+minute date at time at which you changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute date at time at which you changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute date at time at which you changed
+your data and you change your prices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data and you change your prices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data and you change your prices and
+and the answer is obviously no you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is obviously no you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is obviously no you can't
+do that the stations won't give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that the stations won't give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that the stations won't give you the
+price um you can't send you know didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price um you can't send you know didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price um you can't send you know didn't
+have a girlfriend in in Perth you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a girlfriend in in Perth you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a girlfriend in in Perth you
+couldn't drive around to all the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't drive around to all the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't drive around to all the gas
+stations and how frequently can you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations and how frequently can you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations and how frequently can you do
+that anyway um but we did made a deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyway um but we did made a deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyway um but we did made a deal
+with a credit card company and realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a credit card company and realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a credit card company and realized
+that credit card companies have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that credit card companies have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that credit card companies have people
+dip their credit cards at all the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dip their credit cards at all the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dip their credit cards at all the gas
+stations and so the credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations and so the credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations and so the credit card
+companies know what the price was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies know what the price was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies know what the price was
+because it actually gets reported back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it actually gets reported back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it actually gets reported back
+to the credit card company that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the credit card company that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the credit card company that they
+bought 8367 gallons at or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought 8367 gallons at or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought 8367 gallons at or whatever
+liters at1 99 a liter and so he made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liters at1 99 a liter and so he made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liters at1 99 a liter and so he made a
+deal with one credit card company to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with one credit card company to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with one credit card company to
+give him gasoline prices in Perth every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give him gasoline prices in Perth every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give him gasoline prices in Perth every
+time that they recorded a swipe in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that they recorded a swipe in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that they recorded a swipe in one
+of their cards you don't need that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their cards you don't need that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their cards you don't need that big
+of a market share on credit cards to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a market share on credit cards to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a market share on credit cards to be
+basically getting most of the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically getting most of the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically getting most of the gas
+stations pretty often um anyway so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations pretty often um anyway so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations pretty often um anyway so we
+have these s again very neat figures oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these s again very neat figures oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these s again very neat figures oh
+so anyway I say these things already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway I say these things already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway I say these things already
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um yep Edward Le were present regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yep Edward Le were present regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yep Edward Le were present regulatory
+change yeah daily prices for after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change yeah daily prices for after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change yeah daily prices for after the
+change you could get from the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you could get from the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you could get from the government
+website but he got a data from a credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website but he got a data from a credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website but he got a data from a credit
+card company for six months before Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card company for six months before Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card company for six months before Oh
+and wholesale prices um you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wholesale prices um you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wholesale prices um you could also
+get because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get because
+um uh the the um the single Refinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the the um the single Refinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the the um the single Refinery
+that refined gasoline like how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that refined gasoline like how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that refined gasoline like how do you
+have a market with a single Refinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a market with a single Refinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a market with a single Refinery
+what the single Refinery did is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the single Refinery did is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the single Refinery did is it
+committed to what price that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to what price that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to what price that would
+charge to not exploit people which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to not exploit people which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to not exploit people which was
+the price of gasoline in Singapore plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of gasoline in Singapore plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of gasoline in Singapore plus
+12.6 cents a liter or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.6 cents a liter or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.6 cents a liter or something like
+that so you actually by observing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you actually by observing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you actually by observing the
+wholesale price in Singapore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale price in Singapore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale price in Singapore you
+actually know the wholesale price in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know the wholesale price in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know the wholesale price in uh
+Perth anyway so here we go this is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perth anyway so here we go this is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perth anyway so here we go this is again
+the pre- DAT that he got from the credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre- DAT that he got from the credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre- DAT that he got from the credit
+card company this is what gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card company this is what gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card company this is what gasoline
+prices did uh in Perth Australia before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices did uh in Perth Australia before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices did uh in Perth Australia before
+the law and again you can see there just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law and again you can see there just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law and again you can see there just
+this striking pattern of low price jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this striking pattern of low price jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this striking pattern of low price jump
+up charge high prices prices drop down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up charge high prices prices drop down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up charge high prices prices drop down
+you know these things are a weak apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these things are a weak apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these things are a weak apart
+so the Cycles are generally about a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Cycles are generally about a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Cycles are generally about a week
+long but you can see they're not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long but you can see they're not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long but you can see they're not exactly
+week long like this one here this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week long like this one here this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week long like this one here this one
+looks like it's almost 9 days for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's almost 9 days for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's almost 9 days for that
+cycle this cycle shorter that one's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle this cycle shorter that one's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle this cycle shorter that one's like
+six days uh and you get these just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six days uh and you get these just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six days uh and you get these just
+massive one day increases and gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive one day increases and gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive one day increases and gasoline
+prices um you know these prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices um you know these prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices um you know these prices are
+these are cents per liter so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are cents per liter so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are cents per liter so if you
+can't see it this is five so that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see it this is five so that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see it this is five so that's like
+30 cents a gallon of gas so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 cents a gallon of gas so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 cents a gallon of gas so it's like
+the price goes from 339 a gallon to 3.69
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price goes from 339 a gallon to 3.69
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price goes from 339 a gallon to 3.69
+a gallon in this space of of an hour or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gallon in this space of of an hour or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gallon in this space of of an hour or
+a few hours and then it spends a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few hours and then it spends a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few hours and then it spends a week
+going back down to 339 and then jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back down to 339 and then jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back down to 339 and then jumps
+back up to 369
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up to 369
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up to 369
+again um anyway so you know what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um anyway so you know what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um anyway so you know what what
+does this paper say okay they do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this paper say okay they do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this paper say okay they do this
+they put in the law what happens I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put in the law what happens I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put in the law what happens I
+didn't put all the graphs but shortly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put all the graphs but shortly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put all the graphs but shortly
+after the law is passed you get a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the law is passed you get a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the law is passed you get a bunch
+of chaos and like the price Cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chaos and like the price Cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chaos and like the price Cycles
+disappear the price Cycles disappear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear the price Cycles disappear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear the price Cycles disappear the
+firms look like they don't quite know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms look like they don't quite know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms look like they don't quite know
+what they're doing they're finding a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing they're finding a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing they're finding a new
+repeated game strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated game strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated game strategy
+and then within three or four months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then within three or four months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then within three or four months
+after the price the law has gone into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the price the law has gone into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the price the law has gone into
+effect boom there's the daily price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect boom there's the daily price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect boom there's the daily price
+cycle data so whatever learning of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle data so whatever learning of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle data so whatever learning of how
+to play a repeated game strategy and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play a repeated game strategy and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play a repeated game strategy and how
+to match these things up in this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match these things up in this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match these things up in this new
+environment where you can only change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment where you can only change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment where you can only change
+your prices once a day and H are stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your prices once a day and H are stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your prices once a day and H are stuck
+at with whatever you said you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at with whatever you said you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at with whatever you said you were
+pricing at 2 p.m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing at 2 p.m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing at 2 p.m
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um price Cycles return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here you know this is he's got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you know this is he's got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you know this is he's got this
+period he's got the wholesale price data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period he's got the wholesale price data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period he's got the wholesale price data
+in there and you can see the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and you can see the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and you can see the at
+sometimes they get fairly close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they get fairly close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they get fairly close to the
+wholesale price uh and again I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale price uh and again I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale price uh and again I I don't
+know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the
+um I'm not sure if this wholesale price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not sure if this wholesale price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not sure if this wholesale price
+includes shipment to the gas you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes shipment to the gas you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes shipment to the gas you know
+Trucking the G fuel from the wholesale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trucking the G fuel from the wholesale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trucking the G fuel from the wholesale
+terminal to the gas station if if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal to the gas station if if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal to the gas station if if it
+doesn't then you know these prices could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't then you know these prices could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't then you know these prices could
+be falling very close to their actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be falling very close to their actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be falling very close to their actual
+delivered price of the gasoline but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered price of the gasoline but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered price of the gasoline but what
+you are getting is this sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are getting is this sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are getting is this sort of you know
+clearly more than doubling of margins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly more than doubling of margins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly more than doubling of margins
+where you have sort of periods of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have sort of periods of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have sort of periods of time
+you have a very small margin and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a very small margin and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a very small margin and which
+could even be zero depending on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even be zero depending on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even be zero depending on what the
+delivery charges are and then prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery charges are and then prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery charges are and then prices
+jump up very high and then they drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump up very high and then they drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump up very high and then they drift
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+down so whatever whatever learning or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so whatever whatever learning or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so whatever whatever learning or
+whatever intuiting of repeated game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever intuiting of repeated game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever intuiting of repeated game
+strategies does not stop gasoline prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies does not stop gasoline prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies does not stop gasoline prices
+from cycling here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um what he also says he just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what he also says he just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what he also says he just sort of
+provid sort of other observations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provid sort of other observations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provid sort of other observations that
+might help you think about where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might help you think about where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might help you think about where this
+cycling comes from uh you know one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycling comes from uh you know one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycling comes from uh you know one is
+that so before the regulation these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so before the regulation these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so before the regulation these
+Cycles had this very distinctive pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles had this very distinctive pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles had this very distinctive pattern
+where it was BP who was always leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was BP who was always leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was BP who was always leading
+the cycle and there'd be some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle and there'd be some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle and there'd be some time
+between 11:00 a.m. and 2 p.m on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 11:00 a.m. and 2 p.m on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 11:00 a.m. and 2 p.m on a
+Tuesday Wednesday or Thursday where BP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday Wednesday or Thursday where BP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday Wednesday or Thursday where BP
+would raise its price by 30 cents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would raise its price by 30 cents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would raise its price by 30 cents a
+gallon uh and then calex which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon uh and then calex which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon uh and then calex which was the
+biggest firm would follow BP about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest firm would follow BP about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest firm would follow BP about two
+or three hour within two or three hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three hour within two or three hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three hour within two or three hours
+of BP raising the prices at all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of BP raising the prices at all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of BP raising the prices at all their
+stations calex would bump all theirs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations calex would bump all theirs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations calex would bump all theirs
+back up to like where BPS was or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up to like where BPS was or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up to like where BPS was or
+slightly under BP's price uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly under BP's price uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly under BP's price uh and then
+another hour later shell would be up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hour later shell would be up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hour later shell would be up
+there joining them and then the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there joining them and then the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there joining them and then the others
+you know the other small independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the other small independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the other small independent
+stations might take a day or two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations might take a day or two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations might take a day or two to
+catch up and notice all the others had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up and notice all the others had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up and notice all the others had
+gone up to the high prices and they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone up to the high prices and they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone up to the high prices and they do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+um after this pattern you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um after this pattern you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um after this pattern you know something
+that seems like it disrupted this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like it disrupted this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like it disrupted this was
+that it seemed like be VP was no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it seemed like be VP was no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it seemed like be VP was no longer
+willing to do this that after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to do this that after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to do this that after
+the you know when BP could raise its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know when BP could raise its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know when BP could raise its
+price and then have calex follow two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and then have calex follow two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and then have calex follow two
+hours later it seemed like it was happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours later it seemed like it was happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours later it seemed like it was happy
+to raise its price and sell very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise its price and sell very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise its price and sell very little
+gas for a few hours uh it seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas for a few hours uh it seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas for a few hours uh it seemed
+unwilling to do this when uh when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwilling to do this when uh when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwilling to do this when uh when it
+would be selling nothing for a full day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be selling nothing for a full day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be selling nothing for a full day
+um and it didn't know you know maybe two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it didn't know you know maybe two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it didn't know you know maybe two
+days maybe calex isn't going to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days maybe calex isn't going to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days maybe calex isn't going to follow
+you the next day um anyway the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the next day um anyway the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the next day um anyway the pattern
+of leadership changes and so now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leadership changes and so now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leadership changes and so now it
+seems like BP and calex take on share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like BP and calex take on share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like BP and calex take on share
+the role of being the price leaders so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of being the price leaders so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of being the price leaders so
+like maybe 40% of the price 40% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe 40% of the price 40% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe 40% of the price 40% of the
+price Cycles are triggered by BP raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price Cycles are triggered by BP raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price Cycles are triggered by BP raising
+prices 40% are triggered by calex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices 40% are triggered by calex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices 40% are triggered by calex
+raising prices and also shell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising prices and also shell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising prices and also shell is
+sometimes doing it but again doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes doing it but again doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes doing it but again doing it
+less often than the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less often than the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less often than the others
+um it does you know he argues that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it does you know he argues that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it does you know he argues that it
+does look like you remember if I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does look like you remember if I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does look like you remember if I talk
+about the sort of way these Cycles work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sort of way these Cycles work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sort of way these Cycles work
+is you go down here and then at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you go down here and then at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you go down here and then at the
+bottom in the mass control model you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom in the mass control model you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom in the mass control model you
+have this mixed strategy equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this mixed strategy equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this mixed strategy equilibrium
+where the firms mix between staying here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the firms mix between staying here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the firms mix between staying here
+and getting a low profit and going here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting a low profit and going here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting a low profit and going here
+and getting no profit um he says a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting no profit um he says a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting no profit um he says a model
+with sort of independent mixing by BP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of independent mixing by BP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of independent mixing by BP
+and calex seems to kind of does look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calex seems to kind of does look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calex seems to kind of does look
+like it kind of explains what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it kind of explains what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it kind of explains what's going on
+it's like they're each mixing and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like they're each mixing and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like they're each mixing and with
+probability. five they go up and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability. five they go up and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability. five they go up and with
+probability 0.5 they stay down and argu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 0.5 they stay down and argu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 0.5 they stay down and argu
+that you know it looks like independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know it looks like independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know it looks like independent
+mixing because you do like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing because you do like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing because you do like you know
+imagine if they were mixing 50 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if they were mixing 50 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if they were mixing 50 50
+independently of each other what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of each other what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of each other what you
+should see is a quarter of the days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see is a quarter of the days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see is a quarter of the days
+nobody goes up a quarter of the days one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody goes up a quarter of the days one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody goes up a quarter of the days one
+of the two goes up you know quarter days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two goes up you know quarter days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two goes up you know quarter days
+BP and not calex quar days calex not BP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BP and not calex quar days calex not BP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BP and not calex quar days calex not BP
+and then quarter time they both go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then quarter time they both go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then quarter time they both go up
+and he does looking at the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he does looking at the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he does looking at the frequency
+with which they both go up and none go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which they both go up and none go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which they both go up and none go
+up and one but not the other it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and one but not the other it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and one but not the other it does
+look like they they're sort of playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like they they're sort of playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like they they're sort of playing
+like independent mixtures down at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like independent mixtures down at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like independent mixtures down at the
+bottom and that's sort of the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and that's sort of the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and that's sort of the thing
+theyve they've settled themselves into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theyve they've settled themselves into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theyve they've settled themselves into
+uh and basically if you want did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and basically if you want did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and basically if you want did this
+law affect average markups over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law affect average markups over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law affect average markups over
+wholesale price this law did not um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale price this law did not um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale price this law did not um so
+whatever you thought that this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you thought that this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you thought that this was a
+anti-market power law uh this did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-market power law uh this did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-market power law uh this did not
+work um and you know it did not work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um and you know it did not work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um and you know it did not work
+despite the fact also you know I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact also you know I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact also you know I guess
+another part of the law was that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part of the law was that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part of the law was that you
+have to report your um you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to report your um you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to report your um you have to
+report your prices and those prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report your prices and those prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report your prices and those prices are
+being posted by the by the Australian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being posted by the by the Australian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being posted by the by the Australian
+government on the internet so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government on the internet so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government on the internet so that
+anyone wanting to buy gas now has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone wanting to buy gas now has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone wanting to buy gas now has the
+perfect gas app because everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect gas app because everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect gas app because everyone's
+required by law to charge the same price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required by law to charge the same price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required by law to charge the same price
+they announced at 2:00 yesterday so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they announced at 2:00 yesterday so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they announced at 2:00 yesterday so you
+can just get on your app in the evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just get on your app in the evening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just get on your app in the evening
+and say tomorrow these are these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say tomorrow these are these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say tomorrow these are these are
+tomorrow's prices for every gas station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's prices for every gas station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's prices for every gas station
+in the country or these are the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the country or these are the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the country or these are the current
+prices for every gas station in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices for every gas station in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices for every gas station in the
+country you know what they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country you know what they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country you know what they're going to
+in in the city these are what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the city these are what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the city these are what they're
+going to be plan your trip to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be plan your trip to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be plan your trip to go to the
+cheapest gas stations cause more price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheapest gas stations cause more price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheapest gas stations cause more price
+sensitivity that that didn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity that that didn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity that that didn't happen
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um any questions and you know in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any questions and you know in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any questions and you know in some
+maybe why shouldn't it happen you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe why shouldn't it happen you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe why shouldn't it happen you know
+right mask and androll is with perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mask and androll is with perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mask and androll is with perfect
+competition with infinitely elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition with infinitely elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition with infinitely elastic
+consumers you get these cycles and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers you get these cycles and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers you get these cycles and so
+you know you make you make people closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you make you make people closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you make you make people closer
+to the mass control ideal of infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mass control ideal of infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mass control ideal of infinitely
+elastic you still get the undercutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic you still get the undercutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic you still get the undercutting
+process and so it's not at all clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and so it's not at all clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and so it's not at all clear
+that that ought you know like again an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that ought you know like again an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that ought you know like again an a
+static sense yes an a static model make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static sense yes an a static model make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static sense yes an a static model make
+people more price sensitive prices go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people more price sensitive prices go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people more price sensitive prices go
+down but make people more price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but make people more price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but make people more price
+sensitive maybe it just makes the mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive maybe it just makes the mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive maybe it just makes the mask
+inter roll thing even more of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter roll thing even more of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter roll thing even more of an
+equilibrium than there already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so I I haven't seen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I I haven't seen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I I haven't seen um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh you know um I don't you guys probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know um I don't you guys probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know um I don't you guys probably
+don't go like um uh uh Leon musoff was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go like um uh uh Leon musoff was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go like um uh uh Leon musoff was
+given the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the um
+uh he was giving the uh Harvard Mi IO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he was giving the uh Harvard Mi IO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he was giving the uh Harvard Mi IO
+Workshop talk um you know he was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workshop talk um you know he was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workshop talk um you know he was just
+doing data on pricing of goods sold on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing data on pricing of goods sold on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing data on pricing of goods sold on
+Amazon uh so he has very high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon uh so he has very high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon uh so he has very high frequency
+data of prices sold on Amazon it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data of prices sold on Amazon it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data of prices sold on Amazon it it
+sound like he was saying in his Amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound like he was saying in his Amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound like he was saying in his Amazon
+data it looked like there were Edward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it looked like there were Edward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it looked like there were Edward
+Cycles he has an Edward cycle paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles he has an Edward cycle paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles he has an Edward cycle paper that
+he's writing on it but he sort of was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's writing on it but he sort of was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's writing on it but he sort of was
+describing as maybe it looks like 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing as maybe it looks like 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing as maybe it looks like 10 to
+20% of the goods being sold on Amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of the goods being sold on Amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of the goods being sold on Amazon
+he's finding Edgeworth price cycles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's finding Edgeworth price cycles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's finding Edgeworth price cycles and
+the other 80% he's finding things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other 80% he's finding things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other 80% he's finding things that
+look more like stable pricing um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more like stable pricing um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more like stable pricing um so that
+would you know this is like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know this is like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know this is like you know
+people selling umbrellas on Amazon or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people selling umbrellas on Amazon or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people selling umbrellas on Amazon or
+people selling whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people selling whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people selling whatever
+um he does a lot of fashion categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he does a lot of fashion categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he does a lot of fashion categories
+um so anyway I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so anyway I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so anyway I I
+think I don't know I haven't seen papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I don't know I haven't seen papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I don't know I haven't seen papers
+about like high frequency data on rental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like high frequency data on rental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like high frequency data on rental
+car prices or airline prices or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car prices or airline prices or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car prices or airline prices or whatever
+to ask how many of those things look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask how many of those things look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask how many of those things look
+like they have short-run Cycles versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they have short-run Cycles versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they have short-run Cycles versus
+how many of them don't look like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of them don't look like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of them don't look like they
+don't have short Run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have short Run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have short Run
+cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but you know something that it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know something that it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know something that it does
+go in like mask androll it it is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in like mask androll it it is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in like mask androll it it is some
+I I think Mass control does say you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think Mass control does say you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think Mass control does say you need
+to have pretty price sensitive things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have pretty price sensitive things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have pretty price sensitive things to
+create these cycles and so it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these cycles and so it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these cycles and so it may be
+that it might be the internet price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it might be the internet price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it might be the internet price
+comparison sites make thing more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison sites make thing more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison sites make thing more things
+like gas stations than used to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gas stations than used to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gas stations than used to be like
+gas stations and might cause more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas stations and might cause more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas stations and might cause more of
+these than we used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see okay so then the final thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay so then the final thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay so then the final thing I
+wanted to do is is give a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do is is give a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do is is give a little bit of
+uh you know again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know again this is
+a empirical part of this paper this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a empirical part of this paper this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a empirical part of this paper this
+paper is it's really it's it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is it's really it's it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is it's really it's it's an
+empirical part motivating a theory model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical part motivating a theory model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical part motivating a theory model
+but I figured I would just discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I figured I would just discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I figured I would just discuss the
+descriptive evidence as sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive evidence as sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive evidence as sort of what
+evidence do we have on pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence do we have on pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence do we have on pricing
+algorithms in online sites and what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms in online sites and what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms in online sites and what are
+pricing algorithms doing to pricing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing algorithms doing to pricing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing algorithms doing to pricing um
+and actually it's more suggesting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually it's more suggesting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually it's more suggesting that
+we need different models of pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need different models of pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need different models of pricing
+algorithms but so what uh Brown and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms but so what uh Brown and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms but so what uh Brown and
+McKay do again this is a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McKay do again this is a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McKay do again this is a you know
+totally graduate student capable um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally graduate student capable um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally graduate student capable um
+paper where he's got they've got no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper where he's got they've got no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper where he's got they've got no
+proprietary data at all they're just web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary data at all they're just web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary data at all they're just web
+scraping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scraping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scraping
+prices and what they did is they set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and what they did is they set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and what they did is they set up
+scraping programs to collect data on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scraping programs to collect data on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scraping programs to collect data on an
+hourly basis uh from April 2018 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourly basis uh from April 2018 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourly basis uh from April 2018 through
+October 2019 so it's about a year and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October 2019 so it's about a year and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October 2019 so it's about a year and a
+half of data and every hour they went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of data and every hour they went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of data and every hour they went to
+five different websites they don't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different websites they don't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different websites they don't give
+the names but they do say these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the names but they do say these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the names but they do say these are the
+five most common websites of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five most common websites of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five most common websites of which
+people buy allergy medicines in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people buy allergy medicines in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people buy allergy medicines in the
+United States so I assume the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States so I assume the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States so I assume the five
+websites are Amazon Walmart Target CV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites are Amazon Walmart Target CV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites are Amazon Walmart Target CV
+yes and Walgreens um but I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and Walgreens um but I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and Walgreens um but I don't know
+anyway they picked seven allergy drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway they picked seven allergy drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway they picked seven allergy drugs
+algra benagil clariden Etc and they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algra benagil clariden Etc and they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algra benagil clariden Etc and they just
+scrape the prices for every different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrape the prices for every different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrape the prices for every different
+package size of those items um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package size of those items um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package size of those items um you know
+because like you know you can buy zizol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like you know you can buy zizol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like you know you can buy zizol
+in you know 80 tablet jars and 55 tablet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know 80 tablet jars and 55 tablet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know 80 tablet jars and 55 tablet
+jars and 30 tablet jars and something or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jars and 30 tablet jars and something or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jars and 30 tablet jars and something or
+other uh these seven drugs create uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh these seven drugs create uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh these seven drugs create uh
+like 150 different products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 150 different products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 150 different products
+um there're a lot of different packages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there're a lot of different packages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there're a lot of different packages
+many of the stores only sell like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the stores only sell like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the stores only sell like the
+sort of three most common packages for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of three most common packages for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of three most common packages for
+them um but anyway what they so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um but anyway what they so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um but anyway what they so they
+what they scraped is every price that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they scraped is every price that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they scraped is every price that
+they could find for any version of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could find for any version of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could find for any version of these
+drugs every hour for a year and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs every hour for a year and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs every hour for a year and a half
+and then they're trying to record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're trying to record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're trying to record
+basically what happens to learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what happens to learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what happens to learn about
+the pricing algorithms that these firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pricing algorithms that these firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pricing algorithms that these firms
+are doing you know you know thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing you know you know thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing you know you know thinking
+about this sort of like Q learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this sort of like Q learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this sort of like Q learning
+theory are these firms running Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory are these firms running Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory are these firms running Q
+learning algorithms what are they doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms what are they doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms what are they doing
+doing what can we pick up from just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what can we pick up from just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what can we pick up from just
+observing the price change that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing the price change that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing the price change that they're
+making as a function of their Rivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making as a function of their Rivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making as a function of their Rivals
+prices and so on um you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and so on um you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and so on um you know there's
+clear heterogeneity and practices across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear heterogeneity and practices across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear heterogeneity and practices across
+website um there's one retailer they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website um there's one retailer they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website um there's one retailer they
+call a I'm going to guess that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a I'm going to guess that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a I'm going to guess that that's
+Amazon um retailer a is very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon um retailer a is very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon um retailer a is very different
+from the others one thing that retailer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the others one thing that retailer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the others one thing that retailer
+a is is clearly is much bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is is clearly is much bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is is clearly is much bigger than the
+others every other website has roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others every other website has roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others every other website has roughly
+50 of these drugs available retailer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 of these drugs available retailer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 of these drugs available retailer a
+has 150 so retail a just has many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 150 so retail a just has many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 150 so retail a just has many many
+more versions retailer a seems to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more versions retailer a seems to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more versions retailer a seems to have
+just about everything in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about everything in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about everything in the world
+that's sold is on retailer a whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sold is on retailer a whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sold is on retailer a whereas
+it's not on the others um retailer a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not on the others um retailer a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not on the others um retailer a is
+also changing its prices 1.89 times per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also changing its prices 1.89 times per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also changing its prices 1.89 times per
+day per product so if you ask like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day per product so if you ask like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day per product so if you ask like how
+how you want to buy zizol 80 80 tablets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you want to buy zizol 80 80 tablets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you want to buy zizol 80 80 tablets
+of zizol how long do you have to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zizol how long do you have to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zizol how long do you have to wait
+for the price of zyol to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the price of zyol to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the price of zyol to change the
+answer is like uh 15 hours the price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is like uh 15 hours the price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is like uh 15 hours the price is
+going to change um and just changes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change um and just changes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change um and just changes over
+and over again so when they graph the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again so when they graph the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again so when they graph the
+raw price data you know the black is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw price data you know the black is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw price data you know the black is the
+retailer A's prices yeah um anecdotally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer A's prices yeah um anecdotally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer A's prices yeah um anecdotally
+I know when you I think I've heard that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know when you I think I've heard that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know when you I think I've heard that
+like sometimes when you look at Amazon a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sometimes when you look at Amazon a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sometimes when you look at Amazon a
+lot and keep putting they just change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and keep putting they just change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and keep putting they just change
+the price for you for you personally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price for you for you personally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price for you for you personally and
+so like could it just be that Amazon's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like could it just be that Amazon's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like could it just be that Amazon's
+doing personalized pricing so it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing personalized pricing so it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing personalized pricing so it could
+be they're getting something that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be they're getting something that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be they're getting something that's that
+you know Amazon is is picking up their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Amazon is is picking up their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Amazon is is picking up their
+program and I don't know like I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and I don't know like I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and I don't know like I don't
+know the details of what kind of program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the details of what kind of program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the details of what kind of program
+they were using to to to access this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were using to to to access this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were using to to to access this
+data and whether Amazon could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and whether Amazon could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and whether Amazon could have
+recognized that program and done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized that program and done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized that program and done
+something to it um but anyway this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to it um but anyway this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to it um but anyway this you
+know black is the graph of what Amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know black is the graph of what Amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know black is the graph of what Amazon
+was doing giving returning to them which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing giving returning to them which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing giving returning to them which
+is these prices changing quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these prices changing quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these prices changing quite
+frequently um other thing you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently um other thing you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently um other thing you actually
+notice as price levels differ is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice as price levels differ is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice as price levels differ is that
+you know it looks like this a um was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it looks like this a um was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it looks like this a um was
+changing prices all the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing prices all the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing prices all the time and
+substantially undercutting what the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially undercutting what the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially undercutting what the red
+and the green and the and the blue firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the green and the and the blue firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the green and the and the blue firm
+are doing okay um the other one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing okay um the other one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing okay um the other one that
+changes its price fairly frequently is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes its price fairly frequently is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes its price fairly frequently is
+the green firm uh b b changes prices an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green firm uh b b changes prices an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green firm uh b b changes prices an
+average 28 times per day uh and so firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average 28 times per day uh and so firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average 28 times per day uh and so firm
+B is this green line here uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is this green line here uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is this green line here uh that's
+doing that there at the end here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that there at the end here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that there at the end here it's
+harder to see because the green is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to see because the green is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to see because the green is more
+mixed in with the black and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed in with the black and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed in with the black and then you
+have the three firm CD and E uh that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the three firm CD and E uh that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the three firm CD and E uh that are
+the ones up here you know e is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones up here you know e is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones up here you know e is really
+like this blue line that's largely here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this blue line that's largely here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this blue line that's largely here
+red and the orange ones are going up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and the orange ones are going up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and the orange ones are going up and
+down occasionally um and there are gaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down occasionally um and there are gaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down occasionally um and there are gaps
+in this data because you know you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this data because you know you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this data because you know you write
+a program to scrape data every hour and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program to scrape data every hour and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program to scrape data every hour and
+then the websites change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the websites change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the websites change their
+interfaces and you don't notice it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces and you don't notice it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces and you don't notice it for a
+while that your program is broken and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while that your program is broken and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while that your program is broken and
+then you have to fix your program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to fix your program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to fix your program and
+they you know many many times during a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know many many times during a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know many many times during a
+year and a half they change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and a half they change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and a half they change their
+website in a way that your scraping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website in a way that your scraping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website in a way that your scraping
+program doesn't work and you have to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program doesn't work and you have to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program doesn't work and you have to fix
+it and then you're have missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then you're have missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then you're have missing
+data um so some findings um firm SE seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um so some findings um firm SE seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um so some findings um firm SE seem
+to be updating on a schedule and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be updating on a schedule and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be updating on a schedule and there
+seem to be two technologies going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be two technologies going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be two technologies going on
+here so remember this is 2018
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so remember this is 2018
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so remember this is 2018
+2019 uh firms A and B seem to be running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2019 uh firms A and B seem to be running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2019 uh firms A and B seem to be running
+some kind of price updating program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of price updating program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of price updating program
+that's roughly equally likely to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's roughly equally likely to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's roughly equally likely to change
+the price at any hour of the day or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price at any hour of the day or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price at any hour of the day or
+night on any day of the week so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night on any day of the week so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night on any day of the week so these
+are the probability that a price change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the probability that a price change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the probability that a price change
+occurs in a particular hour of the week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in a particular hour of the week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in a particular hour of the week
+running from you know Saturday uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running from you know Saturday uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running from you know Saturday uh
+midnight to Friday 11 59 p.m. or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midnight to Friday 11 59 p.m. or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midnight to Friday 11 59 p.m. or
+whatever okay A and B seem to be having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay A and B seem to be having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay A and B seem to be having
+these programs that just run all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these programs that just run all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these programs that just run all the
+time that change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that change their
+prices um retailer C seems to run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices um retailer C seems to run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices um retailer C seems to run a
+program between 3 and 6: a.m. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program between 3 and 6: a.m. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program between 3 and 6: a.m. and
+sometimes change prices again remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes change prices again remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes change prices again remember
+retailer see is changing prices roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer see is changing prices roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer see is changing prices roughly
+uh each individual drugs price changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh each individual drugs price changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh each individual drugs price changes
+roughly once a month that retailer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly once a month that retailer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly once a month that retailer
+see so they seem to change prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so they seem to change prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so they seem to change prices
+roughly once a month when they do change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly once a month when they do change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly once a month when they do change
+prices it's between 3:00 and 6:00 a.m.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices it's between 3:00 and 6:00 a.m.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices it's between 3:00 and 6:00 a.m.
+on somay of the week and all days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on somay of the week and all days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on somay of the week and all days
+they're doing price changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing price changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing price changing
+activity and retailers D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and retailers D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and retailers D and
+E are changing their prices at midnight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E are changing their prices at midnight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E are changing their prices at midnight
+eastern time uh on Sunday you know going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eastern time uh on Sunday you know going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eastern time uh on Sunday you know going
+into Saturday night going into Sunday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Saturday night going into Sunday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Saturday night going into Sunday
+morning so slightly after midnight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning so slightly after midnight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning so slightly after midnight
+Saturday Night They do change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saturday Night They do change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saturday Night They do change their
+prices you know retailer e it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices you know retailer e it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices you know retailer e it's almost
+always right around midnight and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always right around midnight and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always right around midnight and then
+retailer D it's between midnight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer D it's between midnight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer D it's between midnight and
+3:00 a.m. or something the prices change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:00 a.m. or something the prices change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:00 a.m. or something the prices change
+so clearly you know these firms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clearly you know these firms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clearly you know these firms are
+using different Technologies and seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using different Technologies and seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using different Technologies and seems
+like two of them are using a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two of them are using a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two of them are using a very
+old-fashioned technology of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned technology of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned technology of having a
+meeting where they get together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting where they get together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting where they get together and
+discuss what prices should be and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss what prices should be and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss what prices should be and then
+others are doing the um you know change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are doing the um you know change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are doing the um you know change
+it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+uh are these pricing algorithms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are these pricing algorithms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are these pricing algorithms like
+pricing algorithms I discussed where in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing algorithms I discussed where in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing algorithms I discussed where in
+the Q learning theory where your price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q learning theory where your price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q learning theory where your price
+depends on the other firm's prices uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the other firm's prices uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the other firm's prices uh
+and you're reacting to them and yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're reacting to them and yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're reacting to them and yes
+firms A and B their algorithms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms A and B their algorithms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms A and B their algorithms are
+reacting to prices what they do here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting to prices what they do here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting to prices what they do here is
+that you know they you remember D makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know they you remember D makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know they you remember D makes
+those changes very very rarely D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those changes very very rarely D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those changes very very rarely D is
+making those changes once every two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making those changes once every two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making those changes once every two or
+three months and it's always making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months and it's always making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months and it's always making
+those changes just after midnight uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those changes just after midnight uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those changes just after midnight uh and
+so they ask do a A and B do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they ask do a A and B do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they ask do a A and B do something
+different on those rare Sundays when uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on those rare Sundays when uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on those rare Sundays when uh
+D changes its price and what you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D changes its price and what you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D changes its price and what you find
+here is that yes A and B are reacting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that yes A and B are reacting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that yes A and B are reacting to
+D But A and B are not reacting all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D But A and B are not reacting all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D But A and B are not reacting all that
+quickly to D so it's not like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly to D so it's not like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly to D so it's not like they're
+doing hourly reaction you know so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing hourly reaction you know so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing hourly reaction you know so this
+is is Amazon reacting to what goes on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is Amazon reacting to what goes on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is Amazon reacting to what goes on on
+cvs.com and the answer is yes but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cvs.com and the answer is yes but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cvs.com and the answer is yes but not
+for a while so if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while so if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while so if you look at the
+probability that there will be a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that there will be a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that there will be a price
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+after uh D changes its price and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh D changes its price and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh D changes its price and the
+answer is for 24 to 36 hours there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is for 24 to 36 hours there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is for 24 to 36 hours there's no
+additional probability that a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional probability that a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional probability that a has
+changed its price based on D having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed its price based on D having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed its price based on D having
+changed its price but then starting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed its price but then starting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed its price but then starting in
+about 36 hours going up to 48 or or 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 36 hours going up to 48 or or 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 36 hours going up to 48 or or 60
+hours yes they are then reacting to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours yes they are then reacting to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours yes they are then reacting to what
+D does and there's more probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D does and there's more probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D does and there's more probability that
+they will change their price in the 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will change their price in the 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will change their price in the 36
+to you know 72h hour window after D has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know 72h hour window after D has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know 72h hour window after D has
+changed its price than there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed its price than there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed its price than there would be
+otherwise and so again 36 to 72 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise and so again 36 to 72 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise and so again 36 to 72 hours
+later means um you know looking it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later means um you know looking it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later means um you know looking it's
+Saturday midnight D changes its price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saturday midnight D changes its price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saturday midnight D changes its price
+and so then it's Monday at noon to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then it's Monday at noon to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then it's Monday at noon to
+Tuesday at noon uh a is more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday at noon uh a is more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday at noon uh a is more likely to
+change its price if D has made a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its price if D has made a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its price if D has made a price
+change in that period so it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in that period so it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in that period so it looks like
+you know a is running a price responsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a is running a price responsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a is running a price responsive
+algorithm but it's not something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm but it's not something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm but it's not something that
+would cause like the mass Skol gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cause like the mass Skol gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cause like the mass Skol gasoline
+price Cycles thing that CVS changes its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price Cycles thing that CVS changes its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price Cycles thing that CVS changes its
+price they're immediately undercutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price they're immediately undercutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price they're immediately undercutting
+it seems like a slower undercut but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like a slower undercut but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like a slower undercut but if
+you think about that that might make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about that that might make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about that that might make
+sense because if you know that D isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because if you know that D isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because if you know that D isn't
+going to change its price for a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change its price for a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change its price for a month
+you can just or two months you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just or two months you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just or two months you can
+figure out what's what do we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's what do we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's what do we want to do
+now that D is cheaper than us we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that D is cheaper than us we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that D is cheaper than us we'll just
+you know pick a price and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pick a price and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pick a price and then we'll
+stick and then we we'll be ofly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick and then we we'll be ofly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick and then we we'll be ofly
+responding to them we don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to them we don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to them we don't need to
+respond with high frequency because D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond with high frequency because D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond with high frequency because D
+isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't
+changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing
+um also what they find in this paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also what they find in this paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also what they find in this paper is
+that the price um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the price um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the price um
+frequency of price changes is clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of price changes is clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of price changes is clearly
+related to the prices being charged so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the prices being charged so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the prices being charged so
+if you look make it price index where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look make it price index where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look make it price index where
+A's price for product is uh normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's price for product is uh normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's price for product is uh normalized
+to one um B is charging 5% more than a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one um B is charging 5% more than a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one um B is charging 5% more than a c
+is charging 10% More Than A and D and E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is charging 10% More Than A and D and E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is charging 10% More Than A and D and E
+are charging roughly 30% more than a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are charging roughly 30% more than a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are charging roughly 30% more than a for
+the same product and those price levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same product and those price levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same product and those price levels
+seem to line up with the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to line up with the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to line up with the frequency of
+the price effects so it's not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price effects so it's not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price effects so it's not just the
+DNA change their prices much less often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA change their prices much less often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA change their prices much less often
+and only do it on Sunday mornings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only do it on Sunday mornings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only do it on Sunday mornings
+occasionally they're also just setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally they're also just setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally they're also just setting
+higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+prices uh and then B and C which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices uh and then B and C which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices uh and then B and C which are
+changing prices more often than d and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing prices more often than d and e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing prices more often than d and e
+but not as often as a they're setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not as often as a they're setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not as often as a they're setting
+intermediate prices on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+average and so you know motivated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and so you know motivated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and so you know motivated by
+these findings what the paper then have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these findings what the paper then have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these findings what the paper then have
+it's it's got this Theory section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's got this Theory section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's got this Theory section
+looking at sort of saying this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at sort of saying this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at sort of saying this question
+is what prices would we expect if firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what prices would we expect if firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what prices would we expect if firms
+had different pricing technology IES and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had different pricing technology IES and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had different pricing technology IES and
+some were faster than the others and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some were faster than the others and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some were faster than the others and
+both a is best reacting to D and D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a is best reacting to D and D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a is best reacting to D and D is
+also optimally pricing knowing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also optimally pricing knowing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also optimally pricing knowing that
+we're going to set a price and then a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to set a price and then a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to set a price and then a is
+going to undercut us and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to undercut us and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to undercut us and then we're
+going to be stuck for a month being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be stuck for a month being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be stuck for a month being
+undercut by a how should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut by a how should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut by a how should we
+price uh and what they argue is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price uh and what they argue is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price uh and what they argue is that if
+you think about that even just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about that even just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about that even just think
+about in the static game we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the static game we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the static game we're going to
+play this game just once you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this game just once you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this game just once you know I'm
+going to set my price and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set my price and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set my price and then you're
+going to get to undercut me and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to undercut me and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to undercut me and I'm
+going to be stuck cuz I have an inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be stuck cuz I have an inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be stuck cuz I have an inferior
+updating technology how should you price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating technology how should you price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating technology how should you price
+and what they argue is that if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they argue is that if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they argue is that if you think
+about a differentiated product like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a differentiated product like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a differentiated product like
+hoteling like model or lit demand model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoteling like model or lit demand model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoteling like model or lit demand model
+what you're going to do is the stack the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do is the stack the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do is the stack the
+stackle BG leader here the person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stackle BG leader here the person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stackle BG leader here the person who
+moves first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves first is
+disadvantaged because you set your price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantaged because you set your price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantaged because you set your price
+first then the other guy undercuts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first then the other guy undercuts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first then the other guy undercuts you
+but what are you going to do you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are you going to do you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are you going to do you're
+going to price it you're going to price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to price it you're going to price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to price it you're going to price
+sort of higher than the Nash equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of higher than the Nash equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of higher than the Nash equilibrium
+price knowing you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price knowing you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price knowing you're going to be
+undercut and the equilibrium is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut and the equilibrium is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut and the equilibrium is going to
+be where firm The Firm that moves slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be where firm The Firm that moves slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be where firm The Firm that moves slow
+moves first prices well above the Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves first prices well above the Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves first prices well above the Nash
+equilibrium trying to induce The Firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium trying to induce The Firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium trying to induce The Firm
+undercutting it to also undercut to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercutting it to also undercut to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercutting it to also undercut to an
+above Nash price and we end up with sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above Nash price and we end up with sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above Nash price and we end up with sort
+of like two above Nash prices where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like two above Nash prices where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like two above Nash prices where you
+know the initial early mover is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the initial early mover is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the initial early mover is
+disadvantaged but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantaged but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantaged but it's
+disadvantaged but it sets a high price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantaged but it sets a high price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantaged but it sets a high price
+to try to induce the other firm to to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to induce the other firm to to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to induce the other firm to to go
+high underneath it and sort of knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high underneath it and sort of knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high underneath it and sort of knowing
+that you're going to be undercut caus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be undercut caus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be undercut caus
+you to price higher than you would in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to price higher than you would in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to price higher than you would in a
+simultaneous move pricing game and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous move pricing game and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous move pricing game and they
+argue like you know this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue like you know this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue like you know this sort of
+asymmetric speed of adjustment could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric speed of adjustment could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric speed of adjustment could be
+something that leads to Super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that leads to Super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that leads to Super
+competitive prices where in their model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive prices where in their model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive prices where in their model
+even a is pricing above the static Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a is pricing above the static Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a is pricing above the static Nash
+Point um but it's like D and E are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point um but it's like D and E are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point um but it's like D and E are
+pricing well above static Nash to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing well above static Nash to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing well above static Nash to try to
+pull a up knowing that they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull a up knowing that they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull a up knowing that they're going to
+be undercut but at least they're being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be undercut but at least they're being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be undercut but at least they're being
+undercut and getting a moderate market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut and getting a moderate market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut and getting a moderate market
+share at a higher price and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share at a higher price and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share at a higher price and you know
+again like in pure Bertrand this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like in pure Bertrand this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like in pure Bertrand this would
+not work well but if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not work well but if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not work well but if you think about
+this as like CVS competing with Amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as like CVS competing with Amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as like CVS competing with Amazon
+on you know most people buying from CVS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know most people buying from CVS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know most people buying from CVS
+are just going to cvs.com there's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just going to cvs.com there's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just going to cvs.com there's got to
+be some cross elasticity between cvs.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some cross elasticity between cvs.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some cross elasticity between cvs.com
+and Amazon but a lot of people just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Amazon but a lot of people just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Amazon but a lot of people just
+buying zertek at CVS just go to cvs.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying zertek at CVS just go to cvs.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying zertek at CVS just go to cvs.com
+they buy their zertek and so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they buy their zertek and so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they buy their zertek and so if you have
+these sort of finite price elasticities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of finite price elasticities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of finite price elasticities
+they argue this pattern is something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they argue this pattern is something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they argue this pattern is something you
+might expect to see of slow price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect to see of slow price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect to see of slow price
+adjustment being a factor that can lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment being a factor that can lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment being a factor that can lead
+to higher price levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions so that is it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions so that is it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions so that is it for
+today so um yeah next week's topic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so um yeah next week's topic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so um yeah next week's topic is
+entry again entry Theory Monday empirics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry again entry Theory Monday empirics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry again entry Theory Monday empirics
+Wednesday and Monday's lectures really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and Monday's lectures really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and Monday's lectures really
+it's a lot of textbook material I I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of textbook material I I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of textbook material I I will
+be covering this sort of uh nikil V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be covering this sort of uh nikil V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be covering this sort of uh nikil V
+paper towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper towards the
+um uh towards the end but it's it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh towards the end but it's it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh towards the end but it's it'll
+mostly be stuff from Troll's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+book e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TF93gm1_O8M.txt b/TF93gm1_O8M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f576b0cd3b2cca78e81975827b987b4497c01b5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TF93gm1_O8M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're now going to derive the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now going to derive the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now going to derive the work
+energy principle we're going to do so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy principle we're going to do so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy principle we're going to do so by
+using new's second law but we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using new's second law but we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using new's second law but we're not
+going to consider it with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consider it with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consider it with respect to
+time as what we've previously done but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as what we've previously done but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as what we've previously done but
+we're now going to consider it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now going to consider it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now going to consider it with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+space so f equals Ma and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so f equals Ma and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so f equals Ma and we're going to
+take the X component of that and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the X component of that and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the X component of that and now
+we're going to integrate this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to integrate this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to integrate this so
+FX DX Prime and it runs from X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FX DX Prime and it runs from X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FX DX Prime and it runs from X Prime
+equal x initial to some final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal x initial to some final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal x initial to some final
+value and then over here we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and then over here we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and then over here we have uh
+we're going to pull the M out M integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to pull the M out M integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to pull the M out M integral
+and it also goes from some initial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also goes from some initial to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also goes from some initial to
+some final value and we have going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some final value and we have going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some final value and we have going to
+have ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ax
+DX we have previously shown that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX we have previously shown that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX we have previously shown that this
+integral here is 12 V final squar minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral here is 12 V final squar minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral here is 12 V final squar minus
+V initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V initial
+squared and if we're going to plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and if we're going to plug this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and if we're going to plug this
+in here we're going to get that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here we're going to get that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here we're going to get that this
+expression is 12 m v final s minus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is 12 m v final s minus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is 12 m v final s minus V
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+squared and you should recognize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and you should recognize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and you should recognize this
+term this is the change in kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this is the change in kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this is the change in kinetic
+energy and what we have here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and what we have here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and what we have here on the
+other side this integral FX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side this integral FX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side this integral FX
+DX is defined to be the work work done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is defined to be the work work done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is defined to be the work work done
+on the system which we're going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the system which we're going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the system which we're going to call
+W and uh that work done on system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and uh that work done on system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and uh that work done on system is
+it's change in kinetic energy so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's change in kinetic energy so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's change in kinetic energy so this is
+the work energy principle
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TUdbHKlhOjs.txt b/TUdbHKlhOjs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4bae03c70bce5d951a25298d3ae0dde6015b21ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TUdbHKlhOjs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9256 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu well let me just start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu well let me just start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu well let me just start by
+saying that I'm I'm a music Major here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that I'm I'm a music Major here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that I'm I'm a music Major here
+at might in addition to computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at might in addition to computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at might in addition to computer science
+um in music I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in music I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in music I've been
+particularly attracted to early music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly attracted to early music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly attracted to early music
+pre pre- Baroque things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre pre- Baroque things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre pre- Baroque things like the
+Renaissance and and and before that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renaissance and and and before that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renaissance and and and before that um
+and one of the things that we focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things that we focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things that we focused on
+in Mike cuthbert's uh early music class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mike cuthbert's uh early music class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mike cuthbert's uh early music class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m220 um was music notation and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m220 um was music notation and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m220 um was music notation and how
+that's transformed over the ages from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's transformed over the ages from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's transformed over the ages from
+about the 9th century up to right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the 9th century up to right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the 9th century up to right at the
+beginning of the Baro and we start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the Baro and we start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the Baro and we start to
+see uh modern notation so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh modern notation so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh modern notation so I'm going to
+talk a little bit about kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about kind of the
+history and and the movement of or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and and the movement of or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and and the movement of or I
+guess the transformation of music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the transformation of music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the transformation of music
+notation and kind of how it relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and kind of how it relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and kind of how it relates to
+time and then at the end I plan to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then at the end I plan to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then at the end I plan to kind
+of relate that to uh Mike cubert's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relate that to uh Mike cubert's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relate that to uh Mike cubert's
+assertion that that music music is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion that that music music is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion that that music music is
+slowing down as as as he says um so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing down as as as he says um so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing down as as as he says um so with
+that this is sort of what we're used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is sort of what we're used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is sort of what we're used to
+seeing um when when people think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing um when when people think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing um when when people think of
+music especially those outside of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music especially those outside of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music especially those outside of you
+know the the sort of very uh specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the sort of very uh specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the sort of very uh specific
+field of Music itself you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of Music itself you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of Music itself you know if you
+think music you're thinking something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think music you're thinking something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think music you're thinking something
+that looks like this um and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this um and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this um and then in
+regards to time with Tempo you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regards to time with Tempo you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regards to time with Tempo you're
+looking at you know either Italian words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at you know either Italian words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at you know either Italian words
+or some you know French or German or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some you know French or German or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some you know French or German or or
+or even English depictions of how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even English depictions of how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even English depictions of how fast
+or how slow or how a particular piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how slow or how a particular piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how slow or how a particular piece
+should be played or even more recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be played or even more recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be played or even more recently
+you might see things like Tempo markings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see things like Tempo markings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see things like Tempo markings
+in you know beats beats per minute or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know beats beats per minute or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know beats beats per minute or
+something like that um and that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that um and that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that um and that gives
+you opportunities to transform pieces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you opportunities to transform pieces in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you opportunities to transform pieces in
+ways that you wouldn't ordinarily be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you wouldn't ordinarily be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you wouldn't ordinarily be
+able to you know in this case both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to you know in this case both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to you know in this case both of
+these lines are will will be performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines are will will be performed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines are will will be performed
+identically if if played as as written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically if if played as as written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically if if played as as written
+um but music hasn't always been like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but music hasn't always been like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but music hasn't always been like
+this in fact it's gone through a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in fact it's gone through a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in fact it's gone through a number
+of different Transformations over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different Transformations over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different Transformations over the
+years um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um
+from very very early in music notational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from very very early in music notational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from very very early in music notational
+history um and I should also shut off my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history um and I should also shut off my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history um and I should also shut off my
+chat client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so so from very early to the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so from very early to the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so from very early to the the the
+more recent music has been transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent music has been transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent music has been transformed
+innovated upon um in in various ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovated upon um in in various ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovated upon um in in various ways and
+so I'm just going to kind of do kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to kind of do kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to kind of do kind of
+a brief overview and kind of a survey of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brief overview and kind of a survey of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brief overview and kind of a survey of
+these different uh these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different uh these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different uh these different
+stages I I I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages I I I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages I I I suppose
+so the first thing I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing I want to talk about
+is this idea of early notation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this idea of early notation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this idea of early notation um
+staffas it's a funny word called newes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staffas it's a funny word called newes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staffas it's a funny word called newes
+um and what what they are is these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what what they are is these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what what they are is these sort
+of these figures these sort of lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these figures these sort of lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these figures these sort of lines and
+dots and um sort of notation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and um sort of notation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and um sort of notation to
+represent music in in a way that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent music in in a way that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent music in in a way that was
+done from about the 9th century up to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done from about the 9th century up to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done from about the 9th century up to I
+want to say 10th 11th century is when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say 10th 11th century is when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say 10th 11th century is when it
+started to to fade out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to to fade out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to to fade out um
+this one in particular uh is known as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in particular uh is known as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in particular uh is known as an
+un heightened n so these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un heightened n so these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un heightened n so these are all
+actually on the same line and what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on the same line and what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on the same line and what these
+newes represent is more or less the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newes represent is more or less the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newes represent is more or less the
+general motion of the notes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general motion of the notes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general motion of the notes that are
+associated with um the the syllables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with um the the syllables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with um the the syllables
+that they appear AB above so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they appear AB above so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they appear AB above so in this
+case you might see an upward moving newe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you might see an upward moving newe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you might see an upward moving newe
+and that would mean that the notes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would mean that the notes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would mean that the notes the
+the melody would Ascend in in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melody would Ascend in in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melody would Ascend in in that
+section um it's particularly difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section um it's particularly difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section um it's particularly difficult
+to decipher much of this because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decipher much of this because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decipher much of this because because
+they are on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are on the same
+level with the ones next to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level with the ones next to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level with the ones next to each other
+it's it's very difficult to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very difficult to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very difficult to tell the
+actual shape of that Melody you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual shape of that Melody you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual shape of that Melody you don't
+actually know whether it'll continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know whether it'll continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know whether it'll continue
+going up or whether it you know comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up or whether it you know comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up or whether it you know comes
+back down and goes up again um and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down and goes up again um and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down and goes up again um and of
+course there's no real indication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's no real indication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's no real indication of
+tempo or speed or or how this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempo or speed or or how this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempo or speed or or how this should be
+performed um it's kind of a been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed um it's kind of a been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed um it's kind of a been a
+transition to today's time where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to today's time where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to today's time where there's
+more and more commentary and performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more commentary and performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more commentary and performance
+notes being included in musical scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes being included in musical scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes being included in musical scores
+and back then there really wasn't much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back then there really wasn't much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back then there really wasn't much
+at all and it was sort of a it was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all and it was sort of a it was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all and it was sort of a it was more
+of an oral tradition I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an oral tradition I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an oral tradition I'd
+say so then comes one of the first major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so then comes one of the first major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so then comes one of the first major
+innovations that you can see here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations that you can see here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations that you can see here um
+you'll notice now that these newes still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice now that these newes still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice now that these newes still
+look somewhat similarly but you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look somewhat similarly but you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look somewhat similarly but you might
+notice that they are actually they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that they are actually they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that they are actually they come
+in they kind of move with with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in they kind of move with with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in they kind of move with with the the
+the notes there some are higher above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes there some are higher above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes there some are higher above
+the words than others and this is uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words than others and this is uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words than others and this is uh was
+pioneered by the the the Ben The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneered by the the the Ben The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneered by the the the Ben The
+beneventan Abbey um and is is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneventan Abbey um and is is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneventan Abbey um and is is known as
+heighten heighten NS so in this case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heighten heighten NS so in this case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heighten heighten NS so in this case you
+can actually begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually begin to
+construct a sort of melodic movement um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a sort of melodic movement um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a sort of melodic movement um
+by seeing that okay so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by seeing that okay so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by seeing that okay so here we have
+something going up and then we have a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something going up and then we have a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something going up and then we have a n
+that kind of zigzags down a bit but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of zigzags down a bit but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of zigzags down a bit but it
+keeps going lower so you can kind of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps going lower so you can kind of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps going lower so you can kind of go
+that way too and construct a Melody out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way too and construct a Melody out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way too and construct a Melody out
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in addition out of this is you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in addition out of this is you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in addition out of this is you you
+you you start to get this relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you start to get this relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you start to get this relationship
+between individual pitches um and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between individual pitches um and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between individual pitches um and also
+there were some early notation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some early notation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some early notation of
+duration as well um they would write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration as well um they would write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration as well um they would write
+either there might be a small stylized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either there might be a small stylized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either there might be a small stylized
+letter t for for tanar which is to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter t for for tanar which is to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter t for for tanar which is to to
+hold out a note for longer um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold out a note for longer um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold out a note for longer um and and
+other things like that that begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like that that begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like that that begin to
+give people in today's time that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people in today's time that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people in today's time that are
+researching this an idea of what such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching this an idea of what such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching this an idea of what such a
+performance is like however it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is like however it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is like however it's still
+you still don't get an idea of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still don't get an idea of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still don't get an idea of what
+what's sort of the standard you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's sort of the standard you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's sort of the standard you know if
+it's if it if you if you're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if it if you if you're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if it if you if you're supposed to
+hold out this note how long are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold out this note how long are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold out this note how long are you
+supposed to hold it out you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to hold it out you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to hold it out you know there's
+just a lot of speculation there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a lot of speculation there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a lot of speculation there and
+there isn't really a lot of absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+knowledge the next stage that we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the next stage that we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the next stage that we get to
+is what's known as Square notation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's known as Square notation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's known as Square notation um
+from about the the 12th century onwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about the the 12th century onwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about the the 12th century onwards
+um these are still considered numes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are still considered numes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are still considered numes but
+they take on a more defined shape um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take on a more defined shape um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take on a more defined shape um you
+see the the beginnings of of a of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the beginnings of of a of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the beginnings of of a of a
+staff system appear as well um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff system appear as well um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff system appear as well um and so
+you end up being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up being able to
+tell what what the pitches actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell what what the pitches actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell what what the pitches actually are
+so you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have
+um you have early indications of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have early indications of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have early indications of a
+cleff so you know this would tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleff so you know this would tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleff so you know this would tell you
+this is a this is a c cleff which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a c cleff which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a c cleff which will
+tell you where the where the note middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you where the where the note middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you where the where the note middle
+C is and then from there you can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is and then from there you can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is and then from there you can work
+out where the other pitches are um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where the other pitches are um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where the other pitches are um there
+still however isn't any indication of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still however isn't any indication of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still however isn't any indication of an
+absolute Tempo or absolute speed um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute Tempo or absolute speed um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute Tempo or absolute speed um you
+have you have uh this is where you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have uh this is where you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have uh this is where you start
+to see dots um in notes that'll extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see dots um in notes that'll extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see dots um in notes that'll extend
+some pitches longer than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pitches longer than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pitches longer than others
+um but still there there isn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but still there there isn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but still there there isn't really
+you know any good indication of tempo um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know any good indication of tempo um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know any good indication of tempo um
+the the Libra usualis is the probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Libra usualis is the probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Libra usualis is the probably
+the most well-known example of this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most well-known example of this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most well-known example of this it's
+still in print today you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in print today you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in print today you can actually
+get it still in square notation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it still in square notation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it still in square notation it's
+1900 pages long and it comes with a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900 pages long and it comes with a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900 pages long and it comes with a a
+nice uh introduction that tells you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh introduction that tells you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh introduction that tells you how
+to read all this and deci to make clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read all this and deci to make clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read all this and deci to make clear
+that the lra Uzis was constructed around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lra Uzis was constructed around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lra Uzis was constructed around
+1900 in the 1880s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900 in the 1880s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900 in the 1880s and
+1890s by groups of modern um monks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1890s by groups of modern um monks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1890s by groups of modern um monks or
+scribes working in abies in France
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scribes working in abies in France
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scribes working in abies in France
+particularly at Solem um where they went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly at Solem um where they went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly at Solem um where they went
+to the chant manuscripts and tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the chant manuscripts and tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the chant manuscripts and tried to
+systematize it into a into a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematize it into a into a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematize it into a into a this
+this four staff forline staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this four staff forline staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this four staff forline staff
+um notation based on something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um notation based on something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um notation based on something that's
+very similar to that in the manuscripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to that in the manuscripts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to that in the manuscripts
+of the later Middle Ages that and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the later Middle Ages that and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the later Middle Ages that and those
+manuscripts you should mention continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscripts you should mention continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscripts you should mention continue
+to be copied over and over again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be copied over and over again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be copied over and over again and
+redone all through the Renaissance into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redone all through the Renaissance into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redone all through the Renaissance into
+the modern era so they had many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modern era so they had many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modern era so they had many
+different layers of sources and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different layers of sources and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different layers of sources and they
+were trying to create a book of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to create a book of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to create a book of common
+usage for chant singing that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage for chant singing that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage for chant singing that's what you
+think using yeah and it pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think using yeah and it pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think using yeah and it pretty much
+covers just about every it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers just about every it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers just about every it's it's
+offices and chant for just about any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offices and chant for just about any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offices and chant for just about any
+occasion of the what that means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion of the what that means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion of the what that means is that
+for for that from that point on for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for that from that point on for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for that from that point on for our
+purposes chant notation was frozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes chant notation was frozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes chant notation was frozen
+because now you go to the loop or uis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you go to the loop or uis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you go to the loop or uis
+whereas before you had all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas before you had all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas before you had all these
+different versions of chance to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions of chance to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions of chance to look for
+look at and other books were done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at and other books were done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at and other books were done in the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+right things got a bit more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right things got a bit more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right things got a bit more complicated
+later on um towards the 14th 15th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on um towards the 14th 15th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on um towards the 14th 15th
+century you see the well before that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century you see the well before that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century you see the well before that was
+what's known as the the the ARs NOA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as the the the ARs NOA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as the the the ARs NOA
+which is the basically the the the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the basically the the the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the basically the the the new
+art and the r subti or after that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art and the r subti or after that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art and the r subti or after that the
+the subtle art um you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subtle art um you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subtle art um you start to
+see interesting more more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see interesting more more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see interesting more more interesting
+subdivisions of what was previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivisions of what was previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivisions of what was previously
+considered the the basic note uh Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the the basic note uh Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the the basic note uh Mike
+cuthber at the first performance was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuthber at the first performance was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuthber at the first performance was at
+the first Forum was talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Forum was talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Forum was talking about the
+the breeve um which I think now today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breeve um which I think now today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breeve um which I think now today
+it's the same as a double whole note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same as a double whole note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same as a double whole note
+something like that so then this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so then this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so then this this is
+where the brief started to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the brief started to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the brief started to get
+subdivided into things called minims um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivided into things called minims um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivided into things called minims um
+and you start to see these appear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you start to see these appear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you start to see these appear in
+some of this music here there're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this music here there're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this music here there're sort of
+these diamond shaped things um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diamond shaped things um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diamond shaped things um these
+diamond shaped notes uh and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond shaped notes uh and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond shaped notes uh and then what
+what the subtilior did on top of the ARs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the subtilior did on top of the ARs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the subtilior did on top of the ARs
+NOA is subdivided that even further and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NOA is subdivided that even further and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NOA is subdivided that even further and
+also introduced different portions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also introduced different portions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also introduced different portions of
+these minims so instead of just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these minims so instead of just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these minims so instead of just uh
+splitting the bre into maybe three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting the bre into maybe three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting the bre into maybe three
+different sub you know three into sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sub you know three into sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sub you know three into sets
+of three or sets of two you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three or sets of two you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three or sets of two you might have
+um something that was three Hales of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something that was three Hales of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something that was three Hales of a
+minim or 94s of a minim um and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minim or 94s of a minim um and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minim or 94s of a minim um and what that
+introduced was an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced was an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced was an interesting
+exploration of polymeter um where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration of polymeter um where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration of polymeter um where
+similar to what we were exploring at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what we were exploring at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what we were exploring at the
+last concert you might have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last concert you might have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last concert you might have two
+completely different uh rhythmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different uh rhythmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different uh rhythmic
+patterns on top of each other um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns on top of each other um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns on top of each other um sort of
+an analogous to having two separate time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analogous to having two separate time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analogous to having two separate time
+signatures running at the same time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures running at the same time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures running at the same time you
+know the 34 and the 44 in the Mozart's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the 34 and the 44 in the Mozart's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the 34 and the 44 in the Mozart's
+OBO conero or OBO quartet was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OBO conero or OBO quartet was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OBO conero or OBO quartet was one
+example of that um this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that um this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that um this is actually
+pulled from the the the Bold cordier um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled from the the the Bold cordier um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled from the the the Bold cordier um
+the one that we looked at earlier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that we looked at earlier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that we looked at earlier that
+was in the shape of a heart um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the shape of a heart um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the shape of a heart um so
+there's a lot of exploration into how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of exploration into how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of exploration into how to
+stylize these things and how to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylize these things and how to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylize these things and how to um
+really uh represent the the music and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh represent the the music and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh represent the the music and
+kind of represent the performance but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of represent the performance but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of represent the performance but
+again there isn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there isn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there isn't really
+a good representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good representation of
+what what the tempo should be what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the tempo should be what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the tempo should be what you
+know how fast should you be performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how fast should you be performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how fast should you be performing
+this um and it wasn't until about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um and it wasn't until about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um and it wasn't until about
+1496 uh there was a music theorist that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1496 uh there was a music theorist that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1496 uh there was a music theorist that
+suggested that we should you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that we should you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that we should you know we
+should standardize this to to the beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should standardize this to to the beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should standardize this to to the beat
+to to the beating of a of a human heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the beating of a of a human heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the beating of a of a human heart
+who's breathing at a normal rate which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's breathing at a normal rate which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's breathing at a normal rate which
+is a little bit better but hardly hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit better but hardly hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit better but hardly hardly
+a standardized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standardized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standardized
+um uh standardized metric so obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh standardized metric so obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh standardized metric so obviously
+there are some problems with duration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some problems with duration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some problems with duration
+and Tempo in early music before the 12th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tempo in early music before the 12th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tempo in early music before the 12th
+century of course there's a lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century of course there's a lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century of course there's a lack of
+rhythmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythmic
+notation almost altogether before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation almost altogether before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation almost altogether before the
+15th century anything that was notated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15th century anything that was notated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15th century anything that was notated
+duration wise was always relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration wise was always relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration wise was always relative to
+everything else in that piece and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else in that piece and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else in that piece and if you
+don't have a base point to work off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a base point to work off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a base point to work off of
+it was very hard to you know you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very hard to you know you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very hard to you know you kind of
+had to figure out how you thought this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to figure out how you thought this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to figure out how you thought this
+pieace felt but you know we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieace felt but you know we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieace felt but you know we don't know
+what they thought back you know hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they thought back you know hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they thought back you know hundreds
+of years ago before before the 17th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years ago before before the 17th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years ago before before the 17th
+century there really still wasn't any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century there really still wasn't any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century there really still wasn't any
+indication of tempo markings you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of tempo markings you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of tempo markings you know
+things like on Dante or or Allegro or 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like on Dante or or Allegro or 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like on Dante or or Allegro or 90
+beats per second or anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats per second or anything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats per second or anything like that
+uh wasn't really around and the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wasn't really around and the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wasn't really around and the 19th
+century when the metronome was invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century when the metronome was invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century when the metronome was invented
+um is when we started to see you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is when we started to see you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is when we started to see you know
+this should be 90 beats per minute or 92
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be 90 beats per minute or 92
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be 90 beats per minute or 92
+or 108 or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 108 or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 108 or something like that
+so so that brings us to Modern notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that brings us to Modern notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that brings us to Modern notation
+and Beyond we start to see this come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Beyond we start to see this come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Beyond we start to see this come out
+as the Renaissance goes into the Baroque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the Renaissance goes into the Baroque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the Renaissance goes into the Baroque
+um this is a right up on top is a Bach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a right up on top is a Bach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a right up on top is a Bach
+um manuscript um that shows it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um manuscript um that shows it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um manuscript um that shows it it's
+pretty similar to what you'd see today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar to what you'd see today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar to what you'd see today
+um and of course now we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and of course now we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and of course now we have this
+proliferation of music notation software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation of music notation software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation of music notation software
+that has effectively sort of Frozen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has effectively sort of Frozen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has effectively sort of Frozen this
+last sort of innovation sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last sort of innovation sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last sort of innovation sort of
+into in into a much more uh a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in into a much more uh a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in into a much more uh a more
+standardized form you know this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized form you know this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized form you know this is sort
+of like it's become the accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like it's become the accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like it's become the accepted
+practice back back many hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice back back many hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice back back many hundreds of
+years ago you might have one group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago you might have one group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago you might have one group of
+people in some location writing music in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in some location writing music in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in some location writing music in
+a certain way and then you know just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain way and then you know just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain way and then you know just in
+the next country over it might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next country over it might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next country over it might have been
+a a totally different style and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a totally different style and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a totally different style and here
+we're starting to see this as sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting to see this as sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting to see this as sort
+of how how it's done right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how how it's done right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how how it's done right
+but even though to us it seems like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even though to us it seems like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even though to us it seems like this
+is how it's always been Innovation still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how it's always been Innovation still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how it's always been Innovation still
+continues just as it has hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues just as it has hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues just as it has hundreds of
+years ago you know for example the crumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago you know for example the crumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago you know for example the crumb
+this is another one of his pieces it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another one of his pieces it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another one of his pieces it's
+written in a spiral so there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in a spiral so there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in a spiral so there there are
+definitely you know people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely you know people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely you know people who are
+exploring how to uh represent this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring how to uh represent this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring how to uh represent this this
+music in a way that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music in a way that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music in a way that might
+either tell the performer something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either tell the performer something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either tell the performer something more
+about what what they feel about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what what they feel about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what what they feel about their
+piece and how it should be performed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and how it should be performed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and how it should be performed uh
+and so you know you'll see that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know you'll see that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know you'll see that with
+crumb you know Jazz has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crumb you know Jazz has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crumb you know Jazz has a lot of
+interesting notation and interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting notation and interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting notation and interesting
+ways of representing the music music uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of representing the music music uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of representing the music music uh
+in a in a physical form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a physical form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a physical form
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so Mike Cuthbert was saying that music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Mike Cuthbert was saying that music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Mike Cuthbert was saying that music
+is slowing down and and there is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is slowing down and and there is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is slowing down and and there is there
+is some evidence of that if you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some evidence of that if you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some evidence of that if you kind of
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+his take his uh statement in in a from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his take his uh statement in in a from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his take his uh statement in in a from a
+particular view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular view
+um many many hundreds of years ago you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um many many hundreds of years ago you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um many many hundreds of years ago you
+might have a piece of music that relies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a piece of music that relies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a piece of music that relies
+on the breeve as kind of the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the breeve as kind of the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the breeve as kind of the the uh
+stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand
+duration note as you as you move through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration note as you as you move through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration note as you as you move through
+a piece and then as the as the arsn NOA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece and then as the as the arsn NOA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece and then as the as the arsn NOA
+and the r subtilior came into came into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the r subtilior came into came into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the r subtilior came into came into
+being you might see the brief start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being you might see the brief start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being you might see the brief start to
+get split and you might see more semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get split and you might see more semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get split and you might see more semi
+minims and other kind of smaller valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minims and other kind of smaller valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minims and other kind of smaller valued
+notes appear and then in today's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes appear and then in today's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes appear and then in today's time
+you know we see 16th notes uh the crumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we see 16th notes uh the crumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we see 16th notes uh the crumb
+had some 64th notes and 30second notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some 64th notes and 30second notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some 64th notes and 30second notes
+and so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in a
+sense um and and then on top of that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um and and then on top of that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um and and then on top of that the
+the the brieve is almost hardly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the brieve is almost hardly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the brieve is almost hardly used
+anymore in in in modern in in in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore in in in modern in in in modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore in in in modern in in in modern
+music um and so in a sense the the the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music um and so in a sense the the the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music um and so in a sense the the the m
+music is slowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music is slowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music is slowing
+down by you know saying that now okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by you know saying that now okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by you know saying that now okay so
+we're used to the quarter note and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're used to the quarter note and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're used to the quarter note and the
+eighth note is being the standard the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth note is being the standard the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth note is being the standard the
+standard beat that we're that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard beat that we're that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard beat that we're that we're
+relying on it's no longer this idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on it's no longer this idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on it's no longer this idea of a
+of a double double whole note um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a double double whole note um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a double double whole note um so I
+think in that sense m music is slowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in that sense m music is slowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in that sense m music is slowing
+down but in the sense of how being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but in the sense of how being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but in the sense of how being
+performed how it was performed I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed how it was performed I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed how it was performed I mean
+when you think about it like The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about it like The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about it like The
+Melodies would probably progress at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melodies would probably progress at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melodies would probably progress at you
+know similar speeds similar variances um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know similar speeds similar variances um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know similar speeds similar variances um
+so so what what did LS Lockwood say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what what did LS Lockwood say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what what did LS Lockwood say
+about the metronome in Beethoven on at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the metronome in Beethoven on at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the metronome in Beethoven on at
+the last Forum I wasn't there so how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last Forum I wasn't there so how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last Forum I wasn't there so how did
+he raise I'm sure he must have raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he raise I'm sure he must have raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he raise I'm sure he must have raised
+some issues like this about Tempo what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some issues like this about Tempo what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some issues like this about Tempo what
+did he say do you remember he said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did he say do you remember he said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did he say do you remember he said the
+Beethoven was the the markings that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beethoven was the the markings that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beethoven was the the markings that or
+the the indications the metronome that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the indications the metronome that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the indications the metronome that
+Beethoven gave were considered far too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beethoven gave were considered far too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beethoven gave were considered far too
+fast by and so how did he explain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast by and so how did he explain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast by and so how did he explain that
+did he have a is there a reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did he have a is there a reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did he have a is there a reason why
+Beethoven metral markings if we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beethoven metral markings if we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beethoven metral markings if we try to
+put them into practice they lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them into practice they lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them into practice they lead to
+performances that sound much faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances that sound much faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances that sound much faster than
+we used to or at least used to be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to or at least used to be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to or at least used to be used
+to did he talk about that or did he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to did he talk about that or did he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to did he talk about that or did he he
+did The Mention Of Him happen through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did The Mention Of Him happen through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did The Mention Of Him happen through
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+career and that uh he was already happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career and that uh he was already happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career and that uh he was already happy
+through his career of becoming deaf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through his career of becoming deaf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through his career of becoming deaf and
+so he was acquiring this uh his sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was acquiring this uh his sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was acquiring this uh his sense of
+Rhythm from uh from an other world other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rhythm from uh from an other world other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rhythm from uh from an other world other
+worldly Source it wasn't uh from hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldly Source it wasn't uh from hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldly Source it wasn't uh from hearing
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+acoustically and I think he even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustically and I think he even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustically and I think he even
+mentioned one at one point where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned one at one point where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned one at one point where uh
+Boven was either ahead or behind an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boven was either ahead or behind an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boven was either ahead or behind an
+ensemble he was condu he said when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensemble he was condu he said when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensemble he was condu he said when he
+was conducting he was 10 to 12 bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was conducting he was 10 to 12 bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was conducting he was 10 to 12 bars
+behind and yes just not really he wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and yes just not really he wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and yes just not really he wasn't
+connected to a really live performance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a really live performance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a really live performance I
+guess of respect the musicians went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess of respect the musicians went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess of respect the musicians went
+ahead and play what they wanted I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and play what they wanted I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and play what they wanted I
+believe that even in the that famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that even in the that famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that even in the that famous
+anecdote of the Ninth Symphony with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdote of the Ninth Symphony with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdote of the Ninth Symphony with the
+last one of the last times he conducted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one of the last times he conducted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one of the last times he conducted
+where he had to be turned around but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he had to be turned around but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he had to be turned around but
+because he didn't know the music had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he didn't know the music had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he didn't know the music had
+stopped and the audience was applauding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped and the audience was applauding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped and the audience was applauding
+so he was still conducting and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was still conducting and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was still conducting and they
+reached the end which it that seems odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached the end which it that seems odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached the end which it that seems odd
+it seems odd it seems I mean it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems odd it seems I mean it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems odd it seems I mean it just
+seems we like that story because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems we like that story because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems we like that story because it
+suggest how out of touch bethoven was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest how out of touch bethoven was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest how out of touch bethoven was
+with normal World processes but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with normal World processes but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with normal World processes but at the
+same time if you're conducting you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time if you're conducting you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time if you're conducting you would
+think you the performers Elite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you the performers Elite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you the performers Elite
+especially bethoven Who would know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially bethoven Who would know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially bethoven Who would know what
+the notes are he wouldn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes are he wouldn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes are he wouldn't have to be
+reading the score quite the same way a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the score quite the same way a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the score quite the same way a
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+conductor I think well speaking of of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor I think well speaking of of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor I think well speaking of of a
+new conductor or in some case a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new conductor or in some case a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new conductor or in some case a more
+recent conductor um you're all too young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent conductor um you're all too young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent conductor um you're all too young
+to know from Dr Herbert monar about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know from Dr Herbert monar about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know from Dr Herbert monar about
+theic but he has he notorious for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theic but he has he notorious for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theic but he has he notorious for
+conducting ahead of the orchestra he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting ahead of the orchestra he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting ahead of the orchestra he had
+a just a style where uh he would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a just a style where uh he would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a just a style where uh he would be
+rhythmically ahead of them by half a bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythmically ahead of them by half a bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythmically ahead of them by half a bar
+or more and the Orchestra played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more and the Orchestra played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more and the Orchestra played
+perfectly together and in perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly together and in perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly together and in perfect
+Ensemble and it was it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble and it was it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble and it was it was just
+something to behold and I I even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to behold and I I even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to behold and I I even
+remember a performance where uh where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a performance where uh where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a performance where uh where he
+started a brah Symphony and indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started a brah Symphony and indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started a brah Symphony and indicated
+you know with a a big gesture a chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with a a big gesture a chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with a a big gesture a chord
+and he was long past it when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was long past it when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was long past it when the
+orchestra arrived on that chord and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestra arrived on that chord and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestra arrived on that chord and
+there was an audible gasp through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an audible gasp through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an audible gasp through
+Symphony Hall you couldn't believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symphony Hall you couldn't believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symphony Hall you couldn't believe that
+that that this really had happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this really had happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this really had happened in
+response but I remember one in that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response but I remember one in that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response but I remember one in that same
+series of concerts he was conducting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of concerts he was conducting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of concerts he was conducting uh
+B's third U and he's in the last M that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's third U and he's in the last M that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's third U and he's in the last M that
+he he wanted the the upbeat to go uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he wanted the the upbeat to go uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he wanted the the upbeat to go uh a
+little more quickly and the orch took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more quickly and the orch took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more quickly and the orch took
+more time to to to do it and he stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time to to to do it and he stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time to to to do it and he stopped
+and he waited for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he waited for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he waited for
+them just was the most incredible thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just was the most incredible thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just was the most incredible thing
+well the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the the
+did did Lewis play any excerpts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did did Lewis play any excerpts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did did Lewis play any excerpts of
+recordings that showed various because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings that showed various because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings that showed various because
+did he play norrington's recordings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did he play norrington's recordings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did he play norrington's recordings
+where he he didn't he didn't have noring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he he didn't he didn't have noring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he he didn't he didn't have noring
+he talked about it but he or someone his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he talked about it but he or someone his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he talked about it but he or someone his
+his disc wasn't working or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his disc wasn't working or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his disc wasn't working or something
+like that so he had two he played two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so he had two he played two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so he had two he played two
+different performances that showed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different performances that showed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different performances that showed uh
+one of them was was a an early music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them was was a an early music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them was was a an early music
+approach and the other was a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and the other was a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and the other was a more
+standard approach and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard approach and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard approach and they were
+different by a large number of degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different by a large number of degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different by a large number of degrees
+of them metronome it was that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them metronome it was that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them metronome it was that it was
+that slow movement from the nth right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slow movement from the nth right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slow movement from the nth right
+which doesn't sound like a slow movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't sound like a slow movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't sound like a slow movement
+when he plays it to me I I I do have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he plays it to me I I I do have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he plays it to me I I I do have the
+noring set in fact I think they even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noring set in fact I think they even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noring set in fact I think they even
+have it downstairs and I could I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it downstairs and I could I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it downstairs and I could I could
+go get it if you wanted to hear but um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go get it if you wanted to hear but um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go get it if you wanted to hear but um I
+brought it into my office because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought it into my office because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought it into my office because I
+thought I don't think I want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I don't think I want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I don't think I want to use
+these recordings myself at home ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these recordings myself at home ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these recordings myself at home ever
+I'll keep them here as a record but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll keep them here as a record but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll keep them here as a record but uh
+every when I for heard the way he began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every when I for heard the way he began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every when I for heard the way he began
+the last moov of the night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last moov of the night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last moov of the night
+Symphony it went so fast I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symphony it went so fast I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symphony it went so fast I was just
+shocked and it was shocking for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked and it was shocking for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked and it was shocking for most
+people some and that that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people some and that that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people some and that that's an
+interesting counter to what Mike says if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting counter to what Mike says if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting counter to what Mike says if
+anything performances of early music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything performances of early music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything performances of early music
+have been speeding up for the last half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been speeding up for the last half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been speeding up for the last half
+century because when Kion or take one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century because when Kion or take one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century because when Kion or take one of
+the great German B conductors of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great German B conductors of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great German B conductors of the
+early 20th century his name was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 20th century his name was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 20th century his name was
+rter not not the P but Carl rter with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rter not not the P but Carl rter with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rter not not the P but Carl rter with a
+K and he used to do these not only were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and he used to do these not only were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and he used to do these not only were
+the tempos slow but the Performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tempos slow but the Performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tempos slow but the Performing
+forces were larger the Boe was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces were larger the Boe was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces were larger the Boe was
+completely different it was more in tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different it was more in tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different it was more in tune
+with romantic Boeing techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with romantic Boeing techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with romantic Boeing techniques
+intonation techniques viado all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intonation techniques viado all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intonation techniques viado all these
+things and if you listen to a Matthew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and if you listen to a Matthew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and if you listen to a Matthew
+Passion by RoR um it's going to take at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Passion by RoR um it's going to take at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Passion by RoR um it's going to take at
+least half an hour or more then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least half an hour or more then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least half an hour or more then a
+Matthew Passion by John Elliot Gardner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matthew Passion by John Elliot Gardner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matthew Passion by John Elliot Gardner
+or one of the other masters of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one of the other masters of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one of the other masters of B
+conducting today um and they're many and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting today um and they're many and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting today um and they're many and
+of course they're using smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course they're using smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course they're using smaller
+performance ensembles generally um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance ensembles generally um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance ensembles generally um
+they're using they're working with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using they're working with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using they're working with them
+on early instruments that are the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on early instruments that are the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on early instruments that are the kind
+the Matthew that I'm Matthew passion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matthew that I'm Matthew passion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matthew that I'm Matthew passion
+that I'm most uh familiar with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm most uh familiar with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm most uh familiar with these
+days is the AR which is within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days is the AR which is within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days is the AR which is within
+that boundary of the early music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boundary of the early music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boundary of the early music
+performance and one of the things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and one of the things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and one of the things I
+noticed about that performance when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed about that performance when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed about that performance when I
+first heard it is that you really become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first heard it is that you really become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first heard it is that you really become
+aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware
+the Rhythm that us the 128 Rhythm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rhythm that us the 128 Rhythm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rhythm that us the 128 Rhythm to
+that structures the whole piece um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that structures the whole piece um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that structures the whole piece um is
+really a dance Rhythm and you are thrown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a dance Rhythm and you are thrown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a dance Rhythm and you are thrown
+into a sense of of of hearing that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a sense of of of hearing that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a sense of of of hearing that as a
+dance rather than as a durge which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance rather than as a durge which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance rather than as a durge which I
+think is even more powerful because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is even more powerful because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is even more powerful because you
+know rather than just accepting it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know rather than just accepting it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know rather than just accepting it as
+something ferial you realize that oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something ferial you realize that oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something ferial you realize that oh you
+know life goes on and there's this sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know life goes on and there's this sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know life goes on and there's this sense
+of this rhym as a kind of heartbeat um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this rhym as a kind of heartbeat um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this rhym as a kind of heartbeat um
+and it just has much more meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just has much more meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just has much more meaning
+layers of meaning when it's performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of meaning when it's performed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of meaning when it's performed
+more quickly so when you when you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quickly so when you when you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quickly so when you when you look
+when you look at uh an early music uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at uh an early music uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at uh an early music uh I
+mean do you actually are you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean do you actually are you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean do you actually are you actually
+able to um you want to go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to um you want to go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to um you want to go back to the
+Libra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Libra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Libra
+usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual
+um yeah I mean can you actually sing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I mean can you actually sing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I mean can you actually sing
+that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+line I'm just curious I mean I the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I'm just curious I mean I the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I'm just curious I mean I the first
+note would be a and I can give it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note would be a and I can give it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note would be a and I can give it to you
+off the piano if you want if assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the piano if you want if assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the piano if you want if assuming
+using modern pitch which of course right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using modern pitch which of course right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using modern pitch which of course right
+well is isn't you need to assume like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is isn't you need to assume like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is isn't you need to assume like I
+mean I I I I get the general shape and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I I I I get the general shape and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I I I I get the general shape and I
+see that how fast would you want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that how fast would you want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that how fast would you want to go
+with a notation like that do you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a notation like that do you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a notation like that do you have a
+sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of
+it not not particularly I mean I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not not particularly I mean I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not not particularly I mean I mean
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+uh I'm not sure I mean usually we we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm not sure I mean usually we we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm not sure I mean usually we we we
+we took these rather slow when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took these rather slow when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took these rather slow when we were
+in sight singing weren't you well yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sight singing weren't you well yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sight singing weren't you well yeah
+that also so the first not first uh n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also so the first not first uh n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also so the first not first uh n is
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+upward a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward a
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+g where is there a FL in there there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I don't have my reading glasses on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't have my reading glasses on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't have my reading glasses on
+that's a g are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we is that really what it does yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we is that really what it does yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we is that really what it does yeah I
+mean it's the right shape so about I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's the right shape so about I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's the right shape so about I
+mean you think of that as you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you think of that as you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you think of that as you wouldn't
+want that how fast you don't think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that how fast you don't think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that how fast you don't think of
+that as being like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what's the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next no certainly not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next no certainly not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next no certainly not
+so but there's nothing in the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but there's nothing in the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but there's nothing in the notation
+that tells you that it's just the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you that it's just the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you that it's just the music
+it's the tradition you're used to yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the tradition you're used to yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the tradition you're used to yeah I
+mean that's like I mean every time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's like I mean every time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's like I mean every time that
+I had listen to you know Gregorian chant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had listen to you know Gregorian chant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had listen to you know Gregorian chant
+on a recording or something it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a recording or something it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a recording or something it's always
+taken if it's a Currier or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken if it's a Currier or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken if it's a Currier or something
+like that it's usually taken pretty slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it's usually taken pretty slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it's usually taken pretty slow
+and so that's just what you that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's just what you that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's just what you that's just
+what we're used to though but I mean no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're used to though but I mean no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're used to though but I mean no
+one you know there there's as far as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you know there there's as far as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you know there there's as far as I
+know there's no primary sources from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's no primary sources from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's no primary sources from
+from that era that say oh you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that era that say oh you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that era that say oh you should
+sing it this fast or what about one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing it this fast or what about one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing it this fast or what about one of
+the one of the one of the ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the one of the ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the one of the ways in which
+Lockwood I think framed the debate like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lockwood I think framed the debate like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lockwood I think framed the debate like
+you said there's a debate between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said there's a debate between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said there's a debate between uh
+performing out of the experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing out of the experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing out of the experience of
+performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing
+within space and how one how something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within space and how one how something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within space and how one how something
+looks on paper or put it between uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks on paper or put it between uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks on paper or put it between uh you
+know uh the written interpretation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh the written interpretation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh the written interpretation right
+and the experience and I think he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the experience and I think he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the experience and I think he said
+that each one them is equally valid it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each one them is equally valid it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each one them is equally valid it's
+not something it's just one that one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something it's just one that one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something it's just one that one the
+choice that one has to make and uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice that one has to make and uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice that one has to make and uh of
+course most of the brarian chant that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course most of the brarian chant that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course most of the brarian chant that we
+hear or chat of any kind um is performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear or chat of any kind um is performed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear or chat of any kind um is performed
+in a resonance space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a resonance space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a resonance space
+and so that will tell us something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that will tell us something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that will tell us something about
+how to uh how to do it if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to uh how to do it if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to uh how to do it if we want to
+hear clearly right uh how this moved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear clearly right uh how this moved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear clearly right uh how this moved the
+individual notes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual notes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual notes and
+yeah right well and I wanted to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right well and I wanted to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right well and I wanted to go back
+to the shopan because um there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the shopan because um there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the shopan because um there was a
+very interesting book of Music Theory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting book of Music Theory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting book of Music Theory or
+music analysis by a brilliant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music analysis by a brilliant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music analysis by a brilliant uh
+theorist at Princeton um named Edward t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist at Princeton um named Edward t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist at Princeton um named Edward t
+con and it's a short book it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con and it's a short book it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con and it's a short book it's called
+musical form and musical performance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical form and musical performance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical form and musical performance and
+it tries to explain issues that how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tries to explain issues that how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tries to explain issues that how you
+connect analysis of music to Performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect analysis of music to Performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect analysis of music to Performance
+of music and how difficult that is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music and how difficult that is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music and how difficult that is um
+but his argument is ultimately a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but his argument is ultimately a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but his argument is ultimately a
+performance of a piece a considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a piece a considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a piece a considered
+performance of a piece is an analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a piece is an analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a piece is an analysis
+that the the best performers in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the best performers in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the best performers in some
+level or another are analyzing the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level or another are analyzing the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level or another are analyzing the music
+and they're communicating their anal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're communicating their anal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're communicating their anal
+analysis through the way they play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis through the way they play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis through the way they play
+perform but he he looks at a piece like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform but he he looks at a piece like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform but he he looks at a piece like
+this which looks so simple and so clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which looks so simple and so clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which looks so simple and so clear
+in terms of modern notation and he talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of modern notation and he talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of modern notation and he talks
+about many issues that are and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about many issues that are and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about many issues that are and some of
+them are issues of tempo but many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are issues of tempo but many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are issues of tempo but many of
+them have to do with how how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have to do with how how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have to do with how how do you
+respect Chan's notation and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect Chan's notation and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect Chan's notation and one of the
+places for example and again it's I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places for example and again it's I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places for example and again it's I'm
+not good at this because I haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good at this because I haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good at this because I haven't been
+playing but um are you going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing but um are you going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing but um are you going to do that
+first that first dat a note on the down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that first dat a note on the down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that first dat a note on the down
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+literally wait a minute it's a c right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally wait a minute it's a c right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally wait a minute it's a c right
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yeah so are you going to count it as 3 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so are you going to count it as 3 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so are you going to count it as 3 1
+2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 or are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 or are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 or are you going to
+inflect it you know are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflect it you know are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflect it you know are you going to
+soften
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soften
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soften
+it are you can where and if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it are you can where and if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it are you can where and if you're going
+to use the rubot where are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the rubot where are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the rubot where are you going to
+use it and where are you going to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it and where are you going to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it and where are you going to pick
+it up and for me the hard part is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and for me the hard part is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and for me the hard part is that
+climactic phrase in the second line the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climactic phrase in the second line the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climactic phrase in the second line the
+second Havoc piece where it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and
+then I can't my eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can't my eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can't my eyes
+are and you have to do this wide chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and you have to do this wide chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and you have to do this wide chord
+right and I always want to slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I always want to slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I always want to slow down
+there because I can't stretch it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because I can't stretch it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because I can't stretch it and
+there's a crescendo but there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a crescendo but there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a crescendo but there's nothing
+in the store that indicates that but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the store that indicates that but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the store that indicates that but it
+is the climax it goes to an to an um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the climax it goes to an to an um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the climax it goes to an to an um to
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+accent and then he puts a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent and then he puts a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent and then he puts a little
+apostrophe in it seems indicating to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apostrophe in it seems indicating to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apostrophe in it seems indicating to
+take a LIF P or an air breath so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a LIF P or an air breath so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a LIF P or an air breath so even
+the simpl the Simplicity of a notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simpl the Simplicity of a notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simpl the Simplicity of a notation
+like that let alone what andantino means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that let alone what andantino means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that let alone what andantino means
+what is andantino mean to you or to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is andantino mean to you or to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is andantino mean to you or to you
+Judy do you have a a feeling of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Judy do you have a a feeling of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Judy do you have a a feeling of that
+tempo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of
+a what does on dante
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what does on dante
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what does on dante
+mean do you know is it walking walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean do you know is it walking walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean do you know is it walking walking
+yeah going it literally means going so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah going it literally means going so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah going it literally means going so
+andantino is that that means less it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andantino is that that means less it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andantino is that that means less it's
+it's a diminutive does that mean faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a diminutive does that mean faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a diminutive does that mean faster
+or slower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+walking what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking what does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking what does it mean
+margus uh good question probably means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margus uh good question probably means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margus uh good question probably means
+quicker than slightly slightly quicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker than slightly slightly quicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker than slightly slightly quicker
+than on on right um that's a guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than on on right um that's a guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than on on right um that's a guess what
+I was thinking is I should open up my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking is I should open up my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking is I should open up my
+laptop and download three performances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop and download three performances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop and download three performances
+of this and we should listen to them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and we should listen to them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and we should listen to them and
+I but you could do that on your own and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I but you could do that on your own and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I but you could do that on your own and
+I guarantee you all the Chen masters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guarantee you all the Chen masters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guarantee you all the Chen masters of
+the Walts the masters of chopan Walts is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Walts the masters of chopan Walts is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Walts the masters of chopan Walts is
+like Rubenstein and leati and um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Rubenstein and leati and um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Rubenstein and leati and um well
+there so many Cotto and all they'll all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so many Cotto and all they'll all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so many Cotto and all they'll all
+do this very differently yeah um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this very differently yeah um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this very differently yeah um so
+it's but but the idea that the quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's but but the idea that the quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's but but the idea that the quarter
+note is the beat is the issue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note is the beat is the issue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note is the beat is the issue that
+you're raising yeah I'm saying from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're raising yeah I'm saying from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're raising yeah I'm saying from a
+from a from a notational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a from a notational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a from a notational
+standpoint and that would be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint and that would be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint and that would be what
+according to the old tradition what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the old tradition what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the old tradition what is a
+quarter not I mean it depends on how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter not I mean it depends on how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter not I mean it depends on how far
+back you go because you you got from see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you go because you you got from see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you go because you you got from see
+I mean for for a while it was like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean for for a while it was like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean for for a while it was like the
+the the brev was you know that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the brev was you know that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the brev was you know that sort of
+standard like here you see in in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard like here you see in in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard like here you see in in in this
+in the Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Square
+notation I guess I shouldn't really use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I guess I shouldn't really use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I guess I shouldn't really use
+this but you know you you you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you know you you you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you know you you you have the
+brev and and and minims right as the as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brev and and and minims right as the as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brev and and and minims right as the as
+a sort of that's kind of what it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of that's kind of what it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of that's kind of what it's all
+written as and that's kind of square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as and that's kind of square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as and that's kind of square
+notes and with the the the the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and with the the the the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and with the the the the point
+here is that the stems don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the stems don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the stems don't have
+anything to do with their duration right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with their duration right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with their duration right
+they indicate groupings yeah of notes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they indicate groupings yeah of notes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they indicate groupings yeah of notes so
+you use a stem before in the in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a stem before in the in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a stem before in the in the case
+of the first two Noms you have the stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first two Noms you have the stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first two Noms you have the stem
+to the left um and another stem to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left um and another stem to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left um and another stem to the
+left which indicates that those each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left which indicates that those each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left which indicates that those each of
+those pairs of notes are are a single n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pairs of notes are are a single n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pairs of notes are are a single n
+right but does that and then you have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but does that and then you have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but does that and then you have um
+a stem to the right when you get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stem to the right when you get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stem to the right when you get to the
+high note on these on the bowel e um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high note on these on the bowel e um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high note on these on the bowel e um
+followed by two little diamonds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by two little diamonds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by two little diamonds and
+that's another new formation indicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another new formation indicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another new formation indicating
+three notes in a row in a row that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three notes in a row in a row that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three notes in a row in a row that are
+clustered together but it doesn't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered together but it doesn't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered together but it doesn't tell
+us anything about duration whereas later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us anything about duration whereas later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us anything about duration whereas later
+stems came to me as you pointed well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stems came to me as you pointed well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stems came to me as you pointed well
+the oops not that one this one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oops not that one this one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oops not that one this one the
+adding a what happened when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a what happened when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a what happened when you
+added we move to Let's sorry let me move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added we move to Let's sorry let me move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added we move to Let's sorry let me move
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+to this is when you start seeing stems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is when you start seeing stems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is when you start seeing stems
+represen add a stem to the diamond does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represen add a stem to the diamond does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represen add a stem to the diamond does
+it make it a longer note or a shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it make it a longer note or a shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it make it a longer note or a shorter
+not shorter yes and then then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not shorter yes and then then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not shorter yes and then then they
+started having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started having
+stems with curls in them going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stems with curls in them going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stems with curls in them going in
+different directions and right um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions and right um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions and right um so you
+called those minims and then they became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called those minims and then they became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called those minims and then they became
+semi minum semi minims and um now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi minum semi minims and um now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi minum semi minims and um now we're
+up to semi Hemi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to semi Hemi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to semi Hemi
+Demi minim Demi semi mins um or Quavers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Demi minim Demi semi mins um or Quavers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Demi minim Demi semi mins um or Quavers
+as the English called right so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the English called right so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the English called right so we have
+different Traditions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Traditions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Traditions but
+um any any comments here about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any any comments here about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any any comments here about your
+experience in notation how how did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in notation how how did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in notation how how did you
+learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to
+feel pulses and notations and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel pulses and notations and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel pulses and notations and so forth
+when you when you were learning violin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you were learning violin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you were learning violin
+um R wise yeah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um R wise yeah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um R wise yeah well
+um I feel like a lot of the time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I feel like a lot of the time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I feel like a lot of the time at
+least when I began playing a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least when I began playing a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least when I began playing a piece
+um my music teacher would tell me she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my music teacher would tell me she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my music teacher would tell me she
+like everyone would start slow but as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everyone would start slow but as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everyone would start slow but as I
+like increase it up to like a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like increase it up to like a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like increase it up to like a certain
+case I would notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I would notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I would notice that
+um sometimes when I'm practicing I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes when I'm practicing I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes when I'm practicing I would
+be slower than like when I perform so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be slower than like when I perform so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be slower than like when I perform so um
+I guess sort of when I was learning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess sort of when I was learning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess sort of when I was learning to
+like develop maybe like a feeling I I my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like develop maybe like a feeling I I my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like develop maybe like a feeling I I my
+teacher gave me sort of like the freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher gave me sort of like the freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher gave me sort of like the freedom
+to have like a little bit of variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have like a little bit of variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have like a little bit of variation
+of what the I guess what the pace of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the I guess what the pace of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the I guess what the pace of the
+song I would have but she she would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song I would have but she she would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song I would have but she she would
+always tell me like keep in mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always tell me like keep in mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always tell me like keep in mind that
+when you're performing you tend to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're performing you tend to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're performing you tend to be a
+little faster so for me like learning uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little faster so for me like learning uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little faster so for me like learning uh
+at least for uh faster pce SS I would um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for uh faster pce SS I would um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for uh faster pce SS I would um
+slow myself down so that when I perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow myself down so that when I perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow myself down so that when I perform
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+hit what's one of the fastest pieces you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit what's one of the fastest pieces you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit what's one of the fastest pieces you
+ever had to perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um ceros did you do violin movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ceros did you do violin movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ceros did you do violin movements
+Baldi or some people like the Mozart or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baldi or some people like the Mozart or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baldi or some people like the Mozart or
+Mozart was one um I thought the LA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mozart was one um I thought the LA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mozart was one um I thought the LA
+was what the which piece s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what the which piece s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what the which piece s
+yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and
+how when you got to a place did you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how when you got to a place did you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how when you got to a place did you feel
+like this is the right Tempo or did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is the right Tempo or did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is the right Tempo or did you
+ever feel that it could go faster that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever feel that it could go faster that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever feel that it could go faster that
+you just I wanted to play it faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just I wanted to play it faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just I wanted to play it faster
+which was um and the thing is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was um and the thing is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was um and the thing is it's
+actually um at the beginning is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um at the beginning is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um at the beginning is not
+supposed to be that fast there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be that fast there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be that fast there the
+condensed part I would always I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed part I would always I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed part I would always I feel
+like I would always brush it more than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I would always brush it more than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I would always brush it more than I
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+so but yeah like um I I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but yeah like um I I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but yeah like um I I guess I
+gradually like develop a sense of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually like develop a sense of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually like develop a sense of where
+I it's not just for me to be comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it's not just for me to be comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it's not just for me to be comfortable
+like playing it but also having someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like playing it but also having someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like playing it but also having someone
+sit there and listen and be like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit there and listen and be like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit there and listen and be like you
+know I don't feel like I'm having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't feel like I'm having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't feel like I'm having a
+heart attack while I was to what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart attack while I was to what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart attack while I was to what do you
+remember about Mark's presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember about Mark's presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember about Mark's presentation
+yesterday about the the sense of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday about the the sense of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday about the the sense of time
+and speed do you remember what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and speed do you remember what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and speed do you remember what happened
+when he played one of the pieces he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he played one of the pieces he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he played one of the pieces he
+asked us how long it was remember you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked us how long it was remember you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked us how long it was remember you
+kind of get lost in it and everyone said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get lost in it and everyone said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get lost in it and everyone said
+it was longer than it really was Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was longer than it really was Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was longer than it really was Mark
+played us exert of one of his own pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played us exert of one of his own pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played us exert of one of his own pieces
+that went on for a while and he then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went on for a while and he then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went on for a while and he then he
+faded it out very slowly and he said how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faded it out very slowly and he said how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faded it out very slowly and he said how
+long do you think it is some people said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long do you think it is some people said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long do you think it is some people said
+six or S minutes one people said one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or S minutes one people said one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or S minutes one people said one
+person said four and I I said five it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person said four and I I said five it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person said four and I I said five it
+was two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was two and a
+quarter but it was a very floating kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter but it was a very floating kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter but it was a very floating kind
+of music without any recognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music without any recognizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music without any recognizable
+regular pulse so it was free of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular pulse so it was free of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular pulse so it was free of time and
+that was part of his argument that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was part of his argument that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was part of his argument that it
+was it was trying to get free of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was trying to get free of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was trying to get free of time
+and uh create a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh create a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh create a sense of
+openness and it was I I was really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openness and it was I I was really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openness and it was I I was really I
+really wanted him to prove that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted him to prove that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted him to prove that because
+I didn't believe it but we moved on yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't believe it but we moved on yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't believe it but we moved on yeah
+it did it did seem like a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did it did seem like a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did it did seem like a long time
+though uh but he swore that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though uh but he swore that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though uh but he swore that it was
+minutes 10 seconds anyways all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes 10 seconds anyways all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes 10 seconds anyways all right so
+Carol we've been talking you missed some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol we've been talking you missed some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol we've been talking you missed some
+of the presentation do you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the presentation do you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the presentation do you remember
+anything oh what do you remember about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything oh what do you remember about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything oh what do you remember about
+Libby Larson talking about Tempo in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Libby Larson talking about Tempo in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Libby Larson talking about Tempo in one
+of her pieces do you remember that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her pieces do you remember that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her pieces do you remember that that
+moment at The Forum when she talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment at The Forum when she talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment at The Forum when she talked
+about the beginning of one of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the beginning of one of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the beginning of one of her
+pieces anybody remember that what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces anybody remember that what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces anybody remember that what she
+said about Marcus you you can remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said about Marcus you you can remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said about Marcus you you can remind
+them probably well I can certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them probably well I can certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them probably well I can certainly
+remind them because she said uh but she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind them because she said uh but she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind them because she said uh but she
+conceived the one movement as being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived the one movement as being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived the one movement as being very
+slow uh and she started singing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow uh and she started singing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow uh and she started singing an
+example of it and I remember that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of it and I remember that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of it and I remember that those
+of us who play this looked at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us who play this looked at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us who play this looked at one
+another I said oh my God this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another I said oh my God this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another I said oh my God this
+that we were thinking of it even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were thinking of it even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were thinking of it even though
+she was very clear in the way she marked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was very clear in the way she marked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was very clear in the way she marked
+the market and so we said well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market and so we said well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market and so we said well let's
+let's try playing it that way and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try playing it that way and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try playing it that way and it's
+true that it had the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that it had the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that it had the kind of
+spaciousness wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaciousness wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaciousness wanted
+also we ended up gradually creeping back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we ended up gradually creeping back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we ended up gradually creeping back
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+temp used to um and I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp used to um and I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp used to um and I think that's
+almost true of any Ensemble any group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost true of any Ensemble any group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost true of any Ensemble any group of
+people uh uh will arrive at a truth with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh uh will arrive at a truth with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh uh will arrive at a truth with
+Tempo um better than any they will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tempo um better than any they will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tempo um better than any they will be
+different from any one person's opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from any one person's opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from any one person's opinion
+so even the compos even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even the compos even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even the compos even the
+compos Stravinsky was very careful as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compos Stravinsky was very careful as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compos Stravinsky was very careful as he
+reissued all of his stories later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reissued all of his stories later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reissued all of his stories later in
+life to mark them all with tempos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life to mark them all with tempos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life to mark them all with tempos
+metronome marking tempos um but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metronome marking tempos um but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metronome marking tempos um but if you
+and if you listen to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you listen to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you listen to his
+conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting
+often he's certainly not consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often he's certainly not consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often he's certainly not consistent
+um other other other scores that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other other other scores that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other other other scores that we
+didn't look at today but if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't look at today but if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't look at today but if you look at
+modern notations Bart talk always puts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern notations Bart talk always puts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern notations Bart talk always puts a
+time at the end of his pieces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at the end of his pieces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at the end of his pieces and
+they're always down to a second so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always down to a second so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always down to a second so even
+in his short piano pieces that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his short piano pieces that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his short piano pieces that are in
+his microcosmos Anthology for piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his microcosmos Anthology for piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his microcosmos Anthology for piano
+students he'll write at the end 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students he'll write at the end 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students he'll write at the end 17
+seconds 14 seconds but he does sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds 14 seconds but he does sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds 14 seconds but he does sometimes
+say that he doesn't expect these to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that he doesn't expect these to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that he doesn't expect these to be
+more than guid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than guid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than guid
+but and other composers will write these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and other composers will write these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and other composers will write these
+fantastically complex notations like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastically complex notations like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastically complex notations like
+Milton babbit or buas and others where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milton babbit or buas and others where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milton babbit or buas and others where
+they've subdivided beats into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've subdivided beats into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've subdivided beats into
+ridiculously varied numbers irrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously varied numbers irrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously varied numbers irrational
+numbers and they have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and they have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and they have multiple
+irrational numbers competing with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational numbers competing with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational numbers competing with each
+other so that one part is dividing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so that one part is dividing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so that one part is dividing into
+sevens while another is dividing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevens while another is dividing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevens while another is dividing into
+fives while another is unbarred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fives while another is unbarred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fives while another is unbarred and
+unbeaten and um you have this strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbeaten and um you have this strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbeaten and um you have this strength
+it's a the effect is a little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a the effect is a little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a the effect is a little bit like
+what uh Mark was getting through his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh Mark was getting through his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh Mark was getting through his
+improvisational performance where are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisational performance where are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisational performance where are we
+in time I don't have it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time I don't have it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time I don't have it's
+1:50 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1:50 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1:50 okay
+um can I read something I just found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can I read something I just found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can I read something I just found
+here this goes back to what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this goes back to what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this goes back to what you were
+were mentioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were mentioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were mentioning
+Ed as book I I know that we have a quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed as book I I know that we have a quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed as book I I know that we have a quote
+from him in our syus for 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from him in our syus for 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from him in our syus for 21
+852 that's advanc mus performance and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+852 that's advanc mus performance and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+852 that's advanc mus performance and um
+he makes a a point which uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he makes a a point which uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he makes a a point which uh in this
+paragraph is very much what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph is very much what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph is very much what we were
+saying um about how a good performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying um about how a good performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying um about how a good performance
+is analysis in some so this this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is analysis in some so this this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is analysis in some so this this is the
+actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+quote it is therefore often helpful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote it is therefore often helpful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote it is therefore often helpful to
+supplement them that is words use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement them that is words use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement them that is words use for
+analysis there another set of terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis there another set of terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis there another set of terms
+perhaps more firmly bound to concepts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps more firmly bound to concepts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps more firmly bound to concepts of
+time uh preparation adumbration arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh preparation adumbration arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh preparation adumbration arrival
+departure return dissolution Echo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure return dissolution Echo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure return dissolution Echo
+reminiscence and so on so a person who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminiscence and so on so a person who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminiscence and so on so a person who's
+interpreting the piece of music think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting the piece of music think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting the piece of music think of
+the phe that they're looking at as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phe that they're looking at as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phe that they're looking at as to
+whether or it's a preparation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or it's a preparation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or it's a preparation or
+it's it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's an
+Adra anal the departure of the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adra anal the departure of the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adra anal the departure of the and
+Echo and and uh and then he goes on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Echo and and uh and then he goes on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Echo and and uh and then he goes on to
+say it maybe argued that these belong to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it maybe argued that these belong to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it maybe argued that these belong to
+the domain of expression rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain of expression rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain of expression rather than
+form but can one make that dichotomy can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form but can one make that dichotomy can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form but can one make that dichotomy can
+form an expression be separated I do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form an expression be separated I do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form an expression be separated I do not
+believe they can musical form itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe they can musical form itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe they can musical form itself is
+expressive right and he actually he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive right and he actually he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive right and he actually he
+analyzes that Prelude in terms of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzes that Prelude in terms of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzes that Prelude in terms of where
+is the climax and how do you shape the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the climax and how do you shape the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the climax and how do you shape the
+performance to reach the climax he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance to reach the climax he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance to reach the climax he also
+uses modern approaches which talk not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses modern approaches which talk not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses modern approaches which talk not
+about the rhythms of beats as the Ry but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the rhythms of beats as the Ry but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the rhythms of beats as the Ry but
+phrases as rhythms and phrases as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases as rhythms and phrases as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases as rhythms and phrases as
+upbeats and down beats themselves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upbeats and down beats themselves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upbeats and down beats themselves so
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+is is that an upbeat phrase or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that an upbeat phrase or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that an upbeat phrase or a
+downbeat phrase I used it as an upbeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat phrase I used it as an upbeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat phrase I used it as an upbeat
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down but then how am I going to shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but then how am I going to shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but then how am I going to shape
+the next part to make a climate B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next part to make a climate B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next part to make a climate B
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know you can conceptualize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know you can conceptualize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know you can conceptualize it
+that way that each phrase is part of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way that each phrase is part of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way that each phrase is part of an
+upbeat or a downbeat process and part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upbeat or a downbeat process and part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upbeat or a downbeat process and part of
+what makes that especially useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes that especially useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes that especially useful to
+19th century music is that U as another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century music is that U as another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century music is that U as another
+analyst theorist wrote um people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyst theorist wrote um people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyst theorist wrote um people like
+Schuman and Mendon and other mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schuman and Mendon and other mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schuman and Mendon and other mid
+romantic composers tended to use four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic composers tended to use four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic composers tended to use four
+measure phrases as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure phrases as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure phrases as one
+measure they become hyper measures they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure they become hyper measures they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure they become hyper measures they
+write in hyper measures so that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in hyper measures so that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in hyper measures so that each
+measure is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure is a
+be and in a sense that goes back to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and in a sense that goes back to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and in a sense that goes back to some
+pieces by bet where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go and you're not really counting beats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and you're not really counting beats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and you're not really counting beats
+and bars you're counting bars as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bars you're counting bars as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bars you're counting bars as
+beats one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats one two three
+four four um so you you tend to group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four four um so you you tend to group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four four um so you you tend to group
+the bars into phrases of measure into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bars into phrases of measure into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bars into phrases of measure into
+measures and then the groups of hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and then the groups of hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and then the groups of hyper
+measures become phrases and pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures become phrases and pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures become phrases and pretty
+soon the whole piece becomes one big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon the whole piece becomes one big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon the whole piece becomes one big
+upbeat or one big downbeat you you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upbeat or one big downbeat you you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upbeat or one big downbeat you you keep
+abstracting to a higher and higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracting to a higher and higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracting to a higher and higher level
+of Rhythm and time and I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Rhythm and time and I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Rhythm and time and I think that's
+part of what getting out the the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what getting out the the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what getting out the the idea of
+adom braan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adom braan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adom braan
+foreshadowing arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadowing arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadowing arrival
+repetition emphasis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition emphasis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition emphasis and
+climax but these are in some ways they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climax but these are in some ways they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climax but these are in some ways they
+are spatial terms but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spatial terms but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spatial terms but they're
+also can I just say a word about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also can I just say a word about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also can I just say a word about the
+earlier news that you show I'm not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier news that you show I'm not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier news that you show I'm not an
+expert in early music as Michael the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in early music as Michael the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in early music as Michael the
+others but it seems to me that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but it seems to me that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but it seems to me that those
+that earlier notation uh was as you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that earlier notation uh was as you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that earlier notation uh was as you say
+a kind of Shand for an oral tradition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of Shand for an oral tradition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of Shand for an oral tradition
+and so for our class we all know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for our class we all know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for our class we all know you
+know how happy Birthday goes but just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how happy Birthday goes but just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how happy Birthday goes but just in
+case you know you just a little squiggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you know you just a little squiggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you know you just a little squiggle
+you know for where it goes up and goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for where it goes up and goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for where it goes up and goes
+down and and we'll know how to start it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and and we'll know how to start it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and and we'll know how to start it
+and get it going uh and we'll know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get it going uh and we'll know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get it going uh and we'll know that
+as a group over a long period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a group over a long period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a group over a long period of time
+but you know the group that's 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know the group that's 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know the group that's 20 years
+from now that didn't hear some in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now that didn't hear some in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now that didn't hear some in the
+first way uh won't have uh they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first way uh won't have uh they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first way uh won't have uh they won't
+have the benefit of knowing what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the benefit of knowing what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the benefit of knowing what it was
+like right when that notation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right when that notation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right when that notation was
+created they'll only know uh the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created they'll only know uh the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created they'll only know uh the short
+hand how to get started and no div
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand how to get started and no div
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand how to get started and no div
+verion that is immediately within their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verion that is immediately within their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verion that is immediately within their
+lifetime now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime now
+and so um of course the notation becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um of course the notation becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um of course the notation becomes
+to to add a sense of Rhythm a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to add a sense of Rhythm a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to add a sense of Rhythm a sense of
+time or how quickly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes I guess
+theit complete notation but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most I mean I don't I don't know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most I mean I don't I don't know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most I mean I don't I don't know exactly
+where this comes from but I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this comes from but I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this comes from but I remember
+hearing that uh like like students of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing that uh like like students of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing that uh like like students of
+music during the the sort of early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music during the the sort of early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music during the the sort of early
+history of music when they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of music when they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of music when they would
+it was only after they had mastered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was only after they had mastered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was only after they had mastered the
+the material that their their teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material that their their teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material that their their teacher
+would give them the textbook or the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give them the textbook or the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give them the textbook or the the
+the the book of of the music so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the book of of the music so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the book of of the music so that it
+it it really was just an oral tradition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it really was just an oral tradition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it really was just an oral tradition
+for for for a very long time for singers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for for a very long time for singers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for for a very long time for singers
+yeah for for yeah for singers yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for for yeah for singers yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for for yeah for singers yeah um
+and I I mean I guess early early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I mean I guess early early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I mean I guess early early
+instrumentalist as well sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentalist as well sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentalist as well sure
+um but I but I think now the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I but I think now the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I but I think now the way that
+the notation is done now I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation is done now I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation is done now I think you
+know if there was some other you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if there was some other you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if there was some other you know
+you know 600 years from now or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 600 years from now or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 600 years from now or something
+if they were looking back on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were looking back on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were looking back on this
+without any knowledge of of what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any knowledge of of what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any knowledge of of what this
+was I think it they it'd be easier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I think it they it'd be easier for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I think it they it'd be easier for
+them to figure out like the music from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to figure out like the music from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to figure out like the music from
+the last couple hundred years as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple hundred years as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple hundred years as opposed
+to us trying to figure out the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us trying to figure out the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us trying to figure out the music
+from you know 1200 or 1300 would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know 1200 or 1300 would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know 1200 or 1300 would be
+comparatively easier than the time we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively easier than the time we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively easier than the time we've
+had trying to figure out we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had trying to figure out we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had trying to figure out we can
+I remember when I was in graduate school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember when I was in graduate school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember when I was in graduate school
+we U they somehow found Rosetta Stone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we U they somehow found Rosetta Stone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we U they somehow found Rosetta Stone
+for do you remember that they found some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for do you remember that they found some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for do you remember that they found some
+parchments or something yeah they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parchments or something yeah they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parchments or something yeah they
+figured out how how to how to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how how to how to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how how to how to interpret
+Greek music and um and I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek music and um and I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek music and um and I remember
+someone came to class and started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone came to class and started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone came to class and started
+playing a common tune that everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a common tune that everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a common tune that everyone
+would know uh or everyone at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would know uh or everyone at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would know uh or everyone at the time
+would have known but they had six or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have known but they had six or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have known but they had six or
+eight different possible tunings for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight different possible tunings for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight different possible tunings for
+so even though you had the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though you had the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though you had the general
+Contours you couldn't tell exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours you couldn't tell exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours you couldn't tell exactly
+pictures were because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures were because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures were because they
+were very particulares on how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very particulares on how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very particulares on how you
+T relations one another nothing about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T relations one another nothing about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T relations one another nothing about so
+right well of course it's all different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well of course it's all different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well of course it's all different
+now yeah everything is preserved through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah everything is preserved through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah everything is preserved through
+media yeah and with recordings and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media yeah and with recordings and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media yeah and with recordings and with
+videos right we have we have archival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos right we have we have archival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos right we have we have archival
+records um and then the question becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records um and then the question becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records um and then the question becomes
+again I guess sort of what Lewis lwood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I guess sort of what Lewis lwood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I guess sort of what Lewis lwood
+was talking about do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about do you want to
+position yourself as being continuous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position yourself as being continuous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position yourself as being continuous in
+a tradition of performance do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tradition of performance do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tradition of performance do you want
+to reduplicate what other people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduplicate what other people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduplicate what other people have
+established as a as an approach or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established as a as an approach or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established as a as an approach or do
+you want to challenge that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to challenge that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to challenge that like
+Norrington and Norrington says in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norrington and Norrington says in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norrington and Norrington says in the
+case of Beethoven symphonies I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of Beethoven symphonies I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of Beethoven symphonies I'm going
+to use Beethoven's metal Market but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use Beethoven's metal Market but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use Beethoven's metal Market but the
+fact is Norrington or Haron court or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is Norrington or Haron court or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is Norrington or Haron court or
+other early music conductors will often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other early music conductors will often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other early music conductors will often
+do the same thing where there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing where there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing where there is no
+metronome marking they will challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metronome marking they will challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metronome marking they will challenge
+the established tempos of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the established tempos of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the established tempos of many
+recordings that have been preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings that have been preserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings that have been preserved
+across the 20th century they'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the 20th century they'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the 20th century they'll go
+faster or they'll go slower um I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster or they'll go slower um I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster or they'll go slower um I can
+always remember the first time I heard a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always remember the first time I heard a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always remember the first time I heard a
+recent fairly recent recording by harned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent fairly recent recording by harned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent fairly recent recording by harned
+court with he now conducts something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court with he now conducts something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court with he now conducts something
+called the orchestra of the 18th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the orchestra of the 18th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the orchestra of the 18th century
+or the orchestra of the Enlightenment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the orchestra of the Enlightenment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the orchestra of the Enlightenment
+one of those groups and his version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those groups and his version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those groups and his version of
+Mozart's 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mozart's 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mozart's 40
+is was not only really fast but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is was not only really fast but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is was not only really fast but it was
+Savage fast he was making all the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Savage fast he was making all the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Savage fast he was making all the the
+downbeats accented and he was bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeats accented and he was bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeats accented and he was bringing
+out the dissonances in a way that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the dissonances in a way that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the dissonances in a way that was
+almost harsh to the ear I was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost harsh to the ear I was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost harsh to the ear I was really
+shocked when I heard it because he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked when I heard it because he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked when I heard it because he was
+trying to find a way to revitalize our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find a way to revitalize our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find a way to revitalize our
+start hearing of that piece to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start hearing of that piece to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start hearing of that piece to make it
+quote fresh or new and in that case part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote fresh or new and in that case part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote fresh or new and in that case part
+of it was to go fast but I'm sure there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it was to go fast but I'm sure there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it was to go fast but I'm sure there
+are others for example one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are others for example one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are others for example one of the most
+famous Triston in his old on record was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous Triston in his old on record was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous Triston in his old on record was
+a live performance that Leonard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a live performance that Leonard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a live performance that Leonard
+Bernstein conducted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein conducted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein conducted in
+Vienna um in the 70s I think which is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna um in the 70s I think which is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna um in the 70s I think which is on
+five discs rather than three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five discs rather than three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five discs rather than three or
+four not only because he didn't he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four not only because he didn't he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four not only because he didn't he
+wanted the brakes to be at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the brakes to be at the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the brakes to be at the right
+places he didn't want to have breakes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places he didn't want to have breakes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places he didn't want to have breakes in
+the middle of something but also because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of something but also because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of something but also because
+he goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+slowly at some points that he Maks here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly at some points that he Maks here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly at some points that he Maks here
+year you watch Malcolm in the Middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year you watch Malcolm in the Middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year you watch Malcolm in the Middle
+yeah did you watch do you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah did you watch do you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah did you watch do you remember the
+asmatic kid the K in the wheelchair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asmatic kid the K in the wheelchair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asmatic kid the K in the wheelchair and
+the joke the humor of his character is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joke the humor of his character is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joke the humor of his character is
+that when he talks he has to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when he talks he has to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when he talks he has to take a
+breath between every word and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath between every word and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath between every word and sometimes
+you you he's going to say the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you he's going to say the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you he's going to say the obvious
+thing but you have to wait for it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but you have to wait for it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but you have to wait for it but
+other times because of the breath he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other times because of the breath he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other times because of the breath he he
+manages you're waiting for what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages you're waiting for what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages you're waiting for what you
+expect and then he says something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect and then he says something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect and then he says something else
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+every molecule you know say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every molecule you know say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every molecule you know say something
+like that I of don't know what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I of don't know what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I of don't know what he's
+talking about that that's what birn did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that that's what birn did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that that's what birn did
+I mean it's not it's only part of it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's not it's only part of it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's not it's only part of it but
+uh the tempo was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the tempo was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the tempo was so
+slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow
+so we we we can't know anymore what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we we can't know anymore what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we we can't know anymore what
+people are going to do with musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to do with musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to do with musical
+records 300 years from now how are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records 300 years from now how are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records 300 years from now how are they
+going to interpret because there's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interpret because there's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interpret because there's so
+much that survives it's my advisor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that survives it's my advisor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that survives it's my advisor at
+Harvard my history advisor my my PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard my history advisor my my PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard my history advisor my my PhD
+advisor used to say it's much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor used to say it's much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor used to say it's much better
+things disappear they don't survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things disappear they don't survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things disappear they don't survive
+because we're going to be overwhelmed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to be overwhelmed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to be overwhelmed by
+things historians from 500 years from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things historians from 500 years from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things historians from 500 years from
+now how are they ever going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how are they ever going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how are they ever going to go
+through all the do it's that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the do it's that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the do it's that information
+overload right information overload and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overload right information overload and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overload right information overload and
+processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+overload we're certainly Tempo issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overload we're certainly Tempo issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overload we're certainly Tempo issues
+it'll be fascinating well I mean we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be fascinating well I mean we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be fascinating well I mean we're
+certainly doing better I mean we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly doing better I mean we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly doing better I mean we're not
+we're not in that stage or burning books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not in that stage or burning books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not in that stage or burning books
+or using manuscript as book covers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or using manuscript as book covers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or using manuscript as book covers and
+right but I I've noticed a tendency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I I've noticed a tendency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I I've noticed a tendency in
+popular music when people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular music when people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular music when people do
+covers I don't hear a lot of variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers I don't hear a lot of variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers I don't hear a lot of variation
+in Tempo or Rhythm I hear variations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Tempo or Rhythm I hear variations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Tempo or Rhythm I hear variations in
+the instrumentation or the singing style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instrumentation or the singing style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instrumentation or the singing style
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+articulation harmonies get changed but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation harmonies get changed but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation harmonies get changed but
+if you're doing Elvis Presley's songs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing Elvis Presley's songs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing Elvis Presley's songs or
+sting is doing somebody's Sting's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sting is doing somebody's Sting's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sting is doing somebody's Sting's doing
+sting to John but if people are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sting to John but if people are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sting to John but if people are doing
+sting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sting so
+um I didn't hear a wide change does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I didn't hear a wide change does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I didn't hear a wide change does
+anybody I mean do you know of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody I mean do you know of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody I mean do you know of a
+performance or pieces that you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance or pieces that you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance or pieces that you like to
+listen to popular music it has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to popular music it has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to popular music it has been
+widely changed through a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely changed through a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely changed through a different
+performance there's a commercial Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance there's a commercial Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance there's a commercial Now
+using All You Need Is Love by The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using All You Need Is Love by The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using All You Need Is Love by The
+Beetles that's what it's for uh it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beetles that's what it's for uh it's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beetles that's what it's for uh it's for
+T-Mobile or it's some cell phone company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T-Mobile or it's some cell phone company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T-Mobile or it's some cell phone company
+but even though it sounds completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even though it sounds completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even though it sounds completely
+different from the Beatles I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the Beatles I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the Beatles I don't think
+it's much different in All You Need Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much different in All You Need Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much different in All You Need Is
+Love cuz we have that sound in our head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love cuz we have that sound in our head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love cuz we have that sound in our head
+from hearing it I mean part of it is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from hearing it I mean part of it is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from hearing it I mean part of it is so
+that it's recognizable to The Listener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's recognizable to The Listener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's recognizable to The Listener
+it's like happy birthday and then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like happy birthday and then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like happy birthday and then for
+for cover bands I mean part of how a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cover bands I mean part of how a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cover bands I mean part of how a lot
+of people evaluate how good a cover band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people evaluate how good a cover band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people evaluate how good a cover band
+is is is how how good are they at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is how how good are they at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is how how good are they at
+replicating the sound of whoever they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating the sound of whoever they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating the sound of whoever they're
+they're covering right you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're covering right you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're covering right you're you're
+expected to be able to sound like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to be able to sound like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to be able to sound like the
+band imitating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band imitating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band imitating
+so you have to do it the way they so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to do it the way they so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to do it the way they so so
+I mean I kind of see both extremes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I kind of see both extremes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I kind of see both extremes you
+know there's you know many cover bands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's you know many cover bands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's you know many cover bands
+try to do exactly the same thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do exactly the same thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do exactly the same thing and
+then there are others that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are others that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are others that
+purposefully change it so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposefully change it so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposefully change it so much
+that that you you know you really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you you know you really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you you know you really have
+to think about it like there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it like there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it like there
+there's I I forget who there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I I forget who there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I I forget who there's some
+popular musician who does like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular musician who does like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular musician who does like like
+acoustic guitar uh covers of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic guitar uh covers of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic guitar uh covers of like
+hardcore rap songs and stuff and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore rap songs and stuff and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore rap songs and stuff and it's
+and it's and it's funny because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's and it's funny because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's and it's funny because because
+because of that huge shift and and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that huge shift and and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that huge shift and and it's
+done intentionally but I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done intentionally but I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done intentionally but I don't think
+there's very much of that middle ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very much of that middle ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very much of that middle ground
+where I don't know if you guys I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I don't know if you guys I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I don't know if you guys I don't
+really listen to the radio anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really listen to the radio anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really listen to the radio anymore
+somebody trying to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody trying to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody trying to play
+umy Symphony on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+early that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early that's
+awesome very strange to me to me would s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome very strange to me to me would s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome very strange to me to me would s
+very strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know I I I can't I I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I I I can't I I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I I I can't I I don't have
+any answers here but I think these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any answers here but I think these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any answers here but I think these are
+the issues these are the questions keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues these are the questions keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues these are the questions keep
+coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+up maybe we should stop for today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TXJIhDHtHSI.txt b/TXJIhDHtHSI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a740fd8480fc8381d0c8475cfa6ffb1281ab0069
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TXJIhDHtHSI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2084 @@
+OK.
+Good morning.
+
+In the last lecture I did a
+little demonstration for you
+
+where I showed you a pair of
+inverters.
+
+And showed you that the output
+of the first inverter looked
+
+weird, certainly not like
+anything we have seen thus far.
+
+It looked like a slow rising
+transition like this.
+
+And using that motivation we
+have begun our study of RC
+
+circuits.
+And in particular for today the
+
+lecture is titled "Digital
+Circuit Speed".
+
+We are going to look at the
+fundamentals of digital circuit
+
+speed.
+And it all boils down to an RC
+
+delay.
+By the end of the lecture,
+
+I am going to show you two
+numbers that you can look at a
+
+circuit and obtain by
+observation, multiply them out
+
+and you will get a good idea of
+the speed at which a circuit
+
+will run.
+It is pretty amazing.
+
+So as a quick review --
+The relevant section for this
+
+is Chapter 10.4.
+As a review,
+
+we said to understand things
+like this we need to develop the
+
+foundations for RC circuits.
+And the example I covered was
+
+that of a very simple circuit
+that looked like this --
+
+An RC circuit of this form.
+And I also showed you that for
+
+an input of the form,
+input that steps from zero to
+
+VI at time T equal to zero.
+And assuming that the capacitor
+
+state at time T equals zero was
+zero.
+
+What this means is that the
+capacitor starts from rest,
+
+so at time T=0,
+oops, this is VI,
+
+I'm sorry.
+So we assume that the capacitor
+
+starts from rest.
+At time T=0 I apply a VI step,
+
+capital VI.
+And then I want to look at how
+
+the voltage across the capacitor
+behaves.
+
+And we did a bunch of analysis.
+And at the end of the day,
+
+in the final demo in the
+lecture last time I showed you
+
+that the capacitor would behave
+like this.
+
+It would start off at,
+oops.
+
+I am sorry.
+This should be,
+
+let's assume that started off
+at VO.
+
+We get a different equation for
+zero.
+
+So let's say the capacitor
+started off at VO,
+
+in which case VC at time T=0 is
+VO as expected.
+
+And we showed that the output
+would look something like this.
+
+After a long period of time
+this would come up to VI and
+
+this rise had a time constant of
+tau=RC.
+
+So we wrote the equation for
+this waveform.
+
+And this is the case when VI is
+greater than VO.
+
+I would like you to stare at
+the circuit and this result here
+
+to get more intuition on what is
+going on.
+
+At time T=0,
+VC starts off at VO as expected
+
+because I am telling you that is
+the case, that is initial
+
+condition.
+It starts off at VO.
+
+Then this one steps to VI.
+There is no infinite transition
+
+anywhere here,
+and so the capacitor holds its
+
+voltage at VO,
+at time T=0.
+
+And then the VI here,
+which is greater than VO,
+
+begins to charge the capacitor
+up, charge it through this
+
+resistor.
+And so therefore the capacitor
+
+charges up.
+After a long period of time,
+
+from the basic foundations of
+capacitors, we know that the
+
+capacitor appears like a
+long-term open circuit to DC.
+
+This is a DC voltage VI.
+So it appears like an open
+
+circuit.
+So after a long period of time
+
+VI appears at the end.
+And from here to here I have an
+
+exponential rise that is
+typified by an equation of the
+
+form -t/RC.
+This kind of waveform rising
+
+from a smaller value to a higher
+value is typified by this
+
+expression.
+We saw the expression when we
+
+developed the equations last
+time.
+
+On the other hand,
+if the input was such that VI
+
+was smaller than VO,
+so let's say VI was smaller
+
+than VO then what will happen is
+that the capacitor voltage would
+
+start off at VO,
+because I am telling you that
+
+is the initial condition,
+and would then decay in this
+
+manner to the final value of VI
+which is the input.
+
+Instead of going up this way it
+decays down to the final value
+
+applied to the circuit.
+Again, the time constant is RC.
+
+But this is typified by a form,
+this is exponential rise and
+
+this guy e^-t/RC is an
+exponential decay.
+
+The key thing to remember is
+that when you have RC circuits
+
+of this form,
+the waveforms that you get are
+
+either each of the e^-t/RC or
+1-e^-t/RC.
+
+So you can now begin to see how
+waveforms such as that come
+
+about.
+We will do an example and sit
+
+down and compute the inverter
+delay.
+
+And notice that this waveform
+here is very typical or
+
+corresponds to this waveform
+that we see here.
+
+Here I am starting at VO.
+And assuming this axis starts
+
+off at zero, this one starts
+very close to zero and then
+
+rises up to some final value.
+So far I have reviewed some
+
+material for you that I covered
+the last time.
+
+As a second step,
+I would like to give you a much
+
+more intuitive approach --
+-- that doesn't involve solving
+
+any differential equations.
+And the reason I do this is
+
+that most experienced circuit
+designers do not sit down and
+
+write differential equations
+each time they see an RC
+
+circuit.
+When you are starting out and
+
+you see an RC circuit,
+you say node method and you
+
+write the differential equation,
+but experienced people don't do
+
+that.
+They look at it and they can
+
+sketch the waveform out by
+inspection.
+
+And I will show you how to do
+that.
+
+It is indeed incredibly simple
+once I give you some intuition.
+
+Throughout the rest of this
+course, I will be showing you
+
+many such examples where
+initially I develop the
+
+foundations of stuff and then
+show you an intuitive approach
+
+that very quickly lets you
+either get the final answer or
+
+at least sanity check the answer
+that you have gotten.
+
+And this is how experienced
+circuit designers deal with
+
+stuff.
+How many people here have seen
+
+this movie Bend it Like Beckham?
+So you know this Beckham
+
+character doesn't think about
+how he is going to curve the
+
+ball.
+He just does it and it happens.
+
+He doesn't sit down writing
+differential equations to find
+
+out the projectile trajectory
+and all of that stuff.
+
+You just kind of do it.
+These series of intuitions I am
+
+going to give you is going to be
+in line with the Bend it Like
+
+Beckham kind of intuition.
+And this one in particular I
+
+would like to do in honor of one
+of your recitation instructions
+
+Professor David Perreault.
+And so this piece of intuition
+
+is going to be termed "Practice
+it Like Perreault".
+
+Watch what I do with the other
+names.
+
+Professor David Perreault is
+really a world expert in
+
+designing really incredible
+power supplies for very,
+
+very small chips and so on.
+He doesn't start writing
+
+differential equations to do
+this stuff.
+
+He looks at it and sketches it
+out.
+
+Let me show you how he would do
+this.
+
+Suppose I have my circuit like
+before, VI, R and C,
+
+and I am telling you that
+VC(0)=VO.
+
+And my input VI is a step that
+looks like this.
+
+VI is a step.
+How would Professor Perreault
+
+do this?
+Let's do it completely by
+
+intuition.
+No math here.
+
+All right.
+We know that I have told you
+
+that this guy starts off at VO.
+I am telling you that.
+
+You know it is going to start
+at VO.
+
+And there is no impulse or huge
+infinite transition,
+
+and so the capacitor starts off
+at VO.
+
+We also know from basic
+capacitor properties that after
+
+a long period of time,
+in the steady state,
+
+this is but a DC voltage.
+If you apply a DC and here is
+
+my capacitor.
+After a long period of time
+
+this guy is going to look like
+an open circuit.
+
+It is going to charge up to
+some value and then is going to
+
+look like an open circuit.
+Because if it didn't,
+
+you would keep charging it and
+its voltage would keep
+
+increasing.
+That doesn't happen,
+
+it looks like an open circuit.
+So it looks like an open
+
+circuit in the long run.
+The voltage across it must be
+
+capital VI.
+If I don't have current flowing
+
+in the circuit then the only way
+that can happen is --
+
+This open circuit.
+Capital VI appears across the
+
+capacitor.
+Well, after a long period of
+
+time I know that the output must
+look like this.
+
+In this case,
+I have assumed VI is greater
+
+than VO.
+So you have two points of your
+
+curve, VO and VI after a long
+period of time.
+
+And, as I told you earlier,
+with capacitors you get two
+
+kinds of curves.
+Two things.
+
+What you do is go zoop.
+There you go.
+
+You're done.
+And this has an exponential
+
+rise.
+This is with the form
+
+1-e^-t/RC.
+So we can write an equation for
+
+that as follows.
+VC we know has something to do
+
+with minus t/RC.
+This is of that form,
+
+so there has to be that term in
+there somewhere.
+
+And I start off with VO.
+At time T=0 this is one and
+
+this is one, so this term
+becomes a zero.
+
+At time T=0 that becomes a zero
+so I get VO here.
+
+I am going to make sure this
+stuff stays zero at time T=0,
+
+so I start off with VO.
+Now, as time wears on what
+
+happens here?
+This voltage here,
+
+VI-VO, if you look at this
+difference.
+
+That is exponentially decaying
+over time.
+
+And so therefore all I have to
+do here is write VI-VO.
+
+There is the answer.
+I know the form of the curve.
+
+I am just fitting an expression
+that meets this form.
+
+This starts off at VO.
+When time T=0 this second
+
+expression is zero and so it is
+VO.
+
+And this difference here decays
+down to zero.
+
+And this difference here,
+VI-VO is multiplied by this
+
+term here and that is what I
+get.
+
+And you can confirm this.
+At time T=0 this is zero.
+
+At time T infinity this goes to
+zero, this goes to zero leaving
+
+a one, and VO and minus VO
+cancel and I get a VI.
+
+Virtually any such simple
+voltage source,
+
+current source,
+resistor, capacitor,
+
+circuit for most inputs like
+steps and so on can be analyzed
+
+in this manner.
+Initial value,
+
+final value,
+it's simple.
+
+And just to show you that this
+is simple, I am going to label
+
+this expression this way.
+It is of the form 1-e^-t/RC.
+
+Just remember that.
+Now, by the same token,
+
+what if VI had been smaller
+than VO?
+
+Then that is simple,
+too.
+
+I would have had my VI being
+here.
+
+VI would have been here.
+And that is of the form.
+
+In this particular situation,
+here is my VI,
+
+my starting value and I do
+this.
+
+And just to label that,
+let me label that this way.
+
+I just told you that for RC
+circuits you go this way or you
+
+go this way.
+So it is down here.
+
+I get some kind of an
+exponential decay.
+
+And, like before,
+think of this one.
+
+This one has VI as a base value
+here.
+
+And the difference between the
+two is VO minus VI.
+
+And that difference decays.
+So I have a VI out here,
+
+and this difference decays so I
+get VO-VI and that decays in
+
+this form.
+So I get an exponential decay
+
+of this difference here.
+Just stare at it for a while
+
+longer.
+You should be able to just go
+
+and knock it off like this,
+just like Professor Perreault
+
+would.
+No differential equations.
+
+Just write it down by looking
+at the curve.
+
+Let's keep these two in mind,
+OK, these forms?
+
+One is the 1-e^-t/RC form and
+the e^-t/RC.
+
+Both have a time constant RC.
+Let me just make this a dashed
+
+line just to be on the safe side
+here.
+
+That is our first piece of
+intuition.
+
+And, as I pointed out before,
+in problems you face in life or
+
+in ones that we give you,
+feel free to use the intuitive
+
+method.
+Or what you can do is apply the
+
+mathematical method and then
+check your answer by using your
+
+intuition.
+What I would like to do next is
+
+apply what you have learned so
+far to figure out what we set
+
+out to figure out,
+which is the delay of my
+
+inverter.
+I had promised you that by the
+
+end of this lecture I was going
+to close the loop on that little
+
+demo.
+I was going to close the loop
+
+for you on this little circuit
+that we had looked at,
+
+one inverter driving another
+inverter.
+
+This was A, this was inverter
+X, and this was my node B.
+
+The green curve you see out
+there, the middle one has a
+
+transition shown up there.
+And what I am going to do next
+
+is use the results we have
+gotten so far to compute a
+
+number.
+We are going to compute a delay
+
+number both for a rising
+transition.
+
+We will call that delay DR for
+rising transition.
+
+And we will compute a delay for
+the falling transition DF.
+
+Remember, that this is the
+input that falls down sharply.
+
+The intermediate node B rises
+much more slowly.
+
+And because this rises much
+more slowly this guy here falls
+
+a little after this transition
+here, and so there is a delay.
+
+And I am going to apply what we
+have learned so far and do an
+
+example for you and figure out
+what that delay is.
+
+This is an absolute
+foundational calculation done in
+
+building digital circuits all
+the time.
+
+It is remarkable that something
+so simple is used in designing
+
+even the most complex of
+circuits to obtain very quick
+
+ideas of what my delay will look
+like when I have some subcircuit
+
+driving some other piece of
+subcircuit.
+
+Let me just draw a few
+equivalent circuits for you.
+
+The internal circuit looks like
+this.
+
+This is my inverter X,
+A, my node B.
+
+And notice that I have this
+capacitor CGS.
+
+Since I am interested in this
+node, let me show you that,
+
+this capacitor explicitly,
+it is because of this capacitor
+
+here that arises because of this
+MOSFET here between the gate and
+
+the source.
+And that capacitor gives rise
+
+to this RC thing that we are
+seeing.
+
+This is RL, this is RL,
+VS, VS.
+
+And let's say,
+just as up there,
+
+at time T=0 I get a transition
+like so, a falling transition
+
+from say 5 volts to 0 volts at
+the node A.
+
+This is VA here.
+That is shown up there.
+
+And VB --
+
+We had expected that VB would
+look like this.
+
+We expected VB to be
+instantaneous and looking like
+
+that, but instead because of the
+capacitor VB looks like this.
+
+And remember,
+again, this is of the form
+
+1-e^-t/RC.
+And we will write down the
+
+answers by inspection.
+From this let me draw the
+
+connection to circuit delay by
+showing you another little graph
+
+here t, VB, zero.
+And what I am going to show
+
+you, this is 5 volts.
+And so the output goes like
+
+this from close to zero to 5
+volts.
+
+It is close to zero.
+Because, at least with the
+
+inverters we have been seeing in
+lab and so on,
+
+the RON for the inverter is
+very, very small compared RL.
+
+So it is virtually zero down
+here.
+
+And so what is the delay?
+I mentioned there are two
+
+delays of interest.
+One is the rising delay.
+
+That is the logical value at
+the end, if I wait a long enough
+
+period of time,
+is a logical one.
+
+Delay is simply defined as
+starting from here how long does
+
+this output take to get to a
+valid one?
+
+At what voltage here can I say
+that this transition corresponds
+
+to a logical one?
+At what voltage here can I say
+
+that that represents a valid
+one?
+
+Any ideas?
+Yes.
+
+It depends on the discipline,
+bingo.
+
+So it depends on the
+discipline.
+
+Now let's get more specific.
+Since it depends on the
+
+discipline, at what value based
+on something in the discipline
+
+can I say this thing is a
+logical one?
+
+This is an output remember.
+VOH, bingo.
+
+There is some VOH somewhere.
+And it takes some amount of
+
+time to get to a valid logical
+one output, ergo there is your
+
+delay.
+This is tR.
+
+And I call this the rising
+delay of the inverter X.
+
+It is interesting that the
+rising delay of inverter X,
+
+based on our model,
+depends on the parameters of
+
+this inverter and the parameters
+of whatever it is driving.
+
+So remember that the delay is
+not necessarily just the
+
+property of the inverter itself,
+but it depends on the context.
+
+If I stick my inverter before
+another inverter like this,
+
+it is the capacitance on that
+inverter by our model that tells
+
+me what the delay is going to
+look like, of course in addition
+
+to RL.
+And we will do the math in a
+
+few seconds.
+By the same token,
+
+if I had this wire connecting
+not to one inverter but going to
+
+ten other inverters,
+I expect to have a capacitance
+
+equal to ten times CGS.
+And so therefore this thing
+
+should rise even more slowly,
+correct?
+
+The more capacitance on here
+the slower it rises up.
+
+Simple.
+If I put more and more load on
+
+this line by putting more and
+more MOSFETs on that line,
+
+more and more inverters this
+will rise slower.
+
+In our example I just have one,
+so let's go ahead and compute
+
+the delay.
+This is called the rising delay
+
+of X.
+That says that for this node
+
+here to go from its output value
+to a valid one,
+
+which is VOH how long does it
+take?
+
+Notice that if this capacitor
+was zero then you would have
+
+seen an instantaneous
+transition.
+
+If you have an instantaneous
+transition then notice that the
+
+rising delay was zero.
+That was the model we had
+
+looked at up until learning
+about capacitors.
+
+So let's go ahead and compute
+the number.
+
+I can draw an equivalent
+circuit for computing a rising
+
+delay.
+The equivalent circuit for the
+
+rising delay looks like the
+following.
+
+The VS voltage source,
+with a resistor RL and a
+
+capacitor CGS,
+because when I turn this guy
+
+off, this guy has gone off,
+and so as far as the rise time
+
+of this node is concerned I can
+look at this circuit,
+
+ground through CGS through RL
+through VS back to ground.
+
+And just for simplicity,
+let me draw this in a form that
+
+we understand.
+
+CGS.
+Let me use this as my ground
+
+node.
+And this is the voltage VB.
+
+And this is RL.
+And V is simply VS once that
+
+transition happens.
+My other equations here,
+
+VI=VS.
+And what is VB(0)?
+
+VB(0) is at what value does
+this node start out?
+
+Notice that for simplicity here
+if this RON is much,
+
+much smaller than RL,
+then this node would be very
+
+close to ground.
+So I will just go ahead and say
+
+that VB at T=0 is approximately
+zero.
+
+And then what I want to find
+out is what does the value look
+
+like for time starting from zero
+and then going forward?
+
+Well, we have become experts at
+this now.
+
+Let's do the intuition here.
+Start off with zero.
+
+That's good.
+Because my initial value is
+
+zero, I start off here.
+What is the final value?
+
+After a long time,
+since this is a DC voltage,
+
+what would be the value at VB
+after a long time?
+
+Pardon?
+VS.
+
+If I wait long enough then it
+is going to be at VS.
+
+This is greater than the
+initial value,
+
+so we're done.
+That is my 1-e^-t/RC form.
+
+It took me three seconds there.
+It's pretty cool.
+
+We could add the expression for
+this.
+
+And the expression was I take
+my starting value,
+
+which is zero,
+and I add to that this
+
+difference VS and I multiply
+that by this form.
+
+There we go.
+And remember I get this from
+
+that rising form up here.
+V0=0, this is zero,
+
+so it is simply VI times that,
+and VI=VS.
+
+I really would like you to get
+this intuition.
+
+If I had two choices,
+one is that you understand the
+
+intuition and are able to sketch
+that versus in your sleep be
+
+able to solve the differential
+equation and get to the answer.
+
+I would much rather you get the
+intuition, if it is one or the
+
+other.
+It is very simple.
+
+Start off at zero,
+I go chuck, and boom,
+
+I get to VS and this is my
+1-e^-t/RC form.
+
+I need to compute tR.
+And tR is the time that this
+
+takes to get to VOH.
+
+For what value of time,
+for what T, does VB reach VOH?
+
+I want to find tR.
+What's tR?
+
+From that equation,
+that simply tells me the
+
+trajectory of VB as a function
+of time.
+
+And so I need to find out what
+is T for which VB is VOH?
+
+I write VOH=VS (1-e^-t/RC).
+So after a rise time my output
+
+is going to be VOH.
+And so let me go ahead and find
+
+tR.
+Let's see.
+
+I bring this to this left-hand
+side and divide VOH by VS,
+
+and then I move things around
+and what I end up getting is
+
+-tR/RC and on the other side I
+get ln(1-VOH/VS).
+
+Divide VOH by VS,
+that is this,
+
+move this to the other side,
+and move e^-t/RC to this side.
+
+And take logarithms on both
+sides.
+
+This is what I get.
+tR is therefore -RLCGS
+
+ln(1-VOH/VS).
+That is my rise time.
+
+You can just do this by
+inspection.
+
+It is just so awfully simple.
+Just to give to some intuition
+
+with numbers and so on.
+Let's say that RL=1K,
+
+VS=5 volts, VOH=4 volts,
+CGS=0.1 pF.
+
+This happens so often that we
+often time call it "puff".
+
+0.1 puff.
+It is pF, it's called puff.
+
+If it is nF,
+I don't know why they didn't
+
+call it "nuff".
+They just call it nanofarads.
+
+TR for these numbers gets to be
+one times ten to the three times
+
+point one times ten to the minus
+twelve for pico-farads
+
+ln(1-4/5).
+And if you do the math you get
+
+this down to 0.16 nanoseconds.
+This means that if I had an
+
+inverter like that droving
+another inverter then my output
+
+transition would be delayed by
+0.16 nanoseconds.
+
+Trust me, when Intel builds
+microprocessors or when Broadcom
+
+builds its cable modem chips,
+they have to do this one way or
+
+the other using a computer tool
+or by hand for virtually every
+
+little subcircuit in their chip.
+That is how you get the delays
+
+or some approximation thereof.
+What I want you also to do is,
+
+for no particular reason,
+I will just compute for you the
+
+following quantity RLCGS.
+The time constant of that
+
+circuit for no reason at all.
+I am just going to compute it
+
+and stick it here.
+And RLCGS 1 K times 1 pF is
+
+simply 0.1 nanoseconds.
+I am just writing it and
+
+sticking it there for no
+particular reason.
+
+The next step let's do the
+falling delay,
+
+DF.
+That is the rising delay.
+
+And, although I didn't show
+this to you in the demo,
+
+there is a corresponding delay
+of the fall time.
+
+It doesn't fall instantly,
+but rather it falls rather
+
+slowly.
+Let's draw the equivalent
+
+circuit for when the node X
+falls.
+
+Notice that in my inverters
+here, this node starts off being
+
+at VS.
+This is high.
+
+And this is going to fall
+because when I turn this
+
+transistor on it is going to
+pull this node to ground or it
+
+is going to fall down.
+And what is the equivalent
+
+circuit?
+The equivalent circuit is that
+
+ground through capacitor to this
+node.
+
+At this node I have RON
+connecting to ground and I have
+
+RL connecting to ground through
+VS.
+
+Let me draw that little circuit
+for you.
+
+Remember life begins and ends
+on storage elements,
+
+so I will draw them first.
+My storage element CGS.
+
+That is VB.
+And, as I said,
+
+this is node X,
+it goes from RON to ground,
+
+and it also goes through RL
+through VS to ground.
+
+And in this particular
+situation VB of zero for the
+
+following delay,
+VB starts off at VS so VB of
+
+zero is VS.
+And the final output I am not
+
+sure yet.
+What is the final value of the
+
+voltage at this node?
+I don't know that yet.
+
+I need to compute that.
+So what I will do is whenever
+
+you see something like this,
+a capacitor connecting to
+
+linear stuff,
+or a nonlinear element
+
+connecting to linear stuff.
+For no apparent reason you
+
+should at least think about
+what?
+
+Think Thevenin,
+exactly.
+
+And then see if you can use the
+Thevenin method to simplify your
+
+life.
+Capacitor, a bunch of stuff
+
+here, I need to find out the
+initial value.
+
+Oh, I know that.
+That is VS.
+
+Done.
+I need to find the final value
+
+using my intuitive method.
+For the final value,
+
+I could do it just by looking
+at this, but I wanted to throw
+
+in Thevenin.
+Hey, let me try to the Thevenin
+
+equivalent and see if that makes
+my life any easier.
+
+VTH.
+The Thevenin method says that
+
+you can replace this circuit
+here with a Thevenin equivalent
+
+of the sort for the purpose of
+determining what happens at this
+
+node given that that is linear.
+
+So I need to find out that for
+the purpose of determining what
+
+happens at the node X.
+I have to replace this with its
+
+Thevenin equivalent.
+And I now need to find out RTH
+
+and VTH.
+So I get RTH by looking in
+
+here, shorting this guy and
+looking at the resistance.
+
+So I look in like this,
+then I short this guy here and
+
+I get RL in parallel with RON
+because this one shorts to
+
+ground.
+So RTH is simply RL in parallel
+
+with RON.
+This is a convenient notation
+
+for RL being in parallel with
+RON.
+
+And you all know the value of
+that.
+
+It is another one of our very
+simple patterns like voltage
+
+divider and so on.
+Resistances in parallel can be
+
+computed as RL RON divided by RL
+plus RON.
+
+What is VTH?
+VTH is the open circuit voltage
+
+here.
+If I take out this capacitor,
+
+I want to find out what the
+voltage here is.
+
+Ah-ha, voltage divider.
+VS, the voltage divider here,
+
+RL and RON.
+I could write this down as VS
+
+times RON/(RL+RON).
+Remember you will see again and
+
+again and again and again in
+6.002 or any circuit stuff that
+
+you do, you will see them all
+over Thevenin.
+
+Voltage dividers,
+current dividers,
+
+resistances in series,
+resistances in parallel,
+
+RC thing-a-ma-jigs like this.
+So if you just remember those
+
+10 to 15 intuitive patterns then
+you are pretty much set for
+
+life.
+It just comes on again and
+
+again and again.
+Parallel resistors.
+
+Voltage dividers.
+You should be able to write
+
+down a voltage divider in your
+sleep.
+
+So this is what I have.
+Let me now write down
+
+intuitively what I expect the
+node X to do just by inspection.
+
+Let's see.
+What is the initial value of
+
+the voltage across the
+capacitor, intuitive method?
+
+This is how Professor Perreault
+would do it, remember?
+
+He would start off by saying
+ah-ha, initial value is VS
+
+because I am told it is VS.
+I start off with VS.
+
+And so I start off here.
+What is the value after a long,
+
+long time based on this circuit
+here?
+
+V Thevenin.
+After a long time this is a DC
+
+voltage because that is a DC
+voltage.
+
+The capacitor looks like an
+open circuit after a long time.
+
+And VTH appears there so it is
+simply V Thevenin.
+
+And then when you see those
+two, boy, I love doing this,
+
+you go like this.
+That is the coolest part.
+
+And then I am done.
+It is so simple.
+
+Three seconds or less,
+I am able to tell you what the
+
+delay of an inverter is purely
+by intuition,
+
+completely intuitively.
+I mean I haven't done any
+
+solving.
+It is just by observation.
+
+Took this circuit,
+made my life easy,
+
+Thevenin, looked at RTH,
+VTH and then sketched it by
+
+inspection.
+Again, if you find that things
+
+are really, really,
+really simple don't be
+
+surprised.
+Once you get some conceptual
+
+understanding things are indeed
+very simple.
+
+You can eliminate a lot of math
+just by staring at things
+
+attempting to build up the
+intuition.
+
+As a next step what I can do is
+write down the expression for
+
+VB.
+And I write down the expression
+
+from a falling transition.
+How do I do it?
+
+What was it?
+What is the method?
+
+I take the lowest value of
+interest here.
+
+That is VTH.
+And then I add to that this
+
+difference decaying
+exponentially.
+
+And that difference is simply
+VS-VTH.
+
+And that decays exponentially.
+This form is the e^-t/RC form.
+
+And, boom, I am done.
+Many of you are wondering,
+
+Professor Agarwal,
+if life was so simple,
+
+why on earth did you have us
+mess around with those
+
+differential equations to get
+here?
+
+You show us differential
+equations and then you don't use
+
+them anymore.
+Well, that is a good question.
+
+The answer to that is that you
+need to understand the
+
+foundations.
+Once you understand the
+
+foundations you can find
+simplifying techniques to get to
+
+where you need to be,
+but you need to understand the
+
+foundations.
+You need to at least see why
+
+things are the way they are at
+least once.
+
+Understand the foundations and
+then find intuitive ways of
+
+getting your answers.
+So now my falling delay here
+
+is, I start off with VOS and I
+need to get all the way down to
+
+what value to compute.
+At some point here,
+
+this is a valid one,
+at some point VB becomes a
+
+valid zero for the output.
+And that is when I stop my tF
+
+block.
+What is the value here for this
+
+to be a valid zero?
+Don't all yell at once.
+
+VOL.
+I simply had to figure out what
+
+is the value of time,
+this is Page 7,
+
+for which this expression
+decays down to VOL.
+
+So it is VTH+(VS-VTH) e^-tF/RC.
+Then I simplify this.
+
+How do I do that?
+VOL-VTH.
+
+Then I divide that by VS-VTH.
+So VOL-VTH.
+
+Divide that by VS-VTH.
+Take logarithms on both sides
+
+and then multiply by RC.
+So I get tF is -RC log of that.
+
+This is R Thevenin and this is
+CGS.
+
+How did I get this?
+VOL-VTH divided by VS-VTH.
+
+Take logs on both sides.
+And then multiply throughout by
+
+-1/-RC and I get my tF.
+Done.
+
+Let's do it for the same set
+numbers, just that we add an RON
+
+of 10 ohms.
+I will do this for RON of 10
+
+ohms and compute the value for
+you.
+
+tF=-RTH.
+RTH is RON parallel RL.
+
+This is 10 ohms.
+That is 1K.
+
+So 10 ohms in parallel with 1K
+is approximately 10 ohms.
+
+So let me just use
+approximately 10 ohms.
+
+1 pF, that is RC times ln of
+VOL.
+
+Oh, I need to give you a VOL.
+Let's say my discipline has VOL
+
+being 1 volt.
+And so therefore I end up
+
+getting a VOL-VTH divided by
+VS-VTH.
+
+Since RON is much,
+much, much smaller than RL,
+
+since RON is 10 ohms and this
+is 1K, most of VS will drop
+
+across RL.
+This is a hundred times
+
+smaller.
+Compared to VOL,
+
+which is 1 volt,
+VTH is very,
+
+very small.
+VTH will be on the order of
+
+0.05, and so therefore I simply
+write down VOL here and say VTH
+
+is approximately zero,
+and I get VS-VTH.
+
+This is approximately 5.
+So let me just say this is
+
+approximately.
+And if you do it you will get
+
+1.6 pico-seconds.
+Again, just for fun,
+
+let me write the corresponding
+RC time constant for the
+
+circuit, which is RTHCGS.
+So RTH is approximately 10 ohms
+
+and CGS is 1 pF,
+so this is 1 picosecond.
+
+Now you will understand why I
+have been writing this time
+
+constant down.
+It turns out that the time
+
+constant is a very,
+very important number.
+
+So you see an RC circuit,
+and you compute its time
+
+constant for an RLC connection
+like this, it is the series
+
+resistance times the capacitor.
+The time constant is a very
+
+important number.
+And usually the circuit delays
+
+are in the neighborhood of the
+time constant value.
+
+In this case this is 1 pS.
+That is 1.6 pS.
+
+And in this case we had 0.1 nS
+and 0.16 nS.
+
+So the time constant itself is
+a good indicator of what your
+
+delays are going to be like.
+If you have no time,
+
+you are sloshing your cereal
+down in the morning and you need
+
+to know how long the delay of
+the inverter very quickly,
+
+you have three seconds.
+Just do the RC and that is a
+
+good first approximation.
+What I would like to do next in
+
+the last three or four minutes
+is set up a little demo for you
+
+for your recitation,
+and then your recitation will
+
+cover it.
+
+This is a true story.
+This really,
+
+really happened.
+In this West Coast school,
+
+which shall remain nameless,
+they had a chip,
+
+they built a chip.
+And the chip had a bunch of
+
+pins, as you might imagine.
+And the pin,
+
+as you have a trace on a board,
+a wire on a board there are
+
+some capacitance attached to
+wires, between the wire and
+
+ground.
+And that is a capacitor.
+
+And they just called it a load
+capacitance.
+
+It could have been 0.1 pF or
+0.01 pF or something like that.
+
+What they found when they built
+this chip --
+
+What they found was that the
+voltage here they expected to
+
+look like this,
+this computer science
+
+abstraction and so on,
+zero to one transition,
+
+boom, it should look like this.
+But for the reasons we saw
+
+today the observed transition
+was much slower and looked like
+
+this.
+So the students said ah-ha,
+
+let's speed up this chip.
+We can speed up the chip by
+
+looking at the RL and RON of my
+driving inverters.
+
+And if I make RL small --
+Notice if I make RL small my
+
+delay is small.
+If I make RON small my falling
+
+delay is small.
+So let's make really small RLs
+
+and RONs and let's all have fun.
+Unfortunately,
+
+what they observed was that by
+making RL and RON both small,
+
+the RC time constant small they
+expected to see a much sharper
+
+rise time.
+And this was the original.
+
+But what really happened was --
+They expected this to get
+
+faster and kind of look like
+this, but what happened was
+
+disaster struck.
+What they observed was
+
+something like that.
+This is a real-life story.
+
+And so instead of getting
+something like this they go
+
+something like this.
+And why is that a problem?
+
+That is a problem because
+notice when I expect to be at a
+
+zero, I got some spikes that
+went higher than VIL into the
+
+forbidden region and did bad
+things to me.
+
+So let me show you a little
+demo and show you that that's
+
+exactly how the circuit is
+behaving.
+
+Notice that this is what I
+expect but this is what I see.
+
+Look at the purple curve here.
+Notice these spikes that are
+
+showing up there.
+This is true.
+
+They saw it happen.
+And why is this happening?
+
+It turns out that what was
+happening was that the two pins
+
+were next to each other.
+And I will show you a little
+
+demonstration here.
+Let's see if you can figure out
+
+why this was happening.
+Think of these as two pins and
+
+the pins are close together.
+I am just modeling the two pins
+
+with a role of wire.
+And what I am going to do is --
+
+I am going to separate the
+wires and keep them far apart.
+
+It is like keeping my pins far
+apart.
+
+Hey, guess what happened?
+Those nasty spikes went away.
+
+But then I cannot keep my pins
+1 meter apart on a chip.
+
+Your laptops are going to look
+20 yards long.
+
+You want the pins to be very
+close to each other so that you
+
+can have many pins on chips and
+therefore have very small
+
+systems.
+But then look,
+
+I get the spikes.
+Any idea why that is happening?
+
+Why is that when the pins are
+close together I get those
+
+spikes?
+Any ideas?
+
+Somewhat?
+We just learned about
+
+capacitors, so this must have to
+do with capacitors.
+
+There is this parasitic
+capacitor between the pins,
+
+exactly.
+Here is what is happening.
+
+Here is what I expect.
+I expect a nice square wave at
+
+the output.
+But instead I have a pin next
+
+to me.
+And I have a faster wave form
+
+driving it.
+And so therefore there is a
+
+parasitic capacitor here.
+And because of that I get
+
+something called "crosstalk".
+And the model for crosstalk is
+
+some resultant resistance with
+the parasitic capacitor and I
+
+get those spikes.
+And the 6.002 experts saw the
+
+solution.
+They said how do we fix this
+
+problem?
+6.002 experts said the way we
+
+fix this problem if it is slow
+it may be better.
+
+Instead of having sharp
+transitions let me drive it with
+
+slower transitions.
+Let's switch to the demo again.
+
+You will see this in
+recitation, but I will show you
+
+the demo very quickly.
+I have a sharp transition of
+
+the input, which is that yellow
+thing out there.
+
+I am going to make the
+transition slower.
+
+Switch to a triangular wave.
+And you will notice the spikes
+
+go away.
+Oh, no.
+
+That is the wrong one.
+The other one.
+
+There you go.
+The moment I switch to a slower
+
+transition boom,
+the spikes go away.
+
+You want to switch back to
+square?
+
+There you go.
+The 6.002 experts saw the
+
+solution.
+Slower transitions.
+
+And you will do this example in
+detail in Section tomorrow.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TjrRSOHQACw.txt b/TjrRSOHQACw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c91c7a57fcbfbd98e76b8e5f47d8f60c75537991
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TjrRSOHQACw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9995 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+so unlike most of the talks that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unlike most of the talks that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unlike most of the talks that you
+have been given I'm not going to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been given I'm not going to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been given I'm not going to teach
+you anything today so it's not kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anything today so it's not kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anything today so it's not kind of a
+teaching type of talk it will be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching type of talk it will be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching type of talk it will be more
+towards let's look at the crystal ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards let's look at the crystal ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards let's look at the crystal ball
+and try to see how the future will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to see how the future will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to see how the future will
+unfold and future where computer vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfold and future where computer vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfold and future where computer vision
+is a major agent and this transformative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a major agent and this transformative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a major agent and this transformative
+future so I'll start with transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so I'll start with transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so I'll start with transportation
+this is the field where mobilize active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the field where mobilize active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the field where mobilize active
+and then I'll move towards wearable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll move towards wearable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll move towards wearable
+computing the field where orcam is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the field where orcam is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the field where orcam is
+active these are two companies that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active these are two companies that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active these are two companies that I
+co-founded one mobile in 1999 and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-founded one mobile in 1999 and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-founded one mobile in 1999 and or
+come in 2010 so before just a few words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in 2010 so before just a few words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in 2010 so before just a few words
+about the computer vision I'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the computer vision I'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the computer vision I'm assuming
+that you all know about computer vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you all know about computer vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you all know about computer vision
+is the science of making computers see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the science of making computers see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the science of making computers see
+and extract meaning out of images out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and extract meaning out of images out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and extract meaning out of images out of
+video this is a field that in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video this is a field that in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video this is a field that in the past
+20 20 years through a machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 20 years through a machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 20 years through a machine learning
+has made a big jump and in the past four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has made a big jump and in the past four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has made a big jump and in the past four
+years through deep learning has made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years through deep learning has made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years through deep learning has made
+another jump where there are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another jump where there are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another jump where there are certain
+narrow areas in computer vision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow areas in computer vision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow areas in computer vision and
+perception where computers reach human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception where computers reach human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception where computers reach human
+level perception and even surpass it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level perception and even surpass it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level perception and even surpass it
+like face recognition is what is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like face recognition is what is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like face recognition is what is one of
+those areas and the belief is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those areas and the belief is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those areas and the belief is that in
+many narrow areas in computer vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many narrow areas in computer vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many narrow areas in computer vision
+within the next five years we'll be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the next five years we'll be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the next five years we'll be able
+to reach human level the perception so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach human level the perception so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach human level the perception so
+it's a major branch of of AI goes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a major branch of of AI goes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a major branch of of AI goes with
+machine learning and I said a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning and I said a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning and I said a major
+major progress and one very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major progress and one very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major progress and one very important
+thing which is relevant to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is relevant to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is relevant to the
+industrial impact of computer vision is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial impact of computer vision is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial impact of computer vision is
+that cameras are the lowest cost sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cameras are the lowest cost sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cameras are the lowest cost sensor
+that you can imagine a camera sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can imagine a camera sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can imagine a camera sensor
+cost a few dollars a lens cost a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost a few dollars a lens cost a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost a few dollars a lens cost a few
+dollars all the rest is compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars all the rest is compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars all the rest is compute
+and every sensor needs computing so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every sensor needs computing so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every sensor needs computing so if
+you can reach human level perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reach human level perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reach human level perception
+with the camera you have a sense or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the camera you have a sense or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the camera you have a sense or that
+the cost is so low that it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost is so low that it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost is so low that it can be
+everywhere and this is very this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and this is very this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and this is very this is very
+important so I'll show you what where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so I'll show you what where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so I'll show you what where
+things are standing in terms of avoiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are standing in terms of avoiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are standing in terms of avoiding
+a collision so avoiding collision you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collision so avoiding collision you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collision so avoiding collision you
+have a camera behind the the windscreen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a camera behind the the windscreen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a camera behind the the windscreen
+looking facing forward analyzing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking facing forward analyzing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking facing forward analyzing the
+video coming from the camera and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video coming from the camera and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video coming from the camera and the
+purpose of this analysis is to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of this analysis is to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of this analysis is to avoid
+collisions so what does it mean to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions so what does it mean to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions so what does it mean to avoid
+collisions the the software needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions the the software needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions the the software needs to
+detect vehicles you need to detect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect vehicles you need to detect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect vehicles you need to detect the
+difference need to detect traffic lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference need to detect traffic lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference need to detect traffic lines
+traffic signs need to detect traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic signs need to detect traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic signs need to detect traffic
+lights detect lanes to know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights detect lanes to know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights detect lanes to know whether
+where the car is positioned relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the car is positioned relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the car is positioned relative to
+where the lines and then send signals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the lines and then send signals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the lines and then send signals to
+the car control systems to avoid an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car control systems to avoid an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car control systems to avoid an
+accident so let's look under the hood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident so let's look under the hood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident so let's look under the hood
+what this means so I'll let this run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means so I'll let this run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means so I'll let this run a
+bit until all the information appears so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit until all the information appears so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit until all the information appears so
+if we stop here what do we see so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we stop here what do we see so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we stop here what do we see so the
+bounding boxes around cars means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounding boxes around cars means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounding boxes around cars means that
+the system has detected cars red means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system has detected cars red means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system has detected cars red means
+that this vehicle is in our path the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this vehicle is in our path the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this vehicle is in our path the
+green line here is the detection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green line here is the detection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green line here is the detection of the
+lane this is a traffic this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lane this is a traffic this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lane this is a traffic this is a
+no-entry traffic sign this is a traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no-entry traffic sign this is a traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no-entry traffic sign this is a traffic
+light being detected here these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light being detected here these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light being detected here these are the
+pedestrians and cyclists right even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestrians and cyclists right even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestrians and cyclists right even a
+pedestrian standing here is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestrian standing here is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestrian standing here is being
+detected let's let this run a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected let's let this run a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected let's let this run a bit
+further all right so these pedestrians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further all right so these pedestrians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further all right so these pedestrians
+crossing the street so this is running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing the street so this is running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing the street so this is running
+at about 36 frames per second so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about 36 frames per second so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about 36 frames per second so I can
+imagine also the amount of computations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine also the amount of computations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine also the amount of computations
+that are being running here okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being running here okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being running here okay and
+this is the traffic sign traffic light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the traffic sign traffic light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the traffic sign traffic light
+the difference pedestrians here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference pedestrians here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference pedestrians here so this
+is this is what the system does today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is what the system does today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is what the system does today
+detect objects detect lane marks measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect objects detect lane marks measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect objects detect lane marks measure
+distances to the objects and in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances to the objects and in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances to the objects and in case
+you're about to hit an object the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're about to hit an object the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're about to hit an object the car
+would would engage engage at first it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would engage engage at first it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would engage engage at first it
+will give warnings then later it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give warnings then later it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give warnings then later it will
+apply automatic autonomous braking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply automatic autonomous braking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply automatic autonomous braking
+in order to avoid that accident and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to avoid that accident and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to avoid that accident and
+here's a list of many many functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a list of many many functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a list of many many functions
+that the camera does in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the camera does in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the camera does in terms of
+detecting objects and detecting trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting objects and detecting trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting objects and detecting trying
+to interpret the visual field details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interpret the visual field details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interpret the visual field details
+that are increasing over over the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are increasing over over the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are increasing over over the years
+now computer vision is also creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now computer vision is also creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now computer vision is also creating a
+disruption so if you would ask an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption so if you would ask an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption so if you would ask an
+engineer say 15 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer say 15 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer say 15 years ago
+what is the camera good for in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the camera good for in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the camera good for in this
+space then today we would say the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space then today we would say the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space then today we would say the camera
+is good for detecting lanes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good for detecting lanes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good for detecting lanes because
+there's no other sensor that can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no other sensor that can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no other sensor that can you
+know find the lane Mark's not a radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know find the lane Mark's not a radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know find the lane Mark's not a radar
+not a tin not a laser scanner and it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a tin not a laser scanner and it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a tin not a laser scanner and it may
+be good for helping the radar in fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good for helping the radar in fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good for helping the radar in fusion
+radar cambria a fusion to compensate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar cambria a fusion to compensate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar cambria a fusion to compensate for
+shortcomings of the radar traffic signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcomings of the radar traffic signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcomings of the radar traffic signs
+okay it will be good for traffic signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it will be good for traffic signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it will be good for traffic signs
+but that's it but what happened over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's it but what happened over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's it but what happened over the
+years is that the camera slowly started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years is that the camera slowly started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years is that the camera slowly started
+taking territory from the radar until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking territory from the radar until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking territory from the radar until
+today the cameras really the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the cameras really the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the cameras really the primary
+sensor for active safety active safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor for active safety active safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor for active safety active safety
+is all this area for avoiding accidents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all this area for avoiding accidents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all this area for avoiding accidents
+and you can see this through the search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see this through the search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see this through the search
+art so in 2007
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art so in 2007
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art so in 2007
+now we launched the first camera radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we launched the first camera radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we launched the first camera radar
+fusion so there's no disruption there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion so there's no disruption there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion so there's no disruption there
+this is what normally people would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what normally people would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what normally people would think
+in cameras good for combining with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cameras good for combining with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cameras good for combining with with
+the radar 2008 camera is also doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radar 2008 camera is also doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radar 2008 camera is also doing
+traffic sign recognition no disruption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic sign recognition no disruption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic sign recognition no disruption
+there 2010 cameras doing pedestrian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 2010 cameras doing pedestrian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 2010 cameras doing pedestrian
+detection no disruption there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection no disruption there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection no disruption there because
+there's no other sensor that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no other sensor that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no other sensor that can
+reliably detect pedestrians because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably detect pedestrians because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably detect pedestrians because they
+emit radar very very weakly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit radar very very weakly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit radar very very weakly and
+pedestrians mostly stationary object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestrians mostly stationary object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestrians mostly stationary object and
+radars are not good at detecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radars are not good at detecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radars are not good at detecting
+stationary object but then in 2011
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary object but then in 2011
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary object but then in 2011
+there's the first camera only forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the first camera only forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the first camera only forward
+collision warning and that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision warning and that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision warning and that was the
+beginning of a disruption so forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of a disruption so forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of a disruption so forward
+collision warning is detected vehicle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision warning is detected vehicle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision warning is detected vehicle in
+front and provide the warning if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and provide the warning if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and provide the warning if you are
+about to collide with the vehicle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to collide with the vehicle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to collide with the vehicle and
+this was a function that typically was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a function that typically was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a function that typically was
+in the territory of radars so a greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the territory of radars so a greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the territory of radars so a greater
+sensor is very good at detecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor is very good at detecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor is very good at detecting
+vehicles at very good at arranging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles at very good at arranging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles at very good at arranging
+very accurately can can get the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurately can can get the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurately can can get the range of
+a vehicle say 100 meters away up to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vehicle say 100 meters away up to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vehicle say 100 meters away up to an
+accuracy of few centimeters no camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of few centimeters no camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of few centimeters no camera
+can reach those accuracies so nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reach those accuracies so nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reach those accuracies so nobody
+believed that one day a camera will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed that one day a camera will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed that one day a camera will take
+over the Raider and do this function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the Raider and do this function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the Raider and do this function and
+this is what happened in 2011 and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what happened in 2011 and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what happened in 2011 and why
+did this happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this happen
+this happened because of a a commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happened because of a a commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happened because of a a commercial
+a commercial constraint the regulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commercial constraint the regulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commercial constraint the regulator
+the American regulator to the National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American regulator to the National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American regulator to the National
+Highway Safety transportation agency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highway Safety transportation agency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highway Safety transportation agency in
+ista decided that by in 2011 all cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ista decided that by in 2011 all cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ista decided that by in 2011 all cars
+need to have an as an option to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have an as an option to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have an as an option to
+functions forward collision warning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions forward collision warning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions forward collision warning and
+lane departure warning now this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lane departure warning now this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lane departure warning now this this
+creates a problem because forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a problem because forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a problem because forward
+collision warning requires a radar lane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision warning requires a radar lane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision warning requires a radar lane
+departure warning requires a camera so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure warning requires a camera so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure warning requires a camera so
+now put two sensors in the car it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now put two sensors in the car it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now put two sensors in the car it's
+expensive if you can do it with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive if you can do it with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive if you can do it with one
+sensor like with the camera then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor like with the camera then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor like with the camera then you
+save a lot a lot of money so this pushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save a lot a lot of money so this pushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save a lot a lot of money so this pushed
+the car industry to adopt the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car industry to adopt the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car industry to adopt the idea that
+the camera can do forward collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera can do forward collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera can do forward collision
+warning and like all disruptions once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning and like all disruptions once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning and like all disruptions once
+you start small you kind of grow very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start small you kind of grow very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start small you kind of grow very
+very fast so in 2013 the camera is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast so in 2013 the camera is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast so in 2013 the camera is not
+only providing morning but also a safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only providing morning but also a safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only providing morning but also a safe
+distance keeping to the car in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance keeping to the car in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance keeping to the car in front
+called adaptive cruise control then 2013
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called adaptive cruise control then 2013
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called adaptive cruise control then 2013
+also provides emergency braking so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also provides emergency braking so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also provides emergency braking so the
+camera and not only the signs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and not only the signs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and not only the signs that
+you're about to collide you the vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're about to collide you the vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're about to collide you the vehicle
+it will also apply the brakes for you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will also apply the brakes for you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will also apply the brakes for you so
+2013 was only partial braking so it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 was only partial braking so it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 was only partial braking so it will
+avoid the accident up to 30 km/h and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the accident up to 30 km/h and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the accident up to 30 km/h and
+then in 2015 this was a few months ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in 2015 this was a few months ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in 2015 this was a few months ago
+the camera is now involved in full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera is now involved in full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera is now involved in full
+braking it's one g-force of braking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braking it's one g-force of braking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braking it's one g-force of braking
+avoiding an accident of about 70 80 km/h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoiding an accident of about 70 80 km/h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoiding an accident of about 70 80 km/h
+and mitigating an accident after 220
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mitigating an accident after 220
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mitigating an accident after 220
+km/h just the camera so the camera is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+km/h just the camera so the camera is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+km/h just the camera so the camera is
+taking over and becoming the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking over and becoming the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking over and becoming the primary
+sensor in this area of active of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor in this area of active of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor in this area of active of
+architect of safety now why is that as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect of safety now why is that as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect of safety now why is that as I
+said these are the milestones of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said these are the milestones of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said these are the milestones of the
+camera disruption is first it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera disruption is first it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera disruption is first it the
+cameras they has the highest density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras they has the highest density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras they has the highest density of
+information as a sensor you know laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as a sensor you know laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as a sensor you know laser
+scanner or radar the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner or radar the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner or radar the amount of
+pixels per per angle per degree is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels per per angle per degree is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels per per angle per degree is much
+much smaller two orders of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller two orders of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller two orders of magnitude
+smaller than than a camera so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than than a camera so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than than a camera so you have a
+lot a lot of information from the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot a lot of information from the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot a lot of information from the camera
+it's the lowest cost sensor and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the lowest cost sensor and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the lowest cost sensor and also the
+cameras are getting better in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras are getting better in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras are getting better in terms of
+performance under low-light so with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance under low-light so with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance under low-light so with the
+camera today you can do much more not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera today you can do much more not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera today you can do much more not
+only because computing has progressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only because computing has progressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only because computing has progressed
+not only because algorithms are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only because algorithms are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only because algorithms are now
+better but also because the physics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but also because the physics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but also because the physics of
+the camera are progressing over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera are progressing over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera are progressing over time
+especially the light sensitivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the light sensitivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the light sensitivity of the
+camera so we also came to the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera so we also came to the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera so we also came to the conclusion
+that we need to build our own hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to build our own hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to build our own hardware
+in our own chip and these are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our own chip and these are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our own chip and these are very very
+advanced microprocessors that again per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced microprocessors that again per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced microprocessors that again per
+silicon area are about ten times more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon area are about ten times more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon area are about ten times more
+efficient than any general-purpose chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient than any general-purpose chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient than any general-purpose chip
+but I'll not spend more time on on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll not spend more time on on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll not spend more time on on this
+and so this this field has to has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this this field has to has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this this field has to has two
+major trends one on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major trends one on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major trends one on the left hand side
+is the active safety which is driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the active safety which is driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the active safety which is driven by
+regulators so the regulators see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulators so the regulators see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulators so the regulators see that
+there is a sensor that is very low-cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a sensor that is very low-cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a sensor that is very low-cost
+and saves lives so what does the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saves lives so what does the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saves lives so what does the regular
+to do they incentivize this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do they incentivize this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do they incentivize this kind of
+function to the car industry by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to the car industry by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to the car industry by by
+coupling it to star ratings so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling it to star ratings so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling it to star ratings so if you
+want to get your four star of our five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get your four star of our five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get your four star of our five
+stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars
+the endcap star is only on the car you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endcap star is only on the car you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endcap star is only on the car you
+have to have this kind of technology as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have this kind of technology as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have this kind of technology as
+a standard fit in the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard fit in the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard fit in the car
+so this pushes the industry but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this pushes the industry but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this pushes the industry but by
+mandates it pushes the industry to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandates it pushes the industry to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandates it pushes the industry to have
+active safety installed in every car so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active safety installed in every car so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active safety installed in every car so
+by 2018 every new car would have such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2018 every new car would have such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2018 every new car would have such a
+system the left hand side is the trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the left hand side is the trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the left hand side is the trend
+to the future which is autonomous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the future which is autonomous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the future which is autonomous
+driving now autonomous driving has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving now autonomous driving has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving now autonomous driving has two
+facets one is bringing the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facets one is bringing the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facets one is bringing the probability
+of an accident to in decimal a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an accident to in decimal a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an accident to in decimal a small
+probability so zero zero accidents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so zero zero accidents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so zero zero accidents
+because the more you delegate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the more you delegate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the more you delegate the
+driving experience to a robotic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving experience to a robotic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving experience to a robotic system
+the less the chance of of an accident so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less the chance of of an accident so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less the chance of of an accident so
+it brings us to an era where there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it brings us to an era where there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it brings us to an era where there will
+be no no accidents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no no accidents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no no accidents
+but not less importantly it has the put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not less importantly it has the put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not less importantly it has the put
+it has the potential to transform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has the potential to transform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has the potential to transform the
+entire transportation business the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire transportation business the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire transportation business the how
+we own cars how we build cars number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we own cars how we build cars number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we own cars how we build cars number of
+cars that would be produced and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars that would be produced and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars that would be produced and I'll
+spend a bit more time about that as I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a bit more time about that as I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a bit more time about that as I go
+as I go forward now in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I go forward now in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I go forward now in terms of the
+left-hand side the regulation this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side the regulation this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side the regulation this is an
+example so you see here Nissan Qashqai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so you see here Nissan Qashqai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so you see here Nissan Qashqai
+2014 has five stars and they're not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2014 has five stars and they're not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2014 has five stars and they're not to
+get the five stars but you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the five stars but you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the five stars but you see here
+these are all the testes are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the testes are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the testes are more
+autonomous emergency braking test the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous emergency braking test the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous emergency braking test the
+car needs to detect the car in front the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car needs to detect the car in front the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car needs to detect the car in front the
+target car and apply the brakes before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target car and apply the brakes before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target car and apply the brakes before
+the collision and the car is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collision and the car is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collision and the car is being
+tested and without that they'll not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested and without that they'll not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested and without that they'll not get
+the five stars you can see this also and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five stars you can see this also and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five stars you can see this also and
+the number of chips that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of chips that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of chips that have been
+shipped so every car is a chip so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipped so every car is a chip so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipped so every car is a chip so this
+chip the microprocessor is getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip the microprocessor is getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip the microprocessor is getting the
+information from the camera and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from the camera and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from the camera and all the
+algorithms are on this microprocessor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are on this microprocessor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are on this microprocessor so
+we started launching this in 2007 so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started launching this in 2007 so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started launching this in 2007 so in
+the first five years there were 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first five years there were 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first five years there were 1
+million chips so 1 million cars with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million chips so 1 million cars with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million chips so 1 million cars with the
+technology and then 2013 alone 1.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and then 2013 alone 1.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and then 2013 alone 1.3
+million when you see here 2014 2.7 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million when you see here 2014 2.7 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million when you see here 2014 2.7 this
+year is going to be above 5 million so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year is going to be above 5 million so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year is going to be above 5 million so
+surely see this doubling and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely see this doubling and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely see this doubling and this is
+really the effect of the regulation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the effect of the regulation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the effect of the regulation so
+in many industries regulation is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many industries regulation is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many industries regulation is an
+impediment and this industry really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impediment and this industry really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impediment and this industry really
+regulation is something good it pushes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation is something good it pushes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation is something good it pushes
+the industry to install these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry to install these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry to install these kinds of
+systems in our standard standard ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in our standard standard ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in our standard standard ok so
+another example of how how this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of how how this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of how how this is
+moving there is also an increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving there is also an increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving there is also an increasing
+awareness so this is a commercial from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness so this is a commercial from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness so this is a commercial from
+2014 Super Bowl by Yoon dye so you and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2014 Super Bowl by Yoon dye so you and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2014 Super Bowl by Yoon dye so you and I
+is showcasing their new vehicle called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is showcasing their new vehicle called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is showcasing their new vehicle called
+Genesis now the many things that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis now the many things that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis now the many things that you can
+show when you want to showcase a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show when you want to showcase a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show when you want to showcase a new
+vehicle you can talk about the design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle you can talk about the design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle you can talk about the design of
+the vehicle you could talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicle you could talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicle you could talk about the
+engine and the infotainment but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and the infotainment but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and the infotainment but they
+chose to talk about the active safety so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to talk about the active safety so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to talk about the active safety so
+I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember when only dad could save the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when only dad could save the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when only dad could save the
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+auto emergency brake on the all-new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto emergency brake on the all-new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto emergency brake on the all-new
+Genesis from Hyundai okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis from Hyundai okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis from Hyundai okay so this is the
+camera behind the windscreen detecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera behind the windscreen detecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera behind the windscreen detecting
+the car in front or a pedestrian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car in front or a pedestrian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car in front or a pedestrian and
+will brake before the before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will brake before the before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will brake before the before the
+collision now to show you what what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision now to show you what what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision now to show you what what this
+is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+so that was a commercial so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a commercial so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a commercial so any
+commercial you can show anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial you can show anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial you can show anything you
+like so now I'll show you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so now I'll show you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so now I'll show you something
+really from from the field so in 2010
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really from from the field so in 2010
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really from from the field so in 2010
+Volvo introduced the first pedestrian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Volvo introduced the first pedestrian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Volvo introduced the first pedestrian
+detection so the same thing detective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection so the same thing detective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection so the same thing detective
+Pettis tread and if you're about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pettis tread and if you're about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pettis tread and if you're about to
+collide with the pedestrian the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide with the pedestrian the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide with the pedestrian the car
+would break the ply the brakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would break the ply the brakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would break the ply the brakes
+automatically so in 2010 they had about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically so in 2010 they had about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically so in 2010 they had about
+5000 journalistic events where they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5000 journalistic events where they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5000 journalistic events where they'll
+put a reporter behind the steering wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a reporter behind the steering wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a reporter behind the steering wheel
+tell the reporter to drive towards a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the reporter to drive towards a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the reporter to drive towards a
+mannequin tore the doll and lo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mannequin tore the doll and lo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mannequin tore the doll and lo and
+behold the car would break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behold the car would break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behold the car would break
+just before fraction of a second before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before fraction of a second before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before fraction of a second before
+you hit the doll but then when you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit the doll but then when you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit the doll but then when you can
+when you buy the car you can do your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you buy the car you can do your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you buy the car you can do your own
+testing so I I downloaded from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing so I I downloaded from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing so I I downloaded from the
+internet with a bunch of Polish guys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet with a bunch of Polish guys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet with a bunch of Polish guys and
+it's a bit funny but you'll actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit funny but you'll actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit funny but you'll actually get
+a good feeling of what this system does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good feeling of what this system does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good feeling of what this system does
+by looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a tomato demonstrating today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a tomato demonstrating today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a tomato demonstrating today is
+for the voice acting is about 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the voice acting is about 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the voice acting is about 70
+kilometers per hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now you have a better idea for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you have a better idea for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you have a better idea for
+what I'm talking about so now let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm talking about so now let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm talking about so now let's go
+into into the future so this was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into the future so this was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into the future so this was just
+setting the baseline okay what is active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the baseline okay what is active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the baseline okay what is active
+safety worst computer vision inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety worst computer vision inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety worst computer vision inside this
+so now let's let's look in the next four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's let's look in the next four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's let's look in the next four
+years and the idea is to evolve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and the idea is to evolve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and the idea is to evolve this
+kind of technology to a point where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of technology to a point where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of technology to a point where you
+can delegate the driving experience to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can delegate the driving experience to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can delegate the driving experience to a
+robotic system and and then questions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic system and and then questions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic system and and then questions is
+what what needs to be done and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what needs to be done and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what needs to be done and and this
+slide shows that there are two paradigms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide shows that there are two paradigms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide shows that there are two paradigms
+and the reality is somewhere in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reality is somewhere in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reality is somewhere in between
+these two paradigms of the the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two paradigms of the the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two paradigms of the the right
+hand side is where we are today you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is where we are today you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is where we are today you are
+based only on sensing you have cambria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based only on sensing you have cambria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based only on sensing you have cambria
+maybe you have also a radar or laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have also a radar or laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have also a radar or laser
+scanner for four for redundancy you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner for four for redundancy you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner for four for redundancy you get
+the information from from the sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information from from the sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information from from the sensors
+you have algorithms that try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have algorithms that try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have algorithms that try to
+interpret the visual field and and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the visual field and and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the visual field and and take
+action in case of an accident or control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action in case of an accident or control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action in case of an accident or control
+the vehicle on the left hand side is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicle on the left hand side is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicle on the left hand side is the
+extreme case is the Google approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme case is the Google approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme case is the Google approach
+where there's little sensing involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's little sensing involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's little sensing involved
+it's a lot of recording so you pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of recording so you pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of recording so you pre
+record your your drive once you have pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record your your drive once you have pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record your your drive once you have pre
+recorded the drive all what you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded the drive all what you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded the drive all what you need to
+do is to match your sensing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to match your sensing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to match your sensing to the
+pre-recorded drive once you've found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-recorded drive once you've found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-recorded drive once you've found the
+match you know your position exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match you know your position exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match you know your position exactly so
+you don't need to know to detect lanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to know to detect lanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to know to detect lanes
+you know all the moving objects because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all the moving objects because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all the moving objects because
+the recording contains on the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recording contains on the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recording contains on the only
+stationary object so all the moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary object so all the moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary object so all the moving
+objects pop out so that the the load on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects pop out so that the the load on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects pop out so that the the load on
+the sensing is much much smaller than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensing is much much smaller than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensing is much much smaller than in
+the case where you didn't do a pre drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where you didn't do a pre drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where you didn't do a pre drive
+and you didn't record this recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you didn't record this recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you didn't record this recording
+probably but the recording is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably but the recording is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably but the recording is that we
+are talking about tons of data it's 360
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are talking about tons of data it's 360
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are talking about tons of data it's 360
+degree 3d recording at several frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 3d recording at several frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 3d recording at several frames
+per second so the amount of data is huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second so the amount of data is huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second so the amount of data is huge
+so there's issues of how you manage this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's issues of how you manage this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's issues of how you manage this
+how you record it and how you update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you record it and how you update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you record it and how you update
+this over time because you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over time because you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over time because you have to
+continuously update this kind of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously update this kind of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously update this kind of data
+and the reality is going to be somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reality is going to be somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reality is going to be somewhere
+in in-between so the first leap that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in-between so the first leap that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in-between so the first leap that is
+that is undergoing and happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is undergoing and happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is undergoing and happening in the
+next five years is to reach human level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next five years is to reach human level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next five years is to reach human level
+perception now it sounds very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception now it sounds very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception now it sounds very very
+ambitious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious
+there's lots of indications that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of indications that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of indications that it is
+not science fiction it is really there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not science fiction it is really there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not science fiction it is really there's
+a very high probability that one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high probability that one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high probability that one can
+reach this so in certain areas like face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach this so in certain areas like face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach this so in certain areas like face
+recognition certain categorization tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition certain categorization tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition certain categorization tasks
+and if you look at the academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the academic
+achievements they have surpassed human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievements they have surpassed human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievements they have surpassed human
+level the perception now I spent few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level the perception now I spent few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level the perception now I spent few
+where slides on this later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where slides on this later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where slides on this later
+so going from adaptive going from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going from adaptive going from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going from adaptive going from a
+driver assist to human level perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver assist to human level perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver assist to human level perception
+and first we need to extend the list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first we need to extend the list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first we need to extend the list of
+objects not only vehicles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects not only vehicles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects not only vehicles and
+pedestrians but vehicles at any angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestrians but vehicles at any angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestrians but vehicles at any angles
+you know about about 1,000 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about about 1,000 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about about 1,000 different
+object categories in the scene know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object categories in the scene know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object categories in the scene know
+about how to predict a path using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to predict a path using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to predict a path using
+context which today is not being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context which today is not being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context which today is not being used
+detailed world interpretation are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed world interpretation are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed world interpretation are and
+get knowing about curbs and barriers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get knowing about curbs and barriers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get knowing about curbs and barriers and
+Gardens all the stuff that when we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gardens all the stuff that when we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gardens all the stuff that when we look
+at the road we naturally interpret it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the road we naturally interpret it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the road we naturally interpret it
+very very easily these are the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very easily these are the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very easily these are the things
+that needs to be done in order to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be done in order to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be done in order to reach
+human level perception and the tool to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human level perception and the tool to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human level perception and the tool to
+do this is the deep layer the networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is the deep layer the networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is the deep layer the networks
+which I'll spend few slides about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll spend few slides about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll spend few slides about this
+in a moment and the need for context so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment and the need for context so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment and the need for context so
+these are examples for example path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are examples for example path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are examples for example path
+planning you want to fuse all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning you want to fuse all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning you want to fuse all the
+information available from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information available from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information available from from the
+image not only to look for the lanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image not only to look for the lanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image not only to look for the lanes
+because in many situations you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in many situations you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in many situations you look at
+an image you don't see lanes but a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image you don't see lanes but a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image you don't see lanes but a human
+observer would very easily know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer would very easily know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer would very easily know where
+the path is just from looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path is just from looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path is just from looking at the
+context in modeling the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context in modeling the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context in modeling the environment
+ultimately every pixel give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately every pixel give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately every pixel give me a
+category tell me what this pixel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category tell me what this pixel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category tell me what this pixel is
+coming from a pedestrian from a vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a pedestrian from a vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a pedestrian from a vehicle
+from a side of a vehicle barrier curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a side of a vehicle barrier curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a side of a vehicle barrier curve
+guardrail lamppost so forth and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guardrail lamppost so forth and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guardrail lamppost so forth and so forth
+3d modeling of a vehicle so put a 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d modeling of a vehicle so put a 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d modeling of a vehicle so put a 3d
+bounding box around the vehicle so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounding box around the vehicle so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounding box around the vehicle so that
+we can know which side of a vehicle I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can know which side of a vehicle I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can know which side of a vehicle I'm
+looking at whether it is front or we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at whether it is front or we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at whether it is front or we're
+left side right side what is the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side right side what is the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side right side what is the angle
+now everything about vehicles as moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now everything about vehicles as moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now everything about vehicles as moving
+objects and do a lot of scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and do a lot of scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and do a lot of scene
+recognition I'll give some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition I'll give some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition I'll give some examples
+about that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that later
+so just deep networks I know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just deep networks I know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just deep networks I know that you
+have you all know about deep networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you all know about deep networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you all know about deep networks
+how to spend few slides just to state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to spend few slides just to state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to spend few slides just to state
+what is the impact they're not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the impact they're not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the impact they're not the
+impact from from the point of view of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact from from the point of view of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact from from the point of view of a
+scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist
+the impact from the point of view of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact from the point of view of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact from the point of view of of
+a technologist because there isn't much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technologist because there isn't much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technologist because there isn't much
+science behind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science behind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science behind this
+so the real turning point was 2012 2012
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the real turning point was 2012 2012
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the real turning point was 2012 2012
+you know the Alex net they they show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Alex net they they show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Alex net they they show
+they they built a convolutional net that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they built a convolutional net that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they built a convolutional net that
+was able to work on the image net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to work on the image net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to work on the image net
+dataset and which a performance level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dataset and which a performance level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dataset and which a performance level
+which was more or less double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was more or less double the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was more or less double the
+performance level of what was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance level of what was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance level of what was done
+before this is another network by Fergus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this is another network by Fergus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this is another network by Fergus
+very very similar concept of convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very similar concept of convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very similar concept of convolution
+pooling convolution pooling to 3 dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooling convolution pooling to 3 dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooling convolution pooling to 3 dense
+layers and you get the output this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and you get the output this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and you get the output this is
+the image net data set you have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image net data set you have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image net data set you have about
+1,000 categories over 1 million images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 categories over 1 million images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 categories over 1 million images
+and these categories are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these categories are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these categories are very
+challenging you know you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging you know you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging you know you look at the
+images of a sailing vessel or an images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of a sailing vessel or an images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of a sailing vessel or an images
+of Huskie the variation is huge it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Huskie the variation is huge it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Huskie the variation is huge it's
+really very difficult task 2011 the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very difficult task 2011 the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very difficult task 2011 the top
+5 so that the task is that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 so that the task is that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 so that the task is that you need to
+give a shortlist of five categories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a shortlist of five categories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a shortlist of five categories and
+if the correct categories is among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the correct categories is among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the correct categories is among the
+top five then you succeeded and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top five then you succeeded and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top five then you succeeded and the
+performance was about 26% error and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance was about 26% error and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance was about 26% error and this
+Aleks net which 16% so it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aleks net which 16% so it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aleks net which 16% so it's almost
+double the performance so there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the performance so there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the performance so there's this
+caught the attention of the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught the attention of the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught the attention of the community
+right it's a big big leap from 26% to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a big big leap from 26% to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a big big leap from 26% to
+16% now if you look what happened since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16% now if you look what happened since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16% now if you look what happened since
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+so 2012 for this image net competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 2012 for this image net competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 2012 for this image net competition
+there was one out of six competitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one out of six competitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one out of six competitors
+used deep networks a year later 17 out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used deep networks a year later 17 out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used deep networks a year later 17 out
+of 24 competitors use deep networks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 24 competitors use deep networks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 24 competitors use deep networks a
+year later 31 out of 32 using deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year later 31 out of 32 using deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year later 31 out of 32 using deep
+networks so deep networks took over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks so deep networks took over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks so deep networks took over
+basically if you look at terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you look at terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you look at terms of the
+performance of the human performance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the human performance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the human performance is
+about five percent and right now we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five percent and right now we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five percent and right now we are
+at 6 percent 5 percent by the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 6 percent 5 percent by the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 6 percent 5 percent by the latest
+2015 competitors people start cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 competitors people start cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 competitors people start cheating
+so I think this is more or less by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think this is more or less by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think this is more or less by the
+it's called cheating on this test so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called cheating on this test so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called cheating on this test so I
+think 5% is is more or less what where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 5% is is more or less what where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 5% is is more or less what where
+things are going and this is human level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going and this is human level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going and this is human level
+the perception another another big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perception another another big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perception another another big
+success was the face recognition so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success was the face recognition so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success was the face recognition so this
+is a data set called face organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a data set called face organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a data set called face organization
+in the wild which contains pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wild which contains pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wild which contains pictures of
+celebrities where every celebrity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrities where every celebrity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrities where every celebrity you
+have pictures you know along a spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pictures you know along a spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pictures you know along a spectrum
+of many many years you can see the actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many many years you can see the actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many many years you can see the actor
+when he was 20 years old and then when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was 20 years old and then when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was 20 years old and then when I
+was 78 years old even for humans that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 78 years old even for humans that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 78 years old even for humans that
+this task is is quite challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this task is is quite challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this task is is quite challenging
+knowing where the two pictures are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing where the two pictures are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing where the two pictures are from
+the same person or not and the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same person or not and the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same person or not and the human
+level performance is 97.5 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level performance is 97.5 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level performance is 97.5 percent
+correct now if you look at techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct now if you look at techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct now if you look at techniques
+not using deep networks they reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using deep networks they reached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using deep networks they reached
+91.4% and then 2014 a group by Facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91.4% and then 2014 a group by Facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91.4% and then 2014 a group by Facebook
+and Leo wolf from Tel Aviv University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Leo wolf from Tel Aviv University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Leo wolf from Tel Aviv University
+they built a deep network to do face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built a deep network to do face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built a deep network to do face
+recognition and reach 97.3% which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition and reach 97.3% which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition and reach 97.3% which is
+very very close to human perception and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very close to human perception and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very close to human perception and
+since then people reach 99% on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then people reach 99% on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then people reach 99% on this
+database and again human level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and again human level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and again human level
+perceptions 97.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptions 97.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptions 97.5
+so this is another area where these deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is another area where these deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is another area where these deep
+networks also in speech this is a recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks also in speech this is a recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks also in speech this is a recent
+paper by Baidu headed by andrey inc they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Baidu headed by andrey inc they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Baidu headed by andrey inc they
+surpassed just doing an end-to-end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpassed just doing an end-to-end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpassed just doing an end-to-end
+network which learns also the structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network which learns also the structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network which learns also the structured
+prediction better performance and siri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction better performance and siri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction better performance and siri
+Cortana on Google now ok so the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cortana on Google now ok so the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cortana on Google now ok so the impact
+for for automotive is that networks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for automotive is that networks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for automotive is that networks are
+very good at move at multi class so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at move at multi class so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at move at multi class so the
+more categories you have the better the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more categories you have the better the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more categories you have the better the
+performance of a network it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a network it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a network it would be
+very good at using context imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at using context imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at using context imagine
+you're planning a path so taking an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're planning a path so taking an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're planning a path so taking an
+image as an input and output would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image as an input and output would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image as an input and output would be
+the path and you are cutting shorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path and you are cutting shorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path and you are cutting shorts of
+all the processes of looking for lanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the processes of looking for lanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the processes of looking for lanes
+and and and and this kind of algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and this kind of algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and this kind of algorithms
+Network can will be ideal for pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network can will be ideal for pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network can will be ideal for pixel
+level labeling for every pixel give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level labeling for every pixel give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level labeling for every pixel give me a
+category and you can use the network's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category and you can use the network's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category and you can use the network's
+for sensor integration for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sensor integration for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sensor integration for for
+determining the control of the vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the control of the vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the control of the vehicle
+by fusing a lot a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by fusing a lot a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by fusing a lot a lot of
+information coming from various say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information coming from various say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information coming from various say
+cameras so the challenge of using deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras so the challenge of using deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras so the challenge of using deep
+networks is that networks are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks is that networks are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks is that networks are very very
+large they're not they're not designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large they're not they're not designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large they're not they're not designed
+for real time the networks that you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real time the networks that you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real time the networks that you find
+in an academic paper papers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an academic paper papers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an academic paper papers and the
+success are for easy problems the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success are for easy problems the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success are for easy problems the
+problems that I've shown right now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that I've shown right now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that I've shown right now they
+cut the image net the face of attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the image net the face of attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the image net the face of attention
+are relatively considered easy problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively considered easy problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively considered easy problems
+in the context of interpreting the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of interpreting the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of interpreting the image
+for autonomous driving so let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for autonomous driving so let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for autonomous driving so let me show
+you what what are the things that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what what are the things that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what what are the things that one
+can do first so let's start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do first so let's start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do first so let's start with the
+path planning so this clip that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path planning so this clip that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path planning so this clip that I'll
+show you here the purpose of the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you here the purpose of the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you here the purpose of the network
+is to determine the path so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to determine the path so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to determine the path so this is the
+Green Line now these clips are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Line now these clips are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Line now these clips are from
+scenes where it will be impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes where it will be impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes where it will be impossible to
+detect lines because they're simply no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect lines because they're simply no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect lines because they're simply no
+simply no lanes if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply no lanes if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply no lanes if you look at this
+right any Lane detection system would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any Lane detection system would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any Lane detection system would
+find nothing in this kind of scene yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find nothing in this kind of scene yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find nothing in this kind of scene yet
+when you look at this image you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at this image you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at this image you have no
+problem in determining where the path is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in determining where the path is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in determining where the path is
+because you're looking at the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're looking at the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're looking at the entire
+image context and this is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image context and this is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image context and this is what the
+network is doing is being fed the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is doing is being fed the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is doing is being fed the input
+layer is the image the output layer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer is the image the output layer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer is the image the output layer is
+this green green green line or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this green green green line or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this green green green line or for
+example if you look at this urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you look at this urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you look at this urban
+setting there are no lanes in an urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting there are no lanes in an urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting there are no lanes in an urban
+setting yet the system can predict where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting yet the system can predict where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting yet the system can predict where
+the path is by fusing information from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path is by fusing information from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path is by fusing information from
+the entire context these are roads in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire context these are roads in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire context these are roads in
+California where they have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California where they have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California where they have these
+reflectors called Botts dots it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectors called Botts dots it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectors called Botts dots it's almost
+impossible to reliably you know fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to reliably you know fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to reliably you know fit
+lanes to these kinds of information yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanes to these kinds of information yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanes to these kinds of information yet
+if you look at this holistic path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this holistic path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this holistic path
+planning it reliably can tell you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning it reliably can tell you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning it reliably can tell you where
+where it is let's look at the free space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is let's look at the free space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is let's look at the free space
+so free space the idea born wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so free space the idea born wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so free space the idea born wanted
+autonomous driving you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous driving you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous driving you need to know
+where not to drive right you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where not to drive right you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where not to drive right you don't want
+to drive towards the curb it's not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive towards the curb it's not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive towards the curb it's not only
+do you don't want to hit other moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you don't want to hit other moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you don't want to hit other moving
+objects that that's the easy part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that that's the easy part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that that's the easy part
+you don't want to hit a barrier or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to hit a barrier or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to hit a barrier or a
+guardrail right so you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guardrail right so you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guardrail right so you don't want to
+know where the free space is so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the free space is so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the free space is so you can
+think of a network that will for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a network that will for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a network that will for every
+pixel will tell you give you a label and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel will tell you give you a label and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel will tell you give you a label and
+let's now focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now focus on the
+the label of road versus not road so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label of road versus not road so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label of road versus not road so all
+the pixel green our road everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pixel green our road everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pixel green our road everything else
+is not road so you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not road so you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not road so you can see that the
+green is not going over the curb which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is not going over the curb which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is not going over the curb which
+is which is nice but let's let's have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is nice but let's let's have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is nice but let's let's have it
+to run a bit more and then I'll stop it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run a bit more and then I'll stop it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run a bit more and then I'll stop it
+at the place where you'll see where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the place where you'll see where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the place where you'll see where the
+power of context so as you might stop it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of context so as you might stop it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of context so as you might stop it
+here now look at the at the sidewalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now look at the at the sidewalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now look at the at the sidewalk
+there the color of the sidewalk and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the color of the sidewalk and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the color of the sidewalk and the
+color of the road is identical the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color of the road is identical the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color of the road is identical the
+height of the curb is about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the curb is about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the curb is about one
+centimeter so it's not that the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter so it's not that the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter so it's not that the height
+here the geometry has is it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the geometry has is it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the geometry has is it's basically
+the context right the network figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context right the network figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context right the network figured
+out because there's a parked car there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because there's a parked car there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because there's a parked car there
+that that part is not part of the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that part is not part of the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that part is not part of the road
+right so in order to make this judgement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in order to make this judgement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in order to make this judgement
+correctly one needs to not just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly one needs to not just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly one needs to not just look at
+a small area around the pixel and decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small area around the pixel and decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small area around the pixel and decide
+whether it's rather not Road MA needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's rather not Road MA needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's rather not Road MA needs to
+collect information from the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect information from the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect information from the entire
+image this is the power of context and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image this is the power of context and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image this is the power of context and
+this is something that the network a can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that the network a can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that the network a can
+do you can see here where the blue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you can see here where the blue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you can see here where the blue and
+red lines red means it's on on a vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red lines red means it's on on a vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red lines red means it's on on a vehicle
+blue that it's on a on a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue that it's on a on a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue that it's on a on a physical
+barrier so if I run this back here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier so if I run this back here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier so if I run this back here and
+this is done frame by frame so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is done frame by frame so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is done frame by frame so it's a
+single frame thing same thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single frame thing same thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single frame thing same thing here
+right this height is is one one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this height is is one one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this height is is one one or two
+centimeters the color of the sidewalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters the color of the sidewalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters the color of the sidewalk
+and the color of the road is it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the color of the road is it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the color of the road is it is
+identical so being able to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical so being able to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical so being able to make the
+correct judgment here is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct judgment here is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct judgment here is very very
+challenging and this is where a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and this is where a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and this is where a network
+can succeed here the network also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can succeed here the network also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can succeed here the network also
+predicts that this is a code for being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts that this is a code for being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts that this is a code for being a
+kerb the red is the site of a vehicle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerb the red is the site of a vehicle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerb the red is the site of a vehicle or
+front of the vehicle in the next one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the vehicle in the next one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the vehicle in the next one it
+predicts that this is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts that this is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts that this is part of the
+guardrail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guardrail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guardrail
+the coding of this as part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coding of this as part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coding of this as part of the
+guardrail so the system has about 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guardrail so the system has about 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guardrail so the system has about 15
+categories guardrail curb barrier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories guardrail curb barrier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories guardrail curb barrier and
+and so forth let's keep the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth let's keep the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth let's keep the questions
+from from a rant from for later and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from a rant from for later and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from a rant from for later and and
+so forth so this is one area we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so this is one area we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so this is one area we call
+semantic free space so for every pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic free space so for every pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic free space so for every pixel
+in the scene tell me what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the scene tell me what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the scene tell me what it is
+of course I'm interested first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I'm interested first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I'm interested first and
+foremost I'm interested to know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foremost I'm interested to know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foremost I'm interested to know where
+the road is and then at the edges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road is and then at the edges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road is and then at the edges of
+where the road ends to know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the road ends to know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the road ends to know what is the
+label is it a side of a vehicle in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label is it a side of a vehicle in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label is it a side of a vehicle in front
+of a vehicle rear of a vehicle is it a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vehicle rear of a vehicle is it a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vehicle rear of a vehicle is it a a
+curb barrier guardrail and and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curb barrier guardrail and and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curb barrier guardrail and and so forth
+and this again is done by by a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this again is done by by a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this again is done by by a deep
+network I'll skip this one and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network I'll skip this one and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network I'll skip this one and then you
+can apply this from cameras from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can apply this from cameras from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can apply this from cameras from any
+angle so this is a camera looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so this is a camera looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so this is a camera looking at a
+corner looking at a 45 degrees on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner looking at a 45 degrees on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner looking at a 45 degrees on the
+right so the system can know where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the system can know where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the system can know where the
+free space is this is the camera from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space is this is the camera from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space is this is the camera from
+the side with a fisheye again using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side with a fisheye again using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side with a fisheye again using the
+same kind of technology the system can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of technology the system can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of technology the system can
+know where the free space is same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the free space is same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the free space is same thing
+here here is well day/night 3d modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here is well day/night 3d modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here is well day/night 3d modeling
+3d modeling is to be able to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d modeling is to be able to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d modeling is to be able to put a
+bounding box a 3d bounding box around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounding box a 3d bounding box around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounding box a 3d bounding box around
+the vehicle and the color here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicle and the color here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicle and the color here is that
+green is front where the rear blue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is front where the rear blue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is front where the rear blue is
+right hand side and yellow is left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side and yellow is left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side and yellow is left hand
+side should let this run now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side should let this run now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side should let this run now the
+importance of putting a 3d bounding box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of putting a 3d bounding box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of putting a 3d bounding box
+around the vehicle is that now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the vehicle is that now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the vehicle is that now you can
+place the camera at any angle so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the camera at any angle so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the camera at any angle so it's
+not only camera looking forward but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only camera looking forward but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only camera looking forward but the
+camera at any angle because the way a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera at any angle because the way a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera at any angle because the way a
+vehicle is defined is invariant to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle is defined is invariant to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle is defined is invariant to the
+camera position so this is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera position so this is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera position so this is kind of a
+preparation for putting cameras all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation for putting cameras all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation for putting cameras all
+around the vehicle and the 360 360
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the vehicle and the 360 360
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the vehicle and the 360 360
+degree Scene Recognition for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree Scene Recognition for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree Scene Recognition for example
+being to know that this is a bump is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being to know that this is a bump is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being to know that this is a bump is
+also being done by a by a network that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also being done by a by a network that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also being done by a by a network that
+takes an image and outputs where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes an image and outputs where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes an image and outputs where the
+bumps are same thing same thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumps are same thing same thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumps are same thing same thing here
+more complicated and that is knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated and that is knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated and that is knowing
+where the stop line is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the stop line is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the stop line is so
+when you go and detect traffic lights so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go and detect traffic lights so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go and detect traffic lights so
+detecting traffic lights is the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting traffic lights is the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting traffic lights is the easy
+problem a more complicated problem is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a more complicated problem is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a more complicated problem is to
+know the relevancy of the traffic lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the relevancy of the traffic lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the relevancy of the traffic lights
+which which traffic light is relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which traffic light is relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which traffic light is relevant to
+what direction the third one the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what direction the third one the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what direction the third one the most
+difficult problem is to detect the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult problem is to detect the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult problem is to detect the stop
+line the problem will stop line is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the problem will stop line is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the problem will stop line is that
+when you see the stop line it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see the stop line it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see the stop line it's a bit
+too late you see the stop line 2030
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too late you see the stop line 2030
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too late you see the stop line 2030
+meters away so it's too late to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters away so it's too late to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters away so it's too late to start
+stopping and have a smooth stopping you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping and have a smooth stopping you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping and have a smooth stopping you
+want to predict where the stop line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to predict where the stop line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to predict where the stop line is
+6070 meters away so here you want your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6070 meters away so here you want your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6070 meters away so here you want your
+algorithm or your network to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm or your network to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm or your network to understand
+that you're approaching a junction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're approaching a junction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're approaching a junction and
+start estimating where the stop line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start estimating where the stop line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start estimating where the stop line
+should be so you can start slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be so you can start slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be so you can start slowly
+reducing your speed such that by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing your speed such that by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing your speed such that by the
+time you see where the stop line is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you see where the stop line is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you see where the stop line is you
+already reduce your speed considerably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already reduce your speed considerably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already reduce your speed considerably
+I'll skip this knowing Lane assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll skip this knowing Lane assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll skip this knowing Lane assignment
+knowing how many lanes are in which lane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing how many lanes are in which lane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing how many lanes are in which lane
+you are is also done by by network so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are is also done by by network so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are is also done by by network so
+the network will give a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network will give a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network will give a probability
+whether the this is Elaine this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the this is Elaine this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the this is Elaine this is the
+lane for example it knows that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lane for example it knows that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lane for example it knows that this is
+not a lane it has you read zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lane it has you read zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lane it has you read zero
+probability so as you can see here I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so as you can see here I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so as you can see here I'll
+skip this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip this one
+so these networks so for every task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these networks so for every task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these networks so for every task
+there there is a network and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there is a network and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there is a network and these
+network are quite sophisticated and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network are quite sophisticated and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network are quite sophisticated and in
+you know accessing integrating a context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know accessing integrating a context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know accessing integrating a context
+a traffic light I'll skip this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traffic light I'll skip this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traffic light I'll skip this with
+traffic light so multiple cameras this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light so multiple cameras this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light so multiple cameras this
+is how it is it looks like you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how it is it looks like you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how it is it looks like you have the
+red ones are three cameras behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red ones are three cameras behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red ones are three cameras behind the
+windscreen one is about 180 degrees the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windscreen one is about 180 degrees the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windscreen one is about 180 degrees the
+other one is about 50 the third one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is about 50 the third one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is about 50 the third one is
+about 25 degrees and then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 25 degrees and then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 25 degrees and then there are
+another five cameras around the car that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another five cameras around the car that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another five cameras around the car that
+gives you all 360 360 degrees and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you all 360 360 degrees and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you all 360 360 degrees and and
+this kind of configuration first launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of configuration first launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of configuration first launch
+of filters in a cirrus produced car is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filters in a cirrus produced car is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filters in a cirrus produced car is
+going to be 2016 so where I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 2016 so where I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 2016 so where I'm not
+talking about science fiction these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about science fiction these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about science fiction these are
+how images look from some of these some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how images look from some of these some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how images look from some of these some
+of these cameras so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these cameras so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these cameras so
+let me show you a first clip of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you a first clip of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you a first clip of
+automated driving this is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated driving this is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated driving this is kind of a
+funny funny clip this is an actor who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny funny clip this is an actor who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny funny clip this is an actor who
+played a major role in Star Trek so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played a major role in Star Trek so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played a major role in Star Trek so I'm
+not saying his name let's see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying his name let's see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying his name let's see whether
+you can identify him yourself and he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can identify him yourself and he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can identify him yourself and he has
+a program program for kids called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program program for kids called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program program for kids called
+Reading Rainbow so this program is 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reading Rainbow so this program is 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reading Rainbow so this program is 20
+year old and he came to to Israel and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old and he came to to Israel and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old and he came to to Israel and he
+wanted to drive the autonomous vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to drive the autonomous vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to drive the autonomous vehicle
+that we have for his Kids program so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have for his Kids program so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have for his Kids program so he
+was dream he was running my car so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was dream he was running my car so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was dream he was running my car so my
+car is autonomous I can drive from Tel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car is autonomous I can drive from Tel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car is autonomous I can drive from Tel
+Aviv to Jerusalem without touching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aviv to Jerusalem without touching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aviv to Jerusalem without touching the
+steering wheel it's I do that all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steering wheel it's I do that all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steering wheel it's I do that all all
+the time so he was driving it and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so he was driving it and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so he was driving it and it's a
+bit funny so let's but but you'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit funny so let's but but you'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit funny so let's but but you'll get a
+feeling of what this is so let's run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling of what this is so let's run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling of what this is so let's run
+this it's two minutes yes they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's two minutes yes they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's two minutes yes they can
+that's because technology companies like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because technology companies like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because technology companies like
+mobilize here in Israel are about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilize here in Israel are about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilize here in Israel are about to
+introduce self-driving technologies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce self-driving technologies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce self-driving technologies to
+the world you know not too distant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world you know not too distant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world you know not too distant
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+just like in a science-fiction movie a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in a science-fiction movie a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in a science-fiction movie a
+driver will be able to hop in the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver will be able to hop in the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver will be able to hop in the car
+tell it where you want it to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell it where you want it to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell it where you want it to go and
+voila the car will do the rest so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voila the car will do the rest so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voila the car will do the rest so right
+now I'm driving like everybody does my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm driving like everybody does my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm driving like everybody does my
+hands are on the steering wheel and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands are on the steering wheel and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands are on the steering wheel and my
+foot is on the brake of the pedal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot is on the brake of the pedal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot is on the brake of the pedal is
+required and I'm in control of the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required and I'm in control of the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required and I'm in control of the car
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+I take my foot off the pedal and do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the car is driving itself wow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the car is driving itself wow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the car is driving itself wow this
+really is amazing I feel really safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is amazing I feel really safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is amazing I feel really safe
+with the car doing all of the driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the car doing all of the driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the car doing all of the driving
+okay now watch this and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now watch this and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now watch this and this is
+something that no one should ever do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that no one should ever do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that no one should ever do in
+a regular car ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wow that was freaky okay so anyone from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow that was freaky okay so anyone from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow that was freaky okay so anyone from
+the young people know who he is so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the young people know who he is so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the young people know who he is so this
+is Geordi from Star Trek he had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Geordi from Star Trek he had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Geordi from Star Trek he had this
+visor he was blind and then the advisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visor he was blind and then the advisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visor he was blind and then the advisor
+okay so so let's let's spend a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let's let's spend a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let's let's spend a few
+minutes to talk about what is the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to talk about what is the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to talk about what is the impact
+of autonomous driving and how it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of autonomous driving and how it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of autonomous driving and how it's going
+to unfold so this is far from science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unfold so this is far from science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unfold so this is far from science
+fiction it's actually unfolding as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction it's actually unfolding as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction it's actually unfolding as we
+speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak
+the first hands-free driving on highways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first hands-free driving on highways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first hands-free driving on highways
+is coming out now the first one is Tesla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming out now the first one is Tesla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming out now the first one is Tesla
+they have already launched that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have already launched that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have already launched that they
+made this public a week or two ago their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this public a week or two ago their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this public a week or two ago their
+first better drivers are driving with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first better drivers are driving with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first better drivers are driving with
+the system and I presume within a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and I presume within a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and I presume within a month
+it will be also installed to all other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be also installed to all other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be also installed to all other
+drivers and this is you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers and this is you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers and this is you can do
+hands-free when driving on a highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands-free when driving on a highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands-free when driving on a highway
+unlimited speed so you can drive at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited speed so you can drive at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited speed so you can drive at
+highway speeds let go of the steering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway speeds let go of the steering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway speeds let go of the steering
+wheel and the drive and the car would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel and the drive and the car would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel and the drive and the car would
+drive GM already announced that middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive GM already announced that middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive GM already announced that middle
+of 2016 they have this super cruise more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2016 they have this super cruise more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2016 they have this super cruise more
+or less the same kind of functionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less the same kind of functionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less the same kind of functionality
+out he also announced 2016 so well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out he also announced 2016 so well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out he also announced 2016 so well and
+these are just the first comers we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just the first comers we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just the first comers we are
+working with about 13 car manufacturers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with about 13 car manufacturers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with about 13 car manufacturers
+that would in the next three years three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would in the next three years three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would in the next three years three
+to four years having this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four years having this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four years having this kind of
+capability so this will be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so this will be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so this will be in the
+mainstream now what would I put there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream now what would I put there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream now what would I put there in
+red is that the driver still has primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red is that the driver still has primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red is that the driver still has primary
+responsibility and has to be alert that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility and has to be alert that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility and has to be alert that
+means the technology is not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the technology is not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the technology is not it's not
+perfect it could make mistakes therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect it could make mistakes therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect it could make mistakes therefore
+the driver has to be is still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driver has to be is still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driver has to be is still the
+primary has the primary responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary has the primary responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary has the primary responsibility
+so that at this stage there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that at this stage there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that at this stage there's no
+disruption here it's just a nice feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption here it's just a nice feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption here it's just a nice feature
+to have for the car industry this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have for the car industry this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have for the car industry this is the
+first step to start practicing towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step to start practicing towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step to start practicing towards
+reaching autonomous driving the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching autonomous driving the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching autonomous driving the second
+step starts 2016 and this is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step starts 2016 and this is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step starts 2016 and this is what the
+eight cameras that I showed you slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight cameras that I showed you slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight cameras that I showed you slide
+before here the car can drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before here the car can drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before here the car can drive
+autonomously from highway to highway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomously from highway to highway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomously from highway to highway so
+on ramp off ramps are done autonomously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ramp off ramps are done autonomously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ramp off ramps are done autonomously
+so you you know with Google Maps or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you know with Google Maps or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you know with Google Maps or
+whatever navigation program you chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever navigation program you chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever navigation program you chart
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+your your route and until the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your route and until the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your route and until the car
+reaches City boundaries it will go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches City boundaries it will go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches City boundaries it will go all
+go autonomously from highway to highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go autonomously from highway to highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go autonomously from highway to highway
+toll switch from highway to highway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toll switch from highway to highway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toll switch from highway to highway and
+and do that autonomously still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do that autonomously still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do that autonomously still the
+driver has primary responsibility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver has primary responsibility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver has primary responsibility and
+and is alert so there's no nothing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is alert so there's no nothing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is alert so there's no nothing here
+is transformative it's a nice feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is transformative it's a nice feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is transformative it's a nice feature
+again it's part of a phased approach of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's part of a phased approach of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's part of a phased approach of
+the car industry to start practicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car industry to start practicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car industry to start practicing
+starting from 2018 would come the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from 2018 would come the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from 2018 would come the first
+small disruption the first small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small disruption the first small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small disruption the first small
+disruption is that technology would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption is that technology would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption is that technology would
+reach a level in which driver is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a level in which driver is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a level in which driver is
+responsible the driver must be there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible the driver must be there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible the driver must be there but
+not not necessarily alert so it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not necessarily alert so it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not necessarily alert so it means
+that the driver is an attendant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the driver is an attendant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the driver is an attendant the
+driver is monitoring just like a pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver is monitoring just like a pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver is monitoring just like a pilot
+sitting in an airplane while the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in an airplane while the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in an airplane while the plane
+is an autopilot the driver needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an autopilot the driver needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an autopilot the driver needs to be
+there in case there is a problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in case there is a problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in case there is a problem the
+system will give a grace period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will give a grace period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will give a grace period of time
+until the driver needs to take back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the driver needs to take back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the driver needs to take back
+control so it's not taking control in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so it's not taking control in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so it's not taking control in
+instant immediately and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant immediately and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant immediately and so this
+transition from primary responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from primary responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from primary responsibility
+to monitoring like in in in aviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to monitoring like in in in aviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to monitoring like in in in aviation
+will be the first disruption the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the first disruption the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the first disruption the
+beginnings of a disruption so let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginnings of a disruption so let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginnings of a disruption so let's try
+to imagine what kind of disruption this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine what kind of disruption this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine what kind of disruption this
+is so let's take over as an example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so let's take over as an example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so let's take over as an example so
+today you have free time so you own a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you have free time so you own a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you have free time so you own a
+car you have a free time say between 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car you have a free time say between 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car you have a free time say between 3
+to 5 p.m. so you take your car and apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 5 p.m. so you take your car and apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 5 p.m. so you take your car and apply
+uber and take passengers and earn some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uber and take passengers and earn some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uber and take passengers and earn some
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+that's over today now let's let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's over today now let's let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's over today now let's let's look
+at 2018-19 you have zero skills and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 2018-19 you have zero skills and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 2018-19 you have zero skills and you
+don't have a car all what you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a car all what you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a car all what you have you
+have a driver license so you are willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a driver license so you are willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a driver license so you are willing
+to be an attendant so you say ok now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an attendant so you say ok now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an attendant so you say ok now I
+have free time an uber car would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have free time an uber car would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have free time an uber car would come
+with an attendant you switch places with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an attendant you switch places with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an attendant you switch places with
+the attendant you sit behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attendant you sit behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attendant you sit behind the
+steering wheel and you do nothing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steering wheel and you do nothing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steering wheel and you do nothing you
+don't control the car you don't control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't control the car you don't control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't control the car you don't control
+the passengers who are coming you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passengers who are coming you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passengers who are coming you are
+being taken by the car you're simply sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being taken by the car you're simply sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being taken by the car you're simply sit
+there zero skills therefore your payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there zero skills therefore your payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there zero skills therefore your payment
+is very very small so now these cars can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very small so now these cars can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very small so now these cars can
+drive 24/7 because the attendant can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive 24/7 because the attendant can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive 24/7 because the attendant can be
+replaced every hour or so and so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced every hour or so and so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced every hour or so and so here
+you have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have another
+business model which makes this public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model which makes this public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model which makes this public
+transportation the uber type of public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation the uber type of public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation the uber type of public
+transportation no much more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation no much more powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation no much more powerful
+than it is than it is today so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is than it is today so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is than it is today so this is
+kind of the beginning of disruption what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the beginning of disruption what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the beginning of disruption what
+would be the next step the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the next step the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the next step the next step
+2020 2022 imagine that a driverless car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2020 2022 imagine that a driverless car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2020 2022 imagine that a driverless car
+can drive without passengers this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drive without passengers this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drive without passengers this is one
+step before you you can allow a car to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step before you you can allow a car to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step before you you can allow a car to
+drive autonomously so without passengers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive autonomously so without passengers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive autonomously so without passengers
+means but all what you need to prove is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means but all what you need to prove is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means but all what you need to prove is
+that the car your car would not hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the car your car would not hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the car your car would not hit
+other cars or pedestrians but if it hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cars or pedestrians but if it hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cars or pedestrians but if it hits
+an infrastructure nobody gets killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infrastructure nobody gets killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infrastructure nobody gets killed
+because there are no passengers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are no passengers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are no passengers in the
+car no passenger is meaning nobody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car no passenger is meaning nobody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car no passenger is meaning nobody in
+the car now this is already a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car now this is already a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car now this is already a major
+disruption because what it means it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption because what it means it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption because what it means it
+means that the household does not need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the household does not need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the household does not need
+to own multiple cars one car is enough I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to own multiple cars one car is enough I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to own multiple cars one car is enough I
+Drive to work with the car I send a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drive to work with the car I send a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drive to work with the car I send a car
+back home fix my wife take her to word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back home fix my wife take her to word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back home fix my wife take her to word
+that comes back home you get the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes back home you get the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes back home you get the picture
+so this is kind of a beginning of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of a beginning of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of a beginning of a
+major disruption then about 2025 2030
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major disruption then about 2025 2030
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major disruption then about 2025 2030
+sufficient experience with with mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient experience with with mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient experience with with mapping
+data car to car communication one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data car to car communication one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data car to car communication one can
+imagine how these cars would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine how these cars would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine how these cars would be
+completely autonomously and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely autonomously and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely autonomously and that is
+where the major disruption happens okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the major disruption happens okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the major disruption happens okay
+so this is autonomous driving let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is autonomous driving let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is autonomous driving let me go
+to the second part about wearable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the second part about wearable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the second part about wearable
+computing and then we can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing and then we can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing and then we can take a
+question so this would be much short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so this would be much short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so this would be much short
+shorter so again computer vision but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter so again computer vision but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter so again computer vision but now
+the camera is not beside us like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera is not beside us like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera is not beside us like in the
+car the camera is on us now if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car the camera is on us now if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car the camera is on us now if the
+camera is on us the first question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is on us the first question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is on us the first question that
+you would ask who needs a camera to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would ask who needs a camera to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would ask who needs a camera to be
+on you right so the first market segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you right so the first market segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you right so the first market segment
+for something like this are the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something like this are the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something like this are the the
+blind and visually impaired so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind and visually impaired so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind and visually impaired so the way
+to were to imagine this you are visually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to were to imagine this you are visually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to were to imagine this you are visually
+impaired or or blind the person so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impaired or or blind the person so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impaired or or blind the person so you
+don't see well or you don't see at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see well or you don't see at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see well or you don't see at all
+or you don't see well so it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you don't see well so it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you don't see well so it's very very
+difficult for you to negotiate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for you to negotiate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for you to negotiate the
+visual world you cannot read anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual world you cannot read anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual world you cannot read anything
+unless it's few centimeters from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it's few centimeters from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it's few centimeters from your
+eye you cannot recognize people and as
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start talking to you so you can
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start talking to you so you can
+recognize their voice you cannot cross
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+ align:start position:0%
+recognize their voice you cannot cross
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize their voice you cannot cross
+the street because you don't see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street because you don't see the
+traffic light you cannot go on a bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light you cannot go on a bus
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light you cannot go on a bus
+because you don't know what the bus
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+because you don't know what the bus
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+basically are very very constrained very
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically are very very constrained very
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+helper standing beside you now this
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+
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+helper standing beside you now this
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+helper is relatively intelligent and has
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+helper is relatively intelligent and has
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+information you want to know and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you want to catch a bus you know the
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you see a silhouette so you look
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+
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+
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+the bus it sees that there is a bus
+tells you what the bus number is you
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+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what the bus number is you
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+tells you what the bus number is you
+want to cross the street you know the
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+ align:start position:0%
+want to cross the street you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to cross the street you know the
+traffic light is more or less there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light is more or less there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light is more or less there but
+you cannot you don't know what the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot you don't know what the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot you don't know what the color
+of the traffic light is so the helper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the traffic light is so the helper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the traffic light is so the helper
+looks at your gaze sees that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at your gaze sees that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at your gaze sees that there's a
+traffic light there tell you it's green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light there tell you it's green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light there tell you it's green
+light you're opening a newspaper your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light you're opening a newspaper your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light you're opening a newspaper your
+point somewhere in the newspaper the
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+helper would read you the article or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helper would read you the article or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helper would read you the article or
+there is a street name you point towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a street name you point towards
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a street name you point towards
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street name the helper would look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street name the helper would look at
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the scene understand that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the scene understand that there
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a text in the world and simply read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a text in the world and simply read
+you the street name a familiar face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the street name a familiar face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the street name a familiar face
+appears the the helper will whisper you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears the the helper will whisper you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears the the helper will whisper you
+know Joe has now is now in front of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Joe has now is now in front of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Joe has now is now in front of you
+and and so forth though so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so forth though so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so forth though so if you have
+now replaced this helper with computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now replaced this helper with computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now replaced this helper with computer
+vision you can imagine how this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision you can imagine how this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision you can imagine how this could
+helped someone who is always visually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped someone who is always visually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped someone who is always visually
+impaired so let me show you so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impaired so let me show you so first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impaired so let me show you so first of
+all the number of visually impaired is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the number of visually impaired is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the number of visually impaired is
+it's quite quite big so the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite quite big so the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite quite big so the number of
+blind people in the u.s. is about 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind people in the u.s. is about 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind people in the u.s. is about 1.5
+million that's not big the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million that's not big the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million that's not big the number of
+visually impaired and people were that
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually impaired and people were that
+their ailment cannot be corrected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ailment cannot be corrected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ailment cannot be corrected
+through lenses is about twenty-six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through lenses is about twenty-six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through lenses is about twenty-six
+million so this is a sizable number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so this is a sizable number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so this is a sizable number
+worldwide is above four hundred million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide is above four hundred million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide is above four hundred million
+people who are visually impaired and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are visually impaired and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are visually impaired and and
+they don't have much technology to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have much technology to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have much technology to help
+them so this is what orchim is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so this is what orchim is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so this is what orchim is doing
+it's a camera which clips on eyeglasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a camera which clips on eyeglasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a camera which clips on eyeglasses
+and there is a computing device which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a computing device which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a computing device which
+you put in your pocket and the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in your pocket and the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in your pocket and the way you
+interact with the device is with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the device is with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the device is with your
+hand with your finger because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand with your finger because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand with your finger because the
+cameras on Nuka sees also your hand once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras on Nuka sees also your hand once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras on Nuka sees also your hand once
+you point the camera starts to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you point the camera starts to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you point the camera starts to extract
+information from from the scene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from from the scene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from from the scene and
+talks to you to an earpiece so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks to you to an earpiece so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks to you to an earpiece so let's
+look at the clip hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the clip hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the clip hi
+I'm react and I'm visually impaired I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm react and I'm visually impaired I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm react and I'm visually impaired I
+want to show you today how this device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you today how this device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you today how this device
+changed my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+red light green light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+50 shackle mr. Chappell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 shackle mr. Chappell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 shackle mr. Chappell
+let's buy some coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+breakfast bagel plus coffee with cream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast bagel plus coffee with cream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast bagel plus coffee with cream
+cheese claw okay you get the idea so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese claw okay you get the idea so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese claw okay you get the idea so
+that we started 2010 2013 we had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started 2010 2013 we had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started 2010 2013 we had already
+prototype working and we had a visitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype working and we had a visitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype working and we had a visitor
+gianmarco from the New York Times and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gianmarco from the New York Times and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gianmarco from the New York Times and he
+came and wrote a very nice article about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came and wrote a very nice article about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came and wrote a very nice article about
+about what the company is doing and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the company is doing and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the company is doing and we
+thought that at that time it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that at that time it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that at that time it would be
+good to launch the website of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to launch the website of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to launch the website of the
+company and try to get a number say 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and try to get a number say 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and try to get a number say 100
+first customers so that we can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first customers so that we can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first customers so that we can start
+experimenting do field studies with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting do field studies with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting do field studies with with
+the prototype device so we launched the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prototype device so we launched the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prototype device so we launched the
+website we wrote that the device cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website we wrote that the device cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website we wrote that the device cost
+two thousand five hundred dollars that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thousand five hundred dollars that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thousand five hundred dollars that
+was June 2013 and the first 100 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was June 2013 and the first 100 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was June 2013 and the first 100 people
+who would purchase the device will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would purchase the device will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would purchase the device will
+receive the device in September so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the device in September so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the device in September so
+within an hour those 100 devices were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within an hour those 100 devices were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within an hour those 100 devices were
+sold and then we thought we kept a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold and then we thought we kept a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold and then we thought we kept a
+waiting list which today is about thirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting list which today is about thirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting list which today is about thirty
+thousand and we started shipping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand and we started shipping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand and we started shipping the
+devices about a month ago so in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices about a month ago so in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices about a month ago so in the last
+year this device was with about 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year this device was with about 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year this device was with about 200
+people and we got a lot of feedback from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and we got a lot of feedback from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and we got a lot of feedback from
+real users and an improved and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real users and an improved and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real users and an improved and let me
+show you some real users so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some real users so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some real users so this is
+Marcia from from Brazil the device at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marcia from from Brazil the device at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marcia from from Brazil the device at
+the moment only works in English later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment only works in English later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment only works in English later
+would put more languages and so she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put more languages and so she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put more languages and so she's
+she's being trained to use the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's being trained to use the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's being trained to use the device
+and this is a short clip of about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a short clip of about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a short clip of about two
+minutes and in a wardrobe body language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and in a wardrobe body language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and in a wardrobe body language
+and also she explains how she copes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also she explains how she copes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also she explains how she copes with
+her disability especially how she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her disability especially how she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her disability especially how she
+distinguishes between different money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes between different money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes between different money
+notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+they're all green so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all green so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all green so how do you
+distinguish between themselves let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between themselves let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between themselves let's
+look at this device is reading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this device is reading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this device is reading the
+newspaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fifty dollars secret dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty dollars secret dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty dollars secret dollars
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh and I put mark color yellow green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and I put mark color yellow green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and I put mark color yellow green
+orange different okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange different okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange different okay
+here's a recent from CNN it was aired a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a recent from CNN it was aired a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a recent from CNN it was aired a
+month ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month ago
+it also gives a bit more information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also gives a bit more information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also gives a bit more information
+about the device let's run this it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the device let's run this it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the device let's run this it gets
+again two minutes two weekends ago I sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again two minutes two weekends ago I sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again two minutes two weekends ago I sat
+down and read New York Times I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and read New York Times I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and read New York Times I haven't
+done that in maybe 30 years when I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that in maybe 30 years when I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that in maybe 30 years when I went
+came down I had a cup of coffee I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came down I had a cup of coffee I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came down I had a cup of coffee I'm
+relieved in New York Times and she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relieved in New York Times and she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relieved in New York Times and she was
+crying just being able to read again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crying just being able to read again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crying just being able to read again is
+emotional for Howard Thurman he started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional for Howard Thurman he started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional for Howard Thurman he started
+losing his vision as a child his new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing his vision as a child his new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing his vision as a child his new
+glasses don't fix his eyes but they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses don't fix his eyes but they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses don't fix his eyes but they do
+the next best thing put on my glasses it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next best thing put on my glasses it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next best thing put on my glasses it
+recognizes a finger snaps the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes a finger snaps the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes a finger snaps the picture
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+now it just reads the glasses have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it just reads the glasses have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it just reads the glasses have a
+camera that recognizes text and can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that recognizes text and can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that recognizes text and can read
+the world to him oh here the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world to him oh here the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world to him oh here the technology
+is called or pan and tormance says it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called or pan and tormance says it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called or pan and tormance says it
+gives him a sense of normalcy even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives him a sense of normalcy even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives him a sense of normalcy even
+finding out that Dunkin Donuts has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out that Dunkin Donuts has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out that Dunkin Donuts has a
+doughnut I never tried I was excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doughnut I never tried I was excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doughnut I never tried I was excited
+Dunkin Donuts it's a clip on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dunkin Donuts it's a clip on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dunkin Donuts it's a clip on their
+camera so a camera that you can clip on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera so a camera that you can clip on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera so a camera that you can clip on
+on to any any eyeglasses and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to any any eyeglasses and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to any any eyeglasses and you have
+here a computing device which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a computing device which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a computing device which you can
+put in your pocket and the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in your pocket and the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in your pocket and the way it
+interacts it's with a hand gesture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts it's with a hand gesture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts it's with a hand gesture for
+example it's written their rental and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's written their rental and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's written their rental and
+tours rentals and tours it's not perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tours rentals and tours it's not perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tours rentals and tours it's not perfect
+though it uses a pretty bulky cable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it uses a pretty bulky cable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it uses a pretty bulky cable and
+sometimes it needs a few tries to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it needs a few tries to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it needs a few tries to get
+things right it doesn't restrict because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right it doesn't restrict because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right it doesn't restrict because
+everybody's handwriting is different so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's handwriting is different so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's handwriting is different so
+it doesn't do cursor very well at all or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't do cursor very well at all or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't do cursor very well at all or
+cam has a harder time in bright light or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cam has a harder time in bright light or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cam has a harder time in bright light or
+in tougher situations like signs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tougher situations like signs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tougher situations like signs on
+windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows
+Adam Colin you doughnuts hours of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam Colin you doughnuts hours of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam Colin you doughnuts hours of
+operation know p.m. pounds p.m. 9:00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation know p.m. pounds p.m. 9:00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation know p.m. pounds p.m. 9:00
+p.m.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m.
+how was your service today Joshua says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how was your service today Joshua says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how was your service today Joshua says
+improvements are on the way where do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements are on the way where do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements are on the way where do you
+see this technology going over the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this technology going over the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this technology going over the long
+term reading grammar icing phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term reading grammar icing phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term reading grammar icing phases
+organizing product is only the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing product is only the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing product is only the beginning
+where we want to get is complete visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we want to get is complete visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we want to get is complete visual
+understanding at the level of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding at the level of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding at the level of human
+perception such that if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception such that if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception such that if you are
+disoriented you can start understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disoriented you can start understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disoriented you can start understanding
+what's around you for example where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's around you for example where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's around you for example where's
+the door ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door ah
+the door is there where is the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door is there where is the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door is there where is the window
+where is an opening and in outer space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is an opening and in outer space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is an opening and in outer space
+around me okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around me okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around me okay
+this is face revelation so again one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is face revelation so again one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is face revelation so again one of
+the first 100 or came to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first 100 or came to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first 100 or came to recognize
+anybody if you want to sue me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes those sales of a face-recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes those sales of a face-recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes those sales of a face-recognition
+last two slides we started also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two slides we started also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two slides we started also
+providing the device to research groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing the device to research groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing the device to research groups
+and this is one of this is a paper in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one of this is a paper in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one of this is a paper in
+arvo where they took eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arvo where they took eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arvo where they took eight
+visually-impaired gave them the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually-impaired gave them the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually-impaired gave them the device
+for one month and then measure their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one month and then measure their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one month and then measure their
+what the change in quality of life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the change in quality of life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the change in quality of life and
+how they measure the change of quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they measure the change of quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they measure the change of quality
+applied they interview them and seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied they interview them and seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied they interview them and seven
+out of the eight reported significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the eight reported significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the eight reported significant
+change in quality of life now they sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in quality of life now they sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in quality of life now they sent
+us they some of the interviews so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us they some of the interviews so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us they some of the interviews so in the
+next here I'm showing you part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next here I'm showing you part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next here I'm showing you part of the
+interview and what's interesting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview and what's interesting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview and what's interesting about
+this interview is that there is a trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interview is that there is a trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interview is that there is a trick
+question the interviewer after she tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the interviewer after she tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the interviewer after she tells
+him how the device is life saving and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him how the device is life saving and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him how the device is life saving and so
+forth he tells about the device is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth he tells about the device is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth he tells about the device is very
+expensive it's few thousands of dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive it's few thousands of dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive it's few thousands of dollars
+is it worth it so it's one thing to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it worth it so it's one thing to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it worth it so it's one thing to get
+something for free and say it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for free and say it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for free and say it's very
+very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good
+and other things Erica it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other things Erica it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other things Erica it's going to
+cost you thousands of dollars is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you thousands of dollars is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you thousands of dollars is it
+worth it and let's hear her answer which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth it and let's hear her answer which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth it and let's hear her answer which
+is the very first few days I had the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the very first few days I had the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the very first few days I had the or
+camp I was in total awe of it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp I was in total awe of it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp I was in total awe of it because
+for the first time I was able to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time I was able to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time I was able to open
+mail and read it instead of having my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail and read it instead of having my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail and read it instead of having my
+husband read my mail and I was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband read my mail and I was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband read my mail and I was able to
+go to a restaurant and we read the menu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a restaurant and we read the menu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a restaurant and we read the menu
+and order myself with a waitress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and order myself with a waitress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and order myself with a waitress and
+that was exciting when you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was exciting when you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was exciting when you can't do
+something for such a long period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for such a long period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for such a long period of time
+the or pan was incredible because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or pan was incredible because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or pan was incredible because what
+the estimate is do you think such a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimate is do you think such a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimate is do you think such a high
+price would be something people would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price would be something people would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price would be something people would be
+willing to pay for a device like this do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay for a device like this do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay for a device like this do
+you think it's marginally with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it's marginally with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it's marginally with
+right now I think you're gonna find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I think you're gonna find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I think you're gonna find that
+that's gonna be on a case-by-case basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be on a case-by-case basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be on a case-by-case basis
+you know people who have money there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people who have money there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people who have money there's
+certainly no problem $2,000 I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly no problem $2,000 I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly no problem $2,000 I don't have
+money I am low income but I would save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I am low income but I would save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I am low income but I would save
+my mind scrape it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mind scrape it together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mind scrape it together
+in order to get it at $2,000 okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get it at $2,000 okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get it at $2,000 okay so
+that's interesting what where is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting what where is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting what where is it
+going so that there are two lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so that there are two lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so that there are two lines of
+progress one is when this existing niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress one is when this existing niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress one is when this existing niche
+is to make the camera understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make the camera understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make the camera understand the
+visual field at higher levels of details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual field at higher levels of details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual field at higher levels of details
+and one of the things that we are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things that we are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things that we are now
+working on is we call this chatting mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on is we call this chatting mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on is we call this chatting mode
+so it's like it's the image annotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like it's the image annotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like it's the image annotation
+type of experiment or the image net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of experiment or the image net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of experiment or the image net
+together with with the natural language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with with the natural language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with with the natural language
+processing say you are visually impaired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing say you are visually impaired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing say you are visually impaired
+or blind and you're disoriented you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or blind and you're disoriented you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or blind and you're disoriented you
+don't know where you are all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where you are all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where you are all right so
+you would like the device to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like the device to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like the device to tell you
+every second what it sees I see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every second what it sees I see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every second what it sees I see here
+Tommy I see your chairs I see your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tommy I see your chairs I see your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tommy I see your chairs I see your
+another person I see a wall in opening a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person I see a wall in opening a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person I see a wall in opening a
+painting bla bla bla bla bla until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting bla bla bla bla bla until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting bla bla bla bla bla until you
+get back your your sense of orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back your your sense of orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back your your sense of orientation
+so I wanted device to be able to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted device to be able to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted device to be able to have
+say several thousands of categories like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say several thousands of categories like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say several thousands of categories like
+an image net together with image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image net together with image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image net together with image
+annotation a capability the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotation a capability the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotation a capability the kind of
+stuff that people learn now we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that people learn now we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that people learn now we know
+writing articles about and being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing articles about and being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing articles about and being able to
+do this at the frame rate of say once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this at the frame rate of say once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this at the frame rate of say once
+per second so wherever I am looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second so wherever I am looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second so wherever I am looking at
+tell me what what you see this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what what you see this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what what you see this is one
+another thing is to have natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing is to have natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing is to have natural
+language processing NLP ability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing NLP ability for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing NLP ability for
+example if you are looking at a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you are looking at a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you are looking at a an
+electricity bill the system would know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity bill the system would know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity bill the system would know
+that you're looking at an electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're looking at an electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're looking at an electricity
+bill and and and give you just a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill and and and give you just a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill and and and give you just a short
+what is the amount to do for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the amount to do for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the amount to do for example the
+system hotel you are looking at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system hotel you are looking at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system hotel you are looking at an
+electricity bill the amount you is such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity bill the amount you is such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity bill the amount you is such
+and such so having more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such so having more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such so having more and more
+intelligence into into the system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence into into the system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence into into the system so
+this is one one area another area is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one one area another area is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one one area another area is to
+go for a wearable device for people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for a wearable device for people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for a wearable device for people with
+normal sight so here we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal sight so here we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal sight so here we're talking about
+you know real wearable computing so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know real wearable computing so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know real wearable computing so this
+Apple watch is wearable computing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple watch is wearable computing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple watch is wearable computing but
+doesn't do much computing right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do much computing right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do much computing right it
+displays you know my text messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays you know my text messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays you know my text messages
+emails you know measures is certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails you know measures is certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails you know measures is certain
+biometrics but that's not you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biometrics but that's not you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biometrics but that's not you know the
+holy grail of wearable computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holy grail of wearable computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holy grail of wearable computing the
+holy grail of wearable computing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holy grail of wearable computing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holy grail of wearable computing is
+assumed that you had Siri with eyes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that you had Siri with eyes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that you had Siri with eyes and
+ears so you had a camera on you that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ears so you had a camera on you that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ears so you had a camera on you that is
+observing the scene all the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing the scene all the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing the scene all the time and
+providing your real-time information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing your real-time information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing your real-time information
+whenever you need information like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you need information like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you need information like the
+people that you meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that you meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that you meet
+what were the recent tweets of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were the recent tweets of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were the recent tweets of those
+people that you met what is common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that you met what is common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that you met what is common
+between you and them based on Facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you and them based on Facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you and them based on Facebook
+and LinkedIn and so forth so knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and LinkedIn and so forth so knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and LinkedIn and so forth so knowing
+more about the people you meet knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the people you meet knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the people you meet knowing
+more about the stuff that you are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the stuff that you are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the stuff that you are doing
+and creating archive of all what you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and creating archive of all what you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and creating archive of all what you are
+doing throughout its work throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing throughout its work throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing throughout its work throughout the
+day and this is a device like this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and this is a device like this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and this is a device like this this
+is how it looks like we call it Kassie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how it looks like we call it Kassie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how it looks like we call it Kassie
+so this is this is a real device it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is a real device it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is a real device it it
+works continuously for about 13 hours so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works continuously for about 13 hours so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works continuously for about 13 hours so
+you have a camera working continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a camera working continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a camera working continuously
+for 13 hours and the purpose of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 13 hours and the purpose of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 13 hours and the purpose of this
+camera so the way you put it like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera so the way you put it like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera so the way you put it like this
+okay so the purpose of the camera is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the purpose of the camera is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the purpose of the camera is not
+to take pictures it doesn't store any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take pictures it doesn't store any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take pictures it doesn't store any
+picture the purpose of the camera is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the purpose of the camera is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the purpose of the camera is to
+be a sensor is to interpret the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a sensor is to interpret the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a sensor is to interpret the visual
+world and provide information in in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and provide information in in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and provide information in in real
+time and if everything goes well we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and if everything goes well we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and if everything goes well we'll
+start launching this within six months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start launching this within six months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start launching this within six months
+from now so this is this is the next big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now so this is this is the next big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now so this is this is the next big
+thing to go into wearable computing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to go into wearable computing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to go into wearable computing to
+go into a domain in which a camera is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into a domain in which a camera is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into a domain in which a camera is on
+you and processing information all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and processing information all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and processing information all the
+time unlike now a camera on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time unlike now a camera on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time unlike now a camera on your
+smartphone in which job you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartphone in which job you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartphone in which job you take a
+picture on demand it's not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture on demand it's not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture on demand it's not it's not
+working for you all the time here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for you all the time here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for you all the time here it's
+working for me all the time all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for me all the time all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for me all the time all the time
+it's viewing the visual field whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's viewing the visual field whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's viewing the visual field whenever
+it finds something interesting it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finds something interesting it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finds something interesting it will
+send it to my smartphone like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it to my smartphone like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it to my smartphone like people
+that I meet and other other activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I meet and other other activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I meet and other other activities
+that that I do so this will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I do so this will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I do so this will be the
+beginning of real wearable computing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of real wearable computing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of real wearable computing so
+wearable computing with sensing put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearable computing with sensing put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearable computing with sensing put the
+ability to hear and listen to hear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to hear and listen to hear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to hear and listen to hear and
+see and process this information in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and process this information in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and process this information in any
+real time this is the next thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time this is the next thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time this is the next thing that
+the next big challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next big challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next big challenge
+that's why working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UGdXwvB6K-w.txt b/UGdXwvB6K-w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4603c98391e6266d4cf979317923b109eddaa86a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UGdXwvB6K-w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,644 @@
+PROFESSOR: Hi.
+
+Today I'd like to introduce
+a new module.
+
+In previous modules we've talked
+about how to model
+
+particular systems, how to make
+predictions about certain
+
+kinds and classifications of
+systems, and also how to
+
+design both theoretical
+and physical systems.
+
+If our systems are operating in
+a deterministic universe,
+
+then we're all set.
+
+We've accounted for all the
+things we could possibly
+
+account for.
+
+But if we're making systems that
+are going to operate in
+
+the real world, then we need to
+be able to deal with some
+
+level of uncertainty.
+
+Today I'm going to talk about
+probability, which is the
+
+method by which we're
+going to model
+
+uncertainty in our world.
+
+And later we're going to talk
+about different strategies we
+
+can take to deal with that
+uncertainty to hopefully
+
+increase the level of autonomy
+of our systems as they operate
+
+in the real world.
+
+The first thing I need to talk
+about is how to properly model
+
+probability, or how to
+probably talk about
+
+probability such that we can
+use it to talk about
+
+uncertainty.
+
+When you're talking about
+probability, typically you'll
+
+end up talking about the sample
+space or U. This refers
+
+to your entire universe, where
+your universe is the values
+
+that you care about, or the
+possible assigned values of
+
+the variables that
+you care about.
+
+I'm already talking about
+variables, but what I really
+
+mean to say is events.
+
+There are different states that
+your universe can take,
+
+and those states can be sort of
+exhaustively enumerated or
+
+be atomic, or they
+can be factored
+
+into different variables.
+
+Let me elaborate on
+this a little.
+
+If I were talking about four
+coin flips, if those events
+
+were specified atomically then
+I would have to exhaustively
+
+specify all possible sequences
+of four coin flips.
+
+4 heads, 3 heads and 2 tail, 2
+heads and 2 tails, that sort
+
+of exercise.
+
+Or flipping 4 heads would be
+one event, flipping 3 heads
+
+and then 1 tail would be a
+separate event, flipping 2
+
+heads 1 tail and another
+head would be a
+
+third, distinct event.
+
+If we're talking about a
+factored state space, then
+
+we'll have a different variable
+representing each one
+
+of these coin flips.
+
+And each one of those variables
+will say, here is
+
+the value associated with that
+particular sub-event.
+
+And the accumulation of all
+those values, or the
+
+specification for all those
+values, will end up referring
+
+to the same states that
+were addressed
+
+by the atomic events.
+
+Let me talk about variables,
+because they're the thing that
+
+allow us to not exhaustively
+enumerate every possible event
+
+in the universe, and talk
+about our universe in
+
+meaningful ways, or in ways that
+they can be effectively
+
+communicated.
+
+And why am I talking about
+random variables?
+
+Why aren't they just
+variables?
+
+Well, random variables is the
+way that you specify the fact
+
+that you're talking about
+probabilistic variables.
+
+When you're just dealing with
+regular algebra, variables
+
+have some sort of assigned
+value, and you're not forced
+
+to be in the space of 0 to 1.
+
+When you're talking about from
+0 to 1, when you're talking
+
+about probabilities, you're
+forced to be in the spaces of
+
+0 to 1 and forced to remain
+within the reals.
+
+If you want to talk about all
+the possible assigned values
+
+of that random variable, then
+you're talking about the
+
+distribution over that
+random variable.
+
+This means that A could be
+anything that A could be.
+
+You're talking about the
+function that says give me a
+
+value of A, and I will tell you
+a probability associated
+
+with that value of A.
+
+If you're talking about the
+probability of A being
+
+assigned to a particular value,
+then you'll return out
+
+the probability.
+
+If A represents the color of the
+shirt I'm wearing, and I
+
+want to know the probability
+that A is some value, then I
+
+look at the color of the shirt
+I'm wearing and try to
+
+determine whether or
+not it's 1 or 0.
+
+Or possibly look at the colors
+of shirts that I've worn over
+
+the past year and make some sort
+of ratio of the number of
+
+pink shirts I've worn
+over the past year.
+
+If I'm dealing with a factored
+state space, I'm going to end
+
+up talking about more than
+one random variable.
+
+There are two main ways to
+talk about more than one
+
+random variable at
+the same time.
+
+One is joint probabilities,
+where all the random variables
+
+are collectively specified
+at the same time.
+
+And the other is conditional
+probabilities, where you've
+
+already decided that you
+specified some value for one
+
+or more random variables.
+
+And then within that scope
+you're going to talk about the
+
+probabilities associated with
+other random variables.
+
+I want to demonstrate this
+graphically, but there are two
+
+more things that I need
+to mention right now.
+
+One is the difference between
+frequentist and Bayesian
+
+interpretations of
+probability.
+
+Right now they don't seem
+particularly relevant, but
+
+people will use these words,
+and it's good to know,
+
+approximately, what they're
+talking about.
+
+The frequentist interpretation
+of probability is more
+
+relevant when you're talking
+about actions that happen a
+
+lot of different times.
+
+For instance, how frequently
+it rains.
+
+If I say that today is a
+Wednesday, and I want to know
+
+the probability that it rains
+on Wednesdays, then that
+
+probability is open to
+frequentist interpretation
+
+because there are a lot of
+Wednesdays, and it's rained a
+
+lot in the universe of
+Wednesdays or the space of
+
+possible Wednesdays.
+
+So thinking about the fact that
+there's a 70% chance of
+
+rain, or a 30% chance of rain,
+or whatever probability of
+
+rain there is on Wednesdays,
+makes sense, or is open to
+
+frequentist interpretation.
+
+The other interpretation that
+you'll hear talked about with
+
+respect to probabilities is the
+Bayesian interpretation.
+
+Bayesian interpretation tends
+to be more relevant when
+
+you're talking about spaces
+that are more atomic as
+
+opposed to factored, or
+represent events that are
+
+specified to the point that it
+does not make sense to talk
+
+about them in the frequentist
+sense.
+
+When we talk about probabilities
+in the Bayesian
+
+interpretation, we frequently
+use the term likelihood.
+
+For instance, if I'm talking
+about whether or not it's
+
+likely to rain on August 24,
+2011 in the afternoon, the
+
+specificity of that event is so
+high that at that point it
+
+doesn't make sense to talk
+about the frequency of
+
+Wednesday, August 24, 2011
+in the afternoons,
+
+at least for now.
+
+At that point we're talking more
+about likelihood and less
+
+about frequency.
+
+That event is more conducive
+to Bayesian interpretation.
+
+No whirlwind tour of probability
+would be complete
+
+without a mention of the three
+axioms of probability.
+
+The first axiom is that the
+likelihood of the universe
+
+happening is one, or all random
+variables are going to
+
+be specified at some point.
+
+Relatedly, the likelihood of
+nothing happening is 0.
+
+What these two really do is
+establish the boundaries of a
+
+graphical representation
+up here.
+
+The other axiom of probability
+is that if you're going to be
+
+talking about the union of two
+events, or the probability
+
+associated with one or the
+other event having an
+
+assignment, then you're talking
+about the probability
+
+of one of those variables and
+the probability of the other
+
+variable, and then removing
+the section that you've
+
+double-counted.
+
+So if I were to attempt to
+demonstrate this on this
+
+graph, I would be talking about
+the probability of A,
+
+added the probability of B.
+And at this point I've
+
+double-counted this section
+the middle where
+
+they're both one.
+
+So I would subtract
+this exactly once.
+
+And then I'm talking about
+the size of this space.
+
+If I'm talking about the
+probability of A being equal
+
+to 1, then I'm talking about
+the space in which A is
+
+specified to be equal to 1,
+divided by the area associated
+
+with my universe.
+
+When I'm talking about joint
+distributions, I'm going to
+
+find the space in which both
+of these things are true,
+
+scoped to the size of
+the universe, or the
+
+entire sample space.
+
+So in this space both A and B
+are true, and I'm looking at
+
+it relative to the size
+of the universe.
+
+In contrast, when I'm talking
+about conditional probability,
+
+or the probability of A given B,
+I'm going to look at where
+
+my specifications are true,
+scoped to where
+
+my givens are true.
+
+So if I'm already dealing in the
+space restricted to B, I'm
+
+just looking at this size,
+or this space.
+
+But because I'm scoped to B, I'm
+going to end up dividing
+
+by the area of B, instead
+of the area of U.
+
+This is the main difference
+between the joint and
+
+conditional distributions.
+
+And a lot of people get hung
+up on it, which is why I'm
+
+exhaustively walking
+through it.
+
+A couple of other things before
+we talk about the first
+
+way in which we can use our
+models for uncertainty to do
+
+some amount of addressing of the
+fact that we're going to
+
+have to deal with uncertainty
+in the future.
+
+If we start off with a joint
+distribution and we want to
+
+reduce the number of variables
+that we're actually talking
+
+about, we can do so by
+exhaustively walking through
+
+all the possible assigned values
+for the variable that
+
+we want to disregard, and then
+summing up the values
+
+appropriately.
+
+An easy example for this is if
+we had the joint probabilities
+
+of all the colors of shirts that
+I wear and all the colors
+
+of pants that I wear, and we
+only wanted to talk about all
+
+the colors of shirts that
+I wear, then we could
+
+exhaustively cover all the
+different colors of pants that
+
+I wear and accumulate all the
+different values of shirts
+
+that I wear simultaneously,
+and then collect that
+
+distribution.
+
+Related is the concept of total
+probability, which is
+
+the same kind of accumulation.
+
+It just operates in the
+conditional space, as opposed
+
+to in the joint space.
+
+So in this case, if I'm already
+operating in A given B
+
+land, I have to scope myself
+back out to the space of the
+
+universe by then accounting for
+the fact that I've only
+
+been operating in the scope of
+B. Then exhaustively enumerate
+
+all the possible values of
+B, sum the probabilities
+
+associated with those values,
+and then I've reduced the
+
+number of dimensions that
+I'm talking about.
+
+The final thing we have to talk
+about before we move on
+
+to state estimation is
+Bayes' evidence.
+
+Or you've probably seen this
+demonstrated as Bayes' rule.
+
+If I want to talk about B scoped
+to A, and all I have is
+
+A scoped to B, B and A. When
+we walked through total
+
+probability, we saw that the
+conditional probability
+
+multiplied by the probability
+associated with the variable
+
+that we're conditioning on,
+is equal to the joint
+
+probability.
+
+When we multiply P of A given
+B by P of B, we're going to
+
+end up with the joint
+probability associated with
+
+the two variables.
+
+When we then divide back out
+by A or scope our joint
+
+probability to A, we end up
+talking about conditional
+
+probabilities again, which is
+where B given A comes from.
+
+Bayes' evidence, or Bayes'
+rule, is the basis for
+
+inference, which is going to be
+really important for state
+
+estimation, which we'll
+cover next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UMTHJC22p7A.txt b/UMTHJC22p7A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..65ce2acb073f9797bd66f7572511252443f16f56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UMTHJC22p7A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay why don't we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't we get
+started so uh last class we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so uh last class we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so uh last class we were
+continuing to talk about DC to DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to talk about DC to DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to talk about DC to DC
+converters and we saw both the buck and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters and we saw both the buck and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters and we saw both the buck and
+the Boost converter which could each be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boost converter which could each be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boost converter which could each be
+considered one one way to look at it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered one one way to look at it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered one one way to look at it is
+to consider each of them a connection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider each of them a connection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider each of them a connection of
+a certain kind of can so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain kind of can so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain kind of can so-called
+canonical cell so for example we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical cell so for example we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical cell so for example we could
+have a structure like this where we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a structure like this where we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a structure like this where we had
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+inductor a single pole double throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor a single pole double throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor a single pole double throw
+switch and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and one
+capacitor and sort of connections of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and sort of connections of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and sort of connections of
+this uh two Port structure suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh two Port structure suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh two Port structure suddenly
+would let us um build a converter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would let us um build a converter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would let us um build a converter okay
+and one example and and you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one example and and you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one example and and you know we
+often implement this single pole double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often implement this single pole double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often implement this single pole double
+throw switch with two semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw switch with two semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw switch with two semiconductor
+devices add acting as single pole single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices add acting as single pole single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices add acting as single pole single
+throw switches so for example one way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw switches so for example one way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw switches so for example one way we
+could do this if we connected a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this if we connected a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this if we connected a a
+source V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and then we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we would
+Implement that single pole double throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement that single pole double throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement that single pole double throw
+switch perhaps with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch perhaps with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch perhaps with a
+mosfet and a diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'd have an output voltage here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd have an output voltage here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd have an output voltage here
+that we connect to a load and call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we connect to a load and call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we connect to a load and call that
+V2 okay so we saw this converter where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 okay so we saw this converter where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 okay so we saw this converter where
+we could deliver energy from a source V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could deliver energy from a source V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could deliver energy from a source V1
+to a load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a load
+V2 and we analyzed this operation and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 and we analyzed this operation and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 and we analyzed this operation and we
+could say Okay suppose I turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say Okay suppose I turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say Okay suppose I turn this
+switch on with some signal Q of t or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch on with some signal Q of t or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch on with some signal Q of t or or
+signal switching sign where when Q of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal switching sign where when Q of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal switching sign where when Q of T
+is one the switch is on when Q of T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one the switch is on when Q of T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one the switch is on when Q of T is
+zero the switch is off so that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the switch is off so that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the switch is off so that's sort of
+like saying Q of T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saying Q of T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saying Q of T is
+one when the switch is in the down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when the switch is in the down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when the switch is in the down
+position and so if we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something like
+this with some Duty ratio so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with some Duty ratio so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with some Duty ratio so here's
+DT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and
+T okay here's Q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay here's Q of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay here's Q of
+T we can analyze what's going on in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T we can analyze what's going on in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T we can analyze what's going on in part
+by looking at for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at for
+example um the voltage across this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um the voltage across this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um the voltage across this
+inductor so if I called this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor so if I called this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor so if I called this
+vabel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vabel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vabel
+right we could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if the switch is on vabel has V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the switch is on vabel has V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the switch is on vabel has V1
+applied across it right so I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied across it right so I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied across it right so I could have
+a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voltage
+V1 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I apply a voltage V1 in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I apply a voltage V1 in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I apply a voltage V1 in the first
+part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the
+cycle if then I get and and I will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle if then I get and and I will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle if then I get and and I will have
+a positive current in this inductor okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive current in this inductor okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive current in this inductor okay
+and when I turn the switch off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I turn the switch off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I turn the switch off this
+inductor will then turn on the diode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor will then turn on the diode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor will then turn on the diode and
+deliver that current to the output okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver that current to the output okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver that current to the output okay
+so in the second part of the cycle what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the second part of the cycle what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the second part of the cycle what
+do we have for a voltage across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have for a voltage across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have for a voltage across the
+inductor we have V1 minus V2 so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor we have V1 minus V2 so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor we have V1 minus V2 so if we
+assume that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that's
+um V2 is being held almost constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um V2 is being held almost constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um V2 is being held almost constant
+because the inductor and the capacitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the inductor and the capacitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the inductor and the capacitors
+are supposed to be big here then uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to be big here then uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to be big here then uh we
+would have a voltage V1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a voltage V1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a voltage V1 minus
+V2 across the inductor in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 across the inductor in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 across the inductor in the second
+part of the cycle okay and what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cycle okay and what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cycle okay and what do we
+know about the average voltage across an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the average voltage across an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the average voltage across an
+inductor in periodic steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor in periodic steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor in periodic steady
+state it's got to be zero right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it's got to be zero right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it's got to be zero right so if
+I'm going to be in periodic steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be in periodic steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be in periodic steady state
+uh I need is zero average voltage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I need is zero average voltage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I need is zero average voltage that
+sort of suggests that this voltage V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of suggests that this voltage V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of suggests that this voltage V1
+minus V2 had better be negative in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V2 had better be negative in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V2 had better be negative in order
+to get a zero average voltage across it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a zero average voltage across it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a zero average voltage across it
+right so another way we could look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so another way we could look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so another way we could look at
+this periodic steady state operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this periodic steady state operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this periodic steady state operating
+condition is to look at the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is to look at the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is to look at the voltage
+waveform across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform across the
+inductor and then say well hey um I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor and then say well hey um I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor and then say well hey um I need
+the average value of VL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average value of VL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average value of VL
+equal to zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PSS okay and what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSS okay and what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSS okay and what that means is
+essentially that this area this positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that this area this positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that this area this positive
+area must exactly balance this negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area must exactly balance this negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area must exactly balance this negative
+area right because the average voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area right because the average voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area right because the average voltage
+across this inductor would simply be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this inductor would simply be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this inductor would simply be
+dv1 plus 1us d V1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dv1 plus 1us d V1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dv1 plus 1us d V1 minus
+V2 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 okay
+and if I then take and solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I then take and solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I then take and solve this
+equation what I get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what I get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what I get is
+V2 in periodic steady state must equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 in periodic steady state must equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 in periodic steady state must equal
+V1 over 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 over 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 over 1 minus
+D okay and since D is a fraction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay and since D is a fraction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay and since D is a fraction of a
+time this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is
+DT it's a fraction of a period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT it's a fraction of a period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT it's a fraction of a period
+okay V2 must end up being bigger than V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay V2 must end up being bigger than V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay V2 must end up being bigger than V1
+such that V1 minus V2 is a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that V1 minus V2 is a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that V1 minus V2 is a negative
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+okay so the way this converter will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way this converter will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way this converter will
+operate is you know if the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate is you know if the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate is you know if the output
+voltage isn't big enough then I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage isn't big enough then I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage isn't big enough then I will
+have a positive average value across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a positive average value across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a positive average value across the
+inductor and the inductor current will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor and the inductor current will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor and the inductor current will
+keep building up until it's delivering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep building up until it's delivering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep building up until it's delivering
+enough current to the output to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough current to the output to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough current to the output to raise
+the output voltage such that it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output voltage such that it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output voltage such that it's in
+this periodic steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this periodic steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this periodic steady state
+operation okay and what we would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation okay and what we would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation okay and what we would expect
+to see for an inductor current you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see for an inductor current you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see for an inductor current you know
+the Ripple on this would be small if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ripple on this would be small if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ripple on this would be small if I
+assume the inductor is large but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the inductor is large but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the inductor is large but if I
+was plotting you know if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was plotting you know if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was plotting you know if this is
+vabel and I was plotting Isabel maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vabel and I was plotting Isabel maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vabel and I was plotting Isabel maybe
+Isabel would go up in the first part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isabel would go up in the first part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isabel would go up in the first part of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+cycle right because I'm applying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle right because I'm applying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle right because I'm applying a
+positive voltage across it and would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive voltage across it and would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive voltage across it and would go
+down in the second part of the cycle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the second part of the cycle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the second part of the cycle so
+it' be sort of this triangular waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it' be sort of this triangular waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it' be sort of this triangular waveform
+ideally speaking okay and I'd be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally speaking okay and I'd be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally speaking okay and I'd be in
+periodic city state operation where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic city state operation where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic city state operation where it
+ended up just in the same place it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up just in the same place it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up just in the same place it
+started at the beginning of the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at the beginning of the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at the beginning of the cycle
+and then that would be periodic steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that would be periodic steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that would be periodic steady
+state operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state operation
+okay so this is the Boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the Boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the Boost
+converter um I can also even look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter um I can also even look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter um I can also even look at
+this and I can say okay hey if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if I have my rule here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I have my rule here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I have my rule here
+V2 is equal to V1 over 1 minus D in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 is equal to V1 over 1 minus D in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 is equal to V1 over 1 minus D in
+periodic steady state what else could I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic steady state what else could I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic steady state what else could I
+see I could argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I could argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I could argue that
+I2 ought to be equal to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 ought to be equal to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 ought to be equal to I
+1 * 1us D where I'm defining in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 * 1us D where I'm defining in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 * 1us D where I'm defining in this
+case the sort of the DC current here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the sort of the DC current here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the sort of the DC current here as
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+i1 the DC component of this input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 the DC component of this input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 the DC component of this input
+current being i1 which is also I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current being i1 which is also I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current being i1 which is also I and
+this current being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this current being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this current being
+I2 okay so we can and and how do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 okay so we can and and how do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 okay so we can and and how do I get
+that it's because V2 I2 has to equal V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's because V2 I2 has to equal V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's because V2 I2 has to equal V1
+i1 right I'm assuming it's a loss lless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 right I'm assuming it's a loss lless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 right I'm assuming it's a loss lless
+in that example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that example okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that example okay
+so we can kind of very quickly get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can kind of very quickly get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can kind of very quickly get to
+how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we
+think this circuit ought to operate are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this circuit ought to operate are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this circuit ought to operate are
+there any questions about the Boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converter the notation so with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter the notation so with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter the notation so with the
+orange curve that drawn eyes Chang weot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange curve that drawn eyes Chang weot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange curve that drawn eyes Chang weot
+aital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aital
+i1 excellent question so strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking
+right it's it's a very good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's a very good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's a very good question
+strictly speaking this is Isabel of T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly speaking this is Isabel of T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly speaking this is Isabel of T so
+I've plotted sort of Isabel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've plotted sort of Isabel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've plotted sort of Isabel of
+T here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T here and then
+i1 if I wanted to put i1 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here it would be essentially its average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it would be essentially its average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it would be essentially its average
+value this would be I L is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value this would be I L is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value this would be I L is equal to
+i1 okay and of course if I make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 okay and of course if I make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 okay and of course if I make the
+inductor induct bigger and bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor induct bigger and bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor induct bigger and bigger and
+bigger um There's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger um There's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger um There's no
+distinction okay the the reason I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction okay the the reason I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction okay the the reason I wanted
+to plot the Ripple here is because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot the Ripple here is because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot the Ripple here is because in
+the first part of the cycle you can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of the cycle you can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of the cycle you can kind
+of see we're putting energy into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see we're putting energy into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see we're putting energy into the
+inductor because the inductor current's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor because the inductor current's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor because the inductor current's
+rising and in the second part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising and in the second part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising and in the second part of the
+cycle we're taking the energy back out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle we're taking the energy back out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle we're taking the energy back out
+of the inductor and putting it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inductor and putting it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inductor and putting it to the
+output okay great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was an
+example converter and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example converter and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example converter and you can see that
+we you know sort of implemented this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know sort of implemented this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know sort of implemented this
+single pull double throw switch as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pull double throw switch as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pull double throw switch as a
+pair of semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of semiconductor
+devices I'd like to talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices I'd like to talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices I'd like to talk a little bit
+more about how we would Implement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about how we would Implement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about how we would Implement that
+right I mean typically I would um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean typically I would um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean typically I would um
+Implement any device like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement any device like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement any device like
+this you know as some pair of devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know as some pair of devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know as some pair of devices
+you know two actual physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two actual physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two actual physical
+semiconductor devices because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor devices because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor devices because you know
+what I kind of get is single pull single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I kind of get is single pull single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I kind of get is single pull single
+throw switches from a device right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw switches from a device right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw switches from a device right I
+turn them on or off okay but what I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn them on or off okay but what I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn them on or off okay but what I can
+do with my converter depends upon how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with my converter depends upon how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with my converter depends upon how I
+Implement those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement those
+devices okay so let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices okay so let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices okay so let's talk about the
+capabilties of different semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilties of different semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilties of different semiconductor
+switch devices by the way there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch devices by the way there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch devices by the way there's
+nothing that says I have to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that says I have to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that says I have to use a
+semiconductor device in theory I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor device in theory I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor device in theory I could
+use mechanical switch but it' just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use mechanical switch but it' just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use mechanical switch but it' just be
+pretty horrible okay um and people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty horrible okay um and people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty horrible okay um and people have
+tried other things historically but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried other things historically but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried other things historically but in
+the modern world everybody uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modern world everybody uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modern world everybody uses
+semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+devices so let's think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so let's think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so let's think about the
+capabilities of different kinds of Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities of different kinds of Power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities of different kinds of Power
+semiconductor devices okay perhaps one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor devices okay perhaps one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor devices okay perhaps one
+very common device would be the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mosfet and I'll focus on the end Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one because that's um perhaps the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because that's um perhaps the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because that's um perhaps the most
+common because of its per good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common because of its per good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common because of its per good
+performance so you know the symbol for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so you know the symbol for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so you know the symbol for
+this device would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this device would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this device would be like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay and a power mosfet by the way is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and a power mosfet by the way is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and a power mosfet by the way is a
+vertical device they it conducts current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical device they it conducts current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical device they it conducts current
+through the thickness of the device okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the thickness of the device okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the thickness of the device okay
+so it's a little bit different than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little bit different than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little bit different than a
+typical device on an integrated circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical device on an integrated circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical device on an integrated circuit
+which is usually a lateral device but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is usually a lateral device but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is usually a lateral device but
+you can use lateral power mosfets as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use lateral power mosfets as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use lateral power mosfets as
+well if you're doing an integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're doing an integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're doing an integrated
+semiconductor process okay how might I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor process okay how might I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor process okay how might I
+think of this device if this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this device if this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this device if this was the
+drain the source and the gate what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain the source and the gate what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain the source and the gate what what
+would it do um well this device can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it do um well this device can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it do um well this device can
+carry positive it can block if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry positive it can block if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry positive it can block if I if I
+thought of this as V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of this as V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of this as V
+switch and I thought of this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and I thought of this is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and I thought of this is I
+switch right it can block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and
+carry positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry positive or negative
+current okay and in fact if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay and in fact if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay and in fact if you look
+inside a power mosfet okay at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a power mosfet okay at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a power mosfet okay at its
+structure uh for free what you get is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh for free what you get is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh for free what you get is a
+built-in people often don't draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in people often don't draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in people often don't draw this
+but you get a buil-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get a buil-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get a buil-in
+so-called body diode okay so whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called body diode okay so whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called body diode okay so whether you
+want it or not there's an effective Di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it or not there's an effective Di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it or not there's an effective Di
+diode here that if you try to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode here that if you try to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode here that if you try to put
+reverse voltage on it'll turn on and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse voltage on it'll turn on and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse voltage on it'll turn on and it
+can carry current in the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can carry current in the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can carry current in the negative
+direction or you can turn the device on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or you can turn the device on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or you can turn the device on
+physically through its gate and carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically through its gate and carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically through its gate and carry
+current in the channel okay but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in the channel okay but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in the channel okay but the
+point is I can block positive voltage I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is I can block positive voltage I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is I can block positive voltage I
+can't block negative voltage because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't block negative voltage because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't block negative voltage because of
+this device uh because of this internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this device uh because of this internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this device uh because of this internal
+parasitic device but I can carry current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitic device but I can carry current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitic device but I can carry current
+in both directions all right the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both directions all right the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both directions all right the way you
+might think of a power mosfet as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of a power mosfet as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of a power mosfet as a
+simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified
+model is is something like this maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is is something like this maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is is something like this maybe it
+has some parasitic on state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some parasitic on state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some parasitic on state
+resistance a switch that you control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance a switch that you control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance a switch that you control
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+gate okay and then a reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate okay and then a reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate okay and then a reverse
+diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode
+okay so that might be the way you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that might be the way you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that might be the way you could
+mentally model a device and of course an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentally model a device and of course an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentally model a device and of course an
+ideal device would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal device would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal device would have
+zero resistance but real device has real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero resistance but real device has real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero resistance but real device has real
+resistance and so forth okay um a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and so forth okay um a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and so forth okay um a lot of
+other devices actually a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other devices actually a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other devices actually a lot of other
+semiconductor devices that you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor devices that you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor devices that you can put
+into active circuitry behave in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into active circuitry behave in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into active circuitry behave in a
+similar fashion so for example uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar fashion so for example uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar fashion so for example uh very
+popular lately are gallium nitride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular lately are gallium nitride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular lately are gallium nitride
+hemps High electron Mobility transistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemps High electron Mobility transistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemps High electron Mobility transistors
+the symbol for that is very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symbol for that is very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symbol for that is very similar
+actually people use different symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually people use different symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually people use different symbols
+for these things sometimes they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these things sometimes they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these things sometimes they look
+like this okay but they behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay but they behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay but they behave
+effectively similarly they don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively similarly they don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively similarly they don't have a
+body diode but they act like they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body diode but they act like they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body diode but they act like they do
+okay they'll turn on in Reverse okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they'll turn on in Reverse okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they'll turn on in Reverse okay so
+there's a whole class of devices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole class of devices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole class of devices that
+will act like this they'll block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will act like this they'll block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will act like this they'll block
+positive voltage and they'll carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive voltage and they'll carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive voltage and they'll carry
+positive and negative current if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative current if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative current if I
+thought of uh sort of the uh IV plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of uh sort of the uh IV plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of uh sort of the uh IV plane
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+devices right I might think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices right I might think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices right I might think of
+um you know if this is the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if this is the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if this is the current
+carrying Direction and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying Direction and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying Direction and this is the
+voltage blocking Direction maybe I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage blocking Direction maybe I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage blocking Direction maybe I have
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+quadrants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrants
+right this device can block positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this device can block positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this device can block positive
+voltage and can carry positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and can carry positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and can carry positive or
+negative current so it kind of operates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative current so it kind of operates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative current so it kind of operates
+in these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these two
+quadrants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrants
+okay what other kinds of devices could I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what other kinds of devices could I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what other kinds of devices could I
+get why do I focus on that well suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get why do I focus on that well suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get why do I focus on that well suppose
+I went out and bought an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went out and bought an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went out and bought an
+igbt an insulated gate bipolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igbt an insulated gate bipolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igbt an insulated gate bipolar
+transistor these in recent years have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor these in recent years have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor these in recent years have
+been very popular for Mo motor drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very popular for Mo motor drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very popular for Mo motor drives
+things like that they don't go at very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that they don't go at very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that they don't go at very
+high frequencies but they're inexpensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies but they're inexpensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies but they're inexpensive
+and they carry a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they carry a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they carry a lot of
+current and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and so in
+igbt the symbol for it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igbt the symbol for it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igbt the symbol for it looks like
+this okay so it's sort of like a bipolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so it's sort of like a bipolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so it's sort of like a bipolar
+transistor with an isolated gate you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor with an isolated gate you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor with an isolated gate you can
+kind of think of it as a isolated gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of think of it as a isolated gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of think of it as a isolated gate
+kind of controlled bipolar transistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of controlled bipolar transistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of controlled bipolar transistor
+one could use a bipolar Junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could use a bipolar Junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could use a bipolar Junction
+transistor and you know back in the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor and you know back in the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor and you know back in the day
+people did but almost nobody would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did but almost nobody would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did but almost nobody would use
+these devices anymore because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these devices anymore because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these devices anymore because they're
+kind of horrible um these devices have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of horrible um these devices have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of horrible um these devices have a
+slightly different characteristic right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different characteristic right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different characteristic right
+these can block positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these can block positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these can block positive
+voltage and carry positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and carry positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and carry positive
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+okay but if you try to shove current in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you try to shove current in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you try to shove current in
+the reverse direction through this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse direction through this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse direction through this or
+put a reverse voltage on it to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a reverse voltage on it to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a reverse voltage on it to do so
+you'll generally blow them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll generally blow them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll generally blow them up
+all right so that would be an unhappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that would be an unhappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that would be an unhappy
+thing to do right you if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do right you if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do right you if you're going to
+use that device don't do that okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that device don't do that okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that device don't do that okay I
+should say there are you know exceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say there are you know exceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say there are you know exceptions
+to everything there are something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everything there are something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everything there are something called
+reverse blocking igbts but they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse blocking igbts but they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse blocking igbts but they're not
+very common okay so you always have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common okay so you always have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common okay so you always have to
+look at the data sheet but most can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the data sheet but most can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the data sheet but most can't do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay so what would I do if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what would I do if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what would I do if you know
+there was some chance I might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some chance I might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some chance I might get
+current going negative here um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current going negative here um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current going negative here um and I
+wanted to deal with that well I might go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to deal with that well I might go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to deal with that well I might go
+and say okay let me go take my um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+igbt and it can block voltage this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igbt and it can block voltage this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igbt and it can block voltage this
+way and can carry current this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and can carry current this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and can carry current this
+way and what I'll do is I will go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and what I'll do is I will go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and what I'll do is I will go out
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a
+diode and I will stick a diode in anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode and I will stick a diode in anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode and I will stick a diode in anti
+parallel with it for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with it for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with it for example
+okay so that now this diode can carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that now this diode can carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that now this diode can carry
+current in the reverse Direction and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in the reverse Direction and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in the reverse Direction and can
+still Block in the positive direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still Block in the positive direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still Block in the positive direction
+and this hybrid switch can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this hybrid switch can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this hybrid switch can
+block positive voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block positive voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block positive voltage and
+carry positive and negative current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry positive and negative current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry positive and negative current
+right so a lot of circuits you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a lot of circuits you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a lot of circuits you actually
+do add diodes to your in anti- parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do add diodes to your in anti- parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do add diodes to your in anti- parallel
+with your igbts because the circuit may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your igbts because the circuit may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your igbts because the circuit may
+get into a situation at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into a situation at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into a situation at least
+transiently you do carry negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transiently you do carry negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transiently you do carry negative
+current yeah so can you just remind me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current yeah so can you just remind me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current yeah so can you just remind me
+what do you mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean by
+block so in other words in this case if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block so in other words in this case if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block so in other words in this case if
+I turn the switch off right if I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I turn the switch off right if I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I turn the switch off right if I think
+of it as a switch that's off here's V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as a switch that's off here's V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as a switch that's off here's V
+switch so the qu let me repeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch so the qu let me repeat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch so the qu let me repeat the
+question the question is what do I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the question is what do I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the question is what do I mean
+by it can block a certain direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by it can block a certain direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by it can block a certain direction of
+voltage if I Define this is voltage V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage if I Define this is voltage V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage if I Define this is voltage V
+switch and I go and turn the switch off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and I go and turn the switch off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and I go and turn the switch off
+it can allow a polarity of voltage this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can allow a polarity of voltage this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can allow a polarity of voltage this
+way and it will be happy it'll just stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and it will be happy it'll just stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and it will be happy it'll just stay
+off but if I ran around and tried to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off but if I ran around and tried to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off but if I ran around and tried to put
+a voltage polarity across it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voltage polarity across it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voltage polarity across it this
+way bad things will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way bad things will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way bad things will
+happen Okay so it sort of Can it can act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay so it sort of Can it can act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay so it sort of Can it can act
+as a switch and open circuit itself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a switch and open circuit itself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a switch and open circuit itself but
+only in One Direction of Applied voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in One Direction of Applied voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in One Direction of Applied voltage
+so this one won't allow me to block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one won't allow me to block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one won't allow me to block
+reverse voltage either but it will allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse voltage either but it will allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse voltage either but it will allow
+me to carry reverse current because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to carry reverse current because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to carry reverse current because this
+one if I try to shove current through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if I try to shove current through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if I try to shove current through it
+the wrong way it'll die following on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong way it'll die following on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong way it'll die following on
+that then sir if the switch was closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then sir if the switch was closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then sir if the switch was closed
+be a short yeah if the switch is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a short yeah if the switch is closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a short yeah if the switch is closed
+and igbt alone if the switch closed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and igbt alone if the switch closed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and igbt alone if the switch closed it
+looks like a short or some kind of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a short or some kind of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a short or some kind of very
+small drop for positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small drop for positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small drop for positive
+currents but it doesn't look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents but it doesn't look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents but it doesn't look like a
+short for negative currents because bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short for negative currents because bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short for negative currents because bad
+things will happen if I add this diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will happen if I add this diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will happen if I add this diode
+then it can carry positively through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it can carry positively through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it can carry positively through the
+igbt and negatively through the diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igbt and negatively through the diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igbt and negatively through the diode
+and then happy is a bir directional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then happy is a bir directional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then happy is a bir directional
+current carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current carrying
+device yeah so we're determining what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device yeah so we're determining what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device yeah so we're determining what
+polarity is across the switch if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity is across the switch if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity is across the switch if it was
+in a circuit and you had some voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a circuit and you had some voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a circuit and you had some voltage
+source then the switch would act like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source then the switch would act like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source then the switch would act like a
+load right and so it would be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load right and so it would be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load right and so it would be in the
+opposite direction of the voltage source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction of the voltage source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction of the voltage source
+is that how we would do it because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that how we would do it because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that how we would do it because I
+always think of it in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always think of it in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always think of it in terms of the
+current and then and then determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and then and then determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and then and then determine the
+voltage kind of that might yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage kind of that might yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage kind of that might yeah and
+that's fine right so if you thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine right so if you thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine right so if you thought of
+it as being open if you thought about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as being open if you thought about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as being open if you thought about it
+as being open then you could calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being open then you could calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being open then you could calculate
+all the voltages and currents in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the voltages and currents in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the voltages and currents in this
+right if you if you treat it as an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you if you treat it as an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you if you treat it as an open
+circuit and you go analyze your circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and you go analyze your circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and you go analyze your circuit
+and then you say which way is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you say which way is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you say which way is the
+polarity of that voltage and if it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity of that voltage and if it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity of that voltage and if it's the
+wrong polarity or unhappy and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong polarity or unhappy and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong polarity or unhappy and if it's
+right polarity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happy so what about if I want that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy so what about if I want that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy so what about if I want that this
+again will get me to those two quadrants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again will get me to those two quadrants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again will get me to those two quadrants
+what if I want a different quadrant I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I want a different quadrant I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I want a different quadrant I
+could come up here and I could say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come up here and I could say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come up here and I could say okay
+let me take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take my
+igbt and now I'll put a diode in series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igbt and now I'll put a diode in series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igbt and now I'll put a diode in series
+with it okay and and to be clear I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it okay and and to be clear I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it okay and and to be clear I mean
+a separate diode I take two physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate diode I take two physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate diode I take two physical
+devices okay and I use them to make one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices okay and I use them to make one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices okay and I use them to make one
+switch right and I'll call that V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch right and I'll call that V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch right and I'll call that V
+switch and this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and this I
+switch okay this device can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch okay this device can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch okay this device can
+block positive and negative voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block positive and negative voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block positive and negative voltage
+right if I put a positive voltage across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I put a positive voltage across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I put a positive voltage across
+it I can turn it off with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I can turn it off with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I can turn it off with the
+igbt if I put a negative voltage across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igbt if I put a negative voltage across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igbt if I put a negative voltage across
+it this dial will naturally block it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this dial will naturally block it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this dial will naturally block it
+okay but it can only carry positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current okay so if that's what I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay so if that's what I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay so if that's what I need
+for the circuit I'm building that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the circuit I'm building that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the circuit I'm building that's what
+I would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um this would be considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this would be considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this would be considered
+a uh it's a fully controlled device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh it's a fully controlled device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh it's a fully controlled device
+under these conditions right yes it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these conditions right yes it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these conditions right yes it it
+does ACT sort of like a diode in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does ACT sort of like a diode in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does ACT sort of like a diode in the
+reverse Direction so if you if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse Direction so if you if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse Direction so if you if your
+circuit happens to do that then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit happens to do that then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit happens to do that then it's
+uncontrolled you can't tell it to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontrolled you can't tell it to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontrolled you can't tell it to turn
+on that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right you know I can extend this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know I can extend this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know I can extend this one
+level further right so a very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level further right so a very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level further right so a very common
+thing I might do is take two mosfets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an anti- parallel like this and just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anti- parallel like this and just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anti- parallel like this and just to
+remember inside of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember inside of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember inside of my
+mosfet this guy has a diode this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfet this guy has a diode this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfet this guy has a diode this
+way and this guy has a diode this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and this guy has a diode this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and this guy has a diode this way
+okay so by controlling these two gates I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by controlling these two gates I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by controlling these two gates I
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+block positive and negative voltage or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block positive and negative voltage or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block positive and negative voltage or
+carry positive and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry positive and negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry positive and negative
+current okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay so this
+switch can do you know anything it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch can do you know anything it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch can do you know anything it can
+just look like a switch turn on whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look like a switch turn on whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look like a switch turn on whenever
+you want turn off whenever you want okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want turn off whenever you want okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want turn off whenever you want okay
+and there are other implementations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are other implementations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are other implementations
+that'll do that I put a couple of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll do that I put a couple of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll do that I put a couple of other
+implementations that people often use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations that people often use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations that people often use in
+electron notes okay so you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron notes okay so you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron notes okay so you know I
+certainly can get a switch that will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly can get a switch that will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly can get a switch that will do
+absolutely anything that I tell it to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely anything that I tell it to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely anything that I tell it to do
+okay why why would I not want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why why would I not want to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why why would I not want to do this
+all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's expensive more loss more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's expensive more loss more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's expensive more loss more
+device drops more I got to buy twice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device drops more I got to buy twice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device drops more I got to buy twice as
+many switches so if I only need one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many switches so if I only need one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many switches so if I only need one
+mosfet I only have to block in One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfet I only have to block in One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfet I only have to block in One
+Direction I certainly don't want to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction I certainly don't want to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction I certainly don't want to add
+the capability right so designers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capability right so designers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capability right so designers are
+very sensitive to you know what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive to you know what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive to you know what's the
+minimum thing I need to do in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum thing I need to do in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum thing I need to do in order to
+get the capability I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the capability I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the capability I need
+okay so you know depending upon how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know depending upon how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know depending upon how I
+Implement my switches is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement my switches is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement my switches is different
+converters will do different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters will do different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters will do different
+things and when we're going to go you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and when we're going to go you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and when we're going to go you
+know coming back to this notion of if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know coming back to this notion of if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know coming back to this notion of if I
+just drew this right or I built a con I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drew this right or I built a con I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drew this right or I built a con I
+I designed a converter and I just draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I designed a converter and I just draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I designed a converter and I just draw
+you know some abstract switch you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some abstract switch you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some abstract switch you don't
+necessarily know what that converter can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily know what that converter can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily know what that converter can
+do okay or you don't know what it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay or you don't know what it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay or you don't know what it will
+do necessarily unless you know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do necessarily unless you know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do necessarily unless you know more
+things right so very often what might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right so very often what might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right so very often what might
+you need to know um in order to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know um in order to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know um in order to figure
+out what a converter is really going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what a converter is really going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what a converter is really going to
+do well you might need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well you might need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well you might need to know the
+switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implementation right you might need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation right you might need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation right you might need to
+know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+control if I don't tell you how I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control if I don't tell you how I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control if I don't tell you how I'm
+controlling it you may not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling it you may not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling it you may not be able to
+tell what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell what it's
+doing you might need to know even then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you might need to know even then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you might need to know even then
+you might need to know the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+networks right so you might need a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks right so you might need a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks right so you might need a whole
+bunch of information to really analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of information to really analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of information to really analyze
+the behavior of a converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of a converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of a converter
+okay so let me let me illustrate what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me let me illustrate what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me let me illustrate what I
+mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by
+that um suppose I were to show you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um suppose I were to show you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um suppose I were to show you this
+converter I have a voltage source V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter I have a voltage source V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter I have a voltage source V1
+here okay an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay an
+inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor
+and you know maybe I'll Implement my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know maybe I'll Implement my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know maybe I'll Implement my
+single pole double throw switches two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pole double throw switches two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pole double throw switches two
+switches right and here I go and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches right and here I go and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches right and here I go and now
+I'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have a
+capacitor and I will have some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and I will have some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and I will have some other
+voltage call call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage call call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage call call it
+V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2
+okay can I tell which power Which Way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can I tell which power Which Way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can I tell which power Which Way
+power is going to flow in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converter can I tell even what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter can I tell even what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter can I tell even what the
+polarity is is V1 positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity is is V1 positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity is is V1 positive or
+negative not really right I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative not really right I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative not really right I don't have
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+information now if I then came back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information now if I then came back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information now if I then came back and
+said oh well you know what uh here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh well you know what uh here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh well you know what uh here's the
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+detail here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail here's
+V1 uh I'm going to implement this switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 uh I'm going to implement this switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 uh I'm going to implement this switch
+as a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a power
+mosfet and I'll implement this switch as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfet and I'll implement this switch as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfet and I'll implement this switch as
+a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power
+mosfet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right and just to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right and just to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right and just to remind you
+while it's not necessary to draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's not necessary to draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's not necessary to draw this
+and and you know people don't normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know people don't normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know people don't normally
+but uh I will just remind you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I will just remind you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I will just remind you that
+inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this
+device it has this magic di it has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device it has this magic di it has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device it has this magic di it has this
+internal body diode right so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal body diode right so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal body diode right so they're
+they're whether you like it or not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're whether you like it or not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're whether you like it or not there
+are diodes there because I've I've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are diodes there because I've I've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are diodes there because I've I've used
+the mosfet okay if I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mosfet okay if I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mosfet okay if I look at this
+network can I tell which way power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Flowing I would argue you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flowing I would argue you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flowing I would argue you
+can't right because think about it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't right because think about it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't right because think about it this
+way if I left this device off and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if I left this device off and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if I left this device off and I
+switched this mosfet I could use use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched this mosfet I could use use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched this mosfet I could use use it
+as a buck converter to transfer energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a buck converter to transfer energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a buck converter to transfer energy
+that way right that's exactly the buck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way right that's exactly the buck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way right that's exactly the buck
+converter circuit we had or if I turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter circuit we had or if I turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter circuit we had or if I turn
+this switch off and just switch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switch off and just switch this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switch off and just switch this
+device it would be acting just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device it would be acting just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device it would be acting just like a
+boost converter throwing energy this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost converter throwing energy this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost converter throwing energy this way
+right so the and and by the way I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the and and by the way I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the and and by the way I might
+not do that I might actively use both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do that I might actively use both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do that I might actively use both
+devices in fact this circuit can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices in fact this circuit can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices in fact this circuit can
+actually act as a buck converter or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually act as a buck converter or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually act as a buck converter or a
+boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost
+converter just to illustrate that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter just to illustrate that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter just to illustrate that I
+brought one with me this Beast is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought one with me this Beast is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought one with me this Beast is
+actually made for a certain kind of car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made for a certain kind of car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made for a certain kind of car
+that had two battery voltages in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had two battery voltages in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had two battery voltages in it and
+it's actually five such converters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually five such converters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually five such converters
+here's the inductors the two mosfets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the inductors the two mosfets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the inductors the two mosfets are
+bolted down to the heat sink there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolted down to the heat sink there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolted down to the heat sink there's
+five copies of this they're so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five copies of this they're so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five copies of this they're so-called
+interleaved they're sort of paralleled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleaved they're sort of paralleled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleaved they're sort of paralleled
+and operated in a certain manner okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operated in a certain manner okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operated in a certain manner okay
+but you can actually there's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can actually there's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can actually there's actually a
+switch on the front of this thing uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch on the front of this thing uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch on the front of this thing uh if
+I can switch it up it controls to boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can switch it up it controls to boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can switch it up it controls to boost
+that means it regulates the high voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it regulates the high voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it regulates the high voltage
+from the low voltage switch the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the low voltage switch the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the low voltage switch the other
+way it goes the other direction or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it goes the other direction or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it goes the other direction or you
+can control it from a computer okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can control it from a computer okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can control it from a computer okay so
+the notion is you can build circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion is you can build circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion is you can build circuits
+that are bir directional power flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are bir directional power flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are bir directional power flow
+capable if you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable if you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable if you choose
+okay what could I tell about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what could I tell about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what could I tell about this
+thing well I can tell a couple things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well I can tell a couple things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well I can tell a couple things in
+periodic steady state operation I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic steady state operation I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic steady state operation I know
+that the magnitude of V2 has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the magnitude of V2 has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the magnitude of V2 has to be
+bigger than the magnitude of V1 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the magnitude of V1 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the magnitude of V1 right
+because we showed if I'm boosting V2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we showed if I'm boosting V2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we showed if I'm boosting V2 is
+bigger than V1 if I'm bucking from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than V1 if I'm bucking from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than V1 if I'm bucking from this
+side to this this vol voltage is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to this this vol voltage is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to this this vol voltage is bigger
+than this voltage okay so that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this voltage okay so that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this voltage okay so that I know
+because of periodic stady State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of periodic stady State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of periodic stady State
+analysis what else can I tell about it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis what else can I tell about it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis what else can I tell about it I
+could also argue that I can tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also argue that I can tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also argue that I can tell you the
+polarities of allowable voltages here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarities of allowable voltages here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarities of allowable voltages here
+okay why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why
+well let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at
+V2 right if I told you I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 right if I told you I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 right if I told you I was going to
+make V2 negative what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make V2 negative what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make V2 negative what would be the
+problem with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the two diodes would just turn on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two diodes would just turn on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two diodes would just turn on and
+short the negative voltage source out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short the negative voltage source out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short the negative voltage source out
+and then bad things would happen right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then bad things would happen right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then bad things would happen right
+so V2 must be positive I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so V2 must be positive I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so V2 must be positive I can actually
+even look at V1 independently of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even look at V1 independently of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even look at V1 independently of that
+and tell it must be positive why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell it must be positive why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell it must be positive why because
+the average voltage in periodic steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average voltage in periodic steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average voltage in periodic steady
+state at this node must be the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state at this node must be the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state at this node must be the same as
+this node and likewise so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node and likewise so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node and likewise so that means
+this has an average voltage of V1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has an average voltage of V1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has an average voltage of V1 and
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+means this diode would turn on if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this diode would turn on if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this diode would turn on if I
+tried to make V1 negative right so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to make V1 negative right so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to make V1 negative right so I can
+tell something about this I can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell something about this I can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell something about this I can tell
+what polarities of voltage are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what polarities of voltage are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what polarities of voltage are
+allowable okay I could build a buck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable okay I could build a buck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable okay I could build a buck
+converter or a boost converter with went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter or a boost converter with went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter or a boost converter with went
+from negative voltage to negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from negative voltage to negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from negative voltage to negative
+voltage I just have to change my switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage I just have to change my switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage I just have to change my switch
+implementation or I could build one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation or I could build one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation or I could build one that
+for example um would allow either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example um would allow either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example um would allow either
+polarity of voltage what I would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity of voltage what I would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity of voltage what I would have to
+do then is go rethink how I Implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do then is go rethink how I Implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do then is go rethink how I Implement
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+switches of course if I came back to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches of course if I came back to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches of course if I came back to you
+and said all right uh I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said all right uh I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said all right uh I don't really
+have two voltage sources or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two voltage sources or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two voltage sources or two
+batteries here this guy over here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries here this guy over here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries here this guy over here you
+know he's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistor well then you can tell what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor well then you can tell what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor well then you can tell what it
+can do in steady state anyways right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do in steady state anyways right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do in steady state anyways right
+because I can't Source energy from at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can't Source energy from at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can't Source energy from at
+least positive resistors so I would know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least positive resistors so I would know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least positive resistors so I would know
+that this converter was designed to flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this converter was designed to flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this converter was designed to flow
+power this way at least on average okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power this way at least on average okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power this way at least on average okay
+so that's a little bit about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a little bit about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a little bit about sort of
+what people think about in switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people think about in switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people think about in switch
+implementation you've got to go for sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation you've got to go for sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation you've got to go for sort
+of what voltage amplitudes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what voltage amplitudes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what voltage amplitudes and
+polarities you need and then you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarities you need and then you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarities you need and then you work
+and what current and what power carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what current and what power carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what current and what power carrying
+directions you need and then you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions you need and then you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions you need and then you work
+back from that to sort of the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from that to sort of the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from that to sort of the simplest
+switches you can use to give you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches you can use to give you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches you can use to give you what
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+want any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+okay so the buck in the Boost converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the buck in the Boost converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the buck in the Boost converter
+whether this is a bucker boost depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is a bucker boost depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is a bucker boost depends
+on power flow direction are examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on power flow direction are examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on power flow direction are examples of
+what are known as direct power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are known as direct power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are known as direct power
+converters and they're called direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters and they're called direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters and they're called direct
+power converters because uh in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power converters because uh in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power converters because uh in one of
+the two switch States we transfer energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two switch States we transfer energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two switch States we transfer energy
+sort of directly via current from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of directly via current from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of directly via current from the
+source to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source to the
+load okay you can build other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load okay you can build other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load okay you can build other kinds of
+converters and in fact if I took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters and in fact if I took this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters and in fact if I took this
+original canonical cell that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original canonical cell that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original canonical cell that I
+drew this guy and turned its on its end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew this guy and turned its on its end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew this guy and turned its on its end
+I changed which ports I was using in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I changed which ports I was using in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I changed which ports I was using in
+simp input an output I could build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simp input an output I could build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simp input an output I could build a
+different kind of converter um it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of converter um it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of converter um it would
+it could look like this this is one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could look like this this is one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could look like this this is one way
+to do it it looks like this okay I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it it looks like this okay I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it it looks like this okay I will
+have a single pole double throw switch I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single pole double throw switch I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single pole double throw switch I
+will put my capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will put my capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will put my capacitor
+here I'll put the inductor here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll put the inductor here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll put the inductor here and then
+I'll put the other Port here so then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put the other Port here so then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put the other Port here so then I
+can connect up for example uh if I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can connect up for example uh if I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can connect up for example uh if I made
+this V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I made this
+V2 okay that would be another possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 okay that would be another possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 okay that would be another possible
+way I could build a converter okay and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I could build a converter okay and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I could build a converter okay and I
+can make this switch in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make this switch in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make this switch in this
+position you know when Q oft is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you know when Q oft is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you know when Q oft is equal to
+one it's in this position when Q of T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's in this position when Q of T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's in this position when Q of T is
+equal Z it's the other position right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Z it's the other position right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Z it's the other position right so
+we could go Analyze This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could go Analyze This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could go Analyze This
+circuit I should say by the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit I should say by the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit I should say by the way that
+when people impl this circuit um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people impl this circuit um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people impl this circuit um they
+often this is this is a nice kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often this is this is a nice kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often this is this is a nice kind of
+pedagogical description but they often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical description but they often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical description but they often
+implement it by splitting this capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement it by splitting this capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement it by splitting this capacitor
+right so instead of having some voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so instead of having some voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so instead of having some voltage
+VC here right if this voltage V if V1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC here right if this voltage V if V1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC here right if this voltage V if V1 is
+constant and VC and the capacitor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and VC and the capacitor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and VC and the capacitor is
+really big so that VC is almost constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big so that VC is almost constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big so that VC is almost constant
+then clearly V2 is going to be almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then clearly V2 is going to be almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then clearly V2 is going to be almost
+constant right so this capacitor can act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right so this capacitor can act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right so this capacitor can act
+to stabilize voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stabilize voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stabilize voltage
+V2 but perhaps more common would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 but perhaps more common would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 but perhaps more common would be to
+build it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it this
+way have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way have
+V1 a switch like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 a switch like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 a switch like
+this and maybe put a capacitor here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and maybe put a capacitor here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and maybe put a capacitor here and
+another capacitor here and the load like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another capacitor here and the load like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another capacitor here and the load like
+this call that V2 okay so that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this call that V2 okay so that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this call that V2 okay so that might be
+a very typical way to actually implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very typical way to actually implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very typical way to actually implement
+this circuit all right so let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circuit all right so let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circuit all right so let's think
+about um what would this circuit do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um what would this circuit do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um what would this circuit do in
+the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world
+well here's my signal Q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T okay so I'm going to operate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so I'm going to operate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so I'm going to operate it
+periodically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically
+dtt in order to analyze the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dtt in order to analyze the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dtt in order to analyze the other
+circuit there what did I do what did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit there what did I do what did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit there what did I do what did I
+do to sort of analyze Its Behavior how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to sort of analyze Its Behavior how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to sort of analyze Its Behavior how
+did I figure out what its steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I figure out what its steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I figure out what its steady state
+operating characteristics were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you came back here what I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you came back here what I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you came back here what I really
+looked at is what was the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at is what was the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at is what was the average
+voltage on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on the
+inductor right so why don't I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor right so why don't I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor right so why don't I do that
+again let me let me uh again I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let me let me uh again I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let me let me uh again I'll I'll
+plot the average voltage on the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the average voltage on the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the average voltage on the inductor
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+vabel okay so let me plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vabel so when this Q of T is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vabel so when this Q of T is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vabel so when this Q of T is one
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then the switch is in this position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then the switch is in this position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then the switch is in this position
+and VL is equal to V1 so let me make V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VL is equal to V1 so let me make V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VL is equal to V1 so let me make V1
+positive for sake of this analysis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive for sake of this analysis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive for sake of this analysis okay
+so I have V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have V1
+here when Q of T is equal to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when Q of T is equal to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when Q of T is equal to zero and
+the switch flips VL is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch flips VL is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch flips VL is equal to
+V2 right so if V equal to V2 and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 right so if V equal to V2 and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 right so if V equal to V2 and I know
+I need the average voltage on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need the average voltage on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need the average voltage on this
+inductor to be zero then that must mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor to be zero then that must mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor to be zero then that must mean
+that V2 is going to be some negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that V2 is going to be some negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that V2 is going to be some negative
+number okay so V2 is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay so V2 is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay so V2 is going to be
+possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly
+um look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right and what I know is so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right and what I know is so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right and what I know is so here's
+the voltage across this inductor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage across this inductor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage across this inductor and
+what I know is that the average voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I know is that the average voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I know is that the average voltage
+here has to be zero that means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has to be zero that means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has to be zero that means that this
+positive area this volt seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive area this volt seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive area this volt seconds
+positively on the inductor must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively on the inductor must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively on the inductor must be
+balanced by this negative volt seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced by this negative volt seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced by this negative volt seconds
+on the inductor right or another way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the inductor right or another way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the inductor right or another way I
+could look at that is I could say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at that is I could say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at that is I could say that
+okay the average voltage V subel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the average voltage V subel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the average voltage V subel is
+equal to what it's equal to D *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to what it's equal to D *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to what it's equal to D *
+V1 plus 1us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 plus 1us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 plus 1us
+d v uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d v uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d v uh
+V2 okay so that means that V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 okay so that means that V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 okay so that means that V2
+2 must be equal to minus D over 1 - D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V1 does that make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody so I can tell two things from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so I can tell two things from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so I can tell two things from
+this right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right one
+is this is a number D over 1 minus D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a number D over 1 minus D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a number D over 1 minus D is
+a number that you know for d0 to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number that you know for d0 to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number that you know for d0 to one
+goes between basically zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes between basically zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes between basically zero and
+infinity okay so what the first thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity okay so what the first thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity okay so what the first thing I
+can say is the voltage V2 must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say is the voltage V2 must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say is the voltage V2 must be
+negative right I'm applying a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative right I'm applying a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative right I'm applying a positive
+voltage here in the first part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage here in the first part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage here in the first part of the
+cycle so V2 and the second part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle so V2 and the second part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle so V2 and the second part of the
+cycle must be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle must be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle must be negative
+right so first of all I can tell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so first of all I can tell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so first of all I can tell that
+this circuit's going to invert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circuit's going to invert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circuit's going to invert the
+voltage so if I have a positive input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage so if I have a positive input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage so if I have a positive input
+voltage it's going to be give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage it's going to be give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage it's going to be give me a
+negative output voltage in periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative output voltage in periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative output voltage in periodic
+steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady
+state right the other thing about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right the other thing about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right the other thing about it
+though as I can tell is that I said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though as I can tell is that I said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though as I can tell is that I said this
+number D over 1 minus D varies anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number D over 1 minus D varies anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number D over 1 minus D varies anywhere
+between zero and infinity so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and infinity so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and infinity so this
+circuit if I put aside the polarity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit if I put aside the polarity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit if I put aside the polarity of
+the output voltage sometimes I want an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output voltage sometimes I want an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output voltage sometimes I want an
+output voltage as the opposite polarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage as the opposite polarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage as the opposite polarity
+of my input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my input
+voltage I can make the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage I can make the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage I can make the magnitude of the
+output voltage anything I want bigger or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage anything I want bigger or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage anything I want bigger or
+smaller than the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the input
+voltage okay because this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay because this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay because this sort of
+scaling Factor by choosing D if I make D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling Factor by choosing D if I make D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling Factor by choosing D if I make D
+equal to to 0. five V2 exactly equals V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to to 0. five V2 exactly equals V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to to 0. five V2 exactly equals V1
+it's just the in it's the opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the in it's the opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the in it's the opposite of
+V1 if I make it bigger than 0.5 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 if I make it bigger than 0.5 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 if I make it bigger than 0.5 the
+magnitude of V2 is going to be bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of V2 is going to be bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of V2 is going to be bigger
+than V1 if I make it less than 0.5 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than V1 if I make it less than 0.5 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than V1 if I make it less than 0.5 the
+magnitude of V2 is going to be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of V2 is going to be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of V2 is going to be less than
+V1 so this is a very flexible circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 so this is a very flexible circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 so this is a very flexible circuit
+it'll let me do whatever I want whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll let me do whatever I want whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll let me do whatever I want whereas
+a buck converter can only step down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a buck converter can only step down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a buck converter can only step down
+voltages and a boost converter can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages and a boost converter can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages and a boost converter can only
+step up voltages this at least in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step up voltages this at least in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step up voltages this at least in the
+terms of the voltage magnitude will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the voltage magnitude will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the voltage magnitude will do
+whatever the heck I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the heck I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the heck I
+like any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any questions about that
+the top still help the fil outut voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top still help the fil outut voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top still help the fil outut voltage
+yes excellent question the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes excellent question the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes excellent question the question is
+does the capacitor still help you if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the capacitor still help you if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the capacitor still help you if I
+place it here still help you filter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it here still help you filter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it here still help you filter the
+output voltage the answer is yes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage the answer is yes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage the answer is yes because
+if this if this nodes at a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this if this nodes at a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this if this nodes at a constant
+potential because say v1's constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential because say v1's constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential because say v1's constant and
+the capacitor here is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor here is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor here is really
+big such that VC doesn't have any Ripple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big such that VC doesn't have any Ripple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big such that VC doesn't have any Ripple
+then V2 doesn't have any Ripple right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then V2 doesn't have any Ripple right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then V2 doesn't have any Ripple right so
+yes this Capac placed here can certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this Capac placed here can certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this Capac placed here can certainly
+help stabilize V2 as long as V1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help stabilize V2 as long as V1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help stabilize V2 as long as V1 is
+stable okay so we could build it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable okay so we could build it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable okay so we could build it that
+way and sometimes people do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and sometimes people do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and sometimes people do all
+right so let's think about this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's think about this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's think about this let's
+let's look at an implementation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at an implementation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at an implementation of this
+circuit um suppose I wanted to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit um suppose I wanted to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit um suppose I wanted to do it
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+um you know V1 greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know V1 greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know V1 greater than
+zero V2 less than zero right so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero V2 less than zero right so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero V2 less than zero right so maybe
+maybe I would implement it like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I would implement it like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I would implement it like this
+here's my voltage source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my voltage source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my voltage source
+V1 maybe I'll use a power mosfet I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 maybe I'll use a power mosfet I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 maybe I'll use a power mosfet I could
+use an igbt as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oops
+I'll we can implement this either way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll we can implement this either way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll we can implement this either way
+but maybe I'll implement it like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is
+V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2
+okay so um if I thought about the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um if I thought about the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um if I thought about the power
+flow direction of this okay what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow direction of this okay what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow direction of this okay what do I
+know I know that V1 must be bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I know that V1 must be bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I know that V1 must be bigger than
+zero because of this internal body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because of this internal body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because of this internal body
+diode here because otherwise then V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode here because otherwise then V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode here because otherwise then V1
+would get shorted out on average okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get shorted out on average okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get shorted out on average okay
+so V1 must be greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so V1 must be greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so V1 must be greater than
+zero V2 must be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero V2 must be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero V2 must be less than
+zero uh i1 the average current flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh i1 the average current flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh i1 the average current flowing
+in here if I pretended that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here if I pretended that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here if I pretended that this
+capacitor filtered everything perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor filtered everything perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor filtered everything perfectly
+this would give me i1 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would give me i1 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would give me i1 on
+average this would give me a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2
+okay and what do I know I know that I2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what do I know I know that I2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what do I know I know that I2
+must be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be positive
+why do I know that because if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I know that because if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I know that because if this is
+the average or DC current coming this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average or DC current coming this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average or DC current coming this
+way no DC current goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way no DC current goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way no DC current goes into the
+capacitor so it must go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor so it must go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor so it must go through this
+diode and we know this diode can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode and we know this diode can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode and we know this diode can only
+carry current in One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry current in One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry current in One
+Direction okay so I know that V2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction okay so I know that V2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction okay so I know that V2 is
+negative and I2 is positive so V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and I2 is positive so V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and I2 is positive so V1
+greater than zero i1 greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero i1 greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero i1 greater than zero
+V2 less than Zer I2 greater than zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 less than Zer I2 greater than zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 less than Zer I2 greater than zero so
+power can only flow from this side to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power can only flow from this side to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power can only flow from this side to
+this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's just sort of an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's just sort of an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's just sort of an example of
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um what else could I tell about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what else could I tell about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what else could I tell about this
+converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter
+well what is you know if I thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what is you know if I thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what is you know if I thought of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+voltage on this capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on this capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on this capacitor
+VC how big is that capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC how big is that capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC how big is that capacitor
+voltage well I could argue that the DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage well I could argue that the DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage well I could argue that the DC
+value of VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the DC value I can do average kvl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the DC value I can do average kvl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the DC value I can do average kvl
+around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this
+Loop right so I could say that V1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop right so I could say that V1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop right so I could say that V1 minus
+VC minus V2 is zero right or written a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC minus V2 is zero right or written a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC minus V2 is zero right or written a
+different way VC is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way VC is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way VC is equal to
+V1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 minus
+V2 okay or if I wanted to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 okay or if I wanted to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 okay or if I wanted to take the
+magnitude here I could say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude here I could say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude here I could say that the
+magnitude of VC is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of VC is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of VC is equal to the
+magnitude of V1 plus the magnitude of V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of V1 plus the magnitude of V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of V1 plus the magnitude of V2
+why because V2 is negative right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because V2 is negative right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because V2 is negative right so in
+this example this capacitor voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example this capacitor voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example this capacitor voltage
+because V2 is negative and v1's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because V2 is negative and v1's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because V2 is negative and v1's positive
+this capacitor blocks a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capacitor blocks a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capacitor blocks a lot of
+voltage okay if I place the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there what can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what can I
+say about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about the
+current what would what would I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current what would what would I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current what would what would I say
+about um iil for example and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um iil for example and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um iil for example and now I'm
+going to talk about the DC component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the DC component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the DC component
+capital i l right I'll pretend this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital i l right I'll pretend this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital i l right I'll pretend this
+inductor is so big it doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor is so big it doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor is so big it doesn't have any
+Ripple and it's instantaneous equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple and it's instantaneous equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple and it's instantaneous equally
+equal to its average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to its average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to its average
+current okay well what could I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay well what could I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay well what could I
+say I can do average KCl analysis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I can do average KCl analysis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I can do average KCl analysis on
+this imagine I come and I draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this imagine I come and I draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this imagine I come and I draw
+a uh super node in this circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right what do I know about that super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what do I know about that super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what do I know about that super
+node the average current going into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node the average current going into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node the average current going into that
+dotted dashbox must be zero right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted dashbox must be zero right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted dashbox must be zero right so the
+average current going in here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average current going in here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average current going in here is
+I2 the average current coming in here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 the average current coming in here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 the average current coming in here is
+i1 and the only place for those currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 and the only place for those currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 and the only place for those currents
+to come out is I so what I can say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come out is I so what I can say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come out is I so what I can say is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+I the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the magnitude of
+I is equal to the magnitude of i1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is equal to the magnitude of i1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is equal to the magnitude of i1 plus
+the magnitude of I2 I i1 and I2 are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of I2 I i1 and I2 are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of I2 I i1 and I2 are all
+positive in this example okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive in this example okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive in this example okay because
+we've already said i1 and I2 have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already said i1 and I2 have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already said i1 and I2 have to be
+positive okay so basically the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay so basically the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay so basically the inductor
+current carries the sum of the input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current carries the sum of the input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current carries the sum of the input and
+output DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+currents does that make sense to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents does that make sense to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents does that make sense to any
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+use the super node couldn't we just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the super node couldn't we just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the super node couldn't we just look
+at the node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the node
+inside um well okay but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside um well okay but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside um well okay but this
+node you could but keep in mind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node you could but keep in mind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node you could but keep in mind this
+current I can think of as almost being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I can think of as almost being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I can think of as almost being
+current all constant all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current all constant all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current all constant all the time
+because of the filtering of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the filtering of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the filtering of the
+capacitor this current's pulsating so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor this current's pulsating so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor this current's pulsating so
+I'd have to think about it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have to think about it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have to think about it more
+carefully so I was just trying to limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully so I was just trying to limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully so I was just trying to limit
+myself to currents flowing in that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself to currents flowing in that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself to currents flowing in that are
+ideally close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally close to
+DC excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC excellent
+question I don't when the first time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I don't when the first time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I don't when the first time I
+saw this circuit it kind of bothered me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this circuit it kind of bothered me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this circuit it kind of bothered me
+is like why why does that why does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like why why does that why does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like why why does that why does that
+inductor really carry the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor really carry the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor really carry the sum of the
+input and output currents right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and output currents right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and output currents right but
+let's think about what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what's going on in
+this circuit let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circuit let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circuit let me
+pretend that this capacitor is doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend that this capacitor is doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend that this capacitor is doing a
+really good job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good job of
+filtering okay so that it carries all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering okay so that it carries all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering okay so that it carries all of
+the AC current and so that I2 and i1 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AC current and so that I2 and i1 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AC current and so that I2 and i1 are
+almost constant okay what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost constant okay what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost constant okay what does the
+current flow look like well let me look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow look like well let me look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow look like well let me look
+at for example the um switch current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at for example the um switch current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at for example the um switch current
+flow right so if I looked at this switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow right so if I looked at this switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow right so if I looked at this switch
+current flow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow I
+switch okay what does the switch current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch okay what does the switch current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch okay what does the switch current
+look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like
+okay well in the first part of the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well in the first part of the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well in the first part of the cycle
+or the switch currents carrying iil in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the switch currents carrying iil in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the switch currents carrying iil in
+the first part of the cycle right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of the cycle right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of the cycle right so in
+the first part of the cycle the switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of the cycle the switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of the cycle the switch
+current carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current carries
+iil okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is I
+switch and in the second part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and in the second part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and in the second part of the
+cycle the switch carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the switch carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the switch carries
+nothing right so the switch pulsates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing right so the switch pulsates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing right so the switch pulsates
+between carrying some big current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between carrying some big current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between carrying some big current and
+carrying zero okay and doing this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying zero okay and doing this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying zero okay and doing this and
+what's the average switch current got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the average switch current got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the average switch current got to
+be equal to well there's no average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to well there's no average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to well there's no average
+current coming up through the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current coming up through the capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current coming up through the capacitor
+right so on average the switch current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so on average the switch current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so on average the switch current
+must carry i1 so this switch has some I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must carry i1 so this switch has some I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must carry i1 so this switch has some I
+switch of T is pulsating but his average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch of T is pulsating but his average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch of T is pulsating but his average
+value has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i1 okay if I looked at the diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 okay if I looked at the diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 okay if I looked at the diode
+current right here's the diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right here's the diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right here's the diode
+current when the switch is on he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current when the switch is on he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current when the switch is on he's
+carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying
+zero when the switch is off the diode's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when the switch is off the diode's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when the switch is off the diode's
+carrying iil so he steps up and he car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying iil so he steps up and he car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying iil so he steps up and he car
+cares all of I okay so he's switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares all of I okay so he's switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares all of I okay so he's switching
+the opposite way right and by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite way right and by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite way right and by the same
+argument the average of the diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument the average of the diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument the average of the diode
+current must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I2 okay so it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 okay so it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 okay so it turns out that
+I is the sum of i1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is the sum of i1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is the sum of i1 plus
+I2 right in order that it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 right in order that it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 right in order that it be
+carried you know it's constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried you know it's constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried you know it's constantly
+carrying the sum of i1 I switch plus ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying the sum of i1 I switch plus ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying the sum of i1 I switch plus ID
+is always equal to iil right so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always equal to iil right so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always equal to iil right so when I
+add these two up I get I all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add these two up I get I all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add these two up I get I all right so
+that's sort of why the the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of why the the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of why the the inductor
+current has to really carry the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current has to really carry the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current has to really carry the sum of
+the average input and output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average input and output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average input and output
+currents okay if I thought about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents okay if I thought about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents okay if I thought about the
+capacitor what's the capacitor doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor what's the capacitor doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor what's the capacitor doing
+here let me plot the capacitor current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me plot the capacitor current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me plot the capacitor current
+and maybe we can get some insight from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that when the switch is on iil is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the switch is on iil is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the switch is on iil is coming
+through here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here
+where does I2 go the average current I2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does I2 go the average current I2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does I2 go the average current I2
+it must come negatively through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must come negatively through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must come negatively through the
+capacitor so the capacitor is carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor so the capacitor is carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor so the capacitor is carrying
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+I2 in the first part of the cycle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 in the first part of the cycle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 in the first part of the cycle and
+the second part of the cycle when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part of the cycle when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part of the cycle when this
+is off i1 must be going positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is off i1 must be going positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is off i1 must be going positively
+through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+capacitor like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and this is I of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is I of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is I of
+T what do I know about the average value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T what do I know about the average value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T what do I know about the average value
+of IC of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of IC of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of IC of t
+zero so that must mean that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+di2 must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+di2 must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+di2 must
+equal 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+di1 or I could write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+di1 or I could write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+di1 or I could write
+I2 is equal to 1us D over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 is equal to 1us D over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 is equal to 1us D over
+D *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i1 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 right
+well guess what that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well guess what that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well guess what that's exactly the
+complement you know allowing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement you know allowing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement you know allowing for the
+sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of
+the voltage conversion ratio which comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage conversion ratio which comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage conversion ratio which comes
+back to the fact that this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the fact that this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the fact that this thing is
+supposed to be ideally 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be ideally 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be ideally 100%
+efficient okay so basically all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient okay so basically all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient okay so basically all of the
+AC currents run around in this Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC currents run around in this Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC currents run around in this Loop
+allowing DC at the input and output but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing DC at the input and output but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing DC at the input and output but
+the result of that is that the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of that is that the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of that is that the inductor
+current must carry the sum of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current must carry the sum of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current must carry the sum of those
+currents that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents that make sense
+so this this is by the way known as a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this is by the way known as a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this is by the way known as a uh
+in a buck boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converter because it can either Step Up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter because it can either Step Up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter because it can either Step Up
+voltage or down voltage or step up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage or down voltage or step up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage or down voltage or step up
+current or step down current okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current or step down current okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current or step down current okay it's
+sometimes known as an inverting buck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes known as an inverting buck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes known as an inverting buck
+boost converter to distinguish it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost converter to distinguish it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost converter to distinguish it from
+other kinds of buck boost converters but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of buck boost converters but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of buck boost converters but
+but this would be the buck boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this would be the buck boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this would be the buck boost
+converter let me just show you by way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter let me just show you by way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter let me just show you by way of
+illustration this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operation so what I created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so what I created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so what I created
+here my computer will wake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up is a simulation of a very simple buck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up is a simulation of a very simple buck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up is a simulation of a very simple buck
+boost converter right so uh I put I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost converter right so uh I put I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost converter right so uh I put I
+split the capacitors in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the capacitors in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the capacitors in this example
+okay but I'm running from 8.5 volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I'm running from 8.5 volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I'm running from 8.5 volts
+input and we've set our duty ratio to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and we've set our duty ratio to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and we've set our duty ratio to
+75 okay so let me just simulate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and let me just look at what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let me just look at what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let me just look at what the
+output does at T equals z the outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output does at T equals z the outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output does at T equals z the outputs
+initialized to zero and what we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialized to zero and what we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialized to zero and what we can see
+is the output starts at zero volts but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the output starts at zero volts but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the output starts at zero volts but
+then he goes negative and he goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he goes negative and he goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he goes negative and he goes
+through all this kind of transient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all this kind of transient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all this kind of transient and
+stuff happening right we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff happening right we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff happening right we'll talk about
+the Dynamics of this converter but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of this converter but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of this converter but
+eventually it gets to periodic steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it gets to periodic steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it gets to periodic steady
+state sort of out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state sort of out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state sort of out here
+okay all right so what do we see there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so what do we see there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so what do we see there's
+the output voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output voltage
+here's the input voltage so it's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the input voltage so it's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the input voltage so it's coming
+from plus uh 8 and5 volts and going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from plus uh 8 and5 volts and going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from plus uh 8 and5 volts and going to
+minus 27 volts right we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 27 volts right we can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 27 volts right we can see that
+this inductor voltage is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inductor voltage is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inductor voltage is sort of
+pulsing between the two right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsing between the two right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsing between the two right so it's
+acting what is it doing in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting what is it doing in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting what is it doing in the first
+part of the cycle it's sucking energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cycle it's sucking energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cycle it's sucking energy
+from the input and storing it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the input and storing it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the input and storing it in the
+inductor and in the second part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor and in the second part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor and in the second part of the
+cycle that energy is then being thrown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle that energy is then being thrown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle that energy is then being thrown
+to the output so all of the energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output so all of the energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output so all of the energy in
+this circuit is going through through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circuit is going through through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circuit is going through through
+the inductor right the only way energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor right the only way energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor right the only way energy
+gets from the input is from the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets from the input is from the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets from the input is from the input
+into the inductor and the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the inductor and the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the inductor and the only way
+energy gets to the output is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy gets to the output is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy gets to the output is from the
+inductor to the output okay so it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor to the output okay so it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor to the output okay so it's sort
+of an indirect conversion in that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an indirect conversion in that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an indirect conversion in that all of
+the energy flows mediated through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy flows mediated through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy flows mediated through the
+inductor you can kind of see that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor you can kind of see that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor you can kind of see that here
+if I plotted the inductor current you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I plotted the inductor current you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I plotted the inductor current you
+can see that in the first part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that in the first part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that in the first part of the
+cycle the inductor current's going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the inductor current's going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the inductor current's going up
+and the second part of the cycle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second part of the cycle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second part of the cycle it's
+going down because I'm charging up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down because I'm charging up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down because I'm charging up the
+inductor from the input in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor from the input in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor from the input in the first
+part of the cycle and disar charging it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cycle and disar charging it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cycle and disar charging it
+into the output in the second part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the output in the second part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the output in the second part of
+the cycle all right so this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle all right so this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle all right so this is a very
+flexible converter but what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible converter but what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible converter but what we're going
+to see is that it's also a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is that it's also a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is that it's also a very high
+stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress
+converter okay why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay why
+because the inductor has to carry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the inductor has to carry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the inductor has to carry the
+sum of the input and output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the input and output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the input and output
+currents the capacitor if I put it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents the capacitor if I put it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents the capacitor if I put it here
+would have to block the sum of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to block the sum of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to block the sum of the input
+and output voltages or if I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output voltages or if I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output voltages or if I have two
+capacitors I then I have two capacitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors I then I have two capacitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors I then I have two capacitors
+one of which blocks the input and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of which blocks the input and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of which blocks the input and one of
+which blocks the output and notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which blocks the output and notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which blocks the output and notice that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+switch when it's off it sees the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch when it's off it sees the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch when it's off it sees the
+capacitor voltage or the sum of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor voltage or the sum of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor voltage or the sum of the the
+the the sum of the magnitudes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sum of the magnitudes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sum of the magnitudes of the
+input and the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and the output
+voltage when it's on it's carrying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage when it's on it's carrying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage when it's on it's carrying the
+full inductor current which is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full inductor current which is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full inductor current which is the sum
+of the average input and output currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the average input and output currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the average input and output currents
+so uh I'll go into this more detail next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I'll go into this more detail next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I'll go into this more detail next
+class but what we find is this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but what we find is this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but what we find is this is a very
+flexible converter but because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible converter but because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible converter but because it
+modulate or mediates all the power flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate or mediates all the power flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate or mediates all the power flow
+through the inductor end ups with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the inductor end ups with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the inductor end ups with very
+high stresses on the inductors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high stresses on the inductors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high stresses on the inductors and
+capacitors and switches and so it tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors and switches and so it tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors and switches and so it tends
+to be a more expensive converter than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a more expensive converter than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a more expensive converter than a
+buck converter or a boost converter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buck converter or a boost converter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buck converter or a boost converter so
+if I could only do if I only need a buck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I could only do if I only need a buck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I could only do if I only need a buck
+function I don't want to build this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I don't want to build this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I don't want to build this guy
+but if I need to sort of raise my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I need to sort of raise my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I need to sort of raise my
+voltage above and below the input maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage above and below the input maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage above and below the input maybe
+this is a great way to do it we're out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great way to do it we're out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great way to do it we're out
+of time we will take this up we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time we will take this up we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time we will take this up we will see
+you remember next Tuesday because Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember next Tuesday because Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember next Tuesday because Monday
+is a holiday so have a great uh holiday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a holiday so have a great uh holiday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a holiday so have a great uh holiday
+weekend
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UbRlSqmN4uM.txt b/UbRlSqmN4uM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6ad60da4791975f25bbae41df2fbf83fbad63271
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UbRlSqmN4uM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18483 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to
+lecture three today we're gonna talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture three today we're gonna talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture three today we're gonna talk
+about uh today and on wednesday we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh today and on wednesday we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh today and on wednesday we're
+going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about
+time preferences and particular sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time preferences and particular sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time preferences and particular sort of
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+uh we're going to talk a lot about a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to talk a lot about a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to talk a lot about a lot
+of applications a lot of applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of applications a lot of applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of applications a lot of applications
+uh that are sort of close to your real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are sort of close to your real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are sort of close to your real
+world including like procrastination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world including like procrastination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world including like procrastination of
+problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets
+all sorts of um other choices such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of um other choices such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of um other choices such as
+credit card debt and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card debt and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card debt and so on and so forth
+think of can you uh be a little quiet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of can you uh be a little quiet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of can you uh be a little quiet
+thank you um think of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you um think of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you um think of like the
+lectures today and then wednesday sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures today and then wednesday sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures today and then wednesday sort
+of building some framework and some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building some framework and some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building some framework and some sort
+of structure and how to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of structure and how to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of structure and how to think about
+these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things
+it's a little drier than maybe other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little drier than maybe other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little drier than maybe other
+lectures in part because you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in part because you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in part because you know it's
+about sort of theory and about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of theory and about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of theory and about sort of
+writing down a model and trying to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down a model and trying to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down a model and trying to think
+about the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world
+partially we're doing that to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially we're doing that to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially we're doing that to sort of
+try to explain behaviors that we see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to explain behaviors that we see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to explain behaviors that we see in
+the world partially we do that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world partially we do that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world partially we do that because
+at the end we try to think about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end we try to think about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end we try to think about sort of
+welfare and how to evaluate certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare and how to evaluate certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare and how to evaluate certain
+outcomes is that good or bad certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes is that good or bad certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes is that good or bad certain
+policies and things to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies and things to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies and things to do
+which later in the course we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which later in the course we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which later in the course we're going to
+talk about but for that you need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about but for that you need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about but for that you need some
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+how to think about some of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about some of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about some of those things
+at the heart of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the heart of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the heart of it
+a lot of this is about procrastination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this is about procrastination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this is about procrastination
+about choices between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about choices between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about choices between
+the present and the future your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present and the future your problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present and the future your problem
+set in part is also about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in part is also about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in part is also about
+procrastination it will be posted um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procrastination it will be posted um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procrastination it will be posted um
+later today um um probably late um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later today um um probably late um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later today um um probably late um
+please do let us know if you have any um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do let us know if you have any um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do let us know if you have any um
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+um as i said you know please be on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as i said you know please be on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as i said you know please be on time
+do the readings there will be random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the readings there will be random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the readings there will be random
+pop quizzes there will be at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop quizzes there will be at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop quizzes there will be at the
+beginning of the class so you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the class so you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the class so you should be
+on time the laptop section is still over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time the laptop section is still over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time the laptop section is still over
+there if you want to use your laptop it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you want to use your laptop it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you want to use your laptop it
+should be there ideally in the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be there ideally in the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be there ideally in the front
+in part because you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because you're not going to
+bother others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i saw quite a few people using their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i saw quite a few people using their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i saw quite a few people using their
+phones in class in previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones in class in previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones in class in previous
+classes try to not do that that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes try to not do that that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes try to not do that that's not
+good for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for you
+you will not be able to take away much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will not be able to take away much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will not be able to take away much
+from the class multitasking is very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the class multitasking is very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the class multitasking is very hard
+for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people
+to do again i'll show you some evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do again i'll show you some evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do again i'll show you some evidence
+on that as i said the problems that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that as i said the problems that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that as i said the problems that will
+be posted shortly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be posted shortly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be posted shortly
+um if you have any questions please do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have any questions please do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have any questions please do
+let us know on piazza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us know on piazza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us know on piazza
+and and help others answer them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and help others answer them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and help others answer them or
+answer them for others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer them for others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer them for others
+i have office hours usually tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have office hours usually tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have office hours usually tuesday
+afternoons please sign up for them i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoons please sign up for them i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoons please sign up for them i'm
+very happy to meet you it's very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy to meet you it's very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy to meet you it's very hard
+for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to
+to meet people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet people
+or get to know you in the large class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or get to know you in the large class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or get to know you in the large class
+otherwise so please come to office hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so please come to office hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so please come to office hours
+i'm happy to talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm happy to talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm happy to talk to you
+about anything you you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anything you you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anything you you're interested in
+ideally related to behavioral economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally related to behavioral economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally related to behavioral economics
+um okay so let me give you an overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so let me give you an overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so let me give you an overview
+of like this in the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like this in the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like this in the next lecture
+we're going to talk first about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk first about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk first about
+exponential discounting why are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential discounting why are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential discounting why are we
+talking about exponential discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about exponential discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about exponential discount
+this is the workhorse model of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the workhorse model of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the workhorse model of of
+classical economics this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical economics this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical economics this is how
+economists usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists usually
+think about like choices over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like choices over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like choices over time
+second we're going to identify some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second we're going to identify some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second we're going to identify some
+problems with this model and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with this model and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with this model and trying to
+think about like why is this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like why is this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like why is this model
+perhaps not explaining things well at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not explaining things well at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not explaining things well at
+least in some settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in some settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in some settings
+and how could we improve on that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how could we improve on that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how could we improve on that we're
+going to propose an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to propose an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to propose an
+alternative model which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative model which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative model which is the
+quasi-hyperbolic discounting model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-hyperbolic discounting model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-hyperbolic discounting model
+and then we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to talk about
+sophistication and naivete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication and naivete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication and naivete
+which is the idea that if you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the idea that if you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the idea that if you think you
+have different or if you think you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different or if you think you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different or if you think you have
+different preferences in the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different preferences in the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different preferences in the current
+uh in the present uh from in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the present uh from in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the present uh from in the future
+well then becomes very important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then becomes very important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then becomes very important to
+understand do you actually know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand do you actually know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand do you actually know what's
+going on do you know that in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on do you know that in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on do you know that in the future
+you might be impatient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be impatient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be impatient
+or do you perhaps think that oh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do you perhaps think that oh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do you perhaps think that oh in the
+in the future i will be very patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future i will be very patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future i will be very patient
+um uh and then perhaps perhaps make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and then perhaps perhaps make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and then perhaps perhaps make some
+mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes
+accordingly i'll get to this in in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly i'll get to this in in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly i'll get to this in in more
+detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+okay so it's first important to notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's first important to notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's first important to notice
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+any choice essentially almost any choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any choice essentially almost any choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any choice essentially almost any choice
+you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make
+almost always involves some choice over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always involves some choice over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always involves some choice over
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+essentially some trade-off between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially some trade-off between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially some trade-off between the
+present between some costs and benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present between some costs and benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present between some costs and benefit
+that you might occur in the very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might occur in the very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might occur in the very short
+run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+and some costs and benefits that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some costs and benefits that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some costs and benefits that you
+might enjoy or incur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might enjoy or incur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might enjoy or incur
+in the future um what examples do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future um what examples do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future um what examples do we
+have what choices over time do we face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes savings and how do you decide how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes savings and how do you decide how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes savings and how do you decide how
+much to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to save
+depending on your preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so you have a choice for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have a choice for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have a choice for example
+if you thought think about like should i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you thought think about like should i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you thought think about like should i
+save some money let's say for next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save some money let's say for next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save some money let's say for next
+semester or next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester or next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester or next year
+so your choice is either to consume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your choice is either to consume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your choice is either to consume the
+money now in various ways eat food or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money now in various ways eat food or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money now in various ways eat food or
+whatever you'd like to do with it spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you'd like to do with it spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you'd like to do with it spend
+it on various activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on various activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on various activities
+so if you save you make the decision to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you save you make the decision to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you save you make the decision to
+save you have to give up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save you have to give up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save you have to give up some
+money now and you get some benefits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money now and you get some benefits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money now and you get some benefits in
+the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+the benefits in the future are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits in the future are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits in the future are um
+determined by the interest rate as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the interest rate as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the interest rate as you
+say if you have a savings account or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you have a savings account or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you have a savings account or the
+like you can essentially sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can essentially sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can essentially sort of like
+get some benefits in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some benefits in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some benefits in the future
+um and then you have some costs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you have some costs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you have some costs in the
+present that you know which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present that you know which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present that you know which would be
+essentially not consuming now and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially not consuming now and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially not consuming now and some
+benefits in the future which is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits in the future which is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits in the future which is getting
+that money in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money in the future
+and then you need to sort of somehow uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you need to sort of somehow uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you need to sort of somehow uh
+decide is that worth doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide is that worth doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide is that worth doing
+right there's some costs and benefits we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's some costs and benefits we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's some costs and benefits we
+need to sort of aggregate somehow um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sort of aggregate somehow um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sort of aggregate somehow um
+uh whether to make that choice yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whether to make that choice yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whether to make that choice yeah
+any other choices you make over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so i'm actually have this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm actually have this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm actually have this example
+here going to school it has some costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here going to school it has some costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here going to school it has some costs
+and benefits and what are the costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and benefits and what are the costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and benefits and what are the costs and
+benefits of doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so you have direct costs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so you have direct costs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so you have direct costs of
+education which is tuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education which is tuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education which is tuition
+in many cases you know sometimes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases you know sometimes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases you know sometimes that's
+sponsored but often there's tuition it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsored but often there's tuition it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsored but often there's tuition it's
+quite a bit of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of money
+it's also the opportunity cost which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also the opportunity cost which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also the opportunity cost which is
+often forgotten wages you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often forgotten wages you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often forgotten wages you could be
+working otherwise and make more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working otherwise and make more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working otherwise and make more money
+there's the joy of pain of going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the joy of pain of going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the joy of pain of going to
+school some might think it's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school some might think it's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school some might think it's positive
+some i think it's negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some i think it's negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some i think it's negative
+and then there's future wages which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's future wages which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's future wages which in
+many cases at least for you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases at least for you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases at least for you guys are
+are tend to be higher from going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tend to be higher from going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tend to be higher from going to
+college if you do a phd that might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college if you do a phd that might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college if you do a phd that might not
+be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh
+uh the case that i'm not sure that tas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the case that i'm not sure that tas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the case that i'm not sure that tas
+are here but um yes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here but um yes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here but um yes um
+sorry for that and then you have to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for that and then you have to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for that and then you have to sort
+of decide uh are you going to school or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decide uh are you going to school or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decide uh are you going to school or
+not well what you need to do is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not well what you need to do is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not well what you need to do is like
+you sort of need to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of need to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of need to determine the
+utility the value of each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility the value of each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility the value of each of these
+costs and benefits right and they occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and benefits right and they occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and benefits right and they occur
+in different points in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different points in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different points in time
+you need to make some estimates and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to make some estimates and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to make some estimates and then
+of course there's risk and other issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there's risk and other issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there's risk and other issues
+involved you might not have full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved you might not have full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved you might not have full
+information and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and so on
+but assuming that all away suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but assuming that all away suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but assuming that all away suppose you
+knew all the costs and benefits of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew all the costs and benefits of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew all the costs and benefits of going
+to college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to college
+then you have to decide is that worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to decide is that worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to decide is that worth
+doing so somehow you need to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so somehow you need to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so somehow you need to sort of
+aggregate these these costs and benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate these these costs and benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate these these costs and benefits
+over time by putting appropriate weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time by putting appropriate weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time by putting appropriate weights
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+different periods and time and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different periods and time and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different periods and time and sort of
+decide should i do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide should i do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide should i do this
+or not okay yes any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not okay yes any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not okay yes any other
+similar choices that people make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+right for example you could think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for example you could think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for example you could think about
+should i do a problem said should i come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should i do a problem said should i come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should i do a problem said should i come
+to class should i um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to class should i um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to class should i um
+study for an exam and so on often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study for an exam and so on often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study for an exam and so on often
+there's costs and benefits involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's costs and benefits involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's costs and benefits involved
+often the costs are immediate uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the costs are immediate uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the costs are immediate uh you
+know you have to work on the problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have to work on the problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have to work on the problem set
+that might not be pleasant you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might not be pleasant you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might not be pleasant you have to
+study for the exam that might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study for the exam that might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study for the exam that might not be
+pleasant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant
+you could be doing other uh things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be doing other uh things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be doing other uh things
+instead that you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead that you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead that you can't do
+because of that and then there's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that and then there's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that and then there's gonna
+be like rewards in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like rewards in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like rewards in the future
+usually in the terms either through like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in the terms either through like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in the terms either through like
+you know increased knowledge that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know increased knowledge that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know increased knowledge that might
+be useful for other things in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful for other things in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful for other things in the future
+or you know through better grades or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know through better grades or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know through better grades or or
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+you might be rewarded from uh having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be rewarded from uh having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be rewarded from uh having
+more uh knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh knowledge
+and again then again there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again then again there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again then again there might be
+uncertainty involved because you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty involved because you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty involved because you know it
+could be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that
+you know you might not fully know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might not fully know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might not fully know what
+the costs and benefits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the costs and benefits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the costs and benefits are
+it could be that it's sort of risky you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that it's sort of risky you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that it's sort of risky you
+might come to class and not come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come to class and not come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come to class and not come to
+class depending on whether there's a pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class depending on whether there's a pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class depending on whether there's a pop
+quiz or not so you need the sort of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz or not so you need the sort of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz or not so you need the sort of risk
+involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+um uh but it's sort of assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but it's sort of assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but it's sort of assuming that
+away there's essentially benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away there's essentially benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away there's essentially benefits
+of and costs in the in the present and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and costs in the in the present and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and costs in the in the present and
+then sort of benefits and costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sort of benefits and costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sort of benefits and costs
+potentially in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially in the future
+and again somehow you have to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again somehow you have to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again somehow you have to sort of
+aggregate these and sort of weigh them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate these and sort of weigh them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate these and sort of weigh them
+in various uh ways any other choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes exercise yeah exactly exercise is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exercise yeah exactly exercise is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exercise yeah exactly exercise is a
+good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one
+again like in the present you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like in the present you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like in the present you might not
+enjoy it some people might actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy it some people might actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy it some people might actually
+enjoy it a lot i had somebody would tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy it a lot i had somebody would tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy it a lot i had somebody would tell
+me he was like addicted to exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me he was like addicted to exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me he was like addicted to exercise
+that also happens but usually you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also happens but usually you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also happens but usually you know
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+at least in the short run tend to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the short run tend to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the short run tend to not
+like exercise that much but i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exercise that much but i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exercise that much but i think it's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to do in part because they feel
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to do in part because they feel
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+
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+better afterwards
+ 
+
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+and part because you know they have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part because you know they have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part because you know they have like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run benefits maybe they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run benefits maybe they're in
+better shape eventually maybe they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better shape eventually maybe they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better shape eventually maybe they're
+healthier eventually maybe they live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthier eventually maybe they live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthier eventually maybe they live
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer eventually and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer eventually and so on and so forth
+and again what you need to do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again what you need to do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again what you need to do is you
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+
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+have some costs and benefits you have
+ 
+
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+have some costs and benefits you have
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+the cost of like getting ready getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of like getting ready getting
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+out of the door and sort of getting
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to do it that often is costly
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to do it that often is costly
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+does the cost of exercising itself which
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+
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+does the cost of exercising itself which
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+often is costly maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+but then the benefits are often in the
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+but then the benefits are often in the
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+
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+but then the benefits are often in the
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+future often really far away in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future often really far away in the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
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+right so if you really were eating
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+
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+
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+essentially
+ 
+
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+essentially
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not eat a like eating like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not eat a like eating like
+spinach and vegetables in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinach and vegetables in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinach and vegetables in the
+in the present some people of course
+
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+in the present some people of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the present some people of course
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+love that but often then the benefits
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+come in the form of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in the form of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in the form of like
+improved health like many many years um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved health like many many years um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved health like many many years um
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+and again what you need to do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again what you need to do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again what you need to do is you
+need to sort of quantify somehow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sort of quantify somehow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sort of quantify somehow the
+costs and benefits of certain actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and benefits of certain actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and benefits of certain actions
+and then you need to aggregate the costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you need to aggregate the costs
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you need to aggregate the costs
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+and benefits somehow
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+
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+and benefits somehow
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+
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+
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+to be able to make a choice is that a
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+ align:start position:0%
+good idea or a bad idea do you want to
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+
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+
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+do this
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not like a number of different
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not like a number of different
+examples here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here's another
+example of like um somewhat very trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of like um somewhat very trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of like um somewhat very trivial
+uh purchasing an expensive software you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh purchasing an expensive software you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh purchasing an expensive software you
+have to spend some money of doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spend some money of doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spend some money of doing it
+that's usually entails like negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually entails like negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually entails like negative
+utility people don't like to give up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility people don't like to give up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility people don't like to give up
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+second there's like pain and frustrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second there's like pain and frustrating
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+second there's like pain and frustrating
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning the software again that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning the software again that's
+often negative utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often negative utility
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+
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+often negative utility
+and then there's sort of mastery which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's sort of mastery which
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's sort of mastery which
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+is sort of positive utility from
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing or learning the software until
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing or learning the software until
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes obsolete so there's a stream
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes obsolete so there's a stream
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of positive utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of positive utility
+sometime in the future now how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime in the future now how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime in the future now how do you
+decide whether to purchase a software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether to purchase a software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether to purchase a software
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you determine the value of the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of costs and benefits somehow
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk about in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk about in some
+degree like how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree like how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree like how to do that
+and then once you have that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you have that you need to
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+
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+and then once you have that you need to
+sort of weigh the costs and benefits and
+
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+sort of weigh the costs and benefits and
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to sort of aggregate and try to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to sort of aggregate and try to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out is this a good idea
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out is this a good idea
+or not there's another choice um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not there's another choice um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not there's another choice um
+which we're actually going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're actually going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're actually going to talk about
+when we talk about welfare and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+policies overall it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+deactivating a social media account in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deactivating a social media account in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deactivating a social media account in
+part because there's a very nice study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because there's a very nice study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually studies precisely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually studies precisely that
+so if you think about like deactivating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about like deactivating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about like deactivating
+a social media account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a social media account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a social media account
+um facebook twitter or whatever people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um facebook twitter or whatever people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um facebook twitter or whatever people
+instagram whatever people are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instagram whatever people are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instagram whatever people are using
+um there's often there's different costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's often there's different costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's often there's different costs
+and benefits involved and you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and benefits involved and you can sort
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and benefits involved and you can sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+argue about what those are uh part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue about what those are uh part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue about what those are uh part of
+that is the direct cost of deactivating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the direct cost of deactivating
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the direct cost of deactivating
+the account often that's a tedious thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the account often that's a tedious thing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+to do you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do you have to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do you have to
+figure out how to do it often companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do it often companies
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do it often companies
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't try to not make it too easy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't try to not make it too easy for
+you to actually do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to actually do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to actually do that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to archive some pictures
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to archive some pictures
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious thing to do
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious thing to do
+there's often short run adjustment costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's often short run adjustment costs
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's often short run adjustment costs
+right you want to kind of like be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you want to kind of like be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you want to kind of like be in
+touch with your friends maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+harder to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to find
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to find
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where the parties are whatever or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where the parties are whatever or
+like um uh whatever things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um uh whatever things are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um uh whatever things are
+so often there's some adjustment costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often there's some adjustment costs
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often there's some adjustment costs
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely also negative
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+
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+likely also negative
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's some long-run impact on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's some long-run impact on
+your social life and your mental health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your social life and your mental health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your social life and your mental health
+and your happiness and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your happiness and so on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+assuming that perhaps they're positive
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+then again you have to think about like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again you have to think about like
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+ align:start position:0%
+short run negative costs and benefits
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+
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+short run negative costs and benefits
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+you have to learn about think about what
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+those are again they might be uncertain
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+
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+those are again they might be uncertain
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+but to the extent that you can tell what
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+
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+
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+benefits at different points in time and
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+
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+
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+when you make that choice you have to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make that choice you have to
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+
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+
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+sort of figure out um
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's worth doing by sort of
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+
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+whether that's worth doing by sort of
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said we'll get back to this and i
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said we'll get back to this and i
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+think something like lecture 20 or so
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+
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+think something like lecture 20 or so
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+
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+precisely do that and look at sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely do that and look at sort of
+like happiness and other outcomes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like happiness and other outcomes uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like happiness and other outcomes uh
+mental health and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental health and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+among students okay so what are other
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+among students okay so what are other
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+
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+
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+almost any of these sort of involve some
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+aspects of time
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+aspects of time
+right so if you think about investing
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+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you think about investing
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+right so if you think about investing
+saving borrowing credit card spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving borrowing credit card spending
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+
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+saving borrowing credit card spending
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+and so on
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+
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+that involves choices over time if you
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+
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+
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+often there's costs in the present
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+
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+benefits in the future if you think
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+
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+about any sort of health investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any sort of health investments
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any sort of health investments
+eating healthy uh taking your medication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating healthy uh taking your medication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating healthy uh taking your medication
+brushing your teeth exercising and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brushing your teeth exercising and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brushing your teeth exercising and so on
+if you think about sleeping often sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about sleeping often sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about sleeping often sleep
+involves uh choices between the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves uh choices between the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves uh choices between the present
+and the future you think about watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the future you think about watching
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the future you think about watching
+movies at nights that's fun to do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies at nights that's fun to do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies at nights that's fun to do but
+often that becomes that like pain in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that becomes that like pain in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that becomes that like pain in the
+following day in various forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following day in various forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following day in various forms
+uh eating patterns as well uh dating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eating patterns as well uh dating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eating patterns as well uh dating
+arguably involves sort of costs and
+
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+arguably involves sort of costs and
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+
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+arguably involves sort of costs and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits in the present and the future
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+people make different choices again
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+people make different choices again
+there's all sorts of other aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of other aspects
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of other aspects
+involved as well including like risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved as well including like risk
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved as well including like risk
+information and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and so on
+but what i'm pointing out here are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i'm pointing out here are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i'm pointing out here are many
+choices that people make have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that people make have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that people make have some
+aspects that involve different points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects that involve different points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects that involve different points in
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and we have to sort of figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to sort of figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to sort of figure out how to
+weigh these pref these utility streams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh these pref these utility streams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh these pref these utility streams
+in some ways um uh accordingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways um uh accordingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways um uh accordingly
+now here's sort of um a broad history um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's sort of um a broad history um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's sort of um a broad history um
+how economists have thought about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how economists have thought about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how economists have thought about this
+and it's kind of interesting to to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of interesting to to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of interesting to to read
+in fact and this is what the frederick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact and this is what the frederick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact and this is what the frederick
+at all article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all article
+uh talks about um in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talks about um in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talks about um in fact
+economists sort of went full circle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists sort of went full circle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists sort of went full circle in
+some ways it started with like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways it started with like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways it started with like a very
+sort of complicated model of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of complicated model of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of complicated model of like a
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+the amount of labor allocated to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of labor allocated to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of labor allocated to the
+production of capital that depends on
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+production of capital that depends on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the effective desire of accumulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective desire of accumulation
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective desire of accumulation
+which is sort of a bit of a mouthful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of a bit of a mouthful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of a bit of a mouthful
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially there was lots of rich
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially there was lots of rich
+psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological
+considerations involved in like trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations involved in like trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations involved in like trying
+to explain how people make choices over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain how people make choices over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain how people make choices over
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+people thought about self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought about self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought about self-control
+self-constraints the request motive how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-constraints the request motive how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-constraints the request motive how
+much they think about their children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they think about their children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they think about their children
+anticipatory utility people like to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory utility people like to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory utility people like to sort
+of save because they like to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of save because they like to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of save because they like to think
+they'll be happy in the future and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be happy in the future and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be happy in the future and so on
+and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+and it was a very complicated model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a very complicated model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a very complicated model of
+like intertemporal choice that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like intertemporal choice that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like intertemporal choice that people
+had been thinking about at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been thinking about at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been thinking about at some point
+then like burn barbaric who's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like burn barbaric who's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like burn barbaric who's an
+austrian economist at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+austrian economist at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+austrian economist at some point
+realized or proposed that the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized or proposed that the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized or proposed that the interest
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+in some sense is just a price so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense is just a price so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense is just a price so if you
+think about doing something or saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about doing something or saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about doing something or saving
+some money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money
+from today until next year it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from today until next year it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from today until next year it's really
+just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like
+choosing between apples and bananas when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing between apples and bananas when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing between apples and bananas when
+you choose between apples and bananas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose between apples and bananas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose between apples and bananas
+there's a relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a relative
+price which is the price of apples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price which is the price of apples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price which is the price of apples
+divided by the price of bananas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the price of bananas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the price of bananas
+if you think about um uh choices over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about um uh choices over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about um uh choices over
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+if you think about consuming a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about consuming a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about consuming a dollar
+today versus a dollar next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today versus a dollar next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today versus a dollar next year
+the interest rate or one plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate or one plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate or one plus the
+interest rate is the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is the relative
+um price of that right so for any dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um price of that right so for any dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um price of that right so for any dollar
+that i now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i now
+consume i could get one plus r dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume i could get one plus r dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume i could get one plus r dollars
+in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future
+that's just the relative price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the relative price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the relative price of
+consumption now versus in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption now versus in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption now versus in the future
+so you can think of like the same way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think of like the same way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think of like the same way we
+think about apples and bananas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about apples and bananas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about apples and bananas and
+optimizing between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing between those
+the same way we can think about like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way we can think about like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way we can think about like uh
+consumption in the present and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption in the present and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption in the present and the
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+um um which are just sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um which are just sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um which are just sort of like
+different goods uh over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different goods uh over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different goods uh over time
+and so then fisher irving fisher then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then fisher irving fisher then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then fisher irving fisher then
+came up and said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up and said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up and said you know
+let's just write down a two to good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just write down a two to good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just write down a two to good
+indifference diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference diagram
+this is exactly sort of the indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly sort of the indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly sort of the indifference
+diagram that you've seen in like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that you've seen in like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that you've seen in like um
+1401 or other introductory micro classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1401 or other introductory micro classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1401 or other introductory micro classes
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+still there were actually many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there were actually many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there were actually many
+psychological factors discussed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological factors discussed like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological factors discussed like
+personal factors that the the determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal factors that the the determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal factors that the the determine
+like how much you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how much you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how much you um
+save and so on but it was sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save and so on but it was sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save and so on but it was sort of like
+progress towards that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress towards that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress towards that
+now what is the fischer diagram the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is the fischer diagram the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is the fischer diagram the
+fischer diagram looks something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fischer diagram looks something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fischer diagram looks something like
+this this is sort of what you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is sort of what you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is sort of what you should be
+familiar with from like again 1401
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with from like again 1401
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with from like again 1401
+what do we see here what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right exactly so we have like here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so we have like here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so we have like here um
+choices between two goods i call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices between two goods i call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices between two goods i call them
+like good a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like good a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like good a
+and good b there's a consumption c a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and good b there's a consumption c a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and good b there's a consumption c a as
+consumption of good a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of good a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of good a
+um cb is a consumption of good b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cb is a consumption of good b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cb is a consumption of good b
+we have um a budget set essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um a budget set essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um a budget set essentially
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+um uh determined here by like how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh determined here by like how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh determined here by like how much
+your budget constraint which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your budget constraint which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your budget constraint which is sort of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+triangle that uses the triangular line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle that uses the triangular line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle that uses the triangular line
+that you see there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see there
+um the slope of that budget set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the slope of that budget set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the slope of that budget set is
+determined by the relative price that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the relative price that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the relative price that's
+essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the
+uh pa divided by um pb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pa divided by um pb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pa divided by um pb
+and then we have what's called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have what's called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have what's called an
+indifference curve which essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve which essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve which essentially is
+the curve that makes us indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve that makes us indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve that makes us indifferent
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+uh um combinations of two goods and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um combinations of two goods and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um combinations of two goods and we
+choose sort of the point on the budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose sort of the point on the budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose sort of the point on the budget
+line that's the furthest out that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that's the furthest out that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that's the furthest out that gets
+us in the furthest uh indifference curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in the furthest uh indifference curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in the furthest uh indifference curve
+so that's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of like
+1401 that you should be all uh familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1401 that you should be all uh familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1401 that you should be all uh familiar
+with in part that's what was discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in part that's what was discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in part that's what was discussed
+in recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation
+on friday now fischer then pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on friday now fischer then pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on friday now fischer then pointed out
+when you think about choices over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about choices over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about choices over time
+in fact that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that's exactly
+um the same thing think about like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the same thing think about like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the same thing think about like two
+periods period one and period two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods period one and period two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods period one and period two
+we have essentially a budget line again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have essentially a budget line again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have essentially a budget line again
+which is the budget set again that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the budget set again that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the budget set again that's
+what was discussed in recitation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was discussed in recitation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was discussed in recitation on
+thursday and friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thursday and friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thursday and friday
+the difference here of course is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference here of course is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference here of course is then
+the price the relative price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price the relative price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price the relative price is
+determined by the interest rate so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the interest rate so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the interest rate so one
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+r is now essentially the relative price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r is now essentially the relative price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r is now essentially the relative price
+so one over one plus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one over one plus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one over one plus r
+that determines essentially how much we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines essentially how much we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines essentially how much we
+can maximally maximally consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maximally maximally consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maximally maximally consume
+again like sort of the triangle that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like sort of the triangle that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like sort of the triangle that you
+see is sort of the potential set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is sort of the potential set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is sort of the potential set that
+you consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consume
+and then again we have like a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again we have like a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again we have like a difference
+curve that tell us like uh uh the sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that tell us like uh uh the sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that tell us like uh uh the sets
+of points that we are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points that we are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points that we are different
+um between between good one and good two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um between between good one and good two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um between between good one and good two
+and we choose sort of what's furthest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we choose sort of what's furthest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we choose sort of what's furthest
+out on the indifference curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the indifference curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the indifference curve
+so essentially we can sort of apply any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially we can sort of apply any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially we can sort of apply any
+tools that we have from 1401 or any sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that we have from 1401 or any sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that we have from 1401 or any sort
+of intra micro class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intra micro class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intra micro class
+from like choices between apples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like choices between apples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like choices between apples and
+bananas to choices between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bananas to choices between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bananas to choices between
+uh period one and period two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh period one and period two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh period one and period two
+and so what we're sort of ignoring here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're sort of ignoring here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're sort of ignoring here
+is then sort of in period one and period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then sort of in period one and period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then sort of in period one and period
+two how we're going to spend the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two how we're going to spend the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two how we're going to spend the money
+so we think of like c1 and c2 of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we think of like c1 and c2 of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we think of like c1 and c2 of like
+consumption bundles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption bundles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption bundles
+think about this like how much money is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this like how much money is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this like how much money is
+spent on certain consumption goods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on certain consumption goods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on certain consumption goods and
+period one versus period two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period one versus period two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period one versus period two
+ignoring kind of like whether you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring kind of like whether you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring kind of like whether you buy
+apples so bananas just how much money do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples so bananas just how much money do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples so bananas just how much money do
+you want to spend in good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to spend in good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to spend in good one
+so in period one how much money do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in period one how much money do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in period one how much money do you
+want to spend in uh period two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend in uh period two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend in uh period two
+ignoring kind of like how exactly gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring kind of like how exactly gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring kind of like how exactly gonna
+divide it assuming that you're gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it assuming that you're gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it assuming that you're gonna get
+this right in terms of like choosing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right in terms of like choosing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right in terms of like choosing uh
+within the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the period
+uh what's best for you any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's best for you any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's best for you any questions on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that gets us to the from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that gets us to the from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that gets us to the from the the
+workhorse model in economics which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workhorse model in economics which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workhorse model in economics which is
+samuelson's discounted utility model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samuelson's discounted utility model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samuelson's discounted utility model
+policy aminoson is a very famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy aminoson is a very famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy aminoson is a very famous
+economist who was at mit for many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist who was at mit for many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist who was at mit for many many
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+um one of sort of the founders if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of sort of the founders if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of sort of the founders if you
+want of the modern um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want of the modern um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want of the modern um
+of modern economics and of the uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern economics and of the uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern economics and of the uh sort
+of the mit economics department as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mit economics department as it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mit economics department as it is
+um right now and what samuelson um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right now and what samuelson um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right now and what samuelson um
+proposed was sort of a non-graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed was sort of a non-graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed was sort of a non-graphical
+version of that we said let's write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that we said let's write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that we said let's write down
+some math let's write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some math let's write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some math let's write down a
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+how should we think about utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should we think about utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should we think about utility
+maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization
+and what essentially he was proposing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what essentially he was proposing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what essentially he was proposing is
+to say at time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say at time t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say at time t
+people maximize their discounted utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people maximize their discounted utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people maximize their discounted utility
+which is just the sum of discounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just the sum of discounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just the sum of discounted
+utility where there's a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility where there's a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility where there's a factor
+delta which sort of determines how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta which sort of determines how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta which sort of determines how much
+we care about the present versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about the present versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about the present versus the
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+right so we have essentially these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have essentially these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have essentially these
+instantaneous utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous utilities
+ut your t plus one your t plus two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ut your t plus one your t plus two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ut your t plus one your t plus two and
+so on this is your utility at each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on this is your utility at each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on this is your utility at each point
+in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time
+think of time as being discrete in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of time as being discrete in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of time as being discrete in a
+sense time could be years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense time could be years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense time could be years
+time could be days so like think of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time could be days so like think of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time could be days so like think of them
+perhaps as like years from now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps as like years from now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps as like years from now there's
+like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um
+your t your t plus one your t plus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your t your t plus one your t plus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your t your t plus one your t plus two
+your t plus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your t plus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your t plus uh
+three and so on ut sort of uh summarizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and so on ut sort of uh summarizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and so on ut sort of uh summarizes
+in some sense how you feel in that year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense how you feel in that year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense how you feel in that year
+overall in terms of flag utility that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall in terms of flag utility that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall in terms of flag utility that
+sort of utility um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of utility um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of utility um
+in that particular period it could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that particular period it could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that particular period it could also
+be daily it could be like how you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be daily it could be like how you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be daily it could be like how you feel
+on a certain day could be hourly and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a certain day could be hourly and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a certain day could be hourly and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+um um you know that's just a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um you know that's just a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um you know that's just a matter of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+definition now then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition now then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition now then um
+and again sort of you um uh uot is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again sort of you um uh uot is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again sort of you um uh uot is sort
+of a function of all activities that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function of all activities that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function of all activities that are
+going on in that particular year that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in that particular year that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in that particular year that
+could be consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be consumption
+leisure all other things that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure all other things that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure all other things that are going
+on that's sort of like in some sense we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that's sort of like in some sense we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that's sort of like in some sense we
+abstract away what happens within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract away what happens within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract away what happens within that
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+time period we're just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period we're just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period we're just sort of
+summarizing all the things you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing all the things you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing all the things you're doing
+in that year you know yield to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that year you know yield to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that year you know yield to a certain
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+and now the question is kind of like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the question is kind of like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the question is kind of like how
+do we aggregate these utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we aggregate these utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we aggregate these utilities
+how do we decide between different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we decide between different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we decide between different
+options when the ut is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options when the ut is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options when the ut is
+different across differ across different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different across differ across different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different across differ across different
+options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options
+now what's coming in here then that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's coming in here then that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's coming in here then that is
+the discount factor delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount factor delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount factor delta
+which you see above which essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you see above which essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you see above which essentially is
+telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you
+how much is a util or like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is a util or like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is a util or like a
+a an amount of utility a unit of utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an amount of utility a unit of utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an amount of utility a unit of utility
+worth that's in the future compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth that's in the future compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth that's in the future compared to
+the present right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present right
+so and what you see here is there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and what you see here is there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and what you see here is there's a
+very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple
+functional form of doing that everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form of doing that everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form of doing that everything
+that's in the future is discounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the future is discounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the future is discounted
+usually we think of delta being like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we think of delta being like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we think of delta being like
+smaller than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than one
+so delta could be something like point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so delta could be something like point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so delta could be something like point
+nine point eight or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine point eight or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine point eight or the like
+so if you're in period t period t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're in period t period t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're in period t period t plus
+one is discounted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is discounted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is discounted by
+uh 0.9 uh if you're then a period three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0.9 uh if you're then a period three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0.9 uh if you're then a period three
+would be then discounted sorry period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be then discounted sorry period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be then discounted sorry period
+two would be then discounted by 0.9 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two would be then discounted by 0.9 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two would be then discounted by 0.9 to
+the power of 2 and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of 2 and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of 2 and so on and so forth
+okay and so delta is essentially a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so delta is essentially a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so delta is essentially a very
+simple way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way of
+of replacing like a very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of replacing like a very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of replacing like a very complex
+psychology how we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology how we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology how we think about
+um choices over time by saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um choices over time by saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um choices over time by saying like
+let's just assume that people um over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just assume that people um over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just assume that people um over
+time uh have a constant way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh have a constant way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh have a constant way of
+discounting the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting the future
+and um it's it's sort of taken on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it's it's sort of taken on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it's it's sort of taken on this
+simple mathematical form of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple mathematical form of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple mathematical form of like
+exponentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially um
+uh doing so any questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing so any questions on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing so any questions on that
+yes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um
+yeah so i think uh you know one has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i think uh you know one has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i think uh you know one has to
+sort of think a little bit about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think a little bit about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think a little bit about where
+things are coming from in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are coming from in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are coming from in the sense that
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+um to start with nobody had formalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to start with nobody had formalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to start with nobody had formalized
+some of these choices that people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these choices that people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these choices that people were
+making and some sense samus and was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making and some sense samus and was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making and some sense samus and was like
+okay we have to assume something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have to assume something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have to assume something
+so let's assume exponential discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's assume exponential discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's assume exponential discounting
+that's a simple thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a simple thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a simple thing to do
+so let me just sort of make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just sort of make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just sort of make that
+assumption as a first pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption as a first pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption as a first pass
+he actually never thought this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually never thought this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually never thought this is the
+right model or like this is a normative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right model or like this is a normative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right model or like this is a normative
+model how people should behave or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model how people should behave or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model how people should behave or the
+like that was all coming later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that was all coming later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that was all coming later
+he was just proposing something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was just proposing something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was just proposing something that's
+tractable and for tractability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractable and for tractability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractable and for tractability
+um he was proposing that now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he was proposing that now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he was proposing that now it's
+important to understand for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to understand for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to understand for a lot of
+behavioral economics a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral economics a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral economics a lot of
+neoclassical economics sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neoclassical economics sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neoclassical economics sort of the the
+traditional economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional economics
+simplicity is good so like usually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity is good so like usually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity is good so like usually we
+like to simplify a lot of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to simplify a lot of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to simplify a lot of um
+choices and uh when things are simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and uh when things are simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and uh when things are simple
+you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of
+in a tractable way analyze things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a tractable way analyze things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a tractable way analyze things in the
+world and for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and for many
+problems in the world like for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the world like for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the world like for example
+economic growth or sort of like how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic growth or sort of like how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic growth or sort of like how the
+economy evolves as a whole and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy evolves as a whole and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy evolves as a whole and so on
+some of these except the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these except the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these except the exponential
+discounting model might actually be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting model might actually be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting model might actually be the
+right model in some ways or if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right model in some ways or if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right model in some ways or if you think
+about like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like how
+managers or firms or whatever etc behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers or firms or whatever etc behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers or firms or whatever etc behave
+in some ways that might be the right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways that might be the right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways that might be the right or
+the economy as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy as a whole
+that might be the right model overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be the right model overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be the right model overall
+so in some sense the answer is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense the answer is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense the answer is kind of
+like a some choices are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a some choices are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a some choices are actually
+explained reasonably well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained reasonably well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained reasonably well with
+exponential discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential discounting
+b it was simple and easy to do and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b it was simple and easy to do and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b it was simple and easy to do and you
+had to sort of start somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to sort of start somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to sort of start somewhere
+and then see i guess people sort of tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see i guess people sort of tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see i guess people sort of tend
+to stick to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick to uh
+traditional things so in some ways like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional things so in some ways like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional things so in some ways like
+once you have written down a model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have written down a model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have written down a model and
+people have like written papers and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have like written papers and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have like written papers and sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+invested their career in it they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested their career in it they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested their career in it they sort of
+tend to defend that well in fact maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to defend that well in fact maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to defend that well in fact maybe
+that's not the right thing to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the right thing to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the right thing to do and
+become sort of like dogmatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become sort of like dogmatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become sort of like dogmatic
+um about it but sort of that's now uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about it but sort of that's now uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about it but sort of that's now uh uh
+changing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and
+exactly as you say there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as you say there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as you say there's sort of
+problems with this model and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with this model and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with this model and we're gonna
+talk about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about those
+um right now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right now um
+now let me sort of tell you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me sort of tell you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me sort of tell you a little bit
+about sort of like um some definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of like um some definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of like um some definitions
+just to be clear so what we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be clear so what we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be clear so what we're talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+so one is what's a discount function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is what's a discount function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is what's a discount function
+what's a discount rate and what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a discount rate and what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a discount rate and what's a
+discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount
+um a factor so these are just definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a factor so these are just definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a factor so these are just definition
+a discount function essentially is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discount function essentially is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discount function essentially is like
+when you have a stream of future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a stream of future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a stream of future
+utilities ut your t plus one your t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities ut your t plus one your t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities ut your t plus one your t
+plus two and so on and so forth you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two and so on and so forth you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two and so on and so forth you have
+to sort of write down a function how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of write down a function how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of write down a function how to
+weigh these in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh these in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh these in the future
+so d of towers as i'm calling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so d of towers as i'm calling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so d of towers as i'm calling it
+essentially giving you this discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially giving you this discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially giving you this discount
+function that specifies essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that specifies essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that specifies essentially
+all the weights that you're putting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the weights that you're putting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the weights that you're putting on
+future utilities um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future utilities um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future utilities um
+uh in future periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in future periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in future periods
+that could be that functional form could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be that functional form could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be that functional form could
+be anything that's just a very general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything that's just a very general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything that's just a very general
+definition now what's a discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition now what's a discount rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition now what's a discount rate
+it's essentially the rate of decline of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially the rate of decline of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially the rate of decline of
+the discount function we call that row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount function we call that row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount function we call that row
+and row of tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and row of tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and row of tau
+which essentially is just the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially is just the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially is just the derivative
+with respect to time divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to time divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to time divided by the
+discount function at that point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount function at that point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount function at that point in time
+and the negative of that because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the negative of that because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the negative of that because we
+think sort of usually uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think sort of usually uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think sort of usually uh uh
+uh uh it's positive as in like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh it's positive as in like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh it's positive as in like people
+tend to sort of um or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to sort of um or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to sort of um or the
+the uh discount function tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh discount function tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh discount function tends to
+decline as in like stuff that's further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline as in like stuff that's further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline as in like stuff that's further
+away in the future you put less weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in the future you put less weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in the future you put less weight
+on than stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on than stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on than stuff that's
+um uh closer to you um or closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh closer to you um or closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh closer to you um or closer to the
+present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+and so again row of tau specifies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so again row of tau specifies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so again row of tau specifies the
+rate at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which
+uh uh which value util declines to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh which value util declines to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh which value util declines to a
+delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay
+and then finally what does exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally what does exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally what does exponential
+discounting do well exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting do well exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting do well exponential
+discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting
+specifies a specific functional form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies a specific functional form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies a specific functional form of
+the discount function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount function
+what does that mean essentially we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean essentially we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean essentially we just
+take the discount function d of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the discount function d of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the discount function d of t
+tau and what samsung was doing then was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau and what samsung was doing then was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau and what samsung was doing then was
+essentially just proposing a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just proposing a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just proposing a specific
+functional form of saying let's try that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form of saying let's try that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form of saying let's try that
+one that's a simple thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's a simple thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's a simple thing
+to do why do you choose that one well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do why do you choose that one well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do why do you choose that one well
+it's sort of it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of it's it's
+delta to the power of tau um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to the power of tau um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to the power of tau um the
+discount factor now is delta this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factor now is delta this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factor now is delta this is
+like essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like essentially
+when you think about two periods how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about two periods how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about two periods how
+much weight you put on each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much weight you put on each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much weight you put on each of those
+periods let me just go back for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods let me just go back for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods let me just go back for a second
+here when you think about like uh going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when you think about like uh going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when you think about like uh going
+from u t to u t plus one you just add an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u t to u t plus one you just add an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u t to u t plus one you just add an
+additional delta and going from t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional delta and going from t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional delta and going from t
+u t plus one to u t plus two you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u t plus one to u t plus two you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u t plus one to u t plus two you add
+another delta and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another delta and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another delta and so on
+that gives you essentially the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you essentially the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you essentially the relative
+weights between two adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights between two adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights between two adjacent
+periods now crucially as you see here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods now crucially as you see here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods now crucially as you see here in
+that functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that functional form
+this is like constant so every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like constant so every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like constant so every time you
+have a time period you go to the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a time period you go to the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a time period you go to the future
+you add another delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add another delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add another delta
+and that's an assumption so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an assumption so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an assumption so that's a
+very convenient thing to do and part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient thing to do and part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient thing to do and part
+what it tells you then is also that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it tells you then is also that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it tells you then is also that the
+discount rate is constant over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate is constant over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate is constant over time
+again so that you could do some math and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so that you could do some math and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so that you could do some math and
+sort of calculate the discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of calculate the discount rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of calculate the discount rate
+if you sort of do that you'll find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sort of do that you'll find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sort of do that you'll find out
+that the discount rate is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the discount rate is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the discount rate is minus
+a log delta which is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log delta which is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log delta which is approximately
+1 minus delta that is to say not only is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus delta that is to say not only is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus delta that is to say not only is
+the discount factor constant but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount factor constant but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount factor constant but also
+the discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount rate
+is constant and that's an assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant and that's an assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant and that's an assumption
+again that's made by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's made by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's made by
+samus so you can sort of do that math we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samus so you can sort of do that math we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samus so you can sort of do that math we
+can also do some of that in recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also do some of that in recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also do some of that in recitation
+in case you have questions now uh let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you have questions now uh let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you have questions now uh let me
+give you an example on how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example on how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example on how does that
+help us think about how people make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us think about how people make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us think about how people make
+choices over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices over time
+um student amy uh considers writing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um student amy uh considers writing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um student amy uh considers writing a
+term paper today so as to give off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term paper today so as to give off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term paper today so as to give off
+to give herself a free evening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give herself a free evening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give herself a free evening in the
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+so uh this is essentially the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is essentially the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is essentially the idea that
+like the student now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the student now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the student now
+tonight has some stuff to do there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight has some stuff to do there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight has some stuff to do there's
+some opportunity costs right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some opportunity costs right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some opportunity costs right now
+um an outside option she could watch tv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an outside option she could watch tv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an outside option she could watch tv
+she could meet her friends or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she could meet her friends or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she could meet her friends or whatever
+or she could write her um a paper right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she could write her um a paper right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she could write her um a paper right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+the paper if you write the paper right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper if you write the paper right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper if you write the paper right
+now it comes at a utility cost of minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it comes at a utility cost of minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it comes at a utility cost of minus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+it costs like one util because the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it costs like one util because the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it costs like one util because the other
+activities would be more fun to do she'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities would be more fun to do she'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities would be more fun to do she'd
+rather watch movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather watch movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather watch movies
+however if instead she also has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if instead she also has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if instead she also has some
+other stuff to do um tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff to do um tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff to do um tonight
+so she doesn't really have a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she doesn't really have a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she doesn't really have a free
+evening um if she doesn't write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening um if she doesn't write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening um if she doesn't write the
+paper but she just prefers not to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper but she just prefers not to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper but she just prefers not to write
+it right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right now
+now if she writes the paper right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if she writes the paper right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if she writes the paper right now
+she will get a free evening sometime in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she will get a free evening sometime in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she will get a free evening sometime in
+the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+in a few days from now and that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few days from now and that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few days from now and that would be
+a lot more fun she could go out she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more fun she could go out she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more fun she could go out she
+could do whatever other things she likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do whatever other things she likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do whatever other things she likes
+to do she could go to the symphony or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do she could go to the symphony or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do she could go to the symphony or
+whatever she likes doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever she likes doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever she likes doing
+the instantaneous benefit the utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instantaneous benefit the utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instantaneous benefit the utility of
+getting a free unit is four thirds utils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a free unit is four thirds utils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a free unit is four thirds utils
+so it's like higher than the cost right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like higher than the cost right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like higher than the cost right
+now but it's in the future in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but it's in the future in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but it's in the future in some
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+evening suppose amy's daily discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening suppose amy's daily discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening suppose amy's daily discount
+factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is
+0.9 now what does she do how do we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.9 now what does she do how do we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.9 now what does she do how do we think
+about this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what if the next so the daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what if the next so the daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what if the next so the daily
+discount factor is 0.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factor is 0.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factor is 0.9
+is she going to do it if the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is she going to do it if the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is she going to do it if the free
+evening is tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it's positive uh okay exactly that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's positive uh okay exactly that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's positive uh okay exactly that's
+exactly right so you have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so you have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so you have to think about
+like okay she gets the immediate cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay she gets the immediate cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay she gets the immediate cost
+right now which is minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now which is minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now which is minus one
+the benefits of four thirds are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits of four thirds are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits of four thirds are in the
+future since her daily discount factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future since her daily discount factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future since her daily discount factor
+is 0.9 she's going to discount that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0.9 she's going to discount that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0.9 she's going to discount that by
+0.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.9
+uh that's still larger than one so she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's still larger than one so she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's still larger than one so she
+decides to do that right that's how she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to do that right that's how she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to do that right that's how she
+weighs essentially the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighs essentially the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighs essentially the current
+uh uh the present and the future now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the present and the future now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the present and the future now in
+two periods she does the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two periods she does the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two periods she does the exact same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+but two periods are like now uh further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but two periods are like now uh further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but two periods are like now uh further
+away in the future so she discounts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in the future so she discounts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in the future so she discounts it
+by delta to the power of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by delta to the power of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by delta to the power of two
+um and that gives her um again something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that gives her um again something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that gives her um again something
+that's larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's larger than
+a zero if i got the math right so still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero if i got the math right so still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero if i got the math right so still
+she's willing to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's willing to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's willing to do it
+if the um uh if the free night comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the um uh if the free night comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the um uh if the free night comes
+like two nights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two nights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two nights
+from now if it's in three period however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now if it's in three period however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now if it's in three period however
+it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out
+then like minus one uh plus delta to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like minus one uh plus delta to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like minus one uh plus delta to the
+power of three times four thirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of three times four thirds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of three times four thirds
+is in fact like uh uh smaller than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact like uh uh smaller than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact like uh uh smaller than zero
+so she will not do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she will not do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she will not do it
+so essentially when she thinks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially when she thinks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially when she thinks about
+costs and benefits it depends a lot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and benefits it depends a lot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and benefits it depends a lot on
+like how far away are the benefits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how far away are the benefits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how far away are the benefits in
+the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+the further their way in the future the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the further their way in the future the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the further their way in the future the
+more they get discounted and the less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more they get discounted and the less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more they get discounted and the less
+likely she's doing something that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely she's doing something that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely she's doing something that will
+cost her utility now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost her utility now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost her utility now
+and yield benefits um in the future now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yield benefits um in the future now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yield benefits um in the future now
+of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+that's highly stylized yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct correct so what i was assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct correct so what i was assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct correct so what i was assuming
+here i was not saying like when is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i was not saying like when is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i was not saying like when is the
+best time of doing that what i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best time of doing that what i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best time of doing that what i was
+assuming here is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming here is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming here is like
+choice between today versus in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice between today versus in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice between today versus in a few
+days from now there was no option of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days from now there was no option of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days from now there was no option of
+saying today actually i'd rather do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying today actually i'd rather do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying today actually i'd rather do it
+tomorrow we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow we'll get
+to that and i was just just giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that and i was just just giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that and i was just just giving you
+an example of like very simple choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of like very simple choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of like very simple choice
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+today versus sometime in the future and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today versus sometime in the future and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today versus sometime in the future and
+then another choice between today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another choice between today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another choice between today so
+today versus tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today versus tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today versus tomorrow
+today versus in two days from now today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today versus in two days from now today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today versus in two days from now today
+versus three days from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus three days from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus three days from now
+assuming that other days are not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that other days are not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that other days are not an
+option um for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option um for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option um for now
+we'll get to like so procrastination you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to like so procrastination you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to like so procrastination you
+need sort of like several days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need sort of like several days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need sort of like several days
+we'll get to that um uh later uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to that um uh later uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to that um uh later uh so
+again so the bottom line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so the bottom line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so the bottom line
+one second the bottom line she will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second the bottom line she will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second the bottom line she will do
+it if the nice evening comes the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if the nice evening comes the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if the nice evening comes the next
+period or in two periods but not if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period or in two periods but not if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period or in two periods but not if it
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+um later yeah it doesn't in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um later yeah it doesn't in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um later yeah it doesn't in all the
+periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods
+she gets more utility if she rather gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she gets more utility if she rather gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she gets more utility if she rather gets
+a free day today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah so so what i'm assuming here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah so so what i'm assuming here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah so so what i'm assuming here
+and this is again an assumption it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is again an assumption it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is again an assumption it's
+that the free knight cannot search so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the free knight cannot search so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the free knight cannot search so
+i was saying a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was saying a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was saying a little bit about the
+paper apps now clearly she has something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper apps now clearly she has something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper apps now clearly she has something
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+tonight anyway so she can't really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight anyway so she can't really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight anyway so she can't really have
+a free night maybe she needs to call her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free night maybe she needs to call her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free night maybe she needs to call her
+friends or like you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends or like you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends or like you know uh
+and so on so that option is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so that option is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so that option is not
+available right now you're exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available right now you're exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available right now you're exactly right
+if the free night came tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the free night came tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the free night came tonight
+she would do that and then sort of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she would do that and then sort of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she would do that and then sort of do
+the thing stuff later because she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing stuff later because she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing stuff later because she
+prefers the present over over the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers the present over over the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers the present over over the future
+but i was sort of assuming that a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i was sort of assuming that a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i was sort of assuming that a way
+for simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simplicity
+but in general as it happens many uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general as it happens many uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general as it happens many uh
+choices are often in the form of either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices are often in the form of either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices are often in the form of either
+uh sort of current costs and future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of current costs and future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of current costs and future
+benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits
+and then you know you'd rather sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know you'd rather sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know you'd rather sort of
+um defer those things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um defer those things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um defer those things um
+or you you only do that essentially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you you only do that essentially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you you only do that essentially if
+the benefits are sufficiently high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits are sufficiently high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits are sufficiently high
+other options are like current benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other options are like current benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other options are like current benefits
+and future costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and future costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and future costs
+and then the entire thing is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the entire thing is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the entire thing is essentially
+flipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped
+okay so now um the next question then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um the next question then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um the next question then we
+might have is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have is to say
+well how do we actually estimate delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do we actually estimate delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do we actually estimate delta
+right so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like
+um we sort of see people doing choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we sort of see people doing choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we sort of see people doing choices
+but in some sense in the real world we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some sense in the real world we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some sense in the real world we
+actually don't know what somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't know what somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't know what somebody's
+delta is so how can we actually estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta is so how can we actually estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta is so how can we actually estimate
+people's delta overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's delta overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's delta overall
+let's sort of stick with the stylized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's sort of stick with the stylized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's sort of stick with the stylized
+example what do we need um to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what do we need um to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what do we need um to estimate
+delta in this specific example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta in this specific example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta in this specific example
+well you would sort of need several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you would sort of need several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you would sort of need several
+choices over time and then sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices over time and then sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices over time and then sort of
+essentially you need to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you need to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you need to know what the
+costs and benefits of those choices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and benefits of those choices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and benefits of those choices are
+and if you knew that um then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you knew that um then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you knew that um then you could
+sort of learn about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of learn about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of learn about um
+um uh what delta is let me sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what delta is let me sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what delta is let me sort of just
+write this down for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down for you
+suppose we didn't know amy's delta but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we didn't know amy's delta but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we didn't know amy's delta but
+we knew that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew that you
+house for all periods for the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house for all periods for the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house for all periods for the different
+options that she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options that she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options that she has
+so how can we estimate this from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can we estimate this from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can we estimate this from the
+above data so we learned essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above data so we learned essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above data so we learned essentially
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+suppose we see this behavior overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we see this behavior overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we see this behavior overall
+what we get is this like several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get is this like several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get is this like several
+inequalities involving delta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities involving delta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities involving delta and
+involving uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving uh
+uts or utaus that people choice uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uts or utaus that people choice uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uts or utaus that people choice uh
+choose in different points in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose in different points in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose in different points in time
+right so once we have these inequalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so once we have these inequalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so once we have these inequalities
+then we can essentially just estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can essentially just estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can essentially just estimate
+what is delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is delta
+um when we just back out what delta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we just back out what delta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we just back out what delta is
+from these choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these choices
+so what do we do well we can just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do well we can just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do well we can just sort
+of essentially do the math it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of essentially do the math it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of essentially do the math it's very
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+and what we'll find is like if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'll find is like if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'll find is like if you see
+for example if you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you see that
+the behavior that we just saw which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior that we just saw which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior that we just saw which was
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+that she does it uh when the free night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she does it uh when the free night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she does it uh when the free night
+comes uh one day from now or two nights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes uh one day from now or two nights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes uh one day from now or two nights
+two days from now uh that gives us two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days from now uh that gives us two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days from now uh that gives us two
+inequalities the first two inequalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities the first two inequalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities the first two inequalities
+that wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wrote down
+and then um which is essentially delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um which is essentially delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um which is essentially delta
+must be larger than three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be larger than three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be larger than three
+three quarters delta must be larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quarters delta must be larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quarters delta must be larger than
+three quarters uh to the power of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quarters uh to the power of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quarters uh to the power of one
+half which is about point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half which is about point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half which is about point
+eight seven and then we have a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight seven and then we have a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight seven and then we have a third
+choice where she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice where she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice where she
+uh doesn't do it if the free knight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doesn't do it if the free knight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doesn't do it if the free knight
+comes three nights from now which gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes three nights from now which gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes three nights from now which gives
+us another inequality which sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us another inequality which sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us another inequality which sort of
+tells us delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us delta
+must be uh lower than 0.91
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be uh lower than 0.91
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be uh lower than 0.91
+so if you sort of saw those choices but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you sort of saw those choices but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you sort of saw those choices but
+if you knew the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you knew the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you knew the utility
+of a person we could then sort of back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a person we could then sort of back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a person we could then sort of back
+out what delta is and delta in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what delta is and delta in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what delta is and delta in this case
+would be between 0.87 and 0.91
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does this make sense or any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this make sense or any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this make sense or any questions
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+so all of us doing here is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of us doing here is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of us doing here is to say
+suppose we didn't know delta but we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we didn't know delta but we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we didn't know delta but we just
+saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the
+amy's choices what can we learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amy's choices what can we learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amy's choices what can we learn about
+her delta if you knew sort of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her delta if you knew sort of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her delta if you knew sort of what the
+utilities are at each point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities are at each point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities are at each point in time
+right and if we do that we essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if we do that we essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if we do that we essentially
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+from this behavior we get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this behavior we get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this behavior we get these
+inequalities and we can then back out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities and we can then back out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities and we can then back out
+what the delta is now in reality we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the delta is now in reality we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the delta is now in reality we
+actually don't know what the u taus are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't know what the u taus are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't know what the u taus are
+we don't we don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't we don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't we don't know what the
+utility is for different options from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is for different options from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is for different options from
+people so if you see people's behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so if you see people's behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so if you see people's behavior
+we can actually estimate delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually estimate delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually estimate delta
+from that so what what what could we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that so what what what could we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that so what what what could we do
+instead or what kind of choices can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead or what kind of choices can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead or what kind of choices can we
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+or can be elicited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and what what additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what what additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what what additional
+assumptions do we need for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions do we need for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions do we need for that
+so that's exactly right that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's exactly right that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's exactly right that's exactly
+what people have done a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have done a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have done a lot
+um so we have the this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have the this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have the this is like the
+sailor again a nobel prize winner who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sailor again a nobel prize winner who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sailor again a nobel prize winner who
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+done exactly that in uh in 1981
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done exactly that in uh in 1981
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done exactly that in uh in 1981
+uh giving people to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh giving people to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh giving people to start with
+hypothetical monetary choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical monetary choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical monetary choices
+just to say suppose um this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say suppose um this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say suppose um this is kind of
+what i was asking you at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i was asking you at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i was asking you at the beginning
+in the first class i was asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first class i was asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first class i was asking you
+uh different numbers but what make what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different numbers but what make what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different numbers but what make what
+x makes you indifferent between 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x makes you indifferent between 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x makes you indifferent between 15
+today and x dollars in you know a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and x dollars in you know a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and x dollars in you know a month
+a year and 10 years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year and 10 years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year and 10 years from now
+uh what do we need to assume for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what do we need to assume for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what do we need to assume for that
+now or like what other assumptions do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now or like what other assumptions do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now or like what other assumptions do we
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+like how do we go from money to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+exactly i need to assume uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly i need to assume uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly i need to assume uh something
+that's quite important here i need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite important here i need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite important here i need to
+assume sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume sort of uh
+utilities linear and money either sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities linear and money either sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities linear and money either sort
+of to say i'm sort of just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of to say i'm sort of just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of to say i'm sort of just looking at
+that specific problem u of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specific problem u of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specific problem u of x
+equals x or slightly more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals x or slightly more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals x or slightly more complicated
+but in principle the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in principle the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in principle the same
+marginal utility is sort of constant um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility is sort of constant um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility is sort of constant um
+over time so in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so in some sense
+that's sort of related for our purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of related for our purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of related for our purposes
+what we're going to assume for now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to assume for now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to assume for now is
+just to say you have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say you have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say you have um
+uh your utilities linear and money u of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your utilities linear and money u of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your utilities linear and money u of
+x equals x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals x
+and then what you can do is if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what you can do is if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what you can do is if you give
+me an amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an amount
+um i give you an amount y y is fifteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i give you an amount y y is fifteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i give you an amount y y is fifteen
+dollars right and then i ask you um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars right and then i ask you um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars right and then i ask you um what
+makes you a difference between x dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you a difference between x dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you a difference between x dollars
+and say a month or year from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say a month or year from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say a month or year from now
+i'm just going to write down an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to write down an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to write down an equation
+which essentially is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially is to say
+u of y which is the utility of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of y which is the utility of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of y which is the utility of getting
+the 15 right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 15 right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 15 right now
+is uh you're indifferent between that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you're indifferent between that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you're indifferent between that
+because you just told me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just told me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just told me so
+and u of x which acts as the amount that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u of x which acts as the amount that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u of x which acts as the amount that
+you just told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just told me
+and now i need to discount that by delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i need to discount that by delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i need to discount that by delta
+to the power of t which is like because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power of t which is like because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power of t which is like because
+it's in the future um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the future um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the future um
+you need to discount that once i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to discount that once i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to discount that once i know
+that i know essentially everything on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i know essentially everything on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i know essentially everything on
+the left-hand side and the right-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left-hand side and the right-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left-hand side and the right-hand
+side of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the equation
+except for the delta i can just back out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the delta i can just back out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the delta i can just back out
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+from that okay so what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that okay so what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that okay so what we're going to do
+is we're going to just use then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to just use then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to just use then the
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+the linearity assumption of the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linearity assumption of the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linearity assumption of the utility
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+linear in money which is like u of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in money which is like u of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in money which is like u of y
+equals y and u of x equals x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals y and u of x equals x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals y and u of x equals x
+we take sort of logs on both sides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take sort of logs on both sides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take sort of logs on both sides and
+rearrange and then get like rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange and then get like rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange and then get like rho
+which is again like the discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is again like the discount rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is again like the discount rate
+equals minus log delta and that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus log delta and that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus log delta and that's like
+log of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of x
+divided by y and divided by uh t which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by y and divided by uh t which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by y and divided by uh t which
+is like the time period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the time period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the time period
+um that i'm asking you about that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that i'm asking you about that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that i'm asking you about that's just
+simple algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple algebra
+i'm sort of rearranging things um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sort of rearranging things um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sort of rearranging things um we
+talked about this a little bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this a little bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this a little bit in
+in recitation and in the problem set as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation and in the problem set as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation and in the problem set as
+well but is it clear what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but is it clear what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but is it clear what we're doing
+here or any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just to summarize what i'm doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to summarize what i'm doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to summarize what i'm doing here
+i'm just saying like i'm asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just saying like i'm asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just saying like i'm asking you
+between different choices over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different choices over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different choices over time
+i'm assuming a utility function of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm assuming a utility function of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm assuming a utility function of money
+so i'm sort of imposing on you in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm sort of imposing on you in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm sort of imposing on you in some
+way that might be good or a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that might be good or a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that might be good or a bad
+assumption but i'm essentially sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption but i'm essentially sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption but i'm essentially sort of
+assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming
+how you value money at different points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you value money at different points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you value money at different points
+in time and without assumption then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and without assumption then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and without assumption then
+i can back out from your choices over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can back out from your choices over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can back out from your choices over
+time how much you're discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time how much you're discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time how much you're discounting
+utility in the future right and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility in the future right and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility in the future right and then the
+rest is just sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is just sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is just sort of like
+um rearranging and and and doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rearranging and and and doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rearranging and and and doing some
+math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now how do you do that um here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now how do you do that um here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now how do you do that um here's
+an example of how to do that then for y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of how to do that then for y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of how to do that then for y
+equals 15 and x equals 20. so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 15 and x equals 20. so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 15 and x equals 20. so if you
+told me that what makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me that what makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me that what makes you
+uh and different between 15 now and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and different between 15 now and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and different between 15 now and x
+dollars in a month if you told me 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in a month if you told me 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in a month if you told me 20
+i could just write down the equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could just write down the equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could just write down the equation and
+i get essentially a delta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get essentially a delta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get essentially a delta of
+zero three the reason being that like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero three the reason being that like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero three the reason being that like if
+you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+indifferent between fifteen dollars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent between fifteen dollars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent between fifteen dollars and
+twenty dollars right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty dollars right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty dollars right now
+uh you essentially um your discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you essentially um your discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you essentially um your discount
+you're discounting essentially anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're discounting essentially anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're discounting essentially anything
+that's in the future by like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the future by like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the future by like three
+quarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters
+like essentially twenty dollars in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like essentially twenty dollars in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like essentially twenty dollars in a
+month from now or like three quarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month from now or like three quarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month from now or like three quarters
+or the money right now is like or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the money right now is like or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the money right now is like or the
+money in the future is three quarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in the future is three quarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in the future is three quarters
+extra month's worth for you than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra month's worth for you than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra month's worth for you than the
+money right now that's a 20 versus 15 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money right now that's a 20 versus 15 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money right now that's a 20 versus 15 in
+a month from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month from now
+and then i have to do this every month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i have to do this every month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i have to do this every month
+so like every month it's like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like every month it's like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like every month it's like three
+quarters for the power of 12 will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters for the power of 12 will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters for the power of 12 will give
+you something like point zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something like point zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something like point zero
+zero uh point zero three uh uh as delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh point zero three uh uh as delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh point zero three uh uh as delta
+so i'm just sort of like calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just sort of like calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just sort of like calculating the
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+a yearly discount factor uh uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yearly discount factor uh uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yearly discount factor uh uh using
+sort of your monthly choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so usually what people do is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so usually what people do is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so usually what people do is like
+yearly discount factors so usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yearly discount factors so usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yearly discount factors so usually the
+delta is yearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta is yearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta is yearly
+that's just a convention you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a convention you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a convention you could also
+do it monthly or daily or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it monthly or daily or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it monthly or daily or whatever
+so what i'm doing is like yearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm doing is like yearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm doing is like yearly
+discount factors partially because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factors partially because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factors partially because i
+want them to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to make
+i want to make them comparable um across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to make them comparable um across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to make them comparable um across
+across choices but you could similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across choices but you could similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across choices but you could similarly
+also just do the monthly one or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just do the monthly one or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just do the monthly one or whatever
+and a lot of economic analyses sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of economic analyses sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of economic analyses sort of
+yearly a sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yearly a sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yearly a sort of like a
+a frequency when it comes to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frequency when it comes to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frequency when it comes to your
+problem set questions you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set questions you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set questions you're going to be
+like daily because you know students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like daily because you know students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like daily because you know students
+tend to think in days not necessarily in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to think in days not necessarily in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to think in days not necessarily in
+in years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right um so i mean in some sense uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so i mean in some sense uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so i mean in some sense uh uh
+this is what we're getting here in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're getting here in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're getting here in some
+ways and saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and saying like
+here i'm asking you about um so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm asking you about um so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm asking you about um so you see
+the choice here when you and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice here when you and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice here when you and these are
+actually real choices that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually real choices that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually real choices that people have
+made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+when i ask you now between x dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i ask you now between x dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i ask you now between x dollars
+right now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and
+sorry between why dollars 15 right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry between why dollars 15 right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry between why dollars 15 right now
+and x dollars and 10 years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x dollars and 10 years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x dollars and 10 years from now
+people tend to give different answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to give different answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to give different answers
+and one constant finding there is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one constant finding there is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one constant finding there is that
+people tend to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to be more
+patient when it comes to longer run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient when it comes to longer run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient when it comes to longer run
+choices compared to like shorter run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices compared to like shorter run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices compared to like shorter run
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+right i'm calculating the same discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm calculating the same discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm calculating the same discount
+factor and what i just told you earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and what i just told you earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and what i just told you earlier
+is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like
+in the exponential discounting model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exponential discounting model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exponential discounting model the
+discount factor delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factor delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factor delta
+should be constant over time to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be constant over time to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be constant over time to be the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+whether you decide between today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you decide between today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you decide between today and
+tomorrow between like a year now and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow between like a year now and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow between like a year now and a
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+year from now and a year and a day from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year from now and a year and a day from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year from now and a year and a day from
+now or between any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now or between any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now or between any time
+in the future but what we find or tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future but what we find or tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future but what we find or tend
+to find in these kinds of choices is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find in these kinds of choices is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find in these kinds of choices is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+people's discount factor is a lot higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's discount factor is a lot higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's discount factor is a lot higher
+in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future
+compared to in the present i'll get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to in the present i'll get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to in the present i'll get back
+to that so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that so actually
+your question is exactly on point um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question is exactly on point um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question is exactly on point um
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+eliciting choices between different days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliciting choices between different days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliciting choices between different days
+versus month versus years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus month versus years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus month versus years
+you get a lot different answers compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a lot different answers compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a lot different answers compared
+to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+depending on what you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we can sort of say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we can sort of say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we can sort of say this is
+exactly what you're asking well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you're asking well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you're asking well let's
+just see like when you do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see like when you do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see like when you do this in
+different settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different settings
+what kinds of answers do you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of answers do you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of answers do you actually
+get and what you see here is here's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and what you see here is here's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and what you see here is here's sort
+of like people's choices of delta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like people's choices of delta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like people's choices of delta and
+different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of
+experiments people have done this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments people have done this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments people have done this is
+different years of publication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different years of publication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different years of publication
+but overall what you see is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but overall what you see is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but overall what you see is essentially
+these estimates are all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these estimates are all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these estimates are all over the place
+so you sort of think you know we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you sort of think you know we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you sort of think you know we know
+what delta is we think it's like 0.9 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what delta is we think it's like 0.9 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what delta is we think it's like 0.9 or
+0.8 or 0.95 or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.8 or 0.95 or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.8 or 0.95 or whatever
+but in fact when you look at people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact when you look at people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact when you look at people's
+choices um and different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices um and different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices um and different types of
+experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+these choices tend to be all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these choices tend to be all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these choices tend to be all over the
+place so that's not a good sign for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so that's not a good sign for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so that's not a good sign for a
+model because you're trying to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model because you're trying to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model because you're trying to sort of
+identify a parameter that essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a parameter that essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a parameter that essentially is
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+um that fits many settings well here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that fits many settings well here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that fits many settings well here it
+seems to be that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be that um
+you know these choices are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these choices are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these choices are essentially
+all over the place which sort of tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place which sort of tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place which sort of tells
+you already maybe something is wrong in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already maybe something is wrong in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already maybe something is wrong in
+this model that we should try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model that we should try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model that we should try to
+um fix now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one thing i already said here is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing i already said here is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing i already said here is to say
+when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at
+short run versus long run choices we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run versus long run choices we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run versus long run choices we
+tend to find that people are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to find that people are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to find that people are really
+impatient in the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impatient in the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impatient in the short run
+however people are patient in the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however people are patient in the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however people are patient in the long
+run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+there's lots to learn from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots to learn from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots to learn from this
+experiment in various ways in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in various ways in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in various ways in part
+um about sort of strategies to overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about sort of strategies to overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about sort of strategies to overcome
+self-control problems for example a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems for example a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems for example a lot
+of kids were trying to manage their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kids were trying to manage their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kids were trying to manage their
+attention not looking at it looking away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention not looking at it looking away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention not looking at it looking away
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+but mostly i think the key part you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mostly i think the key part you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mostly i think the key part you sort
+of learn is like how painful it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learn is like how painful it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learn is like how painful it can be
+to resist in the short run there's lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to resist in the short run there's lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to resist in the short run there's lots
+of essentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of essentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of essentially um
+short run discounting or essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run discounting or essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run discounting or essentially
+short-run inpatient that we see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run inpatient that we see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run inpatient that we see in the
+world and if you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and if you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and if you think about it
+often it's very hard in the short run to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it's very hard in the short run to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it's very hard in the short run to
+resist often when you think about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist often when you think about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist often when you think about in the
+future it's much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future it's much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future it's much easier
+to do so when you think about choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so when you think about choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so when you think about choices
+that you might face in your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might face in your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might face in your life
+you know be it marshmallows or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know be it marshmallows or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know be it marshmallows or something
+else would you rather have like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else would you rather have like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else would you rather have like one
+marshmallow right now versus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marshmallow right now versus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marshmallow right now versus two
+marshmallows in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marshmallows in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marshmallows in an
+hour you might say well maybe my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour you might say well maybe my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour you might say well maybe my
+marshmallow looks actually pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marshmallow looks actually pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marshmallow looks actually pretty good
+let's just take the marsh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just take the marsh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just take the marsh one
+marshmallow right now and a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marshmallow right now and a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marshmallow right now and a lot of these
+kids i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids i guess
+opted for doing so when i ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opted for doing so when i ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opted for doing so when i ask you
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+would you like to have a marshmallow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to have a marshmallow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to have a marshmallow in
+a week from now versus two marshmallows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week from now versus two marshmallows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week from now versus two marshmallows
+in a week from now in an hour a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a week from now in an hour a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a week from now in an hour a dollar
+this comes like ridiculous of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes like ridiculous of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes like ridiculous of course
+you're gonna take two marshmallows in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna take two marshmallows in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna take two marshmallows in
+like um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um uh
+a week and an hour from now what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week and an hour from now what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week and an hour from now what does it
+matter like in terms of wendy exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter like in terms of wendy exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter like in terms of wendy exactly
+you got the marshmallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the marshmallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the marshmallow
+i'm gonna ask you the same questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna ask you the same questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna ask you the same questions
+about uh one marshmallow in a year from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh one marshmallow in a year from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh one marshmallow in a year from
+now versus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now versus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now versus one
+two marshmallows in a year and an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two marshmallows in a year and an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two marshmallows in a year and an hour
+from now it becomes very obvious that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now it becomes very obvious that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now it becomes very obvious that
+like of course i want the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like of course i want the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like of course i want the two
+marshmallows unless you think in a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marshmallows unless you think in a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marshmallows unless you think in a year
+from now uh you might be on a diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now uh you might be on a diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now uh you might be on a diet
+so um but you know the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um but you know the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um but you know the exponential
+discounting model has precisely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting model has precisely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting model has precisely that
+assumption the assumption is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption the assumption is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption the assumption is that
+how much you discount an hour in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you discount an hour in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you discount an hour in this
+case does not vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case does not vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case does not vary
+uh depending on whether it's right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depending on whether it's right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depending on whether it's right now
+whether it's in the week from now versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's in the week from now versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's in the week from now versus
+whether it's in a year from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's in a year from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's in a year from now
+and sort of uh the short run discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of uh the short run discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of uh the short run discounting
+sort of essentially tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of essentially tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of essentially tends to
+violate that assumption in part because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate that assumption in part because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate that assumption in part because
+it leads to pretty absurd implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads to pretty absurd implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads to pretty absurd implications
+as i'm going to show you um in a bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i'm going to show you um in a bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i'm going to show you um in a bit so
+what other evidence in the world do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other evidence in the world do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other evidence in the world do we
+have about short run in patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about short run in patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about short run in patients
+than the marshmallows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right there's lots of i think among you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's lots of i think among you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's lots of i think among you
+guys not that many um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys not that many um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys not that many um
+um people smoke but lots of smokers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people smoke but lots of smokers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people smoke but lots of smokers
+would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say
+oh i'd love to stop smoking and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i'd love to stop smoking and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i'd love to stop smoking and in the
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+like really want to quit um but then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really want to quit um but then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really want to quit um but then um
+you know they find it very hard to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they find it very hard to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they find it very hard to do
+right now and maybe next time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and maybe next time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and maybe next time in the
+future i will quit and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future i will quit and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future i will quit and so on and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+lots of people try and then fail and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people try and then fail and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people try and then fail and so
+on and exactly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and exactly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and exactly um
+uh and part it's sort of like the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and part it's sort of like the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and part it's sort of like the short
+run impatience or short run difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run impatience or short run difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run impatience or short run difficulty
+to to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do that
+uh compared maybe the long run desires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh compared maybe the long run desires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh compared maybe the long run desires
+if wanted to do so we'll get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if wanted to do so we'll get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if wanted to do so we'll get back to
+smoking actually at some point um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking actually at some point um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking actually at some point um
+in the future but that's exactly a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future but that's exactly a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future but that's exactly a great
+example of that that's also true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that that's also true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that that's also true for
+other drugs other addictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other drugs other addictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other drugs other addictions
+and so on actually some of the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on actually some of the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on actually some of the social
+media or computers or phones or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media or computers or phones or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media or computers or phones or whatever
+you can also think of like that being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also think of like that being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also think of like that being
+sort of addictive in a sense in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of addictive in a sense in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of addictive in a sense in the
+short run it's very hard to get away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run it's very hard to get away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run it's very hard to get away
+from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+but in the very long run it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the very long run it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the very long run it would be
+nice thing to do often than there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing to do often than there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing to do often than there's like
+short-run impatience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run impatience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run impatience
+um involved yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um involved yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um involved yeah
+yeah so like a break now always seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so like a break now always seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so like a break now always seems
+like a great idea and then you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a great idea and then you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a great idea and then you know in
+the future you're gonna work really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future you're gonna work really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future you're gonna work really hard
+and so on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on um
+and then you know the future comes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know the future comes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know the future comes and
+then again like taking a break right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again like taking a break right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again like taking a break right now
+uh uh seems really um appealing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's interesting can you say more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people trying to get to um as fast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trying to get to um as fast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trying to get to um as fast as
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so of course there's also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so of course there's also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so of course there's also like
+other factors involved including like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors involved including like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors involved including like
+risk and the like you know you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and the like you know you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and the like you know you might
+sort of think you know you underestimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think you know you underestimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think you know you underestimate
+how risky it is and like you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how risky it is and like you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how risky it is and like you might think
+oh i might be overconfident that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i might be overconfident that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i might be overconfident that you
+know you're never going to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're never going to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're never going to have an
+accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident
+but exactly as you say in the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but exactly as you say in the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but exactly as you say in the short run
+essentially there's some short-run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially there's some short-run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially there's some short-run
+benefits which is like you know you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits which is like you know you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits which is like you know you'd be
+there faster it's kind of annoying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there faster it's kind of annoying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there faster it's kind of annoying to
+drive and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive and so on and so forth
+um uh the costs are in the future and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the costs are in the future and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the costs are in the future and
+some sins are uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sins are uncertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sins are uncertain
+you know they might crash and so on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they might crash and so on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they might crash and so on um
+and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of
+uh you might be impatient in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might be impatient in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might be impatient in the very
+short run that's right but i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run that's right but i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run that's right but i think
+that's a little tricky as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little tricky as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little tricky as an example
+because there's all these other factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's all these other factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's all these other factors
+i do think however that uh short-run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do think however that uh short-run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do think however that uh short-run
+impatience is involved in that as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impatience is involved in that as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impatience is involved in that as well
+yes yeah i think credit cards are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah i think credit cards are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah i think credit cards are also
+good examples like you can buy this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good examples like you can buy this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good examples like you can buy this now
+with a credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a credit card
+instead of saving to buy the team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saving to buy the team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saving to buy the team
+yes so a lot of essentially choices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so a lot of essentially choices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so a lot of essentially choices of
+money over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money over time
+you can sort of see the choices that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of see the choices that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of see the choices that i
+was asking you guys in class that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was asking you guys in class that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was asking you guys in class that
+essentially show some short run in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially show some short run in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially show some short run in
+patients um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients um
+as well um there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well um there's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well um there's uh
+perhaps even more salient sort of payday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps even more salient sort of payday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps even more salient sort of payday
+loans that you might be familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans that you might be familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans that you might be familiar with
+so payday loans are essentially a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so payday loans are essentially a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so payday loans are essentially a very
+interesting phenomenon where essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting phenomenon where essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting phenomenon where essentially
+there are workers who get their paycheck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are workers who get their paycheck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are workers who get their paycheck
+by the end of the month or the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end of the month or the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end of the month or the beginning
+of the month but then on the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the month but then on the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the month but then on the 20th
+20th of the month or sometime earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th of the month or sometime earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th of the month or sometime earlier
+they would like to have some money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would like to have some money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would like to have some money
+earlier than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier than that
+so you can essentially just say give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can essentially just say give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can essentially just say give me
+some money at a very high interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money at a very high interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money at a very high interest rate
+once my payday come i'm gonna pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once my payday come i'm gonna pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once my payday come i'm gonna pay you
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+uh the interest rates are usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the interest rates are usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the interest rates are usually
+enormous usually it's something like up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous usually it's something like up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous usually it's something like up
+to like 5 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like 5 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like 5 000
+annualized compound interest which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annualized compound interest which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annualized compound interest which is
+like insane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like insane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like insane
+these are like huge interest rates it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are like huge interest rates it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are like huge interest rates it's
+also now like enormous industry in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also now like enormous industry in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also now like enormous industry in the
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+it's like more stores than mcdonald's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like more stores than mcdonald's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like more stores than mcdonald's
+and starbucks combines which i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starbucks combines which i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starbucks combines which i'm not
+sure how many stores there are but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure how many stores there are but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure how many stores there are but i
+think there's lots of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's lots of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's lots of them
+um and you know people pay huge interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know people pay huge interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know people pay huge interest
+rates um and it's a huge industry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates um and it's a huge industry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates um and it's a huge industry of
+doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that
+what's kind of funny about payday loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's kind of funny about payday loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's kind of funny about payday loans
+in some ways is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways is actually
+in some ways it's an odd thing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways it's an odd thing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways it's an odd thing of the
+world but that's sort of an aside as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but that's sort of an aside as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but that's sort of an aside as in
+like workers have worked already for 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like workers have worked already for 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like workers have worked already for 20
+days in some sense the employer owes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days in some sense the employer owes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days in some sense the employer owes
+them money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them money
+but instead you know they're essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead you know they're essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead you know they're essentially
+taking loans um from a salary that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking loans um from a salary that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking loans um from a salary that's
+actually in some sense theirs already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in some sense theirs already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in some sense theirs already
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+in various ways but that's just an aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various ways but that's just an aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various ways but that's just an aside
+so that's a huge interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a huge interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a huge interest
+industry you were saying something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry you were saying something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry you were saying something
+similar which is credit card debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar which is credit card debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar which is credit card debt
+usually they're the annual interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually they're the annual interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually they're the annual interest rate
+is sort of like lower than that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of like lower than that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of like lower than that it's
+something like 20 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 20 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 20 20
+in many cases you know sometimes also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases you know sometimes also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases you know sometimes also
+higher uh there's lots of credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher uh there's lots of credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher uh there's lots of credit card
+debt in the us and you can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt in the us and you can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt in the us and you can think of this
+as like essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like essentially
+signs of short run and patient what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs of short run and patient what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs of short run and patient what you
+see is that patients what you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that patients what you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that patients what you see is
+like um people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um people
+wanting to spend spend many money now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to spend spend many money now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to spend spend many money now on
+various things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things
+and they get the gains of doing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get the gains of doing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get the gains of doing that the
+cost of that comes sometime in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of that comes sometime in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of that comes sometime in the
+future when you actually have to pay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future when you actually have to pay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future when you actually have to pay it
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+right um finally there's also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um finally there's also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um finally there's also some
+evidence of like payday effects these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of like payday effects these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of like payday effects these
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+often um involved in things like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often um involved in things like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often um involved in things like um
+people for example who get food stamps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for example who get food stamps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for example who get food stamps
+or any other sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any other sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any other sort of like
+monthly or or other sort of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly or or other sort of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly or or other sort of cash
+transfers where people get either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers where people get either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers where people get either
+food stamps or money at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food stamps or money at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food stamps or money at some point
+conditional unconditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional unconditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional unconditional
+cash transfers at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash transfers at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash transfers at the beginning of the
+month and then usually there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and then usually there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and then usually there are these
+cycles and consumption or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles and consumption or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles and consumption or
+expenditures where at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures where at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures where at the beginning of
+the month people live large and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the month people live large and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the month people live large and have
+lots of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of money
+same is also true for graduate students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same is also true for graduate students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same is also true for graduate students
+on their stipends uh the first weeks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their stipends uh the first weeks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their stipends uh the first weeks or
+months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months
+after uh getting your paychecks often is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh getting your paychecks often is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh getting your paychecks often is
+really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great
+and then it sort of declines over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it sort of declines over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it sort of declines over the
+course of of that cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of of that cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of of that cycle
+the same is also true by the way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same is also true by the way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same is also true by the way for
+farmers and harvest cycles in india and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers and harvest cycles in india and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers and harvest cycles in india and
+other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places
+and then usually towards the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then usually towards the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then usually towards the end of the
+cycle people either like hungry have low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle people either like hungry have low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle people either like hungry have low
+caloric intake or just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caloric intake or just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caloric intake or just not
+um very happy that's a very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very happy that's a very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very happy that's a very common
+phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon
+and sort of at the heart of that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of at the heart of that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of at the heart of that there
+is some short run in patience in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some short run in patience in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some short run in patience in the
+sense like at the beginning of the month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense like at the beginning of the month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense like at the beginning of the month
+you're really impatient want to consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really impatient want to consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really impatient want to consume
+some stuff and sort of discount what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff and sort of discount what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff and sort of discount what's
+in the end of the cycle what's further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end of the cycle what's further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end of the cycle what's further
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+where the costs are coming then uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the costs are coming then uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the costs are coming then uh in
+terms of like not having enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like not having enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like not having enough
+resources or money um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources or money um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources or money um
+available anymore uh here's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available anymore uh here's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available anymore uh here's sort of
+some examples of payday loans uh i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of payday loans uh i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of payday loans uh i was
+wondering what this woman uh i was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering what this woman uh i was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering what this woman uh i was uh
+this is from wongam.com apparently there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from wongam.com apparently there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from wongam.com apparently there
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+advertising with like grandmothers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising with like grandmothers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising with like grandmothers and
+because you wonder what this woman is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you wonder what this woman is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you wonder what this woman is
+doing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing there
+but what you see here on the very right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you see here on the very right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you see here on the very right
+hand side is like essentially uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is like essentially uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is like essentially uh the
+interest rates are something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates are something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates are something in the
+thousand percent these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand percent these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand percent these are the
+annualized interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annualized interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annualized interest rates
+these are enormous interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are enormous interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are enormous interest rates
+usually people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually people
+take many loans of that they also take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take many loans of that they also take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take many loans of that they also take
+repeated loans so it's not just there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated loans so it's not just there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated loans so it's not just there's
+an emergency where people take a loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emergency where people take a loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emergency where people take a loan
+but people tend to like roll over these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people tend to like roll over these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people tend to like roll over these
+loans over and over again and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans over and over again and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans over and over again and actually
+pay lots and lots of money um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay lots and lots of money um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay lots and lots of money um
+uh to these companies there's often very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to these companies there's often very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to these companies there's often very
+high credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high credit card
+aprs which you know 20 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aprs which you know 20 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aprs which you know 20 25
+and so on are very common again lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on are very common again lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on are very common again lots of
+people have lots of credit card debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have lots of credit card debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have lots of credit card debt
+and often it's again not just sort of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often it's again not just sort of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often it's again not just sort of to
+deal with trucks you might say well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with trucks you might say well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with trucks you might say well if
+you have a health shock or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a health shock or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a health shock or some other
+shock in the family if people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock in the family if people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock in the family if people get
+perhaps unemployed for a short period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps unemployed for a short period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps unemployed for a short period of
+time maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe that's
+that sort of makes sense to sort of deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of makes sense to sort of deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of makes sense to sort of deal
+with that shock but often people tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that shock but often people tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that shock but often people tend to
+roll over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll over
+um uh this interest like for many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh this interest like for many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh this interest like for many many
+cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles
+and keep paying these really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep paying these really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep paying these really high
+interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates
+now in some sense that's just empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in some sense that's just empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in some sense that's just empirical
+evidence that's just a fact that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that's just a fact that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that's just a fact that these
+things exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things exist
+however um when you sort of think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however um when you sort of think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however um when you sort of think that
+through you get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you get very
+um absurd implications of this short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um absurd implications of this short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um absurd implications of this short run
+in patients so what i showed you now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in patients so what i showed you now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in patients so what i showed you now is
+like several pieces of evidence of short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like several pieces of evidence of short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like several pieces of evidence of short
+run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+and patience now sort of taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and patience now sort of taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and patience now sort of taking the
+exponential discounting model very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential discounting model very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential discounting model very
+seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously
+we're going to think about some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to think about some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to think about some of these
+implications of what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of what does the
+exponential discounting model sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential discounting model sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential discounting model sort of
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+implies from that and sort of one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies from that and sort of one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies from that and sort of one way to
+think about this is the money now versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this is the money now versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this is the money now versus
+later choices as i told you before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later choices as i told you before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later choices as i told you before
+um uh when you look at number one here i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh when you look at number one here i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh when you look at number one here i
+was asking you about what makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was asking you about what makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was asking you about what makes you
+indifferent between hundred dollars now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent between hundred dollars now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent between hundred dollars now
+and x dollars in two weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x dollars in two weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x dollars in two weeks
+and the median student was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the median student was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the median student was saying
+something like 120 115
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 120 115
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 120 115
+um dollars and you can think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dollars and you can think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dollars and you can think about like
+what does that imply for the yearly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that imply for the yearly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that imply for the yearly um
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+well it implies for the yearly delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it implies for the yearly delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it implies for the yearly delta
+that it's about five over six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's about five over six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's about five over six
+right so you're like you're indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're like you're indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're like you're indifferent
+between hundred dollars now versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between hundred dollars now versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between hundred dollars now versus
+hundred twenty dollars in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred twenty dollars in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred twenty dollars in the future
+so that must mean like uh the future is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that must mean like uh the future is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that must mean like uh the future is
+like five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five six
+as much worth as the present is for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much worth as the present is for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much worth as the present is for you
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+right now that's fine but that's sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now that's fine but that's sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now that's fine but that's sorry
+so excuse me that was like the uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so excuse me that was like the uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so excuse me that was like the uh two
+weeks so that i was i was asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks so that i was i was asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks so that i was i was asking you
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+a hundred dollars now versus x dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred dollars now versus x dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred dollars now versus x dollars
+in two weeks from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two weeks from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two weeks from now
+so the two-week delta is five over six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two-week delta is five over six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two-week delta is five over six
+now you can think about what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can think about what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can think about what does that
+mean for like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean for like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean for like your
+um uh uh four-week delta well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh four-week delta well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh four-week delta well it's
+five-sixths to the power of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-sixths to the power of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-sixths to the power of two
+what does that mean between for your um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean between for your um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean between for your um
+uh so that's essentially you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's essentially you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's essentially you're
+indifferent between hundred dollars now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent between hundred dollars now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent between hundred dollars now
+and 144 dollars and four weeks from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 144 dollars and four weeks from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 144 dollars and four weeks from now
+you're also in different between 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also in different between 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also in different between 100
+now and 11 400 in a year from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and 11 400 in a year from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and 11 400 in a year from now
+and you're also in different between 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're also in different between 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're also in different between 100
+now and i don't even know what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and i don't even know what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and i don't even know what that
+number is but a very very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is but a very very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is but a very very large
+number so if you so think the discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so if you so think the discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so if you so think the discount
+factor is delta and you sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is delta and you sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is delta and you sort of just
+roll that forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll that forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll that forward
+um you get essentially absurd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you get essentially absurd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you get essentially absurd
+implications the reason being that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications the reason being that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications the reason being that we
+assume sort of that the discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume sort of that the discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume sort of that the discount
+factor is constant and sort of then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is constant and sort of then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is constant and sort of then
+essentially if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you are
+reasonably impatient between the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably impatient between the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably impatient between the present
+and sort of anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of anytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of anytime
+in the near future like two or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the near future like two or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the near future like two or four
+weeks from now that must imply that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks from now that must imply that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks from now that must imply that you
+really really don't care about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really don't care about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really don't care about what's
+happening and five years from now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and five years from now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and five years from now um
+and so on now that's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on now that's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on now that's completely
+unrealistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic
+the discount factor for two weeks delays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount factor for two weeks delays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount factor for two weeks delays
+in the future must be in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future must be in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future must be in some ways
+higher than the discount factor for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the discount factor for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the discount factor for two
+weeks delays in the present and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks delays in the present and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks delays in the present and that's
+essentially what the quasi-hyperbolic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what the quasi-hyperbolic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what the quasi-hyperbolic or
+the model i'm going to propose to you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model i'm going to propose to you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model i'm going to propose to you in
+the next class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next class
+is going to try and explain so why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to try and explain so why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to try and explain so why is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+unrealistic well we know from many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic well we know from many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic well we know from many
+situations in the world people care a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations in the world people care a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations in the world people care a
+lot about the future right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about the future right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about the future right
+people say for retirement people invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say for retirement people invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say for retirement people invest
+in education people exercise often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in education people exercise often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in education people exercise often
+people do problem sets people brush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do problem sets people brush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do problem sets people brush
+their teeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their teeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their teeth
+people eat healthy and so on people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people eat healthy and so on people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people eat healthy and so on people
+invest a lot in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest a lot in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest a lot in the future
+and and stuff that happens you know four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and stuff that happens you know four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and stuff that happens you know four
+five six seven ten years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six seven ten years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six seven ten years from now
+so they care a lot about the future in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they care a lot about the future in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they care a lot about the future in
+some ways yet we sort of find the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways yet we sort of find the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways yet we sort of find the short
+run in patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in patients
+so now we need to find sort of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we need to find sort of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we need to find sort of some
+model that sort of can bridge um uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that sort of can bridge um uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that sort of can bridge um uh uh
+this gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gap
+and so um another way to put this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um another way to put this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um another way to put this is
+like when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you look at
+um the evidence that we have in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the evidence that we have in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the evidence that we have in terms of
+like uh by time horizon when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh by time horizon when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh by time horizon when you look at
+discount factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factors
+conducted in studies such as the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted in studies such as the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted in studies such as the one
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+i just showed you or like using real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just showed you or like using real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just showed you or like using real
+world decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world decisions
+what you see usually is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see usually is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see usually is that the
+discount factor in the very short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factor in the very short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factor in the very short run
+tends to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be very
+small this is like what you see on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small this is like what you see on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small this is like what you see on the
+left hand side of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side of the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side of the graph
+when you look at further in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at further in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at further in the future
+the discount factor tends to be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount factor tends to be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount factor tends to be higher
+or another way to put this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another way to put this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another way to put this is the
+estimated delta increases by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated delta increases by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated delta increases by
+time horizon again that's a violation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time horizon again that's a violation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time horizon again that's a violation of
+the exponential discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential discounting
+model okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay
+so that's sort of the first piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of the first piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of the first piece of
+evidence the second one is preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence the second one is preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence the second one is preference
+reversal dynamic inconsistency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal dynamic inconsistency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal dynamic inconsistency
+what i mean by that is dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by that is dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by that is dynamic
+consistency essentially the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency essentially the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency essentially the property
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+when you make a choice for the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make a choice for the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make a choice for the future
+between two future periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two future periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two future periods
+and when the future then comes absent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the future then comes absent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the future then comes absent
+new information or any sort of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new information or any sort of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new information or any sort of other
+things that have happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have happened
+you will stick to that choice like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will stick to that choice like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will stick to that choice like a
+formal decision a definition here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal decision a definition here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal decision a definition here is
+like the action a person thinks she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the action a person thinks she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the action a person thinks she
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+take in the future always coincides with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in the future always coincides with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in the future always coincides with
+the action that she actually prefers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action that she actually prefers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action that she actually prefers to
+take once the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take once the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take once the time
+comes okay so make if i make a plan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes okay so make if i make a plan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes okay so make if i make a plan to
+exercise tomorrow or if i make a plan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise tomorrow or if i make a plan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise tomorrow or if i make a plan to
+eat salad tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat salad tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat salad tomorrow
+i'm gonna actually do that i'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna actually do that i'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna actually do that i'm not gonna
+be like actually like watching movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like actually like watching movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like actually like watching movies
+seems like a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a good idea
+or the potato chips instead look better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the potato chips instead look better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the potato chips instead look better
+like i have perfect four sides and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i have perfect four sides and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i have perfect four sides and what
+i'm going to plan for the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to plan for the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to plan for the future
+i know my future preferences and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know my future preferences and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know my future preferences and my
+future preferences for what i want for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future preferences for what i want for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future preferences for what i want for
+the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+coincide with what i what i actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincide with what i what i actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincide with what i what i actually
+want in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in the future
+um as well and so put differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as well and so put differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as well and so put differently
+there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+intrapersonal conflicts that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrapersonal conflicts that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrapersonal conflicts that is to say
+what i want for the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want for the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want for the future
+is also what the future wants my future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also what the future wants my future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also what the future wants my future
+self wants for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self wants for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self wants for
+um itself and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um itself and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um itself and so um
+that's sort of close closely connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of close closely connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of close closely connected
+to the assumption of exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the assumption of exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the assumption of exponential
+discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting
+that is to say exponential discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say exponential discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say exponential discounting
+has the assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the assumption that
+how much i care between the present and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much i care between the present and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much i care between the present and
+the future is always like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future is always like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future is always like
+the weight is always determined by delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight is always determined by delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight is always determined by delta
+and that delta doesn't change over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that delta doesn't change over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that delta doesn't change over time
+so when i think about now about what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i think about now about what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i think about now about what i
+want in the future between a year from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in the future between a year from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in the future between a year from
+now and two years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and two years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and two years from now
+the difference between those or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between those or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between those or the
+discounting will always be delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting will always be delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting will always be delta
+once the future comes the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the future comes the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the future comes the difference
+between a year from then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a year from then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a year from then
+and two years or at the time then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two years or at the time then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two years or at the time then it
+will be like the present and the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be like the present and the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be like the present and the year
+from now will also be delta so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now will also be delta so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now will also be delta so there's
+no difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no difference
+um there so what's sort of the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there so what's sort of the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there so what's sort of the formal
+argument of the exponential discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of the exponential discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of the exponential discounting
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+well it is essentially if at time zero i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it is essentially if at time zero i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it is essentially if at time zero i
+prefer an action a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer an action a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer an action a
+over an action b suppose there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over an action b suppose there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over an action b suppose there's
+different actions there's action a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different actions there's action a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different actions there's action a and
+action b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action b
+that i can do starting in period one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can do starting in period one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can do starting in period one
+well if i prefer action a over action b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if i prefer action a over action b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if i prefer action a over action b
+on the left hand side there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side there's sort of
+the utilities associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilities associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilities associated with that
+there's u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's u
+zero plus delta times ua u1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero plus delta times ua u1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero plus delta times ua u1
+a of action a plus delta squared of u2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of action a plus delta squared of u2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of action a plus delta squared of u2
+of action a and so on if i prefer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of action a and so on if i prefer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of action a and so on if i prefer that
+over action b well it must be that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over action b well it must be that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over action b well it must be that i
+prefer the stream of utility on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer the stream of utility on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer the stream of utility on the left
+hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side
+to the stream of utility on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the stream of utility on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the stream of utility on the
+right-hand side right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side right
+but now that implies if i sort of take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now that implies if i sort of take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now that implies if i sort of take
+away the u0 because they're the same on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the u0 because they're the same on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the u0 because they're the same on
+both sides because you know i'm making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides because you know i'm making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides because you know i'm making
+choices for the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for the future
+but now and then divide by a delta what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now and then divide by a delta what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now and then divide by a delta what
+i get is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get is essentially
+again an inequality that at time a at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again an inequality that at time a at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again an inequality that at time a at
+time 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 1
+again i still prefer course a or option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i still prefer course a or option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i still prefer course a or option
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+over option b that is to say if i prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over option b that is to say if i prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over option b that is to say if i prefer
+option a over option b at time 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option a over option b at time 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option a over option b at time 0
+that implies essentially that i also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies essentially that i also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies essentially that i also
+prefer option a over option b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer option a over option b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer option a over option b
+at time 1. so that essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time 1. so that essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time 1. so that essentially is
+another way to say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to say is that
+the exponential discounting factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential discounting factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential discounting factor
+implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+time and consistency any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and consistency any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and consistency any questions about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what examples do we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what examples do we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what examples do we have that
+violates this property we already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates this property we already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates this property we already talked
+about this a bit in the previous classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this a bit in the previous classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this a bit in the previous classes
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+just to remind ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes the betting on how much weight you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the betting on how much weight you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the betting on how much weight you
+lose with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose with
+your diet like you think in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your diet like you think in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your diet like you think in the future
+that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll
+want to change your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change your uh
+exactly so dieting in general seems a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so dieting in general seems a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so dieting in general seems a
+great example of him saying like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great example of him saying like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great example of him saying like i
+really would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really would like to
+lose some weight or have some target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose some weight or have some target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose some weight or have some target
+weight or some target exercising or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight or some target exercising or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight or some target exercising or
+certain behavior of eating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain behavior of eating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain behavior of eating and
+exercising or combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercising or combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercising or combined
+and i really would like to do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i really would like to do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i really would like to do that for
+now i mean i think about the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i mean i think about the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i mean i think about the future
+often at new year's or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often at new year's or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often at new year's or
+certain points of the year birthdays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain points of the year birthdays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain points of the year birthdays and
+so on people think okay i'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on people think okay i'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on people think okay i'm going to do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+i have great plans and so on they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have great plans and so on they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have great plans and so on they have
+certain preferences for the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain preferences for the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain preferences for the future
+but then the future comes a week or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the future comes a week or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the future comes a week or
+months from then you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months from then you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months from then you know people
+don't follow through exactly that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't follow through exactly that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't follow through exactly that's
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+a clear example of a preference reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clear example of a preference reversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clear example of a preference reversal
+which is essentially another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially another way of
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+preferences are dynamically inconsistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any other example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so that's true for do you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so that's true for do you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so that's true for do you say
+exercising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercising
+yeah for exercising exactly sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for exercising exactly sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for exercising exactly sort of
+often uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh
+i'll show you some examples of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you some examples of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you some examples of people
+for example signing up for gyms they pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example signing up for gyms they pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example signing up for gyms they pay
+like yearly membership fees and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yearly membership fees and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yearly membership fees and so on
+that tends to be very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tends to be very expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tends to be very expensive
+uh the idea often is then they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the idea often is then they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the idea often is then they think
+about like uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like uh uh
+they will go to the gym you know weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will go to the gym you know weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will go to the gym you know weekly
+or daily or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or daily or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or daily or whatever
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then under that assumption for
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then under that assumption for
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+your preferences for the future
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+your preferences for the future
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+ align:start position:0%
+that it makes a lot of sense but then
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+yeah to be clear like um if you
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+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to be clear like um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to be clear like um if you
+just start eating apples because you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just start eating apples because you had
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+it's not about um people's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not about um people's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't uh some new options or so on that
+become available
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+ align:start position:0%
+become available
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning there was none of that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's um that's not quite what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's um that's not quite what we're
+talking about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sort of
+more common isn't there's a paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common isn't there's a paper on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does this in fact with dutch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does this in fact with dutch
+employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees
+uh by reid and van noyvan that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by reid and van noyvan that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+essentially asked people about next week
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+first so it asked them about this is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+after lunch would you like to have a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+after lunch would you like to have a
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+for next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for next week
+74 chose like food or apples essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+74 chose like food or apples essentially
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+74 chose like food or apples essentially
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+ align:start position:0%
+so lots of people tend to like want to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lots of people tend to like want to
+be virtuous in the future eat healthily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be virtuous in the future eat healthily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be virtuous in the future eat healthily
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
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+ align:start position:0%
+when you ask them then the same question
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you ask them then the same question
+so then they in the actual experiment
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+ align:start position:0%
+so then they in the actual experiment
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then they in the actual experiment
+what they did is then they um they went
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+what they did is then they um they went
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the workers and said oh i forgot
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us know that was a little bit
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us know that was a little bit
+cheating um but then essentially 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating um but then essentially 70
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating um but then essentially 70
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+uh the same day um choose um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the same day um choose um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the same day um choose um uh
+chocolate
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+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+habit formation there's no sort of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+people ate too many apples and now they
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+really want chocolate that was only like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want chocolate that was only like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+and so now when i make some choices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now when i make some choices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now when i make some choices for
+the future and the future comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and the future comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and the future comes
+you i should stick to that choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you i should stick to that choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you i should stick to that choice
+similarly there's sort of movie choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly there's sort of movie choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly there's sort of movie choices
+it used to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be um
+uh you guys are i'm probably too young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you guys are i'm probably too young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you guys are i'm probably too young
+for this uh and netflix netflix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this uh and netflix netflix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this uh and netflix netflix
+used to send you a movies um to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to send you a movies um to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to send you a movies um to your
+home and what often lots of people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and what often lots of people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and what often lots of people had
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this issue they had great plans of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this issue they had great plans of
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+ align:start position:0%
+watching highbrow or like sort of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching highbrow or like sort of high
+culture or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture or
+and sort of often you know um a sad or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of often you know um a sad or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of often you know um a sad or
+deep movies in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep movies in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep movies in the future
+uh there's really things they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's really things they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's really things they wanted to
+watch be like the piano schindler's list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch be like the piano schindler's list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch be like the piano schindler's list
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+which sort of um by some category we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of um by some category we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of um by some category we
+might call highbrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call highbrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call highbrow
+but instead you know when the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead you know when the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead you know when the present
+comes people often like to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes people often like to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes people often like to watch
+essentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um
+uh lowbrow movies like comedies um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lowbrow movies like comedies um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lowbrow movies like comedies um and
+so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth
+for example uh for weddings and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh for weddings and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh for weddings and a
+funeral speed and so on for action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funeral speed and so on for action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funeral speed and so on for action
+movies or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies or the like
+and then what would happen in netflix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what would happen in netflix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what would happen in netflix
+often is you would get all these movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often is you would get all these movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often is you would get all these movies
+and that you know you'd really love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you know you'd really love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you know you'd really love to
+watch in the future but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch in the future but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch in the future but
+you know never in the present then get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know never in the present then get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know never in the present then get
+sort of stuck with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stuck with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stuck with them
+um and there's in fact an example in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's in fact an example in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's in fact an example in a
+paper who does this who essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper who does this who essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper who does this who essentially
+elicits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicits
+people's preferences for what they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's preferences for what they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's preferences for what they would
+like to watch in the present versus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to watch in the present versus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to watch in the present versus in
+the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+and what you see essentially is people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see essentially is people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see essentially is people
+tend to systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to systematically
+pick for the present for tonight people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick for the present for tonight people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick for the present for tonight people
+tend to watch or want to watch like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to watch or want to watch like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to watch or want to watch like
+lowbrow movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowbrow movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowbrow movies
+you know action rom-com or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know action rom-com or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know action rom-com or whatever
+sounds really good for tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds really good for tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds really good for tonight
+when you think about what would you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about what would you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about what would you like
+to watch next week people tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch next week people tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch next week people tend to
+pick highbrow movies instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there's lots of examples of of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's lots of examples of of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's lots of examples of of that
+kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+now the third piece and so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the third piece and so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the third piece and so just to
+summarize so these preference reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize so these preference reversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize so these preference reversal
+again these are not really possible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these are not really possible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these are not really possible in
+the exponential discounting model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential discounting model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential discounting model
+that should not occur that's by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should not occur that's by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should not occur that's by
+assumption not possible in that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption not possible in that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption not possible in that model
+as i just showed you before yet we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i just showed you before yet we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i just showed you before yet we see
+plenty of examples in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of examples in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of examples in the real world
+now the third piece of evidence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the third piece of evidence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the third piece of evidence is
+demand for commitment that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for commitment that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for commitment that's really
+closely related to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related to that
+so one example here is demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one example here is demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one example here is demand for
+commitment is essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment is essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment is essentially is
+when you know that your future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you know that your future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you know that your future
+preferences will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences will be
+different from your present preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from your present preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from your present preferences
+you might engage in commitment devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might engage in commitment devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might engage in commitment devices
+what does that mean um you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean um you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean um you might want to
+sort of like change the prices of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like change the prices of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like change the prices of your
+options in the future and particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options in the future and particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options in the future and particularly
+you might want to take away some options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to take away some options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to take away some options
+in the future one example is alyssa's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future one example is alyssa's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future one example is alyssa's
+and the sirens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sirens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sirens
+who knows that story or can tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows that story or can tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows that story or can tell me what
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes exactly so here's alyssa's i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly so here's alyssa's i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly so here's alyssa's i think
+he was like on his way back from his uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was like on his way back from his uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was like on his way back from his uh
+long journey um he was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long journey um he was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long journey um he was um
+he he knew that the sirens were gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he knew that the sirens were gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he knew that the sirens were gonna
+come he knew that like his preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come he knew that like his preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come he knew that like his preferences
+would change in the future that he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change in the future that he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change in the future that he would
+not be able to resist their um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to resist their um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to resist their um
+uh uh their power or their songs and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh their power or their songs and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh their power or their songs and so
+what he did is he asked his um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did is he asked his um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did is he asked his um
+his crew to sort of like bind him to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his crew to sort of like bind him to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his crew to sort of like bind him to the
+mass so he would not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so he would not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so he would not be able to
+leave the ship even if he wanted to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the ship even if he wanted to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the ship even if he wanted to in
+the future that's demand for commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future that's demand for commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future that's demand for commitment
+because he was taking away some options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was taking away some options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was taking away some options
+in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future
+um with a goal to change his future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a goal to change his future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a goal to change his future
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+knowing that his preferences would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that his preferences would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that his preferences would
+change in the future um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the future um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the future um
+his um if you wonder kind of like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his um if you wonder kind of like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his um if you wonder kind of like why
+the guys who are rowing are not sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guys who are rowing are not sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guys who are rowing are not sort of
+leaving the ship they had like wax in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the ship they had like wax in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the ship they had like wax in
+their ears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ears
+i don't know why olyssus couldn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know why olyssus couldn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know why olyssus couldn't use
+the wax either but anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wax either but anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wax either but anyway um
+but anyway so that's one examples of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so that's one examples of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so that's one examples of a
+commitment device there's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device there's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device there's another one
+which is sort of financial advice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of financial advice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of financial advice that
+people often get which is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often get which is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often get which is the following
+cut up your credit card and store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut up your credit card and store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut up your credit card and store
+the cards if possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards if possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards if possible
+get rid of all your credit cards um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of all your credit cards um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of all your credit cards um or
+put temptation out of reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put temptation out of reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put temptation out of reach
+if you really can't do without a credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really can't do without a credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really can't do without a credit
+card limit yourself to one put it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card limit yourself to one put it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card limit yourself to one put it in a
+tub of water and stick it in the freezer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tub of water and stick it in the freezer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tub of water and stick it in the freezer
+and so the idea here is like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea here is like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea here is like if you
+really have sort of like timing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have sort of like timing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have sort of like timing or
+if you really have like self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really have like self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really have like self-control
+problems well when you want to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems well when you want to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems well when you want to sort of
+buy something really quickly when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy something really quickly when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy something really quickly when
+temptation sort of takes over you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptation sort of takes over you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptation sort of takes over you have
+to sort of limit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of limit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of limit your
+options in some ways so in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options in some ways so in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options in some ways so in some sense
+have you some cooldown period it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you some cooldown period it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you some cooldown period it takes a
+while to get your credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while to get your credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while to get your credit card
+out of the freezer i don't know i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the freezer i don't know i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the freezer i don't know i i
+asked my wife about like this is a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked my wife about like this is a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked my wife about like this is a thing
+and she was saying like well haven't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she was saying like well haven't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she was saying like well haven't you
+watched confessions of a shopaholic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched confessions of a shopaholic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched confessions of a shopaholic
+i have not um if you want to watch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have not um if you want to watch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have not um if you want to watch that
+video um you see in fact apparently that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video um you see in fact apparently that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video um you see in fact apparently that
+is in fact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact uh
+uh a thing but the idea of like having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a thing but the idea of like having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a thing but the idea of like having
+having some cool down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some cool down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some cool down
+period which essentially is like um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period which essentially is like um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period which essentially is like um uh
+to deal with essentially short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with essentially short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with essentially short run
+impatience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impatience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impatience
+uh comes in many settings in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comes in many settings in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comes in many settings in many
+variations in fact for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in fact for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in fact for example if you
+like to get married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to get married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to get married
+um often you have to sort of like go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um often you have to sort of like go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um often you have to sort of like go to
+some office and say declare that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some office and say declare that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some office and say declare that you
+would like to get married and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to get married and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to get married and then
+i wait for another three days or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wait for another three days or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wait for another three days or
+something until you can actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something until you can actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something until you can actually get
+married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married
+often the idea is you know people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the idea is you know people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the idea is you know people um
+sometimes come to their senses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes come to their senses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes come to their senses
+and it takes a few um days um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes a few um days um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes a few um days um
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do these examples show well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do these examples show well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do these examples show well they
+show that um people have a tendency for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that um people have a tendency for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that um people have a tendency for
+immediate gratification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate gratification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate gratification
+and so um uh and they tend to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um uh and they tend to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um uh and they tend to sort of
+discount quite heavily um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount quite heavily um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount quite heavily um
+um uh in in short-term decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in in short-term decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in in short-term decisions
+now what is the demand for commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is the demand for commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is the demand for commitment
+then show it's like we in fact tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then show it's like we in fact tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then show it's like we in fact tend to
+disapprove of this tendency uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disapprove of this tendency uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disapprove of this tendency uh
+uh uh beforehand right that's to say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh beforehand right that's to say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh beforehand right that's to say we
+know that in the future we might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that in the future we might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that in the future we might be
+impatient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impatient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impatient
+we don't like that and because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't like that and because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't like that and because of that
+we bind ourselves to the mast or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bind ourselves to the mast or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bind ourselves to the mast or
+um we freeze our credit cards or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we freeze our credit cards or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we freeze our credit cards or some
+people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um
+at least do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least do um
+and so all of these decision makers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all of these decision makers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all of these decision makers are
+time inconsistent in the sense that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time inconsistent in the sense that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time inconsistent in the sense that like
+when they make certain choices for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they make certain choices for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they make certain choices for the
+future what they will want to choose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future what they will want to choose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future what they will want to choose in
+the future will be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future will be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future will be different
+and knowing that they will restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knowing that they will restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knowing that they will restrict
+their options as that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their options as that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their options as that is to say
+different selves want different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different selves want different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different selves want different things
+okay so then um what's the heart of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then um what's the heart of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then um what's the heart of the
+issue then well the heart of the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue then well the heart of the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue then well the heart of the issue
+is that there are conflicts rooted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there are conflicts rooted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there are conflicts rooted
+between short and long one patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between short and long one patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between short and long one patients
+what we want in the short run is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want in the short run is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want in the short run is
+different from what we want in the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from what we want in the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from what we want in the long
+run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+that is to say when we think ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say when we think ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say when we think ahead of
+the future we tend to be very patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future we tend to be very patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future we tend to be very patient
+there's all sorts of good things we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of good things we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of good things we want
+to do in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in the future
+when we think about or when the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think about or when the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think about or when the time
+actually comes when we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes when we think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes when we think about the
+presence we tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence we tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence we tend to be
+impatient now the issue with exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impatient now the issue with exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impatient now the issue with exponential
+discounting then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting then is
+well the exponential discounting model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the exponential discounting model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the exponential discounting model
+has only one parameter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only one parameter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only one parameter which
+captures essentially discounting but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures essentially discounting but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures essentially discounting but it
+can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of
+by assumption the discounting needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by assumption the discounting needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by assumption the discounting needs to
+be the same across all time horizons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same across all time horizons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same across all time horizons
+that is to say it can only match one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say it can only match one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say it can only match one of
+those two things but not both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things but not both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things but not both
+right it can only uh match either like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it can only uh match either like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it can only uh match either like
+your short run discounting but then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your short run discounting but then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your short run discounting but then the
+long run discounting is off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run discounting is off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run discounting is off
+or you can try to match the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can try to match the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can try to match the long run
+discounting but then the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting but then the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting but then the short run
+discounting is off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting is off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting is off
+so what that sort of tells us well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that sort of tells us well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that sort of tells us well that
+tells us we need like two parameters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us we need like two parameters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us we need like two parameters to
+to to deal with that so what we want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to deal with that so what we want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to deal with that so what we want and
+i'll talk about this a lot more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll talk about this a lot more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll talk about this a lot more in the
+next class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class
+um or next few minutes and then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or next few minutes and then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or next few minutes and then the next
+class we want a model that has greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we want a model that has greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we want a model that has greater
+patience for trade-offs in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience for trade-offs in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience for trade-offs in the future
+than for trade-offs in the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for trade-offs in the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for trade-offs in the present
+and then we want another model that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we want another model that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we want another model that also
+so one is we want like different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is we want like different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is we want like different
+uh levels of patients over different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh levels of patients over different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh levels of patients over different
+time horizons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time horizons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time horizons
+and we want a model that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want a model that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want a model that sort of
+explains or helps us explain dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains or helps us explain dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains or helps us explain dynamic
+inconsistency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistency
+so what is that model so i just showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is that model so i just showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is that model so i just showed
+you before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you before
+the exponential discounting model that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential discounting model that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential discounting model that's
+just what i showed you before above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what i showed you before above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what i showed you before above
+that's exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly the same
+where essentially your discounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially your discounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially your discounted
+or lifetime utility is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lifetime utility is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lifetime utility is essentially
+what's given here where we have delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's given here where we have delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's given here where we have delta
+it's between zero and one and delta is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's between zero and one and delta is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's between zero and one and delta is a
+short term discount factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short term discount factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short term discount factor
+and it's a long run discount factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a long run discount factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a long run discount factor
+right if i'm trying to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i'm trying to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i'm trying to sort of
+decide between t and t plus one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide between t and t plus one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide between t and t plus one the
+difference between that is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between that is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between that is essentially
+delta and if i decide between t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta and if i decide between t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta and if i decide between t plus
+three and t plus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and t plus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and t plus 4
+it's also delta that regulates this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also delta that regulates this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also delta that regulates this this
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+now what what does the quasi-hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what what does the quasi-hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what what does the quasi-hyperbolic
+discounting model do it has another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting model do it has another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting model do it has another
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+okay and this parameter is called beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this parameter is called beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this parameter is called beta
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+beta governs essentially short-run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta governs essentially short-run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta governs essentially short-run
+discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting
+well delta is the long-run discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well delta is the long-run discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well delta is the long-run discount
+factor what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor what is that
+telling us essentially beta essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us essentially beta essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us essentially beta essentially
+discounts anything that's in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounts anything that's in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounts anything that's in the future
+so essentially if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially if you look at this
+equation now anything that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now anything that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now anything that's in the
+future that's not period t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future that's not period t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future that's not period t
+is like discounted by beta and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like discounted by beta and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like discounted by beta and then
+within any future periods we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within any future periods we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within any future periods we have
+another discount factor that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another discount factor that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another discount factor that's
+essentially the long run discount factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the long run discount factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the long run discount factor
+that's delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's delta
+now why does that help us well it helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why does that help us well it helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why does that help us well it helps
+us because now we can essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us because now we can essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us because now we can essentially
+separate short run and long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate short run and long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate short run and long run
+discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting
+we can say short run discounting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say short run discounting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say short run discounting is
+governed by beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed by beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed by beta
+and long run discounting is is governed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and long run discounting is is governed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and long run discounting is is governed
+by delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by delta
+and now we can match a lot of facts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can match a lot of facts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can match a lot of facts that
+we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't
+match earlier any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match earlier any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match earlier any questions
+on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah i was wondering if the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i was wondering if the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i was wondering if the evidence
+on this was compatible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right so you're asking like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so you're asking like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so you're asking like two
+separate questions here so one question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate questions here so one question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate questions here so one question
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+can we explain and theory commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we explain and theory commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we explain and theory commitment
+devices can be explained essentially can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices can be explained essentially can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices can be explained essentially can
+we write down a theory that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write down a theory that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write down a theory that says
+you should be at least under some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be at least under some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be at least under some
+assumptions under some parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions under some parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions under some parameters
+uh willing to engage in commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh willing to engage in commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh willing to engage in commitment
+devices and demand for commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and demand for commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and demand for commitment
+the answer is yes depend depending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is yes depend depending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is yes depend depending a
+little bit on your naivete and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit on your naivete and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit on your naivete and
+sophistication which we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication which we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication which we're going to get
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+but so you in principle at least can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so you in principle at least can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so you in principle at least can in
+theory write stuff write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory write stuff write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory write stuff write down
+a version of this model that predicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version of this model that predicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version of this model that predicts
+demand for commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for commitment
+you're asking a separate question which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking a separate question which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking a separate question which
+is like is is are these commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like is is are these commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like is is are these commitment
+devices actually going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices actually going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices actually going to help
+are people going to so hey i guess are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people going to so hey i guess are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people going to so hey i guess are
+people are going to make use of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to make use of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to make use of these
+commitment devices and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices and b
+are they going to help the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they going to help the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they going to help the answer is
+like maybe in many situations in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe in many situations in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe in many situations in fact
+no the reason being often people then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the reason being often people then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the reason being often people then
+they might sort of demand commitment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might sort of demand commitment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might sort of demand commitment but
+then not follow through in various ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then not follow through in various ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then not follow through in various ways
+which can be then explained by people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be then explained by people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be then explained by people
+who are sort of overconfident when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are sort of overconfident when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are sort of overconfident when it
+comes to their self-control problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to their self-control problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to their self-control problems
+we're going to talk about this next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about this next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about this next time
+so the idea here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea here is that
+people might understand that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might understand that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might understand that they have
+self-control problems they might demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems they might demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems they might demand
+commitment devices might say i'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices might say i'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices might say i'd like to
+have a commitment advice to help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a commitment advice to help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a commitment advice to help me
+but they might underestimate how bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they might underestimate how bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they might underestimate how bad
+their self-control problems actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their self-control problems actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their self-control problems actually are
+so then they demand the commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then they demand the commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then they demand the commitment
+device that's actually kind of helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that's actually kind of helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that's actually kind of helpful
+but not quite uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not quite uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not quite uh
+enough that's not powerful enough they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that's not powerful enough they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that's not powerful enough they
+demand that commitment device but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that commitment device but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that commitment device but then
+they actually fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually fail
+and do the thing they want to do anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do the thing they want to do anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do the thing they want to do anyway
+and essentially have to pay money or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially have to pay money or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially have to pay money or
+other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things
+like that we'll talk about that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we'll talk about that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we'll talk about that but
+that's sort of like that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of like that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of like that's not a
+theoretical problem that's like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical problem that's like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical problem that's like an
+empirical problem in the sense of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical problem in the sense of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical problem in the sense of like
+in principle uh commitment devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle uh commitment devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle uh commitment devices
+should help they might not be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should help they might not be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should help they might not be able to do
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in practice well let me tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice well let me tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice well let me tell you a
+little bit more about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about sort of
+specific of the model and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific of the model and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific of the model and then we're
+going to talk about this in more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about this in more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about this in more detail
+next time so usually we tend to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time so usually we tend to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time so usually we tend to assume
+that beta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beta is
+lower than one and delta is close to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than one and delta is close to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than one and delta is close to one
+so for example we think like beta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example we think like beta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example we think like beta is
+like two-thirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two-thirds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two-thirds
+or three-quarters of the like and delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three-quarters of the like and delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three-quarters of the like and delta
+equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one
+so then your discounted utility becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then your discounted utility becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then your discounted utility becomes
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+um so relative to the current period all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so relative to the current period all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so relative to the current period all
+future periods are worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future periods are worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future periods are worth
+a much less so everything in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much less so everything in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much less so everything in the future
+essentially you discount by two-thirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you discount by two-thirds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you discount by two-thirds
+and then within any future periods you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then within any future periods you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then within any future periods you
+don't discount very much anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't discount very much anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't discount very much anymore
+usually we think sort of like delta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we think sort of like delta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we think sort of like delta is
+like 0.99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 0.99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 0.99
+0.95 with the likes so there's like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.95 with the likes so there's like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.95 with the likes so there's like some
+discounting in the future you care more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting in the future you care more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting in the future you care more
+about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like
+stuff that's like one year from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's like one year from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's like one year from now
+compared to like 10 years from now or 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to like 10 years from now or 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to like 10 years from now or 30
+years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now
+but not that much differently you care a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not that much differently you care a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not that much differently you care a
+lot about whether stuff is like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about whether stuff is like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about whether stuff is like in the
+present versus in two weeks from now or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present versus in two weeks from now or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present versus in two weeks from now or
+in a year from from now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a year from from now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a year from from now um
+okay and so then um uh similarly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so then um uh similarly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so then um uh similarly you
+know if beta equals one half and delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if beta equals one half and delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if beta equals one half and delta
+equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one
+then again like your discount function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again like your discount function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again like your discount function
+this is the d of tau that i was writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the d of tau that i was writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the d of tau that i was writing
+you down earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you down earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you down earlier
+is essentially you care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially you care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially you care about the
+present one and then everything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present one and then everything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present one and then everything in the
+future is like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future is like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future is like um
+one half so again relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half so again relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half so again relative to the
+present uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present uh
+all future periods are worth less weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all future periods are worth less weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all future periods are worth less weight
+one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half
+and then all discounting takes a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then all discounting takes a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then all discounting takes a place
+between the present and the immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the present and the immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the present and the immediate
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+okay so then again what we can explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then again what we can explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then again what we can explain
+now is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is essentially
+short run impatience i'm essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run impatience i'm essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run impatience i'm essentially
+impatient between the present and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impatient between the present and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impatient between the present and the
+future anything that's in the future is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future anything that's in the future is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future anything that's in the future is
+essentially far away or like gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially far away or like gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially far away or like gets the
+weight of like in this case like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of like in this case like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of like in this case like one
+half or like two thirds of the leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half or like two thirds of the leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half or like two thirds of the leg
+i can also explain long run patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can also explain long run patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can also explain long run patients
+because essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially
+uh across years in the future there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh across years in the future there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh across years in the future there's no
+discounting happening anymore people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting happening anymore people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting happening anymore people
+tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be
+um relatively patient and so then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um relatively patient and so then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um relatively patient and so then uh
+decisions of course are very sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions of course are very sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions of course are very sensitive
+um to the timing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the timing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the timing and
+costs and benefits we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and benefits we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and benefits we're going to talk
+about that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that um
+next time so um as i said in the email i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time so um as i said in the email i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time so um as i said in the email i
+sent you readings until next until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent you readings until next until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent you readings until next until
+wednesday are the odonical raven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday are the odonical raven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday are the odonical raven
+paper we're going to discuss or finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper we're going to discuss or finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper we're going to discuss or finish
+the same set of slides that i've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same set of slides that i've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same set of slides that i've given
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+now let me know if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me know if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me know if you have any
+questions thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UqQRXRtvM9o.txt b/UqQRXRtvM9o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e264fbfdbca1e603dabf45e70a53b74e5e4a46b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UqQRXRtvM9o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2020 @@
+The following content is
+provided by MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+under a Creative Commons
+license.
+
+Additional information about
+our license and MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+Good afternoon.
+I hope you had a nice weekend.
+
+Did you have a nice weekend?
+Good.
+
+Today, we are going to start
+talking about the motion of
+
+molecules.
+We are first going to talk
+
+about the translational motion
+of molecules today and Friday.
+
+And then we are going to talk
+about the internal motion,
+
+in particular the vibrational
+motion of molecules and their
+
+rotational motion.
+That will be early next week.
+
+First, transitional motion.
+Certainly, the quintessential
+
+equation that represents the
+behavior of gases is,
+
+of course, the ideal gas law,
+P equals n over V times RT.
+
+This equation accurately
+
+represents the behavior of gases
+at low pressures.
+
+It is an empirical law,
+of course.
+
+It is a law that Boyle and
+Charles discovered by doing
+
+experiments.
+They noted that as the
+
+temperature is raised,
+the pressure went up.
+
+They noted as the amount of gas
+or the number of moles of gas
+
+added goes up,
+the pressure goes up.
+
+They noted that as the volume
+of their gaseous container goes
+
+up, the pressure goes down.
+Literally, this is an equation
+
+established by experiment and
+just varying one variable at a
+
+time.
+And since it looked like the
+
+pressure was directly
+proportional to the temperature,
+
+they wrote an equation where it
+was directly proportional to the
+
+temperature, etc.
+And the proportionality
+
+constant here was always this
+one constant R,
+
+no matter what gas you had.
+But this ideal gas law
+
+describes the macroscopic
+properties of a gas.
+
+And what I mean by macroscopic
+properties are properties that
+
+describe a collection of
+molecules.
+
+For example,
+to really talk about a
+
+pressure, you have to have a
+collection of molecules.
+
+We are going to talk about the
+pressure due to one molecule,
+
+but that is really just a
+model.
+
+If you want to talk about
+pressure, you need to have a
+
+collection of molecules.
+If you talk about temperature,
+
+it really only has meaning when
+you have a collection of
+
+molecules.
+But what we want to understand
+
+is what are the underlying
+microscopic phenomenon that
+
+gives rise to this macroscopic
+equation or these macroscopic
+
+properties.
+We want to know what is going
+
+on in terms of the behavior of
+the individual particles,
+
+the individual molecules that
+make up this gas.
+
+Inquiring minds want to know
+what the temperature means when
+
+we talk about individual
+molecules.
+
+And that is also was Maxwell
+and Boltzmann wanted to know.
+
+They wanted a microscopic
+explanation for PV equal nRT.
+
+And, to do so,
+
+they put forth a theory called
+the kinetic theory,
+
+or the kinetic theory for the
+behavior of gases.
+
+And that is exactly what we are
+going to take a look at here,
+
+this kinetic theory.
+We are going to do what they
+
+did.
+Basically, this kinetic theory
+
+allowed properties of gases at
+low pressures to be predicted,
+
+and it allowed an understanding
+of why some of the properties of
+
+real gases at higher pressures
+deviated from this ideal gas
+
+law.
+But, more importantly,
+
+what it did was it allowed the
+quantity pressure times the
+
+volume **PV** to be understood
+in terms of the motions of the
+
+molecules.
+And it provided a means to
+
+understand this concept of a
+temperature in terms of the
+
+motions of the molecules.
+And that is what we are going
+
+to look at today.
+We are going to see how we can
+
+describe pressure and volume in
+terms of the motion of the
+
+molecules and temperature in
+terms of the motion of the
+
+molecules.
+That is our goal.
+
+In order to do that,
+the first thing we have to do
+
+is to understand what we mean by
+pressure.
+
+For example,
+if you have some gas here in a
+
+container and you are measuring
+the pressure of this gas in that
+
+container, --
+what you are really measuring
+
+is the force that the gas exerts
+on one of the walls of this
+
+container.
+That is, pressure is the force
+
+exerted by the gas on one of
+these walls.
+
+It is the force per unit area
+that is exerted on the walls of
+
+that container.
+That
+
+is what pressure is.
+But what Maxwell did,
+
+--
+-- and this is 1850,
+
+1855.
+What Maxwell did was recognize
+
+that he could understand this
+macroscopic pressure in terms of
+
+the individual forces of the
+molecules when they hit the
+
+container.
+In other words,
+
+he proposed that this gas was
+composed of these molecules and
+
+that these molecules were
+moving.
+
+That was his proposal.
+And that when they moved and
+
+hit the walls of the container,
+well, that was the force that
+
+was exerted by the gas.
+In other words,
+
+the force was really the
+individual forces,
+
+F sub i,
+here, of the individual
+
+molecules.
+That total force was the
+
+individual force of the
+molecules hitting the walls of
+
+the container.
+That is what led to this
+
+macroscopic concept,
+the macroscopic quantity of
+
+pressure.
+That was his idea.
+
+Well, if that was his idea,
+he carried it through,
+
+now, to a prediction.
+The idea is that this force
+
+arises from the individual
+forces of these individual
+
+molecules hitting the walls of
+the container.
+
+Let's look at what theory he
+wrote down.
+
+His goal, here,
+was to calculate these
+
+individual forces,
+F sub i.
+
+And, of course,
+go back to classical mechanics.
+
+Force is the mass times the
+acceleration,
+
+the mass of the particle,
+the molecule,
+
+times its acceleration.
+And acceleration we can write
+
+just in terms of delta v over
+delta t.
+
+That is just the mass times
+
+delta v over the change in time.
+And if the mass is constant
+
+here, this numerator,
+that is the change in momentum
+
+per unit change in time.
+That is what this force is.
+
+What we have to do,
+here, is calculate the change
+
+in the momentum of the wall when
+the molecule hits the wall.
+
+That will be the force of the
+individual molecule in the wall,
+
+that over the time between the
+collisions of the molecule with
+
+the wall.
+That is the individual forces.
+
+That is what we are trying to
+calculate, right here.
+
+Let's do that and calculate
+delta p, the change in the
+
+wall's momentum.
+Let's do it in one dimension
+
+first.
+Here is our box.
+
+This is just a cross-sectional
+view of that box I drew over
+
+here.
+And this is going to be the
+
+wall that we are going to be
+interested in.
+
+The box has a length l.
+And we have this molecule with
+
+some mass m.
+It is coming into the wall and
+
+is going to collide with it,
+and it has some velocity vector
+
+v.
+But let's do it in one
+
+dimension because it is simpler
+to do.
+
+And then we are going to extend
+it to three dimensions in a few
+
+minutes.
+We are just going to do it in
+
+one dimension now.
+We are only going to be
+
+interested in then the
+x-component of the velocity of
+
+this molecule coming into the
+wall, and we want to know what
+
+is the force exerted by this
+molecule when it collides with
+
+this wall.
+First we have to get the change
+
+in the momentum.
+This molecule comes in and hits
+
+the wall, and we are going to
+consider it to be an elastic
+
+collision.
+If the component of the
+
+velocity in the x direction
+before the collision is v sub x,
+
+then after the collision,
+it is minus v sub x.
+
+We have just changed the
+direction of our velocity
+
+vector, not the magnitude.
+The change in the atom's
+
+momentum, then,
+is just the momentum after
+
+minus the moment before.
+The momentum after was m times
+
+minus v sub x.
+The momentum before,
+
+m sub v sub x.
+Delta in the change in the
+
+atom's momentum,
+is minus 2 m v sub x.
+
+However, we have to conserve
+
+momentum.
+The momentum change in the atom
+
+plus the momentum change in the
+wall has to equal zero.
+
+And what we want to know is the
+momentum change in the wall,
+
+because we are after this
+macroscopic quantity,
+
+pressure.
+And so, if the change in the
+
+momentum of the atom is minus 2
+m v sub x,
+
+then the change in the
+momentum of the wall is 2 m v
+
+sub x .
+
+We have one quantity here.
+We have delta p.
+
+But now, we have to calculate
+how often that momentum in the
+
+wall changes due to this
+molecule's collisions.
+
+We need the delta t.
+And so, what happens here?
+
+The molecule comes in,
+collides, and then reflects.
+
+And the molecule is now going
+in this direction,
+
+where it hits the back wall,
+and then it reflects.
+
+And ultimately it comes back
+and hits the front wall.
+
+And what we want to know is
+what is the time here between
+
+the collisions.
+The time between when that
+
+molecule makes the momentum in
+the wall change.
+
+What is this time,
+delta t?
+
+Well, if we know the length of
+the box and we know the value of
+
+v sub x, we can calculate that
+time.
+
+That time is just two times the
+length of the box because that
+
+molecule is traveling back and
+then forth, --
+
+-- that is 2l divided by the
+velocity component in the x
+
+direction, v sub x.
+That
+
+is delta t.
+Now we have delta p and delta
+
+t, and we can plug that in and
+make it simple a little bit.
+
+And so, here is the force
+exerted by the collision of one
+
+molecule on that one wall of the
+container, m v sub x squared
+
+over l.
+
+But we said that Maxwell's idea
+was that the macroscopic total
+
+force was the sum of these
+individual forces.
+
+What we have to do is take the
+force of each individual
+
+molecule and add them up over
+all the molecules.
+
+There is that force for
+molecule one,
+
+molecule two,
+molecule three,
+
+all the way up to molecule n.
+I am going to pull out an m
+
+over l out of this.
+I just pull out an m over l,
+
+and I have left the sum of the
+squares of the velocities in the
+
+x direction for each one of the
+molecules.
+
+Notice here,
+in this treatment,
+
+we have identical m's.
+The particles are the same,
+
+but, and this is important,
+the velocities of the molecules
+
+are not the same.
+That is going to be important.
+
+Now, this expression here,
+I want to simplify a little
+
+bit.
+In particular,
+
+I want to simplify the sum of
+the squares of the velocity
+
+components in the x direction
+for each one of the molecules.
+
+To do that simplification,
+I am going to introduce this
+
+quantity.
+This quantity is the average of
+
+the square of the velocity in
+the x direction.
+
+What this means is I take the
+velocity in the x direction,
+
+I square it,
+and then I take the average.
+
+This is not the square of the
+average velocity in the x
+
+direction.
+That is different.
+
+This is the average of the
+square of the velocity in the x
+
+direction.
+How am I going to evaluate that
+
+quantity?
+Well, I am going to take the
+
+velocity in the x direction for
+molecule one and square it and
+
+add to that the square of the
+velocity in the x direction for
+
+molecule two and add to that the
+square of the velocity in the x
+
+direction for molecule three,
+all the way up to molecule n.
+
+And then, if I want the
+average, I am going to divide by
+
+n, the number of molecules there
+are.
+
+I am just going to bring n,
+here, over to the other side.
+
+I have n times the average of
+the velocity in the x direction
+
+squared as this sum,
+and this is exactly the sum
+
+that I had in my expression for
+the total force.
+
+I can simplify that now.
+There is that same expression.
+
+Here is my total force.
+What I am going to do is I am
+
+going to substitute n times the
+average of the velocity in the x
+
+direction squared in for this
+whole sum, and I have now
+
+something that is much tidier.
+That is the total force exerted
+
+by all the collisions of the
+molecules in the container on
+
+that front wall.
+But now I want the pressure.
+
+And the pressure is just force
+per unit area.
+
+And so, I am going to take my
+expression for the force and
+
+divide it by the unit area.
+The area is the area of this
+
+wall, here, in my initial
+example.
+
+I am going to call that area A.
+And if this is a Q,
+
+and I am going to make it a Q
+because it is easier to do it
+
+that way, the area times the
+length then of this box is just
+
+the volume.
+Here is the volume.
+
+There is my expression for the
+pressure due to all of the
+
+molecule colliding with the
+front wall of that box.
+
+However, this is an expression
+for the pressure in one
+
+dimension only,
+the x dimension.
+
+And we know,
+in real life,
+
+we have three dimensions.
+We have to take care of that.
+
+Let's do that now.
+Let's extend this problem to
+
+three dimensions.
+To do so, I am just going to
+
+realize right here that the
+square of the velocity is the
+
+sum of the squares of the
+components.
+
+That, you understand.
+That is okay.
+
+What is not so obvious is this.
+The average of the square of
+
+the velocity is the sum of the
+average of the squares of each
+
+one of the components.
+That is true.
+
+You can prove that.
+We are not going to prove that.
+
+I won't hold you responsible
+for proving that,
+
+but that is true.
+That is correct,
+
+but now here comes a critical
+assumption in Boltzmann's
+
+treatment.
+The critical assumption is that
+
+the motion of the molecules in
+this gas, here,
+
+is random in the sense that the
+molecules don't have a preferred
+
+direction.
+They are going in the x
+
+direction as often as they are
+going in the y direction as
+
+often as they are going in the z
+direction, so the motion is
+
+random.
+If that motion is random,
+
+then the average of the
+velocity squared in the x
+
+direction is going to be equal
+to that in the y direction.
+
+It is going to be equal to that
+in the z direction if that
+
+motion is random.
+And that is great because it is
+
+going to make things a little
+simpler for us up here.
+
+If that is right,
+then the average of the
+
+velocity squared is three times
+the average of the velocity
+
+squared in any one of the
+dimensions.
+
+That is going to make it easy
+to extrapolate this to three
+
+dimensions because now I am
+going to be able to substitute,
+
+which had the average of the
+velocity squared only in the x
+
+direction, I am going to be able
+to substitute in an expression
+
+for the average velocity in
+three dimensions.
+
+That is just going to be
+one-third that.
+
+This is going to be one-third
+the average of the velocity
+
+squared.
+That is great.
+
+Now, I am going to do that
+substitution way up into there.
+
+And when I do that,
+look at this.
+
+I have a result.
+This is the kinetic theory
+
+result.
+We just did exactly what
+
+Maxwell did.
+We have an expression for the
+
+pressure times the volume,
+which is written here in terms
+
+of the average of the velocity
+squared of the molecules.
+
+It is written in terms of the
+motion of the molecules.
+
+For the first time,
+there is an understanding,
+
+here, of what gives rise to
+pressure, and that is the
+
+velocity or the motion of these
+molecules hitting the wall.
+
+That is great.
+That is the kinetic theory
+
+result.
+But now, Boltzmann also knew
+
+from experiment that P times V
+is equal to nRT.
+
+That is the experimental
+result, which had been known
+
+already for over a hundred
+years.
+
+That is the experiment.
+If his theory is correct,
+
+if PV is equal to N m average
+velocity squared over three,
+
+it better be equal to nRT.
+
+That will give us,
+here, a prediction for what the
+
+velocity of the molecules ought
+to be in terms of something
+
+experimentally controllable.
+We can see if this kinetic
+
+theory model is correct.
+We can solve this for the
+
+average of the velocity squared.
+It is equal to 3n RT N over m.
+
+We can go in the laboratory,
+
+vary T and see if,
+in fact, the average of the
+
+velocity squared of the
+molecules is equal to this
+
+expression here.
+That is great.
+
+We have a way to experimentally
+check this theory.
+
+And you also see,
+here, now, a relationship
+
+between the velocity of the
+molecules and this macroscopic
+
+quantity, temperature.
+Temperature is related to the
+
+motion of these molecules.
+But, before we go on,
+
+this is kind of a messy
+expression here.
+
+It has too many n's and m's in
+it.
+
+Let me simplify that a little
+bit for you.
+
+I am going to simplify this so
+that this is 3RT over capital M,
+
+where the following is true.
+
+Over here, n is the number of
+moles in the gas.
+
+That is little n.
+Big N was the number of
+
+molecules in the gas.
+Little m was the mass per
+
+molecule.
+All of this is equivalent to
+
+one over big M,
+where big M was kilograms per
+
+mole.
+You can convince yourselves of
+
+this equality.
+I am taking all these N's and
+
+m's and making one big M.
+
+That is my expression,
+here.
+
+I have the average of the
+velocity squared equal to 3RT
+
+over M.
+But this quantity is the
+
+average of the velocity squared.
+It is more convenient for us to
+
+talk about a quantity
+proportional to the velocity and
+
+not the velocity squared.
+What I am going to do is take
+
+the square root of it.
+That is simple.
+
+I now have the square root of
+the average of the velocity
+
+squared.
+That is the square root of 3RT
+
+over M.
+I am going to call that the
+
+root mean square velocity.
+I am going to put an rms here
+
+as a subscript for the velocity.
+
+It is the root mean square
+velocity.
+
+I wanted to talk about a
+quantity proportional to the
+
+velocity, instead of the
+velocity squared.
+
+That is all I did there.
+That is the root mean square
+
+velocity.
+But the other big thing about
+
+it is you can see,
+for the first time,
+
+now we have got,
+and Maxwell had,
+
+an understanding of what
+temperature was.
+
+Temperature is related to the
+motions of the molecules.
+
+Temperature is related,
+in this way,
+
+to the speed of the molecules.
+Those are the two important
+
+results.
+And this kinetic theory makes a
+
+prediction for what those
+velocities ought to be.
+
+In addition,
+the temperature is a measure of
+
+the kinetic energy of the
+molecules.
+
+How is that?
+Well, it is for this reason.
+
+Here is the expression we
+derived from the kinetic theory.
+
+And then here is an expression
+that I just wrote down,
+
+that says the average kinetic
+energy of a molecule is one-half
+
+M, where M is kilograms per
+mole, times the average of the
+
+velocity squared.
+
+If I substitute the average of
+the velocity squared into here,
+
+I get three-halves RT.
+
+This is telling us,
+right here, that the
+
+temperature is also a measure of
+the kinetic energy of these
+
+molecules.
+We are getting a microscopic
+
+view, here, of what temperature
+is.
+
+It is related to the motions of
+these molecules.
+
+Now, before I go on talking
+about this, let me make one big
+
+point.
+That is, this expression here,
+
+for the average energy,
+notice that it is one-half M
+
+times the average of the
+velocity squared.
+
+It is not one-half M times the
+square of the average velocity
+
+This is important.
+
+The average energy is not the
+square of the average velocity.
+
+Rather, the average energy is
+the average of the velocity
+
+squared.
+There is a big distinction.
+
+This is because the average
+energy is the second moment of
+
+the velocity distribution
+function.
+
+Variables don't always
+correspond in a one-to-one
+
+manner.
+You don't have to understand
+
+that, if this is foreign to you,
+but I do want you to know this
+
+is correct.
+Now, let me pick up back here.
+
+What I want you to notice is
+that the root mean square
+
+velocity has a mass dependence
+in it.
+
+What does that mean?
+Well, it means the following.
+
+For some constant temperature,
+say we pick 300 degrees Kelvin,
+
+the velocity of the molecule is
+going to depend on its mass.
+
+And it is inversely
+proportional to the mass,
+
+so heavier molecules move more
+slowly, lighter molecules move
+
+more quickly.
+For example,
+
+helium at 300 degrees Kelvin,
+it is cruising along at 3,060
+
+miles per hour at
+room temperature.
+
+Xenon, on the other hand,
+which is much more massive,
+
+is moving at a measly 534 miles
+per hour.
+
+There is a mass dependence
+here.
+
+However, there is no mass
+dependence to the kinetic
+
+energy.
+The kinetic energy,
+
+we saw, was three-halves RT.
+
+You don't see a mass dependence
+in here, do you?
+
+The kinetic energy is only
+dependent on the temperature.
+
+Whether or not you have helium
+or xenon, the kinetic energy of
+
+those atoms is 3.74 kilojoules
+per mole at 300 degrees Kelvin.
+
+It does not matter that helium
+is moving six times as fast as
+
+xenon.
+They both have the same kinetic
+
+energy.
+There is no mass dependence in
+
+kinetic energy.
+Now you say,
+
+oh, but look at this,
+here is a mass,
+
+there is a mass dependence.
+No, because you have to
+
+remember that you substitute in
+here.
+
+If you square this,
+there is an M here,
+
+and that cancels.
+There is no mass dependence in
+
+the kinetic energy,
+but the velocity is dependent
+
+on the mass.
+That is important.
+
+Well, I told you that this was
+the kinetic theory result.
+
+That is, that the root mean
+square velocity of these
+
+molecules was represented by
+this equation.
+
+And, from this equation,
+if you calculate at 300 degrees
+
+Kelvin, these are,
+in fact, the velocities of
+
+those atoms.
+But how do we know this is
+
+right?
+How do we go and measure the
+
+velocities or the speeds of
+molecules or atoms?
+
+Well, this is the way we do it.
+It is called the time-of-flight
+
+technique.
+Are we all on board,
+
+here?
+Questions?
+
+Okay.
+How are we going to do this
+
+time-of-flight technique?
+What we are going to do is we
+
+are going to have a little
+pinhole here that we can open
+
+and shut really quickly.
+We are going to let out a
+
+little pulse of gas.
+To measure the velocity of the
+
+molecules, we are literally
+going to measure the time it
+
+takes the molecules to fly from
+where we let them out to some
+
+detector.
+And since we know the distance,
+
+we are going to be able to
+calculate the velocity from
+
+that.
+The idea is at time t equals 0,
+
+we let out a little pulse of
+gas, and then we start a clock
+
+running.
+Then we just measure how long
+
+it takes the molecules to fly
+from this origin here to this
+
+detector.
+And since we built the
+
+apparatus, and we know what L
+is, we can calculate the
+
+velocity.
+Time-of-flight,
+
+that is what is done.
+However, when we let this
+
+little pulse of gas out,
+and now we let the molecules
+
+fly to that detector over here,
+what happens as a function of
+
+time?
+What will happen is that pulse
+
+of gas will spread out because
+not all of the molecules or
+
+atoms in that pulse of gas have
+the same velocity.
+
+Some of those atoms are moving
+faster than the other atoms.
+
+And so, what is going to happen
+is that the molecules or atoms
+
+that are moving faster are going
+to hit the detector first.
+
+The molecules or atoms that are
+moving more slowly are going to
+
+hit the detector at a later
+time.
+
+And that is what we also want
+to know, this distribution of
+
+velocities.
+But in the measurement,
+
+what we are going to measure is
+a distribution of times.
+
+Out of our detector,
+we are going to have a plot
+
+that looks like this.
+This is going to be f of t,
+
+essentially the number of
+molecules hitting the detector
+
+at a certain time t versus the
+time.
+
+When we first let our pulse of
+gas out, that is time t equals
+
+0.
+Then, for a while,
+
+there are no molecules hitting
+the detector because it takes a
+
+while for them to get over here
+to this detector.
+
+But then, all of a sudden,
+they start reaching the
+
+detector.
+And this is essentially just a
+
+number of molecules that hit the
+detector as a function of time.
+
+That number of molecules
+increases and becomes a maximum
+
+here at some time,
+and then it exponentially
+
+decays, here.
+So, this is what we measure.
+
+This is a distribution here of
+flight times of the molecules in
+
+this pulse of gas.
+Well, that is nice,
+
+but this is a distribution of
+flight times.
+
+It is not a distribution of
+velocities, and we wanted a
+
+distribution of velocities.
+We want to know the velocity,
+
+here, of these molecules.
+You know how to convert time,
+
+given the path length,
+to velocity,
+
+but it is not so
+straightforward because we have
+
+a distribution function.
+We have a distribution in time,
+
+and we want to convert that to
+a distribution in velocity.
+
+We have to change the variable
+here in a distribution function.
+
+How do we do that?
+Well, we want this f of t to be
+
+an f of v.
+We recognize here that this
+
+distribution in time,
+the probability of finding a
+
+molecule between t and t plus
+dt, has got to be equivalent to
+
+the probability of finding a
+molecule with a velocity between
+
+v and v plus dv.
+But to get from one
+
+distribution function to
+another, for example,
+
+if we want f of v,
+what we have to know is how one
+
+variable changes with respect to
+another.
+
+We have this distribution
+function f of t,
+
+but we need to know how t
+changes with v.
+
+We need dt by dv,
+we need that,
+
+so let's get it.
+I will tell you why in a
+
+moment.
+We know how v changes with t.
+
+We are going to take the
+derivative of v with respect to
+
+t and turn things around.
+So, dt / dv is proportional to
+
+minus t squared over L.
+
+This is telling us,
+essentially,
+
+how the variable t changes with
+v.
+
+To every point in our
+time-of-flight distribution,
+
+we are going to multiply this
+by this, what is called the
+
+Jacobean.
+We need this because the time
+
+and the velocity do not
+correlate in a one-to-one
+
+manner.
+That often happens with two
+
+distribution functions.
+If you do not understand what I
+
+just said, it is okay.
+This was just some extra.
+
+I do not hold you responsible
+for it.
+
+I just changed my variable in
+the distribution function.
+
+Yes?
+I think in the notes,
+
+I might have had as a
+proportionality.
+
+Up here I actually have the
+equal sign.
+
+That actually won't matter in
+this transformation.
+
+Pardon?
+I understand that.
+
+That is fine.
+I don't have the equal sign
+
+there.
+That is why I left it out
+
+there, I think.
+Anyway, this is the velocity
+
+distribution.
+You don't have to understand
+
+how I got there.
+This is what the velocity
+
+distribution looks like.
+It is what is called the
+
+Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity
+distribution.
+
+And the bottom line is that
+Maxwell and Boltzmann predicted
+
+this, about 1855.
+They actually predicted this
+
+distribution function.
+We did not predict it.
+
+We did not go through that part
+of kinetic theory,
+
+but they predicted it.
+However, it was only until 1955
+
+that the technology existed,
+fast enough timing and
+
+electronics existed,
+to actually measure this
+
+experimentally.
+This took a hundred years or so
+
+in order for this distribution
+function to actually be
+
+measured, but here it is,
+f of v.
+
+First of all,
+there is all of this stuff,
+
+which is proportionality
+constants.
+
+We will talk about that in a
+moment.
+
+But the variable,
+here, is v squared
+
+times an exponentially decaying
+function with a v squared in
+
+there.
+What does that mean?
+
+Well, if you look at the form
+of f of v, this v squared is
+
+what gives rise to this increase
+in f of v.
+
+Right here, at low velocities,
+that is a quadratic,
+
+v squared.
+But you are multiplying it by
+
+an exponentially decaying
+function with this v squared in
+
+the argument.
+And so that is what gives you
+
+this tail.
+If you are multiplying a
+
+function that is going up and
+one decreasing,
+
+you are going to get a maximum
+at some value of v.
+
+That is where the shape of the
+Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
+
+function comes from.
+And what this is telling you is
+
+the probability here of finding
+a molecule in a gas with a speed
+
+between v and v plus dv.
+That is what that is telling
+
+you.
+We often characterize these
+
+distribution functions by some
+quantities, and one of those
+
+quantities is what we call the
+most probable speed.
+
+Here is the distribution
+function, and I have the most
+
+probable speed labeled.
+The most probable speed,
+
+(v)mp, is simply the value of v
+at which the probability is the
+
+largest.
+That was like our most probable
+
+value of r in the radial
+distribution functions.
+
+That is what the most probable
+speed is.
+
+If you wanted to get that
+mathematically,
+
+what you would do is take this
+distribution function,
+
+take the derivative,
+set it equal to zero,
+
+and then solve for v.
+That makes that derivative
+
+equal to zero.
+The derivative is zero at
+
+maxima or minima.
+And then, you would find that
+
+the value of the most probable
+speed is the square root of 2RT
+
+over M.
+
+You are not responsible for
+taking this derivative and
+
+setting it equal to zero.
+You are responsible for knowing
+
+physically what the most
+probable speed is.
+
+The fact that it is this value
+here, where the probability is
+
+the largest.
+It is the most probable value
+
+of v.
+And you are responsible for
+
+recognizing this.
+I don't ask you to memorize it
+
+or to write it down.
+But, if you see it,
+
+you should know what it is.
+That is one quantity that we
+
+use to characterize this
+distribution function.
+
+Another quantity that we use is
+the average speed,
+
+v bar, average speed.
+And the first thing that you
+
+see is that the average speed is
+a little bit higher than the
+
+most probable speed.
+It is a little bit larger.
+
+Why is that?
+Well, it is a little bit larger
+
+because on these
+Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
+
+functions, there are molecules
+way out here that have very high
+
+speeds.
+There are not a lot of
+
+molecules that have very high
+speeds, but there are molecules
+
+with very high speeds.
+And so, when you average over
+
+this distribution function,
+because there is such a long
+
+Boltzmann tail here,
+is what it is called,
+
+the average velocity is going
+to be a little higher than the
+
+most probable velocity.
+That is physically why the
+
+average velocity is a little bit
+larger than the most probable
+
+velocity.
+That is important.
+
+If I wanted to calculate what
+the average velocity is,
+
+I would take the distribution
+function, multiply it by v,
+
+and then integrate over the
+range of v, which is zero to
+
+infinity.
+You don't have to do that,
+
+but the quantity that you would
+get, if you had done that,
+
+is the square root of 8RT over
+pi M.
+
+It is larger than the most
+
+probable value.
+And then, finally,
+
+the other way we characterize
+the distribution function is by
+
+this root mean square speed that
+we have already talked about a
+
+lot.
+That root mean square speed,
+
+here, is even a larger value
+than the average velocity or the
+
+average speed.
+And the reason for that is,
+
+again, because of this
+Maxwell-Boltzmann tail.
+
+We have molecules here that
+have very high speeds.
+
+We don't have a lot of
+molecules with high speeds,
+
+but we have very high speeds.
+When we take that speed and we
+
+square it, and then take the
+average, they make a big
+
+contribution,
+and they push this root mean
+
+square speed even higher than
+the average speed.
+
+Again, if you wanted to
+calculate what that is,
+
+you would take v squared,
+multiply it by the distribution
+
+function, integrate it over all
+values of E, and you would get
+
+what we got before,
+the square root of 3RT over M.
+
+Bottom line here,
+
+for argon at 300 degrees
+Kelvin, the most probable speed
+
+is 353 meters per second.
+For argon at 300 degrees
+
+Kelvin, the average speed is 399
+meters per second.
+
+And the root mean square speed
+is 433 meters per second.
+
+Here, you can see how these
+three quantities increase as you
+
+go from most probable to the
+root mean square speed.
+
+And, in fact,
+no surprise,
+
+if you actually go and measure
+the argon speeds distribution
+
+function and then evaluate these
+characteristics,
+
+you find that indeed those
+measurements agree with what Mr.
+
+Maxwell and Mr.
+Boltzmann predicted in 1850,
+
+1855.
+No surprise.
+
+Back to this distribution
+function.
+
+We saw how to characterize it,
+but I want to talk about a
+
+couple of other parameters that
+it has in it.
+
+It has in it the mass,
+and it has it in the
+
+temperature.
+Let's talk about what this
+
+distribution function looks like
+for different masses and
+
+different temperatures.
+That is the general form,
+
+but different masses and
+different temperatures.
+
+Let's start by keeping the
+temperature constant,
+
+300 degrees Kelvin.
+And now, we are going to look
+
+at the distribution functions
+for three different masses,
+
+and I am going to plot that.
+Here it is for xenon.
+
+What you can see is xenon,
+very narrow distribution.
+
+Here it is for argon,
+lighter mass,
+
+broader distribution.
+Here it is for helium,
+
+really broad distribution.
+Well, first of all,
+
+you can see that the average
+speed of helium is much greater
+
+than it is for argon,
+than it is for xenon.
+
+Because we already saw that it
+was inversely proportional to
+
+the square root of the mass.
+But the other thing to note is
+
+how broad the distribution is
+for helium compared to xenon.
+
+And that is the general case.
+The lighter masses have broader
+
+distributions.
+Helium is so broad,
+
+meaning that there are helium
+atoms here that are so fast that
+
+this is the reason why there is
+relatively little helium and
+
+hydrogen in our atmosphere.
+That is because,
+
+at our temperatures,
+there are enough molecules with
+
+high enough velocities to escape
+the earth's gravitational pull,
+
+because they are here at the
+tail end.
+
+And so, the helium and the
+hydrogen leave our atmosphere.
+
+Unlike Jupiter,
+which is 300 times more massive
+
+than the earth,
+where the gravitational pull is
+
+greater.
+And, in that case,
+
+then those helium atoms don't
+have enough velocity to escape
+
+the earth's gravitational pull.
+So, that is mass.
+
+What about temperature?
+Now we are going to keep the
+
+mass constant and we are going
+to look at temperature.
+
+Here is the distribution
+function at 100 degrees Kelvin,
+
+pretty narrow.
+Here is the distribution
+
+function for argon at 300
+degrees Kelvin,
+
+broader.
+Here is the distribution
+
+function at 1000 degrees kelvin,
+broader again.
+
+You see that as we increase the
+temperature, the average speed
+
+increases.
+As we increase the temperature,
+
+the width of that distribution
+function increases.
+
+Now, one thing to note here is
+this is a probability.
+
+The areas under these curves
+have to all add up to one.
+
+If this distribution function
+is going to move to higher
+
+velocities as we increase the
+temperature, well,
+
+of course this maximum
+probability is going to have to
+
+go down because we cannot lose
+any molecules.
+
+All the area under this curve,
+at 100 degrees Kelvin,
+
+has to equal the area under
+this curve, at 1000 degrees
+
+Kelvin, because this is a
+probability that we are plotting
+
+here.
+That is our description of the
+
+Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.
+See you on Friday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VQXxs59Eiak.txt b/VQXxs59Eiak.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc114111662f88d43a6407868cd05d20a9f5b154
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VQXxs59Eiak.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in class hey let's go ahead and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class hey let's go ahead and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class hey let's go ahead and get
+started so we're going to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so we're going to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so we're going to finish
+spectral analysis today so we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral analysis today so we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral analysis today so we are going
+to learn how to make graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn how to make graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn how to make graphical
+representation like this of the spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation like this of the spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation like this of the spectral
+and temporal structure of time series or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temporal structure of time series or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temporal structure of time series or
+in this case a speech signal recorded on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case a speech signal recorded on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case a speech signal recorded on
+a microphone well actually let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a microphone well actually let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a microphone well actually let me just
+tell you exactly what what it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you exactly what what it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you exactly what what it is that
+we're looking at here so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at here so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at here so this is a
+spectrogram that displays the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrogram that displays the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrogram that displays the amount of
+power in this signal as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power in this signal as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power in this signal as a function of
+time and as a function of frequency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and as a function of frequency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and as a function of frequency so
+you remember we've been learning how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember we've been learning how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember we've been learning how to
+construct the spectrum of a signal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the spectrum of a signal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the spectrum of a signal and
+today we're going to learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to learn how to
+construct a representation like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a representation like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a representation like this
+called a spectrogram that shows how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a spectrogram that shows how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a spectrogram that shows how that
+spectrum varies over time so as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum varies over time so as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum varies over time so as you
+recall we we have learned how to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall we we have learned how to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall we we have learned how to compute
+the Fourier transform of a signal this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier transform of a signal this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier transform of a signal this
+is one of the signals that we've that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the signals that we've that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the signals that we've that we
+actually started with so if you complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually started with so if you complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually started with so if you complete
+before you transform of this square wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you transform of this square wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you transform of this square wave
+you can see that in the frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that in the frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that in the frequency domain
+now we plot the amount of essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we plot the amount of essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we plot the amount of essentially
+the component of this signal at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the component of this signal at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the component of this signal at
+different frequencies so the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies so the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies so the Fourier
+transform of this square wave has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this square wave has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this square wave has a
+number of Peaks each of these Peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Peaks each of these Peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Peaks each of these Peaks
+correspond to a cosine contribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a cosine contribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a cosine contribution to
+this to this time series okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to this time series okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to this time series okay
+all right and we also discussed how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and we also discussed how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and we also discussed how you
+can compute the power spectrum of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute the power spectrum of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute the power spectrum of a
+signal from the Fourier transform so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal from the Fourier transform so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal from the Fourier transform so
+here what I've done is I've taken the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I've done is I've taken the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I've done is I've taken the
+the Fourier transform of this square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier transform of this square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier transform of this square
+wave and now we take the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and now we take the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and now we take the square
+magnitude of each of these values and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of each of these values and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of each of these values and we
+just plot the spectrum the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plot the spectrum the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plot the spectrum the square
+magnitude of just the positive frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of just the positive frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of just the positive frequency
+components for real valued functions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components for real valued functions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components for real valued functions the
+power spectrum is symmetric the power in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power spectrum is symmetric the power in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power spectrum is symmetric the power in
+each of these at each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these at each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these at each of these
+frequencies in the positive half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in the positive half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in the positive half of the
+for the positive frequencies is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the positive frequencies is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the positive frequencies is exactly
+the same as the power in the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the power in the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the power in the negative
+frequencies so if we plot the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so if we plot the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so if we plot the power
+spectrum of that square wave we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of that square wave we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of that square wave we can see
+that there are multiple peaks at regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are multiple peaks at regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are multiple peaks at regular
+intervals now the the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals now the the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals now the the problem with
+plotting power spectra on a linear scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting power spectra on a linear scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting power spectra on a linear scale
+here is that you often have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that you often have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that you often have
+contributions important contributions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions important contributions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions important contributions to
+signals that actually have a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals that actually have a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals that actually have a very small
+amount of power when you plot them on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of power when you plot them on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of power when you plot them on a
+linear scale so you can barely see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear scale so you can barely see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear scale so you can barely see them
+you can barely see those contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can barely see those contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can barely see those contributions
+at these frequencies here on a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these frequencies here on a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these frequencies here on a linear
+scale but if you plot this on a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale but if you plot this on a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale but if you plot this on a log
+scale you can see the spectrum much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale you can see the spectrum much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale you can see the spectrum much more
+easily so so for example what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily so so for example what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily so so for example what we've done
+here is we've we've plotted the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we've we've plotted the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we've we've plotted the square
+magnitude of the Fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the Fourier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the Fourier transform
+taking the log base 10 of that spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the log base 10 of that spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the log base 10 of that spectrum
+spectrum is the square magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is the square magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is the square magnitude of the
+Fourier transform and now we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform and now we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform and now we can take
+the log base 10 of the power spectrum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log base 10 of the power spectrum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log base 10 of the power spectrum to
+get the power in units of bowels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the power in units of bowels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the power in units of bowels and
+multiply that by 10 to get the power in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by 10 to get the power in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by 10 to get the power in
+units of decibels okay so each tick mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of decibels okay so each tick mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of decibels okay so each tick mark
+here of of size 10 corresponds to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of of size 10 corresponds to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of of size 10 corresponds to one
+order of magnitude in power okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude in power okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude in power okay so this
+peak here is about 10 DB lower than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak here is about 10 DB lower than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak here is about 10 DB lower than that
+peak there and that corresponds to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak there and that corresponds to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak there and that corresponds to about
+a factor of 10 lower in in power okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of 10 lower in in power okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of 10 lower in in power okay
+any questions about that I want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that I want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that I want to be
+able to want you to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to want you to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to want you to understand what
+these units of decibels are they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these units of decibels are they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these units of decibels are they're
+going to be on the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on the test
+questions about that you want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that you want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that you want to just
+ask me right now remember this okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me right now remember this okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me right now remember this okay and
+and keep in mind that the power in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep in mind that the power in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep in mind that the power in a
+signal is proportional to the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is proportional to the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is proportional to the square of
+the amplitude okay so if I tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude okay so if I tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude okay so if I tell you that
+a signal has ten times as much amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signal has ten times as much amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signal has ten times as much amplitude
+it's going to have a hundred times as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have a hundred times as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have a hundred times as
+much power a hundred times as much power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much power a hundred times as much power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much power a hundred times as much power
+is into the two bowels which is 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is into the two bowels which is 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is into the two bowels which is 20
+decibels sense okay all right so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decibels sense okay all right so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decibels sense okay all right so we we
+also talked about some Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talked about some Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talked about some Fourier
+transforms of different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms of different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms of different kinds of
+functions so this is the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so this is the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so this is the Fourier
+transform of a square pulse so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of a square pulse so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of a square pulse so here I
+showed you a square pulse it's it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you a square pulse it's it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you a square pulse it's it has a
+width of 100 milliseconds the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of 100 milliseconds the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of 100 milliseconds the Fourier
+transform is this sinc function and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is this sinc function and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is this sinc function and for
+a square pulse of with hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square pulse of with hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square pulse of with hundred
+milliseconds the sinc function has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds the sinc function has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds the sinc function has a
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+sorry has a full width at half height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry has a full width at half height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry has a full width at half height of
+12 Hertz if we have a square pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 Hertz if we have a square pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 Hertz if we have a square pulse
+that's that's five times as long 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's five times as long 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's five times as long 500
+milliseconds long the Fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds long the Fourier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds long the Fourier transform
+is the sinc function again but it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sinc function again but it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sinc function again but it has a
+width of this central lobe here of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of this central lobe here of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of this central lobe here of two
+it 2.4 Hertz so you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 2.4 Hertz so you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 2.4 Hertz so you can see that the
+longer the pulse the shorter the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer the pulse the shorter the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer the pulse the shorter the the
+narrower the structure in the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower the structure in the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower the structure in the frequency
+domain up here if we look at the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain up here if we look at the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain up here if we look at the Fourier
+transform of a square pulse that's 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of a square pulse that's 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of a square pulse that's 25
+milliseconds long then the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds long then the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds long then the Fourier
+transform is again a sinc function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is again a sinc function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is again a sinc function and
+the width of that central lobe is 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of that central lobe is 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of that central lobe is 48
+Hertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz
+so you can see that the width in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that the width in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that the width in the
+time domain and the width in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time domain and the width in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time domain and the width in the
+frequency domain are inversely related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain are inversely related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain are inversely related
+so the product of the width in the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the product of the width in the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the product of the width in the time
+domain and the width and the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and the width and the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and the width and the frequency
+domain is constant and that constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain is constant and that constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain is constant and that constant is
+called the time bandwidth product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the time bandwidth product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the time bandwidth product of
+that signal the time bandwidth product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that signal the time bandwidth product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that signal the time bandwidth product
+of this square pulse and sinc function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this square pulse and sinc function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this square pulse and sinc function
+is a constant it's independent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant it's independent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant it's independent of the
+width the time bandwidth product is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width the time bandwidth product is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width the time bandwidth product is a
+function of that it's it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of that it's it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of that it's it's it's a
+characteristic of that functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of that functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of that functional form
+okay now we also talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we also talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we also talked about the
+convolution theorem which relates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution theorem which relates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution theorem which relates the
+way signals get multiplied in time ork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way signals get multiplied in time ork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way signals get multiplied in time ork
+involved in frequency domain so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in frequency domain so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in frequency domain so for
+example if we have a square pulse in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we have a square pulse in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we have a square pulse in
+time multiplied by a cosine function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time multiplied by a cosine function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time multiplied by a cosine function in
+time to get a windowed cosine so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get a windowed cosine so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get a windowed cosine so this
+function is zero everywhere except it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is zero everywhere except it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is zero everywhere except it's
+cosine within this window we can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine within this window we can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine within this window we can compute
+the Fourier transform of this window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier transform of this window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier transform of this window
+cosine function by convolving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine function by convolving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine function by convolving the
+Fourier the Fourier transform of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier the Fourier transform of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier the Fourier transform of the
+square pulse with the Fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square pulse with the Fourier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square pulse with the Fourier transform
+of the cosine function like this so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cosine function like this so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cosine function like this so the
+Fourier transform of the square pulse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform of the square pulse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform of the square pulse is
+again this sinc function the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this sinc function the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this sinc function the Fourier
+transform of the cosine is are these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the cosine is are these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the cosine is are these two
+Delta functions now if we convolve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions now if we convolve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions now if we convolve the
+sinc function with those two Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinc function with those two Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinc function with those two Delta
+functions we get a copy of that sinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we get a copy of that sinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we get a copy of that sinc
+function at the location of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at the location of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at the location of each of
+those Delta functions and that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Delta functions and that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Delta functions and that is the
+Fourier transform okay any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform okay any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform okay any questions
+about that just a quick review of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that just a quick review of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that just a quick review of things
+we've been talking about all right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about all right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about all right so we
+can look at this Fourier transform here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at this Fourier transform here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at this Fourier transform here
+we can look at the power spectrum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the power spectrum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the power spectrum of
+this windowed cosine function like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this windowed cosine function like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this windowed cosine function like this
+so there's the windowed cosine function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the windowed cosine function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the windowed cosine function
+the power spectrum the power spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power spectrum the power spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power spectrum the power spectrum
+plotted on a linear scale is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted on a linear scale is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted on a linear scale is just the
+square magnitude of what I've plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square magnitude of what I've plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square magnitude of what I've plotted
+here and we're just going to plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we're just going to plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we're just going to plot the
+positive frequencies that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive frequencies that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive frequencies that's what the
+power spectrum of that signal looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power spectrum of that signal looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power spectrum of that signal looks like
+on a log scale so you can see that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a log scale so you can see that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a log scale so you can see that it
+has a a peak at 20 Hertz which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a a peak at 20 Hertz which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a a peak at 20 Hertz which is the
+which was the frequency of the cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the frequency of the cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the frequency of the cosine
+function you see some little Wiggles out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you see some little Wiggles out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you see some little Wiggles out
+here but if you look on a log scale you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but if you look on a log scale you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but if you look on a log scale you
+can see that those Wiggles off to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that those Wiggles off to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that those Wiggles off to the
+side are actually quite significant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side are actually quite significant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side are actually quite significant the
+first side lobe there has a power that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first side lobe there has a power that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first side lobe there has a power that's
+about a tenth of the central peak that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a tenth of the central peak that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a tenth of the central peak that
+may not matter sometimes when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not matter sometimes when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not matter sometimes when you're
+looking at the spectrum of a signal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the spectrum of a signal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the spectrum of a signal but
+sometimes it will matter because those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it will matter because those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it will matter because those
+side lobes there will interfere they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side lobes there will interfere they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side lobes there will interfere they'll
+mask the spectrum of other components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask the spectrum of other components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask the spectrum of other components of
+this signal that you may be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this signal that you may be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this signal that you may be in
+we also talked about how this spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also talked about how this spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also talked about how this spectrum
+depends on the function that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the function that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the function that you
+multiply your cosine by here so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply your cosine by here so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply your cosine by here so for
+example if you take a cosine and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you take a cosine and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you take a cosine and you
+multiply it by a Gaussian the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by a Gaussian the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by a Gaussian the power
+spectrum has the shape of a Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum has the shape of a Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum has the shape of a Gaussian
+it's a Gaussian that has a peak at 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Gaussian that has a peak at 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Gaussian that has a peak at 20
+Hertz and if you look at the if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz and if you look at the if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz and if you look at the if you look
+at that spectrum on a log scale you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that spectrum on a log scale you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that spectrum on a log scale you can
+see that it loses it you've lost all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it loses it you've lost all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it loses it you've lost all of
+these high frequency wiggles up here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these high frequency wiggles up here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these high frequency wiggles up here all
+of those Wiggles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those Wiggles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those Wiggles
+come from the sharp edge of this square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the sharp edge of this square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the sharp edge of this square
+pulse windowing function okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse windowing function okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse windowing function okay so the
+shape of the spectrum that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the spectrum that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the spectrum that you get
+depends a lot on how you window the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends a lot on how you window the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends a lot on how you window the
+function that you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that you're looking at
+questions about that right again more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that right again more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that right again more
+review okay so we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review okay so we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review okay so we talked about
+estimating the spectrum of a signal if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the spectrum of a signal if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the spectrum of a signal if
+you have many different measurements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have many different measurements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have many different measurements of
+some signal you can actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some signal you can actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some signal you can actually just
+compute the spectrum of each one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the spectrum of each one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the spectrum of each one this
+little hat here means an estimate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hat here means an estimate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hat here means an estimate of the
+spectrum you compute some estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum you compute some estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum you compute some estimate of
+the spectrum of each of those trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum of each of those trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum of each of those trials
+samples of your data and you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples of your data and you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples of your data and you can just
+average all of those together okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average all of those together okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average all of those together okay now
+if you have a continuous signal you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a continuous signal you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a continuous signal you can
+also as you could estimate the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also as you could estimate the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also as you could estimate the spectrum
+just by taking the Fourier transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by taking the Fourier transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by taking the Fourier transform of
+you know long recording of your signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know long recording of your signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know long recording of your signal
+but it's much better to break your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's much better to break your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's much better to break your
+signal into small pieces compute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal into small pieces compute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal into small pieces compute a
+spectral estimate of each one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral estimate of each one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral estimate of each one of those
+small pieces and average those together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pieces and average those together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pieces and average those together
+now how do you construct a small sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do you construct a small sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do you construct a small sample
+of a signal if you have a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a signal if you have a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a signal if you have a continuous
+signal how do you take a small sample of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal how do you take a small sample of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal how do you take a small sample of
+it well you can think about that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well you can think about that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well you can think about that as
+taking your continuous signal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking your continuous signal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking your continuous signal and
+multiplying it by a square window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying it by a square window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying it by a square window
+setting everything outside that window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting everything outside that window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting everything outside that window
+to zero and just keeping the part that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and just keeping the part that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and just keeping the part that's
+in that window know that when you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that window know that when you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that window know that when you take a
+signal and you multiply it by a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and you multiply it by a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and you multiply it by a square
+window what have you done you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convulsion 'el signal with the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convulsion 'el signal with the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convulsion 'el signal with the spectrum
+of this square pulse and that spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this square pulse and that spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this square pulse and that spectrum
+of the square pulse is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the square pulse is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the square pulse is really a
+nasty-looking thing right it is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty-looking thing right it is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty-looking thing right it is this
+what we call the darish lay kernel which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the darish lay kernel which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the darish lay kernel which
+is just the power spectrum of a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the power spectrum of a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the power spectrum of a square
+pulse that we just talked about okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse that we just talked about okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse that we just talked about okay so
+that's called the darish light kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the darish light kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the darish light kernel
+and and using a square pulse to select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and using a square pulse to select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and using a square pulse to select
+out a sample of data introduces two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a sample of data introduces two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a sample of data introduces two
+errors into your spectral estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors into your spectral estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors into your spectral estimate
+narrowband bias it broadens your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowband bias it broadens your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowband bias it broadens your
+estimate of the spectrum of of let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the spectrum of of let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the spectrum of of let's say
+sinusoidal or periodic components in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal or periodic components in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal or periodic components in
+your signal and it also introduces these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your signal and it also introduces these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your signal and it also introduces these
+I'd lobes so the way we solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd lobes so the way we solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd lobes so the way we solve that
+problem is we break our signal into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is we break our signal into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is we break our signal into
+little pieces multiply each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces multiply each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces multiply each of those
+little pieces by a smoother windowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces by a smoother windowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces by a smoother windowing
+function by something that isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by something that isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by something that isn't a
+square pulse multiply it by something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square pulse multiply it by something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square pulse multiply it by something
+that maybe looks like a gal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe looks like a gal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe looks like a gal
+or or half of a cosine function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or half of a cosine function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or half of a cosine function that
+gives us what we call tapered segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us what we call tapered segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us what we call tapered segments
+of our data we can estimate the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our data we can estimate the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our data we can estimate the spectrum
+of those tapered pieces and average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those tapered pieces and average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those tapered pieces and average
+those together questions and I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together questions and I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together questions and I showed
+you briefly what happens if we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you briefly what happens if we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you briefly what happens if we take a
+little piece of signal the blue is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece of signal the blue is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece of signal the blue is is
+white noise with a little bit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white noise with a little bit of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white noise with a little bit of this
+periodic sine function added to it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sine function added to it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sine function added to it and
+if you run that analysis you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you run that analysis you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you run that analysis you can see
+that there is a large component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a large component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a large component of the
+spectrum that's due to the white noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum that's due to the white noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum that's due to the white noise
+that's this broadband component here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this broadband component here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this broadband component here and
+that sinusoidal component there gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sinusoidal component there gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sinusoidal component there gives
+you this peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's a posted or Daniels posted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a posted or Daniels posted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a posted or Daniels posted a
+function called W spec M that implements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called W spec M that implements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called W spec M that implements
+this actual estimate like this now today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actual estimate like this now today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actual estimate like this now today
+we're going to turn to estimating time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to turn to estimating time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to turn to estimating time
+varying signals estimating the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying signals estimating the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying signals estimating the spectrum
+of time varying signals so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time varying signals so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time varying signals so this is
+microphone recording of a speech signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone recording of a speech signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone recording of a speech signal
+let me see if I can play that alone all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if I can play that alone all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if I can play that alone all
+right so that's just me saying hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's just me saying hello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's just me saying hello
+robotic voice okay so that is the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic voice okay so that is the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic voice okay so that is the signal
+that's basically voltage recorded on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically voltage recorded on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically voltage recorded on the
+output of a microphone it's got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of a microphone it's got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of a microphone it's got some
+interesting structure in it right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting structure in it right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting structure in it right so
+first these these little pulses here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first these these little pulses here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first these these little pulses here you
+see this kind of periodic pulse those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this kind of periodic pulse those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this kind of periodic pulse those
+are called glottal pulses does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called glottal pulses does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called glottal pulses does anyone
+know what what those are what produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what those are what produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what those are what produces
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so when you speak a voiced sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you speak a voiced sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you speak a voiced sound
+your vocal cords are vibrating you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vocal cords are vibrating you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vocal cords are vibrating you have
+this is a flexible tissue that are close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a flexible tissue that are close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a flexible tissue that are close
+to each other in your trachea as air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other in your trachea as air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other in your trachea as air
+flows up through your trachea the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows up through your trachea the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows up through your trachea the air
+pressure builds up and pushes the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure builds up and pushes the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure builds up and pushes the the
+glottal folds apart air begins to flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glottal folds apart air begins to flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glottal folds apart air begins to flow
+rapidly through that open space at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly through that open space at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly through that open space at high
+velocities the the velocity flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities the the velocity flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities the the velocity flowing
+through the constriction is higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the constriction is higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the constriction is higher than
+the velocity of air anywhere else in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of air anywhere else in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of air anywhere else in the
+trachea because it's flowing through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trachea because it's flowing through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trachea because it's flowing through a
+tiny little space at high velocities at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little space at high velocities at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little space at high velocities at
+constrictions where you have a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrictions where you have a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrictions where you have a high
+fluid flow the pressure actually drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid flow the pressure actually drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid flow the pressure actually drops
+and that pulls the the vocal folds back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that pulls the the vocal folds back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that pulls the the vocal folds back
+together again when they snap together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together again when they snap together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together again when they snap together
+all the airflow stops and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the airflow stops and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the airflow stops and you have a
+pulse of negative pressure above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse of negative pressure above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse of negative pressure above the
+glottis right imagine you have air flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glottis right imagine you have air flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glottis right imagine you have air flow
+coming up and all of a sudden you pinch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up and all of a sudden you pinch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up and all of a sudden you pinch
+it off there's a sudden drop in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off there's a sudden drop in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off there's a sudden drop in the
+pressure as that mass of air keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure as that mass of air keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure as that mass of air keeps
+flowing up but there's nothing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing up but there's nothing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing up but there's nothing more
+coming up below so you get a sharp drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up below so you get a sharp drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up below so you get a sharp drop
+in the pressure then the air pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pressure then the air pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pressure then the air pressure
+builds up again the glottal folds open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds up again the glottal folds open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds up again the glottal folds open
+velocity increases and they snap shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity increases and they snap shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity increases and they snap shut
+again and so that's what happens as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and so that's what happens as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and so that's what happens as
+you're talking okay and so that periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking okay and so that periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking okay and so that periodic
+signal right there that those pulses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal right there that those pulses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal right there that those pulses in
+pressure the microphone is recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure the microphone is recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure the microphone is recording
+pressure remember so those pulses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure remember so those pulses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure remember so those pulses are
+due to your glottis snapping shut each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to your glottis snapping shut each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to your glottis snapping shut each
+time at each time it closes during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at each time it closes during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at each time it closes during the
+cycle during that oscillator e-cycle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle during that oscillator e-cycle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle during that oscillator e-cycle the
+period of that those glottal pulses is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of that those glottal pulses is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of that those glottal pulses is
+about 10 milliseconds in men and about 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 milliseconds in men and about 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 milliseconds in men and about 5
+milliseconds in women ok but you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds in women ok but you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds in women ok but you can see
+there's a lot of other structure changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of other structure changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of other structure changes
+in this signal that go on through time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this signal that go on through time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this signal that go on through time
+but let's start by just looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's start by just looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's start by just looking at the
+spectrum of that whole signal now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of that whole signal now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of that whole signal now what
+what might we expect so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might we expect so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might we expect so if you have
+periodic pulses at 10 millisecond period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic pulses at 10 millisecond period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic pulses at 10 millisecond period
+what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what
+should the spectrum look like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the spectrum look like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the spectrum look like if you
+have if you have a train of pulses Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you have a train of pulses Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you have a train of pulses Delta
+functions with 10 millisecond period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions with 10 millisecond period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions with 10 millisecond period
+what would the spectrum of that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the spectrum of that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the spectrum of that look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bactrim of a train of pulses looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bactrim of a train of pulses looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bactrim of a train of pulses looks like
+oh yes there would be but there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes there would be but there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes there would be but there would be
+other things as well well what would a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things as well well what would a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things as well well what would a
+signal look like that just has a peak at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal look like that just has a peak at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal look like that just has a peak at
+100 Hertz what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 Hertz what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 Hertz what is that
+as one peek at a hundred Hertz or let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one peek at a hundred Hertz or let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one peek at a hundred Hertz or let's
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+we're a transform would have a peak at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a transform would have a peak at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a transform would have a peak at
+100 and at minus 100 that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and at minus 100 that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and at minus 100 that's just a
+cosine that's not a train of pulses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine that's not a train of pulses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine that's not a train of pulses
+what's the Fourier transform of a train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Fourier transform of a train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Fourier transform of a train
+of pulses those of you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pulses those of you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pulses those of you who are
+concentrating on this right now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating on this right now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating on this right now we're
+going to be really glad on the midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really glad on the midterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really glad on the midterm
+what's the Fourier transform of a train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Fourier transform of a train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Fourier transform of a train
+of pulses go back to here because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pulses go back to here because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pulses go back to here because there
+was a bit of a hint here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a bit of a hint here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a bit of a hint here at the
+beginning of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the lecture
+what's the Fourier transform of a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Fourier transform of a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Fourier transform of a square
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens if we make these pulses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if we make these pulses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if we make these pulses
+narrower and narrower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else's get more and more narrow these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's get more and more narrow these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's get more and more narrow these
+Peaks go to a train of delta functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks go to a train of delta functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks go to a train of delta functions
+you just get a transform of a train of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get a transform of a train of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get a transform of a train of
+Delta functions in time is just a train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions in time is just a train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions in time is just a train
+of Feltham functions in frequency the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Feltham functions in frequency the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Feltham functions in frequency the
+spacing between the peaks in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing between the peaks in frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing between the peaks in frequency
+is just 1 over the spacing between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just 1 over the spacing between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just 1 over the spacing between the
+peaks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let's go back to our speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's go back to our speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's go back to our speech
+signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're almost like Delta functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're almost like Delta functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're almost like Delta functions
+maybe not quite but for now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not quite but for now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not quite but for now let's
+pretend they are if those are a train of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend they are if those are a train of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend they are if those are a train of
+Delta functions spaced at ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions spaced at ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions spaced at ten
+milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds
+what is our spectrum going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just said it what is it gonna look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just said it what is it gonna look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just said it what is it gonna look
+like yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yep
+spaced by his 100 Hertz good so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced by his 100 Hertz good so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced by his 100 Hertz good so here's
+the spectrum of that speech signal what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum of that speech signal what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum of that speech signal what
+do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brain of Delta functions separated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain of Delta functions separated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain of Delta functions separated by
+about a hundred Hertz right that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a hundred Hertz right that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a hundred Hertz right that's a
+kilohertz that's 500 Hertz that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz that's 500 Hertz that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz that's 500 Hertz that's a
+hundred mean of Delta functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred mean of Delta functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred mean of Delta functions
+separated by a hundred Hertz okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by a hundred Hertz okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by a hundred Hertz okay that's
+called a harmonic stack the spectrum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a harmonic stack the spectrum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a harmonic stack the spectrum of
+a speech signal has a harmonic stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a speech signal has a harmonic stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a speech signal has a harmonic stack
+because this signal has these short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this signal has these short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this signal has these short
+little pulses of pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what are these bumps here why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what are these bumps here why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what are these bumps here why is
+there a bump here a bump here and a bump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a bump here a bump here and a bump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a bump here a bump here and a bump
+here does anyone know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that shapes the sound as you speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that shapes the sound as you speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that shapes the sound as you speak
+that makes an O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or it oh sorry I'm having trouble with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it oh sorry I'm having trouble with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it oh sorry I'm having trouble with
+my pointer that's oh hello found those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pointer that's oh hello found those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pointer that's oh hello found those
+pulses are made down here in your vocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulses are made down here in your vocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulses are made down here in your vocal
+tract as those pulses propagate up from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract as those pulses propagate up from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract as those pulses propagate up from
+your glottis to your lips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your glottis to your lips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your glottis to your lips
+the filter which is your mouth and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter which is your mouth and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter which is your mouth and that
+shape of that filter is controlled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of that filter is controlled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of that filter is controlled by
+your the closure of your lips by where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the closure of your lips by where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the closure of your lips by where
+your tongue is I where where different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tongue is I where where different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tongue is I where where different
+parts of your tongue are closing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of your tongue are closing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of your tongue are closing the the
+opening in your mouth and all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening in your mouth and all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening in your mouth and all those
+filters that have Peaks and the vocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters that have Peaks and the vocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters that have Peaks and the vocal
+filter has three main Peaks that move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter has three main Peaks that move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter has three main Peaks that move
+around as you move the formants okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around as you move the formants okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around as you move the formants okay
+hey now you can see that this temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey now you can see that this temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey now you can see that this temporal
+structure the spectral structure isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the spectral structure isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the spectral structure isn't
+constant in time it changes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in time it changes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in time it changes right
+throughout this word so what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this word so what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this word so what we can do
+is we can take that signal and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we can take that signal and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we can take that signal and we can
+compute the spectrum of little parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the spectrum of little parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the spectrum of little parts of
+it okay so we can take that signal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so we can take that signal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so we can take that signal and
+multiply it by a window here a taper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by a window here a taper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by a window here a taper
+here and get a little sample of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and get a little sample of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and get a little sample of the
+speech signal and calculate the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech signal and calculate the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech signal and calculate the spectrum
+of it just by Fourier transforming we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it just by Fourier transforming we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it just by Fourier transforming we
+can do the same thing shift it over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the same thing shift it over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the same thing shift it over a
+little bit and compute the spectrum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and compute the spectrum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and compute the spectrum of
+that signal all right so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that signal all right so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that signal all right so we're going to
+take a little piece of the signal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little piece of the signal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little piece of the signal that
+has width in time capital T okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has width in time capital T okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has width in time capital T okay that's
+the width of the window we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of the window we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of the window we're gonna
+multiply it by taper compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by taper compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by taper compute the
+spectrum and we're gonna shift that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and we're gonna shift that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and we're gonna shift that
+window by a smaller amount delta T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window by a smaller amount delta T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window by a smaller amount delta T so
+the overlapping windows compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overlapping windows compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overlapping windows compute the
+spectrum of each one and then stack all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of each one and then stack all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of each one and then stack all
+of those up next to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those up next to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those up next to each other
+now you've got a spectrum that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've got a spectrum that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've got a spectrum that's a
+function of time and frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+though each column is the spectrum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though each column is the spectrum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though each column is the spectrum of
+one little piece of the sound at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little piece of the sound at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little piece of the sound at one
+moment in time that's and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in time that's and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in time that's and that's where
+this spectrogram comes from but here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spectrogram comes from but here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spectrogram comes from but here in
+the spectrogram you can see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrogram you can see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrogram you can see these
+horizontal striations are the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal striations are the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal striations are the harmonic
+stack produced by the glottal pulse this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack produced by the glottal pulse this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack produced by the glottal pulse this
+is a really key way that people study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really key way that people study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really key way that people study
+the mechanisms of sound production and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanisms of sound production and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanisms of sound production and
+speech vocalizations and all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech vocalizations and all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech vocalizations and all kinds of
+signals more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals more general
+any questions about that all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that all right now
+what's really is that you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really is that you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really is that you can actually
+focus on different things in a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on different things in a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on different things in a signal
+okay so for example if I compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example if I compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example if I compute the
+spectrogram with signals where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrogram with signals where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrogram with signals where that
+little window that I'm choosing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little window that I'm choosing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little window that I'm choosing is
+really long then I have high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long then I have high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long then I have high frequency
+high resolution and frequency and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high resolution and frequency and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high resolution and frequency and the
+spectrogram looks like this but if I the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrogram looks like this but if I the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrogram looks like this but if I the
+if I compute the spectrogram with little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I compute the spectrogram with little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I compute the spectrogram with little
+windows in time that are very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows in time that are very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows in time that are very short
+then my frequency resolution is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my frequency resolution is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my frequency resolution is very
+poor but the temporal resolution is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor but the temporal resolution is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor but the temporal resolution is very
+high and now you can see this spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and now you can see this spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and now you can see this spectrum
+you can see these vertical striations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see these vertical striations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see these vertical striations
+those vertical striations correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vertical striations correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vertical striations correspond to
+pulse of the glottal pulse and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse of the glottal pulse and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse of the glottal pulse and we can
+basically see the spectrum of each pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically see the spectrum of each pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically see the spectrum of each pulse
+coming through the vocal tract okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming through the vocal tract okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming through the vocal tract okay
+pretty cool right so how you compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool right so how you compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool right so how you compute the
+spectrogram depends on what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrogram depends on what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrogram depends on what you're
+actually interested in if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interested in if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interested in if you want to
+focus on the glottal pulses and pull the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the glottal pulses and pull the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the glottal pulses and pull the
+pitch of the speech you look with a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch of the speech you look with a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch of the speech you look with a long
+time window if you want to focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time window if you want to focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time window if you want to focus on the
+formants here you can see the formants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formants here you can see the formants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formants here you can see the formants
+very nicely you would use a short time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nicely you would use a short time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nicely you would use a short time
+window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right any questions ok so now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right any questions ok so now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right any questions ok so now I'm
+going to talk more about the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk more about the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk more about the kinds of
+tapers that you use to get the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapers that you use to get the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapers that you use to get the best
+possible spectral estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible spectral estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible spectral estimate
+all right so a perfect taper the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so a perfect taper the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so a perfect taper the sense
+would give you perfect temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you perfect temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you perfect temporal
+resolution and perfect really it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and perfect really it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and perfect really it would
+give you really fine temporal resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you really fine temporal resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you really fine temporal resolution
+and it would give you really fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would give you really fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would give you really fine
+frequency resolution okay but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency resolution okay but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency resolution okay but because
+there's a fundamental limit on the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fundamental limit on the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fundamental limit on the time
+bandwidth product you can't measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth product you can't measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth product you can't measure
+frequency infinitely well with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency infinitely well with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency infinitely well with an
+infinitely short sample of a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely short sample of a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely short sample of a signal
+imagine you have a sine wave and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have a sine wave and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have a sine wave and you
+took like two samples of a sine wave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took like two samples of a sine wave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took like two samples of a sine wave it
+would be really hard to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really hard to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really hard to figure out the
+frequency right whereas if you have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right whereas if you have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right whereas if you have many
+many many samples of a sine wave you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many samples of a sine wave you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many samples of a sine wave you can
+figure out the frequency so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the frequency so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the frequency so there's a
+fundamental limit there so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental limit there so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental limit there so there's no
+such thing as a perfect taper if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such thing as a perfect taper if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such thing as a perfect taper if I want
+to take a sample of my signal in time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a sample of my signal in time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a sample of my signal in time if
+I have a sample that's limited in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a sample that's limited in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a sample that's limited in time
+that goes from one time to another time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes from one time to another time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes from one time to another time
+and is zero outside of that then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is zero outside of that then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is zero outside of that then in
+frequency it's spread out to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency it's spread out to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency it's spread out to infinity
+and so all we can do is choose how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all we can do is choose how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all we can do is choose how is
+okay we can either have things look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can either have things look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can either have things look
+worse in time and better in frequency or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse in time and better in frequency or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse in time and better in frequency or
+better in time and worse in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in time and worse in frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in time and worse in frequency
+okay so so the other problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the other problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the other problem is that
+when we taper a signal we're throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we taper a signal we're throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we taper a signal we're throwing
+away data here at the edges if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away data here at the edges if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away data here at the edges if you take
+a square window and you keep all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square window and you keep all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square window and you keep all the
+data within that square window well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data within that square window well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data within that square window well
+you've got all the data in that window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got all the data in that window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got all the data in that window
+but as soon as you taper it you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as soon as you taper it you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as soon as you taper it you're
+throwing away stuff at the edges so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing away stuff at the edges so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing away stuff at the edges so you
+for it to make it smooth and improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to make it smooth and improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to make it smooth and improve the
+the spectrum the spectral estimate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum the spectral estimate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum the spectral estimate but
+you're throwing away data okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're throwing away data okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're throwing away data okay so you
+can actually compute the optimal taper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually compute the optimal taper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually compute the optimal taper
+here's how you do that but we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how you do that but we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how you do that but we're going
+to do is we're going to think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we're going to think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we're going to think of this as
+what's called the spectral concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the spectral concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the spectral concentration
+problem we're going to find a function W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're going to find a function W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're going to find a function W
+okay this is a tapering then is limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a tapering then is limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a tapering then is limited
+in time from some minus T over 2 to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time from some minus T over 2 to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time from some minus T over 2 to plus
+T over two so it's zero outside of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over two so it's zero outside of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over two so it's zero outside of that
+it concentrates the maximum amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it concentrates the maximum amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it concentrates the maximum amount of
+energy in its fourier transform in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in its fourier transform in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in its fourier transform in its
+power spectrum within a window that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power spectrum within a window that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power spectrum within a window that has
+width 2w okay so W is this that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width 2w okay so W is this that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width 2w okay so W is this that makes
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+we're gonna find a function W that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna find a function W that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna find a function W that
+concentrates as much energy as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrates as much energy as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrates as much energy as possible
+in the where window and of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the where window and of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the where window and of course that
+thing to have the result that the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to have the result that the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to have the result that the energy
+and the side lobes is going to be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the side lobes is going to be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the side lobes is going to be as
+small as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are many different optimizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many different optimizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many different optimizations
+you can do in principle but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do in principle but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do in principle but this
+particular optimization is about getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular optimization is about getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular optimization is about getting
+as much of the power as possible into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much of the power as possible into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much of the power as possible into a
+central lobe here's this function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central lobe here's this function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central lobe here's this function of
+time we simply calculate the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we simply calculate the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we simply calculate the Fourier
+transform of W call that U of F okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of W call that U of F okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of W call that U of F okay and
+now we just write down a parameter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just write down a parameter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just write down a parameter that
+says how much of that for a tree how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says how much of that for a tree how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says how much of that for a tree how
+much of the power in U is in the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the power in U is in the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the power in U is in the window
+from - W - W compared to how much power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from - W - W compared to how much power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from - W - W compared to how much power
+there is in U over all over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in U over all over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in U over all over all
+frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if lambda is one then all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if lambda is one then all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if lambda is one then all of the
+power is between a U and W so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is between a U and W so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is between a U and W so you can
+actually solve this optimization problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve this optimization problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve this optimization problem
+maximize lambda and what you find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize lambda and what you find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize lambda and what you find is
+that there's not just one function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's not just one function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's not just one function that
+gives very good concentration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives very good concentration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives very good concentration of the
+power into this band there's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power into this band there's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power into this band there's actually a
+family of function they're actually K of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of function they're actually K of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of function they're actually K of
+these functions where K is twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions where K is twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions where K is twice the
+bandwidth times the duration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth times the duration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth times the duration of the
+window -1 so there are a family of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window -1 so there are a family of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window -1 so there are a family of K
+functions called sleppy infections for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions called sleppy infections for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions called sleppy infections for
+which lambda is very close to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're also prolate spheroid sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also prolate spheroid sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also prolate spheroid sequence
+functions DPSS and that's the command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions DPSS and that's the command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions DPSS and that's the command
+that MATLAB uses to find those functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MATLAB uses to find those functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MATLAB uses to find those functions
+DPSS here's what they look like so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DPSS here's what they look like so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DPSS here's what they look like so these
+are five functions that give lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are five functions that give lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are five functions that give lambda
+close to one or a particular for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one or a particular for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one or a particular for a
+particular bandwidth in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular bandwidth in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular bandwidth in a particular
+time window the N equals one function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time window the N equals one function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time window the N equals one function is
+a single peak it looks a lot like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single peak it looks a lot like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single peak it looks a lot like a
+Gaussian but it's not a Gaussian what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian but it's not a Gaussian what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian but it's not a Gaussian what
+what's fundamentally different between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's fundamentally different between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's fundamentally different between
+this function and a Gaussian this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function and a Gaussian this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function and a Gaussian this goes
+to zero outside that time window whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero outside that time window whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero outside that time window whereas
+a gaussian goes on forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gaussian goes on forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gaussian goes on forever
+the second slep in in this family as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second slep in in this family as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second slep in in this family as a
+peak a positive peak in the left half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak a positive peak in the left half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak a positive peak in the left half
+bit of peak in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the third one has positive negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one has positive negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one has positive negative
+positive and then grow and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and then grow and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and then grow and the
+higher-order functions just have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher-order functions just have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher-order functions just have more
+wiggle all have the property that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle all have the property that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle all have the property that they
+go to zero at the edges and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero at the edges and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero at the edges and the other
+interesting property is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting property is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting property is that these
+functions are all orthogonal to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are all orthogonal to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are all orthogonal to each
+other that means if you multiply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that means if you multiply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that means if you multiply this
+function times that function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function times that function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function times that function and
+integrate you get zero multiply any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate you get zero multiply any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate you get zero multiply any two
+of these functions and integrate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these functions and integrate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these functions and integrate over
+the window minus T over 2 2 plus T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window minus T over 2 2 plus T over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window minus T over 2 2 plus T over
+2 the integral what that means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the integral what that means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the integral what that means is that
+the spectral estimate you get by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectral estimate you get by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectral estimate you get by
+windowing your data with each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windowing your data with each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windowing your data with each of these
+functions separately are statistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions separately are statistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions separately are statistically
+independent you actually have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent you actually have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent you actually have multiple
+different estimates of the spectrum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different estimates of the spectrum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different estimates of the spectrum from
+the same little the other cool thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same little the other cool thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same little the other cool thing is
+that remember the problem with windowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remember the problem with windowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remember the problem with windowing
+are with one peak like this is we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are with one peak like this is we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are with one peak like this is we were
+throwing away data at the edges will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing away data at the edges will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing away data at the edges will
+notice that the higher-order sleppy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the higher-order sleppy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the higher-order sleppy
+infections have big peaks at the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections have big peaks at the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections have big peaks at the edges
+and so they are actually measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they are actually measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they are actually measuring the
+spectrum of the parts of the signal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of the parts of the signal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of the parts of the signal that
+are at the edge of the window now notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at the edge of the window now notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at the edge of the window now notice
+that those functions start crashing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those functions start crashing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those functions start crashing into
+the edges so you start getting sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges so you start getting sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges so you start getting sharp
+sharp edges out here which is why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp edges out here which is why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp edges out here which is why the
+higher-order functions have worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher-order functions have worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher-order functions have worse
+ripples outside that central lobe okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples outside that central lobe okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples outside that central lobe okay
+any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a lot of us just remember that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of us just remember that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of us just remember that for
+a given width of the window in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given width of the window in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given width of the window in time and
+within frequency there are multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within frequency there are multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within frequency there are multiple of
+these functions that put the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions that put the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions that put the maximum
+amount of power in this window 2w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh so that's great so good question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so that's great so good question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so that's great so good question what
+would you do if you if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do if you if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do if you if you're trying to
+measure something and you measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure something and you measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure something and you measure it
+five different times how would you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different times how would you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different times how would you get
+an estimate of what the actual number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how would you get an error bar on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you get an error bar on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you get an error bar on how
+color estimate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+her deviation of your estimates right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her deviation of your estimates right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her deviation of your estimates right
+and that's exactly what you do so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what you do so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what you do so not
+only can you get a good estimate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only can you get a good estimate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only can you get a good estimate of the
+average spectrum by averaging all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average spectrum by averaging all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average spectrum by averaging all of
+these things together but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things together but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things together but you can
+actually get an error bar and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get an error bar and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get an error bar and that's
+really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hey so here's the here's the procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey so here's the here's the procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey so here's the here's the procedure
+that you use and this is what's in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use and this is what's in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use and this is what's in that
+that little function W spec dot M okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little function W spec dot M okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little function W spec dot M okay
+so you select a time window of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you select a time window of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you select a time window of a
+particular width how do you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular width how do you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular width how do you know what
+width to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's part of it the other thing is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of it the other thing is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of it the other thing is if
+your signal is changing rapidly in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your signal is changing rapidly in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your signal is changing rapidly in time
+and you actually care about that paint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you actually care about that paint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you actually care about that paint
+you should choose your you're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should choose your you're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should choose your you're more
+interested in temporal resolution right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in temporal resolution right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in temporal resolution right
+if your signal is really constant like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your signal is really constant like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your signal is really constant like
+it doesn't change very fast then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't change very fast then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't change very fast then you can
+use bigger windows right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use bigger windows right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use bigger windows right
+okay so we're gonna choose a time width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna choose a time width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna choose a time width
+then what you're going to do is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you're going to do is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you're going to do is you're
+gonna select this parameter P which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna select this parameter P which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna select this parameter P which is
+just the time bandwidth product okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the time bandwidth product okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the time bandwidth product okay and
+if you've already chosen T what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've already chosen T what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've already chosen T what you're
+doing is you're just choosing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is you're just choosing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is you're just choosing the
+frequency with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency with
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once you compute P and you know T you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you compute P and you know T you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you compute P and you know T you
+just stuff those numbers into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stuff those numbers into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stuff those numbers into this
+MATLAB function DPSS which sends sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB function DPSS which sends sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB function DPSS which sends sends
+back to you this set of functions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to you this set of functions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to you this set of functions here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it sends you back K of those functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sends you back K of those functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sends you back K of those functions
+that once you've chosen P K is just to P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you've chosen P K is just to P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you've chosen P K is just to P
+minus 1 and then what do you do you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and then what do you do you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and then what do you do you just
+take your little snippet of data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your little snippet of data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your little snippet of data you
+multiply it by the first taper compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by the first taper compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by the first taper compute
+the spectrum compute the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum compute the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum compute the Fourier
+transform okay and then take your little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform okay and then take your little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform okay and then take your little
+piece of data multiply it by the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of data multiply it by the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of data multiply it by the second
+one compute the Fourier transform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one compute the Fourier transform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one compute the Fourier transform and
+the power spectrum and then you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power spectrum and then you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power spectrum and then you're just
+going to average this square magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to average this square magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to average this square magnitude
+should be inside the window your piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be inside the window your piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be inside the window your piece
+of data before you transform it square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data before you transform it square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data before you transform it square
+magnitude and then average all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and then average all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and then average all those
+spectra together I see this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra together I see this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra together I see this is the
+Fourier transform right here this sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform right here this sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform right here this sum is
+the Fourier transform we square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier transform we square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier transform we square
+magnitude that to get the spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude that to get the spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude that to get the spectral
+estimate of that particular sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of that particular sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of that particular sample and
+we're going to average that spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to average that spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to average that spectrum
+together for for all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for for all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for for all the different
+windowing tapering functions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windowing tapering functions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windowing tapering functions okay
+now you get then multiple spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you get then multiple spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you get then multiple spectral
+estimates you're going to average them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates you're going to average them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates you're going to average them
+together to get the mean and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to get the mean and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to get the mean and you can
+also look at the variance to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look at the variance to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look at the variance to get the
+standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions I'll stop there that was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I'll stop there that was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I'll stop there that was that
+was a lot of stuff let's brethren yes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot of stuff let's brethren yes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot of stuff let's brethren yes to
+see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't worry about it this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about it this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about it this is this is
+representation of the Fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the Fourier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the Fourier transform
+you sum over all the time samples this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sum over all the time samples this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sum over all the time samples this
+this you will just do as a fast Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you will just do as a fast Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you will just do as a fast Fourier
+transform okay so you'll take that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform okay so you'll take that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform okay so you'll take that data
+multiply it by this taper function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by this taper function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by this taper function which
+is the slepen and then do the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the slepen and then do the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the slepen and then do the Fourier
+transform take the square magnitude just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform take the square magnitude just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform take the square magnitude just
+want to make sure that we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that we've got the
+basic idea okay so you've got a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea okay so you've got a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea okay so you've got a long
+piece of data you're gonna lose some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of data you're gonna lose some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of data you're gonna lose some
+time window capital T okay you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time window capital T okay you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time window capital T okay you're going
+to choose a bandwidth W or or this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a bandwidth W or or this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a bandwidth W or or this time
+bandwidth product P send T and P 2 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth product P send T and P 2 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth product P send T and P 2 this
+DPSS function it will send you back a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DPSS function it will send you back a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DPSS function it will send you back a
+bunch of these DPSS functions that fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these DPSS functions that fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these DPSS functions that fit
+in that window now you're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that window now you're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that window now you're going to take
+your piece of data you're gonna break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your piece of data you're gonna break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your piece of data you're gonna break it
+into little windows of that length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into little windows of that length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into little windows of that length
+multiply them by each one of the sleppy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply them by each one of the sleppy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply them by each one of the sleppy
+n' functions do the Fourier transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n' functions do the Fourier transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n' functions do the Fourier transform of
+each one of those products averaged them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those products averaged them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those products averaged them
+all together it's it take the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together it's it take the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together it's it take the square
+magnitude of each one to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of each one to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of each one to get the
+spectrum and then average all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and then average all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and then average all those
+spectra together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra together
+so now so what is P do P chooses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now so what is P do P chooses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now so what is P do P chooses and
+width of the sleppy infection in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of the sleppy infection in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of the sleppy infection in that
+window okay so if you have a window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window okay so if you have a window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window okay so if you have a window
+that's a hundred milliseconds wide okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a hundred milliseconds wide okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a hundred milliseconds wide okay
+so we're going to take our data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to take our data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to take our data and
+break it into little pieces milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it into little pieces milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it into little pieces milliseconds
+long goes from minus 52 plus 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long goes from minus 52 plus 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long goes from minus 52 plus 50
+milliseconds whose a window that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds whose a window that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds whose a window that has a
+watt a narrow bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the small P then the bandwidth is narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small P then the bandwidth is narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small P then the bandwidth is narrow
+the bandwidth is narrow because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandwidth is narrow because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandwidth is narrow because the
+function is wide or you can 'large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is wide or you can 'large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is wide or you can 'large
+bandwidth what does that mean it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth what does that mean it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth what does that mean it's a
+narrower function in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower function in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower function in time
+now if P is five you have a broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if P is five you have a broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if P is five you have a broader
+bandwidth and that means that the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth and that means that the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth and that means that the window
+the tapering function is narrower in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tapering function is narrower in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tapering function is narrower in
+time look at the Fourier transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time look at the Fourier transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time look at the Fourier transform of
+each to different tapering functions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each to different tapering functions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each to different tapering functions you
+can see that if P equals 1.5 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that if P equals 1.5 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that if P equals 1.5 the
+tapering function is broad but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapering function is broad but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapering function is broad but the
+Fourier transform a kernel in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform a kernel in frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform a kernel in frequency
+space is narrower take that the p equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is narrower take that the p equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is narrower take that the p equals
+five function a broader bandwidth it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five function a broader bandwidth it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five function a broader bandwidth it's
+narrower in time and broader in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower in time and broader in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower in time and broader in
+frequency sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency sense
+okay so we're just p just for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're just p just for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're just p just for a given
+size time window tells you how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size time window tells you how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size time window tells you how many
+different samples were gonna take within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different samples were gonna take within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different samples were gonna take within
+that time window okay so okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time window okay so okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time window okay so okay so let me
+just go back to this example right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go back to this example right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go back to this example right here
+so I took the speech signal that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I took the speech signal that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I took the speech signal that I just
+showed you that was recorded on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you that was recorded on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you that was recorded on the
+microphone I chose a time window a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone I chose a time window a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone I chose a time window a
+millisecond so I broke the speech signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond so I broke the speech signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond so I broke the speech signal
+down into little 50 millisecond chunks I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into little 50 millisecond chunks I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into little 50 millisecond chunks I
+chose a bandwidth of 60 Hertz that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose a bandwidth of 60 Hertz that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose a bandwidth of 60 Hertz that
+corresponds to P equals one point five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to P equals one point five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to P equals one point five
+and K equals two that gives me back a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K equals two that gives me back a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K equals two that gives me back a
+bunch of these little functions and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these little functions and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these little functions and I
+computed this spectrogram for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed this spectrogram for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed this spectrogram for this
+spectrogram I chose a shorter time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrogram I chose a shorter time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrogram I chose a shorter time
+window eight milliseconds it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window eight milliseconds it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window eight milliseconds it was a
+bandwidth of 375 Hertz which also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth of 375 Hertz which also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth of 375 Hertz which also
+corresponds to P equals one point five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to P equals one point five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to P equals one point five
+and K equals two and before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K equals two and before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K equals two and before you
+transform the spectrogram with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the spectrogram with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the spectrogram with those
+parameters you get this example right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you get this example right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you get this example right so
+in this case I kept the same P the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I kept the same P the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I kept the same P the same
+time bandwidth product but I made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time bandwidth product but I made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time bandwidth product but I made the
+time shorter so the best way to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time shorter so the best way to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time shorter so the best way to do this
+when you're actually doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're actually doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're actually doing this
+practically is just to take a signal buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically is just to take a signal buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically is just to take a signal buy
+some of these different things that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these different things that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these different things that's
+really the best way to do it you can't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the best way to do it you can't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the best way to do it you can't I
+don't like recommend like trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like recommend like trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like recommend like trying to
+think through beforehand too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through beforehand too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through beforehand too much
+exactly what it's gonna look like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it's gonna look like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it's gonna look like if you
+choose these different values when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose these different values when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose these different values when it's
+easier just to try different things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier just to try different things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier just to try different things and
+see what it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it depends on what you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it depends on what you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it depends on what you're trying to
+get out of the data right if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of the data right if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of the data right if you want to
+visualize formants you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize formants you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize formants you can see that the
+formants are much clearer these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formants are much clearer these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formants are much clearer these
+different windows give you a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different windows give you a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different windows give you a different
+view on the data right so just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view on the data right so just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view on the data right so just look
+through different windows and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through different windows and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through different windows and see what
+looks interesting in the result right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks interesting in the result right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks interesting in the result right
+best way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay alright so I just want to say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay alright so I just want to say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay alright so I just want to say one
+more word about this time bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more word about this time bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more word about this time bandwidth
+product so that time bandwidth product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so that time bandwidth product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so that time bandwidth product
+of any function is greater than one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any function is greater than one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any function is greater than one okay
+so you can make time shorter but width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can make time shorter but width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can make time shorter but width
+is worse the way that you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worse the way that you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worse the way that you can think
+about this is that you're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is that you're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is that you're sort of
+looking at your data through a window in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your data through a window in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your data through a window in
+time and frequency what you want is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and frequency what you want is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and frequency what you want is to
+look with infinitely fine resolution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look with infinitely fine resolution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look with infinitely fine resolution in
+both time and frequency but really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both time and frequency but really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both time and frequency but really you
+can't have infinite time and frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have infinite time and frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have infinite time and frequency
+resolution you're going to be smearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution you're going to be smearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution you're going to be smearing
+your view of the data with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your view of the data with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your view of the data with something
+that has a minimum area right the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a minimum area right the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a minimum area right the time
+bandwidth product which has a minimum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth product which has a minimum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth product which has a minimum of
+size of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can either make time small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either make time small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either make time small and
+stretch the bandwidth or you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch the bandwidth or you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch the bandwidth or you can make
+wretch out time and make the bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wretch out time and make the bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wretch out time and make the bandwidth
+shorter or make time short and make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter or make time short and make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter or make time short and make the
+bandwidth long but you can't squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth long but you can't squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth long but you can't squeeze
+both as of this fundamental limit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both as of this fundamental limit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both as of this fundamental limit on the
+time bandwidth product this all depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time bandwidth product this all depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time bandwidth product this all depends
+on how you're measuring the time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you're measuring the time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you're measuring the time and the
+bandwidth right these are kind of funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth right these are kind of funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth right these are kind of funny
+shaped functions so it just there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped functions so it just there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped functions so it just there are
+different ways of measuring what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of measuring what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of measuring what the
+bandwidth of a signal is or what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth of a signal is or what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth of a signal is or what the
+time width of a signal is now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time width of a signal is now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time width of a signal is now the
+windows that you're looking in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows that you're looking in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows that you're looking in time and
+frequency width or the smallest time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency width or the smallest time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency width or the smallest time
+bandwidth product okay so notice that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth product okay so notice that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth product okay so notice that if
+the time bandwidth product is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time bandwidth product is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time bandwidth product is small
+close to one okay number of tapers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one okay number of tapers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one okay number of tapers you
+get in this DPSS this family of since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in this DPSS this family of since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in this DPSS this family of since
+you get is just one you only get one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is just one you only get one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is just one you only get one if
+P is 1 then k is to P minus 1 which is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is 1 then k is to P minus 1 which is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is 1 then k is to P minus 1 which is 1
+so you only get one window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you only get one window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you only get one window
+you only get one estimate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only get one estimate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only get one estimate of the
+spectrum but you can also choose to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum but you can also choose to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum but you can also choose to look
+at your data with worse that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your data with worse that have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your data with worse that have a
+worse time frequency I'm bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse time frequency I'm bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse time frequency I'm bandwidth
+product why would you do that why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product why would you do that why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product why would you do that why would
+you ever look at your data with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever look at your data with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever look at your data with
+functions that have a worse time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that have a worse time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that have a worse time
+bandwidth product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well notice that if the top bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well notice that if the top bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well notice that if the top bandwidth
+product is - how many functions do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is - how many functions do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is - how many functions do you
+have why does that matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have why does that matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have why does that matter
+as now you have three independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as now you have three independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as now you have three independent
+estimates of what that spectrum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+though in sometimes you would gladly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though in sometimes you would gladly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though in sometimes you would gladly
+choose to have a worse resolution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to have a worse resolution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to have a worse resolution in
+time and frequency because you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and frequency because you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and frequency because you've got
+more independent estimates means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more independent estimates means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more independent estimates means that
+better so sometimes your signal might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so sometimes your signal might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so sometimes your signal might be
+changing very slowly and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing very slowly and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing very slowly and then you can
+use a big time bandwidth product it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a big time bandwidth product it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a big time bandwidth product it
+doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter
+sometimes your signal is changing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes your signal is changing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes your signal is changing very
+rapidly in time and so you want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly in time and so you want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly in time and so you want to keep
+the time bandwidth product small okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time bandwidth product small okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time bandwidth product small okay
+does that begin - bigger time bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that begin - bigger time bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that begin - bigger time bandwidth
+products and now you get even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and now you get even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and now you get even more
+independent estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent estimates
+most typically you choose a peas that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most typically you choose a peas that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most typically you choose a peas that go
+from 1.5 to multiples of 0.5 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1.5 to multiples of 0.5 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1.5 to multiples of 0.5 because
+then you have an integer number of K's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but usually it just P choose P equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually it just P choose P equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually it just P choose P equals
+one point or higher in multiples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point or higher in multiples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point or higher in multiples of
+point 5 so if you really care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 5 so if you really care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 5 so if you really care about
+temporal resolution and frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal resolution and frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal resolution and frequency
+resolution you want that box that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution you want that box that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution you want that box that's
+smearing out your spectrogram to be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smearing out your spectrogram to be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smearing out your spectrogram to be as
+small as possible as small as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as possible as small as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as possible as small as possible
+means it has an area of 1 that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it has an area of 1 that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it has an area of 1 that's the
+minimum area you can have but that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum area you can have but that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum area you can have but that only
+gives you one taper but if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you one taper but if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you one taper but if you really
+care about both temporal and frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about both temporal and frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about both temporal and frequency
+time and frequency resolution then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and frequency resolution then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and frequency resolution then then
+that's the trade-off you have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the trade-off you have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the trade-off you have to make
+Oh Lee you can air out more in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh Lee you can air out more in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh Lee you can air out more in time
+maybe more in frequency and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe more in frequency and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe more in frequency and you can
+choose their time bandwidth product in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose their time bandwidth product in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose their time bandwidth product in
+which case you get more tapers and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case you get more tapers and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case you get more tapers and a
+better estimate of respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is state-of-the-art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is state-of-the-art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is state-of-the-art
+sectoral estimation doesn't get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectoral estimation doesn't get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectoral estimation doesn't get better
+than this do it like this you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this do it like this you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this do it like this you're doing
+it the best possible way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it of digesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so lets us spend the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so lets us spend the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so lets us spend the rest of the
+lecture today talking about filtering so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture today talking about filtering so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture today talking about filtering so
+matlab has a bunch of really powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matlab has a bunch of really powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matlab has a bunch of really powerful
+filtering tools so here's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering tools so here's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering tools so here's an example of
+the kind of thing where we use filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of thing where we use filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of thing where we use filtering
+so this is a or finch song recorded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a or finch song recorded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a or finch song recorded in
+the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now I want you to just listen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I want you to just listen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I want you to just listen so
+you were probably listening to the song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were probably listening to the song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were probably listening to the song
+but now listen at very low frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now listen at very low frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now listen at very low frequencies
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+I mean what you hear listen very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean what you hear listen very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean what you hear listen very low
+frequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+their backgrounds that's come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their backgrounds that's come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their backgrounds that's come from the
+building's Michener's air handling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building's Michener's air handling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building's Michener's air handling it
+all makes this low rumbling which adds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all makes this low rumbling which adds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all makes this low rumbling which adds a
+lot of adds a lot of poise to the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of adds a lot of poise to the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of adds a lot of poise to the signal
+that can make it hard to see where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can make it hard to see where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can make it hard to see where the
+syllables are in the I'm series they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables are in the I'm series they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables are in the I'm series they're
+the syllables right here and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syllables right here and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syllables right here and that's the
+background noise but the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background noise but the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background noise but the background
+noises that live very low frequencies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noises that live very low frequencies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noises that live very low frequencies so
+sometimes you want to just filter stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you want to just filter stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you want to just filter stuff
+like that away because we don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that away because we don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that away because we don't care
+about the air conditioner we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the air conditioner we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the air conditioner we care about
+the bird okay so we can rid of that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bird okay so we can rid of that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bird okay so we can rid of that by
+applying what kind of filter would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying what kind of filter would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying what kind of filter would we
+apply to this signal to get rid of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to this signal to get rid of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to this signal to get rid of this
+low frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequencies
+that a high-pass filter very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a high-pass filter very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a high-pass filter very good
+hey so let's put a high-pass filter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey so let's put a high-pass filter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey so let's put a high-pass filter on
+this now in the past previously we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now in the past previously we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now in the past previously we've
+talked about using evolution to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about using evolution to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about using evolution to carry
+out a high-pass filtering function but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a high-pass filtering function but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a high-pass filtering function but
+MATLAB has all these very powerful tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB has all these very powerful tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB has all these very powerful tools
+so I wanted to show you what those look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted to show you what those look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted to show you what those look
+like and how to use them okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and how to use them okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and how to use them okay so this is
+a little piece of code that implements a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little piece of code that implements a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little piece of code that implements a
+high-pass filter on that signal now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-pass filter on that signal now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-pass filter on that signal now you
+can see that all of that low frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that all of that low frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that all of that low frequency
+stuff is you have a nice clean silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is you have a nice clean silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is you have a nice clean silent
+background and now you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and now you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and now you can see the
+syllables on top of that background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables on top of that background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables on top of that background
+here's the spectrogram you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the spectrogram you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the spectrogram you can see that
+all that low frequency stuff is gone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that low frequency stuff is gone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that low frequency stuff is gone and
+the way you this this is a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you this this is a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you this this is a little bit of
+sample code here I just want to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample code here I just want to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample code here I just want to point
+out a few things you you give it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a few things you you give it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a few things you you give it the
+Nyquist frequency which is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nyquist frequency which is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nyquist frequency which is just the
+sampling rate divided by two I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling rate divided by two I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling rate divided by two I'll
+explain later what that means you set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain later what that means you set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain later what that means you set a
+cut-off frequency so you tell it to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut-off frequency so you tell it to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut-off frequency so you tell it to cut
+off below 500 Hertz you you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off below 500 Hertz you you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off below 500 Hertz you you put the
+cutoff and Nyquist frequency together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutoff and Nyquist frequency together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutoff and Nyquist frequency together
+you can show of those two that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show of those two that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show of those two that's
+basically the the fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the the fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the the fraction of the
+spectral width that you're gonna cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral width that you're gonna cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral width that you're gonna cut off
+and then you tell it to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you tell it to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you tell it to give you the
+parameters for a Butterworth filter it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters for a Butterworth filter it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters for a Butterworth filter it's
+just one of the kinds of filters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of the kinds of filters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of the kinds of filters that
+you use helot whether it's a high pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use helot whether it's a high pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use helot whether it's a high pass
+or low pass just send that filter those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or low pass just send that filter those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or low pass just send that filter those
+filter parameters to this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter parameters to this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter parameters to this function
+called filt filt you give it these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called filt filt you give it these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called filt filt you give it these two
+parameters B and a and your data vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters B and a and your data vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters B and a and your data vector
+and we run that that's what the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we run that that's what the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we run that that's what the result
+looks like okay let me play that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like okay let me play that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like okay let me play that again
+for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+after filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all that low-frequency hum is gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so here's here's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's here's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's here's an example of
+what I mean we would never actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean we would never actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean we would never actually do
+this in the lab but this is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the lab but this is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the lab but this is what it
+would look like if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like if you wanted to
+emphasize that low frequency stuff let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that low frequency stuff let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that low frequency stuff let's
+say that you're the the air conditioner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you're the the air conditioner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you're the the air conditioner
+you know technician who comes and wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know technician who comes and wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know technician who comes and wants
+to figure out what's wrong with the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what's wrong with the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what's wrong with the air
+conditioner and it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioner and it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioner and it turns out that the
+way it sounds really is helpful so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it sounds really is helpful so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it sounds really is helpful so you
+hope you now do a low-pass filter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you now do a low-pass filter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you now do a low-pass filter and
+you're gonna keep the low frequency part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna keep the low frequency part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna keep the low frequency part
+because all those annoying birds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all those annoying birds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all those annoying birds are
+making it hard for you to hear what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it hard for you to hear what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it hard for you to hear what's
+wrong with the air conditioner okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with the air conditioner okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with the air conditioner okay so
+so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+might get rid of the birds but but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get rid of the birds but but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get rid of the birds but but now
+you can hear the low-frequency stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hear the low-frequency stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hear the low-frequency stuff
+much better okay all right so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better okay all right so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better okay all right so now we
+just did that by again giving it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did that by again giving it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did that by again giving it the
+Nyquist the cutoff we're going to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nyquist the cutoff we're going to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nyquist the cutoff we're going to cut
+offs above 2000 pass below 2000 we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offs above 2000 pass below 2000 we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offs above 2000 pass below 2000 we're
+gonna tell it to use a Butterworth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna tell it to use a Butterworth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna tell it to use a Butterworth
+filter now low-pass and again we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter now low-pass and again we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter now low-pass and again we just
+pass it the parameters and the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass it the parameters and the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass it the parameters and the data and
+it sends us back the filtered data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hey you can also band-pass okay so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you can also band-pass okay so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you can also band-pass okay so a
+bandpass does a high pass and a low pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandpass does a high pass and a low pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandpass does a high pass and a low pass
+together now you're filtering out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together now you're filtering out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together now you're filtering out
+everything above some number and below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything above some number and below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything above some number and below
+some number and here we give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number and here we give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number and here we give it a
+cut-off with two numbers so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut-off with two numbers so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut-off with two numbers so it's going
+to cut off everything below four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut off everything below four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut off everything below four
+kilohertz and everything above 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz and everything above 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz and everything above 5
+kilohertz again we use the Butterworth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz again we use the Butterworth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz again we use the Butterworth
+filter you leave off the tag to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter you leave off the tag to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter you leave off the tag to get a
+band pass filter and here's what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band pass filter and here's what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band pass filter and here's what that
+sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and pass filter questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep so there are many different ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so there are many different ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so there are many different ways to
+do this kind of filtering Daniel do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this kind of filtering Daniel do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this kind of filtering Daniel do you
+know how felt felt actually implements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how felt felt actually implements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how felt felt actually implements
+this because MATLAB has a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because MATLAB has a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because MATLAB has a bunch of
+different filtering functions and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different filtering functions and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different filtering functions and this
+is just one of them how it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just one of them how it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just one of them how it's actually
+implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so there's a filter function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's a filter function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's a filter function which
+actually does a convolution one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does a convolution one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does a convolution one
+direction and filt filt does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and filt filt does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and filt filt does the
+convolution one direction and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution one direction and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution one direction and then the
+other direction and and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction and and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction and and what that
+output center with respect to the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output center with respect to the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output center with respect to the inputs
+entered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered in
+anyway there are different ways of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway there are different ways of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway there are different ways of doing
+it nice thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well for the for the bird data it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for the for the bird data it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for the for the bird data it
+doesn't necessarily make all that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily make all that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily make all that much
+sense right on the face of it but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right on the face of it but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right on the face of it but there
+are applications where there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are applications where there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are applications where there's some
+signal at that particular band so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal at that particular band so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal at that particular band so for
+example let's say you had a speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's say you had a speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's say you had a speech
+signal and you wanted to find out when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and you wanted to find out when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and you wanted to find out when
+the formants cross a certain frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formants cross a certain frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formants cross a certain frequency
+let's say you wanted to find out if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you wanted to find out if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you wanted to find out if if
+somebody could learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you blocked one of their formants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you blocked one of their formants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you blocked one of their formants
+whenever it comes through a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever it comes through a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever it comes through a particular
+frequency okay so let's say I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay so let's say I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay so let's say I have my
+second formant and every time it crosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second formant and every time it crosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second formant and every time it crosses
+two kilohertz I play a burst of noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kilohertz I play a burst of noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kilohertz I play a burst of noise
+and I ask can I understand if I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I ask can I understand if I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I ask can I understand if I've
+knocked out that particular format place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocked out that particular format place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocked out that particular format place
+I don't know why you'd want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why you'd want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why you'd want to do that
+but maybe it's fun right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe it's fun right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe it's fun right
+so I don't know it might be kind of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know it might be kind of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know it might be kind of cool
+so then you would run a bandpass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you would run a bandpass filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you would run a bandpass filter
+right over a two kilohertz band and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over a two kilohertz band and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over a two kilohertz band and now
+you'd get a big signal whenever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get a big signal whenever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get a big signal whenever that
+formant passed through that band okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formant passed through that band okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formant passed through that band okay
+and then you would send that to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would send that to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would send that to an
+amplifier and player noise burst into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and player noise burst into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and player noise burst into
+the person's ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person's ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person's ear
+all right we do things like that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we do things like that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we do things like that with
+birds to find out if they can learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds to find out if they can learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds to find out if they can learn to
+shift the pitch of their song wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the pitch of their song wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the pitch of their song wants to
+errors okay so yes they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formants are the peaks in the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formants are the peaks in the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formants are the peaks in the filter
+that's formed by your vocal tract by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+error channel from your glottis to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error channel from your glottis to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error channel from your glottis to your
+lips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the location of those Peaks changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the difference between those is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the difference between those is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the difference between those is just
+the location of those format people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of those format people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of those format people
+all those things just has as different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those things just has as different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those things just has as different
+formats at different location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+though explain a little bit more what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though explain a little bit more what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though explain a little bit more what
+you mean by analog interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh okay like sixty Hertz okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay like sixty Hertz okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay like sixty Hertz okay so that's
+a great question so let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great question so let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great question so let's say that
+you're doing an experiment and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing an experiment and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing an experiment and you
+contamination of your signal by sixty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination of your signal by sixty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination of your signal by sixty
+Hertz noise from the from the outlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz noise from the from the outlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz noise from the from the outlet
+okay it's really better to spend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's really better to spend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's really better to spend the
+time to figure out how to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to figure out how to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to figure out how to get rid of
+that noise but let's say that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that noise but let's say that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that noise but let's say that you you
+know visor your data white figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know visor your data white figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know visor your data white figured out
+how to get rid of the sixty how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get rid of the sixty how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get rid of the sixty how would
+you get rid of the sixty Hertz from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get rid of the sixty Hertz from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get rid of the sixty Hertz from your
+signal hood make what's called a band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal hood make what's called a band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal hood make what's called a band
+stop filter where you suppress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop filter where you suppress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop filter where you suppress
+frequencies within a particular band but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies within a particular band but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies within a particular band but
+that band stop filter at sixty Hertz MS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that band stop filter at sixty Hertz MS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that band stop filter at sixty Hertz MS
+it's very hard to make very narrow band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to make very narrow band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to make very narrow band
+stop filter so how would you we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop filter so how would you we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop filter so how would you we learned
+this in the last lecture how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the last lecture how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the last lecture how would you
+get rid of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so take the Fourier transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so take the Fourier transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so take the Fourier transform of
+your signal that sixty Hertz one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your signal that sixty Hertz one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your signal that sixty Hertz one
+particular value of the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value of the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value of the Fourier
+transform and you can just set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the filtering in that case would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the filtering in that case would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the filtering in that case would be
+knocking down a whole band of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it's just that with this so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just that with this so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just that with this so with
+filt felt there like I said there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filt felt there like I said there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filt felt there like I said there are
+many different ways of doing things felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different ways of doing things felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different ways of doing things felt
+felt won't do that for you but once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt won't do that for you but once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt won't do that for you but once you
+know this stuff that we've been learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this stuff that we've been learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this stuff that we've been learning
+you can go in and do stuff like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go in and do stuff like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go in and do stuff like you
+don't have to have some MATLAB function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to have some MATLAB function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to have some MATLAB function
+to do it you could you just know how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it you could you just know how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it you could you just know how it
+all works and you just write a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all works and you just write a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all works and you just write a program
+to do it yeah that's pretty cool right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right oh and here's the band-stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right oh and here's the band-stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right oh and here's the band-stop
+filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let that lag there stop okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let that lag there stop okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let that lag there stop okay
+okay let's keep going oh and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's keep going oh and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's keep going oh and there's a
+tool here that's part of MATLAB is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool here that's part of MATLAB is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool here that's part of MATLAB is
+called a filter visualization tool FV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a filter visualization tool FV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a filter visualization tool FV
+tool you just run this and you can elect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool you just run this and you can elect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool you just run this and you can elect
+different kinds of filters that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of filters that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of filters that have
+different kinds of roll-off in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of roll-off in frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of roll-off in frequency
+that have different properties in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have different properties in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have different properties in the
+time domain it's it's kind of fun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time domain it's it's kind of fun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time domain it's it's kind of fun to
+play with if you have to do filtering on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with if you have to do filtering on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with if you have to do filtering on
+some signal just play around with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some signal just play around with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some signal just play around with this
+because there are a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are a bunch of different
+kind of filters that have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of filters that have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of filters that have different
+weird names like Butterworth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe shove and a bunch of other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe shove and a bunch of other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe shove and a bunch of other things
+that have different properties but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have different properties but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have different properties but you
+can actually just play around with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually just play around with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually just play around with this
+and design your own filter to meet row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design your own filter to meet row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design your own filter to meet row
+okay so I want to talk I want to end by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to talk I want to end by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to talk I want to end by
+spending a little bit of time talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a little bit of time talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a little bit of time talking
+about some really cool things about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some really cool things about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some really cool things about the
+Fourier transform and talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform and talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform and talk about the
+Nyquist Shannon theorem okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nyquist Shannon theorem okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nyquist Shannon theorem okay this is
+really kind of mind-boggling it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of mind-boggling it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of mind-boggling it's pretty
+cool so alright so remember that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so alright so remember that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so alright so remember that when
+you take the Fourier transform the fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the Fourier transform the fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the Fourier transform the fast
+Fourier transform of something make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform of something make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform of something make the
+Fourier transform of something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform of something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform of something like
+analytically the the spectrum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically the the spectrum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically the the spectrum the
+Fourier transform is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform is defined
+continuously at every value of F there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously at every value of F there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously at every value of F there's
+a there's a Fourier transform but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's a Fourier transform but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's a Fourier transform but when
+we do fast Fourier transforms we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do fast Fourier transforms we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do fast Fourier transforms we've
+discretized time and we've discretized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretized time and we've discretized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretized time and we've discretized
+frequency right so so when we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right so so when we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right so so when we take the
+fast Fourier transform we get answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast Fourier transform we get answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast Fourier transform we get answer
+back where we have a value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back where we have a value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back where we have a value of the
+Fourier transform at a bunch of discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform at a bunch of discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform at a bunch of discrete
+frequencies so frequency is discretized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so frequency is discretized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so frequency is discretized
+we have frequencies little samples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have frequencies little samples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have frequencies little samples of
+the spectrum at different frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum at different frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum at different frequencies
+that are separated by little a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are separated by little a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are separated by little a little
+Delta F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does that mean remember when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean remember when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean remember when we
+were doing Fourier series what was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing Fourier series what was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing Fourier series what was it
+that we had to have to write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had to have to write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had to have to write down a
+Fourier series where we can write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series where we can write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series where we can write down
+an approximation to a function as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximation to a function as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximation to a function as a
+thumb of sine waves multiples of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb of sine waves multiples of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb of sine waves multiples of a
+common frequency what what was it about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common frequency what what was it about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common frequency what what was it about
+the signal in time that allowed us to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal in time that allowed us to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal in time that allowed us to do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is periodic we could only do that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is periodic we could only do that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is periodic we could only do that if
+signal is periodic so when we write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is periodic so when we write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is periodic so when we write down
+our fast Fourier transform of a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fast Fourier transform of a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fast Fourier transform of a signal
+its discretized in time in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its discretized in time in frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its discretized in time in frequency
+what that means is that it's periodic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that it's periodic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that it's periodic in
+time so when we pass a signal that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so when we pass a signal that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so when we pass a signal that we've
+sampled of some duration and the fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled of some duration and the fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled of some duration and the fast
+Fourier transform algorithm passes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform algorithm passes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform algorithm passes back
+a spectrum that's discretized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spectrum that's discretized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spectrum that's discretized in
+frequency what that means is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency what that means is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency what that means is that you
+can think about that signal as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about that signal as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about that signal as being
+periodic in time okay now when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic in time okay now when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic in time okay now when you
+discretize the signal in time akin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretize the signal in time akin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretize the signal in time akin
+samples of that signal in time separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples of that signal in time separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples of that signal in time separated
+by delta T what does that tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by delta T what does that tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by delta T what does that tell you about
+the spectrum so when we passed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum so when we passed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum so when we passed the
+Fourier transform FFT algorithm a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform FFT algorithm a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform FFT algorithm a signal
+that's discretized in time it passes us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's discretized in time it passes us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's discretized in time it passes us
+back this thing here right with the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back this thing here right with the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back this thing here right with the low
+frequency high low frequencies sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency high low frequencies sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency high low frequencies sorry
+with other frequencies in the first half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other frequencies in the first half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other frequencies in the first half
+of the vector the negative frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vector the negative frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vector the negative frequencies
+in this second half it's really a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this second half it's really a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this second half it's really a piece
+it's one period of a periodic spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right mathematically if our signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mathematically if our signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mathematically if our signal is
+discretized in time it means spectrum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretized in time it means spectrum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretized in time it means spectrum is
+periodic and the FFT algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic and the FFT algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic and the FFT algorithm is
+passing back one period and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing back one period and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing back one period and then
+circular shift to get this thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular shift to get this thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular shift to get this thing that
+makes sense okay now as these are real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense okay now as these are real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense okay now as these are real
+functions this piece here is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions this piece here is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions this piece here is exactly
+equal to that piece it's symmetric this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that piece it's symmetric this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that piece it's symmetric this
+that for it that that magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for it that that magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for it that that magnitude of the
+spectrum is symmetric so what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is symmetric so what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is symmetric so what does that
+mean what that means if our signal has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what that means if our signal has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what that means if our signal has
+some bandwidth if the highest frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bandwidth if the highest frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bandwidth if the highest frequency
+is less than some bandwidth B the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than some bandwidth B the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than some bandwidth B the
+sampling rate is high enough then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling rate is high enough then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling rate is high enough then you
+can see that the frequency components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the frequency components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the frequency components
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+don't interact with the frequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't interact with the frequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't interact with the frequent
+frequency components here you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency components here you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency components here you can see
+that they're separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're separated
+they one more thing the period spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is one over delta T that's which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one over delta T that's which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one over delta T that's which is
+equal to the sampling rate so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sampling rate so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sampling rate so when we
+have a signal that's discretized in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a signal that's discretized in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a signal that's discretized in time
+the spectrum is periodic and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum is periodic and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum is periodic and there are
+multiple copies of that spectrum of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple copies of that spectrum of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple copies of that spectrum of this
+spectrum at intervals of rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum at intervals of rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum at intervals of rate
+hey so if the sampling rate is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey so if the sampling rate is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey so if the sampling rate is high
+enough then the positive frequencies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough then the positive frequencies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough then the positive frequencies are
+well separated from the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well separated from the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well separated from the negative
+frequencies if a sampling rate is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies if a sampling rate is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies if a sampling rate is higher
+than twice the bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the if I sample the signal at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if I sample the signal at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if I sample the signal at a
+slower and slower rate but it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower and slower rate but it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower and slower rate but it's the same
+signal you can see at some point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal you can see at some point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal you can see at some point that
+negative frequencies are gonna start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative frequencies are gonna start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative frequencies are gonna start
+crashing into the positive so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing into the positive so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing into the positive so you can
+see that you don't run into this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you don't run into this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you don't run into this problem
+as long as the sampling rate is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as the sampling rate is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as the sampling rate is greater
+than twice the highest frequency so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than twice the highest frequency so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than twice the highest frequency so what
+who cares what what what's so bad about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares what what what's so bad about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares what what what's so bad about
+this well it turns out that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well it turns out that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well it turns out that if you
+sample at a frequency higher than twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample at a frequency higher than twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample at a frequency higher than twice
+the bandwidth the highest frequency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandwidth the highest frequency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandwidth the highest frequency in
+the signal then you can do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal then you can do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal then you can do something
+really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perfectly reconstruct the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reconstruct the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reconstruct the original
+signal no you've sampled it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal no you've sampled it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal no you've sampled it only
+discreetly what an arbitrary signalling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreetly what an arbitrary signalling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreetly what an arbitrary signalling
+you can sample it discreetly and as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sample it discreetly and as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sample it discreetly and as long
+as you've sampled it at twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you've sampled it at twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you've sampled it at twice the
+highest frequency in the original signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest frequency in the original signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest frequency in the original signal
+you can perfectly reconstruct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can perfectly reconstruct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can perfectly reconstruct the
+original back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original back to this
+there's our discreetly sample signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our discreetly sample signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our discreetly sample signal
+there's the spectrum it's periodic let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the spectrum it's periodic let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the spectrum it's periodic let's
+say that the sampling rate is more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the sampling rate is more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the sampling rate is more than
+twice the bandwidth how would i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the bandwidth how would i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the bandwidth how would i
+reconstruct the original signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember that the convolution as that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the convolution as that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the convolution as that I
+multiplied a frequency-domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied a frequency-domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied a frequency-domain
+i'm convolving in the time domain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm convolving in the time domain okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm convolving in the time domain okay
+so remember that this piece right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember that this piece right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember that this piece right here
+was the spectrum of the original signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the spectrum of the original signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the spectrum of the original signal
+right as I sampled it in time I added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as I sampled it in time I added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as I sampled it in time I added
+these puppies at intervals of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these puppies at intervals of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these puppies at intervals of the
+sampling rate I want to get the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling rate I want to get the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling rate I want to get the original
+signal back I can just put a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal back I can just put a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal back I can just put a square
+window around this keep that and throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window around this keep that and throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window around this keep that and throw
+away all the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by sampling regularly I've just added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sampling regularly I've just added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sampling regularly I've just added
+these other copies but they're far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other copies but they're far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other copies but they're far
+enough away then I can just throw them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough away then I can just throw them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough away then I can just throw them
+off I can set them to zero now when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off I can set them to zero now when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off I can set them to zero now when I
+put a square window in the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a square window in the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a square window in the frequency
+domain what am i doing in the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain what am i doing in the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain what am i doing in the time
+domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplied by a square window in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a square window in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a square window in
+frequency what am i doing in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency what am i doing in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency what am i doing in time
+all right so basically what I do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so basically what I do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so basically what I do is I
+take the original signal sampled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the original signal sampled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the original signal sampled
+regularly in time and I just convolve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly in time and I just convolve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly in time and I just convolve it
+with white what's the Fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with white what's the Fourier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with white what's the Fourier transform
+of a square pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+really thing I can just convert I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thing I can just convert I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thing I can just convert I'm
+Donal with a kernel that's the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donal with a kernel that's the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donal with a kernel that's the Fourier
+transform of that square window is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of that square window is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of that square window is just
+the sinc function and when I do that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sinc function and when I do that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sinc function and when I do that I
+get back the originals but it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back the originals but it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back the originals but it's actually
+easier to do rather than convolving with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to do rather than convolving with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to do rather than convolving with
+a sinc function it's easier just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sinc function it's easier just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sinc function it's easier just to
+multiply in the frequency domain so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply in the frequency domain so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply in the frequency domain so I
+can basically get back my original my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically get back my original my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically get back my original my
+sampled function at arbitrarily fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's how you actually do that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how you actually do that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how you actually do that that
+process is called zero padding okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is called zero padding okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is called zero padding okay so
+what you can do is you can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do is you can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do is you can take a
+function Fourier transform it get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Fourier transform it get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Fourier transform it get the
+spectrum okay and what the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum okay and what the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum okay and what the Fourier
+transform hands us back is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform hands us back is just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform hands us back is just this
+piece right here and what I can do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece right here and what I can do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece right here and what I can do is I
+can just move those other Peaks away so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just move those other Peaks away so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just move those other Peaks away so
+I'm gonna so that's what my FFT sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna so that's what my FFT sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna so that's what my FFT sends
+back to me now what am I gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to me now what am I gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to me now what am I gonna do
+I'm just push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just push
+that away and add zeroes in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that away and add zeroes in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that away and add zeroes in the middle
+out inverse Fourier transform and new so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out inverse Fourier transform and new so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out inverse Fourier transform and new so
+the sampling rate is just the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sampling rate is just the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sampling rate is just the number of
+frequency samples I have times Delta F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency samples I have times Delta F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency samples I have times Delta F
+and here I'm just adding a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'm just adding a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'm just adding a bunch of
+frequency samples that are zero and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency samples that are zero and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency samples that are zero and my
+new Delta T is just going to be one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Delta T is just going to be one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Delta T is just going to be one over
+that new sampling rate here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new sampling rate here's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new sampling rate here's an example
+this is a little bit of code that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit of code that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit of code that does
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+I've here I've taken a sine wave at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've here I've taken a sine wave at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've here I've taken a sine wave at
+twenty Hertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty Hertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty Hertz
+you can see the second spacing sampled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the second spacing sampled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the second spacing sampled
+four times per cycle I just run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times per cycle I just run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times per cycle I just run this
+little zero padding algorithm and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little zero padding algorithm and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little zero padding algorithm and you
+can see that it sends me back these red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that it sends me back these red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that it sends me back these red
+dots have more completely reconstructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots have more completely reconstructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots have more completely reconstructed
+nine wave that I sampled okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine wave that I sampled okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine wave that I sampled okay
+but you can do that with any function as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can do that with any function as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can do that with any function as
+long as the highest frequency in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as the highest frequency in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as the highest frequency in your
+original signal is less after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original signal is less after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original signal is less after the
+sampling rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+though zero padding so what I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though zero padding so what I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though zero padding so what I showed you
+here is that zero padding in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that zero padding in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that zero padding in the
+frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain
+if you higher sampling faster sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you higher sampling faster sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you higher sampling faster sampling
+in the time domain okay and you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time domain okay and you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time domain okay and you can also
+do the same thing you can also zero pad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing you can also zero pad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing you can also zero pad
+in the time domain to give finer spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time domain to give finer spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time domain to give finer spacing
+in the frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frequency domain
+FFT samples will be closer together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FFT samples will be closer together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FFT samples will be closer together in
+the frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain
+hey so here's how you do that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey so here's how you do that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey so here's how you do that so you
+take a little piece of data you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little piece of data you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little piece of data you multiply
+it by your DPSS taper and then just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by your DPSS taper and then just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by your DPSS taper and then just add
+a bunch of zeros and then take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of zeros and then take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of zeros and then take the
+Fourier transform of that longer piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform of that longer piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform of that longer piece
+with all those zeroes added to it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all those zeroes added to it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all those zeroes added to it and
+that what you're gonna get back is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you're gonna get back is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you're gonna get back is an
+FFT that has the samples in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FFT that has the samples in frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FFT that has the samples in frequency
+more finely spaced your Delta F is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more finely spaced your Delta F is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more finely spaced your Delta F is going
+to be smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be smaller
+now that doesn't a frequency resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that doesn't a frequency resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that doesn't a frequency resolution
+there's no magic getting around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no magic getting around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no magic getting around the
+minimum time product okay but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum time product okay but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum time product okay but you have
+more samples in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more samples in frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more samples in frequency
+all right any questions yeah we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right any questions yeah we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right any questions yeah we're gonna
+be starting a new topic next time we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be starting a new topic next time we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be starting a new topic next time we're
+done with spectral analysis
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VQi6t2NfWig.txt b/VQi6t2NfWig.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b0832eadf97c36ff82c6e85f61d5c18e5718809
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VQi6t2NfWig.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19507 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu um so today is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu um so today is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu um so today is the first
+screening of your ref cuts and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening of your ref cuts and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening of your ref cuts and the way
+this will work is I will show one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will work is I will show one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will work is I will show one of the
+videos and while I'll watch it you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos and while I'll watch it you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos and while I'll watch it you guys
+can take or take notes on it while you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take or take notes on it while you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take or take notes on it while you
+watch and after each screening we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch and after each screening we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch and after each screening we will
+give General High Level feedback to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give General High Level feedback to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give General High Level feedback to the
+Creator um and that's what we'll just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creator um and that's what we'll just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creator um and that's what we'll just go
+through the whole class and do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole class and do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole class and do that for
+the first half now for the second half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half now for the second half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half now for the second half
+there are a couple options um that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple options um that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple options um that we
+could proceed the first being what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could proceed the first being what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could proceed the first being what I
+usually do with science out loud which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do with science out loud which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do with science out loud which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+to basically do Google Docs um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically do Google Docs um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically do Google Docs um for
+detailed comments and this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed comments and this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed comments and this is really
+useful cuz it's sort of like a checkbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful cuz it's sort of like a checkbox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful cuz it's sort of like a checkbox
+um when you're going back through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you're going back through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you're going back through and
+looking at feedback from another person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at feedback from another person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at feedback from another person
+when you edit um so this was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you edit um so this was for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you edit um so this was for
+George's farts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George's farts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George's farts
+video and I made some notes about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and I made some notes about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and I made some notes about you
+know where we should add some animations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where we should add some animations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where we should add some animations
+where we should add some overlays um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we should add some overlays um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we should add some overlays um so
+this is one option that we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one option that we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one option that we could do
+basically break you guys up to where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically break you guys up to where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically break you guys up to where you
+will end up commenting on at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up commenting on at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up commenting on at least two
+people's videos and we would know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's videos and we would know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's videos and we would know who
+you would be assigned to um the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be assigned to um the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be assigned to um the other
+option is that we could just go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is that we could just go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is that we could just go ahead
+and pair you guys up or group you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pair you guys up or group you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pair you guys up or group you guys
+up and instead of doing the Google Docs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and instead of doing the Google Docs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and instead of doing the Google Docs
+feedback you can just talk to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback you can just talk to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback you can just talk to each other
+oneon-one do people have preferences on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneon-one do people have preferences on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneon-one do people have preferences on
+how we do this gole Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Docs anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Docs anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Docs anyone
+else all right so we'll do Google Docs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else all right so we'll do Google Docs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else all right so we'll do Google Docs
+um and I will give you the details on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I will give you the details on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I will give you the details on
+how that's going to happen during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that's going to happen during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that's going to happen during the
+second half of class sounds good um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of class sounds good um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of class sounds good um so
+as it was for the table reads remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it was for the table reads remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it was for the table reads remember
+that um repetitive comments are okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um repetitive comments are okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um repetitive comments are okay
+it's okay if you feel the same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay if you feel the same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay if you feel the same sort of
+feedback that another person has already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback that another person has already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback that another person has already
+said because it'll draw attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said because it'll draw attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said because it'll draw attention to the
+Creator and what they need to work on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creator and what they need to work on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creator and what they need to work on um
+also remember that at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also remember that at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also remember that at the end of the day
+this is your video so the feedback is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your video so the feedback is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your video so the feedback is
+for you to take or leave hey Nathan um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to take or leave hey Nathan um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to take or leave hey Nathan um
+and this is probably going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is probably going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is probably going to be the
+most valuable class time the whole month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most valuable class time the whole month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most valuable class time the whole month
+uh because this is where you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because this is where you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because this is where you're really
+going to have concrete advice on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have concrete advice on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have concrete advice on
+implementing the stuff that we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing the stuff that we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing the stuff that we've talked
+about so far so really take this as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so far so really take this as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so far so really take this as an
+opportunity to to give us constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to to give us constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to to give us constructive
+and meaningful feedback as possible all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meaningful feedback as possible all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meaningful feedback as possible all
+right does anyone have questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does anyone have questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does anyone have questions or
+comments before we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments before we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments before we start
+watching no are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching no are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching no are you
+excited okay I thought about making pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited okay I thought about making pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited okay I thought about making pop
+but then I thought that if people people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then I thought that if people people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then I thought that if people people
+were taking notes on their computers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taking notes on their computers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taking notes on their computers and
+they had like butter on their fingers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had like butter on their fingers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had like butter on their fingers um
+well popcorn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe we should close yeah I'll close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should close yeah I'll close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should close yeah I'll close
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+door does anyone want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh does that show up on screen okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does that show up on screen okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does that show up on screen okay if I
+turn these lights off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn these lights off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn these lights off
+okay okay well then we will just go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay well then we will just go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay well then we will just go down
+the line how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line how about
+that so lucky you Nathan um do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so lucky you Nathan um do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so lucky you Nathan um do you want
+to say anything before screen or do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say anything before screen or do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say anything before screen or do you
+want to just go ahead and watch and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just go ahead and watch and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just go ahead and watch and then
+talk about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about your
+process I'm going to be honest and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I'm going to be honest and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I'm going to be honest and I
+made a pretty bad mistake and putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a pretty bad mistake and putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a pretty bad mistake and putting
+off filming until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off filming until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off filming until
+yesterday um and so I only got to get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday um and so I only got to get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday um and so I only got to get in
+the editing this morning and it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the editing this morning and it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the editing this morning and it really
+shows well let's see what you have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows well let's see what you have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows well let's see what you have and
+don't there is time that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't there is time that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't there is time that's what
+tomorrow's for I couldn't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's for I couldn't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's for I couldn't get the
+animations to work so okay um and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animations to work so okay um and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animations to work so okay um and do
+keep in mind that all day tomorrow all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that all day tomorrow all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that all day tomorrow all
+day Thursday is open for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day Thursday is open for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day Thursday is open for you to
+incorporate feedback um after today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate feedback um after today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate feedback um after today's
+class ends we're not meeting again until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class ends we're not meeting again until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class ends we're not meeting again until
+the screening on Thursday at 6:30 so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screening on Thursday at 6:30 so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screening on Thursday at 6:30 so as
+long as we get videos in by like 600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as we get videos in by like 600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as we get videos in by like 600
+p.m. is the latest hopefully you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. is the latest hopefully you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. is the latest hopefully you're not
+working up until 6 p.m. uh you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working up until 6 p.m. uh you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working up until 6 p.m. uh you have the
+rest of the day to work but if you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the day to work but if you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the day to work but if you need
+our help then email us and we can meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our help then email us and we can meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our help then email us and we can meet
+up if you want yes we will be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if you want yes we will be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if you want yes we will be in the
+classroom tomorrow and Thursday people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom tomorrow and Thursday people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom tomorrow and Thursday people
+need help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why does her why does her fridge start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does her why does her fridge start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does her why does her fridge start
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+smell the sound sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good why does your fridge start to smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good why does your fridge start to smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good why does your fridge start to smell
+and where does that achy black liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where does that achy black liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where does that achy black liquid
+come from wouldn't life just be easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from wouldn't life just be easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from wouldn't life just be easier
+if things didn't rot if things lasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if things didn't rot if things lasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if things didn't rot if things lasted
+forever well maybe but probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever well maybe but probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever well maybe but probably not
+according to the USDA the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the USDA the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the USDA the average
+American household Bo 25% of its food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American household Bo 25% of its food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American household Bo 25% of its food
+and a lot of restaurants are even worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of restaurants are even worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of restaurants are even worse
+so if we didn't have the DEC composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we didn't have the DEC composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we didn't have the DEC composition
+what would happen to the food we throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen to the food we throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen to the food we throw
+away food in landfills normally gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away food in landfills normally gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away food in landfills normally gets
+dealt with by bacteria fungi and produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with by bacteria fungi and produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with by bacteria fungi and produce
+that allow the nutrients in food to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow the nutrients in food to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow the nutrients in food to
+return to the soil and eventually other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to the soil and eventually other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to the soil and eventually other
+living things these decomposers also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living things these decomposers also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living things these decomposers also
+break down other dead stuff like trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down other dead stuff like trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down other dead stuff like trees
+in fact they're Prett much the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they're Prett much the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they're Prett much the only
+thing that can eat wood so in a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that can eat wood so in a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that can eat wood so in a world
+without rot while your home may not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without rot while your home may not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without rot while your home may not have
+to worry about being eaten by termites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about being eaten by termites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about being eaten by termites
+to align protu in their stomach pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to align protu in their stomach pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to align protu in their stomach pretty
+soon forest and landfills will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon forest and landfills will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon forest and landfills will be
+flooded with a lot of dead stuff how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooded with a lot of dead stuff how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooded with a lot of dead stuff how do
+we avoid this problem well basically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we avoid this problem well basically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we avoid this problem well basically in
+your fridge on a forest floor and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fridge on a forest floor and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fridge on a forest floor and a
+dumpster almost anywhere there are fungi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumpster almost anywhere there are fungi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumpster almost anywhere there are fungi
+bacteria and protest that live entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and protest that live entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and protest that live entirely
+by eating dead stuff these dead things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by eating dead stuff these dead things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by eating dead stuff these dead things
+can be more or less divided into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be more or less divided into three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be more or less divided into three
+categories carbohydrates sugar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories carbohydrates sugar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories carbohydrates sugar and
+starches lipids think fats and proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starches lipids think fats and proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starches lipids think fats and proteins
+like Meats all of these are chemically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Meats all of these are chemically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Meats all of these are chemically
+different so they each get broken down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so they each get broken down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so they each get broken down
+by different enzymes in different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by different enzymes in different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by different enzymes in different ways
+before being absorbed by decomposers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before being absorbed by decomposers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before being absorbed by decomposers for
+example proteases break down protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example proteases break down protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example proteases break down protein
+prots into amino acids the cell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prots into amino acids the cell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prots into amino acids the cell's
+building blocks lipids rely on lipases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks lipids rely on lipases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks lipids rely on lipases
+and carbohydrates on things like amalay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and carbohydrates on things like amalay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and carbohydrates on things like amalay
+and cellul lases so how does a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cellul lases so how does a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cellul lases so how does a perfectly
+nice broccoli forart start giving off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice broccoli forart start giving off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice broccoli forart start giving off
+this foul black liquid fruits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this foul black liquid fruits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this foul black liquid fruits and
+vegetables almost entirely made of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables almost entirely made of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables almost entirely made of water
+so on the most basic level you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the most basic level you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the most basic level you could say
+the cells are like extremely complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells are like extremely complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells are like extremely complex
+water balloons the exterior or cell wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water balloons the exterior or cell wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water balloons the exterior or cell wall
+is made of cellulos a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made of cellulos a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made of cellulos a complex
+carbohydrate that gets broken down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate that gets broken down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate that gets broken down by
+enzymes into small sugars that cell can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes into small sugars that cell can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes into small sugars that cell can
+get energy from bacteria or fungi uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get energy from bacteria or fungi uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get energy from bacteria or fungi uses
+cellulases to eat the exterior of a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellulases to eat the exterior of a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellulases to eat the exterior of a cell
+it's like if I were have pop the balloon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like if I were have pop the balloon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like if I were have pop the balloon
+that's the muck you see in your fridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the muck you see in your fridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the muck you see in your fridge
+and that's how you get that NY black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how you get that NY black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how you get that NY black
+liquid what about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid what about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid what about that
+stink for fruits and vegetables a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stink for fruits and vegetables a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stink for fruits and vegetables a lot of
+time the smell happens after the iy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the smell happens after the iy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the smell happens after the iy
+black liquid forms other bacteria that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black liquid forms other bacteria that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black liquid forms other bacteria that
+weren't involved in the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't involved in the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't involved in the initial
+colonization move in and start to stink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonization move in and start to stink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonization move in and start to stink
+everything up meat gets smelly when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything up meat gets smelly when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything up meat gets smelly when
+lipases break down fatten the meat into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipases break down fatten the meat into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipases break down fatten the meat into
+glycerol and fatty acids to energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol and fatty acids to energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol and fatty acids to energy
+sources and fatty acids are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and fatty acids are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and fatty acids are kind of
+gross and so while your food rotting May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross and so while your food rotting May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross and so while your food rotting May
+smell absolutely terrible because of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smell absolutely terrible because of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smell absolutely terrible because of it
+the environments of the recycle crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environments of the recycle crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environments of the recycle crucial
+nutrients it needs and well that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients it needs and well that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients it needs and well that's why
+we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this than kiding that was awesome all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this than kiding that was awesome all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this than kiding that was awesome all
+right General feedback well I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right General feedback well I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right General feedback well I want to
+hear what you think before we we give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear what you think before we we give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear what you think before we we give
+you feedback like what are the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feedback like what are the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feedback like what are the things
+that you you like about what you did and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you like about what you did and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you like about what you did and
+what are the things that you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the things that you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the things that you already
+know you want to change or add um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want to change or add um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want to change or add um the
+audio audio lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Animation the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Animation the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Animation the main
+things what was the hardest part about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things what was the hardest part about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things what was the hardest part about
+making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this
+video uh actually going and doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video uh actually going and doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video uh actually going and doing the
+shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting
+mhm uh I kind of put that off as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm uh I kind of put that off as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm uh I kind of put that off as long as
+I really phasically could have because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really phasically could have because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really phasically could have because I
+really didn't want to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't want to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't want to do it
+was it as painful as you thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it as painful as you thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it as painful as you thought it
+would be once you started yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be once you started yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be once you started yeah
+yeah um well I will say that the script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um well I will say that the script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um well I will say that the script
+is very very tight in this video um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very tight in this video um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very tight in this video um and
+it has come a very long way from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has come a very long way from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has come a very long way from your
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+brainstorming and if you come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming and if you come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming and if you come to the
+screening you you'll get to actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening you you'll get to actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening you you'll get to actually see
+all the the pitches so just a plug to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the the pitches so just a plug to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the the pitches so just a plug to
+come to the screening if you want to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the screening if you want to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the screening if you want to um
+but the script is super tight and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the script is super tight and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the script is super tight and I know
+that you had spent a long time honing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had spent a long time honing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had spent a long time honing
+that and I think that really paid off um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I think that really paid off um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I think that really paid off um
+the it's 233 which is a great great time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's 233 which is a great great time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's 233 which is a great great time
+um so I think that as far as the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I think that as far as the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I think that as far as the content
+goes it's it's really strong and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes it's it's really strong and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes it's it's really strong and I can
+tell that you spent a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that you spent a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that you spent a lot of time
+developing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing that
+um does anyone want to add some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does anyone want to add some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does anyone want to add some more
+feedback I mean I can talk to Yes culia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback I mean I can talk to Yes culia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback I mean I can talk to Yes culia
+um I like the transitions there weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I like the transitions there weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I like the transitions there weren't
+too many of them but it was nice to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many of them but it was nice to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many of them but it was nice to see
+a change of background and scene yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change of background and scene yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change of background and scene yeah um
+so and clean cuts no funky swirls no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and clean cuts no funky swirls no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and clean cuts no funky swirls no
+Fades it's nice yeah definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that's okay we can come back if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember any yes Andrea sorry um I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember any yes Andrea sorry um I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember any yes Andrea sorry um I I
+really like the pacing of it it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like the pacing of it it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like the pacing of it it's a
+little rushed in a couple of places but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rushed in a couple of places but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rushed in a couple of places but
+that's that that happens but I like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that that happens but I like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that that happens but I like the
+pasting in general and I also like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasting in general and I also like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasting in general and I also like the
+like the water balloon example and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the water balloon example and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the water balloon example and the
+different different camera angles and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different camera angles and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different camera angles and I
+thought it was just really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was just really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was just really
+artistically very well done very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistically very well done very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistically very well done very well
+composed yeah what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed yeah what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed yeah what was
+so terrible about actually shooting was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so terrible about actually shooting was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so terrible about actually shooting was
+it being on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it being on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it being on
+camera um yeah yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera um yeah yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera um yeah yeah and
+also each one took a lot of Tes yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also each one took a lot of Tes yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also each one took a lot of Tes yeah I
+will say cuz I know that a lot of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say cuz I know that a lot of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say cuz I know that a lot of you
+expressed sort of concern and hesitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed sort of concern and hesitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed sort of concern and hesitation
+about being on camera and I feel like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being on camera and I feel like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being on camera and I feel like a
+lot of this class has been like actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this class has been like actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this class has been like actually
+no you're really great on camera the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you're really great on camera the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you're really great on camera the
+opening shot is delivered really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening shot is delivered really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening shot is delivered really really
+well and there are spots where like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and there are spots where like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and there are spots where like
+Andrea said you're rushing your words a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrea said you're rushing your words a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrea said you're rushing your words a
+little bit and I'm sure you'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and I'm sure you'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and I'm sure you'll see it
+when you go back through and whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go back through and whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go back through and whenever
+you guys um do your Google doc comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys um do your Google doc comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys um do your Google doc comments
+point out spaces where um maybe his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out spaces where um maybe his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out spaces where um maybe his
+delivery changes it is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery changes it is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery changes it is a little
+inconsistent between scenes but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent between scenes but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent between scenes but there
+are some scenes where it is delivered so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some scenes where it is delivered so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some scenes where it is delivered so
+perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+and so clearly and you seem really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so clearly and you seem really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so clearly and you seem really
+really comfortable on screen um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really comfortable on screen um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really comfortable on screen um and so
+yeah I will say uh did you shoot it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I will say uh did you shoot it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I will say uh did you shoot it by
+yourself um I did shoot it um mostly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself um I did shoot it um mostly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself um I did shoot it um mostly by
+myself since I put it off cuz I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself since I put it off cuz I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself since I put it off cuz I found
+that it was a lot easier to have someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was a lot easier to have someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was a lot easier to have someone
+like shoot it than like when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like shoot it than like when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like shoot it than like when we were
+doing those first Vlogs and stuff at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing those first Vlogs and stuff at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing those first Vlogs and stuff at the
+beginning I thought that was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning I thought that was a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning I thought that was a lot
+harder doing it by myself than having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder doing it by myself than having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder doing it by myself than having
+someone there I felt less comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone there I felt less comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone there I felt less comfortable
+being alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being alone
+and which is kind of like I thought it'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is kind of like I thought it'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is kind of like I thought it'
+be the other way when I first started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the other way when I first started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the other way when I first started
+this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+but than that I like how I think he used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but than that I like how I think he used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but than that I like how I think he used
+it one Star Market so representing local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one Star Market so representing local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one Star Market so representing local
+gr yeah yeah I agree I like the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr yeah yeah I agree I like the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr yeah yeah I agree I like the part
+where he talk about the smell yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he talk about the smell yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he talk about the smell yeah yeah
+and I like the cut on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I like the cut on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I like the cut on the
+fridge what do you guys think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fridge what do you guys think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fridge what do you guys think about the
+visuals in general cuz it's always hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals in general cuz it's always hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals in general cuz it's always hard
+to do a chemistry or biology video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a chemistry or biology video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a chemistry or biology video
+because the visualizations are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the visualizations are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the visualizations are always
+somewhat impossible to do yeah Yulia um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat impossible to do yeah Yulia um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat impossible to do yeah Yulia um
+I think it would be nice to show some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it would be nice to show some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it would be nice to show some
+like of the scientific vocabulary so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like of the scientific vocabulary so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like of the scientific vocabulary so we
+can see it and not just hear it like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it and not just hear it like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it and not just hear it like a
+label on top or something and then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label on top or something and then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label on top or something and then for
+the backgrounds like the the plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backgrounds like the the plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backgrounds like the the plants
+backgrounds worked really well and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds worked really well and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds worked really well and like
+the fridge and all that but there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fridge and all that but there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fridge and all that but there was a
+part where there was just a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part where there was just a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part where there was just a random
+penguin or random pictures on the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penguin or random pictures on the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penguin or random pictures on the wall
+that um oh like a maybe could like be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um oh like a maybe could like be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um oh like a maybe could like be
+overlaid with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlaid with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlaid with
+animation also voice 25 living things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation also voice 25 living things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation also voice 25 living things
+only who on these dead things can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only who on these dead things can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only who on these dead things can think
+fats and proteins like Meats all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fats and proteins like Meats all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fats and proteins like Meats all of
+these are chemically different so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are chemically different so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are chemically different so they
+eat get broken down by of this like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat get broken down by of this like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat get broken down by of this like this
+shot um like I like that you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot um like I like that you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot um like I like that you have the
+kitchen space is sort of your home base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen space is sort of your home base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen space is sort of your home base
+cuz you're you're centered around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you're you're centered around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you're you're centered around the
+question of why things rot in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of why things rot in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of why things rot in your
+fridge and that's what allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fridge and that's what allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fridge and that's what allows you to
+explore decomposition at greater length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore decomposition at greater length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore decomposition at greater length
+um but this is this is uh you know doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is this is uh you know doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is this is uh you know doing
+that whole thing that a lot of web web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole thing that a lot of web web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole thing that a lot of web web
+videos do where you Center the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos do where you Center the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos do where you Center the subject
+um and I was talking to Chris Babel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I was talking to Chris Babel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I was talking to Chris Babel
+about like why it's so common that Sao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like why it's so common that Sao
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like why it's so common that Sao
+does it and bauce does it and it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it and bauce does it and it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it and bauce does it and it sort of
+gives us go gives off an air of um of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us go gives off an air of um of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us go gives off an air of um of it
+being not as formal um but it's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being not as formal um but it's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being not as formal um but it's also a
+little bit comical too and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit comical too and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit comical too and I think that
+if you just even if you zoomed in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just even if you zoomed in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just even if you zoomed in just a
+little bit and got rid of like the spray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and got rid of like the spray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and got rid of like the spray
+thing on the side and and the cooking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on the side and and the cooking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on the side and and the cooking
+things on on that side it might help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on on that side it might help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on on that side it might help
+with this one also remember to tuck your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this one also remember to tuck your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this one also remember to tuck your
+mic in under your shirt if you can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic in under your shirt if you can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic in under your shirt if you can um
+let's see but you were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see but you were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see but you were talking about
+this penguin here right yeah so this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this penguin here right yeah so this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this penguin here right yeah so this I
+mean you could play around with keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could play around with keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could play around with keeping
+this footage if you like and just zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this footage if you like and just zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this footage if you like and just zoom
+in a little bit see if you can digitally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit see if you can digitally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit see if you can digitally
+zoom in on the editing software um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in on the editing software um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in on the editing software um if
+the resolution kind of goes kaput you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resolution kind of goes kaput you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resolution kind of goes kaput you
+may have to refilm that part but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to refilm that part but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to refilm that part but um
+again I I think Julia is right in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I I think Julia is right in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I I think Julia is right in that
+be careful about having visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful about having visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful about having visual
+distractors when you don't really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distractors when you don't really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distractors when you don't really need
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+there I do agree with was it Andrea who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I do agree with was it Andrea who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I do agree with was it Andrea who
+said something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said something about the
+pacing and yeah I think the pacing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacing and yeah I think the pacing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacing and yeah I think the pacing of
+your cuts are pretty good like nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cuts are pretty good like nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cuts are pretty good like nothing
+lasts a little too long nothing's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts a little too long nothing's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts a little too long nothing's too
+short um if you have b-roll uh it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short um if you have b-roll uh it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short um if you have b-roll uh it might
+give you a little bit of breathing room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little bit of breathing room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little bit of breathing room
+uh in between shots where you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in between shots where you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in between shots where you're talking
+really fast and you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast and you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast and you have a lot of
+content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but yeah like stuff like this I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but yeah like stuff like this I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but yeah like stuff like this I don't
+remember what you're talking about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what you're talking about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what you're talking about here
+while your home may not have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while your home may not have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while your home may not have to worry
+about being eaten by yeah so comical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being eaten by yeah so comical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being eaten by yeah so comical
+note on that I filmed in someone's F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note on that I filmed in someone's F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note on that I filmed in someone's F
+some someone's house and they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some someone's house and they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some someone's house and they actually
+came out and asked me to stop and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out and asked me to stop and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out and asked me to stop and so I
+oh no gave up on actually fing a home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no gave up on actually fing a home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no gave up on actually fing a home
+filming in front of a house um I mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming in front of a house um I mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming in front of a house um I mean is
+this in your dorm room yeah that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in your dorm room yeah that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in your dorm room yeah that's what
+my backup idea was like since it's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my backup idea was like since it's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my backup idea was like since it's my
+home yeah actually I think that it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home yeah actually I think that it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home yeah actually I think that it works
+fine and I would say for this one do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and I would say for this one do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and I would say for this one do an
+even do a wider shot for this one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even do a wider shot for this one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even do a wider shot for this one um
+because it doesn't quite establish that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't quite establish that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't quite establish that
+you're in your own place like if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in your own place like if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in your own place like if you can
+see you sitting on your actual bed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you sitting on your actual bed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you sitting on your actual bed that
+might help a little bit more um so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might help a little bit more um so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might help a little bit more um so again
+it's not a matter of using wide or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a matter of using wide or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a matter of using wide or
+close-up shots for the sake of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-up shots for the sake of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-up shots for the sake of using
+them on principle but like what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on principle but like what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on principle but like what the
+background actually reveals and and sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background actually reveals and and sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background actually reveals and and sets
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+audience I was wondering can you go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience I was wondering can you go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience I was wondering can you go back
+a little bit there's um I was wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit there's um I was wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit there's um I was wondering
+what your vision was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for right there yes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right there yes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right there yes um
+I'm still missing stock footage okay oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still missing stock footage okay oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still missing stock footage okay oh
+so this was like a placeholder for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was like a placeholder for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was like a placeholder for the
+ref Ty yeah I fig to do here I was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ref Ty yeah I fig to do here I was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ref Ty yeah I fig to do here I was like
+I'm not sure what I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure what I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure what I'm looking
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah um oh the dumpster shot yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um oh the dumpster shot yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um oh the dumpster shot yeah I
+wanted to say something about this too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say something about this too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say something about this too
+um if this is something that you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if this is something that you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if this is something that you decide
+to reshoot I would also maybe scoot back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reshoot I would also maybe scoot back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reshoot I would also maybe scoot back
+a little bit as well cuz it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit as well cuz it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit as well cuz it's hard to
+tell that it's really a dumpster until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that it's really a dumpster until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that it's really a dumpster until
+you actually say it where was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually say it where was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually say it where was this
+uh it's sat loading docks I had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's sat loading docks I had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's sat loading docks I had a lot of
+trouble with the dumpsters I planned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with the dumpsters I planned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with the dumpsters I planned on
+going to MH um by Walker was a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to MH um by Walker was a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to MH um by Walker was a bit of a
+wind tunnel oh okay and the status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind tunnel oh okay and the status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind tunnel oh okay and the status
+Center at behind um w20 was really noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center at behind um w20 was really noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center at behind um w20 was really noisy
+which one's w20 the Student Center okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one's w20 the Student Center okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one's w20 the Student Center okay
+I mean there is a an optimal dump if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there is a an optimal dump if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there is a an optimal dump if you
+guys are ever in need of an optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are ever in need of an optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are ever in need of an optimal
+dumpster to film let me tell you right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumpster to film let me tell you right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumpster to film let me tell you right
+behind the MIT Museum by daab actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the MIT Museum by daab actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the MIT Museum by daab actually
+there are some prime dumpster spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some prime dumpster spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some prime dumpster spots
+we're shooting um and that's where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're shooting um and that's where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're shooting um and that's where we
+shot George's farts one too so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot George's farts one too so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot George's farts one too so if you
+need to but in this one I mean I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to but in this one I mean I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to but in this one I mean I think
+it's really a matter of the camera angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a matter of the camera angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a matter of the camera angle
+did you shoot this on a triod yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you shoot this on a triod yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you shoot this on a triod yeah okay
+were you limited by how far you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you limited by how far you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you limited by how far you could
+let your mic cable go yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let your mic cable go yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let your mic cable go yeah
+okay um yeah maybe think about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um yeah maybe think about this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um yeah maybe think about this one
+as a potential one to reshoot because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a potential one to reshoot because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a potential one to reshoot because I
+I think the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the visual
+um background makes a lot of sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um background makes a lot of sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um background makes a lot of sense and
+is a really good transition um it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really good transition um it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really good transition um it's a
+really good change from the kitchen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good change from the kitchen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good change from the kitchen
+setting so I would really love to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so I would really love to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so I would really love to see
+that it it's actually dumpster and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it's actually dumpster and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it's actually dumpster and if
+you are refiling only if you are ref
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are refiling only if you are ref
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are refiling only if you are ref
+filming something I noticed is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming something I noticed is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming something I noticed is that when
+you're talking you bounce a little so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking you bounce a little so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking you bounce a little so
+just if you can't like in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if you can't like in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if you can't like in some of the
+films when you're up close we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films when you're up close we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films when you're up close we see that
+and it just may be something that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just may be something that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just may be something that if you
+can be aware of that while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be aware of that while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be aware of that while you're
+filming it was just one one moment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming it was just one one moment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming it was just one one moment I
+can't remember exactly where it was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember exactly where it was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember exactly where it was what
+was it you were talking a little towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it you were talking a little towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it you were talking a little towards
+the end and I noticed that a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and I noticed that a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and I noticed that a little more
+this sort of gentle bounce will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of gentle bounce will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of gentle bounce will you
+talk that you don't do all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk that you don't do all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk that you don't do all the time
+absolutely terrible because so while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely terrible because so while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely terrible because so while
+your food r two energy sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your food r two energy sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your food r two energy sources
+environments are the recycle other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments are the recycle other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments are the recycle other
+bacteria that weren't involved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria that weren't involved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria that weren't involved in the
+initial because of it the envir that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial because of it the envir that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial because of it the envir that's
+the musy black liquid what about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the musy black liquid what about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the musy black liquid what about that
+stink for fruits and vegetables a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stink for fruits and vegetables a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stink for fruits and vegetables a lot
+maybe we can find the T I'll it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can find the T I'll it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can find the T I'll it more
+careful because there was a point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because there was a point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because there was a point where
+I was like I think it was you think do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like I think it was you think do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like I think it was you think do
+you know what I'm talking about okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I'm talking about okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I'm talking about okay um
+maybe we can note that in the Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can note that in the Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can note that in the Google
+Docs whoever is commenting on Nathan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Docs whoever is commenting on Nathan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Docs whoever is commenting on Nathan's
+um and again stuff like this like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again stuff like this like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again stuff like this like I
+think it's great but maybe just like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's great but maybe just like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's great but maybe just like uh
+crop this framing a little bit more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop this framing a little bit more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop this framing a little bit more so
+it's a little more rule of thirds um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little more rule of thirds um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little more rule of thirds um
+because the rule of thirds works really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the rule of thirds works really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the rule of thirds works really
+well for this shot and Siri pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for this shot and Siri pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for this shot and Siri pointed out
+a really good tip when you do rule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good tip when you do rule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good tip when you do rule of
+thirds use the eyes as sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirds use the eyes as sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirds use the eyes as sort of the the
+point instead of like your face cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point instead of like your face cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point instead of like your face cuz
+there's just a little too much room on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a little too much room on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a little too much room on
+the top and right hand side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and right hand side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and right hand side of this
+framing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing
+um how did you film the opening like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how did you film the opening like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how did you film the opening like
+were you by yourself was it the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you by yourself was it the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you by yourself was it the first
+thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you
+filmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmed
+um I was by myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was by myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was by myself
+and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was
+the no it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no it
+wasn't it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it was like
+second place I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second place I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second place I went
+okay cuz whatever conditions you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cuz whatever conditions you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cuz whatever conditions you were
+filming under for this scene I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming under for this scene I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming under for this scene I think you
+should really really try to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really really try to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really really try to remember
+what it what it was that you did cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it what it was that you did cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it what it was that you did cuz
+this Open start to smell and where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Open start to smell and where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Open start to smell and where does
+that achy black liquid come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that achy black liquid come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that achy black liquid come from
+wouldn't life just be easier if things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't life just be easier if things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't life just be easier if things
+didn't rot like that question is posed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't rot like that question is posed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't rot like that question is posed
+actually quite naturally I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite naturally I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite naturally I think the
+tendency for a lot of people when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency for a lot of people when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency for a lot of people when
+they're starting would be to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're starting would be to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're starting would be to sort of
+overly cheese that question up you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overly cheese that question up you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overly cheese that question up you know
+and I that's sort of what happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I that's sort of what happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I that's sort of what happened in
+early readings that a lot of you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early readings that a lot of you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early readings that a lot of you guys
+did um but this one just sounds very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did um but this one just sounds very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did um but this one just sounds very
+natural like how you would actually pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural like how you would actually pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural like how you would actually pose
+that question in real life so whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question in real life so whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question in real life so whatever
+conditions that you were under filming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that you were under filming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that you were under filming
+this one and really try to apply that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and really try to apply that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and really try to apply that to
+whatever you re-shoot um were you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you re-shoot um were you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you re-shoot um were you there
+with him for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him for this
+one by chance maybe it's an energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by chance maybe it's an energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by chance maybe it's an energy level
+thing like I think it was that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like I think it was that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like I think it was that was
+inside you were inside so you weren't as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside you were inside so you weren't as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside you were inside so you weren't as
+nervous about filming outside yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous about filming outside yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous about filming outside yeah that
+actually that does a lot to people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that does a lot to people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that does a lot to people's
+deliveries um but yeah just something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliveries um but yeah just something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliveries um but yeah just something to
+keep in mind does anyone have final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind does anyone have final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind does anyone have final
+thoughts before before we move on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts before before we move on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts before before we move on to the
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+video um do you know who we had paired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video um do you know who we had paired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video um do you know who we had paired
+up to comment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Nathan's Andrea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nathan's Andrea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nathan's Andrea
+and okay so uh basically for the rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so uh basically for the rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so uh basically for the rough
+cut thing we will pair you up with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut thing we will pair you up with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut thing we will pair you up with two
+people one of those people uh is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people one of those people uh is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people one of those people uh is going
+to be the person who helped film your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the person who helped film your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the person who helped film your
+video and the other person is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and the other person is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and the other person is just
+someone completely new so Kenneth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone completely new so Kenneth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone completely new so Kenneth and
+Andrea are commenting on Nathan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrea are commenting on Nathan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrea are commenting on Nathan's
+right Andrea do you want to say anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Andrea do you want to say anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Andrea do you want to say anything
+about yours before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yours before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yours before we
+screen um there are lots of placeholders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen um there are lots of placeholders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen um there are lots of placeholders
+for stuff like similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boring um we will be the judge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring um we will be the judge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring um we will be the judge of
+that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all
+right eating is one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right eating is one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right eating is one of the great
+pleasures and necessities of life and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasures and necessities of life and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasures and necessities of life and to
+enjoy everything from energy bars to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy everything from energy bars to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy everything from energy bars to
+Apples we rely on one part of our bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apples we rely on one part of our bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apples we rely on one part of our bodies
+to do an important job our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+teeth teeth are the hardest substances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth teeth are the hardest substances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth teeth are the hardest substances
+in our bodies they're harder than our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our bodies they're harder than our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our bodies they're harder than our
+bones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones
+and they're even harder than iron or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're even harder than iron or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're even harder than iron or
+steel while we chew our teeth experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel while we chew our teeth experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel while we chew our teeth experience
+forces of up to 225
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces of up to 225
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces of up to 225
+PBS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PBS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PBS
+H so why doesn't our jaw just crumble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so why doesn't our jaw just crumble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so why doesn't our jaw just crumble
+under all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under all of those
+forces between your tooth and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces between your tooth and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces between your tooth and your
+Jawbone there is a specialized piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jawbone there is a specialized piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jawbone there is a specialized piece of
+tissue called the periodontal ligament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue called the periodontal ligament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue called the periodontal ligament
+or PDL for short the PDL can easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or PDL for short the PDL can easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or PDL for short the PDL can easily
+absorb the normal forces that a tooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb the normal forces that a tooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb the normal forces that a tooth
+experiences when we chew say an apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences when we chew say an apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences when we chew say an apple
+cushioning or protecting our jawbone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushioning or protecting our jawbone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushioning or protecting our jawbone
+from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our
+teeth and inside the PDL there are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth and inside the PDL there are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth and inside the PDL there are all
+kinds of cells one type called mechano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of cells one type called mechano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of cells one type called mechano
+receptors sense forces of movement or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors sense forces of movement or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors sense forces of movement or
+pressure applied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tooth teeth sound like they're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tooth teeth sound like they're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tooth teeth sound like they're already
+perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+designed but sometimes we really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed but sometimes we really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed but sometimes we really need to
+force them in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force them in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force them in a certain
+direction like with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+braces as the braces slowly Force the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braces as the braces slowly Force the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braces as the braces slowly Force the
+teeth to move the PDL gets squeezed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth to move the PDL gets squeezed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth to move the PDL gets squeezed in
+One Direction and stretched in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Direction and stretched in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Direction and stretched in the other
+kind of like a rubber band here's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a rubber band here's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a rubber band here's where
+it gets interesting to make room the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets interesting to make room the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets interesting to make room the
+meano receptors in the PDL trigger cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meano receptors in the PDL trigger cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meano receptors in the PDL trigger cells
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+osteoclast that actually come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoclast that actually come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoclast that actually come in and
+dissolve part of your jaw to make extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve part of your jaw to make extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve part of your jaw to make extra
+room The mechano receptors also trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room The mechano receptors also trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room The mechano receptors also trigger
+another kind of cell called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of cell called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of cell called an
+osteoblast which comes in and builds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoblast which comes in and builds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoblast which comes in and builds up
+part of the Jawbone this allows the PDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the Jawbone this allows the PDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the Jawbone this allows the PDL
+to get back into its regular cushioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get back into its regular cushioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get back into its regular cushioning
+shape thus holding the tooth securely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape thus holding the tooth securely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape thus holding the tooth securely in
+position so if braces use osteoblast to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so if braces use osteoblast to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so if braces use osteoblast to
+physically reposition teeth for cosmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically reposition teeth for cosmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically reposition teeth for cosmetic
+reasons what if we want to use them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons what if we want to use them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons what if we want to use them to
+replace things in our bodies dental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace things in our bodies dental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace things in our bodies dental
+implants replace teeth that are damaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implants replace teeth that are damaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implants replace teeth that are damaged
+or missing to restore chewing function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or missing to restore chewing function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or missing to restore chewing function
+and MIT Engineers are using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and MIT Engineers are using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and MIT Engineers are using the
+properties of osteoblasts and osteoclast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of osteoblasts and osteoclast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of osteoblasts and osteoclast
+that are already in our bodies to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are already in our bodies to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are already in our bodies to create
+a chemical coating for these implants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemical coating for these implants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemical coating for these implants
+just like in a mouth with braces this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in a mouth with braces this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in a mouth with braces this
+coating helps create natural bone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating helps create natural bone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating helps create natural bone to
+help lock the implant into place your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help lock the implant into place your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help lock the implant into place your
+jaw isn't the only place where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jaw isn't the only place where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jaw isn't the only place where these
+osteoblast and osteoclasts are altering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoblast and osteoclasts are altering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoblast and osteoclasts are altering
+your bone structure in fact this bony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bone structure in fact this bony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bone structure in fact this bony
+remodeling process is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remodeling process is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remodeling process is happening
+throughout your entire body and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout your entire body and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout your entire body and these
+implants aren't just limited to teeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implants aren't just limited to teeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implants aren't just limited to teeth
+doctors can replace knees hips and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors can replace knees hips and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors can replace knees hips and even
+spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal
+discs right now these implants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs right now these implants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs right now these implants are
+designed to have the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to have the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to have the exact same
+functionality as the parts that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality as the parts that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality as the parts that they're
+replacing but in the future scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing but in the future scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing but in the future scientists
+may even use implants to improve our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may even use implants to improve our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may even use implants to improve our
+brains just like with braces we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains just like with braces we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains just like with braces we could
+modify our bodies to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify our bodies to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify our bodies to be more
+perfect once we've tasted the forbidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect once we've tasted the forbidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect once we've tasted the forbidden
+fruit of perfection will we still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+human all right so Andrea why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human all right so Andrea why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human all right so Andrea why do you
+think your video is boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think your video is boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think your video is boring
+it's really dense with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really dense with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really dense with
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it also doesn't have very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it also doesn't have very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it also doesn't have very good
+settings in it except for the office and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings in it except for the office and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings in it except for the office and
+even in the office the lighting like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the office the lighting like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the office the lighting like
+there was just nothing I could do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was just nothing I could do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was just nothing I could do about
+the I think a one of the quickest fixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I think a one of the quickest fixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I think a one of the quickest fixes
+that you can do and one that'll make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do and one that'll make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do and one that'll make the
+biggest difference is that it's um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest difference is that it's um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest difference is that it's um it's
+very slow moving and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow moving and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow moving and I think it's
+because you are so conscious of figh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are so conscious of figh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are so conscious of figh the
+tendency that most people have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency that most people have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency that most people have to
+deliver their lines too quickly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver their lines too quickly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver their lines too quickly that
+you're talking a lot slower than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking a lot slower than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking a lot slower than you
+usually do in real life um in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do in real life um in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do in real life um in a way that
+is clearly not you and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clearly not you and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clearly not you and you could
+actually just play with speeding out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just play with speeding out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just play with speeding out how
+fast the video plays we did that for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast the video plays we did that for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast the video plays we did that for one
+of the people who did science out loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the people who did science out loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the people who did science out loud
+actually the same thing happened to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same thing happened to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same thing happened to her
+as soon as the camera started rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as the camera started rolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as the camera started rolling
+she would talk just way slower than she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she would talk just way slower than she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she would talk just way slower than she
+normally does and it was it just felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally does and it was it just felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally does and it was it just felt
+really unnaturally paced and once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really unnaturally paced and once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really unnaturally paced and once we
+bumped up the speed to like 115% it read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumped up the speed to like 115% it read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumped up the speed to like 115% it read
+a lot more normally and flowed a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more normally and flowed a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more normally and flowed a lot
+better um and I think in general look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um and I think in general look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um and I think in general look at
+where you're cutting into new new spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're cutting into new new spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're cutting into new new spaces
+um I think that you air it on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think that you air it on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think that you air it on the right
+side for your rough cut which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side for your rough cut which is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side for your rough cut which is to
+leave a little bit too much room at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a little bit too much room at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a little bit too much room at the
+beginning of each of your Clips but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of each of your Clips but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of each of your Clips but when
+you go in really um you can shave off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go in really um you can shave off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go in really um you can shave off
+like a good second half a second off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good second half a second off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good second half a second off of
+some of the clips that you're cutting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the clips that you're cutting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the clips that you're cutting to
+um instead of having a beat and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instead of having a beat and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instead of having a beat and then
+your action starting just go straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your action starting just go straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your action starting just go straight
+into the action already happening so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the action already happening so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the action already happening so I
+think that happened uh a couple times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that happened uh a couple times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that happened uh a couple times
+and to is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to is one of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+eating for this opening shot I mean just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating for this opening shot I mean just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating for this opening shot I mean just
+start it like half a beat before you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start it like half a beat before you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start it like half a beat before you say
+eating is one of life's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating is one of life's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating is one of life's great
+Necessities I and I think you take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Necessities I and I think you take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Necessities I and I think you take these
+nice long pauses in between some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice long pauses in between some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice long pauses in between some of your
+thoughts to really let the viewer gather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts to really let the viewer gather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts to really let the viewer gather
+um or comprehend you've said but some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or comprehend you've said but some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or comprehend you've said but some of
+the gaps are just really long um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gaps are just really long um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gaps are just really long um so you
+can either cut those out and maybe cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either cut those out and maybe cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either cut those out and maybe cut
+to a close-up of you talking or um cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a close-up of you talking or um cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a close-up of you talking or um cut
+to b-roll in those cases but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b-roll in those cases but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b-roll in those cases but I think
+that'll help a lot with just the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll help a lot with just the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll help a lot with just the the
+sense of the movement of the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the movement of the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the movement of the overall
+video did anyone have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video did anyone have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video did anyone have other
+comments yeah Kenneth um I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments yeah Kenneth um I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments yeah Kenneth um I remember
+Andre you were a little scared at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andre you were a little scared at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andre you were a little scared at the
+start ofing about the camera but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start ofing about the camera but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start ofing about the camera but I
+thought it was actually you felt pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was actually you felt pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was actually you felt pretty
+natural in front of it as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural in front of it as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural in front of it as you
+it didn't feel like you were nervous or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't feel like you were nervous or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't feel like you were nervous or
+anything you felt it felt good it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you felt it felt good it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you felt it felt good it look
+good apart from the slow speaking I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good apart from the slow speaking I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good apart from the slow speaking I
+think actually you look quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think actually you look quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think actually you look quite
+natural I was going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural I was going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural I was going to say
+that yeah David I was that when one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah David I was that when one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah David I was that when one way
+to cut one way to cut at the right time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut one way to cut at the right time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut one way to cut at the right time
+is when you look at the clip right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you look at the clip right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you look at the clip right you
+can look at the sound so you cut right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the sound so you cut right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the sound so you cut right
+before the sound when there's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the sound when there's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the sound when there's like a
+straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+line wait sorry I didn't hear that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line wait sorry I didn't hear that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line wait sorry I didn't hear that first
+when you put it other PR for the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put it other PR for the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put it other PR for the video
+as well as the sound the sound sound oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the sound the sound sound oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the sound the sound sound oh
+the sound wave yeah that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound wave yeah that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound wave yeah that's a that's a
+very good tip then ask that the I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good tip then ask that the I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good tip then ask that the I like
+the transition the way I find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition the way I find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition the way I find that the
+transition very very meaningful and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition very very meaningful and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition very very meaningful and they
+like help to continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+story um what were you having planned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um what were you having planned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um what were you having planned on
+this big section here was this supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big section here was this supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big section here was this supposed
+to be an animated section um I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an animated section um I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an animated section um I've been
+looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for
+images okay this is when we chew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images okay this is when we chew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images okay this is when we chew
+say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apple I think one part that will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple I think one part that will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple I think one part that will help
+that felt really slow but maybe you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that felt really slow but maybe you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that felt really slow but maybe you put
+it in there for like a visual pause is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in there for like a visual pause is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in there for like a visual pause is
+the middle section when you um were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle section when you um were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle section when you um were
+talking about putting on braces and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about putting on braces and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about putting on braces and you
+did the whole sequence of you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the whole sequence of you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the whole sequence of you like
+putting on gloves like an orthodonti dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting on gloves like an orthodonti dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting on gloves like an orthodonti dis
+um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+here and it's like it's good for comedic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's like it's good for comedic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's like it's good for comedic
+effect but it kind of interrupted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect but it kind of interrupted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect but it kind of interrupted the
+video for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video for me
+and it's I think this is an instance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's I think this is an instance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's I think this is an instance of
+Kill Your Darlings where I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kill Your Darlings where I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kill Your Darlings where I don't know
+how long it took you to film this place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long it took you to film this place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long it took you to film this place
+so so should I cut out everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so should I cut out everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so should I cut out everything
+office no no no I like I like like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office no no no I like I like like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office no no no I like I like like when
+we all laugh that was like a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all laugh that was like a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all laugh that was like a great
+reveal and I think you can almost cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal and I think you can almost cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal and I think you can almost cut
+from this shot to the one with you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this shot to the one with you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this shot to the one with you with
+braces like when you say with braces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braces like when you say with braces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braces like when you say with braces
+because you don't even say anything over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't even say anything over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't even say anything over
+this part it was just kind of Silent um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part it was just kind of Silent um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part it was just kind of Silent um
+okay I think she could keep it if she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think she could keep it if she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think she could keep it if she
+tightened it to like one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightened it to like one second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightened it to like one second
+can get enough out of you just putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get enough out of you just putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get enough out of you just putting
+on like starting to put on the glove and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on like starting to put on the glove and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on like starting to put on the glove and
+then transitioning to the next one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then transitioning to the next one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then transitioning to the next one I
+think it's fun I think I agree with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's fun I think I agree with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's fun I think I agree with you
+that it's too long but I think you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's too long but I think you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's too long but I think you could
+tighten it really and it would still get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighten it really and it would still get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighten it really and it would still get
+the impact comedy is really hard to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact comedy is really hard to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact comedy is really hard to pull
+off like George was saying in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off like George was saying in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off like George was saying in the
+earlier Workshop but a lot of Comedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier Workshop but a lot of Comedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier Workshop but a lot of Comedy
+that works in these type of videos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works in these type of videos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works in these type of videos and
+that you'll see in like sow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll see in like sow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll see in like sow or
+veritasium or pretty much like any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veritasium or pretty much like any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veritasium or pretty much like any
+popular YouTube channel is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular YouTube channel is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular YouTube channel is that they're
+very quick they're quick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quick they're quick in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quick they're quick in
+of someone making a face or sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of someone making a face or sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of someone making a face or sort of an
+unexpected Boll shot and I think that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected Boll shot and I think that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected Boll shot and I think that I
+agree with Jamie and you can play around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with Jamie and you can play around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with Jamie and you can play around
+with this play around with taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this play around with taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this play around with taking this
+part out completely play around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part out completely play around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part out completely play around with
+shortening it but it has a funnier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortening it but it has a funnier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortening it but it has a funnier
+effect when it's a lot shorter um cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect when it's a lot shorter um cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect when it's a lot shorter um cuz
+one it doesn't interrupt the flow of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it doesn't interrupt the flow of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it doesn't interrupt the flow of the
+video as much and it also just gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video as much and it also just gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video as much and it also just gives a
+chance for the viewer to be like wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance for the viewer to be like wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance for the viewer to be like wait
+what just actually happened you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what just actually happened you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what just actually happened you know it
+keeps them on their toes a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps them on their toes a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps them on their toes a little bit
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+yeah you for that um I really like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you for that um I really like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you for that um I really like that
+part um the only thing I would suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part um the only thing I would suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part um the only thing I would suggest
+is that at the end when you reveal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that at the end when you reveal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that at the end when you reveal the
+braces to kind of show them for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braces to kind of show them for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braces to kind of show them for like
+half a second longer so the viewers can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a second longer so the viewers can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a second longer so the viewers can
+notice that it's braces yeah I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that it's braces yeah I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that it's braces yeah I think the
+braces shot was actually a little too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+short and like right here how did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short and like right here how did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short and like right here how did they
+do that how did you do that the braces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that how did you do that the braces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that how did you do that the braces
+shot they just put 10es on for no it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot they just put 10es on for no it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot they just put 10es on for no it's
+like a denture okay okay and like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a denture okay okay and like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a denture okay okay and like this
+is an example of uh shaving off some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example of uh shaving off some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example of uh shaving off some of
+the beginnings of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clip that is exactly where it starts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip that is exactly where it starts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip that is exactly where it starts and
+it's a good like half a second which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good like half a second which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good like half a second which
+doesn't seem like much but when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem like much but when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem like much but when you're
+watching a video it seems like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching a video it seems like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching a video it seems like an
+eternity half second that you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eternity half second that you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eternity half second that you can just
+take out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out
+completely so how how close to when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely so how how close to when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely so how how close to when the
+sound starts should you do it like right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound starts should you do it like right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound starts should you do it like right
+there um I don't have a best practice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um I don't have a best practice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um I don't have a best practice of
+do it like 2 seconds before it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it like 2 seconds before it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it like 2 seconds before it starts
+but I think that in general having it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that in general having it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that in general having it as
+close to when you start talking as best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to when you start talking as best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to when you start talking as best
+cuz otherwise it it reads a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz otherwise it it reads a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz otherwise it it reads a little bit
+newscaster because you'll notice at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newscaster because you'll notice at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newscaster because you'll notice at you
+know on a dateline special the host will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on a dateline special the host will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on a dateline special the host will
+go and they'll start talking right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and they'll start talking right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and they'll start talking right and
+that's sort of like what gives it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of like what gives it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of like what gives it the
+newscaster feel versus a lot of YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newscaster feel versus a lot of YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newscaster feel versus a lot of YouTube
+channels and SC show they just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and SC show they just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and SC show they just go
+immediately as close to the Soundwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately as close to the Soundwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately as close to the Soundwave
+starting as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting as possible
+um H goes two frames back usually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um H goes two frames back usually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um H goes two frames back usually go
+like two or three frames back and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two or three frames back and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two or three frames back and then
+if that doesn't sound good then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that doesn't sound good then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that doesn't sound good then you
+adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and
+who's doing Google docs for Andrea um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's doing Google docs for Andrea um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's doing Google docs for Andrea um
+Nathan and Julia Nathan and Yulia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nathan and Julia Nathan and Yulia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nathan and Julia Nathan and Yulia
+okay any last comments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any last comments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any last comments for
+Andrea I do want to emphasize for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrea I do want to emphasize for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrea I do want to emphasize for the
+people who are just here for today um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are just here for today um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are just here for today um it
+is a crazy amount of work that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a crazy amount of work that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a crazy amount of work that they're
+doing in such a small amount of time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in such a small amount of time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in such a small amount of time we
+basically spent the first week not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically spent the first week not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically spent the first week not
+really touching cameras whatsoever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really touching cameras whatsoever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really touching cameras whatsoever I
+mean they were doing assignments with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they were doing assignments with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they were doing assignments with
+them but pre-production takes up so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but pre-production takes up so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but pre-production takes up so much
+time so I think that um the scripts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so I think that um the scripts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so I think that um the scripts that
+you guys have are really really tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have are really really tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have are really really tight
+and really good and I know that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really good and I know that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really good and I know that you're
+working under limited time and very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working under limited time and very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working under limited time and very very
+limited resources like you were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited resources like you were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited resources like you were saying
+you didn't have lights and that makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have lights and that makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have lights and that makes a
+huge difference in what you're product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge difference in what you're product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge difference in what you're product
+looks like so um I'm really happy to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like so um I'm really happy to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like so um I'm really happy to see
+that people can identify you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people can identify you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people can identify you know this
+is what I think is off about this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I think is off about this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I think is off about this video
+I think this is what I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is what I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is what I would have
+improved that's the stuff that really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved that's the stuff that really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved that's the stuff that really is
+important and I think the scripts um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and I think the scripts um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and I think the scripts um and
+you guys really constructing compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys really constructing compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys really constructing compelling
+narratives around the topics that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives around the topics that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives around the topics that you
+were talking about they've come such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about they've come such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about they've come such a
+long way from the first day so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long way from the first day so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long way from the first day so I'm
+really happy to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happy to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happy to see
+that it's ready but I think you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's ready but I think you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's ready but I think you have to
+refresh oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was this one all right any words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was this one all right any words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was this one all right any words
+before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we
+screen um no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen um no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen um no
+disclaimers right yeah yeah it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclaimers right yeah yeah it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclaimers right yeah yeah it's good
+it's fine I hope I I just didn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine I hope I I just didn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine I hope I I just didn't like
+how I cut here and there but I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I cut here and there but I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I cut here and there but I I think
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+still quite well true I haven't finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still quite well true I haven't finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still quite well true I haven't finished
+yet any mations but yet okay some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet any mations but yet okay some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet any mations but yet okay some of
+it's in great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+imagine holding a party and then sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine holding a party and then sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine holding a party and then sending
+out the invitations after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the invitations after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the invitations after the
+party wait a minute that doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party wait a minute that doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party wait a minute that doesn't make
+any sense are my friends going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense are my friends going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense are my friends going to be
+able to time travel back just to attend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to time travel back just to attend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to time travel back just to attend
+my party in 2009 Steven Hawkings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my party in 2009 Steven Hawkings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my party in 2009 Steven Hawkings
+actually conducted such an experiment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually conducted such an experiment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually conducted such an experiment to
+disprove time travel what exactly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disprove time travel what exactly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disprove time travel what exactly is
+time travel and how does it work it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time travel and how does it work it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time travel and how does it work it
+actually has a lot to do with speed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a lot to do with speed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a lot to do with speed a
+lots of what we know about time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of what we know about time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of what we know about time
+traveling actually comes from Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling actually comes from Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling actually comes from Einstein
+theory of special and general relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of special and general relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of special and general relativity
+we are actually time traveling right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are actually time traveling right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are actually time traveling right now
+but not in the man that sci-fi films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in the man that sci-fi films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in the man that sci-fi films
+have depicted them we are in fact time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have depicted them we are in fact time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have depicted them we are in fact time
+traveling at a pace of 1 hour per hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling at a pace of 1 hour per hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling at a pace of 1 hour per hour
+in other words every hour I experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words every hour I experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words every hour I experience
+the world around me experiences a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world around me experiences a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world around me experiences a
+singular hour too now it may sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular hour too now it may sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular hour too now it may sound
+simple and trivial but stay with me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and trivial but stay with me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and trivial but stay with me this
+is where it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting now a large part of Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting now a large part of Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting now a large part of Einstein
+theory of special relativity ity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of special relativity ity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of special relativity ity is
+actually a phenomenon known as time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a phenomenon known as time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a phenomenon known as time
+dilation effectively this means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilation effectively this means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilation effectively this means that the
+faster you travel the slower time passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster you travel the slower time passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster you travel the slower time passes
+around you it potentially means that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you it potentially means that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you it potentially means that I
+could travel at maybe more than 1 hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could travel at maybe more than 1 hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could travel at maybe more than 1 hour
+per hour this phenomenon however is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per hour this phenomenon however is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per hour this phenomenon however is only
+noticeable at really really high speeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticeable at really really high speeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticeable at really really high speeds
+speeds near a speed of light this rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds near a speed of light this rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds near a speed of light this rocket
+here not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here not even
+close say I do have a spaceship now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close say I do have a spaceship now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close say I do have a spaceship now that
+travels at 90% the speed of light and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels at 90% the speed of light and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels at 90% the speed of light and I
+have a pair of new ones twins I bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pair of new ones twins I bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pair of new ones twins I bring
+one of them with me on this journey for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them with me on this journey for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them with me on this journey for
+10 years when I return one of them will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years when I return one of them will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years when I return one of them will
+have turned 23 years old while the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have turned 23 years old while the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have turned 23 years old while the one
+with me will have only turned 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me will have only turned 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me will have only turned 10 years
+old while we have experienced 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old while we have experienced 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old while we have experienced 10 years
+on the spaceship 23 years have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the spaceship 23 years have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the spaceship 23 years have actually
+passed on Earth this amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed on Earth this amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed on Earth this amount of time
+actually increases exponentially as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually increases exponentially as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually increases exponentially as we
+get closer to the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get closer to the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get closer to the speed of
+light so we could potentially travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so we could potentially travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so we could potentially travel
+forward and time but what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and time but what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and time but what about
+backwards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and
+time that's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+issue now remember our previous gra the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue now remember our previous gra the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue now remember our previous gra the
+time they took their passer was entopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they took their passer was entopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they took their passer was entopic
+to the speed of light what s this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the speed of light what s this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the speed of light what s this thing
+may be the secret of time travel lies on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be the secret of time travel lies on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be the secret of time travel lies on
+the other side of the line in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of the line in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of the line in other
+words we may have to travel faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we may have to travel faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we may have to travel faster than
+the speed of light just to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light just to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light just to be able to
+travel back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel back
+inside now when you do travel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside now when you do travel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside now when you do travel that
+speeds near the speed of light something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds near the speed of light something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds near the speed of light something
+called relativistic mass comes into play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called relativistic mass comes into play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called relativistic mass comes into play
+in other words as your speed goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words as your speed goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words as your speed goes up
+your mass increases as your mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mass increases as your mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mass increases as your mass
+increases you require more energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases you require more energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases you require more energy to
+move the same object this might mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the same object this might mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the same object this might mean
+that you need an infinite amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need an infinite amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need an infinite amount of
+energy just to move an object beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy just to move an object beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy just to move an object beyond the
+speed of life however the more energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of life however the more energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of life however the more energy
+you put into an object the more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put into an object the more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put into an object the more likely
+you are to increase its mass rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are to increase its mass rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are to increase its mass rather than
+to increase its speed therefore to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase its speed therefore to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase its speed therefore to get
+an object pass the speed of light quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object pass the speed of light quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object pass the speed of light quite
+impossible at this point in time so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible at this point in time so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible at this point in time so why
+are we still so obsess with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we still so obsess with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we still so obsess with time
+traveling time travel does come with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling time travel does come with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling time travel does come with his
+own set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own set of
+problems take for example my party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems take for example my party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems take for example my party
+before if I were to send out my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if I were to send out my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if I were to send out my
+invitations after the party my friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitations after the party my friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitations after the party my friends
+would have come back in time to attend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have come back in time to attend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have come back in time to attend
+it and if they did come back in time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and if they did come back in time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and if they did come back in time to
+attend it I wouldn't have to have send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend it I wouldn't have to have send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend it I wouldn't have to have send
+out my invitations and if I didn't send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out my invitations and if I didn't send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out my invitations and if I didn't send
+out my invitations they wouldn't be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out my invitations they wouldn't be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out my invitations they wouldn't be at
+my party it doesn't make any sense at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my party it doesn't make any sense at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my party it doesn't make any sense at
+all that they are both at my party and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that they are both at my party and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that they are both at my party and
+not in my party this is what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in my party this is what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in my party this is what we call the
+grandfather Paradox it's one of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfather Paradox it's one of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfather Paradox it's one of three
+time TR theories that we currently have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time TR theories that we currently have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time TR theories that we currently have
+now so it seems that we may not be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so it seems that we may not be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so it seems that we may not be able
+to time travel yet based on what physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time travel yet based on what physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time travel yet based on what physics
+tells us at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us at
+least for now if you are planning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for now if you are planning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for now if you are planning a
+party be sure to send out the invites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party be sure to send out the invites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party be sure to send out the invites
+first your friends can't time travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+yet all right any comments from Kenneth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet all right any comments from Kenneth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet all right any comments from Kenneth
+first okay I I didn't know that the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay I I didn't know that the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay I I didn't know that the W
+svizer on YouTube was that bad cuz I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+svizer on YouTube was that bad cuz I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+svizer on YouTube was that bad cuz I
+realized oh you try stabiliz yes I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized oh you try stabiliz yes I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized oh you try stabiliz yes I I
+because I I I KN I knew I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I I KN I knew I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I I KN I knew I had to
+stabilize some of my footage and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize some of my footage and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize some of my footage and they
+were taking a very long time on premere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taking a very long time on premere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taking a very long time on premere
+so I just popped them into YouTube I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just popped them into YouTube I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just popped them into YouTube I
+just let YouTube SLE it but I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let YouTube SLE it but I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let YouTube SLE it but I didn't
+know they did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they did it
+very liberally so I realize a lot of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very liberally so I realize a lot of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very liberally so I realize a lot of my
+shots got like this warie effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots got like this warie effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots got like this warie effect and
+some of my text got cut out and whatnot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of my text got cut out and whatnot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of my text got cut out and whatnot
+I see but yeah and I'm sorry that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see but yeah and I'm sorry that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see but yeah and I'm sorry that the
+audio for this whole Chun just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio for this whole Chun just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio for this whole Chun just kind of
+got what because um I had to use my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got what because um I had to use my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got what because um I had to use my
+other camera which I no audio J oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other camera which I no audio J oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other camera which I no audio J oh you
+you used your DSLR for the middle part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you used your DSLR for the middle part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you used your DSLR for the middle part
+right I mean it's a trade-off cuz it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean it's a trade-off cuz it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean it's a trade-off cuz it
+looks way better than the cam quars that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks way better than the cam quars that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks way better than the cam quars that
+we have but the camera that he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have but the camera that he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have but the camera that he has
+doesn't have an input for the mic so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have an input for the mic so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have an input for the mic so um
+yeah it's really hard to to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's really hard to to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's really hard to to understand
+that part yeah PJ with the scen like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part yeah PJ with the scen like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part yeah PJ with the scen like we
+were talking about doing like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about doing like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about doing like this
+walking D it just tough to have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking D it just tough to have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking D it just tough to have like a
+10ft tether to to do some of these and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10ft tether to to do some of these and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10ft tether to to do some of these and I
+I thought that came out really good that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought that came out really good that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought that came out really good that
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+video did you could you voice over yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video did you could you voice over yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video did you could you voice over yeah
+I think that in CU far away enough where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that in CU far away enough where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that in CU far away enough where
+I don't think it really matters if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think it really matters if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think it really matters if
+you yeah you could try lip dubbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah you could try lip dubbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah you could try lip dubbing
+basically um I have a set of one pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um I have a set of one pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um I have a set of one pair of
+wireless mics if you do want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless mics if you do want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless mics if you do want to try
+shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting
+it I mean it may be a little too much to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I mean it may be a little too much to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I mean it may be a little too much to
+throw in at the last minute because I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw in at the last minute because I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw in at the last minute because I do
+agree that this was this part of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that this was this part of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that this was this part of what
+about back it's hard but I mean I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about back it's hard but I mean I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about back it's hard but I mean I also
+think that having that wide of an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that having that wide of an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that having that wide of an angle
+is important in that that shot so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important in that that shot so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important in that that shot so I
+understand using the mic was sort of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand using the mic was sort of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand using the mic was sort of not
+really an option there um but I do think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an option there um but I do think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an option there um but I do think
+that voiceover is a a good option um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that voiceover is a a good option um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that voiceover is a a good option um and
+especially this part it's a long walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially this part it's a long walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially this part it's a long walk
+and talk andle my before if I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk andle my before if I were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk andle my before if I were to
+send out my and the audio is so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send out my and the audio is so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send out my and the audio is so um
+distractingly unclear and this is such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distractingly unclear and this is such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distractingly unclear and this is such a
+crucial sort of inherently hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial sort of inherently hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial sort of inherently hard to
+understand portion anyway that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand portion anyway that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand portion anyway that I think
+that it's really important to have clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's really important to have clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's really important to have clear
+audio um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio um
+and I don't know if you can just shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know if you can just shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know if you can just shoot
+Boll to do voiceover for this um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boll to do voiceover for this um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boll to do voiceover for this um because
+it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+little the the setting and what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little the the setting and what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little the the setting and what you're
+saying don't necessarily match up to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying don't necessarily match up to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying don't necessarily match up to me
+right away um but I also like the feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away um but I also like the feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away um but I also like the feel
+that you were going for with this Walkin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were going for with this Walkin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were going for with this Walkin
+talk I can tell that you were drawing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk I can tell that you were drawing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk I can tell that you were drawing a
+lot of veritasium influences with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of veritasium influences with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of veritasium influences with the
+beginning and you did the whole Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and you did the whole Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and you did the whole Michael
+Stevens Vsauce head up um which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stevens Vsauce head up um which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stevens Vsauce head up um which I think
+are fun cuz you're taking something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fun cuz you're taking something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fun cuz you're taking something that
+is typically a very like robust science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typically a very like robust science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typically a very like robust science
+topic um and sort of presenting it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic um and sort of presenting it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic um and sort of presenting it in a
+very casual like I'm just your friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very casual like I'm just your friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very casual like I'm just your friend
+talking about time travel type of way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about time travel type of way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about time travel type of way
+that makes it a lot less intimidating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it a lot less intimidating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it a lot less intimidating
+which I think is really nice it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is really nice it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is really nice it's a nice
+feel for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+video any comments from anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video any comments from anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video any comments from anyone
+else yeah um it sounded really well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else yeah um it sounded really well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else yeah um it sounded really well um
+in like its complete form even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like its complete form even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like its complete form even though
+like the script there was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the script there was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the script there was a lot of
+technical detail it didn't read like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical detail it didn't read like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical detail it didn't read like
+that at all um the only part here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at all um the only part here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at all um the only part here was
+that when you were walking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you were walking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you were walking and
+describing the grandfather Paradox I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the grandfather Paradox I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the grandfather Paradox I
+know we also shot the party yeah I I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we also shot the party yeah I I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we also shot the party yeah I I was
+thinking of putting spit screen but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of putting spit screen but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of putting spit screen but I
+haven oh you actually shot like a fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven oh you actually shot like a fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven oh you actually shot like a fake
+party yeah yeah I think that it it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party yeah yeah I think that it it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party yeah yeah I think that it it would
+be a really good option to try playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a really good option to try playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a really good option to try playing
+around with that footage and just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with that footage and just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with that footage and just using
+voice over there put it at like half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice over there put it at like half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice over there put it at like half the
+screen because I'm like keeping to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen because I'm like keeping to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen because I'm like keeping to the
+left of the screen so I have it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the screen so I have it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the screen so I have it on the
+right side yeah is it super important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side yeah is it super important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side yeah is it super important
+that you maintain this footage of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you maintain this footage of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you maintain this footage of you
+talking or can you just cut to straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking or can you just cut to straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking or can you just cut to straight
+b roll of the party thought it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b roll of the party thought it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b roll of the party thought it would be
+a nice transition to walking to the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice transition to walking to the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice transition to walking to the last
+scene oh yeah I mean I can tell that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene oh yeah I mean I can tell that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene oh yeah I mean I can tell that you
+were very conscious of how your Cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very conscious of how your Cuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very conscious of how your Cuts
+were being made ah your grandfather par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being made ah your grandfather par
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being made ah your grandfather par
+um I think that this opening one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think that this opening one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think that this opening one and
+some of your pans are are really slow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your pans are are really slow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your pans are are really slow so
+you could cut the clip um right before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could cut the clip um right before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could cut the clip um right before
+it lands on you and just speed up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lands on you and just speed up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lands on you and just speed up the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+pan but um this part especially um I it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan but um this part especially um I it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan but um this part especially um I it
+just feels very nice sci-fi films have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just feels very nice sci-fi films have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just feels very nice sci-fi films have
+depicted them we are in fact time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicted them we are in fact time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicted them we are in fact time
+traveling at a pace of 1 hour per hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling at a pace of 1 hour per hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling at a pace of 1 hour per hour
+the script is a lot better here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the script is a lot better here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the script is a lot better here it's
+it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really
+good speeds need a and this too there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good speeds need a and this too there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good speeds need a and this too there's
+a really good visual reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good visual reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good visual reference
+there I really liked whatever you did to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I really liked whatever you did to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I really liked whatever you did to
+animate the graph I was like mind blow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animate the graph I was like mind blow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animate the graph I was like mind blow I
+don't know if I could do that but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if I could do that but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if I could do that but it
+would looked really nice cuz it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would looked really nice cuz it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would looked really nice cuz it like
+followed your finger and everything yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed your finger and everything yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed your finger and everything yeah
+how did you do that um I capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did you do that um I capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did you do that um I capture
+screenshots and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenshots and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenshots and I
+imported then I drew everything over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported then I drew everything over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported then I drew everything over
+this amount of time actually increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount of time actually increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount of time actually increases
+but YouTube cut it off right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but YouTube cut it off right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but YouTube cut it off right at the
+bottom okay that's why I figured what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom okay that's why I figured what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom okay that's why I figured what
+happened frame I I don't know why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened frame I I don't know why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened frame I I don't know why they
+even wed this yeah I mean I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even wed this yeah I mean I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even wed this yeah I mean I take the
+stabil Arizer out and just do a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabil Arizer out and just do a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabil Arizer out and just do a a
+close-up shot of you cuz it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-up shot of you cuz it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-up shot of you cuz it's really
+nice yeah are you going to do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice yeah are you going to do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice yeah are you going to do it for
+this part too um I was thinking of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part too um I was thinking of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part too um I was thinking of I
+should I think you should just cuz like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I think you should just cuz like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I think you should just cuz like
+you're throwing in the graph and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're throwing in the graph and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're throwing in the graph and you
+have the ASM toote and it's just such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the ASM toote and it's just such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the ASM toote and it's just such a
+key part something that I didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key part something that I didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key part something that I didn't know
+until you read the script aloud to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you read the script aloud to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you read the script aloud to us
+really cool the idea of looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool the idea of looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool the idea of looking at the
+other side of the graph so I know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the graph so I know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the graph so I know it's
+more work for you but I think it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work for you but I think it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work for you but I think it would
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool uh who's commenting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh who's commenting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh who's commenting on
+Kenneth's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenneth's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenneth's
+um Julia and Andrea Julia and Andrea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Julia and Andrea Julia and Andrea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Julia and Andrea Julia and Andrea
+great I really like the ending yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I really like the ending yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I really like the ending yeah the
+ending beginning and ending you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending beginning and ending you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending beginning and ending you
+bookended it very nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookended it very nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookended it very nicely
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+good I'm very happy with how people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I'm very happy with how people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I'm very happy with how people have
+taken their scripts and really created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken their scripts and really created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken their scripts and really created a
+point and a story around it I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and a story around it I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and a story around it I don't
+think any of these drafts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think any of these drafts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think any of these drafts are
+instructional videos whatsoever you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional videos whatsoever you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional videos whatsoever you've
+taken all these Concepts and we talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken all these Concepts and we talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken all these Concepts and we talked a
+lot at the beginning about tying um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot at the beginning about tying um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot at the beginning about tying um
+specific examples and allowing like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific examples and allowing like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific examples and allowing like a
+specific instance to let you hit these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific instance to let you hit these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific instance to let you hit these
+bigger points and I think everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger points and I think everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger points and I think everyone's
+really done a nice job of doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really done a nice job of doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really done a nice job of doing that
+with their Scripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right next up we have Joshua you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right next up we have Joshua you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right next up we have Joshua you
+ready uh yeah okay any comments uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready uh yeah okay any comments uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready uh yeah okay any comments uh I
+haven't put in the animations yet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't put in the animations yet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't put in the animations yet so
+there'll be a part where there's a blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a part where there's a blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a part where there's a blank
+space but the blank table is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but the blank table is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but the blank table is supposed to
+be the animations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the animations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the animations
+okay hi have you found it particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hi have you found it particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hi have you found it particularly
+difficult to find a specific item in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to find a specific item in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to find a specific item in
+your house let's say you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house let's say you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house let's say you're looking for
+a pair of gloves but you just can't find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of gloves but you just can't find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of gloves but you just can't find
+it and you spend the entire afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you spend the entire afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you spend the entire afternoon
+looking for it well you've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for it well you've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for it well you've just
+encountered the same problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered the same problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered the same problem that
+companies like Google or Microsoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like Google or Microsoft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like Google or Microsoft
+encounter every single day and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter every single day and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter every single day and that's
+the problem of search just like a house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of search just like a house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of search just like a house
+which stores thousands of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stores thousands of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stores thousands of different
+items Google stores 45 billion index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items Google stores 45 billion index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items Google stores 45 billion index
+pages of information well and if every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of information well and if every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of information well and if every
+page was a sheet of paper and we stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page was a sheet of paper and we stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page was a sheet of paper and we stack
+them up real high we'll create a tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up real high we'll create a tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up real high we'll create a tower
+600 times taller than Mount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 times taller than Mount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 times taller than Mount
+aest well how can Google find my results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aest well how can Google find my results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aest well how can Google find my results
+so quickly when I find it so difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quickly when I find it so difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quickly when I find it so difficult
+to find a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a pair of
+gloves well searching on Google is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves well searching on Google is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves well searching on Google is kind
+of like looking for a person in a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like looking for a person in a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like looking for a person in a big
+school let's say you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school let's say you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school let's say you're looking for
+James in a row of classrooms well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James in a row of classrooms well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James in a row of classrooms well the
+easiest method would be to go to Every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest method would be to go to Every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest method would be to go to Every
+classroom nearest to you until you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom nearest to you until you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom nearest to you until you find
+James there's a better method known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James there's a better method known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James there's a better method known as
+binary search let's say the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search let's say the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search let's say the students
+were range from A to Z in increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were range from A to Z in increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were range from A to Z in increasing
+number of the classrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the classrooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the classrooms
+and let's say we hit to the middle room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say we hit to the middle room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say we hit to the middle room
+first and if the person in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and if the person in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and if the person in the middle
+room isn't James but his name start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room isn't James but his name start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room isn't James but his name start with
+a letter before J we head to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a letter before J we head to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a letter before J we head to the right
+if not we head to the left we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not we head to the left we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not we head to the left we then
+approach the middle room in the newly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the middle room in the newly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the middle room in the newly
+section area we rings and repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section area we rings and repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section area we rings and repeat
+eventually we won't find James just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we won't find James just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we won't find James just like
+the first method but we find him in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first method but we find him in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first method but we find him in a
+much faster rate with the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much faster rate with the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much faster rate with the second
+method how much faster would that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method how much faster would that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method how much faster would that be
+well that depend depends on the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that depend depends on the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that depend depends on the number
+of students in the school let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of students in the school let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of students in the school let's say
+there are 500 students and we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 500 students and we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 500 students and we're looking
+for one it'll take about 80 minutes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one it'll take about 80 minutes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one it'll take about 80 minutes in
+the first meod but 1 and a half minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first meod but 1 and a half minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first meod but 1 and a half minutes
+with binary search but let's say there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with binary search but let's say there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with binary search but let's say there
+are a th000 students in the school it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a th000 students in the school it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a th000 students in the school it
+would take 160 minutes with the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take 160 minutes with the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take 160 minutes with the first
+method but 1.6 minutes with the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but 1.6 minutes with the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but 1.6 minutes with the second
+method now that's a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method now that's a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method now that's a whole lot of
+difference so a name is just a word but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so a name is just a word but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so a name is just a word but
+Google searches a combination of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google searches a combination of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google searches a combination of words
+making it a little bit more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it a little bit more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it a little bit more complicated
+so just like how we identify the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just like how we identify the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just like how we identify the first
+letter of each alphabet of the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter of each alphabet of the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter of each alphabet of the name
+Google identifies 200 unique factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google identifies 200 unique factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google identifies 200 unique factors
+making your Search terms faster well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making your Search terms faster well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making your Search terms faster well if
+you recall the effectiveness of binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recall the effectiveness of binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recall the effectiveness of binary
+search depends on the pre-arrangement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search depends on the pre-arrangement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search depends on the pre-arrangement of
+data and that's why computer scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and that's why computer scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and that's why computer scientists
+are actively looking for ways to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actively looking for ways to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actively looking for ways to sort
+manage and eventually retrieve data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage and eventually retrieve data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage and eventually retrieve data
+faster and better in the same way the TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and better in the same way the TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and better in the same way the TV
+remote goes near the TV the shoes go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote goes near the TV the shoes go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote goes near the TV the shoes go to
+the shoe rack the coats go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shoe rack the coats go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shoe rack the coats go into the
+cupboard and the winter gloves go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cupboard and the winter gloves go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cupboard and the winter gloves go into
+the winter jacket aha so that's where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winter jacket aha so that's where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winter jacket aha so that's where my
+gloves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+are Joshua what are the things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Joshua what are the things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Joshua what are the things that you
+like about your cut and what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about your cut and what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about your cut and what are the
+things that you don't like about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you don't like about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you don't like about
+it um I guess I like the opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um I guess I like the opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um I guess I like the opening
+but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I
+realized okay there were times where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized okay there were times where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized okay there were times where I
+realized uh uh I have a better take but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized uh uh I have a better take but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized uh uh I have a better take but
+it's because David clicked it but I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because David clicked it but I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because David clicked it but I I
+started it some there were many takes oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started it some there were many takes oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started it some there were many takes oh
+so there were takes where like you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there were takes where like you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there were takes where like you got
+cut off just at the beginning or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off just at the beginning or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off just at the beginning or
+something like that so it's like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so it's like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so it's like I
+realized I should have much much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized I should have much much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized I should have much much more
+Tak cuz you never know what happens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tak cuz you never know what happens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tak cuz you never know what happens and
+there were I I had to scrip out like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were I I had to scrip out like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were I I had to scrip out like
+entire scene because I was in a location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire scene because I was in a location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire scene because I was in a location
+where they just started preparing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they just started preparing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they just started preparing for
+some event and then everything became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some event and then everything became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some event and then everything became
+very noisy yeah so they're like last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very noisy yeah so they're like last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very noisy yeah so they're like last
+minute things that came up on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute things that came up on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute things that came up on your
+locations yeah I do recognize that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations yeah I do recognize that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations yeah I do recognize that the
+the one where I I'm supposed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one where I I'm supposed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one where I I'm supposed to do
+animations the the sound is off and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animations the the sound is off and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animations the the sound is off and the
+visuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals
+are not not really there yet so what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not not really there yet so what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not not really there yet so what the
+one where you're looking kind of at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where you're looking kind of at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where you're looking kind of at the
+Des yeah at the black a pair that W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Des yeah at the black a pair that W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Des yeah at the black a pair that W
+binary search yeah there's supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search yeah there's supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search yeah there's supposed to
+be animations here but I guess this not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be animations here but I guess this not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be animations here but I guess this not
+probably the best one if I like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the best one if I like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the best one if I like you're
+going to have your animations come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have your animations come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have your animations come up
+here with your hotel room or your had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with your hotel room or your had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with your hotel room or your had to
+redo a scene this scene is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo a scene this scene is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo a scene this scene is the most
+inconsistent among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent among the
+rest this was one where you were filming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest this was one where you were filming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest this was one where you were filming
+later in the day yes this one was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the day yes this one was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the day yes this one was my
+first day but later in the evening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day but later in the evening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day but later in the evening and
+then the next day is the rest everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next day is the rest everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next day is the rest everything
+else is in the next day except this soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is in the next day except this soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is in the next day except this soon
+I think in this piece because a we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in this piece because a we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in this piece because a we don't
+have the animation but be your eyes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the animation but be your eyes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the animation but be your eyes are
+looking at the animation as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the animation as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the animation as opposed to
+still talking to the the screen and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still talking to the the screen and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still talking to the the screen and I
+think I don't know from my perspective I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I don't know from my perspective I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I don't know from my perspective I
+feel like there's a little bit more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like there's a little bit more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like there's a little bit more of a
+balance at play there of like connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance at play there of like connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance at play there of like connecting
+with the audience a little still with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the audience a little still with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the audience a little still with
+your eyes like if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes like if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes like if you're going to
+re-shoot it for me I think balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-shoot it for me I think balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-shoot it for me I think balancing
+looking down and still looking back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking down and still looking back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking down and still looking back
+instead of just looking down during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just looking down during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just looking down during the
+animation and then looking back at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation and then looking back at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation and then looking back at the
+end yeah okay looking at the animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end yeah okay looking at the animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end yeah okay looking at the animation
+is good it's it's kind of a fun thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good it's it's kind of a fun thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good it's it's kind of a fun thing to
+do but again Rec look and acknowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but again Rec look and acknowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but again Rec look and acknowledge
+the audience as well um I think this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience as well um I think this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience as well um I think this one
+it's really just a matter of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just a matter of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just a matter of energy
+level here um overall your delivery is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level here um overall your delivery is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level here um overall your delivery is
+very nice it's very natural uh I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice it's very natural uh I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice it's very natural uh I love
+the script again you're taking something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the script again you're taking something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the script again you're taking something
+that's very hard to visualize and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very hard to visualize and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very hard to visualize and that's
+why you know we were trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you know we were trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you know we were trying to figure
+out what topic to do when you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what topic to do when you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what topic to do when you were
+brainstorming and there were just no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming and there were just no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming and there were just no
+videos on binary search which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos on binary search which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos on binary search which was
+shocking to me or there aren't very many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking to me or there aren't very many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking to me or there aren't very many
+good ones um and there aren't very many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good ones um and there aren't very many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good ones um and there aren't very many
+videos on how Google works period um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos on how Google works period um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos on how Google works period um and
+it's because it's very hard to visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because it's very hard to visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because it's very hard to visualize
+and I think you've done a nice job the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think you've done a nice job the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think you've done a nice job the
+only thing is this last scene the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing is this last scene the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing is this last scene the
+deliver is great um but I almost would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver is great um but I almost would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver is great um but I almost would
+like to see this done in like a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see this done in like a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see this done in like a computer
+lab or something instead of in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab or something instead of in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab or something instead of in front of
+the Microsoft Office I know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Microsoft Office I know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Microsoft Office I know that you
+were trying to work with um sort of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to work with um sort of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to work with um sort of that
+Kendall Tech area um but it it reads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kendall Tech area um but it it reads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kendall Tech area um but it it reads
+like a little maybe product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little maybe product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little maybe product
+placy so if you want to re-shoot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placy so if you want to re-shoot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placy so if you want to re-shoot that
+one if you have time I would say there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you have time I would say there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you have time I would say there
+are computer labs here that I can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are computer labs here that I can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are computer labs here that I can help
+get you into if you want um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+were you going to have animations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you going to have animations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you going to have animations in
+this scene uh this would be just um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scene uh this would be just um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scene uh this would be just um like
+a number that a number that pops up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number that a number that pops up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number that a number that pops up and
+then another number below yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another number below yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another number below yeah I think
+that sparing use of labels will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sparing use of labels will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sparing use of labels will also
+help this video too like when you first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help this video too like when you first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help this video too like when you first
+introduce the term binary search have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the term binary search have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the term binary search have
+that come up when you talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come up when you talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come up when you talk about the
+numbers numbers are hard to keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers numbers are hard to keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers numbers are hard to keep track
+of in a video so just having those popup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in a video so just having those popup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in a video so just having those popup
+so just be first met um first met 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just be first met um first met 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just be first met um first met 80
+minutes and binary search yeah something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and binary search yeah something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and binary search yeah something
+like that something really simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that something really simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that something really simple and
+you've got a a good background for it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a a good background for it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a a good background for it so
+I would go and take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would go and take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would go and take advantage of
+it you have such a smiley presence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you have such a smiley presence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you have such a smiley presence
+that's so engaging on the camera just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so engaging on the camera just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so engaging on the camera just
+you have such positive energy up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have such positive energy up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have such positive energy up there
+it's like you kind of want smile while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you kind of want smile while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you kind of want smile while
+you're watching it you know yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're watching it you know yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're watching it you know yeah and
+again you're taking something that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're taking something that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're taking something that is a
+seemingly intimidating subject which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly intimidating subject which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly intimidating subject which
+again is why it's very hard to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is why it's very hard to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is why it's very hard to find
+videos on computer science and even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos on computer science and even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos on computer science and even more
+rare to find a live hosted video on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare to find a live hosted video on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare to find a live hosted video on
+computer science all the ones that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science all the ones that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science all the ones that that
+are up there are usually some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are up there are usually some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are up there are usually some sort of
+voice overed animated tutorial and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice overed animated tutorial and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice overed animated tutorial and I
+think that having you on screen being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that having you on screen being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that having you on screen being
+the guide for the audience with this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guide for the audience with this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guide for the audience with this is
+very very nice it's very powerful can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very nice it's very powerful can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very nice it's very powerful can
+you go back to the beginning of that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back to the beginning of that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back to the beginning of that um
+where you're in front of the desk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're in front of the desk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're in front of the desk and
+about to point at the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to point at the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to point at the um the
+animation fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation fine
+James there's a better method known as B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James there's a better method known as B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James there's a better method known as B
+it this is I I feel like someone just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is I I feel like someone just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is I I feel like someone just
+told you a joke and we missed a joke and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you a joke and we missed a joke and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you a joke and we missed a joke and
+like kind of about to die laughing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of about to die laughing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of about to die laughing like
+I don't know if you guys felt that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you guys felt that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you guys felt that same
+way this moment did someone tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this moment did someone tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this moment did someone tell you
+something really funny I I could figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really funny I I could figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really funny I I could figure
+out I don't know why I behave like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I don't know why I behave like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I don't know why I behave like that
+I don't remember a joke do you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't remember a joke do you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't remember a joke do you remember
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+joke do you say something want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke do you say something want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke do you say something want to be
+like what was so funny there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what was so funny there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what was so funny there's something
+funny going on here I must have saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny going on here I must have saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny going on here I must have saw
+something of like while he was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of like while he was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of like while he was doing
+like was like award position then I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like was like award position then I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like was like award position then I was
+like laughing internally cuz cuz this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like laughing internally cuz cuz this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like laughing internally cuz cuz this I
+mean I think you're going to refilm this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think you're going to refilm this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think you're going to refilm this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+because must have justed and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because must have justed and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because must have justed and I don't
+know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what
+it um what was I going to say oh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um what was I going to say oh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um what was I going to say oh for the
+shots that you did at the coke Institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots that you did at the coke Institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots that you did at the coke Institute
+um I think you can just Center this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think you can just Center this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think you can just Center this
+Center it close enough uh cuz I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center it close enough uh cuz I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center it close enough uh cuz I know
+you're trying rule of thirds here but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying rule of thirds here but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying rule of thirds here but uh
+they're sort of like it's non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of like it's non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of like it's non
+homogeneous distribution of this pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous distribution of this pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous distribution of this pattern
+in the background so it looks a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the background so it looks a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the background so it looks a little
+weird to have all this extra space so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird to have all this extra space so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird to have all this extra space so I
+I would go ahead and just Center this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would go ahead and just Center this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would go ahead and just Center this
+what do you guys think about the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you guys think about the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you guys think about the music
+in this video it's good it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video it's good it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video it's good it's like a
+little light-hearted it doesn't play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little light-hearted it doesn't play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little light-hearted it doesn't play
+into the whole like computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the whole like computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the whole like computer science
+Trope which is nice I would bring go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trope which is nice I would bring go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trope which is nice I would bring go
+ahead like 1950s like Suburbia Middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead like 1950s like Suburbia Middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead like 1950s like Suburbia Middle
+America I would bring down the levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America I would bring down the levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America I would bring down the levels
+just a little bit in the opening it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit in the opening it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit in the opening it's
+fine but as it progressed um I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but as it progressed um I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but as it progressed um I would
+either up your recorded levels for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either up your recorded levels for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either up your recorded levels for your
+own audio or or lower the music it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own audio or or lower the music it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own audio or or lower the music it gets
+a little once the bass starts driving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little once the bass starts driving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little once the bass starts driving it
+gets a little little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distracting any final comments who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting any final comments who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting any final comments who's
+going to do Google do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for David and Nathan David and Nathan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for David and Nathan David and Nathan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for David and Nathan David and Nathan
+also just as a comment I think you did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just as a comment I think you did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just as a comment I think you did a
+really really excellent job with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really excellent job with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really excellent job with the
+pcing of your Cuts we never explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pcing of your Cuts we never explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pcing of your Cuts we never explicitly
+stated it but I think Elizabeth and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated it but I think Elizabeth and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated it but I think Elizabeth and I
+said it the computer lab last week um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it the computer lab last week um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it the computer lab last week um
+you did a really good job like leaving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did a really good job like leaving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did a really good job like leaving a
+little bit of space at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of space at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of space at the end of
+something that you said for people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you said for people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you said for people to
+absorb but then when you started your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb but then when you started your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb but then when you started your
+new scene you like cut it right before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new scene you like cut it right before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new scene you like cut it right before
+your dialogue and so the video itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dialogue and so the video itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dialogue and so the video itself
+just felt really really well paced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just felt really really well paced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just felt really really well paced
+because of that like there was never any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that like there was never any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that like there was never any
+point in it where I was waiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in it where I was waiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in it where I was waiting for
+something to happen it was all like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to happen it was all like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to happen it was all like
+like if I want to add that actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I want to add that actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I want to add that actually I
+did a few like I cut once then I felt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a few like I cut once then I felt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a few like I cut once then I felt it
+was awkward then I cut again until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was awkward then I cut again until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was awkward then I cut again until it
+reached so near to the audio mhm yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached so near to the audio mhm yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached so near to the audio mhm yeah so
+it was a few times I had to cut to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a few times I had to cut to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a few times I had to cut to
+realize that it was awkward like even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that it was awkward like even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that it was awkward like even
+for like 0.3 seconds it'll be allk good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like 0.3 seconds it'll be allk good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like 0.3 seconds it'll be allk good
+yeah you have really good instincts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you have really good instincts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you have really good instincts to
+do that so and I know that I have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that so and I know that I have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that so and I know that I have said
+this at nauseum in the emails but I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at nauseum in the emails but I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at nauseum in the emails but I feel
+like there's this sense of fear um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's this sense of fear um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's this sense of fear um and
+maybe it's just the training that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's just the training that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's just the training that we
+have in our traditional educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in our traditional educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in our traditional educational
+system but we all want to measure like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but we all want to measure like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but we all want to measure like
+20 times because heaven forbid we cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 times because heaven forbid we cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 times because heaven forbid we cut
+more than once right and here you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than once right and here you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than once right and here you're
+literally cutting but it's it's through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally cutting but it's it's through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally cutting but it's it's through
+the process of cutting and trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of cutting and trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of cutting and trying
+different things that you learn what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that you learn what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that you learn what
+what feels right and what makes sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what feels right and what makes sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what feels right and what makes sense in
+the video and I I don't know of anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video and I I don't know of anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video and I I don't know of anyone
+who's ever made a video on their first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's ever made a video on their first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's ever made a video on their first
+try like even if they've perfected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try like even if they've perfected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try like even if they've perfected the
+shot list gotten the best script ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot list gotten the best script ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot list gotten the best script ever
+you know have their shot their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know have their shot their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know have their shot their
+production day down to the second um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production day down to the second um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production day down to the second um
+something will ultimately end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something will ultimately end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something will ultimately end up
+happening that makes you reconsider how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening that makes you reconsider how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening that makes you reconsider how
+you're going to cut things and it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to cut things and it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to cut things and it should
+it really should I mean I I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really should I mean I I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really should I mean I I'm really
+happy to hear that that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to hear that that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to hear that that's what you
+discovered because um I think that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered because um I think that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered because um I think that that
+goes maybe a little against what how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes maybe a little against what how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes maybe a little against what how we
+traditionally go through school um so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally go through school um so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally go through school um so uh
+I I'm glad to hear that you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm glad to hear that you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm glad to hear that you try
+different things it's okay do not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things it's okay do not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things it's okay do not be
+discouraged by having to try different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraged by having to try different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraged by having to try different
+cuts it's uh a productive process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts it's uh a productive process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts it's uh a productive process that
+moves you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves you
+forward okay any any thoughts from PJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward okay any any thoughts from PJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward okay any any thoughts from PJ
+before we screen um so there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we screen um so there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we screen um so there's there's
+parts of the audio that I'm moving so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the audio that I'm moving so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the audio that I'm moving so
+like you get the oh you hear a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you get the oh you hear a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you get the oh you hear a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+yeah that and then it was really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that and then it was really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that and then it was really hard
+finding music yeah there's no like after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding music yeah there's no like after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding music yeah there's no like after
+watching it there's like it's like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching it there's like it's like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching it there's like it's like two
+videos it's not it's hard cuz like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos it's not it's hard cuz like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos it's not it's hard cuz like it's
+in one setting that's in complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one setting that's in complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one setting that's in complete
+different form yeah and like I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different form yeah and like I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different form yeah and like I couldn't
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+like music is hard it it's so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like music is hard it it's so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like music is hard it it's so much
+harder than you initially think it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder than you initially think it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder than you initially think it will
+be you think oh you just like slap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you think oh you just like slap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you think oh you just like slap
+something on in the background it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on in the background it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on in the background it'll be
+fine but it's it's very timec consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but it's it's very timec consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but it's it's very timec consuming
+it's very like I don't know seems very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very like I don't know seems very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very like I don't know seems very
+inspirational the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspirational the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspirational the
+beginning like inappropriately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inspirational all right well let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspirational all right well let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspirational all right well let's see
+when we take complex things and break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we take complex things and break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we take complex things and break
+them into smaller pieces we find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into smaller pieces we find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into smaller pieces we find out
+that we know a lot more about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know a lot more about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know a lot more about things
+than we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's take this box Orca one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take this box Orca one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take this box Orca one and
+create damage below the water line which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create damage below the water line which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create damage below the water line which
+I've indicated right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've indicated right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've indicated right
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here as we can see we've damaged Orca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as we can see we've damaged Orca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as we can see we've damaged Orca
+one right here now let's put Orca one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right here now let's put Orca one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right here now let's put Orca one in
+the water and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens the orcan sank due to the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the orcan sank due to the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the orcan sank due to the weight
+of the added water what if the orcan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the added water what if the orcan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the added water what if the orcan
+contained cargo or oil or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained cargo or oil or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained cargo or oil or even
+people now let's take Orca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people now let's take Orca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people now let's take Orca
+2 and do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and do the same thing
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so we can see that orcat 2 did not sink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see that orcat 2 did not sink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see that orcat 2 did not sink
+although it is sitting at an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it is sitting at an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it is sitting at an angle
+towards the bow so why didn't Orca 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the bow so why didn't Orca 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the bow so why didn't Orca 2
+sink as easy as it sounds this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sink as easy as it sounds this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sink as easy as it sounds this simple
+demonstration is essential to the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration is essential to the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration is essential to the design
+of huge complex ships ships are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of huge complex ships ships are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of huge complex ships ships are
+responsible for carrying about 90% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for carrying about 90% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for carrying about 90% of
+all our stuff as Naval Architects how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our stuff as Naval Architects how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our stuff as Naval Architects how do
+we design ships carrying our stuff to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we design ships carrying our stuff to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we design ships carrying our stuff to
+make it into Port safely and not sink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into Port safely and not sink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into Port safely and not sink
+well why don't we find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why don't we find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why don't we find out
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we have Orca 1 and orca 2 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have Orca 1 and orca 2 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have Orca 1 and orca 2 from
+before although Orca 1 and orca 2 don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before although Orca 1 and orca 2 don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before although Orca 1 and orca 2 don't
+engage in international trade they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in international trade they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in international trade they
+behave just as a 1,000 ft containership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave just as a 1,000 ft containership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave just as a 1,000 ft containership
+wood now let's take a look in Orca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood now let's take a look in Orca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood now let's take a look in Orca
+one we can see that there's nothing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we can see that there's nothing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we can see that there's nothing in
+it it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's just a
+box but if we look at Orca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box but if we look at Orca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box but if we look at Orca
+2 we can see that subdivided into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 we can see that subdivided into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 we can see that subdivided into these
+water type compartments by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water type compartments by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water type compartments by these
+transverse water type bulk hits now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse water type bulk hits now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse water type bulk hits now what
+that means is that if we were to damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that if we were to damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that if we were to damage
+the ship right here water would only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ship right here water would only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ship right here water would only
+flow into this compartment it would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow into this compartment it would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow into this compartment it would not
+go into this one this one or this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into this one this one or this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into this one this one or this one
+that would cause the ship to be angled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would cause the ship to be angled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would cause the ship to be angled
+or trimmed in the water but not cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or trimmed in the water but not cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or trimmed in the water but not cause
+the ship to sink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ship to sink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ship to sink
+completely we refer to Orca 2 as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely we refer to Orca 2 as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely we refer to Orca 2 as being
+subdivided and we can see subdivision in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivided and we can see subdivision in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivided and we can see subdivision in
+many of the ship's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the ship's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the ship's
+plans it is unclear when subdivision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans it is unclear when subdivision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans it is unclear when subdivision
+first started being used in ships but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first started being used in ships but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first started being used in ships but it
+counts of fifth century Chinese trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts of fifth century Chinese trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts of fifth century Chinese trade
+ships indicate that water would be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships indicate that water would be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships indicate that water would be able
+to enter the vessel without sinking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter the vessel without sinking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter the vessel without sinking so
+let's find out why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find out why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find out why this
+happens let's imagine a barge divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens let's imagine a barge divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens let's imagine a barge divided
+into 10 equal compartments one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 10 equal compartments one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 10 equal compartments one of them
+Springs a leak from damage since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs a leak from damage since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs a leak from damage since the
+ship is subdivided only the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship is subdivided only the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship is subdivided only the first
+compartment floods and the ship remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment floods and the ship remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment floods and the ship remains
+afloat protecting both its people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afloat protecting both its people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afloat protecting both its people and
+cargo although the added water causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cargo although the added water causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cargo although the added water causes
+the ship to trim it still has enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ship to trim it still has enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ship to trim it still has enough
+buoyancy to return to port for repairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ships still sink though it's both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships still sink though it's both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships still sink though it's both
+expensive and impractical to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and impractical to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and impractical to try to
+design the unsinkable ship especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the unsinkable ship especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the unsinkable ship especially
+when these ships will never see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these ships will never see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these ships will never see that
+amount of damage that's why as Naval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of damage that's why as Naval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of damage that's why as Naval
+Architects we use computer programs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architects we use computer programs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architects we use computer programs to
+help us out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us out with
+subdivision computers make it easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivision computers make it easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivision computers make it easy to
+simulate certain damage cases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate certain damage cases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate certain damage cases in
+practically no time with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically no time with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically no time with different
+software we can damage certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software we can damage certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software we can damage certain
+compartments and see how the ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments and see how the ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments and see how the ship
+responds to it this gives the naval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to it this gives the naval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to it this gives the naval
+architect a goodidea aidea of what parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect a goodidea aidea of what parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect a goodidea aidea of what parts
+to improve on the ship if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve on the ship if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve on the ship if
+any so even though ships seem like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any so even though ships seem like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any so even though ships seem like these
+intricate complex things they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intricate complex things they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intricate complex things they're really
+just based on principles that we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just based on principles that we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just based on principles that we all
+already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just out of curiosity did you shoot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just out of curiosity did you shoot this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just out of curiosity did you shoot this
+video in sequence like you shot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video in sequence like you shot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video in sequence like you shot the
+first scenes first so the first scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first scenes first so the first scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first scenes first so the first scenes
+were second the second scenes were first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were second the second scenes were first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were second the second scenes were first
+really yeah that wasn't ad of designer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really yeah that wasn't ad of designer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really yeah that wasn't ad of designer
+just because the the toe take the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because the the toe take the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because the the toe take the only
+time we go there was yes the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we go there was yes the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we go there was yes the location
+practicality any comments for PJ I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicality any comments for PJ I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicality any comments for PJ I
+didn't feel the change of music as in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't feel the change of music as in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't feel the change of music as in it
+was natural to me I didn't I didn't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was natural to me I didn't I didn't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was natural to me I didn't I didn't feel
+like there was a sudden change oh God I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there was a sudden change oh God I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there was a sudden change oh God I
+like the second song I agree that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the second song I agree that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the second song I agree that the
+first one is a little Friday Night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lights
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+thank the thing with um just like comedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank the thing with um just like comedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank the thing with um just like comedy
+pulling off drama is also really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling off drama is also really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling off drama is also really hard to
+do in YouTube videos cuz um you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in YouTube videos cuz um you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in YouTube videos cuz um you're not
+working with like a sweeping epic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with like a sweeping epic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with like a sweeping epic or
+documentary it's like a little YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary it's like a little YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary it's like a little YouTube
+blurb and we had trouble with that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurb and we had trouble with that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurb and we had trouble with that with
+farts when he talked about how Clum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farts when he talked about how Clum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farts when he talked about how Clum
+defil um kills like you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defil um kills like you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defil um kills like you know some
+thousand Americans a year um we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand Americans a year um we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand Americans a year um we didn't
+want to have Grandpa's banjo playing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have Grandpa's banjo playing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have Grandpa's banjo playing in
+the background while he says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background while he says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background while he says that
+obviously yeah um but like it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously yeah um but like it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously yeah um but like it's not like
+we were going to insert you know like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were going to insert you know like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were going to insert you know like I
+I don't know music from Gone With The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know music from Gone With The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know music from Gone With The
+Wind in the background either um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wind in the background either um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wind in the background either um one
+thing that like like I wanted to try get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that like like I wanted to try get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that like like I wanted to try get
+music cuz a lot of this the places in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music cuz a lot of this the places in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music cuz a lot of this the places in
+there was like you can see there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was like you can see there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was like you can see there's a lot
+of cuts so like where it goes to and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cuts so like where it goes to and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cuts so like where it goes to and if
+there's not anything like underneath you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not anything like underneath you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not anything like underneath you
+can really it's like very pronounced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really it's like very pronounced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really it's like very pronounced
+yeah and I tried like editing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and I tried like editing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and I tried like editing a lot of
+it out but pretty tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out but pretty tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out but pretty tough
+yeah um let's see so I know that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um let's see so I know that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um let's see so I know that you are
+hesitant about being in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitant about being in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitant about being in front of the
+camera too so natural I think and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera too so natural I think and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera too so natural I think and I'm
+surprised that you said you filmed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised that you said you filmed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised that you said you filmed them
+in the reverse cuz I feel like the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reverse cuz I feel like the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reverse cuz I feel like the stuff
+that you have in the end is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have in the end is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have in the end is really
+really natural and I thought that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really natural and I thought that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really natural and I thought that you
+would have maybe done that second um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have maybe done that second um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have maybe done that second um
+it's hard to host while you're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to host while you're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to host while you're doing a
+demo uh you just have a million things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo uh you just have a million things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo uh you just have a million things
+to think about but um in general the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about but um in general the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about but um in general the
+hosting is really nice it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosting is really nice it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosting is really nice it's really
+really natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really natural
+especially um this part I could tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially um this part I could tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially um this part I could tell
+that ulia and uh who was it David was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ulia and uh who was it David was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ulia and uh who was it David was
+filming with you Kenneth was filming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming with you Kenneth was filming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming with you Kenneth was filming
+with you um they probably tried to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you um they probably tried to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you um they probably tried to make
+you laugh and some of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you laugh and some of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you laugh and some of them and
+smile yeah uh this I think this scene as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smile yeah uh this I think this scene as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smile yeah uh this I think this scene as
+strongest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest
+hosting um just like going back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosting um just like going back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosting um just like going back and
+forth between the computer the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between the computer the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between the computer the scene
+just plays out very nicely um and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plays out very nicely um and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plays out very nicely um and again
+taking a seemingly intimidating subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a seemingly intimidating subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a seemingly intimidating subject
+and welcoming and inviting the viewers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and welcoming and inviting the viewers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and welcoming and inviting the viewers
+in it's very nice um I would say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it's very nice um I would say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it's very nice um I would say in
+general uh the The Cutting advice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh the The Cutting advice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh the The Cutting advice that
+Siri gave which is to leave room at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siri gave which is to leave room at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siri gave which is to leave room at the
+end of cuts or at the end of scenes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of cuts or at the end of scenes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of cuts or at the end of scenes and
+cut very close to when you start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut very close to when you start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut very close to when you start talking
+at the beginning of scenes might help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of scenes might help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of scenes might help
+with this um and I there was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it the moment where Julia's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the moment where Julia's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the moment where Julia's in the
+picture with oh yeah that's like a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture with oh yeah that's like a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture with oh yeah that's like a weird
+I was like who is she what you doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like who is she what you doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like who is she what you doing
+there I think cut out in general um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I think cut out in general um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I think cut out in general um I
+love the the speed up walk and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love the the speed up walk and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love the the speed up walk and how you
+open the door into the lab I love seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the door into the lab I love seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the door into the lab I love seeing
+the background it's very cool I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background it's very cool I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background it's very cool I think
+you can speed up you damaging Orca one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can speed up you damaging Orca one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can speed up you damaging Orca one
+and I think uh you say something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think uh you say something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think uh you say something like
+let's take this box Orca one and create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take this box Orca one and create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take this box Orca one and create
+damage below the water line which I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage below the water line which I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage below the water line which I've
+indicated right here yeah I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated right here yeah I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated right here yeah I think you
+can actually cut that part out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually cut that part out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually cut that part out
+completely because after you cut it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely because after you cut it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely because after you cut it you
+say as you can see we've damaged or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say as you can see we've damaged or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say as you can see we've damaged or one
+so I think that's enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's enough
+information um and I get what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information um and I get what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information um and I get what you're
+saying with the water line but I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying with the water line but I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying with the water line but I I don't
+think it's super relevant to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's super relevant to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's super relevant to the point
+of the video so I think it's okay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the video so I think it's okay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the video so I think it's okay if you
+cut that out entirely oh yeah when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut that out entirely oh yeah when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut that out entirely oh yeah when you
+go from this scene the weight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from this scene the weight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from this scene the weight of the
+added water what if the or one contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added water what if the or one contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added water what if the or one contain
+cargo or oil or even people yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cargo or oil or even people yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cargo or oil or even people yeah the
+music here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music here is just
+like it's like pulling my trying to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's like pulling my trying to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's like pulling my trying to pull
+out my heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out my heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out my heart
+string now let's take Orca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string now let's take Orca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string now let's take Orca
+2 and do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and do the same
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+thing we can see that Orca 2 did not Sy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we can see that Orca 2 did not Sy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we can see that Orca 2 did not Sy
+or 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 2
+syn as easy as it sounds this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syn as easy as it sounds this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syn as easy as it sounds this simple
+demonstration is essential to the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration is essential to the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration is essential to the design
+of huge complex ships so why didn't orat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of huge complex ships so why didn't orat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of huge complex ships so why didn't orat
+sink so this is an example it happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sink so this is an example it happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sink so this is an example it happened
+one other time time where uh you leave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other time time where uh you leave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other time time where uh you leave a
+gap in between some of your sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap in between some of your sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap in between some of your sentences
+and the Gap is a little long so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Gap is a little long so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Gap is a little long so you can
+either cut to a different um to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either cut to a different um to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either cut to a different um to a
+different uh you can cut to a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh you can cut to a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh you can cut to a digital
+Zoom of the same shot to clean up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zoom of the same shot to clean up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zoom of the same shot to clean up the
+the Gap a little bit cuz I I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gap a little bit cuz I I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gap a little bit cuz I I think that
+you were doing it to help you host and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were doing it to help you host and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were doing it to help you host and
+like help you get through the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like help you get through the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like help you get through the lines
+which is totally okay and understandable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is totally okay and understandable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is totally okay and understandable
+um but I would just hide that Gap a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I would just hide that Gap a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I would just hide that Gap a
+little bit as see like I I stuttered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit as see like I I stuttered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit as see like I I stuttered
+here and I kept like looking back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I kept like looking back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I kept like looking back to the
+boat so it was kind of like weird like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat so it was kind of like weird like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat so it was kind of like weird like I
+was using that almost as my crutch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was using that almost as my crutch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was using that almost as my crutch that
+I had this prop that I could kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had this prop that I could kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had this prop that I could kind of
+like s up I think you actually were your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like s up I think you actually were your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like s up I think you actually were your
+delivery was fine here I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery was fine here I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery was fine here I wasn't
+distracted by or did not sink although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracted by or did not sink although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracted by or did not sink although
+it is sitting at an angle towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is sitting at an angle towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is sitting at an angle towards the
+bow so why didn't orcat sink like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bow so why didn't orcat sink like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bow so why didn't orcat sink like the
+way you ask the question that's like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you ask the question that's like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you ask the question that's like how
+you would normally so as easy as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would normally so as easy as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would normally so as easy as it
+sounds let's see how that Gap feels just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds let's see how that Gap feels just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds let's see how that Gap feels just
+a little bit too long this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit too long this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit too long this simple
+demonstration is essential to the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration is essential to the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration is essential to the design
+of huge complex ships ships that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of huge complex ships ships that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of huge complex ships ships that are
+responsible for carrying about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for carrying about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for carrying about
+90% do you have roll or pictures of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% do you have roll or pictures of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% do you have roll or pictures of some
+of these ships that was the one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ships that was the one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ships that was the one thing I
+was thinking throughout this video was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking throughout this video was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking throughout this video was
+like I would love to see what these real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I would love to see what these real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I would love to see what these real
+what the things look like in real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the things look like in real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the things look like in real life
+if um I think this would be a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um I think this would be a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um I think this would be a great
+place to cut to b-roll or pictures you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to cut to b-roll or pictures you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to cut to b-roll or pictures you
+can just keep the audio but that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just keep the audio but that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just keep the audio but that would
+help mix up the visuals a lot too of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help mix up the visuals a lot too of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help mix up the visuals a lot too of all
+our stuff is n okay so this cut was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our stuff is n okay so this cut was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our stuff is n okay so this cut was a
+little this was what I was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little this was what I was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little this was what I was talking about
+with um the the line of sight when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um the the line of sight when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um the the line of sight when I
+gave the editing lecture and the in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave the editing lecture and the in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave the editing lecture and the in one
+senior kind of sitting like this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior kind of sitting like this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior kind of sitting like this right
+and you have like this is a terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have like this is a terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have like this is a terrible
+drawing sorry guys but you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing sorry guys but you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing sorry guys but you have your
+boat in the water and it's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat in the water and it's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat in the water and it's sort of like
+a a weird semi bird ey and then you cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a weird semi bird ey and then you cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a weird semi bird ey and then you cut
+and you're not quite in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not quite in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not quite in a different
+enough position so it feels just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough position so it feels just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough position so it feels just like
+slightly jarring it feels like someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly jarring it feels like someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly jarring it feels like someone
+just tip the camera over a little bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tip the camera over a little bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tip the camera over a little bit so
+either cut to um a closer shot of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either cut to um a closer shot of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either cut to um a closer shot of you
+like that to hide that a little bit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that to hide that a little bit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that to hide that a little bit um
+or do b-roll there if you're coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do b-roll there if you're coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do b-roll there if you're coming out
+of b-roll here then then this transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of b-roll here then then this transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of b-roll here then then this transition
+won't be as weird and my comment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be as weird and my comment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be as weird and my comment is
+totally irrelevant but um no I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally irrelevant but um no I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally irrelevant but um no I think
+that's just something to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just something to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just something to think about
+yeah I mean you so sorry like 10 steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean you so sorry like 10 steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean you so sorry like 10 steps
+ahead of my head where in in actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of my head where in in actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of my head where in in actual
+reality um you never you never put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality um you never you never put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality um you never you never put your
+your um coad out yeah I feel like if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your um coad out yeah I feel like if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your um coad out yeah I feel like if uh
+if I wanted to try to make it seem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I wanted to try to make it seem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I wanted to try to make it seem like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+less like me talking that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less like me talking that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less like me talking that would have
+just put on a whole different person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put on a whole different person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put on a whole different person
+okay so I I kind of like I'm wearing BL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I I kind of like I'm wearing BL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I I kind of like I'm wearing BL
+so like that's all I can do okay okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like that's all I can do okay okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like that's all I can do okay okay I
+just wonder if at the very very last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wonder if at the very very last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wonder if at the very very last
+scene yeah where you have your finale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene yeah where you have your finale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene yeah where you have your finale
+comment about a very simple concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about a very simple concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about a very simple concept of
+sinking and floating if ever there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinking and floating if ever there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinking and floating if ever there were
+a moment to put that hat on and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment to put that hat on and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment to put that hat on and have
+your awesome Coast Guard outfit on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your awesome Coast Guard outfit on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your awesome Coast Guard outfit on that
+would be it yeah if you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be it yeah if you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be it yeah if you don't want to
+shoot it now we're going to make you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot it now we're going to make you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot it now we're going to make you do
+it next week when we shoot season 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah that's a good comment I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah that's a good comment I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah that's a good comment I mean
+the thing that you have that's so cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that you have that's so cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that you have that's so cool
+is I mean we talked about the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I mean we talked about the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I mean we talked about the fact that
+you actually legitimately are out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually legitimately are out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually legitimately are out there
+in the Coast Guard and you say that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Coast Guard and you say that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Coast Guard and you say that but
+showing us that in your film is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing us that in your film is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing us that in your film is really
+powerful and even if at the just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and even if at the just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and even if at the just the
+very end you tie that real like real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end you tie that real like real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end you tie that real like real
+life application back I think that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life application back I think that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life application back I think that would
+be really just for the last sentence too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really just for the last sentence too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really just for the last sentence too
+and again like time permitting right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again like time permitting right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again like time permitting right
+because I know that you guys don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know that you guys don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know that you guys don't have
+a ton of time to incorporate all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ton of time to incorporate all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ton of time to incorporate all this
+stuff um it would you've already gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff um it would you've already gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff um it would you've already gotten
+plenty of footage of you talking in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of footage of you talking in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of footage of you talking in this
+setting so it wouldn't be very jarring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so it wouldn't be very jarring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so it wouldn't be very jarring
+to have you say the last sentence like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have you say the last sentence like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have you say the last sentence like
+out out by the sea or by the boats or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out out by the sea or by the boats or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out out by the sea or by the boats or
+even if where you say like I'm a coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if where you say like I'm a coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if where you say like I'm a coast
+guard whatever even if you quickly have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard whatever even if you quickly have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard whatever even if you quickly have
+a picture of if you have any photos of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of if you have any photos of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of if you have any photos of
+you in your uniform to just put I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in your uniform to just put I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in your uniform to just put I don't
+know like I don't know how that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like I don't know how that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like I don't know how that would
+look but just thing that that shows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look but just thing that that shows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look but just thing that that shows us
+and doesn't tell us this totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't tell us this totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't tell us this totally
+authentic side to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic side to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic side to
+yourself um do access to the to the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself um do access to the to the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself um do access to the to the base
+here um so the one in North yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so the one in North yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so the one in North yeah
+yeah this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this one
+up yeah I mean one of one of the slim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yeah I mean one of one of the slim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yeah I mean one of one of the slim
+pills is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pills is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pills is also
+officer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer
+k no he's he's based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k no he's he's based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k no he's he's based
+Okay so again I I know it's short notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so again I I know it's short notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so again I I know it's short notice
+you'd have to do it between today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to do it between today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to do it between today and
+tomorrow basically so it's okay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow basically so it's okay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow basically so it's okay if you
+can't do it but something to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it but something to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it but something to think about
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+you if you want to do it for science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you want to do it for science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you want to do it for science
+alloud all right Julia you ready um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alloud all right Julia you ready um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alloud all right Julia you ready um yeah
+so there are the beginning and the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are the beginning and the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are the beginning and the end
+we filmed outside there's a lot of wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we filmed outside there's a lot of wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we filmed outside there's a lot of wind
+and I couldn't connect the mic cuz I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I couldn't connect the mic cuz I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I couldn't connect the mic cuz I was
+standing far away so I tried to do voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing far away so I tried to do voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing far away so I tried to do voice
+voice over I don't know how it sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice over I don't know how it sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice over I don't know how it sounds
+because honestly I was just tired of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because honestly I was just tired of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because honestly I was just tired of
+hearing my voice at that point um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing my voice at that point um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing my voice at that point um and
+then there's this this actually like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's this this actually like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's this this actually like the
+thumbnail this is where the animation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumbnail this is where the animation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumbnail this is where the animation is
+supposed to be so the wide screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be so the wide screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be so the wide screen
+is animation yeah David and Kenneth are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is animation yeah David and Kenneth are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is animation yeah David and Kenneth are
+the ones who are google. comenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones who are google. comenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones who are google. comenting
+on thank you and we'll go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on thank you and we'll go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on thank you and we'll go through it
+again if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foret hi what you snowflakes and cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foret hi what you snowflakes and cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foret hi what you snowflakes and cell
+phones have in common well let me start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones have in common well let me start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones have in common well let me start
+by drawing a snowflake first I draw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by drawing a snowflake first I draw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by drawing a snowflake first I draw an
+equilateral triangle divide each side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilateral triangle divide each side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilateral triangle divide each side
+into three parts and draw another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three parts and draw another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three parts and draw another
+equilateral triangle on top of each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilateral triangle on top of each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilateral triangle on top of each one
+then take out the middle and repeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take out the middle and repeat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take out the middle and repeat the
+process this time with 1 2 3 4 * 3 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process this time with 1 2 3 4 * 3 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process this time with 1 2 3 4 * 3 which
+is 12 sides eventually the shape will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 12 sides eventually the shape will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 12 sides eventually the shape will
+start looking something like this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking something like this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking something like this in
+mathematics this is called a Cox not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics this is called a Cox not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics this is called a Cox not
+flake if I repeated my process again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flake if I repeated my process again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flake if I repeated my process again and
+again I would see this same pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I would see this same pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I would see this same pattern
+anywhere I looked this is a Cox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere I looked this is a Cox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere I looked this is a Cox
+snowflake this time drawn on a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowflake this time drawn on a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowflake this time drawn on a computer
+such never-ending patterns that on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such never-ending patterns that on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such never-ending patterns that on any
+scale on any level of Zoom look roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale on any level of Zoom look roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale on any level of Zoom look roughly
+the same are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same are called
+fractals computer scientists can program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractals computer scientists can program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractals computer scientists can program
+these patterns by repeating an often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patterns by repeating an often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patterns by repeating an often
+simple mathematical process over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple mathematical process over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple mathematical process over and
+over in the 1990s a radio astronomer by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in the 1990s a radio astronomer by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in the 1990s a radio astronomer by
+the name of Nathan Cohen used fractal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of Nathan Cohen used fractal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of Nathan Cohen used fractal to
+revolutionize Wireless Communications at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionize Wireless Communications at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionize Wireless Communications at
+the time Cohen was having troubles with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time Cohen was having troubles with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time Cohen was having troubles with
+his landlord the man wouldn't let him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his landlord the man wouldn't let him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his landlord the man wouldn't let him
+put an antenna on his roof so Cohen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an antenna on his roof so Cohen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an antenna on his roof so Cohen
+designed a more compact fractal radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed a more compact fractal radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed a more compact fractal radio
+antenna instead the landlord didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna instead the landlord didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna instead the landlord didn't
+notice it and it worked better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it and it worked better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it and it worked better than the
+ones before working further Cohen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones before working further Cohen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones before working further Cohen
+designed a new antenna this time using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed a new antenna this time using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed a new antenna this time using a
+fractal called the mener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractal called the mener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractal called the mener
+sponge the mener sponge is not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponge the mener sponge is not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponge the mener sponge is not really
+the sponge you'd be scrubbing your back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sponge you'd be scrubbing your back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sponge you'd be scrubbing your back
+withd but you can still think of it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withd but you can still think of it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withd but you can still think of it like
+that imagine both water and soap getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that imagine both water and soap getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that imagine both water and soap getting
+through your sponges holes except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your sponges holes except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your sponges holes except the
+water is Wi-Fi and the soap is safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is Wi-Fi and the soap is safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is Wi-Fi and the soap is safe
+Bluetooth the fractal infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bluetooth the fractal infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bluetooth the fractal infinite
+sponginess allows it to receive many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponginess allows it to receive many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponginess allows it to receive many
+different frequencies simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies simultaneously
+before conen's invention antennas had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before conen's invention antennas had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before conen's invention antennas had to
+be cut for one frequency and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cut for one frequency and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cut for one frequency and that was
+the only frequency they could operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only frequency they could operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only frequency they could operate
+that without cone sponge your cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that without cone sponge your cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that without cone sponge your cell phone
+would have to look something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to look something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to look something like a
+hedgehog to receive multiple signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedgehog to receive multiple signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedgehog to receive multiple signals
+incl including the one your friends use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incl including the one your friends use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incl including the one your friends use
+when they call Cohen later proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they call Cohen later proved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they call Cohen later proved that
+only fractal shapes could work with such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only fractal shapes could work with such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only fractal shapes could work with such
+a wide range of frequencies today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wide range of frequencies today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wide range of frequencies today
+millions of wireless devices such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of wireless devices such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of wireless devices such as
+laptops and barcode scanners use Cohen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptops and barcode scanners use Cohen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptops and barcode scanners use Cohen's
+fractal antenna Cohen's genus invention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractal antenna Cohen's genus invention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractal antenna Cohen's genus invention
+however was not the first application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however was not the first application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however was not the first application of
+fractals in the world Nature has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractals in the world Nature has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractals in the world Nature has been
+doing it the whole time and not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it the whole time and not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it the whole time and not just
+with snowflakes natural selection favors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with snowflakes natural selection favors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with snowflakes natural selection favors
+the most efficient systems and organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most efficient systems and organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most efficient systems and organisms
+often of a fractal form the spiral fract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often of a fractal form the spiral fract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often of a fractal form the spiral fract
+fractal for example is present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractal for example is present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractal for example is present in
+seashells broccoli and hurricanes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seashells broccoli and hurricanes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seashells broccoli and hurricanes the
+fractal tree is relatively easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractal tree is relatively easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractal tree is relatively easy to
+program and can be used to study river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and can be used to study river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and can be used to study river
+systems blood vessels and lightning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems blood vessels and lightning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems blood vessels and lightning
+bolts so many natural systems previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts so many natural systems previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts so many natural systems previously
+thought off limits to mathematicians can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought off limits to mathematicians can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought off limits to mathematicians can
+now be explained in terms of fractals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now be explained in terms of fractals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now be explained in terms of fractals
+mathematics allows us to learn each's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics allows us to learn each's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics allows us to learn each's
+best practices and then apply them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best practices and then apply them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best practices and then apply them to
+solve real world problems much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve real world problems much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve real world problems much like
+Cohen's antenna revolutionized the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cohen's antenna revolutionized the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cohen's antenna revolutionized the field
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+telecommunications other factual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications other factual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications other factual
+research is changing medicine weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research is changing medicine weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research is changing medicine weather
+prediction and building design here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and building design here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and building design here at
+M everywhere in the world look around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M everywhere in the world look around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M everywhere in the world look around
+you what beautiful patterns do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what beautiful patterns do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what beautiful patterns do you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+see all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any thoughts from anyone should we Dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any thoughts from anyone should we Dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any thoughts from anyone should we Dive
+Right In Julia what are um what are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right In Julia what are um what are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right In Julia what are um what are your
+favorite and least favorite Parts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite and least favorite Parts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite and least favorite Parts about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cut um let's see there were some scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut um let's see there were some scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut um let's see there were some scenes
+that I liked better than others um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I liked better than others um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I liked better than others um
+that's mostly because of the lighting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's mostly because of the lighting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's mostly because of the lighting in
+the sound um I think the one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound um I think the one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound um I think the one in the
+classroom um like had a nice sound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom um like had a nice sound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom um like had a nice sound and
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+lighting um so I guess like the indoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting um so I guess like the indoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting um so I guess like the indoor
+scenes were a lot easier to shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um um I know that you so I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I know that you so I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I know that you so I think in
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+um again very nice script this came such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again very nice script this came such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again very nice script this came such
+a long way from the initial ideation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long way from the initial ideation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long way from the initial ideation
+phase and I think it is like computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and I think it is like computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and I think it is like computer
+science I mean my favorite thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I mean my favorite thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I mean my favorite thing about
+all the videos that you guys have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the videos that you guys have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the videos that you guys have done
+is the topics are so unique and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the topics are so unique and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the topics are so unique and so
+different than what people normally get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than what people normally get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than what people normally get
+in school and they're taking all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in school and they're taking all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in school and they're taking all these
+Concepts that they've learned in school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts that they've learned in school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts that they've learned in school
+but just putting it in a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just putting it in a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just putting it in a very different
+context um and it's hopefully because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context um and it's hopefully because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context um and it's hopefully because
+you're talking about the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about the things that
+you're excited about and um so I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're excited about and um so I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're excited about and um so I'm I'm
+really happy with how you've transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happy with how you've transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happy with how you've transformed
+like math which is again a very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like math which is again a very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like math which is again a very hard
+video to do if you don't do it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video to do if you don't do it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video to do if you don't do it in the
+style of viart um and putting your face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style of viart um and putting your face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style of viart um and putting your face
+and hosting it it's done nicely I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hosting it it's done nicely I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hosting it it's done nicely I think
+in general the video um has a very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the video um has a very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the video um has a very fast
+Pace to it and I don't know if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pace to it and I don't know if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pace to it and I don't know if it's
+because um the cuts are happening so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um the cuts are happening so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um the cuts are happening so
+frequently or you're naturally a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently or you're naturally a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently or you're naturally a very
+animated person which is nice um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animated person which is nice um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animated person which is nice um but
+leave a little bit of room like a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a little bit of room like a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a little bit of room like a little
+bit of breathing space to compensate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of breathing space to compensate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of breathing space to compensate for
+that I I think maybe the reason why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I think maybe the reason why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I think maybe the reason why it
+was hard for me to follow a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hard for me to follow a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hard for me to follow a little bit
+was the opening seemed a little too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the opening seemed a little too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the opening seemed a little too
+short and I know that you had edited it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short and I know that you had edited it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short and I know that you had edited it
+from the last time I had seen it um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the last time I had seen it um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the last time I had seen it um but
+let's watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi what do snowflakes and cell phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi what do snowflakes and cell phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi what do snowflakes and cell phones
+have in common well let me start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in common well let me start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in common well let me start by
+drawing a snowflake first yeah it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing a snowflake first yeah it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing a snowflake first yeah it seems
+like a it's so overly condensed and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a it's so overly condensed and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a it's so overly condensed and I
+know you had you know brought it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you had you know brought it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you had you know brought it down
+from something that was a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something that was a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something that was a little bit
+bigger but I think that it's just so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger but I think that it's just so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger but I think that it's just so um
+like it comes out of nowhere like hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it comes out of nowhere like hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it comes out of nowhere like hi
+what do these have in common it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do these have in common it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do these have in common it's like
+wait what like I wouldn't have had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait what like I wouldn't have had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait what like I wouldn't have had that
+question um it even getting rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um it even getting rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um it even getting rid of the
+high helps with that it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high helps with that it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high helps with that it's a nice
+question what do snowflakes and cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what do snowflakes and cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what do snowflakes and cell
+phone antennas have in common um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone antennas have in common um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone antennas have in common um but
+there's not enough of a a lead into you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not enough of a a lead into you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not enough of a a lead into you
+going into describing what a fractal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into describing what a fractal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into describing what a fractal is
+um yet fractals is on the title um I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yet fractals is on the title um I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yet fractals is on the title um I I
+think that maybe you could do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that maybe you could do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that maybe you could do a little
+bit with the transition there and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit with the transition there and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit with the transition there and I'll
+brainstorm with you because I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorm with you because I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorm with you because I can't
+think of anything off the top of my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of anything off the top of my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of anything off the top of my head
+do you guys have any suggestions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you guys have any suggestions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you guys have any suggestions for
+that opening yeah Andrea maybe like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that opening yeah Andrea maybe like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that opening yeah Andrea maybe like I
+don't I don't know exactly how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't know exactly how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't know exactly how you can
+do it but almost like the first shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but almost like the first shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but almost like the first shot
+you're saying what do snowflakes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying what do snowflakes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying what do snowflakes and
+then you see like sort of an image of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you see like sort of an image of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you see like sort of an image of a
+snowflake and cell phones and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowflake and cell phones and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowflake and cell phones and then it
+sort of zooms out and you realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of zooms out and you realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of zooms out and you realize that
+the picture is on the cell phone maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture is on the cell phone maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture is on the cell phone maybe
+sort of have in common and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have in common and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have in common and then you're
+and then you I mean I think it's okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you I mean I think it's okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you I mean I think it's okay to
+introduce the idea of fractals as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the idea of fractals as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the idea of fractals as long
+as you set it up a little bit more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you set it up a little bit more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you set it up a little bit more so
+something like what is what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like what is what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like what is what do
+snowflakes and cell phones have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowflakes and cell phones have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowflakes and cell phones have in
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+NeverEnding uh repeating patterns called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NeverEnding uh repeating patterns called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NeverEnding uh repeating patterns called
+fractals and then do a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractals and then do a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractals and then do a little bit of a
+slower transition into you at the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower transition into you at the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower transition into you at the the
+Blackboard here um something a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard here um something a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard here um something a little
+bit more like that I think the visuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more like that I think the visuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more like that I think the visuals
+help a lot I know that you had filmed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help a lot I know that you had filmed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help a lot I know that you had filmed up
+in sta cuz eventually you talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sta cuz eventually you talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sta cuz eventually you talk about how
+it affects architecture um but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it affects architecture um but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it affects architecture um but I don't
+think that this location is super vital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this location is super vital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this location is super vital
+to the opening and I think you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the opening and I think you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the opening and I think you can you
+can get cleaner audio if you do um vo or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get cleaner audio if you do um vo or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get cleaner audio if you do um vo or
+if you just re-shoot it with you on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just re-shoot it with you on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just re-shoot it with you on the
+table and then you have a picture of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and then you have a picture of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and then you have a picture of a
+snowflake that comes up and a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowflake that comes up and a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowflake that comes up and a picture of
+a cell phone or something like Andrea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell phone or something like Andrea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell phone or something like Andrea
+said um but I think having the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um but I think having the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um but I think having the audience
+on board from the get-go will help with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on board from the get-go will help with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on board from the get-go will help with
+the pacing of the video as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pacing of the video as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pacing of the video as it
+continues um I know that you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues um I know that you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues um I know that you had
+struggled with the music too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggled with the music too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggled with the music too
+um and I think I don't know so much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think I don't know so much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think I don't know so much of
+music is personal taste to me it all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music is personal taste to me it all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music is personal taste to me it all I
+can think about when I hear this music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about when I hear this music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about when I hear this music
+is like old Korean soap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like old Korean soap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like old Korean soap
+operas and so I don't know if it is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operas and so I don't know if it is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operas and so I don't know if it is like
+the most appropriate um tone and maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most appropriate um tone and maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most appropriate um tone and maybe I
+feel that way because of experiences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that way because of experiences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that way because of experiences of
+my parents watching them um but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parents watching them um but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parents watching them um but I think
+you could play around with some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could play around with some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could play around with some other
+pieces I like the general tempo of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces I like the general tempo of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces I like the general tempo of the
+music um and how it's sort of this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music um and how it's sort of this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music um and how it's sort of this same
+Melody on Loop in the background so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melody on Loop in the background so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melody on Loop in the background so it's
+not super distracting and it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not super distracting and it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not super distracting and it's a good
+volume but I would play around with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but I would play around with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but I would play around with a
+couple other songs and I can help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple other songs and I can help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple other songs and I can help you
+with that um if you want to run some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that um if you want to run some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that um if you want to run some
+options by me um I wanted to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options by me um I wanted to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options by me um I wanted to use this
+one because it was kind of calming so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because it was kind of calming so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because it was kind of calming so
+kind of to offset the general fast pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of to offset the general fast pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of to offset the general fast pace
+and animated talking just have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and animated talking just have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and animated talking just have something
+soothing in the back yeah I so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soothing in the back yeah I so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soothing in the back yeah I so I think
+it's a good um tone to start with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good um tone to start with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good um tone to start with and
+again maybe it's just my personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again maybe it's just my personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again maybe it's just my personal
+preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but something about it made me fix it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something about it made me fix it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something about it made me fix it on
+the music more than on the text did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music more than on the text did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music more than on the text did
+anyone else have maybe it really is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else have maybe it really is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else have maybe it really is just
+like I can't get over how much you're my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I can't get over how much you're my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I can't get over how much you're my
+two Korean so off no you it stood up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Korean so off no you it stood up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Korean so off no you it stood up for
+me at the start like yeah if especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me at the start like yeah if especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me at the start like yeah if especially
+for this Scene It gave me the feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this Scene It gave me the feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this Scene It gave me the feeling
+like it was going to something romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was going to something romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was going to something romantic
+I don't know yeah it's very it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know yeah it's very it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know yeah it's very it's very
+sentimental like the the music evokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimental like the the music evokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimental like the the music evokes
+something very sentimental just like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very sentimental just like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very sentimental just like um
+the opening of the the ships one evokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opening of the the ships one evokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opening of the the ships one evokes
+a mood that's very different from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mood that's very different from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mood that's very different from what
+you're about to go into and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're about to go into and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're about to go into and especially
+if you open with something like that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you open with something like that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you open with something like that if
+you had opened with the banjo thing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had opened with the banjo thing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had opened with the banjo thing or
+not the banjo whatever you had for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the banjo whatever you had for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the banjo whatever you had for the
+second piece I think it would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second piece I think it would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second piece I think it would have been
+fine but something about opening with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but something about opening with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but something about opening with
+music that sets a tone that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music that sets a tone that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music that sets a tone that's very
+different from what you're intending to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from what you're intending to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from what you're intending to
+achieve um it threw me off a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve um it threw me off a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve um it threw me off a little bit
+but luckily it's something that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but luckily it's something that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but luckily it's something that it's
+easily fixable you can easily play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily fixable you can easily play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily fixable you can easily play
+around with different types of music um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with different types of music um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with different types of music um
+so it I have because for me uh you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it I have because for me uh you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it I have because for me uh you give
+us because there was the digcom video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us because there was the digcom video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us because there was the digcom video
+and there was a there was the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a there was the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a there was the idea that
+you could use something caling yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use something caling yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use something caling yeah but
+when I so I I tried to use something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I so I I tried to use something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I so I I tried to use something
+calming yeah but as you see I I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calming yeah but as you see I I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calming yeah but as you see I I didn't
+choose that because I realized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose that because I realized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose that because I realized the
+calming one will make my video feel very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calming one will make my video feel very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calming one will make my video feel very
+um monotonous yeah but when I observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um monotonous yeah but when I observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um monotonous yeah but when I observed
+the digcom audio closer I realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digcom audio closer I realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digcom audio closer I realized that
+there were some percussion notes yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some percussion notes yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some percussion notes yeah so
+that helped so maybe you could find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helped so maybe you could find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helped so maybe you could find
+something similar to what you have right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar to what you have right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar to what you have right
+now but with a little bit not too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but with a little bit not too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but with a little bit not too much
+percussion yeah yeah would would help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percussion yeah yeah would would help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percussion yeah yeah would would help
+with the PC that's really good um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the PC that's really good um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the PC that's really good um and
+again with music there's no hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with music there's no hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with music there's no hard and
+fast rules with with what works and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast rules with with what works and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast rules with with what works and what
+doesn't I mean a lot of it is just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't I mean a lot of it is just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't I mean a lot of it is just like
+your gut feeling when you hear it um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gut feeling when you hear it um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gut feeling when you hear it um if
+it makes sense or if it if it doesn't um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes sense or if it if it doesn't um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes sense or if it if it doesn't um
+and obviously my gut feeling was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously my gut feeling was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously my gut feeling was very
+different from everyone else's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from everyone else's yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from everyone else's yeah
+Jamie um first of all compared to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jamie um first of all compared to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jamie um first of all compared to where
+we started this isn't like oh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started this isn't like oh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started this isn't like oh my
+goodness this is way way more awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness this is way way more awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness this is way way more awesome
+than I ever thought was possible with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I ever thought was possible with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I ever thought was possible with
+our first conversation about it's ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first conversation about it's ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first conversation about it's ma
+real so this is like and and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so this is like and and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so this is like and and what I
+loved was the fractal piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved was the fractal piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved was the fractal piece of the
+beginning where you really explain cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning where you really explain cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning where you really explain cuz
+we I think we gave you that feedback in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I think we gave you that feedback in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I think we gave you that feedback in
+the last time was you need to set us up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last time was you need to set us up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last time was you need to set us up
+for success and explaining what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for success and explaining what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for success and explaining what the
+fractal actually is and I thought you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractal actually is and I thought you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractal actually is and I thought you
+did a really fantastic job one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a really fantastic job one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a really fantastic job one thing
+that you may want to think about is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may want to think about is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may want to think about is you
+you have a very sing songy voice your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a very sing songy voice your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a very sing songy voice your
+voice is high and it's kind of sing song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice is high and it's kind of sing song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice is high and it's kind of sing song
+songy and at the beginning you set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songy and at the beginning you set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songy and at the beginning you set up
+this I don't know if you've ever seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I don't know if you've ever seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I don't know if you've ever seen
+Mrs dfire but it's this movie where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mrs dfire but it's this movie where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mrs dfire but it's this movie where this
+you know Robin Williams is do up is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Robin Williams is do up is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Robin Williams is do up is like
+this old grandmother and this just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this old grandmother and this just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this old grandmother and this just kind
+of this hilarious figure and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this hilarious figure and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this hilarious figure and I think
+there's an unintended humor to your sing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an unintended humor to your sing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an unintended humor to your sing
+songing at the very beginning that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songing at the very beginning that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songing at the very beginning that makes
+me feel less credible wanting to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me feel less credible wanting to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me feel less credible wanting to watch
+you and I think there's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I think there's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I think there's a very simple
+fix which is just grounding your voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix which is just grounding your voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix which is just grounding your voice
+in a lower register when you talk with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lower register when you talk with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lower register when you talk with
+your voice later on and this and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your voice later on and this and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your voice later on and this and just
+listen to that as you as you watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to that as you as you watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to that as you as you watch
+yourself I notice the the times when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself I notice the the times when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself I notice the the times when
+your voice gets a little lower is when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your voice gets a little lower is when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your voice gets a little lower is when I
+don't notice that as much and so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't notice that as much and so since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't notice that as much and so since
+you are thinking of reworking this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are thinking of reworking this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are thinking of reworking this first
+scene you may want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene you may want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene you may want to think about
+consciously grounding your voice a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciously grounding your voice a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciously grounding your voice a
+little bit more in your chest so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more in your chest so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more in your chest so that we
+don't like unintentionally think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like unintentionally think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like unintentionally think it's
+funny when it's not intended to be yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny when it's not intended to be yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny when it's not intended to be yeah
+okay and I know George had said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I know George had said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I know George had said the
+camera calms you down and in general it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera calms you down and in general it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera calms you down and in general it
+does and you compensate with higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and you compensate with higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and you compensate with higher
+energy but again this this is what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but again this this is what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but again this this is what I was
+saying before and often times hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying before and often times hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying before and often times hopefully
+the stuff that we were saying earlier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that we were saying earlier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that we were saying earlier in
+the class makes a little more sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class makes a little more sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class makes a little more sense
+after you guys have gone through it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you guys have gone through it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you guys have gone through it but
+sometimes the tendency is to compensate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the tendency is to compensate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the tendency is to compensate
+or equate higher energy to higher pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equate higher energy to higher pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equate higher energy to higher pitch
+higher volume like higher everything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher volume like higher everything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher volume like higher everything and
+it's really not that at all a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really not that at all a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really not that at all a lot of it
+is just the mentality of like I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the mentality of like I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the mentality of like I'm going
+to be really present here right now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really present here right now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really present here right now and
+like really give it 100% here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really give it 100% here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really give it 100% here there's
+actually a really good Ted Talk that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a really good Ted Talk that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a really good Ted Talk that's
+about how to be how to speak to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to be how to speak to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to be how to speak to be
+listened to M and it's basically you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listened to M and it's basically you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listened to M and it's basically you do
+these like little vocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these like little vocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these like little vocal
+exercises and they both relax you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises and they both relax you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises and they both relax you and
+they'll drop they'll drop your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll drop they'll drop your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll drop they'll drop your your
+register down like just going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register down like just going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register down like just going through
+them and I I had to do those prior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I I had to do those prior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I I had to do those prior to
+doing I learned something similar before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I learned something similar before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I learned something similar before
+when I was first learning public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was first learning public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was first learning public
+speaking Yeah it's a great thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking Yeah it's a great thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking Yeah it's a great thing to
+think about not just with making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about not just with making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about not just with making these
+videos but when you're giving talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos but when you're giving talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos but when you're giving talks
+later on um again like when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on um again like when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on um again like when you're
+nervous or excited your tendency is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous or excited your tendency is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous or excited your tendency is to
+talk lot with your hands which I know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk lot with your hands which I know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk lot with your hands which I know I
+do um and talk really high pitched uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um and talk really high pitched uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um and talk really high pitched uh so
+it's just a good thing to think about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a good thing to think about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a good thing to think about in
+general after this class is over too in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general after this class is over too in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general after this class is over too in
+the beginning that was voice over so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning that was voice over so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning that was voice over so I
+was trying to match the video being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to match the video being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to match the video being in
+my room um and it did feel a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my room um and it did feel a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my room um and it did feel a little bit
+off as well I wasn't sure how to I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off as well I wasn't sure how to I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off as well I wasn't sure how to I think
+you could do the opening like just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do the opening like just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do the opening like just you
+set up a tripod and sitting in your room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a tripod and sitting in your room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a tripod and sitting in your room
+or something just something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something just something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something just something really
+simple what do this and this have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple what do this and this have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple what do this and this have in
+common well it's actually never-ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common well it's actually never-ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common well it's actually never-ending
+repeating patterns called fractals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating patterns called fractals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating patterns called fractals and
+then you go into fractals um same with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go into fractals um same with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go into fractals um same with
+level like I do a lot of helping people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level like I do a lot of helping people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level like I do a lot of helping people
+get ready for talks in my lab and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ready for talks in my lab and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ready for talks in my lab and and
+and just like grounding your feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like grounding your feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like grounding your feet
+wherever you are feeling like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you are feeling like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you are feeling like you're
+grounded to the Earth and then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded to the Earth and then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded to the Earth and then and then
+getting a really deep breath like you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a really deep breath like you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a really deep breath like you do
+yoga like way from in here before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yoga like way from in here before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yoga like way from in here before you
+speak that will help you fight that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak that will help you fight that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak that will help you fight that like
+tendency to go way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+high um and I think the animations here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high um and I think the animations here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high um and I think the animations here
+will look really good uh again like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look really good uh again like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look really good uh again like
+visual cuute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual cuute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual cuute
+anything that you're going to add even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that you're going to add even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that you're going to add even
+if it's just still pictures will make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's just still pictures will make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's just still pictures will make a
+big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference
+but yeah and I would play around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah and I would play around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah and I would play around with
+the ending too um I like that you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ending too um I like that you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ending too um I like that you do the
+reveal but again the audio is hard when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal but again the audio is hard when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal but again the audio is hard when
+you're that far away um and you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're that far away um and you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're that far away um and you may be
+able to shoot this in the same room that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to shoot this in the same room that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to shoot this in the same room that
+you shoot the opening in or you re-shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shoot the opening in or you re-shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shoot the opening in or you re-shoot
+it and then I don't know have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then I don't know have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then I don't know have like a
+picture of statea just pop up next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of statea just pop up next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of statea just pop up next to
+you that's a way to compensate pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's a way to compensate pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's a way to compensate pretty
+easily um what is the world background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily um what is the world background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily um what is the world background
+for she mentions the world at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for she mentions the world at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for she mentions the world at the very
+end yeah and it was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end yeah and it was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end yeah and it was just a
+nice background for titles oh I would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice background for titles oh I would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice background for titles oh I would I
+would just go black honestly just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just go black honestly just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just go black honestly just a
+black background in general I like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black background in general I like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black background in general I like I
+think simple reads um more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think simple reads um more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think simple reads um more
+professional or I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional or I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional or I don't know
+professional is not the right word but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional is not the right word but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional is not the right word but
+simple is better I think um and I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple is better I think um and I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple is better I think um and I didn't
+make the connection of like look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the connection of like look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the connection of like look at the
+world when I saw the background it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world when I saw the background it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world when I saw the background it's
+like a minor thing though I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a minor thing though I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a minor thing though I mean it's
+just your credit so it's okay but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just your credit so it's okay but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just your credit so it's okay but just
+something to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think
+about any final comments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any final comments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any final comments for
+Julia thought that one scene in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia thought that one scene in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia thought that one scene in the uh
+the dorm was really good we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorm was really good we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorm was really good we like
+inadvertently had all the stuff behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadvertently had all the stuff behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadvertently had all the stuff behind
+us I didn't know you turn out like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us I didn't know you turn out like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us I didn't know you turn out like that
+oh the the one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the the one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the the one in the
+lounge yeah and I think it was the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lounge yeah and I think it was the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lounge yeah and I think it was the best
+lighting too of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah all right so who's going to comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right so who's going to comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right so who's going to comment
+on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+umj and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Josh all right last one and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Josh all right last one and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Josh all right last one and then we'll
+take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a
+break David do you want to say anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break David do you want to say anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break David do you want to say anything
+before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+screen your video will just speak for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen your video will just speak for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen your video will just speak for
+itself right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself right
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+if I went out for a run now dressed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I went out for a run now dressed like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I went out for a run now dressed like
+this you probably call me nut right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you probably call me nut right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you probably call me nut right
+because it's so cool outside that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so cool outside that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so cool outside that I
+probably die of hypothermia however in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably die of hypothermia however in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably die of hypothermia however in
+2009 Wim Hof managed to run a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 Wim Hof managed to run a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 Wim Hof managed to run a full
+Marathon in- 20° C wearing nothing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marathon in- 20° C wearing nothing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marathon in- 20° C wearing nothing by
+shorts while most people probably die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorts while most people probably die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorts while most people probably die
+bhof has been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bhof has been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bhof has been able to
+survive so what makes we off able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive so what makes we off able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive so what makes we off able to
+survive While others can't to research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive While others can't to research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive While others can't to research
+him researchers in Netherlands subjected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him researchers in Netherlands subjected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him researchers in Netherlands subjected
+him to icy bar for almost 2 hours well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to icy bar for almost 2 hours well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to icy bar for almost 2 hours well
+most people would have their C body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people would have their C body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people would have their C body
+temperature dropped to below 35° causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dropped to below 35° causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dropped to below 35° causing
+hypothermia to kick in wiimal body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothermia to kick in wiimal body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothermia to kick in wiimal body
+temperature dropped to a merly 37.4 de C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dropped to a merly 37.4 de C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dropped to a merly 37.4 de C
+staying surprisingly warm and the funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying surprisingly warm and the funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying surprisingly warm and the funny
+thing is that the researchers couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that the researchers couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that the researchers couldn't
+find exactly what had happened maybe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find exactly what had happened maybe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find exactly what had happened maybe is
+his genetic accessory that saves him in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his genetic accessory that saves him in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his genetic accessory that saves him in
+a separate study scientists have found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate study scientists have found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate study scientists have found
+that individuals with Co climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that individuals with Co climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that individuals with Co climate
+accessory have been found to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessory have been found to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessory have been found to have
+mitochondria that can produce more heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria that can produce more heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria that can produce more heat
+and less chemical energy mitochondria is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less chemical energy mitochondria is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less chemical energy mitochondria is
+like a mini furnace that burns the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mini furnace that burns the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mini furnace that burns the
+sugars from the food we eat into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars from the food we eat into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars from the food we eat into
+chemical and heat energy individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical and heat energy individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical and heat energy individuals
+like this who been better able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this who been better able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this who been better able to
+survive the Cal however scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive the Cal however scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive the Cal however scientists
+haven't fully studied Wim Hof's genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't fully studied Wim Hof's genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't fully studied Wim Hof's genome
+so we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't really
+know Wim Hof practices G Tomo it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Wim Hof practices G Tomo it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Wim Hof practices G Tomo it's a
+better form of meditation and breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better form of meditation and breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better form of meditation and breathing
+which allows him to double his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows him to double his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows him to double his
+metabolism remember those mitochondria I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism remember those mitochondria I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism remember those mitochondria I
+mentioned before bhof can produce enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before bhof can produce enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before bhof can produce enough
+heat through his mondria with specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat through his mondria with specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat through his mondria with specific
+breathing and muscle contractions they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing and muscle contractions they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing and muscle contractions they
+can produce enough heat to keep his body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can produce enough heat to keep his body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can produce enough heat to keep his body
+warm well you might be tempted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm well you might be tempted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm well you might be tempted to
+believe that this is wishy-washy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that this is wishy-washy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that this is wishy-washy
+nonscience however participants in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonscience however participants in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonscience however participants in a
+study at n us have been shown to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study at n us have been shown to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study at n us have been shown to
+increased their C body temperature using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased their C body temperature using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased their C body temperature using
+gomo and they had no prior experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gomo and they had no prior experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gomo and they had no prior experience
+now why is it so strong increases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is it so strong increases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is it so strong increases in
+brain waves were noticed and many have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain waves were noticed and many have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain waves were noticed and many have
+theorized that this enables the body to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorized that this enables the body to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorized that this enables the body to
+effectively heat the center as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively heat the center as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively heat the center as well as
+distribute it to the extremities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute it to the extremities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute it to the extremities
+we do not fully understand Wim Hof's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not fully understand Wim Hof's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not fully understand Wim Hof's
+methods and while some have tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and while some have tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and while some have tried to
+follow in his footsteps it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow in his footsteps it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow in his footsteps it will be
+unwise to do the same and whof even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwise to do the same and whof even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwise to do the same and whof even
+claims they can control other parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims they can control other parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims they can control other parts of
+his body now if this were true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his body now if this were true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his body now if this were true and
+scientifically backed who knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically backed who knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically backed who knows what
+doors he could open but since science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors he could open but since science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors he could open but since science
+hasn't explained it all yet and I myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't explained it all yet and I myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't explained it all yet and I myself
+don't practice such methods maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't practice such methods maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't practice such methods maybe I
+better be off thring more jackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be off thring more jackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be off thring more jackets
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+David what was the hardest part about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David what was the hardest part about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David what was the hardest part about
+filming this video I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming this video I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming this video I think it was
+following the script following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the script following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the script following the
+script just like remembering it when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script just like remembering it when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script just like remembering it when you
+were shooting yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shooting yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shooting yeah
+and yeah I really think that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah I really think that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah I really think that was the
+hardest cuz cuz trying to trying to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest cuz cuz trying to trying to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest cuz cuz trying to trying to say
+something while look at a camera very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something while look at a camera very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something while look at a camera very
+very we for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me yep that makes a lot of sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me yep that makes a lot of sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me yep that makes a lot of sense and
+again like using your partner to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like using your partner to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like using your partner to the
+fullest extent when you're filming um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fullest extent when you're filming um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fullest extent when you're filming um
+can really help with that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really help with that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really help with that sort of
+humanizing the mechanical element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanizing the mechanical element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanizing the mechanical element of
+production um trying to talk to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production um trying to talk to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production um trying to talk to the
+person behind the camera I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person behind the camera I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person behind the camera I think that
+you didn't look uncomfortable on camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't look uncomfortable on camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't look uncomfortable on camera
+the only thing is in general you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing is in general you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing is in general you talk
+really fast um and with the music that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast um and with the music that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast um and with the music that
+was in it uh I I think that you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in it uh I I think that you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in it uh I I think that you can take
+some of the music out or drop the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the music out or drop the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the music out or drop the volume
+a ton or or play with like less busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ton or or play with like less busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ton or or play with like less busy
+music um but having uh someone who talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music um but having uh someone who talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music um but having uh someone who talks
+naturally fast and then like very upbeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally fast and then like very upbeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally fast and then like very upbeat
+music in the background is just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music in the background is just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music in the background is just like
+exacerbates like constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exacerbates like constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exacerbates like constructive
+interference I thought I thought that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference I thought I thought that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference I thought I thought that I
+was thinking like Sly I want to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking like Sly I want to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking like Sly I want to choose
+initially I want to choose a c music but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially I want to choose a c music but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially I want to choose a c music but
+I felt like when I put a music in I felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I felt like when I put a music in I felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I felt like when I put a music in I felt
+like sounded very boring yeah I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sounded very boring yeah I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sounded very boring yeah I mean you
+can also experiment with experiment with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also experiment with experiment with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also experiment with experiment with
+not using music in certain parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using music in certain parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using music in certain parts of the
+video you guys don't need to have music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video you guys don't need to have music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video you guys don't need to have music
+the whole way through it's okay and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole way through it's okay and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole way through it's okay and I
+think um because you talk so fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um because you talk so fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um because you talk so fast
+naturally it the music can be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally it the music can be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally it the music can be um
+remember with music first Do no harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember with music first Do no harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember with music first Do no harm
+right um it can be hard to understand um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um it can be hard to understand um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um it can be hard to understand um
+just the sheer amount of content that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the sheer amount of content that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the sheer amount of content that
+you're saying when the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying when the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying when the music
+is so upbeat and so loud I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so upbeat and so loud I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so upbeat and so loud I think the
+music was at least for me personally it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music was at least for me personally it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music was at least for me personally it
+had the same effect as when Elizabeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the same effect as when Elizabeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the same effect as when Elizabeth
+was showing like the choices for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was showing like the choices for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was showing like the choices for the
+Heart video where like at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heart video where like at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heart video where like at the beginning
+it was a little bit too much for me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a little bit too much for me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a little bit too much for me and
+I got the giggles like because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got the giggles like because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got the giggles like because I don't
+know what about you putting on running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what about you putting on running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what about you putting on running
+shoes and like just the loudness of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes and like just the loudness of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes and like just the loudness of that
+music it just seemed like a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music it just seemed like a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music it just seemed like a little bit
+ridiculous that I I wasn't like mentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous that I I wasn't like mentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous that I I wasn't like mentally
+ready for some serious facts at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for some serious facts at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for some serious facts at that
+point yeah I want to make it like a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point yeah I want to make it like a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point yeah I want to make it like a bit
+I want to make it a bit weird that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make it a bit weird that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make it a bit weird that I was
+going to run in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run in the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool it's good until the point where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool it's good until the point where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool it's good until the point where you
+ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the
+question from like instead of being like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question from like instead of being like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question from like instead of being like
+Oh okay it's okay to be like oh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh okay it's okay to be like oh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh okay it's okay to be like oh this is
+weird I'm running in the cold but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird I'm running in the cold but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird I'm running in the cold but as
+soon as you switch to like actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you switch to like actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you switch to like actual
+explanation yeah I would just duck it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation yeah I would just duck it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation yeah I would just duck it
+out after you ask the question yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out after you ask the question yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out after you ask the question yeah I
+cuz if I went out for a run now dressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz if I went out for a run now dressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz if I went out for a run now dressed
+like this you probably call me nut right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you probably call me nut right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you probably call me nut right
+because it's so cool outside that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so cool outside that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so cool outside that'll
+probably die of hypothermia and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably die of hypothermia and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably die of hypothermia and also
+there I mean people everyone's done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I mean people everyone's done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I mean people everyone's done this
+with where they take pauses and weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with where they take pauses and weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with where they take pauses and weird
+parts of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of their
+sentences you can um I mean if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences you can um I mean if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences you can um I mean if you
+wanted to make it funny I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make it funny I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make it funny I don't know if
+you do she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do she's
+making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+sorry one of myv the last time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry one of myv the last time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry one of myv the last time this
+happened I was thinking oh my gosh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened I was thinking oh my gosh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened I was thinking oh my gosh this
+I this happens to me more than I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this happens to me more than I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this happens to me more than I would
+like to admit but I was like I hope this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to admit but I was like I hope this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to admit but I was like I hope this
+doesn't happen during the cross and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen during the cross and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen during the cross and it
+ends up on the internet but now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up on the internet but now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up on the internet but now it's
+going to anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it if you wanted to make it funny you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you wanted to make it funny you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you wanted to make it funny you
+could zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in never mind don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in never mind don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in never mind don't
+make so if you want to to say is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make so if you want to to say is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make so if you want to to say is like
+every time you pause cut out that pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you pause cut out that pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you pause cut out that pause
+and then make it a little bit closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then make it a little bit closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then make it a little bit closer to
+your face like what if I die and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face like what if I die and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face like what if I die and then
+like zoom in of cold oh yeah like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like zoom in of cold oh yeah like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like zoom in of cold oh yeah like that's
+like really comedic and like go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really comedic and like go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really comedic and like go back
+it's kind of like the the thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like the the thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like the the thing that we
+did in snot where we did like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in snot where we did like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in snot where we did like the
+extreme Zoom um and you could make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme Zoom um and you could make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme Zoom um and you could make it
+like o the with comedy going biger going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like o the with comedy going biger going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like o the with comedy going biger going
+home works the best cuz you like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home works the best cuz you like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home works the best cuz you like really
+have to commit to it so if you want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to commit to it so if you want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to commit to it so if you want it
+to have a huge comedic effect you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a huge comedic effect you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a huge comedic effect you would
+like zoom in really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like zoom in really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like zoom in really
+close and you would have like a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and you would have like a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and you would have like a weird
+sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound
+of I'm so sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'm so sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'm so sorry
+you I think it's really fun watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I think it's really fun watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I think it's really fun watching
+you but if you don't want to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but if you don't want to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but if you don't want to make it
+funny which I would recommend um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny which I would recommend um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny which I would recommend um
+either um cut out the gaps and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either um cut out the gaps and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either um cut out the gaps and and
+Alternate between zooming in and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternate between zooming in and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternate between zooming in and out
+like Han green does on sa show there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Han green does on sa show there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Han green does on sa show there's
+one other time that happens um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other time that happens um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other time that happens um like
+right here in general like if your gaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here in general like if your gaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here in general like if your gaps
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+happening uh in places that are not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening uh in places that are not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening uh in places that are not at
+the ends of scenes um really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ends of scenes um really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ends of scenes um really be
+conscious of how long those last and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious of how long those last and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious of how long those last and
+having two other people look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two other people look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two other people look at your
+video today will help cuz sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video today will help cuz sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video today will help cuz sometimes it's
+hard to tell when you're watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to tell when you're watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to tell when you're watching
+yourself if something looks like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself if something looks like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself if something looks like it's
+lasting too long or not but if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasting too long or not but if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasting too long or not but if you have
+gaps that are too long that are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps that are too long that are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps that are too long that are in the
+middle of your scenes you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of your scenes you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of your scenes you can sort of
+use the trick of digital zooming in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the trick of digital zooming in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the trick of digital zooming in and
+out to hide hide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to hide hide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to hide hide the
+cuts um does anyone have General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts um does anyone have General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts um does anyone have General
+comments yes you um I like the delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments yes you um I like the delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments yes you um I like the delivery
+it was really natural um and the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really natural um and the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really natural um and the music
+was sometimes distracting another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sometimes distracting another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sometimes distracting another thing
+that that had that effect where some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that had that effect where some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that had that effect where some of
+the backgrounds so like the one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backgrounds so like the one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backgrounds so like the one where
+you're holding a trash can and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're holding a trash can and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're holding a trash can and then
+there's a person and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a person and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a person and then there's a
+trash can so I wasn't sure like did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trash can so I wasn't sure like did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trash can so I wasn't sure like did that
+mean the person was in the trash can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the person was in the trash can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the person was in the trash can
+like what happened um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what happened um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what happened um and
+like yeah like this this scene and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah like this this scene and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah like this this scene and then
+there were some others like the lab um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some others like the lab um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some others like the lab um I
+wasn't sure why the lab was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't sure why the lab was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't sure why the lab was
+there even though it is really I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there even though it is really I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there even though it is really I know
+that you had held up the trash can cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had held up the trash can cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had held up the trash can cuz
+you were trying to say like he was in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were trying to say like he was in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were trying to say like he was in a
+bucket um but again with the music it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket um but again with the music it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket um but again with the music it's
+hard to hear that you're saying you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to hear that you're saying you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to hear that you're saying you're
+explaining the bucket thing so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining the bucket thing so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining the bucket thing so I would
+just cut to the picture of him before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cut to the picture of him before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cut to the picture of him before
+you hold up the trash can researchers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hold up the trash can researchers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hold up the trash can researchers in
+Netherlands subjected him to icy bar for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands subjected him to icy bar for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands subjected him to icy bar for
+almost 2 hours yeah I mean in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 2 hours yeah I mean in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 2 hours yeah I mean in general
+that line is spoken so quickly that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line is spoken so quickly that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line is spoken so quickly that it's
+hard to follow what you're doing um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to follow what you're doing um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to follow what you're doing um and
+it's not just the speed I think you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the speed I think you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the speed I think you need
+to put a little more diction in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a little more diction in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a little more diction in between
+your words so that like what I hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your words so that like what I hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your words so that like what I hear
+happening is they're kind of slurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is they're kind of slurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is they're kind of slurring
+altoe so it's not just a matter of speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altoe so it's not just a matter of speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altoe so it's not just a matter of speed
+it's that like I'm having trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that like I'm having trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that like I'm having trouble
+actually separating this word from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually separating this word from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually separating this word from this
+word and therefore there are chunks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and therefore there are chunks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and therefore there are chunks that
+feel like one big long words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like one big long words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like one big long words that
+they're actually made up of like four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually made up of like four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually made up of like four or
+five words I think there's a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five words I think there's a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five words I think there's a piece of
+slowing down with then also forcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing down with then also forcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing down with then also forcing
+yourself to use over addiction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to use over addiction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to use over addiction to
+clarify your words that'll help a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify your words that'll help a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify your words that'll help a lot
+too more so than you think because um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too more so than you think because um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too more so than you think because um it
+just it will help help clean up those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it will help help clean up those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it will help help clean up those
+little spaces in between the words to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little spaces in between the words to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little spaces in between the words to
+then provide me with a little more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then provide me with a little more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then provide me with a little more like
+okay I'm with you every single step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm with you every single step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm with you every single step of
+the way that makes sense so if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that makes sense so if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that makes sense so if you are
+going to do any any like retaking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do any any like retaking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do any any like retaking of
+videos try really hard to like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos try really hard to like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos try really hard to like really
+tighten up the way that you say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighten up the way that you say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighten up the way that you say the
+words in addition to slowing down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in addition to slowing down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in addition to slowing down a
+little bit I think that'll help help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit I think that'll help help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit I think that'll help help
+people I think if you do that that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I think if you do that that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I think if you do that that'll
+inherently help you slow down because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently help you slow down because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently help you slow down because
+you're going to think about each word at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to think about each word at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to think about each word at
+a time um I like the use of pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time um I like the use of pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time um I like the use of pictures
+here um it's really helpful because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um it's really helpful because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um it's really helpful because this
+is an instance where we just don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an instance where we just don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an instance where we just don't have
+access to shoot any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to shoot any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to shoot any of this
+um I would play around with in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I would play around with in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I would play around with in general
+zooming in and out when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming in and out when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming in and out when you're doing
+long takes um I forgot to mention this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long takes um I forgot to mention this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long takes um I forgot to mention this
+but I thought that was a really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I thought that was a really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I thought that was a really nice
+thing that ulia did in her video was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that ulia did in her video was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that ulia did in her video was um
+because we had talked about this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we had talked about this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we had talked about this last
+week um how to clean up some of the gaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week um how to clean up some of the gaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week um how to clean up some of the gaps
+and she does some nice work with cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she does some nice work with cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she does some nice work with cutting
+into just like her hand drawing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into just like her hand drawing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into just like her hand drawing the the
+fractals and I I think that in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractals and I I think that in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractals and I I think that in general
+people people can take more advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people people can take more advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people people can take more advantage of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+technique um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh so here you're cutting in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so here you're cutting in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so here you're cutting in between
+close-ups but this is another thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-ups but this is another thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-ups but this is another thing with
+the ey Trace where in the first scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ey Trace where in the first scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ey Trace where in the first scene
+you're on the left and on the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on the left and on the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on the left and on the second
+scene you're on the right and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene you're on the right and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene you're on the right and you're
+also not in the same 3D plane of field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not in the same 3D plane of field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not in the same 3D plane of field
+as you were before so in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you were before so in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you were before so in the previous
+scene you were close to the bench and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene you were close to the bench and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene you were close to the bench and
+here did you scoot up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here did you scoot up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here did you scoot up
+forward um so it's it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward um so it's it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward um so it's it's a little
+um it's not terrible it's not like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not terrible it's not like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not terrible it's not like the
+end of the world or anything but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the world or anything but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the world or anything but it's
+like a a little jarring and I guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a a little jarring and I guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a a little jarring and I guess it
+I'm subconsciously taking time to adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm subconsciously taking time to adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm subconsciously taking time to adjust
+my sense of space and where you are when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sense of space and where you are when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sense of space and where you are when
+that cut happens uh I don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cut happens uh I don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cut happens uh I don't necessarily
+think you have to reshoot it but I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+either let's watch and they had no prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either let's watch and they had no prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either let's watch and they had no prior
+experience now why is it so strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience now why is it so strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience now why is it so strong
+increases in brain waves were noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases in brain waves were noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases in brain waves were noticed
+and many have theorized that that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many have theorized that that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many have theorized that that this
+enables the body to effectively heit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables the body to effectively heit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables the body to effectively heit the
+center as well as distribute it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center as well as distribute it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center as well as distribute it to the
+extremities is there Boll that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremities is there Boll that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremities is there Boll that you could
+use there cuz I think that's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use there cuz I think that's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use there cuz I think that's a really
+good opportunity to it's a key point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good opportunity to it's a key point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good opportunity to it's a key point
+that you're connecting what someone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're connecting what someone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're connecting what someone is
+doing with their mind and how that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with their mind and how that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with their mind and how that's
+legitimately connecting to the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimately connecting to the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimately connecting to the rest of
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+mhm could you even just use pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm could you even just use pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm could you even just use pictures of
+the brain and then like the human body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain and then like the human body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain and then like the human body
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+again this is a really hard thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a really hard thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a really hard thing to
+visualize and I know you're not working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize and I know you're not working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize and I know you're not working
+with a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a ton of
+resources um but I think that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources um but I think that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources um but I think that's an
+opportunity to maybe try voice over with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to maybe try voice over with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to maybe try voice over with
+the technique that Jamie was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technique that Jamie was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technique that Jamie was talking
+about cuz it's such a crucial bit to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cuz it's such a crucial bit to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cuz it's such a crucial bit to the
+video actually that's where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video actually that's where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video actually that's where you're
+actually tying the science into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tying the science into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tying the science into
+something that seems a little pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+science keeping that in mind like as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science keeping that in mind like as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science keeping that in mind like as you
+watch your video too and whoever's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch your video too and whoever's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch your video too and whoever's
+talking over with you um really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking over with you um really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking over with you um really
+connecting and grounding it in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting and grounding it in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting and grounding it in the real
+science too because I liked your furnace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science too because I liked your furnace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science too because I liked your furnace
+metaphor but then I was distracted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor but then I was distracted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor but then I was distracted by
+like the burning exploding boxes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the burning exploding boxes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the burning exploding boxes and
+like if I've never heard of mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I've never heard of mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I've never heard of mitochondria
+before or like cellular respiration type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before or like cellular respiration type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before or like cellular respiration type
+things then that would be very distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things then that would be very distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things then that would be very distance
+I would think explosions rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would think explosions rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would think explosions rather than
+this is grabed in in like biology type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is grabed in in like biology type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is grabed in in like biology type
+things and so maybe like think of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so maybe like think of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so maybe like think of places
+where you can include images like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can include images like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can include images like the
+circulatory system like things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory system like things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory system like things like that
+to just like keep grabing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you um when you cut from the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you um when you cut from the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you um when you cut from the guy
+doing meditation to you sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing meditation to you sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing meditation to you sitting
+cross-legged was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-legged was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-legged was that
+purposeful supposed I supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposeful supposed I supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposeful supposed I supposed to be
+doing meditation okay that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing meditation okay that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing meditation okay that's what I
+thought CU I was like I was like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought CU I was like I was like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought CU I was like I was like not
+100% sure but I was pretty sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% sure but I was pretty sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% sure but I was pretty sure that
+that's that was a choice that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that was a choice that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that was a choice that you
+made there's no comment I just had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made there's no comment I just had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made there's no comment I just had a
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any other thoughts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+David um so you guys want to do Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David um so you guys want to do Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David um so you guys want to do Google
+Docs versus just talking one-on-one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Docs versus just talking one-on-one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Docs versus just talking one-on-one with
+people is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is that the
+consensus could we do both yeah you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus could we do both yeah you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus could we do both yeah you can
+totally do both um so the rest of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally do both um so the rest of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally do both um so the rest of class
+time is for feedback for each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is for feedback for each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is for feedback for each other and
+this is a super super crucial critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a super super crucial critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a super super crucial critical
+part of the production process um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the production process um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the production process um
+I during the break I will post a link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I during the break I will post a link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I during the break I will post a link
+onto the Tumblr that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that
+has all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all
+the Google Docs that I will finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Google Docs that I will finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Google Docs that I will finish
+making for everyone so uh for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making for everyone so uh for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making for everyone so uh for example
+Julia your two commenters are Joshua and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia your two commenters are Joshua and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia your two commenters are Joshua and
+PJ so Josh and PJ just go into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ so Josh and PJ just go into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ so Josh and PJ just go into your
+corresponding page and on the time code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding page and on the time code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding page and on the time code
+just leave your comments I will comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave your comments I will comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave your comments I will comment
+on everyone's R Cuts as well and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on everyone's R Cuts as well and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on everyone's R Cuts as well and again
+don't worry if you're repeating the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry if you're repeating the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry if you're repeating the same
+remarks as other people are doing um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks as other people are doing um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks as other people are doing um how
+about we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we
+spend after the break doing the Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend after the break doing the Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend after the break doing the Google
+Doc stuff and then whenever you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doc stuff and then whenever you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doc stuff and then whenever you guys
+finish um I guess in the order of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish um I guess in the order of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish um I guess in the order of people
+finishing group up and give one-on-one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing group up and give one-on-one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing group up and give one-on-one
+feedback as well and we can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback as well and we can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback as well and we can help
+facilitate that too does that sound good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate that too does that sound good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate that too does that sound good
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+everyone the hardest part is over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone the hardest part is over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone the hardest part is over the
+hardest part is just getting the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest part is just getting the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest part is just getting the first
+cut it's getting the first script out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it's getting the first script out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it's getting the first script out
+there um and hopefully moving forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and hopefully moving forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and hopefully moving forward
+going to Thursday it'll it'll be easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Je
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VZnB3dGdHP4.txt b/VZnB3dGdHP4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..31ef025cb5169f184ee5f6ac23759a75caa09e66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VZnB3dGdHP4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11187 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right let me just so let me just quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let me just so let me just quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let me just so let me just quickly
+review some what we have done so far in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review some what we have done so far in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review some what we have done so far in
+the class. So we talked about first we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class. So we talked about first we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class. So we talked about first we
+talked about R as a ordered set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then we have talked about sequences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we have talked about sequences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we have talked about sequences and
+limits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh and then we talked about series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then finally we have talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally we have talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally we have talked about
+and this is where we will continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where we will continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where we will continue
+today. we talked about metric spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the
+the idea here is that uh we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here is that uh we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here is that uh we want to
+there's a lot of things that from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of things that from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of things that from the
+from R that actually generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from R that actually generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from R that actually generalize
+uh and make sense um and some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and make sense um and some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and make sense um and some of those
+are sequences and limits so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sequences and limits so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sequences and limits so they
+generalize from R to metric spaces there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize from R to metric spaces there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize from R to metric spaces there
+other things that don't generalize like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that don't generalize like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that don't generalize like
+it's not a order a general metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a order a general metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a order a general metric space
+is not a it doesn't necessarily come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a it doesn't necessarily come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a it doesn't necessarily come
+with a ordering and it's not like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a ordering and it's not like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a ordering and it's not like a
+field uh and uh in particular you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh and uh in particular you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh and uh in particular you can't
+typically you can't sum elements so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you can't sum elements so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you can't sum elements so a
+series doesn't make sense either right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series doesn't make sense either right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series doesn't make sense either right
+but but these things here make sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but these things here make sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but these things here make sense in
+a metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metric space
+and so let me just remind you what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me just remind you what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me just remind you what is a
+metric space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric space.
+So a metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is uh a set. So x is a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is uh a set. So x is a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is uh a set. So x is a set
+and then there is a distance function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is a distance function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is a distance function.
+So this is a map from x cross x into r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a map from x cross x into r.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a map from x cross x into r.
+And for each two pair of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for each two pair of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for each two pair of elements
+uh uh x and y in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh x and y in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh x and y in x
+you have that let me make it a capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that let me make it a capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that let me make it a capital
+like x like this for every two elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like x like this for every two elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like x like this for every two elements
+in in this set the distance between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this set the distance between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this set the distance between them
+should be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be positive
+and it should be non- negative and uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it should be non- negative and uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it should be non- negative and uh n
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+to zero. The distance between two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero. The distance between two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero. The distance between two points
+should be zero if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be zero if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be zero if and only if
+this points are the same. Right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this points are the same. Right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this points are the same. Right? And
+then it should be symmetric. So two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it should be symmetric. So two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it should be symmetric. So two
+property two is that it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property two is that it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property two is that it should be
+metric. So it doesn't matter whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric. So it doesn't matter whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric. So it doesn't matter whether you
+go from x to y or from y to x the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from x to y or from y to x the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from x to y or from y to x the
+distance is the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then and the third which is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and the third which is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and the third which is like the
+most non-trivial part is the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most non-trivial part is the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most non-trivial part is the triangle
+inequality. So this here is symmetric.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the third property is that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the third property is that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the third property is that if you're
+looking at X, Y, and C, so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at X, Y, and C, so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at X, Y, and C, so you have
+three points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points
+and you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go from
+from X to C,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from X to C,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from X to C,
+then it's certainly not further than if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's certainly not further than if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's certainly not further than if
+you first go to from X to Y and then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first go to from X to Y and then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first go to from X to Y and then go
+from Y to C. Right? So this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Y to C. Right? So this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Y to C. Right? So this should be
+less or equal to the distance from X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less or equal to the distance from X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less or equal to the distance from X to
+Y plus the distance from Y to C. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y plus the distance from Y to C. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y plus the distance from Y to C. And so
+this third property here is is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this third property here is is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this third property here is is what's
+called the triangle inequality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the triangle inequality.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the triangle inequality.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+So this is the triangle inequality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Now, so that's that's what a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, so that's that's what a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, so that's that's what a metric
+space is. And again, the the the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is. And again, the the the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is. And again, the the the sort of
+canonical example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical example.
+So the canonical example of a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the canonical example of a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the canonical example of a metric
+space is where you're taking x equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is where you're taking x equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is where you're taking x equal to
+the real numbers. And then for two real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real numbers. And then for two real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real numbers. And then for two real
+numbers, the distance between them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers, the distance between them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers, the distance between them is
+just where you're looking at the norm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just where you're looking at the norm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just where you're looking at the norm of
+the difference. Right? So this here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference. Right? So this here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference. Right? So this here is a
+nice distance, right? It's clearly non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice distance, right? It's clearly non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice distance, right? It's clearly non-
+negative. It's clearly equal to zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. It's clearly equal to zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. It's clearly equal to zero if
+and only if x is equal to y. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if x is equal to y. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if x is equal to y. It's
+clearly symmetric. And the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly symmetric. And the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly symmetric. And the triangle
+inequality is this inequality that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is this inequality that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is this inequality that we've
+used all the time, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used all the time, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used all the time, right?
+The same. So this here is um slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The same. So this here is um slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The same. So this here is um slightly
+more fancy version of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fancy version of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fancy version of the same
+is where you're looking at uh R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you're looking at uh R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you're looking at uh R2
+So the X here is is R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the X here is is R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the X here is is R2
+or it could even be a general Rn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could even be a general Rn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could even be a general Rn.
+And then if you think about two elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then if you think about two elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then if you think about two elements
+in Rn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Rn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Rn
+and you think about say X here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you think about say X here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you think about say X here as
+it's written as X1 comma X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written as X1 comma X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written as X1 comma X2
+up to XN where each of these X's are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to XN where each of these X's are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to XN where each of these X's are in
+R and they are in many of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and they are in many of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and they are in many of them and
+likewise for Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the distance here, the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the distance here, the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the distance here, the natural
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+is where you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you're taking
+uh this is what's called the ukidian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is what's called the ukidian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is what's called the ukidian
+distance. It's given by pagras. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance. It's given by pagras. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance. It's given by pagras. And so
+it's the square root of the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the square root of the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the square root of the sum of the
+squares. So x1 - y1^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares. So x1 - y1^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares. So x1 - y1^
+2 + x2 - y2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + x2 - y2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + x2 - y2
+plus and then all the way up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and then all the way up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and then all the way up to
+xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn
+- y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- y
+squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so you see that if n here is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see that if n here is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see that if n here is equal
+to one well then each element is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one well then each element is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one well then each element is just a
+single element in R and so then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single element in R and so then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single element in R and so then this
+thing here is really the same as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is really the same as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is really the same as that
+right because it's a square of X - Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's a square of X - Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's a square of X - Y
+it's a square of this distance and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a square of this distance and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a square of this distance and then
+you take the square root so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the square root so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the square root so it's the
+norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm
+okay so this these here are both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this these here are both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this these here are both of
+these is called the ukian usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is called the ukian usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is called the ukian usually
+referred to as a ukian distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+we looked at a few other example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at a few other example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at a few other example
+and and I won't look at all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I won't look at all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I won't look at all of them
+again but just two more. One is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but just two more. One is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but just two more. One is this
+with a box distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let me state it only in R2 but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me state it only in R2 but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me state it only in R2 but you
+could just like this you state it in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just like this you state it in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just like this you state it in any
+RN. So the spaces are two and um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RN. So the spaces are two and um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RN. So the spaces are two and um and the
+the distance between two elements. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between two elements. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between two elements. So
+again we write it like this and we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we write it like this and we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we write it like this and we think
+about x as being x1 comma x2 where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about x as being x1 comma x2 where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about x as being x1 comma x2 where these
+are real numbers y = y1 comma y2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real numbers y = y1 comma y2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real numbers y = y1 comma y2
+and then this distance here is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this distance here is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this distance here is the sum
+of the of the of these distances these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the of these distances these.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the of these distances these.
+So this a plus x2 minus y2 like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this a plus x2 minus y2 like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this a plus x2 minus y2 like that
+right and this is clearly again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is clearly again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is clearly again
+symmetric it's clearly non negative it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric it's clearly non negative it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric it's clearly non negative it's
+clearly equal to zero if and only if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly equal to zero if and only if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly equal to zero if and only if x
+and y are the same and the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y are the same and the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y are the same and the triangle
+inequality well that just follow quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality well that just follow quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality well that just follow quite
+easily from the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily from the triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily from the triangle inequality
+for this distance okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this distance okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this distance okay
+then there is one more example I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is one more example I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is one more example I mean
+there's There's other you know uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's There's other you know uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's There's other you know uh but
+there's one or more example that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one or more example that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one or more example that is
+often useful to keep in mind and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often useful to keep in mind and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often useful to keep in mind and this is
+uh the last one I will review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the last one I will review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the last one I will review
+and so this is the uh the continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the uh the continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the uh the continuous
+function. So if you take a interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So if you take a interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So if you take a interval
+a and b are real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you're looking at the interval from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're looking at the interval from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're looking at the interval from
+a to b where both end points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to b where both end points are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to b where both end points are
+included and then you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included and then you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included and then you look at the
+continuous function on this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function on this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function on this interval
+and then if you have two elements f and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you have two elements f and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you have two elements f and
+g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+so these are continuous each of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are continuous each of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are continuous each of them are
+continuous functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then the distance between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the distance between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the distance between these two
+continuous functions is equal to the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions is equal to the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions is equal to the max
+over x and then f ofx minus g of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x and then f ofx minus g of x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x and then f ofx minus g of x.
+Right? And so x here is in the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so x here is in the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so x here is in the integral
+from a to b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to b.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to b.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+And so this thing here so this here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this thing here so this here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this thing here so this here was
+on the midterm this particular example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the midterm this particular example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the midterm this particular example
+and uh this thing here that the max is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this thing here that the max is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this thing here that the max is
+achieved is just like if you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved is just like if you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved is just like if you're looking
+at these two functions then this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these two functions then this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these two functions then this is the
+difference between these two functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two functions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two functions.
+So this is also continuous and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is also continuous and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is also continuous and this
+means that the maximum at the minimum by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the maximum at the minimum by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the maximum at the minimum by
+the extreme value theorem is achieved on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extreme value theorem is achieved on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extreme value theorem is achieved on
+an interval of this form. Right? So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval of this form. Right? So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval of this form. Right? So this
+thing here is really achieved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is really achieved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is really achieved
+and it's clearly non- negative and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's clearly non- negative and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's clearly non- negative and it's
+easy to see that it has the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to see that it has the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to see that it has the other
+property of a metric space. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of a metric space. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of a metric space. Okay, so
+these are just the examples that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just the examples that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just the examples that we
+talked about. Uh and I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about. Uh and I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about. Uh and I just wanted to
+remind you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you uh
+and so then the question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then the question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then the question is what
+generalizes what generalizes from uh R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizes what generalizes from uh R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizes what generalizes from uh R.
+So, so right. So, we started with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so right. So, we started with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so right. So, we started with a
+class uh talking about R and uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh talking about R and uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh talking about R and uh you know
+right so it was order field but but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it was order field but but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it was order field but but a
+lot of the things we talked about for R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the things we talked about for R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the things we talked about for R
+these subsequent things we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subsequent things we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subsequent things we talked about
+sequences and limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and limits
+they as we will see make total sense uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they as we will see make total sense uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they as we will see make total sense uh
+in in a general metric space and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a general metric space and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a general metric space and has
+important consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important consequences
+uh including to solve differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh including to solve differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh including to solve differential
+equation equations and or solving all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation equations and or solving all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation equations and or solving all
+kind of equations including differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of equations including differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of equations including differential
+equations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations.
+Okay. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now
+let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+remind you also. So we talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you also. So we talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you also. So we talked about that
+if we have h if this here is a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have h if this here is a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have h if this here is a metric
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then a sequence in a metric space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is just a map is is a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is just a map is is a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is just a map is is a map
+from the natural numbers into x. So a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the natural numbers into x. So a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the natural numbers into x. So a
+sequence is like a map like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is like a map like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is like a map like this.
+And so usually the image of the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so usually the image of the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so usually the image of the n
+element this we will typically denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element this we will typically denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element this we will typically denote
+again like this xn. So this is what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like this xn. So this is what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like this xn. So this is what a
+sequence is. Uh a subsequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is a this is defined very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a this is defined very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a this is defined very similar
+to what we did on the real line. So a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we did on the real line. So a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we did on the real line. So a
+subsequence is the composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of f with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f with
+an increasing strictly increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+map.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map.
+Uh G from the natural numbers into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh G from the natural numbers into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh G from the natural numbers into
+in and then the sequence is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and then the sequence is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and then the sequence is then
+uh where you looking where you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where you looking where you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where you looking where you apply
+first G and then you apply uh F right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first G and then you apply uh F right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first G and then you apply uh F right so
+this gives you when you first apply G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you when you first apply G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you when you first apply G
+then it gives you another natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it gives you another natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it gives you another natural number
+and so this thing here the image of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this thing here the image of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this thing here the image of this
+is then a element in X right so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then a element in X right so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then a element in X right so that's a
+subsequence and again this will strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence and again this will strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence and again this will strictly
+increasing guarantee you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing guarantee you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing guarantee you that the
+elements appear in the same order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements appear in the same order.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements appear in the same order.
+You're picking a selection of them, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're picking a selection of them, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're picking a selection of them, but
+they appear in the same order as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they appear in the same order as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they appear in the same order as in the
+original sequence. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original sequence. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original sequence. Okay.
+So, so sequences and subsequences make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so sequences and subsequences make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so sequences and subsequences make
+sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense.
+Um, we can then also talk about and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we can then also talk about and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we can then also talk about and I
+know we talked about but I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we talked about but I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we talked about but I just want to
+because of the break I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the break I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the break I just want to
+review quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review quickly
+uh a few of the things we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a few of the things we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a few of the things we talked about
+right before the break.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before the break.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before the break.
+So one is that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one is that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one is that so
+uh a convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a metric space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if you take uh if this here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you take uh if this here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you take uh if this here is a
+matrix space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix space
+and xn is a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x
+xn xd sorry um then um then we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn xd sorry um then um then we say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn xd sorry um then um then we say that
+we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say
+that xn converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x.
+If the following hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that for all for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all for all
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+uh epsilon greater than zero there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capital n such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n such that
+if little n is bigger equal to capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n is bigger equal to capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n is bigger equal to capital n
+then uh x n the distance between xn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh x n the distance between xn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh x n the distance between xn and
+this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit
+should be less than epsilon right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be less than epsilon right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be less than epsilon right so
+that's exact parallel to how we defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exact parallel to how we defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exact parallel to how we defined
+the limit of a sequence or that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of a sequence or that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of a sequence or that a
+sequence is converging if it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is converging if it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is converging if it was a
+sequence in r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in r
+and likewise we can define a cruise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise we can define a cruise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise we can define a cruise
+sequence in a metric space. So we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in a metric space. So we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in a metric space. So we define
+a C sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a matrix space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XD.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XD.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XD.
+So this is a sequence. So that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a sequence. So that for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a sequence. So that for all
+since is a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xn such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn such that
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epsilon greater than zero there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh capital n such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capital n such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capital n such that
+if little n m and little n are bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n m and little n are bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n m and little n are bigger
+equal to capital n. Right? So remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to capital n. Right? So remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to capital n. Right? So remember
+that a crique sequence mean that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a crique sequence mean that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a crique sequence mean that the
+tail is bunching together. This means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail is bunching together. This means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail is bunching together. This means
+that if you're sufficiently far out then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're sufficiently far out then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're sufficiently far out then
+these elements xn and xm are epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements xn and xm are epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements xn and xm are epsilon
+close together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together.
+So this is what it means for a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is what it means for a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is what it means for a sequence
+to be a cy sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a cy sequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a cy sequence.
+And so now we have this theorem and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now we have this theorem and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now we have this theorem and I
+think I mentioned it before the break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I mentioned it before the break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I mentioned it before the break
+but let's just quickly run through it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just quickly run through it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just quickly run through it.
+It's very short.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's very short.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's very short.
+So uh if you have um so if this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh if you have um so if this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh if you have um so if this is a
+metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the theorem is
+that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any
+any uh convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also
+accuracy sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the proof is like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So given given epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since
+since xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since xn
+is a convergence sequence so you assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a convergence sequence so you assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a convergence sequence so you assume
+that xn is a convergence sequence that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that xn is a convergence sequence that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that xn is a convergence sequence that's
+called the limit x. Since xn converts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the limit x. Since xn converts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the limit x. Since xn converts to
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+x, this means that there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x, this means that there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x, this means that there exist
+there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh capital n such that if little n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capital n such that if little n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capital n such that if little n is
+bigger equal to capital n, then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger equal to capital n, then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger equal to capital n, then the
+distance between little x, little n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between little x, little n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between little x, little n and
+uh nx here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nx here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nx here,
+this distance here is less than and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance here is less than and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance here is less than and then
+I use epsilon / two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use epsilon / two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use epsilon / two.
+And so this means that therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if little m and little n are both bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little m and little n are both bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little m and little n are both bigger
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+than capital n then the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than capital n then the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than capital n then the distance between
+the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+distance between this these two elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between this these two elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between this these two elements
+here. Well, by the triangle inequality,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Well, by the triangle inequality,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Well, by the triangle inequality,
+we have that this distance is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that this distance is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that this distance is less than
+if you go over the point x. So if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go over the point x. So if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go over the point x. So if you go
+from xn to x and then from x to xm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from xn to x and then from x to xm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from xn to x and then from x to xm like
+that, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, right?
+But each of these because both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But each of these because both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But each of these because both of these
+uh both little n and little little m and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh both little n and little little m and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh both little n and little little m and
+little n are bigger than capital n then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n are bigger than capital n then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n are bigger than capital n then
+both of these distances are bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these distances are bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these distances are bounded by
+epsilon / two. And so you see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon / two. And so you see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon / two. And so you see that this
+thing here is smaller than epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is smaller than epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is smaller than epsilon.
+Right? So this proved that in a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So this proved that in a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So this proved that in a metric
+space any convergent sequence is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space any convergent sequence is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space any convergent sequence is also a
+cush sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cush sequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cush sequence.
+And we we saw that. So we know that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we we saw that. So we know that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we we saw that. So we know that if
+we if the metric space is R with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if the metric space is R with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if the metric space is R with the
+usual ukian distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual ukian distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual ukian distance
+then actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually
+uh you also and that was the cush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you also and that was the cush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you also and that was the cush
+convergence. So the cushy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So cushive convergence. It said that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So cushive convergence. It said that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So cushive convergence. It said that in
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+x comma d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x comma d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x comma d
+is r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is r
+with the ukian distance. So I denote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the ukian distance. So I denote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the ukian distance. So I denote the
+ukian distance like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukian distance like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukian distance like this.
+Uh then then we also have then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh then then we also have then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh then then we also have then we have
+the converse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the converse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i.e uh i.e that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i.e uh i.e that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i.e uh i.e that any
+cushy sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this uh is also convergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+we looked at a very simple example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at a very simple example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at a very simple example and
+and if I have time I will talk about a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I have time I will talk about a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I have time I will talk about a a
+little bit more interesting example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more interesting example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more interesting example
+uh otherwise I'll talk about that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh otherwise I'll talk about that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh otherwise I'll talk about that next
+time. So if uh so so if the metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So if uh so so if the metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So if uh so so if the metric space
+was was uh was r with a ukian distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was uh was r with a ukian distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was uh was r with a ukian distance
+by then we had a converse but if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by then we had a converse but if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by then we had a converse but if the
+metric space was say so we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric space was say so we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric space was say so we looked at
+where the metric space was so where x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the metric space was so where x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the metric space was so where x
+here the set was the interval from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the set was the interval from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the set was the interval from 0 to
+one and the distance here was just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the distance here was just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the distance here was just the
+usual ukian distance right so then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual ukian distance right so then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual ukian distance right so then if
+you Looking at the sequence xn one / n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Looking at the sequence xn one / n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Looking at the sequence xn one / n.
+This one here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one here.
+This is a sequence in this space. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a sequence in this space. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a sequence in this space. It's a
+cusy sequence but it doesn't converge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cusy sequence but it doesn't converge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cusy sequence but it doesn't converge in
+this space because zero is not part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space because zero is not part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space because zero is not part of
+the space. Right? So it so so this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space. Right? So it so so this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space. Right? So it so so this here
+is a cis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this you may say this is rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this you may say this is rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this you may say this is rather
+trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial
+uh example. not very interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh example. not very interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh example. not very interesting.
+Um, I'll show you another example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I'll show you another example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I'll show you another example a
+little bit later or next time uh that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later or next time uh that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later or next time uh that is
+more interesting but in a in in in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting but in a in in in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting but in a in in in some
+sense has some of the same feature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense has some of the same feature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense has some of the same feature that
+the space is just not quite large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space is just not quite large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space is just not quite large
+enough. Okay, but it will seem more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough. Okay, but it will seem more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough. Okay, but it will seem more
+interesting. So this here is a CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. So this here is a CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. So this here is a CI
+sequence that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that is
+not convergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. So, so again you know the cushy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So, so again you know the cushy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So, so again you know the cushy
+uh bite. Yeah. So this leads to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bite. Yeah. So this leads to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bite. Yeah. So this leads to the
+following this leads to the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following this leads to the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following this leads to the following
+notion here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+that so this is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is the following
+definition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition.
+of being cushy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being cushy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being cushy
+complete.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So a space a metric space x comma d is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a space a metric space x comma d is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a space a metric space x comma d is
+cushy complete.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If uh every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cushy sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is uh convergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now uh let me define some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now uh let me define some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now uh let me define some uh
+some so if let me begin with extending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some so if let me begin with extending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some so if let me begin with extending
+some notions from uh from R. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some notions from uh from R. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some notions from uh from R. So the
+first one I want to extend is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one I want to extend is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one I want to extend is what it
+means in a metric space what what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in a metric space what what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in a metric space what what is a
+ball.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, so we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so we have here
+so a metric or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have a metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a metric space
+we have a point in the metric space we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a point in the metric space we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a point in the metric space we
+have some r which is a real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some r which is a real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some r which is a real number
+positive real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive real number
+and then we define uh p r of x Here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we define uh p r of x Here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we define uh p r of x Here this
+here is the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the set
+uh y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh y
+in x so that the distance from x to y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x so that the distance from x to y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x so that the distance from x to y is
+less than r strictly less than r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than r strictly less than r.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than r strictly less than r.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh and so this here is called this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and so this here is called this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and so this here is called this here
+is called the metric ball. This set here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the metric ball. This set here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the metric ball. This set here
+it's called a metric ball or just a ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh with radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R and center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh X. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X. Okay.
+Now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now um
+let me just sort of illustrate it. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just sort of illustrate it. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just sort of illustrate it. So if
+you so a lot of the intuitions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so a lot of the intuitions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so a lot of the intuitions about
+metric spaces but you have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric spaces but you have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric spaces but you have to be careful
+because sometimes that intuition fools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes that intuition fools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes that intuition fools
+you just because metric spaces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just because metric spaces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just because metric spaces are
+allowed to be very general but a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to be very general but a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to be very general but a lot of
+the intuition about metric spaces come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition about metric spaces come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition about metric spaces come
+from just thinking about things in ukian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just thinking about things in ukian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just thinking about things in ukian
+space. So now when I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. So now when I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. So now when I'm talking about
+ukarian space I'm thinking about mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukarian space I'm thinking about mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukarian space I'm thinking about mostly
+about it could be on the line. So in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it could be on the line. So in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it could be on the line. So in the
+case where x's are or it could be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where x's are or it could be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where x's are or it could be in a
+plane where x's are two or it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane where x's are two or it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane where x's are two or it could be
+where x is three. And so in either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where x is three. And so in either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where x is three. And so in either of
+those three cases the distance is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three cases the distance is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three cases the distance is the
+distance that you're used to which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that you're used to which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that you're used to which is
+the ukidian distance we talked about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ukidian distance we talked about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ukidian distance we talked about.
+And so you if in that case if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you if in that case if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you if in that case if you take a
+point here so just thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here so just thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here so just thinking about
+the example where let's think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example where let's think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example where let's think about the
+example where x is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where x is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where x is two
+then a ball here well a usual ball is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a ball here well a usual ball is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a ball here well a usual ball is
+really just everything that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just everything that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just everything that is the
+distance r from x right so this is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance r from x right so this is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance r from x right so this is kind
+of what I defined over here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I defined over here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I defined over here right
+there's another thing you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing you could also
+look at some other sets. So imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some other sets. So imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some other sets. So imagine that
+you take a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a line
+in the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane
+and you could look at or maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could look at or maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could look at or maybe this
+could even be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even be
+it would look more interesting if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would look more interesting if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would look more interesting if I'm
+thinking about a line in R3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a line in R3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a line in R3.
+So imagine that this is now sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So imagine that this is now sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So imagine that this is now sort of this
+is supposed to look like in our tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to look like in our tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to look like in our tree and
+then you could look at a line and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could look at a line and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could look at a line and you
+could look at instead of looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at instead of looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at instead of looking at a
+metric ball you could look at a tupler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric ball you could look at a tupler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric ball you could look at a tupler
+neighborhood. So suppose you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood. So suppose you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood. So suppose you're looking
+that that's very similar to a ball.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So tubular neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So tubular neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So tubular neighborhoods
+let's say our tubular neighborhoods this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say our tubular neighborhoods this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say our tubular neighborhoods this
+is where you know you have some positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you know you have some positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you know you have some positive
+number R and you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number R and you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number R and you're looking at
+everything that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that is
+that has distance at most or let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has distance at most or let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has distance at most or let's say
+strictly less than R from this line. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than R from this line. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than R from this line. So
+if you do that that would look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do that that would look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do that that would look like a
+cylinder where the boundary of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder where the boundary of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder where the boundary of the
+cylinder is not included because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder is not included because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder is not included because I
+require things to have distance strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require things to have distance strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require things to have distance strictly
+less than R. Right? This is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than R. Right? This is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than R. Right? This is like this
+here would be a R2 neighborhood of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be a R2 neighborhood of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be a R2 neighborhood of a
+line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line.
+So this is just to say that this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is just to say that this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is just to say that this sort of
+notion here of a ball you could even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion here of a ball you could even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion here of a ball you could even
+have something more general and both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something more general and both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something more general and both of
+these things right that you know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things right that you know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things right that you know well
+from ukian space they make sense in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ukian space they make sense in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ukian space they make sense in just
+a general metric space right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general metric space right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general metric space right you know
+line maybe doesn't make sense right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line maybe doesn't make sense right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line maybe doesn't make sense right
+sometime often it does actually but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime often it does actually but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime often it does actually but it's
+uh but that's something more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that's something more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that's something more complicated
+but you could just think about it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could just think about it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could just think about it as a
+subset and then things that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset and then things that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset and then things that have
+distance strictly less than r to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance strictly less than r to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance strictly less than r to that
+subset. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset. Okay.
+Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+uh right. So, this is what it means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right. So, this is what it means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right. So, this is what it means for
+a uh this is what a a ball is metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh this is what a a ball is metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh this is what a a ball is metric
+ball. Then there's a the notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball. Then there's a the notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball. Then there's a the notion of a
+subset of a metric space being bounded.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of a metric space being bounded.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of a metric space being bounded.
+So, a bounded subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is another definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is another definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is another definition
+bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of
+a metric space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we have a matrix space here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have a matrix space here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have a matrix space here
+and we have a is a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a is a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a is a subset
+and we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a is bounded.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh if there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if there exist uh x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if there exist uh x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if there exist uh x
+an element in this metric space and d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element in this metric space and d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element in this metric space and d
+is some d is some positive real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some d is some positive real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some d is some positive real number
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+a here is contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here is contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here is contained
+in the all of radius D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the all of radius D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the all of radius D
+center at X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+with this. So there's a few things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this. So there's a few things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this. So there's a few things like
+this that we'll see uh you know for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that we'll see uh you know for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that we'll see uh you know for for
+these things the empty set right the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things the empty set right the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things the empty set right the if
+you take X and you take the subset that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take X and you take the subset that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take X and you take the subset that
+has no elements that's the empty set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no elements that's the empty set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no elements that's the empty set
+then it's it's you know the empty set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's it's you know the empty set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's it's you know the empty set is
+is contained in everything right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in everything right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in everything right so
+actually the empty set would be bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the empty set would be bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the empty set would be bounded
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um but it's not a particular interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's not a particular interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's not a particular interesting
+example of a bounded Right? And it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a bounded Right? And it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a bounded Right? And it may
+be that the whole metric space right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that the whole metric space right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that the whole metric space right
+it's possible that the whole metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that the whole metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that the whole metric
+space is bounded right if it was like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is bounded right if it was like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is bounded right if it was like a
+interval right if it was just a interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval right if it was just a interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval right if it was just a interval
+where both in in so first you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where both in in so first you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where both in in so first you have some
+interval from a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from a to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from a to b
+then this thing here is uh if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thing here is uh if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thing here is uh if you think
+about the usual distance on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the usual distance on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the usual distance on that
+interval then that's a boundary set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval then that's a boundary set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval then that's a boundary set the
+whole the whole set x is bounded so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole the whole set x is bounded so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole the whole set x is bounded so in
+particular any subset would also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular any subset would also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular any subset would also be
+bound.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound.
+Okay. So now uh let me just prove one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now uh let me just prove one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now uh let me just prove one
+theorem uh one little lema that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem uh one little lema that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem uh one little lema that is
+another thing that generalizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that generalizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that generalizes
+from R and that is that if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from R and that is that if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from R and that is that if you take a
+cushy sequence so any cushy sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushy sequence so any cushy sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushy sequence so any cushy sequence is
+bounded.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded.
+So let's throw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have again a metric space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have again a metric space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have again a metric space.
+Uh, XN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, XN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, XN
+is a C sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we think about the set XN,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we think about the set XN,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we think about the set XN,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+So this is this subset of X and I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is this subset of X and I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is this subset of X and I claim
+that this subset here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this subset here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this subset here
+this subset here. So A here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subset here. So A here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subset here. So A here
+uh is bounded.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Now why is that the case?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So since
+Xn is a cruisy sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I choose epsilon with so with epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I choose epsilon with so with epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I choose epsilon with so with epsilon
+say equal to one you have that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say equal to one you have that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say equal to one you have that there
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capital n. So that if little n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n. So that if little n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n. So that if little n
+and s just then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if little n and little m bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n and little m bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n and little m bigger than
+capital n then the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n then the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n then the distance between the
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smaller than one right this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than one right this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than one right this is just
+using that is sequence and just pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that is sequence and just pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that is sequence and just pick
+using one particular epsilon namely uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using one particular epsilon namely uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using one particular epsilon namely uh
+taking epsilon to be equal one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking epsilon to be equal one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking epsilon to be equal one.
+So now of course this means and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now of course this means and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now of course this means and now you
+don't need this event for all of these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need this event for all of these.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need this event for all of these.
+You don't need it like this. You just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't need it like this. You just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't need it like this. You just
+need so in particular therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh as long as n is bigger than capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as long as n is bigger than capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as long as n is bigger than capital
+n. Well you can use one of you can use m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Well you can use one of you can use m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Well you can use one of you can use m
+here. You can use capital n for m. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. You can use capital n for m. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. You can use capital n for m. So
+then this here say therefore for little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this here say therefore for little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this here say therefore for little
+end bigger than this we have that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end bigger than this we have that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end bigger than this we have that this
+in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the distance to this is smaller than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance to this is smaller than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance to this is smaller than one
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now you have that if you if you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have that if you if you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have that if you if you now
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+r equal to uh 1 plus the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r equal to uh 1 plus the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r equal to uh 1 plus the maximum
+of the distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distance from
+uh uh x n x capital n to x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh x n x capital n to x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh x n x capital n to x i
+where i here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i here
+is runs from one up to capital n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is runs from one up to capital n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is runs from one up to capital n minus
+one. So there are n minus one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So there are n minus one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So there are n minus one of these
+right that you take the maximum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you take the maximum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you take the maximum over
+right. So if you define little r to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So if you define little r to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So if you define little r to be
+like this then obviously little r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this then obviously little r is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this then obviously little r is
+some positive number it's finite right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some positive number it's finite right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some positive number it's finite right
+uh and and you have that and and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and you have that and and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and you have that and and now I
+claim that our set a here is contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that our set a here is contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that our set a here is contained
+in this ball here around xn. So I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this ball here around xn. So I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this ball here around xn. So I claim
+I claim this thing here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim this thing here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim this thing here.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now let's see. So why is this the case?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let's see. So why is this the case?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let's see. So why is this the case?
+So if we have if x here if capital so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we have if x here if capital so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we have if x here if capital so we
+need to prove that we need to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you have that the distance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less and not right if that's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less and not right if that's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less and not right if that's the case
+then the whole set here would lie in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the whole set here would lie in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the whole set here would lie in in
+in in this board right but you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this board right but you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this board right but you see that
+if n here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n here
+well if n is bigger equal to capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if n is bigger equal to capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if n is bigger equal to capital n
+but this remember that then we have then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this remember that then we have then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this remember that then we have then
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is uh right. So we need to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is uh right. So we need to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is uh right. So we need to show
+this in here. If little n is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in here. If little n is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in here. If little n is bigger than
+capital n then we have that the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n then we have that the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n then we have that the distance
+from this little end to this one here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this little end to this one here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this little end to this one here.
+Right? The tail tail was less than one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? The tail tail was less than one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? The tail tail was less than one.
+Right? But this thing here is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? But this thing here is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? But this thing here is actually
+right by this is actually less or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by this is actually less or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by this is actually less or equal
+to r because it was one plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to r because it was one plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to r because it was one plus this
+maximum and then this is maximum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum and then this is maximum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum and then this is maximum over
+non- negative numbers. Right? So you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative numbers. Right? So you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative numbers. Right? So you see
+that for the whole tail we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the whole tail we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the whole tail we have this
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+but for all the other ones right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for all the other ones right for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for all the other ones right for
+n less or equal less than n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n less or equal less than n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n less or equal less than n minus one
+right these are the the remaining ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are the the remaining ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are the the remaining ones
+well there the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there the distance
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+x n to x capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n to x capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n to x capital n
+Uh it's this is one of these guys,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it's this is one of these guys,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it's this is one of these guys,
+right? So it's clearly this one here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So it's clearly this one here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So it's clearly this one here is
+clearly less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly less than
+capital, right? And it's really strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital, right? And it's really strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital, right? And it's really strictly
+less than because that's this one also,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than because that's this one also,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than because that's this one also,
+right? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Yeah.
+>> Does it have to be one plus the max or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Does it have to be one plus the max or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Does it have to be one plus the max or
+could it be the max of one for all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it be the max of one for all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it be the max of one for all those
+elements in the sequence?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the sequence?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the sequence?
+>> Uh I wanted it's this one here to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh I wanted it's this one here to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh I wanted it's this one here to be
+strict.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict.
+It's just a silly thing, but that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just a silly thing, but that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just a silly thing, but that's why
+I took it like that. Yeah, because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took it like that. Yeah, because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took it like that. Yeah, because
+otherwise this would be sweet. But it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise this would be sweet. But it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise this would be sweet. But it's
+just a a trivial thing. Uh, and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a trivial thing. Uh, and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a trivial thing. Uh, and it
+doesn't matter very much. If at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter very much. If at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter very much. If at this
+stage it makes no difference actually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage it makes no difference actually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage it makes no difference actually,
+but it was just to use this. We'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was just to use this. We'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was just to use this. We'll talk
+a little bit more about the balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more about the balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more about the balls
+because there is another way, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is another way, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is another way, you know,
+you could define the ball. Maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could define the ball. Maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could define the ball. Maybe I'll
+say a few words about that now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a few words about that now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a few words about that now.
+Okay. So, this here. So, so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, this here. So, so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, this here. So, so what this
+prove again is that in any metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove again is that in any metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove again is that in any metric space
+a a cruise sequence is automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a cruise sequence is automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a cruise sequence is automatically
+bounded right and so remember in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded right and so remember in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded right and so remember in any
+metric space a convergence sequence is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric space a convergence sequence is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric space a convergence sequence is a
+cushy sequence so a convergence sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushy sequence so a convergence sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushy sequence so a convergence sequence
+is also bounded right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also bounded right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also bounded right
+and now you now there's this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you now there's this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you now there's this question
+which is a natural question and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a natural question and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a natural question and this is
+connected to the definition of ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the definition of ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the definition of ball
+so the way we define and it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way we define and it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way we define and it's actually
+worthwhile emphasizing because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile emphasizing because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile emphasizing because it's
+useful in the next uh thing that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in the next uh thing that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in the next uh thing that we want
+to get to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to.
+And so when I define a ball, I assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so when I define a ball, I assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so when I define a ball, I assumed
+so the definition of the ball, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the definition of the ball, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the definition of the ball, let me
+just write it up again here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write it up again here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write it up again here.
+Uh so the definition of a ball in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so the definition of a ball in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so the definition of a ball in a
+metric space, these are the y in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric space, these are the y in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric space, these are the y in this
+set. So that the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. So that the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. So that the distance
+to the center is strictly less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the center is strictly less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the center is strictly less than
+right. You could of course have defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. You could of course have defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. You could of course have defined
+it differently.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You could define it that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could define it that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could define it that this is
+strictly le or instead of strictly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly le or instead of strictly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly le or instead of strictly less
+less or equal to. Right? I I want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less or equal to. Right? I I want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less or equal to. Right? I I want to use
+strictly less here. Yeah. But sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less here. Yeah. But sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less here. Yeah. But sometimes
+if I want to be very clear I will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to be very clear I will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to be very clear I will talk
+about open and closed ball. And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about open and closed ball. And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about open and closed ball. And this is
+what we're getting to next, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're getting to next, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're getting to next, right? And
+so when I talking about open ball, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I talking about open ball, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I talking about open ball, but I
+I'll try not to use that term here. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try not to use that term here. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try not to use that term here. Uh
+but but open would always mean this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but open would always mean this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but open would always mean this.
+Closed ball will mean that it's less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Closed ball will mean that it's less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Closed ball will mean that it's less or
+equal to. Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to. Sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to. Sorry.
+>> You were talking about like example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You were talking about like example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You were talking about like example.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Like is that referred to like is X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Like is that referred to like is X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Like is that referred to like is X in
+that case like a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case like a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case like a subset of
+>> Yeah. Yeah. That's right. Exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. That's right. Exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. That's right. Exactly.
+That's right. And so so now uh and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. And so so now uh and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. And so so now uh and and I
+didn't you know this I I didn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't you know this I I didn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't you know this I I didn't actually
+in the I already posted the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the I already posted the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the I already posted the lecture
+notes and so in the lecture notes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and so in the lecture notes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and so in the lecture notes I
+didn't actually talk about tupa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't actually talk about tupa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't actually talk about tupa
+neighborhood but it's it is it it maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood but it's it is it it maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood but it's it is it it maybe
+is worth thinking about. So you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth thinking about. So you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth thinking about. So you could
+you could look at as so you again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could look at as so you again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could look at as so you again you
+have a metric space here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you could have a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could have a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could have a subset
+A here is a subset any subset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A here is a subset any subset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A here is a subset any subset of the
+metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric space
+and you could define the tupler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could define the tupler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could define the tupler
+neighborhood of a subset and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of a subset and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of a subset and so you
+could do this similarly. So this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this similarly. So this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this similarly. So this would
+be the y in x. So that the distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the y in x. So that the distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the y in x. So that the distance from
+y to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y to
+um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to
+uh x x here is strictly less than r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x x here is strictly less than r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x x here is strictly less than r
+for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+in it. You see what I mean? So this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it. You see what I mean? So this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it. You see what I mean? So this here
+is like this is how so again if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like this is how so again if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like this is how so again if you take
+if you think about our tree you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about our tree you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about our tree you take
+some I mean maybe we shouldn't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some I mean maybe we shouldn't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some I mean maybe we shouldn't talk
+about maybe we should draw it more crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about maybe we should draw it more crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about maybe we should draw it more crazy
+like some curve maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some curve maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some curve maybe
+and if you're looking at the set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're looking at the set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're looking at the set that
+are have distance and most this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are have distance and most this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are have distance and most this is like
+some sort of tube like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of tube like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of tube like this
+right this is like uh this here would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is like uh this here would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is like uh this here would be
+the sinks and then here at the end you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sinks and then here at the end you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sinks and then here at the end you
+know it look like a cap like this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it look like a cap like this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it look like a cap like this,
+right? This here would be like a tubular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? This here would be like a tubular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? This here would be like a tubular
+neighborhood of this curve. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of this curve. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of this curve. Yeah.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And and so as you saying that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and so as you saying that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and so as you saying that in the
+case where a here is just a point then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where a here is just a point then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where a here is just a point then
+those two coincides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now like one of the key things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now like one of the key things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now like one of the key things
+uh one of the key things when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the key things when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the key things when you're
+thinking about convergence in in R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about convergence in in R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about convergence in in R
+remember that this stuff and we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that this stuff and we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that this stuff and we use this
+time and time again that it was often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and time again that it was often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and time again that it was often
+you know we saw this for series that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we saw this for series that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we saw this for series that it
+was often difficult to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was often difficult to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was often difficult to determine the
+exact limit of a series right but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact limit of a series right but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact limit of a series right but the
+question was always does it converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was always does it converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was always does it converge
+right and so if it converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if it converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if it converge
+If it converts then often often you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it converts then often often you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it converts then often often you know
+you I mean also if you were have using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I mean also if you were have using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I mean also if you were have using
+this in some sort of application it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in some sort of application it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in some sort of application it's
+it's often in all kind of fields that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often in all kind of fields that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often in all kind of fields that it
+comes up that things are written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up that things are written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up that things are written in
+terms of a series and it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a series and it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a series and it's it's not
+clear what is converting to but you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what is converting to but you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what is converting to but you want
+to know whether it's converting and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know whether it's converting and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know whether it's converting and then
+you also want to so you want to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also want to so you want to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also want to so you want to estimate
+what is the limit within a certain error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the limit within a certain error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the limit within a certain error
+term. Right? And you can use some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. Right? And you can use some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. Right? And you can use some of
+these comparison tests to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these comparison tests to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these comparison tests to to to
+determine to to to estimate how close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine to to to estimate how close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine to to to estimate how close
+you are to the actual limit. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are to the actual limit. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are to the actual limit. Okay.
+But in any case, right, the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in any case, right, the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in any case, right, the thing is
+it's very useful to have a criteria that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very useful to have a criteria that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very useful to have a criteria that
+say that is easy to work with and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that is easy to work with and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that is easy to work with and that
+uh say that it's converging without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say that it's converging without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say that it's converging without
+having to be able to find the limits,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to be able to find the limits,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to be able to find the limits,
+right? And like the cus sequence, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And like the cus sequence, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And like the cus sequence, this
+was like a notion of that, right? And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like a notion of that, right? And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like a notion of that, right? And so
+so the again the and the key on on R the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the again the and the key on on R the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the again the and the key on on R the
+key for using that was the Banano bio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key for using that was the Banano bio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key for using that was the Banano bio
+theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem.
+So this was the one that was the key for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this was the one that was the key for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this was the one that was the key for
+using to to get the cush convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using to to get the cush convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using to to get the cush convergence
+theorem. So the pulsano vas are simil.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So remember that this was this is four R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So remember that this was this is four R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So remember that this was this is four R
+and it say that any any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it say that any any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it say that any any any
+bounded sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has a convergent subsequence Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That was what I assume in a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was what I assume in a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was what I assume in a general
+metric space. This, you know, it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric space. This, you know, it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric space. This, you know, it it
+makes sense to talk about a bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to talk about a bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to talk about a bounded
+uh sequence, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sequence, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sequence, right?
+uh but it's not it's not always the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's not it's not always the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's not it's not always the case
+that a bounded sequence has a convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a bounded sequence has a convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a bounded sequence has a convergent
+subsequence. So it does not hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence. So it does not hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence. So it does not hold the
+bolano does not hold. So, so, so warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolano does not hold. So, so, so warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolano does not hold. So, so, so warning
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh balsana vas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh balsana vas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh balsana vas
+does not hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a general metric space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And in fact, of course, you know, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in fact, of course, you know, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in fact, of course, you know, the
+example that we looked at with um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that we looked at with um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that we looked at with um with
+where the example was x here like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the example was x here like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the example was x here like this
+and where we're looking at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where we're looking at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where we're looking at that
+sequence, this is a bounded sequence,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence, this is a bounded sequence,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence, this is a bounded sequence,
+but it's uh it's bounded, but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's uh it's bounded, but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's uh it's bounded, but it doesn't
+have a convergent subsequence, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a convergent subsequence, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a convergent subsequence, right?
+It's a actually sequence, but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a actually sequence, but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a actually sequence, but it doesn't
+have, right? So, it doesn't hold in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, right? So, it doesn't hold in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, right? So, it doesn't hold in a
+general metric space,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general metric space,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general metric space,
+but it does hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It does hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It does hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It does hold
+if the metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is compact.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so that's what I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that's what I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that's what I want to talk about
+next. But in order to talk about uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next. But in order to talk about uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next. But in order to talk about uh what
+it means for metric space to be compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means for metric space to be compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means for metric space to be compact
+then I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I need to
+to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about
+uh I need to define what it means for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I need to define what it means for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I need to define what it means for a
+set to be open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to be open.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to be open.
+Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+so so we need the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We need the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of an open set, an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an open set, an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an open set, an open
+subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a metric space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so we have a metric space again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so A here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so A here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so A here
+is set to be let's call it O for open. O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set to be let's call it O for open. O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set to be let's call it O for open. O
+is set to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set to be
+an open subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for all
+uh X in O.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X in O.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X in O.
+So the idea is that you have here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is that you have here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is that you have here this
+here is this here is O. So O is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this here is O. So O is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this here is O. So O is
+this is maybe O.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is maybe O.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is maybe O.
+And so the idea is that for each element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the idea is that for each element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the idea is that for each element
+there exists some ball centered at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists some ball centered at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists some ball centered at that
+point. So for each x for all x in O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. So for each x for all x in O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. So for each x for all x in O
+there they exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r greater than zero. It may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r greater than zero. It may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r greater than zero. It may be
+incredible small so that not just x but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible small so that not just x but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible small so that not just x but
+the whole board around x is contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole board around x is contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole board around x is contained in
+the open set. So you see that not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open set. So you see that not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open set. So you see that not just
+this point here but the whole ball here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point here but the whole ball here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point here but the whole ball here
+would have to be contained in O right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be contained in O right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be contained in O right.
+So in this picture here my when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this picture here my when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this picture here my when I'm
+illustrating this I'm thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating this I'm thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating this I'm thinking about
+excis being R2 and I'm thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excis being R2 and I'm thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excis being R2 and I'm thinking about
+the distance being the usual ukian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance being the usual ukian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance being the usual ukian
+distance right and then but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance right and then but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance right and then but then
+actually if this is open it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if this is open it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if this is open it means that
+you cannot include these points here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot include these points here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot include these points here on
+this curve right they would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve right they would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve right they would not be
+included in the set because if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the set because if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the set because if you take
+any point on this boundary here so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point on this boundary here so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point on this boundary here so to
+then a ball part of it would be outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a ball part of it would be outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a ball part of it would be outside
+the set. Right? So, so if this hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set. Right? So, so if this hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set. Right? So, so if this hair
+really was open, then this curve here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was open, then this curve here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was open, then this curve here
+was not included. And you see that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not included. And you see that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not included. And you see that as
+you're getting closer and closer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting closer and closer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting closer and closer to that
+curve,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve,
+you know, you can still have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, you can still have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, you can still have a little
+ball that is inside the set, but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball that is inside the set, but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball that is inside the set, but as
+you're getting closer, the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting closer, the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting closer, the radius of
+this little ball have to be smaller.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little ball have to be smaller.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little ball have to be smaller.
+But that's fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's fine.
+Okay. So this is what it means for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is what it means for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is what it means for a
+subsets to be open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets to be open.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets to be open.
+And the first the first thing uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the first the first thing uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the first the first thing uh that
+you observe that with this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you observe that with this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you observe that with this definition
+there are always two open subsets. So so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are always two open subsets. So so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are always two open subsets. So so
+again this thing here. So note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the empty set but there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the empty set but there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the empty set but there's no
+condition if there was a empty set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition if there was a empty set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition if there was a empty set it
+say for all element in the set but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for all element in the set but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for all element in the set but there
+is no element so there's nothing to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no element so there's nothing to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no element so there's nothing to to
+to be satisfied so the empty set and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be satisfied so the empty set and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be satisfied so the empty set and all
+of x are open subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so So, so do note that, right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so So, so do note that, right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so So, so do note that, right? So,
+in particular, if if like so, so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular, if if like so, so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular, if if like so, so if you
+take if X here was not the whole real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take if X here was not the whole real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take if X here was not the whole real
+line, but it was just an interval from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line, but it was just an interval from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line, but it was just an interval from 0
+to one and then the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one and then the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one and then the distance between
+elements was the usual distance. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements was the usual distance. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements was the usual distance. Then
+actually even the closed interval which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even the closed interval which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even the closed interval which
+is the whole set would be open right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the whole set would be open right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the whole set would be open right. So
+so you just should be careful with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just should be careful with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just should be careful with you
+know what the set is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with what the set is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what the set is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what the set is.
+Uh okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay. Um
+so so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now
+right so now the key here is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now the key here is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now the key here is that that
+so if you have an open set you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have an open set you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have an open set you know how
+do you kind of construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you kind of construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you kind of construct
+um well maybe the first thing I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well maybe the first thing I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well maybe the first thing I should
+do is I should prove a lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I should prove a lema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I should prove a lema
+that is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the following
+and then then after that we will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then after that we will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then after that we will talk
+about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to
+get lots of uh open sets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lots of uh open sets.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lots of uh open sets.
+So let me so we have two example at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me so we have two example at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me so we have two example at the
+moment we have two examples of so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment we have two examples of so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment we have two examples of so so
+right by so if you take a metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by so if you take a metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by so if you take a metric space
+at the moment we know that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment we know that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment we know that there's
+always two subsets that are open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always two subsets that are open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always two subsets that are open the
+empty set and and and x but they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set and and and x but they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set and and and x but they're not
+very interesting so a more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting so a more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting so a more interesting
+example is that if you take a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is that if you take a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is that if you take a metric
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+and you take a ball and now it's crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take a ball and now it's crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take a ball and now it's crucial
+how we define the ball and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we define the ball and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we define the ball and so it's
+crucial that that it this inequality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial that that it this inequality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial that that it this inequality is
+strict. Okay. So for a metric space X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict. Okay. So for a metric space X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict. Okay. So for a metric space X
+here is in X it could be it's it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is in X it could be it's it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is in X it could be it's it could
+be any element in in in X this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any element in in in X this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any element in in in X this thing
+here R here is positive strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here R here is positive strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here R here is positive strictly
+positive it it's also has to be strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive it it's also has to be strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive it it's also has to be strictly
+positive then this thing here is open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then this thing here is open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then this thing here is open
+any metric ball like this is is is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any metric ball like this is is is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any metric ball like this is is is an
+open subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open subset
+okay let's try to prove that And again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's try to prove that And again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's try to prove that And again
+when you're proving things like this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're proving things like this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're proving things like this for
+a metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metric space
+the only non-trivial thing is a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only non-trivial thing is a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only non-trivial thing is a triangle
+inequality. So this is relying on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality. So this is relying on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality. So this is relying on the
+triangle inequality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality.
+And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so
+for a lot of things when you're proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of things when you're proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of things when you're proving
+things about a metric space it's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about a metric space it's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about a metric space it's often
+quite helpful to draw a little picture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite helpful to draw a little picture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite helpful to draw a little picture.
+So, but of course you had to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, but of course you had to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, but of course you had to be careful
+with again that then the intuition comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with again that then the intuition comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with again that then the intuition comes
+from you know RN or and uh and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know RN or and uh and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know RN or and uh and sometimes
+the metric is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric is a little bit more
+complicated than that. So this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that. So this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that. So this here
+imagine that this is the ball of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that this is the ball of radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that this is the ball of radius
+R. Here you have some X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R. Here you have some X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R. Here you have some X.
+Now take a element Y. So suppose that y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now take a element Y. So suppose that y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now take a element Y. So suppose that y
+here is now in this ball here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is now in this ball here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is now in this ball here.
+Then we want to show want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exist
+that for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s bigger than zero the ball here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s bigger than zero the ball here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s bigger than zero the ball here of
+radius s around y is now contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius s around y is now contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius s around y is now contained in
+this ball here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ball here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ball here.
+So here you have y and we want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here you have y and we want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here you have y and we want to prove
+that there's some little ball around y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is contained in the original ball.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is contained in the original ball.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is contained in the original ball.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+And so again this is going to rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so again this is going to rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so again this is going to rely on
+the triangle inequality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle inequality.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle inequality.
+So you take you have y here. y was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you take you have y here. y was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you take you have y here. y was
+supposed to be in this ball here. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be in this ball here. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be in this ball here. This
+means that the distance from X to Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the distance from X to Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the distance from X to Y is
+strictly less than R. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than R. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than R. Right?
+You take now S here to be R minus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You take now S here to be R minus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You take now S here to be R minus this
+distance here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here.
+Okay. Why do I do this again in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Why do I do this again in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Why do I do this again in my
+picture here? I have here X. I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here? I have here X. I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here? I have here X. I have here
+Y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y.
+And our intuition is that if we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And our intuition is that if we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And our intuition is that if we kind of
+go from X and we go through Y and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from X and we go through Y and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from X and we go through Y and then
+we go straight to the boundary then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go straight to the boundary then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go straight to the boundary then this
+thing here is D X comma Y and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is D X comma Y and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is D X comma Y and this one
+here is R minus D X right this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is R minus D X right this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is R minus D X right this is the
+remaining this whole here is R. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining this whole here is R. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining this whole here is R. This
+here is DX Y. So this here must be be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is DX Y. So this here must be be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is DX Y. So this here must be be
+this here, right? And so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here, right? And so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here, right? And so if you're
+setting this equal to S and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting this equal to S and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting this equal to S and now you
+imagine taking a ball here, well then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine taking a ball here, well then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine taking a ball here, well then at
+least on the picture this whole ball is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least on the picture this whole ball is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least on the picture this whole ball is
+contained in the original ball, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in the original ball, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in the original ball, right?
+So so let's try to see if that works,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So so let's try to see if that works,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So so let's try to see if that works,
+right? If that works, then it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? If that works, then it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? If that works, then it really
+only used the triangle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only used the triangle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only used the triangle.
+So we're setting S equal to this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're setting S equal to this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're setting S equal to this and
+then we're looking at this ball here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're looking at this ball here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're looking at this ball here
+around S and we take an element here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around S and we take an element here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around S and we take an element here
+in this ball and we now need to prove so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this ball and we now need to prove so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this ball and we now need to prove so
+we need to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to prove that this whole ball is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to prove that this whole ball is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to prove that this whole ball is
+contained in the original B. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in the original B. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in the original B. So this
+means that we need to prove that for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we need to prove that for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we need to prove that for any
+such element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such element
+set here is in this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set here is in this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set here is in this thing here
+right that's what we need to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so now you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now you see
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so we take um right so we take C so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take um right so we take C so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take um right so we take C so
+we're now looking at So we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now looking at So we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now looking at So we're going to
+look at this distance, right? In order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this distance, right? In order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this distance, right? In order
+to prove this, we need to prove that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this, we need to prove that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this, we need to prove that the
+distance from C to X is strictly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from C to X is strictly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from C to X is strictly less
+than R. So let's examine that distance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than R. So let's examine that distance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than R. So let's examine that distance.
+Triangle inequalities say that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triangle inequalities say that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triangle inequalities say that this is
+is bounded by the distance from X to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by the distance from X to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by the distance from X to Y
+plus the distance from Y to C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the distance from Y to C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the distance from Y to C.
+This one here from Y to C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one here from Y to C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one here from Y to C.
+C lie in the ball of radius S around Y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C lie in the ball of radius S around Y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C lie in the ball of radius S around Y.
+So this means that this this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that this this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that this this thing here
+this thing here is lesser is strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is lesser is strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is lesser is strictly
+less than S. Right? And so you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than S. Right? And so you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than S. Right? And so you see that
+this thing here is now uh less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is now uh less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is now uh less than
+uh d x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh d x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh d x y
+uh + s. Now you fill in what S is. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh + s. Now you fill in what S is. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh + s. Now you fill in what S is. This
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+S was equal to R minus DX Y. That was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S was equal to R minus DX Y. That was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S was equal to R minus DX Y. That was
+the definition of S. And so now you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of S. And so now you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of S. And so now you see
+that this thing here is R, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing here is R, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing here is R, right?
+Because those two cancel out. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because those two cancel out. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because those two cancel out. And you
+see that this here I guarantee you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this here I guarantee you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this here I guarantee you that
+the inequality was strict, right? And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inequality was strict, right? And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inequality was strict, right? And so
+right so it really is that that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it really is that that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it really is that that whole
+ball was. So we conclude that this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball was. So we conclude that this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball was. So we conclude that this whole
+ball here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball here
+uh was contained in in the original ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was contained in in the original ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was contained in in the original ball
+right and and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and again
+again the proof of it was just from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the proof of it was just from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the proof of it was just from this
+picture right that you make kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture right that you make kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture right that you make kind of
+rigorous and the only non-trivial things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous and the only non-trivial things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous and the only non-trivial things
+at the moment we really have in a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment we really have in a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment we really have in a metric
+space is a triangle in quantum right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is a triangle in quantum right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is a triangle in quantum right
+because we haven't built up a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we haven't built up a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we haven't built up a lot of
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+okay so so So, so actually so this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so So, so actually so this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so So, so actually so this as
+you see this immediately gave you a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this immediately gave you a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this immediately gave you a lot
+of example of um of open subsets of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of example of um of open subsets of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of example of um of open subsets of a
+general metric space and if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general metric space and if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general metric space and if we had
+looked at exactly the same stuff this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at exactly the same stuff this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at exactly the same stuff this
+with tupal neighborhood we we would find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tupal neighborhood we we would find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tupal neighborhood we we would find
+that those are also open subsets. Are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those are also open subsets. Are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those are also open subsets. Are we
+also going to look at subsets or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to look at subsets or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to look at subsets or are
+those like common value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those like common value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those like common value
+>> close? Yeah, very much so. Uh but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> close? Yeah, very much so. Uh but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> close? Yeah, very much so. Uh but we
+haven't defined what it means to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't defined what it means to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't defined what it means to be
+close. Uh but you you're right that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close. Uh but you you're right that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close. Uh but you you're right that and
+we'll do this uh you're right that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do this uh you're right that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do this uh you're right that uh
+but we so at the moment we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we so at the moment we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we so at the moment we don't know
+what a closed thing is you know uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a closed thing is you know uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a closed thing is you know uh and
+maybe I will just define it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I will just define it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I will just define it and then
+then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then
+we can so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can so
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's define
+so I but I'll talk more about this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I but I'll talk more about this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I but I'll talk more about this next
+time but now when you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So again, so we have X here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again, so we have X here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again, so we have X here
+is is a metric space again and then C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a metric space again and then C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a metric space again and then C
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+it's a subset of X is set to be closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then now it's may may seems almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now it's may may seems almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now it's may may seems almost
+cheating. said to be closed if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating. said to be closed if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating. said to be closed if the
+complement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this means that the complement of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that the complement of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that the complement of of
+C. So the complement of C. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. So the complement of C. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. So the complement of C. So the
+complement of C the complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of C. Right? This is these are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C. Right? This is these are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C. Right? This is these are all the
+these are the x all the x in x so that x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the x all the x in x so that x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the x all the x in x so that x
+is not in c.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in c.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in c.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So the complement of a set is everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the complement of a set is everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the complement of a set is everything
+in x that is not in that set. Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x that is not in that set. Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x that is not in that set. Okay. And
+a set is set to be closed if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set is set to be closed if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set is set to be closed if the
+complement is open. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement is open. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement is open. Okay.
+And so now once you have this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now once you have this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now once you have this definition
+and I'll prove this next time that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll prove this next time that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll prove this next time that uh
+that if you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're looking at
+what I denote like this so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I denote like this so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I denote like this so this is the
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+where the distance to uh x is less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the distance to uh x is less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the distance to uh x is less or
+equal to. So this here is not any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to. So this here is not any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to. So this here is not any more
+strict right this thing here is then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict right this thing here is then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict right this thing here is then a
+closed set. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed set. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed set. Okay.
+>> Could you also define it by like the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Could you also define it by like the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Could you also define it by like the way
+we define an open subset but saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define an open subset but saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define an open subset but saying that
+arc instead of being strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc instead of being strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc instead of being strictly
+>> No. No. I couldn't define it like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No. No. I couldn't define it like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No. No. I couldn't define it like that.
+Yeah. Right. But so I mean you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Right. But so I mean you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Right. But so I mean you could
+define it other ways. There's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it other ways. There's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it other ways. There's another
+standard where we talk about there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard where we talk about there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard where we talk about there's
+another equivalent to say that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another equivalent to say that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another equivalent to say that if you
+take but I don't want to get into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take but I don't want to get into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take but I don't want to get into that
+because you know but but there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know but but there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know but but there's another
+way. We'll get to this in in in just but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. We'll get to this in in in just but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. We'll get to this in in in just but
+but uh and and close sets we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh and and close sets we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh and and close sets we really
+mostly talk about next time. It was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly talk about next time. It was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly talk about next time. It was just
+because you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're asking
+um but let me just talk about so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but let me just talk about so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but let me just talk about so this
+here's one but I'll just repeat this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one but I'll just repeat this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one but I'll just repeat this in
+just a second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second.
+So in order to produce more sets. So so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in order to produce more sets. So so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in order to produce more sets. So so
+we start with um so by so now so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with um so by so now so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with um so by so now so by
+actually I should just note although you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I should just note although you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I should just note although you
+know just now when I talk about clo you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just now when I talk about clo you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just now when I talk about clo you
+know just the definition I should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just the definition I should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just the definition I should just
+immediately note that there are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately note that there are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately note that there are always
+two closed sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two closed sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two closed sets
+because you see the empty set was always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see the empty set was always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see the empty set was always
+open and the full set was always open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and the full set was always open.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and the full set was always open.
+Right? And so the complement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so the complement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so the complement of the
+empty set that's everything. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set that's everything. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set that's everything. So that's
+closed. And the complement of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed. And the complement of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed. And the complement of everything
+is nothing. It's empty sets. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing. It's empty sets. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing. It's empty sets. Right? So
+that's also closed. So those two sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also closed. So those two sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also closed. So those two sets
+are always closed. But let me just talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always closed. But let me just talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always closed. But let me just talk
+about so I want to think about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so I want to think about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so I want to think about you know
+how do you produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you produce
+uh open sets?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh open sets?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh open sets?
+So how do you know that that there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how do you know that that there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how do you know that that there are a
+lot of open sets?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of open sets?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of open sets?
+And so if you take sets, if you take so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if you take sets, if you take so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if you take sets, if you take so
+this is like operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on sets on on on subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a given set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here I'm thinking about just X as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here I'm thinking about just X as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here I'm thinking about just X as
+being a set. It's it does not need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a set. It's it does not need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a set. It's it does not need to be
+a metric space. So if I take a set then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metric space. So if I take a set then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metric space. So if I take a set then
+and I take two elements two subsets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So these are two subsets. Then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are two subsets. Then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are two subsets. Then I can
+form the union of these two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the union of these two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the union of these two.
+This here is the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the union here of two sets. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the union here of two sets. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the union here of two sets. So the
+union and again I denote it like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union and again I denote it like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union and again I denote it like this
+cup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup
+like this. These are the elements in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. These are the elements in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. These are the elements in X
+such that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that X
+is in U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in U1
+or X is in U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or X is in U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or X is in U2
+or both. What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or both. What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or both. What's
+right? And so you often illustrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so you often illustrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so you often illustrate this
+with like if you have this here is X,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like if you have this here is X,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like if you have this here is X,
+this here is U1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is U1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is U1,
+this here is U2, U1 and U2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then this thing here
+is the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the union
+and likewise the intersection the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise the intersection the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise the intersection the
+intersections that is lying in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections that is lying in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections that is lying in both
+sets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+So the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the intersection. So this is again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection. So this is again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection. So this is again you
+have these two sets and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these two sets and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these two sets and this is the
+intersection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection.
+So and you denote it like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and you denote it like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and you denote it like this
+and this is the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the x
+so that x is in u1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh x's in the two that's intersection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x's in the two that's intersection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x's in the two that's intersection of
+these two set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two set
+okay and then um then there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then um then there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then um then there is a
+third and then let me talk immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and then let me talk immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and then let me talk immediately
+about generalization of this so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about generalization of this so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about generalization of this so there's
+a a third and this is this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a third and this is this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a third and this is this with a
+complement but let me also introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement but let me also introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement but let me also introduce the
+notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation
+so if you take this subset of X than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take this subset of X than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take this subset of X than the
+complement and and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement and and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement and and people
+there are sort of slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sort of slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sort of slightly different
+ways of doing it of defining it uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of doing it of defining it uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of doing it of defining it uh or
+not defining it but of notation for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not defining it but of notation for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not defining it but of notation for it
+and I always use this one because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I always use this one because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I always use this one because I
+think that's the clearest one. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's the clearest one. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's the clearest one. So this
+is like x take away u and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like x take away u and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like x take away u and this is
+totally standard. There's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally standard. There's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally standard. There's another one
+that's often used where you have C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's often used where you have C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's often used where you have C
+that's slightly less standard than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's slightly less standard than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's slightly less standard than this
+one and sometimes it can be confusing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and sometimes it can be confusing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and sometimes it can be confusing.
+This one can never be confusing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one can never be confusing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one can never be confusing.
+And so this thing here is a complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this thing here is a complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this thing here is a complement
+and so this means that it's the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this means that it's the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this means that it's the X
+such that X does not belong to you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that X does not belong to you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that X does not belong to you.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so now uh okay so that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now uh okay so that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now uh okay so that's like
+standard operation of sets but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard operation of sets but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard operation of sets but there is
+a generalization of this of this union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generalization of this of this union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generalization of this of this union
+here where instead of just two sets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where instead of just two sets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where instead of just two sets you
+could take potentially infinitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take potentially infinitely many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take potentially infinitely many
+sets. So if you take a family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets. So if you take a family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets. So if you take a family of
+subsets. So if you alpha here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets. So if you alpha here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets. So if you alpha here is a
+family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you could look at the union of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could look at the union of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could look at the union of the
+u alpha. This is like denoted like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u alpha. This is like denoted like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u alpha. This is like denoted like this.
+And this is the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the x
+in in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in x
+such that x is in u alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that x is in u alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that x is in u alpha
+for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh alpha. I mean it could be in many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh alpha. I mean it could be in many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh alpha. I mean it could be in many of
+the u alphas but it has to be at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u alphas but it has to be at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u alphas but it has to be at least
+one. Right? So this is the union of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Right? So this is the union of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Right? So this is the union of a
+family and likewise the intersection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and likewise the intersection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and likewise the intersection of
+a family is the x and then it has to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family is the x and then it has to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family is the x and then it has to now
+lie in all of them right it's x in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie in all of them right it's x in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie in all of them right it's x in x
+where x is in u alpha for all alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's a union and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a union and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a union and the
+intersections family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh and so now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me look at some example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me look at some example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me look at some example.
+uh in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in particular
+uh let me look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me look at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh an example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an example of this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then let me prove something about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let me prove something about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let me prove something about uh
+open sets. So let me look at an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open sets. So let me look at an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open sets. So let me look at an example
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+Suppose that u alpha or u n I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose that u alpha or u n I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose that u alpha or u n I'm just
+going to look at is going to be now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at is going to be now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at is going to be now a
+family of subsets of the real line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of subsets of the real line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of subsets of the real line and
+they're going to be indexed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be indexed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be indexed by the
+natural number. So this thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number. So this thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number. So this thing here is
+going to be minus one / n to 1 / n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be minus one / n to 1 / n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be minus one / n to 1 / n.
+And if I'm looking at the union of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I'm looking at the union of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I'm looking at the union of these
+guys,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys,
+but you see this is this is a a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see this is this is a a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see this is this is a a this is
+a sequence of of um of uh of open sets,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of of um of uh of open sets,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of of um of uh of open sets,
+right? I mean it's like for each n you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I mean it's like for each n you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I mean it's like for each n you
+have a open set, but they are as n get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a open set, but they are as n get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a open set, but they are as n get
+larger they're smaller. The first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger they're smaller. The first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger they're smaller. The first one is
+the biggest one. So if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest one. So if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest one. So if you take the
+union of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of these guys
+that just gives you the the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just gives you the the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just gives you the the first one
+you started with. So this is the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started with. So this is the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started with. So this is the union
+of these right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these right?
+If you take the intersection of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you take the intersection of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you take the intersection of them
+well the only thing that is in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the only thing that is in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the only thing that is in all of
+these sets that's actually this zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now um
+now we need some we need some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need some we need some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need some we need some stuff
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+uh operations of sets and so how does uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh operations of sets and so how does uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh operations of sets and so how does uh
+things and so there's some standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so there's some standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so there's some standard
+operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+my recommendation is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my recommendation is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my recommendation is that
+not try to remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not try to remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not try to remember this
+uh I don't remember it myself so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't remember it myself so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't remember it myself so I
+always have to kind of run through but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to kind of run through but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to kind of run through but
+the once you have done it once or twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the once you have done it once or twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the once you have done it once or twice
+the proof is so trivial that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof is so trivial that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof is so trivial that it's not
+worth remembering and and I think if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth remembering and and I think if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth remembering and and I think if the
+danger if you try to remember these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger if you try to remember these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger if you try to remember these
+things you may remember it wrong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you may remember it wrong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you may remember it wrong and
+that's much worse than just running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's much worse than just running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's much worse than just running
+through the proof so so you have so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the proof so so you have so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the proof so so you have so you
+have the following lema here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the following lema here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the following lema here
+so you have a set and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a set and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a set and then you have
+subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets
+uh um uh let's call it a b and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um uh let's call it a b and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um uh let's call it a b and then and
+then a family uh of subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a family uh of subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a family uh of subsets
+and the thing is the first one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing is the first one is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing is the first one is that
+if you take the complement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the complement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the complement of the
+complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement
+so if you take a and you take everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take a and you take everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take a and you take everything
+that is not in a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not in a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not in a right
+so just think about it that if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just think about it that if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just think about it that if you take
+so here you have x here you have A, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you have x here you have A, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you have x here you have A, this
+is A. If everything that is not in A,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is A. If everything that is not in A,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is A. If everything that is not in A,
+that's over here, right? But then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's over here, right? But then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's over here, right? But then if
+it's not over here, then it's A. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not over here, then it's A. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not over here, then it's A. So the
+first one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one,
+it's just that, right? And actually, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that, right? And actually, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that, right? And actually, we
+sort of just because we're also running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of just because we're also running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of just because we're also running
+out of time, right? We really prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of time, right? We really prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of time, right? We really prove
+this, right? I mean, so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, right? I mean, so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, right? I mean, so if you have
+something that is not in A, then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is not in A, then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is not in A, then it's
+lie here. But if it's not lie here, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie here. But if it's not lie here, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie here. But if it's not lie here, then
+it lie there. That's that statement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lie there. That's that statement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lie there. That's that statement.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+The second one is that if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second one is that if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second one is that if you take the
+complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement
+of that it's in the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that it's in the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that it's in the union
+of these guys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if it's not
+this just means that it's not in any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just means that it's not in any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just means that it's not in any of
+these guys. Right? This here is the set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys. Right? This here is the set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys. Right? This here is the set.
+Imagine that you have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine that you have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine that you have something that
+looks like you have a bunch of sets like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like you have a bunch of sets like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like you have a bunch of sets like
+this. These are the the this is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. These are the the this is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. These are the the this is supposed
+to illustrate the a alphas and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illustrate the a alphas and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illustrate the a alphas and if it's
+not this say that if it's not in any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this say that if it's not in any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this say that if it's not in any of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+well then the claim is that then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then the claim is that then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then the claim is that then it's
+it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's
+in the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the intersection
+of that it's not in this one. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that it's not in this one. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that it's not in this one. It's not
+in this one and it's not in this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one and it's not in this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one and it's not in this one and
+it's not in that one. Right? So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not in that one. Right? So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not in that one. Right? So that's
+also clear enough. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is the second one. Again I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the second one. Again I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the second one. Again I I
+actually wrote out the proof uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wrote out the proof uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wrote out the proof uh in the
+notes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes um
+um so you you can check that out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the third operation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the third operation is that if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third operation is that if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third operation is that if you take
+uh if you take uh x and you are removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you take uh x and you are removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you take uh x and you are removing
+the intersection of this family.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this means that it is not so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that it is not so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that it is not so this
+means that the intersection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the intersection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the intersection of the
+family this in this picture here would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family this in this picture here would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family this in this picture here would
+be this thing here and so it's not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this thing here and so it's not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this thing here and so it's not right
+there everything else is allowed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there everything else is allowed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there everything else is allowed right
+but that's the same you see that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the same you see that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the same you see that's the
+same as the union of x take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this here is this here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this here is this here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this here is this here is the
+element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element
+that is in not in one of that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in not in one of that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in not in one of that that
+there's at least one of the u alpha a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's at least one of the u alpha a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's at least one of the u alpha a
+alpha where it's not in right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha where it's not in right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha where it's not in right and so
+that's the same so this is this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same so this is this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same so this is this is uh
+the same as this okay again um I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as this okay again um I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as this okay again um I wrote
+it out in in the notes the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out in in the notes the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out in in the notes the proof
+actually right of these things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually right of these things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually right of these things right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and let me just say Maybe we can't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just say Maybe we can't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just say Maybe we can't quite
+uh I mean we'll pick up in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean we'll pick up in the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean we'll pick up in the notes
+where uh the other stuff but let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh the other stuff but let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh the other stuff but let me just
+say that uh when you prove this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that uh when you prove this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that uh when you prove this sort of
+thing and and we even did this here when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and and we even did this here when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and and we even did this here when
+in in this when I'm just illustrating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this when I'm just illustrating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this when I'm just illustrating it
+with a picture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a picture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a picture.
+So um so we prove it using the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um so we prove it using the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um so we prove it using the following
+sort of trivial lema and I wrote that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of trivial lema and I wrote that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of trivial lema and I wrote that
+out as a lema in the notes that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as a lema in the notes that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as a lema in the notes that if you
+are trying to prove that two sets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to prove that two sets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to prove that two sets are
+equal right so suppose you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal right so suppose you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal right so suppose you're trying to
+prove that two sets are equal then in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that two sets are equal then in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that two sets are equal then in a
+way it's natural to divide this into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's natural to divide this into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's natural to divide this into two
+parts. So this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that A is contained in B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that A is contained in B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that A is contained in B and
+B is contained in A. Right? So if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is contained in A. Right? So if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is contained in A. Right? So if you're
+trying to prove that two sets are equal,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove that two sets are equal,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove that two sets are equal,
+then you would prove that for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would prove that for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would prove that for any
+elements in A, it's also at B. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in A, it's also at B. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in A, it's also at B. This is
+this thing. And you prove that for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing. And you prove that for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing. And you prove that for any
+element B, it's also an A, right? And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element B, it's also an A, right? And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element B, it's also an A, right? And so
+that's that's you know when I wrote out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's you know when I wrote out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's you know when I wrote out
+the proof of this these three things,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of this these three things,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of this these three things,
+then I wrote it out like each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I wrote it out like each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I wrote it out like each of them
+has two parts, right? That you prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two parts, right? That you prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two parts, right? That you prove
+that this set is contained in that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this set is contained in that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this set is contained in that and
+you prove that this is contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove that this is contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove that this is contained in
+that. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now,
+uh right, we're almost actually there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right, we're almost actually there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right, we're almost actually there.
+Um so so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so so now
+let me um let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me um let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me um let me just
+say that so that's actually in in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that so that's actually in in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that so that's actually in in one of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+one of the pets problem but that's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the pets problem but that's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the pets problem but that's no
+pet it's uh you have a little break now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pet it's uh you have a little break now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pet it's uh you have a little break now
+for pet sets uh because I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pet sets uh because I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pet sets uh because I want to make
+sure that that there is no pet in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that there is no pet in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that there is no pet in
+material we haven't yet covered in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material we haven't yet covered in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material we haven't yet covered in class
+so that's why there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why there's a
+and and and anyway the all of the pieet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and anyway the all of the pieet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and anyway the all of the pieet
+at this point I actually posted. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point I actually posted. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point I actually posted. So the
+the last one I think is due I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one I think is due I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one I think is due I forget
+whether it's the 8th of May or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's the 8th of May or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's the 8th of May or something
+like that and there's again there's five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and there's again there's five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and there's again there's five
+left you've already done fine. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left you've already done fine. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left you've already done fine. Okay. So
+now uh if you take uh if you take if X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh if you take uh if you take if X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh if you take uh if you take if X
+here B is a metric space then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here B is a metric space then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here B is a metric space then you have
+the following lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following lema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following lema
+that if O alpha are open subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the union of the O alpha is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the union of the O alpha is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the union of the O alpha is also
+open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right And this is actually but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right And this is actually but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right And this is actually but this is
+quite trivial as you see I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite trivial as you see I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite trivial as you see I'll just
+indicate why but it's actually left on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate why but it's actually left on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate why but it's actually left on a
+pie set. So the proof here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I will just illustrate it anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will just illustrate it anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will just illustrate it anyway
+that if you take a element here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take a element here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take a element here in the
+union.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union.
+Well, this means that this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this means that this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this means that this means that
+there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+this means that that x is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that that x is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that that x is in
+alpha for some alpha, right? For some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha for some alpha, right? For some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha for some alpha, right? For some
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this means that there is a ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this means that there is a ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this means that there is a ball
+around it because this here is open. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it because this here is open. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it because this here is open. It
+means that there's a little ball around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's a little ball around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's a little ball around
+it that is contained in in this, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that is contained in in this, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that is contained in in this, right?
+But therefore, it's also contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But therefore, it's also contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But therefore, it's also contained in
+the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union
+of these guys,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys,
+right? And so this this is really just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so this this is really just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so this this is really just a
+proof that the union of open sets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that the union of open sets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that the union of open sets are
+open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open.
+And next time, so we're out of time now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And next time, so we're out of time now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And next time, so we're out of time now,
+but next time we'll talk about why if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but next time we'll talk about why if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but next time we'll talk about why if
+you take finally many sets, why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take finally many sets, why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take finally many sets, why the
+intersection of finitely many sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of finitely many sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of finitely many sets
+of finite many open sets, why that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finite many open sets, why that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finite many open sets, why that is
+also open. But for intersection of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also open. But for intersection of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also open. But for intersection of open
+set, you have to be careful because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set, you have to be careful because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set, you have to be careful because for
+union, you can take the union of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union, you can take the union of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union, you can take the union of any
+number of open sets. It's always open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of open sets. It's always open.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of open sets. It's always open.
+But for for if you take intersection you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But for for if you take intersection you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But for for if you take intersection you
+it's in general it's only true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in general it's only true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in general it's only true that
+finite intersections are open and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite intersections are open and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite intersections are open and the
+example is one of the examples we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is one of the examples we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is one of the examples we looked
+at before where you take these sets here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at before where you take these sets here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at before where you take these sets here
+they are these sets are open subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are these sets are open subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are these sets are open subsets
+but if you take the intersection of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you take the intersection of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you take the intersection of all
+of them then you just get zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them then you just get zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them then you just get zero and
+that's not a open subset. Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a open subset. Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a open subset. Okay. So,
+okay. So, we're we're done.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VykaDbJIb8A.txt b/VykaDbJIb8A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4cc09d17ea2812122f1b1617acd96f039e4844a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VykaDbJIb8A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2755 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi everyone welcome to 507 biochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone welcome to 507 biochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone welcome to 507 biochemistry
+online and dr. Bach danfa delish I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online and dr. Bach danfa delish I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online and dr. Bach danfa delish I'm
+gonna help you work through some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna help you work through some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna help you work through some more
+biochemistry problems today I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry problems today I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry problems today I have here
+question two a problem set 8 so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question two a problem set 8 so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question two a problem set 8 so this is
+a question I put together to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question I put together to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question I put together to get you
+thinking about the electron transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the electron transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the electron transport
+chain as you know the electric transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain as you know the electric transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain as you know the electric transport
+chain is a fundamental redox process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is a fundamental redox process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is a fundamental redox process
+through which we convert the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through which we convert the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through which we convert the chemical
+energy of the covalent bonds into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the covalent bonds into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the covalent bonds into an
+electrochemical gradient this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical gradient this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical gradient this
+electrochemical gradient is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical gradient is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical gradient is like a
+battery and it can be used inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery and it can be used inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery and it can be used inside the
+cell to generate for example ATP which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell to generate for example ATP which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell to generate for example ATP which
+is the energy currency of the cell or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the energy currency of the cell or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the energy currency of the cell or it
+can be dissipated to generate heat we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be dissipated to generate heat we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be dissipated to generate heat we're
+going to see both of these modes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see both of these modes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see both of these modes in
+action in this problem now in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action in this problem now in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action in this problem now in most
+organisms the electron transport chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms the electron transport chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms the electron transport chain
+helps to transfer electrons all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps to transfer electrons all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps to transfer electrons all the way
+to molecular oxygen however in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to molecular oxygen however in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to molecular oxygen however in this
+problem we're dealing with an organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're dealing with an organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're dealing with an organism
+that lives deep inside the ocean where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lives deep inside the ocean where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lives deep inside the ocean where
+the atmospheric oxygen is not available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmospheric oxygen is not available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmospheric oxygen is not available
+and it turns out this organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out this organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out this organisms
+transfers its electrons to sulfate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers its electrons to sulfate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers its electrons to sulfate
+sulfate is the final electron acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part a of this problem I start to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part a of this problem I start to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part a of this problem I start to write
+the order of the electron carriers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the electron carriers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the electron carriers as
+they would function in an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would function in an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would function in an electron
+transport chain for this organism now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport chain for this organism now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport chain for this organism now
+for a number of redox processes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of redox processes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of redox processes the
+problem provides like a table with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem provides like a table with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem provides like a table with the
+electrochemical reducing potentials as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical reducing potentials as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical reducing potentials as
+you see here now I've selected the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here now I've selected the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here now I've selected the ones
+that are mentioned in the problem and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are mentioned in the problem and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are mentioned in the problem and I
+put them into a smaller table here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them into a smaller table here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them into a smaller table here as
+you can see we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see we're dealing with
+cytochrome a b c c 1 this is the flavin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytochrome a b c c 1 this is the flavin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytochrome a b c c 1 this is the flavin
+mononucleotide this is the sulfate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mononucleotide this is the sulfate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mononucleotide this is the sulfate the
+final electron acceptor and ubiquinol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final electron acceptor and ubiquinol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final electron acceptor and ubiquinol
+now on this column here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on this column here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on this column here we have the
+redox potential which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redox potential which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redox potential which are the
+electrochemical reduction potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical reduction potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical reduction potentials
+denoted by epsilon or e naught prime now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by epsilon or e naught prime now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by epsilon or e naught prime now
+II not as you know from physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II not as you know from physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II not as you know from physical
+chemistry or physics denotes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry or physics denotes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry or physics denotes the
+electrochemical potential in standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical potential in standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical potential in standard
+dishes however in biochemistry we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dishes however in biochemistry we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dishes however in biochemistry we use
+the anak prime notation to denote that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anak prime notation to denote that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anak prime notation to denote that
+the pH is taken to account and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pH is taken to account and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pH is taken to account and it's not
+what you would expect like a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would expect like a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would expect like a hydrogen
+ions concentration equals 1 molar but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions concentration equals 1 molar but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions concentration equals 1 molar but
+rather is a pH of 7 the hydrogen ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather is a pH of 7 the hydrogen ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather is a pH of 7 the hydrogen ions
+country concentration equals 10 to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country concentration equals 10 to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country concentration equals 10 to minus
+7 so therefore these numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 so therefore these numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 so therefore these numbers are
+adjusted to correspond to pH 7 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted to correspond to pH 7 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted to correspond to pH 7 the
+electrochemical potentials we see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical potentials we see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical potentials we see in
+this table are reduction potentials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table are reduction potentials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table are reduction potentials and
+they tell us how easy it is to reduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell us how easy it is to reduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell us how easy it is to reduce a
+particular species therefore the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular species therefore the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular species therefore the higher
+the number the easier it is to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number the easier it is to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number the easier it is to reduce
+that particular species and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular species and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular species and the more
+energy the reduction of that species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the reduction of that species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the reduction of that species
+will generate therefore the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generate therefore the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generate therefore the electron
+transport chain will go from the species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport chain will go from the species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport chain will go from the species
+that are hardest to be reduced towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hardest to be reduced towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hardest to be reduced towards
+the species that are easiest to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the species that are easiest to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the species that are easiest to be
+reduced therefore the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced therefore the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced therefore the order of the
+electron carriers will be from once they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron carriers will be from once they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron carriers will be from once they
+have the lowest reductive potential to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the lowest reductive potential to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the lowest reductive potential to
+the ones that have the highest reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that have the highest reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that have the highest reduction
+potential so now if we're going to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so now if we're going to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so now if we're going to sort
+all these electron carriers in order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these electron carriers in order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these electron carriers in order of
+their potential we're gonna get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their potential we're gonna get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their potential we're gonna get the
+following order as you see here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following order as you see here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following order as you see here so the
+electrons are going to flow from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are going to flow from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are going to flow from the
+flavin into the coenzyme q and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavin into the coenzyme q and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavin into the coenzyme q and then the
+electrons are going to flow from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are going to flow from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are going to flow from
+coenzyme q to cytochrome B and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme q to cytochrome B and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme q to cytochrome B and then
+cytochrome c 1 c a and sulfate and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytochrome c 1 c a and sulfate and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytochrome c 1 c a and sulfate and as
+you can see flavin has like a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see flavin has like a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see flavin has like a negative
+reduction potential it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction potential it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction potential it's like the
+hardest to be reduced and the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest to be reduced and the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest to be reduced and the next one
+is ubiquinone it's like barely positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ubiquinone it's like barely positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ubiquinone it's like barely positive
+and then the highest number is sulfate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the highest number is sulfate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the highest number is sulfate
+0.4 8 volts now let's take a closer look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.4 8 volts now let's take a closer look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.4 8 volts now let's take a closer look
+how the electrons are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the electrons are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the electrons are going to be
+transferred through this proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred through this proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred through this proposed
+electron transport chain in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron transport chain in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron transport chain in the first
+reaction here we have the flavin I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction here we have the flavin I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction here we have the flavin I've
+written the flavin adenine dinucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the flavin adenine dinucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the flavin adenine dinucleotide
+fadh2 a reduced version that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fadh2 a reduced version that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fadh2 a reduced version that's going to
+be converted to the oxidized fa d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be converted to the oxidized fa d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be converted to the oxidized fa d
+version of it and in this redox reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it and in this redox reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it and in this redox reaction
+we're going to use the coins I'm Q the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the coins I'm Q the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the coins I'm Q the
+oxidized version and reduce it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized version and reduce it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized version and reduce it in the
+process so the electrons get transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so the electrons get transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so the electrons get transferred
+from FIDH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from FIDH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from FIDH
+to coenzyme q now in the next reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coenzyme q now in the next reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coenzyme q now in the next reaction
+the reduced version of coins I'm Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduced version of coins I'm Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduced version of coins I'm Q is
+going to get oxidized back to coins on Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get oxidized back to coins on Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get oxidized back to coins on Q
+and in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the process
+cytochrome B it's gonna go from the its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytochrome B it's gonna go from the its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytochrome B it's gonna go from the its
+oxidized form to its reduced form now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized form to its reduced form now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized form to its reduced form now
+this process continues with every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process continues with every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process continues with every single
+step every single Antrim carrier up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step every single Antrim carrier up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step every single Antrim carrier up
+until we get to the sulfate where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we get to the sulfate where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we get to the sulfate where the
+reduced form of the cytochrome a will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form of the cytochrome a will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form of the cytochrome a will
+donate its electrons to the sulfate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donate its electrons to the sulfate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donate its electrons to the sulfate and
+sulfate would get reduced to its reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfate would get reduced to its reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfate would get reduced to its reduced
+form it's called sulfite alright so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form it's called sulfite alright so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form it's called sulfite alright so if
+we were to draw how the electrons move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were to draw how the electrons move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were to draw how the electrons move
+through this chain so the electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this chain so the electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this chain so the electrons are
+going to start at F ADH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start at F ADH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start at F ADH
+and then they're going to be transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're going to be transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're going to be transferred
+to coenzyme q in the reduced form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coenzyme q in the reduced form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coenzyme q in the reduced form and
+then coenzyme q is going to pass it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then coenzyme q is going to pass it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then coenzyme q is going to pass it to
+the cytochrome b that's going to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytochrome b that's going to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytochrome b that's going to be in
+its reduced form and then cytochrome B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its reduced form and then cytochrome B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its reduced form and then cytochrome B
+is going to pass it to cytochrome C 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to pass it to cytochrome C 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to pass it to cytochrome C 1
+and then cytochrome C cytochrome a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then cytochrome C cytochrome a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then cytochrome C cytochrome a and
+finally they're going to end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally they're going to end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally they're going to end up in
+sulfite another thing to notice here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfite another thing to notice here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfite another thing to notice here is
+that except for the initial flavin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that except for the initial flavin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that except for the initial flavin and
+the final electron acceptor sulfate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final electron acceptor sulfate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final electron acceptor sulfate all
+the other intermediates get regenerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other intermediates get regenerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other intermediates get regenerated
+so we go from the oxidized version to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we go from the oxidized version to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we go from the oxidized version to
+the reduced version and back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduced version and back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduced version and back to the
+oxidized version so all these electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized version so all these electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized version so all these electron
+carriers are going to be sufficient only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers are going to be sufficient only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers are going to be sufficient only
+in catalytic amounts so the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in catalytic amounts so the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in catalytic amounts so the only thing
+that gets consumed is the fadh2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets consumed is the fadh2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets consumed is the fadh2 and the
+sulfate these are two reactants and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfate these are two reactants and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfate these are two reactants and we
+get in this reaction F ad and sulfite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some would just said will help us segue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some would just said will help us segue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some would just said will help us segue
+into the Part B of the problem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Part B of the problem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Part B of the problem which
+asked us to calculate how much energy do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked us to calculate how much energy do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked us to calculate how much energy do
+we get by converting one molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get by converting one molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get by converting one molecule of
+fadh2 in one molecule of sulfate into F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fadh2 in one molecule of sulfate into F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fadh2 in one molecule of sulfate into F
+ad and sulfite respectively no as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad and sulfite respectively no as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad and sulfite respectively no as we
+pointed out here only the fadh2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out here only the fadh2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out here only the fadh2 and
+sulfate are consumed in this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfate are consumed in this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfate are consumed in this reaction
+all the other electron carriers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other electron carriers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other electron carriers are
+recycled and regenerated in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycled and regenerated in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycled and regenerated in in the
+course of the electron transport chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the electron transport chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the electron transport chain
+in order to calculate the energy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to calculate the energy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to calculate the energy it's
+useful first to write the half reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful first to write the half reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful first to write the half reaction
+of the redox processes here are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the redox processes here are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the redox processes here are the two
+half reactions of this redox process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half reactions of this redox process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half reactions of this redox process
+fadh2 gets oxidized to F ad and donates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fadh2 gets oxidized to F ad and donates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fadh2 gets oxidized to F ad and donates
+its two electrons and the epsilon or e0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its two electrons and the epsilon or e0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its two electrons and the epsilon or e0
+prime is minus zero point 22 volts now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is minus zero point 22 volts now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is minus zero point 22 volts now
+this is the potential from the table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the potential from the table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the potential from the table and
+that's a reduction potential the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reduction potential the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reduction potential the
+equation as written is an oxidation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation as written is an oxidation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation as written is an oxidation and
+therefore the potential that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the potential that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the potential that we need to
+take into account is the minus of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account is the minus of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account is the minus of this
+one sulfate is then gonna accept the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sulfate is then gonna accept the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sulfate is then gonna accept the two
+electrons and gonna get reduced to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and gonna get reduced to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and gonna get reduced to the
+sulfide and water and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide and water and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide and water and the
+electrochemical potential for this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical potential for this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical potential for this is
+zero point four eight volts so now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point four eight volts so now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point four eight volts so now when
+we add these two together we get the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add these two together we get the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add these two together we get the the
+overall process where fadh2 gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall process where fadh2 gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall process where fadh2 gets
+oxidized by sulfate to generate F ad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized by sulfate to generate F ad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized by sulfate to generate F ad and
+sulfite and the electro-motive force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfite and the electro-motive force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfite and the electro-motive force is
+just the mathematical sum of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the mathematical sum of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the mathematical sum of these two
+keeping in mind that this has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping in mind that this has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping in mind that this has to be
+taken with negative sign because again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken with negative sign because again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken with negative sign because again
+as written this is an oxidation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as written this is an oxidation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as written this is an oxidation this is
+the potential for the reduction reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential for the reduction reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential for the reduction reaction
+so the electro-motive force it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the electro-motive force it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the electro-motive force it's
+actually 0.7 volts now we can easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 0.7 volts now we can easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 0.7 volts now we can easily
+convert from the electro-motive force to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert from the electro-motive force to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert from the electro-motive force to
+a delta g naught prime value and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta g naught prime value and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta g naught prime value and the
+relationship is written here Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is written here Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is written here Delta G
+naught permits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught permits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught permits
+and F Delta e not prime and is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F Delta e not prime and is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F Delta e not prime and is the
+number of electrons in the process as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons in the process as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons in the process as we
+see here to F is the Faraday's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here to F is the Faraday's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here to F is the Faraday's constant
+and Delta e not prime is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta e not prime is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta e not prime is going to be the
+electro-motive force and if we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro-motive force and if we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro-motive force and if we go
+through the number-crunching we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the number-crunching we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the number-crunching we get a
+delta g naught prime minus 135
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g naught prime minus 135
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g naught prime minus 135
+kilojoules per mole notice because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilojoules per mole notice because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilojoules per mole notice because it's
+a negative number that means is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative number that means is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative number that means is a
+spontaneous process as written and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous process as written and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous process as written and as
+you know a negative Delta G will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a negative Delta G will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a negative Delta G will
+correspond to a positive electro-motive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a positive electro-motive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a positive electro-motive
+force now we're just one step away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force now we're just one step away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force now we're just one step away from
+calculating how much ATP we can produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating how much ATP we can produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating how much ATP we can produce
+with this energy as you know we generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this energy as you know we generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this energy as you know we generate
+ATP out of adp and phosphate and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP out of adp and phosphate and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP out of adp and phosphate and this is
+the the reaction that's catalyzed by ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the reaction that's catalyzed by ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the reaction that's catalyzed by ATP
+synthase and it takes about thirty point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase and it takes about thirty point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase and it takes about thirty point
+five kilo joules per mole to form ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five kilo joules per mole to form ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five kilo joules per mole to form ATP
+out of adp and phosphate therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of adp and phosphate therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of adp and phosphate therefore the
+135 kilojoules per mole that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+135 kilojoules per mole that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+135 kilojoules per mole that were
+generated from one mole of fadh2 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated from one mole of fadh2 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated from one mole of fadh2 it's
+going to be enough for about 4 molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be enough for about 4 molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be enough for about 4 molecules
+of ATP s this is in contrast which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ATP s this is in contrast which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ATP s this is in contrast which was
+the normal processes that use oxygen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal processes that use oxygen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal processes that use oxygen as
+their final electron acceptor we're out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their final electron acceptor we're out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their final electron acceptor we're out
+of one fadh2 molecule we generate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one fadh2 molecule we generate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one fadh2 molecule we generate at
+most two molecule of ATP so in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most two molecule of ATP so in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most two molecule of ATP so in some ways
+sulfate is actually a better electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfate is actually a better electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfate is actually a better electron
+acceptor and can give us more energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Part C of this problem deals with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part C of this problem deals with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part C of this problem deals with a
+culture of this microorganism in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture of this microorganism in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture of this microorganism in the lab
+and we're adding to this culture by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're adding to this culture by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're adding to this culture by
+nitro phenol a compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitro phenol a compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitro phenol a compound
+we're told has a pKa of about 5.2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're told has a pKa of about 5.2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're told has a pKa of about 5.2 so
+let's explore what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's explore what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's explore what happens to the
+electron transport chain of the organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron transport chain of the organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron transport chain of the organism
+when we add the nitro phenol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we add the nitro phenol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we add the nitro phenol
+here I put together a cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I put together a cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I put together a cartoon
+representation of the electron transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the electron transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the electron transport
+chain of our organism so as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of our organism so as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of our organism so as you can see
+here this is the extracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the extracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the extracellular
+environment this is the outer membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment this is the outer membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment this is the outer membrane
+this is the inner membrane where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the inner membrane where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the inner membrane where we have
+all these complexes I denoted here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these complexes I denoted here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these complexes I denoted here with
+these rectangles of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rectangles of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rectangles of the electron
+transport chain and fadh2 for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport chain and fadh2 for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport chain and fadh2 for example
+it's going to donate its electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to donate its electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to donate its electrons
+be passed along all the way to sulfate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be passed along all the way to sulfate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be passed along all the way to sulfate
+and in the process protons are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the process protons are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the process protons are going to
+get pumped into this inter membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get pumped into this inter membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get pumped into this inter membrane
+space now these protons can be used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space now these protons can be used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space now these protons can be used in
+the ATP synthase as they travel back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ATP synthase as they travel back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ATP synthase as they travel back
+into the intracellular space their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the intracellular space their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the intracellular space their
+energy can be used to convert ADP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy can be used to convert ADP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy can be used to convert ADP and
+inorganic phosphate to ADP as we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic phosphate to ADP as we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic phosphate to ADP as we just
+discussed in part 2 now to this organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in part 2 now to this organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in part 2 now to this organism
+we said we're going to add the nitro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said we're going to add the nitro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said we're going to add the nitro
+phenol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenol
+here's the structure of denied Ruffino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're told the pKa of this proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're told the pKa of this proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're told the pKa of this proton
+right here the pKa is about 5.2 when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here the pKa is about 5.2 when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here the pKa is about 5.2 when
+this compound diffuses through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this compound diffuses through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this compound diffuses through the
+membrane is going to go through a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane is going to go through a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane is going to go through a to
+this inter membrane space so it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inter membrane space so it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inter membrane space so it has a
+very low pH and also in a in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low pH and also in a in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low pH and also in a in the
+intracellular space on the cytosol which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular space on the cytosol which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular space on the cytosol which
+has a much higher pH right so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a much higher pH right so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a much higher pH right so because
+PKA 5.2 it's a relatively low much lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKA 5.2 it's a relatively low much lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKA 5.2 it's a relatively low much lower
+than 7 PKA in the intermembrane space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 7 PKA in the intermembrane space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 7 PKA in the intermembrane space
+where it's more acidic it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's more acidic it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's more acidic it's gonna be
+protonated so we can write for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated so we can write for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated so we can write for example
+that Ruffino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ruffino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ruffino
+Oh H in equilibrium with a nitro phenol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh H in equilibrium with a nitro phenol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh H in equilibrium with a nitro phenol
+Oh minus plus a proton okay now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh minus plus a proton okay now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh minus plus a proton okay now because
+here we have a lot of protons this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a lot of protons this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a lot of protons this this
+equilibrium will be shifted to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium will be shifted to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium will be shifted to the left
+that is the protonated form of denied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the protonated form of denied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the protonated form of denied
+rafino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rafino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rafino
+however here in the cytosol the NP o h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however here in the cytosol the NP o h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however here in the cytosol the NP o h
+it's gonna be in the same equilibrium or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be in the same equilibrium or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be in the same equilibrium or
+minus plus h plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus plus h plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus plus h plus
+but because the ph is fairly high that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because the ph is fairly high that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because the ph is fairly high that
+is there are not a lot of protons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there are not a lot of protons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there are not a lot of protons so
+this equilibrium is going to be shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equilibrium is going to be shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equilibrium is going to be shifted
+to the right this equilibrium is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right this equilibrium is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right this equilibrium is gonna
+be shifted to the left all right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shifted to the left all right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shifted to the left all right so now
+look what happens so because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what happens so because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what happens so because this
+equilibrium is shifted to the left it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is shifted to the left it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is shifted to the left it's
+gonna keep soaking up a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna keep soaking up a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna keep soaking up a lot of these
+protons all right then the neutral die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons all right then the neutral die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons all right then the neutral die
+nitro phenol molecule is gonna diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitro phenol molecule is gonna diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitro phenol molecule is gonna diffuse
+through the membrane as such and enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the membrane as such and enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the membrane as such and enter
+the intracellular space the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intracellular space the cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intracellular space the cytosol
+where it's gonna be deprotonated The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's gonna be deprotonated The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's gonna be deprotonated The
+Commitments to shift it to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commitments to shift it to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commitments to shift it to the right
+so in effect fenetre phenol is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in effect fenetre phenol is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in effect fenetre phenol is gonna
+carry the protons from the intermembrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry the protons from the intermembrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry the protons from the intermembrane
+space in inside the cell now it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in inside the cell now it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in inside the cell now it's going
+to do that in parallel with the protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in parallel with the protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in parallel with the protons
+that we're gonna be flowing through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're gonna be flowing through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're gonna be flowing through the
+ATP synthase to generate ATP so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP synthase to generate ATP so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP synthase to generate ATP so in
+effect we're discharging this battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect we're discharging this battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect we're discharging this battery
+where the constitution of protons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the constitution of protons is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the constitution of protons is
+basically our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically our
+electrochemical gradient is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical gradient is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical gradient is gonna be
+discharging the battery without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharging the battery without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharging the battery without
+producing ATP so as you know if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing ATP so as you know if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing ATP so as you know if your
+short circuit the battery the battery is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short circuit the battery the battery is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short circuit the battery the battery is
+gonna heat up because you're discharging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna heat up because you're discharging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna heat up because you're discharging
+an electrochemical gradient similarly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electrochemical gradient similarly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electrochemical gradient similarly by
+nitro phenol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitro phenol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitro phenol
+by taking these protons from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking these protons from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking these protons from the
+internal memory space and bringing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal memory space and bringing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal memory space and bringing them
+inside into the intracellular space it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside into the intracellular space it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside into the intracellular space it's
+gonna be generating Heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be generating Heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be generating Heat
+therefore we can answer the part C by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we can answer the part C by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we can answer the part C by
+saying that the medium in which these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the medium in which these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the medium in which these
+cells are growing is gonna heat up when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are growing is gonna heat up when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are growing is gonna heat up when
+we add the natural phenol to it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add the natural phenol to it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add the natural phenol to it the
+process is described in this problem are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is described in this problem are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is described in this problem are
+fairly universal now in eukaryotes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly universal now in eukaryotes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly universal now in eukaryotes like
+more evolved organisms they would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more evolved organisms they would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more evolved organisms they would happen
+in the mitochondrion if you look back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mitochondrion if you look back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mitochondrion if you look back at
+this diagram if this was the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram if this was the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram if this was the double
+membrane of the mitochondrion this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane of the mitochondrion this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane of the mitochondrion this would
+be the inside of the cell that contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the inside of the cell that contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the inside of the cell that contains
+the mitochondria this would be the inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondria this would be the inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondria this would be the inter
+membrane space and this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane space and this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane space and this would be the
+inside of the mitochondria or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the mitochondria or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the mitochondria or the
+mitochondrial matrix right similarly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial matrix right similarly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial matrix right similarly by
+adding a compound like diametral phenol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a compound like diametral phenol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a compound like diametral phenol
+who can dissipate the electrochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can dissipate the electrochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can dissipate the electrochemical
+gradient in the mitochondria and cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in the mitochondria and cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in the mitochondria and cause
+the cell to heat up in fact this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell to heat up in fact this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell to heat up in fact this process
+is actually used by a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually used by a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually used by a number of
+organisms to generate heat instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms to generate heat instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms to generate heat instead of
+chemical energy or ATP for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical energy or ATP for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical energy or ATP for example the
+brown fat cells in newborn in mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown fat cells in newborn in mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown fat cells in newborn in mammals
+have a special protein that allows to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a special protein that allows to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a special protein that allows to
+dissipate this electrochemical gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipate this electrochemical gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipate this electrochemical gradient
+in the mitochondria to generate heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mitochondria to generate heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mitochondria to generate heat
+another good example is the the seeds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another good example is the the seeds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another good example is the the seeds of
+many plants when they germinate they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many plants when they germinate they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many plants when they germinate they
+actually generate a lot of heat that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually generate a lot of heat that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually generate a lot of heat that can
+be used to melt the ice or the snow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to melt the ice or the snow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to melt the ice or the snow
+around them that's why some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them that's why some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them that's why some of the
+plants can start growing even before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants can start growing even before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants can start growing even before the
+snow has melt and the early spring I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow has melt and the early spring I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow has melt and the early spring I
+hope that working through this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that working through this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that working through this problem
+will help you understand better the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help you understand better the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help you understand better the
+inner workings of an electron transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner workings of an electron transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner workings of an electron transport
+chain and how it can convert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and how it can convert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and how it can convert the
+chemical energy of chemical bonds into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical energy of chemical bonds into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical energy of chemical bonds into
+an electrochemical gradient which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electrochemical gradient which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electrochemical gradient which can
+then be used to generate high-energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be used to generate high-energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be used to generate high-energy
+compounds like ATP or it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds like ATP or it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds like ATP or it can be
+dissipated to generate heat
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VymHeBjublw.txt b/VymHeBjublw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f4edd3ca590a886188d2e93f28043e45740a22a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VymHeBjublw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14035 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to start today with a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start today with a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start today with a little
+bit of a review of something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a review of something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a review of something that we
+talked about sort of earlier when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about sort of earlier when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about sort of earlier when we
+were doing syntax because it came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing syntax because it came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing syntax because it came in
+handy uh at a certain point you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy uh at a certain point you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy uh at a certain point you guys
+were pushing me with questions about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pushing me with questions about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pushing me with questions about uh
+the fine details of syntactic structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fine details of syntactic structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fine details of syntactic structures
+and I wasn't able to answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wasn't able to answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wasn't able to answer your
+questions without making a reference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions without making a reference to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions without making a reference to
+another kind of test for syntactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of test for syntactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of test for syntactic
+structure which was binding Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which was binding Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which was binding Theory and
+so I showed you binding Theory back then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I showed you binding Theory back then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I showed you binding Theory back then
+but I'm going to go over it again uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to go over it again uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to go over it again uh in
+a little more detail and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more detail and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more detail and we'll talk
+about some things that we didn't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some things that we didn't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some things that we didn't get a
+chance to talk about last time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to talk about last time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to talk about last time and then
+we'll go on from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go on from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go on from there
+binding theory is the theory that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding theory is the theory that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding theory is the theory that's
+meant to handle facts like the facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to handle facts like the facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to handle facts like the facts
+that are on this slide namely the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are on this slide namely the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are on this slide namely the fact
+that if you say that these are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you say that these are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you say that these are both
+grammatical sentences but that they mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatical sentences but that they mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatical sentences but that they mean
+different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things
+um the first one Susan likes herself you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first one Susan likes herself you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first one Susan likes herself you
+could paraphrase as Susan likes Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could paraphrase as Susan likes Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could paraphrase as Susan likes Susan
+herself has to refer to Susan uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself has to refer to Susan uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself has to refer to Susan uh and
+possibly relatedly Susan likes her uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly relatedly Susan likes her uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly relatedly Susan likes her uh
+you don't know who her is but you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know who her is but you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know who her is but you do
+know one thing which is that it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one thing which is that it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one thing which is that it is not
+Susan that's not a general fact about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan that's not a general fact about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan that's not a general fact about
+her it's a fact about her in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her it's a fact about her in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her it's a fact about her in this
+sentence so if I said I like her then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence so if I said I like her then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence so if I said I like her then
+her could be Susan whoever Susan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her could be Susan whoever Susan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her could be Susan whoever Susan is
+um but if it's Susan likes her then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if it's Susan likes her then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if it's Susan likes her then that
+her cannot be Susan or at least not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her cannot be Susan or at least not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her cannot be Susan or at least not the
+same Susan uh is the subject yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Susan uh is the subject yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Susan uh is the subject yeah
+unbinding theory is meant to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbinding theory is meant to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbinding theory is meant to capture
+facts like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts like this
+and sort of as this is these starred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of as this is these starred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of as this is these starred
+sentences are sort of incorporate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences are sort of incorporate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences are sort of incorporate some
+of the things that I just said not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that I just said not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that I just said not only
+so these uh little letters these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these uh little letters these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these uh little letters these
+subscripts that people put on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts that people put on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts that people put on these
+words are meant to indicate things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are meant to indicate things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are meant to indicate things about
+what can co-refer with what so Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can co-refer with what so Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can co-refer with what so Susan
+likes herself uh the first sentence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes herself uh the first sentence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes herself uh the first sentence is
+okay and the third sentence is starred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the third sentence is starred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the third sentence is starred
+because if you say the string Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you say the string Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you say the string Susan
+likes herself then Susan and herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes herself then Susan and herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes herself then Susan and herself
+have to refer to the same person we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to refer to the same person we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to refer to the same person we sort
+of indicate that by giving them the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of indicate that by giving them the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of indicate that by giving them the same
+subscript you know so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript you know so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript you know so uh
+um Susan sabay likes herself Subway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Susan sabay likes herself Subway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Susan sabay likes herself Subway
+that's okay but Susan sabay likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay but Susan sabay likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay but Susan sabay likes
+herself some bees not okay the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself some bees not okay the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself some bees not okay the two
+subscripts have to be the same uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts have to be the same uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts have to be the same uh and
+with a pronoun it's the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a pronoun it's the other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a pronoun it's the other way around
+they have to be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be different
+okay so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so far
+nobody is sitting there quietly thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody is sitting there quietly thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody is sitting there quietly thinking
+no wait I say Susan likes her and I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no wait I say Susan likes her and I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no wait I say Susan likes her and I mean
+Susan likes herself all the time no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan likes herself all the time no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan likes herself all the time no
+wonder nobody ever understands me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder nobody ever understands me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder nobody ever understands me
+nobody's having that experience okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's having that experience okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's having that experience okay
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so you know looking at this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know looking at this without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know looking at this without
+thinking about it too hard uh we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it too hard uh we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it too hard uh we could
+think okay maybe pronouns we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay maybe pronouns we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay maybe pronouns we'll use
+pronoun to refer to words like her uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun to refer to words like her uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun to refer to words like her uh
+cannot co-refer with anything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot co-refer with anything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot co-refer with anything in the
+sentence right where co-refer means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence right where co-refer means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence right where co-refer means you
+know refer to the same person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know refer to the same person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know refer to the same person
+and anaphores which is a name for fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anaphores which is a name for fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anaphores which is a name for fancy
+words like herself uh must co-refer with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words like herself uh must co-refer with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words like herself uh must co-refer with
+something so Susan likes herself herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so Susan likes herself herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so Susan likes herself herself
+needs to refer back to Susan you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to refer back to Susan you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to refer back to Susan you have to
+give herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give herself
+uh something for it to co-refer with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so and you know when we did binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and you know when we did binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and you know when we did binding
+Theory before we already got this far a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory before we already got this far a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory before we already got this far a
+word like herself has this special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word like herself has this special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word like herself has this special
+property that it has to co-refer with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that it has to co-refer with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that it has to co-refer with
+something else in the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else in the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else in the sentence
+um but you know interesting fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know interesting fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know interesting fact it
+can't just refer with anything and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just refer with anything and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just refer with anything and this
+is why there's a theory uh you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why there's a theory uh you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why there's a theory uh you have to
+do some work to figure out which kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some work to figure out which kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some work to figure out which kinds
+of things it can refer to so Susan likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things it can refer to so Susan likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things it can refer to so Susan likes
+herself is fine but Susan's father likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself is fine but Susan's father likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself is fine but Susan's father likes
+herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself
+where herself is Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where herself is Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where herself is Susan
+is no good I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no good I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no good I mean
+um you know one hopes that Susan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know one hopes that Susan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know one hopes that Susan's
+father likes Susan yeah but this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father likes Susan yeah but this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father likes Susan yeah but this is not
+the way to say it yeah yeah so herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to say it yeah yeah so herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to say it yeah yeah so herself
+can't refer back to Susan in a sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't refer back to Susan in a sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't refer back to Susan in a sentence
+like this which sort of knocks out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this which sort of knocks out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this which sort of knocks out some
+of the simplest easiest theories you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the simplest easiest theories you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the simplest easiest theories you
+might have had from the first sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have had from the first sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have had from the first sort of
+batch of sentences on the earlier slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch of sentences on the earlier slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch of sentences on the earlier slide
+you know you might have thought well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might have thought well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might have thought well you
+know and of course they need to refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and of course they need to refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and of course they need to refer
+back to something and and you might even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to something and and you might even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to something and and you might even
+have thought they have to refer back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought they have to refer back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought they have to refer back to
+something that's you know earlier in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's you know earlier in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's you know earlier in the
+sentence you know they're kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence you know they're kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence you know they're kind of a
+pointer that points back to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer that points back to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer that points back to something
+that's before them and what we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's before them and what we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's before them and what we're seeing
+is that it's more complicated than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's more complicated than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's more complicated than that
+they can't just pick out anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't just pick out anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't just pick out anything
+there are some restrictions on what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some restrictions on what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some restrictions on what they
+can refer to we have to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can refer to we have to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can refer to we have to understand what
+those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are
+is a classic story which we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a classic story which we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a classic story which we've already
+been through I'll just show it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been through I'll just show it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been through I'll just show it to you
+again about why it's okay to say Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again about why it's okay to say Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again about why it's okay to say Susan
+must like herself but bad to say Susan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must like herself but bad to say Susan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must like herself but bad to say Susan's
+father must like herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father must like herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father must like herself
+um classic story goes like this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um classic story goes like this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um classic story goes like this what
+we're trying to do is come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do is come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do is come up with a
+structural relationship between Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural relationship between Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural relationship between Susan
+and herself that holds in the tree in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and herself that holds in the tree in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and herself that holds in the tree in
+the left but not in the tree in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left but not in the tree in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left but not in the tree in the
+right we're talking about structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're talking about structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're talking about structural
+relationships because well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships because well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships because well
+your first hope which might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first hope which might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first hope which might have been
+yeah herself has to referred as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah herself has to referred as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah herself has to referred as
+something that's been mentioned before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's been mentioned before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's been mentioned before
+you know the way you might have hoped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the way you might have hoped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the way you might have hoped
+language was designed there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language was designed there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language was designed there are no
+languages like that there are instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like that there are instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like that there are instead
+languages like this that apparently care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like this that apparently care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like this that apparently care
+about trees when they're deciding which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trees when they're deciding which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trees when they're deciding which
+things can refer with to which other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can refer with to which other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can refer with to which other
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+um and so we're going to try to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so we're going to try to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so we're going to try to develop
+a structural distinction between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a structural distinction between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a structural distinction between the
+relationship between Susan and herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Susan and herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Susan and herself
+and the tree on the left and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tree on the left and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tree on the left and the
+relationship between Susan and herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Susan and herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Susan and herself
+and the tree on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tree on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tree on the right
+as I said we've talked about this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said we've talked about this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said we've talked about this before
+we're just reviewing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just reviewing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just reviewing it
+the story that people have classically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story that people have classically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story that people have classically
+come up with makes use of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with makes use of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with makes use of the fact that
+Susan is sort of more deeply buried in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan is sort of more deeply buried in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan is sort of more deeply buried in
+the tree on the right than she is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree on the right than she is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree on the right than she is on the
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+um so there's a relation called C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's a relation called C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's a relation called C
+command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command
+um which says it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which says it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which says it's a
+relation that can hold between two nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that can hold between two nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that can hold between two nodes
+in a tree it says Alpha C commands beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a tree it says Alpha C commands beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a tree it says Alpha C commands beta
+if every node that dominates Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if every node that dominates Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if every node that dominates Alpha
+dominates beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates beta
+so you see command basically the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see command basically the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see command basically the thing
+that you were merged with and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were merged with and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were merged with and everything
+that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+dominates so in this tree the NP Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates so in this tree the NP Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates so in this tree the NP Susan
+C commands herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C commands herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C commands herself
+the way we find that out is we ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we find that out is we ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we find that out is we ask what
+are the nodes that dominate the noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the nodes that dominate the noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the nodes that dominate the noun
+phrase Susan and there's only one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase Susan and there's only one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase Susan and there's only one that
+TP that I've put up there and that TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP that I've put up there and that TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP that I've put up there and that TP
+also dominates herself and so Susan C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also dominates herself and so Susan C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also dominates herself and so Susan C
+commands herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands herself
+does herself see command Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does herself see command Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does herself see command Susan
+no yeah you're all shaking your heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yeah you're all shaking your heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yeah you're all shaking your heads
+appropriately right and the way to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately right and the way to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately right and the way to find
+that out is to ask what are the nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out is to ask what are the nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out is to ask what are the nodes
+that dominate herself and they include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dominate herself and they include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dominate herself and they include
+that TP but somebody name another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that TP but somebody name another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that TP but somebody name another one
+that doesn't dominate Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't dominate Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't dominate Susan
+VP yeah or t-bar yeah so they released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP yeah or t-bar yeah so they released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP yeah or t-bar yeah so they released
+those two which uh dominate herself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two which uh dominate herself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two which uh dominate herself but
+don't dominate Susan so Susan C commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't dominate Susan so Susan C commands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't dominate Susan so Susan C commands
+herself but herself doesn't seek man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself but herself doesn't seek man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself but herself doesn't seek man
+Susan and what we're seeing is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan and what we're seeing is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan and what we're seeing is that um
+maybe uh an anaphor needs to refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh an anaphor needs to refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh an anaphor needs to refer to
+something that c commands it so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that c commands it so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that c commands it so in this
+sentence uh Susan must like herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence uh Susan must like herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence uh Susan must like herself
+herself is referring to Susan and Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself is referring to Susan and Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself is referring to Susan and Susan
+zikaans herself as opposed to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zikaans herself as opposed to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zikaans herself as opposed to the other
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+Susan's father must like herself which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan's father must like herself which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan's father must like herself which
+is no good uh what's wrong with it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no good uh what's wrong with it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no good uh what's wrong with it well
+what's wrong with it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with it is
+on this story there are multiple nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this story there are multiple nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this story there are multiple nodes
+dominating Susan there's you know TP but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating Susan there's you know TP but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating Susan there's you know TP but
+also NP and DP and some of those don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also NP and DP and some of those don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also NP and DP and some of those don't
+dominate herself so Susan doesn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate herself so Susan doesn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate herself so Susan doesn't see
+command herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command herself
+binding Theory sort of makes use of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding Theory sort of makes use of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding Theory sort of makes use of this
+let me just call your attention maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just call your attention maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just call your attention maybe
+your attention is already firmly fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention is already firmly fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention is already firmly fixed
+on this call your attention to how weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this call your attention to how weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this call your attention to how weird
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+um I just uh alluded to this but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just uh alluded to this but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just uh alluded to this but let me
+just say it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say it again
+um I'm showing you a bunch of facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm showing you a bunch of facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm showing you a bunch of facts
+about English and different languages do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about English and different languages do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about English and different languages do
+have different dinosaurs that behave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different dinosaurs that behave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different dinosaurs that behave in
+different ways but here's something no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways but here's something no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways but here's something no
+language ever does as far as I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language ever does as far as I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language ever does as far as I know
+there are no languages in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no languages in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no languages in the world
+where an anaphor can refer to anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where an anaphor can refer to anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where an anaphor can refer to anything
+that was said earlier you know no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was said earlier you know no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was said earlier you know no
+languages that in which both Susan likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that in which both Susan likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that in which both Susan likes
+herself and Susan's father likes herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself and Susan's father likes herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself and Susan's father likes herself
+in which they're both okay right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which they're both okay right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which they're both okay right there
+there just aren't any languages like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just aren't any languages like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just aren't any languages like
+that in which the important thing is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in which the important thing is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in which the important thing is uh
+does the noun precede the dianafore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the noun precede the dianafore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the noun precede the dianafore
+um which is so first of all interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is so first of all interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is so first of all interesting
+there aren't any languages like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't any languages like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't any languages like that
+kind of all sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of all sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of all sort of
+be surprisingly interesting as let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be surprisingly interesting as let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be surprisingly interesting as let's get
+ourselves in the frame of mind where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves in the frame of mind where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves in the frame of mind where we
+can be impressed by a fact like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be impressed by a fact like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be impressed by a fact like that
+because look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because look
+um imagine what you were like when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um imagine what you were like when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um imagine what you were like when you
+were a baby right here you are you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a baby right here you are you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a baby right here you are you've
+just been born you're hearing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been born you're hearing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been born you're hearing people
+speak right they're saying sentences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak right they're saying sentences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak right they're saying sentences in
+this language that's going to be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this language that's going to be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this language that's going to be your
+native language you're trying to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native language you're trying to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native language you're trying to learn
+it trying to figure things out about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it trying to figure things out about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it trying to figure things out about it
+what's the one thing that you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the one thing that you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the one thing that you know you
+know you hear you hear people talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you hear you hear people talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you hear you hear people talking
+and they're saying things like here I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're saying things like here I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're saying things like here I'll
+put some a sentence on the board in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some a sentence on the board in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some a sentence on the board in a
+language that I hope none of you speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that I hope none of you speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that I hope none of you speak
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's a sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a sentence
+you hear one of your parents saying um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear one of your parents saying um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear one of your parents saying um
+you know for some reason maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for some reason maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for some reason maybe they
+write it down and show it to you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down and show it to you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down and show it to you you
+know so you know for some reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so you know for some reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so you know for some reason that
+it's one two three four five words long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one two three four five words long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one two three four five words long
+what else do you know about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else do you know about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else do you know about that
+sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence
+do you know which words in that sentency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know which words in that sentency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know which words in that sentency
+command which other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command which other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command which other words
+good Lord no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you know which words in that sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know which words in that sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know which words in that sentence
+precede which other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precede which other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precede which other words
+yeah yeah so you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so you know that
+proceeds too big you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeds too big you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeds too big you know that
+but you don't know whether is too big or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know whether is too big or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know whether is too big or
+not yeah yeah so the one bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah yeah so the one bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah yeah so the one bit of
+information that you have immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you have immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you have immediately
+from the get-go which words come before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the get-go which words come before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the get-go which words come before
+which other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which other words
+you ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ignore
+the languages don't ever make use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the languages don't ever make use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the languages don't ever make use of
+that when they're doing binding Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when they're doing binding Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when they're doing binding Theory
+yeah so you would have thought this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you would have thought this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you would have thought this one
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+easy to access bit of information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to access bit of information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to access bit of information that
+all of us have from day one no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us have from day one no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us have from day one no matter
+you know it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's uh
+don't know anything else about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know anything else about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know anything else about your
+language you at least know which things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you at least know which things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you at least know which things
+come before which other things binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come before which other things binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come before which other things binding
+Theory never ever cares about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory never ever cares about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory never ever cares about that
+it only cares about C command which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only cares about C command which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only cares about C command which is
+this thing that you have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that you have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that you have to know
+something in order to understand it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in order to understand it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in order to understand it's
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+it's as though our brains are designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as though our brains are designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as though our brains are designed
+to build language in some ways and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build language in some ways and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build language in some ways and not
+others and to ignore certain like uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and to ignore certain like uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and to ignore certain like uh you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+sources of data which are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of data which are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of data which are very very
+fruitful you know you have lots and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruitful you know you have lots and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruitful you know you have lots and lots
+of data about which things perceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data about which things perceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data about which things perceived
+which other things but you don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which other things but you don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which other things but you don't care
+um it's kind of interesting yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's kind of interesting yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's kind of interesting yeah
+for some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason
+he did care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did care about
+the murder of the words that were said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the murder of the words that were said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the murder of the words that were said
+would that create ambiguity because some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that create ambiguity because some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that create ambiguity because some
+languages are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are like
+like German that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so which things proceed and follow which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which things proceed and follow which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which things proceed and follow which
+other things I mean there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things I mean there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things I mean there are
+ambiguities in binding Theory we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguities in binding Theory we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguities in binding Theory we've been
+talking about simple sentences so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about simple sentences so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about simple sentences so far
+but you know you can say things like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you can say things like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you can say things like if
+anybody is wondering this is Tagalog uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody is wondering this is Tagalog uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody is wondering this is Tagalog uh
+it means uh is is drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if a man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a man
+a water so the man is drinking the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a water so the man is drinking the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a water so the man is drinking the water
+um sorry I just told you that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry I just told you that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry I just told you that so you
+wouldn't have to worry about that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have to worry about that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have to worry about that there
+are ambiguities in binding Theory I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ambiguities in binding Theory I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ambiguities in binding Theory I've
+been talking about sentences where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about sentences where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about sentences where there
+aren't ambiguities but you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't ambiguities but you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't ambiguities but you can say
+things like Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Susan
+told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told
+Stacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stacy
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+probably the easiest reading for that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the easiest reading for that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the easiest reading for that is
+that Susan told Stacy about Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Susan told Stacy about Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Susan told Stacy about Susan
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+if Stacy is unclear about herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Stacy is unclear about herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Stacy is unclear about herself
+there's something Stacy doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something Stacy doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something Stacy doesn't know
+about herself Susan could tell Stacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about herself Susan could tell Stacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about herself Susan could tell Stacy
+about herself and have that mean Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about herself and have that mean Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about herself and have that mean Susan
+told Stacy about Stacy I think am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told Stacy about Stacy I think am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told Stacy about Stacy I think am I
+making that up I think that's true this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that up I think that's true this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that up I think that's true this
+is just ambiguous right so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just ambiguous right so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just ambiguous right so here's a
+sentence so we're okay with ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence so we're okay with ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence so we're okay with ambiguity
+usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually
+um there are plenty of places where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are plenty of places where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are plenty of places where if
+we were to draw a tree for this we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were to draw a tree for this we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were to draw a tree for this we'd
+want to draw a tree where shoes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to draw a tree where shoes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to draw a tree where shoes and
+Stacy both see command herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stacy both see command herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stacy both see command herself
+so it has a choice of which kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has a choice of which kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has a choice of which kind of
+thing it wants to refer to it just all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it wants to refer to it just all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it wants to refer to it just all
+it cares about is which things he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cares about is which things he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cares about is which things he
+commands it but it doesn't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands it but it doesn't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands it but it doesn't care about
+which thing precedes it in any language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which thing precedes it in any language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which thing precedes it in any language
+on Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interestingly evil character on TV yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah you're raising actually uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah you're raising actually uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah you're raising actually uh I'm
+glad you asked that question because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad you asked that question because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad you asked that question because it
+raises a good point which I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises a good point which I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises a good point which I should have
+made and so thank you for raising it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and so thank you for raising it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and so thank you for raising it
+um which is that languages use herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is that languages use herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is that languages use herself
+himself myself uh all these self kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself myself uh all these self kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself myself uh all these self kinds
+of doohickeys for a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doohickeys for a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doohickeys for a bunch of different
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+um we're going to be concentrating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to be concentrating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to be concentrating on
+the herself that sits where a noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the herself that sits where a noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the herself that sits where a noun
+phrase would normally sit and refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase would normally sit and refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase would normally sit and refers
+back to another noun phrase right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to another noun phrase right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to another noun phrase right
+um but there is this other sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there is this other sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there is this other sometimes
+called an intensive use of it of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an intensive use of it of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an intensive use of it of
+reflexives and I can't spell today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexives and I can't spell today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexives and I can't spell today
+intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive
+where you say things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you say things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you say things like
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John
+himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+fixed my computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed my computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed my computer
+where you know or for that matter John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know or for that matter John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know or for that matter John
+fixed the computer himself where uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed the computer himself where uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed the computer himself where uh that
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+something not so different from John fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something not so different from John fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something not so different from John fix
+John fixed the computer right it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John fixed the computer right it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John fixed the computer right it means
+something like John fixed the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like John fixed the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like John fixed the computer
+and no one else did yeah notice that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no one else did yeah notice that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no one else did yeah notice that so
+like uh Susan's father must like herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh Susan's father must like herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh Susan's father must like herself
+we were talking about things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about things that
+herself can refer to or you know Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself can refer to or you know Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself can refer to or you know Susan
+told Stacy about herself we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told Stacy about herself we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told Stacy about herself we're talking
+about things that herself can refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things that herself can refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things that herself can refer to
+this would be an okay sentence if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be an okay sentence if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be an okay sentence if you
+changed yourself to something else it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed yourself to something else it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed yourself to something else it
+would mean something else but Susan told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean something else but Susan told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean something else but Susan told
+Stacey about uh Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stacey about uh Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stacey about uh Mary
+that's also a sentence right so herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also a sentence right so herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also a sentence right so herself
+is just a noun phrase noun phrase with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a noun phrase noun phrase with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a noun phrase noun phrase with
+special properties that's sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special properties that's sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special properties that's sitting
+renowned phrases go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renowned phrases go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renowned phrases go
+if you replaced himself here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you replaced himself here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you replaced himself here with
+something else so if it were John Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else so if it were John Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else so if it were John Mary
+fixed the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed the computer
+uh you would no longer be speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you would no longer be speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you would no longer be speaking
+English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+so so this is a different construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is a different construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is a different construction
+the construction that you're using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the construction that you're using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the construction that you're using a
+really interesting one which I'm now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting one which I'm now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting one which I'm now
+going to ignore for the rest of the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ignore for the rest of the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ignore for the rest of the year
+uh but that's what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that's what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that's what this is
+uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh no I'm ignoring you no sorry go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no I'm ignoring you no sorry go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no I'm ignoring you no sorry go ahead
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+which one oh the fact that himself can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one oh the fact that himself can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one oh the fact that himself can
+be either here or here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be either here or here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be either here or here
+Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be careful
+um there are various kinds of so himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are various kinds of so himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are various kinds of so himself
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+it's kind of like an adverb right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like an adverb right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like an adverb right it's
+modifying the way in which he fixed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying the way in which he fixed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying the way in which he fixed the
+computer and just as you can say things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and just as you can say things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and just as you can say things
+like John quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like John quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like John quickly
+I don't know why I switched to John here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why I switched to John here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why I switched to John here
+let's make Susan do this too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make Susan do this too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make Susan do this too
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+just as uh you can say Susan quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as uh you can say Susan quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as uh you can say Susan quickly
+fixed the computer or Susan fixed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed the computer or Susan fixed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed the computer or Susan fixed the
+computer quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you could do that with movement or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could do that with movement or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could do that with movement or
+you could decide we're learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could decide we're learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could decide we're learning
+something about adverbs that adverbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about adverbs that adverbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about adverbs that adverbs
+because it's an adjunct maybe there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's an adjunct maybe there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's an adjunct maybe there are
+more options about where it can go you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more options about where it can go you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more options about where it can go you
+know the the rules about where exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the rules about where exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the rules about where exactly
+it goes or not as strict the the clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes or not as strict the the clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes or not as strict the the clean
+Arguments for movement are cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arguments for movement are cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arguments for movement are cases where
+we know for a fact that something should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know for a fact that something should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know for a fact that something should
+be here and yet it's over here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here and yet it's over here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here and yet it's over here right
+that that's so that's when we do like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's so that's when we do like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's so that's when we do like
+what did he devour uh um that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did he devour uh um that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did he devour uh um that's what
+we're doing there yeah yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh sometimes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+replying that's like surprising that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replying that's like surprising that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replying that's like surprising that
+Susan herself yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so these might be different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so these might be different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so these might be different kinds
+of adverbs that's a very good point yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adverbs that's a very good point yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adverbs that's a very good point yeah
+that's a very nice point so if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very nice point so if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very nice point so if I say
+Susan herself fixed the computer we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan herself fixed the computer we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan herself fixed the computer we mean
+Susan is the CEO of the company you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan is the CEO of the company you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan is the CEO of the company you
+would have expected her to hire someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have expected her to hire someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have expected her to hire someone
+else to do it because she did it herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to do it because she did it herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to do it because she did it herself
+right whereas Susan fixed the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whereas Susan fixed the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whereas Susan fixed the computer
+herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself
+it doesn't mean necessarily that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean necessarily that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean necessarily that it's
+surprising but she did it it just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising but she did it it just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising but she did it it just means
+that she did it and no one else did yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she did it and no one else did yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she did it and no one else did yeah
+right so they're related meanings but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're related meanings but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're related meanings but uh
+separate so we may want to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate so we may want to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate so we may want to distinguish
+you know two different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two different types of
+intensive modification you're absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive modification you're absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive modification you're absolutely
+right nice point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nice point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nice point
+another nice points people wish me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nice points people wish me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nice points people wish me a
+guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because wrong gender yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because wrong gender yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because wrong gender yep
+yep yep yeah that's it exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep yeah that's it exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep yeah that's it exactly
+um so yeah so the idea is uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah so the idea is uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah so the idea is uh so we
+weren't asking why can't it refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't asking why can't it refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't asking why can't it refer to
+Susan's father you just asked that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan's father you just asked that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan's father you just asked that
+question I think you answered it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I think you answered it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I think you answered it uh
+perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+um uh herself can't refer to Susan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh herself can't refer to Susan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh herself can't refer to Susan's
+Father which does see command herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Father which does see command herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Father which does see command herself
+because Susan's father is male uh wake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Susan's father is male uh wake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Susan's father is male uh wake
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+um uh but uh and and it can't refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but uh and and it can't refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but uh and and it can't refer to
+Susan because Susan doesn't see command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan because Susan doesn't see command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan because Susan doesn't see command
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+that good yes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's fine right and that's my intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine right and that's my intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine right and that's my intuition
+about the sentence is that yours and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sentence is that yours and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sentence is that yours and
+that that would be okay it means Susan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would be okay it means Susan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would be okay it means Susan's
+father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father
+has a healthy self-regard yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a healthy self-regard yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a healthy self-regard yeah yeah
+Okay cool so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay cool so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay cool so
+um binding Theory I introduced you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um binding Theory I introduced you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um binding Theory I introduced you to
+binding Theory as a test for structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding Theory as a test for structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding Theory as a test for structure
+right so uh once we are willing to trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh once we are willing to trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh once we are willing to trust
+binding Theory at least a little ways we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding Theory at least a little ways we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding Theory at least a little ways we
+can convince ourselves that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convince ourselves that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convince ourselves that we have a
+new way of finding out uh things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new way of finding out uh things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new way of finding out uh things about
+structure we know we have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we know we have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we know we have the right
+structure if we have the right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure if we have the right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure if we have the right to
+commend relations to get the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commend relations to get the binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commend relations to get the binding
+relations that we seem to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations that we seem to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations that we seem to find
+uh so for example uh when we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so for example uh when we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so for example uh when we're thinking
+about sentences like this Susan told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sentences like this Susan told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sentences like this Susan told
+Stacy about herself it needs we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stacy about herself it needs we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stacy about herself it needs we're going
+to need it to have a structure in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need it to have a structure in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need it to have a structure in which
+Susan and Stacy both see command herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan and Stacy both see command herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan and Stacy both see command herself
+right and so we when we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we when we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we when we were talking
+before about complicated verb phrases uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before about complicated verb phrases uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before about complicated verb phrases uh
+binding theory is the kind of thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding theory is the kind of thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding theory is the kind of thing that
+people use as a probe into the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use as a probe into the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use as a probe into the structure
+of complicated food phrases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complicated food phrases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complicated food phrases
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so all right so one part of binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so one part of binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so one part of binding
+theory is going to say anaphores these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is going to say anaphores these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is going to say anaphores these
+are words like herself or myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are words like herself or myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are words like herself or myself
+um uh in English they all end with self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in English they all end with self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in English they all end with self
+uh uh they need to be seek commanded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh they need to be seek commanded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh they need to be seek commanded by
+something that co-refers with them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that co-refers with them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that co-refers with them and
+then we have a short name I hope I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have a short name I hope I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have a short name I hope I do
+this on the next slide I'm not sure if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the next slide I'm not sure if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the next slide I'm not sure if I
+do or not we have a short name for uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do or not we have a short name for uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do or not we have a short name for uh to
+see commend something that you co-refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see commend something that you co-refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see commend something that you co-refer
+with we call that bind uh so we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with we call that bind uh so we say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with we call that bind uh so we say that
+you know uh in Susan told Stacy about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh in Susan told Stacy about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh in Susan told Stacy about
+herself herself needs to be bound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself herself needs to be bound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself herself needs to be bound and
+there are two noun phrases that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two noun phrases that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two noun phrases that could
+bind it Susan and Stacy yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind it Susan and Stacy yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind it Susan and Stacy yeah
+um and so we need a structure for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so we need a structure for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so we need a structure for this
+in which those both see command herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which those both see command herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which those both see command herself
+uh and either of them could co-refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and either of them could co-refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and either of them could co-refer
+with herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with herself
+yeah faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's a that's a very nice point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a that's a very nice point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a that's a very nice point
+so so far you may have noticed all of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far you may have noticed all of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far you may have noticed all of my
+examples have only been one Clause long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples have only been one Clause long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples have only been one Clause long
+um and uh we're gonna make things more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh we're gonna make things more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh we're gonna make things more
+complicated in just a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated in just a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated in just a second
+um uh but here just to get started on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but here just to get started on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but here just to get started on
+making things more complicated we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making things more complicated we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making things more complicated we've
+been talking about the fact that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about the fact that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about the fact that you can
+say Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Susan
+uh must like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh must like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh must like
+herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself
+if we make this an embedded Clause so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we make this an embedded Clause so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we make this an embedded Clause so if
+we say Mary thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say Mary thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say Mary thinks
+Susan must like herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan must like herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan must like herself
+well herself can refer to Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well herself can refer to Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well herself can refer to Susan
+but it can't refer to Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can't refer to Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can't refer to Mary
+so Mary thinks Susan must like herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Mary thinks Susan must like herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Mary thinks Susan must like herself
+and that's not going to be because Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not going to be because Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not going to be because Mary
+doesn't see command herself it does in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't see command herself it does in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't see command herself it does in
+the kinds of trees that we're drawing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of trees that we're drawing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of trees that we're drawing so
+you are finding a complication which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are finding a complication which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are finding a complication which I
+was planning to hide for a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was planning to hide for a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was planning to hide for a few more
+slides there's an additional requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides there's an additional requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides there's an additional requirement
+on anforce they they don't just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on anforce they they don't just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on anforce they they don't just need to
+be C commanded by something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be C commanded by something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be C commanded by something that
+co-refers to them they don't just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-refers to them they don't just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-refers to them they don't just need
+to be bound they need to be bound by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bound they need to be bound by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bound they need to be bound by
+something that's sufficiently close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's sufficiently close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's sufficiently close
+and if they're in different Clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they're in different Clauses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they're in different Clauses
+they're not sufficiently close and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not sufficiently close and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not sufficiently close and we'll
+talk about that soon you'll get to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that soon you'll get to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that soon you'll get to look
+back with Nostalgia on this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with Nostalgia on this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with Nostalgia on this little
+interchange in just a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange in just a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange in just a few minutes
+uh Raquel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+INE is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+INE is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+INE is
+there but like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah yeah no I take your point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah no I take your point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah no I take your point so
+uh I take your point to be if you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I take your point to be if you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I take your point to be if you say
+the magician made herself disappear or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magician made herself disappear or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magician made herself disappear or
+the magician made her father disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magician made her father disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magician made her father disappear
+uh whether you use an anaphor or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whether you use an anaphor or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whether you use an anaphor or a
+pronoun uh magician doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun uh magician doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun uh magician doesn't have any
+information about gender in it but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about gender in it but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about gender in it but a
+fact about a thing about pronouns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about a thing about pronouns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about a thing about pronouns and
+reflexives in English is that they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexives in English is that they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexives in English is that they they
+carry presuppositions about the gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry presuppositions about the gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry presuppositions about the gender
+of their reference that's absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their reference that's absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their reference that's absolutely
+right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah
+yeah that's quite true yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so oh good I did say it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so oh good I did say it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so oh good I did say it on the
+next slide bind this is just a name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide bind this is just a name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide bind this is just a name for
+uh C command and co-refer with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh C command and co-refer with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh C command and co-refer with just
+because we get tired of saying C command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we get tired of saying C command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we get tired of saying C command
+and co-refer with we say a alpha binds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and co-refer with we say a alpha binds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and co-refer with we say a alpha binds
+beta if Alpha C commands and co-refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta if Alpha C commands and co-refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta if Alpha C commands and co-refers
+with beta so uh in Susan must like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with beta so uh in Susan must like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with beta so uh in Susan must like
+herself Susan binds herself Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself Susan binds herself Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself Susan binds herself Susan
+co-refers with herself and it uh C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-refers with herself and it uh C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-refers with herself and it uh C
+commands herself and anaphors need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands herself and anaphors need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands herself and anaphors need to be
+bound and thanks to Faith where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and thanks to Faith where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and thanks to Faith where you know
+that pretty soon uh it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pretty soon uh it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pretty soon uh it's going to be
+more complicated than that they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than that they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than that they need to
+be bound by something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bound by something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bound by something that's
+sufficiently close to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so we're going to do pronouns next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we're going to do pronouns next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we're going to do pronouns next
+yeah yeah yeah yeah that's right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah that's right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah that's right yeah
+we're going to get to that actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get to that actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get to that actually I
+think we're doing it next and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're doing it next and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're doing it next and of course
+must be bound okay sorry one more thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be bound okay sorry one more thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be bound okay sorry one more thing
+um there are two kinds of anaphors there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are two kinds of anaphors there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are two kinds of anaphors there
+are reflexives which are the ones we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reflexives which are the ones we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reflexives which are the ones we've
+been concentrating on words like herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been concentrating on words like herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been concentrating on words like herself
+himself and then there are what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself and then there are what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself and then there are what are
+called reciprocals which have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called reciprocals which have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called reciprocals which have the same
+behavior they're words like each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior they're words like each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior they're words like each other
+um so John and Bill like each other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so John and Bill like each other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so John and Bill like each other uh
+the the the meaning of each other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the meaning of each other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the meaning of each other is
+much more complicated than the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated than the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated than the meaning
+of themselves but each other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of themselves but each other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of themselves but each other in
+themselves have the same behavior in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves have the same behavior in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves have the same behavior in
+that they are okay in sentences like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are okay in sentences like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are okay in sentences like
+John and Bill like each other or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John and Bill like each other or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John and Bill like each other or
+themselves and that they are both bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and that they are both bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and that they are both bad
+and John and Bill's father likes each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and John and Bill's father likes each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and John and Bill's father likes each
+other or themselves so each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other or themselves so each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other or themselves so each other and
+themselves are both anaphores and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are both anaphores and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are both anaphores and
+they're both subject to this requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both subject to this requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both subject to this requirement
+that they be bound yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they be bound yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they be bound yeah
+um each other so John and Bill like each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um each other so John and Bill like each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um each other so John and Bill like each
+other means something like John likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other means something like John likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other means something like John likes
+Bill and Bill likes John yeah yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill and Bill likes John yeah yeah uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill and Bill likes John yeah yeah uh
+there's a literature on exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a literature on exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a literature on exactly what
+reciprocals mean because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocals mean because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocals mean because it's
+complicated um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated um
+for example it's possible to say things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example it's possible to say things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example it's possible to say things
+like we piled the books on top of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we piled the books on top of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we piled the books on top of each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+so each other doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each other doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each other doesn't mean
+for every pair in the group you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every pair in the group you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every pair in the group you know a
+relation B and B relation a right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation B and B relation a right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation B and B relation a right you
+might have thought looking at this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have thought looking at this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have thought looking at this that
+John and Bill like each other to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John and Bill like each other to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John and Bill like each other to
+interpret that what you do is you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that what you do is you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that what you do is you you
+take all of the pairs you can make out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all of the pairs you can make out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all of the pairs you can make out
+of the group okay there's one pair you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the group okay there's one pair you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the group okay there's one pair you
+know and what this means is John likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and what this means is John likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and what this means is John likes
+Bill and Bill likes John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill and Bill likes John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill and Bill likes John
+but if you say the books are piled on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you say the books are piled on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you say the books are piled on
+top of each other it doesn't mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of each other it doesn't mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of each other it doesn't mean you
+know this book is on top of that book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this book is on top of that book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this book is on top of that book
+and this and that's not what it means uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and that's not what it means uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and that's not what it means uh
+so there's work on trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's work on trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's work on trying to figure out
+what the heck it means you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heck it means you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heck it means you know what
+what reciprocals mean exactly which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what reciprocals mean exactly which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what reciprocals mean exactly which we
+will not get any further into yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's this was Joseph's question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's this was Joseph's question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's this was Joseph's question
+and of course must be bound pronouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course must be bound pronouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course must be bound pronouns
+must be free it sounds like a political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be free it sounds like a political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be free it sounds like a political
+slogan but it's a fact about grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slogan but it's a fact about grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slogan but it's a fact about grammar
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um so uh pronouns need do not be bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh pronouns need do not be bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh pronouns need do not be bound
+um so Susan likes herself is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Susan likes herself is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Susan likes herself is fine
+Susan's father likes herself is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan's father likes herself is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan's father likes herself is bad
+that's the behavior of anaphores which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the behavior of anaphores which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the behavior of anaphores which
+we're familiar with by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're familiar with by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're familiar with by now
+and her behaves the same way only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and her behaves the same way only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and her behaves the same way only
+backwards yeah so uh Susan likes her uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards yeah so uh Susan likes her uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards yeah so uh Susan likes her uh
+fine sentence as long as Susan and her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine sentence as long as Susan and her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine sentence as long as Susan and her
+are different people right so her can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different people right so her can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different people right so her can't
+be bound by Susan yeah can't you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bound by Susan yeah can't you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bound by Susan yeah can't you see
+commanded by Susan if Susan and her are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commanded by Susan if Susan and her are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commanded by Susan if Susan and her are
+going to refer to the same person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to refer to the same person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to refer to the same person
+um on the other hand Susan's father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other hand Susan's father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other hand Susan's father
+likes her fine yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes her fine yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes her fine yeah
+yeah okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so uh
+quite true but it's almost true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite true but it's almost true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite true but it's almost true that
+anaphorescent pronouns are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphorescent pronouns are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphorescent pronouns are in
+complementary distribution with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary distribution with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary distribution with each
+other so for a given meaning you either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so for a given meaning you either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so for a given meaning you either
+use the pronoun or you use the anaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the pronoun or you use the anaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the pronoun or you use the anaphor
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um more examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more examples
+even more examples okay so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more examples okay so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more examples okay so now we're
+getting to Faith's point so uh or my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to Faith's point so uh or my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to Faith's point so uh or my
+version of Faith's Point sorry so Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of Faith's Point sorry so Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of Faith's Point sorry so Susan
+likes herself uh we've seen this is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes herself uh we've seen this is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes herself uh we've seen this is okay
+Susan thinks I like herself or I have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan thinks I like herself or I have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan thinks I like herself or I have on
+the sentence on the board uh uh Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence on the board uh uh Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence on the board uh uh Mary
+thinks Susan must like herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks Susan must like herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks Susan must like herself
+um herself uh is trying to get Bound in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um herself uh is trying to get Bound in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um herself uh is trying to get Bound in
+this case by Susan on the slide by Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case by Susan on the slide by Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case by Susan on the slide by Susan
+uh and it can't be uh the kinds of trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it can't be uh the kinds of trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it can't be uh the kinds of trees
+we were drawing for this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were drawing for this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were drawing for this kind of
+sentence Susan certainly does see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence Susan certainly does see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence Susan certainly does see
+command herself I don't think I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command herself I don't think I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command herself I don't think I put the
+tree on the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree on the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree on the slide
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me just create it quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just create it quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just create it quickly
+Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks
+CP here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP here
+the null C and then down here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null C and then down here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null C and then down here we have a
+noun phrase I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun phrase I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun phrase I
+and the verb prayers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+herself so if we ask ourselves uh does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself so if we ask ourselves uh does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself so if we ask ourselves uh does
+here's the tree did I write the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the tree did I write the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the tree did I write the right
+sentence Susan thinks I like herself yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence Susan thinks I like herself yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence Susan thinks I like herself yes
+um if we ask ourselves does Susan see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we ask ourselves does Susan see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we ask ourselves does Susan see
+command herself the answer is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command herself the answer is yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command herself the answer is yes
+if we ask what are the nodes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we ask what are the nodes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we ask what are the nodes that
+dominate the noun phrase Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate the noun phrase Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate the noun phrase Susan
+well there's only one it's this teepee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's only one it's this teepee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's only one it's this teepee
+yeah and so if we're asking does Susan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so if we're asking does Susan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so if we're asking does Susan's
+he command herself well we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he command herself well we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he command herself well we're really
+asking does this TP dominate herself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking does this TP dominate herself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking does this TP dominate herself and
+yes it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it does
+so Susan singam ends herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Susan singam ends herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Susan singam ends herself
+uh so it looks as though Susan not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it looks as though Susan not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it looks as though Susan not to
+bind herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind herself
+what we're learning here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're learning here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're learning here is the
+complication that Faith made me reveal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication that Faith made me reveal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication that Faith made me reveal
+early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early
+which is that not only do enforce need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that not only do enforce need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that not only do enforce need
+to get bound they need to get Bound by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get bound they need to get Bound by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get bound they need to get Bound by
+something which is close enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a principle it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a principle it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a principle it's called
+principle a you can think of a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle a you can think of a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle a you can think of a as
+standing for anaphor it says anaphores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing for anaphor it says anaphores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing for anaphor it says anaphores
+must be bound within TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be bound within TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be bound within TP
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if if this were intro syntax we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if this were intro syntax we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if this were intro syntax we would
+now spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now spend
+weeks possibly months trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks possibly months trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks possibly months trying to figure
+out what the real locality requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the real locality requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the real locality requirement
+is because it's more complicated than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it's more complicated than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it's more complicated than
+that but that's close yeah so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's close yeah so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's close yeah so the idea
+here is that uh herself yes it's bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that uh herself yes it's bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that uh herself yes it's bound
+by Susan in this tree but it's not bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Susan in this tree but it's not bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Susan in this tree but it's not bound
+by Susan within the smallest TP here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Susan within the smallest TP here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Susan within the smallest TP here's
+the smallest TP that includes herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest TP that includes herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest TP that includes herself
+and Susan is too far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Susan is too far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Susan is too far away
+so there's there's a locality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's there's a locality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's there's a locality
+requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement
+that makes sense so principle a says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense so principle a says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense so principle a says
+anaphors need to be bound within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphors need to be bound within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphors need to be bound within the
+smallest TP that contains them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then principle B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then principle B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then principle B
+where b stands for the principle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where b stands for the principle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where b stands for the principle that
+comes after principle a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes after principle a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes after principle a
+says pronouns must be free within TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says pronouns must be free within TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says pronouns must be free within TP
+yeah so just as we saw before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so just as we saw before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so just as we saw before that
+pronouns and anaphores are so far in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns and anaphores are so far in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns and anaphores are so far in
+confluent energy distribution for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confluent energy distribution for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confluent energy distribution for a
+given reading so you can say Susan likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given reading so you can say Susan likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given reading so you can say Susan likes
+herself and that means that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself and that means that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself and that means that you can't
+say Susan likes her and mean the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Susan likes her and mean the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Susan likes her and mean the same
+thing that you mean Susan likes herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you mean Susan likes herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you mean Susan likes herself
+similarly we've now seen thanks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we've now seen thanks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we've now seen thanks to
+principle a that you cannot say Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle a that you cannot say Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle a that you cannot say Susan
+thinks I like herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks I like herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks I like herself
+where herself refers back to Susan uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where herself refers back to Susan uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where herself refers back to Susan uh
+but and principal B says yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and principal B says yeah uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and principal B says yeah uh
+pronouns have to be free within TP so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns have to be free within TP so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns have to be free within TP so
+Susan thinks I like her where her refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan thinks I like her where her refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan thinks I like her where her refers
+to Susan fine it doesn't have to refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Susan fine it doesn't have to refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Susan fine it doesn't have to refer
+to Susan right can refer to anybody it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Susan right can refer to anybody it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Susan right can refer to anybody it
+can be free regardless of whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be free regardless of whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be free regardless of whether it's
+bound by Susan or not free within TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and also this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also this
+um yes you know what in most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes you know what in most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes you know what in most of the
+trees I've been showing you I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees I've been showing you I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees I've been showing you I've been
+smart enough to put auxiliaries in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart enough to put auxiliaries in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart enough to put auxiliaries in the
+in the sentences so I've been saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sentences so I've been saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sentences so I've been saying
+things like Susan will think that I must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Susan will think that I must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Susan will think that I must
+like herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like herself
+and then people don't ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people don't ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people don't ask the question
+that you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're asking
+um but uh when I drew this tree I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh when I drew this tree I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh when I drew this tree I was
+not smart enough to do that you do there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not smart enough to do that you do there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not smart enough to do that you do there
+does need to be a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does need to be a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does need to be a t
+um because uh why does there need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because uh why does there need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because uh why does there need to be
+tea well we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tea well we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tea well we have
+um principles like the extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um principles like the extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um principles like the extended
+projection principle which says that TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection principle which says that TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection principle which says that TP
+must have a specifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have a specifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have a specifier
+and sentences without auxiliaries in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sentences without auxiliaries in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sentences without auxiliaries in
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+show the effects of that so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the effects of that so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the effects of that so it doesn't
+matter whether there's an auxiliary or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether there's an auxiliary or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether there's an auxiliary or
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it doesn't matter whether there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it doesn't matter whether there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it doesn't matter whether there's
+an auxiliary or not you still get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an auxiliary or not you still get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an auxiliary or not you still get the
+effects of the extended projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of the extended projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of the extended projection
+principle so we do want there to be a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle so we do want there to be a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle so we do want there to be a t
+because we want there to be a CP and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want there to be a CP and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want there to be a CP and we
+don't have any way to make a TP without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any way to make a TP without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any way to make a TP without
+starting with a t right so you you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with a t right so you you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with a t right so you you have
+to merge t with a with a verb phrase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to merge t with a with a verb phrase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to merge t with a with a verb phrase and
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so I mean here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so I mean here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so I mean here's
+I'm not I'm not totally unhappy about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I'm not totally unhappy about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I'm not totally unhappy about
+the direction this conversation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction this conversation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction this conversation is
+taking because you're forcing me to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking because you're forcing me to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking because you're forcing me to talk
+about syntax which is fine yeah uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about syntax which is fine yeah uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about syntax which is fine yeah uh even
+though this is the semantic part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this is the semantic part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this is the semantic part of the
+story suppose I was smart enough to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story suppose I was smart enough to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story suppose I was smart enough to um
+to use an auxiliary here so we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use an auxiliary here so we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use an auxiliary here so we'll do
+Susan will think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan will think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan will think
+and we'll forget about the embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll forget about the embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll forget about the embedded
+clause for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause for a second
+um we've talked about this I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've talked about this I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've talked about this I think that
+um if you want to ask a yes no question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you want to ask a yes no question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you want to ask a yes no question
+the way to do it is to head move T into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to do it is to head move T into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to do it is to head move T into
+C so you ask questions like will Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so you ask questions like will Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so you ask questions like will Susan
+think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that
+uh now so bear that in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now so bear that in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now so bear that in mind
+and now let's switch to the version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's switch to the version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's switch to the version of
+this where there isn't an auxiliary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where there isn't an auxiliary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where there isn't an auxiliary
+Susan thinks that I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan thinks that I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan thinks that I like
+if I want to make a question out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to make a question out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to make a question out of that
+what I do is I put does here and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do is I put does here and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do is I put does here and I get
+rid of the S here so it's does Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the S here so it's does Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the S here so it's does Susan
+think that blah blah yeah so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that blah blah yeah so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that blah blah yeah so there's a
+story about what's going on here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about what's going on here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about what's going on here which
+says what's in t so there are various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what's in t so there are various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what's in t so there are various
+things that can be in T there's will and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can be in T there's will and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can be in T there's will and
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+and there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also
+Mary thinks that I like her and uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary thinks that I like her and uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary thinks that I like her and uh if
+you do t2c it will or should or might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do t2c it will or should or might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do t2c it will or should or might
+then you just move them over there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just move them over there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just move them over there and
+nothing else happens if you haven't then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else happens if you haven't then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else happens if you haven't then
+there are a couple things that happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple things that happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple things that happen if
+you aren't head moving it then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you aren't head moving it then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you aren't head moving it then it
+attaches to this verb so you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaches to this verb so you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaches to this verb so you end up with
+Susan thinks and we have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan thinks and we have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan thinks and we have to figure out
+how these two things come together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these two things come together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these two things come together to
+form a verb and sadly it's long enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a verb and sadly it's long enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a verb and sadly it's long enough
+since we did syntax that I'm unwilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we did syntax that I'm unwilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we did syntax that I'm unwilling
+to try to tell you that right there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to tell you that right there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to tell you that right there's a
+big literature I'm trying to figure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big literature I'm trying to figure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big literature I'm trying to figure that
+out and then the other story is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then the other story is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then the other story is if
+you're going to do TGC if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do TGC if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do TGC if you're going
+to make a question you're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a question you're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a question you're going to take
+this it's not going to show up here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's not going to show up here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's not going to show up here it's
+going to show up up here so you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show up up here so you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show up up here so you would
+have expected this to be Susan think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have expected this to be Susan think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have expected this to be Susan think I
+like herself but is too small to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like herself but is too small to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like herself but is too small to be an
+English word or something like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English word or something like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English word or something like that and
+so you put in this do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you put in this do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you put in this do
+um there's a process that is called do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a process that is called do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a process that is called do
+support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support
+um you add do there so that this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you add do there so that this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you add do there so that this will
+have a verb to be part of it's the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a verb to be part of it's the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a verb to be part of it's the story
+that people tell and so that's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people tell and so that's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people tell and so that's why the
+question version of that is does Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question version of that is does Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question version of that is does Susan
+think that I like her can you see why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that I like her can you see why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that I like her can you see why I
+have been hiding all of this from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been hiding all of this from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been hiding all of this from you
+all semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all semester
+um so I've been using auxiliaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I've been using auxiliaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I've been using auxiliaries
+instead of giving you verbs that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of giving you verbs that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of giving you verbs that have
+have suffixes on them this is why yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have suffixes on them this is why yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have suffixes on them this is why yeah
+because I I didn't want to do this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I didn't want to do this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I didn't want to do this but
+it's been fun anyway but now it's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been fun anyway but now it's over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been fun anyway but now it's over
+except it's not Joseph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+you send the extended production credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send the extended production credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send the extended production credit
+score requires ppw specifier yep so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score requires ppw specifier yep so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score requires ppw specifier yep so that
+means that because in English that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that because in English that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that because in English that like
+creating a yes or no question means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a yes or no question means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a yes or no question means
+moving ahead out of TP you can't move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving ahead out of TP you can't move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving ahead out of TP you can't move
+Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh I see
+no no oh you mean why are you moving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no oh you mean why are you moving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no oh you mean why are you moving the
+head why are you not moving uh moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head why are you not moving uh moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head why are you not moving uh moving
+your phrase why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there isn't a deep answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a deep answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a deep answer to that
+question uh forming questions involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh forming questions involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh forming questions involves
+taking whatever's in T and moving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking whatever's in T and moving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking whatever's in T and moving it
+into C you'd like to know why we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into C you'd like to know why we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into C you'd like to know why we don't
+move other things and that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move other things and that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move other things and that's a good
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yes I see yes so yeah uh you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes I see yes so yeah uh you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes I see yes so yeah uh you can't
+take the verb and move it up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the verb and move it up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the verb and move it up there
+that's right because that's too long why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right because that's too long why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right because that's too long why
+can't you move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you move this
+um because it's not a head it's a phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it's not a head it's a phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it's not a head it's a phrase
+uh apparently we think that heads only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh apparently we think that heads only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh apparently we think that heads only
+heads can move to attach to other heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads can move to attach to other heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads can move to attach to other heads
+yeah we might want to know why there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we might want to know why there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we might want to know why there are
+lots of things we might want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things we might want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things we might want to know
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+go go take go take syntax yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go go take go take syntax yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go go take go take syntax yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right this is I I all of you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is I I all of you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is I I all of you you
+dragged me Kicking and Screaming into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragged me Kicking and Screaming into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragged me Kicking and Screaming into
+doing more syntax shame on you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing more syntax shame on you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing more syntax shame on you okay
+um uh right principal a principle B yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh right principal a principle B yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh right principal a principle B yes
+people happy reasonably happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people happy reasonably happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people happy reasonably happy with
+principal a and principle B so they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal a and principle B so they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal a and principle B so they say
+and of course need to be bound within TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course need to be bound within TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course need to be bound within TP
+pronouns have to be free within TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns have to be free within TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns have to be free within TP
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh side note since I just told you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh side note since I just told you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh side note since I just told you a
+universal about anaphores anaphor's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal about anaphores anaphor's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal about anaphores anaphor's only
+ever care about C command they never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever care about C command they never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever care about C command they never
+seem to care about like linear order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to care about like linear order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to care about like linear order
+they don't care about what precedes them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't care about what precedes them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't care about what precedes them
+or follows them I should say that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or follows them I should say that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or follows them I should say that there
+there are points of variation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are points of variation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are points of variation between
+languages there are languages that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages there are languages that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages there are languages that have
+anaphores that need to be bound but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphores that need to be bound but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphores that need to be bound but they
+can be bound longer than this so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be bound longer than this so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be bound longer than this so they're
+languages that have anaphores that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that have anaphores that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that have anaphores that can
+be bound outside of the TP that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bound outside of the TP that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bound outside of the TP that they're
+in called long distance anaphores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in called long distance anaphores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in called long distance anaphores
+English doesn't have them but Mandarin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English doesn't have them but Mandarin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English doesn't have them but Mandarin
+does for example uh so Mandarin soji is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does for example uh so Mandarin soji is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does for example uh so Mandarin soji is
+a long distance anaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long distance anaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long distance anaphor
+um languages it's it's not a principle a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um languages it's it's not a principle a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um languages it's it's not a principle a
+is not a parameter that distinguishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a parameter that distinguishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a parameter that distinguishes
+languages it's a parameter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages it's a parameter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages it's a parameter that
+distinguishes anaphores so Mandarin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes anaphores so Mandarin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes anaphores so Mandarin
+actually has uh two anaphores it has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has uh two anaphores it has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has uh two anaphores it has an
+anaphor that behaves like this uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphor that behaves like this uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphor that behaves like this uh which
+is pronounced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pronounced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pronounced
+and then it has another one uh that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it has another one uh that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it has another one uh that is
+long distance that can be bound from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long distance that can be bound from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long distance that can be bound from
+outside it's TP it's just it's the G by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside it's TP it's just it's the G by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside it's TP it's just it's the G by
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+um those of you who speak Mandarin can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those of you who speak Mandarin can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those of you who speak Mandarin can
+be thinking about uh thinking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking about uh thinking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking about uh thinking about that
+they're languages that have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're languages that have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're languages that have more
+anaphores than that uh Korean I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphores than that uh Korean I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphores than that uh Korean I think
+holds the record it has four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds the record it has four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds the record it has four different
+dinosaurs with slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinosaurs with slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinosaurs with slightly different
+behaviors also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have
+let's talk about a word is it very uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about a word is it very uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about a word is it very uh as
+far as I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every language has this type of anaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every language has this type of anaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every language has this type of anaphor
+and long distance anaphors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and long distance anaphors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and long distance anaphors are
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+an additional luxury that a language can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional luxury that a language can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional luxury that a language can
+allow itself or not I don't think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow itself or not I don't think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow itself or not I don't think there
+are any languages that only have long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are any languages that only have long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are any languages that only have long
+distance and of course yeah good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and of course yeah good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and of course yeah good
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+yep okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay where are we okay yes so uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where are we okay yes so uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where are we okay yes so uh we have
+principle a we have principle B uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle a we have principle B uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle a we have principle B uh and
+of course need to be bound within TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course need to be bound within TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course need to be bound within TP
+pronouns have to be free within TP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns have to be free within TP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns have to be free within TP and
+let's stick to English again uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stick to English again uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stick to English again uh now
+let's consider these sentences she likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider these sentences she likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider these sentences she likes
+Susan and her father likes Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um with these subscripts and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with these subscripts and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with these subscripts and these
+grammaticality judgments which I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammaticality judgments which I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammaticality judgments which I hope
+everybody agrees with so she likes Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody agrees with so she likes Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody agrees with so she likes Susan
+uh fine sentence but she and Susan can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fine sentence but she and Susan can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fine sentence but she and Susan can't
+be the same person yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same person yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same person yeah
+um does either of our principles handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does either of our principles handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does either of our principles handle
+these facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a leading question if there ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a leading question if there ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a leading question if there ever
+was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no they do not yeah so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they do not yeah so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they do not yeah so first of all
+principle a is obviously going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle a is obviously going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle a is obviously going to be
+useless here there are no anaphores in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless here there are no anaphores in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless here there are no anaphores in
+these sentences okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sentences okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sentences okay
+so forget principle a principle B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forget principle a principle B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forget principle a principle B
+pronouns need to be free within TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns need to be free within TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns need to be free within TP
+well is she free with ntp and she like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is she free with ntp and she like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is she free with ntp and she like
+Susan is there a noun phrase that c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan is there a noun phrase that c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan is there a noun phrase that c
+commands C commands she and co-refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands C commands she and co-refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands C commands she and co-refers
+with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is she free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is she free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is she free
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+she is free shall I draw a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the sentence she likes Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday
+I'm gonna ask somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna ask somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna ask somebody
+to make me a stamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make me a stamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make me a stamp
+a chalk stamp you know that just has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chalk stamp you know that just has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chalk stamp you know that just has
+this tree you know TP Barbie wow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree you know TP Barbie wow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree you know TP Barbie wow and
+then there it would be that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there it would be that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there it would be that would be
+great she likes Susan yeah uh here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great she likes Susan yeah uh here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great she likes Susan yeah uh here's the
+pronoun pronoun needs to be free within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun pronoun needs to be free within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun pronoun needs to be free within
+TP that is there better not be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP that is there better not be anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP that is there better not be anything
+seek commanding she that co-refers with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek commanding she that co-refers with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek commanding she that co-refers with
+she does anything seek an end she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess maybe t-bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess maybe t-bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess maybe t-bar
+so t-bar is dominated by all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so t-bar is dominated by all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so t-bar is dominated by all the same
+nodes as noun phrase but t-bar doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes as noun phrase but t-bar doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes as noun phrase but t-bar doesn't
+refer to she doesn't refer to Susan so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to she doesn't refer to Susan so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to she doesn't refer to Susan so
+she is free yep so our principles don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is free yep so our principles don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is free yep so our principles don't
+handle these facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there are at least two things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are at least two things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are at least two things we
+could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do
+one would be to say ah principle B uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be to say ah principle B uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be to say ah principle B uh we
+were wrong to to to confine principle B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were wrong to to to confine principle B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were wrong to to to confine principle B
+to pronouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pronouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pronouns
+um so it's really just a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's really just a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's really just a distinction
+between anaphores uh and everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between anaphores uh and everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between anaphores uh and everything else
+right so the problem with she like Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the problem with she like Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the problem with she like Susan
+isn't she it's Susan so Susan also needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't she it's Susan so Susan also needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't she it's Susan so Susan also needs
+to be free with ntp yeah and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be free with ntp yeah and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be free with ntp yeah and then the
+story would be her father like Susan her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story would be her father like Susan her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story would be her father like Susan her
+is embedded inside her father and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is embedded inside her father and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is embedded inside her father and so it
+doesn't seek Him in Susan and so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seek Him in Susan and so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seek Him in Susan and so there
+yeah that version of principle B would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that version of principle B would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that version of principle B would
+would cover this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+pronouns really are the opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns really are the opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns really are the opposite of
+anaphores they need to be free within TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphores they need to be free within TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphores they need to be free within TP
+so Susan thinks I like her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Susan thinks I like her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Susan thinks I like her
+where Susan C commands her and co-refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Susan C commands her and co-refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Susan C commands her and co-refers
+with her so Susan binds her is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her so Susan binds her is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her so Susan binds her is fine
+because although her is bound it's bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because although her is bound it's bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because although her is bound it's bound
+by something that's far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by something that's far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by something that's far away
+that's all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all right
+but and she thinks I like Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and she thinks I like Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and she thinks I like Susan
+we're seeing that names do not behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing that names do not behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing that names do not behave
+like pronouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pronouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pronouns
+Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan
+requires absolute freedom freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires absolute freedom freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires absolute freedom freedom
+everywhere pronouns just need to be free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere pronouns just need to be free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere pronouns just need to be free
+within a certain domain within TP let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a certain domain within TP let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a certain domain within TP let's
+say but a name like Susan uh needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but a name like Susan uh needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but a name like Susan uh needs to be
+free everywhere the fact that Susan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free everywhere the fact that Susan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free everywhere the fact that Susan is
+bound by she in that second example she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound by she in that second example she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound by she in that second example she
+thinks I like Susan means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks I like Susan means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks I like Susan means that the
+sentence is bad it doesn't matter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence is bad it doesn't matter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence is bad it doesn't matter that
+they're far apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're far apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're far apart
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+uh so we make up a new principle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we make up a new principle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we make up a new principle it's
+called principle C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called principle C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called principle C
+and also a new term are expressions our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also a new term are expressions our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also a new term are expressions our
+Expressions means things that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions means things that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions means things that are not
+anaphors or pronouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphors or pronouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphors or pronouns
+um it stands for referring expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it stands for referring expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it stands for referring expressions
+which is an unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an unfortunate
+name because they don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name because they don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name because they don't necessarily
+refer Susan does it refers to Susan but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer Susan does it refers to Susan but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer Susan does it refers to Susan but
+uh anyway that's all it means uh things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anyway that's all it means uh things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anyway that's all it means uh things
+that are not dinosaurs or pronouns so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not dinosaurs or pronouns so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not dinosaurs or pronouns so
+you know everything that isn't subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know everything that isn't subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know everything that isn't subject
+to principle a or principle B is subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to principle a or principle B is subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to principle a or principle B is subject
+to principle C every noun phrase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to principle C every noun phrase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to principle C every noun phrase that
+isn't subject principle a or principle B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't subject principle a or principle B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't subject principle a or principle B
+is subject to principle C which says our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is subject to principle C which says our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is subject to principle C which says our
+Expressions must be free everywhere yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions must be free everywhere yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions must be free everywhere yeah
+Expressions must be free and everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions must be free and everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions must be free and everywhere
+they are in Chains yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in Chains yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in Chains yeah okay
+all right and then this is the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then this is the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then this is the fact that
+I made a big deal about before uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made a big deal about before uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made a big deal about before uh you
+know even though uh which thing precedes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know even though uh which thing precedes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know even though uh which thing precedes
+which other thing is the kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which other thing is the kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which other thing is the kind of thing
+that every infant knows as soon as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every infant knows as soon as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every infant knows as soon as they
+can hear words and segment Words which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hear words and segment Words which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hear words and segment Words which
+infants are eerily good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants are eerily good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants are eerily good at
+um uh even though you know if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh even though you know if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh even though you know if you were
+gonna design a computer you know to to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna design a computer you know to to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna design a computer you know to to a
+language for computers to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language for computers to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language for computers to use
+um I you know I'm not a computer person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I you know I'm not a computer person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I you know I'm not a computer person
+you may have picked up on this uh even I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have picked up on this uh even I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have picked up on this uh even I
+think I it would be easier for me to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I it would be easier for me to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I it would be easier for me to get
+a computer to figure out which thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer to figure out which thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer to figure out which thing
+precedes linearly precedes which other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedes linearly precedes which other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedes linearly precedes which other
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+than it would be to get a computer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it would be to get a computer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it would be to get a computer to
+figure out which thing see commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which thing see commands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which thing see commands
+which other things and that's a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which other things and that's a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which other things and that's a much
+more complicated task it seems to me not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated task it seems to me not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated task it seems to me not
+that I know anything about this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know anything about this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know anything about this stuff
+and yet all of us go for the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet all of us go for the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet all of us go for the more
+complicated task we're built that way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated task we're built that way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated task we're built that way we
+can't help it so uh language doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't help it so uh language doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't help it so uh language doesn't
+care which thing precedes which other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care which thing precedes which other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care which thing precedes which other
+thing it cares which things he commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it cares which things he commands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it cares which things he commands
+which other thing always in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which other thing always in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which other thing always in every
+language over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh well we could do it different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well we could do it different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well we could do it different ways
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+where will I put this up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will I put this up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will I put this up here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe you would start by drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you would start by drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you would start by drawing
+drawing the TP first so Susan read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the TP first so Susan read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the TP first so Susan read a
+book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right do that for Susan to write a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do that for Susan to write a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do that for Susan to write a book
+and then we need somewhere to hang while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need somewhere to hang while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need somewhere to hang while
+she was eating and we needed to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was eating and we needed to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was eating and we needed to be some
+kind of adjunct right so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of adjunct right so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of adjunct right so it's not
+um it's not in the same kind of relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not in the same kind of relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not in the same kind of relation
+as anything else it's not what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as anything else it's not what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as anything else it's not what am I
+trying to say it's not selected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say it's not selected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say it's not selected by
+anything right there's no particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right there's no particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right there's no particular
+reason for it to be anywhere so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for it to be anywhere so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for it to be anywhere so there
+are various ways we could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various ways we could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various ways we could do that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+notice for example that if you if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice for example that if you if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice for example that if you if this
+were an embedded Clause so if it were I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were an embedded Clause so if it were I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were an embedded Clause so if it were I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+that so here's a c right it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here's a c right it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here's a c right it's going to
+be the CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the CP
+sorry let's do the CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry let's do the CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry let's do the CP
+so if we were doing I think that Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were doing I think that Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were doing I think that Susan
+write a book The embedded Clause that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a book The embedded Clause that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a book The embedded Clause that
+Susan read a book would look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan read a book would look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan read a book would look like this
+right it would have a CP here I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it would have a CP here I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it would have a CP here I can just
+connect these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect these
+I have a CP uh with a c that that's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a CP uh with a c that that's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a CP uh with a c that that's got
+this TP as its sister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this TP as its sister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this TP as its sister
+and if we were going to add this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we were going to add this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we were going to add this
+embedded Clause while this this adjunct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded Clause while this this adjunct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded Clause while this this adjunct
+D Clause to the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Clause to the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Clause to the beginning of the
+embedded Clause while she was eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded Clause while she was eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded Clause while she was eating
+um I think one place to let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think one place to let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think one place to let's think
+about places to put it if it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about places to put it if it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about places to put it if it's going to
+be before Susan one we could ask does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be before Susan one we could ask does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be before Susan one we could ask does it
+go here or does it go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here or does it go here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here or does it go here
+so uh I think that while she was eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I think that while she was eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I think that while she was eating
+Susan read a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan read a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan read a book
+is I think something that we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think something that we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think something that we can say
+I think while she was eating but Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think while she was eating but Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think while she was eating but Susan
+read a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think does not mean the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think does not mean the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think does not mean the same thing
+there's something wrong with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something wrong with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something wrong with that
+so this is at least one place that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is at least one place that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is at least one place that it
+can go right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go right
+between the C and the TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the C and the TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the C and the TP
+and given that it can go between the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and given that it can go between the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and given that it can go between the C
+and the TP maybe the easiest thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the TP maybe the easiest thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the TP maybe the easiest thing to do
+would be to just make it an adjunct on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to just make it an adjunct on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to just make it an adjunct on
+TP so we'll have another you know we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP so we'll have another you know we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP so we'll have another you know we'll
+duplicate the TP node and we'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicate the TP node and we'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicate the TP node and we'll have a
+CP here where I won't do the insides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP here where I won't do the insides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP here where I won't do the insides of
+it but that's where you would put while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but that's where you would put while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but that's where you would put while
+she was eating yeah does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay so that's binding Theory I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so that's binding Theory I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so that's binding Theory I think
+I flagged the fact there are many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I flagged the fact there are many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I flagged the fact there are many many
+things to say about money period that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to say about money period that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to say about money period that's
+part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it
+um reasons to be happy about binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reasons to be happy about binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reasons to be happy about binding
+Theory uh I first showed you binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory uh I first showed you binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory uh I first showed you binding
+Theory as a probe into C command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory as a probe into C command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory as a probe into C command
+relations but there there's so much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations but there there's so much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations but there there's so much more
+there are lots of things we can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of things we can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of things we can do with
+binding Theory let me show you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding Theory let me show you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding Theory let me show you one
+uh here's a sentence Mary decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's a sentence Mary decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's a sentence Mary decided to
+leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+how many TPS are in this sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well there's at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two isn't a preposition here this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two isn't a preposition here this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two isn't a preposition here this isn't
+like Mary went to Toledo yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Mary went to Toledo yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Mary went to Toledo yeah
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two
+is in complementary distribution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a bunch of different things you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different things you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different things you can't
+say for example you can say Mary decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example you can say Mary decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example you can say Mary decided
+to leave you can't say Mary decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave you can't say Mary decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave you can't say Mary decided
+we'll leave or should leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll leave or should leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll leave or should leave
+or for that matter Mary decided left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for that matter Mary decided left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for that matter Mary decided left
+yeah these are not sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah these are not sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah these are not sentences
+so these are all bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um which makes people think that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which makes people think that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which makes people think that maybe
+two is the same kind of thing as will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is the same kind of thing as will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is the same kind of thing as will
+and should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and should
+so here's a spot where you can only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a spot where you can only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a spot where you can only have
+one of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things
+you can have will or you can have should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have will or you can have should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have will or you can have should
+or you can have two yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can have two yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can have two yeah
+and so people think yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I don't know this gets into questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know this gets into questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know this gets into questions
+about whether you believed your English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether you believed your English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether you believed your English
+teacher when she told you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher when she told you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher when she told you that you
+cannot he told you that you cannot say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot he told you that you cannot say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot he told you that you cannot say
+things like Mary decided to immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Mary decided to immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Mary decided to immediately
+leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we decided to boldly go where no one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided to boldly go where no one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided to boldly go where no one has
+gone before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are languages in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are languages in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are languages in which the
+infinitive is a morpheme that's attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitive is a morpheme that's attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitive is a morpheme that's attached
+to the the marker of the infinitive is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the marker of the infinitive is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the marker of the infinitive is a
+morpheme that's attached to the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morpheme that's attached to the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morpheme that's attached to the verb
+yeah you're absolutely right but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're absolutely right but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're absolutely right but in
+English it's not so clear that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English it's not so clear that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English it's not so clear that it is
+there's stuff like adverbs that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's stuff like adverbs that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's stuff like adverbs that you can
+put between the two and the verb at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put between the two and the verb at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put between the two and the verb at
+least I can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so this sentence means more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so this sentence means more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so this sentence means more or less
+the same thing as Mary decided that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as Mary decided that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as Mary decided that she
+would leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but again
+um so interesting fact you can't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so interesting fact you can't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so interesting fact you can't have a
+that if you're going to have a two yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're going to have a two yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're going to have a two yeah
+um and if you don't have yeah if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you don't have yeah if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you don't have yeah if you
+have that then you cannot have a two you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that then you cannot have a two you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that then you cannot have a two you
+have that then you can have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that then you can have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that then you can have all these
+other things that would be here if two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that would be here if two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that would be here if two
+were not here you could have a will or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not here you could have a will or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not here you could have a will or a
+should or a past tense or right all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should or a past tense or right all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should or a past tense or right all of
+these other things that's the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things that's the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things that's the relation
+that we talked about in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about in terms of
+selection we said t uh C selects t t is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection we said t uh C selects t t is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection we said t uh C selects t t is
+selected by C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected by C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected by C
+so these are all reasons to think maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all reasons to think maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all reasons to think maybe
+that 2 is a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but there are two TPS in this sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are two TPS in this sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are two TPS in this sentence
+yeah there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's
+Mary decided to leave that's one TP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary decided to leave that's one TP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary decided to leave that's one TP and
+that to leave is another TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to leave is another TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to leave is another TP
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you buying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buying this
+you should yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should yeah
+okay so maybe there are two TPS but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe there are two TPS but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe there are two TPS but if
+there are two TPS in this sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two TPS in this sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two TPS in this sentence
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we have this principle the extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this principle the extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this principle the extended
+projection principle that says every TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection principle that says every TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection principle that says every TP
+must have a specifier uh but we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have a specifier uh but we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have a specifier uh but we only
+seem to have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have one
+subject Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject Mary
+yeah who's doing the deciding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah who's doing the deciding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah who's doing the deciding
+now there's a classic answer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a classic answer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a classic answer to this
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says
+uh English is a language with many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh English is a language with many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh English is a language with many
+pronouns and um one of them is invisible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the invisible one is the one that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the invisible one is the one that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the invisible one is the one that is
+the subject of leave it's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject of leave it's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject of leave it's the thing
+that's satisfying the Epp here so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's satisfying the Epp here so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's satisfying the Epp here so it
+isn't that TP doesn't have a specifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that TP doesn't have a specifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that TP doesn't have a specifier
+and to leave that TP does have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to leave that TP does have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to leave that TP does have a
+specifier it's just an invisible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifier it's just an invisible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifier it's just an invisible
+specifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifier
+of when this theory was first offered uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when this theory was first offered uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when this theory was first offered uh
+it was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh
+uh you know people reacted the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know people reacted the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know people reacted the way you
+might expect them to sort of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect them to sort of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect them to sort of the way
+some of you possibly mentally are namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you possibly mentally are namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you possibly mentally are namely
+come on you know uh you're just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on you know uh you're just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on you know uh you're just trying
+to avoid having to say that the Epp is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid having to say that the Epp is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid having to say that the Epp is
+not right or parameterized the Epp to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right or parameterized the Epp to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right or parameterized the Epp to
+different kinds of positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of positions
+but actually binding Theory gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually binding Theory gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually binding Theory gives us
+some reasons to believe that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reasons to believe that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reasons to believe that there is
+such a thing as Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a thing as Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a thing as Pro
+um and uh let me show you some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh let me show you some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh let me show you some of the
+arguments so in this case that's a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments so in this case that's a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments so in this case that's a story
+that says no the BPP is being satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says no the BPP is being satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says no the BPP is being satisfied
+in the embedded Clause by an invisible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the embedded Clause by an invisible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the embedded Clause by an invisible
+pronoun that refers in this case to Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here are some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some data
+John promised Mary to defend himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John promised Mary to defend himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John promised Mary to defend himself
+John promised Mary to defend herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John promised Mary to defend herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John promised Mary to defend herself
+John told Mary to defend himself John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John told Mary to defend himself John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John told Mary to defend himself John
+told Mary to defend herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told Mary to defend herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told Mary to defend herself
+sentences with uh grammaticality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences with uh grammaticality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences with uh grammaticality
+judgments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments
+I'm going to copy these sentences onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to copy these sentences onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to copy these sentences onto
+the board because I want to do various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board because I want to do various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board because I want to do various
+graphic things with them and while I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic things with them and while I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic things with them and while I'm
+copying them I'll ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying them I'll ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying them I'll ask you
+to look at those sentences and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at those sentences and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at those sentences and ask
+yourself whether you get these judgments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself whether you get these judgments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself whether you get these judgments
+John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Canary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canary
+to defend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to defend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to defend
+herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself
+himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+put those in the wrong order yes I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to defend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+where uh middle two so this is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do people get these judgments is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people get these judgments is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people get these judgments is this
+true am I just making this up nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true am I just making this up nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true am I just making this up nobody
+wants to protest okay so you know I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to protest okay so you know I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to protest okay so you know I told
+you before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you before
+um binding Theory we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um binding Theory we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um binding Theory we're going to use
+binding Theory to find things out about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding Theory to find things out about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding Theory to find things out about
+uh how far away things are which things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how far away things are which things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how far away things are which things
+see command which other things now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see command which other things now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see command which other things now that
+we have this theory that we think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this theory that we think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this theory that we think we
+hope is more or less reliable uh we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope is more or less reliable uh we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope is more or less reliable uh we know
+when we look at nanophoria it had better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at nanophoria it had better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at nanophoria it had better
+have an antecedent that's close enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an antecedent that's close enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an antecedent that's close enough
+to it and we think that close enough is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and we think that close enough is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and we think that close enough is
+more or less within the same TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less within the same TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less within the same TP
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+forget it now that I've done all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it now that I've done all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it now that I've done all that
+talking about interforce forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about interforce forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about interforce forget about
+the anaphores for a second if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anaphores for a second if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anaphores for a second if I say
+John promised Mary to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John promised Mary to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John promised Mary to leave
+who's going to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+John and if I say John told Mary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John and if I say John told Mary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John and if I say John told Mary to
+leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave
+who's going to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to leave
+Mary yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary yeah so
+the understood subjects of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the understood subjects of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the understood subjects of these
+embedded Clauses the Pro if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded Clauses the Pro if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded Clauses the Pro if there's a
+pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro
+is going to refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to refer
+uh to John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to John
+in when the first verb is promised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when the first verb is promised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when the first verb is promised
+but it's going to refer to Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I'm just going to give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm just going to give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm just going to give it a
+subscript Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript Mary
+when the first verb is told yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the first verb is told yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the first verb is told yeah
+so if there let me do this the easy way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there let me do this the easy way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there let me do this the easy way
+first if there is such a thing as Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first if there is such a thing as Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first if there is such a thing as Pro
+we ask ourselves these anaphores they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask ourselves these anaphores they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask ourselves these anaphores they
+need to get bound uh within the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get bound uh within the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get bound uh within the smallest
+TP right that's uh that contains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP right that's uh that contains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP right that's uh that contains the
+anaphor and the smallest TP that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphor and the smallest TP that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphor and the smallest TP that
+contains the anaphor is going to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the anaphor is going to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the anaphor is going to be this
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+and so when we ask ourselves uh is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when we ask ourselves uh is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when we ask ourselves uh is the
+anaphor Bound by a noun phrase that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphor Bound by a noun phrase that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphor Bound by a noun phrase that's
+close enough to it well the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough to it well the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough to it well the answer is
+yes here because himself gets to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes here because himself gets to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes here because himself gets to be
+bound by that Pro John refers to John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound by that Pro John refers to John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound by that Pro John refers to John
+and so himself can be John uh he can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so himself can be John uh he can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so himself can be John uh he can't
+be herself because the pro is John it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be herself because the pro is John it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be herself because the pro is John it's
+not Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Mary
+whereas when the higher verb is told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas when the higher verb is told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas when the higher verb is told
+then the pro is Merry and so now himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the pro is Merry and so now himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the pro is Merry and so now himself
+is bad because himself can't refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad because himself can't refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad because himself can't refer to
+Mary and herself is good you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary and herself is good you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary and herself is good you can get
+Bound by Mary yeah so we can capture all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bound by Mary yeah so we can capture all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bound by Mary yeah so we can capture all
+of these facts if we're willing to pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these facts if we're willing to pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these facts if we're willing to pause
+the pro which refers to who it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pro which refers to who it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pro which refers to who it should
+refer to you know the person who's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to you know the person who's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to you know the person who's going
+to do the the defending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the the defending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the the defending
+that'll depend on what the higher verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll depend on what the higher verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll depend on what the higher verb
+is interesting fact which people work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting fact which people work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting fact which people work on
+like what determines who Pro refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what determines who Pro refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what determines who Pro refers to
+you know why is it John for a promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why is it John for a promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why is it John for a promise
+but Mary for defend it's what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Mary for defend it's what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Mary for defend it's what's called
+subject control and object control yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject control and object control yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject control and object control yeah
+um but once we believe in Pro we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but once we believe in Pro we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but once we believe in Pro we have a
+handle on why the anaphor is refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle on why the anaphor is refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle on why the anaphor is refer to
+who they refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they refer to
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now let's do this the hard way what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's do this the hard way what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's do this the hard way what if
+we didn't believe in Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+believe in Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+what we want is for this position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want is for this position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want is for this position
+to be bound to be bindable by John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bound to be bindable by John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bound to be bindable by John
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+but not by marrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we want this position to be bindable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want this position to be bindable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want this position to be bindable
+by Mary but not by John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is going to be hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be hard
+right the first one is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the first one is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the first one is going to be
+especially hard so far our conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially hard so far our conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially hard so far our conditions
+just say and of course have to get C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say and of course have to get C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say and of course have to get C
+commended by something that's close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commended by something that's close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commended by something that's close
+enough to them yeah to get that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to them yeah to get that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to them yeah to get that and
+co-refers with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-refers with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-refers with them
+so but if John is close enough to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but if John is close enough to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but if John is close enough to that
+anaphor position well then Shirley Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphor position well then Shirley Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphor position well then Shirley Mary
+is Mary is closer there's there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Mary is closer there's there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Mary is closer there's there's no way
+to do that yeah yeah I have to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that yeah yeah I have to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that yeah yeah I have to come up
+with something very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something very complicated
+and the second set of examples is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second set of examples is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second set of examples is also
+going to be kind of hard because Mary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be kind of hard because Mary uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be kind of hard because Mary uh
+is the object of told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the object of told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the object of told
+right so you know this anaphor will need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know this anaphor will need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know this anaphor will need
+to have a binding domain that gets up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a binding domain that gets up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a binding domain that gets up to
+the higher verb phrase a domain in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher verb phrase a domain in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher verb phrase a domain in which
+it's anaphor it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's anaphor it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's anaphor it's a
+it finds a binder uh it's going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finds a binder uh it's going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finds a binder uh it's going to need
+to find a binder in a domain okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a binder in a domain okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a binder in a domain okay we
+have to say okay we're wrong about TPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say okay we're wrong about TPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say okay we're wrong about TPS
+uh it's like the next verb phrase or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's like the next verb phrase or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's like the next verb phrase or
+something the The Domain in which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the The Domain in which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the The Domain in which it
+finds a binder has to be this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds a binder has to be this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds a binder has to be this new
+special kind of domain that doesn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special kind of domain that doesn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special kind of domain that doesn't seem
+to be useful anywhere else it's a mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be useful anywhere else it's a mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be useful anywhere else it's a mess
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+and pro gets us out of the mess we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pro gets us out of the mess we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pro gets us out of the mess we're
+willing to put Pro in the places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to put Pro in the places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to put Pro in the places where
+where we want to put it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we want to put it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we want to put it yeah
+so one reason to be happy about binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one reason to be happy about binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one reason to be happy about binding
+theory is that it gives us a reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is that it gives us a reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is that it gives us a reason to
+make a move that we might want have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a move that we might want have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a move that we might want have
+wanted to make anyway these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make anyway these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make anyway these these
+infinitives are acting like they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitives are acting like they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitives are acting like they have
+subjects in two respects they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects in two respects they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects in two respects they are
+satisfying the Epp first of all and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying the Epp first of all and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying the Epp first of all and they
+are uh acting like they have a subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh acting like they have a subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh acting like they have a subject
+that co-refers with somebody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that co-refers with somebody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that co-refers with somebody in the
+higher Clause either John or Mary uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Clause either John or Mary uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Clause either John or Mary uh for
+purposes of binding Theory binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of binding Theory binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of binding Theory binding
+theory is simplest if there is a pronoun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is simplest if there is a pronoun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is simplest if there is a pronoun
+there yeah now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah now
+minor problem we can't see a pronoun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor problem we can't see a pronoun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor problem we can't see a pronoun
+there but if we're willing to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but if we're willing to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but if we're willing to sort of
+rely on binding Theory a little bit we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on binding Theory a little bit we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on binding Theory a little bit we
+can use binding Theory to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use binding Theory to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use binding Theory to convince
+ourselves so the pronoun actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves so the pronoun actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves so the pronoun actually is
+there it's just that we can't see it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's just that we can't see it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's just that we can't see it we
+have a new detector for pronouns yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a new detector for pronouns yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a new detector for pronouns yeah
+I can find them this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find them this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find them this way
+this makes sense are all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes sense are all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes sense are all of you
+appropriately skeptical is anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately skeptical is anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately skeptical is anybody
+inappropriately skeptical do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inappropriately skeptical do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inappropriately skeptical do you have
+questions about any of this chain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about any of this chain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about any of this chain of
+reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning
+is there a reason to take seriously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a reason to take seriously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a reason to take seriously the
+idea that there are invisible pronouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that there are invisible pronouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that there are invisible pronouns
+sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+we talked about invisible pronouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about invisible pronouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about invisible pronouns
+before I think I think I gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I think I think I gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I think I think I gave you
+examples like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples like
+you know I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I can say
+defend yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+somebody said uh I think somebody said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody said uh I think somebody said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody said uh I think somebody said
+that they were taught in school I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were taught in school I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were taught in school I can't
+remember who it was that uh the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember who it was that uh the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember who it was that uh the subject
+of an imperative is understood as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an imperative is understood as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an imperative is understood as you
+right right that this means you defend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right that this means you defend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right that this means you defend
+yourself and one reason to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and one reason to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and one reason to take that
+seriously is that yeah uh an anaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously is that yeah uh an anaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously is that yeah uh an anaphor
+here is acting like there is a subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is acting like there is a subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is acting like there is a subject
+around or at least another noun phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around or at least another noun phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around or at least another noun phrase
+around that refers to you yeah because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that refers to you yeah because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that refers to you yeah because
+defend yourself is fine but defend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend yourself is fine but defend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend yourself is fine but defend
+myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+no good right no matter how much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no good right no matter how much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no good right no matter how much you
+might want to say it that's not the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to say it that's not the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to say it that's not the way
+to say it you say it defend me yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it you say it defend me yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it you say it defend me yeah
+it's acting like the subject is you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's acting like the subject is you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's acting like the subject is you okay
+you can't hear it I can't hear the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't hear it I can't hear the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't hear it I can't hear the you
+but there's a u there yeah yeah can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a u there yeah yeah can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a u there yeah yeah can use
+these end Force to find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these end Force to find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these end Force to find it
+same thing here in John promised Mary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing here in John promised Mary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing here in John promised Mary to
+defend himself there's a pronoun in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend himself there's a pronoun in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend himself there's a pronoun in the
+subject of defend it's really John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of defend it's really John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of defend it's really John
+promised Mary him to defend himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised Mary him to defend himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised Mary him to defend himself
+right and that hymn that Pro is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that hymn that Pro is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that hymn that Pro is
+referring back to John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring back to John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring back to John
+John told Mary her to defend herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John told Mary her to defend herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John told Mary her to defend herself
+that her is referring back to Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that her is referring back to Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that her is referring back to Mary
+hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm
+binding Theory tells us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah yeah slide after slide after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah slide after slide after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah slide after slide after
+slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+yes okay uh okay here's another reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay uh okay here's another reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay uh okay here's another reason
+to be happy about binding Theory another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be happy about binding Theory another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be happy about binding Theory another
+thing that it teaches us a new argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that it teaches us a new argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that it teaches us a new argument
+for something that I I showed you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something that I I showed you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something that I I showed you an
+argument for before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for before
+um and now I will show you a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now I will show you a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now I will show you a new
+argument possibly a simpler argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument possibly a simpler argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument possibly a simpler argument
+actually I should start with this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I should start with this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I should start with this one
+um which picture of himself did John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which picture of himself did John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which picture of himself did John
+like best the first set up for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like best the first set up for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like best the first set up for the
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+um observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um observation
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+John sure doesn't look like it see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John sure doesn't look like it see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John sure doesn't look like it see
+commands himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but John used to see command himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but John used to see command himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but John used to see command himself
+and apparently principle a can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apparently principle a can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apparently principle a can be
+satisfied with nostalgia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied with nostalgia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied with nostalgia
+so it thinks back to the Happy Days when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it thinks back to the Happy Days when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it thinks back to the Happy Days when
+John used to see command himself back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John used to see command himself back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John used to see command himself back
+before you did wh movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you did wh movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you did wh movement
+and it's satisfied yeah let's play it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's satisfied yeah let's play it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's satisfied yeah let's play it's
+you know it's easy going that way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's easy going that way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's easy going that way so
+this starts off right with John liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this starts off right with John liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this starts off right with John liked
+which picture of himself best right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which picture of himself best right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which picture of himself best right
+which picture of himself starts off as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which picture of himself starts off as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which picture of himself starts off as
+the object of like and it a bar it uh wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object of like and it a bar it uh wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object of like and it a bar it uh wh
+moves it becomes the specifier of CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves it becomes the specifier of CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves it becomes the specifier of CP
+shall I draw a tree for that or is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I draw a tree for that or is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I draw a tree for that or is that
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+I'm sorry those were yes no questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry those were yes no questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry those were yes no questions
+with opposite answers who would like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with opposite answers who would like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with opposite answers who would like me
+to draw a tree for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a tree for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a tree for that
+yes okay let me draw a tree for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay let me draw a tree for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay let me draw a tree for that
+um hide these trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hide these trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hide these trees
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+John yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh here's a noun phrase I'm Gonna Leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's a noun phrase I'm Gonna Leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's a noun phrase I'm Gonna Leave
+Out best just because there's we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Out best just because there's we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Out best just because there's we don't
+need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it
+um here's your DP which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's your DP which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's your DP which
+and bar picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase
+of an renowned phrase himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is just John like twitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just John like twitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just John like twitch
+picture of himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of himself
+we could put a vest in here I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could put a vest in here I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could put a vest in here I don't know
+why I left out best we'll put it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so John liked which picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so John liked which picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so John liked which picture of
+himself best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself best
+and then wh movement will take this noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then wh movement will take this noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then wh movement will take this noun
+phrase and move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase and move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase and move it
+to make it the specifier of a CP which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it the specifier of a CP which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it the specifier of a CP which
+is up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up here
+so now we have which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have which
+picture of himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of himself
+in the specifier of CP and uh did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the specifier of CP and uh did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the specifier of CP and uh did
+ends up here because we've moved T to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up here because we've moved T to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up here because we've moved T to C
+and done do support which is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and done do support which is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and done do support which is something
+that Faith made me talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Faith made me talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Faith made me talk about
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so which picture of himself did John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which picture of himself did John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which picture of himself did John
+like best and which picture of himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like best and which picture of himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like best and which picture of himself
+which I've spelled without the final H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've spelled without the final H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've spelled without the final H
+just to give you an additional challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you an additional challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you an additional challenge
+um uh which picture of himself starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh which picture of himself starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh which picture of himself starts
+off as the sister of like and wh moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off as the sister of like and wh moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off as the sister of like and wh moves
+and becomes the specifier of CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and becomes the specifier of CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and becomes the specifier of CP
+yep that's the derivation for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now so fact which we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now so fact which we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now so fact which we're going to
+have to get used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get used to
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+after we do the movement John no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we do the movement John no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we do the movement John no longer
+seek commands himself right what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek commands himself right what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek commands himself right what does
+John C command well John we we ask which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John C command well John we we ask which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John C command well John we we ask which
+nodes dominate John and it's these nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes dominate John and it's these nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes dominate John and it's these nodes
+so John C commands its sister and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so John C commands its sister and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so John C commands its sister and
+everything at sister dominates so John C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything at sister dominates so John C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything at sister dominates so John C
+commands you know like which picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands you know like which picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands you know like which picture of
+himself best but which picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself best but which picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself best but which picture of
+himself has moved out of that domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself has moved out of that domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself has moved out of that domain
+it's up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the fact that himself used to be down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that himself used to be down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that himself used to be down
+here in a position that John could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a position that John could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a position that John could see
+command is good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command is good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command is good enough
+it's a phenomenon called reconstruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a phenomenon called reconstruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a phenomenon called reconstruction
+it's as though when you are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as though when you are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as though when you are uh
+evaluating things for binding Theory you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating things for binding Theory you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating things for binding Theory you
+get to rewind the tape a little bit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to rewind the tape a little bit I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to rewind the tape a little bit I
+think oh yeah this used to be over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think oh yeah this used to be over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think oh yeah this used to be over here
+that's good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good enough
+various ways to talk about that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways to talk about that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways to talk about that but
+that's one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one okay
+so file that fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so file that fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so file that fact
+yes I just said that thank you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I just said that thank you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I just said that thank you this
+phenomenon is called reconstruction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon is called reconstruction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon is called reconstruction you
+treat something which is moved as though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat something which is moved as though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat something which is moved as though
+it hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hadn't
+okay now uh let's think about longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh let's think about longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh let's think about longer
+more complicated questions like which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated questions like which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated questions like which
+picture did John think that Mary bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture did John think that Mary bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture did John think that Mary bought
+so which picture has wh moved right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which picture has wh moved right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which picture has wh moved right
+but we talked about this question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we talked about this question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we talked about this question about
+whether it has moved once in one Mighty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it has moved once in one Mighty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it has moved once in one Mighty
+leap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leap
+started off as the object of by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off as the object of by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off as the object of by and
+moved through all of that intervening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved through all of that intervening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved through all of that intervening
+material and became the specifier of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and became the specifier of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and became the specifier of the
+higher CP or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher CP or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher CP or
+moved in a series of hops notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved in a series of hops notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved in a series of hops notice that
+John thinks that Mary bought a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John thinks that Mary bought a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John thinks that Mary bought a picture
+has two CPS in it there's that Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two CPS in it there's that Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two CPS in it there's that Mary
+bought a picture that's the emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought a picture that's the emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought a picture that's the emitted
+clause and then there's the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause and then there's the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause and then there's the Matrix
+clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause
+and we raised the question and I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we raised the question and I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we raised the question and I gave
+you all of these Dinka facts that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all of these Dinka facts that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all of these Dinka facts that were
+meant to take you get you to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to take you get you to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to take you get you to take
+seriously the possibility that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously the possibility that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously the possibility that the
+second picture is the right one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second picture is the right one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second picture is the right one that
+movement is what it's called successive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement is what it's called successive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement is what it's called successive
+cyclic that is you move in short hops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic that is you move in short hops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic that is you move in short hops
+you don't move in Mighty leaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't move in Mighty leaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't move in Mighty leaps
+so wh freeze it can't just it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wh freeze it can't just it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wh freeze it can't just it's not just
+that it likes to move to the specifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it likes to move to the specifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it likes to move to the specifier
+of CP it likes to land in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of CP it likes to land in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of CP it likes to land in every
+specifier of CP that it can find along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifier of CP that it can find along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifier of CP that it can find along
+the way it moves in this series of short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it moves in this series of short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it moves in this series of short
+Hops and I gave you some dink effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hops and I gave you some dink effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hops and I gave you some dink effects
+that were meant to give you to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were meant to give you to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were meant to give you to get you
+to take that possibility seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that possibility seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that possibility seriously
+here's another set of facts that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another set of facts that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another set of facts that might
+also get you to take that possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get you to take that possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get you to take that possibility
+seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously
+think about a sentence like which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a sentence like which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a sentence like which
+picture of himself did John think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of himself did John think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of himself did John think that
+Mary bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary bought
+first of all it's fine do people agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it's fine do people agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it's fine do people agree
+so himself can refer to John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so himself can refer to John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so himself can refer to John
+all right now let's think about why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now let's think about why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now let's think about why it's
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which picture of himself starts off as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which picture of himself starts off as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which picture of himself starts off as
+the sister of bi right starts off in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sister of bi right starts off in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sister of bi right starts off in the
+embedded clause and it ends up well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded clause and it ends up well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded clause and it ends up well in
+the position where it's pronounced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position where it's pronounced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position where it's pronounced in
+The Matrix clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix clause
+is himself Bound by John in the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is himself Bound by John in the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is himself Bound by John in the position
+where it's pronounced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's pronounced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's pronounced
+specifier of the highest EP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifier of the highest EP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifier of the highest EP
+does John C command that position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no right shall I draw a tree for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right shall I draw a tree for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right shall I draw a tree for this
+would that be a good thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be a good thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be a good thing to do
+let's draw a tree uh which picture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw a tree uh which picture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw a tree uh which picture for
+himself did John think that Mary bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think
+there's the CPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the CPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the CPU
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+GP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GP
+Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary
+is T and here's a VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is T and here's a VP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is T and here's a VP
+and I'm bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm bought
+and so we start off with which picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we start off with which picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we start off with which picture
+which I'm running out of room so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm running out of room so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm running out of room so I'm
+going to use a triangle here's which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a triangle here's which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a triangle here's which
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+I'm going to use a triangle and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use a triangle and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use a triangle and I'm
+going to abbreviate pictures pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to abbreviate pictures pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to abbreviate pictures pick
+and the question we're asking are so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question we're asking are so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question we're asking are so and
+so here's the tree we start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the tree we start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the tree we start off with
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+anybody wish to object to any aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody wish to object to any aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody wish to object to any aspects of
+this tree this is okay all right so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree this is okay all right so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree this is okay all right so and
+the question we're asking ourselves is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question we're asking ourselves is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question we're asking ourselves is
+this noun phrase does it move just once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this noun phrase does it move just once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this noun phrase does it move just once
+to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here
+so we have which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have which
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+everything self bless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does it move just once or does it stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it move just once or does it stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it move just once or does it stop
+along the way here that's the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way here that's the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way here that's the question
+we're asking ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking ourselves
+and now we're going to use binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to use binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to use binding
+Theory to come up with the answer ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory to come up with the answer ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory to come up with the answer ready
+does John C command himself here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does John C command himself here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does John C command himself here
+nope yeah I just said no before I drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope yeah I just said no before I drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope yeah I just said no before I drew
+the tree but now that I've grown the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree but now that I've grown the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree but now that I've grown the
+tree you can see that the answer is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree you can see that the answer is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree you can see that the answer is in
+fact no yeah so John doesn't seek him in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact no yeah so John doesn't seek him in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact no yeah so John doesn't seek him in
+this position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this position
+does John C command himself when himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does John C command himself when himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does John C command himself when himself
+is down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is down here
+yeah right so what's the C command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so what's the C command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so what's the C command
+domain for John well it's its sister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain for John well it's its sister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain for John well it's its sister
+that t-bar this t-bar here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that t-bar this t-bar here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that t-bar this t-bar here and
+everything this t-bar dominates so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything this t-bar dominates so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything this t-bar dominates so all
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+so John C commends this position himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so John C commends this position himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so John C commends this position himself
+could John bind is this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could John bind is this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could John bind is this just
+reconstruction can John Biden no it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction can John Biden no it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction can John Biden no it's
+too far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far away
+right and sir we can see that here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and sir we can see that here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and sir we can see that here you
+can't say John thought that Mary bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say John thought that Mary bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say John thought that Mary bought
+a picture of himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of himself
+so this position is too far away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this position is too far away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this position is too far away and
+this position John doesn't see command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this position John doesn't see command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this position John doesn't see command
+if these are the only positions then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these are the only positions then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these are the only positions then we
+are doomed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doomed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doomed
+yeah himself can't be bound happily in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah himself can't be bound happily in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah himself can't be bound happily in
+either of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those
+doomed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if which picture of himself spent some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if which picture of himself spent some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if which picture of himself spent some
+time here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here
+well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then
+John's He commands himself when which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John's He commands himself when which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John's He commands himself when which
+picture of himself is here right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of himself is here right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of himself is here right this is
+inside this t-bar John's sister yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this t-bar John's sister yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this t-bar John's sister yeah
+gets dominated by all the same nodes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets dominated by all the same nodes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets dominated by all the same nodes as
+the Dominate John and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dominate John and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dominate John and
+it's not contained in an ATP that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not contained in an ATP that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not contained in an ATP that
+excludes John remember our conditions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excludes John remember our conditions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excludes John remember our conditions on
+how far away things can be and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far away things can be and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far away things can be and still
+buying say that anaphores need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying say that anaphores need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying say that anaphores need to have
+binders that are contained in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binders that are contained in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binders that are contained in all the
+CPS that contain them right that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPS that contain them right that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPS that contain them right that aren't
+excluded by an atps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded by an atps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded by an atps
+so if we do successive cyclic movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we do successive cyclic movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we do successive cyclic movement
+which Dinka already told us that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Dinka already told us that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Dinka already told us that we
+should if movement happens not in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should if movement happens not in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should if movement happens not in one
+big jump but in two small jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big jump but in two small jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big jump but in two small jumps
+then we have an account of this the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have an account of this the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have an account of this the fact
+that this sentence is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sentence is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sentence is okay
+this sentence is okay because himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sentence is okay because himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sentence is okay because himself
+yes it's been here yes it's up there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's been here yes it's up there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's been here yes it's up there but
+it's also been here yeah and the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also been here yeah and the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also been here yeah and the fact
+that it spent time here is why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it spent time here is why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it spent time here is why the
+sentence is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence is okay
+binding Theory gives us a new reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding Theory gives us a new reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding Theory gives us a new reason to
+believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so some of the cool things binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of the cool things binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of the cool things binding
+theory is for yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+it's it's just like that yes yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's just like that yes yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's just like that yes yes yes
+so himself has been here and it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so himself has been here and it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so himself has been here and it's been
+up there but it's also been here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there but it's also been here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there but it's also been here and the
+fact that it was here meant that it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it was here meant that it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it was here meant that it got
+to go see the T-rex skeleton yeah while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go see the T-rex skeleton yeah while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go see the T-rex skeleton yeah while
+I was here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was here
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so movement is a successive cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so movement is a successive cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so movement is a successive cyclic
+new reason to believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new reason to believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new reason to believe that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have 15 minutes left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 15 minutes left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 15 minutes left
+and I don't think I can do this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't think I can do this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't think I can do this next
+thing in 15 minutes uh it involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in 15 minutes uh it involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in 15 minutes uh it involves
+guards no maybe I can let's start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guards no maybe I can let's start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guards no maybe I can let's start at
+least and then this will this will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least and then this will this will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least and then this will this will give
+you something to think about until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something to think about until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something to think about until we
+get to get to Thursday so consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to get to Thursday so consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to get to Thursday so consider this
+sentence two guards seem to me to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence two guards seem to me to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence two guards seem to me to be
+standing in front of every building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building
+is that ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that ambiguous
+yeah it's ambiguous in the familiar way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's ambiguous in the familiar way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's ambiguous in the familiar way
+right it either means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it either means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it either means
+each building is guarded by two guards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each building is guarded by two guards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each building is guarded by two guards
+as far as I can tell or there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as I can tell or there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as I can tell or there are two
+really weird guards yeah regarding all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weird guards yeah regarding all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weird guards yeah regarding all
+the buildings at once yeah it has those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buildings at once yeah it has those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buildings at once yeah it has those
+readings at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how about this sentence two guards seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about this sentence two guards seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about this sentence two guards seem
+to themselves sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two guards seem to themselves to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guards seem to themselves to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guards seem to themselves to be
+standing in front of every building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is not ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not ambiguous
+this means that there are two guards who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that there are two guards who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that there are two guards who
+need to be taken off duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be taken off duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be taken off duty
+they're two guards who are having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're two guards who are having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're two guards who are having
+hallucinations of being very very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallucinations of being very very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallucinations of being very very large
+yeah that's what the sentence means it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's what the sentence means it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's what the sentence means it
+doesn't mean and there's something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean and there's something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean and there's something else
+it could mean right it could mean uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could mean right it could mean uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could mean right it could mean uh
+uh this building has two guards who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this building has two guards who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this building has two guards who
+think that they're standing in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they're standing in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they're standing in front of
+it that building has two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that building has two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that building has two different
+guards who think that they're standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guards who think that they're standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guards who think that they're standing
+in front of it that building has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of it that building has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of it that building has two
+other guards who are standing in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guards who are standing in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guards who are standing in front
+of it in a sense the reading that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it in a sense the reading that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it in a sense the reading that it
+actually has is the more reassuring one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has is the more reassuring one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has is the more reassuring one
+it just means that there are two guards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just means that there are two guards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just means that there are two guards
+who really need a psych profile uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who really need a psych profile uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who really need a psych profile uh
+whereas on the other reading there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas on the other reading there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas on the other reading there are
+you know however many buildings there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know however many buildings there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know however many buildings there
+are times two there are that many guards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are times two there are that many guards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are times two there are that many guards
+who are in psychological trouble yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in psychological trouble yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in psychological trouble yeah so
+it doesn't mean all the things that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean all the things that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean all the things that it
+could mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could mean
+and you might be able to guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might be able to guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might be able to guess the
+problem is themselves that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is themselves that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is themselves that's what's
+going to prevent the other reading yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prevent the other reading yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prevent the other reading yeah
+but for reasons of time let's Let It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for reasons of time let's Let It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for reasons of time let's Let It
+prevent the other reading on Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the other reading on Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the other reading on Thursday
+yeah so come back on Thursday and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so come back on Thursday and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so come back on Thursday and I'll
+finish this point another thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish this point another thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish this point another thing that
+binding theory is for we'll talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding theory is for we'll talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding theory is for we'll talk a
+little more about reconstruction exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more about reconstruction exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more about reconstruction exactly
+what it is because it's fascinating it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is because it's fascinating it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is because it's fascinating it's
+really there's a lot of really cool work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there's a lot of really cool work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there's a lot of really cool work
+on trying to figure out what the heck it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on trying to figure out what the heck it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on trying to figure out what the heck it
+means okay questions about anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means okay questions about anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means okay questions about anything else
+all right good go forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good go forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good go forth
+think about linguistics
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WcXEHdzBZ3Y.txt b/WcXEHdzBZ3Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90176ce4f62b60f5458f9802f8064fa0f90e5053
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WcXEHdzBZ3Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11931 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi everyone and welcome to the AI and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone and welcome to the AI and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone and welcome to the AI and
+open education and initiative speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open education and initiative speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open education and initiative speaker
+series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series.
+Again, you are here at professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, you are here at professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, you are here at professional
+education and the judicious use of AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and the judicious use of AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and the judicious use of AI
+which is part of the AI and open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is part of the AI and open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is part of the AI and open
+education initiative speaker series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education initiative speaker series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education initiative speaker series.
+Welcome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+My name is Sher Seagull and I am the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My name is Sher Seagull and I am the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My name is Sher Seagull and I am the
+collaborations and engagement manager at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborations and engagement manager at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborations and engagement manager at
+MIT Open Courseware. I am also one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Open Courseware. I am also one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Open Courseware. I am also one of
+the planning committee members of the AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planning committee members of the AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planning committee members of the AI
+and open education initiative at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open education initiative at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open education initiative at MIT
+Open Learning. In order to meet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open Learning. In order to meet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open Learning. In order to meet the
+moment of remarkable growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of remarkable growth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of remarkable growth of
+artificial intelligence and to examine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence and to examine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence and to examine
+its benefits and challenges to the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its benefits and challenges to the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its benefits and challenges to the field
+of open education, last summer, MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of open education, last summer, MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of open education, last summer, MIT Open
+Learning solicited rapid response papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learning solicited rapid response papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learning solicited rapid response papers
+from stakeholders around the world to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from stakeholders around the world to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from stakeholders around the world to
+articulate how generative AI might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate how generative AI might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate how generative AI might
+accelerate or hinder the promise of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate or hinder the promise of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate or hinder the promise of open
+education. An international jury of AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. An international jury of AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. An international jury of AI
+and open education experts reviewed 147
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open education experts reviewed 147
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open education experts reviewed 147
+submissions and published nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submissions and published nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submissions and published nine
+thought-provoking papers by 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought-provoking papers by 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought-provoking papers by 32
+researchers on the open platform pub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers on the open platform pub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers on the open platform pub
+which you can find via the link in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can find via the link in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can find via the link in the
+chat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat.
+This initiative and today's speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This initiative and today's speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This initiative and today's speaker
+series webinar is generously funded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series webinar is generously funded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series webinar is generously funded by
+the William and Flora Hulet Foundation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the William and Flora Hulet Foundation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the William and Flora Hulet Foundation.
+We want to thank Huelet for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We want to thank Huelet for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We want to thank Huelet for their
+ongoing support.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing support.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing support.
+Today's session is the first of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today's session is the first of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today's session is the first of two
+webinars in the initiative speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webinars in the initiative speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webinars in the initiative speaker
+series. Today's topic is professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. Today's topic is professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. Today's topic is professional
+education and the judicious use of AI.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and the judicious use of AI.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and the judicious use of AI.
+Our next webinar on May 12th is on AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our next webinar on May 12th is on AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our next webinar on May 12th is on AI
+literacies and evaluation and we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacies and evaluation and we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacies and evaluation and we'll put
+the registration link for that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the registration link for that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the registration link for that in the
+chat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat.
+Please note that today's session is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Please note that today's session is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Please note that today's session is
+being recorded and will be openly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being recorded and will be openly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being recorded and will be openly
+licensed as an open educational resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensed as an open educational resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensed as an open educational resource
+that will be openly available to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be openly available to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be openly available to people
+around the world. We invite you to shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world. We invite you to shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world. We invite you to shape
+the narrative we are having about AI and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrative we are having about AI and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrative we are having about AI and
+open education and help us navigate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open education and help us navigate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open education and help us navigate the
+terrain for new directions and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain for new directions and new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain for new directions and new
+questions. So, please add your voice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. So, please add your voice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. So, please add your voice and
+let your critiques, concerns, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let your critiques, concerns, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let your critiques, concerns, and
+enthusiasm be heard. You can do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm be heard. You can do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm be heard. You can do so
+through the Q&A function throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Q&A function throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Q&A function throughout
+today's session. Put your ideas in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's session. Put your ideas in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's session. Put your ideas in the
+Q&A as you have them. Rest assured that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q&A as you have them. Rest assured that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q&A as you have them. Rest assured that
+we will circle back to your comments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will circle back to your comments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will circle back to your comments and
+questions later in this session. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions later in this session. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions later in this session. You're
+welcome to let us know your name, role,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to let us know your name, role,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to let us know your name, role,
+or affiliation in your comments. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or affiliation in your comments. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or affiliation in your comments. If you
+do not want your name referenced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not want your name referenced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not want your name referenced in
+today's recording, you can post your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's recording, you can post your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's recording, you can post your
+questions anonymously.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions anonymously.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions anonymously.
+An overview of today's structure is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An overview of today's structure is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An overview of today's structure is as
+follows. First, I will briefly introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows. First, I will briefly introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows. First, I will briefly introduce
+today's speakers. Then our respondent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's speakers. Then our respondent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's speakers. Then our respondent
+will contextualize this moment for us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will contextualize this moment for us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will contextualize this moment for us.
+Third, the authors of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Third, the authors of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Third, the authors of the two
+spotlighted papers will provide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotlighted papers will provide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotlighted papers will provide a
+high-level overview of each of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level overview of each of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level overview of each of their
+papers. This will be followed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers. This will be followed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers. This will be followed by a
+discussion with the authors led by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion with the authors led by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion with the authors led by our
+respondent. And finally, we will open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respondent. And finally, we will open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respondent. And finally, we will open
+the discussion for your comments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion for your comments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion for your comments and
+questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions.
+I'm thrilled to introduce today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thrilled to introduce today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thrilled to introduce today's
+speakers and papers. Clint Loland is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers and papers. Clint Loland is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers and papers. Clint Loland is
+today's respondent and he is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's respondent and he is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's respondent and he is the
+director of open education at BC campus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of open education at BC campus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of open education at BC campus.
+BC Campus is a government-f funed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC Campus is a government-f funed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC Campus is a government-f funed
+nonprofit organization that provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit organization that provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit organization that provides
+teaching, learning, educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching, learning, educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching, learning, educational
+technology, and open ed support for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology, and open ed support for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology, and open ed support for the
+25 publicly funded postsecondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 publicly funded postsecondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 publicly funded postsecondary
+institutions of British Columbia. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions of British Columbia. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions of British Columbia. In
+2013, Clint was instrumental in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013, Clint was instrumental in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013, Clint was instrumental in the
+launch of the BC open textbook project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch of the BC open textbook project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch of the BC open textbook project
+and currently oversees the operations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and currently oversees the operations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and currently oversees the operations of
+the provincial open textbook repository
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the provincial open textbook repository
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the provincial open textbook repository
+and their open publishing platform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their open publishing platform.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their open publishing platform.
+The author of our first featured paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The author of our first featured paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The author of our first featured paper
+is Dr. Aarim Aya Sheili Bakova. She is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Dr. Aarim Aya Sheili Bakova. She is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Dr. Aarim Aya Sheili Bakova. She is
+an associate professor of strategy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an associate professor of strategy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an associate professor of strategy and
+the founding director of the center for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the founding director of the center for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the founding director of the center for
+teaching excellence at University Canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching excellence at University Canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching excellence at University Canada
+West. She's also a PhD candidate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West. She's also a PhD candidate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West. She's also a PhD candidate in
+edtech and learning design, pursuing her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edtech and learning design, pursuing her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edtech and learning design, pursuing her
+second PhD at Simon Frasier University.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second PhD at Simon Frasier University.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second PhD at Simon Frasier University.
+She's a multilingual educator from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She's a multilingual educator from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She's a multilingual educator from
+Kazakhstan whose research focuses on AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazakhstan whose research focuses on AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazakhstan whose research focuses on AI
+powered instructional design, inclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered instructional design, inclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered instructional design, inclusive
+faculty development, and knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty development, and knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty development, and knowledge
+mobilization in diverse linguistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilization in diverse linguistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilization in diverse linguistic
+contexts. She's the author and editor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts. She's the author and editor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts. She's the author and editor of
+numerous policy papers and four books.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous policy papers and four books.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous policy papers and four books.
+The links will be in the chat. Her paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The links will be in the chat. Her paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The links will be in the chat. Her paper
+is addressing challenges in faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is addressing challenges in faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is addressing challenges in faculty
+professional development UDL training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional development UDL training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional development UDL training
+through AI enhanced OEER in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through AI enhanced OEER in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through AI enhanced OEER in a
+non-English context.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-English context.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-English context.
+One of the co-authors of today's second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the co-authors of today's second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the co-authors of today's second
+featured paper is Dr. Royce Kimmons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featured paper is Dr. Royce Kimmons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featured paper is Dr. Royce Kimmons.
+He's an associate professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's an associate professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's an associate professor of
+instructional psychology and technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional psychology and technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional psychology and technology
+at Brigham Young University. In his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Brigham Young University. In his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Brigham Young University. In his
+work, he seeks to end the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work, he seeks to end the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work, he seeks to end the effects of
+socioeconomic divides on educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socioeconomic divides on educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socioeconomic divides on educational
+opportunities through open education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities through open education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities through open education and
+transformative technology use. He is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative technology use. He is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative technology use. He is
+also the founder of edtechbooks.org
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the founder of edtechbooks.org
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the founder of edtechbooks.org
+and other sites focused on providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other sites focused on providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other sites focused on providing
+free highquality learning resources to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free highquality learning resources to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free highquality learning resources to
+all. The other co-author of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. The other co-author of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. The other co-author of today's
+second featured paper is Dr. Tori Trust.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second featured paper is Dr. Tori Trust.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second featured paper is Dr. Tori Trust.
+She's a professor of learning technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She's a professor of learning technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She's a professor of learning technology
+at University of Massachusetts Ammerst.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at University of Massachusetts Ammerst.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at University of Massachusetts Ammerst.
+Her work centers on the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Her work centers on the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Her work centers on the critical
+examination of the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examination of the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examination of the relationship between
+teaching, learning, and technology, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching, learning, and technology, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching, learning, and technology, and
+how technology can support teachers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how technology can support teachers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how technology can support teachers in
+designing contexts that enhance student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing contexts that enhance student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing contexts that enhance student
+learning. She has written and designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. She has written and designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. She has written and designed
+several open educational resources, many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several open educational resources, many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several open educational resources, many
+of which have had millions of views. She
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which have had millions of views. She
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which have had millions of views. She
+is also the author of five books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also the author of five books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also the author of five books
+published on the edtechbooks.org site,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published on the edtechbooks.org site,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published on the edtechbooks.org site,
+and we'll put those links in the chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll put those links in the chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll put those links in the chat
+for you. Now I'll pass the baton to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you. Now I'll pass the baton to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you. Now I'll pass the baton to our
+respondent Clint Loland to contextualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respondent Clint Loland to contextualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respondent Clint Loland to contextualize
+this moment for us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment for us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment for us.
+>> Thank you very much Sherah and thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Thank you very much Sherah and thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Thank you very much Sherah and thank you
+for inviting me to participate in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for inviting me to participate in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for inviting me to participate in this
+event today. Uh I am joining you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event today. Uh I am joining you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event today. Uh I am joining you from
+the traditional territories of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional territories of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional territories of the
+Lquangan speaking peoples of the Songhes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lquangan speaking peoples of the Songhes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lquangan speaking peoples of the Songhes
+and Esquyimal nations also known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Esquyimal nations also known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Esquyimal nations also known
+colonally colonially as Vancouver uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonally colonially as Vancouver uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonally colonially as Vancouver uh
+island Victoria British Columbia to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island Victoria British Columbia to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island Victoria British Columbia to be
+exact. Uh thank you also to MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact. Uh thank you also to MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact. Uh thank you also to MIT open
+learning uh for sparking these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning uh for sparking these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning uh for sparking these
+discussions and launching the rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions and launching the rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions and launching the rapid
+response papers looking at the emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response papers looking at the emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response papers looking at the emerging
+relationship between open education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between open education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between open education and
+generative AI. Uh as Sarah Schwetman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generative AI. Uh as Sarah Schwetman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generative AI. Uh as Sarah Schwetman
+says in her preface for the collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says in her preface for the collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says in her preface for the collection
+of responses we are at a moment where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of responses we are at a moment where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of responses we are at a moment where
+quote AI is entering the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote AI is entering the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote AI is entering the public
+consciousness in a big way and reshaping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciousness in a big way and reshaping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciousness in a big way and reshaping
+how we learn, communicate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we learn, communicate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we learn, communicate and
+collaborate. Uh end quote. Uh and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate. Uh end quote. Uh and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate. Uh end quote. Uh and as
+with any new technology, there is both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any new technology, there is both a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any new technology, there is both a
+promise and a peril. Or as media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise and a peril. Or as media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise and a peril. Or as media
+theorist Neil Postman famously said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist Neil Postman famously said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist Neil Postman famously said,
+every technology is both a burden and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every technology is both a burden and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every technology is both a burden and a
+blessing. Not an eitheror but a this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blessing. Not an eitheror but a this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blessing. Not an eitheror but a this and
+that. And this means for every advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And this means for every advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And this means for every advantage
+that a new technology offers, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a new technology offers, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a new technology offers, there's
+always a corresponding disadvantage. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a corresponding disadvantage. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a corresponding disadvantage. Uh
+the disadvantage may exceed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disadvantage may exceed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disadvantage may exceed the
+importance of the advantage or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the advantage or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the advantage or the
+advantage may well be worth the cost.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage may well be worth the cost.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage may well be worth the cost.
+Generative AI may be a new technology,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generative AI may be a new technology,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generative AI may be a new technology,
+but the reality is it's no different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reality is it's no different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reality is it's no different in
+this regard. There are both burdens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regard. There are both burdens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regard. There are both burdens and
+blessings, promises and perils. Uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blessings, promises and perils. Uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blessings, promises and perils. Uh which
+is what the rapid response papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the rapid response papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the rapid response papers
+address. Uh in the papers we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address. Uh in the papers we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address. Uh in the papers we can see
+both the promise and the peril, the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the promise and the peril, the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the promise and the peril, the the
+fouian bargain of technology as Postman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fouian bargain of technology as Postman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fouian bargain of technology as Postman
+calls it at play once again. uh and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls it at play once again. uh and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls it at play once again. uh and it's
+this tension that we're hoping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tension that we're hoping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tension that we're hoping to
+explore a bit today uh and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore a bit today uh and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore a bit today uh and in this
+speaker series in our discussion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker series in our discussion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker series in our discussion of the
+papers. The collection of papers is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers. The collection of papers is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers. The collection of papers is also
+quite unique in that they specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite unique in that they specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite unique in that they specifically
+speak to Gen AI within the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to Gen AI within the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to Gen AI within the context of
+open education. And now there's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open education. And now there's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open education. And now there's been a
+lot of discussion about AI and education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of discussion about AI and education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of discussion about AI and education
+in general, but there's been maybe less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general, but there's been maybe less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general, but there's been maybe less
+so looking at the specifics of AI within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so looking at the specifics of AI within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so looking at the specifics of AI within
+the context of the unique affordances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of the unique affordances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of the unique affordances
+and consideration of open education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consideration of open education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consideration of open education and
+open educational practices. Um so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open educational practices. Um so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open educational practices. Um so for
+those of us who are deeply committed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us who are deeply committed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us who are deeply committed to
+open education and open educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open education and open educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open education and open educational
+practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices
+uh uh and and the values that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and and the values that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and and the values that are
+embedded in those practices things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in those practices things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in those practices things like
+fairness and equity social justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and equity social justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and equity social justice
+access autonomy for both students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access autonomy for both students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access autonomy for both students and
+faculty uh critical digital pedagogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty uh critical digital pedagogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty uh critical digital pedagogy
+collaborative practices knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative practices knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative practices knowledge
+construction and co-construction I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and co-construction I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and co-construction I think
+these papers are are very welcome and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these papers are are very welcome and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these papers are are very welcome and I
+think a much needed addition to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a much needed addition to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a much needed addition to our
+field. Uh, and if you haven't done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Uh, and if you haven't done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Uh, and if you haven't done so
+already, uh, I would urge you to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already, uh, I would urge you to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already, uh, I would urge you to take
+some time to explore all the papers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time to explore all the papers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time to explore all the papers in
+the collection. Uh, I'm going to hand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collection. Uh, I'm going to hand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collection. Uh, I'm going to hand it
+back to Shar. I'm going to be back after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Shar. I'm going to be back after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Shar. I'm going to be back after
+the authors have done their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors have done their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors have done their
+presentations and facilitate a Q&A with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations and facilitate a Q&A with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations and facilitate a Q&A with
+the authors and I hope you enjoy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors and I hope you enjoy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors and I hope you enjoy the
+next hour.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next hour.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next hour.
+>> Fantastic. Thank you so much, Clint. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Fantastic. Thank you so much, Clint. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Fantastic. Thank you so much, Clint. So,
+I will now pass the baton to Dr. Sheili
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will now pass the baton to Dr. Sheili
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will now pass the baton to Dr. Sheili
+Beova uh to discuss her paper um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beova uh to discuss her paper um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beova uh to discuss her paper um
+addressing challenges in faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing challenges in faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing challenges in faculty
+professional development UDL training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional development UDL training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional development UDL training
+through AI enhanced OEER in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through AI enhanced OEER in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through AI enhanced OEER in a
+non-English context.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-English context.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-English context.
+>> Thank you. Hi everyone. Thank you Shira
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Thank you. Hi everyone. Thank you Shira
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Thank you. Hi everyone. Thank you Shira
+for a kind introduction and Clint. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a kind introduction and Clint. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a kind introduction and Clint. It's
+great to have you as our respondent. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to have you as our respondent. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to have you as our respondent. Um
+and warm thank you to the MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and warm thank you to the MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and warm thank you to the MIT open
+learning team Sarah Hansen and Sarah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning team Sarah Hansen and Sarah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning team Sarah Hansen and Sarah
+Schwedman and to the HLET Foundation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schwedman and to the HLET Foundation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schwedman and to the HLET Foundation for
+supporting this initiative. Um, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting this initiative. Um, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting this initiative. Um, it's
+been a quite a learning process for me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a quite a learning process for me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a quite a learning process for me.
+Before I begin, I want to acknowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Before I begin, I want to acknowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Before I begin, I want to acknowledge
+that I'm joining you today from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm joining you today from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm joining you today from the
+traditional and unseated territories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional and unseated territories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional and unseated territories of
+Seyamu First Nations here in White Rock,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seyamu First Nations here in White Rock,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seyamu First Nations here in White Rock,
+beautiful British Columbia and grateful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful British Columbia and grateful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful British Columbia and grateful
+to be here. Uh, today I'm presenting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be here. Uh, today I'm presenting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be here. Uh, today I'm presenting a
+paper that actually grew into the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that actually grew into the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that actually grew into the core
+of my doctoral research. uh a localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my doctoral research. uh a localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my doctoral research. uh a localized
+AI enhanced UDL based open educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI enhanced UDL based open educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI enhanced UDL based open educational
+resource created for non English Kazak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource created for non English Kazak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource created for non English Kazak
+speaking educa educators. When my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking educa educators. When my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking educa educators. When my
+daughter heard this title for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter heard this title for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter heard this title for the first
+time, she was like mom what a coded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, she was like mom what a coded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, she was like mom what a coded
+language you are talking what is UDL o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you are talking what is UDL o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you are talking what is UDL o
+so many abbreviations we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many abbreviations we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many abbreviations we'll talk about
+that today. Uh next slide please. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today. Uh next slide please. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today. Uh next slide please. Um
+this work began through the reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work began through the reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work began through the reach
+project. So I want to contextualize um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. So I want to contextualize um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. So I want to contextualize um a
+bit. Um it's a multi-country initiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. Um it's a multi-country initiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. Um it's a multi-country initiative
+led by Dr. Robert Williamson at Simon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led by Dr. Robert Williamson at Simon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led by Dr. Robert Williamson at Simon
+Fraser University. It was funded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fraser University. It was funded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fraser University. It was funded by
+Canada's Sherk and a reach focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada's Sherk and a reach focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada's Sherk and a reach focused on
+inclusive education for displaced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive education for displaced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive education for displaced and
+refugee children with disabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refugee children with disabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refugee children with disabilities
+particularly in Jordan, Turkey, Canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in Jordan, Turkey, Canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in Jordan, Turkey, Canada
+and Kazakhstan.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Kazakhstan.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Kazakhstan.
+uh Kazakhstan joined from the start this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Kazakhstan joined from the start this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Kazakhstan joined from the start this
+project but not because of a formal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project but not because of a formal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project but not because of a formal uh
+refugee population they had but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refugee population they had but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refugee population they had but because
+of this unique humanitarian situation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this unique humanitarian situation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this unique humanitarian situation.
+Um back in 2019, Kazakhstan government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um back in 2019, Kazakhstan government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um back in 2019, Kazakhstan government
+launched a humanitarian Jusan operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched a humanitarian Jusan operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched a humanitarian Jusan operation
+that repatriated around 600 citizens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that repatriated around 600 citizens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that repatriated around 600 citizens
+including 413 children from former ISIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including 413 children from former ISIS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including 413 children from former ISIS
+controlled territories and refugee camps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled territories and refugee camps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled territories and refugee camps
+in Syria. and um 19 of those children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Syria. and um 19 of those children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Syria. and um 19 of those children
+were resettled in the western Kazakhstan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were resettled in the western Kazakhstan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were resettled in the western Kazakhstan
+Ataro region. Um although I had moved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ataro region. Um although I had moved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ataro region. Um although I had moved to
+Canada back then, I remained closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada back then, I remained closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada back then, I remained closely
+connected to Atrao State University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to Atrao State University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to Atrao State University
+faculty and colleagues where I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty and colleagues where I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty and colleagues where I had
+previously served as vice president for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously served as vice president for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously served as vice president for
+strategic planning and international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic planning and international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic planning and international
+relations. And earlier in that capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations. And earlier in that capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations. And earlier in that capacity
+I initiated this um platform kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I initiated this um platform kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I initiated this um platform kids
+university a community-based open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university a community-based open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university a community-based open
+learning uh for rural uh children like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning uh for rural uh children like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning uh for rural uh children like
+from rural regions and uh it became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from rural regions and uh it became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from rural regions and uh it became a
+sort of an early form for me um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an early form for me um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an early form for me um of
+localized open education grounded more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized open education grounded more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized open education grounded more
+in social connection and institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in social connection and institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in social connection and institutional
+support. I had to study different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support. I had to study different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support. I had to study different
+experience of different kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of different kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of different kids
+universities around the world and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities around the world and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities around the world and try to
+localize those practices. So when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localize those practices. So when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localize those practices. So when this
+reintegration of repatriated children,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reintegration of repatriated children,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reintegration of repatriated children,
+displaced children from Syria, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced children from Syria, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced children from Syria, that
+support was needed, the faculty, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support was needed, the faculty, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support was needed, the faculty, the
+team at at university naturally turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team at at university naturally turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team at at university naturally turned
+to this space to kids university because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this space to kids university because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this space to kids university because
+it was safe, it was working, it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was safe, it was working, it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was safe, it was working, it was
+trusted and we included them into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted and we included them into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted and we included them into the
+reach project to support that inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach project to support that inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach project to support that inclusion
+um to the um children with disabilities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the um children with disabilities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the um children with disabilities.
+But as the reach project progressed, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But as the reach project progressed, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But as the reach project progressed, it
+became clear that the real challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became clear that the real challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became clear that the real challenge
+wasn't the children in the first place,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the children in the first place,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the children in the first place,
+but was the readiness of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but was the readiness of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but was the readiness of the people
+trying to help them. Faculty were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to help them. Faculty were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to help them. Faculty were
+committed um but lacked some training,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed um but lacked some training,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed um but lacked some training,
+digital fluency, um no English language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital fluency, um no English language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital fluency, um no English language
+skills to be using the resources in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills to be using the resources in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills to be using the resources in
+English. So there were no resources,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English. So there were no resources,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English. So there were no resources,
+open resources in Kazak. So um I began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open resources in Kazak. So um I began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open resources in Kazak. So um I began
+offering some fragmented workshops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering some fragmented workshops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering some fragmented workshops
+mostly around UDL framework and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly around UDL framework and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly around UDL framework and um
+artsbased strategies but I saw that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artsbased strategies but I saw that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artsbased strategies but I saw that we
+needed more of sustainable um solutions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed more of sustainable um solutions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed more of sustainable um solutions.
+Next slide please. So that's when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next slide please. So that's when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next slide please. So that's when the
+idea took shape. We saw that well we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea took shape. We saw that well we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea took shape. We saw that well we've
+developed a UDL based open resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a UDL based open resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a UDL based open resource
+asynchronous course in Kazak that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asynchronous course in Kazak that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asynchronous course in Kazak that would
+educators learn from about inclusion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators learn from about inclusion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators learn from about inclusion and
+how to um adapt it. So um a resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to um adapt it. So um a resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to um adapt it. So um a resource
+that they could use flexibly in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they could use flexibly in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they could use flexibly in their
+own language and at that stage there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own language and at that stage there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own language and at that stage there was
+no AI. I was translating myself using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no AI. I was translating myself using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no AI. I was translating myself using
+sometimes Google translate to help but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes Google translate to help but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes Google translate to help but
+it was not really helpful. So we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not really helpful. So we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not really helpful. So we had to
+adapt um again culturally pedagogically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt um again culturally pedagogically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt um again culturally pedagogically
+uh considering Kazak traditions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh considering Kazak traditions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh considering Kazak traditions of
+pedagogy as well. I reflected in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogy as well. I reflected in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogy as well. I reflected in my
+paper that much of the global literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that much of the global literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that much of the global literature
+on UTL and open education is in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on UTL and open education is in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on UTL and open education is in English
+and embedded in western assumption about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and embedded in western assumption about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and embedded in western assumption about
+technology and access and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and access and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and access and that
+disconnect made localization not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnect made localization not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnect made localization not just
+important but essential and critical.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but essential and critical.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but essential and critical.
+Next slide please. So in early 2024 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next slide please. So in early 2024 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next slide please. So in early 2024 I
+began exploring generative AI tools a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began exploring generative AI tools a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began exploring generative AI tools a
+bit cautiously. Um and actually the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit cautiously. Um and actually the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit cautiously. Um and actually the main
+excitement was could they help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement was could they help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement was could they help
+accelerate that localization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate that localization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate that localization
+um save my time with translation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um save my time with translation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um save my time with translation uh
+generating some visuals um but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating some visuals um but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating some visuals um but with
+cultural care. So I experimented with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural care. So I experimented with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural care. So I experimented with
+Chad Gupt for drafting D for um visuals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chad Gupt for drafting D for um visuals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chad Gupt for drafting D for um visuals.
+Yes chat there was a Kazak GPT chatbot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes chat there was a Kazak GPT chatbot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes chat there was a Kazak GPT chatbot
+that saved a lot of time as well. I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that saved a lot of time as well. I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that saved a lot of time as well. I was
+inspired partially by the Ludia it's UDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired partially by the Ludia it's UDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired partially by the Ludia it's UDL
+plus AI chatbot also and I saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus AI chatbot also and I saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus AI chatbot also and I saw the
+potential there to make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential there to make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential there to make it more
+accessible. So um this re overall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible. So um this re overall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible. So um this re overall the
+course uh that uh we've I've designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh that uh we've I've designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh that uh we've I've designed
+and um piloted with Ataro University was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um piloted with Ataro University was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um piloted with Ataro University was
+not generated by AI but it was designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not generated by AI but it was designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not generated by AI but it was designed
+with this instructional design model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this instructional design model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this instructional design model
+successive approximation model um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive approximation model um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive approximation model um and
+SAM as its author Michael Allen reminds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAM as its author Michael Allen reminds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAM as its author Michael Allen reminds
+us is not just about speed being fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is not just about speed being fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is not just about speed being fast
+being reiterative it's about listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being reiterative it's about listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being reiterative it's about listening
+so um that's what this project became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um that's what this project became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um that's what this project became
+became uh a sort of act of pedagogical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became uh a sort of act of pedagogical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became uh a sort of act of pedagogical
+listening through language design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening through language design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening through language design and
+response. Next slide please. So we chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. Next slide please. So we chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. Next slide please. So we chose
+UDL and um I just quickly want to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UDL and um I just quickly want to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UDL and um I just quickly want to share
+the anecdotal part about translating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anecdotal part about translating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anecdotal part about translating
+actual concept into English universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual concept into English universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual concept into English universal
+design for learning. Um and it proved a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for learning. Um and it proved a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for learning. Um and it proved a
+bit difficult. It's always tricky with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit difficult. It's always tricky with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit difficult. It's always tricky with
+those concepts. Um so machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those concepts. Um so machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those concepts. Um so machine
+translation gave us ambabo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation gave us ambabo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation gave us ambabo
+and here ambab which is more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here ambab which is more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here ambab which is more of
+convenience store type of universality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience store type of universality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience store type of universality
+and uh balao is more about um to pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh balao is more about um to pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh balao is more about um to pro
+projecting um or outlining or drafting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting um or outlining or drafting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting um or outlining or drafting.
+So after consultation we had with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So after consultation we had with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So after consultation we had with some
+of the doctor in philology at that state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the doctor in philology at that state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the doctor in philology at that state
+university. Um I we made decisions. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university. Um I we made decisions. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university. Um I we made decisions. So I
+I kind of was my decision but um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of was my decision but um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of was my decision but um I
+relied in on the feedback as well to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relied in on the feedback as well to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relied in on the feedback as well to
+keep uh universal part univers as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep uh universal part univers as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep uh universal part univers as it's
+an international term and also design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an international term and also design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an international term and also design
+part because we also have that term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because we also have that term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because we also have that term in
+Kazak. So uh universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazak. So uh universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazak. So uh universal
+design uh but yet as you see uh I kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design uh but yet as you see uh I kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design uh but yet as you see uh I kept
+UDL in English abbreviation in brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UDL in English abbreviation in brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UDL in English abbreviation in brackets
+in English and that also another was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English and that also another was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English and that also another was um
+another strategic decision here. Hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another strategic decision here. Hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another strategic decision here. Hard
+one um because um I thought that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um because um I thought that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um because um I thought that it
+would be a hybrid that preserved um both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a hybrid that preserved um both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a hybrid that preserved um both
+local clarity but also global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local clarity but also global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local clarity but also global
+recognizability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizability.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizability.
+So faculty could recognize it in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So faculty could recognize it in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So faculty could recognize it in English
+language, conferences, resources or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language, conferences, resources or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language, conferences, resources or
+books UDL and um use AI tools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books UDL and um use AI tools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books UDL and um use AI tools to
+translate those resources because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate those resources because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate those resources because they
+now know that it's about UDL. So uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know that it's about UDL. So uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know that it's about UDL. So uh I
+would call it conceptual bilingualism,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call it conceptual bilingualism,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call it conceptual bilingualism,
+the way to build both sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to build both sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to build both sort of
+familiarity and fluency across that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarity and fluency across that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarity and fluency across that
+academic scholarly context. Next slide,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic scholarly context. Next slide,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic scholarly context. Next slide,
+please. I will probably skip it. is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please. I will probably skip it. is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please. I will probably skip it. is just
+another example of the translation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of the translation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of the translation and
+localization. U it was quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization. U it was quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization. U it was quite a
+challenging part as well. Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging part as well. Another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging part as well. Another
+resource that we used was this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource that we used was this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource that we used was this again
+Kazak GPT that saved so much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazak GPT that saved so much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazak GPT that saved so much time
+because I started designing my own Kazak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I started designing my own Kazak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I started designing my own Kazak
+Jet GPT and then thought well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jet GPT and then thought well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jet GPT and then thought well let me
+check maybe some other smart people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check maybe some other smart people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check maybe some other smart people
+already done it before me. So uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done it before me. So uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done it before me. So uh and
+voila there was this free resource. Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voila there was this free resource. Next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voila there was this free resource. Next
+slide please.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide please.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide please.
+So uh the course had 95 completion rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh the course had 95 completion rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh the course had 95 completion rate
+uh among 25 faculty and um it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh among 25 faculty and um it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh among 25 faculty and um it was
+unusually high to be honest. I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusually high to be honest. I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusually high to be honest. I was
+surprised um for asynchronous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised um for asynchronous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised um for asynchronous
+professional development which is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional development which is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional development which is um
+like nobody really tracks the progress.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nobody really tracks the progress.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nobody really tracks the progress.
+Uh so far we had the precourse survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so far we had the precourse survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so far we had the precourse survey
+and after course survey anonymously and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after course survey anonymously and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after course survey anonymously and
+knowledge scores again we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge scores again we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge scores again we've seen
+increased 60% were those faculty who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased 60% were those faculty who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased 60% were those faculty who
+attended my previous fragmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attended my previous fragmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attended my previous fragmented
+workshops during the reach project so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshops during the reach project so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshops during the reach project so
+they knew something about UDL that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew something about UDL that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew something about UDL that was
+really also um like rewarding to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really also um like rewarding to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really also um like rewarding to see
+that uh and the increase was to 85%. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and the increase was to 85%. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and the increase was to 85%. And
+so there is a lot more to work on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a lot more to work on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a lot more to work on and
+faculty actually shared that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty actually shared that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty actually shared that it
+reflected their realities. They felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected their realities. They felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected their realities. They felt
+that it was not translated or decoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was not translated or decoded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was not translated or decoded
+from other language. So here I felt like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other language. So here I felt like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other language. So here I felt like
+localization doesn't just increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization doesn't just increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization doesn't just increase
+access but it's also about connection or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access but it's also about connection or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access but it's also about connection or
+um to the content. Finally, next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the content. Finally, next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the content. Finally, next slide
+please. The lessons I drew actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please. The lessons I drew actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please. The lessons I drew actually a
+lot more but I I thought the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more but I I thought the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more but I I thought the most
+important ones I would share today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ones I would share today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ones I would share today is
+that localization is um foundational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that localization is um foundational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that localization is um foundational
+um not optional. It's important that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not optional. It's important that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not optional. It's important that we
+um start with the design uh on mind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um start with the design uh on mind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um start with the design uh on mind and
+it shouldn't be an afterthought. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shouldn't be an afterthought. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shouldn't be an afterthought. Um
+second AI integration requires critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second AI integration requires critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second AI integration requires critical
+human guidance. Yes. Um AI accelerates,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human guidance. Yes. Um AI accelerates,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human guidance. Yes. Um AI accelerates,
+it supports localization but it cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it supports localization but it cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it supports localization but it cannot
+lead it. And finally inclusive design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead it. And finally inclusive design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead it. And finally inclusive design
+requires institutional support. Um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires institutional support. Um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires institutional support. Um I
+mean we had to get support from the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we had to get support from the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we had to get support from the um
+Atra State University's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atra State University's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atra State University's um
+administrative level also to have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative level also to have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative level also to have access
+to their IT resources so that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their IT resources so that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their IT resources so that it is
+hosted on their platform as they helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosted on their platform as they helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosted on their platform as they helped
+us with the access to articulate rice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us with the access to articulate rice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us with the access to articulate rice
+platform where we designed the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform where we designed the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform where we designed the first
+interactive uh elements of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive uh elements of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive uh elements of this course
+and um it's important that professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it's important that professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it's important that professional
+development isn't only inclusive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development isn't only inclusive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development isn't only inclusive but
+also available and institutional support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also available and institutional support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also available and institutional support
+is the key. And last slide, please. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the key. And last slide, please. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the key. And last slide, please. Um,
+so that was a rapid response paper. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a rapid response paper. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a rapid response paper. It's
+still going on. Uh, it was my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going on. Uh, it was my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going on. Uh, it was my first
+pilot project I was excited about. At
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot project I was excited about. At
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot project I was excited about. At
+the moment we have two more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment we have two more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment we have two more uh
+universities in Kazakhstan who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities in Kazakhstan who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities in Kazakhstan who are
+interested in hosting this uh course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in hosting this uh course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in hosting this uh course and
+uh I assume for my doctoral dissertation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I assume for my doctoral dissertation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I assume for my doctoral dissertation
+I would want to have a larger sample of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would want to have a larger sample of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would want to have a larger sample of
+respondents and so um look forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respondents and so um look forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respondents and so um look forward to
+include more but this time um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include more but this time um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include more but this time um the
+platform sustainability is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform sustainability is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform sustainability is um
+challenging and it's quite expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and it's quite expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and it's quite expensive
+sometimes in those areas so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in those areas so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in those areas so we are
+exploring now simpler tools like Moodle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring now simpler tools like Moodle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring now simpler tools like Moodle
+maybe or Google sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe or Google sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe or Google sites
+uh to keep resources open and replicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to keep resources open and replicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to keep resources open and replicable
+and in future I hope uh it will grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in future I hope uh it will grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in future I hope uh it will grow
+into sort of community of practice among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sort of community of practice among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sort of community of practice among
+Kazak educators whose this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazak educators whose this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazak educators whose this course
+actually um brought together and thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um brought together and thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um brought together and thank
+you for your time and listening to me if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for your time and listening to me if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for your time and listening to me if
+there is one takeaway from my talk today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one takeaway from my talk today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one takeaway from my talk today
+it's this inclusive design does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this inclusive design does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this inclusive design does not
+begin with AI or frameworks it begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with AI or frameworks it begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with AI or frameworks it begins
+with the people and the language we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the people and the language we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the people and the language we
+choose to design for and if open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to design for and if open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to design for and if open
+education is truly to open then AI must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is truly to open then AI must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is truly to open then AI must
+serve as a bridge not a gatekeeper uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve as a bridge not a gatekeeper uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve as a bridge not a gatekeeper uh
+enabling educators to build resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling educators to build resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling educators to build resources
+not just in many formats but in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just in many formats but in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just in many formats but in many
+voices as well. Thank you so much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices as well. Thank you so much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices as well. Thank you so much.
+>> Beautiful. Thank you so much. Uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Beautiful. Thank you so much. Uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Beautiful. Thank you so much. Uh we
+really appreciate it. As you um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really appreciate it. As you um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really appreciate it. As you um are
+thinking of your questions and comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of your questions and comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of your questions and comments
+um and ideas, please do put them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and ideas, please do put them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and ideas, please do put them in the
+Q&A and we will come back to them near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q&A and we will come back to them near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q&A and we will come back to them near
+the end of this session. Uh so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of this session. Uh so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of this session. Uh so I would
+like to pass the baton now to Dr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to pass the baton now to Dr.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to pass the baton now to Dr.
+Kimmons and Dr. trust who will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kimmons and Dr. trust who will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kimmons and Dr. trust who will talk
+about judicious AI use to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about judicious AI use to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about judicious AI use to improve
+existing OEER.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing OEER.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing OEER.
+>> Thank you Shar and I'm delighted to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Thank you Shar and I'm delighted to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Thank you Shar and I'm delighted to be
+here today and what an incredible first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here today and what an incredible first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here today and what an incredible first
+presentation by Ya that I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation by Ya that I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation by Ya that I really
+enjoyed. I am presenting alongside uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed. I am presenting alongside uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed. I am presenting alongside uh my
+co-author Dr. Royce Kimmons and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-author Dr. Royce Kimmons and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-author Dr. Royce Kimmons and on
+behalf of our other co-author Dr. George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behalf of our other co-author Dr. George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behalf of our other co-author Dr. George
+Valencianos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valencianos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valencianos
+today and let's go ahead and jump in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and let's go ahead and jump in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and let's go ahead and jump in.
+Next slide please.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next slide please.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next slide please.
+So, generative AI technologies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, generative AI technologies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, generative AI technologies are
+powerful tools, but they come with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tools, but they come with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tools, but they come with
+significant costs in terms of financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant costs in terms of financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant costs in terms of financial
+costs. Just last week, a CEO of Open AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs. Just last week, a CEO of Open AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs. Just last week, a CEO of Open AI
+said using nicities like please and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said using nicities like please and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said using nicities like please and
+thank you, cost the company upwards of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you, cost the company upwards of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you, cost the company upwards of
+tens of millions of dollars. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of millions of dollars. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of millions of dollars. and
+thinking about the environmental costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the environmental costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the environmental costs
+of these tools, which are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these tools, which are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these tools, which are quite
+substantial. Unfortunately, many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial. Unfortunately, many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial. Unfortunately, many of the
+developers of AI technologies aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers of AI technologies aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers of AI technologies aren't
+very transparent or clear about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very transparent or clear about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very transparent or clear about the
+environmental impact of these tools.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact of these tools.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact of these tools.
+However, when looking at Google's 2024
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, when looking at Google's 2024
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, when looking at Google's 2024
+sustainability reports, it showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability reports, it showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability reports, it showed that
+there was a 13% increase year-over-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a 13% increase year-over-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a 13% increase year-over-year
+in greenhouse gas emissions since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in greenhouse gas emissions since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in greenhouse gas emissions since
+totaling 48% uh since 2019. and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totaling 48% uh since 2019. and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totaling 48% uh since 2019. and they
+attributed that to increase in um data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed that to increase in um data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed that to increase in um data
+centers and need for power in those. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers and need for power in those. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers and need for power in those. The
+same report also noted there was a 17%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same report also noted there was a 17%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same report also noted there was a 17%
+increase in water use uh totaling 6.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in water use uh totaling 6.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in water use uh totaling 6.1
+billion gallons of water which is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion gallons of water which is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion gallons of water which is more
+than 9,000 Olympic size swimming pools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 9,000 Olympic size swimming pools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 9,000 Olympic size swimming pools
+um and water in that case is often used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and water in that case is often used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and water in that case is often used
+to cool down data centers. Some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cool down data centers. Some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cool down data centers. Some
+researchers have also tried to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers have also tried to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers have also tried to make some
+estimates about the environmental cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates about the environmental cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates about the environmental cost
+of these tools. One group of researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these tools. One group of researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these tools. One group of researchers
+found that generating an AI image, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that generating an AI image, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that generating an AI image, one
+or two AI images, takes as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two AI images, takes as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two AI images, takes as much
+electricity as charging your smartphone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity as charging your smartphone.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity as charging your smartphone.
+Another group of researchers found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another group of researchers found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another group of researchers found that
+getting AI to provide medium length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting AI to provide medium length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting AI to provide medium length
+responses, about 10 to 50 of them, takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses, about 10 to 50 of them, takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses, about 10 to 50 of them, takes
+about 16 ounces of water, which may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 16 ounces of water, which may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 16 ounces of water, which may not
+seem like a lot, but then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like a lot, but then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like a lot, but then when you
+multiply that by the hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by the hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by the hundreds of
+millions of users of these tools data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of users of these tools data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of users of these tools data
+daily, it's a quite a significant cost.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily, it's a quite a significant cost.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily, it's a quite a significant cost.
+and also the fact that many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the fact that many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the fact that many of these
+data centers are housed in towns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data centers are housed in towns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data centers are housed in towns that
+they are now taking electricity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are now taking electricity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are now taking electricity and
+water and other resources from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and other resources from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and other resources from the
+residential supply. Uh these tools also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential supply. Uh these tools also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential supply. Uh these tools also
+have several other ethical issues in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several other ethical issues in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several other ethical issues in
+terms of their accuracy um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of their accuracy um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of their accuracy um you know
+hallucinating information and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallucinating information and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallucinating information and have
+exacerbated the digital divide um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exacerbated the digital divide um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exacerbated the digital divide um
+between those who have access to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those who have access to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those who have access to these
+tools and know how to use them and know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and know how to use them and know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and know how to use them and know
+how to think critically about them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think critically about them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think critically about them and
+those who do not. So, I'm gonna hand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who do not. So, I'm gonna hand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who do not. So, I'm gonna hand it
+over to my co-author here, uh, Dr. Royce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to my co-author here, uh, Dr. Royce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to my co-author here, uh, Dr. Royce
+Kimmans to talk more about judicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kimmans to talk more about judicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kimmans to talk more about judicious
+uses of AI.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses of AI.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses of AI.
+>> Thank you. So, um, as has already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Thank you. So, um, as has already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Thank you. So, um, as has already been
+mentioned, AI came into kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned, AI came into kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned, AI came into kind of this
+critical consciousness of everyone or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical consciousness of everyone or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical consciousness of everyone or
+um, for the vast majority of people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, for the vast majority of people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, for the vast majority of people with
+the advent of specifically chat GPT um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advent of specifically chat GPT um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advent of specifically chat GPT um,
+but chat bots specifically as an as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but chat bots specifically as an as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but chat bots specifically as an as a
+type of AI. And for that reason,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of AI. And for that reason,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of AI. And for that reason,
+whenever we talk about AI, whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we talk about AI, whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we talk about AI, whenever you
+hear a new presentation about AI, most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a new presentation about AI, most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a new presentation about AI, most
+of the time, uh, it's going to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time, uh, it's going to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time, uh, it's going to be about
+chat bots. And that's true in education,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat bots. And that's true in education,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat bots. And that's true in education,
+it's true in every field. Um, and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true in every field. Um, and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true in every field. Um, and so the
+kind of knee-jerk reaction that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of knee-jerk reaction that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of knee-jerk reaction that we've
+had to AI and across lots of disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to AI and across lots of disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to AI and across lots of disciplines
+is, oh, we can use AI now to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, oh, we can use AI now to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, oh, we can use AI now to do some
+exciting things. Let's throw chat bots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting things. Let's throw chat bots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting things. Let's throw chat bots
+at our problems and see what happens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our problems and see what happens.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our problems and see what happens.
+Um, the problem though, well, one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the problem though, well, one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the problem though, well, one of the
+problems is that chat bots require a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is that chat bots require a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is that chat bots require a
+high level of literacy as Tori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level of literacy as Tori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level of literacy as Tori
+mentioned. They also require a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned. They also require a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned. They also require a lot of
+energy. um more than a lot of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. um more than a lot of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. um more than a lot of the other
+kinds of AI or uses of AI that we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of AI or uses of AI that we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of AI or uses of AI that we often
+deal with. And so what we what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with. And so what we what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with. And so what we what I would
+what we would refer to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would refer to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would refer to as a
+non-judicious use of AI um specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-judicious use of AI um specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-judicious use of AI um specifically
+when it comes to OAR is to um embed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to OAR is to um embed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to OAR is to um embed a
+chatbot or to throw a chatbot at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chatbot or to throw a chatbot at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chatbot or to throw a chatbot at a
+learner and just expect the chatbot or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner and just expect the chatbot or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner and just expect the chatbot or
+the learner to be able to interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learner to be able to interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learner to be able to interact with
+the chatbot in a way that is beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chatbot in a way that is beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chatbot in a way that is beneficial
+to the learner. Like going back to Ya's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the learner. Like going back to Ya's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the learner. Like going back to Ya's
+example, um giving a learner a chatbot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, um giving a learner a chatbot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, um giving a learner a chatbot
+and asking them to localize OAR for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asking them to localize OAR for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asking them to localize OAR for
+themselves, right? Um, now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves, right? Um, now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves, right? Um, now there are
+other options or other ways of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other options or other ways of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other options or other ways of thinking
+about this. And so what we're framing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this. And so what we're framing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this. And so what we're framing
+here is what we refer to as a judicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is what we refer to as a judicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is what we refer to as a judicious
+use of AI. And what this means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of AI. And what this means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of AI. And what this means is that
+instead of putting the a having the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of putting the a having the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of putting the a having the user
+or the learner interact directly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the learner interact directly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the learner interact directly with
+the AI, are there high value things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AI, are there high value things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AI, are there high value things that
+we can have AI do that we then store, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have AI do that we then store, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have AI do that we then store, we
+save the results of what the AI has done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save the results of what the AI has done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save the results of what the AI has done
+and then we distribute those to learners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we distribute those to learners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we distribute those to learners
+at scale. So this requires three steps.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at scale. So this requires three steps.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at scale. So this requires three steps.
+First, we identify impactful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First, we identify impactful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First, we identify impactful
+improvements to existing OEER that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements to existing OEER that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements to existing OEER that can
+be accomplished with AI. And I'll sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accomplished with AI. And I'll sh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accomplished with AI. And I'll sh
+share some examples in a second. Then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share some examples in a second. Then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share some examples in a second. Then we
+use AI to enact and store those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use AI to enact and store those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use AI to enact and store those
+improvements in a finite typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements in a finite typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements in a finite typically
+one-time manner. So if we use AI to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-time manner. So if we use AI to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-time manner. So if we use AI to
+localize some content, we store that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localize some content, we store that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localize some content, we store that.
+And then the third step, we release what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the third step, we release what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the third step, we release what
+we have done under a new as OAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have done under a new as OAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have done under a new as OAR
+themselves. So we efficiently serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. So we efficiently serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. So we efficiently serve
+those improved materials to learners at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those improved materials to learners at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those improved materials to learners at
+scale as OEAR. Next, next slide, please.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale as OEAR. Next, next slide, please.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale as OEAR. Next, next slide, please.
+So our context for doing this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So our context for doing this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So our context for doing this is um
+edtechbooks which is an open textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edtechbooks which is an open textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edtechbooks which is an open textbook
+publishing platform. Um just a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing platform. Um just a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing platform. Um just a couple of
+a little bit of information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of information about the
+background for this. So this system um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background for this. So this system um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background for this. So this system um
+is very intentionally open. It's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very intentionally open. It's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very intentionally open. It's very
+intentionally available to everybody. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally available to everybody. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally available to everybody. Um
+there are no log in or access walls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no log in or access walls.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no log in or access walls.
+Currently we serve our content to over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Currently we serve our content to over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Currently we serve our content to over
+one and a half million users across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half million users across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half million users across the
+world every year. Um we have over 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world every year. Um we have over 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world every year. Um we have over 200
+published books about 8,000 published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published books about 8,000 published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published books about 8,000 published
+chapters. All content is automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters. All content is automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters. All content is automatically
+converted into PDFs and Microsoft Word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted into PDFs and Microsoft Word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted into PDFs and Microsoft Word
+documents as well. So they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents as well. So they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents as well. So they can be
+accessed offline and all content is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed offline and all content is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed offline and all content is also
+converted to high-quality audio books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to high-quality audio books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to high-quality audio books
+using AI. Um and that audio is stored so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using AI. Um and that audio is stored so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using AI. Um and that audio is stored so
+that people throughout the world can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people throughout the world can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people throughout the world can
+access um audio versions of these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access um audio versions of these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access um audio versions of these this
+content as well. And so when thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content as well. And so when thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content as well. And so when thinking
+about how can we use AI to improve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how can we use AI to improve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how can we use AI to improve this
+kind of an OAR resource, well, if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an OAR resource, well, if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an OAR resource, well, if we
+have one and a half million users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one and a half million users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one and a half million users
+accessing our content, we don't want one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing our content, we don't want one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing our content, we don't want one
+and a half million users using chat bots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half million users using chat bots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half million users using chat bots
+to to get content that they need. Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get content that they need. Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get content that they need. Why
+can't we just figure out what our users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we just figure out what our users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we just figure out what our users
+want, use AI to to create that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want, use AI to to create that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want, use AI to to create that and then
+re-release that to them as OEER in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-release that to them as OEER in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-release that to them as OEER in a way
+that is more efficient and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is more efficient and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is more efficient and more
+sustainable. Next slide, please. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable. Next slide, please. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable. Next slide, please. So
+we'll give uh four examples of of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give uh four examples of of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give uh four examples of of how
+this plays out. So one is simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plays out. So one is simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plays out. So one is simple
+glossery. So if we want learners to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glossery. So if we want learners to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glossery. So if we want learners to be
+able to define terms that they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to define terms that they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to define terms that they come
+across, we can use AI so if someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across, we can use AI so if someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across, we can use AI so if someone
+clicks on a term, AI will define it. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks on a term, AI will define it. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks on a term, AI will define it. But
+what we don't want is AI to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we don't want is AI to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we don't want is AI to have to
+define this term a million times. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this term a million times. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this term a million times. So if
+a million people don't know what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million people don't know what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million people don't know what an
+abduction is, for instance, we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abduction is, for instance, we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abduction is, for instance, we don't
+want AI to be called upon a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want AI to be called upon a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want AI to be called upon a million
+times to define this. Instead, what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to define this. Instead, what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to define this. Instead, what we
+can do is we have the author decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is we have the author decide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is we have the author decide what
+they want defined. So they create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want defined. So they create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want defined. So they create a
+glossery. They use AI to create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glossery. They use AI to create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glossery. They use AI to create an
+initial um an initial definition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial um an initial definition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial um an initial definition for
+this. And then we serve that definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And then we serve that definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And then we serve that definition
+up to all users. So that makes it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to all users. So that makes it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to all users. So that makes it more
+sustainable, makes it lower cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable, makes it lower cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable, makes it lower cost and
+also allows the human so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also allows the human so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also allows the human so in this case
+the author to have control over uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the author to have control over uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the author to have control over uh have
+a quality assurance control over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quality assurance control over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quality assurance control over that
+definition. So that uh for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition. So that uh for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition. So that uh for instance
+we've come into we've had examples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've come into we've had examples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've come into we've had examples in
+the past and you've seen many papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past and you've seen many papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past and you've seen many papers
+written about this about hey how AI is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written about this about hey how AI is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written about this about hey how AI is
+biased, how AI replicates even things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased, how AI replicates even things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased, how AI replicates even things
+like racism and sexism in and what it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like racism and sexism in and what it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like racism and sexism in and what it in
+what it provides to people. So by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it provides to people. So by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it provides to people. So by
+allowing a human in this case the author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing a human in this case the author
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing a human in this case the author
+to come between the what the AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come between the what the AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come between the what the AI
+generates in terms of the definition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates in terms of the definition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates in terms of the definition and
+what is provided to the learner it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is provided to the learner it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is provided to the learner it
+allows the the author to take control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the the author to take control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the the author to take control of
+that and to ensure that content that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and to ensure that content that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and to ensure that content that is
+being provided is unbiased and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being provided is unbiased and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being provided is unbiased and and so
+forth. Next slide please. Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. Next slide please. Another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. Next slide please. Another
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+is in the form of learning checks. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the form of learning checks. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the form of learning checks. So um
+we can have an AI go through content and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have an AI go through content and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have an AI go through content and
+maybe after every couple of paragraphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe after every couple of paragraphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe after every couple of paragraphs
+it it discerns what is the core content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it discerns what is the core content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it discerns what is the core content
+of this paragraph and it creates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this paragraph and it creates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this paragraph and it creates a
+multiple choice learning check that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple choice learning check that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple choice learning check that then
+is stored as static HTML and with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stored as static HTML and with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stored as static HTML and with some
+JavaScript layered on top that is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript layered on top that is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript layered on top that is then
+efficiently served to all learners. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently served to all learners. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently served to all learners. So
+you don't have to have an AI to ask so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to have an AI to ask so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to have an AI to ask so
+that every learner doesn't have to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every learner doesn't have to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every learner doesn't have to ask
+an AI to help me find what are the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an AI to help me find what are the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an AI to help me find what are the key
+points of this of this content. We do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of this of this content. We do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of this of this content. We do it
+once and then we provide that to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and then we provide that to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and then we provide that to all
+learners so that all learners can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners so that all learners can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners so that all learners can can
+benefit from that learning check whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from that learning check whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from that learning check whether
+or not they have access to an AI. Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not they have access to an AI. Next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not they have access to an AI. Next
+slide please.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide please.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide please.
+Um the audiobook example that I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the audiobook example that I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the audiobook example that I already
+mentioned audiobooks doing high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned audiobooks doing high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned audiobooks doing high quality
+audio with an AI actually takes a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio with an AI actually takes a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio with an AI actually takes a ton of
+energy um and it takes a a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um and it takes a a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um and it takes a a lot of time
+even with a high-powered machine. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with a high-powered machine. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with a high-powered machine. So if
+you were to have uh a learner for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to have uh a learner for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to have uh a learner for
+instance in the Philippines click on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance in the Philippines click on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance in the Philippines click on an
+click on a chapter and have AI translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on a chapter and have AI translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on a chapter and have AI translate
+it into audio for them that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into audio for them that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into audio for them that would be
+hugely expensive, use a ton of bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely expensive, use a ton of bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely expensive, use a ton of bandwidth
+and um just not be sustainable. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um just not be sustainable. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um just not be sustainable. Um so
+what we do with audio is whenever a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do with audio is whenever a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do with audio is whenever a book
+uh a book a chapter is edited or updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a book a chapter is edited or updated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a book a chapter is edited or updated
+we have AI go through and create a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have AI go through and create a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have AI go through and create a an
+audio version of that. And some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio version of that. And some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio version of that. And some of these
+chapters the audio ends up being um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters the audio ends up being um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters the audio ends up being um an
+hour and a half long. Like these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and a half long. Like these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and a half long. Like these are
+huge audio files. Uh it takes a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge audio files. Uh it takes a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge audio files. Uh it takes a ton of
+energy to create. But we generate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to create. But we generate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to create. But we generate this
+once we store it in efficient storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we store it in efficient storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we store it in efficient storage
+with like Amazon S3 that then can be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like Amazon S3 that then can be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like Amazon S3 that then can be um
+mirrored across multiple sites across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrored across multiple sites across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrored across multiple sites across
+the world so that it can be easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world so that it can be easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world so that it can be easily
+accessed um at multiple points across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed um at multiple points across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed um at multiple points across
+the world. Um and so we're generating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world. Um and so we're generating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world. Um and so we're generating it
+once but we're able to deliver it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once but we're able to deliver it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once but we're able to deliver it to
+thousands or millions of learners at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands or millions of learners at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands or millions of learners at
+scale. And next slide please.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale. And next slide please.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale. And next slide please.
+And one final example is translation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one final example is translation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one final example is translation.
+Um, so instead of having learners have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so instead of having learners have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so instead of having learners have
+to have like a an account with chatgpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have like a an account with chatgpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have like a an account with chatgpt
+or something like that to translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that to translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that to translate
+content for them that they come across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content for them that they come across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content for them that they come across
+in an OEER, why can't we bake that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an OEER, why can't we bake that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an OEER, why can't we bake that into
+the o the the system itself so that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the o the the system itself so that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the o the the system itself so that in
+our case we're translating all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case we're translating all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case we're translating all of our
+content into English, Spanish,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content into English, Spanish,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content into English, Spanish,
+Portuguese, Chinese, and then those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portuguese, Chinese, and then those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portuguese, Chinese, and then those are
+made available to all learners who come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made available to all learners who come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made available to all learners who come
+to the content. So it's translated once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the content. So it's translated once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the content. So it's translated once
+by AI and that initial translation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by AI and that initial translation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by AI and that initial translation is
+costly but once you scale it across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly but once you scale it across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly but once you scale it across
+thousands of us owners who are accessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of us owners who are accessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of us owners who are accessing
+it the cost per user is is negligible it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the cost per user is is negligible it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the cost per user is is negligible it
+the and so the return on investment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and so the return on investment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and so the return on investment is
+is it approaches infinity because at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it approaches infinity because at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it approaches infinity because at
+some point you create this resource and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point you create this resource and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point you create this resource and
+then it's available to everybody and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's available to everybody and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's available to everybody and
+then last slide. So um to compare these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then last slide. So um to compare these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then last slide. So um to compare these
+two, non-judicious use tends to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, non-judicious use tends to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, non-judicious use tends to be very
+expensive to scale versus judicious use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to scale versus judicious use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to scale versus judicious use
+is inexpensive. Um judicious use uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inexpensive. Um judicious use uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inexpensive. Um judicious use uses
+less energy um and has resulting in much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less energy um and has resulting in much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less energy um and has resulting in much
+lower economic or ecological and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower economic or ecological and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower economic or ecological and
+economic impact because learner AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic impact because learner AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic impact because learner AI
+interaction is visible. Uh so like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is visible. Uh so like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is visible. Uh so like in
+like the case of the glossery, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the case of the glossery, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the case of the glossery, the
+author can see what the AI is providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author can see what the AI is providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author can see what the AI is providing
+before it's provided to the the learner.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's provided to the the learner.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's provided to the the learner.
+So the author can step in and make do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the author can step in and make do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the author can step in and make do
+quality assurance on it. The so AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality assurance on it. The so AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality assurance on it. The so AI
+responses can be audited, verified and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses can be audited, verified and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses can be audited, verified and
+checked for quality. Those AI responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked for quality. Those AI responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked for quality. Those AI responses
+are available to everyone. So it's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available to everyone. So it's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available to everyone. So it's there
+isn't an there's no equity concern where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't an there's no equity concern where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't an there's no equity concern where
+only some people have access to enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only some people have access to enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only some people have access to enhanced
+resources because they have licenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources because they have licenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources because they have licenses
+with specific AI tools. No, because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with specific AI tools. No, because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with specific AI tools. No, because the
+AI uh results are generated and stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI uh results are generated and stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI uh results are generated and stored
+and then shared with everyone. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then shared with everyone. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then shared with everyone. They're
+equitably available to everyone and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equitably available to everyone and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equitably available to everyone and it
+requires low bandwidth and can be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires low bandwidth and can be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires low bandwidth and can be made
+available offline. And so if we create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available offline. And so if we create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available offline. And so if we create
+like for instance an audiobook version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for instance an audiobook version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for instance an audiobook version
+of a chapter or um generate other like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a chapter or um generate other like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a chapter or um generate other like
+translations of chapters, learners can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations of chapters, learners can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations of chapters, learners can
+download those and access them offline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download those and access them offline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download those and access them offline
+without having to have persistent access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to have persistent access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to have persistent access
+to like chat GPT for instance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like chat GPT for instance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like chat GPT for instance.
+>> Fantastic. Thank you so much. Um so I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Fantastic. Thank you so much. Um so I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Fantastic. Thank you so much. Um so I'd
+now like to invite Clint to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now like to invite Clint to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now like to invite Clint to have a
+larger conversation with ya Royce and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger conversation with ya Royce and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger conversation with ya Royce and
+Tori. Um and that will last probably 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tori. Um and that will last probably 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tori. Um and that will last probably 10
+15 minutes or or so 15 minutes and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 minutes or or so 15 minutes and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 minutes or or so 15 minutes and then
+we will um come back to your questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will um come back to your questions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will um come back to your questions.
+So do make use of that Q&A function uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So do make use of that Q&A function uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So do make use of that Q&A function uh
+and let us know what questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let us know what questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let us know what questions or
+comments you have as you are thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments you have as you are thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments you have as you are thinking
+them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them.
+>> Great. Thank you Shar. And I I uh I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Great. Thank you Shar. And I I uh I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Great. Thank you Shar. And I I uh I want
+to start with you and your project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with you and your project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with you and your project
+because uh the localization work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the localization work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the localization work that
+you did reminds me a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did reminds me a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did reminds me a lot of the
+localization work that we did in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization work that we did in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization work that we did in the
+early days of the BC open textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days of the BC open textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days of the BC open textbook
+project way back in 2013. Uh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project way back in 2013. Uh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project way back in 2013. Uh one of the
+one of the challenges we had when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the challenges we had when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the challenges we had when we
+started our open textbook project here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started our open textbook project here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started our open textbook project here
+in British Columbia was taking US-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in British Columbia was taking US-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in British Columbia was taking US-based
+textbooks and contextualizing them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks and contextualizing them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks and contextualizing them and
+localizing them for a Canadian context.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localizing them for a Canadian context.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localizing them for a Canadian context.
+And I can tell you it was difficult work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I can tell you it was difficult work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I can tell you it was difficult work
+and I really wish we had access to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I really wish we had access to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I really wish we had access to some
+of the tools that you did when doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tools that you did when doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tools that you did when doing
+this kind of uh local localization work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of uh local localization work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of uh local localization work.
+But I you know as you note um using AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I you know as you note um using AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I you know as you note um using AI
+was not without its challenges to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not without its challenges to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not without its challenges to do
+localization. And the one I want to hone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization. And the one I want to hone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization. And the one I want to hone
+in on is the linguistic barriers with AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on is the linguistic barriers with AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on is the linguistic barriers with AI
+translation as I think this might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation as I think this might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation as I think this might be a
+good example of a type of uh cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example of a type of uh cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example of a type of uh cultural
+bias that we might find in AI tools. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias that we might find in AI tools. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias that we might find in AI tools. uh
+in your paper you noted that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your paper you noted that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your paper you noted that um
+translating resources while preserving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating resources while preserving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating resources while preserving
+pedagogical integrity requires more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical integrity requires more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical integrity requires more than
+direct translation. I wonder if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct translation. I wonder if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct translation. I wonder if you can
+expand on that a little bit. Why was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand on that a little bit. Why was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand on that a little bit. Why was the
+direct translation inadequate and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct translation inadequate and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct translation inadequate and how
+did you work around that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you work around that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you work around that?
+>> Yeah, thank you so much Clint. I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, thank you so much Clint. I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, thank you so much Clint. I really
+appreciate you naming that experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate you naming that experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate you naming that experience
+with textbooks localization. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with textbooks localization. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with textbooks localization. It
+resonates deeply with what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonates deeply with what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonates deeply with what we
+encountered. But we had AI and all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered. But we had AI and all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered. But we had AI and all those
+tools that supported this process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that supported this process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that supported this process that
+made it way easier even fun. Sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it way easier even fun. Sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it way easier even fun. Sometimes
+we were um juggling with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were um juggling with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were um juggling with different
+dialects and terms um and um in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialects and terms um and um in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialects and terms um and um in sort of
+educating and training AI as well. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educating and training AI as well. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educating and training AI as well. So
+one of the most consistent challenges we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most consistent challenges we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most consistent challenges we
+faced was um not just linguistic really.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced was um not just linguistic really.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced was um not just linguistic really.
+It was more cultural um and um AI and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was more cultural um and um AI and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was more cultural um and um AI and
+machine translation tools. Um Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine translation tools. Um Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine translation tools. Um Google
+translate that was the first thing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate that was the first thing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate that was the first thing they
+used. It was uh more familiar to faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used. It was uh more familiar to faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used. It was uh more familiar to faculty
+uh involved. Um they often carried more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh involved. Um they often carried more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh involved. Um they often carried more
+of that implicit cultural assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that implicit cultural assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that implicit cultural assumptions
+already embedded in the source material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already embedded in the source material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already embedded in the source material
+whatever they were using. So as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they were using. So as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they were using. So as I
+mentioned in my um today's talk um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in my um today's talk um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in my um today's talk um
+universal design itself like seemingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal design itself like seemingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal design itself like seemingly
+neutral brought up some unintended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral brought up some unintended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral brought up some unintended
+associations with translated directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations with translated directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations with translated directly
+into Kazak like ambib which more used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Kazak like ambib which more used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Kazak like ambib which more used
+like in my childhood we would say ambib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in my childhood we would say ambib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in my childhood we would say ambib
+store which is universal store uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store which is universal store uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store which is universal store uh
+convenience store. So technically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience store. So technically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience store. So technically it
+worked but culturally it undermined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked but culturally it undermined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked but culturally it undermined the
+integrity of the concept. Um that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrity of the concept. Um that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrity of the concept. Um that wasn't
+also the translation issue exactly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the translation issue exactly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the translation issue exactly as
+you said um around the cultural bias the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said um around the cultural bias the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said um around the cultural bias the
+idea that uh what is neutral in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that uh what is neutral in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that uh what is neutral in English
+may carry different weight in other or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may carry different weight in other or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may carry different weight in other or
+tone or authority in another language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone or authority in another language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone or authority in another language
+when it translated um directly. So all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it translated um directly. So all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it translated um directly. So all
+these biases um um magnified by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these biases um um magnified by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these biases um um magnified by this
+machine translation at the same time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine translation at the same time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine translation at the same time uh
+if used without reflection or review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if used without reflection or review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if used without reflection or review
+from um human judgment um may lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um human judgment um may lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um human judgment um may lead to
+sort of um not even confusion but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um not even confusion but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um not even confusion but
+misrepresentation or worse unintentional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misrepresentation or worse unintentional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misrepresentation or worse unintentional
+um reinforcement of cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reinforcement of cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reinforcement of cultural
+hierarchies, right? what we call through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchies, right? what we call through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchies, right? what we call through
+this geese of open access but yet we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this geese of open access but yet we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this geese of open access but yet we
+wanted really to that it sounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted really to that it sounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted really to that it sounded
+natural, respectful and pedagogically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural, respectful and pedagogically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural, respectful and pedagogically
+coherent. So educators do not learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent. So educators do not learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent. So educators do not learn
+something new but rather review what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new but rather review what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new but rather review what
+they have been doing with these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have been doing with these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have been doing with these new
+tools or new approaches. So we brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools or new approaches. So we brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools or new approaches. So we brought
+really I've involved um a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I've involved um a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I've involved um a lot of
+feedback from uh faculty at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from uh faculty at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from uh faculty at at
+university. I'm very grateful to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university. I'm very grateful to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university. I'm very grateful to them
+here. Um uh we even asked some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um uh we even asked some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um uh we even asked some of the
+educators from different regions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators from different regions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators from different regions of
+Kazakhstan where we would have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazakhstan where we would have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazakhstan where we would have some
+dialect. So we wanted the term would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialect. So we wanted the term would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialect. So we wanted the term would
+resonate with someone in western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonate with someone in western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonate with someone in western
+Kazakhstan as well as in south
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazakhstan as well as in south
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazakhstan as well as in south
+Kazakhstan where I'm from. So we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazakhstan where I'm from. So we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazakhstan where I'm from. So we uh
+wanted to we had to actually to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to we had to actually to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to we had to actually to think
+about those uh pecularities there and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those uh pecularities there and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those uh pecularities there and it
+was not only about clarity. I think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not only about clarity. I think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not only about clarity. I think for
+me it was more about credibility.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it was more about credibility.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it was more about credibility.
+Thanks. So to get around some of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks. So to get around some of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks. So to get around some of what
+you were finding, it sounds like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were finding, it sounds like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were finding, it sounds like you
+definitely had humans in the loop kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely had humans in the loop kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely had humans in the loop kind
+of reviewing the work that was coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reviewing the work that was coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reviewing the work that was coming
+out and the importance of having people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the importance of having people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the importance of having people
+still involved checking the work I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still involved checking the work I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still involved checking the work I think
+is something that I also picked up on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that I also picked up on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that I also picked up on in
+uh Royce and Tori's paper too. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Royce and Tori's paper too. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Royce and Tori's paper too. The
+importance of humans in the loop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of humans in the loop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of humans in the loop and
+having oversight. I think you mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having oversight. I think you mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having oversight. I think you mentioned
+uh human quality assurance is essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh human quality assurance is essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh human quality assurance is essential
+to correct AI hallucinations, errors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to correct AI hallucinations, errors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to correct AI hallucinations, errors and
+misinformation. And so Tori and Roy, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misinformation. And so Tori and Roy, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misinformation. And so Tori and Roy, I
+want to bring you into the conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bring you into the conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bring you into the conversation
+here and just maybe tell us some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and just maybe tell us some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and just maybe tell us some of the
+ways that you're thinking about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you're thinking about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you're thinking about how to
+address this in your work to ensure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address this in your work to ensure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address this in your work to ensure that
+there are humans in the loop. I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are humans in the loop. I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are humans in the loop. I can
+start briefly just from an author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start briefly just from an author
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start briefly just from an author
+perspective. So I have written several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective. So I have written several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective. So I have written several
+books on the edtech books platform which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books on the edtech books platform which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books on the edtech books platform which
+are open educational resources OEARS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are open educational resources OEARS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are open educational resources OEARS and
+along the way Royce has been adding in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way Royce has been adding in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way Royce has been adding in a
+lot of different features which I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different features which I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different features which I always
+love to try out in my books. Um, and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to try out in my books. Um, and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to try out in my books. Um, and at
+one point there was like an AI generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point there was like an AI generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point there was like an AI generated
+abstract and I'm talking one of my books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and I'm talking one of my books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and I'm talking one of my books
+has like 700 pages cuz I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like 700 pages cuz I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like 700 pages cuz I have a
+co-author who just loves to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-author who just loves to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-author who just loves to write
+nonstop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonstop.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonstop.
+Um, and so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so,
+you know, I don't have time to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I don't have time to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I don't have time to go
+through and write an abstract for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and write an abstract for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and write an abstract for every
+single one of those chapters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one of those chapters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one of those chapters.
+But when I had the AI generated version,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when I had the AI generated version,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when I had the AI generated version,
+I was like, ooh, this is not like fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like, ooh, this is not like fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like, ooh, this is not like fully
+capturing what happened in this chapter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing what happened in this chapter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing what happened in this chapter.
+Um, but it's a starting point. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but it's a starting point. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but it's a starting point. And so
+for me, I found it helpful that it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me, I found it helpful that it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me, I found it helpful that it like
+it put text on paper for me then to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it put text on paper for me then to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it put text on paper for me then to work
+around and revise and figure out what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and revise and figure out what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and revise and figure out what is
+the most important part of this chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important part of this chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important part of this chapter
+I want to include in this abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to include in this abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to include in this abstract
+rather than starting from a blank page.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than starting from a blank page.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than starting from a blank page.
+Uh, and I do think that helped speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and I do think that helped speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and I do think that helped speed up
+the ability to include abstracts. And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to include abstracts. And um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to include abstracts. And um
+but I do think there had to be a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I do think there had to be a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I do think there had to be a human
+in the loop in that process because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the loop in that process because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the loop in that process because the
+AI I don't think ever created an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI I don't think ever created an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI I don't think ever created an
+abstract that was fully accurate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract that was fully accurate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract that was fully accurate and
+correct for any of the chapters um its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for any of the chapters um its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for any of the chapters um its
+very first try. And that's we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first try. And that's we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first try. And that's we know how
+these tools work. They're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tools work. They're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tools work. They're they're
+predictability machines guessing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability machines guessing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability machines guessing which
+words go together. Um so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words go together. Um so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words go together. Um so you have to
+have that human aspect and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that human aspect and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that human aspect and that's what
+Royce has really built into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Royce has really built into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Royce has really built into the
+edtechbooks platform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edtechbooks platform.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edtechbooks platform.
+>> Yeah, just to build on that. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, just to build on that. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, just to build on that. So it's
+it's it's accuracy, it's quality, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's accuracy, it's quality, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's accuracy, it's quality, it's
+speed, but it's also contextualization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed, but it's also contextualization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed, but it's also contextualization
+too. Um that's one of the things that AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. Um that's one of the things that AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. Um that's one of the things that AI
+struggles with a bit. Um I mean if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles with a bit. Um I mean if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles with a bit. Um I mean if you
+especially if you're not providing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're not providing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're not providing it
+with deep understanding of the context.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with deep understanding of the context.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with deep understanding of the context.
+So if I'm writing to elementary school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I'm writing to elementary school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I'm writing to elementary school
+teachers for instance, that context is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers for instance, that context is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers for instance, that context is
+going to be very different from writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very different from writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very different from writing
+to a group of professional engineers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a group of professional engineers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a group of professional engineers and
+and what I convey, how I convey it. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I convey, how I convey it. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I convey, how I convey it. And
+so, um, allowing the a using the AI to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, um, allowing the a using the AI to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, um, allowing the a using the AI to
+create kind of a boilerplate or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create kind of a boilerplate or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create kind of a boilerplate or a
+beginning, uh, kind of outline of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning, uh, kind of outline of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning, uh, kind of outline of what
+this looks like. Just getting something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like. Just getting something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like. Just getting something
+on the page is really, I don't know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the page is really, I don't know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the page is really, I don't know,
+encouraging as an author because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging as an author because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging as an author because then
+it's easier to edit. It's easier to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to edit. It's easier to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to edit. It's easier to go
+and adjust than it is to just stare at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adjust than it is to just stare at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adjust than it is to just stare at a
+blank page. And so, that that applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank page. And so, that that applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank page. And so, that that applies to
+abstracts. It applies to like glossery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracts. It applies to like glossery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracts. It applies to like glossery
+terms. Um, and and and even beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms. Um, and and and even beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms. Um, and and and even beyond that
+too, that to things that are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too, that to things that are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too, that to things that are more
+strictly created entirely by the AI like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly created entirely by the AI like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly created entirely by the AI like
+audio books. um you know just being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio books. um you know just being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio books. um you know just being able
+to go and listen to it and make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and listen to it and make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and listen to it and make sure
+that you know you're you're happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you're you're happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you're you're happy with
+the way that it sounds um is is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that it sounds um is is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that it sounds um is is an
+important step. And I guess translations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important step. And I guess translations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important step. And I guess translations
+as well translations are a bit tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well translations are a bit tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well translations are a bit tricky
+because um if when we like for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um if when we like for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um if when we like for instance
+if I translate my content into 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I translate my content into 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I translate my content into 10
+different languages I I don't know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages I I don't know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages I I don't know all
+10 of those languages. So um we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 of those languages. So um we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 of those languages. So um we have
+built in the ability for the author to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in the ability for the author to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in the ability for the author to
+go in and edit what the the AI has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in and edit what the the AI has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in and edit what the the AI has
+generated and is now providing in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated and is now providing in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated and is now providing in those
+different languages. But unless I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages. But unless I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages. But unless I also
+collaborate with people who speak those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate with people who speak those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate with people who speak those
+languages or that can help me um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages or that can help me um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages or that can help me um uh
+engage in quality assurance with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in quality assurance with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in quality assurance with those
+languages um then even though I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages um then even though I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages um then even though I I'm
+there as the author I'm not able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as the author I'm not able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as the author I'm not able to do
+much or I don't even know what to do. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much or I don't even know what to do. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much or I don't even know what to do. So
+so there is so part of it is how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is so part of it is how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is so part of it is how we
+structure our relationships with the AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure our relationships with the AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure our relationships with the AI
+by by putting the author between the AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by putting the author between the AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by putting the author between the AI
+and the learner but part of it too is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the learner but part of it too is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the learner but part of it too is
+thinking about what resources and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what resources and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what resources and
+literacies are needed to the author so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacies are needed to the author so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacies are needed to the author so
+they can can actually engage in quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can can actually engage in quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can can actually engage in quality
+assurance. the AI has generated results.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assurance. the AI has generated results.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assurance. the AI has generated results.
+>> I want to circle back to that literacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I want to circle back to that literacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I want to circle back to that literacy
+piece in just a moment here, but first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece in just a moment here, but first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece in just a moment here, but first I
+want to I want to talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I want to talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I want to talk a little bit
+about the environmental aspects uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the environmental aspects uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the environmental aspects uh in
+your paper uh and the environmental cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper uh and the environmental cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper uh and the environmental cost
+of using generative AI because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using generative AI because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using generative AI because your
+paper raises the environmental cost as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper raises the environmental cost as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper raises the environmental cost as
+really being a serious social justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really being a serious social justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really being a serious social justice
+issue. Uh and I think there's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. Uh and I think there's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. Uh and I think there's a real
+tension especially for us in education.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension especially for us in education.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension especially for us in education.
+I mean we're feeling this pressure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we're feeling this pressure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we're feeling this pressure to
+perhaps use these tools. we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps use these tools. we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps use these tools. we're seeing
+some of the benefits of using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the benefits of using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the benefits of using these
+tools, but we know that there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools, but we know that there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools, but we know that there there are
+steep costs to actually using them. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep costs to actually using them. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep costs to actually using them. And
+and this is kind of a big question, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is kind of a big question, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is kind of a big question, but
+I mean, how do you think we go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, how do you think we go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, how do you think we go about
+reconciling that tension between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciling that tension between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciling that tension between the
+benefits of generative AI and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of generative AI and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of generative AI and the
+environmental costs that you talk about?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental costs that you talk about?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental costs that you talk about?
+>> Well, I think Tori brought brought to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, I think Tori brought brought to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, I think Tori brought brought to my
+attention just uh recent research on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention just uh recent research on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention just uh recent research on
+even how youth are using AI, right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even how youth are using AI, right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even how youth are using AI, right? So,
+they use it for information seeking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use it for information seeking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use it for information seeking
+primarily. So, for instance, if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily. So, for instance, if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily. So, for instance, if they
+don't know what the word abduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the word abduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the word abduction
+means, they'll go to chat GPT to ask it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means, they'll go to chat GPT to ask it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means, they'll go to chat GPT to ask it
+what abduction is. Well, doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what abduction is. Well, doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what abduction is. Well, doing that
+using a a chatbot, specifically like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a a chatbot, specifically like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a a chatbot, specifically like the
+the newest versions of the chatbot, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newest versions of the chatbot, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newest versions of the chatbot, like
+if you're using a 4.1 or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're using a 4.1 or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're using a 4.1 or something like
+that, you're going to use more 10 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you're going to use more 10 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you're going to use more 10 times
+more energy than if you did a Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy than if you did a Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy than if you did a Google
+search, which is going to use 10 or 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search, which is going to use 10 or 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search, which is going to use 10 or 100
+times more energy than if you just went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more energy than if you just went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more energy than if you just went
+to Mariam Webster and did it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mariam Webster and did it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mariam Webster and did it and
+actually typed it in there. So, um, or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually typed it in there. So, um, or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually typed it in there. So, um, or
+had had a dictionary in your operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had a dictionary in your operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had a dictionary in your operating
+system that you're using. Um, so I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that you're using. Um, so I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that you're using. Um, so I mean,
+super easy. I'm I'm on a Mac. Just hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super easy. I'm I'm on a Mac. Just hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super easy. I'm I'm on a Mac. Just hit
+command space and type in a word and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command space and type in a word and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command space and type in a word and it
+uses the built-in dictionary to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the built-in dictionary to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the built-in dictionary to define
+it for you. But youth do not know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you. But youth do not know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you. But youth do not know how to
+do that. So, that's a literacy question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that. So, that's a literacy question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that. So, that's a literacy question
+which we can talk more about later. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can talk more about later. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can talk more about later. But
+I think part of what it speaks to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think part of what it speaks to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think part of what it speaks to is
+just that we don't understand what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that we don't understand what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that we don't understand what our
+tools are good for and what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools are good for and what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools are good for and what they're
+efficient at and what is like because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient at and what is like because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient at and what is like because
+there's cost associated with everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's cost associated with everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's cost associated with everything
+that we do with them. We don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do with them. We don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do with them. We don't know what
+is what is a legitimate cost. Is it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is a legitimate cost. Is it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is a legitimate cost. Is it it's
+is it really um desirable to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it really um desirable to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it really um desirable to use this
+much energy to define a word that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy to define a word that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy to define a word that I
+could just easily find a definition to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just easily find a definition to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just easily find a definition to a
+different way? And so I think so much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way? And so I think so much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way? And so I think so much of
+it is, you know, there's the literacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is, you know, there's the literacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is, you know, there's the literacy
+aspect, but there's also just like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect, but there's also just like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect, but there's also just like for
+those of us who are creating tools or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us who are creating tools or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us who are creating tools or in
+positions to um provide resources to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions to um provide resources to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions to um provide resources to
+people. Hopefully, we're not falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. Hopefully, we're not falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. Hopefully, we're not falling
+into that same trap where we're not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that same trap where we're not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that same trap where we're not just
+throwing a you know, oh, I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing a you know, oh, I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing a you know, oh, I need to
+define terms. Let me throw the newest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define terms. Let me throw the newest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define terms. Let me throw the newest
+version of chat GPT at it which I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of chat GPT at it which I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of chat GPT at it which I know
+is going to be super resource intensive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be super resource intensive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be super resource intensive.
+Um there are lots of different large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there are lots of different large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there are lots of different large
+language models out there. Lots of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language models out there. Lots of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language models out there. Lots of them
+are more efficient than others. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more efficient than others. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more efficient than others. So for
+instance in our current onet books in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance in our current onet books in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance in our current onet books in
+our current use of the glossery and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our current use of the glossery and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our current use of the glossery and the
+abstract feature we're using llama 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract feature we're using llama 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract feature we're using llama 3
+point I think it's 3.2 but we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I think it's 3.2 but we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I think it's 3.2 but we're using
+the the three billion or the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the three billion or the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the three billion or the three
+billion parameter model which is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion parameter model which is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion parameter model which is much
+more efficient than than the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient than than the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient than than the the the
+kind of flagship llama is 70 billion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of flagship llama is 70 billion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of flagship llama is 70 billion.
+And I and I don't know know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I and I don't know know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I and I don't know know what the
+chat GPT model current GPT models are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat GPT model current GPT models are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat GPT model current GPT models are
+right now. If you're not an AI person,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now. If you're not an AI person,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now. If you're not an AI person,
+what that just basically means is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that just basically means is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that just basically means is a
+three billion parameter model, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three billion parameter model, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three billion parameter model, you can
+run it even like on a pretty, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it even like on a pretty, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it even like on a pretty, you know,
+mid-range like laptop. Um, if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-range like laptop. Um, if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-range like laptop. Um, if you wanted
+to, it's not a super intensive model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to, it's not a super intensive model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to, it's not a super intensive model to
+run versus if you're running cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run versus if you're running cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run versus if you're running cutting
+edge models, uh, you need a super high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge models, uh, you need a super high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge models, uh, you need a super high
+performing machine that it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing machine that it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing machine that it's going to
+use a ton of energy. Um, I actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a ton of energy. Um, I actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a ton of energy. Um, I actually have
+a super high performing Mac Studio uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a super high performing Mac Studio uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a super high performing Mac Studio uh
+under my desk here right now that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under my desk here right now that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under my desk here right now that is
+constantly running stuff in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly running stuff in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly running stuff in the
+background because I'm analyzing data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background because I'm analyzing data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background because I'm analyzing data
+and I can feel the heat coming off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can feel the heat coming off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can feel the heat coming off of
+it. Um, uh, and so I have to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um, uh, and so I have to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um, uh, and so I have to have the
+air up higher in my office. So, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air up higher in my office. So, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air up higher in my office. So, I'm
+creating an ecological concern here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an ecological concern here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an ecological concern here
+within my office just using how I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within my office just using how I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within my office just using how I'm
+using how I'm using AI. But, um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using how I'm using AI. But, um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using how I'm using AI. But, um, but
+using more efficient models and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using more efficient models and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using more efficient models and I think
+using models that are that are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using models that are that are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using models that are that are kind of
+that are designed for the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are designed for the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are designed for the kinds of
+things that we're after. I don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we're after. I don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we're after. I don't need to
+throw a 70 billion parameter model at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw a 70 billion parameter model at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw a 70 billion parameter model at a
+simple definition task. Um, and by not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple definition task. Um, and by not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple definition task. Um, and by not
+doing that, I'm I'm drastically saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that, I'm I'm drastically saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that, I'm I'm drastically saving
+cost. I'm drastically saving um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost. I'm drastically saving um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost. I'm drastically saving um
+ecological impacts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecological impacts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecological impacts.
+>> It's interesting that you mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's interesting that you mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's interesting that you mentioned
+that. I mean, one of the things I I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I mean, one of the things I I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I mean, one of the things I I use
+a large language model, but I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large language model, but I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large language model, but I've been
+working on a locally hosted large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a locally hosted large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a locally hosted large
+language model. So, I've been using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language model. So, I've been using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language model. So, I've been using a
+tool called LM Studio and running models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool called LM Studio and running models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool called LM Studio and running models
+just on my desktop because that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on my desktop because that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on my desktop because that's one of
+the ways that I kind of feel okay about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways that I kind of feel okay about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways that I kind of feel okay about
+the environmental impact of of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environmental impact of of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environmental impact of of using
+large language models is if I can at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large language models is if I can at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large language models is if I can at
+least run it locally on my laptop, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least run it locally on my laptop, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least run it locally on my laptop, then
+I'm not, you know, relying on huge data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not, you know, relying on huge data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not, you know, relying on huge data
+centers uh to power the the work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers uh to power the the work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers uh to power the the work that
+I'm doing. And it has been it has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing. And it has been it has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing. And it has been it has been
+one of the ways that I've been kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ways that I've been kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ways that I've been kind of
+managing that environmental concern and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing that environmental concern and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing that environmental concern and
+I think maybe holds out a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think maybe holds out a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think maybe holds out a little bit of
+hope for uh uh for you know the the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for uh uh for you know the the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for uh uh for you know the the sort
+of more basic queries that we tend to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more basic queries that we tend to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more basic queries that we tend to do
+or that that as you mentioned youth tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that that as you mentioned youth tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that that as you mentioned youth tend
+to do on uh on the large language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do on uh on the large language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do on uh on the large language
+models.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models.
+Um, I want to stick on the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I want to stick on the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I want to stick on the technology
+piece a bit and just talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece a bit and just talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece a bit and just talk a little bit
+and and I know uh Rory, you talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I know uh Rory, you talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I know uh Rory, you talked
+Royce, you talked a little bit about um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Royce, you talked a little bit about um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Royce, you talked a little bit about um,
+Lama and I I do want to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lama and I I do want to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lama and I I do want to come back to
+that, but I mean the I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, but I mean the I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, but I mean the I want to talk
+about the technology choices you made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the technology choices you made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the technology choices you made
+for both of your projects because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of your projects because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of your projects because I
+think the technology choices kind of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the technology choices kind of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the technology choices kind of do
+paint a complex and really a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint a complex and really a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint a complex and really a very
+realistic picture of the kind of mix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic picture of the kind of mix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic picture of the kind of mix of
+open and proprietary tools that we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and proprietary tools that we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and proprietary tools that we often
+have to use in open education projects.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use in open education projects.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use in open education projects.
+So a let me start with you here. Can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a let me start with you here. Can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a let me start with you here. Can you
+talk through some of the rationale for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk through some of the rationale for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk through some of the rationale for
+your technology choices for your project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your technology choices for your project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your technology choices for your project
+and and is there anything that you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and is there anything that you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and is there anything that you think
+you might have done differently with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have done differently with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have done differently with
+your technology choices?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your technology choices?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your technology choices?
+>> Um yeah that was the tricky part. Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um yeah that was the tricky part. Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um yeah that was the tricky part. Of
+course the easiest one was chachi as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the easiest one was chachi as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the easiest one was chachi as uh
+our colleagues at other university also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our colleagues at other university also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our colleagues at other university also
+had started experimenting that um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had started experimenting that um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had started experimenting that um but
+let's say for translation like Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say for translation like Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say for translation like Google
+translate was the first um intuitive way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate was the first um intuitive way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate was the first um intuitive way
+like to go exactly for English the ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to go exactly for English the ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to go exactly for English the ma
+matching the um terms. So when um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching the um terms. So when um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching the um terms. So when um I
+started to explore AI tools, I think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to explore AI tools, I think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to explore AI tools, I think um
+I looked for those who had free access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I looked for those who had free access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I looked for those who had free access
+in the first place. So uh faculty back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place. So uh faculty back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place. So uh faculty back
+in uh Kazakhstan context wouldn't or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh Kazakhstan context wouldn't or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh Kazakhstan context wouldn't or
+university wouldn't have burden like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university wouldn't have burden like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university wouldn't have burden like to
+pay for those things. Um I didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for those things. Um I didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for those things. Um I didn't have
+special funding for that. So it was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special funding for that. So it was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special funding for that. So it was all
+voluntary pro uh like a volunteering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary pro uh like a volunteering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary pro uh like a volunteering
+project for us. So um it it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project for us. So um it it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project for us. So um it it should be
+free uh at least for a trial period for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free uh at least for a trial period for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free uh at least for a trial period for
+a couple of weeks or months that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of weeks or months that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of weeks or months that even
+would be helpful and uh because it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be helpful and uh because it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be helpful and uh because it was a
+very um speedy process we wanted to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um speedy process we wanted to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um speedy process we wanted to be
+fast and um prototype fast based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and um prototype fast based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and um prototype fast based on this
+SAM model that I followed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAM model that I followed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAM model that I followed for
+instructional design. So and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional design. So and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional design. So and a
+technology that um at that moment was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that um at that moment was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that um at that moment was
+mainly accessible uh was through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly accessible uh was through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly accessible uh was through the
+open AI platform definitely uh we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open AI platform definitely uh we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open AI platform definitely uh we've
+tested with PO uh another platform where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested with PO uh another platform where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested with PO uh another platform where
+we looked specifically for um their like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked specifically for um their like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked specifically for um their like
+approaches what kind of data um they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches what kind of data um they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches what kind of data um they use
+or how they process it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how they process it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how they process it um
+in that context what's interesting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that context what's interesting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that context what's interesting um
+not the um like ethical or privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the um like ethical or privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the um like ethical or privacy
+issues they pop up later on with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues they pop up later on with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues they pop up later on with the
+faculty as they started to learn more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty as they started to learn more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty as they started to learn more
+about the technology. So um and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the technology. So um and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the technology. So um and we
+didn't have a clear criteria for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a clear criteria for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a clear criteria for which
+would be the best or how even to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the best or how even to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the best or how even to access
+or assess that uh technology um uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or assess that uh technology um uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or assess that uh technology um uh I
+think uh the start was the very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh the start was the very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh the start was the very simple
+like free accessible easy to use in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like free accessible easy to use in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like free accessible easy to use in any
+language um and helpful. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language um and helpful. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language um and helpful. So
+>> wonderful. Um, if I may interject,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> wonderful. Um, if I may interject,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> wonderful. Um, if I may interject,
+there's a handful of really juicy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a handful of really juicy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a handful of really juicy
+questions in the Q&A. Um, so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in the Q&A. Um, so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in the Q&A. Um, so we're going
+to go ahead and start with Vikram Singh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go ahead and start with Vikram Singh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go ahead and start with Vikram Singh
+who asks how to use judicious AI in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who asks how to use judicious AI in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who asks how to use judicious AI in the
+case of dynamic content.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of dynamic content.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of dynamic content.
+>> Yeah. So it's a great question. Um, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So it's a great question. Um, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So it's a great question. Um, the
+short answer is we have to build systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short answer is we have to build systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short answer is we have to build systems
+that allow us to do it. And it's similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow us to do it. And it's similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow us to do it. And it's similar
+to uh just modern web approaches. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh just modern web approaches. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh just modern web approaches. So,
+um, if, uh, so, so going back in time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, if, uh, so, so going back in time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, if, uh, so, so going back in time to
+when we first did when I first built the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we first did when I first built the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we first did when I first built the
+the alpha version of edtech books, I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha version of edtech books, I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha version of edtech books, I had
+nonAI tools that I built that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonAI tools that I built that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonAI tools that I built that would
+generate PDFs of all the content on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate PDFs of all the content on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate PDFs of all the content on the
+platform. And so, the issue was, yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform. And so, the issue was, yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform. And so, the issue was, yeah,
+dynamic content like authors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic content like authors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic content like authors are
+adjusting content continually, but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting content continually, but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting content continually, but we
+want to provide a static version of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to provide a static version of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to provide a static version of it
+as a PDF. And so, my brilliant thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a PDF. And so, my brilliant thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a PDF. And so, my brilliant thought
+was, let me just have the the web server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was, let me just have the the web server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was, let me just have the the web server
+generate the PDF every time someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the PDF every time someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the PDF every time someone
+wants to access it. But the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to access it. But the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to access it. But the problem is
+the amount of energy to generate a PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of energy to generate a PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of energy to generate a PDF
+out of that dynamic content is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that dynamic content is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that dynamic content is it's
+really heavy. And so when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really heavy. And so when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really heavy. And so when you have a
+hundred people try to do it at the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred people try to do it at the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred people try to do it at the exact
+same time, your server fails very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time, your server fails very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time, your server fails very
+quickly. Um and so but it's a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. Um and so but it's a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. Um and so but it's a similar
+kind of thing with AI in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing with AI in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing with AI in the sense that
+yeah, you have dynamic content, you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, you have dynamic content, you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, you have dynamic content, you want
+to create like static snapshots of it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create like static snapshots of it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create like static snapshots of it at
+different times um that then you provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times um that then you provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times um that then you provide
+efficiently to people. But so you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently to people. But so you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently to people. But so you just
+have to figure out when is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out when is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out when is it
+appropriate to take one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate to take one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate to take one of those
+snapshots. You don't want to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshots. You don't want to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshots. You don't want to create a
+snapshot every single time. Like say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot every single time. Like say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot every single time. Like say
+someone wants a translation of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone wants a translation of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone wants a translation of your
+chapter. You don't want to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter. You don't want to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter. You don't want to create a
+snapshot every single time someone asks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot every single time someone asks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot every single time someone asks
+for a translation. Maybe when you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a translation. Maybe when you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a translation. Maybe when you when
+you edit the content, you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you edit the content, you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you edit the content, you make a
+significant edit, then you flag it, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant edit, then you flag it, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant edit, then you flag it, and
+then it creates um then it creates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it creates um then it creates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it creates um then it creates a
+snapshot of it that is that the AI uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot of it that is that the AI uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot of it that is that the AI uses
+as to create a translation that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to create a translation that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to create a translation that it
+efficiently serves up. Um but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently serves up. Um but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently serves up. Um but you have
+to create kind of what those milestone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create kind of what those milestone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create kind of what those milestone
+stones are. Decide how much of a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones are. Decide how much of a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones are. Decide how much of a change
+to the dynamic content uh merits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dynamic content uh merits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dynamic content uh merits
+regeneration with the AI or or or re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regeneration with the AI or or or re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regeneration with the AI or or or re
+reinvolving the AI. Um, so that's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinvolving the AI. Um, so that's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinvolving the AI. Um, so that's always
+challenging. Yeah. So like in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging. Yeah. So like in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging. Yeah. So like in terms of
+like the audio like very concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the audio like very concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the audio like very concrete
+example in terms of like the audiobooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in terms of like the audiobooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in terms of like the audiobooks
+that we generate, if someone goes on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we generate, if someone goes on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we generate, if someone goes on and
+corrects a typo, I'm probably not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrects a typo, I'm probably not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrects a typo, I'm probably not going
+to regenerate the entire audio book for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regenerate the entire audio book for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regenerate the entire audio book for
+that for that chapter just because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for that chapter just because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for that chapter just because a
+typo is changed in the text. But if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typo is changed in the text. But if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typo is changed in the text. But if
+paragraphs are added or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs are added or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs are added or something like
+that, then yeah, we'll we'll initiate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, then yeah, we'll we'll initiate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, then yeah, we'll we'll initiate a
+rebuild.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuild.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuild.
+>> Wonderful. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Wonderful. Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Wonderful. Thank you.
+Our next question comes from Muhammad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our next question comes from Muhammad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our next question comes from Muhammad
+Sed and the question is in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sed and the question is in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sed and the question is in the context
+of professional education, how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of professional education, how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of professional education, how can
+institutions ensure that AI tools used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions ensure that AI tools used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions ensure that AI tools used
+for assessment and feedback are fair,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for assessment and feedback are fair,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for assessment and feedback are fair,
+transparent and free from bias,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent and free from bias,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent and free from bias,
+especially when serving diverse learner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when serving diverse learner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when serving diverse learner
+populations?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations?
+>> Yeah, thank you Muhammad. Um that's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, thank you Muhammad. Um that's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, thank you Muhammad. Um that's um
+really critical question um especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical question um especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical question um especially
+in the context of professional education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of professional education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of professional education
+definitely where assessment shapes often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely where assessment shapes often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely where assessment shapes often
+shapes access to opportunity and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes access to opportunity and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes access to opportunity and if
+institutions want to ensure that uh AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions want to ensure that uh AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions want to ensure that uh AI
+tools used for um assessment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools used for um assessment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools used for um assessment and
+feedback are fair and transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback are fair and transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback are fair and transparent
+especially for diverse learning uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for diverse learning uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for diverse learning uh
+population the first step at least what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population the first step at least what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population the first step at least what
+we've learned and observed from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learned and observed from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learned and observed from our
+experience igrants is to recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience igrants is to recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience igrants is to recognize that
+bias is not a technical error there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias is not a technical error there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias is not a technical error there and
+it's often a reflection of uh whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often a reflection of uh whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often a reflection of uh whose
+language norms um learning behaviors uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language norms um learning behaviors uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language norms um learning behaviors uh
+the system was trained on. And one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was trained on. And one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was trained on. And one of
+the lessons um that specifically um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lessons um that specifically um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lessons um that specifically um
+stood out uh for my colleagues um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stood out uh for my colleagues um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stood out uh for my colleagues um there
+is that fairness requires human context.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that fairness requires human context.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that fairness requires human context.
+We discussed that um specifically at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We discussed that um specifically at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We discussed that um specifically at the
+level of design um and it's not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of design um and it's not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of design um and it's not enough
+to translate just rubrics or adapt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to translate just rubrics or adapt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to translate just rubrics or adapt
+instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions
+um institutions here we really wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um institutions here we really wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um institutions here we really wanted to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+prompt them to think were these models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompt them to think were these models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompt them to think were these models
+trained with us in mind right um no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained with us in mind right um no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained with us in mind right um no
+obviously in the beginning so um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in the beginning so um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in the beginning so um we
+recognize that culturally relevant let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that culturally relevant let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that culturally relevant let's
+say expression of knowledge that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say expression of knowledge that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say expression of knowledge that's
+something that um even The feedback when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that um even The feedback when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that um even The feedback when
+the feedback was given um the um we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feedback was given um the um we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feedback was given um the um we we
+we should be aware that the feedback was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be aware that the feedback was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be aware that the feedback was
+maybe um based on western assump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe um based on western assump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe um based on western assump
+academic writing conventions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic writing conventions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic writing conventions or
+unfamiliar terminology or a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfamiliar terminology or a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfamiliar terminology or a different
+logic of argumentation that is um alien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic of argumentation that is um alien
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic of argumentation that is um alien
+to that cultural or context. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that cultural or context. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that cultural or context. Right? So
+um and that feedback will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that feedback will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that feedback will not be
+actionable. So therefore um for us um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actionable. So therefore um for us um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actionable. So therefore um for us um
+was to get the feedback and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to get the feedback and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to get the feedback and again
+translate it quote unquote to the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate it quote unquote to the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate it quote unquote to the um
+management of the university who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management of the university who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management of the university who were
+observing the project in a way that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing the project in a way that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing the project in a way that um
+it also um supports that learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also um supports that learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also um supports that learning and
+helps them to improve. So um here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps them to improve. So um here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps them to improve. So um here that
+building human uh in the loop validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building human uh in the loop validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building human uh in the loop validation
+I think it's very important um being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's very important um being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's very important um being
+able to interpret AI uh behavior or make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to interpret AI uh behavior or make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to interpret AI uh behavior or make
+AI behavior interpretable. So faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI behavior interpretable. So faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI behavior interpretable. So faculty
+and um staff should be able to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um staff should be able to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um staff should be able to see that
+what's the model is evaluating or and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the model is evaluating or and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the model is evaluating or and
+why. So the clear explanation reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why. So the clear explanation reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why. So the clear explanation reasoning
+um is important and um have a feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is important and um have a feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is important and um have a feedback
+again not as a design opportunity not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again not as a design opportunity not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again not as a design opportunity not
+just a measurement output if it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a measurement output if it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a measurement output if it's a good
+project or a good course or a good um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project or a good course or a good um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project or a good course or a good um so
+uh we need to u not to guide learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we need to u not to guide learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we need to u not to guide learning
+across uh context um like not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across uh context um like not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across uh context um like not only
+through that direct feedback again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that direct feedback again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that direct feedback again so
+for institutions to be aware of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for institutions to be aware of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for institutions to be aware of that
+it's important Beautiful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important Beautiful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important Beautiful.
+Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+>> Um, our next I just want to get as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, our next I just want to get as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, our next I just want to get as many
+questions in as possible, but please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in as possible, but please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in as possible, but please
+Rice, go ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rice, go ahead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rice, go ahead.
+>> Um, I just want to mention just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, I just want to mention just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, I just want to mention just
+auditability is super important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditability is super important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditability is super important for
+this. So, one of the big problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So, one of the big problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So, one of the big problems with
+AI is that you put in your input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI is that you put in your input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI is that you put in your input and
+then you get output and there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get output and there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get output and there's just
+this huge black box. You have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge black box. You have no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge black box. You have no idea
+what happened, right? Um, and so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened, right? Um, and so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened, right? Um, and so one of
+the ways to help alleviate that, so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways to help alleviate that, so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways to help alleviate that, so like
+I'm in a former life, I was a a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in a former life, I was a a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in a former life, I was a a high
+school English teacher. So, if I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school English teacher. So, if I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school English teacher. So, if I wanted
+a AI to give me feedback according to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a AI to give me feedback according to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a AI to give me feedback according to my
+rubric that I've created for student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubric that I've created for student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubric that I've created for student
+essays, if I say, "Here's the rubric.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essays, if I say, "Here's the rubric.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essays, if I say, "Here's the rubric.
+Here's a student essay. Give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a student essay. Give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a student essay. Give me
+feedback." Well, the essay has lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback." Well, the essay has lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback." Well, the essay has lots of
+different components to it, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components to it, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components to it, right? And
+so, the feedback I'm going to get is,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, the feedback I'm going to get is,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, the feedback I'm going to get is,
+you know, it's just this really messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's just this really messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's just this really messy
+black box. I don't know why it's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black box. I don't know why it's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black box. I don't know why it's saying
+what it's saying in all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's saying in all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's saying in all these different
+ways. It may not even remember all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. It may not even remember all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. It may not even remember all the
+criteria that I gave it. Um, and it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria that I gave it. Um, and it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria that I gave it. Um, and it just
+gets lost very quickly. Um, and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets lost very quickly. Um, and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets lost very quickly. Um, and so one
+of the kind of the general best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kind of the general best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kind of the general best
+practices that that I've uh uh come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices that that I've uh uh come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices that that I've uh uh come to
+realize is that when you're working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize is that when you're working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize is that when you're working with
+AI, it's better to be it's best to be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI, it's better to be it's best to be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI, it's better to be it's best to be as
+discreet as possible and what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet as possible and what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet as possible and what you're
+asking it to do. Um, so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking it to do. Um, so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking it to do. Um, so instead of
+asking it like one omnibus prompt like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking it like one omnibus prompt like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking it like one omnibus prompt like
+do this thing and it does this huge kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this thing and it does this huge kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this thing and it does this huge kind
+of blackbox thing in the background and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blackbox thing in the background and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blackbox thing in the background and
+you get the results and you have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the results and you have no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the results and you have no idea
+where this came from. Ask it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this came from. Ask it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this came from. Ask it more
+discreet things. Ask okay instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet things. Ask okay instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet things. Ask okay instead of
+like feeding in my entire rubric, feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like feeding in my entire rubric, feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like feeding in my entire rubric, feed
+it one element of my rubric. how did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one element of my rubric. how did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one element of my rubric. how did it
+rubric how did it do on this specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubric how did it do on this specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubric how did it do on this specific
+thing and then you get that feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then you get that feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then you get that feedback
+because it's easier to audit on very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's easier to audit on very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's easier to audit on very
+specific small black boxes than on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific small black boxes than on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific small black boxes than on a
+huge black box right and so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge black box right and so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge black box right and so by
+separating it out like that it allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating it out like that it allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating it out like that it allows
+you to audit and to do quality assurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to audit and to do quality assurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to audit and to do quality assurance
+more effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effectively
+>> ties into some of the other questions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> ties into some of the other questions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> ties into some of the other questions I
+think the next question is from Jessica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the next question is from Jessica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the next question is from Jessica
+Glla and her question is I appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glla and her question is I appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glla and her question is I appreciate
+the examples of judicious use could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples of judicious use could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples of judicious use could you
+recommend where to find data on learner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend where to find data on learner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend where to find data on learner
+interactions with AI to help anticipate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with AI to help anticipate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with AI to help anticipate
+learner needs and preferences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner needs and preferences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner needs and preferences and
+support the judicious use of AI with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support the judicious use of AI with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support the judicious use of AI with
+open educational resources.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open educational resources.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open educational resources.
+Um, I'll just say most of what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I'll just say most of what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I'll just say most of what we do
+comes out of um kind of op priori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of um kind of op priori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of um kind of op priori
+assumptions that we're making about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we're making about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we're making about
+learners based upon instructional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners based upon instructional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners based upon instructional
+design. Um, so like what do we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. Um, so like what do we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. Um, so like what do we already
+know students going to want? So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know students going to want? So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know students going to want? So that's
+one way. Another way is using learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way. Another way is using learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way. Another way is using learning
+analytics um and and just UX um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics um and and just UX um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics um and and just UX um like
+gorilla research with with our learners.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorilla research with with our learners.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorilla research with with our learners.
+So um as learners uh read through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um as learners uh read through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um as learners uh read through a
+chapter we have a quality assurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter we have a quality assurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter we have a quality assurance
+rating at the at the bottom where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating at the at the bottom where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating at the at the bottom where they
+can rate this in five stars or one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rate this in five stars or one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rate this in five stars or one to
+five stars and then we get feedback from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five stars and then we get feedback from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five stars and then we get feedback from
+them like what what would they want or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like what what would they want or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like what what would they want or
+as authors request things what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as authors request things what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as authors request things what would
+they want um so there's no like single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want um so there's no like single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want um so there's no like single
+place to go but I think that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to go but I think that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to go but I think that yeah
+looking to UX research on like what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to UX research on like what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to UX research on like what what
+are high impact things we can do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are high impact things we can do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are high impact things we can do for
+learners to help them looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners to help them looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners to help them looking at
+instructional design research to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional design research to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional design research to do that
+as well but then also having some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but then also having some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but then also having some kind
+of a mechanism for feedback back to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mechanism for feedback back to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mechanism for feedback back to help
+us to know what is it that our learners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to know what is it that our learners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to know what is it that our learners
+wish that they had or maybe our learners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish that they had or maybe our learners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish that they had or maybe our learners
+are going through all of our OEER and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going through all of our OEER and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going through all of our OEER and
+copy pasting all of it into chat GBT to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy pasting all of it into chat GBT to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy pasting all of it into chat GBT to
+get a cliffnotes version of it. Even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a cliffnotes version of it. Even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a cliffnotes version of it. Even
+just knowing that they're doing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just knowing that they're doing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just knowing that they're doing that is
+super valuable because then we know okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super valuable because then we know okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super valuable because then we know okay
+that's a use case that would be use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a use case that would be use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a use case that would be use that
+that we should be able to provide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should be able to provide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should be able to provide to
+them that would um eliminate a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that would um eliminate a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that would um eliminate a lot of
+this waste and redundancy of if if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this waste and redundancy of if if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this waste and redundancy of if if we
+have multiple users doing this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple users doing this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple users doing this.
+>> Fantastic. Thank you. Um, I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Fantastic. Thank you. Um, I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Fantastic. Thank you. Um, I think we
+have time for one more question and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time for one more question and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time for one more question and it's
+actually from another one of the authors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually from another one of the authors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually from another one of the authors
+from the rapid response papers and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the rapid response papers and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the rapid response papers and I'm
+not going to pronounce their name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to pronounce their name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to pronounce their name
+correctly but I will do my best. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly but I will do my best. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly but I will do my best. Um,
+Joel Alberto Arantes do Amaral asks,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joel Alberto Arantes do Amaral asks,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joel Alberto Arantes do Amaral asks,
+"The environmental impact is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"The environmental impact is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"The environmental impact is one of the
+unintended consequences of AI use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintended consequences of AI use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintended consequences of AI use that
+is largely overlooked today. How can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is largely overlooked today. How can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is largely overlooked today. How can we
+make these impacts more visible?"
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these impacts more visible?"
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these impacts more visible?"
+So, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this is
+this always continues to surprise me, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this always continues to surprise me, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this always continues to surprise me, I
+guess, because I'm in the the AI and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess, because I'm in the the AI and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess, because I'm in the the AI and
+education world and early on learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education world and early on learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education world and early on learned
+about the environmental impacts. And so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the environmental impacts. And so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the environmental impacts. And so,
+when I talked to someone about it who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talked to someone about it who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talked to someone about it who
+said, "I had no idea." I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "I had no idea." I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "I had no idea." I was just
+talking to a reporter last week. It was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to a reporter last week. It was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to a reporter last week. It was
+like, "I had no idea there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "I had no idea there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "I had no idea there was
+environmental impact." Um, and then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact." Um, and then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact." Um, and then on
+the other side, there's people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side, there's people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side, there's people who
+literally won't use AI because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally won't use AI because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally won't use AI because of the
+environmental impact, and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact, and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact, and there's
+everyone in between trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in between trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in between trying to figure
+this all out. I want to contextualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all out. I want to contextualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all out. I want to contextualize
+this really quickly in the last minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really quickly in the last minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really quickly in the last minute
+or so. um right now like the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so. um right now like the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so. um right now like the you know
+global impact of of data energies um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global impact of of data energies um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global impact of of data energies um
+data center energy uses is like 1.5% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data center energy uses is like 1.5% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data center energy uses is like 1.5% of
+the global energy. So it is a it is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global energy. So it is a it is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global energy. So it is a it is an
+impact and it's expected to double but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact and it's expected to double but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact and it's expected to double but
+it's not like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like um
+massively huge in destructing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massively huge in destructing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massively huge in destructing our
+environment just yet. Um, I do think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment just yet. Um, I do think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment just yet. Um, I do think
+though it is something we need to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it is something we need to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it is something we need to pay
+attention to and I would love for chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to and I would love for chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to and I would love for chat
+GPT to say before you prompt this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPT to say before you prompt this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPT to say before you prompt this might
+take this much water, this much energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this much water, this much energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this much water, this much energy.
+I don't think any of these companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think any of these companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think any of these companies
+will do that because that will ruin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do that because that will ruin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do that because that will ruin
+their profit margins. Um, but maybe an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their profit margins. Um, but maybe an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their profit margins. Um, but maybe an
+an AI tool will come out. Um, just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an AI tool will come out. Um, just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an AI tool will come out. Um, just like
+you know Eosia for internet searches can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Eosia for internet searches can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Eosia for internet searches can
+show you how much like trees it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how much like trees it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how much like trees it's
+planting or carbon dioxide it's reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting or carbon dioxide it's reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting or carbon dioxide it's reducing
+from the environment. So, I would love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the environment. So, I would love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the environment. So, I would love
+to see that more, but right now I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that more, but right now I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that more, but right now I think
+it comes down to AI literacy. A lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes down to AI literacy. A lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes down to AI literacy. A lot of
+this comes down to AI literacy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes down to AI literacy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes down to AI literacy and
+preparing people who use AI to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing people who use AI to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing people who use AI to think
+critically about what are the unintended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically about what are the unintended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically about what are the unintended
+consequences of these tools. Um, because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of these tools. Um, because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of these tools. Um, because
+that's really important impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important impact on
+society.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society.
+>> Well, that's the perfect transition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, that's the perfect transition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, that's the perfect transition for
+me to thank you all because our next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to thank you all because our next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to thank you all because our next
+webinar is actually about AI literacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webinar is actually about AI literacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webinar is actually about AI literacy
+and AI evaluation. So, um, deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and AI evaluation. So, um, deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and AI evaluation. So, um, deep
+appreciation and thanks to all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation and thanks to all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation and thanks to all of our
+speakers today, uh, for joining us, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers today, uh, for joining us, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers today, uh, for joining us, for
+writing your papers, for doing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing your papers, for doing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing your papers, for doing your
+work, and for having this public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work, and for having this public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work, and for having this public
+conversation. Um, we're really eager to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation. Um, we're really eager to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation. Um, we're really eager to
+continue the conversation. Um, and thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the conversation. Um, and thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the conversation. Um, and thank
+everyone for I just want to thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone for I just want to thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone for I just want to thank
+everyone for attending today. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone for attending today. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone for attending today. This is
+really exciting. Um, and you can sign up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exciting. Um, and you can sign up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exciting. Um, and you can sign up
+for um, for updates of the initiative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um, for updates of the initiative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um, for updates of the initiative.
+And, uh, and we'll sign off uh, here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And, uh, and we'll sign off uh, here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And, uh, and we'll sign off uh, here at
+3:00. So, thanks so much everyone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:00. So, thanks so much everyone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:00. So, thanks so much everyone and
+we'll see you next time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see you next time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see you next time.
+>> Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Thank you.
+>> Thank you, Shar. Thank you everyone.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WlZf4aOkNMQ.txt b/WlZf4aOkNMQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..25f72e13611bf85b8b70032b312f4bfd7b55bb51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WlZf4aOkNMQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1627 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+good morning today's lecture will deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning today's lecture will deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning today's lecture will deal
+with Zima and effect and then we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Zima and effect and then we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Zima and effect and then we'll get
+started with a semi-classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a semi-classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a semi-classical
+approximation so Zeeman effect is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so Zeeman effect is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so Zeeman effect is the
+last topic we do with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last topic we do with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last topic we do with respect to the
+hydrogen atom and the corrections of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom and the corrections of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom and the corrections of
+perturbation theory and with wkb or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory and with wkb or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory and with wkb or the
+semi classical approximation we'll begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi classical approximation we'll begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi classical approximation we'll begin
+a new chapter in 806 Zeeman effect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new chapter in 806 Zeeman effect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new chapter in 806 Zeeman effect so
+this is an effect having to do with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an effect having to do with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an effect having to do with an
+atom in a magnetic field it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom in a magnetic field it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom in a magnetic field it was
+discovered by a Dutch physicist Peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by a Dutch physicist Peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by a Dutch physicist Peter
+Simon who lived from 1865 to 1943 it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simon who lived from 1865 to 1943 it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simon who lived from 1865 to 1943 it was
+a Dutch the work was actually done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Dutch the work was actually done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Dutch the work was actually done in
+1896 at a time where there was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1896 at a time where there was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1896 at a time where there was very
+little idea of quantum mechanics to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little idea of quantum mechanics to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little idea of quantum mechanics to be
+and he got a Nobel Prize for it in - in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he got a Nobel Prize for it in - in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he got a Nobel Prize for it in - in
+the year 1902 so what he discovered was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year 1902 so what he discovered was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year 1902 so what he discovered was
+the spectral line seemed to split in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectral line seemed to split in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectral line seemed to split in the
+presence of a magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of a magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of a magnetic field
+it's an old result therefore a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an old result therefore a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an old result therefore a hundred
+years old its explanation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old its explanation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old its explanation and
+understanding took about a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding took about a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding took about a couple of
+decades because you couldn't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades because you couldn't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades because you couldn't do it
+without quantum mechanics so nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without quantum mechanics so nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without quantum mechanics so nobody
+could quite figure out what had happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could quite figure out what had happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could quite figure out what had happened
+but it was very very important in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was very very important in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was very very important in its
+time it still remains very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it still remains very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it still remains very important
+people use the Zeeman effect all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use the Zeeman effect all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use the Zeeman effect all the
+time in fact it's used nowadays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in fact it's used nowadays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in fact it's used nowadays in
+studies of astrophysics studies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of astrophysics studies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of astrophysics studies of the
+Sun the sunspots you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun the sunspots you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun the sunspots you know there are
+places in the Sun where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in the Sun where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in the Sun where there
+temperatures a little lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures a little lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures a little lower
+and that's places where the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's places where the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's places where the magnetic
+field lines in the Sun sort of break out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field lines in the Sun sort of break out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field lines in the Sun sort of break out
+from the interior to the exterior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the interior to the exterior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the interior to the exterior and
+and it's interesting because the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's interesting because the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's interesting because the Sun
+produces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces the
+cycle of solar sports and it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle of solar sports and it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle of solar sports and it happens
+because the Sun doesn't rotate uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Sun doesn't rotate uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Sun doesn't rotate uniformly
+has a different rotation speed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a different rotation speed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a different rotation speed in the
+equator faster than in the poles so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equator faster than in the poles so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equator faster than in the poles so the
+magnetic field lines that go from north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field lines that go from north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field lines that go from north
+to south in the Sun get tangled up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to south in the Sun get tangled up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to south in the Sun get tangled up and
+they start breaking up and doing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start breaking up and doing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start breaking up and doing all
+these things so people want to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so people want to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so people want to know what
+is the magnetic field in the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the magnetic field in the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the magnetic field in the solar
+sunspot and in fact they observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunspot and in fact they observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunspot and in fact they observe the
+weak magnetic fields away from the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak magnetic fields away from the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak magnetic fields away from the solar
+sunspots and then they see the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunspots and then they see the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunspots and then they see the spectrum
+of a nate'll and suddenly as you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nate'll and suddenly as you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nate'll and suddenly as you move
+inside the spot they feel the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the spot they feel the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the spot they feel the spectrum
+the line split and they can measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line split and they can measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line split and they can measure the
+magnetic fields very accurately they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields very accurately they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields very accurately they're
+of the order of 3,000 Gauss two thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the order of 3,000 Gauss two thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the order of 3,000 Gauss two thousand
+three thousand Gauss and it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three thousand Gauss and it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three thousand Gauss and it's pretty
+interesting work so so this Zeeman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work so so this Zeeman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work so so this Zeeman
+effect remains very important so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect remains very important so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect remains very important so what is
+the Zeeman effect we have a Zeeman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Zeeman effect we have a Zeeman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Zeeman effect we have a Zeeman
+effect here we have the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect here we have the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect here we have the magnetic field
+interacting with the lecture and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with the lecture and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with the lecture and the
+lecture now has two magnetic moments a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture now has two magnetic moments a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture now has two magnetic moments a
+magnetic moment associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic moment associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic moment associated with the
+orbital motion this is looks completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital motion this is looks completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital motion this is looks completely
+like the classical formula of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the classical formula of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the classical formula of the
+magnetic moment due to a particle as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic moment due to a particle as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic moment due to a particle as
+those in circles it's produces a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in circles it's produces a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in circles it's produces a current
+and that current is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that current is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that current is proportional to the
+angular momentum of the rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum of the rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum of the rotating
+particle and of course there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and of course there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and of course there is the
+magnetic moment due to the spin that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic moment due to the spin that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic moment due to the spin that has
+a factor of two here this G factor we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of two here this G factor we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of two here this G factor we'll
+discuss before s so H Zeman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss before s so H Zeman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss before s so H Zeman
+you put an external magnetic field into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put an external magnetic field into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put an external magnetic field into
+the atom a constant uniform external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom a constant uniform external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom a constant uniform external
+magnetic field and you have a minus mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field and you have a minus mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field and you have a minus mu
+dot B so you have a interaction mu L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot B so you have a interaction mu L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot B so you have a interaction mu L
+plus mu s dot B so this is e over 2 MC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mu s dot B so this is e over 2 MC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mu s dot B so this is e over 2 MC
+that's the typical factor here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the typical factor here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the typical factor here and
+recognizable L plus 2's so it's not L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable L plus 2's so it's not L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable L plus 2's so it's not L
+plus s is L plus 2's times B and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus s is L plus 2's times B and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus s is L plus 2's times B and many
+times we think of be aligned the axis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we think of be aligned the axis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we think of be aligned the axis so
+that it is in the z direction so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is in the z direction so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is in the z direction so this
+turns out to be e over 2m C L Z plus 2 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be e over 2m C L Z plus 2 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be e over 2m C L Z plus 2 s
+Z times B so this is the Zeeman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z times B so this is the Zeeman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z times B so this is the Zeeman
+Hamiltonian but this is part of a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian but this is part of a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian but this is part of a story
+of an atom so if we want to think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an atom so if we want to think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an atom so if we want to think of the
+hydrogen atom properly we must consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom properly we must consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom properly we must consider
+and reconsider what was the Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reconsider what was the Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reconsider what was the Hamiltonian
+there and we had an H for the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we had an H for the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we had an H for the hydrogen
+atom that was an H 0 that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom that was an H 0 that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom that was an H 0 that was the
+familiar one P squared over 2m minus e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar one P squared over 2m minus e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar one P squared over 2m minus e
+squared over R then we had a fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over R then we had a fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over R then we had a fine
+structure Hamiltonian Delta H fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure Hamiltonian Delta H fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure Hamiltonian Delta H fine
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's put fs4 fine-structure those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put fs4 fine-structure those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put fs4 fine-structure those were
+the relativistic terms the Darwin term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relativistic terms the Darwin term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relativistic terms the Darwin term
+and the spin-orbit coupling the three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the spin-orbit coupling the three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the spin-orbit coupling the three of
+them constituted what we called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them constituted what we called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them constituted what we called the
+fine-structure Hamiltonian and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-structure Hamiltonian and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-structure Hamiltonian and now we
+have a Zeeman effect I probably should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Zeeman effect I probably should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Zeeman effect I probably should
+call it Delta EIJ seaman because he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Delta EIJ seaman because he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Delta EIJ seaman because he said
+an addition here to the term who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an addition here to the term who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an addition here to the term who had
+before it refers to what I call up just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it refers to what I call up just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it refers to what I call up just
+H seaman but in the context of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H seaman but in the context of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H seaman but in the context of the
+hydrogen atom we should call it Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom we should call it Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom we should call it Delta H
+seaman and now we have to rethink and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seaman and now we have to rethink and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seaman and now we have to rethink and
+the reason the Zeeman effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason the Zeeman effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason the Zeeman effect is
+non-trivial for us and it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial for us and it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial for us and it's a very
+interesting and somewhat challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and somewhat challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and somewhat challenging
+example of what we have to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what we have to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what we have to do in
+perturbation theory is that we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory is that we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory is that we cannot
+forget about the fine structure so if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about the fine structure so if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about the fine structure so if it
+would be just this it would be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be just this it would be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be just this it would be kind of
+simple but we have the whole thing so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but we have the whole thing so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but we have the whole thing so we
+have to make approximation sometimes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make approximation sometimes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make approximation sometimes and
+we're going to answer two interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to answer two interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to answer two interesting
+cases the very weak Zeeman effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the very weak Zeeman effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the very weak Zeeman effect and
+the very strong Zeeman effect I will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very strong Zeeman effect I will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very strong Zeeman effect I will not
+consider the intermediate Zeeman effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the intermediate Zeeman effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the intermediate Zeeman effect
+not because it's not interesting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because it's not interesting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because it's not interesting but
+because there's very little you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's very little you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's very little you can do
+to simplify it and to think about it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simplify it and to think about it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simplify it and to think about it you
+basically have to go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to go ahead and
+diagonalize large matrix so well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize large matrix so well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize large matrix so well it's
+important and if your life depended on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and if your life depended on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and if your life depended on
+this and your research dependent on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and your research dependent on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and your research dependent on this
+you would do it for us we have a lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do it for us we have a lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do it for us we have a lot to
+learn from the weak case and the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from the weak case and the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from the weak case and the strong
+case lots of concepts and we'll leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case lots of concepts and we'll leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case lots of concepts and we'll leave
+the intermediate one for later so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediate one for later so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediate one for later so how
+can we decide how to treat these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we decide how to treat these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we decide how to treat these terms
+well we should look physically of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we should look physically of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we should look physically of what's
+happening we have a magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening we have a magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening we have a magnetic field
+an external magnetic field but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an external magnetic field but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an external magnetic field but the
+fine-structure constant taught you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-structure constant taught you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-structure constant taught you that
+there is something like an internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something like an internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something like an internal
+magnetic field in the atom it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field in the atom it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field in the atom it's that
+magnetic field responsible for spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field responsible for spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field responsible for spin
+orbit coupling is that magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit coupling is that magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit coupling is that magnetic field
+that the electron sees when it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electron sees when it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electron sees when it's going
+around the proton there's a static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the proton there's a static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the proton there's a static
+electric field but whenever you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field but whenever you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field but whenever you are in
+motion a static electric field in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion a static electric field in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion a static electric field in the
+lab also has a magnetic field by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab also has a magnetic field by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab also has a magnetic field by
+relativity and you do see a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity and you do see a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity and you do see a magnetic
+field and you could also imagine it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and you could also imagine it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and you could also imagine it as
+you are the electron and the proton is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are the electron and the proton is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are the electron and the proton is
+going around you and creates at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around you and creates at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around you and creates at the
+center of the loop a magnetic field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the loop a magnetic field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the loop a magnetic field in
+any case you've looked at that magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case you've looked at that magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case you've looked at that magnetic
+field and we can call it the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and we can call it the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and we can call it the main
+internal magnetic field due to spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal magnetic field due to spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal magnetic field due to spin
+orbit as one exercise in the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit as one exercise in the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit as one exercise in the homework
+you've been asked to estimate the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been asked to estimate the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been asked to estimate the value
+of that internal magnetic field is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that internal magnetic field is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that internal magnetic field is it a
+Gauss a thousand girls ten thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gauss a thousand girls ten thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gauss a thousand girls ten thousand
+girls or how much it is for a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls or how much it is for a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls or how much it is for a typical
+level so there's a number here that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so there's a number here that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so there's a number here that is
+of interest and now we can decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest and now we can decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest and now we can decide
+whether we have a weak zib an effect or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we have a weak zib an effect or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we have a weak zib an effect or
+a strong Zeeman effect by looking how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong Zeeman effect by looking how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong Zeeman effect by looking how
+your external magnetic field compares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your external magnetic field compares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your external magnetic field compares
+with this little magnetic field so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this little magnetic field so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this little magnetic field so we'll
+have a weak Zeeman effect a Zemon when B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a weak Zeeman effect a Zemon when B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a weak Zeeman effect a Zemon when B
+is much smaller that'd be internal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much smaller that'd be internal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much smaller that'd be internal and
+therefore the effects of Z bond is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the effects of Z bond is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the effects of Z bond is going
+to be smaller than fine structure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be smaller than fine structure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be smaller than fine structure so
+really when you look at this line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really when you look at this line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really when you look at this line and
+you have the first two terms you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the first two terms you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the first two terms you should
+think of these two terms as your mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these two terms as your mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these two terms as your mu
+on hamiltonian and the Zeeman term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on hamiltonian and the Zeeman term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on hamiltonian and the Zeeman term
+that's it's perturbation yes you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's perturbation yes you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's perturbation yes you've
+solved for the fine-structure coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved for the fine-structure coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved for the fine-structure coupling
+and the shift so this is the known thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the shift so this is the known thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the shift so this is the known thing
+these are going to be the known states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going to be the known states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going to be the known states
+with known energies you already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with known energies you already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with known energies you already know
+them the first order but you know them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the first order but you know them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the first order but you know them
+and then the Zeeman effect will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the Zeeman effect will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the Zeeman effect will be a
+perturbation theory on this this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory on this this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory on this this is the
+weak Zeeman effect how about the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak Zeeman effect how about the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak Zeeman effect how about the strong
+Zeeman effect so be robeast be strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeeman effect so be robeast be strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeeman effect so be robeast be strong
+diamond this time the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond this time the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond this time the magnetic field
+associated with the Zeeman effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the Zeeman effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the Zeeman effect
+external magnetic field is much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external magnetic field is much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external magnetic field is much smaller
+than the magnetic field responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the magnetic field responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the magnetic field responsible for
+spin orbit coupling and this time what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin orbit coupling and this time what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin orbit coupling and this time what
+are we gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we gonna do
+well we will take the Hamiltonian to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we will take the Hamiltonian to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we will take the Hamiltonian to be
+h0 this strong Zeeman effect means this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 this strong Zeeman effect means this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 this strong Zeeman effect means this
+Zeeman Hamiltonian is a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeeman Hamiltonian is a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeeman Hamiltonian is a lot more
+important than the spin orbit coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than the spin orbit coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than the spin orbit coupling
+so we'll add Delta H Zeeman here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll add Delta H Zeeman here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll add Delta H Zeeman here and we
+hope this will be our known Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because anyway the Zeeman stuff is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because anyway the Zeeman stuff is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because anyway the Zeeman stuff is much
+stronger now than fine structure so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger now than fine structure so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger now than fine structure so this
+should be our normal eternal you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be our normal eternal you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be our normal eternal you should
+complain no this is not now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain no this is not now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain no this is not now
+I haven't done Zeeman but we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't done Zeeman but we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't done Zeeman but we'll look at
+it and once we have our known from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and once we have our known from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and once we have our known from
+alternis inhere spin-orbit has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternis inhere spin-orbit has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternis inhere spin-orbit has to be
+rethought fine structure has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethought fine structure has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethought fine structure has to be
+rethought as a perturbation
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/X1npDVcp9wU.txt b/X1npDVcp9wU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f53f31d9f1db45980f81381c16634e5f9c9adb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/X1npDVcp9wU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23083 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so welcome to day three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so welcome to day three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so welcome to day three
+6912 the class attendance seems to be oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6912 the class attendance seems to be oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6912 the class attendance seems to be oh
+there's hundreds of people here for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hundreds of people here for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hundreds of people here for the
+tell the video people that that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the video people that that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the video people that that we had
+to have an adjunct lecture hall just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an adjunct lecture hall just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an adjunct lecture hall just for
+the large attendance in this class um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large attendance in this class um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large attendance in this class um so
+you all read the important parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all read the important parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all read the important parts of the
+Copyright Act um what were your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hungy um I agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungy um I agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungy um I agree with
+that there I felt like a lot of uh parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there I felt like a lot of uh parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there I felt like a lot of uh parts
+of it were very ambigious specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it were very ambigious specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it were very ambigious specifically
+what comes in mind is like the fair use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes in mind is like the fair use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes in mind is like the fair use
+section where they basically say well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section where they basically say well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section where they basically say well in
+order to determine if something counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to determine if something counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to determine if something counts
+as fair use versus infringement uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fair use versus infringement uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fair use versus infringement uh we're
+going to look at the nature of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the nature of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the nature of this
+Factor you know like this Factor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor you know like this Factor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor you know like this Factor this
+factor which basically said to me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which basically said to me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which basically said to me that
+the court can mostly justify pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the court can mostly justify pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the court can mostly justify pretty much
+anything it wanted on in any given case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it wanted on in any given case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it wanted on in any given case
+yeah uh I think for us it was a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh I think for us it was a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh I think for us it was a first
+farious articles the worst thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farious articles the worst thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farious articles the worst thing is that
+the list of examples that is given is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of examples that is given is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of examples that is given is
+said to be illustrative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to be illustrative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to be illustrative and
+nonexhaustive so well you can justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonexhaustive so well you can justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonexhaustive so well you can justify
+from this that either it's just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this that either it's just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this that either it's just this
+kind of examples that are illustrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of examples that are illustrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of examples that are illustrative
+or you can justify that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can justify that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can justify that basically
+anything that is not directly commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that is not directly commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that is not directly commercial
+is can presely be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can presely be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can presely be
+faes yeah I don't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faes yeah I don't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faes yeah I don't know about
+presumptively faes that's pretty strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumptively faes that's pretty strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumptively faes that's pretty strong
+but it's true that fairies is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's true that fairies is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's true that fairies is pretty
+ambiguous and there's a paper that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous and there's a paper that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous and there's a paper that you
+guys can pull up by nimmer called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can pull up by nimmer called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can pull up by nimmer called the
+fairest of them all where he takes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairest of them all where he takes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairest of them all where he takes like
+I probably talk about this he takes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably talk about this he takes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably talk about this he takes like
+50 copyright cases that were on fair use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 copyright cases that were on fair use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 copyright cases that were on fair use
+and in each one he looks at what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in each one he looks at what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in each one he looks at what the
+judge said was the judge's analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge said was the judge's analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge said was the judge's analysis of
+the four factors and it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four factors and it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four factors and it turns out that
+even what the judge says about the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even what the judge says about the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even what the judge says about the four
+factors has very little predictive power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors has very little predictive power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors has very little predictive power
+as to the actual decision on fair use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to the actual decision on fair use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to the actual decision on fair use
+sometimes the judge says no to all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the judge says no to all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the judge says no to all four
+factors and it's still fair use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and it's still fair use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and it's still fair use
+sometimes he says yes to all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes he says yes to all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes he says yes to all four
+factors and it's not fair use uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and it's not fair use uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and it's not fair use uh there's
+basically no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically no
+um you know there's there's little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there's there's little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there's there's little
+predictive power there and H are most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive power there and H are most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive power there and H are most
+laws that long so we let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws that long so we let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws that long so we let's look at the
+federal law here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal law here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal law here on
+murder I you that paper on theb sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder I you that paper on theb sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder I you that paper on theb sure I
+may even I'll definitely put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may even I'll definitely put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may even I'll definitely put
+ons but it's called the fairest of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ons but it's called the fairest of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ons but it's called the fairest of them
+all if you look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all if you look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all if you look it
+up okay here's murder 18 so 18 USC is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay here's murder 18 so 18 USC is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay here's murder 18 so 18 USC is
+crimes that's where they put all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crimes that's where they put all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crimes that's where they put all the
+federal criminal laws now by the way if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal criminal laws now by the way if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal criminal laws now by the way if
+you commit murder right now are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you commit murder right now are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you commit murder right now are you
+going to get charged under this 18 USC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1111 yeah the answer is no because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1111 yeah the answer is no because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1111 yeah the answer is no because it
+would be the Massachusetts law on murder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the Massachusetts law on murder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the Massachusetts law on murder
+that you would fall under the only time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would fall under the only time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would fall under the only time
+that you have to worry about the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to worry about the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to worry about the federal
+prohibition on murder is if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibition on murder is if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibition on murder is if you are
+doing it in a military base or some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it in a military base or some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it in a military base or some sort
+of special Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of special Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of special Federal
+area um or maybe if you're doing it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area um or maybe if you're doing it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area um or maybe if you're doing it well
+you know on the Four Corners between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on the Four Corners between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on the Four Corners between
+some but normally it would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some but normally it would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some but normally it would be the
+state's responsibility to police things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state's responsibility to police things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state's responsibility to police things
+like murder but here here's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like murder but here here's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like murder but here here's this is
+pretty close to what any given state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to what any given state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to what any given state
+will say this is the law on murder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say this is the law on murder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say this is the law on murder
+murder murder is the unlawful killing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder murder is the unlawful killing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder murder is the unlawful killing of
+a human being with malice of forethought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human being with malice of forethought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human being with malice of forethought
+every murder perpetrated by poison lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every murder perpetrated by poison lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every murder perpetrated by poison lying
+in weight any other kind of willful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in weight any other kind of willful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in weight any other kind of willful
+deliberate malicious and premeditated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberate malicious and premeditated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberate malicious and premeditated
+killing or committing the perpetration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing or committing the perpetration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing or committing the perpetration
+of or attempting to perpetrate arson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or attempting to perpetrate arson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or attempting to perpetrate arson
+Escape murder kidnapping treason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape murder kidnapping treason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape murder kidnapping treason
+Espionage sabotage aggravated sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Espionage sabotage aggravated sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Espionage sabotage aggravated sexual
+abuse or sexual abuse child abuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuse or sexual abuse child abuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuse or sexual abuse child abuse
+burglar or robbery or perpetrated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burglar or robbery or perpetrated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burglar or robbery or perpetrated as
+part of a pattern or practice of assault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a pattern or practice of assault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a pattern or practice of assault
+or torture against a child or children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or torture against a child or children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or torture against a child or children
+or perpetrated from a premeditated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perpetrated from a premeditated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perpetrated from a premeditated
+design unlawfully and maliciously to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design unlawfully and maliciously to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design unlawfully and maliciously to
+affect the death of any human being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the death of any human being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the death of any human being
+other than him who is killed Is Murder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than him who is killed Is Murder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than him who is killed Is Murder
+in the First Degree any other murder is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the First Degree any other murder is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the First Degree any other murder is
+murder in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder in the second
+degree and then there's some other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and then there's some other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and then there's some other stuff
+within the special Maritime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the special Maritime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the special Maritime and
+territorial jurisdiction the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial jurisdiction the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial jurisdiction the United
+States whoever is guilty of the murder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States whoever is guilty of the murder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States whoever is guilty of the murder
+in the first degree shall be punished by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first degree shall be punished by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first degree shall be punished by
+death or by imprisonment for life here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death or by imprisonment for life here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death or by imprisonment for life here's
+what assault and child abuse okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what assault and child abuse okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what assault and child abuse okay that's
+the end of it that's the entirety of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of it that's the entirety of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of it that's the entirety of the
+federal statute against murder so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal statute against murder so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal statute against murder so like
+theie when the person tries to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theie when the person tries to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theie when the person tries to set up
+the person to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person to kill
+himself I don't remember but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself I don't remember but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself I don't remember but there's
+this movie in which like this guy tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this movie in which like this guy tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this movie in which like this guy tries
+to set these people up so that they kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set these people up so that they kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set these people up so that they kill
+themselves yeah so that's count that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves yeah so that's count that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves yeah so that's count that
+counts right I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts right I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts right I I don't
+know I mean I was just wondering cuz I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean I was just wondering cuz I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean I was just wondering cuz I
+don't know if people get away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if people get away with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if people get away with
+that uh I think he'd be in big trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I think he'd be in big trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I think he'd be in big trouble
+no matter what the you know tiny the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what the you know tiny the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what the you know tiny the
+legal sitation whether it's murder in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal sitation whether it's murder in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal sitation whether it's murder in
+the first degree or counts something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first degree or counts something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first degree or counts something
+else yeah Ian I'm not really an expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else yeah Ian I'm not really an expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else yeah Ian I'm not really an expert
+on the on the the murder statue but my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the the murder statue but my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the the murder statue but my
+point is just this one seems really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is just this one seems really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is just this one seems really
+important it's about murder and yet it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's about murder and yet it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's about murder and yet it's
+really short and the other one is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really short and the other one is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really short and the other one is about
+copyright infringement and it's like 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright infringement and it's like 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright infringement and it's like 300
+pages so the the copyright statute is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages so the the copyright statute is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages so the the copyright statute is
+very specific and what is that um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific and what is that um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific and what is that um what
+is that say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you I mean who who who is generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I mean who who who is generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I mean who who who is generally
+governed by the statute against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed by the statute against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed by the statute against
+murder who does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+affect yeah everyone none of us can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect yeah everyone none of us can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect yeah everyone none of us can
+murder and and who seems to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder and and who seems to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder and and who seems to be the
+intended audience for the copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statute more Li sorry more limited more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statute more Li sorry more limited more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statute more Li sorry more limited more
+limited I mean who who is it supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited I mean who who is it supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited I mean who who is it supposed to
+um are I mean are you and I supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are I mean are you and I supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are I mean are you and I supposed to
+just read the C stat and be like oh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read the C stat and be like oh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read the C stat and be like oh it's
+okay if it's between 10 years and 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if it's between 10 years and 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if it's between 10 years and 20
+years and constitutes you I mean are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and constitutes you I mean are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and constitutes you I mean are we
+supposed to be parsing the definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be parsing the definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be parsing the definitions
+of the copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the copyright
+statute I mean do we have to obey the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statute I mean do we have to obey the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statute I mean do we have to obey the
+copyright law or can we infringe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright law or can we infringe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright law or can we infringe
+copyright willy-nilly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes you do have to obey but yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you do have to obey but yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you do have to obey but yeah it
+seems like it's most specific when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like it's most specific when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like it's most specific when it
+applies to certain situations like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to certain situations like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to certain situations like uh
+Proprietors of commercial establishments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proprietors of commercial establishments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proprietors of commercial establishments
+and BR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and BR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and BR
+broadcasters and um agricultural fairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasters and um agricultural fairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasters and um agricultural fairs
+agricultural fairs I like what section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural fairs I like what section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural fairs I like what section
+is the agricultural fairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+section 110 110 very good um yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 110 110 very good um yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 110 110 very good um yeah the
+cover like it's very specific and why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover like it's very specific and why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover like it's very specific and why do
+you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that
+is what sort of what sort of legislative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what sort of what sort of legislative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what sort of what sort of legislative
+process do you think drove the statute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process do you think drove the statute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process do you think drove the statute
+against murder you think that Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against murder you think that Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against murder you think that Congress
+said we're going to have hearings on if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we're going to have hearings on if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we're going to have hearings on if
+we should prohibit murder and if so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should prohibit murder and if so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should prohibit murder and if so how
+far should we go should we prohibit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far should we go should we prohibit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far should we go should we prohibit you
+know T torture of children or maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know T torture of children or maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know T torture of children or maybe not
+and lobbyists came in the pro- child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lobbyists came in the pro- child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lobbyists came in the pro- child
+torture lobbyist and the anti-child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torture lobbyist and the anti-child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torture lobbyist and the anti-child
+torture lobbyists they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torture lobbyists they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torture lobbyists they would have
+hearings and then all the various people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearings and then all the various people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearings and then all the various people
+who make tools that can be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who make tools that can be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who make tools that can be used for
+torture like Sears Craftsman saying well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torture like Sears Craftsman saying well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torture like Sears Craftsman saying well
+we shouldn't be held liable just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shouldn't be held liable just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shouldn't be held liable just because
+our tools could be you okay we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tools could be you okay we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tools could be you okay we'll have
+an exemption for you so that the makers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exemption for you so that the makers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exemption for you so that the makers
+of tools and then that other people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tools and then that other people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tools and then that other people will
+you know if the tool has reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if the tool has reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if the tool has reasonable
+knowledge you know do you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge you know do you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge you know do you think that
+they had that kind of involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had that kind of involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had that kind of involved
+legislative process with carefully rot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislative process with carefully rot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislative process with carefully rot
+out compromises no no but what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out compromises no no but what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out compromises no no but what happens
+with copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with copyright
+law yeah lots of companies kind there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law yeah lots of companies kind there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law yeah lots of companies kind there's
+there's a series of carefully rought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a series of carefully rought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a series of carefully rought
+compromises among commercial interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromises among commercial interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromises among commercial interests
+and they're extremely carefully wrought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're extremely carefully wrought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're extremely carefully wrought
+I mean these people had a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean these people had a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean these people had a very
+particular result in mind so we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular result in mind so we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular result in mind so we didn't
+actually read um for instance if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually read um for instance if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually read um for instance if you go
+into a into a library what do you often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a into a library what do you often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a into a library what do you often
+find there books yes that's true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find there books yes that's true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find there books yes that's true but
+right when you come in what's usually at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when you come in what's usually at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when you come in what's usually at
+at a library a copy machine yeah and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a library a copy machine yeah and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a library a copy machine yeah and who
+gets the I mean is is it usually a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the I mean is is it usually a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the I mean is is it usually a free
+copy machine no you pay and who gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy machine no you pay and who gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy machine no you pay and who gets the
+profits from the copy machine Library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits from the copy machine Library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits from the copy machine Library
+the library so the library is servicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the library so the library is servicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the library so the library is servicing
+a machine and they know that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine and they know that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine and they know that you're
+copying stuff on it and they're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying stuff on it and they're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying stuff on it and they're getting
+profits from copying you you're copying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits from copying you you're copying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits from copying you you're copying
+stuff on it they have all these books I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on it they have all these books I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on it they have all these books I
+mean and it's right by the door right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and it's right by the door right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and it's right by the door right so
+they're saying come to our library copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saying come to our library copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saying come to our library copy
+our books and we will profit off of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our books and we will profit off of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our books and we will profit off of your
+malfeasant that seems would the library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malfeasant that seems would the library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malfeasant that seems would the library
+have a so you guys read the Sony case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a so you guys read the Sony case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a so you guys read the Sony case is
+the library committing contributory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infringement there was an exemption for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringement there was an exemption for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringement there was an exemption for
+re that was not a signed the exemption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re that was not a signed the exemption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re that was not a signed the exemption
+for libraries but very good there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for libraries but very good there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for libraries but very good there is an
+exemption for libraries but without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption for libraries but without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption for libraries but without the
+exemption are the libraries committing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption are the libraries committing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption are the libraries committing
+contributory infringement was there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributory infringement was there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributory infringement was there a
+lawful use for the cop otherwise wa is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawful use for the cop otherwise wa is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawful use for the cop otherwise wa is
+it the library or The copier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the library or The copier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the library or The copier
+manufacturer is it the library the copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer is it the library the copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer is it the library the copy
+manufacturer that's a good question but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer that's a good question but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer that's a good question but
+let's just talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just talk about the
+library is there a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library is there a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library is there a significant
+non-infringing use that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question theop library or like you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question theop library or like you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question theop library or like you do
+homework want to copy okay okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework want to copy okay okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework want to copy okay okay so so
+that would be an argument on behalf of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be an argument on behalf of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be an argument on behalf of
+the libraries what would be the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the libraries what would be the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the libraries what would be the argument
+against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+libraries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries
+they they sell books that are copulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they sell books that are copulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they sell books that are copulated
+and so since they propos to copy people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so since they propos to copy people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so since they propos to copy people
+just in the same place they knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the same place they knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the same place they knew that
+some people would uh would try to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people would uh would try to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people would uh would try to to
+copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy
+copyrighted uh works yeah I mean they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrighted uh works yeah I mean they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrighted uh works yeah I mean they
+surely they will know actual legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely they will know actual legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely they will know actual legal
+copying I mean the librarian can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying I mean the librarian can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying I mean the librarian can go
+there and see that somebody's ripping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and see that somebody's ripping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and see that somebody's ripping
+off some copyrighted book so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off some copyrighted book so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off some copyrighted book so it's the
+library is a little closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library is a little closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library is a little closer to the
+illegal copying than Sony was right Sony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal copying than Sony was right Sony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal copying than Sony was right Sony
+was not there in your bedroom while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not there in your bedroom while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not there in your bedroom while
+you're illegally building a library of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're illegally building a library of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're illegally building a library of
+some TV show so the Librarians were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some TV show so the Librarians were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some TV show so the Librarians were
+worried about this and so when uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about this and so when uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about this and so when uh
+Congress was amending the law the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress was amending the law the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress was amending the law the
+librarian say whoa whoa whoa we we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+librarian say whoa whoa whoa we we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+librarian say whoa whoa whoa we we need
+we need a little exemption for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a little exemption for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a little exemption for us to
+protect us or else we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect us or else we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect us or else we're not going to
+you know we're not going to be quiet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're not going to be quiet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're not going to be quiet
+about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your
+other um you know other amendments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um you know other amendments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um you know other amendments that
+you know other parties in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know other parties in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know other parties in front of
+Congress wanted and so Congress passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress wanted and so Congress passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress wanted and so Congress passed
+this section 108 which is a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this section 108 which is a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this section 108 which is a series of
+extremely specific exemptions uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely specific exemptions uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely specific exemptions uh for
+libraries and one of them lets them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries and one of them lets them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries and one of them lets them have
+a um a copy machine let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's
+see okay nothing in this section shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay nothing in this section shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay nothing in this section shall
+be construed to impose liability for cop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be construed to impose liability for cop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be construed to impose liability for cop
+infringement on a library or archives or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringement on a library or archives or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringement on a library or archives or
+its employees for the unsupervised use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its employees for the unsupervised use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its employees for the unsupervised use
+of reproducing equipment located on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reproducing equipment located on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reproducing equipment located on its
+premises provided that such equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premises provided that such equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premises provided that such equipment
+displays a notice that the making of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays a notice that the making of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays a notice that the making of a
+copy may be subject to the copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy may be subject to the copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy may be subject to the copyright
+law so you you've you know you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so you you've you know you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so you you've you know you remember
+when you go in the library they always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go in the library they always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go in the library they always
+have that notice warning protected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that notice warning protected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that notice warning protected by
+copyright law I you don't if you go go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright law I you don't if you go go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright law I you don't if you go go
+again they almost always have them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again they almost always have them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again they almost always have them we
+can take a field trip copy do not copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a field trip copy do not copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a field trip copy do not copy
+course man whatever yeah well that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course man whatever yeah well that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course man whatever yeah well that's for
+different reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reasons
+but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway
+um so the point is that there copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the point is that there copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the point is that there copyright
+in one sense the reason the statute is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one sense the reason the statute is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one sense the reason the statute is
+so long is because it reflects a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so long is because it reflects a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so long is because it reflects a series
+of carefully wrought out compromises uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carefully wrought out compromises uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carefully wrought out compromises uh
+between different interests and uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different interests and uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different interests and uh you
+know a lot of times when you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of times when you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of times when you know when
+people do things that disturb those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do things that disturb those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do things that disturb those
+interests um you know people get get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests um you know people get get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests um you know people get get
+they really don't like it because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really don't like it because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really don't like it because you
+know they had a certain economic reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they had a certain economic reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they had a certain economic reality
+in mind not not just a certain method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind not not just a certain method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind not not just a certain method of
+regulation in mind definitely applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation in mind definitely applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation in mind definitely applies to
+the computer program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer program
+it's very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very much
+comom yeah so which what section is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comom yeah so which what section is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comom yeah so which what section is the
+computer program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program
+one oh and you I have your notes ah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh and you I have your notes ah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh and you I have your notes ah okay
+well so it's 117 here let me give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so it's 117 here let me give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so it's 117 here let me give you
+your notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back so what did the um so let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so what did the um so let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so what did the um so let's talk
+about computer programs what does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about computer programs what does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about computer programs what does a
+computer you put some soft a dis in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you put some soft a dis in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you put some soft a dis in the
+computer has some software what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer has some software what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer has some software what does the
+computer do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it reads it okay and what does it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reads it okay and what does it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reads it okay and what does it do
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+it it loads it into memory it loads into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it loads it into memory it loads into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it loads it into memory it loads into
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+okay so your time we put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dis this is a disc right you put it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis this is a disc right you put it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis this is a disc right you put it into
+the machine and it copies it into what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it copies it into RAM right what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it copies it into RAM right what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it copies it into RAM right what is
+RAM okay and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM okay and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM okay and what is
+it okay how does it what does it mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay how does it what does it mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay how does it what does it mean to
+copy it into RAM how can it be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ram let's talk about something easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ram let's talk about something easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ram let's talk about something easier
+what does a TV station do you I record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does a TV station do you I record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does a TV station do you I record
+you guys with a TV camera and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys with a TV camera and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys with a TV camera and I
+broadcast it what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast it what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast it what am I
+doing here's the camera you're telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here's the camera you're telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here's the camera you're telling
+me I'm sending a signal so it comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I'm sending a signal so it comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I'm sending a signal so it comes out
+of here into an antenna right right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here into an antenna right right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here into an antenna right right I'm
+sending a signal what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signal first of all am I making a copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal first of all am I making a copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal first of all am I making a copy
+when I doing this is there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I doing this is there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I doing this is there any
+reproduction going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here no there's no reproduction but I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no there's no reproduction but I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no there's no reproduction but I am
+taking something that was over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking something that was over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking something that was over here
+could be some copyrighted work and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be some copyrighted work and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be some copyrighted work and I'm
+sending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a
+signal and what what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and what what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and what what is this
+signal come on you guys took 802 what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal come on you guys took 802 what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal come on you guys took 802 what is
+it an electric it's an electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an electric it's an electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an electric it's an electric field
+right okay and there's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and there's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and there's a it's
+electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic
+waves but am I making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves but am I making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves but am I making a
+reproduction no okay what am I making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction no okay what am I making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction no okay what am I making
+transmission a transmission and which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission a transmission and which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission a transmission and which of
+the exclusive rights does a transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exclusive rights does a transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exclusive rights does a transmission
+implicate is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution no which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it come on we read the on command case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it come on we read the on command case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it come on we read the on command case
+right it's performance yes the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's performance yes the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's performance yes the public
+performance right and if we look at 101
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance right and if we look at 101
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance right and if we look at 101
+it says public performance includes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says public performance includes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says public performance includes by
+means of a transmission remember to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of a transmission remember to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of a transmission remember to a
+place open to the public or to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place open to the public or to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place open to the public or to a
+substantial number of people whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial number of people whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial number of people whether
+simultaneously or not simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously or not simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously or not simultaneously
+remember okay so so this is the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember okay so so this is the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember okay so so this is the this
+implicates the performance right so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicates the performance right so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicates the performance right so if I
+have a license to perform I'm good to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a license to perform I'm good to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a license to perform I'm good to go
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+right okay right yes okay so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay right yes okay so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay right yes okay so now let's
+talk about what the computer does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what the computer does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what the computer does
+you take the disc in it gets read by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the disc in it gets read by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the disc in it gets read by
+some head and what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do well before you can copy it into RAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well before you can copy it into RAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well before you can copy it into RAM
+oh when you copy it into RAM what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh when you copy it into RAM what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh when you copy it into RAM what
+happens it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it's
+transmitted I don't think it's doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted I don't think it's doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted I don't think it's doesn't
+really it's not the only Transmissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's not the only Transmissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's not the only Transmissions
+that matter are ones that are to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter are ones that are to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter are ones that are to the
+public because it's the it's the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public because it's the it's the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public because it's the it's the public
+performance right that we're worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance right that we're worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance right that we're worried
+about so that doesn't really get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so that doesn't really get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so that doesn't really get
+implicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicated
+it copies it in well what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RAM it's a but how do you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM it's a but how do you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM it's a but how do you make
+Ram transistors no capacitors yes so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ram transistors no capacitors yes so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ram transistors no capacitors yes so how
+is a bit represented in Ram Char okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit represented in Ram Char okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit represented in Ram Char okay so
+there's a capacitor and you're telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a capacitor and you're telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a capacitor and you're telling
+me they're charged what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me they're charged what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me they're charged what does that mean
+that there is inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is inside this
+capacitor electrons was sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the middle
+here an electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here an electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here an electric field
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+okay so um do that does that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um do that does that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um do that does that is that
+copying well this one was an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying well this one was an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying well this one was an electric
+field is this one copying no no and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is this one copying no no and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is this one copying no no and this
+one's an electric field is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's an electric field is this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's an electric field is this one
+copying yes yes so well really are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying yes yes so well really are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying yes yes so well really are you
+sure how do we know that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure how do we know that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure how do we know that it's
+copying well it was not so clear um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying well it was not so clear um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying well it was not so clear um how
+would we go about answering this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question what cop I mean is yeah we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what cop I mean is yeah we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what cop I mean is yeah we have
+to Define what copying is well we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define what copying is well we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define what copying is well we have a
+two 300 Page statute for that but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 300 Page statute for that but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 300 Page statute for that but you
+guys can see how if you were motivated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can see how if you were motivated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can see how if you were motivated
+just by looking at the technology you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by looking at the technology you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by looking at the technology you
+could be led astray here you could look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be led astray here you could look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be led astray here you could look
+at the left example you say electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the left example you say electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the left example you say electric
+fields are not copies because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields are not copies because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields are not copies because they're
+just electric Fields they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just electric Fields they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just electric Fields they're just
+they're not they're not what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not they're not what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not they're not what what what
+are the words we need to invoke to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the words we need to invoke to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the words we need to invoke to ask
+this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we'll look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up so where would we look if we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so where would we look if we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so where would we look if we wanted
+to find out what a copy really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out what a copy really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out what a copy really
+is what section I'll cover up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what section I'll cover up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what section I'll cover up the
+screen 101 why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen 101 why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen 101 why
+101 definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay copies where do you say oh there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay copies where do you say oh there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay copies where do you say oh there we
+go copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay copies are material objects I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay copies are material objects I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay copies are material objects I
+don't know is this a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+object okay other than photo records in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay other than photo records in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay other than photo records in
+which a work is fixed by any method now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a work is fixed by any method now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a work is fixed by any method now
+known or later developed do we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known or later developed do we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known or later developed do we know what
+fixed really means it's defined later oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed really means it's defined later oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed really means it's defined later oh
+it is defined later that's amazing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is defined later that's amazing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is defined later that's amazing okay
+and for okay fixed by any method now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for okay fixed by any method now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for okay fixed by any method now
+known or later developed and from which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known or later developed and from which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known or later developed and from which
+the work can be perceived reproduced or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work can be perceived reproduced or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work can be perceived reproduced or
+otherwise communicated either directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise communicated either directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise communicated either directly
+or with the aid of a machine or device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with the aid of a machine or device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with the aid of a machine or device
+okay so what does fixed mean we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does fixed mean we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does fixed mean we'll go
+down okay a work is fixed in a tangible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay a work is fixed in a tangible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay a work is fixed in a tangible
+medium of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of
+expression when its embodiment in a copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression when its embodiment in a copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression when its embodiment in a copy
+or phona record is sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or phona record is sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or phona record is sufficiently
+permanent or stable to permit it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent or stable to permit it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent or stable to permit it to be
+perceived reproduced or otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived reproduced or otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived reproduced or otherwise
+communicated for a period of more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated for a period of more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated for a period of more than
+transitory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitory
+duration oh a work consisting of sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration oh a work consisting of sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration oh a work consisting of sounds
+images or both that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images or both that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images or both that are being
+transmitted is fixed for purpose of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted is fixed for purpose of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted is fixed for purpose of this
+title okay well that second sentence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title okay well that second sentence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title okay well that second sentence is
+but let's talk about this for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's talk about this for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's talk about this for a second
+so now we have some information with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have some information with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have some information with
+which to answer this question we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to answer this question we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to answer this question we just
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+guess sorry it's only stored for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess sorry it's only stored for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess sorry it's only stored for
+milliseconds I don't know is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds I don't know is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds I don't know is that
+transitory story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+duration well who's who thinks that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration well who's who thinks that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration well who's who thinks that this
+is that this is a copy that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is a copy that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is a copy that this is
+fixed like six people okay who thinks it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed like six people okay who thinks it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed like six people okay who thinks it
+is not fixed two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not fixed two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not fixed two okay
+uh okay why is it fixed because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay why is it fixed because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay why is it fixed because you can
+do all kinds of stuff with it you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all kinds of stuff with it you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all kinds of stuff with it you can do
+all kinds of stuff with it okay like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of stuff with it okay like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of stuff with it okay like
+perceive it and all that stuff okay Liz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive it and all that stuff okay Liz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive it and all that stuff okay Liz
+why is it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it not
+fixed I guess I guess I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed I guess I guess I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed I guess I guess I would
+distinguish between just loing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between just loing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between just loing into
+memory and actually writing the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and actually writing the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and actually writing the program
+to dis to having a scan copy of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+copies I mean I think that if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies I mean I think that if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies I mean I think that if you if you
+try to run the program and you load it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to run the program and you load it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to run the program and you load it
+into the memory it's going to stay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the memory it's going to stay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the memory it's going to stay in
+memory for as long as you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory for as long as you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory for as long as you have the
+program running and so I think I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program running and so I think I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program running and so I think I would
+interpret that as more than transitory I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that as more than transitory I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that as more than transitory I
+mean sure if you turn the computer off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sure if you turn the computer off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sure if you turn the computer off
+then it's no longer there but uh I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's no longer there but uh I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's no longer there but uh I mean
+the fact that you're running the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you're running the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you're running the program
+for and send period of time suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and send period of time suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and send period of time suggest that
+it's it's more than transitory to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's talk about a third possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk about a third possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk about a third possible
+thing we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we could
+have um who here who has a Walkman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here like a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Walkman should have taught this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walkman should have taught this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walkman should have taught this class
+like 10 years ago no not an iPad a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 years ago no not an iPad a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 years ago no not an iPad a real
+like a like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well okay so let's talk about a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well okay so let's talk about a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well okay so let's talk about a so
+let's emphasize a distinction so to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's emphasize a distinction so to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's emphasize a distinction so to to
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um to transmit a copy of this document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to transmit a copy of this document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to transmit a copy of this document
+to transmit this document do you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transmit this document do you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transmit this document do you need
+permission to reproduce the document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to reproduce the document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to reproduce the document
+let's ask that question to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's ask that question to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's ask that question to do this
+activity if you're a TV broadcaster do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity if you're a TV broadcaster do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity if you're a TV broadcaster do
+you need permission to reproduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need permission to reproduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need permission to reproduce the
+document no to to run a computer program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document no to to run a computer program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document no to to run a computer program
+or and to read a book if you get a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and to read a book if you get a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and to read a book if you get a book
+to use that book to read it do you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that book to read it do you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that book to read it do you need
+permission to do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to do anything
+no you get the book you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you get the book you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you get the book you don't need
+anybody's permission to read it tell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's permission to read it tell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's permission to read it tell a
+friend about it anything but if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend about it anything but if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend about it anything but if you get
+a computer program do you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer program do you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer program do you need
+somebody's permission to do um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's permission to do um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's permission to do um you know
+to to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it well let's say in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well let's say in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well let's say in the absence of
+section 117 would you need somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 117 would you need somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 117 would you need somebody's
+permission to run this program or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to run this program or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to run this program or
+somebody just gives you a program can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody just gives you a program can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody just gives you a program can
+you just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it somebody says no why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we just said that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we just said that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we just said that this is a
+reproduction right or the majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction right or the majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction right or the majority of
+the class the majority of the Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class the majority of the Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class the majority of the Supreme
+Court of this class said this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court of this class said this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court of this class said this is a
+reproduction Obed but let's say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction Obed but let's say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction Obed but let's say it's
+obtained completely legally you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained completely legally you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained completely legally you go to
+the store you buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the store you buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the store you buy the
+disc you go if you go to Borders books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc you go if you go to Borders books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc you go if you go to Borders books
+and you buy a book can you read the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you buy a book can you read the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you buy a book can you read the book
+without needing anybody else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without needing anybody else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without needing anybody else's
+permission yes if you go to Border's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission yes if you go to Border's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission yes if you go to Border's
+bookstore and you buy a disc with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookstore and you buy a disc with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookstore and you buy a disc with a
+computer program on it can you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program on it can you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program on it can you use the
+computer program without needing anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program without needing anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program without needing anybody
+else else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else else's
+permission well if this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission well if this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission well if this is a
+reproduction and there's no exemption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction and there's no exemption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction and there's no exemption
+could you use the program without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you use the program without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you use the program without
+getting anybody's permission the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting anybody's permission the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting anybody's permission the thing
+is that you need to do it in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you need to do it in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you need to do it in order to
+use it yeah so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it yeah so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it yeah so it's very
+use so he says it's fair use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so he says it's fair use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so he says it's fair use the
+statement in inside the copyright law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement in inside the copyright law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement in inside the copyright law
+which states it's legal if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which states it's legal if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which states it's legal if you're doing
+it for the express purpose of running it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for the express purpose of running it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for the express purpose of running it
+on a machine that's section 117 okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a machine that's section 117 okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a machine that's section 117 okay but
+that was before that was enacted would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was before that was enacted would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was before that was enacted would
+you need somebody's permission just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need somebody's permission just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need somebody's permission just to
+get it to to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it to to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it to to use a
+dis it's copy I think so well let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis it's copy I think so well let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis it's copy I think so well let's say
+that this Ram copy is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this Ram copy is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this Ram copy is a
+reproduction okay so here you no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction okay so here you no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction okay so here you no
+permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+necessary here you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary here you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary here you can't do
+anything until you get permission you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything until you get permission you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything until you get permission you
+can't run the program is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't run the program is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't run the program is what we're
+saying unless you have permission from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying unless you have permission from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying unless you have permission from
+the copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copyright
+owner okay now let's look at number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner okay now let's look at number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner okay now let's look at number
+three you have a CD here how does a CD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work yeah okay so there's some pits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yeah okay so there's some pits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yeah okay so there's some pits
+there's a laser that goes in and it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a laser that goes in and it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a laser that goes in and it gets
+a bunch of ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of ones and
+zeros okay and then what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do okay we take the ones and zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay we take the ones and zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay we take the ones and zeros
+they're digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're digital
+right we take every 16 of them we turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we take every 16 of them we turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we take every 16 of them we turn
+them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into
+numbers and we play them at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and we play them at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and we play them at a
+speaker okay now is copyright implicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker okay now is copyright implicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker okay now is copyright implicated
+at any point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any point
+here no no do you need the per if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no no do you need the per if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no no do you need the per if you
+get the CD from Borders bookstore do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the CD from Borders bookstore do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the CD from Borders bookstore do you
+need anybody's permission to play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need anybody's permission to play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need anybody's permission to play the
+CD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD
+no so we're saying there's no permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so we're saying there's no permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so we're saying there's no permission
+necessary here the only time you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary here the only time you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary here the only time you need
+permission is to run a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission is to run a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission is to run a computer
+program that's kind of anomalous isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that's kind of anomalous isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that's kind of anomalous isn't
+it I mean if you go to to borders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I mean if you go to to borders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I mean if you go to to borders and
+you buy a let's say let's take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy a let's say let's take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy a let's say let's take another
+one well okay yeah let's say you go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well okay yeah let's say you go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well okay yeah let's say you go and
+you you get a video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cassette how does this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work simar to the CD similar to the CD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work simar to the CD similar to the CD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work simar to the CD similar to the CD
+there's some sort of signal on here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sort of signal on here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sort of signal on here it's
+red with a head it goes and it connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red with a head it goes and it connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red with a head it goes and it connects
+to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TV Barney the dinosaur you watch it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV Barney the dinosaur you watch it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV Barney the dinosaur you watch it with
+your friends and your family do you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friends and your family do you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friends and your family do you need
+anybody's permission to do this if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's permission to do this if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's permission to do this if it's
+just your friends and family if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just your friends and family if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just your friends and family if it's
+just your friends and family no public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just your friends and family no public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just your friends and family no public
+performance same with the CD okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance same with the CD okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance same with the CD okay now
+what about that message at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about that message at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about that message at the beginning
+that says this is licensed for private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says this is licensed for private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says this is licensed for private
+home use only does that change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home use only does that change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home use only does that change
+things right with the FBI warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right with the FBI warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right with the FBI warning
+does that by the way does the FBI put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that by the way does the FBI put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that by the way does the FBI put on
+the FBI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+warning no it's just some people put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning no it's just some people put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning no it's just some people put on
+the FBI warning it's not put on by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FBI warning it's not put on by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FBI warning it's not put on by the
+FBI I mean I would be more scared of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FBI I mean I would be more scared of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FBI I mean I would be more scared of the
+is it copyright infringement no I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it copyright infringement no I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it copyright infringement no I would
+be more scared of like the KGB warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more scared of like the KGB warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more scared of like the KGB warning
+if I were going to put a warning on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were going to put a warning on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were going to put a warning on it
+would be like the AL qaa warning or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like the AL qaa warning or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like the AL qaa warning or
+something that would really scare if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that would really scare if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that would really scare if you
+they were like if you copy this VC VHS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were like if you copy this VC VHS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were like if you copy this VC VHS
+tape Osama is GNA come to your house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape Osama is GNA come to your house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape Osama is GNA come to your house
+that would scare me but they don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would scare me but they don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would scare me but they don't do
+that they put on the FBI warning um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they put on the FBI warning um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they put on the FBI warning um
+anyway but do you have to obey what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but do you have to obey what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but do you have to obey what it
+says what if it says this is licensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what if it says this is licensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what if it says this is licensed
+for home use only while you're standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for home use only while you're standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for home use only while you're standing
+on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your
+head would you be legally compelled if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head would you be legally compelled if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head would you be legally compelled if
+you're going to watch the tape you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to watch the tape you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to watch the tape you would
+have to stand on your head no no so does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stand on your head no no so does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stand on your head no no so does
+that notice have any legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effect it's kind of a trick question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect it's kind of a trick question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect it's kind of a trick question
+right what if the notice said this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what if the notice said this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what if the notice said this is
+licensed for copying you can copy it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensed for copying you can copy it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensed for copying you can copy it as
+much as you want then would it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as you want then would it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as you want then would it have
+legal effect yeah yeah but if it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal effect yeah yeah but if it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal effect yeah yeah but if it says
+this is licensed for nothing you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is licensed for nothing you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is licensed for nothing you can't
+watch it at all then would it have legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch it at all then would it have legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch it at all then would it have legal
+effect so you're telling me that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so you're telling me that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so you're telling me that the
+only way it has legal effect is if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way it has legal effect is if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way it has legal effect is if it's
+giving you right that seems kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you right that seems kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you right that seems kind of
+self-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+serving is that the the truth though I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving is that the the truth though I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving is that the the truth though I
+mean it seems like it's like if they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it seems like it's like if they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it seems like it's like if they put
+that warning there just so that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that warning there just so that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that warning there just so that if you
+do like if you don't use it proper if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like if you don't use it proper if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like if you don't use it proper if
+you don't use it legally they can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't use it legally they can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't use it legally they can say
+like you know we put this morning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know we put this morning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know we put this morning and
+let you know that so you're knowingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you know that so you're knowingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you know that so you're knowingly
+breaking oh so you're knowingly break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking oh so you're knowingly break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking oh so you're knowingly break
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but I think that that's true by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that that's true by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that that's true by the way
+that they with a notice like that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they with a notice like that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they with a notice like that they
+can disclaim rights but they probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can disclaim rights but they probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can disclaim rights but they probably
+cannot Reserve further rights themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot Reserve further rights themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot Reserve further rights themselves
+well that's because the the copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's because the the copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's because the the copyright
+statute statute gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statute statute gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statute statute gives
+you certain rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certain rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certain rights
+and it gives the copyright owner certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gives the copyright owner certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gives the copyright owner certain
+rights and the copyright owners rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights and the copyright owners rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights and the copyright owners rights
+are the ones they can give up exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones they can give up exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones they can give up exactly so
+the copyright owner owns these exclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copyright owner owns these exclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copyright owner owns these exclusive
+rights and they can give them to you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights and they can give them to you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights and they can give them to you if
+they want but they can't uh without some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want but they can't uh without some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want but they can't uh without some
+sort of contract arrogate further rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of contract arrogate further rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of contract arrogate further rights
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+themselves uh and that ex anyway sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves uh and that ex anyway sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves uh and that ex anyway sorry
+okay so so here we're saying no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so here we're saying no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so here we're saying no
+permission necessary to get the VHS tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission necessary to get the VHS tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission necessary to get the VHS tape
+doesn't matter if even if they say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if even if they say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if even if they say you
+have to stand on your head you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stand on your head you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stand on your head you don't
+have to you don't need the permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you don't need the permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you don't need the permission
+for the CD we're saying no permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the CD we're saying no permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the CD we're saying no permission
+necessary for the broadcast you say nope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary for the broadcast you say nope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary for the broadcast you say nope
+you don't need a permission to reproduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need a permission to reproduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need a permission to reproduce
+but only for the computer disc we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only for the computer disc we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only for the computer disc we're
+saying to run the program you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying to run the program you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying to run the program you need
+permission now I with the Walkman what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission now I with the Walkman what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission now I with the Walkman what
+new feature to walkman's did they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new feature to walkman's did they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new feature to walkman's did they start
+adding in like 1994 anti skip anti- skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding in like 1994 anti skip anti- skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding in like 1994 anti skip anti- skip
+and how does that work it's not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does that work it's not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does that work it's not quite
+like this is it yeah they make sure they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is it yeah they make sure they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is it yeah they make sure they
+look ahead they look ahead so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look ahead they look ahead so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look ahead they look ahead so instead of
+having the ones and zeros get turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the ones and zeros get turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the ones and zeros get turned
+directly into an analog signal they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into an analog signal they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into an analog signal they take
+a lot of ones and zeros and what do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of ones and zeros and what do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of ones and zeros and what do they
+do with them store them they store them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with them store them they store them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with them store them they store them
+where in Ram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and then they take it out of RAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then they take it out of RAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then they take it out of RAM
+and they put it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they put it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they put it to the
+speaker so they're copying it into RAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker so they're copying it into RAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker so they're copying it into RAM
+so if you buy a Walkman with anti- skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you buy a Walkman with anti- skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you buy a Walkman with anti- skip
+do you need the permission from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need the permission from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need the permission from the
+singer to use the anti- skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer to use the anti- skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer to use the anti- skip
+feature no why not it's only transitory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature no why not it's only transitory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature no why not it's only transitory
+really I mean some some of these now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I mean some some of these now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I mean some some of these now how
+long is the anti- skip buffer on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+iPod oh because you don't want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPod oh because you don't want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPod oh because you don't want to have
+to use the hard drive but okay anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the hard drive but okay anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the hard drive but okay anyway
+anti- skip buffers on CDs Now can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti- skip buffers on CDs Now can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti- skip buffers on CDs Now can be
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean how long do you typically use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean how long do you typically use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean how long do you typically use a
+computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+program could be a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program could be a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program could be a few minutes
+right okay it could be a few days but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay it could be a few days but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay it could be a few days but so
+I let's say you're a um you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I let's say you're a um you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I let's say you're a um you're an
+attorney and Sony comes to you and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attorney and Sony comes to you and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attorney and Sony comes to you and they
+say we want to make the new disman with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we want to make the new disman with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we want to make the new disman with
+the anti- skip feature it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti- skip feature it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti- skip feature it's going to
+have a 10-minute anti- skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 10-minute anti- skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 10-minute anti- skip
+buffer uh can we make it or do we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer uh can we make it or do we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer uh can we make it or do we need
+to get permission you know do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get permission you know do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get permission you know do our
+customers need to get permission to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers need to get permission to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers need to get permission to
+reproduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce the
+work what are you going to tell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work what are you going to tell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work what are you going to tell them
+you're Sony the custo you're the lawyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're Sony the custo you're the lawyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're Sony the custo you're the lawyer
+Sony comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you yeah I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah I know
+that made an anti-ip for one hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made an anti-ip for one hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made an anti-ip for one hour
+basically the whole a one hour anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the whole a one hour anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the whole a one hour anti-
+skip bu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip bu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip bu
+O So if you're the attorney would you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O So if you're the attorney would you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O So if you're the attorney would you um
+what would you tell Sony with their one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you tell Sony with their one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you tell Sony with their one
+hour anti- skip buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I think as long as the uh the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think as long as the uh the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think as long as the uh the user
+cannot use the anti- skape without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot use the anti- skape without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot use the anti- skape without the
+original disc it would be legal because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original disc it would be legal because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original disc it would be legal because
+it would still be transitory because as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would still be transitory because as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would still be transitory because as
+soon as you uh put the disc out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you uh put the disc out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you uh put the disc out you
+wouldn't be able to access the uh RAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to access the uh RAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to access the uh RAM
+memory okay so your standard is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory okay so your standard is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory okay so your standard is going to
+be if they need here's here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if they need here's here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if they need here's here's the
+standard that David was it d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard that David was it d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard that David was it d
+Daman if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daman if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daman if they
+have original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disc that's going to be your standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc that's going to be your standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc that's going to be your standard
+who agrees with the Damian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+standard you like that one okay who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard you like that one okay who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard you like that one okay who who
+disagrees with the Daman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagrees with the Daman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagrees with the Daman
+standard so maybe if you could if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard so maybe if you could if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard so maybe if you could if you
+could load the CD in the anti- skip over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could load the CD in the anti- skip over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could load the CD in the anti- skip over
+and then take the CD out and give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take the CD out and give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take the CD out and give it to
+your friend but still play it then son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friend but still play it then son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friend but still play it then son
+would be in trouble but you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in trouble but you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in trouble but you're going to
+tell them as long as they have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them as long as they have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them as long as they have to keep
+the original disc inside there they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original disc inside there they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original disc inside there they're
+fine this is similar to the computer one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine this is similar to the computer one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine this is similar to the computer one
+but like with the computer one I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like with the computer one I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like with the computer one I guess
+if you take the discount like can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the discount like can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the discount like can still
+work as long as it's already read all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as long as it's already read all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as long as it's already read all
+the data so that could provide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so that could provide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so that could provide a
+difference it all depends on me doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it all depends on me doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it all depends on me doesn't
+all okay well let's so let's let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay well let's so let's let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay well let's so let's let's say
+that Sony takes the Damian advice and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Sony takes the Damian advice and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Sony takes the Damian advice and um
+do you know what lawyers do by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know what lawyers do by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know what lawyers do by the way
+when they research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they research
+advice charge a lot of money well yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice charge a lot of money well yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice charge a lot of money well yeah
+they charge a lot of money to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they charge a lot of money to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they charge a lot of money to the first
+guys to Sony but what happens let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to Sony but what happens let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to Sony but what happens let's say
+another company come let's say Sony got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another company come let's say Sony got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another company come let's say Sony got
+that advice in let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that advice in let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that advice in let's say
+1995 and this is going to be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1995 and this is going to be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1995 and this is going to be the the
+Damian Law Firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damian Law Firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damian Law Firm
+advice okay now let's say another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice okay now let's say another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice okay now let's say another
+customer comes to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer comes to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer comes to you
+um we'll call them Michael Robertson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll call them Michael Robertson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll call them Michael Robertson
+Incorporated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporated in
+1996 two years later and he says I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 two years later and he says I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 two years later and he says I'm
+thinking of creating a new system where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of creating a new system where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of creating a new system where
+um you know users buy a lot of CDs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know users buy a lot of CDs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know users buy a lot of CDs and
+they're you know they're maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're you know they're maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're you know they're maybe they
+don't want to have to take them all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to have to take them all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to have to take them all over
+the place you know you go on vacation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place you know you go on vacation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place you know you go on vacation
+you don't have to bring all your CDs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to bring all your CDs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to bring all your CDs to
+you so I'm I'm going to make a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so I'm I'm going to make a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so I'm I'm going to make a new
+system for my company the Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for my company the Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for my company the Michael
+Robertson company and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robertson company and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robertson company and it's going to be
+if you're in California uh you prove to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in California uh you prove to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in California uh you prove to
+me that you have these discs you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that you have these discs you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that you have these discs you know
+you put them in this special machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them in this special machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them in this special machine
+that I'll make and it'll prove to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll make and it'll prove to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll make and it'll prove to me
+that you actually own these discs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you actually own these discs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you actually own these discs and
+then when you go into to vacation in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you go into to vacation in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you go into to vacation in in
+Florida I will um let you listen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida I will um let you listen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida I will um let you listen to the
+discs from there with my system but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs from there with my system but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs from there with my system but you
+have to you have to there's no verb in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you have to there's no verb in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you have to there's no verb in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+sentence we'll make it have um they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence we'll make it have um they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence we'll make it have um they have
+to have the original disc they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the original disc they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the original disc they have to
+prove it to me by Perfect means in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it to me by Perfect means in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it to me by Perfect means in order
+for me to listen let them listen to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to listen let them listen to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to listen let them listen to it
+just in a different location is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in a different location is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in a different location is that
+okay and the Damian Law Firm so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the Damian Law Firm so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the Damian Law Firm so here's
+what lawyers do they write what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what lawyers do they write what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what lawyers do they write what's called
+an opinion letter which is generally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opinion letter which is generally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opinion letter which is generally the
+exact same opinion that they gave to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same opinion that they gave to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same opinion that they gave to
+some other guy and they build the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other guy and they build the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other guy and they build the first
+guy you know if they spend 1,000 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy you know if they spend 1,000 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy you know if they spend 1,000 hours
+on it at $1,000 an hour they build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it at $1,000 an hour they build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it at $1,000 an hour they build the
+first guy a million dollars they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first guy a million dollars they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first guy a million dollars they just
+take the same letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the same letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the same letter
+they change the like the who they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change the like the who they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change the like the who they're
+writing it to and they sell it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it to and they sell it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it to and they sell it to the
+second company also for a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second company also for a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second company also for a million
+dollars even though they didn't do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars even though they didn't do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars even though they didn't do any
+more work they just sold the letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work they just sold the letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work they just sold the letter
+again that's called an opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's called an opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's called an opinion
+letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter
+um so when you all become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so when you all become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so when you all become
+lawyers well you can get in trouble with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers well you can get in trouble with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers well you can get in trouble with
+these things as some law firms have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things as some law firms have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things as some law firms have
+anyway the point is you sell the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the point is you sell the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the point is you sell the new
+company Michael Robertson's company a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company Michael Robertson's company a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company Michael Robertson's company a
+million dooll pinion letter that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dooll pinion letter that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dooll pinion letter that says
+you're fine as long as you make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fine as long as you make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fine as long as you make sure
+customers have the original disc because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers have the original disc because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers have the original disc because
+it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same
+thing uh as the anti- skip buffer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh as the anti- skip buffer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh as the anti- skip buffer and
+what by the way who is Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what by the way who is Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what by the way who is Michael
+Robertson anybody heard of Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Robertson no he's an entrepreneur he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robertson no he's an entrepreneur he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robertson no he's an entrepreneur he
+started a bunch of companies um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started a bunch of companies um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started a bunch of companies um he
+started one that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started one that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started one that was
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mp3.com in the mid90s and they created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mp3.com in the mid90s and they created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mp3.com in the mid90s and they created a
+service called beit that was you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service called beit that was you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service called beit that was you could
+go to it mymp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to it mymp3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to it mymp3
+and you'd have to put a disc in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd have to put a disc in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd have to put a disc in your
+drive and prove to this company that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive and prove to this company that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive and prove to this company that you
+actually own the disc and then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually own the disc and then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually own the disc and then when you
+went somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went somewhere
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+uh Michael the company would stream the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Michael the company would stream the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Michael the company would stream the
+disc to you that you have to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc to you that you have to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc to you that you have to prove that
+you owned it are they screaming it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you owned it are they screaming it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you owned it are they screaming it from
+the you left in your computer or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you left in your computer or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you left in your computer or are
+they streaming it from that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they streaming it from that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they streaming it from that's a good
+question the question is are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the question is are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the question is are they
+screaming it from your disc that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming it from your disc that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming it from your disc that you
+left in your computer are they streaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in your computer are they streaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in your computer are they streaming
+it from them well the answer is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from them well the answer is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from them well the answer is they're
+streaming it from them uh they had you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streaming it from them uh they had you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streaming it from them uh they had you
+know a lot of servers in California and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of servers in California and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of servers in California and
+they took a lot of discs and they copied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took a lot of discs and they copied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took a lot of discs and they copied
+them to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to their
+servers and then when you come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers and then when you come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers and then when you come in and
+you say oh I you have your own copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say oh I you have your own copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say oh I you have your own copy of
+the disc here's you and here's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disc here's you and here's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disc here's you and here's their
+company and here's you you you prove to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and here's you you you prove to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and here's you you you prove to
+them that you own this disc and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that you own this disc and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that you own this disc and then
+they say okay now you're authorized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say okay now you're authorized to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say okay now you're authorized to
+listen to our copy of the disc and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to our copy of the disc and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to our copy of the disc and we'll
+stream it to you wherever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream it to you wherever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream it to you wherever you
+are and um so were the record companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and um so were the record companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and um so were the record companies
+happy with this did they say oh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with this did they say oh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with this did they say oh more
+ways for people to enjoy our products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways for people to enjoy our products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways for people to enjoy our products
+people are going to buy more CDs we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to buy more CDs we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to buy more CDs we
+thrilled Michael Robertson is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrilled Michael Robertson is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrilled Michael Robertson is that what
+the record companies probably said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the record companies probably said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the record companies probably said
+probably not no why were they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unhappy well they had a computer program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy well they had a computer program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy well they had a computer program
+that it was a it was pretty good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was a it was pretty good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was a it was pretty good at
+proving that you had the disc it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving that you had the disc it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving that you had the disc it would
+you know this company knew exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this company knew exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this company knew exactly what
+was on the disc right so they would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on the disc right so they would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on the disc right so they would say
+what's in sector number 437 they'd ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in sector number 437 they'd ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in sector number 437 they'd ask
+that question to you and you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question to you and you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question to you and you'd have to
+prove that you knew what was in sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that you knew what was in sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that you knew what was in sector
+437 and the the request would change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+437 and the the request would change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+437 and the the request would change
+each time so you you could very you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time so you you could very you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time so you you could very you
+could prove pretty well that you had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could prove pretty well that you had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could prove pretty well that you had the
+disc you might have borrowed the disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc you might have borrowed the disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc you might have borrowed the disc
+you might have borrowed the disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah
+okay I mean do we think that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I mean do we think that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I mean do we think that this was
+taking away from profits of the record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking away from profits of the record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking away from profits of the record
+labels you know did they say we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels you know did they say we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels you know did they say we want
+people to have to buy a different copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to have to buy a different copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to have to buy a different copy
+when they're on vacation in Boston from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're on vacation in Boston from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're on vacation in Boston from
+when they're at home in California so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're at home in California so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're at home in California so
+that's why we're not happy it's taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we're not happy it's taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we're not happy it's taking
+away with our profits from The crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with our profits from The crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with our profits from The crucial
+vacation reing Market is that that why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation reing Market is that that why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation reing Market is that that why
+they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were
+unhappy no why were they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unhappy I mean did the VCR take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy I mean did the VCR take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy I mean did the VCR take away
+from the profits of the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the profits of the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the profits of the movie
+studios was the service which what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studios was the service which what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studios was the service which what
+Michael Robertson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Robertson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Robertson
+service I don't know I think I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service I don't know I think I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service I don't know I think I don't
+know actually I think that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know actually I think that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know actually I think that it was
+probably not I mean how else would they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not I mean how else would they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not I mean how else would they
+pay for it does anybody know did anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for it does anybody know did anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for it does anybody know did anybody
+use beam it I think it was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free so did the VC take away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so did the VC take away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so did the VC take away from the
+profits of the um movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits of the um movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits of the um movie
+studios does anybody know when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studios does anybody know when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studios does anybody know when they
+release a movie right like now who like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release a movie right like now who like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release a movie right like now who like
+the island uh and you know it makes $50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the island uh and you know it makes $50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the island uh and you know it makes $50
+million in the theaters how much does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million in the theaters how much does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million in the theaters how much does it
+typically then make in uh DVD rentals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically then make in uh DVD rentals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically then make in uh DVD rentals
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+sales generally at least as much as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales generally at least as much as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales generally at least as much as it
+made in the theater they now make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in the theater they now make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in the theater they now make more
+money from from vcr and DVD sales and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from from vcr and DVD sales and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from from vcr and DVD sales and
+rentals than they do fromin the theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rentals than they do fromin the theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rentals than they do fromin the theater
+so the home VHS systems and DVD systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the home VHS systems and DVD systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the home VHS systems and DVD systems
+have been a big boom to the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a big boom to the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a big boom to the movie
+industry now of course the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry now of course the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry now of course the movie
+industry might say oh we have no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry might say oh we have no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry might say oh we have no problem
+with the playback feature of the VCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the playback feature of the VCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the playback feature of the VCR
+what we don't like is people's ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we don't like is people's ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we don't like is people's ability
+to record things so maybe it's not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to record things so maybe it's not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to record things so maybe it's not quite
+the same thing but anyway in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing but anyway in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing but anyway in fact the
+VCR even though the movie studios lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCR even though the movie studios lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCR even though the movie studios lost
+that case has been you know the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case has been you know the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case has been you know the best
+thing that ever happened to Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that ever happened to Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that ever happened to Hollywood
+but they were still opposed to it why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were still opposed to it why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were still opposed to it why
+they're not getting profs they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not getting profs they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not getting profs they're not
+getting profits from and they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting profits from and they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting profits from and they don't have
+control over it and that's very scary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over it and that's very scary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over it and that's very scary to
+them because they Envision a world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because they Envision a world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because they Envision a world where
+uh in the future Britney Spears will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the future Britney Spears will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the future Britney Spears will
+release one CD or uh you know they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release one CD or uh you know they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release one CD or uh you know they'll
+they'll release you know the new I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll release you know the new I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll release you know the new I don't
+know Jurassic Park 4 and uh they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Jurassic Park 4 and uh they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Jurassic Park 4 and uh they'll
+they'll sell one DVD of it and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll sell one DVD of it and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll sell one DVD of it and some
+they'll put it on Napster Kaza and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll put it on Napster Kaza and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll put it on Napster Kaza and then
+everybody else will just get it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else will just get it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else will just get it from
+them and they won't be able to recoup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they won't be able to recoup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they won't be able to recoup
+their investment is that a justifiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their investment is that a justifiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their investment is that a justifiable
+fear who here has not used napar Kaza or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear who here has not used napar Kaza or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear who here has not used napar Kaza or
+grer lime wire or one of those Services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grer lime wire or one of those Services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grer lime wire or one of those Services
+ever okay one two people have never use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever okay one two people have never use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever okay one two people have never use
+them so the rest of us have in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so the rest of us have in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so the rest of us have in some way
+validated that fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validated that fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validated that fear
+um so they're really concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they're really concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they're really concerned about
+losing control and they were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing control and they were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing control and they were very
+concerned about losing control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about losing control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about losing control
+here and so they they sued mp3.com even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so they they sued mp3.com even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so they they sued mp3.com even
+though you can say oh it's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you can say oh it's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you can say oh it's the best
+thing that ever happened to you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that ever happened to you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that ever happened to you you know
+that these companies don't like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these companies don't like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these companies don't like to be
+told what the best thing is to ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told what the best thing is to ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told what the best thing is to ever
+happen to them they generally like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to them they generally like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to them they generally like to
+decide that for themselves so um so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide that for themselves so um so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide that for themselves so um so they
+suit mp3.com and what argument do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit mp3.com and what argument do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit mp3.com and what argument do you
+think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+made yeah my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made yeah my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made yeah my
+m3.com is using one of their this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m3.com is using one of their this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m3.com is using one of their this so
+there are there are broadcast some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are broadcast some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are broadcast some of
+some kind of uh public trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of uh public trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of uh public trans
+transmission yeah well it turns out they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission yeah well it turns out they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission yeah well it turns out they
+had a license for the public performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a license for the public performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a license for the public performance
+or at least they they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least they they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least they they sort of
+did so they didn't get them on public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so they didn't get them on public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so they didn't get them on public
+performance but what did they get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance but what did they get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance but what did they get them
+on what has this whole conversation been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what has this whole conversation been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what has this whole conversation been
+about reproduction that's right so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reproduction that's right so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reproduction that's right so they
+got them on this reproduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and mp3.com said come on it's fair use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mp3.com said come on it's fair use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mp3.com said come on it's fair use
+these people we we went by the dam they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people we we went by the dam they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people we we went by the dam they
+actually by the way did this company did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually by the way did this company did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually by the way did this company did
+go to an outside law firm and they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to an outside law firm and they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to an outside law firm and they did
+get advice and uh they believed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get advice and uh they believed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get advice and uh they believed that
+they would be okay on this if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be okay on this if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be okay on this if they have
+the original disc that that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original disc that that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original disc that that would be the
+advice that would save them it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice that would save them it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice that would save them it was like
+a mantra in the company it's like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mantra in the company it's like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mantra in the company it's like if
+they have the original disc we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the original disc we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the original disc we'll be
+fine um and some of the programmers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine um and some of the programmers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine um and some of the programmers were
+like this all came out in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this all came out in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this all came out in the in the
+lawsuit the programmer is like can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawsuit the programmer is like can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawsuit the programmer is like can we
+maybe go to another Law Firm because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe go to another Law Firm because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe go to another Law Firm because it
+would really suck to do all this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really suck to do all this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really suck to do all this work
+and then have the company go out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then have the company go out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then have the company go out of
+business and you know the in-house loers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and you know the in-house loers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and you know the in-house loers
+like no we're fine if they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no we're fine if they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no we're fine if they have the
+original disc you'll be fine it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original disc you'll be fine it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original disc you'll be fine it's the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+thing that was the argument and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that was the argument and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that was the argument and uh so
+they went to court on that and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went to court on that and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went to court on that and uh and
+they said look this reproduction it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said look this reproduction it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said look this reproduction it
+doesn't matter because they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter because they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter because they have the
+original disc and uh the judge said um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original disc and uh the judge said um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original disc and uh the judge said um
+no this copy this systematic copying of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this copy this systematic copying of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this copy this systematic copying of
+200,000 CDs is just no it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200,000 CDs is just no it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200,000 CDs is just no it's a
+reproduction it's a systematic PR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction it's a systematic PR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction it's a systematic PR
+production it's for commercial gain it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production it's for commercial gain it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production it's for commercial gain it's
+not fair use and there's no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fair use and there's no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fair use and there's no other
+exemption so no they lost and they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption so no they lost and they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption so no they lost and they did
+go out of business they went bankrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out of business they went bankrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out of business they went bankrupt
+and they got bought by some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they got bought by some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they got bought by some other
+company and there is now an mp3.com but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and there is now an mp3.com but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and there is now an mp3.com but
+I don't think it's Michael Robertson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anymore but Michael Robertson then went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but Michael Robertson then went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but Michael Robertson then went
+out to found a company called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to found a company called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to found a company called
+Linds that made a Linux competitor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linds that made a Linux competitor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linds that made a Linux competitor to
+Microsoft Windows he got sued by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft Windows he got sued by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft Windows he got sued by
+Microsoft and uh I think Microsoft ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft and uh I think Microsoft ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft and uh I think Microsoft ended
+up paying him to change his name to Lin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up paying him to change his name to Lin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up paying him to change his name to Lin
+spire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spire
+uh and then now he has a new company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then now he has a new company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then now he has a new company
+where he's hired as an employee a guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he's hired as an employee a guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he's hired as an employee a guy
+named John Johansson who's a we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named John Johansson who's a we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named John Johansson who's a we'll get
+to him later but another Troublemaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him later but another Troublemaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him later but another Troublemaker
+from Norway so that that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Norway so that that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Norway so that that's what this
+Michael Robertson guy does but anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Robertson guy does but anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Robertson guy does but anyway so
+the mp3.com they got advice from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mp3.com they got advice from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mp3.com they got advice from the
+Damian Law Firm it was like a manra in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damian Law Firm it was like a manra in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damian Law Firm it was like a manra in
+the company and they still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company and they still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company and they still
+lost um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost um
+so what does that say about anti-skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buffers is it the same thing is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers is it the same thing is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers is it the same thing is it the
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good
+question um I mean I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um I mean I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um I mean I don't
+know wish I could sue somebody over my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know wish I could sue somebody over my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know wish I could sue somebody over my
+laptop I don't I mean I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop I don't I mean I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop I don't I mean I don't know if
+it's the same thing that's the point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing that's the point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing that's the point in
+fact um MIT you know mit's law from fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact um MIT you know mit's law from fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact um MIT you know mit's law from fish
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Richardson uh in Boston has all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richardson uh in Boston has all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richardson uh in Boston has all sorts of
+copyright experts and they once had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright experts and they once had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright experts and they once had a
+client who asked them about anti-ip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client who asked them about anti-ip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client who asked them about anti-ip
+buffers and um what do you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers and um what do you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers and um what do you think the
+lawyer's answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer's answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer's answer
+was actually I don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually I don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually I don't know what the
+lawyer's answer was I mean I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer's answer was I mean I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer's answer was I mean I can't
+really tell you I mean because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tell you I mean because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tell you I mean because I don't
+know because they wouldn't tell me but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because they wouldn't tell me but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because they wouldn't tell me but
+my guess is that the answer was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my guess is that the answer was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my guess is that the answer was that
+they don't know and they probably still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know and they probably still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know and they probably still
+they were like we don't know in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were like we don't know in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were like we don't know in a
+million dollars please was probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars please was probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars please was probably the
+answer that's what you could do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that's what you could do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that's what you could do when
+you're a lawyer but I mean the really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a lawyer but I mean the really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a lawyer but I mean the really I
+mean can you answer these questions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean can you answer these questions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean can you answer these questions like
+clearly a judge can give a clear answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a judge can give a clear answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a judge can give a clear answer
+to these questions right a judge can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these questions right a judge can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these questions right a judge can say
+yes or no or guilty uh but nobody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or no or guilty uh but nobody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or no or guilty uh but nobody else
+can really answer these questions and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really answer these questions and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really answer these questions and um
+even the preminent copyright scholar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the preminent copyright scholar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the preminent copyright scholar in
+in the US David nimmer you know he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US David nimmer you know he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US David nimmer you know he has
+this whole Treatise and you can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole Treatise and you can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole Treatise and you can go to
+Harvard the Harvard Law Library and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard the Harvard Law Library and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard the Harvard Law Library and look
+at it and it's 10 volumes it's like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it and it's 10 volumes it's like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it and it's 10 volumes it's like this
+big on the bookshelf and that he comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big on the bookshelf and that he comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big on the bookshelf and that he comes
+out with a new version like every four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with a new version like every four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with a new version like every four
+months so you'll look on the front it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months so you'll look on the front it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months so you'll look on the front it'll
+say version 68 and every three months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say version 68 and every three months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say version 68 and every three months
+there's a new version and they splice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new version and they splice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new version and they splice in
+more pages and he has voluminous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pages and he has voluminous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pages and he has voluminous
+writings about every part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writings about every part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writings about every part of this
+copyright statute and it's he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright statute and it's he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright statute and it's he's
+fantastic um I'll show you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic um I'll show you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic um I'll show you but
+um you know and and and nimmer will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know and and and nimmer will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know and and and nimmer will
+write things about like how hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write things about like how hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write things about like how hypothetical
+future cases should be decided and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future cases should be decided and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future cases should be decided and then
+the judges you know when they get those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the judges you know when they get those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the judges you know when they get those
+cases will say well we just disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases will say well we just disagree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases will say well we just disagree
+with nimmer and then and then nimmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nimmer and then and then nimmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nimmer and then and then nimmer
+will write in the next version of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write in the next version of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write in the next version of his
+Trea this case was wrongly decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trea this case was wrongly decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trea this case was wrongly decided
+but but you know there's nothing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you know there's nothing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you know there's nothing you can
+do even if you're the preeminent cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do even if you're the preeminent cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do even if you're the preeminent cover
+scholar and supposedly the D when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar and supposedly the D when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar and supposedly the D when
+there's these conferences and nimmer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these conferences and nimmer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these conferences and nimmer is
+there the judges supposedly come up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the judges supposedly come up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the judges supposedly come up to
+nimmer and they say hey I just decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nimmer and they say hey I just decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nimmer and they say hey I just decided
+this recent case uh did I get it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recent case uh did I get it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recent case uh did I get it right
+which is sort of the reverse of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of the reverse of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of the reverse of how
+things should be since nimmer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things should be since nimmer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things should be since nimmer is
+supposed you know supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed you know supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed you know supposed to be
+describing copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing copyright
+law um but anyway so nobody really knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law um but anyway so nobody really knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law um but anyway so nobody really knows
+is the point I'm trying to make and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the point I'm trying to make and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the point I'm trying to make and if
+you're in a company that's banking its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a company that's banking its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a company that's banking its
+future on the this kind of theory you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future on the this kind of theory you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future on the this kind of theory you
+know you uh you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you uh you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you uh you should be
+concerned okay so um with computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned okay so um with computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned okay so um with computer
+programs nobody knew the answer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs nobody knew the answer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs nobody knew the answer to this
+until there was a case called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until there was a case called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until there was a case called
+maai uh which we didn't read but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maai uh which we didn't read but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maai uh which we didn't read but you can
+pull it up and um there was a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it up and um there was a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it up and um there was a company
+with a computer and this is in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a computer and this is in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a computer and this is in the early
+90s right so the likelihood that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s right so the likelihood that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s right so the likelihood that the
+judge has used a computer might be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge has used a computer might be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge has used a computer might be um
+it's not clear that the judge in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear that the judge in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear that the judge in this
+case would have ever used a computer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case would have ever used a computer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case would have ever used a computer and
+that that sometimes produces very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that sometimes produces very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that sometimes produces very
+interesting answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting answers
+because anyway the so there's a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because anyway the so there's a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because anyway the so there's a case
+called maai and one company had produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called maai and one company had produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called maai and one company had produced
+the software of the device and they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software of the device and they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software of the device and they had
+a service contract to service the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a service contract to service the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a service contract to service the
+computer and its software and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and its software and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and its software and the
+customer abruptly switched and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer abruptly switched and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer abruptly switched and said
+we're going to have a different company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a different company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a different company
+service the software and that company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service the software and that company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service the software and that company
+had to load the software into RAM you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to load the software into RAM you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to load the software into RAM you
+know to run it and uh they went to court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to run it and uh they went to court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to run it and uh they went to court
+and uh maai well the decision was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh maai well the decision was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh maai well the decision was that
+loading it in RAM does create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading it in RAM does create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading it in RAM does create a
+reproduction and you do need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction and you do need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction and you do need the
+copyright owner permission to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright owner permission to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright owner permission to do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have the right
+to yes because owning a copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yes because owning a copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yes because owning a copy of the
+program just like owning a copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program just like owning a copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program just like owning a copy of the
+CD doesn't mean you have permission to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD doesn't mean you have permission to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD doesn't mean you have permission to
+copy the CD and owning a copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy the CD and owning a copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy the CD and owning a copy of the
+program does not give you permission to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program does not give you permission to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program does not give you permission to
+reproduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce the
+program um so and and what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program um so and and what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program um so and and what was the
+eventual result in this case as you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventual result in this case as you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventual result in this case as you read
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+homework you can make cop to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework you can make cop to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework you can make cop to make
+program you so they they so Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you so they they so Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you so they they so Congress
+stepped in and they said well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepped in and they said well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepped in and they said well this is
+not what we intended and they reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what we intended and they reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what we intended and they reverse
+the decision of the the in a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision of the the in a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision of the the in a limited
+sense they reversed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense they reversed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense they reversed the
+decision by um changing section 117
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision by um changing section 117
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision by um changing section 117
+which is the one that governs computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the one that governs computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the one that governs computer
+programs and they said if it well we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and they said if it well we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and they said if it well we'll
+pull it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up so they amended it to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so they amended it to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so they amended it to say
+um here we go not withstanding I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here we go not withstanding I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here we go not withstanding I love
+that word notwithstanding the provisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word notwithstanding the provisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word notwithstanding the provisions
+of section 106 which are the core rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of section 106 which are the core rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of section 106 which are the core rights
+it is not an infringement for the owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not an infringement for the owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not an infringement for the owner
+or less SE of a machine to make or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less SE of a machine to make or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less SE of a machine to make or
+authorize the making of a copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorize the making of a copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorize the making of a copy of
+computer program if such copy is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program if such copy is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program if such copy is made
+solely by virtue of the activation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solely by virtue of the activation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solely by virtue of the activation of a
+machine that lawfully contains an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that lawfully contains an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that lawfully contains an
+authorized copy of the computer program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorized copy of the computer program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorized copy of the computer program
+for purposes only of repair or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for purposes only of repair or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for purposes only of repair or
+maintenance of that machine if oh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance of that machine if oh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance of that machine if oh is
+this the one we're talking about I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the one we're talking about I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the one we're talking about I think
+I read the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read the wrong
+one where is it okay here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where is it okay here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where is it okay here we
+go so that maintenance one is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so that maintenance one is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so that maintenance one is like the
+AI case but there's another exemption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI case but there's another exemption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI case but there's another exemption
+this is notwithstanding it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is notwithstanding it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is notwithstanding it is not
+infringement for the owner of a copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringement for the owner of a copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringement for the owner of a copy of
+a computer program to make or authorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer program to make or authorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer program to make or authorize
+the making of another copy or adaptation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the making of another copy or adaptation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the making of another copy or adaptation
+of that computer program provided that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that computer program provided that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that computer program provided that
+such a new copy or adaptation is created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a new copy or adaptation is created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a new copy or adaptation is created
+as an essential step in the utilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an essential step in the utilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an essential step in the utilization
+of the computer program in conjunction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the computer program in conjunction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the computer program in conjunction
+with a machine and that is used in no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a machine and that is used in no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a machine and that is used in no
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+manner or and the second one is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner or and the second one is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner or and the second one is you can
+make a backup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+copy now what can we note about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy now what can we note about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy now what can we note about these
+exemptions can you make a backup copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemptions can you make a backup copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemptions can you make a backup copy of
+your DVD or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I
+always yeah well does it say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can yeah well it says only of a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can yeah well it says only of a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can yeah well it says only of a computer
+program it do not infin with the owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it do not infin with the owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it do not infin with the owner
+of a copy of a computer program to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a copy of a computer program to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a copy of a computer program to make
+or authorize the making of another copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or authorize the making of another copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or authorize the making of another copy
+so it doesn't say anything that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't say anything that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't say anything that you can
+copy um a DVD or music or a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy um a DVD or music or a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy um a DVD or music or a book
+computer right SE there might be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer right SE there might be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer right SE there might be another
+section that says you can make a backup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section that says you can make a backup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section that says you can make a backup
+copy of music or games or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else oh yeah I didn't mean to say game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else oh yeah I didn't mean to say game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else oh yeah I didn't mean to say game
+music or a movie or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music or a movie or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music or a movie or a
+book um you could AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book um you could AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book um you could AR
+that form everything's You could argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form everything's You could argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form everything's You could argue
+once it's in electronic form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it's in electronic form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it's in electronic form
+everything's a program it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing a or not well it's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a or not well it's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a or not well it's a good question
+what do you think the judge would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think the judge would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think the judge would say
+well do you have the right to put those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do you have the right to put those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do you have the right to put those
+strs into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+program yeah I think you would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program yeah I think you would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program yeah I think you would not be
+successful with that kind of argument I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful with that kind of argument I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful with that kind of argument I
+I think there is a definition of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there is a definition of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there is a definition of what is
+a computer oh there's a definition oh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer oh there's a definition oh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer oh there's a definition oh we
+don't have to just guess that's a novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to just guess that's a novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to just guess that's a novel
+but interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but interesting
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+who Okay so the point is that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who Okay so the point is that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who Okay so the point is that there's no
+there's no other section that grants a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no other section that grants a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no other section that grants a
+backup right to anything this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backup right to anything this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backup right to anything this is the
+only thing about backup rights in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing about backup rights in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing about backup rights in the
+coper it act so when you hear people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coper it act so when you hear people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coper it act so when you hear people
+saying oh you can make a backup of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh you can make a backup of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh you can make a backup of your
+of your music that that's not so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your music that that's not so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your music that that's not so there's
+no well yeah there's no explicit right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no well yeah there's no explicit right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no well yeah there's no explicit right
+to make a backup of your music um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a backup of your music um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a backup of your music um what
+about anybody play those old Nintendo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anybody play those old Nintendo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anybody play those old Nintendo
+like you go on the website and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you go on the website and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you go on the website and they have
+all the Nintendo ROMs and what do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the Nintendo ROMs and what do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the Nintendo ROMs and what do they
+say on those if you delete them within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say on those if you delete them within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say on those if you delete them within
+24 hours if you delete them within 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 hours if you delete them within 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 hours if you delete them within 24
+hours it's okay is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours it's okay is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours it's okay is that
+true no so do people just make stuff up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true no so do people just make stuff up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true no so do people just make stuff up
+about copyright of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about copyright of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about copyright of course
+yeah they also sometimes say that oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they also sometimes say that oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they also sometimes say that oh you
+have to have the original game and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have the original game and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have the original game and this
+is for archival purposes you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for archival purposes you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for archival purposes you have to
+have the original game does that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the original game does that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the original game does that is that
+a good argument we don't really know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good argument we don't really know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good argument we don't really know but
+uh probably that argument is not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probably that argument is not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probably that argument is not what
+lawyers call dispositive meaning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers call dispositive meaning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers call dispositive meaning it
+doesn't close out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't close out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't close out the
+inquiry uh it doesn't answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquiry uh it doesn't answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquiry uh it doesn't answer the
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+okay so um and and you know if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um and and you know if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um and and you know if you want
+to so this this question about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so this this question about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so this this question about is
+dropping a disc into RAM for a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping a disc into RAM for a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping a disc into RAM for a computer
+program now we know the answer uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program now we know the answer uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program now we know the answer uh it
+does not infringe the exclusive right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not infringe the exclusive right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not infringe the exclusive right of
+reproduction but for other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction but for other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction but for other kinds of
+copyrighted works like um music or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrighted works like um music or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrighted works like um music or
+movies or whatever we we still don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies or whatever we we still don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies or whatever we we still don't
+really know the answer and the maai uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know the answer and the maai uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know the answer and the maai uh
+decision is probably still good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is probably still good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is probably still good
+law now you know what do you what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law now you know what do you what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law now you know what do you what do you
+think the party's probably argued about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the party's probably argued about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the party's probably argued about
+in the Mi decision we're looking at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Mi decision we're looking at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Mi decision we're looking at that
+definition just a second ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they argued about whether it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they argued about whether it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they argued about whether it was a
+fixation and whether it was you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixation and whether it was you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixation and whether it was you know for
+transitory duration or for longer or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitory duration or for longer or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitory duration or for longer or you
+know could it be perceived or reproduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know could it be perceived or reproduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know could it be perceived or reproduced
+they were arguing about the definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were arguing about the definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were arguing about the definitions
+of the statute and the the argument that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the statute and the the argument that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the statute and the the argument that
+some of you made that well you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you made that well you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you made that well you can do
+stuff with it that was the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff with it that was the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff with it that was the one that
+carried the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+day okay what did you guys think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day okay what did you guys think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day okay what did you guys think of
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+109 what would be the what what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109 what would be the what what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109 what would be the what what would be
+be like if we didn't have section 109
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like if we didn't have section 109
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like if we didn't have section 109
+what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law you have to ask for inform to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law you have to ask for inform to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law you have to ask for inform to like
+resell a book to resell a book yeah or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resell a book to resell a book yeah or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resell a book to resell a book yeah or
+not even sell what if I'm like this did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even sell what if I'm like this did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even sell what if I'm like this did
+I would I have just broken the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would I have just broken the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would I have just broken the
+law yeah because I you know I'd be I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law yeah because I you know I'd be I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law yeah because I you know I'd be I'll
+do here here you go I'd be Distributing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here here you go I'd be Distributing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here here you go I'd be Distributing
+this copyrighted work right so any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this copyrighted work right so any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this copyrighted work right so any kind
+of distribution of a copyrighted work I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distribution of a copyrighted work I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distribution of a copyrighted work I
+mean that's presumptively an exclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's presumptively an exclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's presumptively an exclusive
+right of the copyright owner so only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of the copyright owner so only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of the copyright owner so only
+section 109 makes what I just did legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 109 makes what I just did legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 109 makes what I just did legal
+otherwise there'd be the FBI in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise there'd be the FBI in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise there'd be the FBI in here
+like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like
+that um but what doesn't section 109
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um but what doesn't section 109
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um but what doesn't section 109
+make legal I mean you might assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make legal I mean you might assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make legal I mean you might assume that
+oh because I own a book I can of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh because I own a book I can of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh because I own a book I can of course
+sell it at my you know um my garage sale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it at my you know um my garage sale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it at my you know um my garage sale
+and all that but is that necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true you can't rent can you rent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true you can't rent can you rent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true you can't rent can you rent a
+book if you're a nonprofit education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book if you're a nonprofit education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book if you're a nonprofit education
+institutional Library doesn't EX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional Library doesn't EX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional Library doesn't EX
+anybody can rent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can rent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can rent a
+book uh yeah they really make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh yeah they really make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh yeah they really make this
+complicated here let's see um so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated here let's see um so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated here let's see um so this is
+saying notwithstanding the provisions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying notwithstanding the provisions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying notwithstanding the provisions of
+section 1063 which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 1063 which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 1063 which one is
+1063 distrib distribution the owner of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1063 distrib distribution the owner of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1063 distrib distribution the owner of a
+particular copy or phone a record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular copy or phone a record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular copy or phone a record
+lawfully made under this title or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawfully made under this title or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawfully made under this title or any
+other person authorized by such owner is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person authorized by such owner is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person authorized by such owner is
+entitled without the authority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitled without the authority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitled without the authority of the
+copy owner to sell or otherwise dispose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy owner to sell or otherwise dispose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy owner to sell or otherwise dispose
+of the possession of that covery or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the possession of that covery or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the possession of that covery or
+phoner record so what's one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phoner record so what's one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phoner record so what's one thing that
+we should notice here who who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should notice here who who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should notice here who who is
+entitled to uh use this exemption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitled to uh use this exemption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitled to uh use this exemption is
+anybody who has the the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who has the the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who has the the book
+entitled no it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitled no it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitled no it's the
+owner so if you just if somebody just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner so if you just if somebody just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner so if you just if somebody just
+lent you the book you can't lend it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lent you the book you can't lend it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lent you the book you can't lend it to
+somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+else you have to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you have to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you have to be the
+owner that's kind of strange isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner that's kind of strange isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner that's kind of strange isn't it
+what if I lend you the book and say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I lend you the book and say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I lend you the book and say it's
+okay with me if you lend it to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with me if you lend it to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with me if you lend it to somebody
+else then can you lend it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah you guys trick me out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay fair enough okay well what if when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fair enough okay well what if when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fair enough okay well what if when
+you get the book from the book seller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the book from the book seller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the book from the book seller
+they say we're not selling you the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say we're not selling you the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say we're not selling you the book
+we're just lending it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forever uh then would you be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever uh then would you be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever uh then would you be able to
+resell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it no in fact what are copyrighted Works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no in fact what are copyrighted Works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no in fact what are copyrighted Works
+they're frequently distributed EX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're frequently distributed EX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're frequently distributed EX
+exactly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that computer programs exactly when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that computer programs exactly when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that computer programs exactly when you
+buy a commercial computer program they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a commercial computer program they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a commercial computer program they
+say you're not the owner of this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you're not the owner of this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you're not the owner of this program
+you're just the lie and cour of can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just the lie and cour of can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just the lie and cour of can
+we're not I don't think we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not I don't think we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not I don't think we're going to
+be able to go into the whole details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to go into the whole details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to go into the whole details of
+software Licensing in this class which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software Licensing in this class which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software Licensing in this class which
+is a extremely intricate area of the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a extremely intricate area of the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a extremely intricate area of the law
+um by the way on which the foremost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the way on which the foremost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the way on which the foremost
+authority is Raymond nimmer a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority is Raymond nimmer a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority is Raymond nimmer a different
+nimmer no relation to David nimmer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nimmer no relation to David nimmer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nimmer no relation to David nimmer the
+copyright expert David is in Los Angeles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright expert David is in Los Angeles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright expert David is in Los Angeles
+and is an expert on copyright Raymond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is an expert on copyright Raymond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is an expert on copyright Raymond
+nimmer I think is in Houston and is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nimmer I think is in Houston and is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nimmer I think is in Houston and is an
+expert on software licenses they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert on software licenses they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert on software licenses they have
+nothing to do with each other they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with each other they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with each other they
+probably hate each other but anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably hate each other but anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably hate each other but anyway so
+we're probably not going to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're probably not going to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're probably not going to get into
+that but yeah when you buy a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but yeah when you buy a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but yeah when you buy a computer
+program it says you are not the owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it says you are not the owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it says you are not the owner
+you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+just getting to use it in exchange for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting to use it in exchange for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting to use it in exchange for
+money um and is the section 117
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money um and is the section 117
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money um and is the section 117
+exemption who is that available to is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption who is that available to is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption who is that available to is it
+anybody who's got the computer program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you
+looking owner or Les
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c yeah so I I don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c yeah so I I don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c yeah so I I don't think that
+um I don't think the rights of section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't think the rights of section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't think the rights of section
+117 are available to people who only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+117 are available to people who only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+117 are available to people who only
+have the software through one of these a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the software through one of these a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the software through one of these a
+modern end user license agreement so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern end user license agreement so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern end user license agreement so you
+have to be very careful we can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be very careful we can you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be very careful we can you know
+we can blly talk about what section 117
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can blly talk about what section 117
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can blly talk about what section 117
+gives you but unless you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you but unless you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you but unless you look at the
+absolute specifics you might be misled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute specifics you might be misled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute specifics you might be misled
+but anyway so this one is just about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so this one is just about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so this one is just about the
+owner or person authorized by the owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner or person authorized by the owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner or person authorized by the owner
+is entitled to sell or otherwise dispose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entitled to sell or otherwise dispose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entitled to sell or otherwise dispose
+of the possession of that copy copier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the possession of that copy copier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the possession of that copy copier
+phono record what's a phono record by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phono record what's a phono record by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phono record what's a phono record by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way it's like a CD or a record it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's like a CD or a record it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's like a CD or a record it's it's
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+uh object in which sounds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh object in which sounds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh object in which sounds are
+fixed what's the difference between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed what's the difference between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed what's the difference between a
+sound recording and a photo record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a sound recording is the thing it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sound recording is the thing it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sound recording is the thing it's like
+a play and so if if you had a play you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a play and so if if you had a play you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a play and so if if you had a play you
+could have the play which is the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have the play which is the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have the play which is the work
+and it's fixed in a copy of the play and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's fixed in a copy of the play and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's fixed in a copy of the play and
+similar you have a sound recording which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar you have a sound recording which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar you have a sound recording which
+is the work and it's fixed in the phono
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the work and it's fixed in the phono
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the work and it's fixed in the phono
+record the phono record is a real thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record the phono record is a real thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record the phono record is a real thing
+okay so notwithstanding the preceding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so notwithstanding the preceding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so notwithstanding the preceding
+sentence I love when they do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence I love when they do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence I love when they do that so
+this is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is two
+notwithstanding um copies or phono
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notwithstanding um copies or phono
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notwithstanding um copies or phono
+records of Works subject to a restored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records of Works subject to a restored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records of Works subject to a restored
+copyright under Section 104a and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright under Section 104a and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright under Section 104a and where
+does 104a come from it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does 104a come from it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does 104a come from it comes from
+NAFTA so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAFTA so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAFTA so what's
+NAFTA it's a free trade it's the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAFTA it's a free trade it's the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAFTA it's a free trade it's the free
+trade North American free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade North American free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade North American free
+trade act agreement something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade act agreement something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade act agreement something like that
+I don't know it comes from NAFTA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know it comes from NAFTA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know it comes from NAFTA and
+from similar International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from similar International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from similar International
+agreements um so subject to a restored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements um so subject to a restored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements um so subject to a restored
+KY on Section 104a that are manufactured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KY on Section 104a that are manufactured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KY on Section 104a that are manufactured
+so there's this whole complicated thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's this whole complicated thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's this whole complicated thing
+here uh very complicated thing thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh very complicated thing thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh very complicated thing thing
+cannot be cannot be disposed of so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be cannot be disposed of so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be cannot be disposed of so the
+the Practical effect of that section of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Practical effect of that section of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Practical effect of that section of
+the statute is if the book that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statute is if the book that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statute is if the book that you want
+to sell at your garage sale is on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell at your garage sale is on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell at your garage sale is on this
+list that was published in the Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that was published in the Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that was published in the Federal
+Register 15 years ago then you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Register 15 years ago then you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Register 15 years ago then you can't
+sell it at your garage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it at your garage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it at your garage
+sale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale
+and so okay so that's one limitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so okay so that's one limitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so okay so that's one limitation
+number two notwithstanding again unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two notwithstanding again unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two notwithstanding again unless
+authorized by the owners of copyright in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorized by the owners of copyright in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorized by the owners of copyright in
+the sound recording or the owner of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound recording or the owner of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound recording or the owner of
+copyright in a computer program and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright in a computer program and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright in a computer program and in
+the case of a sound recording in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of a sound recording in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of a sound recording in the
+musical embodied therein what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical embodied therein what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical embodied therein what's the
+difference between a sound recording and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a sound recording and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a sound recording and
+a musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work so you guys all read the statute is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so you guys all read the statute is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so you guys all read the statute is
+like the actual guess the the notes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the actual guess the the notes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the actual guess the the notes and
+stuff the musical work is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff the musical work is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff the musical work is because the
+sound recording of someone playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound recording of someone playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound recording of someone playing
+musical work yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical work yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical work yeah
+exactly so this is like what a musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so this is like what a musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so this is like what a musical
+Works looks like o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works looks like o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works looks like o
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+baby this is a musical work and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby this is a musical work and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby this is a musical work and then the
+sound recording is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound recording is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound recording is
+you know Britney Spear is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Britney Spear is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Britney Spear is actually
+singing that song so who has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing that song so who has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing that song so who has the
+copyright on this the musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright on this the musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright on this the musical
+work the person who wrote the song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the person who wrote the song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the person who wrote the song
+Martin Sandberg and uh who has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin Sandberg and uh who has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin Sandberg and uh who has the
+copyright on the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright on the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright on the sound
+recording probably not Britney Spears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording probably not Britney Spears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording probably not Britney Spears
+herself I mean Tom is making a recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself I mean Tom is making a recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself I mean Tom is making a recording
+of me right now right who has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of me right now right who has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of me right now right who has the
+copyright on that sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright on that sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright on that sound
+recording whoever whoever paid for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording whoever whoever paid for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording whoever whoever paid for it
+says Tom but it's not me right I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says Tom but it's not me right I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says Tom but it's not me right I'm not
+making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the
+recording um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording um
+okay but by the way can it be um oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but by the way can it be um oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but by the way can it be um oh I
+won't get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get into
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um okay I will if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay I will if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay I will if you're
+um let's say the Wall Street Journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say the Wall Street Journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say the Wall Street Journal
+calls you let's say you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls you let's say you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls you let's say you're an
+illustrator The Wall Street Journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrator The Wall Street Journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrator The Wall Street Journal
+calls you and they say we're writing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls you and they say we're writing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls you and they say we're writing an
+article tomorrow about money we've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article tomorrow about money we've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article tomorrow about money we've never
+done this before so we need some picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this before so we need some picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this before so we need some picture
+to illustrate the article and could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illustrate the article and could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illustrate the article and could you
+please draw us an illustration on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please draw us an illustration on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please draw us an illustration on the
+theme of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of
+money uh and you you draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money uh and you you draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money uh and you you draw the
+illustration with your own tools and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration with your own tools and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration with your own tools and um
+then you you know the Wall Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you know the Wall Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you know the Wall Street
+Journal pays you 150 bucks illustrators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal pays you 150 bucks illustrators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal pays you 150 bucks illustrators
+do not make a lot of money and uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not make a lot of money and uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not make a lot of money and uh you
+send it to the Wall Street Journal they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it to the Wall Street Journal they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it to the Wall Street Journal they
+printed the paper who owns the copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed the paper who owns the copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed the paper who owns the copyright
+on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that
+illustration no you doti you own the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration no you doti you own the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration no you doti you own the
+copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright
+um you're the artist okay now let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're the artist okay now let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're the artist okay now let's say
+you actually work for the Wall Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually work for the Wall Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually work for the Wall Street
+Journal in New Jersey and uh you people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal in New Jersey and uh you people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal in New Jersey and uh you people
+read The Wall Street Journal how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read The Wall Street Journal how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read The Wall Street Journal how do they
+when they have a picture of a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they have a picture of a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they have a picture of a person
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+Disney okay well so let's talk like a
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+answer material for a test or as an
+atlas if the parties expressly agree in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atlas if the parties expressly agree in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atlas if the parties expressly agree in
+a written instrument signed by them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a written instrument signed by them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a written instrument signed by them that
+the work should be considered a work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work should be considered a work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work should be considered a work
+Made For Hire so this is what Daman was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Made For Hire so this is what Daman was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Made For Hire so this is what Daman was
+talking about if you agree that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about if you agree that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about if you agree that it's a
+work Made For Hire it can be a work Made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work Made For Hire it can be a work Made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work Made For Hire it can be a work Made
+For Hire if it's on this particular list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For Hire if it's on this particular list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For Hire if it's on this particular list
+of kinds of Works which are collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kinds of Works which are collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kinds of Works which are collective
+motion picture translation supplementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion picture translation supplementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion picture translation supplementary
+compilation instructional text test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilation instructional text test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilation instructional text test
+answer material or Atlas those that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer material or Atlas those that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer material or Atlas those that's
+the list nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what what's an audio visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's an audio visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's an audio visual
+work no no no no that's that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work no no no no that's that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work no no no no that's that this is
+sound recording there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+visual that is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual that is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual that is totally
+different as a such as a what like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different as a such as a what like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different as a such as a what like a
+from a movie uh yeah oh yeah well those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a movie uh yeah oh yeah well those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a movie uh yeah oh yeah well those
+are under total different regime but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are under total different regime but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are under total different regime but
+um but we're talking just about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we're talking just about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we're talking just about the
+sound recording so so um so Berney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound recording so so um so Berney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound recording so so um so Berney
+Spears's recording is probably not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spears's recording is probably not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spears's recording is probably not a
+work made for higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work made for higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work made for higher
+because it can't be unless she's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+employee now who who's probably pissed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee now who who's probably pissed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee now who who's probably pissed
+off at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this the record companies yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the record companies yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the record companies yeah and
+there's a number of reasons one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of reasons one is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of reasons one is that
+if something is uh not a work Made For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something is uh not a work Made For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something is uh not a work Made For
+Hire now Britney Spears of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hire now Britney Spears of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hire now Britney Spears of course
+doesn't actually own the copyright on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually own the copyright on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually own the copyright on
+this song right she transferred it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this song right she transferred it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this song right she transferred it to
+her record company but the rules say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her record company but the rules say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her record company but the rules say
+that if you transfer something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you transfer something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you transfer something to
+another company 35 years later you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another company 35 years later you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another company 35 years later you have
+the right to to take it back no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right to to take it back no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right to to take it back no matter
+what you said 35 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said 35 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said 35 years
+ago that's in the Copyright Act unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago that's in the Copyright Act unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago that's in the Copyright Act unless
+it's a work Made For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hire yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hire yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hire yeah
+what so all the recording artists and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so all the recording artists and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so all the recording artists and uh
+songwriters are you know relishing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songwriters are you know relishing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songwriters are you know relishing at
+the prosp so by the way there haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prosp so by the way there haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prosp so by the way there haven't
+been a lot of works like this because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a lot of works like this because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a lot of works like this because it
+hasn't really been I mean they that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't really been I mean they that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't really been I mean they that that
+35 year thing probably came into effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 year thing probably came into effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 year thing probably came into effect
+like 1972 or 1976 so it hasn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1972 or 1976 so it hasn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1972 or 1976 so it hasn't really
+been 35 years so there just starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been 35 years so there just starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been 35 years so there just starting to
+see the very beginning of these 35-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the very beginning of these 35-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the very beginning of these 35-year
+claims so it won't be it'll be a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims so it won't be it'll be a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims so it won't be it'll be a long
+time before you know the Baby One More
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time before you know the Baby One More
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time before you know the Baby One More
+Time could be subject to that but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time could be subject to that but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time could be subject to that but the
+the the songwriters and recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the songwriters and recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the songwriters and recording
+artists are relishing at the prospect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists are relishing at the prospect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists are relishing at the prospect of
+being able to take back the copyright to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to take back the copyright to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to take back the copyright to
+their works even though they signed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their works even though they signed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their works even though they signed them
+away already but they can't do that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away already but they can't do that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away already but they can't do that if
+their work's Made For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work's Made For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work's Made For
+Hire so the record companies went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hire so the record companies went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hire so the record companies went to
+Congress in 1999 and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress in 1999 and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress in 1999 and they
+said look we have a contract with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said look we have a contract with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said look we have a contract with these
+people it says their Works Made For Hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people it says their Works Made For Hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people it says their Works Made For Hire
+the contract has you know it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contract has you know it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contract has you know it doesn't
+have any effect because the law doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any effect because the law doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any effect because the law doesn't
+give Force to that provision but um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give Force to that provision but um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give Force to that provision but um we
+would like you to amend the law so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like you to amend the law so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like you to amend the law so that
+it could be a work Made For Hire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a work Made For Hire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a work Made For Hire and
+Congress did that they didn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress did that they didn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress did that they didn't have any
+hearings or any debate they tucked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearings or any debate they tucked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearings or any debate they tucked it
+into a law called the satellite home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a law called the satellite home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a law called the satellite home
+viewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+act um and okay what was the predictable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act um and okay what was the predictable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act um and okay what was the predictable
+result um artist the artists were well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result um artist the artists were well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result um artist the artists were well
+they counter Sue who they sue they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they counter Sue who they sue they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they counter Sue who they sue they
+didn't sue anybody I mean you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't sue anybody I mean you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't sue anybody I mean you can't
+really Sue but they were outraged they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Sue but they were outraged they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Sue but they were outraged they
+said you can't just go to the Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you can't just go to the Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you can't just go to the Congress
+and change the law and call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change the law and call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change the law and call it the
+satellite home viewer act it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite home viewer act it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite home viewer act it's got
+nothing to do with satellites and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with satellites and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with satellites and
+furthermore we have the god-given right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore we have the god-given right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore we have the god-given right
+to take back our copyrights 35 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take back our copyrights 35 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take back our copyrights 35 years
+later now does that seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later now does that seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later now does that seem
+right I mean we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean we're talking about
+intellectual property in the first class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property in the first class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property in the first class
+it doesn't really seem most property you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really seem most property you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really seem most property you
+if you sign away you're right you sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sign away you're right you sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sign away you're right you sign
+it away you can't sign it away and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it away you can't sign it away and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it away you can't sign it away and then
+say Oh even know I signed it away not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Oh even know I signed it away not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Oh even know I signed it away not
+withstanding that 35 years later I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withstanding that 35 years later I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withstanding that 35 years later I'm
+going to take it back but copyright you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take it back but copyright you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take it back but copyright you
+can and the the and the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and the the and the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and the the and the um the
+songwriters and the recording artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songwriters and the recording artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songwriters and the recording artists
+said look screw the atlas writers th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said look screw the atlas writers th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said look screw the atlas writers th
+that those Atlas writers are just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those Atlas writers are just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those Atlas writers are just a
+lower form of life we don't care if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower form of life we don't care if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower form of life we don't care if the
+atlas writers don't have the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atlas writers don't have the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atlas writers don't have the ability to
+take their work back or the translators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take their work back or the translators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take their work back or the translators
+or the uh the Motion Picture People
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the uh the Motion Picture People
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the uh the Motion Picture People
+screw the actors and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw the actors and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw the actors and the and the
+screenwriters but we the songwriters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenwriters but we the songwriters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenwriters but we the songwriters
+we're of a holy order and we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're of a holy order and we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're of a holy order and we have the
+god-given right to take it back how dare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god-given right to take it back how dare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god-given right to take it back how dare
+you do that but it wasn't songwriters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that but it wasn't songwriters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that but it wasn't songwriters
+who involved by the way it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who involved by the way it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who involved by the way it was just
+sound recordings that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound recordings that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound recordings that were
+added um so so and so the that Fury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added um so so and so the that Fury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added um so so and so the that Fury
+cowed Congress into repealing what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cowed Congress into repealing what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cowed Congress into repealing what they
+had just done less than a year before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had just done less than a year before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had just done less than a year before so
+now it gets very complicated because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it gets very complicated because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it gets very complicated because for
+about six months the loss that a sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six months the loss that a sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six months the loss that a sound
+recording could be a work Made For Hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording could be a work Made For Hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording could be a work Made For Hire
+but then they repealed it and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they repealed it and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they repealed it and they
+didn't want to have it just be for six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to have it just be for six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to have it just be for six
+months that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months that
+um that they would be Works Made For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that they would be Works Made For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that they would be Works Made For
+Hire so they wanted to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hire so they wanted to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hire so they wanted to sort of
+retroactively repeal it but you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactively repeal it but you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactively repeal it but you can't
+really do that either because the record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do that either because the record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do that either because the record
+companies would rightfully own the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies would rightfully own the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies would rightfully own the
+copyright you know they would rightfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright you know they would rightfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright you know they would rightfully
+be Works made for hire for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Works made for hire for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Works made for hire for that
+six-month period you can't just take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-month period you can't just take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-month period you can't just take it
+away from them or maybe you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from them or maybe you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from them or maybe you can't
+so um so they had to put this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so they had to put this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so they had to put this whole
+complicated thing in here which is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing in here which is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing in here which is in
+determining whether any work is eligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining whether any work is eligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining whether any work is eligible
+to be considered a work made for hir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be considered a work made for hir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be considered a work made for hir
+under paragraph 2 neither of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under paragraph 2 neither of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under paragraph 2 neither of the
+amendment contained in section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amendment contained in section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amendment contained in section
+101d of the intellectual property and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101d of the intellectual property and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101d of the intellectual property and
+Communications omnius Reform Act of 1999
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications omnius Reform Act of 1999
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications omnius Reform Act of 1999
+as enacted by section you see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as enacted by section you see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as enacted by section you see how
+complicated by 10 A9 of public law 10613
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated by 10 A9 of public law 10613
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated by 10 A9 of public law 10613
+nor the deletion of the words added by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor the deletion of the words added by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor the deletion of the words added by
+the amendment shall be considered or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amendment shall be considered or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amendment shall be considered or
+given any legal significance or shall be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given any legal significance or shall be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given any legal significance or shall be
+interpreted to indicate Congressional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted to indicate Congressional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted to indicate Congressional
+approval of approval or disapproval of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval of approval or disapproval of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval of approval or disapproval of
+or acquiescence in any judicial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or acquiescence in any judicial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or acquiescence in any judicial
+determination by the courts or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination by the courts or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination by the courts or the
+copyright office paragraph two shall be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright office paragraph two shall be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright office paragraph two shall be
+interpreted as if both section 2a1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as if both section 2a1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as if both section 2a1 of
+the work Made For Hire and copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work Made For Hire and copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work Made For Hire and copyright
+Corrections Act of 2000 that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections Act of 2000 that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections Act of 2000 that's a very
+diplomatic name for it the copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomatic name for it the copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomatic name for it the copyright
+Corrections act and section one 1011d of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections act and section one 1011d of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections act and section one 1011d of
+the intellectual property and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intellectual property and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intellectual property and
+Communications omous Reform Act of 1999
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications omous Reform Act of 1999
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications omous Reform Act of 1999
+is enacted by 6189 of public law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enacted by 6189 of public law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enacted by 6189 of public law
+10613 were never enacted and without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10613 were never enacted and without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10613 were never enacted and without
+regard to any inaction or awareness by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to any inaction or awareness by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to any inaction or awareness by
+the Congress at any time of any judicial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Congress at any time of any judicial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Congress at any time of any judicial
+determinations so they're like we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinations so they're like we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinations so they're like we want
+to doover just forget the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doover just forget the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doover just forget the whole
+thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so
+anyway that's the case with Works made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that's the case with Works made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that's the case with Works made
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+higher okay so we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher okay so we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher okay so we were talking about
+section 109
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+9 oh yeah so 109 says that you can is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 oh yeah so 109 says that you can is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 oh yeah so 109 says that you can is
+this is 109 no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 109 no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 109 no
+108 here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go okay so not withstanding the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay so not withstanding the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay so not withstanding the fact
+that you can do it unless authorized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do it unless authorized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do it unless authorized by
+the owners of cover in a sound recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the owners of cover in a sound recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the owners of cover in a sound recording
+or in a computer program and in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in a computer program and in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in a computer program and in the case
+of a sound recording the musical work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sound recording the musical work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sound recording the musical work
+embodied therein neither the owner of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodied therein neither the owner of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodied therein neither the owner of a
+particular phone record nor any person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular phone record nor any person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular phone record nor any person
+in possession of a particular copy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in possession of a particular copy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in possession of a particular copy of a
+computer program May for the purposes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program May for the purposes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program May for the purposes of
+direct or indirect commercial Advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct or indirect commercial Advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct or indirect commercial Advantage
+give it to anybody else by rental lease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it to anybody else by rental lease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it to anybody else by rental lease
+or lending or by any other act or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lending or by any other act or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lending or by any other act or
+practice in the nature of rental lease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in the nature of rental lease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in the nature of rental lease
+or lending so you can't lend uh a sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lending so you can't lend uh a sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lending so you can't lend uh a sound
+recording you can't lend a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording you can't lend a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording you can't lend a computer
+program what can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program what can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program what can you
+lend a book yeah what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do what do people rent all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do what do people rent all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do what do people rent all the time
+movies yeah so you if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies yeah so you if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies yeah so you if you're a
+blockbuster you can rent the movie all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockbuster you can rent the movie all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockbuster you can rent the movie all
+you want but you cannot rent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want but you cannot rent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want but you cannot rent a
+CD that's kind of a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD that's kind of a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD that's kind of a weird
+CD well nothing in the preceding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD well nothing in the preceding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD well nothing in the preceding
+sentence so that now we're in a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence so that now we're in a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence so that now we're in a third
+level of notwithstanding nothing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of notwithstanding nothing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of notwithstanding nothing in the
+preceding sentence shall apply to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding sentence shall apply to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding sentence shall apply to the
+rental lease or lending of a phono
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rental lease or lending of a phono
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rental lease or lending of a phono
+record for nonprofit purposes by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record for nonprofit purposes by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record for nonprofit purposes by a
+nonprofit library or nonprofit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit library or nonprofit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit library or nonprofit
+educational Institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can you can borrow from a library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you can borrow from a library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you can borrow from a library
+because of this triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exemption you can rent video games uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption you can rent video games uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption you can rent video games uh
+that's true because here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true because here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true because here we have a
+another triple exemption which says this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another triple exemption which says this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another triple exemption which says this
+subsection does not apply to uh that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsection does not apply to uh that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsection does not apply to uh that two
+a computer program embodied in or used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer program embodied in or used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer program embodied in or used
+in conjunction with a limited purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conjunction with a limited purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conjunction with a limited purpose
+computer that is designed for playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that is designed for playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that is designed for playing
+video games and maybe designed for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video games and maybe designed for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video games and maybe designed for other
+purposes so you can rent you can't PC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes so you can rent you can't PC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes so you can rent you can't PC
+video games but you can rent like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video games but you can rent like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video games but you can rent like an
+Xbox video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then uh there's a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then uh there's a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then uh there's a lot of other
+stuff here okay so the point is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here okay so the point is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here okay so the point is that you
+know people just sort of assume that oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people just sort of assume that oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people just sort of assume that oh
+I've got the work I can give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the work I can give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the work I can give it to
+somebody else um but you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else um but you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else um but you know it's
+subject to all these complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to all these complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to all these complicated
+exemptions so Blockbuster can just buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemptions so Blockbuster can just buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemptions so Blockbuster can just buy a
+tape and start renting it absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape and start renting it absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape and start renting it absolutely
+could I buy a tape and rent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I buy a tape and rent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I buy a tape and rent it
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um now Blockbuster used to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um now Blockbuster used to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um now Blockbuster used to actually
+used to do that they used to just buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to do that they used to just buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to do that they used to just buy
+the tape and start renting it but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape and start renting it but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape and start renting it but they
+had some problems because you they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some problems because you they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some problems because you they you
+know they wanted to first of all they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they wanted to first of all they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they wanted to first of all they
+couldn't get enough copies of the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get enough copies of the tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get enough copies of the tape
+and the movie studios quickly realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the movie studios quickly realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the movie studios quickly realized
+what was going on and so they would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on and so they would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on and so they would say
+okay for the first six months or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for the first six months or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for the first six months or the
+first three months that this movie is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three months that this movie is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three months that this movie is
+out on tape we're going to sell it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on tape we're going to sell it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on tape we're going to sell it for a
+hundred bucks a copy and then we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred bucks a copy and then we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred bucks a copy and then we'll call
+this the rental period And then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the rental period And then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the rental period And then after
+the three months then we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three months then we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three months then we'll start
+selling it for 10 bucks a copy so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling it for 10 bucks a copy so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling it for 10 bucks a copy so so
+Blockbuster would be able to buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blockbuster would be able to buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blockbuster would be able to buy the
+tape but if they wanted it early they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape but if they wanted it early they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape but if they wanted it early they'd
+have to pay you know 100 bucks per copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay you know 100 bucks per copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay you know 100 bucks per copy
+and then they might only have two copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they might only have two copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they might only have two copies
+and it wouldn't be in stock and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wouldn't be in stock and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wouldn't be in stock and so
+Blockbuster by the way who owns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Blockbuster it's mostly owned or it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blockbuster it's mostly owned or it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blockbuster it's mostly owned or it was
+owned by Viacom which is this huge media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned by Viacom which is this huge media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned by Viacom which is this huge media
+conglomerate that also owns Paramount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conglomerate that also owns Paramount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conglomerate that also owns Paramount
+Pictures and MTV and Nickelodeon and CBS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pictures and MTV and Nickelodeon and CBS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pictures and MTV and Nickelodeon and CBS
+and uh Simon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Simon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Simon and
+shist and uh so Blockbuster with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shist and uh so Blockbuster with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shist and uh so Blockbuster with their
+Partners at Paramount they went to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners at Paramount they went to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners at Paramount they went to other
+movie studios and they said look guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie studios and they said look guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie studios and they said look guys
+you know we're not out to screw you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're not out to screw you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're not out to screw you we
+make money from movies you make a heck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money from movies you make a heck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money from movies you make a heck
+of a lot of movie from money from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of movie from money from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of movie from money from
+rentals why don't we reach a deal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rentals why don't we reach a deal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rentals why don't we reach a deal here
+well you'll give us unlimited copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you'll give us unlimited copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you'll give us unlimited copies of
+the movie and we'll just share the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie and we'll just share the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie and we'll just share the
+profits with you so they eventually did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits with you so they eventually did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits with you so they eventually did
+that so but the smaller movie studios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so but the smaller movie studios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so but the smaller movie studios
+who don't have the cloud to negotiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't have the cloud to negotiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't have the cloud to negotiate
+those kinds of agreements they just buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of agreements they just buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of agreements they just buy
+a copy and they rent it and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy and they rent it and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy and they rent it and that's why
+you'll sometimes see on Amazon when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll sometimes see on Amazon when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll sometimes see on Amazon when
+they're selling a you know DVD you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're selling a you know DVD you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're selling a you know DVD you know
+it'll be for $100 you're like how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be for $100 you're like how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be for $100 you're like how can
+this be but it's because it's still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be but it's because it's still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be but it's because it's still in
+the period when uh they you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period when uh they you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period when uh they you know they
+want to still the initial period when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to still the initial period when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to still the initial period when
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+available okay but um for instance if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available okay but um for instance if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available okay but um for instance if I
+um have a song on my hard drive can I um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have a song on my hard drive can I um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have a song on my hard drive can I um
+give it to you by emailing it to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it to you by emailing it to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it to you by emailing it to you and
+then deleting it from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then deleting it from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then deleting it from my
+copy is that is that covered by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy is that is that covered by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy is that is that covered by this
+exemption if I have a a CD that I own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption if I have a a CD that I own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption if I have a a CD that I own
+can I just give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just give it to
+you assuming it's not on that list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assuming it's not on that list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assuming it's not on that list of
+NAFTA works if I have a CD can I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAFTA works if I have a CD can I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAFTA works if I have a CD can I just
+give it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it to you
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+totally even if I am making money off it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally even if I am making money off it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally even if I am making money off it
+I can sell it to you right I just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can sell it to you right I just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can sell it to you right I just can't
+rent lease or lend it okay but if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent lease or lend it okay but if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent lease or lend it okay but if I have
+a MP3 file on my hard drive that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a MP3 file on my hard drive that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a MP3 file on my hard drive that's
+legally obtained let's say I got it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legally obtained let's say I got it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legally obtained let's say I got it from
+the iTunes music store or something can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iTunes music store or something can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iTunes music store or something can
+I email it to you and delete it from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I email it to you and delete it from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I email it to you and delete it from my
+own hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own hard
+drive is that am I Distributing it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive is that am I Distributing it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive is that am I Distributing it to
+you you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you did so y says you did make a copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did so y says you did make a copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did so y says you did make a copy
+but you said deleting afterward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sounds Yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well yeah let's maybe not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah let's maybe not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah let's maybe not exactly
+iTunes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iTunes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iTunes
+um yeah well so there is a case uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah well so there is a case uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah well so there is a case uh and
+this was an amazing case okay where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was an amazing case okay where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was an amazing case okay where the
+somebody took a master an LP Master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody took a master an LP Master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody took a master an LP Master
+people know what an LP is it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know what an LP is it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know what an LP is it's this
+vinyl disc that so they took an LP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vinyl disc that so they took an LP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vinyl disc that so they took an LP
+master and they distributed it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master and they distributed it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master and they distributed it by
+carving the pits out of it carving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carving the pits out of it carving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carving the pits out of it carving the
+actual coating off of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual coating off of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual coating off of it and
+transferring it onto some other LP maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring it onto some other LP maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring it onto some other LP maybe
+to improve the quality or something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve the quality or something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve the quality or something and
+as an essential step in carving out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an essential step in carving out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an essential step in carving out the
+front of the disc they had to destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the disc they had to destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the disc they had to destroy
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+original um and and the Court held that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original um and and the Court held that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original um and and the Court held that
+that was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not a
+reproduction if it's you know as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction if it's you know as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction if it's you know as an
+essential step in the transfer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential step in the transfer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential step in the transfer you
+destroy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy the
+original uh but in this case when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original uh but in this case when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original uh but in this case when I
+email it to you it's not really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email it to you it's not really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email it to you it's not really an
+essential step to destroy it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential step to destroy it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential step to destroy it is
+it so it's it's not a distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it's it's not a distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it's it's not a distribution and
+there's no even though it's it it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no even though it's it it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no even though it's it it seems
+like the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the same thing
+um it's it's not really so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's not really so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's not really so when you
+email songs it's not um it it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email songs it's not um it it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email songs it's not um it it is a
+reproduction now what about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction now what about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction now what about just
+streaming you know you've got something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streaming you know you've got something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streaming you know you've got something
+on your iTunes uh in your iTunes and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your iTunes uh in your iTunes and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your iTunes uh in your iTunes and I'm
+on this in the same dormatory as you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this in the same dormatory as you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this in the same dormatory as you so
+I can it lets you just stream it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can it lets you just stream it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can it lets you just stream it right
+is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a
+reproduction I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+line yeah think he's talking about yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line yeah think he's talking about yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line yeah think he's talking about yeah
+let's just talk about iTunes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the way okay sorry yeah so so is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way okay sorry yeah so so is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way okay sorry yeah so so is that
+uh making a reproduction or not how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh making a reproduction or not how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh making a reproduction or not how does
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+work say again buffering yeah so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work say again buffering yeah so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work say again buffering yeah so now
+you're worried about anti- Skip buffers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um the
+um the law is not totally clear as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the law is not totally clear as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the law is not totally clear as to
+whether those are supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether those are supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether those are supposed to be
+reproductions or not but almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductions or not but almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductions or not but almost all
+parties well it's just not clear Yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties well it's just not clear Yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties well it's just not clear Yeah
+question sure um for lamp do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question sure um for lamp do you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question sure um for lamp do you guys
+have uh the right to reproduce SE or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh the right to reproduce SE or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh the right to reproduce SE or no
+okay I think we'll talk about lamp today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think we'll talk about lamp today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think we'll talk about lamp today
+I'll try and get to lamp but um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try and get to lamp but um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try and get to lamp but um so the
+law is actually I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law is actually I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law is actually I I
+went the answer with the iTunes is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went the answer with the iTunes is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went the answer with the iTunes is um
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+confusing uh Congress has sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing uh Congress has sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing uh Congress has sort of
+reached an informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached an informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached an informal
+deal that uh sorry I'm this is just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal that uh sorry I'm this is just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal that uh sorry I'm this is just for
+my own notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own notes
+I'll put it here Congress has reached an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put it here Congress has reached an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put it here Congress has reached an
+informal deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whoops Congress has has tried to reach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops Congress has has tried to reach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops Congress has has tried to reach a
+deal where internet streaming that is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal where internet streaming that is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal where internet streaming that is on
+demand they will consider to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand they will consider to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand they will consider to be a
+reproduction and internet streaming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction and internet streaming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction and internet streaming that
+is not on demand they want to be not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not on demand they want to be not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not on demand they want to be not a
+reproduction um well that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction um well that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction um well that's a good
+question uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the difference between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between a
+person something and radio public radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person something and radio public radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person something and radio public radio
+you don't control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't control the
+playlist yeah well the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playlist yeah well the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playlist yeah well the the the the
+intent of Cong I mean what Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent of Cong I mean what Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent of Cong I mean what Congress
+seems to have intended is that if the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to have intended is that if the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to have intended is that if the if
+you're if it's like iTunes and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if it's like iTunes and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if it's like iTunes and you can
+choose what the person is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what the person is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what the person is going to
+stream to you that that is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream to you that that is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream to you that that is supposed to
+involve a reproduction probably and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a reproduction probably and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a reproduction probably and but
+if it's just sort of the internet radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's just sort of the internet radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's just sort of the internet radio
+station which is covered by a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station which is covered by a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station which is covered by a whole
+separate licensing regime as you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate licensing regime as you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate licensing regime as you talk
+about that that is is not supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that that is is not supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that that is is not supposed to be
+a reproduction but there's no uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reproduction but there's no uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reproduction but there's no uh
+technical difference between what's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical difference between what's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical difference between what's used
+for one and what's used for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one and what's used for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one and what's used for the other
+right they're both they'll use real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're both they'll use real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're both they'll use real
+audio or the same kind of streaming so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio or the same kind of streaming so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio or the same kind of streaming so
+it's not clear how it could really make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear how it could really make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear how it could really make
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+difference um and so I went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference um and so I went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference um and so I went to the
+library and looked at what we can let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and looked at what we can let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and looked at what we can let's
+see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law well anyway I looked at the library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law well anyway I looked at the library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law well anyway I looked at the library
+at what nimmer said about that and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what nimmer said about that and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what nimmer said about that and he
+said here's what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says he says more confusing than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says he says more confusing than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says he says more confusing than
+clarifying is the statutory reference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarifying is the statutory reference to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarifying is the statutory reference to
+a real-time non-interactive subscription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real-time non-interactive subscription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real-time non-interactive subscription
+transmission the qualified nature leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission the qualified nature leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission the qualified nature leads
+to the question how should one treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question how should one treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question how should one treat
+either an interactive or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either an interactive or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either an interactive or a
+non-subscription transmission in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-subscription transmission in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-subscription transmission in real
+time even in a context in which no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time even in a context in which no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time even in a context in which no
+reproduction is made and he just to TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction is made and he just to TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction is made and he just to TP
+to the conclusion he says it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the conclusion he says it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the conclusion he says it seems to
+Bear out Murphy's law that by striving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bear out Murphy's law that by striving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bear out Murphy's law that by striving
+too hard to make everything perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard to make everything perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard to make everything perfectly
+clear one inevitably injects ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear one inevitably injects ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear one inevitably injects ambiguity
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+mix so we don't really know whether um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix so we don't really know whether um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix so we don't really know whether um
+getting something from iTunes involves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting something from iTunes involves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting something from iTunes involves a
+reproduction or not let's say that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction or not let's say that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction or not let's say that it
+doesn't um is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+legal your neighbor down the hall is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal your neighbor down the hall is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal your neighbor down the hall is
+playing some music kind of loud um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing some music kind of loud um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing some music kind of loud um and
+you're just listening to it is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just listening to it is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just listening to it is that is
+that legal yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that legal yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that legal yes
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're not part of theend audence you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not part of theend audence you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not part of theend audence you're
+not part oh I see okay so so maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not part oh I see okay so so maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not part oh I see okay so so maybe it's
+leg so fine so now you're streaming it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg so fine so now you're streaming it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg so fine so now you're streaming it
+from your neighbor on the hall to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your neighbor on the hall to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your neighbor on the hall to your
+own computer is that a how would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own computer is that a how would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own computer is that a how would we
+answer the question if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question if that's
+legal right to do that well what what so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal right to do that well what what so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal right to do that well what what so
+what right would he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need yeah it's the performance right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need yeah it's the performance right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need yeah it's the performance right
+that we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about deal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+yeah so the way IUN works is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the way IUN works is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the way IUN works is that it
+lets anybody sort of in your subnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets anybody sort of in your subnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets anybody sort of in your subnet
+stream your music so when you if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream your music so when you if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream your music so when you if you're
+on uh in East Campus and you're on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh in East Campus and you're on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh in East Campus and you're on the
+first floor on the north side of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first floor on the north side of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first floor on the north side of these
+campus and you're streaming something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and you're streaming something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and you're streaming something
+from somebody on the fifth floor on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somebody on the fifth floor on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somebody on the fifth floor on the
+South Side um I mean what's is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Side um I mean what's is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Side um I mean what's is that a
+public performance what's the we read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public performance what's the we read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public performance what's the we read
+the on command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on command
+case what was the the rubric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what was the the rubric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what was the the rubric
+there that it was why well what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that it was why well what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that it was why well what are the
+limits on a who can who can be there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits on a who can who can be there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits on a who can who can be there for
+public performance well they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public performance well they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public performance well they're all
+social acquaintances they're all says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social acquaintances they're all says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social acquaintances they're all says
+they're all social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all social
+acquaintances the language is friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquaintances the language is friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquaintances the language is friends
+and social acquaintances right or family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social acquaintances right or family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social acquaintances right or family
+and its social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its social
+acquaintances I have 101
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here um to perform or display a work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um to perform or display a work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um to perform or display a work
+publicly means uh to perform or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly means uh to perform or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly means uh to perform or
+displayed at a place open to the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displayed at a place open to the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displayed at a place open to the public
+or at any place where a substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at any place where a substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at any place where a substantial
+number of persons outside of a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of persons outside of a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of persons outside of a normal
+circle of a family and a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of a family and a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of a family and a social
+acquaintances is gathered or to transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquaintances is gathered or to transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquaintances is gathered or to transmit
+or otherwise communicate it to that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or otherwise communicate it to that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or otherwise communicate it to that sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+yeah so I don't know is all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I don't know is all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I don't know is all of these
+campus really a normal circle of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus really a normal circle of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus really a normal circle of a
+family at Social acquaintances or a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family at Social acquaintances or a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family at Social acquaintances or a more
+normal dorm is that a normal circle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal dorm is that a normal circle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal dorm is that a normal circle of
+family social aquaintances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about there's there's programs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about there's there's programs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about there's there's programs that
+let you use iTunes over the all of MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right well but there's programs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well but there's programs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well but there's programs that
+bridge the networks right so are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge the networks right so are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge the networks right so are those
+now do we think starting to break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do we think starting to break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do we think starting to break the
+law what about all of the internet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law what about all of the internet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law what about all of the internet you
+can stream music from anybody else on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stream music from anybody else on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stream music from anybody else on
+the Internet is that definitely illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i' say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' say that's
+public so just because iTunes lets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public so just because iTunes lets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public so just because iTunes lets you
+do it doesn't really make it legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it doesn't really make it legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it doesn't really make it legal
+right I think a lot of people assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think a lot of people assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think a lot of people assume
+that just because it's in iTunes it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just because it's in iTunes it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just because it's in iTunes it must
+be legal but in fact iTunes will let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be legal but in fact iTunes will let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be legal but in fact iTunes will let you
+break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the
+law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I guess you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess you could
+always take the stream and like make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always take the stream and like make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always take the stream and like make
+your own copy of the song you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own copy of the song you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own copy of the song you want to
+but that's not something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not something I
+they be responsible for yeah they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be responsible for yeah they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be responsible for yeah they would
+be responsible for yeah I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be responsible for yeah I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be responsible for yeah I don't think
+they'd be responsible but it does let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd be responsible but it does let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd be responsible but it does let
+you break the law okay and what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you break the law okay and what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you break the law okay and what about
+um what about if you have your boom box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what about if you have your boom box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what about if you have your boom box
+out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in
+uh Harvard Square and you're listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Harvard Square and you're listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Harvard Square and you're listening
+to music really loud is that against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law it's public or like if you have a AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law it's public or like if you have a AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law it's public or like if you have a AC
+capella you know a singing group and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capella you know a singing group and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capella you know a singing group and you
+go out there and sing a beetle song you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out there and sing a beetle song you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out there and sing a beetle song you
+don't you're not P The Beetles anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you're not P The Beetles anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you're not P The Beetles anything
+but you go out there and saying you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you go out there and saying you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you go out there and saying you know
+all my Lov out there in Harvard Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my Lov out there in Harvard Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my Lov out there in Harvard Square
+is that against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law profit ah okay so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law profit ah okay so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law profit ah okay so what is the
+stuff basically say if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff basically say if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff basically say if you are
+performing for profit then what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing for profit then what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing for profit then what if
+you're not getting any money what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not getting any money what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not getting any money what if
+it's just Harvard Square you got your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just Harvard Square you got your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just Harvard Square you got your
+boom box pretty loud if you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom box pretty loud if you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom box pretty loud if you're just
+covering your cost and not Charing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering your cost and not Charing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering your cost and not Charing
+people for admission and what section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for admission and what section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for admission and what section
+says that I'll cover up the soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+section 110 okay did people like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 110 okay did people like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 110 okay did people like this
+one pretty long pretty long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pretty long pretty long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pretty long pretty long
+well yeah well this first one is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah well this first one is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah well this first one is a real
+problem this first one is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this first one is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this first one is supposed to be
+for see the problem is there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for see the problem is there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for see the problem is there's an
+exemption what's called face-to-face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption what's called face-to-face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption what's called face-to-face
+teaching so I could play up here any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching so I could play up here any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching so I could play up here any
+movie ever publicly perform it to all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie ever publicly perform it to all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie ever publicly perform it to all of
+you um if as long as it's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um if as long as it's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um if as long as it's part of
+legitimate face-to-face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate face-to-face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate face-to-face
+teaching but now the schools are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching but now the schools are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching but now the schools are like
+what about distance learning we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about distance learning we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about distance learning we want to
+have open course we want to have open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have open course we want to have open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have open course we want to have open
+course whereare we want to have distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course whereare we want to have distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course whereare we want to have distance
+learning where students in you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning where students in you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning where students in you know we
+have it students in Singapore can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it students in Singapore can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it students in Singapore can take
+MIT classes via video conference can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT classes via video conference can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT classes via video conference can I
+does the face-to-face teaching exemption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the face-to-face teaching exemption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the face-to-face teaching exemption
+still applicable well let's look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still applicable well let's look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still applicable well let's look at what
+the face-to-face teaching but here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face-to-face teaching but here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face-to-face teaching but here it is
+number one not withstanding the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one not withstanding the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one not withstanding the core
+rights the following are non of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights the following are non of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights the following are non of
+copyrights one the performance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrights one the performance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrights one the performance or
+display of a work by instructors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display of a work by instructors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display of a work by instructors or
+pupils in the course of face-to-face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupils in the course of face-to-face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupils in the course of face-to-face
+teaching activities of a nonprofit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching activities of a nonprofit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching activities of a nonprofit
+educational institution in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational institution in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational institution in a
+classroom in a classroom okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom in a classroom okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom in a classroom okay so the
+Singapore MIT Alliance says well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore MIT Alliance says well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore MIT Alliance says well how
+about us you know Singapore it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about us you know Singapore it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about us you know Singapore it's not
+really within a classroom anymore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really within a classroom anymore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really within a classroom anymore it
+goes all across the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes all across the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes all across the entire
+world so Congress is like okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so Congress is like okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so Congress is like okay we're
+going to pass the teach act which is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pass the teach act which is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pass the teach act which is a a
+whole another complicated regime having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole another complicated regime having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole another complicated regime having
+to do with distance learning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with distance learning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with distance learning that
+um that's probably number it gets very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's probably number it gets very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's probably number it gets very
+complicated here but there's all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated here but there's all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated here but there's all these
+exemptions for that an open cour where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemptions for that an open cour where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemptions for that an open cour where I
+think is not covered by the tck because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is not covered by the tck because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is not covered by the tck because
+it's not part of an instructional regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not part of an instructional regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not part of an instructional regime
+so open course has to go and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so open course has to go and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so open course has to go and get
+copyright clearance for everything they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright clearance for everything they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright clearance for everything they
+put on open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on open
+courseware and uh they spend a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware and uh they spend a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware and uh they spend a lot of
+time on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay are they applicable to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are they applicable to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are they applicable to other
+countries you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shareone well there's a service called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareone well there's a service called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareone well there's a service called
+what is it mp3.ru do people know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it mp3.ru do people know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it mp3.ru do people know this
+one it's um all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's um all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's um all of
+mp3.com has anybody ever used all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mp3.com has anybody ever used all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mp3.com has anybody ever used all of
+mp3.com you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mp3.com you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mp3.com you've seen
+it it looked dubious apparently it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it looked dubious apparently it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it looked dubious apparently it has
+really good quality music and it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good quality music and it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good quality music and it's so
+cheap and it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap and it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap and it's in
+Russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+um it's it's probably not illegal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's probably not illegal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's probably not illegal for
+Americans to buy things from all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans to buy things from all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans to buy things from all of
+mp3.com because the end result is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mp3.com because the end result is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mp3.com because the end result is that
+you end up making a copy of the music on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up making a copy of the music on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up making a copy of the music on
+your hard drive in America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hard drive in America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hard drive in America
+and unless you have permission it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unless you have permission it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unless you have permission it's
+probably against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law um but it's true that things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law um but it's true that things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law um but it's true that things can
+very complicated internationally in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated internationally in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated internationally in fact
+there's a Prohibition on importing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Prohibition on importing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Prohibition on importing
+copies uh if you're an importer and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies uh if you're an importer and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies uh if you're an importer and you
+know if something's released in France
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if something's released in France
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if something's released in France
+some music CD and not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some music CD and not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some music CD and not in
+America I don't have one here but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America I don't have one here but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America I don't have one here but anyway
+if something's released in France and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something's released in France and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something's released in France and
+not in America you can't just say oh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in America you can't just say oh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in America you can't just say oh I'm
+going to import a thousand copies uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to import a thousand copies uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to import a thousand copies uh
+that's not okay that's prohibited now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not okay that's prohibited now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not okay that's prohibited now
+you there's then then there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's then then there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's then then there's an
+exemption to that C to that that says if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption to that C to that that says if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption to that C to that that says if
+it's in your luggage it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it may be for private use I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it may be for private use I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it may be for private use I don't
+we can look that up I think that's but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look that up I think that's but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look that up I think that's but
+the point is that but you see how now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that but you see how now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that but you see how now
+why the cover LW has to be so long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the cover LW has to be so long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the cover LW has to be so long
+because it's concerned with things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's concerned with things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's concerned with things like
+luggage and anti-ip buffers and I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luggage and anti-ip buffers and I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luggage and anti-ip buffers and I mean
+it's concerned with every one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's concerned with every one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's concerned with every one of these
+activities and and and not in a holistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and and and not in a holistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and and and not in a holistic
+way it treats movies differently from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it treats movies differently from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it treats movies differently from
+music it treats atlases differently from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music it treats atlases differently from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music it treats atlases differently from
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+books I mean it's you know if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books I mean it's you know if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books I mean it's you know if you have
+an almanac that has maps in it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an almanac that has maps in it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an almanac that has maps in it is that
+an atlas or is I mean who knows I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atlas or is I mean who knows I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atlas or is I mean who knows I mean
+the the Copyright Act reflects this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Copyright Act reflects this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Copyright Act reflects this
+series of carefully wrot out compromises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of carefully wrot out compromises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of carefully wrot out compromises
+and it's not so easy to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not so easy to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not so easy to have some
+holistic Truth uh some holistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holistic Truth uh some holistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holistic Truth uh some holistic
+expression about the whole thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression about the whole thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression about the whole thing and
+that's why it's so long it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's so long it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's so long it's you know
+what is your luggage uh nimmer has got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is your luggage uh nimmer has got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is your luggage uh nimmer has got
+this whole thing about you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing about you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing about you know that
+exemption we were talking about or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption we were talking about or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption we were talking about or
+there's one in section 110 about playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one in section 110 about playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one in section 110 about playing
+stuff in your home well what if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in your home well what if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in your home well what if you've
+got your in your car and it's blasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got your in your car and it's blasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got your in your car and it's blasting
+the stereo um that is that your home you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stereo um that is that your home you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stereo um that is that your home you
+know all sorts of questions so um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all sorts of questions so um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all sorts of questions so um you
+know the coperate ACT it's pretty rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the coperate ACT it's pretty rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the coperate ACT it's pretty rare
+for a federal law to be concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a federal law to be concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a federal law to be concerned with
+all this minutia but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this minutia but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this minutia but
+um you know it is because it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it is because it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it is because it has to be
+um you know it has to be concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it has to be concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it has to be concerned about
+things like is a capacitor reproduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like is a capacitor reproduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like is a capacitor reproduction
+or not it it really the the the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not it it really the the the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not it it really the the the most
+internal details of how a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal details of how a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal details of how a machine
+operates are essential to copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates are essential to copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates are essential to copyright
+questions and so people criticize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and so people criticize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and so people criticize the
+Copyright Act they say this is a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copyright Act they say this is a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copyright Act they say this is a you
+know regulating all information in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know regulating all information in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know regulating all information in any
+way you want to trade information no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you want to trade information no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you want to trade information no
+with any device no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any device no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any device no matter how
+microscopic now comes within the purview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic now comes within the purview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic now comes within the purview
+of the cooporate ACT does anybody think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cooporate ACT does anybody think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cooporate ACT does anybody think
+that that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate
+nobody I mean I think it's accurate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody I mean I think it's accurate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody I mean I think it's accurate I
+mean I got interested in copyright not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I got interested in copyright not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I got interested in copyright not
+because I wanted to go to law school but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wanted to go to law school but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wanted to go to law school but
+cuz you know I wanted to watch DVDs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you know I wanted to watch DVDs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you know I wanted to watch DVDs
+under Linux and you you know well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under Linux and you you know well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under Linux and you you know well for
+reasons we'll talk about in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons we'll talk about in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons we'll talk about in the next
+class you can't do that legally and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you can't do that legally and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you can't do that legally and I
+started learning about copyright and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started learning about copyright and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started learning about copyright and I
+was like oh my God and uh you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like oh my God and uh you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like oh my God and uh you know I
+think I find at least C can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I find at least C can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I find at least C can be very
+thrilling from an engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrilling from an engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrilling from an engineering
+perspective because there's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective because there's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective because there's so many
+little pieces and they fit together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces and they fit together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces and they fit together in
+all these non-obvious ways and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these non-obvious ways and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these non-obvious ways and then
+there's disputes that you would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's disputes that you would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's disputes that you would never
+think about and and then there's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about and and then there's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about and and then there's you
+know I find it it's interesting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I find it it's interesting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I find it it's interesting from
+from a sort of minutia perspective which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a sort of minutia perspective which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a sort of minutia perspective which
+of course is not how lawyers like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is not how lawyers like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is not how lawyers like to
+think about it but um but no think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it but um but no think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it but um but no think it's
+true that that the Copyright Act is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that that the Copyright Act is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that that the Copyright Act is
+relevant to almost anything you do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to almost anything you do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to almost anything you do these
+days because with information because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days because with information because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days because with information because
+computers are um they're like copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers are um they're like copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers are um they're like copy
+machines I mean that's exactly what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines I mean that's exactly what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines I mean that's exactly what they
+do everything a computer does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything a computer does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything a computer does is
+copying um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying um
+so I mean how do you build up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean how do you build up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean how do you build up the
+integers in set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers in set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers in set
+theory if you got three how do you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you do
+what a derivative work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a derivative work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a derivative work
+well just if you want to construct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just if you want to construct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just if you want to construct the
+integers right you have to take three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers right you have to take three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers right you have to take three
+and you put it in an ordered pair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put it in an ordered pair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put it in an ordered pair and
+then you make another ordered pair on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you make another ordered pair on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you make another ordered pair on
+the outside right that's how you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside right that's how you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside right that's how you make
+four so any operation in formal logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so any operation in formal logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so any operation in formal logic
+which is what computers are it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what computers are it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what computers are it's about
+copying uh so I mean I'm not saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying uh so I mean I'm not saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying uh so I mean I'm not saying
+that's a good way for things to be but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good way for things to be but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good way for things to be but I
+think that the the worry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the the worry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the the worry of the
+criticizers that this federal law is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticizers that this federal law is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticizers that this federal law is now
+applicable to the most minute details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to the most minute details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to the most minute details of
+anything you want to do in engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want to do in engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want to do in engineering
+is is basically true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay sorry where were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry where were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry where were
+we oh section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we oh section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we oh section
+110 so oh okay so here's all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+110 so oh okay so here's all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+110 so oh okay so here's all these
+exemptions there's the exemption for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemptions there's the exemption for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemptions there's the exemption for
+distance learning you know because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance learning you know because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance learning you know because they
+have to argue about what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to argue about what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to argue about what is a
+classroom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom and
+here there's an exemption for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's an exemption for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's an exemption for
+performance of a non-dramatic music or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a non-dramatic music or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a non-dramatic music or
+literary musical work of a religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary musical work of a religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary musical work of a religious
+nature or display of the work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature or display of the work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature or display of the work in the
+course of services at a place of worship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of services at a place of worship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of services at a place of worship
+or other religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other religious
+assembly you can imagine how comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly you can imagine how comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly you can imagine how comfortable
+a judge would be about having to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a judge would be about having to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a judge would be about having to decide
+I mean let's say um the what's the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean let's say um the what's the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean let's say um the what's the group
+at MIT the campus Crusade for cthulu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT the campus Crusade for cthulu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT the campus Crusade for cthulu is
+anybody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody in
+that I don't exactly know what it is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't exactly know what it is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't exactly know what it is but
+it's some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some sort
+of Quasi spiritual group I think I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Quasi spiritual group I think I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Quasi spiritual group I think I mean
+is that a place of worship or religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a place of worship or religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a place of worship or religious
+assembly I mean who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly I mean who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly I mean who
+knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows
+um I mean and here's the one about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean and here's the one about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean and here's the one about
+Harvard Square performance of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard Square performance of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard Square performance of a
+non-dramatic literary or musical work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dramatic literary or musical work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dramatic literary or musical work
+otherwise than in a transmission to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise than in a transmission to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise than in a transmission to the
+public so we're not talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public so we're not talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public so we're not talking about a
+transmission here just a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission here just a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission here just a straight
+performance without any purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance without any purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance without any purpose of
+direct or indirect commercial advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct or indirect commercial advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct or indirect commercial advantage
+and without payment of any fee or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without payment of any fee or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without payment of any fee or other
+compensation for the performance to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation for the performance to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation for the performance to any
+of its performers promoters or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its performers promoters or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its performers promoters or
+organizers so when the MIT logarithms go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizers so when the MIT logarithms go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizers so when the MIT logarithms go
+in kresy and they sing there you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kresy and they sing there you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kresy and they sing there you know to
+packed audience it does that need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed audience it does that need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed audience it does that need the
+permission of any copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+owner come on no yes no it doesn't okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner come on no yes no it doesn't okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner come on no yes no it doesn't okay
+what if they stick out like their hat oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if they stick out like their hat oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if they stick out like their hat oh
+what if they stick out their hat asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if they stick out their hat asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if they stick out their hat asking
+for money well it's if there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for money well it's if there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for money well it's if there is no
+direct or indirect admissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct or indirect admissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct or indirect admissions
+charge sticking out the Hat's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge sticking out the Hat's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge sticking out the Hat's not really
+asking for money is it yeah ask it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for money is it yeah ask it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for money is it yeah ask it's
+optional yeah I don't know I me I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional yeah I don't know I me I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional yeah I don't know I me I don't
+know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay and here's another one five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and here's another one five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and here's another one five
+except is provided in subc B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except is provided in subc B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except is provided in subc B
+communication of a transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication of a transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication of a transmission
+embodying a performance or display of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodying a performance or display of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodying a performance or display of a
+work by the public reception of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work by the public reception of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work by the public reception of the
+transmission on a single receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission on a single receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission on a single receiving
+apparatus of a Kind commonly used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus of a Kind commonly used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus of a Kind commonly used in
+private homes what are we talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private homes what are we talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private homes what are we talking about
+here a TV right so they're saying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a TV right so they're saying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a TV right so they're saying you
+can have a single receiving apparatus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a single receiving apparatus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a single receiving apparatus of
+a Kind commonly used in private homes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Kind commonly used in private homes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Kind commonly used in private homes
+anybody been to Legal Seafood recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody been to Legal Seafood recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody been to Legal Seafood recently
+what do they have there right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a
+TV a bank of TVs is that okay a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV a bank of TVs is that okay a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV a bank of TVs is that okay a lot
+maximum four something oh let's read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum four something oh let's read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum four something oh let's read it
+and paragraph B says communication by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paragraph B says communication by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paragraph B says communication by an
+establishment of a transmission or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment of a transmission or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment of a transmission or
+retransmission embodying a performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmission embodying a performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmission embodying a performance
+or display of a non-dramatic musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or display of a non-dramatic musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or display of a non-dramatic musical
+work intended to be received by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work intended to be received by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work intended to be received by the
+general public originated by a radio or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general public originated by a radio or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general public originated by a radio or
+television broadcast station so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television broadcast station so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television broadcast station so that
+means not cable not cable or if an audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means not cable not cable or if an audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means not cable not cable or if an audio
+visual transmission by a cable system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual transmission by a cable system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual transmission by a cable system
+okay that one could be cable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that one could be cable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that one could be cable or
+satellite carrier if in the case of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite carrier if in the case of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite carrier if in the case of an
+establishment other than a food service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment other than a food service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment other than a food service
+or drinking establishment now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or drinking establishment now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or drinking establishment now we're
+talking about the copyright law here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the copyright law here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the copyright law here
+right but now we have to argue about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but now we have to argue about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but now we have to argue about
+food service or drinking either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food service or drinking either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food service or drinking either the
+establishment in which the communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment in which the communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment in which the communication
+occurs has less than 2,000 gross square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs has less than 2,000 gross square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs has less than 2,000 gross square
+feet of space excluding space used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet of space excluding space used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet of space excluding space used for
+customer parking and not for anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer parking and not for anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer parking and not for anything
+else you know you guys already read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you know you guys already read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you know you guys already read this
+right so they not surprising you or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they not surprising you or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they not surprising you or the
+establish was the communication occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish was the communication occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish was the communication occurs
+as 200000 or more gross SC feed of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 200000 or more gross SC feed of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 200000 or more gross SC feed of space
+and if the performance is by Audio means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the performance is by Audio means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the performance is by Audio means
+only the performance is communicated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the performance is communicated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the performance is communicated by
+means of a total of not more than six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of a total of not more than six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of a total of not more than six
+loudspeakers of which not more than four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudspeakers of which not more than four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudspeakers of which not more than four
+loudspeakers are located in any one room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudspeakers are located in any one room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudspeakers are located in any one room
+or if it's by Audio Visual means any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if it's by Audio Visual means any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if it's by Audio Visual means any
+visual portion of the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual portion of the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual portion of the performance
+display is communicated by means of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display is communicated by means of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display is communicated by means of a
+total of not more than four audio visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of not more than four audio visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of not more than four audio visual
+devices of which not more than one audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices of which not more than one audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices of which not more than one audio
+visual device is located in any one room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual device is located in any one room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual device is located in any one room
+and no such audiovisual device has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no such audiovisual device has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no such audiovisual device has a
+diagonal screen size greater than 55
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in so this seems pretty minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so this seems pretty minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so this seems pretty minute
+right and it means when Legal Seafood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it means when Legal Seafood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it means when Legal Seafood
+has more than two TVs in one room they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has more than two TVs in one room they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has more than two TVs in one room they
+could be in trouble at least if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be in trouble at least if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be in trouble at least if they're
+bigger than 2,000 ft of space yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 2,000 ft of space yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 2,000 ft of space yeah
+because that's in the next section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's in the next section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's in the next section
+because there are food service drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are food service drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are food service drinking
+oh okay okay in a food service of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay okay in a food service of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay okay in a food service of
+drinking establishment so they are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking establishment so they are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking establishment so they are in
+trouble right you walk Best Buy and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble right you walk Best Buy and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble right you walk Best Buy and they
+they play movies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they play movies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they play movies the
+same Oh by Best Buy yeah well you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Oh by Best Buy yeah well you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Oh by Best Buy yeah well you're
+right so the so Best Buy is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the so Best Buy is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the so Best Buy is totally
+breaking the law there by having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking the law there by having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking the law there by having the
+same thing on more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+television I said Best Buy is breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television I said Best Buy is breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television I said Best Buy is breaking
+the law by having the same movie on more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law by having the same movie on more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law by having the same movie on more
+than one television I think they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one television I think they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one television I think they can
+have it on as many the audio on as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it on as many the audio on as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it on as many the audio on as many
+as they want I we have to read this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they want I we have to read this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they want I we have to read this more
+closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely
+we have to read it much more closely but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to read it much more closely but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to read it much more closely but
+um I think Best Buy is you know in legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think Best Buy is you know in legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think Best Buy is you know in legal
+Jeopardy well they probably have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeopardy well they probably have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeopardy well they probably have the
+they got the rights to rebroadcasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got the rights to rebroadcasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got the rights to rebroadcasting
+maybe so what seem say they got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so what seem say they got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so what seem say they got the
+rights to rebroadcast why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to rebroadcast why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to rebroadcast why is that
+probably of a TV you think of a TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably of a TV you think of a TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably of a TV you think of a TV
+station no no if they like are playing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station no no if they like are playing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station no no if they like are playing a
+DVD or something like if they or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD or something like if they or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD or something like if they or maybe
+they put in their own content maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put in their own content maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put in their own content maybe they
+put in their own content that's true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in their own content that's true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in their own content that's true but
+if they're doing a TV why is it almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're doing a TV why is it almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're doing a TV why is it almost
+impossible to get the rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who would you have to talk to to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would you have to talk to to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would you have to talk to to get the
+rights oh all the advertisers FCC can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights oh all the advertisers FCC can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights oh all the advertisers FCC can
+the FCC give you the rights who owns the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FCC give you the rights who owns the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FCC give you the rights who owns the
+copyright on the works that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright on the works that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright on the works that are
+transmitted over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted over
+television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television
+who he says that the copyright owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who he says that the copyright owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who he says that the copyright owner
+who's the copyright owner come on yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the copyright owner come on yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the copyright owner come on yes
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+do lots of different companies right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do lots of different companies right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do lots of different companies right the
+copyright on Seinfeld is owned by who by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright on Seinfeld is owned by who by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright on Seinfeld is owned by who by
+AOL Time Warner now just Time Warner the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AOL Time Warner now just Time Warner the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AOL Time Warner now just Time Warner the
+copyright on the NBC News is owned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright on the NBC News is owned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright on the NBC News is owned by
+NBC they copyright on that Saab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NBC they copyright on that Saab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NBC they copyright on that Saab
+commercial is owned by Saab um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial is owned by Saab um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial is owned by Saab um and you
+don't think that they don't object if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that they don't object if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that they don't object if
+you spread on commercials they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spread on commercials they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spread on commercials they they
+do be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do be
+um I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think they
+usually no but if the point is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually no but if the point is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually no but if the point is if you
+play a TV station it's almost impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a TV station it's almost impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a TV station it's almost impossible
+to get the rights because you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the rights because you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the rights because you have no
+idea who to even ask for the rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea who to even ask for the rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea who to even ask for the rights
+until it's already been broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it's already been broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it's already been broadcast
+because you don't know what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't know what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't know what's going to
+be on and once it's been broadcasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on and once it's been broadcasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on and once it's been broadcasted
+it's too late you've already broken the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too late you've already broken the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too late you've already broken the
+law so like have like one TV or they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so like have like one TV or they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so like have like one TV or they had
+more like just TV shows and stuff they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like just TV shows and stuff they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like just TV shows and stuff they'd
+be in trouble well they'd be violating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in trouble well they'd be violating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in trouble well they'd be violating
+the law yeah so when I was at Applebee's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law yeah so when I was at Applebee's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law yeah so when I was at Applebee's
+in Cleveland they had a TV but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Cleveland they had a TV but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Cleveland they had a TV but it was
+muted and they had a little sticker on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muted and they had a little sticker on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muted and they had a little sticker on
+it it was like the audio is muted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was like the audio is muted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was like the audio is muted to
+comply with you know this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comply with you know this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comply with you know this part of the
+copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright
+law they have fewer they have fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law they have fewer they have fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law they have fewer they have fewer
+loudspeakers oh okay I can believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudspeakers oh okay I can believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudspeakers oh okay I can believe
+that anyway so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I don't think anybody really cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't think anybody really cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't think anybody really cares
+but um it's definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um it's definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um it's definitely
+problematic you know if somebody did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic you know if somebody did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic you know if somebody did
+care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh you know there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know there there's
+organizations that um for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations that um for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations that um for instance
+anybody here have an XM Radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody here have an XM Radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody here have an XM Radio
+nobody yes okay and what you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody yes okay and what you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody yes okay and what you know what
+XM has at their headquarters they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XM has at their headquarters they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XM has at their headquarters they have
+like aund how many channels is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it I shouldn't have erased this one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I shouldn't have erased this one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I shouldn't have erased this one but
+you guys remember was there a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys remember was there a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys remember was there a lot of
+channels and how did if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and how did if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and how did if you were
+designing XM radios system how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing XM radios system how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing XM radios system how would you
+do it just forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it just forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it just forget about
+copyright do you think that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright do you think that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright do you think that they have
+like a million CDs there and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a million CDs there and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a million CDs there and there's
+like a library and like they have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a library and like they have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a library and like they have to go
+get the CD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the CD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the CD
+and no what would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no what would you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no what would you do
+big hard drives and you just rip all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big hard drives and you just rip all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big hard drives and you just rip all the
+CDs right well that's exactly what XM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDs right well that's exactly what XM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDs right well that's exactly what XM
+radio did they uh they hired this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio did they uh they hired this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio did they uh they hired this
+company uh Seattle company called loudy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh Seattle company called loudy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh Seattle company called loudy
+to rip all of the CD you know rip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rip all of the CD you know rip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rip all of the CD you know rip
+140,000 CDs onto I think dat tapes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+140,000 CDs onto I think dat tapes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+140,000 CDs onto I think dat tapes or
+some sort of backup tape and the XM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of backup tape and the XM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of backup tape and the XM
+loaded them into their hard drives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded them into their hard drives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded them into their hard drives and
+now the DJs at XM radio can pull up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the DJs at XM radio can pull up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the DJs at XM radio can pull up
+whatever song they want and broadcast it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever song they want and broadcast it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever song they want and broadcast it
+on the air and um XM now rips their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the air and um XM now rips their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the air and um XM now rips their own
+CDs Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDs Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDs Now
+what's the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem with
+this it's a copy yeah they're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a copy yeah they're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a copy yeah they're making
+copies and there is an exemption in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies and there is an exemption in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies and there is an exemption in the
+Copyright Act um okay so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copyright Act um okay so there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copyright Act um okay so there's an
+exemption in the copyri ACT let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption in the copyri ACT let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption in the copyri ACT let's look
+at what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+so you could imagine a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could imagine a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could imagine a situation where
+you had the rights to broadcast a work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had the rights to broadcast a work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had the rights to broadcast a work
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+um okay well first of all how does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay well first of all how does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay well first of all how does a
+radio station play music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they don't need permission for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't need permission for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't need permission for the
+reproduction right but they do need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction right but they do need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction right but they do need
+permission for the performance and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission for the performance and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission for the performance and how
+do they get that do they go to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they get that do they go to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they get that do they go to every
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+songwriter they pay fees to certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songwriter they pay fees to certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songwriter they pay fees to certain
+organizations like they pay fees to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations like they pay fees to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations like they pay fees to
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+organizations like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations like
+ASCAP and who is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASCAP and who is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASCAP and who is in
+ASCAP it's artists and songwriters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASCAP it's artists and songwriters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASCAP it's artists and songwriters
+maybe yeah I think it's American Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yeah I think it's American Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yeah I think it's American Society
+of composers I think authors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of composers I think authors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of composers I think authors and
+publishers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah and there's another organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah and there's another organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah and there's another organization
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+BMI which is broadcast music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BMI which is broadcast music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BMI which is broadcast music
+International and another one called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International and another one called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International and another one called
+seesac which used to be the Society of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seesac which used to be the Society of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seesac which used to be the Society of
+European stage authors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European stage authors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European stage authors and
+composers and who do these organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers and who do these organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers and who do these organizations
+represent do they represent Britney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent do they represent Britney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent do they represent Britney
+Spears they represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spears they represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spears they represent
+songwriters who generally hold uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songwriters who generally hold uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songwriters who generally hold uh
+singers in a sort of contempt and and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singers in a sort of contempt and and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singers in a sort of contempt and and a
+because this you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this you know the
+songwriters I mean my personal opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songwriters I mean my personal opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songwriters I mean my personal opinion
+is that it's a lot harder to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's a lot harder to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's a lot harder to write a
+song than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song than
+to I mean there's a lot of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I mean there's a lot of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I mean there's a lot of people who
+could have sung baby one more time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have sung baby one more time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have sung baby one more time and
+it would have sounded almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have sounded almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have sounded almost
+identical but one guy wrote it and uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical but one guy wrote it and uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical but one guy wrote it and uh at
+least I think that's probably how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least I think that's probably how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least I think that's probably how the
+songwriters feel about it but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songwriters feel about it but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songwriters feel about it but anyway
+Britney Spears gets all the credit even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britney Spears gets all the credit even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britney Spears gets all the credit even
+though the song writer probably gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the song writer probably gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the song writer probably gets
+more money anyway so the song writers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money anyway so the song writers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money anyway so the song writers
+are represented by these groups for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are represented by these groups for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are represented by these groups for
+purpose of Licensing performance rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of Licensing performance rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of Licensing performance rights
+and these groups are the most friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these groups are the most friendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these groups are the most friendly
+organizations you know you could ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations you know you could ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations you know you could ever
+deal with if you're talking to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with if you're talking to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with if you're talking to them
+about trying to get a license you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trying to get a license you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trying to get a license you you
+know if you're a radio station you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're a radio station you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're a radio station you go to
+these groups and you say we're a radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these groups and you say we're a radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these groups and you say we're a radio
+station we would like to broadcast every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station we would like to broadcast every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station we would like to broadcast every
+song and they're like great how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song and they're like great how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song and they're like great how much
+profits are you making we'll take 6% or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits are you making we'll take 6% or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits are you making we'll take 6% or
+something like that and we're happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and we're happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and we're happy to
+write your A license and they'll they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your A license and they'll they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your A license and they'll they'll
+do they'll write you a license for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they'll write you a license for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they'll write you a license for
+anything as long as you pay them there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything as long as you pay them there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything as long as you pay them there's
+no obstacle to getting permission from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no obstacle to getting permission from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no obstacle to getting permission from
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+organizations um and radio stations get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations um and radio stations get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations um and radio stations get
+permission from these organizations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission from these organizations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission from these organizations and
+who else needs to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+permission nightclubs need to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission nightclubs need to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission nightclubs need to get
+permission if they're going to have AXS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission if they're going to have AXS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission if they're going to have AXS
+anybody who has a radio on in public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who has a radio on in public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who has a radio on in public
+generally needs to get permission um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally needs to get permission um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally needs to get permission um
+unless you're part of that food service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're part of that food service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're part of that food service
+or drinking establishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or drinking establishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or drinking establishment
+exemption so if you're a you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption so if you're a you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption so if you're a you know if you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+um a TV store and you want to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a TV store and you want to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a TV store and you want to have the
+radio on or or whatever you need to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio on or or whatever you need to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio on or or whatever you need to talk
+to these guys to publicly perform now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these guys to publicly perform now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these guys to publicly perform now
+these guys have already been paid once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys have already been paid once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys have already been paid once
+by the radio station which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the radio station which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the radio station which is
+broadcasting it then they get paid a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasting it then they get paid a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasting it then they get paid a
+second time by the store that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time by the store that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time by the store that's
+receiving it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving it in
+public um so they taken a lot of money I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public um so they taken a lot of money I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public um so they taken a lot of money I
+think I got there Financial returns they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I got there Financial returns they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I got there Financial returns they
+these two taken like a billion dollars a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two taken like a billion dollars a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two taken like a billion dollars a
+year in Revenue each I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in Revenue each I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in Revenue each I
+think I may have that off by a factor it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I may have that off by a factor it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I may have that off by a factor it
+may be I think it's a billion a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be I think it's a billion a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be I think it's a billion a year
+each this one's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each this one's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each this one's much
+smaller uh but these guys are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller uh but these guys are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller uh but these guys are not
+friendly at all if you are not trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly at all if you are not trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly at all if you are not trying to
+buy a license and there have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a license and there have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a license and there have no
+hesitation about suing nightclubs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitation about suing nightclubs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitation about suing nightclubs and
+you know the nightclubs you know every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the nightclubs you know every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the nightclubs you know every
+year there's a few nightclubs are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year there's a few nightclubs are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year there's a few nightclubs are like
+we don't need a license from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need a license from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need a license from these
+organizations just to sing the songs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations just to sing the songs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations just to sing the songs
+that's ridiculous and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ridiculous and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ridiculous and then the
+organizations will sue them and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations will sue them and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations will sue them and they
+always win these guys never lose um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always win these guys never lose um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always win these guys never lose um I
+mean they're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they're always
+right but um anyway so they represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but um anyway so they represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but um anyway so they represent
+basically every songwriter on the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every songwriter on the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every songwriter on the planet
+not everyone but almost everyone and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone but almost everyone and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone but almost everyone and um
+the radio stations pay a fee to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radio stations pay a fee to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radio stations pay a fee to these
+organizations every year and uh MIT also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations every year and uh MIT also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations every year and uh MIT also
+has a license from these organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a license from these organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a license from these organizations
+just I mean do they need one for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I mean do they need one for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I mean do they need one for like
+the logarithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you answered this before probably not no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you answered this before probably not no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you answered this before probably not no
+um but they have one anyway I mean MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they have one anyway I mean MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they have one anyway I mean MIT
+is a radio station so it would cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a radio station so it would cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a radio station so it would cover
+that um so MIT pays money to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so MIT pays money to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so MIT pays money to these
+organizations uh but does that cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations uh but does that cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations uh but does that cover
+reproduction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction of the
+work if I want to reproduce Britney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work if I want to reproduce Britney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work if I want to reproduce Britney
+spears' song and I have permission from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spears' song and I have permission from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spears' song and I have permission from
+ASCAP is that enough who else do I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASCAP is that enough who else do I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASCAP is that enough who else do I need
+permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission
+from from Britney Spears or her record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from Britney Spears or her record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from Britney Spears or her record
+label and also I still need permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label and also I still need permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label and also I still need permission
+from the songwriter to reproduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the songwriter to reproduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the songwriter to reproduce the
+work uh these organizations only cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh these organizations only cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh these organizations only cover
+performances but you can imagine if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances but you can imagine if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances but you can imagine if I
+want to make a top 10 list if I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a top 10 list if I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a top 10 list if I'm a
+record station I want the top 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record station I want the top 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record station I want the top 10
+Countdown uh I shouldn't have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Countdown uh I shouldn't have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Countdown uh I shouldn't have to get
+permission from everybody to reproduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission from everybody to reproduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission from everybody to reproduce
+the song just to make the top 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the song just to make the top 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the song just to make the top 10
+Countdown right or at least this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Countdown right or at least this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Countdown right or at least this is what
+the record stations would argue they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the record stations would argue they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the record stations would argue they say
+we should be able to make a program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be able to make a program in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be able to make a program in
+advance that has all these songs queued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance that has all these songs queued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance that has all these songs queued
+up on it and then we just pop it in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on it and then we just pop it in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on it and then we just pop it in and
+we play them that's not really any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we play them that's not really any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we play them that's not really any
+different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than
+um just playing them off the CD directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just playing them off the CD directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just playing them off the CD directly
+right that's what the the radio station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what the the radio station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what the the radio station
+said they said it's the same thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they said it's the same thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they said it's the same thing but
+they didn't make this argument to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't make this argument to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't make this argument to the
+courts they made the argument to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courts they made the argument to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courts they made the argument to
+Congress and Congress is like okay since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress and Congress is like okay since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress and Congress is like okay since
+it seems to be in the spirit the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be in the spirit the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be in the spirit the same
+thing we're going to make a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're going to make a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're going to make a special
+exemption for you so that's one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption for you so that's one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption for you so that's one way
+which the it's the same thing argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the it's the same thing argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the it's the same thing argument
+can succeed if you persuade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can succeed if you persuade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can succeed if you persuade
+Congress so made they made this law that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress so made they made this law that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress so made they made this law that
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+um not withstanding the core rights of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not withstanding the core rights of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not withstanding the core rights of
+copyright and except in the case of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright and except in the case of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright and except in the case of an
+audio visual work so not doesn't cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio visual work so not doesn't cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio visual work so not doesn't cover
+Motion Pictures it is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motion Pictures it is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motion Pictures it is not an
+infringement of copyright for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringement of copyright for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringement of copyright for a
+transmitting organization entitled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting organization entitled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting organization entitled to
+transmit to the public a performance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit to the public a performance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit to the public a performance or
+display of a work under a license so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display of a work under a license so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display of a work under a license so
+like somebody who already has an as kep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like somebody who already has an as kep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like somebody who already has an as kep
+license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it it's okay for them to make no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it's okay for them to make no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it's okay for them to make no more
+than one copy or phono record of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one copy or phono record of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one copy or phono record of a
+particular transmission program like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular transmission program like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular transmission program like a
+top 10 list embodying the performance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 10 list embodying the performance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 10 list embodying the performance or
+display if a they keep it to themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display if a they keep it to themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display if a they keep it to themselves
+and don't give it to anybody else B it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't give it to anybody else B it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't give it to anybody else B it's
+used only for their Transmissions within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used only for their Transmissions within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used only for their Transmissions within
+their local service area and C unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their local service area and C unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their local service area and C unless
+it's preserved just for archival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's preserved just for archival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's preserved just for archival
+purposes the copy is destroyed within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes the copy is destroyed within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes the copy is destroyed within
+six months from the date the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months from the date the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months from the date the
+transmission program was first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission program was first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission program was first
+transmitted to the public those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted to the public those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted to the public those are the
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions so now let's go back to XM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so now let's go back to XM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so now let's go back to XM
+radio are they in the clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh can I make the text bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure are they destroying their copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure are they destroying their copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure are they destroying their copy
+months so the question is are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months so the question is are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months so the question is are they
+destroying their copies within six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying their copies within six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying their copies within six
+months I I think that the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Noy can you destroy the copy and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noy can you destroy the copy and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noy can you destroy the copy and then
+reip it yeah I think the answer is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I don't think XM is doing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't think XM is doing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't think XM is doing that we
+can ask them but I think the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask them but I think the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask them but I think the answer is
+no Sirius by the way does the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Sirius by the way does the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Sirius by the way does the exact same
+thing they also hired this company loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they also hired this company loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they also hired this company loud
+ey to do the exact you know very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ey to do the exact you know very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ey to do the exact you know very similar
+thing and I don't think that they're I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I don't think that they're I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I don't think that they're I
+mean I don't think they're hiring loudy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I don't think they're hiring loudy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I don't think they're hiring loudy
+every six months to re rip him so um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every six months to re rip him so um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every six months to re rip him so um I
+mean it's a lot of work to rip it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's a lot of work to rip it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's a lot of work to rip it you
+got to scan the barcode and put it in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to scan the barcode and put it in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to scan the barcode and put it in I
+mean it's not easy so I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's not easy so I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's not easy so I don't think
+they're repping every six months now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're repping every six months now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're repping every six months now
+what's another possible problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another possible problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another possible problem you
+could have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah more than one copy would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem well the another problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well the another problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well the another problem is that
+this applies to a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this applies to a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this applies to a particular
+transmission program embodying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission program embodying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission program embodying the
+performance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance or
+display and uh when they're ripping it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display and uh when they're ripping it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display and uh when they're ripping it
+you know are they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are they really
+making a copy of a program at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a copy of a program at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a copy of a program at that point
+and they're not making the copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not making the copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not making the copy of the
+top 10 list at that point this is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 10 list at that point this is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 10 list at that point this is more
+for if you say we're going to have we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if you say we're going to have we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if you say we're going to have we're
+going to make the top 10 list and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make the top 10 list and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make the top 10 list and that's
+going to be our program but ripping it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our program but ripping it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our program but ripping it
+it's more like we're going to rip every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more like we're going to rip every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more like we're going to rip every
+song by itself and then maybe later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song by itself and then maybe later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song by itself and then maybe later
+we'll assemble them to a top 10 list or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll assemble them to a top 10 list or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll assemble them to a top 10 list or
+maybe we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we're not going
+to um and in fact we can look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um and in fact we can look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um and in fact we can look at what
+transmission program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means which is like what my entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means which is like what my entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means which is like what my entire
+Master's thesis was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master's thesis was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master's thesis was
+on a transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+program uh is a body of material that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh is a body of material that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh is a body of material that as
+an act aggregate has been produced for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an act aggregate has been produced for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an act aggregate has been produced for
+the sole purpose of transmission to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sole purpose of transmission to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sole purpose of transmission to the
+public in sequence and as a unit that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public in sequence and as a unit that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public in sequence and as a unit that's
+a transmission program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transmission program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transmission program
+so yeah it's so it's like if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah it's so it's like if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah it's so it's like if you have
+the top 10 list it's a body of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top 10 list it's a body of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top 10 list it's a body of material
+those 10 songs that as an aggregate have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 10 songs that as an aggregate have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 10 songs that as an aggregate have
+been produced for the sole purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been produced for the sole purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been produced for the sole purpose of
+transmission to the public in sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission to the public in sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission to the public in sequence
+the whole top 10 list and as a unit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole top 10 list and as a unit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole top 10 list and as a unit the
+whole top 10 list so now what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole top 10 list so now what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole top 10 list so now what do we
+think about xm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about xm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about xm's
+ripping are they making transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripping are they making transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripping are they making transmission
+programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs
+well don't answer too quickly well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well don't answer too quickly well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well don't answer too quickly well okay
+answer quickly I don't know yeah I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer quickly I don't know yeah I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer quickly I don't know yeah I don't
+doesn't seems not really what Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seems not really what Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seems not really what Congress
+had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in
+mind uh now this was very relevant to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind uh now this was very relevant to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind uh now this was very relevant to me
+because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in
+2003 um or more like 2002 my friend Josh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 um or more like 2002 my friend Josh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 um or more like 2002 my friend Josh
+and I realized that MIT had these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I realized that MIT had these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I realized that MIT had these
+licenses from ASCAP BMI and seesac and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licenses from ASCAP BMI and seesac and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licenses from ASCAP BMI and seesac and
+we were like we should create an audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were like we should create an audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were like we should create an audio
+on demand service so that people at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on demand service so that people at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on demand service so that people at MIT
+can listen to whatever s they want on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can listen to whatever s they want on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can listen to whatever s they want on
+demand um and we're going to use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand um and we're going to use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand um and we're going to use these
+rights to public performance from askap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to public performance from askap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to public performance from askap
+BMI and CC to do that because they let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BMI and CC to do that because they let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BMI and CC to do that because they let
+us perform whatever we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now did we need Britney Spears's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now did we need Britney Spears's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now did we need Britney Spears's
+permission to do that no why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to do that no why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to do that no why
+not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because
+the because sound recordings don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because sound recordings don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because sound recordings don't have
+any general exclusive right of public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any general exclusive right of public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any general exclusive right of public
+performance it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance it's only
+digitally the only time that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitally the only time that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitally the only time that there's a
+digital analog distinction is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital analog distinction is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital analog distinction is about
+performances and the distinction is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances and the distinction is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances and the distinction is that
+sound recordings for an analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound recordings for an analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound recordings for an analog
+transmission there's no exclusive right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission there's no exclusive right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission there's no exclusive right
+but for a digital audio transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a digital audio transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a digital audio transmission
+there is an exclusive right so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an exclusive right so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an exclusive right so if we
+were going to be making a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to be making a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to be making a digital
+transmission service we would need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission service we would need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission service we would need
+Britney Spears's permission or have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britney Spears's permission or have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britney Spears's permission or have to
+resort to some exemption but we weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resort to some exemption but we weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resort to some exemption but we weren't
+doing that um we were going to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that um we were going to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that um we were going to make an
+analog transmission service using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog transmission service using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog transmission service using the
+analog cable television lines at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog cable television lines at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog cable television lines at
+MIT um so we said we don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT um so we said we don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT um so we said we don't have to worry
+Britney Spears because radio stations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britney Spears because radio stations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britney Spears because radio stations
+don't pay Britney Spears they just pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pay Britney Spears they just pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pay Britney Spears they just pay
+ASAP BMI and seesack those organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASAP BMI and seesack those organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASAP BMI and seesack those organizations
+just represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just represent
+songwriters so we said okay we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songwriters so we said okay we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songwriters so we said okay we're going
+to be just like a radio station and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be just like a radio station and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be just like a radio station and and
+you're going to be able to call in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be able to call in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be able to call in and
+say um please play me this song and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um please play me this song and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um please play me this song and
+it'll play for you on demand except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll play for you on demand except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll play for you on demand except
+instead of a person there answering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a person there answering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a person there answering the
+phone it's going to be a computer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone it's going to be a computer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone it's going to be a computer and
+instead of one radio station there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of one radio station there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of one radio station there's
+going to be 16 of them but other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 16 of them but other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 16 of them but other than
+that it's the same thing it's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the same thing it's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the same thing it's what we
+said um now are there any problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um now are there any problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um now are there any problems with
+this so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so far
+cop copyright law speaking wise not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop copyright law speaking wise not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop copyright law speaking wise not
+copying those we're not cop well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying those we're not cop well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying those we're not cop well let's
+say we're not copying them yet I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're not copying them yet I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're not copying them yet I haven't
+said that yet uh over the cable TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that yet uh over the cable TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that yet uh over the cable TV
+channel so you tune to channel 65 and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel so you tune to channel 65 and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel so you tune to channel 65 and it
+would you you listen to the song so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you you listen to the song so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you you listen to the song so you
+go on some website and you say play me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on some website and you say play me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on some website and you say play me
+this song and they'll say okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this song and they'll say okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this song and they'll say okay now
+playing on Channel 65 and then you tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing on Channel 65 and then you tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing on Channel 65 and then you tune
+there with your TV and you listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it yeah I mean this is now and operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah I mean this is now and operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah I mean this is now and operation
+but that's how it works so so have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's how it works so so have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's how it works so so have I
+said anything yet that would be breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said anything yet that would be breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said anything yet that would be breaking
+the law no no okay so um so then we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law no no okay so um so then we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law no no okay so um so then we were
+like okay great how do we get this music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay great how do we get this music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay great how do we get this music
+so what would be this Mo the option most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would be this Mo the option most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would be this Mo the option most
+likely to be legal Yeah question I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be legal Yeah question I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be legal Yeah question I mean
+uh what traditional radio isn't On
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what traditional radio isn't On
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what traditional radio isn't On
+Demand right correct traditional radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Demand right correct traditional radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Demand right correct traditional radio
+is not on demand is there a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not on demand is there a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not on demand is there a distinction
+there well we read section 106 right was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well we read section 106 right was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well we read section 106 right was
+there a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a distinction
+and these asep licenses don't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these asep licenses don't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these asep licenses don't make any
+distinction they these guys are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction they these guys are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction they these guys are so
+friendly they don't care as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly they don't care as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly they don't care as long as you
+pay them you can do whatever the hell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay them you can do whatever the hell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay them you can do whatever the hell
+you want as long as it involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want as long as it involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want as long as it involves
+performing the music and only performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing the music and only performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing the music and only performing
+the music so these guys don't care if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music so these guys don't care if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music so these guys don't care if
+you have an on demand show or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an on demand show or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an on demand show or
+whatever okay so I haven't said anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay so I haven't said anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay so I haven't said anything
+that's breaking the law yet I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's breaking the law yet I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's breaking the law yet I don't
+think um now by the way is it a is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um now by the way is it a is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um now by the way is it a is the
+MIT cable TV system is that a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+performance that's a good question it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance that's a good question it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance that's a good question it's
+a yeah on command video they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah on command video they had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah on command video they had a
+performance on the closed circuit TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance on the closed circuit TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance on the closed circuit TV
+channel to one Hotel customer and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel to one Hotel customer and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel to one Hotel customer and they
+said what they said Hotel customers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what they said Hotel customers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what they said Hotel customers are
+members of the public so it is a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the public so it is a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the public so it is a public
+performance because anybody can come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance because anybody can come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance because anybody can come in
+and get a hotel room what about MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a hotel room what about MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a hotel room what about MIT
+dormitories can anybody come in and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dormitories can anybody come in and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dormitories can anybody come in and get
+accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted
+MIT no so maybe you could say that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT no so maybe you could say that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT no so maybe you could say that it's
+not a public performance but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a public performance but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a public performance but I don't
+probably you wouldn't win although I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you wouldn't win although I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you wouldn't win although I did
+make that argument but uh anyway so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that argument but uh anyway so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that argument but uh anyway so but
+MIT has these public performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT has these public performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT has these public performance
+licenses so we're gold okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licenses so we're gold okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licenses so we're gold okay so what
+would be the most legally likely way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the most legally likely way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the most legally likely way to
+do this so you got the person's TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this so you got the person's TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this so you got the person's TV
+here it's hooked up to the cable TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's hooked up to the cable TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's hooked up to the cable TV
+system and they've got their computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and they've got their computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and they've got their computer
+that they're using to dial in to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're using to dial in to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're using to dial in to our
+website to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website to
+say um play this song to me now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um play this song to me now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um play this song to me now how
+should we actually play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we actually play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we actually play the
+song then we've got some TV transmitters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song then we've got some TV transmitters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song then we've got some TV transmitters
+here that actually connected the cable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that actually connected the cable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that actually connected the cable
+to system and how should we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to system and how should we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to system and how should we get the
+audio to the TV transmitters some CD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio to the TV transmitters some CD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio to the TV transmitters some CD
+some CD player well let's say we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some CD player well let's say we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some CD player well let's say we want to
+have 2,000 CDs available how should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 2,000 CDs available how should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 2,000 CDs available how should we
+do it 2000 CD players 2,000 CD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it 2000 CD players 2,000 CD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it 2000 CD players 2,000 CD
+players can like you only have 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players can like you only have 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players can like you only have 16
+channel we only have 16 channels so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel we only have 16 channels so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel we only have 16 channels so you
+can set 16 CD players and then how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set 16 CD players and then how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set 16 CD players and then how would
+you hold the 2,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hold the 2,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hold the 2,000
+CDs CD get a CD changer that can put an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDs CD get a CD changer that can put an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDs CD get a CD changer that can put an
+arbitrary 16 CDs out of 2000 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary 16 CDs out of 2000 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary 16 CDs out of 2000 they
+actually they make that and they're um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they make that and they're um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they make that and they're um
+they're really big and they're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really big and they're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really big and they're so
+awesome because they have like a robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome because they have like a robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome because they have like a robot
+arm and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm and they're
+like and then it puts it in and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then it puts it in and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then it puts it in and they're
+really cool and they they cost um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool and they they cost um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool and they they cost um
+upwards of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$120,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$120,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$120,000
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but well could we rent it like forever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but well could we rent it like forever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but well could we rent it like forever I
+mean I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I mean
+we it's I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it's I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it's I mean
+generally when you rent Electronics they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally when you rent Electronics they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally when you rent Electronics they
+make it that the if you rent it for four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it that the if you rent it for four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it that the if you rent it for four
+months it's the same price as buying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months it's the same price as buying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months it's the same price as buying it
+so probably renting it would not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably renting it would not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably renting it would not have
+been feasible either so this I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been feasible either so this I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been feasible either so this I thought
+was a great option but would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great option but would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great option but would have been
+really expensive so option two um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expensive so option two um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expensive so option two um is
+just let's just rip all the CDs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let's just rip all the CDs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let's just rip all the CDs and
+pretend that we had the stre box but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend that we had the stre box but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend that we had the stre box but
+actually they'll just be ripped um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they'll just be ripped um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they'll just be ripped um and I
+this was in my my junior year I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was in my my junior year I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was in my my junior year I guess
+and I argued to the MIT intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I argued to the MIT intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I argued to the MIT intellectual
+property Council that it was the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property Council that it was the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property Council that it was the same
+thing um I can pull that up but that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um I can pull that up but that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um I can pull that up but that was
+my argument and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my argument and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my argument and
+um lawyers don't actually say no by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lawyers don't actually say no by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lawyers don't actually say no by the
+way they say we'll get back to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they say we'll get back to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they say we'll get back to you and
+then like six months later they send you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like six months later they send you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like six months later they send you
+a bill although I didn't see the bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bill although I didn't see the bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bill although I didn't see the bill
+but they and then they're like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they and then they're like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they and then they're like for
+various reasons it's not clear um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various reasons it's not clear um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various reasons it's not clear um but
+anyway the basically the answer was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the basically the answer was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the basically the answer was no
+and um so then um in the fall of 2002 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so then um in the fall of 2002 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so then um in the fall of 2002 we
+came across this great company in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came across this great company in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came across this great company in
+Seattle called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle called
+lye and we called them up we said we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lye and we called them up we said we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lye and we called them up we said we're
+going to do this project and um we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this project and um we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this project and um we would
+like to we understand that you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to we understand that you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to we understand that you have the
+rights from the sound recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights from the sound recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights from the sound recording
+companies to sell us this music just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to sell us this music just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to sell us this music just
+already on a hard drive already ripped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already on a hard drive already ripped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already on a hard drive already ripped
+and that you've got the permission to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you've got the permission to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you've got the permission to do
+that and they said yes exactly in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they said yes exactly in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they said yes exactly in fact
+we are the supplier for uh the iTunes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are the supplier for uh the iTunes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are the supplier for uh the iTunes
+music store and the a at there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music store and the a at there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music store and the a at there's a
+service then called PR play which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service then called PR play which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service then called PR play which I
+think has become Napster now and duet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think has become Napster now and duet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think has become Napster now and duet
+and they said we're the supplier for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said we're the supplier for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said we're the supplier for all
+those companies we have deals with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those companies we have deals with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those companies we have deals with um
+they said we have deals with three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said we have deals with three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said we have deals with three of
+the record labels to um at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the record labels to um at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the record labels to um at that time
+there were five record labels now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were five record labels now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were five record labels now
+there's four but we have deals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's four but we have deals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's four but we have deals with
+three of those record labels to um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of those record labels to um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of those record labels to um just
+sell you a copy of the music and uh on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell you a copy of the music and uh on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell you a copy of the music and uh on a
+CD in MP3 format and then you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD in MP3 format and then you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD in MP3 format and then you'd have to
+negotiate your own deal with the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate your own deal with the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate your own deal with the other
+two companies we're like okay great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two companies we're like okay great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two companies we're like okay great
+um and they were like and by the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they were like and by the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they were like and by the way you
+have to promise US that if we get sued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to promise US that if we get sued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to promise US that if we get sued
+you'll defend us that's what loud I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll defend us that's what loud I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll defend us that's what loud I said
+and I was like okay whatever I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was like okay whatever I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was like okay whatever I believe
+you no problem so but MIT they went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you no problem so but MIT they went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you no problem so but MIT they went to
+the lawyers and they were like we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lawyers and they were like we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lawyers and they were like we'll
+think about it for six months and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it for six months and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it for six months and then
+they were like no because so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were like no because so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were like no because so that
+process where you promise to defend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process where you promise to defend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process where you promise to defend
+somebody they get suit is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody they get suit is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody they get suit is called
+indemnification and MIT has a policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indemnification and MIT has a policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indemnification and MIT has a policy
+that they will never indemnify anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they will never indemnify anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they will never indemnify anybody
+which is a wise policy but uh I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a wise policy but uh I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a wise policy but uh I was
+eventually so desperate that I was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually so desperate that I was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually so desperate that I was like
+look just I will personally indemnify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look just I will personally indemnify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look just I will personally indemnify
+loudy Incorporated let's just get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudy Incorporated let's just get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudy Incorporated let's just get this
+done but they didn't go for that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but they didn't go for that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but they didn't go for that maybe
+because my indemnification wasn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my indemnification wasn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my indemnification wasn't really
+I don't have enough money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have enough money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have enough money to
+really pay anything but anyway so So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pay anything but anyway so So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pay anything but anyway so So
+eventually uh mit's lawyers and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually uh mit's lawyers and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually uh mit's lawyers and their
+lawyers talked and their original lawyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers talked and their original lawyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers talked and their original lawyer
+had a nervous breakdown I'm not making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a nervous breakdown I'm not making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a nervous breakdown I'm not making
+this up and so they got a new lawyer who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up and so they got a new lawyer who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up and so they got a new lawyer who
+had credentials in the music industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had credentials in the music industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had credentials in the music industry
+and she was very cool oh and at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she was very cool oh and at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she was very cool oh and at one
+point we asked um now it's good that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we asked um now it's good that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we asked um now it's good that you
+rep that so they were promising in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rep that so they were promising in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rep that so they were promising in this
+contract that they had permission from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract that they had permission from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract that they had permission from
+the Brit Spears is from the record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brit Spears is from the record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brit Spears is from the record
+labels from three of the five but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels from three of the five but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels from three of the five but they
+didn't say anything about permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say anything about permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say anything about permission
+from the um songwriters and did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the um songwriters and did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the um songwriters and did they
+need permission for the song writers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need permission for the song writers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need permission for the song writers to
+do what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what they were
+doing yeah we said I said what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing yeah we said I said what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing yeah we said I said what about
+from the song writers and they said oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the song writers and they said oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the song writers and they said oh
+no no no no no that's not necessary we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no no no that's not necessary we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no no no that's not necessary we
+sold music to XM without that permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold music to XM without that permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold music to XM without that permission
+we sold it to sirius without that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sold it to sirius without that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sold it to sirius without that
+permission and apple and all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission and apple and all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission and apple and all these
+companies we have never needed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies we have never needed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies we have never needed that
+permission uh it's just not part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission uh it's just not part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission uh it's just not part of the
+law and I said well I'm not a lawyer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and I said well I'm not a lawyer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and I said well I'm not a lawyer but
+I think it is part of the law I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it is part of the law I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it is part of the law I mean
+you're making a copy of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a copy of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a copy of their
+music oh somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music oh somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music oh somebody's
+signaling I don't know what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling I don't know what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling I don't know what they're
+saying what is it oh okay okay we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what is it oh okay okay we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what is it oh okay okay we got to
+finish up okay give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish up okay give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish up okay give me a
+second anyway well I'm gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second anyway well I'm gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second anyway well I'm gonna have to
+finish the lamp story later but the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the lamp story later but the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the lamp story later but the end
+result is that they did not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is that they did not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is that they did not actually
+have any permission from anybody and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any permission from anybody and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any permission from anybody and uh
+they got in big trouble and we got in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got in big trouble and we got in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got in big trouble and we got in
+smaller trouble and uh I'll finish up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller trouble and uh I'll finish up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller trouble and uh I'll finish up in
+the next class sorry about that okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next class sorry about that okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next class sorry about that okay if
+anybody has any fur questions don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody has any fur questions don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody has any fur questions don't
+hesitate to email me
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Y1mrnc1hz9g.txt b/Y1mrnc1hz9g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95f2e73aebab36c3c48091b0419bc14b402c7d81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Y1mrnc1hz9g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4198 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at ocw.
+
+mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So last week, last
+few lectures, you heard about
+
+parallel architectures and
+started with lecture four on
+
+discussions of concurrency.
+
+How do you take applications
+or independent actors that
+
+want to operate on the
+same data and make
+
+them run safely together?
+
+And so just recapping the last
+two lectures, you saw really
+
+two primary classes
+of architectures.
+
+Although Saman talked
+about a few more.
+
+There was the class of shared
+memory processors, you know,
+
+the multicores that Intel, AMD,
+and PowerPC, for example,
+
+have today, where you have
+one copy of the data.
+
+And that's really shared among
+all the different processors
+
+because they essentially
+share the same memory.
+
+And you need things like
+atomicity and synchronization
+
+to be able to make sure that the
+sharing is done properly
+
+so that you don't get into data
+race situations where
+
+multiple processors try to
+update the same data element
+
+and you end up with
+erroneous results.
+
+You also heard about distributed
+memory processors.
+
+So an example of that might be
+the Cell, loosely said, where
+
+you have cores that primarily
+access their own local memory.
+
+And while you can have a single
+global memory address
+
+space, to get data from memory
+you essentially have to
+
+communicate with the different
+processors to explicitly fetch
+
+data in and out.
+
+So things like data
+distribution, where the data
+
+is, and what your communication
+pattern is like
+
+affect your performance.
+
+So what I'm going to talk about
+in today's lecture is
+
+programming these two
+different kinds of
+
+architectures, shared memory
+processors and distributed
+
+memory processors, and present
+you with some concepts for
+
+commonly programming
+these machines.
+
+So in shared memory processors,
+you have, say, n
+
+processors, 1 to n.
+
+And they're connected
+to a single memory.
+
+And if one processor asks for
+the value stored at address X,
+
+everybody knows where
+it'll go look.
+
+Because there's only one address
+X. And so different
+
+processors can communicate
+through shared variables.
+
+And you need things like
+locking, as I mentioned, to
+
+avoid race conditions or
+erroneous computation.
+
+So as an example of
+parallelization, you know,
+
+straightforward parallelization
+in a shared
+
+memory machine, would be you
+have the simple loop that's
+
+just running through an array.
+
+And you're adding elements of
+array A to elements of array
+
+B. And you're going to write
+them to some new array, C.
+
+Well, if I gave you this loop
+you can probably recognize
+
+that there's really no data
+dependencies here.
+
+I can split up this loop into
+three chunks -- let's say I
+
+have three processors -- where
+one processor does all the
+
+computations for iterations
+zero through three, so the
+
+first four iterations.
+
+Second processor does the
+next four iterations.
+
+And the third processor does
+the last four iterations.
+
+And so that's shown with the
+little -- should have brought
+
+a laser pointer.
+
+So that's showing here.
+
+And what you might need to
+do is some mechanism to
+
+essentially tell the different
+processors, here's the code
+
+that you need to run and
+maybe where to start.
+
+And then you may need some way
+of sort of synchronizing these
+
+different processors that say,
+I'm done, I can move on to the
+
+next computation steps.
+
+So this is an example of a data
+parallel computation.
+
+The loop has no real
+dependencies and, you know,
+
+each processor can operate
+on different data sets.
+
+And what you could do is you
+can have a process --
+
+this is a single application
+that forks off or creates what
+
+are commonly called
+the threads.
+
+And each thread goes on and
+executes in this case the same
+
+computation.
+
+So a single process can create
+multiple concurrent threads.
+
+And really each thread is just
+a mechanism for encapsulating
+
+some trace of execution,
+some execution path.
+
+So in this case you're
+essentially encapsulating this
+
+particular loop here.
+
+And maybe you parameterize
+your start index and your
+
+ending index or maybe
+your loop bounds.
+
+And in a shared memory
+processor, since you're
+
+communicating --
+
+since there's only a single
+memory, really you don't need
+
+to do anything special about
+the data in this particular
+
+example, because everybody knows
+where to go look for it.
+
+Everybody can access it.
+
+Everything's independent.
+
+There's no real issues with
+races or deadlocks.
+
+So I just wrote down some actual
+code for that loop that
+
+parallelize it using Pthreads,
+a commonly
+
+used threading mechanism.
+
+Just to give you a little bit
+of flavor for, you know, the
+
+complexity of -- the simple loop
+that we had expands to a
+
+lot more code in this case.
+
+So you have your array.
+
+It has 12 elements.
+
+A, B, and C. And you have
+the basic functions.
+
+So this is the actual code
+or computation that we
+
+want to carry out.
+
+And what I've done here is
+I've parameterized where
+
+you're essentially starting
+in the array.
+
+So you get this parameter.
+
+And then you calculate four
+iterations' worth.
+
+And this is essentially the
+computation that we're
+
+carrying out.
+
+And now in my main program or
+in my main function, rather,
+
+what I do is I have this concept
+of threads that I'm
+
+going to create.
+
+In this case I'm going to
+create three of them.
+
+There are some parameters that
+I have to pass in, so some
+
+attributes which are now
+going to get into here.
+
+But then I pass in the
+function pointer.
+
+This is essentially a mechanism
+that says once I've
+
+created this thread, I go to
+this function and execute this
+
+particular code.
+
+And then some arguments
+that are functions.
+
+So here I'm just passing in an
+index at which each loop
+
+switch starts with.
+
+And after I've created each
+thread here, implicitly in the
+
+thread creation, the
+code can just
+
+immediately start running.
+
+And then once all the threads
+have started running, I can
+
+essentially just exit
+the program
+
+because I've completed.
+
+So what I've shown you with
+that first example was the
+
+concept of, or example
+of, data parallelism.
+
+So you're performing the same
+computation, but instead of
+
+operating on one big chunk of
+data, I've partitioned the
+
+data into smaller chunks
+and I've replicated the
+
+computation so that I can get
+that kind of parallelism.
+
+But there's another form of
+parallelism called control
+
+parallelism, which essentially
+uses the same model of
+
+threading but doesn't
+necessarily have to run the
+
+same function or run the same
+computation each thread.
+
+So I've sort of illustrated
+that in the illustration
+
+there, where these are your data
+parallel computations and
+
+these are some other
+computations in your code.
+
+So there is sort of a
+programming model that allows
+
+you to do this kind of
+parallelism and tries to sort
+
+of help the programmer by taking
+their sequential code
+
+and then adding annotations that
+say, this loop is data
+
+parallel or this set of code
+is has this kind of control
+
+parallelism in it.
+
+So you start with your
+parallel code.
+
+This is the same program,
+multiple data kind of
+
+parallelization.
+
+So you might have seen in the
+previous talk and the previous
+
+lecture, it was SIMD, single
+instruction or same
+
+instruction, multiple data,
+which allowed you to execute
+
+the same operation, you
+know, and add over
+
+multiple data elements.
+
+So here it's a similar
+kind of terminology.
+
+There's same program, multiple
+data, and multiple program,
+
+multiple data.
+
+This talk is largely focused on
+the SPMD model, where you
+
+essentially have one central
+decision maker or you're
+
+trying to solve one central
+computation.
+
+And you're trying to parallelize
+that over your
+
+architecture to get the
+best performance.
+
+So you start off with your
+program and then you annotate
+
+the code with what's parallel
+and what's not parallel.
+
+And you might add in some
+synchronization directives so
+
+that if you do in fact have
+sharing, you might want to use
+
+the right locking mechanism
+to guarantee safety.
+
+Now, in OpenMP, there are
+some limitations as
+
+to what it can do.
+
+So it in fact assumes
+that the programmer
+
+knows what he's doing.
+
+And the programmer is largely
+responsible for getting the
+
+synchronization right, or that
+if they're sharing that they
+
+get those dependencies
+protected correctly.
+
+So you can take your program,
+insert these annotations, and
+
+then you go on and
+test and debug.
+
+So a simple OpenMP example,
+again using the simple loop --
+
+now, I've thrown away some of
+the extra code -- you're
+
+adding these two extra
+pragmas in this case.
+
+The first one, your parallel
+pragma, I call the data
+
+parallel pragma, really says
+that you can execute as many
+
+of the following code block as
+there are processors or as
+
+many as you have thread
+contexts.
+
+So in this case I implicitly
+made the assumption that I
+
+have three processors, so I can
+automatically partition my
+
+code into three sets.
+
+And this transformation can sort
+of be done automatically
+
+by the compiler.
+
+And then there's a for pragma
+that says this loop is
+
+parallel and you can divide up
+the work in the mechanism
+
+that's work sharing.
+
+So multiple threads can
+collaborate to solve the same
+
+computation, but each one does
+a smaller amount of work.
+
+So this is in contrast to what
+I'm going to focus on a lot
+
+more in the rest of our talk,
+which is distributed memory
+
+processors and programming
+for distributed memories.
+
+And this will feel a lot more
+like programming for the Cell
+
+as you get more and more
+involved in that and your
+
+projects get more intense.
+
+So in distributed memory
+processors, to recap the
+
+previous lectures, you
+have n processors.
+
+Each processor has
+its own memory.
+
+And they essentially share the
+interconnection network.
+
+Each processor has its own
+address, X. So when a
+
+processor, P1, asks for X it
+knows where to go look.
+
+It's going to look in its
+own local memory.
+
+So if all processors are asking
+for the same value as
+
+sort of address X, then each
+one goes and looks in a
+
+different place.
+
+So there are n places
+to look, really.
+
+And what's stored in those
+addresses will vary because
+
+it's everybody's local memory.
+
+So if one processor, say P1,
+wants to look at the value
+
+stored in processor two's
+address, it actually has to
+
+explicitly request it.
+
+The processor two has
+to send it data.
+
+And processor one has to figure
+out, you know, what to
+
+do with that copy.
+
+So it has to store
+it somewhere.
+
+So this message passing really
+exposes explicit communication
+
+to exchange data.
+
+And you'll see that there are
+different kinds of data
+
+communications.
+
+But really the concept of what
+you exchange has three
+
+different -- or four different,
+rather --
+
+things you need to address.
+
+One is how is the data
+described and
+
+what does it describe?
+
+How are the processes
+identified?
+
+So how do I identify that
+processor one is
+
+sending me this data?
+
+And if I'm receiving data
+how do I know who I'm
+
+receiving it from?
+
+Are all messages the same?
+
+Well, you know, if I send a
+message to somebody, do I have
+
+any guarantee that it's
+received or not?
+
+And what does it mean for a send
+operation or a receive
+
+operation to be completed?
+
+You know, is there some sort
+of acknowledgment process?
+
+So an example of a message
+passing program -- and if
+
+you've started to look at the
+lab you'll see that this is
+
+essentially where the
+lab came from.
+
+It's the same idea.
+
+I've created -- here I have some
+two-dimensional space.
+
+And I have points in this
+two-dimensional space.
+
+I have points B, which are these
+blue circles, and I have
+
+points A which I've represented
+as these yellow or
+
+golden squares.
+
+And what I want to do is for
+every point in A I want to
+
+calculate the distance to all
+of the points B. So there's
+
+sort of a pair wise interaction
+
+between the two arrays.
+
+So a simple loop that
+essentially does this --
+
+and there are n squared
+interactions, you have, you
+
+know, a loop that loops over
+all the A elements, a loop
+
+that loops over all
+the B elements.
+
+And you essentially calculate
+in this case Euclidean
+
+distance which I'm
+not showing.
+
+And you store it into
+some new array.
+
+So if I give you two processors
+to do this work,
+
+processor one and processor
+two, and I give you some
+
+mechanism to share between
+the two --
+
+so here's my CPU.
+
+Each processor has
+local memory.
+
+What would be some approach
+for actually
+
+parallelizing this?
+
+Anybody look at the lab yet?
+
+OK, so what would you do
+with two processors?
+
+AUDIENCE: One has half
+memory [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So what was said was that you
+split one of the arrays in two
+
+and you can actually get that
+kind of concurrency.
+
+So, you know, let's
+say processor one
+
+already has the data.
+
+And it has some place that it's
+already allocated where
+
+it's going to write C, the
+results of the computation,
+
+then I can break up the work
+just like it was suggested.
+
+So what P1 has to do
+is send data to P2.
+
+It says here's the data.
+
+Here's the computation.
+
+Go ahead and help me out.
+
+So I send the first array
+elements, and then I send half
+
+of the other elements
+that I want the
+
+calculations done for.
+
+And then P1 and P2 can
+now sort of start
+
+computing in parallel.
+
+But notice that P2 has its own
+array that it's going to store
+
+results in.
+
+And so as these compute they
+actually fill in different
+
+logical places or logical parts
+of the overall matrix.
+
+So what has to be done is at the
+end for P1 to have all the
+
+results, P2 has to send it sort
+of the rest of the matrix
+
+to complete it.
+
+And so now P1 has
+all the results.
+
+The computation is done
+and you can move on.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+OK.
+
+So you'll get to actually do
+this as part of your labs.
+
+So in this example messaging
+program, you have started out
+
+with a sequential code.
+
+And we had two processors.
+
+So processor one actually
+sends the code.
+
+So it is essentially a template
+for the code you'll
+
+end up writing.
+
+And it does have to work
+in the outer loop.
+
+So this n array over which it
+is iterating the A array, is
+
+it's only doing half as many.
+
+And processor two has to
+actually receive the data.
+
+And it specifies where to
+receive the data into.
+
+So I've omitted some things, for
+example, extra information
+
+sort of hidden in these
+parameters.
+
+So here you're sending all of
+A, all of B. Whereas, you
+
+know, you could have specified
+extra parameters that says,
+
+you know, I'm sending you A.
+Here's n elements to read from
+
+A. Here's B. Here's n by
+two elements to read
+
+from B. And so on.
+
+But the computation is
+essentially the same except
+
+for the index at which you
+start, in this case changed
+
+for processor two.
+
+And now, when the computation is
+done, this guy essentially
+
+waits until the data
+is received.
+
+Processor two eventually sends
+it that data and now
+
+you can move on.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a question.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: So would processor two
+have to wait for the data
+
+from processor one?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+so there's a --
+
+I'll get into that later.
+
+So what does it mean
+to receive?
+
+To do this computation, I
+actually need this instruction
+
+to complete.
+
+So what does it need for that
+instruction to complete?
+
+I do have to get the data
+because otherwise I don't know
+
+what to compute on.
+
+So there is some implicit
+synchronization
+
+that you have to do.
+
+And in some cases
+it's explicit.
+
+So I'll get into that
+a little bit later.
+
+Does that sort of hint
+at the answer?
+
+Are you still confused?
+
+AUDIENCE: So processor one
+doesn't do the computation but
+
+it still sends the data --
+
+PROFESSOR: So in terms of
+tracing, processor one sends
+
+the data and then can
+immediately start executing
+
+its code, right?
+
+Processor two, in this
+particular example, has to
+
+wait until it receives
+the data.
+
+So once this receive completes,
+then you can
+
+actually go and start executing
+
+the rest of the code.
+
+So imagine that it essentially
+says, wait until I have data.
+
+Wait until I have
+something to do.
+
+Does that help?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can the
+main processor
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Can the
+main processor --
+
+AUDIENCE: I mean, in Cell,
+everybody is not peers.
+
+There is a master there.
+
+And what master can do instead
+of doing computation, master
+
+can be basically the
+quarterback, sending data,
+
+receiving data.
+
+And SPEs can be basically
+waiting for data, get the
+
+computation, send it back.
+
+So in some sense in Cell you
+probably don't want to do the
+
+computation on the master.
+
+Because that means the
+master slows down.
+
+The master will do only
+the data management.
+
+So that might be one symmetrical
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: And you'll see
+that in the example.
+
+Because the PPE in that case
+has to send the data to two
+
+different SPEs.
+
+Yup?
+
+AUDIENCE: In some sense
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+at points seems to be
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] sense that if
+
+-- so have a huge array
+and you want to
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] the
+data to receive the whole
+
+array, then you have
+to [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, we'll
+get into that later.
+
+Yeah, I mean, that's
+a good point.
+
+You know, communication
+is not cheap.
+
+And if you sort of don't take
+that into consideration, you
+
+end up paying a lot
+for overhead for
+
+parallelizing things.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, you can do
+things in software as well.
+
+We'll get into that.
+
+OK, so some crude performance
+analysis.
+
+So I have to calculate
+this distance.
+
+And given two processors, I can
+
+effectively get a 2x speedup.
+
+By dividing up the work I can
+get done in half the time.
+
+Well, if you gave me four
+processors, I can maybe get
+
+done four times as fast. And
+in my communication model
+
+here, I have one copy of one
+array that's essentially
+
+sending to every processor.
+
+And there's some subset of A.
+So I'm partitioning my other
+
+array into smaller subsets.
+
+And I'm sending those to each
+of the different processors.
+
+So we'll get into terminology
+for how to actually name these
+
+communications later.
+
+But really the thing to take
+away here is that this
+
+granularity -- how I'm
+partitioning A -- affects my
+
+performance and communication
+almost directly.
+
+And, you know, the comment that
+was just made is that,
+
+you know, what do you do
+about communication?
+
+It's not free.
+
+So all of those will
+be addressed.
+
+So to understand performance,
+we sort of summarize three
+
+main concepts that you
+essentially need to
+
+understand.
+
+One is coverage, or in other
+words, how much parallelism do
+
+I actually have in
+my application?
+
+And this can actually affect,
+you know, how much work is it
+
+worth spending on this
+particular application?
+
+Granularity --
+
+you know, how do you partition
+your data among your different
+
+processors so that you can keep
+communication down, so
+
+you can keep synchronization
+down, and so on.
+
+Locality --
+
+so while not shown in the
+particular example, if two
+
+processors are communicating, if
+they are close in space or
+
+far in space, or if the
+communication between two
+
+processors is far cheaper than
+two other processors, can I
+
+exploit that in some way?
+
+And so we'll talk about
+that as well.
+
+So an example of sort of
+parallelism in an application,
+
+there are two essentially
+projects that are doing ray
+
+tracing, so I thought I'd
+have this slide here.
+
+You know, how much parallelism
+do you have in
+
+a ray tracing program.
+
+In ray tracing what you do is
+you essentially have some
+
+camera source, some observer.
+
+And you're trying to figure out,
+you know, how to color or
+
+how to shade different pixels
+in your screen.
+
+So what you do is you shoot rays
+from a particular source
+
+through your plane.
+
+And then you see how the rays
+bounce off of other objects.
+
+And that allows you to render
+scenes in various ways.
+
+So you have different kinds of
+parallelisms. You have your
+
+primary ray that's shot in.
+
+And if you're shooting into
+something like water or some
+
+very reflective surface, or some
+surface that can actually
+
+reflect, transmit, you can
+essentially end up with a lot
+
+more rays that are created
+at run time.
+
+So there's dynamic parallelism
+in this particular example.
+
+And you can shoot a lot
+of rays from here.
+
+So there's different kinds of
+parallelism you can exploit.
+
+Not all prior programs have this
+kind of, sort of, a lot
+
+of parallelism, or
+embarrassingly parallel
+
+computation.
+
+You know, you saw
+some basic code
+
+sequences in earlier lectures.
+
+So there's a sequential part.
+
+And the reason this is
+sequential is because there
+
+are data flow dependencies
+between each of the different
+
+computations.
+
+So here I calculate a, but I
+need the result of a to do
+
+this instruction.
+
+I calculate d here and I need
+that result to calculate e.
+
+But then this loop really here
+is just assigning or it's
+
+initializing some big array.
+
+And I can really do
+that in parallel.
+
+So I have sequential parts
+and parallel parts.
+
+So how does that affect
+my overall speedups?
+
+And so there's this law which
+is really a demonstration of
+
+diminishing returns,
+Amdahl's Law.
+
+It says that if, you know, you
+have a really fast car, it's
+
+only as good to you as fast
+as you can drive it.
+
+So if there's a lot of
+congestion on your road or,
+
+you know, there are posted speed
+limits or some other
+
+mechanism, you really can't
+exploit all the
+
+speed of your car.
+
+Or in other words, you're only
+as fast as the fastest
+
+mechanisms of the computation
+that you can have.
+
+So to look at this in more
+detail, your potential speedup
+
+is really proportional to the
+fraction of the code that can
+
+be parallelized.
+
+So if I have some computation
+-- let's say it has three
+
+parts: a sequential part that
+takes 25 seconds, a parallel
+
+part that takes 50 seconds,
+and a sequential part that
+
+runs in 25 seconds.
+
+So the total execution
+time is 100 seconds.
+
+And if I have one processor,
+that's really all I can do.
+
+And if she gave me more than one
+processor -- so let's say
+
+I have five processors.
+
+Well, I can't do anything about
+the sequential work.
+
+So that's still going
+to take 25 seconds.
+
+And I can't do anything about
+this sequential work either.
+
+That still takes 25 seconds.
+
+But this parallel part I can
+essentially break up among the
+
+different processors.
+
+So five in this case.
+
+And that gets me, you know,
+five-way parallelism.
+
+So the 50 seconds now is
+reduced to 10 seconds.
+
+Is that clear so far?
+
+So the overall running time in
+that case is 60 seconds.
+
+So what would be my speedup?
+
+Well, you calculate speedup,
+old running time divided by
+
+the new running time.
+
+So 100 seconds divided
+by 60 seconds.
+
+Or my parallel version
+is 1.67 times faster.
+
+So this is great.
+
+If I increase the number of
+processors, then I should be
+
+able to get more and
+more parallelism.
+
+But it also means that there's
+sort of an upper bound on how
+
+much speedup you can get.
+
+So if you look at the fraction
+of work in your application
+
+that's parallel, that's p.
+
+And your number of processors,
+well, your speedup is --
+
+let's say the old running time
+is just one unit of work.
+
+If the time it takes for the
+sequential work -- so that's 1
+
+minus p, since p is the fraction
+of the parallel work.
+
+And it's the time to do
+the parallel work.
+
+And since I can parallelize
+that fraction over n
+
+processors, I can sort of reduce
+that to really small
+
+amounts in the limit.
+
+Does that make sense so far?
+
+So the speedup can tend to 1
+over 1 minus p in the limit.
+
+If I increase the number of
+processors or that gets really
+
+large, that's essentially my
+upper bound on how fast
+
+programs can work.
+
+You know, how much can I exploit
+out of my program?
+
+So this is great.
+
+What this law says -- the
+implication here is if your
+
+program has a lot of inherent
+parallelism, you
+
+can do really well.
+
+But if your program doesn't have
+any parallelism, well,
+
+there's really nothing
+you can do.
+
+So parallel architectures
+won't really help you.
+
+And there's some interesting
+trade-offs, for example, that
+
+you might consider if you're
+designing a chip or if you're
+
+looking at an application or
+domain of applications,
+
+figuring out what is the best
+architecture to run them on.
+
+So in terms of performance
+scalability, as I increase the
+
+number of processors,
+I have speedup.
+
+You can define, sort of,
+an efficiency to
+
+be linear at 100%.
+
+But typically you end up in sort
+of the sublinear domain.
+
+That's because communication
+is not often free.
+
+But you can get super linear
+speedups ups on real
+
+architectures because of
+secondary and tertiary effects
+
+that come from register
+allocation or caching effects.
+
+So they can hide a lot of
+latency or you can take
+
+advantage of a lot of pipelining
+mechanisms in the
+
+architecture to get super
+linear speedups.
+
+So you can end up in two
+different domains.
+
+So a small, you know, overview
+of the extent of parallelism
+
+in your program and
+how that affects
+
+your overall execution.
+
+And the other concept
+is granularity.
+
+So given that I have this
+much parallelism, how
+
+do I exploit it?
+
+There are different ways of
+exploiting it, and that comes
+
+down to, well, how do I
+subdivide my problem?
+
+What is the granularity of the
+sub-problems I'm going to
+
+calculate on?
+
+And, really, granularity from
+my perspective, is just a
+
+qualitative measure of what is
+the ratio of your computation
+
+to your communication?
+
+So if you're doing a lot of
+computation, very little
+
+communication, you could
+be doing really
+
+well or vice versa.
+
+Then you could be computation
+limited, and so you need a lot
+
+of bandwidth for example
+in your architecture.
+
+AUDIENCE: Like before, you
+really didn't have to give
+
+every single processor
+an entire copy of B.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Good point.
+
+And as you saw in the previous
+slides, you have --
+
+computation stages
+are separated by
+
+communication stages.
+
+And your communication in a
+lot of cases essentially
+
+serves as synchronization.
+
+I need everybody to get to the
+same point before I can move
+
+on logically in my
+computation.
+
+So there are two kinds of sort
+of classes of granularity.
+
+There's fine grain and, as
+you'll see, coarse grain.
+
+So in fine-grain parallelism,
+you have low computation to
+
+communication ratio.
+
+And that has good properties
+in that you have a small
+
+amount of work done between
+communication stages.
+
+And it has bad properties in
+that it gives you less
+
+performance opportunity.
+
+It should be more, right?
+
+More opportunity for --
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+Less.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry.
+
+Yeah, yeah, sorry.
+
+I didn't get enough sleep.
+
+So less opportunities for
+performance enhancement, but
+
+you have high communication
+ratio because essentially
+
+you're communicating
+very often.
+
+So these are the computations
+here and these yellow bars are
+
+the synchronization points.
+
+So I have to distribute
+data or communicate.
+
+I do computations but,
+you know, computation
+
+doesn't last very long.
+
+And I do more communication or
+more synchronization, and I
+
+repeat the process.
+
+So naturally you can adjust this
+granularity to sort of
+
+reduce the communication
+overhead.
+
+AUDIENCE:
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+two things in that
+overhead part.
+
+One is the volume.
+
+So one, communication.
+
+Also there's a large part
+of synchronization cost.
+
+Basically you get a
+communication goal and you
+
+have to go start the messages
+and wait until
+
+everybody is done.
+
+So that overhead also can go.
+
+Even if you don't send that much
+data, just the fact that
+
+you are communicating, that
+means you have to do a lot of
+
+this additional bookkeeping
+stuff, that especially in the
+
+distributed [? memory ?]
+
+[? machine is ?] pretty
+expensive.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Thanks.
+
+So in coarse-grain parallelism,
+you sort of make
+
+the work chunks more and
+more so that you do the
+
+communication synchronization
+less and less.
+
+And so that's shown here.
+
+You do longer pieces of
+work and have fewer
+
+synchronization stages.
+
+So in that regime, you can have
+more opportunities for
+
+performance improvements, but
+the tricky thing that you get
+
+into is what's called
+load balancing.
+
+So if each of these different
+computations takes differing
+
+amounts of time to complete,
+then what you might end up
+
+doing is a lot of people might
+end up idle as they wait until
+
+everybody's essentially reached
+their finish line.
+
+Yep?
+
+AUDIENCE: If you don't have to
+acknowledge that something's
+
+done can't you just say, [?
+
+OK, I'm done with
+your salt ?].
+
+Hand it to the initial
+processor
+
+and keep doing whatever?
+
+PROFESSOR: So, you can do
+that in cases where that
+
+essentially there is a
+mechanism -- or the
+
+application allows for it.
+
+But as I'll show -- well, you
+won't see until the next
+
+lecture -- there are
+dependencies, for example,
+
+that might preclude you
+from doing that.
+
+If everybody needs to reach the
+same point because you're
+
+updating a large data structure
+before you can go
+
+on, then you might not
+be able to do that.
+
+So think of doing molecular
+dynamics simulations.
+
+You need everybody to calculate
+a new position
+
+before you can go on and
+calculate new kinds of coarse
+
+interactions.
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+nothing else to calculate yet.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: But also there
+is pipelining.
+
+So what do you talk about
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] because you
+
+might want to get the next data
+while you're computing
+
+now so that when I'm done
+I can start sending.
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] you
+can all have some of that.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+Yeah, because communication is
+such an intensive part, there
+
+are different ways of
+dealing with it.
+
+And that will be right
+after load balancing.
+
+So the load balancing problem
+is just an illustration.
+
+And things that appear in sort
+of this lightish pink will
+
+serve as sort of visual cues.
+
+This is the same color coding
+scheme that David's using in
+
+the recitations.
+
+So this is PPU code.
+
+Things that appear in yellow
+will be SPU code.
+
+And these are just meant to
+essentially show you how you
+
+might do things like this on
+Cell, just to help you along
+
+in picking up more of the syntax
+and functionality you
+
+need for your programs.
+
+So in the load balancing
+problem, you essentially have,
+
+let's say, three different
+threads of computation.
+
+And so that's shown here:
+red, blue, and orange.
+
+And you've reached some
+communication stage.
+
+So the PPU program in this case
+is saying, send a message
+
+to each of my SPEs, to each of
+my different processors, that
+
+you're ready to start.
+
+And so now once every processor
+gets that message,
+
+they can start computing.
+
+And let's assume they have data
+and so on ready to go.
+
+And what's going to happen is
+each processor is going to run
+
+through the computation
+at different rates.
+
+Now this could be because
+one processor
+
+is faster than another.
+
+Or it could be because
+one processor is
+
+more loaded than another.
+
+Or it could be just because
+each processor is assigned
+
+sort of differing
+amounts of work.
+
+So one has a short loop.
+
+One has a longer loop.
+
+And so as the animation shows,
+sort of, execution proceeds
+
+and everybody's waiting until
+the orange guy has completed.
+
+But nobody could have made
+progress until everybody's
+
+reached synchronization point
+because, you know, there's a
+
+strict dependence that's being
+enforced here that says, I'm
+
+going to wait until everybody's
+told me they're
+
+done before I go on to the
+next step of computation.
+
+And so you know, in Cell
+you do that using
+
+mailboxes in this case.
+
+That clear so far?
+
+So how do you get around this
+load balancing problem?
+
+Well, there are two
+different ways.
+
+There's static load balancing.
+
+I know my application
+really, really well.
+
+And I understand sort of
+different computations.
+
+So what I can do is I can divide
+up the work and have a
+
+static mapping of the work
+to my processors.
+
+And static mapping just means,
+you know, in this particular
+
+example, that I'm going to
+assign the work to different
+
+processors and that's what
+the processors will do.
+
+Work can't shift around
+between processors.
+
+And so in this case I
+have a work queue.
+
+Each of those bars is
+some computation.
+
+You know, I can assign some
+chunk to P1, processor one,
+
+some chunk to processor two.
+
+And then computation
+can go on.
+
+Those allocations
+don't change.
+
+So this works well if I
+understand the application,
+
+well and I know the computation,
+and my cores are
+
+relatively homogeneous and, you
+know, there's not a lot of
+
+contention for them.
+
+So if all the cores are the
+same, each core has an equal
+
+amount of work -- the total
+amount of work -- this works
+
+really well because nobody
+is sitting too idle.
+
+It doesn't work so well for
+heterogeneous architectures or
+
+multicores.
+
+Because one might be faster
+than the other.
+
+It increases the complexity of
+the allocation I need to do.
+
+If there's a lot of contention
+for some resources, then that
+
+can affect the static
+load balancing.
+
+So work distribution might
+end up being uneven.
+
+So the alternative is dynamic
+load balancing.
+
+And you certainly could do
+sort of a hybrid load
+
+balancing, static plus
+dynamic mechanism.
+
+Although I don't have
+that in the slides.
+
+So in the dynamic load
+balancing scheme, two
+
+different mechanisms I'm
+going to illustrate.
+
+So in the first scheme, you
+start with something like the
+
+static mechanism.
+
+So I have some work going
+to processor one.
+
+And I have some work going
+to processor two.
+
+But then as processor two
+executes and completes faster
+
+than processor one, it takes on
+some of the additional work
+
+from processor one.
+
+So the work that was here
+is now shifted.
+
+And so you can keep helping
+out, you know, your other
+
+processors to compute
+things faster.
+
+In the other scheme, you have
+a work queue where you
+
+essentially are distributing
+work on the fly.
+
+So as things complete, you're
+just sending them
+
+more work to do.
+
+So in this animation
+here, I start off.
+
+I send work to two different
+processors.
+
+P2 is really fast so it's just
+zipping through things.
+
+And then P1 eventually finishes
+and new work is
+
+allocated to the two
+different schemes.
+
+So dynamic load balancing is
+intended to sort of give equal
+
+amounts of work in a different
+scheme for processors.
+
+So it really increased
+utilization and spent less and
+
+less time being idle.
+
+OK.
+
+So load balancing was one part
+of sort of how granularity can
+
+have a performance trade-off.
+
+The other is synchronization.
+
+So there were already some good
+questions as to, well,
+
+you know, how does this play
+into overall execution?
+
+When can I wait?
+
+When can't I wait?
+
+So I'm going to illustrate it
+with just a simple data
+
+dependence graph.
+
+Although you can imagine that
+in each one of these circles
+
+there's some really heavy
+load computation.
+
+And you'll see that in the
+next lecture, in fact.
+
+So if I have some simple
+computation here --
+
+I have some operands.
+
+I'm doing an addition.
+
+Here I do another addition.
+
+I need both of these results
+before I can do this
+
+multiplication.
+
+Here I have, you know, some
+loop that's adding through
+
+some array elements.
+
+I need all those results before
+I do final substraction
+
+and produce my final result.
+
+So what are some synchronization
+points here?
+
+Well, it really depends on how
+I allocate the different
+
+instructions to processors.
+
+So if I have an allocation that
+just says, well, let's
+
+put all these chains on one
+processor, put these two
+
+chains on two different
+processors, well, where are my
+
+synchronization points?
+
+Well, it depends on where this
+guy is and where this guy is.
+
+Because for this instruction
+to execute, it needs to
+
+receive data from P1 and P2.
+
+So if P1 and P2 are different
+from what's in that box,
+
+somebody has to wait.
+
+And so there's a
+
+synchronization that has to happen.
+
+So essentially at all join
+points there's potential for
+
+synchronization.
+
+But I can adjust the granularity
+so that I can
+
+remove more and more
+synchronization points.
+
+So if I had assigned all this
+entire sub-graph to the same
+
+processor, I really get rid of
+the synchronization because it
+
+is essentially local to that
+particular processor.
+
+And there's no extra messaging
+that would have to happen
+
+across processors that says,
+I'm ready, or I'm ready to
+
+send you data, or you can move
+on to the next step.
+
+And so in this case the last
+synchronization point would be
+
+at this join point.
+
+Let's say if it's allocated on
+P1 or on some other processor.
+
+So how would I get rid of this
+synchronization point?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do the whole thing.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+You put the entire thing
+on a single processor.
+
+But you get no parallelism
+in this case.
+
+So the coarse-grain, fine-grain
+grain parallelism
+
+granularity issue
+comes to play.
+
+So the last sort of thing I'm
+going to talk about in terms
+
+of how granularity impacts
+performance -- and this was
+
+already touched on -- is that
+communication is really not
+
+cheap and can be quite
+overwhelming on a lot of
+
+architectures.
+
+And what's interesting about
+multicores is that they're
+
+essentially putting a lot
+more resources closer
+
+together on a chip.
+
+So it essentially is changing
+the factors for communication.
+
+So rather than having, you know,
+your parallel cluster
+
+now which is connected, say,
+by ethernet or some other
+
+high-speed link, now you
+essentially have large
+
+clusters or will have large
+clusters on a chip.
+
+So communication factors
+really change.
+
+But the cost model is relatively
+captured by these
+
+different parameters.
+
+So what is the cost of
+my communication?
+
+Well, it's equal to, well, how
+many messages am I sending and
+
+what is the frequency with
+which I'm sending them?
+
+There's some overhead
+for message.
+
+So I have to actually package
+data together.
+
+I have to stick in a control
+header and then send it out.
+
+So that takes me some work
+on the receiver side.
+
+I have to take the message.
+
+I maybe have to decode the
+header, figure out where to
+
+store the data that's coming
+in on the message.
+
+So there's some overhead
+associated with that as well.
+
+There's a network delay for
+sending a message, so putting
+
+a message on the network so that
+it can be transmitted, or
+
+picking things up
+off the network.
+
+So there's a latency also
+associated with how long does
+
+it take for a message to get
+from point A to point B. What
+
+is the bandwidth that I
+have across a link?
+
+So if I have a lot of bandwidth
+then that can really
+
+lower my communication cost. But
+if I have little bandwidth
+
+then that can really
+create contention.
+
+How much data am I sending?
+
+And, you know, number
+of messages.
+
+So this numerator here is really
+an average of the data
+
+that you're sending
+per communication.
+
+There's a cost induced
+per contention.
+
+And then finally there's
+-- so all of
+
+these are added factors.
+
+The higher they are, except for
+bandwidth, because it's in
+
+the denominator here,
+the worse your
+
+communication cost becomes.
+
+So you can try to reduce the
+communication cost by
+
+communicating less.
+
+So you adjust your
+granularity.
+
+And that can impact your
+synchronization or what kind
+
+of data you're shipping
+around.
+
+You can do some architectural
+tweaks or maybe some software
+
+tweaks to really get the network
+latency down and the
+
+overhead per message down.
+
+So on something like raw
+architecture, which we saw in
+
+Saman's lecture, there's a
+really fast mechanism to
+
+communicate your nearest
+neighbor in three cycles.
+
+So one processor can send a
+single operand to another
+
+reasonably fast. You know, you
+can improve the bandwidth
+
+again in architectural
+mechanism.
+
+You can do some tricks as to how
+you package your data in
+
+each message.
+
+And lastly, what I'm going to
+talk about in a couple of
+
+slides is, well, I can also
+improve it using some
+
+mechanisms that try
+to increase the
+
+overlap between messages.
+
+And what does this
+really mean?
+
+What am I overlapping it with?
+
+And it's really the
+communication and computation
+
+stages are going to somehow
+get aligned.
+
+So before I actually show you
+that, I just want to point out
+
+that there are two kinds
+of messages.
+
+There's data messages, and these
+are, for example, the
+
+arrays that I'm sending around
+to different processors for
+
+the distance calculations
+between points in space.
+
+But there are also
+control messages.
+
+So control messages essentially
+say, I'm done, or
+
+I'm ready to go, or is there
+any work for me to do?
+
+So on Cell, control messages,
+you know, you can think of
+
+using Mailboxes for those and
+the DMAs for doing the data
+
+communication.
+
+So data messages are relatively
+much larger --
+
+you're sending a lot of data
+-- versus control messages
+
+that are really much shorter,
+just essentially just sending
+
+you very brief information.
+
+So in order to get that overlap,
+what you can do is
+
+essentially use this concept
+of pipelining.
+
+So you've seen pipelining
+in superscalar.
+
+Someone talked about that.
+
+And what you are essentially
+trying to do is break up the
+
+communication and computation
+into different stages and then
+
+figure out a way to overlap
+them so that you can
+
+essentially hide the
+latency for the
+
+sends and the receives.
+
+So let's say you have some work
+that you're doing, and it
+
+really requires you to
+send the data --
+
+somebody has to send you the
+data or you essentially have
+
+to wait until you get it.
+
+And then after you've waited and
+the data is there, you can
+
+actually go on and
+do your work.
+
+So these are color coded.
+
+So this is essentially one
+iteration of the work.
+
+And so you could overlap them
+by breaking up the work into
+
+send, wait, work stages, where
+each iteration trying to send
+
+or request the data for the next
+iteration, I wait on the
+
+data from a previous iteration
+and then I do my work.
+
+So depending on how I partition,
+I can really get
+
+really good overlap.
+
+And so what you want to get to
+is the concept of the steady
+
+state, where in your main loop
+body, all you're doing is
+
+essentially pre-fetching or
+requesting data that's going
+
+to be used in future iterations
+for future work.
+
+And then you're waiting on --
+
+yeah.
+
+I think my color coding
+is a little bogus.
+
+That's good.
+
+So here's an example of how
+you might do this kind of
+
+buffer pipelining in Cell.
+
+So I have some main loop that's
+going to do some work,
+
+that's encapsulating
+this process data.
+
+And what I'm going to
+use is two buffers.
+
+So the scheme is also called
+double buffering.
+
+I'm going to use this ID to
+represent which buffer I'm
+
+going to use.
+
+So it's either buffer
+zero or buffer one.
+
+And this instruction here
+essentially flips the bit.
+
+So it's either zero or one.
+
+So I fetch data into buffer zero
+and then I enter my loop.
+
+So this is essentially the first
+send, which is trying to
+
+get me one iteration ahead.
+
+So I enter this mail loop and
+I do some calculation to
+
+figure out where to write
+the next data.
+
+And then I do another request
+for the next data item that
+
+I'm going to -- sorry, there's
+an m missing here --
+
+I'm going to fetch data into
+a different buffer, right.
+
+This is ID where I've already
+flipped the bit once.
+
+So this get is going to write
+data into buffer zero.
+
+And this get is going to write
+data into buffer one.
+
+I flip the bit again.
+
+So now I'm going to issue a wait
+instruction that says is
+
+the data from buffer
+zero ready?
+
+And if it is then I can go on
+and actually do my work.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+People are confused?
+
+Should I go over it again?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So this
+is an [? x or. ?]
+
+So I could have just said buffer
+equals zero or buffer
+
+equals one.
+
+Oh, sorry.
+
+This is one.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So this is a one here.
+
+Last-minute editing.
+
+It's right there.
+
+Did that confuse you?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+But, like, I don't
+see [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh.
+
+OK.
+
+So I'll go over it again.
+
+So this get here is going
+to write into ID zero.
+
+So that's buffer zero.
+
+And then I'm going
+to change the ID.
+
+So imagine there's a one here.
+
+So now the next time I use ID,
+which is here, I'm trying to
+
+get the data.
+
+And I'm going to write
+it to buffer one.
+
+The DMA on the Cell processor
+essentially says I can send
+
+this request off and I can check
+later to see when that
+
+data is available.
+
+But that data is going to go
+into a different buffer,
+
+essentially B1.
+
+Whereas I'm going to work
+on buffer zero.
+
+Because I changed the
+ID back here.
+
+Now you get it?
+
+So I fetch data into buffer
+zero initially
+
+before I start to loop.
+
+And then I start working.
+
+I probably should have had
+an animation in here.
+
+So then you go into
+your main loop.
+
+You try to start fetching into
+buffet one and then you try to
+
+compute out of buffer zero.
+
+But before you can start
+computing out of buffer zero,
+
+you just have to make sure
+that your data is there.
+
+And so that's what the
+synchronization is doing here.
+
+Hope that was clear.
+
+OK, so this kind of computation
+and communication
+
+overlap really helps in
+hiding the latency.
+
+And it can be real useful
+in terms of improving
+
+performance.
+
+And there are different kinds
+of communication patterns.
+
+So there's point to point.
+
+And you can use these both for
+data communication or control
+
+communication.
+
+And it just means that, you
+know, one processor can
+
+explicitly send a message
+to another processor.
+
+There's also broadcast that
+says, hey, I have some data
+
+that everybody's interested in,
+so I can just broadcast it
+
+to everybody on the network.
+
+Or a reduce, which
+is the opposite.
+
+It says everybody on the network
+has data that I need
+
+to compute, so everybody
+send me their data.
+
+There's an all to all, which
+says all processors should
+
+just do a global exchange of
+data that they have. And then
+
+there's a scatter
+and a gather.
+
+So a scatter and a gather are
+really different types of
+
+broadcast. So it's one to
+several or one to many.
+
+And gather, which
+is many to one.
+
+So this is useful when you're
+doing a computation that
+
+really is trying to pull data
+in together but only from a
+
+subset of all processors.
+
+So it depends on how you've
+partitioned your problems.
+
+So there's a well-known sort
+of message passing library
+
+specification called MPI that
+tries to specify all of these
+
+different communications in
+order to sort of facilitate
+
+parallel programming.
+
+Its full featured actually has
+more types of communications
+
+and more kinds of functionality
+than I showed on
+
+the previous slides.
+
+But it's not a language or
+a compiler specification.
+
+It's really just a library
+that you can implement in
+
+various ways on different
+architectures.
+
+Again, it's same program,
+multiple data, or supports the
+
+SPMD model.
+
+And it works reasonably well for
+parallel architectures for
+
+clusters, heterogeneous
+multicores, homogeneous
+
+multicores.
+
+Because really all it's doing
+is just abstracting out --
+
+it's giving you a mechanism
+to abstract out all the
+
+communication that you would
+need in your computation.
+
+So you can have additional
+things like precise buffer
+
+management.
+
+You can have some collective
+operations.
+
+I'll show an example of for
+doing things things in a
+
+scalable manner when a lot of
+things need to communicate
+
+with each other.
+
+So just a brief history of
+where MPI came from.
+
+And, you know, very early
+when, you know, parallel
+
+computers started becoming more
+and more widespread and
+
+there were these networks and
+people had problems porting
+
+their applications or writing
+applications for these
+
+[? came, ?] just because it was
+difficult, as you might be
+
+finding in terms of programming
+things with the
+
+Cell processor.
+
+You know, there needed to be
+ways to sort of address the
+
+spectrum of communication.
+
+And it often helps to have a
+standard because if everybody
+
+implements the same standard
+specification, that allows
+
+your code to be ported
+around from one
+
+architecture to the other.
+
+And so MPI came around.
+
+The forum was organized
+in 1992.
+
+And that had a lot of people
+participating in it from
+
+vendors, you know, people like
+IBM, a company like IBM,
+
+Intel, and people who had
+expertise in writing
+
+libraries, users who were
+interested in using these
+
+kinds of specifications to
+do their computations, so
+
+scientific people who were
+in the scientific domain.
+
+And it was finished in
+about 18 months.
+
+I don't know if that's a
+reasonably long time or a
+
+short time.
+
+But considering, you know, I
+think the MPEG-4 standard took
+
+a bit longer to do, as
+a comparison point.
+
+I don't have the actual data.
+
+So point-to-point
+communication --
+
+and again, a reminder, this is
+how you would do it on Cell.
+
+These are SPE sends
+and receives.
+
+You have one processor
+that's sending
+
+it to another processor.
+
+Or you have some network
+in between.
+
+And processor A can essentially
+send the data
+
+explicitly to processor two.
+
+And the message in this case
+would include how the data is
+
+packaged, some other information
+such as the length
+
+of the data, destination,
+possibly some tag so you can
+
+identify the actual
+communication.
+
+And, you know, there's an actual
+mapping for the actual
+
+functions on Cell.
+
+And there's a get for the send
+and a put for the receive.
+
+So there's a question of, well,
+how do I know if my data
+
+actually got sent?
+
+How do I know if it
+was received?
+
+And there's, you know, you can
+think of a synchronous send
+
+and a synchronous receive, or
+asynchronous communication.
+
+So in the synchronous
+communication, you actually
+
+wait for notification.
+
+So this is kind of like
+your fax machine.
+
+You put something
+into your fax.
+
+It goes out and you eventually
+get a beep that says your
+
+transmission was OK.
+
+Or if it wasn't OK then, you
+know, you get a message that
+
+says, you know, something
+went wrong.
+
+And you can redo your
+communication.
+
+An asynchronous send is
+kind of like your --
+
+AUDIENCE: Most [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+you could get
+
+a reply too.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, you
+can get a reply.
+
+Thanks.
+
+An asynchronous send, it's like
+you write a letter, you
+
+go put it in the mailbox, and
+you don't know whether it
+
+actually made it into the actual
+postman's bag and it
+
+was delivered to your
+destination or if it was
+
+actually delivered.
+
+So you only know that the
+message was sent.
+
+You know, you put it
+in the mailbox.
+
+But you don't know anything else
+about what happened to
+
+the message along the way.
+
+There's also the concept
+of a blocking versus a
+
+non-blocking message.
+
+So this is orthogonal really
+to synchronous versus
+
+asynchronous.
+
+So in blocking messages, a
+sender waits until there's
+
+some signal that says the
+message has been transmitted.
+
+So this is, for example if I'm
+writing data into a buffer,
+
+and the buffer essentially gets
+transmitted to somebody
+
+else, we wait until the
+buffer is empty.
+
+And what that means is that
+somebody has read it on the
+
+other end or somebody has
+drained that buffer from
+
+somewhere else.
+
+The receiver, if he's waiting on
+data, well, he just waits.
+
+He essentially blocks until
+somebody has put
+
+data into the buffer.
+
+And you can get into potential
+deadlock situations.
+
+So you saw deadlock with locks
+in the concurrency talk.
+
+I'm going to show
+you a different
+
+kind of deadlock example.
+
+An example of a blocking
+send on Cell --
+
+allows you to use mailboxes.
+
+Or you can sort of use
+mailboxes for that.
+
+Mailboxes again are just for
+communicating short messages,
+
+really, not necessarily for
+communicating data messages.
+
+So an SPE does some work, and
+then it writes out a message,
+
+in this case to notify the PPU
+that, let's say, it's done.
+
+And then it goes on and
+does more work.
+
+And then it wants to notify
+the PPU of something else.
+
+So in this case this particular
+send will block
+
+because, let's say, the PPU
+hasn't drained its mailbox.
+
+It hasn't read the mailbox.
+
+So you essentially stop and wait
+until the PPU has, you
+
+know, caught up.
+
+AUDIENCE: So all mailbox
+sends are blocking?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+David says yes.
+
+A non-blocking send is something
+that essentially
+
+allows you to send a message
+out and just continue on.
+
+You don't care exactly about
+what's happened to the message
+
+or what's going on with
+the receiver.
+
+So you write the data into
+the buffer and you
+
+just continue executing.
+
+And this really helps you in
+terms of avoiding idle times
+
+and deadlocks, but it might
+not always be the
+
+thing that you want.
+
+So an example of sort of a
+non-blocking send and wait on
+
+Cell is using the DMAs
+to ship data out.
+
+You know, you can put something,
+put in a request to
+
+send data out on the DMA.
+
+And you could wait for it if you
+want in terms of reading
+
+the status bits to make
+sure it's completed.
+
+OK, so what is a source of
+deadlock in the blocking case?
+
+And it really comes about if you
+don't really have enough
+
+buffering in your communication
+network.
+
+And often you can resolve that
+by having additional storage.
+
+So let's say I have processor
+one and processor two and
+
+they're trying to send messages
+to each other.
+
+So processor one sends a message
+at the same time
+
+processor two sends a message.
+
+And these are going
+to go, let's say,
+
+into the same buffer.
+
+Well, neither can make progress
+because somebody has
+
+to essentially drain that buffer
+before these receives
+
+can execute.
+
+So what happens with that code
+is it really depends on how
+
+much buffering you have
+between the two.
+
+If you have a lot of buffering,
+then you may never
+
+see the deadlock.
+
+But if you have a really tiny
+buffer, then you do a send.
+
+The other person can't do the
+send because the buffer hasn't
+
+been drained.
+
+And so you end up
+with a deadlock.
+
+And so a potential solution
+is, well, you actually
+
+increase your buffer length.
+
+But that doesn't always
+work because you can
+
+still get into trouble.
+
+So what you might need to do
+is essentially be more
+
+diligent about how you order
+your sends and receives.
+
+So if you have processor one
+doing a send, make sure it's
+
+matched up with a receive
+on the other end.
+
+And similarly, if you're doing
+a receive here, make sure
+
+there's sort of a matching
+send on the other end.
+
+And that helps you in sort of
+making sure that things are
+
+operating reasonably in lock
+step at, you know, partially
+
+ordered times.
+
+That was really examples of
+point-to-point communication.
+
+A broadcast mechanism is
+slightly different.
+
+It says, I have data that I
+want to send to everybody.
+
+It could be really efficient
+for sending short control
+
+messages, maybe even efficient
+for sending data messages.
+
+So as an example, if you
+remember our calculation of
+
+distances between all points,
+the parallelization strategy
+
+said, well, I'm going
+to send one copy of
+
+the array A to everybody.
+
+In the two processor
+case that was easy.
+
+But if I have n processors,
+then rather than sending
+
+point-to-point communication
+from A to everybody else, what
+
+I could do is just, say,
+broadcast A to everybody and
+
+they can grab it off
+the network.
+
+So in MPI there's this
+function, MPI
+
+broadcast, that does that.
+
+I'm using sort of generic
+abstract sends, receives and
+
+broadcasts in my examples.
+
+So you can broadcast
+A to everybody.
+
+And then if I have n processors,
+then what I might
+
+do is distribute the m's in a
+round robin manner to each of
+
+the different processes.
+
+So you pointed this out.
+
+I don't have to send
+B to everybody.
+
+I can just send, you
+know, in this case,
+
+one particular element.
+
+Is that clear?
+
+AUDIENCE: There's no
+broadcast on Cell?
+
+PROFESSOR: There is no
+broadcast on Cell.
+
+There is no mechanism for
+reduction either.
+
+And you can't quite do
+scatters and gathers.
+
+I don't think.
+
+OK, so an example of a
+reduction, you know, I said
+
+it's the opposite of a
+broadcast. Everybody has data
+
+that needs to essentially
+get to the same point.
+
+So as an example, if everybody
+in this room had a value,
+
+including myself, and I wanted
+to know what is the collective
+
+value of everybody in the
+room, you all have to
+
+send me your data.
+
+Now, this is important because
+if -- you know, in this case
+
+we're doing an addition.
+
+It's an associative operation.
+
+So what we can do is we
+can be smart about
+
+how the data is sent.
+
+So, you know, guys that are
+close together can essentially
+
+add up their numbers
+and forward me.
+
+So instead of getting
+n messages I
+
+can get log n messages.
+
+And so if every pair of you
+added your numbers and
+
+forwarded me that, that cuts
+down communication by half.
+
+And so you can, you know --
+starting from the back of
+
+room, by the time you get to
+me, I only get two messages
+
+instead of n messages.
+
+So a reduction combines data
+from all processors.
+
+In MPI, you know, there's
+this function MPI
+
+reduce for doing that.
+
+And the collective operations
+are things that are
+
+associative.
+
+And subtract --
+
+sorry.
+
+And or and -- you can read
+them on the slide.
+
+There is a semantic caveat here
+that no processor can
+
+finish the reduction before all
+processors have at least
+
+sent it one data or have
+contributed, rather, a
+
+particular value.
+
+So in many numerical algorithms,
+you can actually
+
+use the broadcast and send to
+broadcast and reduce in place
+
+of sends and receives because
+it really improves the
+
+simplicity of your
+computation.
+
+You don't have to do n sends
+to communicate there.
+
+You can just broadcast. It
+gives you a mechanism for
+
+essentially having a shared
+memory abstraction on
+
+distributed memory
+architecture.
+
+There are things like all to all
+communication which would
+
+also help you in that sense.
+
+Although I don't talk about all
+to all communication here.
+
+So I'm going to show you an
+example of sort of a more
+
+detailed MPI.
+
+But I also want to contrast this
+to the OpenMP programming
+
+on shared memory processors
+because one might look simpler
+
+than the other.
+
+So suppose that you have a
+numerical integration method
+
+that essentially you're going
+to use to calculate pi.
+
+So as you get finer and finer,
+you can get more accurate --
+
+as you shrink these intervals
+you can get
+
+better values for pi.
+
+And the code for doing
+that is some C code.
+
+You have some variables.
+
+And then you have a step that
+essentially tells you how many
+
+times you're going to
+do this computation.
+
+And for each time step you
+calculate this particular
+
+function here.
+
+And you add it all up and in the
+end you can sort of print
+
+out what is the value of
+pi that you calculated.
+
+So clearly as, you know, as you
+shrink your intervals, you
+
+can get more and more accurate
+measures of pi.
+
+So that translates to increasing
+the number of steps
+
+in that particular C code.
+
+So you can use that numerical
+integration to calculate pi
+
+with OpenMP.
+
+And what that translates to is
+-- sorry, there should have
+
+been an animation here to ask
+you what I should add in.
+
+You have this particular loop.
+
+And this is computation that
+you want to parallelize.
+
+And there is really four
+questions that you essentially
+
+have to go through.
+
+Are there variables
+that are shared?
+
+Because you have to get
+the process right.
+
+If there are variables that
+are shared, you have to
+
+explicitly synchronize them and
+use locks to protect them.
+
+What values are private?
+
+So in OpenMP, things that are
+private are data on the stack,
+
+things that are defined
+lexically within the scope of
+
+the computation that you
+encapsulate by an OpenMP
+
+pragma, and what variables
+you might want
+
+to use for a reduction.
+
+So in this case I'm doing a
+summation, and this is the
+
+computation that I
+can parallelize.
+
+Then I essentially want to do
+a reduction for the plus
+
+operator since I'm doing an
+addition on this variable.
+
+This loop here is parallel.
+
+It's data parallel.
+
+I can split it up.
+
+The for loop is also --
+
+I can do this work
+sharing on it.
+
+So I use the parallel
+for pragma.
+
+And the variable x
+here is private.
+
+It's defined here but I can
+essentially give a directive
+
+that says, this is private.
+
+You can essentially rename
+it on each processor.
+
+Its value won't have any
+effect on the overall
+
+computation because each
+computation will have its own
+
+local copy.
+
+That clear so far?
+
+So computing pi with integration
+using MPI takes up
+
+two slides.
+
+You know, I could fit it on one
+slide but you couldn't see
+
+it in the back.
+
+So there's some initialization.
+
+In fact, I think there's only
+six basic MPI commands that
+
+you need for computing.
+
+Three of them are here and
+you'll see the others are MPI
+
+send and MPI receive.
+
+And there's one more that you'll
+see on the next slide.
+
+So there's some loop
+that says while I'm
+
+not done keep computing.
+
+And what you do is you broadcast
+n to all the
+
+different processors.
+
+N is really your time step.
+
+How many small intervals of
+execution are you going to do?
+
+And you can go through,
+do your computation.
+
+So now this -- the MPI
+essentially encapsulates the
+
+computation over n processors.
+
+And then you get to an MPI
+reduce command at some point
+
+that says, OK, what values
+did everybody compute?
+
+Do the reduction on that.
+
+Write that value into my MPI.
+
+Now what happens here is there's
+processor ID zero
+
+which I'm going to consider
+the master.
+
+So he's the one who's going to
+actually print out the value.
+
+So the reduction essentially
+synchronizes until everybody's
+
+communicated a value
+to processor zero.
+
+And then it can print
+out the pi.
+
+And then you can finalize, which
+actually makes sure the
+
+computation can exit.
+
+And you can go on
+and terminate.
+
+So the last concept in terms of
+understanding performance
+
+for parallelism is this
+notion of locality.
+
+And there's locality in your
+communication and locality in
+
+your computation.
+
+So what do I mean by that?
+
+So in terms of communication,
+you know, if I have two
+
+operations and let's say -- this
+is a picture or schematic
+
+of what the MIT raw
+chip looks like.
+
+Each one of these is a core.
+
+There's some network, some basic
+computation elements.
+
+And if I have, you know, an
+addition that feeds into a
+
+shift, well, I can put the
+addition here and the shift
+
+there, but that means I have a
+really long path that I need
+
+to go to in terms
+of communicating
+
+that data value around.
+
+So the computation naturally
+should just be closer together
+
+because that decreases the
+latency that I need to
+
+communicate.
+
+So rather than doing net
+mapping, what I might want to
+
+do is just go to somebody who is
+close to me and available.
+
+AUDIENCE: Also there
+are volume issues.
+
+So assume more than that.
+
+A lot of other people also
+want to communicate.
+
+So if [UNINTELLIGIBLE] randomly
+distributed, you can
+
+assume there's a lot
+more communication
+
+going into the channel.
+
+Whereas if you put locality in
+there then you can scale
+
+communication much better than
+scaling the network.
+
+PROFESSOR: There's also a notion
+of locality in terms of
+
+memory accesses.
+
+And these are potentially also
+very important or more
+
+important, rather, because
+of the latencies
+
+for accessing memory.
+
+So if I have, you know, this
+loop that's doing some
+
+addition or some computation on
+an array and I distribute
+
+it, say, over four
+processors --
+
+this is, again, let's assume
+a data parallel loop.
+
+So what I can do is have a work
+sharing mechanism that
+
+says, this thread here
+will operate on
+
+the first four indices.
+
+This thread here will operate
+on the next four indices and
+
+the next four and
+the next four.
+
+And then you essentially get to
+join barrier and then you
+
+can continue on.
+
+And if we consider how the
+access patterns are going to
+
+be generated for this particular
+loop, well, in the
+
+sequential case I'm essentially
+
+generating them in sequence.
+
+So that allows me to exploit,
+for example, on traditional
+
+[? CAT ?] architecture, a notion
+of spatial locality.
+
+If I look at how things are
+organized in memory, in the
+
+sequential case I can
+perhaps fetch an
+
+entire block at a time.
+
+So I can fetch all the
+elements of A0
+
+to A3 in one shot.
+
+I can fetch all the elements
+of A4 to A7 in one shot.
+
+And that allows me to
+essentially improve
+
+performance because I overlap
+communication.
+
+I'm predicting that once I see
+a reference, I'm going to use
+
+data that's adjacent
+to it in space.
+
+There's also a notion of
+temporal locality that says
+
+that if I use some particular
+data element, I'm going to
+
+reuse it later on.
+
+I'm not showing that here.
+
+But in the parallel case what
+could happen is if each one of
+
+these threads is requesting a
+different data element -- and
+
+let's say execution essentially
+proceeds -- you
+
+know, all the threads
+are requesting their
+
+data at the same time.
+
+Then all these requests are
+going to end up going to the
+
+same memory bank.
+
+The first thread is requesting
+ace of zero.
+
+The next thread is requesting
+ace of four, the next thread
+
+ace of eight, next
+thread ace of 12.
+
+And all of these happen to be
+in the same memory bank.
+
+So what that means is, you
+know, there's a lot of
+
+contention for that
+one memory bank.
+
+And in effect I've serialized
+the computation.
+
+Right?
+
+Everybody see that?
+
+And, you know, this can be
+a problem in that you can
+
+essentially fully serialize the
+computation in that, you
+
+know, there's contention on the
+first bank, contention on
+
+the second bank, and then
+contention on the third bank,
+
+and then contention on
+the fourth bank.
+
+And so I've done absolutely
+nothing other than pay
+
+overhead for parallelization.
+
+I've made extra work for
+myself [? concreting ?]
+
+the threads.
+
+Maybe I've done some extra
+work in terms of
+
+synchronization.
+
+So I'm fully serial.
+
+So what you want to do is
+actually reorganize the way
+
+data is laid out in memory so
+that you can effectively get
+
+the benefit of parallelization.
+
+So if you have the data
+organized as is there, you can
+
+shuffle things around.
+
+And then you end up with fully
+parallel or a layout that's
+
+more amenable to full
+parallelism because now each
+
+thread is going to
+a different bank.
+
+And that essentially gives you
+a four-way parallelism.
+
+And so you get the performance
+benefits.
+
+So there are different kinds of
+sort of considerations you
+
+need to take into account for
+shared memory architectures in
+
+terms of how the design affects
+the memory latency.
+
+So in a uniform memory access
+architecture, every processor
+
+is either, you can think
+of it as being
+
+equidistant from memory.
+
+Or another way, it has the
+same access latency for
+
+getting data from memory.
+
+Most shared memory architectures
+are non-uniform,
+
+also known as NUMA
+architecture.
+
+So you have physically
+partitioned memories.
+
+And the processors can have the
+same address space, but
+
+the placement of data affects
+the performance because going
+
+to one bank versus another
+can be faster or slower.
+
+So what kind of architecture
+is Cell?
+
+Yeah.
+
+No guesses?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's not
+a shared memory.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+It's not a shared memory
+architecture.
+
+So a summary of parallel
+performance factors.
+
+So there's three things
+I tried to cover.
+
+Coverage or the extent
+of parallelism in the
+
+application.
+
+So you saw Amdahl's Law and it
+actually gave you a sort of a
+
+model that said when is
+parallelizing your application
+
+going to be worthwhile?
+
+And it really boils down to
+how much parallelism you
+
+actually have in your particular
+algorithm.
+
+If your algorithm is sequential,
+then there's
+
+really nothing you can do for
+programming for performance
+
+using parallel architectures.
+
+I talked about granularity of
+the data partitioning and the
+
+granularity of the work
+distribution.
+
+You know, if you had really
+fine-grain things versus
+
+really coarse-grain things,
+how does that translate to
+
+different communication costs?
+
+And then last thing I
+shared was locality.
+
+So if you have near neighbors
+talking, that may be different
+
+than two things that are
+further apart in space
+
+communicating.
+
+And there are some issues in
+terms of the memory latency
+
+and how you actually can
+take advantage of that.
+
+So this really is an overview
+of sort of the parallel
+
+programming concepts and the
+performance implications.
+
+So the next lecture will be,
+you know, how do I actually
+
+parallelize my program?
+
+And we'll talk about that.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Y7cMih9O8es.txt b/Y7cMih9O8es.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06556bdfcb4c6e083e62b803e9e4eb5b9c36b630
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Y7cMih9O8es.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1331 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when students come into class on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when students come into class on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when students come into class on the
+first day I think they usually expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day I think they usually expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day I think they usually expect to
+walk in and start working on their dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk in and start working on their dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk in and start working on their dream
+game right away and I don't think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game right away and I don't think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game right away and I don't think that's
+just not going to happen um they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not going to happen um they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not going to happen um they have a
+lot to learn uh simply uh to learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to learn uh simply uh to learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to learn uh simply uh to learn about
+working with the teammates figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the teammates figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the teammates figure out
+who else is in the class and what skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who else is in the class and what skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who else is in the class and what skills
+they bring to bear and uh chanes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bring to bear and uh chanes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bring to bear and uh chanes are
+they haven't really thought all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't really thought all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't really thought all that
+much about the game design that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about the game design that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about the game design that they
+want to make and usually the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make and usually the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make and usually the very first
+idea or the idea that you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea or the idea that you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea or the idea that you've been
+nursing ever since high school or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nursing ever since high school or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nursing ever since high school or
+something uh isn't the best idea that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh isn't the best idea that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh isn't the best idea that uh
+for a single semester project and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single semester project and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single semester project and
+students often want to make the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students often want to make the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students often want to make the big
+expansive epic RPG um we get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansive epic RPG um we get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansive epic RPG um we get a lot of
+students who want to make the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who want to make the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who want to make the next
+Legend of Zelda um maybe trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legend of Zelda um maybe trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legend of Zelda um maybe trying to
+remake Skyrim but in 2D and they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remake Skyrim but in 2D and they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remake Skyrim but in 2D and they think
+they're scoping it down but they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're scoping it down but they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're scoping it down but they're not
+so it's one of the first things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's one of the first things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's one of the first things we're
+we're doing especially the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing especially the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing especially the the first
+couple weeks of of the class are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks of of the class are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks of of the class are just
+getting them to understand what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting them to understand what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting them to understand what are the
+what's the the scope of a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the the scope of a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the the scope of a game
+development project but also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development project but also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development project but also just
+getting them to understand how difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting them to understand how difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting them to understand how difficult
+it is to work in a team um how how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to work in a team um how how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to work in a team um how how much
+effort um an individual needs to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort um an individual needs to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort um an individual needs to put
+forward in order to to work efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in order to to work efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in order to to work efficiently
+um as part of a team especially when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as part of a team especially when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as part of a team especially when it
+comes to a creative thing like like game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to a creative thing like like game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to a creative thing like like game
+development and game design um a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and game design um a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and game design um a lot of
+students want to make their personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students want to make their personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students want to make their personal
+project and the first thing they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and the first thing they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and the first thing they need to
+do is is realize that there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is is realize that there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is is realize that there are other
+opinions on the team that have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions on the team that have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions on the team that have other
+that should be respected and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be respected and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be respected and there are
+some opinions that are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some opinions that are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some opinions that are going to be
+stronger because there's more design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger because there's more design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger because there's more design
+experience there so figuring out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience there so figuring out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience there so figuring out how to
+balance those teams is is a is a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance those teams is is a is a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance those teams is is a is a it's a
+big big step for them to take when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big big step for them to take when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big big step for them to take when they
+start the biggest thing we want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the biggest thing we want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the biggest thing we want them to
+learn when they come in and take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn when they come in and take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn when they come in and take the
+course is how to work as a group on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is how to work as a group on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is how to work as a group on a
+creative project um almost everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative project um almost everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative project um almost everybody's
+worked on a creative project before um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on a creative project before um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on a creative project before um
+people have worked in groups before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have worked in groups before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have worked in groups before but
+working on a project where the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a project where the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a project where the group
+together is setting the goal goal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is setting the goal goal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is setting the goal goal and
+the goal is fluid because with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is fluid because with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is fluid because with a
+creative project with a game design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative project with a game design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative project with a game design
+project um what you're making is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um what you're making is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um what you're making is always
+evolving as you keep working on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving as you keep working on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving as you keep working on it and
+so being able to as a group discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so being able to as a group discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so being able to as a group discuss
+those changes acknowledge those changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those changes acknowledge those changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those changes acknowledge those changes
+work together to get to something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together to get to something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together to get to something that
+everybody wants to work on and everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody wants to work on and everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody wants to work on and everybody
+is capable of working on and you are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is capable of working on and you are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is capable of working on and you are all
+capable of getting done in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of getting done in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of getting done in the very
+short amount of time you have to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short amount of time you have to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short amount of time you have to work on
+these complex projects um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these complex projects um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these complex projects um that's
+actually one of our biggest goals yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of our biggest goals yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of our biggest goals yeah
+one one thing about uh creative projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one thing about uh creative projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one thing about uh creative projects
+is that there aren't aren't right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there aren't aren't right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there aren't aren't right
+answers you know there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers you know there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers you know there's a lot of
+different ways that a project can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that a project can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that a project can can
+can go when you're basically just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go when you're basically just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go when you're basically just trying
+to create an aesthetic experience for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create an aesthetic experience for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create an aesthetic experience for
+the players and uh so multiple people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players and uh so multiple people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players and uh so multiple people
+with different viewpoints can all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different viewpoints can all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different viewpoints can all be
+right at the same time and it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the same time and it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the same time and it's not like
+you're designing a machine to uh solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're designing a machine to uh solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're designing a machine to uh solve a
+specific problem and a problem is solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific problem and a problem is solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific problem and a problem is solved
+you know that you've done your your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you've done your your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you've done your your your
+job and this can be this can lead to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and this can be this can lead to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and this can be this can lead to a
+lot of ego and clashes and arguments um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of ego and clashes and arguments um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of ego and clashes and arguments um
+over basically uh something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over basically uh something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over basically uh something that is
+already difficult to implement uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already difficult to implement uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already difficult to implement uh and
+every time you get into those arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you get into those arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you get into those arguments
+you're actually taking time away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually taking time away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually taking time away from
+the actual development of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual development of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual development of the
+game yeah we try to give the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game yeah we try to give the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game yeah we try to give the students
+the the tools and methods they can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tools and methods they can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tools and methods they can use
+to if they have an argument to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if they have an argument to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if they have an argument to provide
+evidence for the argument um and often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for the argument um and often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for the argument um and often
+it comes down to testing out ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes down to testing out ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes down to testing out ideas
+rather than having those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than having those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than having those those
+discussions as a team using prototyping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions as a team using prototyping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions as a team using prototyping
+methods using um either paper if they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods using um either paper if they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods using um either paper if they've
+just got the paper right there before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got the paper right there before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got the paper right there before
+they've even written code just throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've even written code just throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've even written code just throw
+something down on paper get another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something down on paper get another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something down on paper get another
+person to look at it and then just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to look at it and then just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to look at it and then just see
+did it work or not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it work or not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it work or not um
+and getting away from from having the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting away from from having the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting away from from having the P
+the personalities involved getting away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the personalities involved getting away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the personalities involved getting away
+from having ego involved in all this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having ego involved in all this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having ego involved in all this um
+it's because for for first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because for for first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because for for first time
+designers um for for the students that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers um for for the students that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers um for for the students that
+we have um if they don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um if they don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um if they don't have the
+evidence the first thing they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence the first thing they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence the first thing they're going
+to go back to is is personal ego which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to is is personal ego which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to is is personal ego which
+is not is not the way to do these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not is not the way to do these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not is not the way to do these things
+it'll just cause further problems down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just cause further problems down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just cause further problems down
+the line so the course is overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line so the course is overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line so the course is overall
+organized with four four projects it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized with four four projects it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized with four four projects it's
+all of our work is group work um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our work is group work um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our work is group work um because
+we are emphasizing how do you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are emphasizing how do you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are emphasizing how do you work
+together on a team to solve a creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on a team to solve a creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on a team to solve a creative
+problem all of our projects are group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem all of our projects are group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem all of our projects are group
+projects and we grade primarily as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and we grade primarily as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and we grade primarily as a
+group um our projects start from very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group um our projects start from very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group um our projects start from very
+small and scale up to Big so we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and scale up to Big so we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and scale up to Big so we have our
+opening project which is just doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening project which is just doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening project which is just doing a
+paper prototype even a fraction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper prototype even a fraction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper prototype even a fraction of a
+paper prototype it's not a full game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper prototype it's not a full game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper prototype it's not a full game
+it's just sort of what are the ACT what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just sort of what are the ACT what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just sort of what are the ACT what
+are the main actions in the game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the main actions in the game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the main actions in the game and
+that's about a two-e project and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about a two-e project and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about a two-e project and then we
+build up to okay you've got a prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up to okay you've got a prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up to okay you've got a prototype
+form a new group a bigger group this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a new group a bigger group this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a new group a bigger group this
+time we about double our group in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we about double our group in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we about double our group in size
+from 3 to six and turn that into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 3 to six and turn that into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 3 to six and turn that into a
+digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital
+game for the third project you once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game for the third project you once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game for the third project you once
+again have that two we time period but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again have that two we time period but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again have that two we time period but
+during the second project we taught you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the second project we taught you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the second project we taught you
+our basic project management schemes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our basic project management schemes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our basic project management schemes and
+some project management skills using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some project management skills using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some project management skills using
+that second project and as an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second project and as an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second project and as an example of
+how to do that and on the third project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that and on the third project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that and on the third project
+we're asking you to come up with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking you to come up with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking you to come up with your
+own game design idea prototype it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own game design idea prototype it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own game design idea prototype it out
+and finish it as a group using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finish it as a group using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finish it as a group using the
+project management using all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project management using all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project management using all those
+project management um techniques that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project management um techniques that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project management um techniques that we
+taught um it's sort of our test run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught um it's sort of our test run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught um it's sort of our test run
+project for the fourth project which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project for the fourth project which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project for the fourth project which is
+the final project it lasts I think seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final project it lasts I think seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final project it lasts I think seven
+and a half weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half weeks
+um and we double the group size again up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we double the group size again up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we double the group size again up
+to eight um we're actually intentionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eight um we're actually intentionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eight um we're actually intentionally
+giving the students large groups that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the students large groups that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the students large groups that
+are harder to work with and their first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are harder to work with and their first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are harder to work with and their first
+thought is we've got all these people we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought is we've got all these people we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought is we've got all these people we
+can make a huge project and our and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a huge project and our and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a huge project and our and our
+response is you've got all those people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is you've got all those people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is you've got all those people
+you're going to have to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to figure out how
+you're all going to communicate well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all going to communicate well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all going to communicate well
+together so you can actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so you can actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so you can actually get
+something done um and that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something done um and that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something done um and that's sort of the
+final Capstone project where we give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final Capstone project where we give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final Capstone project where we give
+them a fairly tight set of constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a fairly tight set of constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a fairly tight set of constraints
+but other than that and that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other than that and that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other than that and that their
+design DES in the design they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design DES in the design they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design DES in the design they're
+planning out the project management um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning out the project management um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning out the project management um
+they're in charge of planning their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in charge of planning their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in charge of planning their
+testing sessions and their polishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing sessions and their polishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing sessions and their polishing
+sesss and we we use that time to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sesss and we we use that time to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sesss and we we use that time to check
+in with them and give them feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with them and give them feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with them and give them feedback
+along the way but it really is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way but it really is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way but it really is sort of
+like okay we've giving you the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay we've giving you the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay we've giving you the tools
+time to really practice using them
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Y9EzvtFM5gU.txt b/Y9EzvtFM5gU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c4a9ee45ff3c1f0b23bc0e476262f0fbd35804f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Y9EzvtFM5gU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7925 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so today uh we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so today uh we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so today uh we're going
+to continue where we left off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue where we left off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue where we left off with
+kinetics and so the topics we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics and so the topics we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics and so the topics we're going
+to cover today we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover today we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover today we're going to talk about
+radioactive decay which is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay which is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay which is an example of
+a first order process then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first order process then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first order process then we're going
+to talk about second order integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about second order integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about second order integrated
+rate laws then we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate laws then we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate laws then we're going to do
+something that I love which is to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I love which is to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I love which is to go
+back and connect the first topic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and connect the first topic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and connect the first topic that
+that I taught in the second half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I taught in the second half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I taught in the second half of the
+semester chemical equilibrium with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester chemical equilibrium with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester chemical equilibrium with
+kinetics so we're integrating all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics so we're integrating all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics so we're integrating all the
+material from this half of of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material from this half of of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material from this half of of the course
+and uh then we're going to start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh then we're going to start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh then we're going to start talking
+about reaction mechanisms and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reaction mechanisms and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reaction mechanisms and on
+Wednesday we'll talk more about reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday we'll talk more about reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday we'll talk more about reaction
+mechanisms uh and so this will you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms uh and so this will you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms uh and so this will you know
+move you uh closer to be able to do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move you uh closer to be able to do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move you uh closer to be able to do more
+of uh the problems on problem set 10 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the problems on problem set 10 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the problems on problem set 10 and
+again we're going to be in kinetics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're going to be in kinetics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're going to be in kinetics for
+the rest of the semester so other topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the semester so other topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the semester so other topics
+we'll cover after mechanism we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll cover after mechanism we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll cover after mechanism we'll talk
+about temperature and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about temperature and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about temperature and we'll talk about
+catalysts as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts as
+well so most of kinetics is in Chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so most of kinetics is in Chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so most of kinetics is in Chapter
+13 but the little bit we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 but the little bit we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 but the little bit we're going to do
+on radioactive decay is in chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on radioactive decay is in chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on radioactive decay is in chapter
+17 so just to review where we were on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 so just to review where we were on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 so just to review where we were on
+Friday so we were talking about halflife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday so we were talking about halflife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday so we were talking about halflife
+for a first order process so first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a first order process so first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a first order process so first order
+halflife so halflife is just the time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife so halflife is just the time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife so halflife is just the time it
+takes for half of the original material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes for half of the original material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes for half of the original material
+to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go
+away and its symbol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and its symbol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and its symbol is
+T2 so last time we took the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 so last time we took the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 so last time we took the first order
+integrated rate law and we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated rate law and we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated rate law and we were able to
+solve for an expression from halflife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for an expression from halflife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for an expression from halflife
+and all we had to do is say all right by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all we had to do is say all right by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all we had to do is say all right by
+definition when half of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition when half of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition when half of the original
+material has gone away then you T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material has gone away then you T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material has gone away then you T is
+equal to t a half it's the half life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to t a half it's the half life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to t a half it's the half life and
+then the uh expression for the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the uh expression for the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the uh expression for the original
+material so that's the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so that's the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so that's the concentration of
+a to the O the original material drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the O the original material drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the O the original material drops
+out and we find that for a half-life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we find that for a half-life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we find that for a half-life
+expression it's independent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression it's independent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression it's independent of the
+concentration that that you started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration that that you started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration that that you started with
+so it depends then on the rate constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it depends then on the rate constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it depends then on the rate constant
+K so an example of a first arter process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so an example of a first arter process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so an example of a first arter process
+is radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is radioactive
+decay so radioactive decay the rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay so radioactive decay the rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay so radioactive decay the rate at
+which it happens is independent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it happens is independent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it happens is independent of the
+number of nuclei that surround the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nuclei that surround the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nuclei that surround the
+material so that's another way of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so that's another way of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so that's another way of saying
+it's independent of of the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's independent of of the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's independent of of the concentration
+so this is a first order process and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a first order process and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a first order process and so
+we can use the same things we learned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the same things we learned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the same things we learned on
+Friday when we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday when we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday when we were talking about
+concentrations of material and apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of material and apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of material and apply
+them to radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to radioactive
+decay so because this is first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay so because this is first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay so because this is first order
+here it's independent of the surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's independent of the surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's independent of the surrounding
+nuclei we can apply these first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei we can apply these first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei we can apply these first order
+integrated rate laws that we uh derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated rate laws that we uh derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated rate laws that we uh derived
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Friday so here were the ones we derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday so here were the ones we derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday so here were the ones we derived
+on Friday we found that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday we found that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday we found that the
+concentration of a material a um at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a material a um at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a material a um at some
+given time is equal to its original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time is equal to its original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time is equal to its original
+concentration times e to the minus KT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration times e to the minus KT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration times e to the minus KT
+where K is the rate constant and T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where K is the rate constant and T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where K is the rate constant and T is
+the time and uh we just looked at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and uh we just looked at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and uh we just looked at this
+again that the halflife for a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that the halflife for a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that the halflife for a first
+order process uh is equal to 0 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order process uh is equal to 0 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order process uh is equal to 0 uh
+6931 over that rate constant now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6931 over that rate constant now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6931 over that rate constant now we can
+take these equations and just rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these equations and just rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these equations and just rewrite
+them in terms of nuclei because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in terms of nuclei because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in terms of nuclei because we're
+talking about radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about radioactive
+decay so instead of concentration then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay so instead of concentration then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay so instead of concentration then
+we're going to use this term n which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this term n which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this term n which is
+the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+nuclei so we can put that in instead so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei so we can put that in instead so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei so we can put that in instead so
+now we have a new expression where n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a new expression where n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a new expression where n the
+number of nuclei at some given time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nuclei at some given time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nuclei at some given time is
+equal to and and not here the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to and and not here the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to and and not here the number of
+original nuclei in the sample e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original nuclei in the sample e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original nuclei in the sample e to the
+KT and K is a rate constant but now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT and K is a rate constant but now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT and K is a rate constant but now it's
+called the Decay constant because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Decay constant because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Decay constant because we're
+talking about radioactive decay but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about radioactive decay but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about radioactive decay but it's
+the same principle it's just a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same principle it's just a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same principle it's just a a
+slightly different word for it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different word for it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different word for it and you
+have time so it's the same expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time so it's the same expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time so it's the same expression
+instead of concentration we have number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of concentration we have number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of concentration we have number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nuclei so chemical kinetics is talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei so chemical kinetics is talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei so chemical kinetics is talking
+about monitoring changes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about monitoring changes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about monitoring changes of
+concentration over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration over
+time whereas nuclear kinetics is talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time whereas nuclear kinetics is talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time whereas nuclear kinetics is talking
+about measuring Decay events and so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about measuring Decay events and so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about measuring Decay events and so here
+we're going to we would be measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we would be measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we would be measuring
+with a guer counter detecting radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a guer counter detecting radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a guer counter detecting radiation
+over here you're measuring changes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here you're measuring changes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here you're measuring changes of
+concentration of material so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of material so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of material so I just
+brought a a guer counter with me and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought a a guer counter with me and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought a a guer counter with me and so
+if we turn this on we can see if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we turn this on we can see if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we turn this on we can see if we have
+any radioactivity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any radioactivity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any radioactivity in the
+room so the ra radiation will cause an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room so the ra radiation will cause an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room so the ra radiation will cause an
+ionization and cause a current flow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization and cause a current flow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization and cause a current flow and
+the current flow causes clicking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current flow causes clicking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current flow causes clicking so
+we'll see if uh see how clean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see if uh see how clean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see if uh see how clean the
+classroom is over here can can you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom is over here can can you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom is over here can can you hear
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay seems seems pretty good I'll check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay seems seems pretty good I'll check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay seems seems pretty good I'll check
+over there later just to be sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there later just to be sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there later just to be sure that
+we're free so my lab uses x-rays to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're free so my lab uses x-rays to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're free so my lab uses x-rays to uh
+determine structures of enzymes so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine structures of enzymes so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine structures of enzymes so we
+need this to uh to check to make sure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this to uh to check to make sure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this to uh to check to make sure we
+have no leaks in our x-ray generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no leaks in our x-ray generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no leaks in our x-ray generator
+that we're not exposing anybody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not exposing anybody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not exposing anybody who
+comes by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes by the
+laboratory all right so that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory all right so that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory all right so that's how
+that's how you could measure whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you could measure whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you could measure whether
+there was any radioactivity and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was any radioactivity and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was any radioactivity and how it
+would change and if there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change and if there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change and if there's a lot of
+radioactivity then you start hearing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity then you start hearing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity then you start hearing the
+clicks much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+faster so we can also talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so we can also talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so we can also talk about
+activity of a sample and activity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of a sample and activity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of a sample and activity is
+abbreviated a here and so the activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated a here and so the activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated a here and so the activity
+or the Decay rate is just the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the Decay rate is just the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the Decay rate is just the change in
+the number of nuclei remember n is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of nuclei remember n is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of nuclei remember n is the
+number of nuclei over time and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nuclei over time and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nuclei over time and so uh
+activity would then be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity would then be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity would then be equal to the
+Decay constant times the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay constant times the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay constant times the number of
+nuclei that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei that you
+have and because the activity would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and because the activity would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and because the activity would be
+proportional to the number of nuclei you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the number of nuclei you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the number of nuclei you
+can also take the Expressions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also take the Expressions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also take the Expressions that we
+just looked at so we just looked at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looked at so we just looked at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looked at so we just looked at this
+expression that the number of nuclei uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that the number of nuclei uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that the number of nuclei uh
+that you have at some given time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have at some given time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have at some given time is
+equal to the number that you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the number that you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the number that you had
+originally uh times e to the minus KT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally uh times e to the minus KT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally uh times e to the minus KT
+the rate the Decay constant times time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate the Decay constant times time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate the Decay constant times time
+you can also Express that in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also Express that in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also Express that in terms of
+activity so here we have the activity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so here we have the activity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so here we have the activity of
+the sample at some given time is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample at some given time is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample at some given time is equal
+to the original activity that the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original activity that the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original activity that the sample
+had e to the KT the Decay constant times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had e to the KT the Decay constant times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had e to the KT the Decay constant times
+time so you could use either one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so you could use either one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so you could use either one of
+these depending on what you're given in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these depending on what you're given in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these depending on what you're given in
+a particular in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem so in terms of units then the SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so in terms of units then the SI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so in terms of units then the SI
+unit uh for activity is a BQ a beel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit uh for activity is a BQ a beel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit uh for activity is a BQ a beel
+and this is equal to one radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to one radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to one radioactive
+disintegration per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegration per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegration per
+second and the older unit which you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and the older unit which you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and the older unit which you've
+probably heard of is called the cury and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard of is called the cury and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard of is called the cury and
+one cury is equal to 3.7 * 10 10th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cury is equal to 3.7 * 10 10th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cury is equal to 3.7 * 10 10th
+disintegrations per second does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrations per second does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrations per second does anybody
+know which C this is named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after I hear some Marie and some Pier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I hear some Marie and some Pier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I hear some Marie and some Pier
+there's only two really guesses here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two really guesses here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two really guesses here
+it's actually Pier cury I always assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually Pier cury I always assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually Pier cury I always assume
+until I looked this up recently that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I looked this up recently that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I looked this up recently that it
+would have been Marie cury after all she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been Marie cury after all she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been Marie cury after all she
+was the first woman to receive a Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first woman to receive a Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first woman to receive a Nobel
+Prize I figured she could have a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize I figured she could have a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize I figured she could have a unit
+named after her um but in fact it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after her um but in fact it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after her um but in fact it was
+her husband that the unit was named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her husband that the unit was named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her husband that the unit was named
+after and she was involved in naming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and she was involved in naming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and she was involved in naming the
+unit after her husband uh and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit after her husband uh and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit after her husband uh and it's
+because of his uh it was named after him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of his uh it was named after him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of his uh it was named after him
+because of his untimely death in 1906 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of his untimely death in 1906 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of his untimely death in 1906 I
+think it was uh he was killed in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was uh he was killed in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was uh he was killed in some
+kind of Road accident and some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Road accident and some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Road accident and some people
+speculate that the effects of radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculate that the effects of radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculate that the effects of radiation
+were uh already upon him and he wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh already upon him and he wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh already upon him and he wasn't
+paying so much attention uh maybe it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying so much attention uh maybe it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying so much attention uh maybe it was
+the absent-minded Professor thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absent-minded Professor thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absent-minded Professor thing I
+don't know anyway he ended up um having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know anyway he ended up um having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know anyway he ended up um having
+an unfortunate accident and having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unfortunate accident and having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unfortunate accident and having the
+unit named after him so uh he did share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit named after him so uh he did share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit named after him so uh he did share
+with his wife the Nobel Prize before he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his wife the Nobel Prize before he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his wife the Nobel Prize before he
+died but his wife went on to win a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died but his wife went on to win a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died but his wife went on to win a
+second Nobel Prize after his death so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Nobel Prize after his death so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Nobel Prize after his death so
+she got two Nobel prizes and he got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she got two Nobel prizes and he got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she got two Nobel prizes and he got one
+and a and a unit named after him um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a and a unit named after him um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a and a unit named after him um
+although the the unit is no longer used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the the unit is no longer used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the the unit is no longer used
+so she probably got the better deal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she probably got the better deal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she probably got the better deal in
+terms of a long-term history but um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a long-term history but um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a long-term history but um one
+thing I I'll I'll mention that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I I'll I'll mention that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I I'll I'll mention that at the
+time this is the reason why it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is the reason why it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is the reason why it was
+changed is this is a pretty inconvenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed is this is a pretty inconvenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed is this is a pretty inconvenient
+unit this is a really big number right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit this is a really big number right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit this is a really big number right
+here and at the time they were deciding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and at the time they were deciding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and at the time they were deciding
+what what uh this unit should be uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what uh this unit should be uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what uh this unit should be uh it
+was pointed out that this was kind of An
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pointed out that this was kind of An
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pointed out that this was kind of An
+Inconvenient number this is way more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inconvenient number this is way more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inconvenient number this is way more
+radiation than a normal sort of worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation than a normal sort of worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation than a normal sort of worker
+with radiation would be handling uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with radiation would be handling uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with radiation would be handling uh but
+Marie put her foot down apparently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marie put her foot down apparently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marie put her foot down apparently and
+said that she didn't want her husband's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that she didn't want her husband's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that she didn't want her husband's
+name associated with a unit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name associated with a unit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name associated with a unit that
+represented an infantes family small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented an infantes family small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented an infantes family small
+quantity of material so uh as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity of material so uh as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity of material so uh as a
+consequence this is a large number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence this is a large number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence this is a large number that
+was Impractical and later substituted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Impractical and later substituted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Impractical and later substituted so
+uh the person that Marie and Pierre C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the person that Marie and Pierre C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the person that Marie and Pierre C
+shared the Nobel Prize with was Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared the Nobel Prize with was Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared the Nobel Prize with was Henry
+Beckel so apparently uh his wife had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beckel so apparently uh his wife had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beckel so apparently uh his wife had no
+objections and so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objections and so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objections and so now the
+a much smaller unit is named after him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much smaller unit is named after him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much smaller unit is named after him
+whenever I talk about this I always ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I talk about this I always ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I talk about this I always ask
+it makes me curious whether there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes me curious whether there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes me curious whether there is a
+unit that's named after a woman so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit that's named after a woman so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit that's named after a woman so as
+you go through MIT you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through MIT you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through MIT you might want to
+check with your professors where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check with your professors where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check with your professors where these
+units came from and if you find one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units came from and if you find one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units came from and if you find one
+that's named after a woman please let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's named after a woman please let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's named after a woman please let me
+know because I'm not aware of any and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because I'm not aware of any and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because I'm not aware of any and
+it's sort of a curiosity of mine if such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a curiosity of mine if such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a curiosity of mine if such
+a thing exists all right so the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing exists all right so the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing exists all right so the current
+unit uh up here and this is the older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit uh up here and this is the older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit uh up here and this is the older
+unit okay so a little bit on uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit okay so a little bit on uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit okay so a little bit on uh we're
+not going to do much in chapter 17 but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do much in chapter 17 but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do much in chapter 17 but a
+little bit on some of the types and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit on some of the types and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit on some of the types and this
+is just a table in your book I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a table in your book I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a table in your book I didn't
+put it in your handout because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in your handout because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in your handout because I don't
+expect you to know uh really know know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to know uh really know know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to know uh really know know
+any of this it'll be presented in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of this it'll be presented in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of this it'll be presented in the
+problem if you need to know it but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you need to know it but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you need to know it but just
+to mention types of uh radiation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention types of uh radiation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention types of uh radiation um
+Alpha decays and beta decays alpha decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha decays and beta decays alpha decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha decays and beta decays alpha decay
+the particle uh that you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle uh that you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle uh that you're talking
+about is equivalent to a helium 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is equivalent to a helium 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is equivalent to a helium 4
+nucleus a beta Decay equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus a beta Decay equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus a beta Decay equivalent to
+electron so sometimes you get a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so sometimes you get a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so sometimes you get a change
+in mass sometimes you get a change only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mass sometimes you get a change only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mass sometimes you get a change only
+in atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in atomic
+number and uh the half lives are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and uh the half lives are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and uh the half lives are very
+different again you don't need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different again you don't need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different again you don't need to know
+this but you'll need to look these up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you'll need to look these up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you'll need to look these up
+for some of the problems that you do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of the problems that you do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of the problems that you do uh
+what the halflife is and this is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the halflife is and this is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the halflife is and this is right
+out of your book so I think a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of your book so I think a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of your book so I think a few
+problems require you to go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems require you to go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems require you to go back to this
+table and uh look up the halflife for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and uh look up the halflife for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and uh look up the halflife for a
+particular material and Quest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular material and Quest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular material and Quest
+question okay so we're going to do I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so we're going to do I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so we're going to do I'm
+going to do an example of radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do an example of radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do an example of radioactive
+decay and uh to do this I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay and uh to do this I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay and uh to do this I'm going to
+turn to poetry for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to poetry for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to poetry for this particular
+example so one of our chemistry grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so one of our chemistry grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so one of our chemistry grad
+students um Mala Rak Krishna is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students um Mala Rak Krishna is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students um Mala Rak Krishna is also a
+poet and uh so this is one of her poems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poet and uh so this is one of her poems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poet and uh so this is one of her poems
+Days of our half lives and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Days of our half lives and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Days of our half lives and this is
+published in a collection of poetry tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in a collection of poetry tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in a collection of poetry tree
+all about chemistry uh she's now working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about chemistry uh she's now working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about chemistry uh she's now working
+on a biochemistry book if anybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a biochemistry book if anybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a biochemistry book if anybody is
+interested this is chemistry for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested this is chemistry for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested this is chemistry for the
+couch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couch
+potato and her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potato and her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potato and her
+Palm has to do with uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+238 and this is in your handout this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+238 and this is in your handout this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+238 and this is in your handout this
+particular chart so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular chart so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular chart so
+here Alpha decays are indicated by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Alpha decays are indicated by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Alpha decays are indicated by uh
+this yellow line and the beta Decay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yellow line and the beta Decay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yellow line and the beta Decay is
+in the blue line here and so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blue line here and so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blue line here and so here's
+uranium 238 at the very top and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium 238 at the very top and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium 238 at the very top and this is
+all the various things that can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the various things that can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the various things that can happen
+to uranium 238 as it goes through series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uranium 238 as it goes through series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uranium 238 as it goes through series
+of Alpha and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Alpha and beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Alpha and beta
+decays okay so this is Days of Our half-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays okay so this is Days of Our half-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays okay so this is Days of Our half-
+Lives my dearest love I am writing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lives my dearest love I am writing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lives my dearest love I am writing you
+to tell you all that I've been through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you all that I've been through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you all that I've been through
+I've changed my whole identity but loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've changed my whole identity but loved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've changed my whole identity but loved
+I can't pretend to be when I was uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't pretend to be when I was uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't pretend to be when I was uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were on my case to start losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were on my case to start losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were on my case to start losing
+weight for 5 billion years I'd hope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight for 5 billion years I'd hope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight for 5 billion years I'd hope and
+I'd pray and finally I had an alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd pray and finally I had an alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd pray and finally I had an alpha
+decay two protons two neutrons went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay two protons two neutrons went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay two protons two neutrons went
+right out the door and now I was thorium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out the door and now I was thorium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out the door and now I was thorium
+234 but my nucleus was still unfit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+234 but my nucleus was still unfit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+234 but my nucleus was still unfit for
+your eyes not positive enough for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes not positive enough for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes not positive enough for its
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+size but this time my halflife was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size but this time my halflife was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size but this time my halflife was not
+very long because my will to change was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long because my will to change was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long because my will to change was
+really quite strong it took just a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite strong it took just a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite strong it took just a month
+not even a millennium to Beta Decay into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protactinium but you still rejected me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protactinium but you still rejected me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protactinium but you still rejected me
+right off the back protactinium who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right off the back protactinium who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right off the back protactinium who's
+heard of that so bed Decay I did once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of that so bed Decay I did once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of that so bed Decay I did once
+more to become uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to become uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to become uranium
+234 myself again but a new isotope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+234 myself again but a new isotope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+234 myself again but a new isotope you
+still weren't satisfied but I still had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still weren't satisfied but I still had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still weren't satisfied but I still had
+hope three Alpha decays it was hard but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope three Alpha decays it was hard but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope three Alpha decays it was hard but
+I stayed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stayed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stayed on
+through thorium then ra radium then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radon I thought I would finally please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radon I thought I would finally please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radon I thought I would finally please
+you my mass was a healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you my mass was a healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you my mass was a healthy
+222 but you said although I like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+222 but you said although I like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+222 but you said although I like your
+mass I don't want to be with a noble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass I don't want to be with a noble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass I don't want to be with a noble
+gas you had a point I was not reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas you had a point I was not reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas you had a point I was not reactive
+so in order to please you I stayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to please you I stayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to please you I stayed
+proactive and a few days later I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proactive and a few days later I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proactive and a few days later I found
+you and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and said
+two more Alpha decays and now I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+LED you shook your head you weren't too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LED you shook your head you weren't too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LED you shook your head you weren't too
+keen on my mass number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keen on my mass number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keen on my mass number of
+214 I had a bad experience with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+214 I had a bad experience with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+214 I had a bad experience with that
+mass before and unstable atine walked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass before and unstable atine walked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass before and unstable atine walked
+right out the door so in order to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out the door so in order to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out the door so in order to change
+I went away but all I could do was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went away but all I could do was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went away but all I could do was just
+beta Decay my hopes and my dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta Decay my hopes and my dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta Decay my hopes and my dreams
+started to go under cuz beta decays do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to go under cuz beta decays do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to go under cuz beta decays do
+not change a mass number two business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change a mass number two business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change a mass number two business
+and plenum I hoped and I beckoned my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plenum I hoped and I beckoned my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plenum I hoped and I beckoned my
+halflife was one 64 micros seconds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife was one 64 micros seconds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife was one 64 micros seconds and
+then I Alpha decayed and then I was led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I Alpha decayed and then I was led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I Alpha decayed and then I was led
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preworked I was getting quite tired and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preworked I was getting quite tired and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preworked I was getting quite tired and
+my patience with you had nearly expired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my patience with you had nearly expired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my patience with you had nearly expired
+you were more demanding than any I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were more demanding than any I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were more demanding than any I had
+dated and much of my energy had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dated and much of my energy had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dated and much of my energy had already
+been liberated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been liberated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been liberated
+ated you still weren't happy but I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ated you still weren't happy but I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ated you still weren't happy but I had a
+fix I really like the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix I really like the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix I really like the number
+206 so I waited for years until the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+206 so I waited for years until the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+206 so I waited for years until the day
+which began with another beta Decay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which began with another beta Decay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which began with another beta Decay and
+then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one
+more and finally in the end I Alpha to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and finally in the end I Alpha to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and finally in the end I Alpha to
+Le 206 my friend to change any further I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le 206 my friend to change any further I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le 206 my friend to change any further I
+wouldn't be able no longer active but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able no longer active but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able no longer active but
+happily stable it took me billions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily stable it took me billions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily stable it took me billions of
+years to do but look how I've changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to do but look how I've changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to do but look how I've changed
+and all just for you and what did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all just for you and what did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all just for you and what did you
+say I had gotten so old that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I had gotten so old that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I had gotten so old that you'd
+rather be with a young lass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather be with a young lass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather be with a young lass of
+gold well I give up we're through my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold well I give up we're through my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold well I give up we're through my
+pumpkin shouldn't all my efforts be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumpkin shouldn't all my efforts be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumpkin shouldn't all my efforts be
+counting for something well I won't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting for something well I won't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting for something well I won't you
+won't be able to rule me anymore cuz I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to rule me anymore cuz I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to rule me anymore cuz I'm
+leaving you not for one Adam but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving you not for one Adam but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving you not for one Adam but for
+four that's right while you were away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four that's right while you were away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four that's right while you were away
+diffusing I met some Chlor that I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing I met some Chlor that I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing I met some Chlor that I found
+quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+amusing and we are going to form lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amusing and we are going to form lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amusing and we are going to form lead
+cl4 and you won't be hearing from me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cl4 and you won't be hearing from me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cl4 and you won't be hearing from me
+anymore so over the years I've grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so over the years I've grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so over the years I've grown
+quite wise I've learned that loves about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite wise I've learned that loves about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite wise I've learned that loves about
+compromise you still have half of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromise you still have half of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromise you still have half of your
+half-lies to give so now you go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-lies to give so now you go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-lies to give so now you go out
+there it's your turn to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there is an example of
+radioactive decay that brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay that brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay that brought
+us all the way up here to all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us all the way up here to all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us all the way up here to all the way
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here all right so now let's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so now let's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so now let's actually
+look at an example of how we might work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an example of how we might work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an example of how we might work
+a problem uh and if anyone else has uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem uh and if anyone else has uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem uh and if anyone else has uh
+any poetry suggestions for other topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any poetry suggestions for other topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any poetry suggestions for other topics
+in freshman chemistry feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in freshman chemistry feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in freshman chemistry feel free to
+submit those as well okay so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submit those as well okay so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submit those as well okay so now let's
+just work an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just work an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just work an
+example so we want to find the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so we want to find the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so we want to find the original
+activity and the activity after 17 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and the activity after 17 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and the activity after 17 years
+which is equivalent to 5.4 * 10 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equivalent to 5.4 * 10 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equivalent to 5.4 * 10 8
+Seconds of .5 G of a plutonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seconds of .5 G of a plutonium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seconds of .5 G of a plutonium
+239 and this is the uh the half-life in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+239 and this is the uh the half-life in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+239 and this is the uh the half-life in
+years and also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds so we can use this equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so we can use this equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so we can use this equation we
+want to find activity and uh original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find activity and uh original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find activity and uh original
+activity and we need to know original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and we need to know original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and we need to know original
+number of nuclei and the Decay constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nuclei and the Decay constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nuclei and the Decay constant
+but before we can use that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we can use that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we can use that we have to
+find uh the Decay constant and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh the Decay constant and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh the Decay constant and the
+number of nuclei to be able to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nuclei to be able to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nuclei to be able to find the
+original activity so first we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original activity so first we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original activity so first we can look
+at the number of original nuclei and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the number of original nuclei and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the number of original nuclei and so
+we were given that there were 0.5 gr we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were given that there were 0.5 gr we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were given that there were 0.5 gr we
+can convert that with the atom atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convert that with the atom atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convert that with the atom atomic
+weight and here you want to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and here you want to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and here you want to use the
+atomic weight that's given in the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic weight that's given in the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic weight that's given in the form
+of that isotope so you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that isotope so you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that isotope so you don't need to
+look this up in the periodic table uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look this up in the periodic table uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look this up in the periodic table uh
+you just take that number which is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take that number which is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take that number which is given
+to you and plug it in down here then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you and plug it in down here then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you and plug it in down here then we
+need to convert with uh this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to convert with uh this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to convert with uh this number
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+what avagadro's number uh convert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what avagadro's number uh convert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what avagadro's number uh convert the
+number of nuclei that are in one mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nuclei that are in one mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nuclei that are in one mole
+and so then we can get the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then we can get the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then we can get the number of
+nuclei originally in the sample in 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei originally in the sample in 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei originally in the sample in 0.5
+grams of the sample so that's 1.3 * 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams of the sample so that's 1.3 * 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams of the sample so that's 1.3 * 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei then we find K so how can we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei then we find K so how can we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei then we find K so how can we find
+K with what is given here so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K with what is given here so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K with what is given here so what do we
+know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's
+useful we know the halflife right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful we know the halflife right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful we know the halflife right so we
+can easily find K from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily find K from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily find K from
+halflife uh by the equation for a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife uh by the equation for a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife uh by the equation for a first
+order halflife process so that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order halflife process so that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order halflife process so that's just
+6931 over the halflife and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6931 over the halflife and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6931 over the halflife and the only
+thing tricky here is you want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing tricky here is you want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing tricky here is you want to make
+sure that you're going to have all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you're going to have all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you're going to have all your
+units come out okay so either all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units come out okay so either all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units come out okay so either all in
+years or all in seconds uh so if we plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or all in seconds uh so if we plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or all in seconds uh so if we plug
+in the second value here we can get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second value here we can get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second value here we can get our
+Decay constant K in seconds 9.1 * 10-3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay constant K in seconds 9.1 * 10-3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay constant K in seconds 9.1 * 10-3
+seconds to theus1 so now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to theus1 so now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to theus1 so now we have a
+number of nuclei originally present and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nuclei originally present and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nuclei originally present and
+the Decay constant so we can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Decay constant so we can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Decay constant so we can calculate
+the original activity and so we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original activity and so we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original activity and so we can just
+plug that in and so we get for our units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that in and so we get for our units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that in and so we get for our units
+we have nuclei per second and one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have nuclei per second and one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have nuclei per second and one uh
+disintegration per second is a beel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegration per second is a beel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegration per second is a beel so
+nuclei per second is just a beel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei per second is just a beel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei per second is just a beel so
+that's in BQ see that is a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in BQ see that is a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in BQ see that is a more
+convenient unit than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient unit than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient unit than the
+C so that's our original value now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so that's our original value now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so that's our original value now if we
+want to know after 17 years how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know after 17 years how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know after 17 years how much
+activity is left we can use the uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is left we can use the uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is left we can use the uh this
+equation down here that the activity at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation down here that the activity at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation down here that the activity at
+some given time is the activity uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some given time is the activity uh time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some given time is the activity uh time
+is equal to the activity originally time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the activity originally time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the activity originally time
+e to Theus KT where that's the Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to Theus KT where that's the Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to Theus KT where that's the Decay
+constant in time so we can plug in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in time so we can plug in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in time so we can plug in our
+original activity that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original activity that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original activity that we just
+calculated uh put in um our Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated uh put in um our Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated uh put in um our Decay
+constant which we calculated up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which we calculated up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which we calculated up here and
+here we just have to make sure we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we just have to make sure we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we just have to make sure we have
+the same unit so 17 years uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same unit so 17 years uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same unit so 17 years uh was
+converted to number of seconds and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to number of seconds and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to number of seconds and we
+can put that in and uh we can solve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put that in and uh we can solve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put that in and uh we can solve and
+we get the same answer so to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the same answer so to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the same answer so to uh the
+significant figures it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so no significant difference and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no significant difference and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no significant difference and this is
+one of the problems with radioactivities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the problems with radioactivities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the problems with radioactivities
+materials that are radioactive is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that are radioactive is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that are radioactive is that
+they're around for a very long time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're around for a very long time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're around for a very long time and
+so one problem with radioactive material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one problem with radioactive material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one problem with radioactive material
+is how are you going to store it a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how are you going to store it a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how are you going to store it a lot
+of times the materials we have to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times the materials we have to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times the materials we have to store
+things don't last as long as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't last as long as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't last as long as the
+material we're trying to store so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material we're trying to store so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material we're trying to store so this
+is uh this is a problem that uh every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this is a problem that uh every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this is a problem that uh every
+once in a while gets talked about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in a while gets talked about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in a while gets talked about in the
+General Media uh and political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Media uh and political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Media uh and political
+discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+but here's an example that these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's an example that these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's an example that these things
+are around for quite a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are around for quite a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are around for quite a long
+time all right so I just mention a use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right so I just mention a use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right so I just mention a use
+of radioactive decay a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radioactive decay a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radioactive decay a lot of people
+think of radioactive materials and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of radioactive materials and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of radioactive materials and get
+sort of frightened by them but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of frightened by them but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of frightened by them but they
+actually can be very useful and uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can be very useful and uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can be very useful and uh they
+can save lives and uh make money so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can save lives and uh make money so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can save lives and uh make money so uh
+here's an example from from MIT this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example from from MIT this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example from from MIT this is
+a picture of uh Alan Davidson who's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of uh Alan Davidson who's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of uh Alan Davidson who's uh
+just retired last year from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just retired last year from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just retired last year from the
+chemistry Department and so I he uh paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry Department and so I he uh paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry Department and so I he uh paid
+attention to some freshman chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to some freshman chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to some freshman chemistry
+stuff and figured out a good way of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and figured out a good way of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and figured out a good way of uh
+making a material that could be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a material that could be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a material that could be used for
+Imaging and so uh what he did he has uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging and so uh what he did he has uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging and so uh what he did he has uh
+this technum and he figured out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technum and he figured out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technum and he figured out how to
+put it in a coordination complex that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in a coordination complex that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in a coordination complex that
+had just kind of the right sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had just kind of the right sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had just kind of the right sort of
+properties that you want from for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that you want from for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that you want from for
+Imaging it wouldn't be uh in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging it wouldn't be uh in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging it wouldn't be uh in the system
+very long it wouldn't be too harmful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long it wouldn't be too harmful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long it wouldn't be too harmful but
+yet it would uh it it would uh give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet it would uh it it would uh give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet it would uh it it would uh give you
+some good good scans and so he paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some good good scans and so he paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some good good scans and so he paid
+attention to uh to Metals in this uh de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to uh to Metals in this uh de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to uh to Metals in this uh de
+block area that we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block area that we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block area that we've been talking about
+and he said hm how can I put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said hm how can I put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said hm how can I put this
+together in a coordination complex that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a coordination complex that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a coordination complex that
+would have just the right properties so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have just the right properties so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have just the right properties so
+uh so he took one of these guys and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so he took one of these guys and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so he took one of these guys and and
+gray are some of the ones that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray are some of the ones that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray are some of the ones that have been
+used uh in medicine that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used uh in medicine that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used uh in medicine that are not
+naturally occurring in the body and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally occurring in the body and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally occurring in the body and so
+he made a coordination complex and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made a coordination complex and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made a coordination complex and the
+lians he chose were cyanide lians to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lians he chose were cyanide lians to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lians he chose were cyanide lians to get
+the desired properties and uh this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired properties and uh this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired properties and uh this uh
+patent for cardiolite has made put under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent for cardiolite has made put under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent for cardiolite has made put under
+uh a lot of money that's really putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lot of money that's really putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lot of money that's really putting
+it very M mildly um the uh the patents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very M mildly um the uh the patents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very M mildly um the uh the patents
+there's money to MIT to Alan Davidson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's money to MIT to Alan Davidson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's money to MIT to Alan Davidson
+himself other people who are involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself other people who are involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself other people who are involved
+and the chemistry department has gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the chemistry department has gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the chemistry department has gotten
+money for this too and a lot of our over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for this too and a lot of our over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for this too and a lot of our over
+the last 10 years a lot of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 10 years a lot of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 10 years a lot of sort of
+discretionary funds and scholarships and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretionary funds and scholarships and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretionary funds and scholarships and
+other things we've been able to do has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things we've been able to do has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things we've been able to do has
+all been a result of this now the patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all been a result of this now the patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all been a result of this now the patent
+just expired on this so we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just expired on this so we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just expired on this so we're looking
+for other people who pay attention in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other people who pay attention in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other people who pay attention in
+freshman chemistry to come up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman chemistry to come up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman chemistry to come up with some
+basic principles put it together and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic principles put it together and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic principles put it together and uh
+have a new patent that would allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a new patent that would allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a new patent that would allow us to
+kind of carry on we liked having all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of carry on we liked having all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of carry on we liked having all of
+this uh extra money around um so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh extra money around um so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh extra money around um so you can
+be thinking thinking about that so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking thinking about that so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking thinking about that so just
+sort of basic principles here and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of basic principles here and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of basic principles here and it's
+also saved a lot of lives they've moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also saved a lot of lives they've moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also saved a lot of lives they've moved
+on and try to use it now for Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and try to use it now for Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and try to use it now for Imaging
+different kinds of cancers and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of cancers and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of cancers and things
+like that so it's um it's really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so it's um it's really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so it's um it's really a
+pretty wonderful wonderful material all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wonderful wonderful material all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wonderful wonderful material all
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+radioactivity uh can be uh difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity uh can be uh difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity uh can be uh difficult to
+store but it also can be very useful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store but it also can be very useful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store but it also can be very useful so
+that's first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's first order
+processes uh radioactive decay is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes uh radioactive decay is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes uh radioactive decay is one of
+the best examples of a first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best examples of a first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best examples of a first order
+process now let's talk about a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process now let's talk about a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process now let's talk about a second
+order and so what we're going to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and so what we're going to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and so what we're going to do now
+is we're going to drive as we did for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to drive as we did for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to drive as we did for
+the first order rate laws we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first order rate laws we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first order rate laws we're going to
+derive some second order integrated rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive some second order integrated rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive some second order integrated rate
+laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here second order we have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here second order we have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here second order we have a little
+equation 2 a going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 2 a going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 2 a going to
+B and uh the rate expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and uh the rate expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and uh the rate expression
+disappearance of a over time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearance of a over time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearance of a over time and the
+rate law would be equal to K the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law would be equal to K the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law would be equal to K the rate
+constant times the concentration of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the concentration of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the concentration of a
+and the Order of the reaction is second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Order of the reaction is second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Order of the reaction is second
+it's a second order so you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a second order so you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a second order so you know that
+that's a two there and again uh as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a two there and again uh as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a two there and again uh as we
+talked about last time what you see up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time what you see up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time what you see up
+there you have a to the m uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have a to the m uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have a to the m uh this is
+indicates the order of the reaction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates the order of the reaction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates the order of the reaction in
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+a so this is second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so this is second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so this is second
+order now as we did last time we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order now as we did last time we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order now as we did last time we're
+going to separate the terms we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to separate the terms we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to separate the terms we're going
+to take the terms that have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the terms that have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the terms that have to do with
+concentration and put them on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and put them on one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and put them on one side
+and put everything else on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put everything else on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put everything else on the other
+side including the time terms and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side including the time terms and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side including the time terms and so uh
+here uh here we've rearranged things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh here we've rearranged things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh here we've rearranged things
+we've brought uh a squar over to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've brought uh a squar over to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've brought uh a squar over to one
+side we have da over here we've taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we have da over here we've taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we have da over here we've taken
+the negative sign and DT and put it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative sign and DT and put it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative sign and DT and put it on
+the other side with K and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side with K and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side with K and so we have
+these uh separated and now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh separated and now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh separated and now we can
+integrate so again as we did last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate so again as we did last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate so again as we did last time
+we're going to integrate from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to integrate from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to integrate from some
+initial concentration of a the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial concentration of a the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial concentration of a the original
+concentration of a to the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a to the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a to the concentration
+of a at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a at time
+T and on the other side we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and on the other side we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and on the other side we're going to
+go from zero time to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from zero time to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from zero time to time
+T and so here's our expression and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and so here's our expression and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and so here's our expression and now
+we can take this and solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take this and solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take this and solve this
+expression so there's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so there's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so there's just the
+expression again copy to the front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression again copy to the front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression again copy to the front of
+the page top of the page so we can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page top of the page so we can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page top of the page so we can solve
+this and we get uh in Brackets one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we get uh in Brackets one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we get uh in Brackets one over
+the concentration of a to time T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of a to time T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of a to time T minus
+one over the initial concentration of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the initial concentration of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the initial concentration of a
+the original concent of a all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original concent of a all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original concent of a all in
+Brackets with a minus and on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brackets with a minus and on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brackets with a minus and on the other
+side we have minus KT uh the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we have minus KT uh the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we have minus KT uh the rate
+constant and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so now we can rearrange this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so now we can rearrange this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so now we can rearrange this
+expression so uh now we know we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so uh now we know we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so uh now we know we want to
+arrange it such that the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange it such that the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange it such that the concentration
+of the material at time T is on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material at time T is on one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material at time T is on one side
+we have KT over here and one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have KT over here and one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have KT over here and one over the
+original concentration of a on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original concentration of a on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original concentration of a on the other
+side and you'll see that this is uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and you'll see that this is uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and you'll see that this is uh can
+be written in a format for a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written in a format for a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written in a format for a straight
+line so if we plot information about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so if we plot information about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so if we plot information about how
+a changes with time and again with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a changes with time and again with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a changes with time and again with
+chemical kinetics it's all about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical kinetics it's all about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical kinetics it's all about how
+concentrations of things change with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of things change with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of things change with
+time uh versus time we can get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh versus time we can get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh versus time we can get out
+information that we want for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we want for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we want for a second
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation so here is what a plot would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so here is what a plot would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so here is what a plot would
+look like so you're plotting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like so you're plotting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like so you're plotting your
+collecting your data you're collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting your data you're collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting your data you're collecting
+changes of concentration of a so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes of concentration of a so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes of concentration of a so you're
+measuring the concentration of a at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the concentration of a at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the concentration of a at
+given time points and so you'll plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time points and so you'll plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time points and so you'll plot
+that versus uh versus time and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that versus uh versus time and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that versus uh versus time and you
+should get a straight line if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get a straight line if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get a straight line if you don't
+something seriously wrong uh with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something seriously wrong uh with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something seriously wrong uh with uh
+something that you're doing uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you're doing uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you're doing uh so you
+should get a straight line and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get a straight line and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get a straight line and so the
+intercept of the line would be one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept of the line would be one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept of the line would be one over
+the initial concentration the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial concentration the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial concentration the original
+concentration of a and then the slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a and then the slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a and then the slope of
+the line is going to give you your rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line is going to give you your rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line is going to give you your rate
+constant which is what you usually want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which is what you usually want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which is what you usually want
+to know you want to be measuring rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know you want to be measuring rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know you want to be measuring rate
+constants for particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions so now let's talk about second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so now let's talk about second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so now let's talk about second
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+halflife so we'll start with uh this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife so we'll start with uh this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife so we'll start with uh this uh
+second order integrated rate law and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order integrated rate law and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order integrated rate law and now
+halflife you're going to consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife you're going to consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife you're going to consider the
+time it takes for half of your original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes for half of your original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes for half of your original
+material to go away way so at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to go away way so at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to go away way so at this point
+when you're talking about second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking about second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking about second order
+your a your concentration of a at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your a your concentration of a at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your a your concentration of a at time T
+is half the concentration of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is half the concentration of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is half the concentration of what you
+had originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so we can plug that in so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we can plug that in so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we can plug that in so the
+concentration at the time T that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration at the time T that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration at the time T that you're
+interested in is now half of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is now half of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is now half of what you
+had to start with by definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to start with by definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to start with by definition of
+halflife so your time now has sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife so your time now has sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife so your time now has sort of a
+new symbol by it it's uh t to the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new symbol by it it's uh t to the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new symbol by it it's uh t to the half
+down here and now we can uh rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and now we can uh rearrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and now we can uh rearrange
+this and solve for for this so as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and solve for for this so as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and solve for for this so as we
+rearrange it we can move the the two up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there and we can bring these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we can bring these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we can bring these
+concentration terms uh to the same side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration terms uh to the same side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration terms uh to the same side
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation we can subtract now which gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we can subtract now which gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we can subtract now which gives
+us one over the initial concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us one over the initial concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us one over the initial concentration of
+a and then if we rearrange so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and then if we rearrange so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and then if we rearrange so that we
+solve for the halflife move uh the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the halflife move uh the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the halflife move uh the rate
+the rate constant down over here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate constant down over here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate constant down over here and we
+can get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get our
+expression so what's the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so what's the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so what's the biggest
+difference between this expression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between this expression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between this expression and
+the one for first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+halflife dependence on concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife dependence on concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife dependence on concentration
+right so the concentration term is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the concentration term is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the concentration term is in
+there with with first storter process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with with first storter process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with with first storter process
+the term for concentration is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term for concentration is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term for concentration is no longer
+in the expression so the half-life does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the expression so the half-life does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the expression so the half-life does
+not depend on the concentration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend on the concentration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend on the concentration of the
+original material but here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original material but here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original material but here the
+concentration term is in the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration term is in the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration term is in the expression
+so second off or halflife depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so second off or halflife depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so second off or halflife depends on the
+starting concentration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material okay
+so if you were really in doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you were really in doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you were really in doing
+experiments you often need to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments you often need to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments you often need to figure out
+if something is first or second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something is first or second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something is first or second order
+and uh in the problem set you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in the problem set you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in the problem set you'll have
+some different things where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some different things where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some different things where you're
+trying to figure out where it show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out where it show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out where it show you
+how the rate changes with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the rate changes with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the rate changes with different
+concentrations and often what what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations and often what what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations and often what what you
+do in a laboratory is you plot data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in a laboratory is you plot data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in a laboratory is you plot data and
+see whether it does fit I said if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether it does fit I said if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether it does fit I said if you
+didn't get a straight line when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get a straight line when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get a straight line when you're
+plotting something is wrong so uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting something is wrong so uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting something is wrong so uh in
+real life sometimes you would be plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life sometimes you would be plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life sometimes you would be plot
+you'd be plotting data you can plot data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be plotting data you can plot data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be plotting data you can plot data
+as a first order plot so our first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a first order plot so our first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a first order plot so our first order
+expression was here the natural log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression was here the natural log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression was here the natural log of
+the concentration of a at a given time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of a at a given time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of a at a given time
+is equal to minus KT plus the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus KT plus the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus KT plus the natural
+log of the initial concentration so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of the initial concentration so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of the initial concentration so uh
+here would be a plot of that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be a plot of that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be a plot of that and then
+for second order we'd use the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for second order we'd use the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for second order we'd use the equation
+that we just derived so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just derived so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just derived so instead of
+natural log you're plotting one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log you're plotting one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log you're plotting one over the
+concentration versus time and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration versus time and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration versus time and if the
+data really was a second order process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data really was a second order process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data really was a second order process
+you should get something that looks good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should get something that looks good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should get something that looks good
+over here whereas over here you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here whereas over here you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here whereas over here you should
+get something that doesn't really look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that doesn't really look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that doesn't really look
+good so in real life often what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so in real life often what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so in real life often what you're
+doing is seeing how well data fits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is seeing how well data fits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is seeing how well data fits to
+some assumption that you have and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some assumption that you have and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some assumption that you have and you're
+deciding the orders of reaction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding the orders of reaction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding the orders of reaction uh
+depends you find that out experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends you find that out experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends you find that out experimentally
+it's usually not given to you that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually not given to you that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually not given to you that's
+something that you would be doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you would be doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you would be doing and
+you'd be looking at how uh how a u rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be looking at how uh how a u rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be looking at how uh how a u rates
+change with time and uh you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with time and uh you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with time and uh you'd be
+plotting out data and seeing how well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting out data and seeing how well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting out data and seeing how well it
+fits your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assumptions okay so now now we get to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions okay so now now we get to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions okay so now now we get to go
+back and think about what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and think about what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and think about what does this
+rates have to do with chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates have to do with chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates have to do with chemical
+equilibrium what is the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium what is the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium what is the connection
+between rates and chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between rates and chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between rates and chemical
+equilibrium so at equilibrium one way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so at equilibrium one way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so at equilibrium one way we
+can define equilibrium is that the rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define equilibrium is that the rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define equilibrium is that the rates
+of the forward and the reverse reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forward and the reverse reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forward and the reverse reactions
+are equal so now we're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal so now we're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal so now we're thinking about
+equilibrium in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rates okay I'll leave that up I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates okay I'll leave that up I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates okay I'll leave that up I guess
+okay so let's write out our standard uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction this chalk is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good ah here's a good piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chalk so in our standard reaction we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk so in our standard reaction we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk so in our standard reaction we
+have a plus b going to C C + D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a plus b going to C C + D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a plus b going to C C + D and
+that's how we've been expressing it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we've been expressing it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we've been expressing it but
+now we're going to think about rates so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to think about rates so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to think about rates so
+we're going to give the forward reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to give the forward reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to give the forward reaction
+a little K1 and the backward reaction oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little K1 and the backward reaction oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little K1 and the backward reaction oh
+I'm going to do K minus one k minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so over the reverse and the backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so over the reverse and the backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so over the reverse and the backward
+Direction so now we can express the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so now we can express the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so now we can express the rate
+for the forward reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the rate for the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate for the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate for the forward
+reaction and we can assume here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and we can assume here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and we can assume here that
+this is an elementary reaction so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an elementary reaction so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an elementary reaction so we can
+write our rate law exactly the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write our rate law exactly the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write our rate law exactly the way the
+equation looks so if we do that the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation looks so if we do that the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation looks so if we do that the rate
+is going to have a term it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have a term it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have a term it's going to
+have a rate constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a rate constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a rate constant
+K1 and it will depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 and it will depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 and it will depend on the
+concentrations of our two reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of our two reacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of our two reacting
+materials so the concentration of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials so the concentration of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials so the concentration of a
+and the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the concentration of
+B so we can write this rate law without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we can write this rate law without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we can write this rate law without
+doing any of the experimental stuff if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any of the experimental stuff if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any of the experimental stuff if
+we're told that it's an elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're told that it's an elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're told that it's an elementary
+reaction a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction a simple
+reaction we can also write the rate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we can also write the rate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we can also write the rate for
+the reverse reaction so the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse reaction so the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse reaction so the reaction
+going in the other direction and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the other direction and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the other direction and so that
+rate will be equal to rate law will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate will be equal to rate law will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate will be equal to rate law will be
+equal to the rate constant for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the rate constant for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the rate constant for the
+reverse first Direction which is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse first Direction which is K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse first Direction which is K
+minus1 times the concentrations of c and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 times the concentrations of c and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 times the concentrations of c and
+d so that's the rate in the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d so that's the rate in the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d so that's the rate in the reverse
+Direction so what do we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so what do we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so what do we know about
+K what is Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K what's Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K where this big case oh okay see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K where this big case oh okay see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K where this big case oh okay see
+products over reactants C * D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products over reactants C * D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products over reactants C * D
+over right a so that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over right a so that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over right a so that's our
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant so at equilibrium then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so at equilibrium then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so at equilibrium then
+according to this this new definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this this new definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this this new definition
+the rates of the forward reaction will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rates of the forward reaction will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rates of the forward reaction will
+be equal to the rates of the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the rates of the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the rates of the reverse
+reaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so
+at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K1 the rate of the forward reaction K1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 the rate of the forward reaction K1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 the rate of the forward reaction K1 *
+a * B is going to be equal to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * B is going to be equal to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * B is going to be equal to K
+minus1 * C concentration of c times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 * C concentration of c times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 * C concentration of c times the
+concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of
+D so that's what happens at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so that's what happens at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so that's what happens at equilibrium
+rates of the forward reaction equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of the forward reaction equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of the forward reaction equal
+rates of the reverse reaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of the reverse reaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of the reverse reaction so
+then if we rearrange that expression we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we rearrange that expression we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we rearrange that expression we
+will see that that means that K is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that that means that K is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that that means that K is going
+to be equal to K1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to K1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to K1 over
+kus1 because if we rearrange this C over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kus1 because if we rearrange this C over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kus1 because if we rearrange this C over
+D CD divid AB is going to be equal to K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D CD divid AB is going to be equal to K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D CD divid AB is going to be equal to K1
+/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/
+kus1 so these are equal so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kus1 so these are equal so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kus1 so these are equal so you can
+express K in terms of the concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express K in terms of the concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express K in terms of the concentrations
+and it's also going to be equal to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also going to be equal to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also going to be equal to those
+two rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rate
+constants so what does this mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so what does this mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so what does this mean in
+teams of our big c big equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams of our big c big equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams of our big c big equilibrium
+constants and small equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and small equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and small equilibrium
+constants that we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms when we talk about K being greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms when we talk about K being greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms when we talk about K being greater
+than one so before we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one so before we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one so before we were talking about
+the equilibrium being greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium being greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium being greater than one
+we're talking about more products than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about more products than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about more products than
+reactants at at equilibrium and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants at at equilibrium and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants at at equilibrium and we
+weren't really talking anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't really talking anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't really talking anything about
+the rates of the reaction but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rates of the reaction but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rates of the reaction but what's
+going to be true in terms of the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be true in terms of the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be true in terms of the small
+KS K1 and K minus one if B K if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS K1 and K minus one if B K if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS K1 and K minus one if B K if the
+equilibrium constant is greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant is greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant is greater than one
+what's true about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two so here K1 then has to be greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so here K1 then has to be greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so here K1 then has to be greater
+than K minus one or the rate constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K minus one or the rate constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K minus one or the rate constant
+for the forward reaction has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bigger so rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so rate
+constant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bigger and K Big K equilibrium constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and K Big K equilibrium constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and K Big K equilibrium constant
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+less than one means that the rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one means that the rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one means that the rate of the
+reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse
+reaction reverse rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is
+bigger so now you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so now you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so now you can think about
+equilibrium constants in a new way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constants in a new way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constants in a new way you
+can think about them in kinetic terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so now we're going to go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we're going to go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we're going to go in and
+start talking about mechanisms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about mechanisms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about mechanisms of
+reactions and the mechanism is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and the mechanism is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and the mechanism is one of
+the important things in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important things in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important things in terms of what
+affects the overall rate how many steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the overall rate how many steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the overall rate how many steps
+does the reaction go in are there fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the reaction go in are there fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the reaction go in are there fast
+steps are there slow steps how many slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps are there slow steps how many slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps are there slow steps how many slow
+steps how many fast steps how long does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps how many fast steps how long does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps how many fast steps how long does
+it really take for each thing to uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really take for each thing to uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really take for each thing to uh for
+for the reaction as written to occur and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reaction as written to occur and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reaction as written to occur and
+so it's it's unlikely that reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's unlikely that reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's unlikely that reactions
+take place in one step so that's uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place in one step so that's uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place in one step so that's uh not
+not too common usually they proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too common usually they proceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too common usually they proceed
+through a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a series of
+steps and each step is called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and each step is called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and each step is called an
+elementary reaction so I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary reaction so I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary reaction so I've been
+mentioning Elementary reactions saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning Elementary reactions saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning Elementary reactions saying
+that for an elementary reaction you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for an elementary reaction you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for an elementary reaction you can
+write a rate law without any data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a rate law without any data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a rate law without any data you
+can just write it as is so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write it as is so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write it as is so that's what
+you're doing in terms of mechanisms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing in terms of mechanisms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing in terms of mechanisms you
+will see an overall reaction and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see an overall reaction and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see an overall reaction and then
+you'll try to break it down into steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll try to break it down into steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll try to break it down into steps
+and each step is an elementary reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each step is an elementary reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each step is an elementary reaction
+so you can write a rate law for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can write a rate law for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can write a rate law for each
+step and then think about whether that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and then think about whether that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and then think about whether that
+reaction uh mechanism makes sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction uh mechanism makes sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction uh mechanism makes sense in
+terms of the data that's available for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the data that's available for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the data that's available for
+the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction so again for the O an overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so again for the O an overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so again for the O an overall
+reaction the order and the rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction the order and the rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction the order and the rate law
+cannot be derived from the stochiometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be derived from the stochiometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be derived from the stochiometry
+you wouldn't necessarily know if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't necessarily know if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't necessarily know if it's
+first order with respect to one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order with respect to one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order with respect to one thing
+second order with respect to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order with respect to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order with respect to something
+else so you can't do that but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so you can't do that but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so you can't do that but for the
+elementary reaction it occurs exactly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary reaction it occurs exactly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary reaction it occurs exactly as
+written so that's you've broken it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written so that's you've broken it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written so that's you've broken it down
+when it's an elementary reaction or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's an elementary reaction or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's an elementary reaction or a
+step you've broken it down so that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you've broken it down so that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you've broken it down so that it is
+occurring exactly as written and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring exactly as written and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring exactly as written and then
+you can predict the rate law so um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can predict the rate law so um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can predict the rate law so um this
+this is uh you're sort of breaking down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh you're sort of breaking down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh you're sort of breaking down
+the mechanism into the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism into the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism into the simplest
+steps so let's look at at an example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so let's look at at an example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so let's look at at an example uh
+for this so here is the decomposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ozone so you have uh two molecules over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone so you have uh two molecules over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone so you have uh two molecules over
+here reacting to give you three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here reacting to give you three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here reacting to give you three
+molecules of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a proposed mechanism then has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a proposed mechanism then has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a proposed mechanism then has two
+Elementary reactions or two steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary reactions or two steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary reactions or two steps and
+here in the first step we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the first step we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the first step we have one
+molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of
+ozone are there questions it seems kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone are there questions it seems kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone are there questions it seems kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+noisy uh one molecule of ozone going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy uh one molecule of ozone going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy uh one molecule of ozone going to
+O uh Oxygen by itself there plus O2 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O uh Oxygen by itself there plus O2 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O uh Oxygen by itself there plus O2 this
+uh intermediate oxygen species then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh intermediate oxygen species then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh intermediate oxygen species then
+comes back and reacts with uh ozone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back and reacts with uh ozone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back and reacts with uh ozone
+again to give two molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+o2 so the first reaction is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2 so the first reaction is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2 so the first reaction is called
+unimolecular because there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimolecular because there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimolecular because there's only one
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reacting what do you think the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting what do you think the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting what do you think the next
+one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's
+called all right it's going to be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called all right it's going to be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called all right it's going to be called
+bimolecular let's put that up there well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bimolecular let's put that up there well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bimolecular let's put that up there well
+I guess I should go back to this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I should go back to this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I should go back to this all
+right so molecularity is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so molecularity is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so molecularity is the number of
+reactant molecules that come together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant molecules that come together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant molecules that come together to
+form product so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecularity and the second one would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecularity and the second one would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecularity and the second one would be
+B molecular this is another one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B molecular this is another one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B molecular this is another one of those
+questions that can uh turn up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that can uh turn up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that can uh turn up on the
+final it's supposed to be the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final it's supposed to be the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final it's supposed to be the easy
+points so I ask what the molecularity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so I ask what the molecularity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so I ask what the molecularity is
+and you look there's one thing it's uni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look there's one thing it's uni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look there's one thing it's uni
+there two things it's it's bimolecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there two things it's it's bimolecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there two things it's it's bimolecular
+uh but people forget what that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but people forget what that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but people forget what that term
+means so that's a good one to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so that's a good one to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so that's a good one to kind of
+keep in your back of the head that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in your back of the head that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in your back of the head that's
+just a uh a really simple extra few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a uh a really simple extra few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a uh a really simple extra few
+points that you can get on a final uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that you can get on a final uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that you can get on a final uh to
+recognize those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms all right so here are the we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms all right so here are the we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms all right so here are the we're
+not going to get to four things reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get to four things reacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get to four things reacting
+we'll go only as much as three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go only as much as three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go only as much as three things
+reacting so uh unimolecular one reactant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting so uh unimolecular one reactant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting so uh unimolecular one reactant
+an example of that would be some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of that would be some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of that would be some kind of
+decomposition or r radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition or r radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition or r radioactive
+decay bimolecular two things reacting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay bimolecular two things reacting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay bimolecular two things reacting so
+here you would have two things coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you would have two things coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you would have two things coming
+together colliding to form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together colliding to form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together colliding to form a
+product and we'll talk uh in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and we'll talk uh in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and we'll talk uh in the next
+few lectures about the energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures about the energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures about the energies
+associated with that reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that reaction
+occurring and then tur molecular I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring and then tur molecular I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring and then tur molecular I give
+you that that's a little bit of a harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that that's a little bit of a harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that that's a little bit of a harder
+one to uh remember than the uni and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to uh remember than the uni and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to uh remember than the uni and
+bimolecular but the ter mole are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bimolecular but the ter mole are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bimolecular but the ter mole are three
+things coming together to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things coming together to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things coming together to form
+products so as one might imagine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so as one might imagine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so as one might imagine uh
+three things all coming together at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things all coming together at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things all coming together at the
+exact same time to form a product sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same time to form a product sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same time to form a product sort
+of in one step would be unlikely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in one step would be unlikely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in one step would be unlikely to
+happen so these are fairly rare So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so these are fairly rare So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so these are fairly rare So
+something that's written this way if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's written this way if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's written this way if you
+see something that's written as a ter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something that's written as a ter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something that's written as a ter
+molecular reaction you may uh predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular reaction you may uh predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular reaction you may uh predict
+right away that that's sort of unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away that that's sort of unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away that that's sort of unlikely
+to happen in one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen in one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen in one step
+um any of you just trying to get a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any of you just trying to get a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any of you just trying to get a group
+of friends together to do something at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of friends together to do something at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of friends together to do something at
+the same time knowing that getting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time knowing that getting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time knowing that getting uh
+three people together at the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people together at the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people together at the exact same
+time to do something that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do something that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do something that you're
+planning to do uh is rare that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning to do uh is rare that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning to do uh is rare that
+everyone's actually there at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's actually there at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's actually there at the same
+time to start so you can remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to start so you can remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to start so you can remember that
+that's sort of a rare thing uh to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a rare thing uh to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a rare thing uh to to
+happen but um if three things did come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but um if three things did come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but um if three things did come
+together to react that would be tur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecular all right so now can consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular all right so now can consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular all right so now can consider
+the rate laws for each step and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate laws for each step and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate laws for each step and because
+these are Elementary reactions or steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are Elementary reactions or steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are Elementary reactions or steps
+of the reactions you can write the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reactions you can write the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reactions you can write the rate
+law exactly uh from the reaction that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law exactly uh from the reaction that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law exactly uh from the reaction that's
+happening exactly as written you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening exactly as written you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening exactly as written you can use
+the stochiometry to consider the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stochiometry to consider the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stochiometry to consider the rate
+law so let's look at the first one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so let's look at the first one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so let's look at the first one then
+the rate is going to be equal to this K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate is going to be equal to this K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate is going to be equal to this K1
+term so the rate constant for step one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so the rate constant for step one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so the rate constant for step one
+or K1 times the reactant which is o03
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or K1 times the reactant which is o03
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or K1 times the reactant which is o03
+the concentration of O3 so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of O3 so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of O3 so that's the
+rate law for the forward Direction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law for the forward Direction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law for the forward Direction in
+this case there is no reverse direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case there is no reverse direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case there is no reverse direction
+to consider so we only have this uh rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider so we only have this uh rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider so we only have this uh rate
+law for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law for the first
+step in the Second Step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in the Second Step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in the Second Step
+then we have the rate equals K2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the rate equals K2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the rate equals K2 so
+that's the rate constant for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the rate constant for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the rate constant for the second
+step and in some of your problems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and in some of your problems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and in some of your problems you
+might not have these in the book so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have these in the book so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have these in the book so you
+can always uh have as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always uh have as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always uh have as sort of
+um you can use K you should use K1 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can use K you should use K1 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can use K you should use K1 for
+the first step if there's a reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step if there's a reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step if there's a reverse
+reaction that should be K minus one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that should be K minus one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that should be K minus one uh
+K2 for the Second Step if there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 for the Second Step if there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 for the Second Step if there was a
+reverse reaction it could be would be K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse reaction it could be would be K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse reaction it could be would be K
+minus 2 etc etc again these do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 etc etc again these do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 etc etc again these do not have
+reverse steps so we don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse steps so we don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse steps so we don't have to worry
+about this yet but you'll see more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this yet but you'll see more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this yet but you'll see more of
+these on on Wednesday and on the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these on on Wednesday and on the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these on on Wednesday and on the problem
+set so here the rate is K2 uh times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so here the rate is K2 uh times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so here the rate is K2 uh times the
+concentration of O times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of O times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of O times the
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+of O3 so we can write those exactly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of O3 so we can write those exactly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of O3 so we can write those exactly as
+written because we're those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written because we're those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written because we're those are
+Elementary step steps in an overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary step steps in an overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary step steps in an overall
+reaction mechanism we couldn't write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction mechanism we couldn't write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction mechanism we couldn't write the
+rate law for this if it has multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law for this if it has multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law for this if it has multiple
+steps without experimental data to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps without experimental data to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps without experimental data to help
+us uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh do
+that so then um the individual steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so then um the individual steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so then um the individual steps
+should be able to be added together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to be added together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to be added together to
+get the reaction in question and so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the reaction in question and so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the reaction in question and so here
+if we add this together we have two 03s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we add this together we have two 03s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we add this together we have two 03s
+and we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have three
+o2s and the O has uh cancelled out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2s and the O has uh cancelled out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2s and the O has uh cancelled out so
+that is an intermediate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an intermediate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an intermediate in the
+reaction so o here is a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so o here is a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so o here is a reaction
+intermediate and the big trick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and the big trick in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and the big trick in
+writing reaction mechanisms and figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing reaction mechanisms and figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing reaction mechanisms and figuring
+out rate laws for overall reactions up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out rate laws for overall reactions up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out rate laws for overall reactions up
+here is to cancel out intermediates so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to cancel out intermediates so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to cancel out intermediates so
+you're going to spend the next few days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to spend the next few days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to spend the next few days
+getting ready for the the problem set on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ready for the the problem set on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ready for the the problem set on
+Friday getting rid of intermediates uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday getting rid of intermediates uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday getting rid of intermediates uh
+in reactions so it doesn't appear in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reactions so it doesn't appear in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reactions so it doesn't appear in the
+overall reaction equation and it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall reaction equation and it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall reaction equation and it can't
+appear in any of your rate laws that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in any of your rate laws that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in any of your rate laws that
+Define the particular reaction so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the particular reaction so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the particular reaction so uh
+just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just
+finally this is the last slide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally this is the last slide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally this is the last slide that
+reaction mechanisms are a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction mechanisms are a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction mechanisms are a series of
+steps reaction mechanisms can never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps reaction mechanisms can never be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps reaction mechanisms can never be
+proven to be correct they just can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven to be correct they just can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven to be correct they just can be
+consistent with data so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with data so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with data so you're going to
+be predicting reaction that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be predicting reaction that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be predicting reaction that are
+consistent with the data on this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the data on this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the data on this next
+problem set okay thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZGCJabWew3A.txt b/ZGCJabWew3A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b779ee41949d26344b86fd3c81e2b43784dab6f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZGCJabWew3A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1491 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+well i think the first thing to say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i think the first thing to say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i think the first thing to say in
+terms of tips for educators is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of tips for educators is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of tips for educators is to
+really encourage you or really encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really encourage you or really encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really encourage you or really encourage
+them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to
+to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it
+it's a very rewarding experience um i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very rewarding experience um i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very rewarding experience um i
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+that the opportunity to engage with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the opportunity to engage with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the opportunity to engage with
+community organizations and assistive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community organizations and assistive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community organizations and assistive
+technology users people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology users people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology users people with
+disabilities in the wider community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities in the wider community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities in the wider community
+beyond a college campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond a college campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond a college campus
+is you know for us as instructors um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know for us as instructors um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know for us as instructors um a
+very rewarding and exciting experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rewarding and exciting experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rewarding and exciting experience
+and you also find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also find
+within the university itself a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the university itself a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the university itself a lot of
+support and interest people who want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and interest people who want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and interest people who want to
+bring their own experiences or different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring their own experiences or different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring their own experiences or different
+aspects of the university that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the university that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the university that you know
+maybe work in assistive technology or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe work in assistive technology or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe work in assistive technology or
+student disability services that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student disability services that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student disability services that really
+get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very
+excited or in design or in engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited or in design or in engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited or in design or in engineering
+uh and so on um and the students uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so on um and the students uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so on um and the students uh
+themselves i think it's it's really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves i think it's it's really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves i think it's it's really uh
+a special group of students who's who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special group of students who's who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special group of students who's who
+are interested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in this
+topic i think that's really one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic i think that's really one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic i think that's really one of the
+that's really probably the biggest kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really probably the biggest kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really probably the biggest kind
+of joy of working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of joy of working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of joy of working
+in a class like this the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a class like this the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a class like this the kind of
+experiences that students bring to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences that students bring to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences that students bring to the
+table the dedication that they bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table the dedication that they bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table the dedication that they bring
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+to the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the class
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there's sort of a big need out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of a big need out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of a big need out there
+there's sort of a big interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of a big interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of a big interest
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+the other core part i would say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other core part i would say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other core part i would say is
+there's no doubt i mean logistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no doubt i mean logistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no doubt i mean logistically
+it's always a lot of work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always a lot of work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always a lot of work to
+bring together different partners or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring together different partners or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring together different partners or
+find people out in the community and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find people out in the community and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find people out in the community and
+find lab spaces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find lab spaces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find lab spaces and
+places to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places to
+build prototypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build prototypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build prototypes
+and so on and uh i wouldn't even claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and uh i wouldn't even claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and uh i wouldn't even claim
+that we tried to make it particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we tried to make it particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we tried to make it particularly
+efficient this year i think to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient this year i think to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient this year i think to us
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+particularly given the circumstances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly given the circumstances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly given the circumstances and
+given that you know we were doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you know we were doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you know we were doing this
+for the for the first time we tried a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the first time we tried a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the first time we tried a
+lot of experiments we that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of experiments we that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of experiments we that um
+that you know did require more time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know did require more time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know did require more time to
+set up that might be something one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up that might be something one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up that might be something one thing
+to say to that might be there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say to that might be there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say to that might be there might be
+more sort of efficient ways to put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sort of efficient ways to put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sort of efficient ways to put this
+all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together
+but the big thing that i think comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the big thing that i think comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the big thing that i think comes to
+mind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is
+that it's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's really the
+um the students working with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the students working with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the students working with their
+clients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+or it's really the results of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's really the results of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's really the results of this
+interaction between the students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the students and
+their client that really motivates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their client that really motivates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their client that really motivates
+students to to learn and to develop new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to to learn and to develop new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to to learn and to develop new
+skills and to put a lot of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills and to put a lot of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills and to put a lot of time and
+effort into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort into
+their projects i really think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their projects i really think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their projects i really think that the
+way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+relationship between clients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between clients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between clients and
+students is set up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students is set up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students is set up or
+really drives the the course it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really drives the the course it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really drives the the course it's really
+the clients that work with the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clients that work with the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clients that work with the students
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+do a really substantial part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a really substantial part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a really substantial part of the
+teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching
+associated with the class so in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the class so in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the class so in terms of
+kind of learning outcomes or in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of learning outcomes or in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of learning outcomes or in terms of
+the things that students learn in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that students learn in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that students learn in the
+class is really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is really big
+gains i guess to be gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains i guess to be gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains i guess to be gotten
+from a setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a setup
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i have two tips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have two tips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have two tips
+for other educators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other educators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other educators
+i think the first one is before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the first one is before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the first one is before the
+semester starts do all your homework as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester starts do all your homework as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester starts do all your homework as
+to where all the resources within your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where all the resources within your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where all the resources within your
+school are and within your community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school are and within your community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school are and within your community
+because you have no idea where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have no idea where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have no idea where the
+projects are going to go and what help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects are going to go and what help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects are going to go and what help
+your students are going to need there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your students are going to need there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your students are going to need there is
+no way that you yourself are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way that you yourself are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way that you yourself are going to
+possibly have all the skills to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly have all the skills to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly have all the skills to teach
+them how to do things so just make as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them how to do things so just make as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them how to do things so just make as
+many friends as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many friends as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many friends as possible
+who are on your side and who are willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are on your side and who are willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are on your side and who are willing
+to help out the students of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help out the students of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help out the students of their
+projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second tip is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+80 percent 70 to 80 of the work is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 percent 70 to 80 of the work is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 percent 70 to 80 of the work is all
+about people management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people management
+at the end of the day uh you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day uh you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day uh you're trying
+to facilitate uh students working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to facilitate uh students working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to facilitate uh students working
+for a client and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a client and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a client and
+the students are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students are
+usually novices at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually novices at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually novices at this
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+most of the trouble that the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the trouble that the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the trouble that the students
+have come down to the client wants this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come down to the client wants this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come down to the client wants this
+or the client is doing this and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the client is doing this and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the client is doing this and it's
+really discouraging or we don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really discouraging or we don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really discouraging or we don't know how
+to do this for them and so being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this for them and so being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this for them and so being able to
+facilitate that relationship becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate that relationship becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate that relationship becomes a
+big part of the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big part of the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big part of the work
+one other tip i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other tip i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other tip i would
+share is really in terms of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share is really in terms of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share is really in terms of the the
+setup of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup of the class
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i think we really do believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we really do believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we really do believe that
+working with the real clients over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the real clients over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the real clients over the
+semester is really at the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester is really at the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester is really at the core
+of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of this
+as opposed to maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to maybe
+working more theoretically in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working more theoretically in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working more theoretically in terms of
+assistive technology design or kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistive technology design or kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistive technology design or kind of a
+generalized more abstract uh need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized more abstract uh need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized more abstract uh need
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+what i've seen is it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've seen is it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've seen is it really
+sharpens the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharpens the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharpens the particular
+need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that
+students identify and try to fulfill it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students identify and try to fulfill it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students identify and try to fulfill it
+certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+motivates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivates
+students to try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to try to get
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+project working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project working
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also
+just ends up i think being you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ends up i think being you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ends up i think being you know just
+a stronger learning experience for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stronger learning experience for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stronger learning experience for
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+everybody involved just the kind of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody involved just the kind of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody involved just the kind of that
+human side of things so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human side of things so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human side of things so there's a lot of
+i know there's a lot of moving parts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know there's a lot of moving parts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know there's a lot of moving parts in
+in the class that we've put together um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class that we've put together um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class that we've put together um
+this semester um but from what i've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester um but from what i've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester um but from what i've seen
+i think working with um a client and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think working with um a client and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think working with um a client and and
+i think that associated with that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that associated with that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that associated with that is the
+the efforts to identify the right groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efforts to identify the right groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efforts to identify the right groups
+of people um to work with um i think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people um to work with um i think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people um to work with um i think is
+uh uh really important and i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh really important and i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh really important and i think
+there's some question you know always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some question you know always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some question you know always
+about well if you work with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well if you work with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well if you work with one
+particular person does that mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular person does that mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular person does that mean you
+sort of overfit to that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of overfit to that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of overfit to that particular
+person is this kind of product only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is this kind of product only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is this kind of product only
+going to be useful to that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be useful to that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be useful to that one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+person in in the world perhaps and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in in the world perhaps and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in in the world perhaps and the
+answer might be yes sometimes i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer might be yes sometimes i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer might be yes sometimes i mean
+it's very customized and it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very customized and it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very customized and it works
+hopefully for that particular person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully for that particular person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully for that particular person and
+intrinsically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i'd argue at least that that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd argue at least that that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd argue at least that that's that's a
+good thing but the other aspect and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing but the other aspect and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing but the other aspect and i
+think a student wrote about this in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a student wrote about this in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a student wrote about this in one
+of the blog posts is that i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the blog posts is that i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the blog posts is that i think
+doing this kind of design for one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this kind of design for one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this kind of design for one and
+making it work end to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it work end to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it work end to end
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+can be a successful way of teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a successful way of teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a successful way of teaching
+design or teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design or teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design or teaching
+engineering and could lead as well to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and could lead as well to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and could lead as well to
+kind of successful ideas or successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of successful ideas or successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of successful ideas or successful
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+in assistive technology that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in assistive technology that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in assistive technology that are
+applicable to more than one person
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZL0yOsnLDsQ.txt b/ZL0yOsnLDsQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a89d6908b03f7e97e3c7535a3ce348abb1ac4510
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZL0yOsnLDsQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4006 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: But the topic for
+today is a big topic and an
+
+interesting one.
+
+So there's a lot to
+say about it.
+
+So I guess we're going to want
+to get started on that, which
+
+is MIT in World War II.
+
+I asked you to read I believe
+three pieces, the Hunter
+
+Dupree article, four, right,
+Hunter Dupree, Debbie Douglas
+
+piece, "Science Analysts
+Frontier," and
+
+the cybernetics piece.
+
+AUDIENCE: The Lily Kay too.
+
+It was on the copy I have.
+
+PROFESSOR: Was the Lily
+Kay article on there?
+
+AUDIENCE: There was no
+Lily Kay on there.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, maybe
+last year's syllabus.
+
+I think we took that one
+off for this year.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+I read more than you
+did this year.
+
+Nyeh, nyeh, nyeh, nah.
+
+PROFESSOR: But that's a
+good one to add, as
+
+well in some ways.
+
+And the reason that I picked
+those four is--
+
+and actually, I think they're
+quite interrelated.
+
+And some people kind of
+picked that up in
+
+the response papers.
+
+And I'll sort of underscore
+that a little more.
+
+In that one of them is about the
+overall kind of national
+
+science policy sorts of stuff.
+
+That's the Dupree article.
+
+One of them is about how those
+changes affected life on
+
+campus here on a day-to-day
+basis.
+
+The Wiener one is about how
+those changes affected the
+
+core content of what people were
+doing on campus and the
+
+actual kinds of science and
+engineering that were going
+
+on, because cybernetics
+was very much a
+
+product of that time.
+
+And then "Science Analysts
+Frontier" is a sort of outcome
+
+of the end of the war,
+looking forward.
+
+And all of those things I think
+have a big impact on the
+
+MIT that you experience today
+and the landscape of how
+
+science is funded and organized
+in this country that
+
+you'll experience, probably
+regardless of whether you go
+
+into a research career or a
+career in industry, certainly
+
+if you go into a career
+in research, how
+
+technology gets generated.
+
+So I just wanted to say a little
+bit by way of review
+
+and then go into some
+other things.
+
+And I have lots of pictures to
+show, to give it a little bit
+
+of texture.
+
+So Hunter Dupree talks about
+what he calls the Great
+
+Instauration, which is actually
+
+was allusion to Bacon.
+
+And a few people comment on his
+distinction between the
+
+Baconian scientists who sort of
+engaged in the affairs of
+
+the world and the more
+Cartesian model of a
+
+scientist, who is sort of
+isolated in the laboratory in
+
+a purely intellectual space, and
+that's an interesting way
+
+to think about this whole thing,
+and how these things
+
+sort of formulated in the
+years leading up to the
+
+Second World War.
+
+What is the generally accepted
+start of the Second World War?
+
+Anybody know?
+
+Just date-wise?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Was it August 1939?
+
+PROFESSOR: Close.
+
+Within a month, September
+1939.
+
+AUDIENCE: The first
+day of September.
+
+PROFESSOR: What happens
+in September 1939?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry.
+
+AUDIENCE: Nazi invasion.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Nazi invasion of Poland.
+
+That's the sort of generally
+accepted moment, although
+
+there's the Spanish Civil War
+before that and what not.
+
+When does the US get
+into the war?
+
+AUDIENCE: December 7, 1941.
+
+PROFESSOR: December 7, 1941,
+Pearl Harbor, more than two
+
+years later.
+
+A very long period, where Europe
+and most of Asia is at
+
+war and the US is not only not
+as the war-- it's not like
+
+when we get into it, there are
+a lot of people who really
+
+don't want us too and think we
+should stay out, Charles
+
+Lindbergh among them.
+
+And so this is this kind
+of limbo period where--
+
+and it's actually in a
+way the same as in
+
+the first world war.
+
+The US is very late getting into
+it and has a lot of time
+
+to prepare.
+
+If the US had gotten into the
+war in September 1939, we
+
+would have been a
+lot of trouble.
+
+There was nothing.
+
+There was no military to
+speak of in a sense.
+
+Whereas by December 1941,
+things had been
+
+gearing up for a while.
+
+And that's this period where
+not only does Bush get
+
+interested and involved, but
+also the predecessor is--
+
+there's this very interesting,
+sort of curious committee
+
+called the Scientific Aids to
+Learning, that is done under
+
+the National Academy of
+Sciences, which includes
+
+Vannevar Bush, James Bryant
+Conant, who's is the president
+
+of Harvard, a chemist, and also
+Frank Jewett, who we've
+
+mentioned before, who
+is an MIT graduate.
+
+He taught here.
+
+He is then head of Bell Labs,
+head of research for AT&T, and
+
+actually president of the
+National Academy of Sciences
+
+in the 1930s.
+
+And these guys all get together
+on this sort of
+
+abstract study about--
+
+anybody know what
+that refers to,
+
+Scientific Aids to Learning?
+
+It's a very modern
+topic in a way.
+
+How can we use new technology
+to help education?
+
+What are the new technologies
+they're talking about?
+
+LP records, 33 and
+1/3 records--
+
+does anybody know what
+a record is?
+
+LP records, 16 millimeter
+film, to some degree 35
+
+millimeter photography, these
+are all the cutting edge media
+
+technologies in 1939.
+
+And there are people saying,
+gee, there must be way to
+
+improve education using
+these things.
+
+And it's interesting when
+you think about--
+
+we may have mentioned
+this before.
+
+We'll certainly mention
+it later--
+
+Vannevar Bush's great paper,
+"As We May Think," where he
+
+introduces this idea of the
+memex, which is very much
+
+credited as being a kind of
+predecessor to the World Wide
+
+Web, so right about
+this time period.
+
+So he's got exposure to these
+sort of media film
+
+technologies at the time.
+
+And in the course of that
+committee, these guys get
+
+together and they think there's
+
+really something happening.
+
+The United States is generally
+mobilizing.
+
+Even though there's a lot of
+political debate, people
+
+really see that the US needs
+to build up the military
+
+during this period.
+
+And it's not at all clear that
+the scientific talent of the
+
+country is going to be utilized
+in the best way.
+
+And a lot of people, and we
+talked about this, during
+
+World War I felt that it really
+wasn't utilized in the
+
+most effective way.
+
+And Dupree talks about, there's
+a lot of different
+
+options for ways that you might
+bring either scientists,
+
+to use that term generally, or
+people like you, to bear on
+
+the war effort.
+
+What might those ways be?
+
+What are the different options
+you might have?
+
+Well, one option is to just
+draft you all, send you into
+
+the military, and then I've got
+lots of smart MIT people
+
+working in the army.
+
+Especially the army in 1940,
+you'd probably spent a lot of
+
+time peeling potatoes.
+
+You'd probably get handed a
+rifle and told to run into the
+
+machine gun fire.
+
+I'm going to draft you and
+rather than you being sent to
+
+the front, I'm going to send
+to the Watertown Arsenal to
+
+make guns or to help engineer
+the manufacture of guns.
+
+OK, you go work for the
+government, you work in a
+
+government facility, and you
+help with some important job.
+
+That's not a bad way
+to do it actually.
+
+But you end up working
+on things
+
+that are already existing.
+
+And so there are labs internal
+to the government.
+
+The Navy has them.
+
+The Army has them.
+
+Even the Army Air Force had
+some stuff like that.
+
+But they were generally seen as
+not the most cutting edge.
+
+And there's a lot of truth
+to be said to that.
+
+They were sort of concerned
+with building weapons that
+
+they had built for a long time,
+not really very good at
+
+dealing with things like
+electronics or other new
+
+things, and very, very hard for
+them to think about stuff
+
+that was outside the box.
+
+If you were in the Navy, the
+Navy had a great cadre of
+
+people who knew how to build
+warships because they built
+
+best warships and that's
+all they did.
+
+But outside of building
+warships, it was very hard to
+
+think about what you might do.
+
+Because that's what the Navy
+did, was they built warships,
+
+to some degree airplanes,
+mostly warships and
+
+submarines.
+
+You could send all the
+scientists and engineers into
+
+industrial labs and have them
+work in industry and close
+
+down the school.
+
+You could organize a separate
+corps, where you say--
+
+actually there are some things
+like this today.
+
+There's the Public
+Health Service.
+
+There's the NOAH corps, which
+is the oceanographic corp.
+
+These are sort of little
+quasi-military organizations
+
+that are peppered around
+the government.
+
+You could say let's have
+a government--
+
+well, there's a Peace Corps.
+
+I'm sure you've heard of that.
+
+You could have the War Corps.
+
+And a lot of different options
+there for organizing.
+
+And these guys started to
+become worried that they
+
+didn't think that left to its
+own devices, it was going to
+
+go the right way.
+
+And so Bush and his group,
+particularly Bush in using his
+
+political connections, gets them
+took to create this thing
+
+called the National Defense
+Research Committee.
+
+And he writes this famous memo
+that Dupree talks about, in
+
+June of 1940, which
+happens to be--
+
+anybody know that picture is?
+
+What happens in June 1940?
+
+AUDIENCE: Germans take France.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+France falls to the Nazis.
+
+So this is what, about
+less than a year
+
+after the war starts.
+
+And here you have Hitler
+walking down--
+
+there's Hitler right there,
+Albert Speer, by the way,
+
+right there, touring Paris.
+
+And that's a pretty shocking
+image for the West to see.
+
+And it was a time of
+doom and gloom.
+
+A time of really the sense that
+if the US didn't get off
+
+its rear end and start doing
+things, bad things
+
+were going to happen.
+
+And you also have the
+Battle of Britain.
+
+And the Battle of Britain
+refers, of course, the Nazi--
+
+they were next going
+to invade England.
+
+But Hitler wouldn't do it until
+Goering could give him
+
+air superiority.
+
+And so they started going
+over and bombing and
+
+preparing the ground.
+
+And they never quite got air
+superiority, because of the
+
+Spitfires and the Hurricanes and
+all this, not least of it
+
+aided by radar.
+
+And so in the spring of 1940,
+into the summer of 1940, is
+
+what they call the
+Blitz in London.
+
+I'm sure if you've
+been to London,
+
+you've seen that stuff.
+
+Not only is there this sense
+of military emergency, but
+
+there's this sense that
+a lot of the danger is
+
+coming from the sky.
+
+And we really don't know how to
+shoot down airplanes and we
+
+don't know how to combat
+airplanes.
+
+And there's this sense
+of defense that is
+
+not being taken up.
+
+And so these guys from the
+Scientific Aids to Learning,
+
+and this memo that Bush writes,
+particularly concerned
+
+about anti-aircraft defenses--
+
+and Harry Hopkins, who is the
+chief of staff for the
+
+president, basically puts this
+memo in front of him.
+
+And he writes across
+it, OK, FDR.
+
+And that's the letter.
+
+And with that letter, in the
+government world, if you have
+
+that signature on your letter
+you can pretty much do
+
+anything you want.
+
+It's literally like
+a blank check.
+
+And Bush goes around in the
+summer of 1940 collecting all
+
+these people to work
+in this National
+
+Defense Research Committee.
+
+And they divided
+up initially--
+
+it's later called the OSRD.
+
+And it's a little bit confusing
+the way the
+
+terminology works.
+
+But they divided up into
+different divisions.
+
+There's a division for transport
+and communication;
+
+aircraft, submarines, and mine
+defense; guns, projectiles,
+
+and armor; and bombs, fuels,
+gases, and chemistry.
+
+And these tend to be things that
+are not things that they
+
+feel are being addressed
+
+adequately through the services.
+
+What's the one thing they
+leave out, by the way?
+
+They don't go near, they
+don't touch it?
+
+Aviation.
+
+They feel that the NACA, which
+Bush has then been chair of,
+
+the predecessor to NASA
+has aviation sewed up.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is fire control
+listed there?
+
+PROFESSOR: Fire control is
+under guns, projectiles,
+
+armor, and materials.
+
+And so what they do in a sense
+is they grab onto all of the
+
+technologies that don't fit
+neatly into the services, the
+
+military services.
+
+And you'll see this again when
+we talk about DARPA.
+
+Because the Navy knows
+how to build ships.
+
+They're not going tell the
+Navy how to build ships.
+
+But the Navy doesn't know the
+first thing about radar, and
+
+they're not particularly good
+at radio, and they certainly
+
+don't think very much about
+other sorts of things.
+
+There's this great quote.
+
+I don't know if it's in that
+reading, from Bush, where he
+
+says, there were those who
+protested that the action of
+
+setting up the NDRC
+was an end run.
+
+A grab by which a small company
+of scientists and
+
+engineers, acting outside
+established channels, got hold
+
+of the authority and money
+for the program of
+
+developing new weapons.
+
+So they met a lot of resistance,
+particularly from
+
+the military itself, saying why
+are you guys doing this?
+
+And Bush says, that's in fact
+exactly what it was.
+
+It was an end run.
+
+They went around all the
+established people.
+
+There are millions and millions
+of dollars flowing
+
+into Navy laboratories, flowing
+into other things, but
+
+building very traditional
+weapons and things along the
+
+lines that they didn't feel
+were going to be really
+
+thinking differently.
+
+So they set this thing up.
+
+It's outside the Army.
+
+It's outside the Navy.
+
+And you have no idea what a
+bureaucracy is like until you
+
+look at the Army or
+the Navy in 1940.
+
+These are organizations that
+have existed for hundreds of
+
+years practically, or at least
+150 years at that point.
+
+There was not a lot of rapid
+change going on, except maybe
+
+in the air arm in the Army.
+
+And they bring these people on
+who can actually understand,
+
+who can manage the research and
+pretty much write checks
+
+with government money,
+with a handshake.
+
+This is not the NSF, where you
+have to go through peer review
+
+and you have to get your program
+approved and all the
+
+sort of things that a
+lot of people here
+
+on campus do today.
+
+This is like, show up at
+somebody's lab, ask them if
+
+they'd like to be involved?
+
+And the next thing they know,
+they got a check for $250,000,
+
+which in 1940 is a lot of
+money for scientist.
+
+And one of the things they
+really get right early on is
+
+this whole business about
+electronics and what role
+
+electronics could potentially
+play in the war effort.
+
+There's radar.
+
+There's computing.
+
+There's different kinds of
+systems integration.
+
+I'll talk more and I'll show
+you some pictures about
+
+proximity fuses and
+fire control and
+
+I'll mention radar.
+
+And also of course, and Dupree
+mentions this, there's this
+
+uranium committee.
+
+Which is another one of these
+things that gee, it seems like
+
+it has potential.
+
+It's a bunch of pointy-headed
+scientists telling us some
+
+abstract thing that could be
+the greatest ever, but
+
+what do they know?
+
+These are like Hungarian
+physicists, who just have this
+
+idea on a blackboard.
+
+And this uranium committee
+had sort of existed.
+
+But the Army didn't
+really own it.
+
+The Navy didn't really own it.
+
+And of course it belongs then,
+it gets folded into the NDRC.
+
+What does it become?
+
+AUDIENCE: The Manhattan
+Project.
+
+PROFESSOR: The Manhattan
+Project.
+
+Then it actually branches
+out of NDRC.
+
+For a grant from the NSF.
+
+And say I want to get $100,000,
+how much do I need
+
+to get from the NSF?
+
+Anybody know what the
+overhead rate is?
+
+It's like-- and I'll get this
+within 5% because I don't
+
+follow it every year-- it's
+like 63 and 1/2%.
+
+So if I want to get a grant,
+any faculty member you work
+
+with that goes to the NSF and
+needs $100,000 to do the work,
+
+I have to get $163,500.
+
+And that $63,500 from the top,
+just goes right off the top
+
+into MIT's bank account.
+
+And the reason I ask if you've
+heard about it, because a lot
+
+of faculty complain about
+it a lot because it
+
+feels kind of painful.
+
+And what does it do?
+
+Theoretically, it goes to pay
+for keeping the lights, on
+
+keeping the heat on, somebody
+to come in and sweep the lab
+
+out at night, all the different
+things, the
+
+paperwork, that it takes to
+actually run these grants.
+
+And it is expensive
+to do that.
+
+And most faculty see it as a
+big burden because gee, my
+
+$63,500 which the NSF gave me,
+suddenly gets taken as rent by
+
+my landlord.
+
+And what do I get in return?
+
+All I do is get somebody who
+comes in to sweep the floor
+
+and it sounds like
+a lot of money.
+
+And Dupree really tells you
+why that was so important.
+
+And it was invented in this
+month, pretty much.
+
+And it was one of the most
+critical ideas of getting all
+
+this stuff to work so
+impressively, which was--
+
+MIT's total research budget in
+1940, before this started, was
+
+on the order of $300,000, the
+entire research budget for the
+
+entire Institute.
+
+I wrote the number down here.
+
+Well, in total MIT got from
+the NDRC, $116 million.
+
+$116 million, even in today's
+world, is a lot of research.
+
+And what does that mean?
+
+It mostly means people and desks
+and laboratories and all
+
+that stuff.
+
+If MIT had to pay for building
+all those buildings and
+
+building all those desks and
+building all that heating and
+
+all that infrastructure, it have
+bankrupted the Institute
+
+by the time it got
+to $3 million.
+
+But they added this overhead
+charge on there so that any
+
+time money came for research to
+hire post-docs or research
+
+assistants or technicians or
+other people, it came with
+
+this overhead.
+
+That meant that the dollar
+figure could grow infinitely
+
+large, infinitely large.
+
+And again, think about that
+$300,000 to $116 million in
+
+under five years.
+
+We wish we saw that kind
+of growth now.
+
+And it was only able to happen
+because they built into this
+
+idea of the research contract,
+this notion of indirect costs.
+
+It was really a very fundamental
+thing that we
+
+still live with today.
+
+That means that if I as a
+faculty member went to DARPA
+
+and I got $100 million
+contract, MIT
+
+could support it.
+
+And they might have to build me
+a building, which happens
+
+all the time, you see these
+buildings around here.
+
+But they could actually do it.
+
+The other thing about it was all
+of the research contracts,
+
+the military, the only thing
+they knew how to do up until
+
+then was to buy stuff.
+
+It's called procurement.
+
+It's still something
+they do a lot of.
+
+So if I wanted to do an
+experimental radar set, the
+
+only way I had to do it was to
+come to MIT and go, we'd like
+
+to buy 10 radar sets.
+
+And we probably won't even use
+them and they may not even
+
+work, but at least we'll have
+a contract that has a
+
+procurement.
+
+And what they invented during
+this period also with this R&D
+
+contract, where MIT doesn't
+deliver anything other than
+
+promising to put out its best
+effort to do the research and
+
+hopefully publish some
+papers on it.
+
+That was also a pretty
+revolutionary
+
+idea in that point.
+
+Until that point, there
+was no way for the
+
+government to do that.
+
+So here's what Dupree
+says about it.
+
+It's a nice little sentence
+that captures it all.
+
+The contract was the device
+by which universities and
+
+industrial research labs were
+preserved as institutions,
+
+even while their social role
+was radically changed.
+
+I mean this was very much the
+vision that people like Bush
+
+and Conant had, was we want to
+keep MIT for what it is, keep
+
+it as the character
+that it has.
+
+Obviously, it changed during
+the war in some basic ways.
+
+But it didn't change permanently
+in some sense.
+
+Where there's a free flow
+of ideas, there's an
+
+open flow of ideas.
+
+But I haven't addressed all
+these other kinds of problems.
+
+Without becoming part of the
+Army, or without it becoming
+
+part of the Navy, or having
+just everybody drafted and
+
+closing the place down
+for five years.
+
+So the NDRC is created
+in June of 1940.
+
+It gets up and running.
+
+It starts to issue its first
+contracts in September,
+
+October of 1940.
+
+I'll talk about the radiation
+lab in a couple minutes when I
+
+show the slides.
+
+Well, it's worth knowing that
+they get started under the
+
+NDRC in October, I
+believe, of 1940.
+
+They deliver their first
+radar set in March of
+
+the following year.
+
+So think about the turnaround
+there, to take a completely
+
+new technology and to deliver
+something the military can use
+
+in the field in four months.
+
+It was a pretty remarkable
+turn-around.
+
+And in fact, some people in
+their response papers
+
+mentioned the intensity of the
+environment that sort of
+
+developed around here
+during that period.
+
+And commenting, a couple people,
+that it was hard to
+
+imagine it was any more intense
+than it is today.
+
+Although it probably was.
+
+And one thing that wasn't
+really captured in the
+
+readings is why it
+was so intense?
+
+What was it that was driving
+people to work such long hours
+
+and put such incredible
+time in?
+
+Again, most of the people doing
+this work are people
+
+just like you.
+
+They're either students or just
+recent graduates who are
+
+occupying these labs.
+
+Especially for the men, what
+happens to all your friends?
+
+AUDIENCE: Going and
+getting drafted.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, what are
+all your friends doing?
+
+AUDIENCE: Getting drafted.
+
+PROFESSOR: Either getting
+drafted or signing up.
+
+It's not that the people who
+are working in the labs are
+
+trying to avoid getting
+drafted.
+
+That's more of a product
+of later wars.
+
+They're exempted from the draft
+because they're doing
+
+critical work.
+
+And there's a lot of social
+pressure about not shirking
+
+your service.
+
+So it can be seen as a kind of
+embarrassment to be exempted
+
+from the draft to do
+laboratory work.
+
+It's a sort of cushy
+assignment.
+
+It's the sort of thing that
+people like Dick Cheney and
+
+George Bush were criticized
+for during
+
+presidential campaigns.
+
+All your friends are going off
+to war and you're staying home
+
+in Cambridge, working at MIT.
+
+A lot of I think the motivation
+for people was they
+
+really wanted to prove they were
+doing something important
+
+and making a contribution to
+the war effort and not just
+
+avoiding the draft.
+
+Because they were exempted
+from the draft.
+
+And that they really were
+serving their country in the
+
+same kind of way.
+
+This was not the Vietnam War,
+which was very contentious
+
+about who went and who
+didn't go and who
+
+wanted to get drafted.
+
+This was where the entire
+country literally mobilized.
+
+And everybody's job, everybody's
+home life,
+
+everybody moved around.
+
+And it really fundamentally
+changed the
+
+country for that period.
+
+So you have this environment
+inside the laboratories which
+
+is very different.
+
+So a couple of statistics, as I
+mentioned MIT was the single
+
+largest recipient of OSRD
+already funds, I think by a
+
+factor of two or three, $116
+million over five years.
+
+Again, that's a lot of money in
+today's world, much less in
+
+1940 dollars, where the
+total budget was
+
+$300,000 before then.
+
+There were about 2,300 contracts
+overall in the OSRD,
+
+totaling $500 million.
+
+So MIT got more than 20%
+of the total funds.
+
+It was a bit of an inside
+job, no doubt about it.
+
+The Radiation Laboratory by
+1942, again it was only
+
+founded in the end of 1940, so
+within a year it was as large
+
+as the rest of MIT
+all together.
+
+And it was of course,
+right there.
+
+The overhead started
+out as 30% and got
+
+reduced down to 10%--
+
+again today it's 63 and 1/2%--
+
+because they didn't want to be
+seen as raking off all this
+
+cash that came in.
+
+And again, there was a
+lot of resistance.
+
+There's a great quote by Harold
+Bowen, who was the head
+
+of the Naval Research
+Laboratory.
+
+He was an MIT graduate.
+
+He said--
+
+he's coming from within
+the Navy--
+
+those of us who had been working
+in applied science for
+
+years cannot be blamed for not
+always enthusiastically
+
+endorsing all the efforts of
+the Johnny-come-latelys who
+
+inevitably steam into
+Washington at the
+
+beginning of the war.
+
+So that was how they viewed
+Vannevar Bush and all these
+
+scientists, was they
+were coming in.
+
+We've been working on radar.
+
+In fact, they did.
+
+The Naval Research Lab really
+invented radar.
+
+And here comes Vannevar Bush,
+saying we're going to do it
+
+all at MIT.
+
+And in a certain way, taking
+it away from the Naval
+
+Research Lab.
+
+Very contentious stuff, lots
+of power politics going on.
+
+Also with AT&T. I'll
+talk about that a
+
+little bit in a minute.
+
+Some of the other big
+benefactors, and I mention
+
+this because these places all
+still exist and may be places
+
+you'd come across, the
+Jet Propulsion
+
+Laboratory at Caltech--
+
+anybody ever heard
+of that place?
+
+Founded right during
+this period.
+
+What do they do now?
+
+AUDIENCE: Stuff for NASA.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, it's
+part of NASA.
+
+They do a lot of deep
+space probes.
+
+They did the Mars Rovers
+that you've read about.
+
+They do essentially nothing
+with jet propulsion.
+
+But they were founded, under the
+direction of Theodore von
+
+Karman, to do rocket
+research basically.
+
+There's a whole new institution
+out there created
+
+right about the same time,
+by the same thing.
+
+The Applied Physics Lab
+at Johns Hopkins.
+
+Anybody ever hear of that lab?
+
+Also a big government lab,
+associated with the
+
+university.
+
+They do all kinds of interesting
+secret stuff.
+
+They do submarine tracking and
+they do a lot of space design
+
+and they build satellites.
+
+And in fact, the former
+head of NASA, Mike
+
+Griffin came out of there.
+
+And they were founded in the
+same period to develop the
+
+proximity fuse, which was
+a little radar device.
+
+It was built into an
+artillery shell.
+
+It was designed to explode when
+it came near an airplane.
+
+So these are all places
+that still exist.
+
+A lot of these big government
+or quasi-government research
+
+labs exist.
+
+Let me maybe turn
+to the slides.
+
+Any questions on any of that?
+
+I have a few more numbers
+about the Rad Lab radar.
+
+AUDIENCE: I mean one of the
+things that comes out in the
+
+article by Debbie Douglas is
+that the significance of the
+
+microwave research here at MIT
+was it that allowed people to
+
+make radar units smaller.
+
+So what had existed before?
+
+You mentioned the Navy.
+
+PROFESSOR: I think I have
+pictures of that.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK, great.
+
+PROFESSOR: So here's
+one example.
+
+This will become relevant when
+we talk about Apollo actually.
+
+Again, one of the big concerns
+was about gunfire control.
+
+And this is a device--
+
+I may have mentioned
+this before.
+
+Did I show this picture
+before so far?
+
+I actually have two of these
+things in my office.
+
+I bought them on eBay for about
+$25, still brand new in
+
+the box from 1945, when there
+were manufactured.
+
+And this is a gun site for a
+guy, an anti-aircraft gunner,
+
+aboard a Naval ship.
+
+And what it does is it's got
+two gyroscopes in it.
+
+And it has a little mirror and
+it automatically calculates
+
+the lead for the gunner.
+
+So if there's an airplane coming
+in and you've got to
+
+lead it by some amount in order
+to fire ahead of it,
+
+because it takes time for the
+bullets to get there, and it
+
+can be very hard to train people
+to do that, that's how
+
+you shoot skeet and stuff.
+
+And what this thing does, is it
+just says, if you just put
+
+the cross-hairs in your site,
+on the actual airplane, it
+
+will automatically calculate
+the lead and sort of force
+
+your hands to lead the gun.
+
+And this was built by, not only
+by Charles Stark Draper
+
+in the Instrumentation Lab here,
+but also by Bob Siemens,
+
+who was one of his students,
+who then became second in
+
+command at NASA during
+the Apollo program.
+
+We'll talk about that.
+
+And was one of their first
+forays into gyroscopes, which
+
+then became really important
+during the Cold War and later.
+
+I keep pushing the wrong
+side of the mouse.
+
+And this is actually
+how it worked.
+
+So you can see they can just
+see the site and it sort of
+
+forces the gunner, if he keep
+the cross-hair on the plane,
+
+to calculate the lead.
+
+And one of the reasons I show
+you this is that one of the
+
+real themes that runs through
+the work that gets done at MIT
+
+is not just the microwave
+physics itself, but the user
+
+interfaces for a lot
+of these things.
+
+And building on that work that
+we talked about with the
+
+differential analyzer, how you
+actually kind of match these
+
+systems to human performance
+is really one of the big
+
+themes in the research.
+
+And that sort of leads us
+obviously up through Weiner
+
+and cybernetics.
+
+This is one of the divisions of
+the NDRC, which was devoted
+
+to fire control, which is that's
+the same issue about
+
+how do you aim these different
+kinds of guns?
+
+And I give you this list because
+I want to show you the
+
+combination of people who were
+here and the representatives
+
+from both industry and the
+government and then also in
+
+the world of computing.
+
+So just to give you
+a couple examples.
+
+This guy here is Warren Weaver,
+who is one of the
+
+senior people at the Rockefeller
+Foundation, who
+
+funds Bush's differential
+analyzer.
+
+Also is the guy who invented the
+term "molecular biology."
+
+And so he comes from the kind
+of pre-World War II private
+
+foundation world of
+science funding.
+
+This is Preston Bassett, who is
+the president of the Sperry
+
+Gyroscope Company, which makes
+a lot of these kinds of
+
+control systems.
+
+Harold Hazen, who is a student
+of Bush, who writes the first
+
+paper on the theory of
+servomechanisms in 1934 and
+
+becomes dean of engineering
+at MIT.
+
+This guy here is
+George Stibitz.
+
+He invented the word "digital"
+and built all kinds of control
+
+computers out of telephone
+relays during the war.
+
+This guy is Ivan Getting.
+
+And I'll talk about him
+in a little bit.
+
+He did a lot of the early
+work on radar.
+
+And later on, was really
+the father of the GPS
+
+constellation, that we now
+use to navigate our cars.
+
+Karl Wildes, also a electrical
+engineering
+
+professor here at MIT.
+
+George Philbrick, who really
+kind of invented the analog
+
+computer, electrical
+analog computer.
+
+And we'll talk a little bit more
+about that in a minute.
+
+So you have all these people
+sort of coming together on
+
+this problem.
+
+None of them had ever thought
+about this problem before in
+
+their entire careers.
+
+Which was sort of a benefit,
+right, because the Navy
+
+figured they knew how to do it
+and all these guys just sort
+
+of came in and did it
+in a different way,
+
+with some fresh ideas.
+
+This is an electronic,
+analog electronic
+
+computer that they built.
+
+You see these two guys here
+looking through these sites.
+
+The actual electronics for
+the computer is here.
+
+And they follow an airplane
+with these optical sites.
+
+And then it actually has giant
+servos on the gun that
+
+actually point the gun to aim
+it in the right place
+
+and then fire it.
+
+So it's the beginning
+of a kind of
+
+integrated control system.
+
+And anybody here ever hear the
+term "operational amplifier"
+
+or use an operational
+amplifier?
+
+It's one of the basic building
+blocks of modern electronics.
+
+It's sort of the basic
+feedback loop.
+
+Any of you take, what is it
+6002, I think they probably do
+
+op amps in that course.
+
+The first op amps are invented
+to go into this device.
+
+And the whole idea of a feedback
+amplifier being used
+
+to do addition and subtraction
+and multiplication and
+
+division and integration and
+differentiation, all comes out
+
+of this device, from again, from
+the telephone company.
+
+Again, we read about Wiener.
+
+Weiner is a sort of mathematical
+adviser to all
+
+these guys.
+
+The book that I assigned the
+intro for you is from 1948,
+
+Cybernetics.
+
+But as he talks about in there,
+really kind of the
+
+genesis of it was him thinking
+about anti-aircraft fire
+
+control during the
+Second World War.
+
+And of course, now we have the
+idea of cyberspace and cyber
+
+this, and my Sony Cyber-shot,
+and all this kind of stuff.
+
+The basic ideas of a lot of
+this came from people like
+
+Norbert Wiener, working
+out not only the basic
+
+mathematics--
+
+in fact, you can see them
+on the board here.
+
+If you read the rest of that
+book of Cybernetics, which is
+
+a lot of mathematics, a lot of
+it is the basic equations for
+
+what today you call signal
+processing or digital signal
+
+processing.
+
+It wasn't digital
+when he did it.
+
+But the whole idea of
+correlation and convolution
+
+and different kinds of
+filters and stuff
+
+is came out of there.
+
+Yup?
+
+AUDIENCE: So actually I got
+curious and went onto
+
+Wikipedia and looked them up.
+
+Those equations are actually on
+Wikipedia under an article
+
+called the "Weiner filter."
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+The Weiner filter is a sort of
+classic optimal filter that is
+
+a predecessor to the common
+filter, which is something
+
+that people use all
+the time today in
+
+design and control systems.
+
+There's Building 20, which is
+the actual radiation lab.
+
+Let's see if we can orient
+ourselves to it.
+
+Well, I'll let you see
+if you can do it.
+
+What are you seeing there?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that
+Vassar Street?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+This is Vassar Street here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, wow.
+
+It's really big.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's big.
+
+It was built in about
+four months.
+
+It lasted about 40 years,
+probably longer, 45 years.
+
+It was basically built like
+an army barracks.
+
+What's this right here?
+
+I think that's us.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's where
+we are now.
+
+PROFESSOR: Where we
+are right now.
+
+In fact, yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Almost exactly.
+
+PROFESSOR: What's this?
+
+AUDIENCE: Swimming pool.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's the alumni
+pool, which is right out the
+
+window, which was already
+built then.
+
+Everything that happened
+is built around that.
+
+And so here is the--
+
+I'm not sure which
+building that is.
+
+That looks like one of the
+original main group buildings.
+
+So there's the Rad Lab.
+
+You can see this huge
+loading dock.
+
+Lots of stuff going
+in and going out.
+
+These different kind
+of fingers.
+
+And all these wacky radar
+antennas up on the roof for
+
+experimental testing.
+
+Does nobody know what was it--
+
+it's still there today--
+the Christian
+
+Science church downtown?
+
+If you go like to Boston
+Symphony Hall, there's a big
+
+plaza and there's a dome.
+
+Which before Boston was built
+up, that was one of the
+
+prominent features of
+the Boston skyline.
+
+That was the first microwave
+radar target in history, from
+
+a building at MIT, fired over
+and reflected off that dome.
+
+This is just an image
+of the various labs.
+
+There's many of these different
+labs in the Rad Lab.
+
+And it's considered a kind of
+prototype of what a modern R&D
+
+lab could be set up like.
+
+You can see here,
+it's divided up.
+
+There's a receiver lab, an
+indicator antenna lab, a
+
+shielded room, a darkroom.
+
+If you know the history
+of physics,
+
+you'll know a lot of--
+
+Lee Dubridge was
+the head of it.
+
+I.I. Rabi is a famous
+Columbia physicist.
+
+Kenneth Bainbridge I think
+was a Nobel Prize winner.
+
+I'm not sure about that.
+
+Pollard later won
+the Nobel Prize.
+
+So lots of people, who later
+became very, very important,
+
+including people like Paul
+Samuelson, the Noble Prize
+
+winning economist here at MIT,
+that you might not expect.
+
+So the Rad Lab gets started
+around this
+
+device, the cavity magnetron.
+
+Anybody seen something
+like this before?
+
+There's two places you
+might have seen it.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's on the
+poster in Lab 7.
+
+PROFESSOR: So three.
+
+It is on the poster in Lab 7.
+
+Very good.
+
+I forgot about that one.
+
+Where else?
+
+AUDIENCE: The museum.
+
+PROFESSOR: So there's
+one in the museum.
+
+One other place you might have
+seen it, knowing what MIT
+
+students might be like.
+
+If you ever take apart a
+microwave oven, you'll see one
+
+of these things inside there.
+
+In fact, that's kind
+of the only place
+
+you'll still find them.
+
+So this device is only
+about this big.
+
+If you go to the museum,
+you'll see it.
+
+It's one of the 150 objects.
+
+And radar had been invented
+in the early '30s really.
+
+But it was pretty
+long-wave radar.
+
+I may have a picture of it.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So this is pre-World
+War II radar.
+
+This is built by Western
+Electric, which is
+
+part of Bell Labs.
+
+And there's a couple of key
+things to notice about it.
+
+What do you notice about it?
+
+It's really big.
+
+Why is it big?
+
+AUDIENCE: With long waves.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's using relatively
+long wavelengths,
+
+in the sort of hundreds of
+megahertz wavelengths.
+
+You can see the antenna
+and all the wires
+
+for it on the left.
+
+And this is pretty much
+state of the art when
+
+the Rad Lab is founded.
+
+And more or less, this
+is an American radar.
+
+But the British have a version
+of this that they used during
+
+the Battle of Britain, they call
+it Chain Home, that is
+
+able to detect attacking
+aircraft.
+
+And it does actually
+work in fact.
+
+In fact, the Pear Harbor attack
+was detected by one of
+
+these right radars, as SCR-268
+268, before it happened, a
+
+couple hours before
+it happened.
+
+But nobody really had any
+faith in the technology.
+
+And it was new.
+
+And people didn't really
+understand it.
+
+And it was just a bunch of
+blips on the screen.
+
+And the warning that the radar
+station issued, was ignored.
+
+Tells you something about any
+technology needs to develop
+
+its own credibility and to have
+people believe in it.
+
+After that, they tended to
+believe in it, once it--
+
+But it's a very big radar.
+
+It's pretty unwieldy.
+
+You can see, it probably didn't
+work very well in the
+
+rain, because the guys are all
+standing there outside,
+
+exposed, and the electronics
+are fairly exposed.
+
+He's just looking into an
+oscilloscope right there.
+
+That's a pre-World War
+II oscilloscope.
+
+It's the size of a Volkswagen
+practically.
+
+And you see he's looking in
+through just a darkened hood.
+
+And the British, the problem
+was that for higher
+
+frequencies, it was that very
+hard to generate enough power,
+
+at what they call microwave
+frequencies, which is sort of
+
+centimeters and below, in the
+kind of high hundreds of
+
+megahertz up to several
+gigahertz range.
+
+And the British come
+up with this thing
+
+called a cavity magnetron.
+
+There it is.
+
+And again, it's not a
+big device at all.
+
+But I'll show you the shape
+of it in a little bit.
+
+It's got a central hole and
+there's little resonators all
+
+around it, a very characteristic
+shape of what's
+
+inside there.
+
+You put that in a magnetic field
+and pump a very high
+
+voltage into it and it generates
+really large, very
+
+high-power microwaves.
+
+And this has all kinds
+of advantages.
+
+But the key one is that it's
+just small and the antennas
+
+are small and it allows you to
+do all kinds of different
+
+things with it.
+
+But it implies a whole new
+kind of electronics.
+
+For example, you may be familiar
+with this, but
+
+microwaves at high powers
+don't really like to go
+
+through wires.
+
+They need to go through pipes.
+
+What are those pipes called?
+
+Anybody know?
+
+AUDIENCE: Wave guides.
+
+PROFESSOR: They're called
+wave guides, right.
+
+So you have to invent
+a whole new kind
+
+of wiring or plumbing.
+
+You literally plumb this
+kind of stuff through.
+
+And all that stuff
+didn't exist.
+
+But what the British did
+was they built this.
+
+They figured out
+that it worked.
+
+And in September of 1940, they
+were being bombed to
+
+smithereens by the Nazis
+on a regular basis.
+
+They were barely surviving
+the war effort.
+
+And they didn't have a big
+electronics industry.
+
+So it wasn't easy for them to
+contemplate how to manufacture
+
+this thing in large numbers.
+
+So one scientist, his name was
+Sir Henry Tizard, he came over
+
+to the US on an ocean liner,
+exposed to Nazi submarines.
+
+And he brought one of these.
+
+Actually, I think he brought
+three of them in a trunk that
+
+he kept under his bed
+on the ocean liner.
+
+It was probably the most secret
+military technology of
+
+the war at the time.
+
+And he just brought it on this
+civilian liner, sort of
+
+wrapped up in his socks
+and underwear.
+
+That's exaggeration.
+
+I think he had a special
+box for it.
+
+And he brought them.
+
+And he brought them to the
+government and said, we have
+
+this thing.
+
+And we want you to have it.
+
+And we want the Americans
+to figure it out.
+
+They actually intended for Bell
+Labs to deal with it.
+
+And they brought it to the NDRC
+and Bush sort of said,
+
+well, we'll bring
+this up to MIT.
+
+And they founded
+a lab about it.
+
+That's what happens in
+October of 1940.
+
+And that's when the Radiation
+Lab is founded.
+
+And it's interesting, because
+Rabi is said to
+
+have taken it out.
+
+And people said to him, he said
+well, how does this thing
+
+actually work?
+
+And they said well,
+that's easy.
+
+It works just like a whistle.
+
+It's like an electronic whistle,
+because you put power
+
+into it and it generates
+a resonance.
+
+And then Rabi looks up at it and
+he says, OK, well tell me
+
+how a whistle works?
+
+And nobody at the time could
+really explain to him how a
+
+whistle worked.
+
+But that's not a bad way to
+think about what the cavity
+
+magnetron does.
+
+AUDIENCE: So are you implying
+that the establishment of the
+
+Rad Lab here really rested on
+the proposition that it's not
+
+what you know, but you know?
+
+PROFESSOR: To some degree.
+
+And actually it should be said
+that of the three, I can't
+
+remember the exact number that
+came over, one of them
+
+went to Bell Labs.
+
+And they also did a lot of work
+in microwave radar during
+
+the war, but there was work
+enough to do for everybody.
+
+So this is an image--
+
+I actually have a blown-up
+picture of this on the wall in
+
+my office, because one of the
+great things about the Rad Lab
+
+is that photography was kind
+of newly cheap at the time.
+
+And they documented a lot of
+the research with thousands
+
+and thousands of photographs.
+
+And years ago, I was working
+through some of those
+
+photographs at the MIT Museum
+and I said to Debbie Douglas,
+
+there's great pictures of daily
+life at MIT during World
+
+War II in the Rad Lab things,
+that are not the sort of PR
+
+photos you usually see
+about the Rad Lab.
+
+And then she took a bunch of
+those photos, and they're all
+
+beautiful four by five
+negatives, and blew them up
+
+and did a little art
+show of them.
+
+And this is one which
+I really like.
+
+And I'll turn the lights
+off, if I can.
+
+Just generally you can
+see them better.
+
+That do anything?
+
+Nope.
+
+OK.
+
+Just to look at them a little
+bit about life at MIT during
+
+the war, which Debbie's chapter
+does a nice job of
+
+describing.
+
+What can you observe
+from this image?
+
+Yep?
+
+AUDIENCE: The really, really
+high waist lines.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, high
+waist lines.
+
+AUDIENCE: God, who wears there
+pants up that high?
+
+AUDIENCE: Both women.
+
+PROFESSOR: There are
+women there.
+
+A lot of women worked at the
+Rad Lab, very, very mixed
+
+gender environment.
+
+AUDIENCE: That would be sort of
+the scientific version of
+
+Rosie the Riveter
+in that sense.
+
+Lots of women go into the
+workforce doing this--
+
+AUDIENCE: They were going to
+work as scientists or as other
+
+technicians.
+
+PROFESSOR: Mostly as
+technicians and
+
+administrators.
+
+Actually, I'm not even aware of
+one that worked as a senior
+
+scientist or even an engineer.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: The facilities
+are not like--
+
+I can see piping.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So that's pretty much the
+inside of Building 20.
+
+That's what it looked like.
+
+It was literally built
+in a few weeks.
+
+What else?
+
+This one just captures this, I
+think the sort of sense of the
+
+pace that the place
+must have had.
+
+You have a sense, everybody's
+busy.
+
+They're walking somewhere
+quickly.
+
+They're moving things around.
+
+There's equipment coming
+across the hall.
+
+That is a microwave
+radar antenna.
+
+That's a pretty radical
+departure from the previous
+
+slide I showed you of what a
+radar antenna looked like.
+
+That you can imagine putting
+on board an airplane.
+
+And there's also the two
+cigarettes there.
+
+These guys all sort of
+identically dressed.
+
+You get the sense it's a place
+where just things are moving
+
+fast, sort of like MIT today.
+
+It wouldn't be out of place that
+scene, in the Infinite
+
+Corridor between
+classes today.
+
+Here is another image, a much
+more formal one obviously, of
+
+the steering committee
+of the Rad Lab.
+
+You see people in here, like I
+mentioned Ivan Getting, who is
+
+here, who later went on, as I
+mentioned, to sort of spun the
+
+GPS project.
+
+Anybody know who that
+is right there?
+
+That's Jerry Weisner, who
+later became President
+
+Kennedy's science adviser
+and president of MIT.
+
+I think this is Lee Dubridge,
+who's the head of it.
+
+But again, a pretty informal
+environment.
+
+Part of the weekly meeting,
+another one.
+
+This may be the first time here,
+and Debbie had mentioned
+
+in her article and a bunch you
+mentioned in your response
+
+papers, the secrecy
+that was going on.
+
+Now, these days if any of have
+ever worked in even a mild
+
+corporate lab, you probably
+have to wear a
+
+badge all the time.
+
+This was probably the first
+time people had to
+
+wear badges at MIT.
+
+And this is what a badge
+looked like.
+
+It was a little button.
+
+It had your picture on it,
+your employee number, and
+
+allowed you to get into certain
+places and not into
+
+other places.
+
+Again, it was called
+the Radiation
+
+Laboratory for a reason.
+
+What was the reason?
+
+AUDIENCE: Disguise.
+
+PROFESSOR: To fool people into
+thinking it might be a nuclear
+
+physics laboratory.
+
+It was about radiation.
+
+But it was not called the
+radar-- well, the word "radar"
+
+wasn't even well recognized
+anyway at that point.
+
+But it tried to disguise it.
+
+Again, as we mentioned,
+lots of women
+
+working in these labs.
+
+Probably a pretty different
+work environment than what
+
+people were used to.
+
+Even though we've talked about
+women at MIT before, not in
+
+these kind of numbers and
+this much involved in
+
+the technical work.
+
+This is just a page out of the
+yearbook that the Rad Lab
+
+produced, showing all
+the different kinds
+
+of things they did.
+
+It didn't come out that well
+in the slide here.
+
+Another image, I love their
+images of this sort of
+
+electronic experimentation
+stuff.
+
+It has s sort of thrown
+together sense of the
+
+director's chair,
+an oscilloscope.
+
+What I find interesting is that
+a lot of the connectors
+
+on all these machines are still
+connectors you might use
+
+today, like a BMC connector.
+
+You still see those
+everywhere.
+
+And this is what it took to get
+this stuff up and running.
+
+More pictures of the labs, in
+this case without people.
+
+So this is probably the radar
+that was shown before in that
+
+hallway photo and is one of the
+more famous products of
+
+the Rad Lab.
+
+It was called H2X.
+
+And what H2X did was
+it allowed, if
+
+you were in a bomber--
+
+the US and the British were
+bombing Germany on a regular
+
+basis during most of the war--
+
+but they had this famous Norden
+bombsight, which would
+
+allow you to sight bombs.
+
+What was the problem
+with the Norden
+
+bombsight, anybody know?
+
+If it was cloudy, you
+couldn't use it.
+
+And if anybody's ever been to
+Germany or northern Europe,
+
+during eight months of the
+year it's pretty cloudy.
+
+And what this is, is
+a microwave radar.
+
+Again, it's not just an
+advantage that the antenna is
+
+small, but the wavelengths
+are small enough.
+
+You can see things that are very
+small, so you can make
+
+out a lot of detail.
+
+But you could actually fly over
+in cloud cover and map
+
+out a river and a city
+and all this stuff.
+
+And it allowed them to bomb with
+radar, either at night or
+
+in bad weather.
+
+It had a huge impact.
+
+The other thing about H2X,
+it was very important.
+
+It's worth keeping in mind about
+radar, because you see
+
+this with other weapons
+projects.
+
+Almost any weapons project that
+got made during the war,
+
+that actually was designed to
+blow something up, it was
+
+very, very hard for it to have
+impact in the war because for
+
+one thing, to go from a
+prototype in October of 1940
+
+through development and testing
+and production pretty
+
+much took the whole war.
+
+So there was basically one full
+
+product development cycle.
+
+If you look at like the great
+airplanes of the Second World
+
+War, the B29, the B17, these
+were all finished by the time
+
+the war started and it still
+took them years to get into
+
+production.
+
+Whereas, if you had, a radar,
+you could basically make one
+
+of them, send it out in the
+field in one of a bombing raid
+
+of 1,000 bombers and
+make a difference.
+
+So radar had this leveraging
+effect, where you could use
+
+very, very small numbers
+of them and
+
+still have a big impact.
+
+Which any kind of gun, if you
+didn't make a gun in numbers
+
+of the tens of thousands, it
+was not going to have any
+
+impact on the war.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: How long between the
+development of that product
+
+would it be then on plane?
+
+PROFESSOR: In the case of the
+radiation lab, it would be
+
+weeks or months.
+
+AUDIENCE: Weeks or months.
+
+PROFESSOR: And actually, no
+small number of MIT engineers
+
+went in the field,
+made them work,
+
+went on bombing missions.
+
+A few of them were killed,
+literally taking these things
+
+in the field.
+
+Think about it any lab prototype
+you've ever made, it
+
+may be a little rickety in terms
+of its robustness for
+
+being in the field.
+
+It takes a lot of engineering to
+go from there to a package
+
+that some soldier is going
+to take out of a box.
+
+They didn't always wait
+for that time.
+
+And they did send people
+directly from the Rad Lab into
+
+the field, to train the troops
+and help them get up to speed.
+
+In fact, Karl Compton, the
+president of MIT, was not--
+
+in a sense, Bush, before then,
+he was junior to Compton.
+
+He goes in and becomes head of
+the NDRC and is senior to him.
+
+Compton became head of what was
+called the Office of Field
+
+Service, where they
+did exactly that.
+
+They took all these things out
+and they helped people
+
+understand how to use them.
+
+There's a B17 at Hanscom
+Field, right out in the
+
+suburbs here, where the
+Rad Lab had a station.
+
+And they would do a lot of
+testing and a lot of different
+
+experimentation and flight
+tests and stuff,
+
+also at Logan Airport.
+
+Here's a H2X installation inside
+a B17, to allow the
+
+radar operator to look
+through the sight.
+
+And again, think about
+what a different kind
+
+of radar this is.
+
+The one I showed you from
+before, the prewar radar,
+
+they're basically soldiers on
+the battlefield, these guys.
+
+They're wearing helmets and
+they're very exposed.
+
+Here, not only are you in a
+high-altitude bomber, but the
+
+guy has a desk.
+
+It's much more like bringing a
+laboratory out into the war
+
+time field.
+
+And there's a lot of interesting
+stuff about
+
+thinking about radar as a way
+to isolate yourself from the
+
+battlefield and manipulate
+things on screens.
+
+One of the technicians who
+worked on these radars was a
+
+guy named--
+
+well, what's the name--
+
+Douglas Engelbart.
+
+Anybody know what he did?
+
+He invented the mouse.
+
+And he'll tell you, during the
+war I worked on radar.
+
+And I started to deal with like
+moving things around as
+
+blips on screens using things
+to turn things around.
+
+And after the war, when I
+started to work at Stanford
+
+and user interface stuff, he
+was not an MIT guy, some of
+
+the ideas for interactive
+computing really came out of
+
+this idea of looking
+at a screen.
+
+This is a famous image,
+one of the Rad Lab's
+
+sort of iconic images.
+
+Anybody know what it is?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's Cape Cod.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's Cape
+Cod, right.
+
+So this here is just a
+map showing you where
+
+the airplane was.
+
+And there's a radar on there.
+
+The antenna spins around.
+
+And this is one of the first H2X
+images, plotting out the
+
+contours of the land there.
+
+And so you'll see this appear in
+another second in something
+
+I'll show you.
+
+But this gives you the sense of,
+very, very different from
+
+blips on a screen.
+
+You're really able to sort
+of map where you.
+
+A whole other level of detail
+and in the military setting,
+
+that was very, very important.
+
+Here's even a higher
+resolution one.
+
+This is an image from an
+airplane, looking at another
+
+airplane nearby.
+
+And just to get a sense for
+that resolution, too.
+
+You know, crude by today's
+standards in some sense of
+
+digital radars and stuff, but
+pretty fancy for that day.
+
+And anybody know what this
+is, dead giveaway?
+
+This is the northern coast
+of France on D-Day.
+
+And here is the radar image of
+the fleet that's going to be
+
+the invasion force, taken
+from an airplane.
+
+And you can see 6 June, 7:00
+o'clock in the morning, taken
+
+from a plane that was above.
+
+This is Western England.
+
+Another interesting
+radar is this one.
+
+It's a SCR-584.
+
+It was actually the first
+tracking radar.
+
+And so in the history of control
+theory and feedback
+
+control, it was the first radar
+that could actually move
+
+its antenna based on
+where it's target
+
+was and follow something.
+
+And they actually used these to
+track the buzz bombs that
+
+came across to England
+later in the war
+
+and shoot them down.
+
+It became also sort of an iconic
+radar, because this
+
+tracking head, it's
+interesting,
+
+it was made by Chrysler.
+
+And a lot of the gearing
+in it was taken
+
+out of Chrysler trucks.
+
+And it has these servos on it.
+
+It was a very, very good, very
+high precision tracking head.
+
+You see it in post-war
+photographs for tracking
+
+rockets and doing sort
+of early NASA work.
+
+And you'll still see
+these radar mounts.
+
+If you ever watch like storm
+trackers or anything, and
+
+their people who track tornadoes
+and stuff, they
+
+actually use army surplus
+radar mounts like this.
+
+But this radar also, sort of
+serves the same purpose as the
+
+268 that I showed you before.
+
+but again, they bring the
+operators inside the trailer,
+
+inside this sort of
+closed laboratory.
+
+And it's very much thinking
+of the battlefield and the
+
+electronic battlefield of
+bringing all these blips into
+
+a laboratory setting.
+
+And again, but the ultimate
+culmination of that are these
+
+big command and control centers
+you see during the
+
+Cold War, you see during the
+space program, but it's just
+
+the beginning of that.
+
+That's the inside of a CR-584,
+where they can plot
+
+things on the map.
+
+Also, this was one
+of the early air
+
+traffic control radars.
+
+It was precise enough that they
+could tell the pilots
+
+where they were and guide them
+by radio, say come up, come
+
+down, come up and down, and land
+them in very, very rough
+
+weather conditions.
+
+So I think this is
+the last image.
+
+This is actually an
+important image.
+
+At the end of the war, anybody
+know what happened to the
+
+Radiation Lab?
+
+Is it here today?
+
+Any of you students
+in the Rad Lab?
+
+Nope.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think part
+of it became the RLE.
+
+PROFESSOR: Part of it
+did become the RLE.
+
+And the rest of it?
+
+It just closed down one day.
+
+And went from 1945 to 1946, it
+shut down by a factor of 95%,
+
+and then all together in 1947.
+
+Which is a very interesting
+thing.
+
+It would be very hard to
+do in today's world.
+
+Remember from the Hunter Dupree
+article about Bush, one
+
+of the reasons he was able to
+grow this thing so quickly and
+
+so rapidly was that he always
+promised it would only last
+
+until the war was over.
+
+And then it ended and he
+kept true to his word.
+
+And the OSRD closed down.
+
+The NDRC closed down.
+
+And the Rad Lab just
+closed down.
+
+Which by the way, was not a
+bad way to influence the
+
+American electronics industry.
+
+Why?
+
+AUDIENCE: Probably there were
+lots of people who knew about
+
+electronics looking for work.
+
+PROFESSOR: It dispersed
+all that knowledge
+
+out into the world.
+
+And a lot of those people, many
+of them went to work on
+
+radar, but a lot of them went
+to work on television.
+
+The early American television
+industry was largely composed
+
+of Rad Lab graduates,
+who knew a lot about
+
+high frequency control.
+
+Also a lot of the early vacuum
+but computers, Eckert and
+
+Mauchly, who built ENIAC at
+University of Pennsylvania--
+
+I know I'm going to
+forget which one--
+
+I think it was Mauchly, came
+from the Rad Lab, where he
+
+learned about how to make vacuum
+tubes do high-speed
+
+pulse electronics, which by the
+way is essentially digital
+
+electronics.
+
+So these people all dispersed
+into the world.
+
+The RLE, which still does exist
+today, became the kind
+
+of intellectual core, people
+like Wiesner and Wiener, a
+
+bunch of other people--
+
+I'll talk about that in the
+next two weeks, I think.
+
+And otherwise, the Radiation
+Lab closed down.
+
+But before they did, I meant
+to bring one of these, they
+
+published everything they did in
+a big series of textbooks.
+
+I think it's like
+28 textbooks.
+
+And they just published it out
+to the world by McGraw Hill,
+
+not secret, not classified,
+none of that.
+
+And some of the first books in
+servomechanisms were there,
+
+antenna design, systems
+engineering.
+
+The first book ever in systems
+engineering came
+
+out of the Rad Lab.
+
+It was called Radar System
+Engineering.
+
+And they have this
+characteristic.
+
+You can still get them.
+
+But the original ones
+had this sort of
+
+burgundy cover with it.
+
+And this was the logo they
+had on the front.
+
+So what is that logo?
+
+It's the Cape Cod image.
+
+Anybody know what this is?
+
+AUDIENCE: That's the cavity.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+That's the shape inside
+the cavity magnetron.
+
+It's sort of their logo.
+
+And if you cut a cavity
+magnetron open, that's what
+
+you'd see, is those little
+circles that are all the
+
+different resonate cavities,
+where I believe the wavelength
+
+of the radar is the
+circumference of that cavity.
+
+I meant to bring--
+
+I have a few of the volumes.
+
+I don't have the whole set.
+
+You can buy the whole
+set on eBay.
+
+It's not hard to fine.
+
+Because most people think
+of it as obsolete.
+
+But you can find them in
+the libraries, as well.
+
+And it's a very famous
+textbook series.
+
+And for most people who studied
+electronics in the
+
+postwar period, they learned a
+lot of it from this Radiation
+
+Lab series of textbooks.
+
+So we were talking about secrecy
+and the effects of
+
+secrecy on campus.
+
+This is a sort of anti-secrecy
+effect, that it really just
+
+had the goal of--
+
+yes, the Russians got it.
+
+Yes.
+
+Maybe some of our enemies
+learned something from it.
+
+But that was probably way less
+proportional than what our own
+
+people learn about it and
+what came out of it.
+
+I think that's my last slide.
+
+AUDIENCE: That was the origins
+of OpenCourseWare?
+
+PROFESSOR: The origins
+of OpenCourseWare,
+
+in some way, yeah.
+
+I mean I think that was the
+same kind of spirit.
+
+And that's one of the reasons
+that people like Bush felt
+
+that this stuff belong
+in universities.
+
+Because if it was in the Navy
+lab or in an Army lab, it
+
+would go behind closed
+doors and stay there
+
+forever pretty much.
+
+It's very hard to get stuff
+published out of there.
+
+I'll just look at in
+the numbers I have
+
+here, if any of them--
+
+So then going on from there,
+I mean the Research Lab of
+
+Electronics is a really
+interesting
+
+topic in and of itself.
+
+And they get into acoustics
+in a big way.
+
+People like, as we mentioned,
+Jerry Wiesner is there.
+
+Weiner is there.
+
+People like Amar Bose
+come out of there.
+
+And the Bose Corporation, who
+may make your headphones or
+
+your speakers, is a spin-off
+from the RLE.
+
+Even people like Noam Chomsky
+kind of get their start in
+
+that world.
+
+And there are a lot of
+intellectual ties to, this is
+
+a little bit of a diversion, but
+if you think about some of
+
+the early work that goes on in
+linguistics here that Chomsky
+
+does, it has very much the
+same kind of systems
+
+engineering approach to it,
+about thinking about grammar
+
+and language, along the lines
+of people are thinking about
+
+these different kinds of systems
+and systems ideas.
+
+That was the Lily Kay piece that
+Will mentioned, that we
+
+cut off the syllabus
+for this year.
+
+The same thing in biology,
+people thinking about
+
+information and communication
+in these more and
+
+more unified ways.
+
+So what's remarkable about the
+war is that this effort ended
+
+at the end of the Second World
+War, but it had all of these
+
+kind of fingers that lasted.
+
+We'll talk next week about
+Whirlwind and digital
+
+computing and aerospace
+and stuff on campus.
+
+But it's not a coincidence the
+way that Cybernetics is
+
+published in 1948, Claude
+Shannon's information theory
+
+is published in 1948.
+
+Also interestingly, I think it's
+1948, Kurt Vonnegut first
+
+novel, Player Piano, is
+published in 1948.
+
+Has anybody read that book?
+
+It's a really interesting
+book.
+
+And the lead character in it,
+I believe is named Norbert.
+
+Am I right about that?
+
+It's been a while.
+
+It's got a very clear allusion
+to Norbert Wiener.
+
+It's all about the implications
+of cybernetics in
+
+factories and other
+kinds of settings.
+
+And there is this intellectual
+thread that runs through a lot
+
+of this work about this link
+between systems, and human
+
+machine interfaces, and
+communication, and feedback
+
+control, and computing,
+that you can carry
+
+that through at MIT.
+
+And we'll talk later
+about Project MAC,
+
+which is the 1960s.
+
+20 years later, people are
+still thinking about
+
+interactive computing in
+very similar ways.
+
+I mentioned Doug Engelbart, who
+was not an MIT guy, but
+
+very much is very clear in his
+memoirs, that he started
+
+thinking about these issues when
+he was interacting with
+
+the radar during the war.
+
+And then it's only out of this
+that you really get the
+
+beginnings of digital computing
+and I think, and
+
+I'll talk about this next time,
+a very particularly MIT
+
+take on those technologies
+that's not so much focused on
+
+the kind of basic mathematics
+of them, but really thinking
+
+of these computers as embedded
+in control systems, much in
+
+the way that all these different
+radars were embedded
+
+in control systems.
+
+So that's where you can sort of
+see that the way that MIT
+
+is organized, the way that the
+federal government is funding
+
+science and technology, and
+the politics of Washington
+
+around it, and the actual
+content of what kind of work
+
+people are doing, and what sort
+of ideas they're doing,
+
+are all really very much
+connected in this story about
+
+World War II.
+
+It's hard to overemphasize how
+much profound influence on the
+
+world that we live in, even just
+even just the local world
+
+here, came out of this really
+just five-year, seven-year
+
+period at MIT.
+
+We also looked at "Science,
+The Endless Frontier." And
+
+that was where Truman came to
+Bush at the end of the war,
+
+pretty much at the end of the
+war, because Truman isn't even
+
+president until right before the
+war ends, and says, what
+
+are we going to do in
+this in the future?
+
+How are we going to
+take this forward?
+
+And Bush writes this report,
+whereas somebody commented in
+
+the response for today, it's
+really very forward thinking
+
+where he says, OK, we're
+done with war.
+
+That's important.
+
+But let's really think about
+doing this in a context that's
+
+really going to help our people,
+and that's medicine
+
+and biomed and other sorts of
+civilian applications to it.
+
+And that report to this day,
+I mean that's sort of--
+
+has anybody read that before the
+class or heard about it?
+
+It's sort of basic required
+reading, if you have a career
+
+in science in the US.
+
+It really is considered the
+template for how the NIH and
+
+the NSF and a lot of other
+federal agencies work.
+
+Interestingly, it's not so much
+the continuation of the
+
+OSRD model.
+
+The OSRD model kind
+of dies in 1945.
+
+If anything, it's carried on
+by the Office of Naval
+
+Research, which is a very small
+office, during the five
+
+years after the war.
+
+And then late in the '50s, I
+think it's picked up again
+
+when DARPA is formed in
+1958, also with a
+
+very big MIT input.
+
+We'll talk about
+that next time.
+
+But if you want to look at the
+modern heir to the OSRD, it's
+
+not the National Science
+Foundation.
+
+The National Science Foundation
+
+works by peer review.
+
+It has a charge to not only fund
+the best science, but to
+
+do education and to sort of
+spread its resources out,
+
+throughout the country in
+a kind of even way.
+
+Whereas DARPA is much more
+based on the model of the
+
+OSRD, intentionally or
+unintentionally.
+
+You have very strong program
+managers, who can sort of
+
+shape the fields the
+way they see fit.
+
+It's within the military, but
+it doesn't belong to the Air
+
+Force or the Army or the Navy.
+
+And it has does its
+own sort of thing.
+
+And it's sort of set apart,
+very much in the same way.
+
+But that's--
+
+AUDIENCE: It's run academics.
+
+PROFESSOR: --another story.
+
+It's run by academics, yeah.
+
+And the first director was
+Jack Ruina, who was a
+
+colleague of ours here.
+
+We'll talk about
+that next time.
+
+That's a post-Sputnik thing.
+
+That's the next big thing
+that happened.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZYMBrwSahMY.txt b/ZYMBrwSahMY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..922996fcc8438136ca95410b371fc7c9cf74524b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZYMBrwSahMY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5184 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's get going today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get going today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get going today and
+um what we were talking about last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we were talking about last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we were talking about last time
+is the discovery that the atom was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the discovery that the atom was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the discovery that the atom was not
+the most basic constituent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most basic constituent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most basic constituent of
+matter that uh there was a particle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that uh there was a particle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that uh there was a particle that
+was even less massive than an atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was even less massive than an atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was even less massive than an atom and
+that is the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the electron
+but today we're going to discover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today we're going to discover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today we're going to discover the
+nucleus and so this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and so this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and so this is uh
+1911 and this is Ernest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rutherford in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford in
+England and what he was interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England and what he was interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England and what he was interested in
+doing was studying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing was studying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing was studying the
+emission the emission from these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission the emission from these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission the emission from these uh
+newly radioactive elements that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newly radioactive elements that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newly radioactive elements that were
+being discovered so the emission from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being discovered so the emission from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being discovered so the emission from
+radium bro radium for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radium bro radium for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radium bro radium for
+example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so
+um what he did is he got a sample of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what he did is he got a sample of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what he did is he got a sample of uh
+radium bromide from his friend Marie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radium bromide from his friend Marie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radium bromide from his friend Marie
+curri and what was known is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curri and what was known is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curri and what was known is that this
+radium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radium
+bromide emitted something called um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromide emitted something called um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromide emitted something called um
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+particles and the exact nature of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and the exact nature of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and the exact nature of these
+alpha particles was not known however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles was not known however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles was not known however
+what was known was that they were heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was known was that they were heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was known was that they were heavy
+particles that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that they were
+charged and that they were energetic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged and that they were energetic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged and that they were energetic and
+of course today we know what these alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course today we know what these alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course today we know what these alpha
+particles are they're helium double plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are they're helium double plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are they're helium double plus
+a helium with two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a helium with two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a helium with two electrons
+removed all right so he got this radium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed all right so he got this radium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed all right so he got this radium
+bromide and um alpha particles are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromide and um alpha particles are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromide and um alpha particles are being
+emitted from the radium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted from the radium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted from the radium
+bromide and he had some kind of detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromide and he had some kind of detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromide and he had some kind of detector
+way out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out
+here which detected these uh alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which detected these uh alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which detected these uh alpha
+particles and what he found is that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and what he found is that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and what he found is that at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+detector there were about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector there were about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector there were about
+132,000 alpha particles per minute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+132,000 alpha particles per minute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+132,000 alpha particles per minute that
+was the count rate that uh he was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the count rate that uh he was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the count rate that uh he was able
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+measure and then uh because he was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and then uh because he was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and then uh because he was just
+trying to figure out what is the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what is the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what is the nature
+of these particles he did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these particles he did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these particles he did this
+experiment he took a uh gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment he took a uh gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment he took a uh gold
+foil right a really thin gold foil here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil right a really thin gold foil here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil right a really thin gold foil here
+all right really thin meaning 2 * 10 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right really thin meaning 2 * 10 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right really thin meaning 2 * 10 the
+minus5 in that's h two ERS of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5 in that's h two ERS of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5 in that's h two ERS of magnitude
+thinner than the diameter of your hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner than the diameter of your hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner than the diameter of your hair
+I've always wondered how he handled that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've always wondered how he handled that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've always wondered how he handled that
+that's pretty thin but he put that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty thin but he put that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty thin but he put that in
+there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right
+and lo and behold the count rate that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lo and behold the count rate that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lo and behold the count rate that he
+measured once this gold foil was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured once this gold foil was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured once this gold foil was in
+place the count rate was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the count rate was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the count rate was still
+132,000 alpha particles per minute a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+132,000 alpha particles per minute a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+132,000 alpha particles per minute a it
+appeared that all of the alpha particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared that all of the alpha particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared that all of the alpha particles
+that were being emitted just went right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were being emitted just went right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were being emitted just went right
+through the foil right to the detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the foil right to the detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the foil right to the detector
+didn't even seem like those alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even seem like those alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even seem like those alpha
+particles knew the foil was there same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles knew the foil was there same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles knew the foil was there same
+conr okay doesn't sound like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conr okay doesn't sound like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conr okay doesn't sound like a very
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+experiment but at that time he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but at that time he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but at that time he was
+working with a person named Guyer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a person named Guyer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a person named Guyer a
+postto named Guyer same guer as the guer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postto named Guyer same guer as the guer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postto named Guyer same guer as the guer
+counter and guer wasn't too happy about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter and guer wasn't too happy about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter and guer wasn't too happy about
+the results of these experiments and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of these experiments and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of these experiments and in
+addition guer had this undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition guer had this undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition guer had this undergraduate
+student hanging around the lab this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student hanging around the lab this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student hanging around the lab this
+undergrad graduate named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad graduate named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad graduate named
+Marson and Marson was really excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marson and Marson was really excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marson and Marson was really excited
+about doing a science he just hung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing a science he just hung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing a science he just hung
+around there he really wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there he really wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there he really wanted to do
+something and Guyer gez what am I going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and Guyer gez what am I going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and Guyer gez what am I going
+to do with this guy guer goes to ruford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with this guy guer goes to ruford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with this guy guer goes to ruford
+says I got Marts in here he really wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I got Marts in here he really wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I got Marts in here he really wants
+to do something what should I do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something what should I do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something what should I do with
+him and ruford said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and ruford said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and ruford said well
+okay let's have him build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's have him build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's have him build a
+detector that can SW swing around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector that can SW swing around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector that can SW swing around that
+gold sample let's have him build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold sample let's have him build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold sample let's have him build a
+detector that will rotate around such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector that will rotate around such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector that will rotate around such
+that the detector can be positioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the detector can be positioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the detector can be positioned this
+way here so that we can look for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way here so that we can look for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way here so that we can look for any
+alpha particles that might be back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles that might be back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles that might be back
+scattered right back scattered meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered right back scattered meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered right back scattered meaning
+scattered back in the direction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered back in the direction from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered back in the direction from
+which they came okay and guer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they came okay and guer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they came okay and guer
+said this will keep this guy busy not am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this will keep this guy busy not am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this will keep this guy busy not am
+I here no problem all right so it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I here no problem all right so it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I here no problem all right so it goes
+down to Marson marson's all excited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to Marson marson's all excited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to Marson marson's all excited to
+build this detector he builds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this detector he builds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this detector he builds the
+detector and he gets uh guer okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and he gets uh guer okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and he gets uh guer okay we're
+ready to go let's uh let's try this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to go let's uh let's try this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to go let's uh let's try this
+right and so um they put the radium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so um they put the radium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so um they put the radium
+bromide there in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromide there in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromide there in this
+Arrangement they're sitting there at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement they're sitting there at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement they're sitting there at the
+detector and they hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and they hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and they hear
+tick tick tick tick tick tick tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick tick tick tick tick tick tick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick tick tick tick tick tick tick
+tick hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick hey
+particles at the detector and they go oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles at the detector and they go oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles at the detector and they go oh
+well that must just be a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that must just be a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that must just be a general
+background so what they do then is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background so what they do then is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background so what they do then is they
+take this gold foil away so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this gold foil away so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this gold foil away so that
+presumably all the particles are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably all the particles are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably all the particles are going
+in that direction they take it away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that direction they take it away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that direction they take it away and
+they listen and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they listen and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they listen and they
+hear nothing okay and they put the gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear nothing okay and they put the gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear nothing okay and they put the gold
+foil back and they listen and they hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil back and they listen and they hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil back and they listen and they hear
+tick tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick tick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick tick
+tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick
+tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick
+20 alpha particles per minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 alpha particles per minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 alpha particles per minute
+eight and they then they pick another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and they then they pick another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and they then they pick another
+foil Platinum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil Platinum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil Platinum
+foil same result basically the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil same result basically the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil same result basically the same
+result they go up to Rutherford they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result they go up to Rutherford they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result they go up to Rutherford they get
+him down in the laboratory Rutherford's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him down in the laboratory Rutherford's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him down in the laboratory Rutherford's
+looking over their shoulder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking over their shoulder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking over their shoulder
+tick tick tick tick tick hey there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick tick tick tick tick hey there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick tick tick tick tick hey there are
+some alpha particles coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some alpha particles coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some alpha particles coming
+off not many right look at what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off not many right look at what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off not many right look at what the
+probability here is of the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here is of the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here is of the back
+scattering hey that probability we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering hey that probability we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering hey that probability we can
+calculate that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that the
+probability is simply the number of back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is simply the number of back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is simply the number of back
+scattered particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered particles
+20 uh the number the count rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 uh the number the count rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 uh the number the count rate of the
+back scattered particles 20 over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back scattered particles 20 over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back scattered particles 20 over over
+the count rate of the incident number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the count rate of the incident number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the count rate of the incident number of
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+132,000 hey that probability is 2 * 10us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+132,000 hey that probability is 2 * 10us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+132,000 hey that probability is 2 * 10us
+4 all right not large but not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 all right not large but not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 all right not large but not zero
+there's something coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something coming
+off and mford was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and mford was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and mford was
+amazed and what he wrote later on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazed and what he wrote later on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazed and what he wrote later on is
+that this experiment was quite the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this experiment was quite the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this experiment was quite the most
+in incredible event that has ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in incredible event that has ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in incredible event that has ever
+happened to me in my life it was almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to me in my life it was almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to me in my life it was almost
+as incredible as if you fired a 15-inch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as incredible as if you fired a 15-inch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as incredible as if you fired a 15-inch
+Shell at a tissue piece of tissue paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shell at a tissue piece of tissue paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shell at a tissue piece of tissue paper
+and it came back and hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it came back and hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it came back and hit
+you okay well so how does he interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay well so how does he interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay well so how does he interpret
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+experiment well what he said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment well what he said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment well what he said is
+that since most of these alpha particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since most of these alpha particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since most of these alpha particles
+went right through this foil to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went right through this foil to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went right through this foil to the
+detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect
+that must mean that those gold atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must mean that those gold atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must mean that those gold atoms
+that make up that gold foil hey they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make up that gold foil hey they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make up that gold foil hey they
+must be mostly empty right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be mostly empty right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be mostly empty right so the
+picture is that you got this gold atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is that you got this gold atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is that you got this gold atom
+here and he knew roughly speaking how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and he knew roughly speaking how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and he knew roughly speaking how
+large that gold atom was he knew it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large that gold atom was he knew it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large that gold atom was he knew it to
+be about 10 Theus 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about 10 Theus 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about 10 Theus 10
+m but what he's proposing is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m but what he's proposing is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m but what he's proposing is that these
+helium ions going through these alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium ions going through these alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium ions going through these alpha
+particles they're just going right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles they're just going right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles they're just going right
+through that volume because most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that volume because most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that volume because most of the
+atom and he knew that there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and he knew that there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and he knew that there were
+electrons in this atom right because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in this atom right because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in this atom right because he
+knew about the electrons already most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew about the electrons already most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew about the electrons already most of
+that atom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that atom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that atom is
+empty however occasionally once in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty however occasionally once in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty however occasionally once in a
+while not very often but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while not very often but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while not very often but
+occasionally these uh helium ions these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally these uh helium ions these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally these uh helium ions these
+alpha particles what what happened well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles what what happened well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles what what happened well
+occasionally they hit something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally they hit something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally they hit something very
+massive in that atom and when it hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive in that atom and when it hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive in that atom and when it hit
+that massive part of the atom hey it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that massive part of the atom hey it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that massive part of the atom hey it
+reflected it scattered back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected it scattered back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected it scattered back into the
+direction from which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction from which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction from which it
+came and from knowing what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came and from knowing what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came and from knowing what these
+scattering probabilities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering probabilities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering probabilities are
+right he and from knowing roughly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he and from knowing roughly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he and from knowing roughly the
+size of this adom and the thickness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of this adom and the thickness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of this adom and the thickness of
+the gold foil well hey he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gold foil well hey he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gold foil well hey he could
+calculate what the diameter of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what the diameter of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what the diameter of this
+nucleus was and that number came out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus was and that number came out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus was and that number came out to
+be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about
+10-14 M the diameter of this heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-14 M the diameter of this heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-14 M the diameter of this heavy
+massive part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive part of the
+atom now he called that massive part he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom now he called that massive part he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom now he called that massive part he
+called it the nucleus he called it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it the nucleus he called it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it the nucleus he called it the
+nucleus in analogy to the massive Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus in analogy to the massive Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus in analogy to the massive Center
+of of a living cell that's where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a living cell that's where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a living cell that's where that
+name comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name comes
+from and this number of 10 Theus 14 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and this number of 10 Theus 14 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and this number of 10 Theus 14 here
+diameter that's a good number to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter that's a good number to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter that's a good number to know
+you know the relative size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the relative size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the relative size of the
+nucleus all MIT students should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus all MIT students should know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus all MIT students should know
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he
+also knew that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also knew that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also knew that that
+nucleus hey you know it really had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus hey you know it really had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus hey you know it really had to be
+positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively
+charged why did it have to be positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged why did it have to be positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged why did it have to be positively
+charged well because he knew that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged well because he knew that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged well because he knew that these
+atoms were neutral he knew already that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms were neutral he knew already that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms were neutral he knew already that
+an electron was part of an atom and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron was part of an atom and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron was part of an atom and so
+this nucleus has to be positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nucleus has to be positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nucleus has to be positively
+charged and in addition he made some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged and in addition he made some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged and in addition he made some
+very sophisticated measurements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sophisticated measurements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sophisticated measurements of the
+angular distribution of the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular distribution of the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular distribution of the back
+scattered uh alpha particles right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered uh alpha particles right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered uh alpha particles right and
+from those measurements of the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those measurements of the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those measurements of the angular
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+he was able to back out the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was able to back out the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was able to back out the fact that
+this nucleus had a charge of plus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nucleus had a charge of plus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nucleus had a charge of plus Z
+where Z is the atomic number times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Z is the atomic number times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Z is the atomic number times the
+unit charge e all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit charge e all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit charge e all
+right so his model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so his model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so his model
+is the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Z
+electrons filled this volume this volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons filled this volume this volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons filled this volume this volume
+this sphere effectively of 10 - 10 m in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sphere effectively of 10 - 10 m in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sphere effectively of 10 - 10 m in
+diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter
+right that's the electrons filled that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the electrons filled that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the electrons filled that
+up but somewhere in the center there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but somewhere in the center there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but somewhere in the center there is
+something that's very small and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's very small and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's very small and very
+massive it has a diameter of 10us 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive it has a diameter of 10us 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive it has a diameter of 10us 14
+M okay because occasionally that alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay because occasionally that alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay because occasionally that alpha
+particle hit that massive part so most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle hit that massive part so most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle hit that massive part so most
+of the mass of the atom is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mass of the atom is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mass of the atom is in this
+nucleus all right now isn't this a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus all right now isn't this a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus all right now isn't this a great
+your project for Mr Marson what did he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your project for Mr Marson what did he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your project for Mr Marson what did he
+do he discovered the nucleus right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do he discovered the nucleus right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do he discovered the nucleus right
+fantastic I also want to tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic I also want to tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic I also want to tell you that
+this kind of Rutherford back scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of Rutherford back scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of Rutherford back scattering
+experiment here is also the uh basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment here is also the uh basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment here is also the uh basis of
+the experiment that was done to discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment that was done to discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment that was done to discover
+the Quark the Quark which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Quark the Quark which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Quark the Quark which is the
+elementary particles that make up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary particles that make up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary particles that make up the
+proton the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton the
+neutron same idea there's a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron same idea there's a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron same idea there's a high
+energetic particle that comes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic particle that comes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic particle that comes into the
+proton and back scatters from the cork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and back scatters from the cork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and back scatters from the cork
+essentially that's an experiment carried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that's an experiment carried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that's an experiment carried
+out by one of my colleagues in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by one of my colleagues in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by one of my colleagues in the
+physics department Jerry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics department Jerry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics department Jerry
+fredman and uh Henry Kendall Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman and uh Henry Kendall Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman and uh Henry Kendall Henry
+Kendall has since uh passed away but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kendall has since uh passed away but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kendall has since uh passed away but the
+same idea it's really the Rutherford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea it's really the Rutherford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea it's really the Rutherford
+back scattering experiment that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back scattering experiment that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back scattering experiment that was
+done all right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done all right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done all right well
+now it's time for us to do our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's time for us to do our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's time for us to do our own
+Rutherford back scattering experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford back scattering experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford back scattering experiment
+all right and the way we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and the way we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and the way we're going to do
+that is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh
+by take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by take this
+here the way we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is uh we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh we're going to be
+scattering off of this lattice here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering off of this lattice here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering off of this lattice here this
+lattice of these styrofoam balls these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice of these styrofoam balls these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice of these styrofoam balls these
+styr balls are gold atoms they're gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+styr balls are gold atoms they're gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+styr balls are gold atoms they're gold
+nuclei and then the space around them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and then the space around them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and then the space around them is
+where the electrons are right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electrons are right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electrons are right so this is
+a one monol layer of gold atoms now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one monol layer of gold atoms now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one monol layer of gold atoms now the
+scale is a little wrong all right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale is a little wrong all right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale is a little wrong all right the
+real scale would be if we had a pin head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real scale would be if we had a pin head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real scale would be if we had a pin head
+in the center of this room then the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center of this room then the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center of this room then the rest
+of the room is the atom and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the room is the atom and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the room is the atom and then there
+would be a another room 10 to 51 with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a another room 10 to 51 with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a another room 10 to 51 with a
+pin head in the center of that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin head in the center of that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin head in the center of that that's
+the real scale right but the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real scale right but the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real scale right but the fact that
+the scale isn't right hey that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale isn't right hey that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale isn't right hey that's okay
+we're going to be able to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to understand the
+principle here and what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle here and what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle here and what we want to do is
+we want to be able to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be able to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be able to measure the
+diameter of these uh styrofoam walls or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of these uh styrofoam walls or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of these uh styrofoam walls or
+the diameter of those gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter of those gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter of those gold
+nuclei and we're going to measure it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and we're going to measure it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and we're going to measure it by
+measuring the probability of back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the probability of back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the probability of back
+scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering
+and the way we're going to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we're going to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we're going to measure the
+probability of back scattering need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of back scattering need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of back scattering need a
+ball do you have one no okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball do you have one no okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball do you have one no okay all right
+the way we're going to do that is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're going to do that is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're going to do that is uh
+we're going to take these pingpong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take these pingpong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take these pingpong
+balls and they're going to be our alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls and they're going to be our alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls and they're going to be our alpha
+particles and we're going to aim them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and we're going to aim them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and we're going to aim them at
+the lattice right and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice right and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice right and we're going to
+have a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a total
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+287 uh pingpong balls or 287 alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+287 uh pingpong balls or 287 alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+287 uh pingpong balls or 287 alpha
+particles and so the probability of back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and so the probability of back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and so the probability of back
+scattering will be simply the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering will be simply the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering will be simply the number
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scattered over the total number incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered over the total number incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered over the total number incident
+which will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be
+287 all right so this is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+287 all right so this is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+287 all right so this is what we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+measure now the next thing we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure now the next thing we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure now the next thing we have to do
+is that we've got to relate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we've got to relate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we've got to relate this
+probability of back scattering we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of back scattering we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of back scattering we're
+going to have to do that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to do that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to do that we're going to
+have to relate it to the diameter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to relate it to the diameter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to relate it to the diameter of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+nuclei right so how do we do that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei right so how do we do that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei right so how do we do that well
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+probability of a particle back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a particle back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a particle back
+scattering is simply going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering is simply going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering is simply going to be the
+total area of this Crystal right this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total area of this Crystal right this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total area of this Crystal right this uh
+here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our
+Crystal right this total area of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal right this total area of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal right this total area of this
+now you got to ignore these uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you got to ignore these uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you got to ignore these uh these
+aluminum BL blocks here because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum BL blocks here because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum BL blocks here because this
+piece of equipment comes from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of equipment comes from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of equipment comes from my
+laboratory and I pressed it into service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory and I pressed it into service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory and I pressed it into service
+for this uh demonstration all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this uh demonstration all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this uh demonstration all right
+these uh this is nothing to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh this is nothing to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh this is nothing to do with the
+uh demo that we're going to put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh demo that we're going to put here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh demo that we're going to put here
+it's just structural because this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just structural because this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just structural because this is my
+manipulator pull outer from our machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulator pull outer from our machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulator pull outer from our machine
+all right so you got to ignore those but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you got to ignore those but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you got to ignore those but
+that whole area there is uh equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2,148 square in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,148 square in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,148 square in
+and now the probability of that uh back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the probability of that uh back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the probability of that uh back
+scattering is this total area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nuclei right to the total area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei right to the total area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei right to the total area of the
+Crystal and the total area of the nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and the total area of the nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and the total area of the nuclei
+then is just the sum overall nuclei and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is just the sum overall nuclei and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is just the sum overall nuclei and
+there are 119 of them here so I equal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 119 of them here so I equal 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 119 of them here so I equal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1119 of the area of each one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1119 of the area of each one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1119 of the area of each one of the
+nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei
+right and so that is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that is just
+119 times the cross-sectional area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+119 times the cross-sectional area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+119 times the cross-sectional area of
+these nuclei actually which is pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nuclei actually which is pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nuclei actually which is pi
+d^2 over 4 and this is all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d^2 over 4 and this is all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d^2 over 4 and this is all over
+2,148 all right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,148 all right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,148 all right that's the
+probability this is the diameter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability this is the diameter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability this is the diameter of the
+nuclei and now I'm going to rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and now I'm going to rearrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and now I'm going to rearrange
+that and solve for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and solve for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and solve for for the
+diameter when I do that I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter when I do that I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter when I do that I get
+4.79 * p^ the 1 half okay so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.79 * p^ the 1 half okay so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.79 * p^ the 1 half okay so if I
+measure the probability of back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the probability of back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the probability of back
+scattering by this measuring the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering by this measuring the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering by this measuring the number
+of back scattered balls over the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of back scattered balls over the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of back scattered balls over the uh
+total number we throw at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number we throw at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number we throw at
+it then I can calculate the diameter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then I can calculate the diameter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then I can calculate the diameter of
+the uh the the diameter of the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the the diameter of the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the the diameter of the nuclear
+the diameter of those styrofoam balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter of those styrofoam balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter of those styrofoam balls
+all right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's the
+idea now you're going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea now you're going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea now you're going to do this
+experiment and so now the Tas are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and so now the Tas are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and so now the Tas are going
+to give you all a pingpong ball or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you all a pingpong ball or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you all a pingpong ball or two
+okay come on we need to distribute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay come on we need to distribute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay come on we need to distribute the
+ping pong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balls okay so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls okay so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls okay so here's the
+deal what you have to do is you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal what you have to do is you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal what you have to do is you have to
+aim to hit this lattice right that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aim to hit this lattice right that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aim to hit this lattice right that's all
+you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+then then you have to watch your ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then you have to watch your ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then you have to watch your ball
+and you have to see if it scatters back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to see if it scatters back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to see if it scatters back
+to you okay now what doesn't count is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you okay now what doesn't count is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you okay now what doesn't count is if
+you hit these steel bars and it scatters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit these steel bars and it scatters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit these steel bars and it scatters
+back that doesn't count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back that doesn't count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back that doesn't count
+okay it also doesn't count if the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it also doesn't count if the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it also doesn't count if the ball
+hits the styrofoam but it continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the styrofoam but it continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the styrofoam but it continues
+going in that direction all right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in that direction all right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in that direction all right so the
+your pingpong ball has to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pingpong ball has to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pingpong ball has to actually
+scatter back at you to count and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter back at you to count and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter back at you to count and then
+when we get all done I'm going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get all done I'm going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get all done I'm going to ask
+who ball back scattered okay that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who ball back scattered okay that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who ball back scattered okay that's what
+we got to do now some of you aren't in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to do now some of you aren't in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to do now some of you aren't in
+the optimal position to hit the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal position to hit the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal position to hit the lattice
+I invite you to come down and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I invite you to come down and get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I invite you to come down and get a
+little closer okay that's okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little closer okay that's okay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little closer okay that's okay right
+all right so now are you roughly ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now are you roughly ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now are you roughly ready
+yeah all right but there is one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right but there is one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right but there is one other
+piece of information very important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of information very important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of information very important that
+I got to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got to tell
+you and that is that only fools aim for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and that is that only fools aim for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and that is that only fools aim for
+their chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+professor okay go to it watch your ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+I rest BL my nose yeah go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay have all the Alp a particles been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay have all the Alp a particles been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay have all the Alp a particles been
+launched yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched yes
+fantastic all right now comes the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic all right now comes the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic all right now comes the moment
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+truth how many of you had an alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth how many of you had an alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth how many of you had an alpha
+particle that back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that back
+scattered okay so now I got to count so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered okay so now I got to count so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered okay so now I got to count so
+I see keep your hands up because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see keep your hands up because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see keep your hands up because there's
+some lights that makes it a little hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lights that makes it a little hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lights that makes it a little hard
+for me to see so I don't anybody in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to see so I don't anybody in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to see so I don't anybody in this
+section here yes one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+six any more did I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody that's it six alpha particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody that's it six alpha particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody that's it six alpha particles
+that back scattered okay so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back scattered okay so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back scattered okay so now we have
+to calculate some probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here the probability of back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the probability of back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the probability of back
+scattering is the number that back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering is the number that back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering is the number that back
+scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered
+six divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+287 and that uh gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.021 carrying one extra significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.021 carrying one extra significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.021 carrying one extra significant
+figure okay and if I now take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure okay and if I now take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure okay and if I now take that
+probability and I plug this into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and I plug this into here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and I plug this into here
+I've already done a calculation I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already done a calculation I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already done a calculation I got a
+table here I I find that that diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table here I I find that that diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table here I I find that that diameter
+to the correct number of significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the correct number of significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the correct number of significant
+figures is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures is
+0.7 and the actual diameter of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.7 and the actual diameter of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.7 and the actual diameter of these
+balls is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls is
+0.8 so you guys did a very great job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hey all right hey this works right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey all right hey this works right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey all right hey this works right
+that's how they calculated the diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they calculated the diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they calculated the diameter
+of the nucleus that's it no no nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nucleus that's it no no nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nucleus that's it no no nothing
+else involved in this that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else involved in this that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else involved in this that is the
+principle behind how that was done okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle behind how that was done okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle behind how that was done okay
+very simple that's the principle behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple that's the principle behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple that's the principle behind
+how the Quark was discovered okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the Quark was discovered okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the Quark was discovered okay and
+the size of the quk was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the quk was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the quk was uh
+revealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed
+okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terrific now we got the problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific now we got the problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific now we got the problem that
+the scientific Community had in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scientific Community had in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scientific Community had in the
+early or 1911 1912 right after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early or 1911 1912 right after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early or 1911 1912 right after the
+discovery of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of the
+nucleus and the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and the problem is
+now we know the atom's got a nucleus we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know the atom's got a nucleus we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know the atom's got a nucleus we
+know it's got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's got an
+electron what's the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron what's the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron what's the structure of the
+atom how does the electron and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom how does the electron and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom how does the electron and the
+nucleus hang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus hang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus hang
+together in particular what we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in particular what we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in particular what we have to
+do is we have ask what is the force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we have ask what is the force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we have ask what is the force of
+attraction that keeps the nucleus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction that keeps the nucleus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction that keeps the nucleus and
+the electron together all right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron together all right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron together all right so we're
+going to talk here about this classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk here about this classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk here about this classical
+description of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atom and we got to talk about the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and we got to talk about the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and we got to talk about the force
+of the interaction first well there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interaction first well there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interaction first well there are
+four known fundamental forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four known fundamental forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four known fundamental forces
+what's the force that is the weakest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the force that is the weakest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the force that is the weakest
+Force gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force gravity
+absolutely what is the force that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely what is the force that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely what is the force that is the
+next stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next stronger
+Force electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolutely what's the next stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely what's the next stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely what's the next stronger
+Force weak force and the next Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force weak force and the next Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force weak force and the next Force
+strong force all right the weak and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong force all right the weak and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong force all right the weak and the
+strong forces here these are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong forces here these are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong forces here these are in
+nuclear forces within the nucleus that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear forces within the nucleus that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear forces within the nucleus that's
+what keeps the uh protons and neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what keeps the uh protons and neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what keeps the uh protons and neutrons
+in the corpse uh together for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corpse uh together for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corpse uh together for the most
+part the weak and the strong force don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the weak and the strong force don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the weak and the strong force don't
+have an effect in chemistry with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an effect in chemistry with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an effect in chemistry with the
+exception for beta Decay for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception for beta Decay for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception for beta Decay for some
+radioactive elements that's where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive elements that's where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive elements that's where you
+need to think about in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about in particular the
+weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak
+Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force
+gravity gravity also well gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity gravity also well gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity gravity also well gravity
+actually has no known consequence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has no known consequence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has no known consequence for
+chemistry doesn't mean that there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry doesn't mean that there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry doesn't mean that there isn't
+one but it has no known consequence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but it has no known consequence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but it has no known consequence for
+chemistry all of chemistry is tied up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry all of chemistry is tied up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry all of chemistry is tied up in
+this Force the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Force the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Force the electromagnetic
+force now what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force now what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force now what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to simplify it just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to simplify it just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to simplify it just a little bit
+and just call this the Kum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just call this the Kum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just call this the Kum
+Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force
+right and why I'm going to do that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and why I'm going to do that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and why I'm going to do that will
+be a little more obvious when you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little more obvious when you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little more obvious when you get to
+802 but I'm going to call it the Kum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+802 but I'm going to call it the Kum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+802 but I'm going to call it the Kum
+interaction and we know what the Kum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and we know what the Kum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and we know what the Kum
+Force law looks like the Kon Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force law looks like the Kon Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force law looks like the Kon Force
+law is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following say I have a positive charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following say I have a positive charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following say I have a positive charge
+which is my nucleus I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is my nucleus I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is my nucleus I'm going to call
+that Force plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Force plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Force plus
+e and at some distance r r is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and at some distance r r is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and at some distance r r is the
+distance now between that nucleus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance now between that nucleus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance now between that nucleus and
+the negatively charged particle which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negatively charged particle which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negatively charged particle which is
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+electron I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron I can
+describe the force of attraction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the force of attraction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the force of attraction between
+these this electron and the nucleus by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this electron and the nucleus by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this electron and the nucleus by
+the following expression that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following expression that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following expression that
+Force which is a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force which is a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force which is a function of the
+distance between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the two
+charges is just the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges is just the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges is just the magnitude of the
+charge on the negatively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the negatively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the negatively charged
+particle times the magnitude on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle times the magnitude on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle times the magnitude on the
+positively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged
+particle over 4 Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle over 4 Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle over 4 Pi
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+r² now I'm going to treat this Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r² now I'm going to treat this Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r² now I'm going to treat this Force
+just for Simplicity purposes right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for Simplicity purposes right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for Simplicity purposes right now
+as a scaler I'm not going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a scaler I'm not going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a scaler I'm not going to talk about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+direction but because this is a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but because this is a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but because this is a force
+between a positive and negative charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a positive and negative charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a positive and negative charge
+this is an attractive Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an attractive Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an attractive Force
+this Epsilon down here this Epsilon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Epsilon down here this Epsilon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Epsilon down here this Epsilon is
+the permitivity of vacuum it's in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permitivity of vacuum it's in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permitivity of vacuum it's in there
+for doing our unit conversion correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing our unit conversion correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing our unit conversion correctly
+that's all I'll say about it maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I'll say about it maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I'll say about it maybe
+you'll talk a little bit more about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll talk a little bit more about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll talk a little bit more about it
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+802 and then finally here's the r squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+802 and then finally here's the r squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+802 and then finally here's the r squar
+that's the important part that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the important part that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the important part that's the
+distance between the electron and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the electron and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the electron and the
+nucleus and what I want you to notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and what I want you to notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and what I want you to notice
+here uh I don't need the screen down yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello she just switched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello she just switched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello she just switched
+it oh okay all right I didn't I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it oh okay all right I didn't I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it oh okay all right I didn't I know
+that all right yes sorry to push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right yes sorry to push the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right yes sorry to push the
+same button all right okay yeah it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same button all right okay yeah it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same button all right okay yeah it looks
+like I'm not going to get to it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm not going to get to it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm not going to get to it actually
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+Christine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christine
+okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what
+um what I want you to notice here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I want you to notice here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I want you to notice here is
+that when R goes to Infinity right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when R goes to Infinity right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when R goes to Infinity right what
+what's the force going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the force going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the force going to
+do zero when those two particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do zero when those two particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do zero when those two particles are
+infinitely far apart you got an Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely far apart you got an Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely far apart you got an Infinity
+in the denominator this force is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the denominator this force is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the denominator this force is zero
+there's no attraction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no attraction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no attraction between
+them but when R goes to zero what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but when R goes to zero what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but when R goes to zero what's that
+Force do Infinity you know when R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force do Infinity you know when R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force do Infinity you know when R is
+zero there's an infinitely large force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's an infinitely large force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's an infinitely large force
+and in between what's happening is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in between what's happening is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in between what's happening is that
+The Closer the particles get to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Closer the particles get to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Closer the particles get to each
+other the larger the force the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the larger the force the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the larger the force the more
+attraction there is the more they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction there is the more they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction there is the more they want
+to be even closer uh to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be even closer uh to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be even closer uh to each other
+okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+right now what this equation is telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what this equation is telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what this equation is telling
+me is simply what is the force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is simply what is the force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is simply what is the force of
+attraction between the nucleus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between the nucleus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between the nucleus and
+electron for a fixed distance R so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron for a fixed distance R so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron for a fixed distance R so in
+another words if I were holding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another words if I were holding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another words if I were holding the
+electron in the nucleus in my hands all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the nucleus in my hands all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the nucleus in my hands all
+right at some distance r that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at some distance r that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at some distance r that equation
+would tell me what the force was and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell me what the force was and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell me what the force was and you
+can bet that in order to keep them apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bet that in order to keep them apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bet that in order to keep them apart
+I would really be have to be pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would really be have to be pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would really be have to be pulling
+like this you'd feel it right but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you'd feel it right but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you'd feel it right but you
+also know that if you let them go what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know that if you let them go what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know that if you let them go what
+would happen is that they move toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen is that they move toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen is that they move toward
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+other what this equation does not tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other what this equation does not tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other what this equation does not tell
+tell us is how they move toward each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us is how they move toward each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us is how they move toward each
+other right it does not tell us how R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right it does not tell us how R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right it does not tell us how R
+changes with time it doesn't tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes with time it doesn't tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes with time it doesn't tell us
+anything about r as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about r as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about r as a function of
+time all right so although we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right so although we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right so although we know the
+force law we don't know anything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force law we don't know anything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force law we don't know anything from
+that Force law about how those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Force law about how those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Force law about how those two
+particles move under influence of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles move under influence of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles move under influence of that
+force and so what we need is we need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and so what we need is we need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and so what we need is we need an
+equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of
+motion and the equation of no motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and the equation of no motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and the equation of no motion
+that was known at that time is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was known at that time is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was known at that time is of course
+Newton's equations of motion Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's equations of motion Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's equations of motion Newtonian
+mechanics classical mechanics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics classical mechanics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics classical mechanics the
+mechanics that governs the motion of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that governs the motion of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that governs the motion of all
+bodies around us that we see easily and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies around us that we see easily and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies around us that we see easily and
+astronomical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomical
+bodies in particular it's Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies in particular it's Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies in particular it's Newton's
+second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law
+is equal to ma this force equal the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to ma this force equal the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to ma this force equal the mass
+of the particles times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particles times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particles times the
+acceleration and of course in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and of course in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and of course in this
+acceleration term well I think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration term well I think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration term well I think you know
+what's in there in that acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in there in that acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in there in that acceleration
+term let me just write it out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term let me just write it out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term let me just write it out the
+acceleration then is the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration then is the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration then is the change in
+velocity with respect to time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity with respect to time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity with respect to time and the
+velocities the change in the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities the change in the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities the change in the position
+are with respect to time so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are with respect to time so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are with respect to time so we have a
+second derivative here all right what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative here all right what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative here all right what is
+in this Force law is a way to get r as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this Force law is a way to get r as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this Force law is a way to get r as a
+function of time under influence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time under influence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time under influence of this
+Force so we take this force and we'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force so we take this force and we'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force so we take this force and we'
+substitute it in here and we would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute it in here and we would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute it in here and we would be
+able to solve a differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to solve a differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to solve a differential equation
+for how those two bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how those two bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how those two bodies
+moved under influence of that force all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved under influence of that force all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved under influence of that force all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and when we solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we solve this
+equation we would know exactly where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we would know exactly where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we would know exactly where the
+two bodies would be at all times as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bodies would be at all times as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bodies would be at all times as long
+as we know where the bodies were when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know where the bodies were when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know where the bodies were when
+they started out using that Force law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started out using that Force law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started out using that Force law
+and this equation of motion we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this equation of motion we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this equation of motion we could
+tell you what R would be for all Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what R would be for all Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what R would be for all Futures
+times that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that's called
+deterministic right that's classical me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic right that's classical me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic right that's classical me
+mechanics okay well we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics okay well we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics okay well we're not going to
+do it but we could actually solve set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but we could actually solve set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but we could actually solve set up
+a differential equation and solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a differential equation and solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a differential equation and solve for
+what R of T is using that Force law we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what R of T is using that Force law we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what R of T is using that Force law we
+could do that and if I did that and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that and if I did that and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that and if I did that and if I
+started out the electron in the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out the electron in the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out the electron in the nucleus
+at one angstrom from each other and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one angstrom from each other and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one angstrom from each other and then
+it like they are roughly speaking in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like they are roughly speaking in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like they are roughly speaking in an
+atom what would happen is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom what would happen is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom what would happen is that that
+electron would plummet into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron would plummet into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron would plummet into the
+nucleus in 10 Theus 10 seconds all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus in 10 Theus 10 seconds all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus in 10 Theus 10 seconds all right
+so if I solve these equations I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I solve these equations I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I solve these equations I would
+find that R would be equal to zero in t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that R would be equal to zero in t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that R would be equal to zero in t
+equal 10- 10 seconds hey we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 10- 10 seconds hey we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 10- 10 seconds hey we got a
+problem here right the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here right the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here right the problem is that
+this classical physics Newton's second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this classical physics Newton's second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this classical physics Newton's second
+law and the force law it's predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and the force law it's predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and the force law it's predicting
+that after 10 Theus 10 seconds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after 10 Theus 10 seconds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after 10 Theus 10 seconds the
+electron and the nucleus are on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the nucleus are on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the nucleus are on top of
+each other they've neutralized each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other they've neutralized each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other they've neutralized each
+other we no longer have an atom that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other we no longer have an atom that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other we no longer have an atom that is
+that has a diameter of 10us 10 met hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a diameter of 10us 10 met hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a diameter of 10us 10 met hey
+that's contrary to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's contrary to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's contrary to our
+observations well this is saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations well this is saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations well this is saying the
+atom collapses in 10us 10 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom collapses in 10us 10 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom collapses in 10us 10 seconds
+but what we see is that the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we see is that the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we see is that the atom
+seemingly lives forever so we got a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly lives forever so we got a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly lives forever so we got a big
+problem here as they did in 1911
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here as they did in 1911
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here as they did in 1911
+1912 and the problem is that this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1912 and the problem is that this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1912 and the problem is that this kind
+of classical way of thinking does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classical way of thinking does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classical way of thinking does not
+predict our observations it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict our observations it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict our observations it does not
+predict the fact that the atom lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the fact that the atom lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the fact that the atom lives
+together in fact it lives forever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in fact it lives forever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in fact it lives forever it
+says the atom falls apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the atom falls apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the atom falls apart
+so it could be that the coolon force law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it could be that the coolon force law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it could be that the coolon force law
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+wrong or it could be that this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong or it could be that this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong or it could be that this equation
+of motion is incorrect and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion is incorrect and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion is incorrect and of course
+what's going to turn out is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to turn out is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to turn out is that this
+equation of motion does not work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion does not work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion does not work for
+electrons in atoms you can't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in atoms you can't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in atoms you can't use
+classical mechanics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics to
+describe the electron within the atom we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the electron within the atom we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the electron within the atom we
+need a new new kind of mechanics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a new new kind of mechanics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a new new kind of mechanics and
+that new kind of mechanics is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new kind of mechanics is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new kind of mechanics is going to
+be quantum mechanics that's where we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quantum mechanics that's where we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quantum mechanics that's where we'll
+pick up on Monday have a nice weekend
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Zm8uMV5aMdw.txt b/Zm8uMV5aMdw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dcc7a7953f3112c42ae909218f267a4d7802facc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Zm8uMV5aMdw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm jenet Ranken I'm the interim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm jenet Ranken I'm the interim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm jenet Ranken I'm the interim
+director of the teaching and learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of the teaching and learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of the teaching and learning
+lab here at MIT and for the past four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab here at MIT and for the past four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab here at MIT and for the past four
+years I've been teaching 595 J it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I've been teaching 595 J it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I've been teaching 595 J it has a
+lot of other numbers but it's teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other numbers but it's teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other numbers but it's teaching
+college level science and engineering uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college level science and engineering uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college level science and engineering uh
+well before I came to MIT I was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before I came to MIT I was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before I came to MIT I was on the
+faculty at Brown University and I taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty at Brown University and I taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty at Brown University and I taught
+in the engineering department there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the engineering department there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the engineering department there and
+it was very interesting to me how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very interesting to me how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very interesting to me how you
+could either do a really good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could either do a really good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could either do a really good job
+teaching or not so good job teaching so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching or not so good job teaching so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching or not so good job teaching so
+I started to get interested in some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started to get interested in some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started to get interested in some of
+the theory and and some of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory and and some of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory and and some of the best
+practices associated with teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices associated with teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices associated with teaching
+specifically teaching engineering but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically teaching engineering but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically teaching engineering but
+teaching in general uh and I worked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching in general uh and I worked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching in general uh and I worked in
+the teaching and learning center at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teaching and learning center at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teaching and learning center at
+Brown for a while and so when there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown for a while and so when there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown for a while and so when there was
+the opportunity to come here and work at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity to come here and work at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity to come here and work at
+MIT in the teaching and learning lab I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in the teaching and learning lab I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in the teaching and learning lab I
+thought it would be great a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it would be great a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it would be great a great
+opportunity to come and work with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to come and work with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to come and work with other
+scientists and Engineers who are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and Engineers who are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and Engineers who are also
+interested in in improving teaching or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in improving teaching or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in improving teaching or
+using research-based best practices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using research-based best practices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using research-based best practices in
+teaching
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_CTZDDFaE5A.txt b/_CTZDDFaE5A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..557692493941db3a9083f382af385bfb4d4e36b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_CTZDDFaE5A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14403 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay welcome everyone um lecture 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay welcome everyone um lecture 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay welcome everyone um lecture 12
+second part of molecular Dynamics um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of molecular Dynamics um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of molecular Dynamics um
+also after the spring break so I decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also after the spring break so I decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also after the spring break so I decided
+to spend two or three slides in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend two or three slides in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend two or three slides in
+reminding you what was going on from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding you what was going on from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding you what was going on from
+from last time um and I've actually been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time um and I've actually been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time um and I've actually been
+intrigued I'm starting with heraclitus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrigued I'm starting with heraclitus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrigued I'm starting with heraclitus
+because this is um a beautiful citation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is um a beautiful citation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is um a beautiful citation
+so this is you know fifth century BC but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is you know fifth century BC but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is you know fifth century BC but
+there is the intuition that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the intuition that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the intuition that a
+macroscopic property like the river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic property like the river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic property like the river
+actually comes from a microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes from a microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes from a microscopic
+property that is what you know the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that is what you know the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that is what you know the water
+molecules although you wouldn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules although you wouldn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules although you wouldn't know
+what you know a water molecule is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know a water molecule is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know a water molecule is but
+comes from what the water molecules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from what the water molecules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from what the water molecules are
+doing so aritus was saying you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so aritus was saying you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so aritus was saying you cannot
+step twice in the same river because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step twice in the same river because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step twice in the same river because the
+molecular conformation is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular conformation is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular conformation is always
+different but the river is always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but the river is always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but the river is always the
+same anyhow um reminder of what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same anyhow um reminder of what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same anyhow um reminder of what we have
+seen last time first of all of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen last time first of all of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen last time first of all of course
+you know the standard thing is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the standard thing is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the standard thing is that we
+have looked at Newton of motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked at Newton of motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked at Newton of motion and
+really molecular Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really molecular Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really molecular Dynamic
+simulations involve the integration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations involve the integration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations involve the integration of
+this couple set of second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this couple set of second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this couple set of second order
+differential equation so if we have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation so if we have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation so if we have n
+particles there are going to be n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles there are going to be n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles there are going to be n
+trajectory defined by the sort of for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory defined by the sort of for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory defined by the sort of for
+each particle how the POS the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each particle how the POS the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each particle how the POS the vector
+position uh evolves with time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position uh evolves with time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position uh evolves with time and the
+force acting on each particle can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force acting on each particle can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force acting on each particle can be
+obtained from the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained from the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained from the derivative of the
+potential field and all the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential field and all the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential field and all the part
+partical interact with each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partical interact with each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partical interact with each other so
+this is still a many body problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still a many body problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still a many body problem
+although a much easier one to solve than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although a much easier one to solve than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although a much easier one to solve than
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+electronic problem and we sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic problem and we sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic problem and we sort of you
+know I remind you how we integrated this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I remind you how we integrated this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I remind you how we integrated this
+equation of motion but sort of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion but sort of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion but sort of one of
+the fundamental concept that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental concept that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental concept that we have
+seen is how we can use actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen is how we can use actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen is how we can use actually the
+integration of the molecular Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of the molecular Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of the molecular Dynamics
+equation of motion to obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion to obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion to obtain
+thermodynamical quantities and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamical quantities and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamical quantities and you see
+what I'm writing here on the left is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm writing here on the left is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm writing here on the left is
+really the boltman idea the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the boltman idea the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the boltman idea the sort of
+basic idea of statistical mechanics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea of statistical mechanics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea of statistical mechanics that
+is if you have a certain variable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you have a certain variable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you have a certain variable that
+I'm generically calling here a uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm generically calling here a uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm generically calling here a uh what
+we know is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know is that the
+expectation value for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value for that
+thermodynamical variable is given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamical variable is given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamical variable is given by the
+integration over all the phase space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration over all the phase space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration over all the phase space
+integration over all the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration over all the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration over all the position
+integration over all the momenta of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration over all the momenta of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration over all the momenta of the
+value of that variable a for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of that variable a for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of that variable a for every
+position and every momentum weighed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and every momentum weighed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and every momentum weighed with
+the appropriate probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate probability distribution
+so this would be say for what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be say for what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be say for what we call a
+canonical distribution uh a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical distribution uh a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical distribution uh a distribution
+in which each micro State its single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which each micro State its single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which each micro State its single
+position and momentum is weight with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and momentum is weight with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and momentum is weight with the
+exponential of the energy with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of the energy with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of the energy with a
+coefficient beta that is just one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient beta that is just one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient beta that is just one over
+the boltzman constants times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boltzman constants times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boltzman constants times the
+temperature and this fundamental sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and this fundamental sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and this fundamental sort of
+statistical mechanics approach can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics approach can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics approach can
+actually be translated into a molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be translated into a molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be translated into a molecular
+Dynamics approach that is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics approach that is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics approach that is we can
+actually obtain the same expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually obtain the same expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually obtain the same expectation
+value for the operator a uh without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for the operator a uh without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for the operator a uh without
+really doing these integrals these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doing these integrals these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doing these integrals these
+integrals are obviously uh impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are obviously uh impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are obviously uh impossible to
+perform explicitly as soon as you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform explicitly as soon as you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform explicitly as soon as you have
+many particles because the dimension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many particles because the dimension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many particles because the dimension of
+your space phase space explodes and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your space phase space explodes and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your space phase space explodes and we
+have seen it over and over again that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen it over and over again that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen it over and over again that as
+the dimension uh increases it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension uh increases it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension uh increases it becomes
+increasingly difficult or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly difficult or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly difficult or
+computationally impossible to perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally impossible to perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally impossible to perform
+these integrals but what we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these integrals but what we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these integrals but what we can actually
+do is evolve our system that remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is evolve our system that remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is evolve our system that remember
+our system is just a point in face space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system is just a point in face space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system is just a point in face space
+the collection of all position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collection of all position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collection of all position and
+momenta we evolve it with the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta we evolve it with the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta we evolve it with the molecular
+Dynamics equation of motion and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics equation of motion and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics equation of motion and in
+particular say for this example we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular say for this example we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular say for this example we need
+to evolve it in what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evolve it in what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evolve it in what we call the
+canonical Ensemble that is we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical Ensemble that is we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical Ensemble that is we need to
+evolve under the condition that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve under the condition that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve under the condition that the
+temperature of the system is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the system is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the system is constant
+but in this trajectory in this Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this trajectory in this Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this trajectory in this Evolution
+we can average for each instant of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can average for each instant of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can average for each instant of this
+trajectory what is the instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory what is the instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory what is the instantaneous
+value of your observable a and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of your observable a and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of your observable a and the
+average over the trajectory gives us an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over the trajectory gives us an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over the trajectory gives us an
+expectation value and these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value and these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value and these two
+quantities are equivalent they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities are equivalent they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities are equivalent they are
+obtained in two different ways here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained in two different ways here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained in two different ways here as
+an average over a trajectory that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average over a trajectory that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average over a trajectory that is
+much much simpler to do computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much simpler to do computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much simpler to do computationally
+and here has an average of All Phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here has an average of All Phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here has an average of All Phase
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+and there is a subtlety about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a subtlety about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a subtlety about this
+equivalence that is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence that is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence that is called the
+hypothesis of ergodicity that is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis of ergodicity that is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis of ergodicity that is in
+order for this equivalence to be valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for this equivalence to be valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for this equivalence to be valid
+we really need to think that our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need to think that our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need to think that our system
+spans the phase space with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spans the phase space with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spans the phase space with the
+appropriate probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate probability distribution
+without being confined in corner of face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without being confined in corner of face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without being confined in corner of face
+space and I I'll give you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and I I'll give you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and I I'll give you an example
+later on of what mean means being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on of what mean means being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on of what mean means being
+confined so in a way we sort of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined so in a way we sort of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined so in a way we sort of work
+under the hypothesis that really this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the hypothesis that really this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the hypothesis that really this
+trajectory is spanning an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory is spanning an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory is spanning an appropriate
+sample of trajectories and so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of trajectories and so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of trajectories and so when you
+do a molecular Dynamic simulation again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a molecular Dynamic simulation again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a molecular Dynamic simulation again
+reminder of last of last class you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder of last of last class you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder of last of last class you
+really perform you know an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really perform you know an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really perform you know an ideal
+computational experiment in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational experiment in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational experiment in which you
+start deciding what are the position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start deciding what are the position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start deciding what are the position and
+the velocity of all your particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of all your particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of all your particles and
+then this is sort of the computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is sort of the computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is sort of the computational
+important step you integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important step you integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important step you integrate the
+equation of motion and this is the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion and this is the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion and this is the sort
+of Step In which you need to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Step In which you need to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Step In which you need to pay
+particular care and attention on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular care and attention on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular care and attention on the
+algorithm you use to integrate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you use to integrate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you use to integrate your
+equation of motion and also on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion and also on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion and also on the
+accuracy that is needed to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy that is needed to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy that is needed to integrate
+this equation of motion and once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation of motion and once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation of motion and once you
+have put all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put all your
+uh um once you have put all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um once you have put all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um once you have put all your
+particles in motion and you are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in motion and you are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in motion and you are sort of
+integrating them and evolving them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating them and evolving them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating them and evolving them
+according to the appropriate equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the appropriate equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the appropriate equations
+well you just need to make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you just need to make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you just need to make sure that you
+wait long enough that is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait long enough that is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait long enough that is that you
+equilibrate your system so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrate your system so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrate your system so that you
+basically lose memory of your initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically lose memory of your initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically lose memory of your initial
+condition you see your systems starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition you see your systems starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition you see your systems starts
+from a choice that has been made by you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a choice that has been made by you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a choice that has been made by you
+and by hand and in that it's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by hand and in that it's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by hand and in that it's never
+representative of what could really be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of what could really be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of what could really be a
+microscopic configuration of your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic configuration of your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic configuration of your system
+you're putting molecules certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting molecules certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting molecules certain
+position and you're giving them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and you're giving them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and you're giving them
+velocities but that's you know just your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities but that's you know just your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities but that's you know just your
+assumption and so you need to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and so you need to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and so you need to lose
+memory of this initial condition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory of this initial condition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory of this initial condition and
+that's you know accomplished by evolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know accomplished by evolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know accomplished by evolving
+the system long enough and how long is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system long enough and how long is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system long enough and how long is
+the time needed to reach equilibrium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time needed to reach equilibrium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time needed to reach equilibrium is
+something that depends on your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that depends on your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that depends on your system
+depends on the temperature at which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the temperature at which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the temperature at which you
+are performing your simulation but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are performing your simulation but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are performing your simulation but it's
+something that you can check in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can check in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can check in the
+course of your simulation and again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of your simulation and again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of your simulation and again I
+show you an example on how you check for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you an example on how you check for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you an example on how you check for
+appropriate equilibration and once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate equilibration and once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate equilibration and once you
+have reached the equilibrium well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reached the equilibrium well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reached the equilibrium well then
+it becomes straightforward to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes straightforward to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes straightforward to just
+calculate the results of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the results of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the results of your
+experiments that is calculate say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that is calculate say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that is calculate say what
+are the thermodynamical averages and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the thermodynamical averages and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the thermodynamical averages and so
+you start accumulating what are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start accumulating what are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start accumulating what are your
+quantities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities of
+interest and again sort of reminder of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and again sort of reminder of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and again sort of reminder of
+uh last class um the initialization step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last class um the initialization step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last class um the initialization step
+involves choosing the initial position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves choosing the initial position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves choosing the initial position
+and the initial velocities and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the initial velocities and we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the initial velocities and we need
+position and velocity because really we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and velocity because really we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and velocity because really we
+are dealing with second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dealing with second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dealing with second order
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+equations uh it's more critical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations uh it's more critical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations uh it's more critical to
+choose appropriately the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose appropriately the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose appropriately the initial
+position and more difficult uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and more difficult uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and more difficult uh if you
+studying A system that is crystalline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying A system that is crystalline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying A system that is crystalline
+obviously it's very simple you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it's very simple you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it's very simple you start
+just with you know sort of a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with you know sort of a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with you know sort of a periodic
+arrangement of atoms but say if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement of atoms but say if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement of atoms but say if you are
+starting studying something more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting studying something more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting studying something more complex
+like say liquid water it becomes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like say liquid water it becomes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like say liquid water it becomes more
+critical because your liquid as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical because your liquid as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical because your liquid as a
+structure that is not immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that is not immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that is not immediately
+evident to you when you try to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evident to you when you try to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evident to you when you try to put
+molecules around anyhow there are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules around anyhow there are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules around anyhow there are sort
+of you know obvious things to avoid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know obvious things to avoid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know obvious things to avoid that
+is you want to avoid that atoms overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you want to avoid that atoms overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you want to avoid that atoms overlap
+too closely because if you put two atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too closely because if you put two atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too closely because if you put two atoms
+too close together they will have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too close together they will have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too close together they will have an
+initial repulsive force that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial repulsive force that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial repulsive force that is very
+strong and they'll just zoom away very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong and they'll just zoom away very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong and they'll just zoom away very
+quickly from each other uh it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly from each other uh it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly from each other uh it's much
+more critical to equilibrate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more critical to equilibrate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more critical to equilibrate with
+respect to position than with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to position than with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to position than with respect to
+velocities uh velocities or if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities uh velocities or if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities uh velocities or if you want
+the phase space part of your uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase space part of your uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase space part of your uh the
+momentum part of your phase space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum part of your phase space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum part of your phase space is
+much easier to integrate basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier to integrate basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier to integrate basically
+because in any collision between atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in any collision between atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in any collision between atoms
+or between molecules the velocity if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or between molecules the velocity if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or between molecules the velocity if you
+want get reversed and so in the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want get reversed and so in the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want get reversed and so in the momentum
+in the velocity part of phase space your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the velocity part of phase space your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the velocity part of phase space your
+representative points can really Jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative points can really Jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative points can really Jump
+Around say if you had an ideal gas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Around say if you had an ideal gas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Around say if you had an ideal gas of
+hard spheres that only Collide when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard spheres that only Collide when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard spheres that only Collide when they
+touch each other and in an elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch each other and in an elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch each other and in an elastic
+Collision they just reverse their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision they just reverse their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision they just reverse their
+velocity well in that case your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity well in that case your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity well in that case your
+representative point is really jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative point is really jumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative point is really jumping
+around discontinuously so in velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around discontinuously so in velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around discontinuously so in velocity
+space you really move around very easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you really move around very easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you really move around very easily
+and you span all the face Space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you span all the face Space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you span all the face Space is
+really in the position part of the facee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in the position part of the facee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in the position part of the facee
+space that you need to be careful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that you need to be careful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that you need to be careful and
+where your system can become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entangled once you have set up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled once you have set up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled once you have set up your
+initial position and your initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial position and your initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial position and your initial
+velocity you have everything you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity you have everything you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity you have everything you need to
+integrate your equation of motion and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate your equation of motion and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate your equation of motion and to
+integrate equation of motion there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate equation of motion there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate equation of motion there are a
+variety of algorithm and I've mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of algorithm and I've mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of algorithm and I've mentioned
+and you'll see again the standard or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see again the standard or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see again the standard or
+simple verlet algorithm that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple verlet algorithm that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple verlet algorithm that is actually
+a very robust and very accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very robust and very accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very robust and very accurate
+algorithm so is what you'll see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so is what you'll see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so is what you'll see in the
+next slide but there are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide but there are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide but there are sort of
+different varieties of ver algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different varieties of ver algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different varieties of ver algorithm
+sometimes you you see them called Leap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you you see them called Leap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you you see them called Leap
+Frog verlet or velocity verlet depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frog verlet or velocity verlet depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frog verlet or velocity verlet depending
+on the specific integration schema and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the specific integration schema and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the specific integration schema and
+then there is another class that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is another class that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is another class that I'll
+also mention briefly just for reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mention briefly just for reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mention briefly just for reference
+that are called the gear predictor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are called the gear predictor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are called the gear predictor
+corrector integration algorithm so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrector integration algorithm so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrector integration algorithm so this
+is more or less rans all the zoology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more or less rans all the zoology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more or less rans all the zoology of
+integration algorithm and obviously ly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration algorithm and obviously ly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration algorithm and obviously ly
+one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+important uh qualities of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh qualities of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh qualities of your
+integration algorithm is that it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration algorithm is that it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration algorithm is that it must be
+robust that is it shouldn't be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust that is it shouldn't be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust that is it shouldn't be too
+sensitive on the choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive on the choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive on the choice of
+discretization remember we have set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization remember we have set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization remember we have set of
+differential equation that are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that are basically
+no perfect analytical equation but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no perfect analytical equation but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no perfect analytical equation but in
+order to integrate them on a computer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to integrate them on a computer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to integrate them on a computer we
+need to discretize them and again sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to discretize them and again sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to discretize them and again sort
+of one of the key features of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the key features of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the key features of your
+simulation is figuring out what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is figuring out what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is figuring out what is the
+discretization interval or what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization interval or what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization interval or what we call
+the time step that is every how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time step that is every how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time step that is every how much
+time you can spend before you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can spend before you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can spend before you calculate
+another point in your trajectory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point in your trajectory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point in your trajectory and
+there are sort of a lot of subtleties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sort of a lot of subtleties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sort of a lot of subtleties
+that we won't go into on what really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we won't go into on what really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we won't go into on what really
+makes a good uh Integra integrator for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a good uh Integra integrator for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a good uh Integra integrator for
+the equation of motion uh in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of motion uh in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of motion uh in particular
+one of the properties that we would want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the properties that we would want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the properties that we would want
+is that is time reversible and that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is time reversible and that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is time reversible and that what
+the simple verlet is that is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple verlet is that is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple verlet is that is if you
+invert all your velocities your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert all your velocities your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert all your velocities your
+trajectory is recovered in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory is recovered in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory is recovered in the opposite
+direction and not all algorithm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and not all algorithm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and not all algorithm actually
+are time reversible and then there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are time reversible and then there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are time reversible and then there is
+something a little bit more subtle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit more subtle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit more subtle that
+is a sort of Criterion of robustness for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort of Criterion of robustness for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort of Criterion of robustness for
+an integrator is that it preserves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integrator is that it preserves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integrator is that it preserves the
+volume of your representative system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of your representative system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of your representative system in
+face space but we really won't go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face space but we really won't go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face space but we really won't go into
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+details uh there are sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details uh there are sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details uh there are sort of you know
+several classes of molecular Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several classes of molecular Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several classes of molecular Dynamic
+simulations depending on what is The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations depending on what is The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations depending on what is The
+thermodynamical Ensemble that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamical Ensemble that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamical Ensemble that you want
+to represent that is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent that is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent that is if you
+straightforwardly integrate Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly integrate Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly integrate Newton
+equation of motion we have seen in last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion we have seen in last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion we have seen in last
+in the last class you actually conserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last class you actually conserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last class you actually conserve
+the total energy of the system that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy of the system that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy of the system that is
+you conserve the sum of the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you conserve the sum of the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you conserve the sum of the kinetic
+energy plus the sum of the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy plus the sum of the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy plus the sum of the potential
+energy and as you know from statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and as you know from statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and as you know from statistical
+mechanics that is what is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that is what is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that is what is called the
+microcanonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcanonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcanonical
+Ensemble uh sometimes it might be be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble uh sometimes it might be be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble uh sometimes it might be be
+more worthwhile to perform your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more worthwhile to perform your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more worthwhile to perform your
+simulation at a constant temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation at a constant temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation at a constant temperature and
+so that would is what you would call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would is what you would call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would is what you would call the
+canonical ensemble in statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical ensemble in statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical ensemble in statistical
+mechanics and so you need to find a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and so you need to find a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and so you need to find a way
+to impose a constant temperature in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impose a constant temperature in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impose a constant temperature in your
+system your system in principle would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system your system in principle would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system your system in principle would
+conserve the energy and so it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserve the energy and so it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserve the energy and so it would have
+a fluctuating temperature and again from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fluctuating temperature and again from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fluctuating temperature and again from
+statistical mechanics the larger your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics the larger your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics the larger your
+system is that is the closer you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is that is the closer you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is that is the closer you get to
+the thermodynamical limit to the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermodynamical limit to the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermodynamical limit to the limit
+of an infinitely large system it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an infinitely large system it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an infinitely large system it really
+doesn't matter because an infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter because an infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter because an infinitely
+large system that is simulated with say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large system that is simulated with say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large system that is simulated with say
+a microcanonical algorithm will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a microcanonical algorithm will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a microcanonical algorithm will also
+have zero fluctuations on the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero fluctuations on the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero fluctuations on the average
+temperature and so you would obtain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and so you would obtain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and so you would obtain the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+results in a microcanonical or in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a microcanonical or in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a microcanonical or in a
+canonical simulation but as always we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical simulation but as always we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical simulation but as always we
+deal with finet systems may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with finet systems may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with finet systems may be
+replicated with periodic boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated with periodic boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated with periodic boundary
+condition and so it might be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and so it might be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and so it might be more
+convenient to choose a canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to choose a canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to choose a canonical
+simulation so that we can fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation so that we can fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation so that we can fix the
+temperature of our system suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of our system suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of our system suppose that
+again you want to study water you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you want to study water you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you want to study water you want
+to make sure that you're studying your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that you're studying your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that you're studying your
+system at a temperature that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at a temperature that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at a temperature that is
+consistent with liquid water suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with liquid water suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with liquid water suppose
+that you were studying water with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were studying water with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were studying water with a
+microcanonical simulation again what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcanonical simulation again what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcanonical simulation again what
+would you do is choose your initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do is choose your initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do is choose your initial
+positions choose your initial velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions choose your initial velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions choose your initial velocities
+and let your system evolve but it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let your system evolve but it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let your system evolve but it's only
+after you have left your system evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you have left your system evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you have left your system evolve
+for a long time that is after your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time that is after your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time that is after your
+system has equilibrated that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has equilibrated that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has equilibrated that you can
+actually measure starts averaging some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure starts averaging some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure starts averaging some
+of the microscopic properties and saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the microscopic properties and saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the microscopic properties and saying
+the microc canonical Ensemble you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microc canonical Ensemble you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microc canonical Ensemble you could
+start after a while to average as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start after a while to average as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start after a while to average as a
+microscopic property the temperature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic property the temperature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic property the temperature the
+temperature is nothing else than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is nothing else than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is nothing else than the
+average kinetic energy of the ions well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average kinetic energy of the ions well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average kinetic energy of the ions well
+suppose that you're are studying water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you're are studying water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you're are studying water
+you have set up your initial position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have set up your initial position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have set up your initial position
+your initial velocity you let this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your initial velocity you let this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your initial velocity you let this
+evolve and after a while you disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve and after a while you disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve and after a while you disc
+discover that the average temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that the average temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that the average temperature is
+150 Kelvin and your system is frozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 Kelvin and your system is frozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 Kelvin and your system is frozen
+okay well what you have to do is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well what you have to do is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well what you have to do is then
+restart your simulation it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restart your simulation it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restart your simulation it's not going
+anywhere if you want to study liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere if you want to study liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere if you want to study liquid
+water and how could you change this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and how could you change this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and how could you change this well
+you could try using the same initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could try using the same initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could try using the same initial
+configuration that you had used before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration that you had used before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration that you had used before
+but much larger velocity ities hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but much larger velocity ities hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but much larger velocity ities hoping
+that once the system evolves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once the system evolves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once the system evolves
+deterministically from that initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically from that initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically from that initial
+Point your average temperature is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point your average temperature is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point your average temperature is going
+to be a temperature in which you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a temperature in which you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a temperature in which you know
+your water is liquid but maybe you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your water is liquid but maybe you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your water is liquid but maybe you do it
+again and your velocity is too large and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and your velocity is too large and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and your velocity is too large and
+now the temperature of your system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the temperature of your system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the temperature of your system is
+500 Kelvin okay so you see the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 Kelvin okay so you see the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 Kelvin okay so you see the problem
+in this case in starting with a microc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case in starting with a microc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case in starting with a microc
+canonical approach so it would be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical approach so it would be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical approach so it would be much
+more convenient to have an integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more convenient to have an integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more convenient to have an integration
+scheme that actually allows you to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme that actually allows you to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme that actually allows you to fix
+the temperature instead of allowing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature instead of allowing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature instead of allowing you
+to conserve the energy and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conserve the energy and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conserve the energy and there are
+several ways in which you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several ways in which you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several ways in which you know something
+like this can be done and again you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this can be done and again you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this can be done and again you'll
+see sort of examples but generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see sort of examples but generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see sort of examples but generally
+speaking we say that we couple our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking we say that we couple our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking we say that we couple our
+dynamical system with a Theros that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical system with a Theros that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical system with a Theros that is
+nothing else than if you want you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else than if you want you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else than if you want you know a
+Computing device that allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing device that allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing device that allows us to
+control the in this case the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the in this case the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the in this case the temperature
+of our simulation and if instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our simulation and if instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our simulation and if instead of the
+temperature we wanted to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we wanted to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we wanted to control the
+Press pressure we would couple our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Press pressure we would couple our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Press pressure we would couple our
+system with a Barat and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with a Barat and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with a Barat and so on and so
+forth but if we focus for a moment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but if we focus for a moment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but if we focus for a moment on
+the therat that's the simplest well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the therat that's the simplest well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the therat that's the simplest well
+there are sort of several ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sort of several ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sort of several ways in which
+we can control the temperature of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can control the temperature of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can control the temperature of our
+system and I've sort of site I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I've sort of site I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I've sort of site I've
+mentioned here sort of three classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here sort of three classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here sort of three classes
+that of devices that we use to couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of devices that we use to couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of devices that we use to couple
+our system with a thermostat and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system with a thermostat and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system with a thermostat and one
+approach could be the L V Dynamics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach could be the L V Dynamics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach could be the L V Dynamics or
+the stochastic approach that is you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stochastic approach that is you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stochastic approach that is you try
+to sort of simulate a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of simulate a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of simulate a constant
+temperature by letting your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature by letting your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature by letting your system
+evolve with the microcanonical equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve with the microcanonical equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve with the microcanonical equation
+of motion but every now and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion but every now and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion but every now and then you
+give little kicks to random atoms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give little kicks to random atoms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give little kicks to random atoms in
+which those atoms either accelerate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which those atoms either accelerate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which those atoms either accelerate so
+they start picking up more velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start picking up more velocity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start picking up more velocity and
+so the temperature of your system rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the temperature of your system rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the temperature of your system rise
+and so you drive your system to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you drive your system to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you drive your system to your
+sort of required temperature or instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of required temperature or instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of required temperature or instead
+of sort of Kicking and accelerating them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of Kicking and accelerating them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of Kicking and accelerating them
+you slow them down sort of with a kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you slow them down sort of with a kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you slow them down sort of with a kick
+in the direction opposite to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction opposite to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction opposite to its
+velocity and so you cool the system down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and so you cool the system down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and so you cool the system down
+and this is really you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really you know sort of
+analogous to the thermal bath if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to the thermal bath if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to the thermal bath if you
+want you have all your molecules uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you have all your molecules uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you have all your molecules uh
+moving around and collisions thermalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around and collisions thermalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around and collisions thermalize
+them so this would be a stochastic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so this would be a stochastic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so this would be a stochastic or
+Lan approach um another approach would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lan approach um another approach would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lan approach um another approach would
+be a constrained approach uh often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a constrained approach uh often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a constrained approach uh often the
+simple one is the velocity the scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple one is the velocity the scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple one is the velocity the scaling
+suppose that again you want to keep a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that again you want to keep a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that again you want to keep a
+constant temperature well constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant temperature well constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant temperature well constant
+temperature means that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature means that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature means that you have a
+fixed overall average kinetic energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed overall average kinetic energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed overall average kinetic energy for
+your ions and so when integrating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ions and so when integrating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ions and so when integrating the
+microcanonical equation of motion at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcanonical equation of motion at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcanonical equation of motion at
+every time step you have the Velocity on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time step you have the Velocity on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time step you have the Velocity on
+every on every atom and if the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every on every atom and if the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every on every atom and if the average
+kinetic energy is below your target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy is below your target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy is below your target
+temperature or above your target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature or above your target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature or above your target
+temperature the only thing you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the only thing you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the only thing you need to
+do is change your velocity in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is change your velocity in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is change your velocity in order to
+have the constraint that at every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the constraint that at every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the constraint that at every time
+step the total kinetic energy of the ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the total kinetic energy of the ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the total kinetic energy of the ion
+is fixed so if you want a constrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed so if you want a constrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed so if you want a constrain
+therat involves keeping the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therat involves keeping the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therat involves keeping the total
+kinetic energy of your system fixed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of your system fixed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of your system fixed and
+in order to do this you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do this you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do this you need to have
+actually an integrating algorithm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an integrating algorithm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an integrating algorithm that
+uses the velocities to integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the velocities to integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the velocities to integrate the
+equation of motions so something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motions so something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motions so something like
+the leap frog verlet that we won't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leap frog verlet that we won't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leap frog verlet that we won't see
+or the velocity verlet that we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the velocity verlet that we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the velocity verlet that we won't
+also see would work but the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see would work but the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see would work but the simple
+verlet that I'll show you again in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verlet that I'll show you again in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verlet that I'll show you again in a
+moment wouldn't actually be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment wouldn't actually be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment wouldn't actually be useful
+because in the simple verlet you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the simple verlet you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the simple verlet you never
+control or never use the velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control or never use the velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control or never use the velocity of the
+system to integrate the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to integrate the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to integrate the equation of
+motion so you're are not able actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so you're are not able actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so you're are not able actually
+to control the velocity of your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control the velocity of your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control the velocity of your system
+and so you can't thermostat your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can't thermostat your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can't thermostat your
+dynamical ensemble using the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical ensemble using the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical ensemble using the simple
+simple veret and sort of the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple veret and sort of the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple veret and sort of the last
+approach that is probably you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that is probably you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that is probably you know the
+more generic and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generic and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generic and the more
+powerful uh is actually adding to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful uh is actually adding to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful uh is actually adding to your
+uh sort of set of equation of motion an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of set of equation of motion an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of set of equation of motion an
+additional dynamical variable so up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional dynamical variable so up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional dynamical variable so up to
+now the dynamical variables are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the dynamical variables are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the dynamical variables are all the
+position and all the velocity of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and all the velocity of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and all the velocity of your
+particles in the system well you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in the system well you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in the system well you could
+add an additional dynamical variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add an additional dynamical variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add an additional dynamical variable
+that I tend to sort of compare it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I tend to sort of compare it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I tend to sort of compare it to
+some generic wind going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some generic wind going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some generic wind going through the
+system and that sort of additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that sort of additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that sort of additional
+dynamical variable is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical variable is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical variable is something that
+either slows down your particle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either slows down your particle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either slows down your particle or
+accelerates your particles in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerates your particles in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerates your particles in order to
+fluctuate appropriately around your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate appropriately around your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate appropriately around your
+target temperature and this is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target temperature and this is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target temperature and this is the most
+elegant sort of solution to the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant sort of solution to the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant sort of solution to the problem
+of thermalization and is also the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thermalization and is also the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thermalization and is also the most
+powerful and we will see examples both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and we will see examples both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and we will see examples both
+in this class and especially in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class and especially in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class and especially in the next
+class of applying this extended approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of applying this extended approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of applying this extended approach
+and often it goes under the name of nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often it goes under the name of nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often it goes under the name of nose
+that was the first one to develop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the first one to develop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the first one to develop the
+equation of motion for a canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion for a canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion for a canonical
+simulation at constant temperature or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation at constant temperature or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation at constant temperature or
+actually nose Hoover that was the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually nose Hoover that was the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually nose Hoover that was the other
+person that helped made this equation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that helped made this equation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that helped made this equation a
+little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more
+tractable and again a reminder of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractable and again a reminder of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractable and again a reminder of you
+know the simple L the only algorith that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the simple L the only algorith that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the simple L the only algorith that
+we have seen uh that is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen uh that is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen uh that is sort of
+summarized in here uh and what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized in here uh and what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized in here uh and what we are
+doing is we are looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is we are looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is we are looking at this
+trajectory this uh Vector that evolves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory this uh Vector that evolves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory this uh Vector that evolves
+as a function of time and we are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time and we are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time and we are just
+doing a tailor expansion that is if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a tailor expansion that is if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a tailor expansion that is if we
+know the position at time T the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the position at time T the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the position at time T the position
+at times t plus delta T N tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times t plus delta T N tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times t plus delta T N tailor
+expansion involves the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion involves the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion involves the derivative of the
+position with respect to time the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position with respect to time the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position with respect to time the second
+derivative of the position with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the position with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the position with respect
+to time that is nothing else than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time that is nothing else than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time that is nothing else than the
+acceleration the third derivative and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration the third derivative and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration the third derivative and so
+on and so forth and I've only expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth and I've only expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth and I've only expanded
+it up to the third order but the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up to the third order but the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up to the third order but the very
+nice thing is that we can expand it both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing is that we can expand it both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing is that we can expand it both
+forward in time and backward in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in time and backward in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in time and backward in time
+around the instantaneous position and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the instantaneous position and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the instantaneous position and so
+using you see the instantaneous velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using you see the instantaneous velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using you see the instantaneous velocity
+the instantaneous acceleration and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instantaneous acceleration and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instantaneous acceleration and the
+instantaneous third derivative we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous third derivative we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous third derivative we are
+able to call cor relate the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to call cor relate the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to call cor relate the present
+position with the next position in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position with the next position in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position with the next position in time
+and the previous position in time where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the previous position in time where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the previous position in time where
+delta T is this fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T is this fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T is this fundamental
+discretization uh unit that we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization uh unit that we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization uh unit that we call the
+time step and it is the unit that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step and it is the unit that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step and it is the unit that we
+choose to integrate our equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to integrate our equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to integrate our equation of
+motion accurately enough and just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion accurately enough and just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion accurately enough and just by
+taking these two expression and summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these two expression and summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these two expression and summing
+them we see that all other the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we see that all other the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we see that all other the terms
+cancel out and just by sort of moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out and just by sort of moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out and just by sort of moving
+left and right the appropriate term we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and right the appropriate term we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and right the appropriate term we
+have just by summing this two tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just by summing this two tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just by summing this two tailor
+expansion this fundamental expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion this fundamental expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion this fundamental expression
+that is really the core of the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is really the core of the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is really the core of the simple
+verlet algorithm and you see this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verlet algorithm and you see this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verlet algorithm and you see this is the
+recipe that we use actually to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe that we use actually to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe that we use actually to integrate
+our equation of motion in time that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equation of motion in time that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equation of motion in time that is
+what we are saying is that the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are saying is that the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are saying is that the position
+at times t plus delta T is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times t plus delta T is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times t plus delta T is related to
+the position at time T and the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position at time T and the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position at time T and the position
+at times T minus delta T and so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times T minus delta T and so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times T minus delta T and so by
+knowing this position and the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing this position and the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing this position and the previous
+position and by knowing what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and by knowing what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and by knowing what is the
+acceleration at the present time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration at the present time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration at the present time and the
+acceleration is nothing else than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is nothing else than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is nothing else than the
+force divided by the mass here is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force divided by the mass here is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force divided by the mass here is where
+Newton's equation of motion comes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's equation of motion comes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's equation of motion comes into
+play we are able to predict what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play we are able to predict what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play we are able to predict what is
+going to be the next position with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the next position with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the next position with an
+accuracy that is of the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy that is of the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy that is of the order of the
+fourth power of your time step so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth power of your time step so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth power of your time step so if you
+want if you're going to have your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want if you're going to have your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want if you're going to have your time
+step the accuracy that you obtain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the accuracy that you obtain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the accuracy that you obtain is
+going to be 16 times higher so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 16 times higher so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 16 times higher so one of
+the fundamental sort of checks that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental sort of checks that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental sort of checks that you
+want to do in your molecular Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do in your molecular Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do in your molecular Dynamic
+simulation is that your time step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is that your time step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is that your time step is
+small enough but obviously it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough but obviously it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough but obviously it doesn't
+need to be too small and again we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be too small and again we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be too small and again we'll see
+an example on how you can check for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example on how you can check for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example on how you can check for this
+and you see the simple verlet algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the simple verlet algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the simple verlet algorithm
+never uses the velocity of your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never uses the velocity of your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never uses the velocity of your system
+is able to calculate the new position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is able to calculate the new position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is able to calculate the new position
+just using the present acceleration or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using the present acceleration or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using the present acceleration or
+the presentence force and so it's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presentence force and so it's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presentence force and so it's not an
+algorithm that allows you to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that allows you to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that allows you to control the
+velocity of your particles so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of your particles so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of your particles so the
+velocity of your particle is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of your particle is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of your particle is something
+that is given to you and you can of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is given to you and you can of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is given to you and you can of
+course calculate suppose that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course calculate suppose that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course calculate suppose that you want
+to calculate what is the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate what is the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate what is the kinetic energy
+of your system suppose that you want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your system suppose that you want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your system suppose that you want you
+know to find out what is the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to find out what is the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to find out what is the average
+temperature well you need to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature well you need to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature well you need to calculate
+the velocity and again sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity and again sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity and again sort of you know
+you can use a simple uh finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use a simple uh finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use a simple uh finite
+difference formula and you see what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference formula and you see what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference formula and you see what we
+use is actually the position at t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is actually the position at t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is actually the position at t plus
+Delta that's written here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta that's written here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta that's written here and the
+position at T minus Delta that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position at T minus Delta that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position at T minus Delta that is
+written here and is a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here and is a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here and is a symmetric
+derivative and you could actually do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and you could actually do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and you could actually do the
+homework of you know inserting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework of you know inserting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework of you know inserting these
+quantities and finding out what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and finding out what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and finding out what is the
+order of error in a power of delta T for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of error in a power of delta T for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of error in a power of delta T for
+your velocity and why we use actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your velocity and why we use actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your velocity and why we use actually
+this symmetric formula say compared to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this symmetric formula say compared to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this symmetric formula say compared to a
+left or a right derivative you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or a right derivative you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or a right derivative you could
+also calculate the velocity as RT +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also calculate the velocity as RT +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also calculate the velocity as RT +
+delta T minus RT / delta T but and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T minus RT / delta T but and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T minus RT / delta T but and it's
+easy to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do
+it here if you want to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the velocity at times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T you obviously need to know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you obviously need to know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you obviously need to know what is the
+derivative here this is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative here this is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative here this is this is the
+definition of velocity and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of velocity and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of velocity and you can see
+that the most accurate definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the most accurate definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the most accurate definition of a
+derivative is obtained by taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is obtained by taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is obtained by taking the
+value at heart t plus delta T and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at heart t plus delta T and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at heart t plus delta T and T
+minus delta T and measuring this slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus delta T and measuring this slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus delta T and measuring this slope
+rather than say measuring this slope or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than say measuring this slope or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than say measuring this slope or
+measuring this slope so this slope here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring this slope so this slope here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring this slope so this slope here
+is given by the symmetric derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by the symmetric derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by the symmetric derivative
+that I that I've written down here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I that I've written down here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I that I've written down here and
+is the sort of most accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sort of most accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sort of most accurate
+representation of the true slope that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the true slope that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the true slope that is
+the green position here and you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green position here and you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green position here and you can also
+do this not only sort of graphically but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this not only sort of graphically but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this not only sort of graphically but
+analytically just writing out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically just writing out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically just writing out the
+explicit um the explicit Expressions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I won't go into the details of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I won't go into the details of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I won't go into the details of other
+integration algorithm but just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration algorithm but just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration algorithm but just to
+mention another very common one is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention another very common one is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention another very common one is what
+is called the gear predictor corrector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the gear predictor corrector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the gear predictor corrector
+algorith algorithm that is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorith algorithm that is actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorith algorithm that is actually not
+time invariant uh and it tends to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time invariant uh and it tends to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time invariant uh and it tends to be um
+probably more accurate than the verlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more accurate than the verlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more accurate than the verlet
+algorithm if you have an analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm if you have an analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm if you have an analytical
+expression for your forces so if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for your forces so if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for your forces so if you can
+actually derive from a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually derive from a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually derive from a potential
+your force and then obtain your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your force and then obtain your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your force and then obtain your
+acceleration uh it tends to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration uh it tends to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration uh it tends to be much
+worse than the veret algorithm if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than the veret algorithm if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than the veret algorithm if you
+have noise in your data and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have noise in your data and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have noise in your data and that's
+actually the case when you perform an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the case when you perform an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the case when you perform an
+abinal molecular Dynamic simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abinal molecular Dynamic simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abinal molecular Dynamic simulation
+because the forces that you obtain in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the forces that you obtain in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the forces that you obtain in an
+abinal simulation are exact only if at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abinal simulation are exact only if at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abinal simulation are exact only if at
+each time step you have reached perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time step you have reached perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time step you have reached perfect
+self-consistency and so an AB molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistency and so an AB molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistency and so an AB molecular
+Dynamics has some inherent amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics has some inherent amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics has some inherent amount of
+noise that makes uh for that calls for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise that makes uh for that calls for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise that makes uh for that calls for
+the use of a more robust integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of a more robust integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of a more robust integration
+algorithm like the simple verlet but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm like the simple verlet but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm like the simple verlet but if
+you're doing classical molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing classical molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing classical molecular
+Dynamics this is often Superior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics this is often Superior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics this is often Superior and
+really it's sort of you know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's sort of you know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's sort of you know an
+extension of the ver algorithm that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of the ver algorithm that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of the ver algorithm that is
+instead of using just the first and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using just the first and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using just the first and the
+second derivatives of your trajectories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives of your trajectories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives of your trajectories
+it uses the third the fourth and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses the third the fourth and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses the third the fourth and the
+fifth derivative and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth derivative and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth derivative and so on and so forth
+and then sort of it estimates the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sort of it estimates the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sort of it estimates the error
+and corrects once you have taken your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and corrects once you have taken your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and corrects once you have taken your
+time step for the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step for the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step for the difference between
+your predicted say acceleration or third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your predicted say acceleration or third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your predicted say acceleration or third
+derivative or fourth derivatives that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative or fourth derivatives that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative or fourth derivatives that
+comes from your tailor expansion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from your tailor expansion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from your tailor expansion and
+actually say the acceleration that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say the acceleration that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say the acceleration that you
+calculate that is the force that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that is the force that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that is the force that you
+calculate once you move in that position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate once you move in that position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate once you move in that position
+and again using higher order uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again using higher order uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again using higher order uh
+Expressions that is using third and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions that is using third and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions that is using third and
+fourth derivatives can give you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth derivatives can give you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth derivatives can give you more
+accuracy and allow you to use longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy and allow you to use longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy and allow you to use longer
+time step to integrate appropriately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step to integrate appropriately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step to integrate appropriately
+your trajectory if you have no noise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your trajectory if you have no noise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your trajectory if you have no noise in
+your forces but if you have noise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your forces but if you have noise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your forces but if you have noise in
+your forces it can actually be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your forces it can actually be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your forces it can actually be more
+catastrophic in the errors that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic in the errors that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic in the errors that he
+obtains okay of this was a refresher of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtains okay of this was a refresher of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtains okay of this was a refresher of
+some of the things that we have seen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things that we have seen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things that we have seen uh
+one of the sort of very simple concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the sort of very simple concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the sort of very simple concept
+that I wanted to sort of remind you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wanted to sort of remind you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wanted to sort of remind you uh
+uh that takes place whenever we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that takes place whenever we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that takes place whenever we try to
+do a numerical integration of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a numerical integration of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a numerical integration of a
+differential equation is the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is the concept of
+leun of instability that is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leun of instability that is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leun of instability that is you know
+sort of what you have heard over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what you have heard over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what you have heard over and
+over again uh called the butterfly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again uh called the butterfly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again uh called the butterfly
+effect in sort of weather forecast that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in sort of weather forecast that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in sort of weather forecast that
+is you know if a butterfli beats his uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know if a butterfli beats his uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know if a butterfli beats his uh
+Wings in Northern Africa we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wings in Northern Africa we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wings in Northern Africa we have a
+tornado in the Caribbeans and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tornado in the Caribbeans and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tornado in the Caribbeans and sort of
+the reason for that is saying that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for that is saying that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for that is saying that you
+know in any of this uh differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in any of this uh differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in any of this uh differential
+equation when you try to integrate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation when you try to integrate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation when you try to integrate them
+uh an infinitesimal error at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an infinitesimal error at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an infinitesimal error at the
+beginning of your integration will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of your integration will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of your integration will
+exponentially increase to the point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially increase to the point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially increase to the point that
+you know sort of what comes at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of what comes at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of what comes at the end
+of your simulation can be radically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your simulation can be radically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your simulation can be radically
+different for infinite asmal differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for infinite asmal differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for infinite asmal differences
+in your initial condition that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your initial condition that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your initial condition that is to say
+suppose that you have an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you have an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you have an exact
+analytical trajectory that is you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical trajectory that is you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical trajectory that is you are
+able to integrate your equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to integrate your equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to integrate your equation of
+motion starting from a certain initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion starting from a certain initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion starting from a certain initial
+position and initial velocity here so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and initial velocity here so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and initial velocity here so in
+the limit of an infinitesimal time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of an infinitesimal time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of an infinitesimal time step
+in principle you're are going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle you're are going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle you're are going to do a
+perfect integration and recover this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect integration and recover this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect integration and recover this
+trajectory in practice it means that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory in practice it means that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory in practice it means that um
+for sort of you know larger and larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sort of you know larger and larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sort of you know larger and larger
+time steps what you will have is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time steps what you will have is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time steps what you will have is that
+you'll be able to sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to sort of you know
+follow this trajectory for a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this trajectory for a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this trajectory for a certain
+time but after a while you'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but after a while you'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but after a while you'll start
+diverging and the smaller your time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverging and the smaller your time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverging and the smaller your time step
+is uh the more accurately you're are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the more accurately you're are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the more accurately you're are
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+reproduce this trajectory for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce this trajectory for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce this trajectory for a while
+but at the end the exponential explosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the end the exponential explosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the end the exponential explosion
+will always take place that is you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always take place that is you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always take place that is you'll
+start having an exponentially increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start having an exponentially increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start having an exponentially increasing
+difference between the exact trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the exact trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the exact trajectory
+and the trory that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trory that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trory that you are
+calculating um luckily this doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating um luckily this doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating um luckily this doesn't
+really matter this is very important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter this is very important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter this is very important and
+you know this is sort of true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is sort of true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is sort of true in
+molecular Dynamic simulation of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamic simulation of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamic simulation of you know
+our sort of small sample periodically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sort of small sample periodically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sort of small sample periodically
+repeated in which we want to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated in which we want to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated in which we want to calculate
+thermal averages and it also applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal averages and it also applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal averages and it also applies to
+the case of you know the butterfly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of you know the butterfly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of you know the butterfly
+beating his wings and creating a tornado
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating his wings and creating a tornado
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating his wings and creating a tornado
+what really happens is that all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really happens is that all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really happens is that all these
+systems on the long time scales are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems on the long time scales are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems on the long time scales are
+basically inherently chaot chaotic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically inherently chaot chaotic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically inherently chaot chaotic so
+all these trajectories diverge from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these trajectories diverge from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these trajectories diverge from the
+ideal trajectory but it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal trajectory but it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal trajectory but it doesn't really
+matter when we do a molecular Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter when we do a molecular Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter when we do a molecular Dynamic
+simulation we are not trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation we are not trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation we are not trying to
+reproduce an exact trajectory starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce an exact trajectory starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce an exact trajectory starting
+from the atomic time scales and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the atomic time scales and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the atomic time scales and
+propagating for Pico seconds Nan or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating for Pico seconds Nan or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating for Pico seconds Nan or
+micros because what we want to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micros because what we want to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micros because what we want to find out
+are either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are either
+average properties of the system where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average properties of the system where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average properties of the system where
+it doesn't really matter that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter that the
+trajectory diverges because even this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory diverges because even this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory diverges because even this
+trajectory that diverge still conserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory that diverge still conserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory that diverge still conserve
+the fundamental macroscopic variables if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental macroscopic variables if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental macroscopic variables if
+you are doing a simulation at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are doing a simulation at constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are doing a simulation at constant
+temperature what it really matters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature what it really matters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature what it really matters is
+that all these trajectories corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these trajectories corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these trajectories corresponds
+to Evolutions at constant temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Evolutions at constant temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Evolutions at constant temperature
+and then you are sampling appropriately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you are sampling appropriately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you are sampling appropriately
+your face space and even if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face space and even if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face space and even if you want to
+do molecular dynamics of an event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do molecular dynamics of an event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do molecular dynamics of an event
+instead of using it to obtain an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using it to obtain an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using it to obtain an
+ensemble average even if you want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensemble average even if you want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensemble average even if you want to say
+find out how an atom diffuses across a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out how an atom diffuses across a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out how an atom diffuses across a
+barrier uh what is really your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier uh what is really your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier uh what is really your
+microscopic observable is the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic observable is the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic observable is the average
+over tens thousands millions of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over tens thousands millions of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over tens thousands millions of these
+events all sort of slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events all sort of slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events all sort of slightly different
+from each other but all corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other but all corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other but all corresponding to
+the overall constraint of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall constraint of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall constraint of the same
+macroscopic observables so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic observables so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic observables so it doesn't
+really matter that we replicate exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter that we replicate exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter that we replicate exactly
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+trajectory neither for an ensemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory neither for an ensemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory neither for an ensemble
+average of thermodynamical quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of thermodynamical quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of thermodynamical quantities
+nor for the case in which we simulate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor for the case in which we simulate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor for the case in which we simulate a
+specific event because in any case what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific event because in any case what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific event because in any case what
+we need to do is repeat the simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do is repeat the simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do is repeat the simulation
+over and over again to have appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again to have appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again to have appropriate
+statistics and to have an average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and to have an average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and to have an average of
+course the only case where having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the only case where having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the only case where having the
+exact trajectory mat matters is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact trajectory mat matters is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact trajectory mat matters is that if
+you're sending a satellite in outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sending a satellite in outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sending a satellite in outer
+space because you're not sending 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because you're not sending 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because you're not sending 1
+million satellites and seeing what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million satellites and seeing what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million satellites and seeing what they
+do on average you want that satellite to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on average you want that satellite to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on average you want that satellite to
+do something very precise and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something very precise and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something very precise and so you
+need to integrate things very accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to integrate things very accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to integrate things very accurately
+and you need to keep correcting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to keep correcting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to keep correcting your
+integration as time as time goes by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration as time as time goes by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration as time as time goes by and
+you know we can actually sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we can actually sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we can actually sort of
+formalize this sort of concept of leap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize this sort of concept of leap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize this sort of concept of leap
+of instabilities intends basically of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instabilities intends basically of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instabilities intends basically of an
+exponential Divergence in some Metric of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential Divergence in some Metric of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential Divergence in some Metric of
+our actual trajectory from the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our actual trajectory from the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our actual trajectory from the ideal
+analytic trajectory of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic trajectory of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic trajectory of our
+system okay so now everything is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so now everything is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so now everything is in
+place we are doing our molecular Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place we are doing our molecular Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place we are doing our molecular Dynamic
+simulation first of all how do we check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation first of all how do we check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation first of all how do we check
+that something is working that what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something is working that what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something is working that what we
+are doing makes sense well the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing makes sense well the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing makes sense well the first
+thing is just making sure that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is just making sure that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is just making sure that what
+you're are doing makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're are doing makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're are doing makes sense
+computationally it might still not make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally it might still not make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally it might still not make
+sense physically but your sort of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense physically but your sort of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense physically but your sort of order
+zero check is making sure that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero check is making sure that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero check is making sure that you are
+integrating your equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating your equation of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating your equation of motion
+appropriately because remember you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately because remember you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately because remember you need
+to choose a Time step you need to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a Time step you need to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a Time step you need to choose
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+discretization interval and the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization interval and the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization interval and the size of
+that interval depends really on what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interval depends really on what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interval depends really on what is
+the typical Atomic motion if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical Atomic motion if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical Atomic motion if you're
+studing a system that is very cool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studing a system that is very cool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studing a system that is very cool and
+is made of very heavy atoms you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made of very heavy atoms you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made of very heavy atoms you can use
+very large time steps if your system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large time steps if your system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large time steps if your system is
+very hot and made of very light atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hot and made of very light atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hot and made of very light atoms
+that move much faster you need need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that move much faster you need need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that move much faster you need need to
+use very small time steps but on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use very small time steps but on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use very small time steps but on average
+there is really a small range of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is really a small range of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is really a small range of time
+steps that is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that is really
+acceptable and they are of the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable and they are of the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable and they are of the order of
+the F to seconds 10 Theus 15 seconds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F to seconds 10 Theus 15 seconds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F to seconds 10 Theus 15 seconds so
+for something as light as a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something as light as a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something as light as a hydrogen
+atom bound to an oxygen say in a water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom bound to an oxygen say in a water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom bound to an oxygen say in a water
+molecule you might need to use a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you might need to use a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you might need to use a Time
+step as small as half a fento second um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step as small as half a fento second um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step as small as half a fento second um
+for something in which maybe you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something in which maybe you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something in which maybe you are
+studying say liquid cesium a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying say liquid cesium a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying say liquid cesium a free
+electron metal that is very heavy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron metal that is very heavy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron metal that is very heavy you
+might have a Time step that you know can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a Time step that you know can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a Time step that you know can
+be appropriate and as large as 20 F to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be appropriate and as large as 20 F to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be appropriate and as large as 20 F to
+seconds but this is the range basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds but this is the range basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds but this is the range basically
+of the order of fto seconds and the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the order of fto seconds and the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the order of fto seconds and the very
+important thing is that you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that you can always
+check that your time step is uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that your time step is uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that your time step is uh uh
+accurate enough because if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate enough because if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate enough because if you're doing
+a micro canonical simulation what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a micro canonical simulation what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a micro canonical simulation what you
+need to have is that the total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have is that the total energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have is that the total energy
+that is the sum of the potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the sum of the potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the sum of the potential energy
+and the kinetic energy is conserved or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kinetic energy is conserved or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kinetic energy is conserved or
+if you want that the kinetic energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want that the kinetic energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want that the kinetic energy of
+the ions and the potential energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ions and the potential energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ions and the potential energy of the
+ions mirror each other exactly and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions mirror each other exactly and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions mirror each other exactly and again
+in the limit of infinitesimal time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit of infinitesimal time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit of infinitesimal time step
+this total energy line should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this total energy line should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this total energy line should be
+perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+flat as you increase your time step well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat as you increase your time step well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat as you increase your time step well
+this uh this line will start to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this line will start to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this line will start to have
+some microscopic oscillation so it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some microscopic oscillation so it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some microscopic oscillation so it will
+start fluctuate and depending on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start fluctuate and depending on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start fluctuate and depending on your
+algorithm could also have a systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm could also have a systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm could also have a systematic
+drift a systematic drift generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift a systematic drift generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift a systematic drift generally
+speaking is very bad because it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking is very bad because it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking is very bad because it means
+that your system is really cooling down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your system is really cooling down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your system is really cooling down
+that is a systematic drift means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a systematic drift means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a systematic drift means that
+your total energy is going to get get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total energy is going to get get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total energy is going to get get
+closer and closer to the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer to the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer to the potential
+energy so the kinetic energy of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so the kinetic energy of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so the kinetic energy of your
+ions is decreasing and decreasing and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions is decreasing and decreasing and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions is decreasing and decreasing and so
+systematic drift means that after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic drift means that after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic drift means that after a
+while your system will slow down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while your system will slow down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while your system will slow down to a
+halt and so you need to check for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halt and so you need to check for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halt and so you need to check for that
+and then even if there is no systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then even if there is no systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then even if there is no systematic
+drift and simple algorithm like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift and simple algorithm like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift and simple algorithm like the
+verlet tend to be very good at that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verlet tend to be very good at that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verlet tend to be very good at that at
+not having any systematic drift you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having any systematic drift you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having any systematic drift you need
+to make sure that your fluctuation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that your fluctuation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that your fluctuation that
+will always exist as long as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always exist as long as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always exist as long as you're
+using a finite time step are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a finite time step are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a finite time step are actually
+small enough and so you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough and so you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough and so you want the
+fluctuation your total energy be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation your total energy be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation your total energy be much
+much smaller than the fluctuation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than the fluctuation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than the fluctuation in
+your potential energy say two orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your potential energy say two orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your potential energy say two orders of
+magnitude three order of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude three order of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude three order of magnitude
+smaller so that locally your system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so that locally your system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so that locally your system is
+varing its potential energy but its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varing its potential energy but its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varing its potential energy but its
+total energy is actually unchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy is actually unchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy is actually unchanged
+and again thanks to the power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again thanks to the power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again thanks to the power of the
+verlet algorithm that sort of scales as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verlet algorithm that sort of scales as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verlet algorithm that sort of scales as
+the fourth power of your time step you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth power of your time step you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth power of your time step you
+can do very simple tests you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do very simple tests you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do very simple tests you have your
+time step and you should see your total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step and you should see your total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step and you should see your total
+energy curve becomes much flatter and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy curve becomes much flatter and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy curve becomes much flatter and so
+you can basically choose sort of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can basically choose sort of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can basically choose sort of what is
+the optimal time step and you can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal time step and you can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal time step and you can even
+use a sort of um real space picture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a sort of um real space picture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a sort of um real space picture in
+which you can look at a trajectory after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can look at a trajectory after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can look at a trajectory after
+all what you have our atoms moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what you have our atoms moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what you have our atoms moving
+around and oscillating and so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and oscillating and so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and oscillating and so what you
+want to do in a real trajectory of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do in a real trajectory of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do in a real trajectory of an
+atom moving around is you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom moving around is you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom moving around is you want to have
+enough points to describe correctly say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough points to describe correctly say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough points to describe correctly say
+a period of an atom and the rule of Thum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a period of an atom and the rule of Thum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a period of an atom and the rule of Thum
+is that you want between 20 to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you want between 20 to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you want between 20 to 100
+points in describing a full period of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in describing a full period of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in describing a full period of an
+atom and that again s of you know brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and that again s of you know brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and that again s of you know brings
+us B back to the order of magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us B back to the order of magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us B back to the order of magnitude of
+fto seconds for the time steps of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fto seconds for the time steps of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fto seconds for the time steps of your
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+involved so once you have set up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so once you have set up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so once you have set up your
+computational part correctly you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational part correctly you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational part correctly you still
+need to check out that your simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to check out that your simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to check out that your simulation
+makes uh makes sense and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes uh makes sense and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes uh makes sense and in particular
+the sort of trickiest part is making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of trickiest part is making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of trickiest part is making
+sure that you reach thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you reach thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you reach thermodynamic
+equilibrium so that you lose a memory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so that you lose a memory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so that you lose a memory of
+your initial conditions and again that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your initial conditions and again that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your initial conditions and again that's
+actually something in which the leap of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually something in which the leap of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually something in which the leap of
+instabilities if you want help sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instabilities if you want help sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instabilities if you want help sort of
+you know no matter sort of how bad our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know no matter sort of how bad our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know no matter sort of how bad our
+choice is if we let the system evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice is if we let the system evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice is if we let the system evolve
+long enough our trajectory will sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough our trajectory will sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough our trajectory will sort of
+diverge from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge from our
+initial exact trajectory that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial exact trajectory that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial exact trajectory that was
+somehow poorly Chosen and it will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow poorly Chosen and it will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow poorly Chosen and it will become
+more and more representative of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more representative of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more representative of The
+thermodynamical Ensemble that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamical Ensemble that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamical Ensemble that we are
+simulating but it's still very tricky to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating but it's still very tricky to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating but it's still very tricky to
+understand if we are reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand if we are reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand if we are reaching
+equilibrium I've shown you here an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium I've shown you here an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium I've shown you here an
+example uh in the case in which say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh in the case in which say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh in the case in which say we
+are looking at a solid something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at a solid something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at a solid something like a
+slab of metal in which we have a say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slab of metal in which we have a say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slab of metal in which we have a say
+bulk atom in the metal and then as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk atom in the metal and then as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk atom in the metal and then as we
+move towards the surface we have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move towards the surface we have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move towards the surface we have sort of
+you know second layer atom and first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know second layer atom and first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know second layer atom and first
+layer atom and what we are averaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer atom and what we are averaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer atom and what we are averaging
+here what is the sort of thermodynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what is the sort of thermodynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what is the sort of thermodynamical
+observable we are interested is the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable we are interested is the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable we are interested is the mean
+Square displacement that is how much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square displacement that is how much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square displacement that is how much the
+atom fluctuate around their initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom fluctuate around their initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom fluctuate around their initial
+condition and again you'll see more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and again you'll see more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and again you'll see more and
+more example in what comes later of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more example in what comes later of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more example in what comes later of um
+mean Square displacement but you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Square displacement but you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Square displacement but you see
+somehow it's written here in a reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it's written here in a reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it's written here in a reverse
+scale but if we start at time t equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale but if we start at time t equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale but if we start at time t equal to
+zero and we measure what is the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we measure what is the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we measure what is the mean
+Square displacement well at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square displacement well at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square displacement well at the
+beginning the atoms will keep moving if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the atoms will keep moving if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the atoms will keep moving if
+you think this PE here this sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think this PE here this sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think this PE here this sort of you
+know 1/3 to 1/4 of a p a second is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 1/3 to 1/4 of a p a second is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 1/3 to 1/4 of a p a second is a
+measure of what is the period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of what is the period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of what is the period of
+oscillation of an atom because at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation of an atom because at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation of an atom because at the
+beginning the atom starts moving and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the atom starts moving and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the atom starts moving and uh
+from the point of view of calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view of calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view of calculating
+what is its average displacement it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is its average displacement it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is its average displacement it
+keeps moving it at the very beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps moving it at the very beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps moving it at the very beginning of
+the simulation atoms move and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulation atoms move and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulation atoms move and then they
+start feeling the potential from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start feeling the potential from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start feeling the potential from the
+other atom and they sort of settle in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other atom and they sort of settle in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other atom and they sort of settle in an
+oscillatory movement and then you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory movement and then you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory movement and then you are
+starting to average over more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to average over more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to average over more and more
+oscillations and you see sort of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations and you see sort of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations and you see sort of in the
+bulk you fairly quickly converge these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk you fairly quickly converge these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk you fairly quickly converge these
+are sort of these thin lines are for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of these thin lines are for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of these thin lines are for the
+bul you very quickly converge to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bul you very quickly converge to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bul you very quickly converge to your
+sort of final exact results but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of final exact results but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of final exact results but
+somewhere else for the surface atoms it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else for the surface atoms it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else for the surface atoms it
+takes more times it takes a few pic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes more times it takes a few pic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes more times it takes a few pic
+seconds before you finally converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds before you finally converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds before you finally converge to
+your average um to your sort of final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your average um to your sort of final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your average um to your sort of final
+result but again thermalization sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result but again thermalization sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result but again thermalization sort of
+you know can be checked by con looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know can be checked by con looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know can be checked by con looking
+at the time evolution of the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time evolution of the quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time evolution of the quantity
+that you want to average say you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to average say you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to average say you could
+look at the temperature of your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the temperature of your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the temperature of your system
+and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to
+see the quantity that you are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the quantity that you are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the quantity that you are sort of
+monitoring converge to a final result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring converge to a final result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring converge to a final result
+that doesn't change as you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't change as you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't change as you increase the
+length of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of your
+simulation and there are quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and there are quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and there are quantities
+again that are sort of easy to converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that are sort of easy to converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that are sort of easy to converge
+and quantities that are very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quantities that are very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quantities that are very difficult
+to converge um suppose for a moment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to converge um suppose for a moment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to converge um suppose for a moment that
+you want to study actually again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to study actually again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to study actually again the
+structure of liquid water well you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of liquid water well you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of liquid water well you could
+start from you know a sample that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from you know a sample that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from you know a sample that is
+Frozen that is high and you sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frozen that is high and you sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frozen that is high and you sort of you
+know all of a sudden you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all of a sudden you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all of a sudden you increase the
+temperature with your thermostat you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature with your thermostat you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature with your thermostat you
+bring it say to 300 Kelvin and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it say to 300 Kelvin and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it say to 300 Kelvin and then you
+let it evolve and you could sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it evolve and you could sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it evolve and you could sort of you
+know look in time as the sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know look in time as the sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know look in time as the sort of you
+know relative position or the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know relative position or the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know relative position or the diffusion
+coefficient of the water molecule evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of the water molecule evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of the water molecule evolve
+in time and you would discover that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and you would discover that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and you would discover that you
+know depending on the temperature maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know depending on the temperature maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know depending on the temperature maybe
+you need 10 20 30 P seconds to reach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need 10 20 30 P seconds to reach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need 10 20 30 P seconds to reach a
+situation uh after which your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation uh after which your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation uh after which your
+expectation value do not change if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value do not change if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value do not change if you
+increase your simulation longer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your simulation longer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your simulation longer and
+longer this is sort of the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer this is sort of the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer this is sort of the concept of
+equilibration uh if you were to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibration uh if you were to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibration uh if you were to do the
+opposite if you wanted to find out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite if you wanted to find out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite if you wanted to find out what
+is the structure of ice by taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the structure of ice by taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the structure of ice by taking a
+sample of liquid water and cooling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of liquid water and cooling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of liquid water and cooling it
+down your equilibration time would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down your equilibration time would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down your equilibration time would be
+almost infinite because if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost infinite because if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost infinite because if you take a
+liquid water and you cool it down it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid water and you cool it down it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid water and you cool it down it
+will actually not freeze in the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually not freeze in the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually not freeze in the perfect
+crystalling structure of ice but it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalling structure of ice but it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalling structure of ice but it will
+much more likely sort of slow down in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more likely sort of slow down in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more likely sort of slow down in a
+sort of glassy transition in which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of glassy transition in which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of glassy transition in which it
+freezes it stop diffusing but it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezes it stop diffusing but it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezes it stop diffusing but it's only
+sort of locally coordinated as I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of locally coordinated as I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of locally coordinated as I should
+be but it's not in a crystalline State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but it's not in a crystalline State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but it's not in a crystalline State
+what does that mean it means that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean it means that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean it means that you
+know what we are actually ended up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we are actually ended up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we are actually ended up with
+is a situation that is not a ter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a situation that is not a ter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a situation that is not a ter
+representative situation we are not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative situation we are not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative situation we are not in
+an equilibrium state for a system but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium state for a system but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium state for a system but we
+have sort of you know ended up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of you know ended up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of you know ended up in a
+corner of face space out of which we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner of face space out of which we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner of face space out of which we are
+never going to get out unless we wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to get out unless we wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to get out unless we wait
+forever that is even after the water has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever that is even after the water has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever that is even after the water has
+sort of you know Frozen in this glassy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know Frozen in this glassy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know Frozen in this glassy
+state if you keep simulating it longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if you keep simulating it longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if you keep simulating it longer
+and longer and longer every now and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and longer and longer every now and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and longer and longer every now and then
+you'll have a fluctuation that changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a fluctuation that changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a fluctuation that changes
+the position of two water molecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of two water molecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of two water molecules and
+two more water molecules and two water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more water molecules and two water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more water molecules and two water
+molecules and after a very long time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and after a very long time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and after a very long time you
+might actually find that your system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually find that your system has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually find that your system has
+become crystalline but it's not never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become crystalline but it's not never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become crystalline but it's not never
+going to happen in the time scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen in the time scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen in the time scale of
+your simulation so one needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your simulation so one needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your simulation so one needs to be
+careful when one does one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful when one does one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful when one does one of the
+simulation to make sure that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation to make sure that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation to make sure that actually
+you're sort of finding yourself in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of finding yourself in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of finding yourself in a
+representative States and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative States and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative States and that's why
+some of this you know issues like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this you know issues like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this you know issues like
+simulating a solid to liquid or a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating a solid to liquid or a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating a solid to liquid or a liquid
+to solid transition require particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solid transition require particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solid transition require particular
+care and somehow require actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care and somehow require actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care and somehow require actually
+knowing something of the system that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing something of the system that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing something of the system that you
+want to discover and again you know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to discover and again you know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to discover and again you know sort
+of there is an enormous debate on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there is an enormous debate on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there is an enormous debate on what
+are some of the phases of uh super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the phases of uh super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the phases of uh super
+cooled water that is if you take water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled water that is if you take water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled water that is if you take water
+and it's very pure and you bring it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very pure and you bring it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very pure and you bring it down
+below the regular freezing temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the regular freezing temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the regular freezing temperature
+well you can keep water liquid up to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can keep water liquid up to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can keep water liquid up to I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+40° below the freezing uh the freezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40° below the freezing uh the freezing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40° below the freezing uh the freezing
+point and you can do that experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and you can do that experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and you can do that experimentally
+and you can do it with simulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do it with simulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do it with simulation and
+then all of a sudden you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of a sudden you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of a sudden you know your
+system will ultimately freeze and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will ultimately freeze and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will ultimately freeze and it
+will end up in phases that neither the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up in phases that neither the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up in phases that neither the
+people doing simulation nor the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing simulation nor the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing simulation nor the people
+doing experiment can still agree with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing experiment can still agree with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing experiment can still agree with so
+there is you know sort of dark areas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is you know sort of dark areas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is you know sort of dark areas in
+the phase diagram of water at those low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase diagram of water at those low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase diagram of water at those low
+temperature and people this discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and people this discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and people this discuss
+about high density liquid and low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about high density liquid and low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about high density liquid and low
+density liquid and you know a lot of has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density liquid and you know a lot of has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density liquid and you know a lot of has
+been achieved in the last 10 years but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been achieved in the last 10 years but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been achieved in the last 10 years but
+it's still not formally known and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still not formally known and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still not formally known and this
+is why one really needs to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why one really needs to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why one really needs to pay
+particular attention to a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular attention to a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular attention to a number of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+problems okay so suppose that everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems okay so suppose that everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems okay so suppose that everything
+is going well uh you have initialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going well uh you have initialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going well uh you have initialized
+properly your system you have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly your system you have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly your system you have sort of
+waited enough so that you have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waited enough so that you have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waited enough so that you have actually
+lost memory of of your initial condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost memory of of your initial condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost memory of of your initial condition
+and if you want you should always throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want you should always throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want you should always throw
+away the part of your molecular Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the part of your molecular Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the part of your molecular Dynamic
+trajectory that corresponds to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory that corresponds to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory that corresponds to this
+initial thermalization time because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial thermalization time because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial thermalization time because it
+doesn't really represent high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really represent high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really represent high quality
+data only after you have waited long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data only after you have waited long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data only after you have waited long
+enough say in this previous simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough say in this previous simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough say in this previous simulation
+only after you have waited say 4 p a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only after you have waited say 4 p a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only after you have waited say 4 p a
+second you can start taking averages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second you can start taking averages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second you can start taking averages of
+what is say the mean Square displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is say the mean Square displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is say the mean Square displacement
+for a surface for a surface atom so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a surface for a surface atom so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a surface for a surface atom so you
+throw away from your simulation your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away from your simulation your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away from your simulation your
+thermalization time and you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization time and you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization time and you start
+accumulating averages and again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating averages and again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating averages and again the
+averages that could be relevant if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages that could be relevant if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages that could be relevant if you
+are saying a micro canonical simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are saying a micro canonical simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are saying a micro canonical simulation
+you could look at the average kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could look at the average kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could look at the average kinetic
+energy because that average kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because that average kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because that average kinetic
+energy gives you the average temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy gives you the average temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy gives you the average temperature
+of your system or you could look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your system or you could look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your system or you could look at the
+average pressure in your system or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average pressure in your system or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average pressure in your system or a
+sort of I show you an example in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of I show you an example in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of I show you an example in a
+moment you could look at the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you could look at the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you could look at the potential
+energy or what is sometimes called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or what is sometimes called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or what is sometimes called the
+caloric curve so if you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caloric curve so if you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caloric curve so if you're actually
+simulating a system at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating a system at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating a system at different
+temperatures say again suppose that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures say again suppose that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures say again suppose that you
+are water and you're still in the Frozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are water and you're still in the Frozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are water and you're still in the Frozen
+phase well the potential energy will um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase well the potential energy will um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase well the potential energy will um
+oscillate around a certain value but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate around a certain value but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate around a certain value but
+remember in order to sort of melt water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in order to sort of melt water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in order to sort of melt water
+that is in order to go at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in order to go at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in order to go at equilibrium
+from you know being an infinitesimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know being an infinitesimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know being an infinitesimal
+amount of temperature below the melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of temperature below the melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of temperature below the melting
+temperature and an infinitees amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and an infinitees amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and an infinitees amount
+above the melting temperature you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the melting temperature you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the melting temperature you need
+really to give to your system what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to give to your system what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to give to your system what is
+called the latent heat uh in this case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the latent heat uh in this case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the latent heat uh in this case I
+mean latent heat of fusion would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean latent heat of fusion would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean latent heat of fusion would be the
+heat released when it cools or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat released when it cools or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat released when it cools or you know
+sort of the heat that you give in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the heat that you give in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the heat that you give in order
+to melt it and so your aage potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to melt it and so your aage potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to melt it and so your aage potential
+energy will have a discontinuity as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy will have a discontinuity as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy will have a discontinuity as a
+function of temperature and we'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature and we'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature and we'll see it
+in an example and that's really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an example and that's really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an example and that's really a
+measure from your molecular Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure from your molecular Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure from your molecular Dynamic
+simulation of this fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of this fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of this fundamental
+thermodynamical quantity or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamical quantity or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamical quantity or you could
+look say in liquid water at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look say in liquid water at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look say in liquid water at the
+diffusion coefficient so at the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion coefficient so at the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion coefficient so at the mean
+square displacements and we'll see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square displacements and we'll see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square displacements and we'll see this
+or you could look at the structure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could look at the structure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could look at the structure the
+geometric structure of your liquid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric structure of your liquid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric structure of your liquid and
+uh again sort of molecular Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again sort of molecular Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again sort of molecular Dynamics
+techniques were actually initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques were actually initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques were actually initially
+developed for system like liquids in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed for system like liquids in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed for system like liquids in
+which it was much more difficult to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it was much more difficult to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it was much more difficult to have
+you know analytical expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know analytical expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know analytical expression for
+something like the structure I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the structure I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the structure I mean if
+you're studying a crystal the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're studying a crystal the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're studying a crystal the structure
+is somehow trivial and you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somehow trivial and you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somehow trivial and you know you can
+obtain it from x-ray experiments but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain it from x-ray experiments but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain it from x-ray experiments but you
+can also obtain it from you know total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also obtain it from you know total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also obtain it from you know total
+energy calculation minimizing the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy calculation minimizing the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy calculation minimizing the energy
+with respect to your volume if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to your volume if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to your volume if you are
+studying a liquid again you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying a liquid again you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying a liquid again you can have
+information on your sort of local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on your sort of local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on your sort of local
+structure that is how far the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that is how far the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that is how far the molecules
+keep on average from each other in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep on average from each other in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep on average from each other in the
+simulation from a sort of defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation from a sort of defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation from a sort of defraction
+experiments but you don't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments but you don't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments but you don't have an
+immediate computational way to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate computational way to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate computational way to calculate
+data like you have done it for a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data like you have done it for a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data like you have done it for a solid
+in which you were again minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you were again minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you were again minimizing
+energy with respect to volume what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy with respect to volume what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy with respect to volume what you
+really need is to do a molecular Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need is to do a molecular Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need is to do a molecular Dynamic
+simulation and this is sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and this is sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and this is sort of you know
+the first of the examples want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of the examples want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of the examples want to show
+you today of application of molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you today of application of molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you today of application of molecular
+dynamics that is one in which you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics that is one in which you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics that is one in which you know
+sort of we calculate Ensemble average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of we calculate Ensemble average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of we calculate Ensemble average
+and in particular we say calculate say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular we say calculate say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular we say calculate say
+the structure of liquid water I'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of liquid water I'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of liquid water I'll also
+give you an example or a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example or a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example or a couple of
+examples of you know chemical reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of you know chemical reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of you know chemical reaction
+that is using molecular Dynamics to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is using molecular Dynamics to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is using molecular Dynamics to look
+at the evolution in real time of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the evolution in real time of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the evolution in real time of system
+and I'll sort of hint at you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll sort of hint at you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll sort of hint at you know this
+more general idea that we can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general idea that we can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general idea that we can use this
+thermodynamics analogies and set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics analogies and set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics analogies and set of
+molecular Dynamic analogies to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamic analogies to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamic analogies to actually
+solve complex optimization problems okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve complex optimization problems okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve complex optimization problems okay
+and so this is an example from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is an example from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is an example from a
+molecular Dynamic simulation actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamic simulation actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamic simulation actually an
+abinal molecular Dynamic simulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abinal molecular Dynamic simulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abinal molecular Dynamic simulation and
+one in which one tries to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which one tries to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which one tries to figure out
+what is the local structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the local structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the local structure of the
+liquid and so how do you actually Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and so how do you actually Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and so how do you actually Define
+structure in a liquid well sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in a liquid well sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in a liquid well sort of you
+know one of the fundamental quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of the fundamental quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of the fundamental quantities
+is what is called the pair correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is called the pair correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is called the pair correlation
+function suppose that we are looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function suppose that we are looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function suppose that we are looking
+again at Water we have the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at Water we have the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at Water we have the water
+molecules so say we have an oxygen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so say we have an oxygen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so say we have an oxygen atom
+on each molecule and so what we can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each molecule and so what we can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each molecule and so what we can sort
+of ask ourselves is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ask ourselves is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ask ourselves is what is the
+probability of finding another oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding another oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding another oxygen
+atom at a certain distance from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom at a certain distance from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom at a certain distance from one
+oxygen so you could sort of imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so you could sort of imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so you could sort of imagine
+yourself sitting on a water molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself sitting on a water molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself sitting on a water molecule
+sitting on the oxygen and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the oxygen and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the oxygen and sort of
+monitoring on average what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring on average what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring on average what is the
+distribution of all the other oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of all the other oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of all the other oxygen
+atoms and this would be one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and this would be one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and this would be one of these
+spare correlation function this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spare correlation function this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spare correlation function this is
+specifically for the case of water I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for the case of water I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for the case of water I'll
+tell you in a moment what the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you in a moment what the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you in a moment what the difference
+between these curves is but what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these curves is but what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these curves is but what we are
+plotting is the probability of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting is the probability of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting is the probability of finding
+an oxygen atom at a certain distance if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxygen atom at a certain distance if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxygen atom at a certain distance if
+I'm sort of sitting on one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of sitting on one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of sitting on one of these
+water molecules and running around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecules and running around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecules and running around and
+as you can see the probability below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see the probability below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see the probability below
+roughly 2.3 2.4 anrom is zero so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 2.3 2.4 anrom is zero so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 2.3 2.4 anrom is zero so you
+never find an oxygen atom closer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never find an oxygen atom closer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never find an oxygen atom closer than
+2.3 2.4 anrom and this is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.3 2.4 anrom and this is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.3 2.4 anrom and this is because
+obviously you know molecules by po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you know molecules by po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you know molecules by po
+repulsion and electrostatic repulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion and electrostatic repulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion and electrostatic repulsion
+sort of repel each other very strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of repel each other very strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of repel each other very strongly
+at close distance this is you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at close distance this is you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at close distance this is you know in
+the L John's potential was the 1 / R to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L John's potential was the 1 / R to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L John's potential was the 1 / R to
+the 12th term when you get very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 12th term when you get very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 12th term when you get very close
+the repulsion is so strong that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repulsion is so strong that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repulsion is so strong that you'll
+never get very very very close actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get very very very close actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get very very very close actually
+the only time you sort of overcome this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only time you sort of overcome this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only time you sort of overcome this
+short range repulsion is in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short range repulsion is in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short range repulsion is in something
+like nuclear fusion in which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nuclear fusion in which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nuclear fusion in which you can
+make you can manage to get say hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you can manage to get say hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you can manage to get say hydrogen
+atom to get so close together that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom to get so close together that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom to get so close together that
+actually they their nucle melt into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they their nucle melt into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they their nucle melt into a
+helium but you see at sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium but you see at sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium but you see at sort of this
+standard condition of pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard condition of pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard condition of pressure and
+temperature really the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature really the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature really the probability of
+finding some oxygen atom up to 2.3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding some oxygen atom up to 2.3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding some oxygen atom up to 2.3 is
+zero and then all of a sudden the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then all of a sudden the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then all of a sudden the
+probability of finding an oxygen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding an oxygen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding an oxygen atom
+skyrockets what does this means well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skyrockets what does this means well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skyrockets what does this means well it
+means that it's very likely actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's very likely actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's very likely actually to
+have if you are you know an oxygen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you are you know an oxygen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you are you know an oxygen atom
+in a water molecule it's very likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a water molecule it's very likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a water molecule it's very likely to
+have other water molecules surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other water molecules surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other water molecules surrounding
+you at a distance that is a t shy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at a distance that is a t shy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at a distance that is a t shy of
+three anstrom okay this is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three anstrom okay this is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three anstrom okay this is what the
+chemist would call the first solvation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist would call the first solvation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist would call the first solvation
+shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell
+okay the water molecule sort of runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the water molecule sort of runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the water molecule sort of runs
+around in the liquid and has a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the liquid and has a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the liquid and has a certain
+number of water molecules that are at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of water molecules that are at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of water molecules that are at a
+certain average distance that is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain average distance that is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain average distance that is around
+2.6 2.8 anstrom and so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.6 2.8 anstrom and so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.6 2.8 anstrom and so this is a
+solvation shell a shell of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvation shell a shell of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvation shell a shell of water
+molecules that on average surround this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that on average surround this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that on average surround this
+molecule and because there is a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and because there is a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and because there is a sort of
+average shell of water molecules around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average shell of water molecules around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average shell of water molecules around
+once you move outwards from this oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you move outwards from this oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you move outwards from this oxygen
+then there is going to be a depletion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is going to be a depletion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is going to be a depletion of
+water molecules because there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecules because there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecules because there is one
+Shell at a certain distance you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shell at a certain distance you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shell at a certain distance you move
+further it becomes much more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further it becomes much more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further it becomes much more difficult
+to have water molecules and at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have water molecules and at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have water molecules and at an
+intermediate distance and this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate distance and this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate distance and this is you
+know really sort of a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know really sort of a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know really sort of a general
+description for all kind of liquids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description for all kind of liquids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description for all kind of liquids and
+then you sort of move farther away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you sort of move farther away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you sort of move farther away and
+then there is a second solvation shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is a second solvation shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is a second solvation shell
+okay there is structure in the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there is structure in the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there is structure in the liquid
+you have a water molecule or another is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a water molecule or another is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a water molecule or another is
+surrounded by a first shell and then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by a first shell and then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by a first shell and then on
+average that's surrounded by a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average that's surrounded by a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average that's surrounded by a second
+shell and as you move farther and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell and as you move farther and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell and as you move farther and
+farther the boundaries become fasther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther the boundaries become fasther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther the boundaries become fasther
+and fasther so you can sort of spot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fasther so you can sort of spot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fasther so you can sort of spot a
+third salvation shell but once you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third salvation shell but once you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third salvation shell but once you move
+you know farther and farther away if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know farther and farther away if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know farther and farther away if you
+look at what is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what is the probability
+distribution 10 anrom 100 anrom 1 meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution 10 anrom 100 anrom 1 meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution 10 anrom 100 anrom 1 meter
+away it becomes flat that is if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it becomes flat that is if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it becomes flat that is if you look
+what is the probability of finding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability of finding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability of finding a
+water molecule 1 meter away or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecule 1 meter away or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecule 1 meter away or you know
+1 M plus 1/10 of an anom there is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 M plus 1/10 of an anom there is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 M plus 1/10 of an anom there is really
+no difference because you have lost long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no difference because you have lost long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no difference because you have lost long
+range order you have lost structure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range order you have lost structure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range order you have lost structure this
+would be very different say in a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very different say in a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very different say in a perfect
+Crystal so if you study something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal so if you study something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal so if you study something like
+Silicon at zero temperature and for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon at zero temperature and for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon at zero temperature and for a
+moment forget about you know zero point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment forget about you know zero point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment forget about you know zero point
+motion and Quantum effects think just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and Quantum effects think just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and Quantum effects think just
+that a silicon crystal as being made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a silicon crystal as being made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a silicon crystal as being made of
+classical particles at zero temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical particles at zero temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical particles at zero temperature
+they are perfectly periodic and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are perfectly periodic and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are perfectly periodic and so what
+you would find you could still Define uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would find you could still Define uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would find you could still Define uh
+pair distribution function and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair distribution function and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair distribution function and what you
+would find is DX Delta that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find is DX Delta that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find is DX Delta that is the
+probability of finding a silicon atom at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding a silicon atom at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding a silicon atom at
+a certain distance from you silicon atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain distance from you silicon atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain distance from you silicon atom
+say sitting on the origin is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say sitting on the origin is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say sitting on the origin is going to be
+zero until you hit the distance of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero until you hit the distance of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero until you hit the distance of your
+first shell of neighbors and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first shell of neighbors and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first shell of neighbors and then it's
+sort of infinite or properly normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of infinite or properly normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of infinite or properly normalized
+at thex Delta and then it's zero again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at thex Delta and then it's zero again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at thex Delta and then it's zero again
+and then another DX Delta and zero again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another DX Delta and zero again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another DX Delta and zero again
+and another DX Delta and as you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another DX Delta and as you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another DX Delta and as you move
+farther and farther away the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther and farther away the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther and farther away the density of
+your DX Delta becomes higher and higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your DX Delta becomes higher and higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your DX Delta becomes higher and higher
+because again if you are at one meter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again if you are at one meter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again if you are at one meter of
+distance there are an enormous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance there are an enormous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance there are an enormous amount of
+possibilities of finding you know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities of finding you know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities of finding you know sort
+of a combination of latis vectors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a combination of latis vectors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a combination of latis vectors that
+give you a silicon atom in that position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a silicon atom in that position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a silicon atom in that position
+and so if we were to smooth out those DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we were to smooth out those DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we were to smooth out those DX
+Delta that is if we were to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta that is if we were to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta that is if we were to have some
+temperature we would start seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we would start seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we would start seeing
+something a little bit like this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit like this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit like this the
+first D Delta would become slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first D Delta would become slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first D Delta would become slightly
+larger the second D Delta the third D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger the second D Delta the third D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger the second D Delta the third D
+Delta we move farther and farther away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta we move farther and farther away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta we move farther and farther away
+there are so many close to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so many close to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so many close to each other
+that they all start overlapping and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they all start overlapping and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they all start overlapping and also
+for a crystal at finite temperature you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a crystal at finite temperature you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a crystal at finite temperature you
+would start to have this par correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start to have this par correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start to have this par correlation
+function that goes towards one in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that goes towards one in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that goes towards one in a
+liquid is is uh much more dramatic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid is is uh much more dramatic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid is is uh much more dramatic and
+this quantity tells you also something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity tells you also something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity tells you also something
+fundamental about the appropriate size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental about the appropriate size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental about the appropriate size
+of your simulation cell remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your simulation cell remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your simulation cell remember that
+you're studying something in periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're studying something in periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're studying something in periodic
+boundary condition so the question is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition so the question is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition so the question is if
+we want to study liquid water how large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to study liquid water how large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to study liquid water how large
+should a unit cell be I mean does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should a unit cell be I mean does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should a unit cell be I mean does it
+need to contain 10 to the 23 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to contain 10 to the 23 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to contain 10 to the 23 the
+avocados number of water molecule a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avocados number of water molecule a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avocados number of water molecule a
+microscopic sample no and this is a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic sample no and this is a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic sample no and this is a you
+know fundamental concept it needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know fundamental concept it needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know fundamental concept it needs to be
+large enough so that the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough so that the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough so that the correlation
+between your molecule in the origin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your molecule in the origin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your molecule in the origin and
+that molecule periodically repeated is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that molecule periodically repeated is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that molecule periodically repeated is
+zero that is you know by the time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that is you know by the time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that is you know by the time this
+per correlation function reaches sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per correlation function reaches sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per correlation function reaches sort of
+one it means that you have lost any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it means that you have lost any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it means that you have lost any
+structure so somehow you don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so somehow you don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so somehow you don't have any
+way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+recognizing that there is a molecule in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that there is a molecule in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that there is a molecule in
+the origin or that molecule is .1 an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin or that molecule is .1 an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin or that molecule is .1 an
+from displaced away so a molecule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from displaced away so a molecule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from displaced away so a molecule that
+is on the origin and the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the origin and the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the origin and the molecule
+suppose that you continue this curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you continue this curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you continue this curve and
+maybe becomes 15 anrom away well those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe becomes 15 anrom away well those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe becomes 15 anrom away well those
+two molecules are not aware of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two molecules are not aware of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two molecules are not aware of each
+other existence and so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other existence and so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other existence and so if you're
+studying your system such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying your system such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying your system such that the
+distance between a molecule and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between a molecule and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between a molecule and your
+periodic image is 15 anstrom actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic image is 15 anstrom actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic image is 15 anstrom actually
+from all point of view you are studing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all point of view you are studing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all point of view you are studing a
+system that behave as it was an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that behave as it was an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that behave as it was an infinite
+system okay your molecule Sitting On the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay your molecule Sitting On the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay your molecule Sitting On the
+Origin moves around and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Origin moves around and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Origin moves around and it
+sees independently all the molecule with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees independently all the molecule with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees independently all the molecule with
+which on average it interacts and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which on average it interacts and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which on average it interacts and the
+molecule that is 15 anrom away is so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that is 15 anrom away is so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that is 15 anrom away is so far
+away that there is no correlation and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that there is no correlation and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that there is no correlation and so
+for all practical purposes this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all practical purposes this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all practical purposes this molecule
+On the Origin sees an infinite liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the Origin sees an infinite liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the Origin sees an infinite liquid
+system it doesn't recognize that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it doesn't recognize that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it doesn't recognize that there
+is a boundary and things are period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a boundary and things are period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a boundary and things are period
+ically repeated and this is absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ically repeated and this is absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ically repeated and this is absolutely
+very important and that's why we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important and that's why we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important and that's why we can
+actually simulate a realistic liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually simulate a realistic liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually simulate a realistic liquid
+with actually very few molecules it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with actually very few molecules it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with actually very few molecules it
+turns out that for something like water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that for something like water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that for something like water
+you need only 32 water molecules at sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need only 32 water molecules at sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need only 32 water molecules at sort
+of you know regular conditions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know regular conditions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know regular conditions in the
+liquid 300 Kelvin 350 Kelvin to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid 300 Kelvin 350 Kelvin to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid 300 Kelvin 350 Kelvin to actually
+simulate a infinite system you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate a infinite system you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate a infinite system you don't
+need to put more water molecules it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put more water molecules it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put more water molecules it
+won't change anything of course as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't change anything of course as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't change anything of course as you
+sort of you know get closer and closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know get closer and closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know get closer and closer
+to a phase transition remember that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a phase transition remember that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a phase transition remember that you
+know at the exact temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at the exact temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at the exact temperature of the
+phase transition the solid and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase transition the solid and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase transition the solid and the
+liquid are in equilibrium so the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid are in equilibrium so the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid are in equilibrium so the free
+energy of the solid and the free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the solid and the free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the solid and the free energy
+of the liquid are identical so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the liquid are identical so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the liquid are identical so it
+doesn't cost anything in terms of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't cost anything in terms of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't cost anything in terms of free
+energy to transform the solid in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to transform the solid in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to transform the solid in the
+liquid and the liquid in the solid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and the liquid in the solid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and the liquid in the solid and
+that means that you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you can have
+fluctuation bubbles of solid and bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation bubbles of solid and bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation bubbles of solid and bubble
+of liquid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of liquid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of liquid that
+have arbitrary sizes so at the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have arbitrary sizes so at the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have arbitrary sizes so at the exact
+temperature of the phase transition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the phase transition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the phase transition you
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+Divergence in this characteristic length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence in this characteristic length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence in this characteristic length
+that is you can have fluctuation of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you can have fluctuation of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you can have fluctuation of all
+sizes so if you were to study the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes so if you were to study the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes so if you were to study the system
+exactly the phase transition you need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the phase transition you need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the phase transition you need an
+infinite size system but as you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite size system but as you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite size system but as you move
+away from the phase transition very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the phase transition very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the phase transition very
+quickly the correlation function drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the correlation function drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the correlation function drop
+down and in something like you know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and in something like you know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and in something like you know of
+25 Kelvin above the melting point it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 Kelvin above the melting point it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 Kelvin above the melting point it's
+so short that you need only 32 molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so short that you need only 32 molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so short that you need only 32 molecules
+and this is water is actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is water is actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is water is actually an
+excellent example to sort of show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent example to sort of show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent example to sort of show you
+also what goes wrong in the simulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what goes wrong in the simulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what goes wrong in the simulations
+okay because you know what I plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because you know what I plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because you know what I plotted
+here are actually result of accurate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are actually result of accurate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are actually result of accurate or
+very accurate abin molecular Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurate abin molecular Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurate abin molecular Dynamic
+simulation and we know that sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and we know that sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and we know that sort of you
+know uh density functional Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh density functional Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh density functional Theory
+actually describes very well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually describes very well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually describes very well the
+hydrogen bond so the describes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond so the describes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond so the describes the
+interaction between water molecules very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between water molecules very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between water molecules very
+well but you can see it here sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but you can see it here sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but you can see it here sort of you
+see these are the pair correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these are the pair correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these are the pair correlation
+function you see this sort of set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you see this sort of set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you see this sort of set of
+Curves here the most structured set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curves here the most structured set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curves here the most structured set of
+Curves taken at 325 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curves taken at 325 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curves taken at 325 35
+375 Kelvin there is actually very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+375 Kelvin there is actually very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+375 Kelvin there is actually very very
+little difference between them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little difference between them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little difference between them and
+that's a bad sign so what we are seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bad sign so what we are seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bad sign so what we are seeing
+is that this sort of structure is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this sort of structure is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this sort of structure is not
+changing as we increase the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing as we increase the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing as we increase the the
+temperature and then we increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and then we increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and then we increase the
+temperature say from 375 to 400 Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature say from 375 to 400 Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature say from 375 to 400 Kelvin
+and you see this different set of Curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this different set of Curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this different set of Curves
+you see the red and the green so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the red and the green so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the red and the green so there
+is really a discontinuous change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a discontinuous change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a discontinuous change in
+going from 375 to 400 Kelvin what has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from 375 to 400 Kelvin what has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from 375 to 400 Kelvin what has
+happened in our simulation well it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in our simulation well it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in our simulation well it turns
+out that at 400 Kelvin our water is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that at 400 Kelvin our water is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that at 400 Kelvin our water is
+liquid at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid at
+375 it's a glassy system so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+375 it's a glassy system so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+375 it's a glassy system so it's an
+amorphous glass and you see it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphous glass and you see it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphous glass and you see it doesn't
+change with temperature and you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with temperature and you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with temperature and you need to
+get to 400 Kelvin for it to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to 400 Kelvin for it to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to 400 Kelvin for it to become
+liquid what is the bad thing here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid what is the bad thing here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid what is the bad thing here it's
+not that the water is an in an amorphous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that the water is an in an amorphous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that the water is an in an amorphous
+glass State it's reasonable as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass State it's reasonable as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass State it's reasonable as I said
+even if it's not the result that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's not the result that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's not the result that we want
+to find amoros States for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find amoros States for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find amoros States for a lot of
+liquids that have been cooled down below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids that have been cooled down below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids that have been cooled down below
+the melting temperature especially sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melting temperature especially sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melting temperature especially sort
+of liquids that 10 12 have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of liquids that 10 12 have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of liquids that 10 12 have sort of
+pseudo covalent bonding you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo covalent bonding you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo covalent bonding you know sort of
+study carbon below its sort of melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study carbon below its sort of melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study carbon below its sort of melting
+point you study silicon you study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you study silicon you study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you study silicon you study
+something like water they tend to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like water they tend to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like water they tend to want
+to be sort of tetrahedral coordinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sort of tetrahedral coordinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sort of tetrahedral coordinated
+and they tend to find sort of form a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they tend to find sort of form a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they tend to find sort of form a lot
+of sort of glassy structure what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of glassy structure what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of glassy structure what is
+really bad is that the melting of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad is that the melting of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad is that the melting of water
+doesn't seem to be taking place at 273
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be taking place at 273
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be taking place at 273
+Kelvin but it takes place at 400 Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin but it takes place at 400 Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin but it takes place at 400 Kelvin
+okay so if you want to if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you want to if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you want to if you were to
+use density functional Theory and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use density functional Theory and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use density functional Theory and sort
+of molecular Dynamics to predict what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecular Dynamics to predict what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecular Dynamics to predict what
+happens we would all be frozen to death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we would all be frozen to death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we would all be frozen to death
+you need to be at 400 Kelvin to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be at 400 Kelvin to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be at 400 Kelvin to see
+something something liquid and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something liquid and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something liquid and you see
+then you can also compare you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can also compare you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can also compare you know this
+is very good there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very good there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very good there are a lot of
+experiments that look at what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that look at what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that look at what is the
+structure of water you can do this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of water you can do this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of water you can do this with
+Neutron scattering you can do this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron scattering you can do this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron scattering you can do this with
+x-ray scattering so you can prob the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray scattering so you can prob the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray scattering so you can prob the
+local structure and you see this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local structure and you see this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local structure and you see this is what
+the experiment is so it's sort of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment is so it's sort of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment is so it's sort of good
+but it's really not perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really not perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really not perfect
+and so what's what's what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what's what's what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what's what's what's going on
+here what's wrong in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's wrong in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's wrong in
+this well in many ways uh we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well in many ways uh we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well in many ways uh we actually
+think that density functional theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that density functional theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that density functional theory is
+good enough to simulate water okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough to simulate water okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough to simulate water okay so
+the energy for any given configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy for any given configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy for any given configuration
+is given accurately by quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given accurately by quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given accurately by quantum mechanics
+but there is something very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is something very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is something very important
+that I sort of hinted in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I sort of hinted in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I sort of hinted in some of the
+discussion 300 Kelvin 400 Kelvin is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion 300 Kelvin 400 Kelvin is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion 300 Kelvin 400 Kelvin is a
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+which molecules can still display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which molecules can still display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which molecules can still display
+Quantum effects in their vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum effects in their vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum effects in their vibrational
+degrees of freedom that is you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom that is you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom that is you know when
+we discussed certain point the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed certain point the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed certain point the fact that
+you know a simple molecule like hyrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a simple molecule like hyrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a simple molecule like hyrogen
+is actually only discrete vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually only discrete vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually only discrete vibrational
+energy and discrete vibrational States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and discrete vibrational States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and discrete vibrational States
+and at zero temperature is in the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at zero temperature is in the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at zero temperature is in the state
+called of zero point motion that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called of zero point motion that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called of zero point motion that is a
+purely quantum mechanical effects and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely quantum mechanical effects and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely quantum mechanical effects and uh
+doesn't really come from you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really come from you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really come from you know
+describing correctly the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing correctly the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing correctly the energy of the
+electrons in the potential of the ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the potential of the ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the potential of the ions
+but con the fact that the ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but con the fact that the ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but con the fact that the ions
+themselves are quantum particles and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are quantum particles and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are quantum particles and the
+excitation of a Quantum particle from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation of a Quantum particle from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation of a Quantum particle from
+one state to another vibrational state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state to another vibrational state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state to another vibrational state
+is in itself quantized and so what turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in itself quantized and so what turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in itself quantized and so what turns
+out to happen in water is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to happen in water is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to happen in water is that the
+hydrogen oxygen St string frequency okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen oxygen St string frequency okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen oxygen St string frequency okay
+so the frequencies by which one hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the frequencies by which one hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the frequencies by which one hydrogen
+beats against another oxygen are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats against another oxygen are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats against another oxygen are
+actually very high out of the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very high out of the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very high out of the order of
+3,000 cm to the minus one so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 cm to the minus one so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 cm to the minus one so that's a
+typical sort of measure of vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical sort of measure of vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical sort of measure of vibrational
+frequency they are in particular sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency they are in particular sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency they are in particular sort of
+10 times larger than the average kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 times larger than the average kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 times larger than the average kinetic
+temperature at room temperature so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at room temperature so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at room temperature so that
+means that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that in
+reality those vibrational modes cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality those vibrational modes cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality those vibrational modes cannot
+be excited they are frozen in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be excited they are frozen in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be excited they are frozen in their
+ground state so in all this liquid you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state so in all this liquid you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state so in all this liquid you
+have a variety of vibrational modes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a variety of vibrational modes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a variety of vibrational modes some
+that are very soft and that involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very soft and that involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very soft and that involves
+sort of how one water molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how one water molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how one water molecule
+correlates with other water molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlates with other water molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlates with other water molecules
+but you have some very stiff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have some very stiff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have some very stiff
+intramolecular vibrational degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intramolecular vibrational degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intramolecular vibrational degrees of
+freedom that you can't excite and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom that you can't excite and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom that you can't excite and so the
+classical description of the ions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical description of the ions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical description of the ions is
+good but is not perfect and that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but is not perfect and that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but is not perfect and that what
+brings us this error here if we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings us this error here if we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings us this error here if we were to
+study sadly there are no experiments say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study sadly there are no experiments say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study sadly there are no experiments say
+at 3,000 Kelvin but if you were to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 3,000 Kelvin but if you were to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 3,000 Kelvin but if you were to do an
+experiment of you know sort of obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment of you know sort of obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment of you know sort of obviously
+water at a sort of fixed volume so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water at a sort of fixed volume so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water at a sort of fixed volume so at
+very high pressure at 3,000 Kelvin then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high pressure at 3,000 Kelvin then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high pressure at 3,000 Kelvin then
+the ions would all sort of behave as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ions would all sort of behave as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ions would all sort of behave as
+classical particles and probably our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical particles and probably our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical particles and probably our
+agreement would be much better but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement would be much better but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement would be much better but at
+this low temperature some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this low temperature some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this low temperature some of these
+vibrational degrees of freedom are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational degrees of freedom are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational degrees of freedom are
+actually Frozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Frozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Frozen
+and they can't exchange temperature they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can't exchange temperature they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can't exchange temperature they
+can't exchange vibrational energy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't exchange vibrational energy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't exchange vibrational energy with
+the rest of the degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the degrees of
+freedom is the same concept by which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom is the same concept by which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom is the same concept by which the
+specific heat of solids follows the dong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat of solids follows the dong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat of solids follows the dong
+and P low and it's much smaller than its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P low and it's much smaller than its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P low and it's much smaller than its
+ideal sort of value at low temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal sort of value at low temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal sort of value at low temperature
+is because even in a solid where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because even in a solid where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because even in a solid where
+vibrational frequencies tend to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational frequencies tend to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational frequencies tend to be much
+lower than 3,000 cm to the minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than 3,000 cm to the minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than 3,000 cm to the minus one
+tend to be of the order 3 400 cm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be of the order 3 400 cm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be of the order 3 400 cm of
+minus one so they tend to be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so they tend to be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so they tend to be all
+populated at room temperature but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populated at room temperature but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populated at room temperature but in the
+regime of low temperature sort of much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime of low temperature sort of much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime of low temperature sort of much
+lower 300 Kelvin some of those degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower 300 Kelvin some of those degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower 300 Kelvin some of those degrees
+of freedom are also frozen out so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom are also frozen out so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom are also frozen out so they
+can't exchange temperature when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't exchange temperature when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't exchange temperature when you
+increase the Heat and so the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the Heat and so the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the Heat and so the specific
+heat of the system is much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat of the system is much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat of the system is much smaller
+because a lot of those degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of those degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of those degrees of
+freedom can't actually talk with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom can't actually talk with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom can't actually talk with your
+heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+bath okay so this was an example let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath okay so this was an example let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath okay so this was an example let's
+see another example in which we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see another example in which we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see another example in which we look at
+average sort of uh at Ensemble averages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average sort of uh at Ensemble averages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average sort of uh at Ensemble averages
+and this is the example of the caloric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the example of the caloric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the example of the caloric
+curve so that is plotting the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so that is plotting the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so that is plotting the potential
+energy as a function of time this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as a function of time this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as a function of time this is
+done for a sort of classical molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for a sort of classical molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for a sort of classical molecular
+Dynamic simulation so you see it's using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic simulation so you see it's using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic simulation so you see it's using
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+64 6 6,400 particles so a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 6 6,400 particles so a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 6 6,400 particles so a very large
+amount this is actually a slab of lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount this is actually a slab of lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount this is actually a slab of lead
+in the one0 direction and you see if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the one0 direction and you see if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the one0 direction and you see if we
+simulate this at 600 Kelvin well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate this at 600 Kelvin well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate this at 600 Kelvin well this is
+as a function of time this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time this is a very
+long simulation you see we are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long simulation you see we are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long simulation you see we are talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+nanocs okay so it's of the order of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanocs okay so it's of the order of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanocs okay so it's of the order of 1
+million time steps if we were using time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million time steps if we were using time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million time steps if we were using time
+step of a frame to Second and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of a frame to Second and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of a frame to Second and you see
+this is how the sort of average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how the sort of average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how the sort of average
+potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy
+fluctuates okay at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuates okay at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuates okay at
+677 Kelvin and then we increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+677 Kelvin and then we increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+677 Kelvin and then we increase the
+temperature and you see it fluctuates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and you see it fluctuates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and you see it fluctuates
+around another value increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around another value increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around another value increase the
+temperature it fluctuates another value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it fluctuates another value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it fluctuates another value
+we increase the temperature a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we increase the temperature a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we increase the temperature a little bit
+more from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more from
+625 Kelvin to 630 Kelvin and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+625 Kelvin to 630 Kelvin and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+625 Kelvin to 630 Kelvin and what
+happens in this solid you see at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in this solid you see at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in this solid you see at the
+beginning during if you want your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning during if you want your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning during if you want your
+thermalization time you also at around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization time you also at around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization time you also at around a
+certain value but then something happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain value but then something happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain value but then something happens
+and your system goes into a new state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your system goes into a new state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your system goes into a new state in
+which the average potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the average potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the average potential energy
+oscillates around a new value what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates around a new value what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates around a new value what your
+system has done it's gone through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has done it's gone through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has done it's gone through a
+melting transition and so the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting transition and so the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting transition and so the difference
+between if you want the potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between if you want the potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between if you want the potential energy
+just below the melting temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just below the melting temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just below the melting temperature and
+the potential energy just above the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy just above the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy just above the the
+melting temperature is this latent heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting temperature is this latent heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting temperature is this latent heat
+of fusion okay the energy that is needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fusion okay the energy that is needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fusion okay the energy that is needed
+to melt the crystal or the energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to melt the crystal or the energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to melt the crystal or the energy that
+is released when the Crystal solidifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is released when the Crystal solidifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is released when the Crystal solidifies
+and this is actually a sort of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually a sort of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually a sort of very
+specific system in which there is a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific system in which there is a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific system in which there is a sort
+of more exotic phase transition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more exotic phase transition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more exotic phase transition and
+that's why molecular Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why molecular Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why molecular Dynamics
+simulations were needed it was a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations were needed it was a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations were needed it was a system
+in which there was what is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which there was what is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which there was what is called
+incomplete surface melting that is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete surface melting that is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete surface melting that is if
+you look at the surface of Le one 0 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the surface of Le one 0 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the surface of Le one 0 it
+starts melting at a temperature that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts melting at a temperature that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts melting at a temperature that is
+lower than the temperature at which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than the temperature at which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than the temperature at which the
+bulk melts and this is because surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk melts and this is because surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk melts and this is because surface
+atoms are really different from bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are really different from bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are really different from bulk
+atoms so they have their own phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so they have their own phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so they have their own phase
+transition and it's a temperature for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and it's a temperature for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and it's a temperature for
+that phase transition that is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phase transition that is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phase transition that is different
+from the bulk melting temperature so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bulk melting temperature so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bulk melting temperature so you
+eat itat up lead all of a sudden you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat itat up lead all of a sudden you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat itat up lead all of a sudden you see
+that the surface becomes liquid and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the surface becomes liquid and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the surface becomes liquid and then
+you need to reach another critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to reach another critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to reach another critical
+temperature before also the buls before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature before also the buls before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature before also the buls before
+also the bulk melts okay so a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the bulk melts okay so a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the bulk melts okay so a couple of
+examples we have seen from Ensemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples we have seen from Ensemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples we have seen from Ensemble
+averages as I said we can also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages as I said we can also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages as I said we can also use
+molecular Dynamics to actually follow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamics to actually follow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamics to actually follow a
+chemical reaction and so this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction and so this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction and so this is another
+example from um Ain molecular Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from um Ain molecular Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from um Ain molecular Dynamic
+simulation because what we really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation because what we really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation because what we really want
+to investigate is how we can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to investigate is how we can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to investigate is how we can take a
+molecule of methane you see C and A four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of methane you see C and A four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of methane you see C and A four
+there are four hydrogen atom one is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four hydrogen atom one is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four hydrogen atom one is sort
+of the pink below be beneath the yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pink below be beneath the yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pink below be beneath the yellow
+we want to figure out how to break this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to figure out how to break this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to figure out how to break this
+apart this is in a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart this is in a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart this is in a fundamental
+technological problem because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological problem because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological problem because we have
+enormous reserves of methane is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous reserves of methane is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous reserves of methane is what
+people call natural gas but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call natural gas but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call natural gas but it's
+extremely expensive to transport because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely expensive to transport because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely expensive to transport because
+you really need to liquefy it and car it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really need to liquefy it and car it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really need to liquefy it and car it
+in sort of cryogenically frozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of cryogenically frozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of cryogenically frozen
+containers so it's much more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers so it's much more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers so it's much more expensive
+expensive to transport methane than to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to transport methane than to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to transport methane than to
+transport oil and that's why we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport oil and that's why we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport oil and that's why we are
+actually not using sort of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not using sort of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not using sort of all the
+methane natural gas reserves that exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane natural gas reserves that exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane natural gas reserves that exist
+so one of the important thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the important thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the important thing that we
+could do is actually transform methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do is actually transform methane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do is actually transform methane
+in some higher and heavier hydrocarbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some higher and heavier hydrocarbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some higher and heavier hydrocarbons
+like methanol that we can transport much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like methanol that we can transport much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like methanol that we can transport much
+more easily and that in principle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily and that in principle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily and that in principle is
+very doable methane has an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very doable methane has an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very doable methane has an enormous
+amount of energies ready to be released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energies ready to be released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energies ready to be released
+but sadly in order to release that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sadly in order to release that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sadly in order to release that
+energy in order if you want to burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in order if you want to burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in order if you want to burn
+methane or in order to break it apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane or in order to break it apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane or in order to break it apart
+you need first to break apart the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need first to break apart the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need first to break apart the first
+carbon hydrogen bond and that's tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon hydrogen bond and that's tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon hydrogen bond and that's tough
+once you break that hydrogen bond all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you break that hydrogen bond all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you break that hydrogen bond all
+the other hydrogen go and release a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hydrogen go and release a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hydrogen go and release a lot
+of energy but breaking this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy but breaking this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy but breaking this is very
+difficult and we want to do this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and we want to do this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and we want to do this in a
+very controlled manner in order not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very controlled manner in order not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very controlled manner in order not to
+burn methane but construct some higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn methane but construct some higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn methane but construct some higher
+hydrocarbon like methanol and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbon like methanol and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbon like methanol and so one
+sort of very suggestive hypothesis uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very suggestive hypothesis uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very suggestive hypothesis uh is
+actually using nanostructured Catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using nanostructured Catalyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using nanostructured Catalyst
+that is using well-known Catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is using well-known Catalyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is using well-known Catalyst
+transition metals like platinum in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals like platinum in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals like platinum in this
+case but Catalyst that have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but Catalyst that have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but Catalyst that have a very
+exotic surface so that they become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic surface so that they become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic surface so that they become more
+reactive they can help break apart this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive they can help break apart this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive they can help break apart this
+carbon hydrogen bond and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon hydrogen bond and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon hydrogen bond and so you know
+this is where abinal molecular Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where abinal molecular Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where abinal molecular Dynamics
+come into play because you know we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into play because you know we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into play because you know we can
+study system and try to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens when we take a methane molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we take a methane molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we take a methane molecule
+and we throw it to a platinum surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we throw it to a platinum surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we throw it to a platinum surface
+and uh as you can see nothing happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh as you can see nothing happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh as you can see nothing happens
+and we are very very happy not so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are very very happy not so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are very very happy not so much
+because we have sort of simulated an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have sort of simulated an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have sort of simulated an
+interesting system but because actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting system but because actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting system but because actually
+we can measure the kinetic energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can measure the kinetic energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can measure the kinetic energy of the
+molecule coming down and we can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule coming down and we can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule coming down and we can measure
+when it comes out and we find out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes out and we find out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes out and we find out that
+it has the same velocity but opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has the same velocity but opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has the same velocity but opposite
+direction so our system is conserving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so our system is conserving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so our system is conserving
+energy very accurately uh but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy very accurately uh but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy very accurately uh but you know
+what you can do now with your molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do now with your molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do now with your molecular
+Dynamic simulation is try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic simulation is try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic simulation is try to figure out
+if this is the whole story that is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is the whole story that is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is the whole story that is well
+as you see we have sort of thrown this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you see we have sort of thrown this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you see we have sort of thrown this
+molecule into the tra here because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule into the tra here because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule into the tra here because you
+know we thought that maybe this area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we thought that maybe this area is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we thought that maybe this area is
+the most catalytically active it's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most catalytically active it's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most catalytically active it's where
+there are more Platinum atoms able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more Platinum atoms able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more Platinum atoms able to
+sort of rip this thing apart well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of rip this thing apart well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of rip this thing apart well it
+turns out that actually the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that actually the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that actually the most
+catalytically active part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytically active part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytically active part of this
+surface is the undercoordinated Platinum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is the undercoordinated Platinum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is the undercoordinated Platinum
+atoms sitting here on the Ridge and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms sitting here on the Ridge and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms sitting here on the Ridge and you
+see when sort of the molecule falls down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when sort of the molecule falls down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when sort of the molecule falls down
+on this it sort of you know very easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this it sort of you know very easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this it sort of you know very easily
+breaks apart this and so you know doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks apart this and so you know doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks apart this and so you know doing
+our abinal MD we discovered that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our abinal MD we discovered that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our abinal MD we discovered that you
+know this undercoordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this undercoordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this undercoordination
+atoms are actually much more active than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are actually much more active than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are actually much more active than
+the sort of surface like atoms down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of surface like atoms down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of surface like atoms down here
+so under coordinating a transition metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so under coordinating a transition metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so under coordinating a transition metal
+is actually very helpful and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually very helpful and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually very helpful and this is
+actually what bacteria that eat methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what bacteria that eat methane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what bacteria that eat methane
+for a living do so what those bacterias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a living do so what those bacterias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a living do so what those bacterias
+do they have an enzyme that is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have an enzyme that is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have an enzyme that is called
+the methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methane
+monooxygenase that actually is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monooxygenase that actually is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monooxygenase that actually is able to
+break apart this carbon hydrogen bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break apart this carbon hydrogen bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break apart this carbon hydrogen bond
+and what it has it has sort of two iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it has it has sort of two iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it has it has sort of two iron
+atoms in the middle of a sort of porine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in the middle of a sort of porine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in the middle of a sort of porine
+like structure and those under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like structure and those under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like structure and those under
+coordinated transition metals do all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated transition metals do all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated transition metals do all the
+trick other examples in which a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick other examples in which a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick other examples in which a
+molecular Dynamic simulation helps us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamic simulation helps us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamic simulation helps us
+understanding the structure of of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the structure of of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the structure of of a
+microscopic system uh are shown here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic system uh are shown here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic system uh are shown here in
+this case what we are doing is taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case what we are doing is taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case what we are doing is taking a
+liquid droplet of aluminum so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid droplet of aluminum so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid droplet of aluminum so this is
+aluminum above its melting temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum above its melting temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum above its melting temperature
+that is sort of 933 Kelvin it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is sort of 933 Kelvin it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is sort of 933 Kelvin it's being
+thermalized and so it's a liquid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalized and so it's a liquid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalized and so it's a liquid and
+then we have a surface that could be say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have a surface that could be say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have a surface that could be say
+two different crystallographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different crystallographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different crystallographic
+orientation the 1 one0 surface and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation the 1 one0 surface and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation the 1 one0 surface and the
+11 one surface and what we do is we drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 one surface and what we do is we drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 one surface and what we do is we drop
+this liquid droplet on the surface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this liquid droplet on the surface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this liquid droplet on the surface and
+we sort of see what is the evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of see what is the evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of see what is the evolution of
+the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+and on the 110 surface that is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the 110 surface that is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the 110 surface that is one of
+these metal surfaces that undergo a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these metal surfaces that undergo a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these metal surfaces that undergo a
+premelting transition where the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premelting transition where the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premelting transition where the surface
+itself you can see it here becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself you can see it here becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself you can see it here becomes
+liquid like what happens is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid like what happens is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid like what happens is that you
+have a liquid droplet falling on a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a liquid droplet falling on a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a liquid droplet falling on a sort
+of liquid surface and so it wets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of liquid surface and so it wets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of liquid surface and so it wets
+completely the surface and this movs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely the surface and this movs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely the surface and this movs
+around you throw this same liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you throw this same liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you throw this same liquid
+droplet on one on aluminum 111 that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet on one on aluminum 111 that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet on one on aluminum 111 that is a
+surface that doesn't melt and that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that doesn't melt and that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that doesn't melt and that at
+overheat you can sort of bring a Crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheat you can sort of bring a Crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheat you can sort of bring a Crystal
+Light of aluminum and you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Light of aluminum and you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Light of aluminum and you can look at
+the 111 surface and you can bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 111 surface and you can bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 111 surface and you can bring it
+above the melting temperature and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the melting temperature and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the melting temperature and it
+will not melt until you reach sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not melt until you reach sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not melt until you reach sort of a
+critical temperature of 1,000 Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical temperature of 1,000 Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical temperature of 1,000 Kelvin
+well this liquid droplet actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this liquid droplet actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this liquid droplet actually
+doesn't wet away but it forms you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't wet away but it forms you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't wet away but it forms you see a
+little disc and you can actually sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little disc and you can actually sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little disc and you can actually sort of
+measure what is this contact angle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure what is this contact angle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure what is this contact angle and
+so you can figure out what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can figure out what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can figure out what is the
+surface tension and you can understand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface tension and you can understand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface tension and you can understand a
+lot basically about the free energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot basically about the free energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot basically about the free energy of
+the liquid and the solid just by those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid and the solid just by those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid and the solid just by those
+contact angles uh another example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact angles uh another example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact angles uh another example for
+which I have another movie um is is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have another movie um is is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have another movie um is is sort
+of related to what you have seen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of related to what you have seen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of related to what you have seen in the
+sort of previous slide and is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of previous slide and is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of previous slide and is sort of
+looking at actually what do a datom on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at actually what do a datom on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at actually what do a datom on a
+aluminum one0 surface do and so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum one0 surface do and so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum one0 surface do and so you see
+what we do is an abinal molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is an abinal molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is an abinal molecular
+Dynamics we put an atom here and we let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics we put an atom here and we let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics we put an atom here and we let
+the system evolve at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system evolve at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system evolve at a certain
+temperature this case it's evolving at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this case it's evolving at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this case it's evolving at
+500 Kelvin that is roughly 1 half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 Kelvin that is roughly 1 half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 Kelvin that is roughly 1 half of the
+melting temperature and again you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting temperature and again you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting temperature and again you can
+see sort of you know some features of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see sort of you know some features of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see sort of you know some features of an
+abin molecular Dynamic calculation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abin molecular Dynamic calculation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abin molecular Dynamic calculation in
+which we can simulate very few atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can simulate very few atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can simulate very few atoms and
+so actually in this simulation you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually in this simulation you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually in this simulation you see
+our surface area is given just by 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our surface area is given just by 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our surface area is given just by 16
+atoms this 4x4 here and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms this 4x4 here and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms this 4x4 here and then we have
+periodic boundary condition so this atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic boundary condition so this atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic boundary condition so this atom
+and this atom are doing exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this atom are doing exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this atom are doing exactly the same
+thing but we are actually ourselves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but we are actually ourselves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but we are actually ourselves in
+the condition in which there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition in which there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition in which there is no
+correlation between what this atom do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between what this atom do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between what this atom do
+and what this atom what this atom does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this atom what this atom does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this atom what this atom does
+and what this atom does so these atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this atom does so these atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this atom does so these atom
+sort of behave independently from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of behave independently from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of behave independently from what
+this atom does just because at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this atom does just because at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this atom does just because at this
+temperature the correlation length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the correlation length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the correlation length
+between these two is very very short and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two is very very short and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two is very very short and
+what I'm not showing here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm not showing here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm not showing here in this
+simulation is actually the lower layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is actually the lower layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is actually the lower layers
+of our aluminum slab just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our aluminum slab just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our aluminum slab just because
+they're not doing anything interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not doing anything interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not doing anything interesting
+and so you know we want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know we want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know we want to understand
+how the atoms move around and everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the atoms move around and everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the atoms move around and everyone
+would have sort of guessed that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have sort of guessed that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have sort of guessed that you know
+add atoms on this surface hop around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add atoms on this surface hop around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add atoms on this surface hop around
+sort of you know the classical model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know the classical model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know the classical model of
+diffusion from one side here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion from one side here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion from one side here in the
+middle to another side here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle to another side here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle to another side here in the
+middle but you see you do your abinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle but you see you do your abinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle but you see you do your abinal
+molecular Dynamic simulation and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamic simulation and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamic simulation and you
+discover that something very intriguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that something very intriguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that something very intriguing
+happens actually ad atom do not diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens actually ad atom do not diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens actually ad atom do not diffuse
+by hopping but they diffuse by sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hopping but they diffuse by sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hopping but they diffuse by sort of
+diving into the surface layer and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diving into the surface layer and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diving into the surface layer and sort
+of pushing another atom out and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pushing another atom out and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pushing another atom out and you see
+it again in a cleaner fashion you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again in a cleaner fashion you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again in a cleaner fashion you see
+the diffusion takes place by an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion takes place by an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion takes place by an atom
+diving in look at this this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diving in look at this this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diving in look at this this is sort of
+in a moment will dive in and pushes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment will dive in and pushes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment will dive in and pushes this
+sort of second atom out and you know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of second atom out and you know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of second atom out and you know by
+the time it reaches here now you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it reaches here now you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it reaches here now you see it
+appearing in periodic boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing in periodic boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing in periodic boundary condition
+and again you know the molecular Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you know the molecular Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you know the molecular Dynamic
+simulation has given you an Insight on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation has given you an Insight on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation has given you an Insight on
+the microscopic process that provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microscopic process that provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microscopic process that provided
+you know density functional theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know density functional theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know density functional theory is
+accurate and it is for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate and it is for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate and it is for this particular
+system is actually sort of you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is actually sort of you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is actually sort of you know very
+different from any kind of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from any kind of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from any kind of physical
+intuition would have um would have told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition would have um would have told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition would have um would have told
+you and let me finish it one more minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and let me finish it one more minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and let me finish it one more minute
+let me finish this movie because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me finish this movie because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me finish this movie because
+something more interesting takes place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more interesting takes place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more interesting takes place
+once you increase the temperature to 700
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you increase the temperature to 700
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you increase the temperature to 700
+Kelvin this this is what we have done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin this this is what we have done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin this this is what we have done in
+the simulation here and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulation here and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulation here and what you
+actually see is that the first surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see is that the first surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see is that the first surface
+layer starts really behaving as a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer starts really behaving as a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer starts really behaving as a liquid
+okay so we actually have a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we actually have a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we actually have a phase
+transition that is induced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition that is induced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition that is induced by the
+presence of the atom in which this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of the atom in which this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of the atom in which this first
+layer if you monitor long enough what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer if you monitor long enough what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer if you monitor long enough what
+the mean Square displacements are how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean Square displacements are how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean Square displacements are how
+the atoms are well the atoms in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms are well the atoms in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms are well the atoms in this
+layer move around like a liquid but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer move around like a liquid but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer move around like a liquid but they
+don't uh they don't move around below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't uh they don't move around below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't uh they don't move around below
+the surface and the surface remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface and the surface remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface and the surface remain
+crystalline and I'll finish the movie uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline and I'll finish the movie uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline and I'll finish the movie uh
+we actually then you know in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually then you know in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually then you know in our
+computation experiment all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation experiment all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation experiment all of a sudden
+we can remove atoms from our liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can remove atoms from our liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can remove atoms from our liquid
+sample that is we can sort of take them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample that is we can sort of take them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample that is we can sort of take them
+away and we actually see very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and we actually see very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and we actually see very quickly
+that the system crystallizes again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system crystallizes again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system crystallizes again and
+you'll see it in a moment see we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it in a moment see we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it in a moment see we have
+removed atom we have actually removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed atom we have actually removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed atom we have actually removed
+two atoms so we have created a vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atoms so we have created a vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atoms so we have created a vacancy
+and the system has become crystalline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the system has become crystalline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the system has become crystalline
+now the atoms vibrate again around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the atoms vibrate again around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the atoms vibrate again around the
+crystalline surface and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline surface and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline surface and there is a
+vacancy here and from this we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy here and from this we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy here and from this we also
+discover how the vacancy moves and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover how the vacancy moves and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover how the vacancy moves and you
+see that there is an atom from below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there is an atom from below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there is an atom from below
+that hops out leaving you see this hops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hops out leaving you see this hops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hops out leaving you see this hops
+out leaving a hole here and an atom from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out leaving a hole here and an atom from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out leaving a hole here and an atom from
+the first layer pops down so the vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first layer pops down so the vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first layer pops down so the vacancy
+that was here has moved here and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was here has moved here and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was here has moved here and again
+the weight has moved is not sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight has moved is not sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight has moved is not sort of the
+usual way in which one could imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual way in which one could imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual way in which one could imagine a
+vacancy moving by a surface atom moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy moving by a surface atom moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy moving by a surface atom moving
+around but it actually involves a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but it actually involves a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but it actually involves a second
+layer atom jumping out okay with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer atom jumping out okay with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer atom jumping out okay with this
+movie I'll finish today's molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie I'll finish today's molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie I'll finish today's molecular
+Dynamic simulation uh we'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic simulation uh we'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic simulation uh we'll sort of
+conclude the MD part on Thursday and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude the MD part on Thursday and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude the MD part on Thursday and as
+a reminder today was also the deadline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reminder today was also the deadline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reminder today was also the deadline
+for your second assignment lab two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your second assignment lab two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your second assignment lab two and
+you can give it to me or to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can give it to me or to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can give it to me or to one of the
+Tas and otherwise we'll meet on Thursday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_yMU8qMSKzw.txt b/_yMU8qMSKzw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..73542294744c6ffca4d8ad2707f844635834643b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_yMU8qMSKzw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11251 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+is that it all right let's talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it all right let's talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it all right let's talk a little
+bit about today's reading so Rousseau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about today's reading so Rousseau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about today's reading so Rousseau
+play this giant book that you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this giant book that you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this giant book that you see in
+front of you and you know that then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you and you know that then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you and you know that then you
+have the link to how many of you buy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the link to how many of you buy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the link to how many of you buy it
+buy it by the way read the actual book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it by the way read the actual book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it by the way read the actual book
+and how many of you just went online ha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many of you just went online ha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many of you just went online ha
+ha ha my god like a library copy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha ha my god like a library copy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha ha my god like a library copy or
+something no it's monstrous right it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something no it's monstrous right it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something no it's monstrous right it is
+basically divided into three sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically divided into three sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically divided into three sections
+there's rules play and culture therein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's rules play and culture therein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's rules play and culture therein
+basically it's the collection of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's the collection of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's the collection of just
+what other people have said but right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other people have said but right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other people have said but right
+you know organized in a way that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know organized in a way that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know organized in a way that makes
+it for it makes it makes for a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for it makes it makes for a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for it makes it makes for a pretty
+good textbook the first chunk is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good textbook the first chunk is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good textbook the first chunk is all
+about analyzing games as systems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about analyzing games as systems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about analyzing games as systems of
+rules and all the bits that actually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and all the bits that actually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and all the bits that actually go
+into the construction of the game the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the construction of the game the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the construction of the game the
+sudden the play section which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden the play section which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden the play section which is what
+today's reading is from is really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's reading is from is really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's reading is from is really about
+what people do with these games and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people do with these games and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people do with these games and then
+culture comes after that which is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture comes after that which is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture comes after that which is you
+know the world around the games the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the world around the games the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the world around the games the
+world that might have been created by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that might have been created by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that might have been created by
+the games of you know people actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the games of you know people actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the games of you know people actually
+interacting with this so I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with this so I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with this so I don't think
+we have that many reading so this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that many reading so this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that many reading so this might
+be the last we read from this book yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the last we read from this book yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the last we read from this book yeah
+that's the culture we've got stuff all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the culture we've got stuff all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the culture we've got stuff all
+terrorists okay there is one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorists okay there is one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorists okay there is one more
+reading but I don't know it this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading but I don't know it this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading but I don't know it this it
+comes from this book yeah Bernie Dee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from this book yeah Bernie Dee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from this book yeah Bernie Dee
+Colvin is the last reading and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colvin is the last reading and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colvin is the last reading and that's
+going to be Wednesday I think and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be Wednesday I think and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be Wednesday I think and that's
+going to be that's one of they show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be that's one of they show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be that's one of they show you
+the writers that's cited quite a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writers that's cited quite a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writers that's cited quite a lot in
+today's reading and it's much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's reading and it's much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's reading and it's much smaller
+book it's thick and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book it's thick and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book it's thick and it's
+and it's easy reading but it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's easy reading but it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's easy reading but it's a good
+jumping-off point for this class because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping-off point for this class because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping-off point for this class because
+this is literally quite a book ends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is literally quite a book ends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is literally quite a book ends on
+thinking of games as designed objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of games as designed objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of games as designed objects
+and you know things that you know could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know things that you know could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know things that you know could
+stand alone is a product where the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand alone is a product where the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand alone is a product where the set
+of rules that could be passed out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rules that could be passed out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rules that could be passed out from
+generations is this this solid thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations is this this solid thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations is this this solid thing
+into what people make out of all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what people make out of all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what people make out of all of this
+and if you're interested in that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're interested in that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're interested in that then
+there's another class I think it's CMS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another class I think it's CMS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another class I think it's CMS
+six months six games and culture and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months six games and culture and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months six games and culture and it
+should be offered I can't remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be offered I can't remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be offered I can't remember the
+default class or a spring class in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default class or a spring class in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default class or a spring class in here
+it's big class okay so this is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's big class okay so this is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's big class okay so this is often
+dismissed early if you're not a senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismissed early if you're not a senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismissed early if you're not a senior
+I'm going to be around for another year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be around for another year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be around for another year
+you might want to consider that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to consider that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to consider that if
+you're interested it was sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested it was sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested it was sort of see
+where this is going and obviously there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is going and obviously there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is going and obviously there
+are a lot of researchers here in MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of researchers here in MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of researchers here in MIT
+that as I started to get into the realm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as I started to get into the realm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as I started to get into the realm
+of sauce sociology you know but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sauce sociology you know but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sauce sociology you know but there
+are folks here who studied history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are folks here who studied history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are folks here who studied history of
+games the folks here will study what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games the folks here will study what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games the folks here will study what
+people currently do with games for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people currently do with games for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people currently do with games for
+instance how many of you have met all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance how many of you have met all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance how many of you have met all
+taking a class from TLT learn a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a class from TLT learn a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a class from TLT learn a few
+people yeah okay so so she comes from so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yeah okay so so she comes from so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yeah okay so so she comes from so
+from a sociological back background a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a sociological back background a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a sociological back background a
+lot of her book is ethnographic which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of her book is ethnographic which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of her book is ethnographic which is
+means you know it's like just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you know it's like just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you know it's like just like the
+researcher going into a native culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher going into a native culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher going into a native culture
+right and seeing how people actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and seeing how people actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and seeing how people actually
+behave there and why and what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave there and why and what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave there and why and what do you
+value and what it accomplices and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and what it accomplices and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and what it accomplices and she
+does it with originally with massively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it with originally with massively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it with originally with massively
+multiplayer online games now she cheated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplayer online games now she cheated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplayer online games now she cheated
+eSports that was the most recent book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eSports that was the most recent book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eSports that was the most recent book
+now she's looking at live streamers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now she's looking at live streamers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now she's looking at live streamers and
+I'll cuz she has a lot of research and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll cuz she has a lot of research and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll cuz she has a lot of research and a
+lot of information so that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of information so that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of information so that's that's a
+good person to learn from some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good person to learn from some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good person to learn from some of you
+also have come from Todd Harper's class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have come from Todd Harper's class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have come from Todd Harper's class
+he's a postdoc here in our lab he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a postdoc here in our lab he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a postdoc here in our lab he's
+talked quite a number of classes both to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked quite a number of classes both to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked quite a number of classes both to
+CMS 300 and him as 100 as well as his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMS 300 and him as 100 as well as his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMS 300 and him as 100 as well as his
+own game design for expression class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own game design for expression class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own game design for expression class
+where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he
+he looked a lot at competitive styles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he looked a lot at competitive styles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he looked a lot at competitive styles of
+play as I content of communities of play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play as I content of communities of play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play as I content of communities of play
+so fighting game community was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fighting game community was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fighting game community was a
+dissertation looking at the edges right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissertation looking at the edges right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissertation looking at the edges right
+now I think it's pretty much what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think it's pretty much what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think it's pretty much what he's
+looking at now as well as some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at now as well as some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at now as well as some other
+aspects like we're quick quick query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects like we're quick quick query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects like we're quick quick query
+game to the people who play and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game to the people who play and make
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+game to the people who play and make
+them so so that's that that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so so that's that that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so so that's that that's that's
+another good angle to look at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another good angle to look at so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another good angle to look at so
+effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+today's reading there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's reading there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's reading there's a couple of
+really really useful ideas in it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really useful ideas in it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really useful ideas in it that
+can be used for a variety of ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used for a variety of ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used for a variety of ways to
+look at and analyze okay especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at and analyze okay especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at and analyze okay especially when
+you're trying to like observe people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to like observe people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to like observe people
+playing your game and then trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing your game and then trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing your game and then trying to
+figure out what's going on here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's going on here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's going on here and the
+games that we've got today including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that we've got today including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that we've got today including
+including some of the games that John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including some of the games that John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including some of the games that John
+has all these sorts of life games where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all these sorts of life games where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all these sorts of life games where
+what's interesting about a game isn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting about a game isn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting about a game isn't so
+much what's written in the box what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what's written in the box what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what's written in the box what's
+written in the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the rules
+now what happens between people they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens between people they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens between people they
+want to argue for many many games even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to argue for many many games even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to argue for many many games even
+the ones that are traditionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are traditionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are traditionally
+recognized for the magic of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized for the magic of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized for the magic of what's
+inside the box what's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the box what's actually
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the box what's actually
+interesting is what happens around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is what happens around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is what happens around the
+game last week we talked about go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game last week we talked about go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game last week we talked about go for
+instance and it's like okay you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and it's like okay you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and it's like okay you know
+what's what's actually written about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's actually written about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's actually written about the
+rules of goal is that in that break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of goal is that in that break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of goal is that in that break
+right really really simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right really really simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right really really simple and
+mathematically is really elegant it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically is really elegant it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically is really elegant it's
+entrancing in the sort of way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrancing in the sort of way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrancing in the sort of way that
+mathematicians like an elegant formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians like an elegant formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians like an elegant formula
+but what's also interesting is just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's also interesting is just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's also interesting is just you
+know centuries and centuries or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know centuries and centuries or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know centuries and centuries or
+strategies and culture that have built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and culture that have built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and culture that have built
+up around this particular we are playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up around this particular we are playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up around this particular we are playing
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a couple of useful tips that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+help us think about what happens in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us think about what happens in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us think about what happens in any
+game social that's internal and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game social that's internal and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game social that's internal and that's
+the internal interaction it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal interaction it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal interaction it is
+externally interaction so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externally interaction so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externally interaction so let's start
+talking my eternal interaction what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking my eternal interaction what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking my eternal interaction what what
+what do what what do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do what what do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do what what do you see
+do you think exhibit is talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think exhibit is talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think exhibit is talking about
+when he says an internal social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he says an internal social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he says an internal social
+interaction and the reason why you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and the reason why you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and the reason why you have
+those differences is set up by basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those differences is set up by basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those differences is set up by basically
+how the game rules are geared up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the game rules are geared up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the game rules are geared up right
+and it's social social driving my idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's social social driving my idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's social social driving my idea
+that might be right what my role is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be right what my role is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be right what my role is okay
+so I think I'm mafia right in a game of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think I'm mafia right in a game of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think I'm mafia right in a game of
+mafia I'm a mafia one of the members of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mafia I'm a mafia one of the members of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mafia I'm a mafia one of the members of
+mafia so I I think I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mafia so I I think I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mafia so I I think I'm going to be
+employed to play it up this way the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed to play it up this way the game
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed to play it up this way the game
+rules tell me about you know when I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules tell me about you know when I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules tell me about you know when I can
+communicate and when I can't basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate and when I can't basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate and when I can't basically
+everyone can communicate at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can communicate at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can communicate at the same
+time then amongst others their eyes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then amongst others their eyes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then amongst others their eyes and
+then you come up with a strategy of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you come up with a strategy of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you come up with a strategy of how
+you gonna play it but it evolves from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gonna play it but it evolves from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gonna play it but it evolves from
+the roles that was given to you by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roles that was given to you by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roles that was given to you by the
+rules of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+how about external interactions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about external interactions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about external interactions that
+when it comes to social plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+singing la Pieta say your parents not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing la Pieta say your parents not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing la Pieta say your parents not
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+I'll say relax yeah yeah yeah I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say relax yeah yeah yeah I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say relax yeah yeah yeah I'll
+torment that good that guy phone that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torment that good that guy phone that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torment that good that guy phone that's
+because he's my friend right it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's my friend right it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's my friend right it's like
+I'm not another day and eliminate him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not another day and eliminate him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not another day and eliminate him
+right away right right right right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away right right right right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away right right right right like
+I just wanted to get him out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to get him out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to get him out of this
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+sure yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+couples playing you know a game and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples playing you know a game and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples playing you know a game and you
+know that's supposed to be all all way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's supposed to be all all way
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's supposed to be all all way
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone suppose we play and and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+individual game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual game
+yeah knowing that someone is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah knowing that someone is a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah knowing that someone is a
+pathological liar you know so that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathological liar you know so that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+course actually it also comes in
+designed by the way I used to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed by the way I used to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed by the way I used to write a
+game I used to write game sodium for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I used to write game sodium for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I used to write game sodium for the
+for the MIT Assassin's Guild and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the MIT Assassin's Guild and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the MIT Assassin's Guild and and
+there were four people who were playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were four people who were playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were four people who were playing
+games at the same time when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games at the same time when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games at the same time when I was
+writing games and we always use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing games and we always use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing games and we always use these
+for people as ways that games are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people as ways that games are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people as ways that games are often
+broken through mostly through social we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken through mostly through social we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken through mostly through social we
+and social interactions right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social interactions right so that's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social interactions right so that's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know someone who's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+rules lawyer for instance you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules lawyer for instance you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules lawyer for instance you know and
+and someone who's going to export the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone who's going to export the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone who's going to export the
+game in order to make sure that his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in order to make sure that his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in order to make sure that his
+interpretation of the rules is it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of the rules is it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of the rules is it's what
+everybody else is going to play with but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else is going to play with but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else is going to play with but
+necessarily to make sure that the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily to make sure that the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily to make sure that the rules
+are here to just make sure that his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here to just make sure that his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here to just make sure that his
+interpretation kind of work somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation kind of work somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation kind of work somebody
+who's going to stop a game because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to stop a game because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to stop a game because
+they're always going to keep asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always going to keep asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always going to keep asking for
+reminders or how the rules work you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminders or how the rules work you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminders or how the rules work you know
+it's just like I'm just like I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like I'm just like I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like I'm just like I can't
+handle this right right right right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle this right right right right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle this right right right right now
+all this is suppose to be happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this is suppose to be happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this is suppose to be happening
+simultaneously too much mess it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously too much mess it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously too much mess it's not
+you know and I'm gonna continue that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and I'm gonna continue that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and I'm gonna continue that so
+this wasn't a second kind of person that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wasn't a second kind of person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wasn't a second kind of person that
+I had yeah I I had to design for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had yeah I I had to design for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had yeah I I had to design for that
+kind of person person who is so capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of person person who is so capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of person person who is so capable
+of just summoning the collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just summoning the collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just summoning the collective
+brainpower of everybody to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainpower of everybody to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainpower of everybody to be able to
+to be able to do like churn through any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do like churn through any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do like churn through any
+kind of puzzle that I can create because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of puzzle that I can create because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of puzzle that I can create because
+yes this person was such a convincing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this person was such a convincing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this person was such a convincing
+speaker that basically he can use your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker that basically he can use your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker that basically he can use your
+company he can use your head like a note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company he can use your head like a note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company he can use your head like a note
+on a parallel computer you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a parallel computer you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a parallel computer you know you
+would just you would just say okay can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just you would just say okay can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just you would just say okay can
+you do this thing for me it would take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this thing for me it would take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this thing for me it would take a
+minute and somehow you will do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and somehow you will do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and somehow you will do it
+this person had that social skill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person had that social skill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person had that social skill and
+try to remember what the fourth one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to remember what the fourth one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to remember what the fourth one was
+oh yeah someone who could do to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah someone who could do to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah someone who could do to do that
+was one person who could do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one person who could do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one person who could do the same
+thing entirely on his phone it's like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing entirely on his phone it's like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing entirely on his phone it's like if
+you find a puzzle in the game the puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find a puzzle in the game the puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find a puzzle in the game the puzzle
+will be solved by this one person sooner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be solved by this one person sooner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be solved by this one person sooner
+or later if it wasn't already solved by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or later if it wasn't already solved by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or later if it wasn't already solved by
+someone else so like here's this giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else so like here's this giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else so like here's this giant
+macroeconomic system that I've set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomic system that I've set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomic system that I've set up
+for something like that and that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something like that and that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something like that and that one
+person will figure out the optimal way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person will figure out the optimal way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person will figure out the optimal way
+they solve everybody's problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they solve everybody's problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they solve everybody's problems
+simultaneously okay I the design for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously okay I the design for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously okay I the design for
+that so at the design to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so at the design to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so at the design to make sure that
+each of these people don't break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these people don't break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these people don't break the
+game but still can can do the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but still can can do the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but still can can do the thing that
+they want right you know the some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want right you know the some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want right you know the some some
+of the folks that I what I'm describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the folks that I what I'm describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the folks that I what I'm describing
+actually enjoyed that some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually enjoyed that some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually enjoyed that some of them
+didn't enjoy that this is like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't enjoy that this is like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't enjoy that this is like that's
+just the way how the brain works but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way how the brain works but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way how the brain works but if
+the game Falls to that then they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game Falls to that then they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game Falls to that then they're not
+having any more fun than anyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having any more fun than anyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having any more fun than anyone else
+so I knew something about who was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I knew something about who was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I knew something about who was going
+to be playing my games by subtle knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be playing my games by subtle knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be playing my games by subtle knowing
+though these four people I could cover a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though these four people I could cover a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though these four people I could cover a
+very very wide range of different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very wide range of different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very wide range of different ways
+that my games could could like just fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my games could could like just fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my games could could like just fall
+for that on on their faces these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that on on their faces these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that on on their faces these were
+real people but anybody who played my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real people but anybody who played my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real people but anybody who played my
+games could exhibit that same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games could exhibit that same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games could exhibit that same sort of
+behavior and you know and at often time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and you know and at often time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and you know and at often time
+it make sure that my rules could hold up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it make sure that my rules could hold up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it make sure that my rules could hold up
+today so when you design your games how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so when you design your games how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so when you design your games how
+many of you are actually like have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you are actually like have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you are actually like have
+somebody in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in mind
+it's someone particular about who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's someone particular about who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's someone particular about who's
+going to end up late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+friend family member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend family member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend family member
+person in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+car came I think that like it definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car came I think that like it definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car came I think that like it definitely
+reminded me of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded me of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded me of like
+specific friends that like to serve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific friends that like to serve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific friends that like to serve in
+the password a game that I felt right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the password a game that I felt right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the password a game that I felt right
+but sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh sure and people who enjoy the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sure and people who enjoy the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sure and people who enjoy the same
+actually I do because I think that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I do because I think that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I do because I think that I
+find a game fun then people who enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a game fun then people who enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a game fun then people who enjoy
+the same types of game tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I mean you are a sample point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean you are a sample point right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean you are a sample point right
+you are valid sample point just happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are valid sample point just happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are valid sample point just happens
+to be one that you know very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one that you know very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one that you know very very very
+well yourself and what you're and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yourself and what you're and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yourself and what you're and that
+there is a mantra out there that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a mantra out there that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a mantra out there that come
+that's often mentioned by people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's often mentioned by people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's often mentioned by people in the
+indie game development community which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indie game development community which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indie game development community which
+is you mean you know you make it a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you mean you know you make it a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you mean you know you make it a game
+that you want to play and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to play and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to play and I'm not
+entirely sure whether I agree with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely sure whether I agree with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely sure whether I agree with that
+but I can see where it's coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can see where it's coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can see where it's coming from
+because if you can't satisfy yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you can't satisfy yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you can't satisfy yourself
+then the likelihood they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the likelihood they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the likelihood they're going to
+satisfy any other audience member of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy any other audience member of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy any other audience member of the
+observer someone who could potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer someone who could potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer someone who could potentially
+play our game is is lower but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play our game is is lower but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play our game is is lower but I think
+there is something about having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something about having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something about having to
+design for people who are not you which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for people who are not you which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for people who are not you which
+is also valid and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also valid and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also valid and and
+but obviously it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah this boss i vas set of ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah this boss i vas set of ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah this boss i vas set of ideas
+that you have in your head only a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have in your head only a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have in your head only a small
+group of which are things that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of which are things that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of which are things that you'd
+actually want to do and then a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to do and then a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to do and then a smaller
+group of that things that other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of that things that other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of that things that other people
+want to do the smaller group up that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do the smaller group up that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do the smaller group up that is
+something you can implement sure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can implement sure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can implement sure that's
+that that then absolutely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that then absolutely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that then absolutely that
+absolutely make sense the feasibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely make sense the feasibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely make sense the feasibility
+think of causes what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of causes what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of causes what we've been
+addressing this entire class right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing this entire class right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing this entire class right is
+like how do you actually make a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how do you actually make a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how do you actually make a game
+that you can't make as opposed to making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't make as opposed to making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't make as opposed to making
+make a game you wish you could make so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a game you wish you could make so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a game you wish you could make so
+so if we've got lots of different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we've got lots of different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we've got lots of different kinds
+of people who you're making your games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who you're making your games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who you're making your games
+for you know people who you play similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know people who you play similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know people who you play similar
+games with in the past for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games with in the past for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games with in the past for instance
+people who you know are the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who you know are the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who you know are the kind of
+people who tend to break your game right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who tend to break your game right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who tend to break your game right
+like when you're making the twister game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you're making the twister game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you're making the twister game
+you have to make sure that you can play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make sure that you can play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make sure that you can play
+the game without breaking it because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game without breaking it because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game without breaking it because you
+are physically larger than a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are physically larger than a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are physically larger than a lot of
+folks able to be much further and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks able to be much further and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks able to be much further and yet
+make sure that your rules that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that your rules that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that your rules that you can
+design your rules for that sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design your rules for that sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design your rules for that sort of thing
+but then there's also sort of like broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there's also sort of like broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there's also sort of like broad
+categories of people and that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of people and that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of people and that's why we
+get into the reference to Richard Bartle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the reference to Richard Bartle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the reference to Richard Bartle
+in today's meeting I did not include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's meeting I did not include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's meeting I did not include the
+whole article by the whole article is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole article by the whole article is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole article by the whole article is
+outlined in like plain HTML so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined in like plain HTML so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined in like plain HTML so if you
+just do a search for Bartel I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a search for Bartel I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a search for Bartel I think it's
+I forget III forgot the name of the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget III forgot the name of the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget III forgot the name of the book
+or the article but if you just do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the article but if you just do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the article but if you just do a
+search for it for diamonds hearts clubs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for it for diamonds hearts clubs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for it for diamonds hearts clubs
+spades portal you yo yo yo find it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spades portal you yo yo yo find it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spades portal you yo yo yo find it I
+think it's like players who suit and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's like players who suit and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's like players who suit and and
+a lot of that work was created when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of that work was created when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of that work was created when he
+was basically the originator of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was basically the originator of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was basically the originator of the very
+first multi-user dungeons anyone heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first multi-user dungeons anyone heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first multi-user dungeons anyone heard
+of but some multi-user dungeons how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but some multi-user dungeons how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but some multi-user dungeons how
+would you play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stay away too many you see people play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay away too many you see people play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay away too many you see people play
+what you see value yeah reading the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see value yeah reading the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see value yeah reading the text
+at the title screen okay so think how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the title screen okay so think how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the title screen okay so think how
+have you seen or played a text adventure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you seen or played a text adventure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you seen or played a text adventure
+alright so a text adventure basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so a text adventure basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so a text adventure basically
+you know everything is text you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know everything is text you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know everything is text you've got
+verbal descriptions instead of graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbal descriptions instead of graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbal descriptions instead of graphics
+of those rooms that you're in and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those rooms that you're in and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those rooms that you're in and the
+objects it can pick up and what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects it can pick up and what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects it can pick up and what you can
+do you're gonna inventory does explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you're gonna inventory does explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you're gonna inventory does explain
+to you text you context commands you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you text you context commands you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you text you context commands you can
+enter usually when you're entering in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter usually when you're entering in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter usually when you're entering in
+commands it's a verb and a noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands it's a verb and a noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands it's a verb and a noun
+get key or open mailbox get land that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get key or open mailbox get land that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get key or open mailbox get land that
+sort of thing sometimes the single words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing sometimes the single words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing sometimes the single words
+like in victory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in victory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in victory
+you know North actually the full the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know North actually the full the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know North actually the full the
+full North command is at Lee go north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full North command is at Lee go north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full North command is at Lee go north
+but in there are shortcuts where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in there are shortcuts where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in there are shortcuts where you can
+just type in you just go down that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just type in you just go down that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just type in you just go down that's a
+bit north-south-east-west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit north-south-east-west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit north-south-east-west
+about the user dungeon traditionally was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the user dungeon traditionally was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the user dungeon traditionally was
+a multiplayer text adventure everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiplayer text adventure everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiplayer text adventure everyone
+what is occupy the same space on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is occupy the same space on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is occupy the same space on the
+server they will use something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server they will use something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server they will use something like
+telnet or maybe a dial up to you know on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telnet or maybe a dial up to you know on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telnet or maybe a dial up to you know on
+the on wooden and call in to you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on wooden and call in to you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on wooden and call in to you know to
+a server that will be serving them ASCII
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a server that will be serving them ASCII
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a server that will be serving them ASCII
+text and then simultaneously connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and then simultaneously connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and then simultaneously connected
+to other people's very very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other people's very very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other people's very very important
+that multi-user dungeons multiple people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multi-user dungeons multiple people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multi-user dungeons multiple people
+are connected simultaneously it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connected simultaneously it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connected simultaneously it's not
+like an asynchronous think we're one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an asynchronous think we're one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an asynchronous think we're one
+person clinics at a time even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person clinics at a time even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person clinics at a time even though
+they're all mocking disabled so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all mocking disabled so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all mocking disabled so you know
+not all that different from what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all that different from what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all that different from what you
+expect from MMORPG nowadays the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from MMORPG nowadays the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from MMORPG nowadays the
+massively multiplayer online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massively multiplayer online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massively multiplayer online
+role-playing games only obviously no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role-playing games only obviously no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role-playing games only obviously no
+graphics and much slower pace of game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics and much slower pace of game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics and much slower pace of game
+right because everything has to be tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because everything has to be tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because everything has to be tight
+you don't just walk north you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't just walk north you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't just walk north you're just
+typing and if these event to me I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing and if these event to me I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing and if these event to me I I
+guess all my examples are really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess all my examples are really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess all my examples are really fast
+examples give give envelope to Bob you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples give give envelope to Bob you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples give give envelope to Bob you
+know is that you can actually give that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that you can actually give that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that you can actually give that
+kind of thing and then you just transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing and then you just transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing and then you just transfer
+an object you separate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object you separate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object you separate to
+yells named Bob in your space and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yells named Bob in your space and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yells named Bob in your space and he
+described four different categories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described four different categories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described four different categories of
+people that that he often saw playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that that he often saw playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that that he often saw playing
+his games that I think still holds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his games that I think still holds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his games that I think still holds up
+pretty darn well so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn well so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn well so what
+who remembers any of the four categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to learn about how things work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to learn about how things work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to learn about how things work
+that digger is right the miners the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that digger is right the miners the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that digger is right the miners the
+people who that minecraft is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who that minecraft is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who that minecraft is a great
+example for a game that assigned just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for a game that assigned just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for a game that assigned just
+lot of people people who want to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people people who want to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people people who want to explore
+how the system works how the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the system works how the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the system works how the environment
+works who want to discover things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works who want to discover things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works who want to discover things and
+see what's up what's behind that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's up what's behind that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's up what's behind that next
+mountain yeah kill killers are loves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain yeah kill killers are loves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain yeah kill killers are loves and
+what and what was the justification for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and what was the justification for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and what was the justification for
+what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the people who are there for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the people who are there for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the people who are there for the
+other people primarily I mean in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people primarily I mean in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people primarily I mean in a way
+the killers and and the socializers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the killers and and the socializers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the killers and and the socializers are
+there because other people are there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because other people are there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because other people are there but
+there are different reasons okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the type the Diamonds wanna win like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the type the Diamonds wanna win like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the type the Diamonds wanna win like
+this like by any definition of winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like by any definition of winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like by any definition of winning
+now much traditionally did not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now much traditionally did not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now much traditionally did not have a
+definition of winning you can win that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of winning you can win that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of winning you can win that
+game there wasn't any final bosses you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game there wasn't any final bosses you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game there wasn't any final bosses you
+could kill what do you think that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could kill what do you think that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could kill what do you think that so you
+had to find your own metrics for winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to find your own metrics for winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to find your own metrics for winning
+right so it could be there are PvP type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it could be there are PvP type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it could be there are PvP type
+diamond yeah you you want to rack up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond yeah you you want to rack up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond yeah you you want to rack up you
+know the highest windmill score or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the highest windmill score or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the highest windmill score or
+something but you're not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but you're not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but you're not there
+explicitly because people grief yeah not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly because people grief yeah not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly because people grief yeah not
+like try it like hit them when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like try it like hit them when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like try it like hit them when they're
+not looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not looking
+yes I did yeah you know a bit of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I did yeah you know a bit of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I did yeah you know a bit of sort of
+like a well gonna organize a duel kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a well gonna organize a duel kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a well gonna organize a duel kind
+of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing
+we're gonna see who who can play this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna see who who can play this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna see who who can play this
+game the best as opposed to making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game the best as opposed to making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game the best as opposed to making
+people upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a way to remember this that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a way to remember this that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a way to remember this that I
+think is really really useful as we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is really really useful as we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is really really useful as we find
+the playing card suits not so easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the playing card suits not so easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the playing card suits not so easy to
+remember but I can actually remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember but I can actually remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember but I can actually remember the
+categories pretty easily by whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories pretty easily by whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories pretty easily by whether you
+are acting on something or you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are acting on something or you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are acting on something or you are
+acting with something and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting with something and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting with something and the question
+is whether you are acting or incorrectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry that's a that's I just I just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that's a that's I just I just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that's a that's I just I just put
+two different axes that mean rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different axes that mean rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different axes that mean rent
+exactly method executive it so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly method executive it so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly method executive it so it's
+supposed to be this interacting and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be this interacting and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be this interacting and then
+does the world all the systems are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the world all the systems are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the world all the systems are the
+players so if you're interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players so if you're interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players so if you're interacting with
+other players we've got we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other players we've got we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other players we've got we've got a
+socialize this right and people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialize this right and people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialize this right and people who are
+acting one of the players other killers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting one of the players other killers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting one of the players other killers
+right acting on the world which leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right acting on the world which leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right acting on the world which leaves
+this to be these are the glitch fighters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be these are the glitch fighters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be these are the glitch fighters
+right these these are the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these these are the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these these are the people who
+figure out how to get outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to get outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to get outside the
+boundary or your invisible walls who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary or your invisible walls who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary or your invisible walls who
+want to see whether there's a way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see whether there's a way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see whether there's a way they
+can get be below the very lowest layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get be below the very lowest layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get be below the very lowest layer
+on minecraft you know and what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on minecraft you know and what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on minecraft you know and what happens
+when you cram so much explosive in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you cram so much explosive in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you cram so much explosive in one
+area that is that you can't perform this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that is that you can't perform this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that is that you can't perform this
+experiment without killing yourself the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment without killing yourself the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment without killing yourself the
+other ones not gonna do it because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones not gonna do it because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones not gonna do it because they
+want to see what happens there whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see what happens there whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see what happens there whereas
+these folks are really a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these folks are really a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these folks are really a little bit more
+about how do I use this world to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do I use this world to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do I use this world to be able
+to obtain some sort of other goal which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obtain some sort of other goal which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obtain some sort of other goal which
+is using points I'm sort of achievement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using points I'm sort of achievement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using points I'm sort of achievement
+some sort of recognition from the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of recognition from the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of recognition from the rest
+of players they don't usually get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of players they don't usually get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of players they don't usually get their
+recognition but but they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition but but they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition but but they have a
+numerical number to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I find this to be a reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I find this to be a reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I find this to be a reasonably
+useful way to think about what games can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful way to think about what games can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful way to think about what games can
+do to be able to cater to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to be able to cater to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to be able to cater to different
+people because the truth is that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because the truth is that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because the truth is that not
+even though when you play a single game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though when you play a single game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though when you play a single game
+you may be primarily one of these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be primarily one of these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be primarily one of these people
+you may not play every game this way say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not play every game this way say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not play every game this way say
+say like say I'm a sheep and but someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like say I'm a sheep and but someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like say I'm a sheep and but someone
+who's trying to chase all the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's trying to chase all the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's trying to chase all the points
+right you know somebody's trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know somebody's trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know somebody's trying to get
+the top of leaderboard but that may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of leaderboard but that may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of leaderboard but that may not
+be the way that I'm going to play wanna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the way that I'm going to play wanna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the way that I'm going to play wanna
+walk around that may not be the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk around that may not be the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk around that may not be the way that
+I play contract bridge I might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I play contract bridge I might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I play contract bridge I might be
+playing it was socializing when it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing it was socializing when it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing it was socializing when it comes
+to contradiction different people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contradiction different people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contradiction different people are
+often different things in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often different things in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often different things in different
+games and sometimes different things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and sometimes different things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and sometimes different things in
+the same game but right now I try or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same game but right now I try or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same game but right now I try or
+like right everybody this room probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right everybody this room probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right everybody this room probably
+knows by now I play two more Starcraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows by now I play two more Starcraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows by now I play two more Starcraft
+right usually I'm trying to win I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right usually I'm trying to win I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right usually I'm trying to win I'm
+trying to like raise my rank system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to like raise my rank system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to like raise my rank system
+sometimes I just want so now and talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I just want so now and talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I just want so now and talk to
+people my just wanted time I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people my just wanted time I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people my just wanted time I just want
+to go into free text chat and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into free text chat and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into free text chat and be
+friendly for a while I'll do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly for a while I'll do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly for a while I'll do something
+very dumb that takes no action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dumb that takes no action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dumb that takes no action
+whatsoever and it just like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever and it just like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever and it just like these
+particular screen to be able to type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular screen to be able to type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular screen to be able to type
+messages and that's what different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and that's what different times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and that's what different times
+of the day different moods that I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day different moods that I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day different moods that I mean
+something different and if you can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different and if you can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different and if you can and
+if you can make a game that's able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can make a game that's able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can make a game that's able to
+cater to people of different time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cater to people of different time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cater to people of different time in
+different moods then that's great you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different moods then that's great you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different moods then that's great you've
+got a game that can be played in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a game that can be played in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a game that can be played in
+different situations or more importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different situations or more importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different situations or more importantly
+among a group of people who are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among a group of people who are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among a group of people who are all
+feeling kind of different and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling kind of different and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling kind of different and this is
+not the only breakdown that I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only breakdown that I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only breakdown that I've seen
+there is a there is a system that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a there is a system that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a there is a system that's been
+pitched by I believe a developer it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitched by I believe a developer it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitched by I believe a developer it will
+be soft Montreal although don't take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be soft Montreal although don't take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be soft Montreal although don't take my
+word for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for that
+Jason Brandenburg and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason Brandenburg and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason Brandenburg and
+he suggests I see a system on the ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he suggests I see a system on the ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he suggests I see a system on the ocean
+model of psychology has anyone heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of psychology has anyone heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of psychology has anyone heard of
+this it's like five big drivers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's like five big drivers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's like five big drivers of
+motivation they're psychologists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation they're psychologists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation they're psychologists have
+basically created as a framework and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically created as a framework and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically created as a framework and one
+of them is like you autism you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is like you autism you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is like you autism you know it's
+like that there are people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that there are people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that there are people who are
+motivated because they are neurotic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated because they are neurotic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated because they are neurotic and
+I can either totally identify with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can either totally identify with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can either totally identify with that
+I didn't want to be it gives them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't want to be it gives them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't want to be it gives them
+comfort to be put to be performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfort to be put to be performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfort to be put to be performing
+neurotic things you know things like 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotic things you know things like 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotic things you know things like 100
+percent in a level that's or a game or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent in a level that's or a game or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent in a level that's or a game or
+something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+it's a motivator right this is driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a motivator right this is driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a motivator right this is driver
+it's not no particular achievement to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not no particular achievement to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not no particular achievement to
+hundred percent a level in Medtronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent a level in Medtronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent a level in Medtronic
+because a lot of people do it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of people do it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of people do it but the
+fact that that number is there what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that that number is there what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that that number is there what
+motivates a certain group of people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivates a certain group of people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivates a certain group of people to
+be able to bring that number from by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to bring that number from by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to bring that number from by
+nine percent two hundred thirty two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine percent two hundred thirty two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine percent two hundred thirty two
+hundred percent so I I want to be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent so I I want to be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent so I I want to be clear
+that no this is just a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no this is just a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no this is just a theory
+this is just which a puddle or which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just which a puddle or which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just which a puddle or which the
+creator of the first mud in Oxford I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creator of the first mud in Oxford I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creator of the first mud in Oxford I
+believe United Kingdom and and he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe United Kingdom and and he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe United Kingdom and and he just
+wrote an article on on on on a website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote an article on on on on a website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote an article on on on on a website
+he would have put it up on the blog and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would have put it up on the blog and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would have put it up on the blog and
+plots existed at the time about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots existed at the time about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots existed at the time about these
+are the people that I happened to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the people that I happened to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the people that I happened to see
+playing my games and if I I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing my games and if I I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing my games and if I I can
+generalize these people with these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize these people with these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize these people with these four
+categories oh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other stuff that that that's covered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff that that that's covered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff that that that's covered in
+today's reading includes the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's reading includes the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's reading includes the idea of
+people bringing things from outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people bringing things from outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people bringing things from outside of
+the game into the game and we talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game into the game and we talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game into the game and we talked a
+little bit about meta game and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about meta game and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about meta game and this
+article goes into a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article goes into a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article goes into a little bit more
+detail about that so there's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about that so there's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about that so there's that's
+again four things that the book goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again four things that the book goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again four things that the book goes
+into when it comes to medicating yes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into when it comes to medicating yes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into when it comes to medicating yes and
+these were pip posited by Richard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were pip posited by Richard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were pip posited by Richard
+Garfield designer of Magic the Gathering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garfield designer of Magic the Gathering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garfield designer of Magic the Gathering
+cause he was the way how he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause he was the way how he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause he was the way how he was
+describing it is that these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it is that these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it is that these are all
+kinds of metagaming experiences and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of metagaming experiences and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of metagaming experiences and I'm
+trying to make a game that capitalizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make a game that capitalizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make a game that capitalizes
+that on people playing the game when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on people playing the game when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on people playing the game when
+they're not even really playing the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not even really playing the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not even really playing the game
+you know where they're not sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where they're not sitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where they're not sitting in
+front with the decks of magic that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front with the decks of magic that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front with the decks of magic that's
+still playing the game because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still playing the game because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still playing the game because they're
+doing they can do something else and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing they can do something else and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing they can do something else and so
+anyone remember what those four things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone remember what those four things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone remember what those four things
+are yeah last one is actually probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are yeah last one is actually probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are yeah last one is actually probably
+the more traditional understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more traditional understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more traditional understanding of
+metagaming so if you but if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metagaming so if you but if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metagaming so if you but if you haven't
+read you might have an art you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read you might have an art you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read you might have an art you might be
+what it has it I guess you've got those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it has it I guess you've got those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it has it I guess you've got those
+three spot-on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right things that are things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right things that are things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right things that are things the
+things that you do during the game that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you do during the game that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you do during the game that
+are not actually part of the game rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not actually part of the game rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not actually part of the game rules
+right so what do what some examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what do what some examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what do what some examples of
+things that players bring to the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that players bring to the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that players bring to the game
+from outside of the game they bring into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from outside of the game they bring into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from outside of the game they bring into
+the game right right you've all things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game right right you've all things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game right right you've all things
+that you might require to do not to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might require to do not to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might require to do not to even
+start a game yeah so so if you are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a game yeah so so if you are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a game yeah so so if you are going
+to call it a competitive game you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it a competitive game you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it a competitive game you might
+come in with a strategy that you intend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in with a strategy that you intend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in with a strategy that you intend
+to execute that happens in sports a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute that happens in sports a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute that happens in sports a lot
+right you know like we trade these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know like we trade these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know like we trade these
+particular module errs these particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular module errs these particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular module errs these particular
+plays when you're playing the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays when you're playing the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays when you're playing the player
+yeah and if you're playing the player I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and if you're playing the player I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and if you're playing the player I
+think that still fits within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that still fits within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that still fits within the
+category of things you bring to the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of things you bring to the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of things you bring to the game
+because that means that you are bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that means that you are bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that means that you are bringing
+to the game and understanding or a guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the game and understanding or a guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the game and understanding or a guess
+about what your opponent is like and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what your opponent is like and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what your opponent is like and how
+your opponent may have played before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent may have played before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent may have played before
+someone's reputation is actually stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's reputation is actually stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's reputation is actually stated
+explicitly in today's reading is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly in today's reading is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly in today's reading is
+something that you break your game it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you break your game it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you break your game it's
+not something that you voluntarily bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something that you voluntarily bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something that you voluntarily bring
+to the game which is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the game which is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the game which is something that
+precedes you so then what's up do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedes you so then what's up do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedes you so then what's up do you
+take from the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's I mean so I used to be typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's I mean so I used to be typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's I mean so I used to be typical
+and you might be like enjoyment from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might be like enjoyment from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might be like enjoyment from
+being or whatever hmm and the paper he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being or whatever hmm and the paper he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being or whatever hmm and the paper he
+talks about Antigua magic where you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about Antigua magic where you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about Antigua magic where you in a
+car if you win the game yeah yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car if you win the game yeah yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car if you win the game yeah yeah that
+could be prices they could be cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be prices they could be cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be prices they could be cash
+prizes that can be fakes yeah again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes that can be fakes yeah again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes that can be fakes yeah again
+reputation yeah sure it's like well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation yeah sure it's like well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation yeah sure it's like well I
+especially games that you lost right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially games that you lost right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially games that you lost right
+yeah yeah yeah you you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah you you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah you you you know
+hopefully especially in a game that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully especially in a game that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully especially in a game that the
+kind of game that I wish I could design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of game that I wish I could design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of game that I wish I could design
+one day you take away something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day you take away something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day you take away something that
+that deepens your understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deepens your understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deepens your understanding of the
+system that you just played you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that you just played you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that you just played you know and
+that's a no that's one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a no that's one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a no that's one that's
+wonderfully intrinsic motivation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully intrinsic motivation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully intrinsic motivation or
+something that arises from the rules but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that arises from the rules but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that arises from the rules but
+it's not going to affect the game that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to affect the game that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to affect the game that
+you're playing that that you just played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing that that you just played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing that that you just played
+right it's going to maybe affectionately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's going to maybe affectionately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's going to maybe affectionately
+oh yeah well so do games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah well so do games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah well so do games
+I mean who end up in this area yeah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean who end up in this area yeah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean who end up in this area yeah well
+yeah diplomacy is great at like creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah diplomacy is great at like creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah diplomacy is great at like creating
+bad relationships so yeah okay so stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad relationships so yeah okay so stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad relationships so yeah okay so stuff
+that you take away from the game makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you take away from the game makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you take away from the game makes
+it makes no sense the interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes no sense the interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes no sense the interesting thing
+about the ante situation is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ante situation is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ante situation is that that
+almost moves into a third category which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost moves into a third category which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost moves into a third category which
+is the stuff that you do between games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the stuff that you do between games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the stuff that you do between games
+right specifically you're taking out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right specifically you're taking out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right specifically you're taking out of
+the game I'm not sure about that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game I'm not sure about that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game I'm not sure about that by
+keeping magic gathering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah well I mean he wrote it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah well I mean he wrote it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah well I mean he wrote it into
+the original rules and nobody liked that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original rules and nobody liked that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original rules and nobody liked that
+part Oh at least 32 people seem to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part Oh at least 32 people seem to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part Oh at least 32 people seem to like
+that part of the rules so okay yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the rules so okay yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the rules so okay yeah but
+but but but they are in its original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but they are in its original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but they are in its original
+rules and but you know that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and but you know that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and but you know that's that's a
+mechanic that way you know it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic that way you know it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic that way you know it's like a
+mechanic imposed on top Oh on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic imposed on top Oh on top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic imposed on top Oh on top of the
+game I guess it was part of your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I guess it was part of your game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I guess it was part of your game
+originally but now is it's play for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally but now is it's play for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally but now is it's play for a
+team game played outside of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team game played outside of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team game played outside of the game
+because it's not part of the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not part of the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not part of the rules
+anymore where if you put your game you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore where if you put your game you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore where if you put your game you
+know it both of you are putting a card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it both of you are putting a card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it both of you are putting a card
+out you know say a really really skilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know say a really really skilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know say a really really skilled
+player is going to play a really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is going to play a really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is going to play a really really
+not skilled player and the not skilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not skilled player and the not skilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not skilled player and the not skilled
+player says well chances are I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player says well chances are I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player says well chances are I'm going
+to lose but the skill player is emptying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose but the skill player is emptying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose but the skill player is emptying
+up an incredibly valuable card that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up an incredibly valuable card that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up an incredibly valuable card that I
+might not otherwise be able to get so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not otherwise be able to get so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not otherwise be able to get so
+I'm going to add to you this like crack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to add to you this like crack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to add to you this like crack
+card then I will always be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card then I will always be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card then I will always be able to
+replace if I lose it but you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace if I lose it but you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace if I lose it but you know it
+makes it what was playing around like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it what was playing around like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it what was playing around like
+complaint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaint
+well okay well something that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay well something that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay well something that happens
+between games you know it's like you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between games you know it's like you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between games you know it's like you run
+up a couple of things right one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a couple of things right one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a couple of things right one is the
+sort of discussion about how this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of discussion about how this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of discussion about how this game
+is seems to be operating right and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seems to be operating right and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seems to be operating right and and
+in on reddit that tends to be very anger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on reddit that tends to be very anger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on reddit that tends to be very anger
+you know it's very high greed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's very high greed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's very high greed
+conversation but but you know among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation but but you know among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation but but you know among
+friends who played what gave the toilet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends who played what gave the toilet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends who played what gave the toilet
+it struggle or something you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it struggle or something you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it struggle or something you know it's a
+sort of combination of like storytelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of combination of like storytelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of combination of like storytelling
+you know which is you know man it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which is you know man it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which is you know man it's just
+we just being able to recollect how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just being able to recollect how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just being able to recollect how that
+game went and how unlucky I was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game went and how unlucky I was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game went and how unlucky I was saying
+how things are conversation comes up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things are conversation comes up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things are conversation comes up in
+status of off guitar all the time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status of off guitar all the time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status of off guitar all the time right
+man that dice just does not want to roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man that dice just does not want to roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man that dice just does not want to roll
+sixes you know and and I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixes you know and and I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixes you know and and I think that's
+more something that you take away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more something that you take away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more something that you take away from
+the game but if you're going to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game but if you're going to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game but if you're going to go back
+into the game and then understand okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the game and then understand okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the game and then understand okay I
+thought this was a game all about logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this was a game all about logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this was a game all about logic
+now it's really just kind of luck base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's really just kind of luck base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's really just kind of luck base
+and then you go into the next game of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go into the next game of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go into the next game of
+the same you know you're gonna play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same you know you're gonna play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same you know you're gonna play the
+same game again you're bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same game again you're bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same game again you're bringing
+different expectations so you're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different expectations so you're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different expectations so you're sort of
+adjusting your expectations so I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting your expectations so I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting your expectations so I will
+kind of put that in the in a category of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of put that in the in a category of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of put that in the in a category of
+something you do take between games and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you do take between games and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you do take between games and
+solve adjusting your expectations then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve adjusting your expectations then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve adjusting your expectations then
+what happens during a game other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens during a game other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens during a game other than
+the game itself stuff that's not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game itself stuff that's not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game itself stuff that's not in the
+rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trash-talking yes yeah try trying trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trash-talking yes yeah try trying trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trash-talking yes yeah try trying trying
+to sort of mess if they open and Psyche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of mess if they open and Psyche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of mess if they open and Psyche
+while the game is going on right does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the game is going on right does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the game is going on right does
+this person even know about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person even know about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person even know about this
+strategy I seeing something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy I seeing something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy I seeing something that looks
+like the flip layer might but really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the flip layer might but really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the flip layer might but really you
+know are you really going to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are you really going to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are you really going to do that and
+happen in card games all time what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in card games all time what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in card games all time what else
+happens during the game other than game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens during the game other than game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens during the game other than game
+itself there are times when gameplay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself there are times when gameplay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself there are times when gameplay
+just stops right and I show you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stops right and I show you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stops right and I show you actually
+give a couple of examples of that what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a couple of examples of that what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a couple of examples of that what's
+this out of game considerations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out of game considerations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out of game considerations that
+forces a game to write stop all kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces a game to write stop all kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces a game to write stop all kind of
+like things you have to do to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like things you have to do to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like things you have to do to kind of
+like keep it going remember any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like keep it going remember any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like keep it going remember any of these
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those are usually sort of mentioned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are usually sort of mentioned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are usually sort of mentioned in
+the rules all and I was like like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules all and I was like like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules all and I was like like you
+know you reach the end of the deck and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you reach the end of the deck and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you reach the end of the deck and
+then you have to be shuffle your deck I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to be shuffle your deck I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to be shuffle your deck I
+mean the physical like safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the physical like safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the physical like safety
+considerations for instance somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations for instance somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations for instance somebody
+fell down in the middle of game attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell down in the middle of game attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell down in the middle of game attack
+or something and then it's like nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something and then it's like nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something and then it's like nothing
+in a rule of failure to stop the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a rule of failure to stop the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a rule of failure to stop the game
+but people do write and because you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people do write and because you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people do write and because you want
+to make sure the person spot hurt you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure the person spot hurt you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure the person spot hurt you
+have us during the game as metagaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have us during the game as metagaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have us during the game as metagaming
+the Sun of concern but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun of concern but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun of concern but it's not
+necessarily you know and the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily you know and the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily you know and the reason why
+it's important to the game is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to the game is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to the game is because
+you want people to say hey I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want people to say hey I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want people to say hey I want to
+play tag again I want to play tag but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play tag again I want to play tag but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play tag again I want to play tag but I
+want to know that I'm safe on Titan tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that I'm safe on Titan tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that I'm safe on Titan tank
+so so if people sort of understand on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if people sort of understand on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if people sort of understand on
+the meta giving level they're somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meta giving level they're somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meta giving level they're somebody
+looks like they might be hurt the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like they might be hurt the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like they might be hurt the game
+will not continue until we verify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not continue until we verify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not continue until we verify this
+person is not hurt our economy person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is not hurt our economy person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is not hurt our economy person
+adequate medical attention for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate medical attention for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate medical attention for instance
+but that doesn't necessarily always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't necessarily always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't necessarily always have
+to be like a physical hurt right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like a physical hurt right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like a physical hurt right that
+can be there's a great accountant in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be there's a great accountant in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be there's a great accountant in a
+reading about playground groups fighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about playground groups fighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about playground groups fighting
+over what nice rules meant and the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over what nice rules meant and the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over what nice rules meant and the words
+that they were using to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were using to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were using to be able to
+describe what nice rules meant they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what nice rules meant they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what nice rules meant they had
+to become increasingly I first they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become increasingly I first they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become increasingly I first they were
+just starting with whether to be playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just starting with whether to be playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just starting with whether to be playing
+nice they call the rooty rules and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice they call the rooty rules and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice they call the rooty rules and then
+and then people who didn't want play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people who didn't want play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people who didn't want play
+nice started joining the group to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice started joining the group to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice started joining the group to play
+Foursquare and this is not the mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foursquare and this is not the mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foursquare and this is not the mobile
+game Foursquare of course this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game Foursquare of course this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game Foursquare of course this is the
+bouncing ball version of course way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing ball version of course way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing ball version of course way and
+and then every time they did something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then every time they did something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then every time they did something
+else outside of the rules the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else outside of the rules the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else outside of the rules the people who
+are trying to play nice that had to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to play nice that had to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to play nice that had to add
+in more get more and more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more get more and more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more get more and more and more
+specific about what mice meant and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific about what mice meant and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific about what mice meant and that
+was actually the intent they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually the intent they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually the intent they didn't
+actually want to get all that specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to get all that specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to get all that specific
+they just wanted people play nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just wanted people play nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just wanted people play nice
+because once you get more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once you get more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once you get more and more
+specific you can still any kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific you can still any kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific you can still any kind of like
+rules lawyering mode then you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules lawyering mode then you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules lawyering mode then you know you
+can't actually be be nice right yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't actually be be nice right yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't actually be be nice right yeah so
+so that's that's something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's something that's
+happening during the game the games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening during the game the games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening during the game the games
+actually still being played or the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually still being played or the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually still being played or the part
+part of the game of Foursquare is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the game of Foursquare is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the game of Foursquare is just
+bouncing the ball around but it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing the ball around but it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing the ball around but it's all
+these rules negotiation that's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rules negotiation that's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rules negotiation that's happening
+to be able to try to steer the game into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to try to steer the game into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to try to steer the game into
+the direction and different in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction and different in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction and different in this
+particular case different groups of kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case different groups of kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case different groups of kids
+prefer to turn again one of them one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to turn again one of them one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to turn again one of them one
+group wanted me very easy sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group wanted me very easy sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group wanted me very easy sort of
+competitive and winner-takes-all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive and winner-takes-all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive and winner-takes-all the
+other side was like the whole point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side was like the whole point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side was like the whole point of
+playing this game is saw that we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing this game is saw that we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing this game is saw that we're not
+annoying other people traditional this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying other people traditional this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying other people traditional this
+divided like this so so magic gathering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided like this so so magic gathering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided like this so so magic gathering
+was you know ostensibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know ostensibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know ostensibly
+this this cook could be like something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this cook could be like something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this cook could be like something
+that he came up with after he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he came up with after he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he came up with after he had
+designed the card game in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed the card game in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed the card game in order to
+justify why he decided the card game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify why he decided the card game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify why he decided the card game
+often when you ask a designer or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when you ask a designer or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when you ask a designer or a
+writer why did you do this it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer why did you do this it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer why did you do this it's very
+easy to come up with a justification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to come up with a justification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to come up with a justification
+that sounds good but really isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds good but really isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds good but really isn't
+necessarily what they were thinking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily what they were thinking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily what they were thinking at
+the time when they came up with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time when they came up with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time when they came up with with the
+game so and we have no way of knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so and we have no way of knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so and we have no way of knowing
+even rich agathi will not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even rich agathi will not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even rich agathi will not be able to
+tell you honestly whether that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you honestly whether that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you honestly whether that was the
+case I thought because no one really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I thought because no one really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I thought because no one really
+remembers very clearly what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers very clearly what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers very clearly what they were
+thinking where did it design in the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking where did it design in the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking where did it design in the game
+but it's a good justification I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a good justification I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a good justification I think
+which is you know what does a player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know what does a player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know what does a player
+bring to a game of magic well they bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring to a game of magic well they bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring to a game of magic well they bring
+a deck of cards right and and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deck of cards right and and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deck of cards right and and and the
+knowledge about how that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about how that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about how that that is
+supposed to work because they built that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to work because they built that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to work because they built that
+deck themselves and it supposed be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck themselves and it supposed be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck themselves and it supposed be this
+little engine to be able to play our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little engine to be able to play our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little engine to be able to play our
+very specific strategy which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific strategy which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific strategy which is
+something that they want to try for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they want to try for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they want to try for the
+next game they may take the ante away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next game they may take the ante away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next game they may take the ante away
+but suddenly all of that knowledge about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suddenly all of that knowledge about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suddenly all of that knowledge about
+okay now I know that my deck is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I know that my deck is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I know that my deck is a
+jillion mile of breath for instance what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jillion mile of breath for instance what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jillion mile of breath for instance what
+happens between games you assemble new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens between games you assemble new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens between games you assemble new
+decks you chat on forums you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decks you chat on forums you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decks you chat on forums you know you
+you know maybe new currents get released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe new currents get released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe new currents get released
+and then you have to try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to try to figure out
+how your deck is going to work against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how your deck is going to work against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how your deck is going to work against
+them and then what happens during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then what happens during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then what happens during the
+game itself I don't know actually how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game itself I don't know actually how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game itself I don't know actually how
+much taunting happens and magic 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much taunting happens and magic 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much taunting happens and magic 20
+minutes anyone play magic competitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes anyone play magic competitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes anyone play magic competitively
+that's one thing I never hear anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing I never hear anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing I never hear anyone
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+you suck I guess maryfayce I can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you suck I guess maryfayce I can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you suck I guess maryfayce I can imagine
+people going like you sure you wanna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people going like you sure you wanna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people going like you sure you wanna
+play that this other thing yeah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that this other thing yeah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that this other thing yeah well
+yeah right because they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right because they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right because they're trying to
+build up a social social about usability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up a social social about usability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up a social social about usability
+the game and so I think that super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game and so I think that super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game and so I think that super
+quotable just like realizing I'm able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotable just like realizing I'm able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotable just like realizing I'm able to
+stop it in the game and so I read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop it in the game and so I read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop it in the game and so I read a
+comic which was about like oh my god I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic which was about like oh my god I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic which was about like oh my god I'm
+gonna get to use my planeswalkers all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get to use my planeswalkers all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get to use my planeswalkers all
+for the first time and his opponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time and his opponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time and his opponent
+concedes and he's like I'll pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concedes and he's like I'll pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concedes and he's like I'll pay you
+money you just like wow but that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you just like wow but that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you just like wow but that would
+be hilarious okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gameplay the story about one of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay the story about one of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay the story about one of the best
+players in the game forgot to bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players in the game forgot to bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players in the game forgot to bring the
+170 with Co so he complete full game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+170 with Co so he complete full game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+170 with Co so he complete full game and
+then do it okay you want more tournament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do it okay you want more tournament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do it okay you want more tournament
+there without every single girl you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there without every single girl you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there without every single girl you can
+see before he had played here actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see before he had played here actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see before he had played here actually
+sure sooo yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure sooo yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure sooo yeah
+well and it brings another level with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and it brings another level with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and it brings another level with
+minigame where like everyone knew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minigame where like everyone knew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minigame where like everyone knew the
+deck so everyone knew exactly what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck so everyone knew exactly what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck so everyone knew exactly what he's
+trying to do mmm-hmm at the time we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do mmm-hmm at the time we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do mmm-hmm at the time we were
+just going through the motions they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going through the motions they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going through the motions they were
+like okay sure I know I know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay sure I know I know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay sure I know I know you know
+this person has this card but don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person has this card but don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person has this card but don't know
+that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's maturity it's a game full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maturity it's a game full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maturity it's a game full of
+positive feedback loops so it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback loops so it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback loops so it's one of
+those things where once you feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things where once you feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things where once you feel that
+things are snowballing if you are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are snowballing if you are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are snowballing if you are right
+that things are actually snowball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things are actually snowball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things are actually snowball
+ideology of control then then yes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideology of control then then yes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideology of control then then yes they
+are there's no way to actually win but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there's no way to actually win but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there's no way to actually win but
+yes you can draw it out but but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can draw it out but but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can draw it out but but but
+theoretically but there really should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically but there really should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically but there really should be
+no way into it because it's a game of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way into it because it's a game of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way into it because it's a game of
+positive loops of positive feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive loops of positive feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive loops of positive feedback
+loops yes yes did he just rage quit yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops yes yes did he just rage quit yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops yes yes did he just rage quit yeah
+and that's the thing is that if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the thing is that if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the thing is that if you are
+wrong and you are not actually in a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and you are not actually in a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and you are not actually in a bad
+situation if you are actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation if you are actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation if you are actually pretty
+even then because it's a game of limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even then because it's a game of limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even then because it's a game of limited
+information imperfect information you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information imperfect information you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information imperfect information you
+don't know exactly how how bad off you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exactly how how bad off you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exactly how how bad off you
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that sometimes you like if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that sometimes you like if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that sometimes you like if you're
+putting a sling you make them play it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a sling you make them play it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a sling you make them play it
+out because like okay I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because like okay I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because like okay I want to make
+sure that like uh like the similar start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that like uh like the similar start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that like uh like the similar start
+if the person didn't know how to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the person didn't know how to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the person didn't know how to win
+like they had it but they just didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they had it but they just didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they had it but they just didn't
+know how to use it properly to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to use it properly to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to use it properly to improve
+it so and they sell fashion scene except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so and they sell fashion scene except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so and they sell fashion scene except
+for like one person who's like I'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like one person who's like I'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like one person who's like I'll make
+them play it out and then they couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them play it out and then they couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them play it out and then they couldn't
+do it yeah um but what I friends was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it yeah um but what I friends was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it yeah um but what I friends was
+playing like we had a he was in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing like we had a he was in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing like we had a he was in a
+situation where he could make it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where he could make it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where he could make it you can
+make more berries than and copies of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more berries than and copies of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more berries than and copies of a
+charm okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charm okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charm okay
+and every time he economies copies at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time he economies copies at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time he economies copies at
+last will underneath some canoes begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last will underneath some canoes begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last will underneath some canoes begin
+but as a part of a carver like whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as a part of a carver like whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as a part of a carver like whenever
+your Pony games beat you gain one life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Pony games beat you gain one life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Pony games beat you gain one life
+and so the his opponent may know fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the his opponent may know fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the his opponent may know fit
+this is on line of said quota made it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is on line of said quota made it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is on line of said quota made it go
+through and click and actually make like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and click and actually make like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and click and actually make like
+50 copies of this card and like it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 copies of this card and like it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 copies of this card and like it took
+ended up you just spent like just spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up you just spent like just spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up you just spent like just spent
+like almost ten minutes going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like almost ten minutes going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like almost ten minutes going through
+there making copies of this part and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there making copies of this part and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there making copies of this part and if
+you missed Lex like if you like it made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you missed Lex like if you like it made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you missed Lex like if you like it made
+a specific miss like that's easy to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah so execution error right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so execution error right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so execution error right I mean
+I mean that that that happens even and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that that that happens even and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that that that happens even and
+real-time games like like like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time games like like like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time games like like like like
+slacker of this like yes you might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slacker of this like yes you might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slacker of this like yes you might you
+should not be able to win this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be able to win this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be able to win this game
+unless your opponent makes a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless your opponent makes a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless your opponent makes a huge
+mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake
+and that happened it's by the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that happened it's by the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that happened it's by the way it
+took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah but you can't see even how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but you can't see even how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but you can't see even how much
+fold your own team has total inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold your own team has total inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold your own team has total inertia
+claim like you could have you see like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim like you could have you see like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim like you could have you see like
+number of kills and maybe like number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of kills and maybe like number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of kills and maybe like number of
+powers and then like relatively basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers and then like relatively basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers and then like relatively basic
+but you can't actually totally oh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't actually totally oh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't actually totally oh we're
+actually the main goal so like some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the main goal so like some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the main goal so like some of
+the interesting thing a lot of them were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing a lot of them were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing a lot of them were
+like might even be down like eight kills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like might even be down like eight kills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like might even be down like eight kills
+or Tindall or something but still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Tindall or something but still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Tindall or something but still be
+like even or better and goals yeah just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like even or better and goals yeah just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like even or better and goals yeah just
+from like heaven together it's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like heaven together it's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like heaven together it's different
+yeah and and I think bringing this to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and I think bringing this to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and I think bringing this to to
+a point of the design whether you allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point of the design whether you allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point of the design whether you allow
+players to concede a game in progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players to concede a game in progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players to concede a game in progress
+has actually been something that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has actually been something that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has actually been something that's being
+actively enacted in DotA mobis games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively enacted in DotA mobis games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively enacted in DotA mobis games
+like League of Legends and in dota 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like League of Legends and in dota 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like League of Legends and in dota 2
+dota 2 in particular for a long time I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dota 2 in particular for a long time I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dota 2 in particular for a long time I'm
+not sure if it's still the case actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure if it's still the case actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure if it's still the case actually
+did not allow you to concede a game in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not allow you to concede a game in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not allow you to concede a game in
+progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress
+can anyone does anyone play dota 2 come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anyone does anyone play dota 2 come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anyone does anyone play dota 2 come
+from this still doesn't know okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this still doesn't know okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this still doesn't know okay it's
+definitely one of those things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely one of those things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely one of those things that
+struck me as what and it's because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck me as what and it's because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck me as what and it's because of
+these reasons is because just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reasons is because just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reasons is because just because
+you think that you've lost the game that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that you've lost the game that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that you've lost the game that
+the necessarily mean that you love the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the necessarily mean that you love the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the necessarily mean that you love the
+game and the designers decided that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and the designers decided that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and the designers decided that it's
+more important than you might find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important than you might find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important than you might find it
+out to the bitter end and to tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the bitter end and to tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the bitter end and to tend to
+concede but of course just because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concede but of course just because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concede but of course just because you
+can't quit the game doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't quit the game doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't quit the game doesn't mean that
+you can't quit the application oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't quit the application oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't quit the application oh yeah
+huh yeah yeah all f4 or or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh yeah yeah all f4 or or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh yeah yeah all f4 or or you could
+just choose not to do anything right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choose not to do anything right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choose not to do anything right you
+know deliberately walk into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know deliberately walk into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know deliberately walk into your
+opponent and feed let's see your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the reasons that I don't think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons that I don't think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons that I don't think of
+it is because they don't allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is because they don't allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is because they don't allow you to
+quit yeah it's like irritating to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit yeah it's like irritating to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit yeah it's like irritating to me
+when the game is clearly over for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the game is clearly over for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the game is clearly over for me
+yeah I mean it's a good 40 plus minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean it's a good 40 plus minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean it's a good 40 plus minutes
+per game to take a long time to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per game to take a long time to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per game to take a long time to finish
+yeah I'm like I want to go do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm like I want to go do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm like I want to go do something
+else or I just want to take a mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else or I just want to take a mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else or I just want to take a mental
+break irritated people who are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break irritated people who are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break irritated people who are like
+oranges and more serious gamers oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oranges and more serious gamers oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oranges and more serious gamers oh
+they're all these people just casually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all these people just casually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all these people just casually
+playing the game who like you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the game who like you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the game who like you know like
+we'll just give up and we ruin it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just give up and we ruin it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just give up and we ruin it for
+the rest of us you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of us you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of us you want
+yeah and do I get the other ones who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and do I get the other ones who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and do I get the other ones who
+feel if you are slightly behind you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel if you are slightly behind you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel if you are slightly behind you can
+still fight back whereas you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still fight back whereas you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still fight back whereas you know people
+who is just sort of like they just gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is just sort of like they just gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is just sort of like they just gave
+you chill out it's like oh I don't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you chill out it's like oh I don't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you chill out it's like oh I don't feel
+like fighting back right now you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fighting back right now you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fighting back right now you know
+let's start a new game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start a new game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start a new game
+and if they had the ability to concede
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they had the ability to concede
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they had the ability to concede
+they will do that the players I mean but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will do that the players I mean but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will do that the players I mean but
+it's a spectrum right you know you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a spectrum right you know you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a spectrum right you know you don't
+start off by being serious they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off by being serious they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off by being serious they start
+off by being far okay what's this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by being far okay what's this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by being far okay what's this game
+all about it and that's this middle tier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about it and that's this middle tier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about it and that's this middle tier
+or you are still playing with strangers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you are still playing with strangers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you are still playing with strangers
+but yeah getting really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah getting really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah getting really interested in
+playing well and right now Todd Harper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing well and right now Todd Harper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing well and right now Todd Harper
+which I was describing is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I was describing is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I was describing is actually
+thinking pretty hard about what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking pretty hard about what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking pretty hard about what's the
+value of having taunt as a game mechanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of having taunt as a game mechanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of having taunt as a game mechanic
+right you know fighting games have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know fighting games have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know fighting games have that
+you know that action which which wastes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that action which which wastes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that action which which wastes
+time for which deliberately waste time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for which deliberately waste time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for which deliberately waste time
+and opens you up to an attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and opens you up to an attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and opens you up to an attack
+right but the whole point is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the whole point is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the whole point is that you
+will do that in order to sort of is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do that in order to sort of is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do that in order to sort of is the
+digital equivalent of trash-talking it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital equivalent of trash-talking it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital equivalent of trash-talking it's
+the I going to make this move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I going to make this move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I going to make this move
+deliberately making myself vulnerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately making myself vulnerable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately making myself vulnerable
+because I know I cannot lose this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know I cannot lose this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know I cannot lose this game
+because you are so bad or I think he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are so bad or I think he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are so bad or I think he was
+over and I think that's things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and I think that's things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and I think that's things like that
+in League of Legends although I yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in League of Legends although I yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in League of Legends although I yeah and
+so the question is you know and and Todd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is you know and and Todd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is you know and and Todd
+is like it's like what is the real value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like it's like what is the real value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like it's like what is the real value
+of that you know it's like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that you know it's like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that you know it's like you can
+already taunt you know it already takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already taunt you know it already takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already taunt you know it already takes
+especially if you're playing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're playing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're playing something
+like an online game on a computer typing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an online game on a computer typing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an online game on a computer typing
+out a taunting comment is takes actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a taunting comment is takes actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a taunting comment is takes actions
+that means that it takes your fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that it takes your fingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that it takes your fingers
+away from my treatment game right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from my treatment game right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from my treatment game right
+because you're the type type these words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're the type type these words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're the type type these words
+up and as a result of that you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and as a result of that you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and as a result of that you know it's
+already a drawback to be able to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a drawback to be able to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a drawback to be able to do that
+why do you need a game mechanic which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you need a game mechanic which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you need a game mechanic which
+means that game designers are explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that game designers are explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that game designers are explicitly
+supporting you doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting you doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting you doing
+something like I think it actually when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like I think it actually when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like I think it actually when
+you have a character like you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a character like you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a character like you have a
+before it feels like joke they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it feels like joke they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it feels like joke they're
+actually people just do it for fun like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually people just do it for fun like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually people just do it for fun like
+it's never actually like so like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never actually like so like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never actually like so like for
+example a tiny little stream sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a tiny little stream sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a tiny little stream sometimes
+they'll just like every play all ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll just like every play all ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll just like every play all ten
+people will group up and have dance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will group up and have dance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will group up and have dance
+parties yeah kind of like an implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties yeah kind of like an implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties yeah kind of like an implicit
+agreement about fighting and just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement about fighting and just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement about fighting and just like
+move around basically right bring on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around basically right bring on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around basically right bring on
+other times it's like really funny I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other times it's like really funny I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other times it's like really funny I saw
+this the stream where like someone was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the stream where like someone was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the stream where like someone was
+like getting jumped bombed by two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like getting jumped bombed by two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like getting jumped bombed by two people
+and decided to not just kill Chuck by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decided to not just kill Chuck by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decided to not just kill Chuck by
+doing it Tom which is like taking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it Tom which is like taking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it Tom which is like taking it
+back from going like this oh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from going like this oh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from going like this oh you know
+done things are still shopping than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done things are still shopping than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done things are still shopping than just
+walking help but it's like just play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking help but it's like just play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking help but it's like just play
+funny little like my right things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny little like my right things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny little like my right things right
+the the the in in Starcraft there is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the in in Starcraft there is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the in in Starcraft there is all
+you can make your character stands just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make your character stands just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make your character stands just
+by clicking back and forth real fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by clicking back and forth real fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by clicking back and forth real fast and
+then they just what can I offer anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they just what can I offer anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they just what can I offer anyone
+or that from all right and I've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that from all right and I've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that from all right and I've used
+I've seen that and other things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen that and other things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen that and other things and
+other game mechanics that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other game mechanics that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other game mechanics that aren't
+explicitly taunt mechanics to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly taunt mechanics to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly taunt mechanics to be able to
+tell the other player no you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the other player no you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the other player no you basically
+lost you should just concede them Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost you should just concede them Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost you should just concede them Oh
+even if you don't concede I'm gonna win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't concede I'm gonna win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't concede I'm gonna win
+this game anyway so you might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game anyway so you might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game anyway so you might as well
+come on sit down but then you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on sit down but then you also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on sit down but then you also have
+a splash dance come on to have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a splash dance come on to have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a splash dance come on to have actually
+but your character stats and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your character stats and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your character stats and that's a
+game mechanic right that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game mechanic right that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game mechanic right that's actually
+fight that when you like slash dad's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight that when you like slash dad's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight that when you like slash dad's you
+do no damage and you will take whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do no damage and you will take whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do no damage and you will take whatever
+damage is being inflicted on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage is being inflicted on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage is being inflicted on you
+deliberately and I've seen a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately and I've seen a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately and I've seen a couple of
+games lost because someone decided style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games lost because someone decided style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games lost because someone decided style
+stache tats like you know that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stache tats like you know that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stache tats like you know that's that's
+that's risk but again that's the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's risk but again that's the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's risk but again that's the game
+explicitly supporting this sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly supporting this sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly supporting this sort of this
+sort of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of behavior
+it's supposed to be meta it's supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be meta it's supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be meta it's supposed
+to be the sort of thing that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the sort of thing that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the sort of thing that happens
+above the game we're going to be playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the game we're going to be playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the game we're going to be playing
+a bunch of games where it's obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of games where it's obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of games where it's obviously
+these are war games and the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are war games and the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are war games and the kind of
+talking the kind of communication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking the kind of communication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking the kind of communication and
+kind of like what's going on in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like what's going on in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like what's going on in this
+game and what you gonna take out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and what you gonna take out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and what you gonna take out from
+this game it's all happened in kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game it's all happened in kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game it's all happened in kind of
+above the part as opposed to inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the part as opposed to inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the part as opposed to inside the
+game except for maybe space alert maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game except for maybe space alert maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game except for maybe space alert maybe
+it is all just part of you so I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is all just part of you so I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is all just part of you so I want you
+to be thinking about about this about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be thinking about about this about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be thinking about about this about
+what's happening above the table right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening above the table right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening above the table right
+about what what's what's what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what what's what's what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what what's what's what what what
+what one is about like information yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one is about like information yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one is about like information yeah
+it's changing our interactions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's changing our interactions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's changing our interactions that
+you're having that's not part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're having that's not part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're having that's not part of the
+game itself but then also what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game itself but then also what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game itself but then also what does the
+game explicitly do to be able support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game explicitly do to be able support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game explicitly do to be able support
+social interaction to be able to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social interaction to be able to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social interaction to be able to either
+support the sign of social interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support the sign of social interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support the sign of social interaction
+is happening inside the game system or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening inside the game system or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening inside the game system or
+to be able to draw on the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to draw on the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to draw on the social
+relationships that you have with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that you have with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that you have with other
+people on the table to be able to and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the table to be able to and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the table to be able to and so
+like sometimes we could actually but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sometimes we could actually but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sometimes we could actually but you
+could arguably have achieve the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could arguably have achieve the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could arguably have achieve the same
+goal without explicit taunt right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal without explicit taunt right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal without explicit taunt right you
+know this like just by like standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this like just by like standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this like just by like standing
+right in front of your opponent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in front of your opponent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in front of your opponent and
+you're touching the opponent that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're touching the opponent that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're touching the opponent that you're
+not really paying attention that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really paying attention that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really paying attention that you can
+also be like us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be like us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be like us
+true so so there's something to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so so there's something to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so so there's something to keep in
+mind when you're designing your games is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind when you're designing your games is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind when you're designing your games is
+that you know there are all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know there are all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know there are all these things
+about it'd be fun to be able to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it'd be fun to be able to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it'd be fun to be able to design
+mechanics to people support these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics to people support these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics to people support these kinds
+of social interactions but you got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of social interactions but you got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of social interactions but you got to be
+very very careful right and every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very careful right and every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very careful right and every time
+you design something you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you design something you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you design something you're actually
+taking a yeah yeah both giving your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a yeah yeah both giving your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a yeah yeah both giving your
+players a tool to do something else that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players a tool to do something else that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players a tool to do something else that
+has now officially mandated by your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has now officially mandated by your game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has now officially mandated by your game
+because you have a rule that if he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a rule that if he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a rule that if he says
+that this is something that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is something that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is something that you can do
+and they may use that rule creatively or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they may use that rule creatively or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they may use that rule creatively or
+they may use that rule destructively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may use that rule destructively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may use that rule destructively and
+again it all comes out to testing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it all comes out to testing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it all comes out to testing you
+don't always know but you should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always know but you should know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always know but you should know
+what you're trying to achieve with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're trying to achieve with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're trying to achieve with the
+game socially when you're making a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game socially when you're making a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game socially when you're making a game
+so you should have that conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should have that conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should have that conversation
+today when you when we finally break up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today when you when we finally break up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today when you when we finally break up
+into your teams but for now what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your teams but for now what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your teams but for now what we're
+gonna do is just play a bunch of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do is just play a bunch of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do is just play a bunch of four
+games but it's primarily about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games but it's primarily about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games but it's primarily about sort of
+social play and then on Wednesday I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social play and then on Wednesday I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social play and then on Wednesday I
+think we're going to burn need to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're going to burn need to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're going to burn need to take
+over Twitter like games with very cheesy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Twitter like games with very cheesy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Twitter like games with very cheesy
+rules John talked a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules John talked a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules John talked a little bit about
+these games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and then maybe then I will SWAT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then maybe then I will SWAT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then maybe then I will SWAT and
+have a break things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I watched like two hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a lot going on but the gist of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot going on but the gist of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot going on but the gist of
+it is that everyone gets to take a role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that everyone gets to take a role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that everyone gets to take a role
+each role it's like pretty much skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each role it's like pretty much skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each role it's like pretty much skin
+straight from the TV show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight from the TV show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight from the TV show
+have you guys seen about Star Trek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you guys seen about Star Trek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you guys seen about Star Trek
+Spanish it's really good show us on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish it's really good show us on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish it's really good show us on that
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+and actually it seems like the consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually it seems like the consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually it seems like the consensus
+on the like board game community online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the like board game community online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the like board game community online
+actually really likes it so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really likes it so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really likes it so think
+there's a lot to it but essentially to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot to it but essentially to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot to it but essentially to
+make a character from the game and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a character from the game and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a character from the game and they
+had four powers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of you are human and some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you are human and some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you are human and some of your
+Cylons Cylons are robots that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cylons Cylons are robots that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cylons Cylons are robots that will
+interesting humans and so there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting humans and so there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting humans and so there's like
+spaceships we can give you and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaceships we can give you and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaceships we can give you and some of
+the Cylons are on the ship and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cylons are on the ship and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cylons are on the ship and their
+goal is to basically wipe out humanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to basically wipe out humanity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to basically wipe out humanity
+subscribe and you don't know who soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribe and you don't know who soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribe and you don't know who soon
+there's a critical moment in time or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a critical moment in time or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a critical moment in time or the
+Cylons will reveal themselves better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cylons will reveal themselves better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cylons will reveal themselves better
+powers so there's like lots of cars so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers so there's like lots of cars so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers so there's like lots of cars so
+parents like a military leader a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents like a military leader a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents like a military leader a
+political leader and I think you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political leader and I think you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political leader and I think you should
+get different decks of cards and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get different decks of cards and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get different decks of cards and so if
+you're like the political leader you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like the political leader you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like the political leader you
+basically some people in the grave yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically some people in the grave yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically some people in the grave yeah
+I don't know there's so many in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know there's so many in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know there's so many in this
+solar cell there's so much there's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell there's so much there's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell there's so much there's so
+many composed it is the most complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many composed it is the most complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many composed it is the most complicated
+game that I thought and I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that I thought and I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that I thought and I think this is
+like true of many many places I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like true of many many places I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like true of many many places I think
+you have to find it fun because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to find it fun because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to find it fun because I think
+you're not gonna not play and the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna not play and the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna not play and the rules
+are sort of literally 90% of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of literally 90% of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of literally 90% of this and
+this is a game which has all these like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a game which has all these like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a game which has all these like
+weird rules that you think are like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird rules that you think are like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird rules that you think are like it
+has too many rules but it's still out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has too many rules but it's still out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has too many rules but it's still out
+there so yeah so so depending on who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so yeah so so depending on who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so yeah so so depending on who you
+are you can either be like a contrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you can either be like a contrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you can either be like a contrary
+reader or folk leader or pilot we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader or folk leader or pilot we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader or folk leader or pilot we have a
+political leader like gets people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political leader like gets people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political leader like gets people in
+jail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jail
+it's nuke said they get to strategically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nuke said they get to strategically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nuke said they get to strategically
+use them against the enemy and ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them against the enemy and ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them against the enemy and ever
+there's certainly a decision that has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certainly a decision that has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certainly a decision that has to
+do with fighting they there they get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with fighting they there they get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with fighting they there they get to
+take the lead on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the lead on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the lead on that
+so the different roles and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the different roles and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the different roles and it's
+interesting that each role has like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that each role has like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that each role has like
+different support what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different support what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different support what else
+so attorneys leave really complicated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so attorneys leave really complicated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so attorneys leave really complicated as
+bunch of steps but you draw you draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of steps but you draw you draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of steps but you draw you draw
+cards then you like collectively face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards then you like collectively face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards then you like collectively face
+and objective before like surprises a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and objective before like surprises a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and objective before like surprises a
+crisis yeah sort of I'll have to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis yeah sort of I'll have to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis yeah sort of I'll have to like
+vote for commit resource parts of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote for commit resource parts of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote for commit resource parts of which
+something can be good at something bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something can be good at something bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something can be good at something bad
+so the Cylons try like commit bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Cylons try like commit bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Cylons try like commit bad
+resource cards to like make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource cards to like make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource cards to like make sure that
+this objective is not completed and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this objective is not completed and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this objective is not completed and they
+give insensitive putting like the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give insensitive putting like the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give insensitive putting like the good
+ones there's like a lot of meta game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones there's like a lot of meta game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones there's like a lot of meta game
+where the Cylons don't want their Cylons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Cylons don't want their Cylons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Cylons don't want their Cylons
+and their special ability the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their special ability the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their special ability the way you
+can like flip a card up and it might see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can like flip a card up and it might see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can like flip a card up and it might see
+whatever on this resource cards I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever on this resource cards I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever on this resource cards I think
+I think they're called skill cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they're called skill cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they're called skill cards
+recommitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommitted
+it's a core simulator yeah and like jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a core simulator yeah and like jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a core simulator yeah and like jump
+there's so many components things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many components things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many components things I
+don't want to play this game because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to play this game because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to play this game because I
+think the play clear signal like two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the play clear signal like two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the play clear signal like two or
+three hours but only game bizarre really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even know about is a great game to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know about is a great game to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know about is a great game to play
+if you've got like a full weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got like a full weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got like a full weekend
+you know that'd for gaming or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that'd for gaming or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that'd for gaming or something
+at that and there's expansions to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that and there's expansions to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that and there's expansions to like
+this is pretty popular you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pretty popular you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pretty popular you don't have to
+leave it to explain I want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it to explain I want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it to explain I want to make sure
+that's not what I asked you to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what I asked you to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what I asked you to do that
+so that people would sort of get a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that people would sort of get a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that people would sort of get a sense
+of what is tabletop 500 also look look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is tabletop 500 also look look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is tabletop 500 also look look
+at a bit one of the nice things I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a bit one of the nice things I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a bit one of the nice things I like
+of these those spirity copters it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these those spirity copters it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these those spirity copters it's just
+a counter five four three two one zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a counter five four three two one zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a counter five four three two one zero
+normal population but it's a nice way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal population but it's a nice way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal population but it's a nice way to
+be able to keep track of stats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah that's great
+this game and then you play this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game and then you play this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game and then you play this one
+it's really cool game you're playing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really cool game you're playing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really cool game you're playing as
+a team you're like this crew on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a team you're like this crew on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a team you're like this crew on this
+trip there and it goes like this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip there and it goes like this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip there and it goes like this you
+have ten minutes to prepare our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ten minutes to prepare our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ten minutes to prepare our
+electrical and during those 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical and during those 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical and during those 10 minutes
+new information is this audio CD player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new information is this audio CD player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new information is this audio CD player
+tracks and everything so it's like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks and everything so it's like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks and everything so it's like just
+frantic planning things so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frantic planning things so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frantic planning things so there are
+going to be periods where you can't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be periods where you can't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be periods where you can't talk
+to your teammates there's periods where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your teammates there's periods where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your teammates there's periods where
+you can trade cars and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can trade cars and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can trade cars and basically
+there'll be these trajectories so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be these trajectories so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be these trajectories so
+there's a red partnership the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a red partnership the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a red partnership the white
+partnership in the blue drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership in the blue drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership in the blue drift
+partnership they each have an upper deck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership they each have an upper deck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership they each have an upper deck
+the blue neck and it'll be enemies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue neck and it'll be enemies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue neck and it'll be enemies
+coming at you from space and you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming at you from space and you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming at you from space and you need to
+sort of like man your shields but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like man your shields but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like man your shields but also
+like use energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like use energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like use energy
+shoot objects out and basically like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot objects out and basically like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot objects out and basically like
+survive if they do six damage to any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive if they do six damage to any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive if they do six damage to any one
+part of your station then basically game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your station then basically game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your station then basically game
+over what do you take that as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over what do you take that as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over what do you take that as you get
+sort of deep bucks your shields and such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of deep bucks your shields and such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of deep bucks your shields and such
+becoming weaker and so you have little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming weaker and so you have little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming weaker and so you have little
+avatars that move around the board and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avatars that move around the board and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avatars that move around the board and
+you need to be in each room to do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be in each room to do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be in each room to do your
+action this is a action of the action to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action this is a action of the action to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action this is a action of the action to
+see action so just seeking a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see action so just seeking a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see action so just seeking a look at the
+white one you'll start down here the see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white one you'll start down here the see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white one you'll start down here the see
+action is computer so the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is computer so the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is computer so the first two
+moves of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves of the game
+I think there's 12 loose and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's 12 loose and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's 12 loose and there's
+three sections and the first two moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sections and the first two moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sections and the first two moves
+of each section Kansa have someone hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each section Kansa have someone hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each section Kansa have someone hit
+computer and then you can like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and then you can like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and then you can like this is
+the goddness and the shields the gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goddness and the shields the gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goddness and the shields the gonna
+shields are powered by green cubes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shields are powered by green cubes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shields are powered by green cubes they
+go down here he has constantly to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down here he has constantly to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down here he has constantly to your
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are also internal threats that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also internal threats that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also internal threats that
+like material culture spaceship and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like material culture spaceship and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like material culture spaceship and you
+have to like I've eaten spots I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to like I've eaten spots I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to like I've eaten spots I've been
+running to take care of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's some actually really good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some actually really good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some actually really good to
+borrow the place you're looking too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow the place you're looking too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow the place you're looking too so
+you don't get a chance to play it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get a chance to play it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get a chance to play it
+definition now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition now
+the playthroughs on on youtube are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the playthroughs on on youtube are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the playthroughs on on youtube are
+probably pretty hilarious I'm gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solitaire one played this solitaire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solitaire one played this solitaire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solitaire one played this solitaire
+probably looked a lot like playing FTL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably looked a lot like playing FTL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably looked a lot like playing FTL
+if everyone's computer you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everyone's computer you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everyone's computer you imagine
+imagine FTL where every single crew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine FTL where every single crew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine FTL where every single crew
+member has been controlled by different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member has been controlled by different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member has been controlled by different
+player the primary one is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player the primary one is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player the primary one is that if you
+click rover le for another kind of game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click rover le for another kind of game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click rover le for another kind of game
+it's kind of a little bit of a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a little bit of a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a little bit of a program
+you've been to it you're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been to it you're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been to it you're basically
+programming here your character to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming here your character to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming here your character to do
+these things we're kind of figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things we're kind of figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things we're kind of figuring out
+and visualizing where things are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and visualizing where things are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and visualizing where things are going
+to go and you can talk about people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and you can talk about people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and you can talk about people
+about what you're gonna do it whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you're gonna do it whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you're gonna do it whether it
+will feel that specific terms but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will feel that specific terms but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will feel that specific terms but you
+won't actually know how it actually runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't actually know how it actually runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't actually know how it actually runs
+out and so after the 10 minutes is spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and so after the 10 minutes is spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and so after the 10 minutes is spent
+and then the big part of the fun is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the big part of the fun is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the big part of the fun is just
+flipping over the card seeing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping over the card seeing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping over the card seeing what
+people actually did realizing that oh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually did realizing that oh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually did realizing that oh no
+way to go fight that you to click the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go fight that you to click the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go fight that you to click the
+same button at the same time yes well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same button at the same time yes well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same button at the same time yes well
+you're in the wrong room you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the wrong room you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the wrong room you think you
+have one room oh yeah another and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one room oh yeah another and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one room oh yeah another and you're
+clipping the wrong thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clipping the wrong thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clipping the wrong thing
+yeah we're like two people taking home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're like two people taking home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're like two people taking home
+there at the same turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at the same turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at the same turn
+it's actually delays one person's action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually delays one person's action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually delays one person's action
+lunch so like all your cards really out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch so like all your cards really out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch so like all your cards really out
+that's your plan but the delay happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your plan but the delay happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your plan but the delay happens
+and you have to shift all your cards to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to shift all your cards to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to shift all your cards to
+the right in history returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right in history returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right in history returns
+it's a game about coordination where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a game about coordination where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a game about coordination where
+every single mechanic in the game is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single mechanic in the game is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single mechanic in the game is to
+prevent that coordination from actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent that coordination from actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent that coordination from actually
+happening I think there are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening I think there are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening I think there are a few
+lessons to their traps there are periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons to their traps there are periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons to their traps there are periods
+where you're on you're not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're on you're not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're on you're not allowed to
+communicate it should be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate it should be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate it should be really
+frustrating and this constantly throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating and this constantly throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating and this constantly throwing
+monsters at you from all the corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monsters at you from all the corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monsters at you from all the corrections
+it's a managing like word monster with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a managing like word monster with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a managing like word monster with a
+threat cities the cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+room see there to the right side or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room see there to the right side or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room see there to the right side or
+subside before you can hit buttons then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subside before you can hit buttons then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subside before you can hit buttons then
+you only have like a certain month and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have like a certain month and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have like a certain month and
+Cervantes in their hands and you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cervantes in their hands and you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cervantes in their hands and you sort of
+have to coordinate with your teammates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to coordinate with your teammates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to coordinate with your teammates
+is an action that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then expand everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you guys want to beat this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys want to beat this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys want to beat this thing
+about because s a co-op game where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about because s a co-op game where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about because s a co-op game where
+everyone on your team is playing against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone on your team is playing against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone on your team is playing against
+the border so you're all a team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the border so you're all a team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the border so you're all a team
+basically there's like a deadly virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's like a deadly virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's like a deadly virus
+outbreak for deadly virus outbreaks all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outbreak for deadly virus outbreaks all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outbreak for deadly virus outbreaks all
+the worlds and they're spreading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worlds and they're spreading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worlds and they're spreading
+research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that each tire you put a couple parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and basically our city funds so their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically our city funds so their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically our city funds so their
+cities all over the mountains and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities all over the mountains and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities all over the mountains and your
+little guys if we go all over the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little guys if we go all over the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little guys if we go all over the world
+to treat disease set up research centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat disease set up research centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat disease set up research centers
+research cares and he needs certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research cares and he needs certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research cares and he needs certain
+amount of cards you have a rollup your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of cards you have a rollup your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of cards you have a rollup your
+research very open before it's so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research very open before it's so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research very open before it's so yeah
+medic can cure people faster there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medic can cure people faster there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medic can cure people faster there's a
+religious excited takes a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious excited takes a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious excited takes a bit of
+fighting poll around the worlds with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting poll around the worlds with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting poll around the worlds with is
+you only have so many actions constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have so many actions constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have so many actions constantly
+like that we break outs where you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we break outs where you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we break outs where you may
+need to see someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again it's a coordinated like with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's a coordinated like with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's a coordinated like with
+your team corporate managers opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team corporate managers opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team corporate managers opportunity
+which I was able to get lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is it is it is a tough game but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is it is a tough game but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is it is a tough game but the
+more you play it definitely the more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you play it definitely the more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you play it definitely the more you
+start to get used to how the systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to get used to how the systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to get used to how the systems
+work especially the explosions the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work especially the explosions the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work especially the explosions the virus
+explosions forbidden island there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosions forbidden island there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosions forbidden island there's no
+safe designer and I actually all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe designer and I actually all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe designer and I actually all that
+different icky so so also bring it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different icky so so also bring it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different icky so so also bring it out
+for you to check out and these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to check out and these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to check out and these three
+games of the year shadows like this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games of the year shadows like this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games of the year shadows like this is a
+graph of a child along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of a child along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of a child along
+we're here primarily so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here primarily so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here primarily so that you can
+take a look at them but we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at them but we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at them but we don't have
+enough time to play these games in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time to play these games in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time to play these games in class
+today so so but they all have this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so so but they all have this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so so but they all have this like
+my shadows have come on basically sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my shadows have come on basically sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my shadows have come on basically sort
+of pottery and traitor mechanics this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pottery and traitor mechanics this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pottery and traitor mechanics this I
+shot a lot actually just dungeon dragons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot a lot actually just dungeon dragons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot a lot actually just dungeon dragons
+only sort of packaged into a nice little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only sort of packaged into a nice little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only sort of packaged into a nice little
+you don't have to say too hard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to say too hard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to say too hard about
+creating your own character ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating your own character ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating your own character ahead of
+time so you can just jump right in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so you can just jump right in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so you can just jump right in and
+get in 2d you played part of all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in 2d you played part of all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in 2d you played part of all of the
+dragons it's kind of interesting they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragons it's kind of interesting they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragons it's kind of interesting they
+did they take a chunk of the meta out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they take a chunk of the meta out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they take a chunk of the meta out
+the whole life how do you create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole life how do you create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole life how do you create a
+character for instance which a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character for instance which a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character for instance which a lot of
+people do in joint and is dragons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do in joint and is dragons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do in joint and is dragons but
+does take an awful long time how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does take an awful long time how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does take an awful long time how do you
+create a campaign well the book that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a campaign well the book that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a campaign well the book that the
+box comes up a campaign all about baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box comes up a campaign all about baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box comes up a campaign all about baby
+so this is this big one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this big one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this big one
+I can see that like this there is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see that like this there is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see that like this there is and
+like there are some just incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there are some just incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there are some just incredibly
+comfy nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a lot of expansions that I designed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of expansions that I designed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of expansions that I designed for
+people who kind of mastered engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who kind of mastered engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who kind of mastered engineering
+because theoretically if you you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because theoretically if you you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because theoretically if you you know if
+you play the game often enough and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play the game often enough and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play the game often enough and
+you're quality enough as a group you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're quality enough as a group you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're quality enough as a group you
+should be able to beat everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to beat everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to beat everything that
+you enjoy that you show and same goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enjoy that you show and same goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enjoy that you show and same goes
+for pandemic the question is like at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pandemic the question is like at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pandemic the question is like at
+that coordination part and some luck of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that coordination part and some luck of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that coordination part and some luck of
+course though all of the audio tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course though all of the audio tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course though all of the audio tracks
+are also available on mp3 so you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also available on mp3 so you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also available on mp3 so you know if
+somebody wants to play space alert I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wants to play space alert I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wants to play space alert I
+will suggest actually taking a corner of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will suggest actually taking a corner of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will suggest actually taking a corner of
+the room maybe that one because you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room maybe that one because you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room maybe that one because you need
+to be able to hear what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to hear what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to hear what's going on
+especially that's bringing about yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially that's bringing about yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially that's bringing about yeah
+but you need to be able to hear what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need to be able to hear what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need to be able to hear what's
+going on so so it need to be loud enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so so it need to be loud enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so so it need to be loud enough
+that everyone around the table can hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone around the table can hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone around the table can hear
+you on on top of all the talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on on top of all the talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on on top of all the talking
+that's when you're gonna be making in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you're gonna be making in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you're gonna be making in
+the game so yeah sure like give it a try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game so yeah sure like give it a try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game so yeah sure like give it a try
+just on computer speakers and we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on computer speakers and we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on computer speakers and we can't
+hear what's going on then we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear what's going on then we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear what's going on then we're trying
+again with groups we should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with groups we should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with groups we should have
+tentatively here but definitely try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tentatively here but definitely try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tentatively here but definitely try to
+pick a corner of where the noise of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a corner of where the noise of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a corner of where the noise of the
+other games isn't going to like it stomp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other games isn't going to like it stomp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other games isn't going to like it stomp
+on you and yeah falsa just take just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you and yeah falsa just take just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you and yeah falsa just take just
+take a look at the parts today two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the parts today two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the parts today two to
+four players with nylon takes about half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four players with nylon takes about half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four players with nylon takes about half
+an hour two to four and then ya see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour two to four and then ya see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour two to four and then ya see
+those two kids well plus four plus five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two kids well plus four plus five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two kids well plus four plus five
+that's what everybody knows right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what everybody knows right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what everybody knows right
+no that's not this is 13 people okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's not this is 13 people okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's not this is 13 people okay
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/a6sPpQXST5E.txt b/a6sPpQXST5E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1dfa0ac4b6b4b3c73fbcad33723943b1681bd889
--- /dev/null
+++ b/a6sPpQXST5E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7915 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+okay well we had an election since I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well we had an election since I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well we had an election since I saw
+you last uh I hope you're happy about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you last uh I hope you're happy about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you last uh I hope you're happy about
+the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm very happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very happy
+I except one thing there was a senator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I except one thing there was a senator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I except one thing there was a senator
+who was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was in
+18085 and he lost his seat so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18085 and he lost his seat so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18085 and he lost his seat so we don't
+have a senator from 18085
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a senator from 18085
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a senator from 18085
+anymore it was Senator sonunu from New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore it was Senator sonunu from New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore it was Senator sonunu from New
+Hampshire so he took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hampshire so he took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hampshire so he took
+18085 actually it was a funny experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18085 actually it was a funny experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18085 actually it was a funny experience
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+um so but some years ago I had to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so but some years ago I had to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so but some years ago I had to go to
+Washington to testify before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington to testify before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington to testify before the
+committee about uh increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee about uh increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee about uh increasing the
+funding for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding for
+mathematics so as I I was nervous of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics so as I I was nervous of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics so as I I was nervous of
+course trying to remember what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course trying to remember what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course trying to remember what I'm going
+to say more money is the main point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say more money is the main point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say more money is the main point but
+but you have to say it more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to say it more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to say it more uh
+delicately than that and uh so I got in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicately than that and uh so I got in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicately than that and uh so I got in
+and a lot of people are taking turns you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of people are taking turns you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of people are taking turns you
+only get five minutes to do it and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get five minutes to do it and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get five minutes to do it and uh so
+I went and sat down waited for my turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went and sat down waited for my turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went and sat down waited for my turn
+and here on the committee was my student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here on the committee was my student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here on the committee was my student
+Senator sonunu well at that time I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senator sonunu well at that time I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senator sonunu well at that time I think
+representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative
+sonunu so uh that was nice somehow he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sonunu so uh that was nice somehow he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sonunu so uh that was nice somehow he's
+a nice guy actually the lobbyist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice guy actually the lobbyist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice guy actually the lobbyist
+who kind of guided me there found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who kind of guided me there found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who kind of guided me there found the
+room for me and sort of told me what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room for me and sort of told me what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room for me and sort of told me what to
+do said I hope you gave him an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do said I hope you gave him an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do said I hope you gave him an a
+and and the truth is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the truth is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the truth is I
+didn't so I guess you guys should all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't so I guess you guys should all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't so I guess you guys should all
+get a just to be on to be on the safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a just to be on to be on the safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a just to be on to be on the safe
+side or or yeah let me know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side or or yeah let me know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side or or yeah let me know if you're
+going to be in the Senate anyway then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in the Senate anyway then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in the Senate anyway then
+not or even so there you go anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not or even so there you go anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not or even so there you go anyway so
+he's he's all right uh but he wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's all right uh but he wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's all right uh but he wasn't
+great in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great in in
+18085 Okay so so you know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18085 Okay so so you know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18085 Okay so so you know what this
+evening I just called the schedule's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening I just called the schedule's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening I just called the schedule's
+office to confirm that it is tonight in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office to confirm that it is tonight in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office to confirm that it is tonight in
+54100 it's not a long difficult exam so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54100 it's not a long difficult exam so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54100 it's not a long difficult exam so
+uh see you at 7:30 See you earlier at 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see you at 7:30 See you earlier at 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see you at 7:30 See you earlier at 4
+o'l for a review of everything uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'l for a review of everything uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'l for a review of everything uh that
+you want to ask about uh so I won't try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to ask about uh so I won't try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to ask about uh so I won't try
+to do an exam review this morning we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do an exam review this morning we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do an exam review this morning we've
+got lots to do and we're into November
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got lots to do and we're into November
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got lots to do and we're into November
+already uh so I want to finish the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already uh so I want to finish the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already uh so I want to finish the uh
+discussion of the fast Plus on solver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the fast Plus on solver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the fast Plus on solver
+because it's just a neat idea which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just a neat idea which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just a neat idea which uh
+is so simple anytime you have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so simple anytime you have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so simple anytime you have a nice
+Square grid I I guess the message is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square grid I I guess the message is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square grid I I guess the message is
+anytime you have a nice square or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you have a nice square or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you have a nice square or
+rectangular grid uh you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular grid uh you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular grid uh you should be
+thinking use the fast 4A transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking use the fast 4A transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking use the fast 4A transform
+somehow and and here it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow and and here it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow and and here it turns out that
+the igen vectors are uh for this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen vectors are uh for this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen vectors are uh for this problem
+this k2d so we we're we're getting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this k2d so we we're we're getting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this k2d so we we're we're getting this
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+k2d which is of size n SAR by n s so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d which is of size n SAR by n s so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d which is of size n SAR by n s so a
+large Matrix but uh uh its I values its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Matrix but uh uh its I values its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Matrix but uh uh its I values its
+igen vectors will be well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors will be well actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors will be well actually
+there'll be S functions for the k2d the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be S functions for the k2d the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be S functions for the k2d the
+fixed fixed and they would be cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed fixed and they would be cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed fixed and they would be cosine
+functions for the b2d free free and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for the b2d free free and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for the b2d free free and
+the point is if the fast forway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is if the fast forway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is if the fast forway
+transform does all those fast I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform does all those fast I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform does all those fast I mean it
+it the fast forway transform is like set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the fast forway transform is like set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the fast forway transform is like set
+up for the complex exponentials as we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for the complex exponentials as we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for the complex exponentials as we'll
+see in a couple of weeks uh that's a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in a couple of weeks uh that's a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in a couple of weeks uh that's a key
+that's the most important algorithm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the most important algorithm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the most important algorithm I
+could tell you about U after maybe after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell you about U after maybe after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell you about U after maybe after
+gaussian elimination I don't know uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian elimination I don't know uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian elimination I don't know uh so
+uh but my point here is that if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but my point here is that if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but my point here is that if you can
+do complex exponentials fast you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do complex exponentials fast you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do complex exponentials fast you can do
+signs fast you can do cosiness fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs fast you can do cosiness fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs fast you can do cosiness fast and
+that gives uh the result will be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives uh the result will be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives uh the result will be that
+instead of I did a I did an operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of I did a I did an operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of I did a I did an operation
+count when I did elimination in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count when I did elimination in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count when I did elimination in the
+order 1 2 3 4 5 six ordered by along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order 1 2 3 4 5 six ordered by along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order 1 2 3 4 5 six ordered by along
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+row uh that gave us a matrix that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row uh that gave us a matrix that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row uh that gave us a matrix that I want
+to look at again this k2d Matrix uh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at again this k2d Matrix uh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at again this k2d Matrix uh if I
+I did elimination as it stands I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did elimination as it stands I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did elimination as it stands I think
+the count was n the fourth I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the count was n the fourth I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the count was n the fourth I think the
+the count the count was n it was n size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the count the count was n it was n size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the count the count was n it was n size
+N squar I had n n squ columns to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squar I had n n squ columns to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squar I had n n squ columns to work on
+and I think each column took n SAR steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think each column took n SAR steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think each column took n SAR steps
+so I was up to n the 4th and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was up to n the 4th and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was up to n the 4th and
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's
+manageable two 2D problems you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable two 2D problems you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable two 2D problems you you
+really can use backslash but for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can use backslash but for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can use backslash but for this
+particular problem using the fft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem using the fft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem using the fft
+way uh it comes down to n^2 log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh it comes down to n^2 log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh it comes down to n^2 log
+n so that's way better way better a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so that's way better way better a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so that's way better way better a big
+saving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving in
+1D uh you won't you don't see a saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D uh you won't you don't see a saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D uh you won't you don't see a saving
+but in 2D it's a big saving and in 3D an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in 2D it's a big saving and in 3D an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in 2D it's a big saving and in 3D an
+enormous saving so a lot of people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous saving so a lot of people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous saving so a lot of people would
+try like to try to use the fft also when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try like to try to use the fft also when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try like to try to use the fft also when
+the region isn't a square Square you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region isn't a square Square you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region isn't a square Square you you
+can imagine all the thinking that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine all the thinking that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine all the thinking that goes
+into this but we'll focus on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this but we'll focus on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this but we'll focus on the one
+where it's a square oh one thing more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's a square oh one thing more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's a square oh one thing more to
+add I spoke about reordering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add I spoke about reordering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add I spoke about reordering the
+unknowns but you probably were wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns but you probably were wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns but you probably were wondering
+okay what's that about because I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's that about because I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's that about because I only
+just referred to it let me let me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just referred to it let me let me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just referred to it let me let me uh
+give a a suggest an ordering and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a a suggest an ordering and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a a suggest an ordering and you can
+tell me what the Matrix k2d will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what the Matrix k2d will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what the Matrix k2d will look
+like in this ordering I'll call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in this ordering I'll call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in this ordering I'll call it the
+red black ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red black ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red black ordering
+I guess in with the election just behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess in with the election just behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess in with the election just behind
+us I could call it the red blue ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us I could call it the red blue ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us I could call it the red blue ordering
+okay red blue ordering okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay red blue ordering okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay red blue ordering okay so the
+ordering instead of ordering it by let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering instead of ordering it by let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering instead of ordering it by let
+me draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me draw this
+again I'll put in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'll put in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'll put in a couple
+more make n equal four here so I've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more make n equal four here so I've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more make n equal four here so I've now
+I've got 16 n^2 is now 16 so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got 16 n^2 is now 16 so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got 16 n^2 is now 16 so here's the
+idea the red blue ordering would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea the red blue ordering would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea the red blue ordering would take
+take the take go is it like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the take go is it like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the take go is it like a
+checkerboard a checkerboard ordering you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkerboard a checkerboard ordering you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkerboard a checkerboard ordering you
+could think of this will be one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of this will be one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of this will be one this
+will be two this will be three this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be two this will be three this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be two this will be three this will
+be four five six 7 eight so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be four five six 7 eight so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be four five six 7 eight so I've
+numbered from 1 to8 and now 9 to 16 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbered from 1 to8 and now 9 to 16 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbered from 1 to8 and now 9 to 16 will
+be the other guys these will be 9 10 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the other guys these will be 9 10 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the other guys these will be 9 10 11
+12 13 14 15 16 so suppose I do that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 13 14 15 16 so suppose I do that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 13 14 15 16 so suppose I do that what
+does 2D look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does 2D look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does 2D look
+like maybe you could it's just like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe you could it's just like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe you could it's just like it's
+a neat example it gives us one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neat example it gives us one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neat example it gives us one more
+chance to look at this Matrix so k2d is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to look at this Matrix so k2d is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to look at this Matrix so k2d is
+always going to have fours on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to have fours on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to have fours on the
+diagonal so I have 164s whatever order I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal so I have 164s whatever order I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal so I have 164s whatever order I
+take the equation at a typical Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the equation at a typical Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the equation at a typical Point
+like say this this one there's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like say this this one there's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like say this this one there's that's
+Point number one two that's Point number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point number one two that's Point number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point number one two that's Point number
+three at a point number three I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three at a point number three I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three at a point number three I have my
+Five Point molecule with a four in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Five Point molecule with a four in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Five Point molecule with a four in the
+middle so there'll be a four in this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle so there'll be a four in this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle so there'll be a four in this on
+that position and then I have the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that position and then I have the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that position and then I have the four
+guys around it the the minus ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys around it the the minus ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys around it the the minus ones and
+where will they appear in The Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will they appear in The Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will they appear in The Matrix
+with this ordering so you you you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this ordering so you you you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this ordering so you you you get to
+see the point of an ordering yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the point of an ordering yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the point of an ordering yeah so
+that so this was 0. one point 2 3 I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this was 0. one point 2 3 I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this was 0. one point 2 3 I'm
+focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on
+3 it's got a four on the diagonal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 it's got a four on the diagonal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 it's got a four on the diagonal and
+then it's got a minus one a minus one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's got a minus one a minus one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's got a minus one a minus one a
+- one and minus one where do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- one and minus one where do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- one and minus one where do they
+appear well all those guys are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear well all those guys are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear well all those guys are what
+color they're all colored blue right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color they're all colored blue right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color they're all colored blue right all
+the neighbors are colored blue so they I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighbors are colored blue so they I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighbors are colored blue so they I
+won't get to them until I've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get to them until I've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get to them until I've gone
+through the red the eight Reds and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the red the eight Reds and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the red the eight Reds and then
+I come back to nine whatever 11 12 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I come back to nine whatever 11 12 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I come back to nine whatever 11 12 13
+the point is they'll all be over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is they'll all be over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is they'll all be over
+here so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is this is
+like you see that the that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you see that the that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you see that the that the
+only uh nodes that are next to a red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uh nodes that are next to a red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uh nodes that are next to a red
+node are all blue and the only nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node are all blue and the only nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node are all blue and the only nodes
+next to a blue node are all red so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to a blue node are all red so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to a blue node are all red so this
+is this has sort of filled in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this has sort of filled in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this has sort of filled in a little
+bit that's where I've sort of like four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit that's where I've sort of like four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit that's where I've sort of like four
+diagonals of minus ones or something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals of minus ones or something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals of minus ones or something but
+there you go that that gives you an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go that that gives you an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go that that gives you an idea
+of what a different ordering could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what a different ordering could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what a different ordering could be
+and you see what will happen now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see what will happen now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see what will happen now with
+elimination elimination is completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination elimination is completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination elimination is completed
+already on this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already on this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already on this stuff
+so all the you like to with elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the you like to with elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the you like to with elimination
+you want to push the nonzeros way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to push the nonzeros way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to push the nonzeros way to the
+end that's the that's sort of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end that's the that's sort of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end that's the that's sort of like the
+central idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central idea
+is is kind of a greedy approach greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is kind of a greedy approach greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is kind of a greedy approach greedy
+algorithm don't get use up zeros while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm don't get use up zeros while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm don't get use up zeros while
+the Sun's shining and then and then near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun's shining and then and then near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun's shining and then and then near
+the end where the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end where the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end where the problem is
+eliminations reduced it to a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminations reduced it to a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminations reduced it to a much
+smaller problem then you've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller problem then you've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller problem then you've got some
+work to do so that's what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to do so that's what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to do so that's what would happen
+here by the way there's a movie on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by the way there's a movie on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by the way there's a movie on the
+18086 page I I hope some of you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18086 page I I hope some of you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18086 page I I hope some of you guys
+will consider taking 18086 it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will consider taking 18086 it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will consider taking 18086 it's a
+smaller class people do projects like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller class people do projects like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller class people do projects like
+creating this elimination movie uh so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating this elimination movie uh so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating this elimination movie uh so so
+that would be math. mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be math. mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be math. mit.edu
+18 I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 I think it's
+086 and uh with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+086 and uh with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+086 and uh with the
+movie has a has a movie of of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie has a has a movie of of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie has a has a movie of of different
+orderings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderings
+to to try to figure out what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to try to figure out what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to try to figure out what's the
+absolute best ordering with the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute best ordering with the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute best ordering with the absolute
+least fill in is you know that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least fill in is you know that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least fill in is you know that's one of
+these NP hard combinatorial problems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these NP hard combinatorial problems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these NP hard combinatorial problems but
+to get a to get a much to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a to get a much to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a to get a much to get an
+ordering that's much better than by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering that's much better than by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering that's much better than by
+row uh is not only doable but should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row uh is not only doable but should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row uh is not only doable but should be
+do should be done yeah okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do should be done yeah okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do should be done yeah okay so that's
+the ordering for elimination this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordering for elimination this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordering for elimination this this
+is for elimination okay okay but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for elimination okay okay but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for elimination okay okay but that's
+a so that's a a whole world of its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so that's a a whole world of its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so that's a a whole world of its own
+ordering the thing for gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering the thing for gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering the thing for gaussian
+elimination my focus uh in this section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination my focus uh in this section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination my focus uh in this section
+3.5 so this is section 3.5 of the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 so this is section 3.5 of the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 so this is section 3.5 of the book
+and then this is section 3.6 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is section 3.6 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is section 3.6 which is
+our major one that's our big deal but my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our major one that's our big deal but my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our major one that's our big deal but my
+focus in 3.5 is first to try to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus in 3.5 is first to try to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus in 3.5 is first to try to see what
+the 2D Matrix is I mean a big part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2D Matrix is I mean a big part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2D Matrix is I mean a big part of
+this course I think a big part of what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course I think a big part of what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course I think a big part of what I
+can do for you is to like get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do for you is to like get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do for you is to like get
+comfortable with matrices you know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with matrices you know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with matrices you know sort
+of see what do you look at when you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see what do you look at when you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see what do you look at when you see
+a matrix what's its what's its shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix what's its what's its shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix what's its what's its shape
+what's its prop what are its properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's its prop what are its properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's its prop what are its properties
+and so this k2d is our first example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this k2d is our first example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this k2d is our first example of
+a 2d Matrix and it's highly structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2d Matrix and it's highly structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2d Matrix and it's highly structured
+the point is we'll have k2d matrices out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is we'll have k2d matrices out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is we'll have k2d matrices out
+of finite elements but the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finite elements but the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finite elements but the finite
+elements might be well they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements might be well they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements might be well they could be
+those this could be a finite element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those this could be a finite element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those this could be a finite element
+picture and then I could then the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and then I could then the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and then I could then the finite
+element Matrix on such a regular regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element Matrix on such a regular regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element Matrix on such a regular regular
+mesh would be quite structured too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh would be quite structured too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh would be quite structured too but
+uh if I took if I cut them all up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I took if I cut them all up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I took if I cut them all up into
+triangles and I have a curved region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles and I have a curved region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles and I have a curved region and
+everything an unstructured mesh then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything an unstructured mesh then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything an unstructured mesh then uh
+I'll still have the good properties this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll still have the good properties this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll still have the good properties this
+will still be symmetric positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be symmetric positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be symmetric positive
+definite all the good stuff but uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite all the good stuff but uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite all the good stuff but uh the
+fft won't come in okay so now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fft won't come in okay so now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fft won't come in okay so now I want to
+take a look again at this k2d Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look again at this k2d Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look again at this k2d Matrix
+okay so one way to describe the k2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one way to describe the k2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one way to describe the k2d
+Matrix is the way I did last time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is the way I did last time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is the way I did last time to
+kind of write down a typical row typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of write down a typical row typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of write down a typical row typical
+Row in the middle has got a four on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row in the middle has got a four on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row in the middle has got a four on the
+diagonal and four minus ones and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and four minus ones and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and four minus ones and here
+here we've reordered it so the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've reordered it so the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've reordered it so the four
+minus ones came off came much later but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ones came off came much later but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ones came off came much later but
+either way that's what what the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way that's what what the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way that's what what the Matrix
+looks like let me go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like let me go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like let me go back to this
+ordering and and let's get 2D another a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering and and let's get 2D another a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering and and let's get 2D another a
+better clearer look at k2d I want to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better clearer look at k2d I want to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better clearer look at k2d I want to I
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d
+from K which is this is k1d I don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from K which is this is k1d I don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from K which is this is k1d I don't use
+that name but that's H how here here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that name but that's H how here here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that name but that's H how here here it
+is let let me just show it to you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let let me just show it to you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let let me just show it to you okay
+so let me take the Matrix that does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me take the Matrix that does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me take the Matrix that does the
+second differences in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second differences in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second differences in the X
+Direction so I'm this will be this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so I'm this will be this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so I'm this will be this this
+will be a n^2 by n^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a n^2 by n^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a n^2 by n^2
+matrix and it'll take second differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and it'll take second differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and it'll take second differences
+on every row let me just write in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every row let me just write in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every row let me just write in what
+it'll be it'll be K it'll be a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be it'll be K it'll be a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be it'll be K it'll be a block
+Matrix k k n blocks each n byn do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix k k n blocks each n byn do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix k k n blocks each n byn do you
+see that that will be the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that will be the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that will be the second
+difference Matrix that takes K takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference Matrix that takes K takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference Matrix that takes K takes the
+second differences along a row this K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second differences along a row this K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second differences along a row this K
+will take the second X differences along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take the second X differences along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take the second X differences along
+the next row row by row simple so the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next row row by row simple so the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next row row by row simple so the so
+the this is the uxx part now what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is the uxx part now what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is the uxx part now what will
+the uy Y the second y derivative how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uy Y the second y derivative how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uy Y the second y derivative how
+what that gives second differences up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that gives second differences up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that gives second differences up
+the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns
+right so how what can I see what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how what can I see what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how what can I see what that
+Matrix will look like second differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix will look like second differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix will look like second differences
+up The Columns well I think it will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up The Columns well I think it will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up The Columns well I think it will look
+like this it will have twos on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it will have twos on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it will have twos on the
+diagonal 2 I 2 I 2 I this is second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal 2 I 2 I 2 I this is second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal 2 I 2 I 2 I this is second
+differences right down to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences right down to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences right down to 2
+I and next to it will be a minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and next to it will be a minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and next to it will be a minus the
+identity let me write it and you you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity let me write it and you you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity let me write it and you you see
+if you think it looks good so minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think it looks good so minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think it looks good so minus the
+identity it's like a like a k a blown up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity it's like a like a k a blown up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity it's like a like a k a blown up
+K somehow right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K somehow right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K somehow right I
+have you you see it's every row has got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you you see it's every row has got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you you see it's every row has got
+a two and two minus ones that's from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two and two minus ones that's from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two and two minus ones that's from the
+minus one the two and the minus one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one the two and the minus one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one the two and the minus one in
+the vertical second difference but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical second difference but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical second difference but you
+see how the count you see how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how the count you see how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how the count you see how the
+numbering changed it from here here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering changed it from here here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering changed it from here here the
+neighbors were right next to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors were right next to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors were right next to each other
+because we're ordering by rows here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're ordering by rows here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're ordering by rows here I
+have to wait a whole n to get the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait a whole n to get the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait a whole n to get the guy
+above and and I i' I'm also in away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and and I i' I'm also in away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and and I i' I'm also in away from
+the guy below so this is the 2 - one -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy below so this is the 2 - one -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy below so this is the 2 - one -
+one uh centered there above and below do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh centered there above and below do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh centered there above and below do
+you see that it's it's a it's uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that it's it's a it's uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that it's it's a it's uh if you
+think about it a little that's not sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it a little that's not sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it a little that's not sort
+of difficult to see and I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of difficult to see and I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of difficult to see and I guess the
+thing I want also to do is to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want also to do is to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want also to do is to tell you
+that there's a neat little matlb command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a neat little matlb command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a neat little matlb command
+or a neat math idea really and they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a neat math idea really and they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a neat math idea really and they just
+made a matlb command out of it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a matlb command out of it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a matlb command out of it that
+produces this Matrix and this one out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces this Matrix and this one out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces this Matrix and this one out of
+K can I tell you what this is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K can I tell you what this is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K can I tell you what this is it's
+something you don't see in typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you don't see in typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you don't see in typical
+linear algebra courses this it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra courses this it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra courses this it's it's
+called this is so I'm constructing k2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this is so I'm constructing k2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this is so I'm constructing k2d
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+k1d by what this is called a chroniker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1d by what this is called a chroniker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1d by what this is called a chroniker
+product it's name named after a guy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product it's name named after a guy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product it's name named after a guy uh
+some dead German or uh sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dead German or uh sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dead German or uh sometimes called
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+it's the the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the the point
+is this is always the simplest thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is always the simplest thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is always the simplest thing to
+do in two Dimensions or three dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in two Dimensions or three dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in two Dimensions or three dimensions
+or so on is like product of 1D things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so on is like product of 1D things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so on is like product of 1D things
+like copy the 1D idea both ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like copy the 1D idea both ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like copy the 1D idea both ways that
+that's all this thing is doing copying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all this thing is doing copying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all this thing is doing copying
+the one idea in the X Direction and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one idea in the X Direction and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one idea in the X Direction and in
+the y direction so so the the matlb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y direction so so the the matlb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y direction so so the the matlb
+command I I've got two pieces here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command I I've got two pieces here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command I I've got two pieces here for
+this first piece it's Chron Chron named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first piece it's Chron Chron named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first piece it's Chron Chron named
+after chroniker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after chroniker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after chroniker
+of uh now let's see I'm going to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh now let's see I'm going to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh now let's see I'm going to put in
+two n byn matrices and chronic product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n byn matrices and chronic product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n byn matrices and chronic product
+is going to be a matrix a giant Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a matrix a giant Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a matrix a giant Matrix
+of size N squared like these okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size N squared like these okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size N squared like these okay so I
+want to write the right thing in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write the right thing in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write the right thing in there
+the I think the right thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I think the right thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I think the right thing is the
+identity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K okay okay and so I have to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay okay and so I have to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay okay and so I have to explain
+what this tensor product chroner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this tensor product chroner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this tensor product chroner product
+is and this guy happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and this guy happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and this guy happens to
+be also a chroner product but it's K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be also a chroner product but it's K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be also a chroner product but it's K and
+I so I'm just like mentioning here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so I'm just like mentioning here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so I'm just like mentioning here that
+because it's if you have 2D problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's if you have 2D problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's if you have 2D problems and
+3D problems and they're on a nice Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D problems and they're on a nice Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D problems and they're on a nice Square
+grid so you can like just take products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid so you can like just take products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid so you can like just take products
+of things this is the this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things this is the this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things this is the this is what you
+want to know about okay so what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know about okay so what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know about okay so what is this
+Chronicle product chroner product says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chronicle product chroner product says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chronicle product chroner product says
+take the first Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the first Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the first Matrix
+I it's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it's n
+byn just n byn that's the identity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn just n byn that's the identity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn just n byn that's the identity okay
+and now multi now this take this K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now multi now this take this K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now multi now this take this K and
+multiply every one of those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply every one of those numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply every one of those numbers
+these are all numbers let me put them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all numbers let me put them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all numbers let me put them in
+let me put more numbers in so I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put more numbers in so I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put more numbers in so I've got
+16 numbers this is going to be like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 numbers this is going to be like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 numbers this is going to be like my
+this is going to work for this mesh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to work for this mesh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to work for this mesh that
+has four guys in each Direction and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four guys in each Direction and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four guys in each Direction and four
+directions four four levels so it's I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions four four levels so it's I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions four four levels so it's I is
+4x4 and K is 4x4 and now each number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4 and K is 4x4 and now each number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4 and K is 4x4 and now each number
+here gets multiplied by K so and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here gets multiplied by K so and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here gets multiplied by K so and because
+of all those zeros I get just k k k k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all those zeros I get just k k k k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all those zeros I get just k k k k
+which is exactly what I wanted so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly what I wanted so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly what I wanted so that
+chroner product just in one step you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chroner product just in one step you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chroner product just in one step you've
+created an N2 by n s Matrix that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an N2 by n s Matrix that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an N2 by n s Matrix that you
+really would not want to type into uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really would not want to type into uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really would not want to type into uh uh
+you know entry by entry that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know entry by entry that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know entry by entry that would be a
+horrible idea okay and if I follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible idea okay and if I follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible idea okay and if I follow the
+same principle here I'll take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principle here I'll take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principle here I'll take the
+chronical product here is I start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronical product here is I start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronical product here is I start with a
+matrix K so I start with 2 - one - one 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix K so I start with 2 - one - one 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix K so I start with 2 - one - one 2
+- one -1 2 -1 -1 2 right that's my K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- one -1 2 -1 -1 2 right that's my K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- one -1 2 -1 -1 2 right that's my K and
+now what's the chronic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each of those numbers gets multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those numbers gets multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those numbers gets multiplied by
+this Matrix so that two becomes 2 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix so that two becomes 2 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix so that two becomes 2 I
+minus one becomes minus I minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one becomes minus I minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one becomes minus I minus one
+becomes minus I you see it all clicks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes minus I you see it all clicks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes minus I you see it all clicks
+and it's producing the the exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's producing the the exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's producing the the exactly the
+uy Y part the second part so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uy Y part the second part so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uy Y part the second part so that's the
+that's the good construction to just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the good construction to just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the good construction to just to
+tell you about and the beauty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about and the beauty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about and the beauty
+is I mean this is just like cooked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I mean this is just like cooked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I mean this is just like cooked up
+set up for separation of variables if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up for separation of variables if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up for separation of variables if I
+want to know the igen values and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the igen values and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the igen values and the
+igen vectors of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors of this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+uh I start by knowing the igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I start by knowing the igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I start by knowing the igen value
+igen values and IG vectors of K can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values and IG vectors of K can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values and IG vectors of K can can
+you remind me what those are just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remind me what those are just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remind me what those are just like
+we we should uh remember them uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we should uh remember them uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we should uh remember them uh so
+the and anybody remember igen vectors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and anybody remember igen vectors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and anybody remember igen vectors of
+K well we this is going back to section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K well we this is going back to section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K well we this is going back to section
+1.5 way early in the semester and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 way early in the semester and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 way early in the semester and I I
+couldn't uh you know there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't uh you know there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't uh you know there's a lot of
+writing involved and I probably didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing involved and I probably didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing involved and I probably didn't
+do it all but let me remind you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it all but let me remind you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it all but let me remind you the
+idea we guessed those I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea we guessed those I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea we guessed those I
+conectors and how did we guess them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conectors and how did we guess them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conectors and how did we guess them we
+guessed them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessed them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessed them by
+comparing this difference equation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing this difference equation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing this difference equation to
+the differential equation so the we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation so the we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation so the we're
+in 1D now I'm just reminding you what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1D now I'm just reminding you what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1D now I'm just reminding you what we
+did a long time ago okay so what did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a long time ago okay so what did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a long time ago okay so what did we
+do I want to know the igen vectors here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to know the igen vectors here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to know the igen vectors here
+of these guys so I better know the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys so I better know the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys so I better know the igen
+vectors of K of the 1 d one first okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of K of the 1 d one first okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of K of the 1 d one first okay
+so what did we do in 1D we we found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did we do in 1D we we found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did we do in 1D we we found the
+igon vectors of K by remembering by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igon vectors of K by remembering by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igon vectors of K by remembering by
+looking first that the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking first that the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking first that the differential
+equation minus U Prime equal Lambda U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation minus U Prime equal Lambda U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation minus U Prime equal Lambda U
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+and remember we're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember we're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember we're talking about the
+fixed fixed fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed fixed fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed fixed fixed
+here and anybody remember the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and anybody remember the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and anybody remember the igen
+vectors of this guy I functions I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of this guy I functions I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of this guy I functions I guess
+I should say for those so SS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say for those so SS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say for those so SS and
+cosiness look good here right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness look good here right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness look good here right because
+you take their second derivative it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take their second derivative it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take their second derivative it
+brings down a constant and then do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings down a constant and then do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings down a constant and then do I
+want signs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want signs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want signs or
+cosiness looking at the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness looking at the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness looking at the boundary
+conditions that's going to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that's going to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that's going to tell me
+everything I want signs Co signs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I want signs Co signs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I want signs Co signs are
+wiped out by this first condition that U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiped out by this first condition that U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiped out by this first condition that U
+of Z should be zero and then the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z should be zero and then the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z should be zero and then the sign
+has to come back to zero to at at one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to come back to zero to at at one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to come back to zero to at at one so
+the the igen functions were the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the igen functions were the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the igen functions were the igen
+functions were uh U equals the S of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions were uh U equals the S of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions were uh U equals the S of
+something I think uh let's see I want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I think uh let's see I want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I think uh let's see I want a
+I want a multiple of Pi right Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want a multiple of Pi right Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want a multiple of Pi right Pi
+KX I think that would be right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX I think that would be right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX I think that would be right because
+at X one that's come back to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X one that's come back to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X one that's come back to zero and
+the I value Lambda if I just plug that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I value Lambda if I just plug that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I value Lambda if I just plug that
+in uh two derivatives bring down Pi K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh two derivatives bring down Pi K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh two derivatives bring down Pi K
+twice and with a minus and that cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice and with a minus and that cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice and with a minus and that cancels
+that minus so the I values were pi^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus so the I values were pi^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus so the I values were pi^ 2
+k^2 and that's the beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k^2 and that's the beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k^2 and that's the beautiful
+construction for differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction for differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction for differential
+equations and and these I functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and and these I functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and and these I functions are
+a complete set it's all wonderful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete set it's all wonderful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete set it's all wonderful so
+that's a model problem of of of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a model problem of of of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a model problem of of of what
+classical applied math does for bessel's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical applied math does for bessel's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical applied math does for bessel's
+equation leandra's equation a whole long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation leandra's equation a whole long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation leandra's equation a whole long
+list of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of things
+now though all those equations I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now though all those equations I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now though all those equations I just
+mentioned would have finite difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned would have finite difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned would have finite difference
+analoges but to my knowledge it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analoges but to my knowledge it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analoges but to my knowledge it's only
+this one this simplest best one of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this simplest best one of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this simplest best one of all
+we could call it the Fier equation if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could call it the Fier equation if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could call it the Fier equation if we
+needed a name for it yeah I just thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed a name for it yeah I just thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed a name for it yeah I just thought
+of that that sounds good to me forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that that sounds good to me forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that that sounds good to me forier
+equation okay so the the what's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so the the what's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so the the what's great
+about this one is that the I vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one is that the I vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one is that the I vectors in
+The Matrix case are just found by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix case are just found by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix case are just found by
+sampling these functions just you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling these functions just you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling these functions just you're
+right on the dot if you just sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the dot if you just sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the dot if you just sample
+these function so for for K the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these function so for for K the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these function so for for K the igen
+vectors what do I call igen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors what do I call igen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors what do I call igen vectors
+maybe y's I think I sometimes call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe y's I think I sometimes call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe y's I think I sometimes call them
+y so a typical ion Vector y would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so a typical ion Vector y would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so a typical ion Vector y would have
+would be a s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a s
+Vector uh I'm sampling it at let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector uh I'm sampling it at let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector uh I'm sampling it at let's see
+can I can I use H for the for this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can I use H for the for this step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can I use H for the for this step
+size so H is H is 1 over n + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so H is H is 1 over n + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so H is H is 1 over n + one
+then as as we saw in the past H is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as as we saw in the past H is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as as we saw in the past H is 1
+over n + one so I'm sampling a typical I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n + one so I'm sampling a typical I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n + one so I'm sampling a typical I
+Vector would sample this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector would sample this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector would sample this thing
+at h 2 h s of 2 pi KH and so on d d do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at h 2 h s of 2 pi KH and so on d d do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at h 2 h s of 2 pi KH and so on d d do
+dot that would be an igen Vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot that would be an igen Vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot that would be an igen Vector that
+would be the igen vector number K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the igen vector number K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the igen vector number K
+actually and you see that that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and you see that that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and you see that that sort of
+igen vector is like it's well set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vector is like it's well set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vector is like it's well set up
+it's going to it's going to work because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to it's going to work because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to it's going to work because
+it ends where does it end what who's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends where does it end what who's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends where does it end what who's the
+last person the last component of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last person the last component of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last person the last component of this
+igen Vector It's s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen Vector It's s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen Vector It's s
+n k Pi k h sorry about all the symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n k Pi k h sorry about all the symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n k Pi k h sorry about all the symbols
+but it's you know compared to most igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's you know compared to most igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's you know compared to most igen
+vectors this is like the greatest okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors this is like the greatest okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors this is like the greatest okay
+now why is why do I like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is why do I like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is why do I like that
+because the pattern what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the pattern what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the pattern what would be the
+next one if there was an N plus first if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one if there was an N plus first if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one if there was an N plus first if
+there was an N plus first component what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an N plus first component what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an N plus first component what
+would it be what would be the S of n + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be what would be the S of n + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be what would be the S of n + 1
+Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+K that's the golden question what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that's the golden question what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that's the golden question what would
+be if I'm trying to say that these have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if I'm trying to say that these have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if I'm trying to say that these have
+a nice pattern because the guy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice pattern because the guy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice pattern because the guy that's
+the next person here would be sine of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next person here would be sine of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next person here would be sine of n
++1 Pi K which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 Pi K which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 Pi K which is
+what so so n plus one is in there and H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so so n plus one is in there and H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so so n plus one is in there and H
+is in there so what do I get from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in there so what do I get from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in there so what do I get from those
+guys the N plus one H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys the N plus one H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys the N plus one H
+is just one right n plus one H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just one right n plus one H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just one right n plus one H is
+carries me all the way to the end say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries me all the way to the end say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries me all the way to the end say
+that's that's a guy that's out it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a guy that's out it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a guy that's out it's not
+in our Matrix because that's part that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our Matrix because that's part that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our Matrix because that's part that's
+a known one that's a zero in a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a known one that's a zero in a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a known one that's a zero in a fixed
+boundary condition so like the next guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition so like the next guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition so like the next guy
+would be sin n + 1 H that's that's 1 sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be sin n + 1 H that's that's 1 sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be sin n + 1 H that's that's 1 sin
+Pi K and what is sin Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi K and what is sin Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi K and what is sin Pi
+K the sign of Pi K is always zero so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the sign of Pi K is always zero so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the sign of Pi K is always zero so we
+we're getting it right like the the go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting it right like the the go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting it right like the the go
+the the guy that got knocked off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the guy that got knocked off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the guy that got knocked off
+following this pattern will be zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following this pattern will be zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following this pattern will be zero and
+what about the guy that was knocked off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the guy that was knocked off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the guy that was knocked off
+of end that if this was sin 2 pi KH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of end that if this was sin 2 pi KH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of end that if this was sin 2 pi KH
+since sin Pi KH this would be sin0 Pi KH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since sin Pi KH this would be sin0 Pi KH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since sin Pi KH this would be sin0 Pi KH
+which would be also zero S zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be also zero S zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be also zero S zero so
+anyway that you could check just by it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that you could check just by it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that you could check just by it
+takes a little patience with trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a little patience with trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a little patience with trig
+identities If I multiply K by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities If I multiply K by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities If I multiply K by that
+Vector the pattern keeps going the 2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector the pattern keeps going the 2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector the pattern keeps going the 2 -
+one minus one you know at a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus one you know at a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus one you know at a typical
+point I'm going to have two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm going to have two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm going to have two of these
+minus one one of these minus one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one one of these minus one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one one of these minus one of
+these and it'll just it'll look good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and it'll just it'll look good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and it'll just it'll look good and
+when I get to the end I'll have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I get to the end I'll have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I get to the end I'll have two
+minus one of these the pattern will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one of these the pattern will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one of these the pattern will
+still hold because the minus one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still hold because the minus one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still hold because the minus one of
+these I can say is there but it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I can say is there but it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I can say is there but it is a
+zero so it's okay and similarly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's okay and similarly here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's okay and similarly here
+anyway the pattern's good and the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the pattern's good and the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the pattern's good and the I
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+is something okay got to it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something okay got to it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something okay got to it has some
+formula it's not going to be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's not going to be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's not going to be exactly
+this guy right because we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy right because we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy right because we're taking
+differences of sign and not derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of sign and not derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of sign and not derivatives
+of signs so it has some formula tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of signs so it has some formula tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of signs so it has some formula tell me
+what you know about Lambda before I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know about Lambda before I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know about Lambda before I I'm
+not going to ask you for the formula I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to ask you for the formula I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to ask you for the formula I'm
+going to write it down tell me before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write it down tell me before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write it down tell me before I
+write it down or I'll write it down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down or I'll write it down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down or I'll write it down and
+and then you can tell me I have two on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can tell me I have two on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can tell me I have two on
+the diagonal so that's just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal so that's just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal so that's just going to
+give me a two and then the guy on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a two and then the guy on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a two and then the guy on the
+left and the guy on the right two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and the guy on the right two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and the guy on the right two two
+with minus On's I think gives two I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with minus On's I think gives two I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with minus On's I think gives two I
+think it turns out to be a cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it turns out to be a cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it turns out to be a cosine of
+of K A K has to be in there a pi has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K A K has to be in there a pi has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K A K has to be in there a pi has to
+be in there an H I think that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in there an H I think that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in there an H I think that'll be
+it I think that's the igen value that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think that's the igen value that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think that's the igen value that's
+the case IG value to go with this IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case IG value to go with this IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case IG value to go with this IG
+Vector uh what do you notice about 2 - 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector uh what do you notice about 2 - 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector uh what do you notice about 2 - 2
+* the cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the cosine of
+something what's what is it positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what's what is it positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what's what is it positive
+negative zero What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative zero What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative zero What's
+Up 2 - 2 * a cosine is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Up 2 - 2 * a cosine is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Up 2 - 2 * a cosine is always
+positive what does that tell us about K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive what does that tell us about K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive what does that tell us about K
+that we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already
+knew it's positive definite right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew it's positive definite right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew it's positive definite right all
+the igen values here we actually know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values here we actually know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values here we actually know
+what they all are they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they all are they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they all are they're all
+positive this is I'm never going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this is I'm never going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this is I'm never going to get
+zero here the these K Pi H's are hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here the these K Pi H's are hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here the these K Pi H's are hitting
+points not not uh they're not hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points not not uh they're not hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points not not uh they're not hitting
+the ones where the cosine is one and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones where the cosine is one and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones where the cosine is one and of
+course you can imagine I start so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can imagine I start so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can imagine I start so I
+started this sentence and realized I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this sentence and realized I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this sentence and realized I
+should say add another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say add another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say add another
+sentence these are all positive we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence these are all positive we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence these are all positive we we
+expected that we knew that K was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected that we knew that K was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected that we knew that K was a
+positive definite Matrix all its igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite Matrix all its igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite Matrix all its igen
+values are positive and now we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are positive and now we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are positive and now we actually
+know what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they
+are and if I had the Matrix b instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and if I had the Matrix b instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and if I had the Matrix b instead
+for a free free one then this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a free free one then this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a free free one then this formula
+would change a little bit and what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change a little bit and what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change a little bit and what would
+what would be different about B the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be different about B the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be different about B the free
+free uh Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free uh Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free uh Matrix
+its ion vectors would be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its ion vectors would be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its ion vectors would be you know
+they're maybe at half angles or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're maybe at half angles or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're maybe at half angles or some
+darn thing happens and so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darn thing happens and so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darn thing happens and so we get
+something slightly different here maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something slightly different here maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something slightly different here maybe
+H is one over n for that I've forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is one over n for that I've forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is one over n for that I've forgotten
+and what what's the deal with the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what's the deal with the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what's the deal with the free
+free case one of the igen values is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free case one of the igen values is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free case one of the igen values is zero
+right the free free is the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the free free is the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the free free is the positive
+semi-definite example okay that was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite example okay that was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite example okay that was like
+a quick review of stuff you remember you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick review of stuff you remember you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick review of stuff you remember you
+you we did earlier and i' so I'm coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we did earlier and i' so I'm coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we did earlier and i' so I'm coming
+back to that early point in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that early point in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that early point in the book
+because of this great fact that I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this great fact that I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this great fact that I get
+that my I vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my I vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my I vectors are
+signs so the point is my iig vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs so the point is my iig vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs so the point is my iig vectors
+being signs that's that that just lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being signs that's that that just lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being signs that's that that just lights
+up a a light saying use the fast 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a a light saying use the fast 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a a light saying use the fast 4A
+transform you got a you got a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform you got a you got a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform you got a you got a matrix
+full of sign vectors your your IG Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of sign vectors your your IG Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of sign vectors your your IG Vector
+Matrix is is a sign transform it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is is a sign transform it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is is a sign transform it's
+golden so use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden so use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden so use it
+uh so I'll just remember then how recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I'll just remember then how recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I'll just remember then how recall
+that so what are the igen vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2D yeah first of all so let's go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2D let me do uh The Continuous one first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D let me do uh The Continuous one first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D let me do uh The Continuous one first
+yeah minus uxx minus u y y equal Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah minus uxx minus u y y equal Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah minus uxx minus u y y equal Lambda
+U the I value problem for ll's equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the I value problem for ll's equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the I value problem for ll's equation
+now in 2D and again I'm going to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in 2D and again I'm going to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in 2D and again I'm going to make it
+on the Square this unit square and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Square this unit square and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Square this unit square and I'm
+going to have zero boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have zero boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have zero boundary conditions
+fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fixed anybody want to propose an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed anybody want to propose an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed anybody want to propose an igen
+function for the 2D problem so the 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the 2D problem so the 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the 2D problem so the 2D
+one the whole idea is hey this square is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the whole idea is hey this square is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the whole idea is hey this square is
+like a product of intervals somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a product of intervals somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a product of intervals somehow
+we know the way we know the answer in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the way we know the answer in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the way we know the answer in in
+each Direction what do you figure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Direction what do you figure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Direction what do you figure what
+what what would be a good I function U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what would be a good I function U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what would be a good I function U
+of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and
+Y or the I function yeah U of X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y or the I function yeah U of X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y or the I function yeah U of X and Y
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+problem what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what do you
+think this is this is like the the older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is this is like the the older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is this is like the the older
+courses on applied math did this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses on applied math did this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses on applied math did this you
+know until were blue in the face because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know until were blue in the face because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know until were blue in the face because
+these were because there wasn't finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were because there wasn't finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were because there wasn't finite
+elements and good stuff at that time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and good stuff at that time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and good stuff at that time the
+the it was exact formulas you wondered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it was exact formulas you wondered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it was exact formulas you wondered
+about exact igen functions and for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about exact igen functions and for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about exact igen functions and for this
+problem variables separate and you get U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem variables separate and you get U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem variables separate and you get U
+of X is the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is the product of
+s of this guy s pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of this guy s pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of this guy s pi
+KX times a s of Pi l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why well once you have the idea that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well once you have the idea that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well once you have the idea that it
+might look like that you just plug it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like that you just plug it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like that you just plug it in
+to see does it really work and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see does it really work and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see does it really work and and
+what's the igen value can can you so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the igen value can can you so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the igen value can can you so I
+claim that that's a good igen function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that that's a good igen function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that that's a good igen function
+and I need it's got two indices k and l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I need it's got two indices k and l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I need it's got two indices k and l
+two frequencies it's got an X frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two frequencies it's got an X frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two frequencies it's got an X frequency
+and a y frequency so I need double index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a y frequency so I need double index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a y frequency so I need double index
+K&L will go yeah uh all the way out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K&L will go yeah uh all the way out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K&L will go yeah uh all the way out to
+Infinity in the continuous problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity in the continuous problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity in the continuous problem and
+what's the igen vector plug can you plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the igen vector plug can you plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the igen vector plug can you plug
+this guy in what happens when you plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy in what happens when you plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy in what happens when you plug
+that in plug take the second X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in plug take the second X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in plug take the second X
+derivative what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens what a constant comes out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens what a constant comes out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens what a constant comes out and
+what's the constant pi^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the constant pi^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the constant pi^ 2
+k^2 then plug it into that term a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k^2 then plug it into that term a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k^2 then plug it into that term a
+constant comes out again what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant comes out again what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant comes out again what's that
+constant pi^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant pi^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant pi^ 2
+L2 uh they come out with a minus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 uh they come out with a minus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 uh they come out with a minus and
+then you already built in the minus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you already built in the minus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you already built in the minus so
+that that made it a plus so the Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that made it a plus so the Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that made it a plus so the Lambda
+KL is just pi^ 2 k^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KL is just pi^ 2 k^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KL is just pi^ 2 k^
+2+ pi^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L2 you see how it's going just it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 you see how it's going just it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 you see how it's going just it just
+if we knew it in 1D we now we get it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we knew it in 1D we now we get it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we knew it in 1D we now we get it in
+2D for practically for free just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D for practically for free just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D for practically for free just just
+the idea of doing this okay and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of doing this okay and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of doing this okay and now I'm
+going to do it for finite differences so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it for finite differences so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it for finite differences so
+now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k2d and I want to ask you about its igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d and I want to ask you about its igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d and I want to ask you about its igen
+vectors and what do you think they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and what do you think they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and what do you think they are
+well of course they're just like those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course they're just like those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course they're just like those
+they're just uh the ion vectors shall I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just uh the ion vectors shall I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just uh the ion vectors shall I
+call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them
+uh um Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um Z
+KL so these will be the IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors the igen vector zkl will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the igen vector zkl will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the igen vector zkl will be
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+components I don't even know the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components I don't even know the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components I don't even know the best
+way to write them the the trouble is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to write them the the trouble is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to write them the the trouble is
+this Matrix is of size n squar it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix is of size n squar it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix is of size n squar it's I
+vectors have got N squared components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors have got N squared components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors have got N squared components
+and what are they just you could tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are they just you could tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are they just you could tell me
+in words what do you figure are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in words what do you figure are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in words what do you figure are going to
+be the components of the igen vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the components of the igen vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the components of the igen vectors in
+k2d when you know them in K you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d when you know them in K you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d when you know them in K you know
+them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in
+1D products of course this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D products of course this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D products of course this this this
+construction whatever it however I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction whatever it however I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction whatever it however I write
+it is just like this zkl a typical comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is just like this zkl a typical comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is just like this zkl a typical comp
+typical components is typical components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical components is typical components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical components is typical components
+so that components of of the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that components of of the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that components of of the igen
+vectors are are products of whatever of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are are products of whatever of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are are products of whatever of
+these guys like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys like
+sine K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine K
+Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+H something like that oh I've got oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H something like that oh I've got oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H something like that oh I've got oh
+yeah I've got i' I've got indices that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I've got i' I've got indices that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I've got i' I've got indices that I
+don't want to get into just damn it I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get into just damn it I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get into just damn it I'll
+just put that right sign here something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put that right sign here something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put that right sign here something
+right I I don't we could try to sort out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I I don't we could try to sort out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I I don't we could try to sort out
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+indices the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices the truth
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+Kon operation does it for us yeah so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kon operation does it for us yeah so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kon operation does it for us yeah so so
+I'm all I'm saying is take an an we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm all I'm saying is take an an we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm all I'm saying is take an an we've
+got an igen Vector with n components in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an igen Vector with n components in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an igen Vector with n components in
+the X Direction we've got another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Direction we've got another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Direction we've got another one
+with index l in comp components in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with index l in comp components in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with index l in comp components in the y
+direction multiply these n guys by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction multiply these n guys by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction multiply these n guys by these
+n guys you get n s guys whatever order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n guys you get n s guys whatever order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n guys you get n s guys whatever order
+you write them in and that's the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write them in and that's the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write them in and that's the igen
+vector and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and then the
+igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen
+value is so the igon value will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is so the igon value will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is so the igon value will
+be well what do we got we have we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well what do we got we have we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well what do we got we have we have a
+second X difference so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second X difference so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second X difference so it's going to
+will be a 2 - 2 cine K Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a 2 - 2 cine K Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a 2 - 2 cine K Pi
+h from the XX term and it'll plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h from the XX term and it'll plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h from the XX term and it'll plus the
+other term will be a 2 - 2 cosine l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other term will be a 2 - 2 cosine l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other term will be a 2 - 2 cosine l
+p that's cool yeah I I didn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p that's cool yeah I I didn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p that's cool yeah I I didn't I
+didn't get into writing the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get into writing the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get into writing the details of
+the igen vector that's a mess this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen vector that's a mess this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen vector that's a mess this is
+not a mess this is nice what what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a mess this is nice what what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a mess this is nice what what do I
+see again I see four coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again I see four coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again I see four coming from the
+diagonal I see 2 minus ones coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal I see 2 minus ones coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal I see 2 minus ones coming from
+left and right I see two minus ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and right I see two minus ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and right I see two minus ones
+coming from up and below and I do I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from up and below and I do I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from up and below and I do I see
+a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive
+number you bet right this is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you bet right this is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you bet right this is positive
+this is positive some is positive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is positive some is positive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is positive some is positive the
+sum of two positive definite matrices is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of two positive definite matrices is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of two positive definite matrices is
+positive definite I know everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite I know everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite I know everything
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+K and and the fast forway transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and and the fast forway transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and and the fast forway transform
+makes all those calculations possible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes all those calculations possible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes all those calculations possible so
+maybe I just to conclude this subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just to conclude this subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just to conclude this subject
+would be to remind you how do how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to remind you how do how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to remind you how do how do you
+use the igen values and igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the igen values and igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the igen values and igen
+vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in
+solving equation I guess I better put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving equation I guess I better put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving equation I guess I better put
+that on a on a board but this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on a on a board but this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on a on a board but this is what we
+did last time so the final step would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did last time so the final step would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did last time so the final step would be
+how do I how do I solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I how do I solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I how do I solve
+k2d u = f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d u = f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d u = f
+you remember the what were the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the what were the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the what were the three
+steps I do really want you to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps I do really want you to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps I do really want you to learn
+those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three
+steps it's the way igen vectors and igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps it's the way igen vectors and igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps it's the way igen vectors and igen
+values are used it's the whole point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are used it's the whole point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are used it's the whole point of
+finding them the whole point of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding them the whole point of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding them the whole point of finding
+them is to split this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is to split this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is to split this problem
+into n squar little 1D problems where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into n squar little 1D problems where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into n squar little 1D problems where
+each I Vector is just doing its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each I Vector is just doing its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each I Vector is just doing its own
+thing so what do you do you write f as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so what do you do you write f as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so what do you do you write f as a
+combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination
+with some coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some coefficient
+ckl of the I vectors y KL so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ckl of the I vectors y KL so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ckl of the I vectors y KL so these are
+vectors put an arrow over them just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors put an arrow over them just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors put an arrow over them just to
+emphasize those are vectors then what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize those are vectors then what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize those are vectors then what's
+the answer let's do it let's skip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer let's do it let's skip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer let's do it let's skip the
+middle step which was so easy tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle step which was so easy tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle step which was so easy tell me
+the answer suppose the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer suppose the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer suppose the right hand side
+is a combination of I vectors then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a combination of I vectors then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a combination of I vectors then the
+left hand side the answer is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side the answer is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side the answer is also a
+combination of I vectors and just tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of I vectors and just tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of I vectors and just tell
+me what are the coefficients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what are the coefficients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what are the coefficients in
+that in that combination this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that combination this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that combination this is this is
+like the whole idea is on two simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the whole idea is on two simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the whole idea is on two simple
+lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+here the coefficient there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the coefficient there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the coefficient there
+is is what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is what do I
+have ckl does it come in yes because ckl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ckl does it come in yes because ckl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ckl does it come in yes because ckl
+tells me how much of this ion Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me how much of this ion Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me how much of this ion Vector is
+here but now what else comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but now what else comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but now what else comes in
+Lambda KL and how what do I do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda KL and how what do I do with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda KL and how what do I do with that
+divide by it because when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by it because when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by it because when I
+multiply it'll multiply by it and bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it'll multiply by it and bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it'll multiply by it and bring
+back F so there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go that's the this U is a vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go that's the this U is a vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go that's the this U is a vector of
+course the these are all vectors 2D that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the these are all vectors 2D that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the these are all vectors 2D that
+we'll give them an arrow to just to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give them an arrow to just to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give them an arrow to just to to
+as a reminder that these are vectors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder that these are vectors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder that these are vectors of
+with N squared components they're giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with N squared components they're giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with N squared components they're giant
+vectors but the point is this ykl its n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors but the point is this ykl its n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors but the point is this ykl its n
+squ components are just products as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ components are just products as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ components are just products as as
+we saw here of the 1D problem so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw here of the 1D problem so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw here of the 1D problem so the
+fast 4 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast 4 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast 4 a
+transform uh the 2D fast 4 transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform uh the 2D fast 4 transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform uh the 2D fast 4 transform
+just takes off takes off and gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just takes off takes off and gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just takes off takes off and gives you
+this fantastic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fantastic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fantastic uh
+speed yeah so that's absolutely the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed yeah so that's absolutely the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed yeah so that's absolutely the the
+right way to solve the problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way to solve the problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way to solve the problem and
+everybody sees that that picture don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sees that that picture don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sees that that picture don't
+don't forget that picture that's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget that picture that's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget that picture that's like a
+nice part of this subject is to get it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice part of this subject is to get it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice part of this subject is to get it's
+it's formulas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's formulas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's formulas and
+not code but it's easily turned into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not code but it's easily turned into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not code but it's easily turned into
+code because the fft and the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code because the fft and the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code because the fft and the sign
+transform are all coded actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform are all coded actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform are all coded actually
+Professor Johnson in the math department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Johnson in the math department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Johnson in the math department
+he created the he has the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he created the he has the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he created the he has the that's the
+best fft code there is do you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best fft code there is do you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best fft code there is do you know that
+I'll just mention so his code is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just mention so his code is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just mention so his code is called
+fftw the fastest 4 transform in the west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fftw the fastest 4 transform in the west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fftw the fastest 4 transform in the west
+uh so and the point is it's set up to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so and the point is it's set up to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so and the point is it's set up to be
+fast on whatever computer whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast on whatever computer whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast on whatever computer whatever
+architecture you're using it figures out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture you're using it figures out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture you're using it figures out
+what that is it optimizes the code for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is it optimizes the code for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is it optimizes the code for
+that and gives you the answer okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and gives you the answer okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and gives you the answer okay
+that's part two complete of section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part two complete of section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part two complete of section
+3.5 I guess I'm hoping after the after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 I guess I'm hoping after the after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 I guess I'm hoping after the after
+we get through the quiz The Next Step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get through the quiz The Next Step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get through the quiz The Next Step
+natural step would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural step would be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural step would be uh
+a mat it's a matlb right we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mat it's a matlb right we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mat it's a matlb right we really
+should have some matlb case of of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have some matlb case of of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have some matlb case of of doing
+this I I haven't thought of it but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I I haven't thought of it but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I I haven't thought of it but I'll
+try and some mat lab for finite elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and some mat lab for finite elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and some mat lab for finite elements
+that that's and there's a lot of finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's and there's a lot of finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's and there's a lot of finite
+element code uh on the on the uh course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element code uh on the on the uh course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element code uh on the on the uh course
+page so for you ready to download but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page so for you ready to download but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page so for you ready to download but
+now we have to understand it are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to understand it are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to understand it are you
+ready to tackle so in 10 minutes we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to tackle so in 10 minutes we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to tackle so in 10 minutes we can
+get the central idea of finite elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the central idea of finite elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the central idea of finite elements
+in 2D and then after the quiz when our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2D and then after the quiz when our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2D and then after the quiz when our
+minds are clear again we'll do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds are clear again we'll do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds are clear again we'll do it
+properly Friday can I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly Friday can I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly Friday can I can
+I this is asking you a lot but can I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this is asking you a lot but can I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this is asking you a lot but can I do
+it can I go to finite elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can I go to finite elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can I go to finite elements in
+2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D
+okay well I have a choice big big choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I have a choice big big choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I have a choice big big choice
+I could use triangles or quads that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could use triangles or quads that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could use triangles or quads that
+picture this picture would naturally set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this picture would naturally set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this picture would naturally set
+up for quads let me start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for quads let me start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for quads let me start with
+triangles uh so I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region with lots of triangles here got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region with lots of triangles here got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region with lots of triangles here got
+to have some interior points or I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some interior points or I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some interior points or I'm not
+going to have any unknowns uh gosh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have any unknowns uh gosh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have any unknowns uh gosh
+that's a big mesh with very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big mesh with very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big mesh with very little
+unknown uh let me put in another few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here have I got enough oops that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have I got enough oops that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have I got enough oops that's not a
+triangle uh how's that is that now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle uh how's that is that now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle uh how's that is that now a
+triangulation so that's an unstructured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangulation so that's an unstructured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangulation so that's an unstructured
+triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular
+mesh uh its quality is not too bad the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh uh its quality is not too bad the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh uh its quality is not too bad the
+angles some some angles are small but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles some some angles are small but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles some some angles are small but
+not very small and nor are they and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very small and nor are they and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very small and nor are they and
+there I guess all the yeah and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I guess all the yeah and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I guess all the yeah and they're
+not near that that angle is getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not near that that angle is getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not near that that angle is getting a
+little big too toward it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little big too toward it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little big too toward it's getting
+toward 180 degrees which you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward 180 degrees which you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward 180 degrees which you have to
+stay away from you know when if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay away from you know when if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay away from you know when if it was
+180 the triangle would compress to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180 the triangle would compress to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180 the triangle would compress to a
+would squash in so it's a bit squashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would squash in so it's a bit squashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would squash in so it's a bit squashed
+that one this one's a little long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one this one's a little long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one this one's a little long and
+narrow but not bad and you need a mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow but not bad and you need a mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow but not bad and you need a mesh
+generator to generate a mesh like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator to generate a mesh like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator to generate a mesh like this
+and uh I had a thesis student um just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I had a thesis student um just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I had a thesis student um just a
+few years ago who wrote a nice mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years ago who wrote a nice mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years ago who wrote a nice mesh
+generator in mat lab so we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator in mat lab so we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator in mat lab so we get a
+mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh
+Okay now what's do you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay now what's do you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay now what's do you remember the
+finite element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element
+idea well first you have to use the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea well first you have to use the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea well first you have to use the weak
+form let let's let's save the weak form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form let let's let's save the weak form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form let let's let's save the weak form
+for first thing Friday the weak form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for first thing Friday the weak form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for first thing Friday the weak form of
+llas I need the weak form of lasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llas I need the weak form of lasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llas I need the weak form of lasses
+equation I I'll just tell you what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I I'll just tell you what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I I'll just tell you what it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+we'll have double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have double
+integrals or P I'm making it P I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals or P I'm making it P I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals or P I'm making it P I want to
+write hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write hand
+side okay double integral this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay double integral this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay double integral this will be
+D this will be du
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D this will be du
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D this will be du
+DX D test function DX and now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX D test function DX and now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX D test function DX and now what's
+changed in 2D I'll also have a d Dy DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed in 2D I'll also have a d Dy DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed in 2D I'll also have a d Dy DV
+Dy DX Dy that's what I'll get and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy DX Dy that's what I'll get and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy DX Dy that's what I'll get and on the
+right hand side I'll just have F the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side I'll just have F the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side I'll just have F the the
+the load times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load times the
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dxdy yeah I guess I have to write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdy yeah I guess I have to write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdy yeah I guess I have to write that
+down because that's our starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because that's our starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because that's our starting point
+is do you remember the situation and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do you remember the situation and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do you remember the situation and of
+course that's on the exam this evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's on the exam this evening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's on the exam this evening
+uh is is uh remembering about the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is uh remembering about the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is uh remembering about the weak
+form in one D so in 2D I expect to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in one D so in 2D I expect to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in one D so in 2D I expect to see
+x's and y's my functions are functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's and y's my functions are functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's and y's my functions are functions
+of X and Y I have my this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y I have my this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y I have my this is my
+solution the v's are all possible test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the v's are all possible test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the v's are all possible test
+functions and this holds for every this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and this holds for every this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and this holds for every this
+is like the virtual work this is the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the virtual work this is the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the virtual work this is the you
+could call it the equation of virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call it the equation of virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call it the equation of virtual
+work if you were a little old fashioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work if you were a little old fashioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work if you were a little old fashioned
+uh those V's are virtual displacements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those V's are virtual displacements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those V's are virtual displacements
+their test functions that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their test functions that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their test functions that's what it
+looks like I I'll come back to that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like I I'll come back to that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like I I'll come back to that at
+the uh at the start of Friday what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh at the start of Friday what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh at the start of Friday what's the
+what's the finite element idea just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the finite element idea just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the finite element idea just as
+in 1D the finite element idea is choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1D the finite element idea is choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1D the finite element idea is choose
+some trial functions right choose some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trial functions right choose some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trial functions right choose some
+trial function and you your our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial function and you your our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial function and you your our
+approximate guy is going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate guy is going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate guy is going to be some
+combination of these trial functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these trial functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these trial functions
+some coefficient U1 times the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some coefficient U1 times the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some coefficient U1 times the first
+trial function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial function
+plus so on plus u subn * the nth trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function so this will be our and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this will be our and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this will be our and these
+will also be our test functions again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also be our test functions again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also be our test functions again
+these will also be the fees are also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will also be the fees are also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will also be the fees are also the
+fees are also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees are also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees are also the
+v's I'll get n equations by using n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v's I'll get n equations by using n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v's I'll get n equations by using n
+tests by using the weak form n times for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests by using the weak form n times for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests by using the weak form n times for
+these n functions and where the so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these n functions and where the so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these n functions and where the so each
+equation comes V is one of the fees U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation comes V is one of the fees U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation comes V is one of the fees U is
+this combination of fees plug it in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this combination of fees plug it in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this combination of fees plug it in you
+get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an
+equation what am I going to do in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what am I going to do in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what am I going to do in three
+minutes is speak about the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes is speak about the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes is speak about the most
+important point the fees choosing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point the fees choosing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point the fees choosing the
+fees is What mattered that's what made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees is What mattered that's what made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees is What mattered that's what made
+finite elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements
+win the fact that I could choose F nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win the fact that I could choose F nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win the fact that I could choose F nice
+simple functions which are pols little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple functions which are pols little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple functions which are pols little
+easy polinomial on each element on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy polinomial on each element on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy polinomial on each element on each
+triangle and the ones I'm going to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and the ones I'm going to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and the ones I'm going to speak
+about today are the linear ones they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today are the linear ones they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today are the linear ones they're
+like hat functions right but now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hat functions right but now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hat functions right but now we're
+in 2D they're going to be pyramids so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2D they're going to be pyramids so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2D they're going to be pyramids so
+let me if I take this is unknown number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me if I take this is unknown number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me if I take this is unknown number
+one unknown number one it's got its hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unknown number one it's got its hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unknown number one it's got its hat
+function pyramid function sorry it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function pyramid function sorry it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function pyramid function sorry it's
+pyramid function so its pyramid function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid function so its pyramid function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid function so its pyramid function
+is a one there right the pyramid the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a one there right the pyramid the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a one there right the pyramid the the
+the the top of the pyramid is over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the top of the pyramid is over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the top of the pyramid is over that
+point and it that goes down to zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and it that goes down to zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and it that goes down to zero so
+it's zero at all these points at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero at all these points at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero at all these points at all
+well at all the other points that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at all the other points that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at all the other points that's the
+one beauty of finite elements is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one beauty of finite elements is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one beauty of finite elements is that
+that then this U this coefficient U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then this U this coefficient U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then this U this coefficient U1
+that we compute will actually be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we compute will actually be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we compute will actually be our
+approximation at this point because all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation at this point because all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation at this point because all
+the others are zero at that point so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others are zero at that point so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others are zero at that point so can
+you just this is all you have to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just this is all you have to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just this is all you have to do in
+the last 60 seconds is visualize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 60 seconds is visualize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 60 seconds is visualize this
+function it's you see it maybe tent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's you see it maybe tent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's you see it maybe tent
+would be better than pyramid either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be better than pyramid either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be better than pyramid either
+either one what's the base of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one what's the base of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one what's the base of the
+pyramid the base of the pyramid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid the base of the pyramid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid the base of the pyramid that
+this I'm I'm thinking of the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm I'm thinking of the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm I'm thinking of the surface
+that as a way to visualize this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a way to visualize this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a way to visualize this function
+it's a function that's one here it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function that's one here it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function that's one here it goes
+down to zero linearly so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero linearly so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero linearly so these are
+linear triangular elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear triangular elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear triangular elements
+uh what's the base of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the base of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the base of the
+pyramid just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the
+base because over in these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base because over in these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base because over in these other
+triangles nothing ever got off zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles nothing ever got off zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles nothing ever got off zero
+nothing got off the ground it's Z z0 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing got off the ground it's Z z0 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing got off the ground it's Z z0 at
+all three if I know it at all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three if I know it at all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three if I know it at all three
+corners I know it everywhere for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners I know it everywhere for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners I know it everywhere for a
+linear function it's just a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function it's just a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function it's just a piece of
+flat roof piece of flat roof so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat roof piece of flat roof so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat roof piece of flat roof so I have
+how many pieces have I got around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many pieces have I got around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many pieces have I got around this
+point oh where is the point I guess I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point oh where is the point I guess I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point oh where is the point I guess I've
+got 1 2 3 4 five six is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 1 2 3 4 five six is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 1 2 3 4 five six is
+it it's a six it's a pyramid with six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a six it's a pyramid with six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a six it's a pyramid with six
+sloping faces sloping down to zero along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping faces sloping down to zero along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping faces sloping down to zero along
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sides right so it's it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides right so it's it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides right so it's it's like a
+six-sided TP six-sided uh tent uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-sided TP six-sided uh tent uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-sided TP six-sided uh tent uh and
+and here are the like the guy the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are the like the guy the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are the like the guy the the
+rods that hold the tent up would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods that hold the tent up would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods that hold the tent up would be
+these six things and then and the six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these six things and then and the six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these six things and then and the six
+sides would be six flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides would be six flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides would be six flat
+pieces if you see what that what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces if you see what that what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces if you see what that what I've
+tried to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to draw
+there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's
+F1 and you can imagine that when I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 and you can imagine that when I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 and you can imagine that when I've
+got that I can I can take the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that I can I can take the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that I can I can take the X
+derivative and the Y derivative what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and the Y derivative what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and the Y derivative what
+will I know about the X derivative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I know about the X derivative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I know about the X derivative and
+the Y derivative in a typical triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y derivative in a typical triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y derivative in a typical triangle
+if if my function is in in a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if my function is in in a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if my function is in in a typical
+triangle in this say in this triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle in this say in this triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle in this say in this triangle
+angle my function looks like a + BX + C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle my function looks like a + BX + C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle my function looks like a + BX + C
+Y A Plus BX it's flat it's linear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y A Plus BX it's flat it's linear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y A Plus BX it's flat it's linear and
+these three numbers A and B are decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three numbers A and B are decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three numbers A and B are decided
+by the fact that it the function should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the fact that it the function should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the fact that it the function should
+be one there zero there and zero there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one there zero there and zero there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one there zero there and zero there
+three facts about the function three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three facts about the function three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three facts about the function three
+coefficients to to meet to match those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to to meet to match those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to to meet to match those
+facts and what what's the deal on the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts and what what's the deal on the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts and what what's the deal on the X
+derivative it's just B it's a const con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative it's just B it's a const con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative it's just B it's a const con
+the Y derivative is just c a constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y derivative is just c a constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y derivative is just c a constant so
+the integrals are easy in the whole the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrals are easy in the whole the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrals are easy in the whole the
+whole the whole finite element system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole the whole finite element system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole the whole finite element system
+just goes smoothly so then that's so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just goes smoothly so then that's so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just goes smoothly so then that's so the
+what the finite element system has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the finite element system has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the finite element system has to do
+and we'll talk about it Friday is got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about it Friday is got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about it Friday is got to
+keep track of which triangles go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of which triangles go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of which triangles go to
+which nodes how do you assemble where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which nodes how do you assemble where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which nodes how do you assemble where do
+these pieces go in but every finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces go in but every finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces go in but every finite
+every element Matrix is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element Matrix is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element Matrix is going to be
+simple okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/a9Zo4rqL5Mc.txt b/a9Zo4rqL5Mc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6ef089d51d3fdbd4f993b48ac3bb429a4080a7cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/a9Zo4rqL5Mc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,459 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+just wrapped up the end of day six today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrapped up the end of day six today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrapped up the end of day six today
+was the table read where everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the table read where everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the table read where everyone
+showcased their scripts for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showcased their scripts for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showcased their scripts for the first
+time table reads are always so much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time table reads are always so much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time table reads are always so much more
+awkward than I would anticipate it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward than I would anticipate it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward than I would anticipate it's
+just a lot of dead space and silence I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a lot of dead space and silence I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a lot of dead space and silence I
+am really feeling the time crunch with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am really feeling the time crunch with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am really feeling the time crunch with
+this class now the panic seems to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class now the panic seems to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class now the panic seems to sort
+of be setting into the students one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of be setting into the students one at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of be setting into the students one at
+the end of class they would like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of class they would like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of class they would like our
+stuff is due next thursday basically i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is due next thursday basically i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is due next thursday basically i
+do think that their scripts are in much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think that their scripts are in much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think that their scripts are in much
+much better form than they were last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better form than they were last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better form than they were last
+week i guess i wonder if it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week i guess i wonder if it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week i guess i wonder if it's more
+valuable for them for me to just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable for them for me to just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable for them for me to just give
+them the feedback online which is what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the feedback online which is what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the feedback online which is what i
+did for half of them versus talk during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for half of them versus talk during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for half of them versus talk during
+these group table reads but i also think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these group table reads but i also think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these group table reads but i also think
+it's really important for them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important for them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important for them to be
+able to read the scripts allowed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to read the scripts allowed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to read the scripts allowed in
+front of the class and to get some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the class and to get some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the class and to get some of
+the input from their classmates of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input from their classmates of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input from their classmates of an
+Andhra brought up really good points to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andhra brought up really good points to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andhra brought up really good points to
+PJ or Paul at the end and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ or Paul at the end and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ or Paul at the end and that would
+have happened if I I thought that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened if I I thought that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened if I I thought that didn't
+happen when I was just sending him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when I was just sending him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when I was just sending him
+comments through google docs there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments through google docs there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments through google docs there's a
+fine line between sort of constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine line between sort of constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine line between sort of constructive
+criticism and just doing the work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism and just doing the work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism and just doing the work for
+them I super tempted over the weekend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I super tempted over the weekend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I super tempted over the weekend to
+just say like change this word to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say like change this word to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say like change this word to this
+it sort of be there editor and I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of be there editor and I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of be there editor and I did
+like that because I think it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that because I think it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that because I think it's more
+valuable for them to sort of discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable for them to sort of discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable for them to sort of discover
+that on their own but the problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on their own but the problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on their own but the problems that
+take so much time and it's time that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take so much time and it's time that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take so much time and it's time that we
+don't have it's been a challenge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have it's been a challenge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have it's been a challenge to
+balance that so far I think it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance that so far I think it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance that so far I think it will
+continue to be a challenge adjusting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be a challenge adjusting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be a challenge adjusting
+assignments on the fly and adjusting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments on the fly and adjusting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments on the fly and adjusting
+lecture materials on the fly and taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture materials on the fly and taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture materials on the fly and taking
+stuff out a lot of stuff that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff out a lot of stuff that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff out a lot of stuff that actually
+has been not the easiest thing to do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been not the easiest thing to do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been not the easiest thing to do I
+had a very interesting discussion with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a very interesting discussion with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a very interesting discussion with
+sary after class about if this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sary after class about if this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sary after class about if this class
+could really be feasible in a semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really be feasible in a semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really be feasible in a semester
+in the style of the semester you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the style of the semester you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the style of the semester you can't
+really break up a shirt into 45 minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really break up a shirt into 45 minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really break up a shirt into 45 minute
+chunks like Josh's storyboarding lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks like Josh's storyboarding lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks like Josh's storyboarding lecture
+wouldn't have it made any sense in only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have it made any sense in only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have it made any sense in only
+45 minutes maybe eight cut out but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 minutes maybe eight cut out but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 minutes maybe eight cut out but it
+wouldn't have been is it would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have been is it would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have been is it would have been
+so different and its really inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so different and its really inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so different and its really inefficient
+to just shoot for 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just shoot for 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just shoot for 45
+when it's at a time well all I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's at a time well all I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's at a time well all I feel
+antsy I feel very antsy I feel antsy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antsy I feel very antsy I feel antsy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antsy I feel very antsy I feel antsy for
+the students it's going to be a sprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students it's going to be a sprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students it's going to be a sprint
+to the end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bA3xCpYLA34.txt b/bA3xCpYLA34.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8575aed4d625a9357e49f9b4f206ce8f82073fb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bA3xCpYLA34.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16619 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+so uh yeah welcome everybody uh and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh yeah welcome everybody uh and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh yeah welcome everybody uh and I'm
+I'm actually uh I used to be at MIT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually uh I used to be at MIT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually uh I used to be at MIT in
+the 90s so it's good to be back and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 90s so it's good to be back and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 90s so it's good to be back and um
+so we're going to talk today about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk today about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk today about a
+different kind of security it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of security it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of security it's going to
+be less on the technical mechanism side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less on the technical mechanism side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less on the technical mechanism side
+and more on the well what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more on the well what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more on the well what happens when
+all this technology gets put in place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this technology gets put in place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this technology gets put in place in
+something where there's High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where there's High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where there's High
+consequences not quite so high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences not quite so high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences not quite so high
+consequence as say an airplane in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence as say an airplane in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence as say an airplane in the
+sky but getting pretty close um just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky but getting pretty close um just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky but getting pretty close um just to
+let you know where I'm coming from uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you know where I'm coming from uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you know where I'm coming from uh so
+I used to be part of the midnight Coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to be part of the midnight Coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to be part of the midnight Coffee
+House Club myself but uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+House Club myself but uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+House Club myself but uh this is
+Michigan actually we're not quite as big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan actually we're not quite as big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan actually we're not quite as big
+as your campus here but uh a short while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your campus here but uh a short while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your campus here but uh a short while
+ago somebody decided to put a hot tub on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago somebody decided to put a hot tub on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago somebody decided to put a hot tub on
+our uh computer science building so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh computer science building so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh computer science building so
+they're doing research inside there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing research inside there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing research inside there but
+what we're going to talk about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to talk about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to talk about today
+that bubbled out of that um so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bubbled out of that um so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bubbled out of that um so we're
+going to talk about everything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about everything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about everything from
+exploding uh defibrillators uh to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploding uh defibrillators uh to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploding uh defibrillators uh to um
+other issues of privacy and medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other issues of privacy and medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other issues of privacy and medical
+devices um and this mainly is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices um and this mainly is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices um and this mainly is going to
+be related to um just one thread of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be related to um just one thread of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be related to um just one thread of
+research from one of my um former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research from one of my um former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research from one of my um former
+graduate students uh here who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students uh here who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students uh here who is
+actually uh at this point um sanitizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh at this point um sanitizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh at this point um sanitizing
+explanted pacemakers um but we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanted pacemakers um but we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanted pacemakers um but we're going
+to mostly talk about uh the security of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mostly talk about uh the security of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mostly talk about uh the security of
+medical devices today um got a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical devices today um got a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical devices today um got a bunch of
+acknowledgements um just there there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgements um just there there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgements um just there there it
+is on tape uh the the uh this work is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on tape uh the the uh this work is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on tape uh the the uh this work is by
+tons of people and I'm going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of people and I'm going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of people and I'm going to try to
+summarize for you sort of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize for you sort of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize for you sort of some of the
+modern bits about medical device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern bits about medical device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern bits about medical device
+security uh through all sorts of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security uh through all sorts of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security uh through all sorts of places
+I'm also required to put up this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm also required to put up this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm also required to put up this sort of
+boilerplate slide on my conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boilerplate slide on my conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boilerplate slide on my conflict
+potential conflict of interest so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential conflict of interest so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential conflict of interest so now
+you can know about any potential biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can know about any potential biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can know about any potential biases
+on my thinking but I'd like to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my thinking but I'd like to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my thinking but I'd like to think
+that I am less biased than the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am less biased than the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am less biased than the average
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+okay so moving on so an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so moving on so an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so moving on so an interesting
+thing happened about a year ago when FDA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happened about a year ago when FDA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happened about a year ago when FDA
+the Food and Drug Administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Food and Drug Administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Food and Drug Administration
+released a draft document saying they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released a draft document saying they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released a draft document saying they're
+now going to be expecting manufacturers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to be expecting manufacturers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to be expecting manufacturers
+to consider cyber security or as we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider cyber security or as we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider cyber security or as we call
+it security and privacy not only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it security and privacy not only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it security and privacy not only in
+their implementation of their medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their implementation of their medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their implementation of their medical
+device software but in their design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device software but in their design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device software but in their design of
+their software before a single line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their software before a single line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their software before a single line of
+code has been written um and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code has been written um and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code has been written um and so we're
+going to talk about uh how this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about uh how this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about uh how this has
+affected the thinking of the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected the thinking of the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected the thinking of the medical
+device manufacturing Community their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device manufacturing Community their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device manufacturing Community their
+final guidance came out just a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final guidance came out just a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final guidance came out just a couple
+weeks ago and we just held a conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks ago and we just held a conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks ago and we just held a conference
+call uh FDA held a conference call and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call uh FDA held a conference call and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call uh FDA held a conference call and
+over 650 people decided to join the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 650 people decided to join the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 650 people decided to join the
+teleconference uh so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleconference uh so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleconference uh so there's a lot of
+interest from the manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest from the manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest from the manufacturing
+Community about how to take some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community about how to take some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community about how to take some of the
+concepts you're learning here in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts you're learning here in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts you're learning here in your
+class and actually apply it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and actually apply it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and actually apply it to the
+medical community but it's really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical community but it's really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical community but it's really hard
+and I noticed one of the questions uh up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I noticed one of the questions uh up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I noticed one of the questions uh up
+on on the the website was about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the the website was about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the the website was about how to
+get the culture change in the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the culture change in the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the culture change in the medical
+community to understand security and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community to understand security and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community to understand security and
+this slide sort of illustrates that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide sort of illustrates that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide sort of illustrates that so
+who washed their hands this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who washed their hands this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who washed their hands this
+morning okay are you oh this is not MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning okay are you oh this is not MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning okay are you oh this is not MIT
+I mean every U so uh actually about 164
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean every U so uh actually about 164
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean every U so uh actually about 164
+165 years ago uh there was a famous um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+165 years ago uh there was a famous um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+165 years ago uh there was a famous um
+physician ignasius seice who was looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physician ignasius seice who was looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physician ignasius seice who was looking
+into something called childbed fever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something called childbed fever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something called childbed fever and
+he discovered that his uh medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he discovered that his uh medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he discovered that his uh medical
+students who were working in the morg in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who were working in the morg in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who were working in the morg in
+the morning who later went to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morning who later went to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morning who later went to work with
+patients well those patients tended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients well those patients tended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients well those patients tended to
+die more often uh and heed if you washed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die more often uh and heed if you washed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die more often uh and heed if you washed
+your hands then statistically you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands then statistically you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands then statistically you were
+less likely to pass on some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely to pass on some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely to pass on some kind of
+probability of of uh uh not living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of of uh uh not living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of of uh uh not living
+longer so he recommended that Physicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer so he recommended that Physicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer so he recommended that Physicians
+would wash wash their hands okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would wash wash their hands okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would wash wash their hands okay and the
+reaction from The Physician Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction from The Physician Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction from The Physician Community
+was doctors are gentlemen and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doctors are gentlemen and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doctors are gentlemen and therefore
+their hands are always clean um and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands are always clean um and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands are always clean um and to
+some extent we're seeing some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent we're seeing some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent we're seeing some of those
+kinds of attitudes towards Security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of attitudes towards Security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of attitudes towards Security
+today so it's not too surprising but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so it's not too surprising but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so it's not too surprising but
+I'll I'll try to draw some parallels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll try to draw some parallels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll try to draw some parallels
+with that uh throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that uh throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that uh throughout the
+talk um I I've got a lot of material to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk um I I've got a lot of material to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk um I I've got a lot of material to
+cover so I'm going to whip through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover so I'm going to whip through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover so I'm going to whip through some
+things but first thing I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but first thing I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but first thing I'm going to do
+anyone a physician no okay well well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone a physician no okay well well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone a physician no okay well well
+you're all going to be able to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all going to be able to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all going to be able to have some
+good material for cocktail parties then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good material for cocktail parties then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good material for cocktail parties then
+with your doctor friends um we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your doctor friends um we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your doctor friends um we're going
+to talk a little bit about implantable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a little bit about implantable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a little bit about implantable
+medical devices actually I'll pass this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical devices actually I'll pass this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical devices actually I'll pass this
+guy around uh you can feel free to touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy around uh you can feel free to touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy around uh you can feel free to touch
+it it's been dangered just don't lick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's been dangered just don't lick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's been dangered just don't lick it
+um this is a defibrillator uh uh from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a defibrillator uh uh from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a defibrillator uh uh from a
+former patient and actually this uh is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former patient and actually this uh is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former patient and actually this uh is a
+device here about 50 years ago some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device here about 50 years ago some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device here about 50 years ago some of
+the first pacemakers started to appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first pacemakers started to appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first pacemakers started to appear
+on the scene they were external you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the scene they were external you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the scene they were external you had
+to have a burlin nurse to around um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a burlin nurse to around um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a burlin nurse to around um and
+then uh uh as the decades wore on they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh uh as the decades wore on they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh uh as the decades wore on they
+became small enough to be implanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became small enough to be implanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became small enough to be implanted
+completely implanted in the body and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely implanted in the body and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely implanted in the body and
+here you see a picture of what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see a picture of what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see a picture of what's called
+a wand that's using inductive coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wand that's using inductive coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wand that's using inductive coupling
+it's technically Wireless there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's technically Wireless there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's technically Wireless there are no
+wires to wirelessly program the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires to wirelessly program the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires to wirelessly program the device
+to be 60 beats per minute but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 60 beats per minute but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 60 beats per minute but
+interesting to me as a security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to me as a security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to me as a security
+researcher was that in around 2003 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher was that in around 2003 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher was that in around 2003 or so
+we began to see defibrillators such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we began to see defibrillators such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we began to see defibrillators such as
+the one I'm passing around uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one I'm passing around uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one I'm passing around uh that
+started to embrace Wireless Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to embrace Wireless Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to embrace Wireless Technologies
+and networking that that you'd be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and networking that that you'd be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and networking that that you'd be more
+used to as sort of General uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to as sort of General uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to as sort of General uh
+computation and I was thinking what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and I was thinking what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and I was thinking what
+could possibly go wrong um luckily there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly go wrong um luckily there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly go wrong um luckily there
+were a lot of Engineers also thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a lot of Engineers also thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a lot of Engineers also thinking
+that same question in companies uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same question in companies uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same question in companies uh but
+security takes a different mindset uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security takes a different mindset uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security takes a different mindset uh
+and I'm going to tell you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to tell you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to tell you a little bit
+about how that mindset is changing so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how that mindset is changing so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how that mindset is changing so if
+you to open up one of those devices what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to open up one of those devices what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to open up one of those devices what
+you would find inside are vast resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would find inside are vast resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would find inside are vast resource
+constraints if you want a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints if you want a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints if you want a hard
+engineering problem pop open one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering problem pop open one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering problem pop open one of
+these devices uh so about half of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these devices uh so about half of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these devices uh so about half of the uh
+device is just a battery very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is just a battery very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is just a battery very high
+quality battery these cost about 40,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality battery these cost about 40,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality battery these cost about 40,000
+a pop uh on the market uh silver vum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pop uh on the market uh silver vum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pop uh on the market uh silver vum
+oxide and you got a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide and you got a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide and you got a little
+microcontroller at the top typically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcontroller at the top typically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcontroller at the top typically you
+have some antennas uh where you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some antennas uh where you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some antennas uh where you can do
+your communication for your control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your communication for your control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your communication for your control of
+the device as well this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device as well this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device as well this is all
+hermetically sealed implanted in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermetically sealed implanted in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermetically sealed implanted in your
+body we're talking like one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body we're talking like one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body we're talking like one of the
+harshest environments possible you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harshest environments possible you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harshest environments possible you want
+to recharge battery in your body good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recharge battery in your body good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recharge battery in your body good
+luck did you know that batteries give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck did you know that batteries give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck did you know that batteries give
+off heat and gas you know so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off heat and gas you know so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off heat and gas you know so there are
+very challenging uh constraints to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very challenging uh constraints to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very challenging uh constraints to
+engineering the device when you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering the device when you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering the device when you want to
+add security it gets just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add security it gets just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add security it gets just a little bit
+harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder
+so there is however a very good reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is however a very good reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is however a very good reason
+for having a wirelessly controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for having a wirelessly controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for having a wirelessly controlled
+medical device um there are good reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical device um there are good reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical device um there are good reasons
+but there are these subtle risks so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are these subtle risks so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are these subtle risks so to
+illustrate that I want you to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate that I want you to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate that I want you to see what
+pacemakers used to look like so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacemakers used to look like so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacemakers used to look like so this is
+a pacemaker from the metronic museum up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pacemaker from the metronic museum up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pacemaker from the metronic museum up
+in Minneapolis and can anyone guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Minneapolis and can anyone guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Minneapolis and can anyone guess what
+that little piece of metal is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little piece of metal is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little piece of metal is on the
+right hand side what its function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side what its function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side what its function
+is control antenna control control is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is control antenna control control is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is control antenna control control is
+very closed any other guesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a device before there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a device before there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a device before there was
+wireless communication to control a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless communication to control a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless communication to control a
+pacemaker so in the old days when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacemaker so in the old days when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacemaker so in the old days when you
+want to change the settings on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change the settings on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change the settings on your
+device The Physician says patient please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device The Physician says patient please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device The Physician says patient please
+lift up your arm I'm going to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift up your arm I'm going to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift up your arm I'm going to put a
+needle through your armpit to twist a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle through your armpit to twist a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle through your armpit to twist a
+dial to change your heart rate so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial to change your heart rate so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial to change your heart rate so one of
+the great reasons for wireless is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great reasons for wireless is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great reasons for wireless is that
+it actually reduces infection rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually reduces infection rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually reduces infection rates
+because you you know the more you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you know the more you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you know the more you put
+foreign objects into your body the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign objects into your body the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign objects into your body the more
+likely you are to contract an infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely you are to contract an infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely you are to contract an infection
+it is a serious risk actually uh 1% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a serious risk actually uh 1% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a serious risk actually uh 1% of
+implantations have major complications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implantations have major complications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implantations have major complications
+and of those about 1% are fatal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of those about 1% are fatal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of those about 1% are fatal so
+controlling infection is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling infection is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling infection is one of the most
+important things you can do uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things you can do uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things you can do uh in the
+implantation and changing of the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implantation and changing of the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implantation and changing of the device
+of course if you go to the Other Extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you go to the Other Extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you go to the Other Extreme
+and just say I want to put Wireless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just say I want to put Wireless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just say I want to put Wireless
+everywhere you'll get different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere you'll get different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere you'll get different kinds of
+risks so I I've sort of dubbed this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks so I I've sort of dubbed this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks so I I've sort of dubbed this the
+bacon theory of Wireless um you just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacon theory of Wireless um you just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacon theory of Wireless um you just put
+you know you know I my mother's from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know I my mother's from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know I my mother's from the
+Midwest so she used to say that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Midwest so she used to say that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Midwest so she used to say that you know
+bacon makes everything better uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacon makes everything better uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacon makes everything better uh and
+I've noticed there are some device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've noticed there are some device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've noticed there are some device
+manufacturers who seem to be putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers who seem to be putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers who seem to be putting
+Wireless everywhere without necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wireless everywhere without necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wireless everywhere without necessarily
+thinking through all the risks it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking through all the risks it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking through all the risks it does
+have its benefits but you need to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have its benefits but you need to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have its benefits but you need to very
+strategically think before you add this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategically think before you add this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategically think before you add this
+to a safety critical device what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a safety critical device what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a safety critical device what are the
+security risks for instance that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security risks for instance that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security risks for instance that are
+going to be opening up um oops I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be opening up um oops I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be opening up um oops I have
+one misplaced slide but I guess I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one misplaced slide but I guess I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one misplaced slide but I guess I'll
+just say it anyway I'm not going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say it anyway I'm not going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say it anyway I'm not going to talk
+a whole lot about networking but uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot about networking but uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot about networking but uh I
+thought this quote was just too good not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this quote was just too good not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this quote was just too good not
+to mention does anyone remember the ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention does anyone remember the ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention does anyone remember the ship
+uh off the coast of Italy the captain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh off the coast of Italy the captain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh off the coast of Italy the captain
+says these days everything is much safer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says these days everything is much safer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says these days everything is much safer
+thanks to Modern instruments and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to Modern instruments and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to Modern instruments and the
+internet uh and there's his ship that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet uh and there's his ship that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet uh and there's his ship that
+that turned over there um so if you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turned over there um so if you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turned over there um so if you add
+internet connectivity and wireless to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet connectivity and wireless to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet connectivity and wireless to
+your medical device there are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your medical device there are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your medical device there are going to
+be new risks and you don't need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be new risks and you don't need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be new risks and you don't need to be
+afraid of them but you just need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid of them but you just need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid of them but you just need to have
+appropriate mitigating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate mitigating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate mitigating
+controls so I'm flying through this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls so I'm flying through this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls so I'm flying through this but
+what I want to give you is paint a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to give you is paint a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to give you is paint a
+picture of what's a typical day in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of what's a typical day in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of what's a typical day in a
+medical device uh and how it's used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical device uh and how it's used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical device uh and how it's used in
+in clinical care and how that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clinical care and how that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clinical care and how that might
+change your mindset if you come from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your mindset if you come from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your mindset if you come from a
+security background and and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security background and and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security background and and how you
+think about risk so first going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about risk so first going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about risk so first going to talk
+about s of the world where there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about s of the world where there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about s of the world where there aren't
+real threats just unsafe practices uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real threats just unsafe practices uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real threats just unsafe practices uh
+and and uh some carelessness so the FDA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh some carelessness so the FDA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh some carelessness so the FDA
+maintains a database of sort of near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains a database of sort of near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains a database of sort of near
+misses malfunctions injuries and deaths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses malfunctions injuries and deaths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses malfunctions injuries and deaths
+this is all public you can go look this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all public you can go look this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all public you can go look this
+up yourself it's called mod uh and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yourself it's called mod uh and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yourself it's called mod uh and one
+of the uh devices is uh was called this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh devices is uh was called this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh devices is uh was called this
+volumetric infusion pump this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumetric infusion pump this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumetric infusion pump this is a
+device uh that infuses drugs uh into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device uh that infuses drugs uh into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device uh that infuses drugs uh into
+your body through an IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body through an IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body through an IV
+mechanically uh and this uh patient died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically uh and this uh patient died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically uh and this uh patient died
+and uh if you look carefully it says one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you look carefully it says one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you look carefully it says one
+of the causes was a buffer overflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the causes was a buffer overflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the causes was a buffer overflow
+right I I assume I think you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I I assume I think you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I I assume I think you learned
+about buffer overflows in your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about buffer overflows in your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about buffer overflows in your first
+lecture so they are very real and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so they are very real and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so they are very real and they
+happen in in every sector uh so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in in every sector uh so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in in every sector uh so in this
+particular case when the buffer overflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case when the buffer overflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case when the buffer overflow
+occurred the it was actually caught in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred the it was actually caught in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred the it was actually caught in
+their sort of error checking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sort of error checking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sort of error checking in the
+software but the action it took was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software but the action it took was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software but the action it took was to
+shut the pump down to bring it down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut the pump down to bring it down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut the pump down to bring it down to a
+safe mode what they didn't realize was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe mode what they didn't realize was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe mode what they didn't realize was
+that for some Pati patients shutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for some Pati patients shutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for some Pati patients shutting
+down the pump is basically a death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the pump is basically a death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the pump is basically a death
+sentence so this patient uh died uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence so this patient uh died uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence so this patient uh died uh uh
+after the increase in intracranial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the increase in intracranial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the increase in intracranial
+pressure uh and that followed by brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure uh and that followed by brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure uh and that followed by brain
+death uh because of the buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death uh because of the buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death uh because of the buffer
+overflow um so there's nothing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow um so there's nothing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow um so there's nothing really
+complicated here right you you all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated here right you you all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated here right you you all know
+you want you don't want to have buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you don't want to have buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you don't want to have buffer
+overflows in your software there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflows in your software there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflows in your software there's no
+adversary at this point so this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary at this point so this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary at this point so this kind of
+illustrates just sort of the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates just sort of the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates just sort of the state of
+software at least for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software at least for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software at least for this particular
+device it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device it's very
+challenging the the other challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging the the other challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging the the other challenging
+part that doesn't come up a whole lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that doesn't come up a whole lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that doesn't come up a whole lot in
+a security course is The Human Side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a security course is The Human Side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a security course is The Human Side so
+um there are a few universities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are a few universities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are a few universities that
+that focus on the human element but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that focus on the human element but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that focus on the human element but but
+I think there ought to be more um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there ought to be more um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there ought to be more um so I
+set out on uh some sort of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set out on uh some sort of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set out on uh some sort of life
+experience of my own my wife asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of my own my wife asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of my own my wife asked to
+remain anonymous so um she said as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain anonymous so um she said as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain anonymous so um she said as long
+as I don't um reveal her name so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I don't um reveal her name so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I don't um reveal her name so that's
+that's me uh that's our infusion pump in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's me uh that's our infusion pump in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's me uh that's our infusion pump in
+the back and that's our baby in there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back and that's our baby in there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back and that's our baby in there uh
+and um for us luckily the pump the pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um for us luckily the pump the pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um for us luckily the pump the pump
+worked just fine but um it's a pumps are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked just fine but um it's a pumps are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked just fine but um it's a pumps are
+great for delivering medical care but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for delivering medical care but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for delivering medical care but
+they have resulted uh in over 500 deaths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have resulted uh in over 500 deaths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have resulted uh in over 500 deaths
+U due to various forms of malfunction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U due to various forms of malfunction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U due to various forms of malfunction
+so I'm going to tell you about uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to tell you about uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to tell you about uh one
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+malfunction there's also an implantable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malfunction there's also an implantable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malfunction there's also an implantable
+kind of pump they're not just bedside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pump they're not just bedside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pump they're not just bedside
+pumps the kind you see on daytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumps the kind you see on daytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumps the kind you see on daytime
+hospital dramas um but here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital dramas um but here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital dramas um but here's an
+implantable pump and you can see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implantable pump and you can see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implantable pump and you can see it's
+got the semi-permeable membrane where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the semi-permeable membrane where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the semi-permeable membrane where
+you can replenish the drugs and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can replenish the drugs and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can replenish the drugs and this is
+a user interface that the nurse or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a user interface that the nurse or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a user interface that the nurse or the
+clinician uses to change the dosage rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician uses to change the dosage rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician uses to change the dosage rate
+so does anyone see where you type in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does anyone see where you type in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does anyone see where you type in the
+quantity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drug got kind of squint right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug got kind of squint right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug got kind of squint right so you
+squint really closely and one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squint really closely and one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squint really closely and one thing
+you'll notice is like here by number six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice is like here by number six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice is like here by number six
+it says we're going to dose this bolus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says we're going to dose this bolus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says we're going to dose this bolus
+Bolis is a Quantum of drug over 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bolis is a Quantum of drug over 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bolis is a Quantum of drug over 20
+minutes and 12 seconds we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and 12 seconds we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and 12 seconds we're going to
+dose this into the patient this is imp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose this into the patient this is imp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose this into the patient this is imp
+planted so you don't feel it there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planted so you don't feel it there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planted so you don't feel it there's no
+nerve uh and this user interface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve uh and this user interface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve uh and this user interface is
+actually after an FDA recall went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually after an FDA recall went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually after an FDA recall went into
+effect okay for the software quality so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect okay for the software quality so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect okay for the software quality so
+uh what was missing before the recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what was missing before the recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what was missing before the recall
+were eight key elements uh in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were eight key elements uh in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were eight key elements uh in particular
+HH colon mm colon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HH colon mm colon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HH colon mm colon
+SS so what do you think happened or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SS so what do you think happened or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SS so what do you think happened or what
+do you think could happen if that label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think could happen if that label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think could happen if that label
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+missing it's really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing it's really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing it's really easy
+to get the units wrong make an order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the units wrong make an order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the units wrong make an order of
+magnitude error so unfortunately for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude error so unfortunately for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude error so unfortunately for
+this patient uh who later expired uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient uh who later expired uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient uh who later expired uh he
+or she had uh his or her Pro pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she had uh his or her Pro pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she had uh his or her Pro pump
+reprogrammed and the healthc care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprogrammed and the healthc care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprogrammed and the healthc care
+professional noticed that the Bolis was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional noticed that the Bolis was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional noticed that the Bolis was
+was given over 20 minutes instead of 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was given over 20 minutes instead of 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was given over 20 minutes instead of 20
+hours after the fact unfortunately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours after the fact unfortunately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours after the fact unfortunately the
+patient uh left the facility got into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient uh left the facility got into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient uh left the facility got into a
+motor vehicle accident uh and then later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor vehicle accident uh and then later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor vehicle accident uh and then later
+died after the family removed life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died after the family removed life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died after the family removed life
+support but if you look at this from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support but if you look at this from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support but if you look at this from a
+technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical
+perspective the the problem was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective the the problem was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective the the problem was pretty
+simple right in terms of you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple right in terms of you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple right in terms of you know you
+didn't have the label there but human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the label there but human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the label there but human
+factors is very easy to overlook it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors is very easy to overlook it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors is very easy to overlook it's
+it's not always right there front and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always right there front and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always right there front and
+center in the Engineering Process do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center in the Engineering Process do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center in the Engineering Process do you
+have a human factor part in this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a human factor part in this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a human factor part in this this
+lecture see what I mean you know blame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture see what I mean you know blame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture see what I mean you know blame
+Nikolai um but uh no no Nikolai is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nikolai um but uh no no Nikolai is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nikolai um but uh no no Nikolai is great
+but uh it's it's a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it's it's a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it's it's a very important
+element of improving the trustworthiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of improving the trustworthiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of improving the trustworthiness
+of devices that rely on software so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of devices that rely on software so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of devices that rely on software so I
+encourage you to think about better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to think about better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to think about better
+human uh elements and human factors for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human uh elements and human factors for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human uh elements and human factors for
+your software uh even if it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your software uh even if it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your software uh even if it's on
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+non-critical so that should begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-critical so that should begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-critical so that should begin to
+paint a picture of just sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint a picture of just sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint a picture of just sort of the
+typical problems in medical device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical problems in medical device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical problems in medical device
+failures uh uh post sort of theak 25 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures uh uh post sort of theak 25 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures uh uh post sort of theak 25 and
+um the other thing I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other thing I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other thing I want to talk about
+is is the exciting world of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the exciting world of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the exciting world of of
+management right management exciting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management right management exciting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management right management exciting um
+so I I used to collect uh all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I used to collect uh all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I used to collect uh all these
+little dialogue boxes whenever my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dialogue boxes whenever my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dialogue boxes whenever my
+computer would get a software update but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer would get a software update but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer would get a software update but
+it just all happens in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just all happens in the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just all happens in the background
+now like my iPhone's constantly getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now like my iPhone's constantly getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now like my iPhone's constantly getting
+updates and drawing more power um but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates and drawing more power um but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates and drawing more power um but uh
+now it just sort of happens uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it just sort of happens uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it just sort of happens uh but
+medical devices also take software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical devices also take software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical devices also take software
+updates they they're really no uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates they they're really no uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates they they're really no uh
+they're not really fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not really fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not really fundamentally
+different uh from uh traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh from uh traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh from uh traditional
+Computing devices they just happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing devices they just happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing devices they just happen to
+control vital functions of your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control vital functions of your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control vital functions of your body
+body so there's an interesting case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body so there's an interesting case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body so there's an interesting case it's
+now been about four years so maffy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now been about four years so maffy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now been about four years so maffy uh
+there are a number of antivirus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of antivirus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of antivirus
+companies that produce products that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that produce products that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that produce products that
+hospitals use and uh in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals use and uh in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals use and uh in this particular
+case maffy had this software update that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case maffy had this software update that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case maffy had this software update that
+actually misclassified a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually misclassified a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually misclassified a critical
+Windows dll as malicious and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows dll as malicious and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows dll as malicious and then it
+decided to quarantine the system so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to quarantine the system so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to quarantine the system so um
+so when it uh quarantine let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when it uh quarantine let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when it uh quarantine let's
+see Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jobs I got a m right no uh it always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jobs I got a m right no uh it always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jobs I got a m right no uh it always
+happens right no okay so ha but uh uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right no okay so ha but uh uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right no okay so ha but uh uh in
+this particular case with maffy when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case with maffy when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case with maffy when
+they quarantined this critical Windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they quarantined this critical Windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they quarantined this critical Windows
+dll as malicious the machine just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dll as malicious the machine just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dll as malicious the machine just
+started rebooting blue cycle of De blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started rebooting blue cycle of De blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started rebooting blue cycle of De blue
+screen of death and cycling and in Rhode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen of death and cycling and in Rhode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen of death and cycling and in Rhode
+Island they stopped they basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island they stopped they basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island they stopped they basically
+stopped admitting patients at One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped admitting patients at One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped admitting patients at One
+hospital except for severe cases like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital except for severe cases like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital except for severe cases like
+gunshot wounds because their admission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gunshot wounds because their admission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gunshot wounds because their admission
+systems weren't working properly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems weren't working properly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems weren't working properly so
+clinical care depends heavily on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical care depends heavily on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical care depends heavily on the uh
+the the function of software and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the function of software and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the function of software and we
+sometimes forget about the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes forget about the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes forget about the role of
+security on on the topic of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security on on the topic of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security on on the topic of uh uh
+depending on other people's software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on other people's software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on other people's software
+Microsoft is one of the largest has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft is one of the largest has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft is one of the largest has one
+of the largest Footprints of operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the largest Footprints of operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the largest Footprints of operating
+systems and believe it or not there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and believe it or not there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and believe it or not there are
+a lot of medical devices that run on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of medical devices that run on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of medical devices that run on
+Windows XP uh Windows XP in case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows XP uh Windows XP in case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows XP uh Windows XP in case you
+didn't hear it went out of service uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't hear it went out of service uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't hear it went out of service uh
+almost a year ago half year ago uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a year ago half year ago uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a year ago half year ago uh so
+you should not be using this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should not be using this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should not be using this because
+there are no more updates security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no more updates security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no more updates security
+updates function updates uh it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates function updates uh it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates function updates uh it's it's
+Antiquated software but there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antiquated software but there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antiquated software but there's still
+medical devices today being shipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical devices today being shipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical devices today being shipped
+brand new with Windows XP uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new with Windows XP uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new with Windows XP uh the
+software life cycles are a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software life cycles are a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software life cycles are a little bit
+misaligned um if you're used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misaligned um if you're used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misaligned um if you're used to
+downloading updates for your open source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading updates for your open source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading updates for your open source
+software on a daily basis well think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software on a daily basis well think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software on a daily basis well think
+about medical devices you might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about medical devices you might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about medical devices you might not be
+able to get to it say for a year it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get to it say for a year it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get to it say for a year it
+might be in the field for 20 years so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be in the field for 20 years so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be in the field for 20 years so
+it's very difficult to locate software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very difficult to locate software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very difficult to locate software
+that's appropriate for a 20-year life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's appropriate for a 20-year life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's appropriate for a 20-year life
+cycle you know it's basically flying uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you know it's basically flying uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you know it's basically flying uh
+in space so the Food and Drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space so the Food and Drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space so the Food and Drug
+Administration has now uh released some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration has now uh released some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration has now uh released some
+uh guid actually this was just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh guid actually this was just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh guid actually this was just uh
+exactly a month ago um on what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly a month ago um on what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly a month ago um on what they
+expect to see from manufacturers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see from manufacturers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see from manufacturers in
+terms of uh how they think of it as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh how they think of it as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh how they think of it as like
+a design project as you're writing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a design project as you're writing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a design project as you're writing down
+all the requirements of your medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the requirements of your medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the requirements of your medical
+device they're asking manufacturers how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device they're asking manufacturers how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device they're asking manufacturers how
+have they thought through the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they thought through the security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they thought through the security
+problems how have they thought through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems how have they thought through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems how have they thought through
+all the security risks how are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the security risks how are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the security risks how are they
+mitigating it what risks are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigating it what risks are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigating it what risks are they
+accepting as what they call residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting as what they call residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting as what they call residual
+risk things that they don't solve but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk things that they don't solve but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk things that they don't solve but
+they expect them to at least be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they expect them to at least be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they expect them to at least be aware of
+all the risks and ideally mitigate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the risks and ideally mitigate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the risks and ideally mitigate them
+um so with the management of software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so with the management of software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so with the management of software
+you know when you know no one person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you know no one person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you know no one person is
+accountable all sorts of crazy things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable all sorts of crazy things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable all sorts of crazy things
+happen uh but uh uh there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen uh but uh uh there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen uh but uh uh there is some
+guidance now that's beginning to emerge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance now that's beginning to emerge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance now that's beginning to emerge
+to help the manufacturing Community uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help the manufacturing Community uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help the manufacturing Community uh
+to uh better integrate security into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh better integrate security into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh better integrate security into
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+products so um I think we're making some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so um I think we're making some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so um I think we're making some
+pretty good time all right so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good time all right so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good time all right so now we're
+going to uh be able to go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh be able to go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh be able to go into the
+security site I wanted to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security site I wanted to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security site I wanted to get the
+non-security stuff sort of out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-security stuff sort of out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-security stuff sort of out of the
+way for the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for the context
+so let's put on our our gray hats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's put on our our gray hats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's put on our our gray hats and
+black hats um uh before I begin this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hats um uh before I begin this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hats um uh before I begin this
+though um I guess what I want to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though um I guess what I want to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though um I guess what I want to say is
+this is a very challenging area to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very challenging area to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very challenging area to do
+research because there are there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research because there are there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research because there are there are
+patients and uh medical Dev if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and uh medical Dev if I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and uh medical Dev if I were
+given a medical advice for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a medical advice for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a medical advice for instance
+today I'd still take it even if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'd still take it even if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'd still take it even if the
+security problems weren't all worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security problems weren't all worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security problems weren't all worked out
+because I know I'm much better off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know I'm much better off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know I'm much better off with
+that medical device but that said of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that medical device but that said of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that medical device but that said of
+course I'd prefer to have medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I'd prefer to have medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I'd prefer to have medical
+devices that are more secure so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices that are more secure so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices that are more secure so there is
+the emergence of more and more secured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emergence of more and more secured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emergence of more and more secured
+devices but today you know if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices but today you know if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices but today you know if you have
+to choose between a device and no device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose between a device and no device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose between a device and no device
+I'd strongly recommend taking it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd strongly recommend taking it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd strongly recommend taking it because
+you're going to be in a much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be in a much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be in a much better
+position but that said let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position but that said let's take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position but that said let's take a look
+now uh if we consider the adversary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh if we consider the adversary uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh if we consider the adversary uh
+and if the adversary wants to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the adversary wants to cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the adversary wants to cause
+problems to a medical device so um who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems to a medical device so um who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems to a medical device so um who's
+got the defibrillator at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the defibrillator at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the defibrillator at the
+moment oh oh it's right over here good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment oh oh it's right over here good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment oh oh it's right over here good
+okay um so uh I'd like to tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so uh I'd like to tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so uh I'd like to tell you a
+little bit about how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about how these
+defibrillators are implanted um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defibrillators are implanted um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defibrillators are implanted um this is
+a a very special device because well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a very special device because well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a very special device because well
+number one it's implanted therefore it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one it's implanted therefore it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one it's implanted therefore it's
+very high risk uh it's life sustaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high risk uh it's life sustaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high risk uh it's life sustaining
+uh if it's pacing your heart for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it's pacing your heart for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it's pacing your heart for
+instance and it fails uh the results can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and it fails uh the results can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and it fails uh the results can
+be catastrophic so it's very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be catastrophic so it's very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be catastrophic so it's very interesting
+from an engineering perspective it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an engineering perspective it needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an engineering perspective it needs
+to work 247 uh for many years so uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work 247 uh for many years so uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work 247 uh for many years so uh this
+is a programmer uh not a person but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a programmer uh not a person but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a programmer uh not a person but a
+device it's basically a ruggedized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device it's basically a ruggedized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device it's basically a ruggedized
+computer and attached to it is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and attached to it is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and attached to it is a little
+uh wand that's not a mouse that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wand that's not a mouse that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wand that's not a mouse that's a
+transmitter receiver speaking uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter receiver speaking uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter receiver speaking uh a
+proprietary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary
+uh Wireless signal over license Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Wireless signal over license Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Wireless signal over license Spectrum
+we're not talking 80211 we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not talking 80211 we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not talking 80211 we're talking
+specially license Spectrum there um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specially license Spectrum there um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specially license Spectrum there um and
+what happens is it takes about 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is it takes about 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is it takes about 90
+minutes uh the patient is awake just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes uh the patient is awake just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes uh the patient is awake just
+slightly sedated uh to remain calm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly sedated uh to remain calm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly sedated uh to remain calm and
+there's a local anesthetic a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a local anesthetic a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a local anesthetic a small
+incision is made uh beneath the clavicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incision is made uh beneath the clavicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incision is made uh beneath the clavicle
+and then the team typically it's a team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the team typically it's a team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the team typically it's a team
+of about six people uh will uh uh weave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about six people uh will uh uh weave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about six people uh will uh uh weave
+electrodes through a sacrificed uh blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes through a sacrificed uh blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes through a sacrificed uh blood
+vessel that then terminates inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel that then terminates inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel that then terminates inside the
+heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart
+and actually I have one of them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually I have one of them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually I have one of them right
+here this was not previously used um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this was not previously used um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this was not previously used um you
+can pass this around you can see they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pass this around you can see they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pass this around you can see they
+little tines on the end and on some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tines on the end and on some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tines on the end and on some of
+the devices there's both a sensor uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the devices there's both a sensor uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the devices there's both a sensor uh so
+it it can sense your cardiac Rhythm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it can sense your cardiac Rhythm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it can sense your cardiac Rhythm and
+there's also actuation you can send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also actuation you can send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also actuation you can send
+shocks both small and large uh to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks both small and large uh to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks both small and large uh to either
+Pace the heart or to uh to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pace the heart or to uh to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pace the heart or to uh to basically
+reboot the heart if there's a chaotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reboot the heart if there's a chaotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reboot the heart if there's a chaotic
+Rhythm uh it's it's a very highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rhythm uh it's it's a very highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rhythm uh it's it's a very highly
+Advanced device it's a steroid tip piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced device it's a steroid tip piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced device it's a steroid tip piece
+of metal on the end so it doesn't bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metal on the end so it doesn't bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metal on the end so it doesn't bind
+to the tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tissue
+uh you can pass that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can pass that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can pass that
+around it's basically a USB cable right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's basically a USB cable right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's basically a USB cable right
+um so after that's um uh implanted into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so after that's um uh implanted into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so after that's um uh implanted into
+the body um the patient is sewn up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body um the patient is sewn up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body um the patient is sewn up uh
+they do some testing and typically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do some testing and typically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do some testing and typically the
+patient will receive what looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient will receive what looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient will receive what looks like a
+little base station it's like a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little base station it's like a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little base station it's like a little
+access point it's very proprietary um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access point it's very proprietary um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access point it's very proprietary um
+typically they speak of proprietary RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically they speak of proprietary RF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically they speak of proprietary RF
+to the implant so it can gather all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the implant so it can gather all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the implant so it can gather all the
+Telemetry so that it can send it back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telemetry so that it can send it back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telemetry so that it can send it back up
+through the cloud uh typically through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the cloud uh typically through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the cloud uh typically through a
+private Cloud for whatever private means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private Cloud for whatever private means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private Cloud for whatever private means
+uh so that the healthc Care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that the healthc Care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that the healthc Care
+Professionals can keep tabs on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professionals can keep tabs on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professionals can keep tabs on their
+patients so for instance if you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients so for instance if you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients so for instance if you notice
+that there's some odd measurement coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's some odd measurement coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's some odd measurement coming
+from uh patient Mary you might call up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh patient Mary you might call up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh patient Mary you might call up
+Mary and say you know you should really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary and say you know you should really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary and say you know you should really
+make an appointment and come in because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an appointment and come in because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an appointment and come in because
+I'd like to see what's going on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to see what's going on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to see what's going on with
+your defibrillator so one of the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your defibrillator so one of the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your defibrillator so one of the nice
+things about the wireless is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the wireless is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the wireless is they're
+able to have more Continuous Care rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have more Continuous Care rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have more Continuous Care rather
+than come back in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than come back in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than come back in a
+year so um uh we had a team of students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so um uh we had a team of students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so um uh we had a team of students
+several universities to get together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several universities to get together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several universities to get together and
+uh I gave them one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I gave them one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I gave them one of these
+defibrillators and an oscilloscope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defibrillators and an oscilloscope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defibrillators and an oscilloscope and
+they kind of went off into a cave for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of went off into a cave for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of went off into a cave for
+about 9 months and they came back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 9 months and they came back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 9 months and they came back and
+they said look what we found um so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said look what we found um so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said look what we found um so uh
+this is a screenshot of um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a screenshot of um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a screenshot of um the
+communication between a device and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication between a device and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication between a device and the
+programmer and what you can see is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer and what you can see is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer and what you can see is first
+of all it's it's in the clear there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all it's it's in the clear there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all it's it's in the clear there's no
+cryptography at least none that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography at least none that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography at least none that we could
+find uh you'll find inside here the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh you'll find inside here the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh you'll find inside here the name
+of the implanting physician the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the implanting physician the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the implanting physician the
+diagnosis the hospital basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis the hospital basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis the hospital basically a
+complete electronic health record this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete electronic health record this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete electronic health record this
+is an older device from uh about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an older device from uh about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an older device from uh about 10
+years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago
+um but that was a state-of-the-art about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that was a state-of-the-art about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that was a state-of-the-art about
+10 years ago uh there didn't appear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years ago uh there didn't appear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years ago uh there didn't appear to
+be any use of encryption at least for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any use of encryption at least for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any use of encryption at least for
+the privacy of the health information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the privacy of the health information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the privacy of the health information so
+when we we noticed this we thought well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we we noticed this we thought well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we we noticed this we thought well
+well then we definitely need to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then we definitely need to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then we definitely need to look at
+the security side about how the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the security side about how the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the security side about how the device
+is controlled how do they ensure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is controlled how do they ensure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is controlled how do they ensure the
+authenticity of the control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity of the control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity of the control the
+Integrity um and and that's when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrity um and and that's when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrity um and and that's when we
+decided to do the following experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to do the following experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to do the following experiment
+um so we we started learning how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we we started learning how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we we started learning how to use
+something called a software radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a software radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a software radio
+probably some of you have played around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably some of you have played around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably some of you have played around
+with these there are a bunch of them now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these there are a bunch of them now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these there are a bunch of them now
+uh about 10 years ago the the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about 10 years ago the the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about 10 years ago the the most
+popular one uh was the usrp and gnu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular one uh was the usrp and gnu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular one uh was the usrp and gnu
+radio software uh so um we took a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio software uh so um we took a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio software uh so um we took a an
+antenna from a for a pacemaker that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna from a for a pacemaker that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna from a for a pacemaker that we
+didn't need created a little antenna and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need created a little antenna and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need created a little antenna and
+we recorded the RF communication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we recorded the RF communication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we recorded the RF communication of
+inducing a fatal heart rhythm and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducing a fatal heart rhythm and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducing a fatal heart rhythm and then
+we replayed that communication back uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we replayed that communication back uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we replayed that communication back uh
+and then the device happily emitted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the device happily emitted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the device happily emitted a
+large something on the order of a 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large something on the order of a 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large something on the order of a 500
+volt shock uh on the order of about 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt shock uh on the order of about 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt shock uh on the order of about 32
+Jewels uh in one millisecond which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewels uh in one millisecond which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewels uh in one millisecond which which
+is I'm told kind of like if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm told kind of like if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm told kind of like if you were to
+get that on you uh it's like being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that on you uh it's like being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that on you uh it's like being
+kicked in the chest by a horse so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicked in the chest by a horse so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicked in the chest by a horse so it's
+it's it's a rather powerful shock um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a rather powerful shock um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a rather powerful shock um and
+the interesting thing was that how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing was that how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing was that how how
+we discovered this so I was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discovered this so I was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discovered this so I was in the
+operating room and recall back I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating room and recall back I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating room and recall back I said
+that when when you're a patient and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when when you're a patient and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when when you're a patient and your
+the procedure is ending the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedure is ending the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedure is ending the the
+healthcare team tests if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare team tests if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare team tests if the
+defibrillator is working properly so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defibrillator is working properly so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defibrillator is working properly so how
+can you test if a defibrillator how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you test if a defibrillator how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you test if a defibrillator how do
+you end to end test if a defibrillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end to end test if a defibrillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end to end test if a defibrillator
+is working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working
+properly if the the heart is beating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly if the the heart is beating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly if the the heart is beating
+normally right so what's built in to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally right so what's built in to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally right so what's built in to a
+defibrillator is a command to induce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defibrillator is a command to induce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defibrillator is a command to induce the
+very fatal heart rhythm that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fatal heart rhythm that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fatal heart rhythm that the
+defibrillator is designed to restore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defibrillator is designed to restore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defibrillator is designed to restore you
+from um it's called a command shock um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um it's called a command shock um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um it's called a command shock um
+so when I asked the the Physicians about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I asked the the Physicians about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I asked the the Physicians about
+that they they didn't seem to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they they didn't seem to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they they didn't seem to understand
+the concept of authentication and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of authentication and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of authentication and that
+that's when we decided we really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when we decided we really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when we decided we really need to
+look more deeply into how to solve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more deeply into how to solve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more deeply into how to solve these
+problems so in this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so in this particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so in this particular case
+we're able to send the command to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to send the command to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to send the command to the
+device and uh it uh it you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and uh it uh it you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and uh it uh it you know we
+weren't authenticated and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't authenticated and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't authenticated and we could
+induce that shock um the good news is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce that shock um the good news is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce that shock um the good news is uh
+these devices uh are a uh have been able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these devices uh are a uh have been able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these devices uh are a uh have been able
+to solve these problems through some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve these problems through some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve these problems through some uh
+software updates and they've been aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software updates and they've been aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software updates and they've been aware
+of it for quite a while so they're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it for quite a while so they're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it for quite a while so they're able
+to spin out devices that now take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spin out devices that now take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spin out devices that now take into
+account some of these more adversarial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account some of these more adversarial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account some of these more adversarial
+conditions where are those tin going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions where are those tin going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions where are those tin going
+around over there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around over there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around over there okay
+great um so that's the implant side um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um so that's the implant side um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um so that's the implant side um
+there's a huge amount of innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge amount of innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge amount of innovation
+going on with implants um it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with implants um it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with implants um it's it's not
+really science fiction anymore uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really science fiction anymore uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really science fiction anymore uh but
+there are real people and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are real people and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are real people and and and
+patients behind it and most people care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients behind it and most people care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients behind it and most people care
+deeply about delivering Quality Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply about delivering Quality Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply about delivering Quality Health
+Care um uh but sometimes they just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care um uh but sometimes they just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care um uh but sometimes they just don't
+realize um how to fit Security in into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize um how to fit Security in into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize um how to fit Security in into
+their designing process so it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their designing process so it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their designing process so it's it's a
+challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge
+culturally another stakeholder are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culturally another stakeholder are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culturally another stakeholder are the
+people who provide Healthcare in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who provide Healthcare in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who provide Healthcare in the
+first place uh hospitals primarily or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place uh hospitals primarily or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place uh hospitals primarily or
+small clinics if you want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small clinics if you want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small clinics if you want to find
+malware go to a hospital you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware go to a hospital you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware go to a hospital you're going to
+find some interesting malware um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some interesting malware um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some interesting malware um and and
+here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what
+so um here's a a screenshot from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um here's a a screenshot from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um here's a a screenshot from a
+colleague who used to work at Beth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague who used to work at Beth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague who used to work at Beth
+Israel deonis Medical Center here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israel deonis Medical Center here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israel deonis Medical Center here in
+Boston and he kind of gave a map of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston and he kind of gave a map of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston and he kind of gave a map of his
+Network architecture there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network architecture there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network architecture there's nothing
+particularly Earth shattering about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly Earth shattering about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly Earth shattering about the
+the architecture what it was interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the architecture what it was interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the architecture what it was interesting
+though was he listed the number of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though was he listed the number of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though was he listed the number of uh
+operating systems in his Hospital uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating systems in his Hospital uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating systems in his Hospital uh on
+what were considered medical devices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were considered medical devices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were considered medical devices and
+um I looked at him I like to add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I looked at him I like to add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I looked at him I like to add up
+numbers and and Sanity check things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and and Sanity check things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and and Sanity check things and
+I said well um you've got servers pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said well um you've got servers pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said well um you've got servers pack
+123 of Windows X P 05 + 1 that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+123 of Windows X P 05 + 1 that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+123 of Windows X P 05 + 1 that that
+equals 16 that doesn't equal 600 your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 16 that doesn't equal 600 your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 16 that doesn't equal 600 your
+addition is wrong and he looked at me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition is wrong and he looked at me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition is wrong and he looked at me
+and he said no Kevin that's 600 Service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said no Kevin that's 600 Service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said no Kevin that's 600 Service
+Pack zero machines in the hospital so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pack zero machines in the hospital so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pack zero machines in the hospital so
+these are medical devices where they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are medical devices where they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are medical devices where they've
+been unable to get the manufacturer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been unable to get the manufacturer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been unable to get the manufacturer to
+provide patches to update it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide patches to update it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide patches to update it to the
+modern software which means it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern software which means it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern software which means it's that
+old software vulnerable to all the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old software vulnerable to all the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old software vulnerable to all the old
+malware that's been hitting Windows XP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware that's been hitting Windows XP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware that's been hitting Windows XP
+uh for 15 years um so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for 15 years um so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for 15 years um so it's very
+difficult in the clinic setting uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult in the clinic setting uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult in the clinic setting uh to
+keep yourself protected because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep yourself protected because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep yourself protected because the the
+product life cycles are just completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product life cycles are just completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product life cycles are just completely
+out of sync they think in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of sync they think in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of sync they think in terms of
+decades in in healthcare but in the fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades in in healthcare but in the fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades in in healthcare but in the fast
+hockey stick world of Silicon Valley we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hockey stick world of Silicon Valley we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hockey stick world of Silicon Valley we
+think about days weeks or months for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about days weeks or months for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about days weeks or months for
+software updates um here you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software updates um here you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software updates um here you can see
+down here in their clinical systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here in their clinical systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here in their clinical systems
+average time to infection is about 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average time to infection is about 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average time to infection is about 12
+days when they don't have any kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days when they don't have any kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days when they don't have any kind of uh
+protection against malware and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection against malware and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection against malware and they can
+get almost up to a year uh if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get almost up to a year uh if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get almost up to a year uh if they're
+able to get an antivirus product on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get an antivirus product on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get an antivirus product on
+there but even that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but even that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but even that's not
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+um and feel free to ask questions too by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and feel free to ask questions too by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and feel free to ask questions too by
+the way if if you want to know more go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way if if you want to know more go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way if if you want to know more go
+deeper dive on any of these incidents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper dive on any of these incidents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper dive on any of these incidents
+but um one of the interesting things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um one of the interesting things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um one of the interesting things I
+found was that one uh relatively common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was that one uh relatively common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was that one uh relatively common
+source of infection is the vendor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of infection is the vendor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of infection is the vendor
+themselves sometimes they don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves sometimes they don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves sometimes they don't even
+realize it so I'm going to go over a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize it so I'm going to go over a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize it so I'm going to go over a few
+cases where the vendor has sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where the vendor has sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where the vendor has sort of
+accidentally been the carrier of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally been the carrier of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally been the carrier of the
+malware um I was talking uh with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware um I was talking uh with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware um I was talking uh with the
+chief field security officer for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chief field security officer for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chief field security officer for the
+veterans administration the VA they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veterans administration the VA they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veterans administration the VA they have
+about 153 clinics in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 153 clinics in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 153 clinics in the United States
+and um one day there was a vendor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um one day there was a vendor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um one day there was a vendor
+showing up to do software updates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up to do software updates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up to do software updates of
+some of their clinical uh medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their clinical uh medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their clinical uh medical
+devices and her intrusion detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and her intrusion detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and her intrusion detection
+software was just chirping away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software was just chirping away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software was just chirping away
+everywhere I think his name was Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere I think his name was Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere I think his name was Bob
+everywhere Bob was walking and plugging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere Bob was walking and plugging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere Bob was walking and plugging
+in his USB drive to update the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his USB drive to update the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his USB drive to update the software
+he was infecting the machines with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was infecting the machines with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was infecting the machines with
+malware by accident because somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware by accident because somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware by accident because somehow
+malware got onto his USB drive so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware got onto his USB drive so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware got onto his USB drive so they
+had there's a perception out there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had there's a perception out there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had there's a perception out there that
+if you're not networked you're safe but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not networked you're safe but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not networked you're safe but
+if you think about it for a moment very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it for a moment very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it for a moment very
+few people use the internet 20 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few people use the internet 20 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few people use the internet 20 years ago
+and there were still computer viruses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were still computer viruses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were still computer viruses so
+in a hospital a common infection Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a hospital a common infection Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a hospital a common infection Vector
+is the USB drive um I'm even aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the USB drive um I'm even aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the USB drive um I'm even aware of
+two manufacturers I I I can't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two manufacturers I I I can't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two manufacturers I I I can't tell you
+their names but uh they've they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their names but uh they've they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their names but uh they've they they
+almost shipped malware infected medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost shipped malware infected medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost shipped malware infected medical
+devices and they kind of caught it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and they kind of caught it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and they kind of caught it sort
+of by chance by luck uh before it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of by chance by luck uh before it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of by chance by luck uh before it went
+out uh into the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh into the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh into the product
+line um who's done any work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line um who's done any work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line um who's done any work on the
+programming with the cloud or software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming with the cloud or software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming with the cloud or software
+distribution okay a few of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay a few of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay a few of you
+so um uh the medical community is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um uh the medical community is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um uh the medical community is you
+know also embracing the cloud uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know also embracing the cloud uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know also embracing the cloud uh it
+gives them more distributed control but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives them more distributed control but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives them more distributed control but
+but it also comes with risks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also comes with risks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also comes with risks that are
+qualitatively different from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively different from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively different from your
+typical software um if you want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical software um if you want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical software um if you want to get
+the new you know the newest um uh word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new you know the newest um uh word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new you know the newest um uh word
+processor that's one thing um but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor that's one thing um but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor that's one thing um but if you
+want to get an update for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get an update for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get an update for your
+ventilator completely different so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilator completely different so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilator completely different so I
+noticed there was a recall in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed there was a recall in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed there was a recall in the
+firmware for a ventilator and um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmware for a ventilator and um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmware for a ventilator and um the
+manufacturer sent out um a handy dandy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer sent out um a handy dandy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer sent out um a handy dandy
+website where you could download an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website where you could download an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website where you could download an
+update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update
+um now I was going to go check their pgp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I was going to go check their pgp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I was going to go check their pgp
+signatures couldn't find those but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures couldn't find those but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures couldn't find those but what
+I did find was a little link down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did find was a little link down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did find was a little link down here
+it says click here for your software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says click here for your software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says click here for your software
+update I thought oh goodie let's go do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update I thought oh goodie let's go do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update I thought oh goodie let's go do
+that um so I did that and um up PO this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so I did that and um up PO this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so I did that and um up PO this
+dialog box uh it says warning visiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialog box uh it says warning visiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialog box uh it says warning visiting
+this site May harm your computer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this site May harm your computer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this site May harm your computer this
+website you are visiting appears to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website you are visiting appears to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website you are visiting appears to
+contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain
+malware has anyone seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware has anyone seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware has anyone seen this
+before yeah what do you know what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before yeah what do you know what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before yeah what do you know what it was
+what it is what's going on I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is what's going on I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is what's going on I mean so
+that's prob your antivirus software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's prob your antivirus software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's prob your antivirus software
+right close it's not my antivirus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right close it's not my antivirus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right close it's not my antivirus
+software but it's it's sort of a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software but it's it's sort of a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software but it's it's sort of a similar
+concept oh in the back I heard I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept oh in the back I heard I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept oh in the back I heard I is
+chrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chrome
+chrome yeah so in this case I believe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chrome yeah so in this case I believe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chrome yeah so in this case I believe I
+was using Chrome but it it's effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was using Chrome but it it's effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was using Chrome but it it's effectively
+what's going on is Google has something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on is Google has something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on is Google has something
+they call the the safe web browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call the the safe web browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call the the safe web browsing
+service um uh so actually uh the guy who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service um uh so actually uh the guy who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service um uh so actually uh the guy who
+did this is Neil Provost he's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this is Neil Provost he's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this is Neil Provost he's one of the
+lead programmers for I believe op SSH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead programmers for I believe op SSH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead programmers for I believe op SSH
+he's actually from Michigan um but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's actually from Michigan um but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's actually from Michigan um but he
+created this service at Google that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created this service at Google that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created this service at Google that goes
+around the internet just downloading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the internet just downloading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the internet just downloading
+random executables and then running them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random executables and then running them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random executables and then running them
+all right and what's interesting is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and what's interesting is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and what's interesting is they
+create a whole bunch of virtual machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a whole bunch of virtual machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a whole bunch of virtual machines
+this is my understanding I I may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my understanding I I may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my understanding I I may be
+misrepresenting it but my understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misrepresenting it but my understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misrepresenting it but my understanding
+is they create a whole bunch of virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they create a whole bunch of virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they create a whole bunch of virtual
+machines download those executables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines download those executables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines download those executables and
+just run it and then see if the virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just run it and then see if the virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just run it and then see if the virtual
+machine gets infected and if the virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine gets infected and if the virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine gets infected and if the virtual
+machine gets infected you flag that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine gets infected you flag that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine gets infected you flag that
+website as Distributing malware they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website as Distributing malware they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website as Distributing malware they
+don't know the intentions necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the intentions necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the intentions necessarily
+but it's a participant to the malware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a participant to the malware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a participant to the malware
+distribution um so typ this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um so typ this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um so typ this is what you
+might call drive by downloads it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call drive by downloads it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call drive by downloads it's a
+it's a very uh common way of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very uh common way of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very uh common way of getting
+malware today on the internet uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware today on the internet uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware today on the internet uh
+especially with the spammers uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with the spammers uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with the spammers uh and and
+some of the organized crime um but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the organized crime um but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the organized crime um but in
+this case uh their website appears to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh their website appears to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh their website appears to
+have been infiltrated instead of sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been infiltrated instead of sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been infiltrated instead of sending
+me the ventilator software update they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the ventilator software update they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the ventilator software update they
+were giving me malware and uh at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were giving me malware and uh at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were giving me malware and uh at least
+according to the Google uh uh website it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the Google uh uh website it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the Google uh uh website it
+it says um uh that over the past 90 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says um uh that over the past 90 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says um uh that over the past 90 days
+uh that's what the website was resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's what the website was resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's what the website was resulting
+in so all I could think was was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so all I could think was was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so all I could think was was all
+right so if there's an FDA recall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if there's an FDA recall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if there's an FDA recall and
+you're a biomedical engineer working for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a biomedical engineer working for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a biomedical engineer working for
+a hospital and your job is to keep your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hospital and your job is to keep your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hospital and your job is to keep your
+Hospital medical devices safe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital medical devices safe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital medical devices safe and
+effective you're going to go download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective you're going to go download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective you're going to go download
+that software so which which box do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that software so which which box do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that software so which which box do you
+think they clicked do you think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they clicked do you think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they clicked do you think they
+clicked uh uh close or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked uh uh close or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked uh uh close or
+ignore right I I am sure I I I would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore right I I am sure I I I would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore right I I am sure I I I would I
+would bet you dollars Dons 99% of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would bet you dollars Dons 99% of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would bet you dollars Dons 99% of them
+clicked ignore right and so all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked ignore right and so all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked ignore right and so all I'm
+imagining now is we've probably got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining now is we've probably got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining now is we've probably got
+thousands of clinical engineers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of clinical engineers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of clinical engineers and
+biomedical Engineers walking around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomedical Engineers walking around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomedical Engineers walking around with
+malware on their laptops in hospitals um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware on their laptops in hospitals um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware on their laptops in hospitals um
+hopefully not on the ventilator uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully not on the ventilator uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully not on the ventilator uh but
+most likely on their local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely on their local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely on their local
+computer um so uh other fun things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer um so uh other fun things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer um so uh other fun things you
+can do is um you can go search the FDA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is um you can go search the FDA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is um you can go search the FDA
+mod database for keywords like computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod database for keywords like computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod database for keywords like computer
+virus and and see what's in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus and and see what's in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus and and see what's in there and
+these are all narratives submitted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all narratives submitted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all narratives submitted by
+hospitals or manufacturers one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals or manufacturers one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals or manufacturers one of the
+more interesting ones is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting ones is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting ones is something
+called a compounder uh so I have one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a compounder uh so I have one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a compounder uh so I have one of
+these in my lab who it's kind of hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in my lab who it's kind of hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in my lab who it's kind of hard to
+get um but it makes liquid drugs so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um but it makes liquid drugs so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um but it makes liquid drugs so uh
+it has like I think on the order of 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has like I think on the order of 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has like I think on the order of 16
+ports on the top where you can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports on the top where you can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports on the top where you can have the
+little serums and then it deposits it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little serums and then it deposits it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little serums and then it deposits it
+into a a saline bag and you can use IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a a saline bag and you can use IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a a saline bag and you can use IV
+delivery to deliver it directly to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery to deliver it directly to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery to deliver it directly to your
+veins so uh many hospitals will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veins so uh many hospitals will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veins so uh many hospitals will have
+these for custom just in time drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for custom just in time drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for custom just in time drug
+delivery sort of special cocktails of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery sort of special cocktails of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery sort of special cocktails of
+drugs for patients and what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs for patients and what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs for patients and what was
+interesting is here there's a report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is here there's a report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is here there's a report
+that the compounder was infected with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the compounder was infected with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the compounder was infected with a
+virus okay so we bought that compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus okay so we bought that compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus okay so we bought that compound
+founder and we found it runs Windows XP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder and we found it runs Windows XP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder and we found it runs Windows XP
+embedded surprise uh and so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded surprise uh and so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded surprise uh and so it was
+vulnerable to malware all the malware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable to malware all the malware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable to malware all the malware
+that any other Windows XP box would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any other Windows XP box would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any other Windows XP box would be
+vulnerable to but what was a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable to but what was a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable to but what was a little bit
+surprising to me was the manufacturer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising to me was the manufacturer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising to me was the manufacturer
+response at the time um I hope they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response at the time um I hope they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response at the time um I hope they
+changed their tune but at the time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed their tune but at the time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed their tune but at the time they
+said well you know we do not regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well you know we do not regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well you know we do not regularly
+install operating system updates or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install operating system updates or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install operating system updates or
+patches this kind of struck me as whoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches this kind of struck me as whoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches this kind of struck me as whoa
+what what do you mean I would expect I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do you mean I would expect I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do you mean I would expect I
+said may maybe they had a bit flip you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said may maybe they had a bit flip you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said may maybe they had a bit flip you
+know but um there there was a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but um there there was a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but um there there was a there's a
+huge misunderstanding about expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge misunderstanding about expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge misunderstanding about expectations
+of software updates let me be clear FDA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of software updates let me be clear FDA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of software updates let me be clear FDA
+expects manufacturers to keep their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expects manufacturers to keep their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expects manufacturers to keep their
+software up to date but many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software up to date but many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software up to date but many
+manufacturers will claim that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers will claim that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers will claim that they are
+not able to do updates because of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not able to do updates because of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not able to do updates because of some
+FDA nonexistent rules um so if you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FDA nonexistent rules um so if you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FDA nonexistent rules um so if you ever
+run into a medical device manufacturer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into a medical device manufacturer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into a medical device manufacturer
+and they claim that the FDA rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they claim that the FDA rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they claim that the FDA rules
+prevent them from doing software updates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent them from doing software updates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent them from doing software updates
+just tell them you know actually that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell them you know actually that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell them you know actually that's
+untrue uh and uh Professor Fu even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untrue uh and uh Professor Fu even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untrue uh and uh Professor Fu even
+created a uh poster for this so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a uh poster for this so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a uh poster for this so here we
+go uh homework prevents me from passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go uh homework prevents me from passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go uh homework prevents me from passing
+class e-harmony prevents me from getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class e-harmony prevents me from getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class e-harmony prevents me from getting
+dates and yes FDA rules prevent software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates and yes FDA rules prevent software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates and yes FDA rules prevent software
+updates yeah right bull um so it is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates yeah right bull um so it is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates yeah right bull um so it is true
+that issuing a software update takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that issuing a software update takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that issuing a software update takes
+effort it takes engineering time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort it takes engineering time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort it takes engineering time it's
+not a simple process it's not like uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a simple process it's not like uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a simple process it's not like uh I
+don't know what course it's called These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what course it's called These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what course it's called These
+Days 6170 what it's become but uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Days 6170 what it's become but uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Days 6170 what it's become but uh uh
+it's not as simple as typing make and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as simple as typing make and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as simple as typing make and
+then you know submit uh to the autog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know submit uh to the autog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know submit uh to the autog
+grader uh there's a huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grader uh there's a huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grader uh there's a huge amount of
+verification and validation that goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and validation that goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and validation that goes on
+but that's what you're expected to do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what you're expected to do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what you're expected to do if
+you're in the medical device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the medical device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the medical device
+manufacturing game if you're in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing game if you're in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing game if you're in that
+industry that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry that's the
+expectation okay so a question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation okay so a question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation okay so a question that
+often comes up is um do we need to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often comes up is um do we need to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often comes up is um do we need to worry
+about this um and are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this um and are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this um and are there any
+intentional malicious malfunctions how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional malicious malfunctions how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional malicious malfunctions how
+significant are these and the good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant are these and the good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant are these and the good news
+is I'm not aware of any specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm not aware of any specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm not aware of any specific
+incidents where there's been a targeted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents where there's been a targeted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents where there's been a targeted
+attack and I hope none ever happens but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack and I hope none ever happens but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack and I hope none ever happens but
+I think it'd be foolish to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it'd be foolish to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it'd be foolish to assume that
+bad people don't exist so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad people don't exist so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad people don't exist so if you look
+back in history in 1982 actually there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in history in 1982 actually there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in history in 1982 actually there
+was an incident in Chicago uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an incident in Chicago uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an incident in Chicago uh where
+somebody deliberately tampered with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody deliberately tampered with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody deliberately tampered with
+extra strength Tylenol on the shelves of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra strength Tylenol on the shelves of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra strength Tylenol on the shelves of
+pharmacies and inserted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacies and inserted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacies and inserted
+cyanide uh a number of people ingested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyanide uh a number of people ingested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyanide uh a number of people ingested
+it and died uh a short time later at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and died uh a short time later at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and died uh a short time later at the
+funeral additional members of the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funeral additional members of the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funeral additional members of the family
+used the same bottle they also died um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the same bottle they also died um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the same bottle they also died um
+within days the uh us had pulled Tylenol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within days the uh us had pulled Tylenol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within days the uh us had pulled Tylenol
+from all the shelves in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the shelves in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the shelves in the United
+States you could not find Tylenol in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States you could not find Tylenol in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States you could not find Tylenol in the
+United States and within one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and within one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and within one year
+Congress had had passed new legislation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress had had passed new legislation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress had had passed new legislation
+requiring tamper evident packaging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring tamper evident packaging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring tamper evident packaging and
+physical security of over-the-counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical security of over-the-counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical security of over-the-counter
+drugs this incident is the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs this incident is the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs this incident is the reason why
+when you open up your medicine you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you open up your medicine you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you open up your medicine you see
+little metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little metal
+foil so we know bad people exist um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil so we know bad people exist um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil so we know bad people exist um the
+the cases that we are aware of are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases that we are aware of are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases that we are aware of are um
+more about Tom Foolery but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about Tom Foolery but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about Tom Foolery but still
+dangerous uh so this woman said she had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous uh so this woman said she had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous uh so this woman said she had
+one of the worst seizures she's ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the worst seizures she's ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the worst seizures she's ever
+experienced when somebody decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced when somebody decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced when somebody decided to
+post flashing animations on an epilepsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post flashing animations on an epilepsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post flashing animations on an epilepsy
+support group website so quite malicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support group website so quite malicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support group website so quite malicious
+you know uh it was probably some who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh it was probably some who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh it was probably some who
+didn't realize the ramification of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't realize the ramification of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't realize the ramification of their
+actions because you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions because you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions because you can actually
+severely harm a patient who's sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severely harm a patient who's sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severely harm a patient who's sensitive
+to to those kinds of things but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to those kinds of things but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to those kinds of things but again
+bad people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad people do
+exist what one of the problems with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist what one of the problems with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist what one of the problems with um
+the culture Gap is that much of medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the culture Gap is that much of medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the culture Gap is that much of medical
+device manufacturing thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device manufacturing thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device manufacturing thinks
+statistically and they think about past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically and they think about past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically and they think about past
+performance of a device predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a device predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a device predicting
+future performance so in the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future performance so in the security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future performance so in the security
+world we know that actually if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we know that actually if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we know that actually if you've
+seen no security problems that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen no security problems that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen no security problems that might be
+because there are a bunch more to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are a bunch more to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are a bunch more to come
+soon so so if you take a look at the Mac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon so so if you take a look at the Mac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon so so if you take a look at the Mac
+for instance right before 2 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance right before 2 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance right before 2 years ago
+there were basically no malware was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were basically no malware was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were basically no malware was on
+the Mac but then one night over half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mac but then one night over half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mac but then one night over half a
+million Max got infected by flashback um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million Max got infected by flashback um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million Max got infected by flashback um
+so one of the problems is bridging that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the problems is bridging that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the problems is bridging that
+culture Gap to move from well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture Gap to move from well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture Gap to move from well you know
+there haven't been any reported problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there haven't been any reported problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there haven't been any reported problems
+yet so we don't need to worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so we don't need to worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so we don't need to worry about it
+uh to explaining more about how to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to explaining more about how to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to explaining more about how to fit
+security into the risk management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security into the risk management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security into the risk management
+thinking of of medical advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of of medical advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of of medical advice
+manufacturing um so hopefully we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing um so hopefully we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing um so hopefully we can
+avoid this and keep that to be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid this and keep that to be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid this and keep that to be on the
+weekly world news um but but it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly world news um but but it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly world news um but but it you know
+it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could
+happen right so trying to bring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen right so trying to bring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen right so trying to bring that
+analogy home now um before we get into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy home now um before we get into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy home now um before we get into a
+little bit more on the solutions here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more on the solutions here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more on the solutions here uh
+is that you know way back when uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know way back when uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know way back when uh there
+was a lot of denial that handwashing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot of denial that handwashing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot of denial that handwashing was
+a problem but there was a real reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem but there was a real reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem but there was a real reason
+for that in the 1800s running water was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that in the 1800s running water was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that in the 1800s running water was
+not exactly common in hospitals uh latex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly common in hospitals uh latex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly common in hospitals uh latex
+gloves did not exist yet so to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves did not exist yet so to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves did not exist yet so to ask
+someone to merely wash their hands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to merely wash their hands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to merely wash their hands for
+each procedure was actually a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each procedure was actually a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each procedure was actually a pretty
+tall order and the same thing can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall order and the same thing can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall order and the same thing can be
+said of Security today uh in almost any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said of Security today uh in almost any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said of Security today uh in almost any
+context there's no magic pixie dust you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context there's no magic pixie dust you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context there's no magic pixie dust you
+can sprinkle uh there no magic latex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sprinkle uh there no magic latex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sprinkle uh there no magic latex
+gloves you can put uh to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves you can put uh to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves you can put uh to somehow
+magically add security so when you ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically add security so when you ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically add security so when you ask a
+manufacturer or a clinician to say keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer or a clinician to say keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer or a clinician to say keep
+your device secure it it's a pretty tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your device secure it it's a pretty tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your device secure it it's a pretty tall
+order so it's going to take some time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so it's going to take some time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so it's going to take some time I
+think um but if they were alive today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um but if they were alive today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um but if they were alive today
+they might be saying you know medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be saying you know medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be saying you know medical
+devices should be secure and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices should be secure and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices should be secure and you know
+doctors are gentlemen and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors are gentlemen and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors are gentlemen and therefore
+their computers are secure um but um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their computers are secure um but um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their computers are secure um but um I'm
+I'm optimistic we're going to get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm optimistic we're going to get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm optimistic we're going to get there
+because most of the manufacturers I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most of the manufacturers I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most of the manufacturers I talk
+to now realize it's a real problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now realize it's a real problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now realize it's a real problem uh
+they're just not necessarily sure on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just not necessarily sure on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just not necessarily sure on
+what to do next so maybe they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do next so maybe they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do next so maybe they'll be
+hiring you people uh uh for the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring you people uh uh for the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring you people uh uh for the future
+to help them solve uh these security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help them solve uh these security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help them solve uh these security
+problems but it all really boils down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but it all really boils down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but it all really boils down to
+is you know it's very difficult to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know it's very difficult to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know it's very difficult to add
+Security on after the fact bolting it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security on after the fact bolting it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security on after the fact bolting it on
+is very challenging it's possible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very challenging it's possible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very challenging it's possible in
+some cases but it's really hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases but it's really hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases but it's really hard and
+often very expensive and you really got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often very expensive and you really got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often very expensive and you really got
+to design it in from the beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design it in from the beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design it in from the beginning to
+get it right um so FDA is now expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it right um so FDA is now expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it right um so FDA is now expecting
+manufacturers to get it right when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers to get it right when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers to get it right when
+they're still working with pen and paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still working with pen and paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still working with pen and paper
+on whiteboards before they've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whiteboards before they've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whiteboards before they've actually
+manufactured the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured the medical
+device um so um what I how we doing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device um so um what I how we doing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device um so um what I how we doing on
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+until oh quite a bit 40 minutes 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until oh quite a bit 40 minutes 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until oh quite a bit 40 minutes 40
+minutes awesome okay uh I'm going faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes awesome okay uh I'm going faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes awesome okay uh I'm going faster
+than I thought sorry if you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I thought sorry if you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I thought sorry if you're taking
+notes and I'm going too fast I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and I'm going too fast I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and I'm going too fast I'll talk
+slower now no um want to talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower now no um want to talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower now no um want to talk a little
+bit about technology to make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about technology to make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about technology to make your
+medical devices actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical devices actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical devices actually more
+trustworthy so I'm going to try I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trustworthy so I'm going to try I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trustworthy so I'm going to try I'm
+going to try to blow your mind all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to blow your mind all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to blow your mind all right
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+why do you trust the sensor on let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you trust the sensor on let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you trust the sensor on let's say
+your smartphone um you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your smartphone um you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your smartphone um you've got a
+smartphone there do you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartphone there do you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartphone there do you know what
+sensors are on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors are on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors are on that
+smartphone uh GPS it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartphone uh GPS it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartphone uh GPS it's
+GPS accelerometer I heard any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS accelerometer I heard any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS accelerometer I heard any other
+thoughts what else would you find on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts what else would you find on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts what else would you find on a
+phone compass compass light uh electr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone compass compass light uh electr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone compass compass light uh electr
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+Compass micr everything's temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compass micr everything's temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compass micr everything's temperature
+sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor
+camera maybe camera technically got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera maybe camera technically got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera maybe camera technically got a
+CCD sensor so there's sensors all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CCD sensor so there's sensors all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CCD sensor so there's sensors all over
+the place and medical devices have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place and medical devices have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place and medical devices have
+sensors too and now why do you trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors too and now why do you trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors too and now why do you trust
+what the sensor is telling your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sensor is telling your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sensor is telling your
+processor if you write software and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor if you write software and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor if you write software and you
+know your sensor tells you it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your sensor tells you it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your sensor tells you it's you know
+uh 77 degrees today or 25 Celsius why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 77 degrees today or 25 Celsius why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 77 degrees today or 25 Celsius why
+why do you believe that um so um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you believe that um so um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you believe that um so um at
+least in my lab we do a lot of work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in my lab we do a lot of work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in my lab we do a lot of work on
+sensors so actually I can pass this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors so actually I can pass this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors so actually I can pass this one
+around uh this is a um a batteryless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh this is a um a batteryless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh this is a um a batteryless
+sensor it actually it's got an MS p430
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor it actually it's got an MS p430
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor it actually it's got an MS p430
+microprocessor a microcontroller um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microprocessor a microcontroller um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microprocessor a microcontroller um but
+there's no battery it actually runs off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no battery it actually runs off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no battery it actually runs off
+a 10 microfarad capacitor and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 10 microfarad capacitor and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 10 microfarad capacitor and it
+harvests RF energy to power up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvests RF energy to power up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvests RF energy to power up that
+microprocessor I'll pass it on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microprocessor I'll pass it on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microprocessor I'll pass it on this side
+I guess um and uh it's got all the fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess um and uh it's got all the fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess um and uh it's got all the fun
+little things like 3D accelerometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things like 3D accelerometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things like 3D accelerometer
+temperature sensors light all that fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature sensors light all that fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature sensors light all that fun
+stuff um but it's really hard to power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff um but it's really hard to power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff um but it's really hard to power
+up um but again how do you trust what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um but again how do you trust what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um but again how do you trust what's
+actually coming into that sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually coming into that sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually coming into that sensor
+something's translating it from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's translating it from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's translating it from all
+these physical phenomena into little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these physical phenomena into little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these physical phenomena into little
+electrical pulses so so one thing I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical pulses so so one thing I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical pulses so so one thing I want
+to uh to highlight is why you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to highlight is why you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to highlight is why you might not
+want to trust what's cominging out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to trust what's cominging out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to trust what's cominging out of
+that sensor um so this is work from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sensor um so this is work from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sensor um so this is work from one
+of my posts Dennis fukun here who's kite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my posts Dennis fukun here who's kite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my posts Dennis fukun here who's kite
+boarding on Lake Michigan um but in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding on Lake Michigan um but in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding on Lake Michigan um but in his
+other spare time he likes to interfere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other spare time he likes to interfere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other spare time he likes to interfere
+with sensors so let me tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sensors so let me tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sensors so let me tell you about
+forget security for a moment to safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget security for a moment to safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget security for a moment to safety
+there was a gentleman in 2009 who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a gentleman in 2009 who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a gentleman in 2009 who
+reported that every time his cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported that every time his cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported that every time his cell phone
+rang in his kitchen his oven turned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rang in his kitchen his oven turned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rang in his kitchen his oven turned on
+uh so you can go find this in the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you can go find this in the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you can go find this in the New
+York Times it just happened to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times it just happened to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times it just happened to be that
+that resonant frequency was just perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resonant frequency was just perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resonant frequency was just perfect
+to get that ignition to go off in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that ignition to go off in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that ignition to go off in the
+oven um so there's interference all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oven um so there's interference all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oven um so there's interference all over
+the place it's a constant you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place it's a constant you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place it's a constant you know
+battle uh because we have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle uh because we have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle uh because we have different
+devices speaking in the same Spectrum uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices speaking in the same Spectrum uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices speaking in the same Spectrum uh
+but there are Technologies to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are Technologies to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are Technologies to reduce
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+interference the problem is what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference the problem is what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference the problem is what happens
+when the interference is in the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the interference is in the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the interference is in the base
+band so I'm going to go a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band so I'm going to go a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band so I'm going to go a little bit
+analog on you for a moment so um does 63
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog on you for a moment so um does 63
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog on you for a moment so um does 63
+still exist it does okay good so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still exist it does okay good so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still exist it does okay good so I
+encourage you all to take it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you all to take it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you all to take it if you
+haven't it's one of the most awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't it's one of the most awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't it's one of the most awesome
+courses for a CS person but uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses for a CS person but uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses for a CS person but uh because
+you don't have to go too deep into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to go too deep into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to go too deep into the
+circuits but um so what was interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits but um so what was interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits but um so what was interesting
+to me was um I was trying to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me was um I was trying to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me was um I was trying to understand
+why I should believe what a sensor's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I should believe what a sensor's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I should believe what a sensor's
+telling me and so I started to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me and so I started to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me and so I started to look at
+the block diagram and so for instance if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block diagram and so for instance if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block diagram and so for instance if
+you've got um a Bluetooth headset what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got um a Bluetooth headset what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got um a Bluetooth headset what
+you're going to find inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to find inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to find inside that
+Bluetooth headset is a microphone a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bluetooth headset is a microphone a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bluetooth headset is a microphone a
+piece of wire an amplifier right3 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of wire an amplifier right3 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of wire an amplifier right3 uh
+some more wire or or some traces on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more wire or or some traces on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more wire or or some traces on a
+PCB goes to an analog digital converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCB goes to an analog digital converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCB goes to an analog digital converter
+there might be some filtering and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some filtering and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some filtering and then
+it goes to your microprocessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes to your microprocessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes to your microprocessor
+but there's all this other stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's all this other stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's all this other stuff that
+gets in the way before it gets to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets in the way before it gets to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets in the way before it gets to your
+software and for some reason your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and for some reason your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and for some reason your
+software just believes anything this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software just believes anything this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software just believes anything this
+wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire
+says okay so what was interesting to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay so what was interesting to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay so what was interesting to me
+was well you know what that piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was well you know what that piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was well you know what that piece of
+wire from the microphone to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire from the microphone to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire from the microphone to the
+amplifier it has a length it also has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier it has a length it also has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier it has a length it also has a
+resonant frequency so what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant frequency so what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant frequency so what would happen
+if somebody generates custom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody generates custom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody generates custom
+electromagnetic interference that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic interference that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic interference that's
+optimized to latch onto that resonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized to latch onto that resonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized to latch onto that resonant
+frequency of that piece of wire well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of that piece of wire well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of that piece of wire well it
+would go into the amplifier and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go into the amplifier and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go into the amplifier and it would
+get Amplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Amplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Amplified
+and then it would go into that analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it would go into that analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it would go into that analog
+digital converter and be passed on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital converter and be passed on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital converter and be passed on to
+the microprocessor so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microprocessor so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microprocessor so one of the
+questions we had was just well was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we had was just well was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we had was just well was this
+possible at all and if so how hard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible at all and if so how hard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible at all and if so how hard is
+how hard would it be what kind of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how hard would it be what kind of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how hard would it be what kind of power
+would you need to do it um and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you need to do it um and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you need to do it um and what
+would be the quality of the signal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the quality of the signal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the quality of the signal that
+actually reaches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reaches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reaches the
+microprocessor so the fundamental reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microprocessor so the fundamental reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microprocessor so the fundamental reason
+why this is even possible is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is even possible is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is even possible is because
+when we're talking about intentional as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about intentional as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about intentional as
+opposed to Accidental interference we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to Accidental interference we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to Accidental interference we're
+throwing it into the Bas band so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing it into the Bas band so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing it into the Bas band so here's
+an example uh imagine that your medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example uh imagine that your medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example uh imagine that your medical
+device is designed to accept physiologic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is designed to accept physiologic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is designed to accept physiologic
+signals in the low Herz like your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals in the low Herz like your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals in the low Herz like your your
+heart doesn't beat that fast we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart doesn't beat that fast we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart doesn't beat that fast we're
+talking you know few Hertz or less um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking you know few Hertz or less um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking you know few Hertz or less um so
+if your electrodes were to pick up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your electrodes were to pick up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your electrodes were to pick up some
+high frequency signals you just put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency signals you just put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency signals you just put in
+some analog filters and you'd say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some analog filters and you'd say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some analog filters and you'd say that
+cannot be real right if your heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be real right if your heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be real right if your heart
+speeding that fast you're probably just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeding that fast you're probably just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeding that fast you're probably just
+picking up you know uh I don't know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up you know uh I don't know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up you know uh I don't know uh
+something like an electric mixer while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like an electric mixer while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like an electric mixer while
+you're making your your lunch um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making your your lunch um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making your your lunch um so
+similar you can filter out pulses uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar you can filter out pulses uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar you can filter out pulses uh in
+the high frequencies but if you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high frequencies but if you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high frequencies but if you send
+inter interference that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter interference that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter interference that's in the
+baseband those filters are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseband those filters are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseband those filters are going to be
+meaningless because those analog filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless because those analog filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless because those analog filters
+cannot get rid of uh if it's in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get rid of uh if it's in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get rid of uh if it's in the same
+frequency uh area as as what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency uh area as as what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency uh area as as what you're
+expecting so it's hard to filter in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting so it's hard to filter in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting so it's hard to filter in the
+analog um so I'm going to go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog um so I'm going to go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog um so I'm going to go through a
+couple examples um we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple examples um we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple examples um we're going to start
+with a Bluetooth headset and then work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Bluetooth headset and then work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Bluetooth headset and then work
+our way up to a medical device um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our way up to a medical device um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our way up to a medical device um so
+Dennis he built um a bunch of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dennis he built um a bunch of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dennis he built um a bunch of sort of
+home brew dipole antennas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home brew dipole antennas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home brew dipole antennas and
+transmitters and amplifiers now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitters and amplifiers now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitters and amplifiers now what
+he's got uh up here is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got uh up here is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got uh up here is um
+uh you can see he's got a webcam I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see he's got a webcam I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see he's got a webcam I guess
+not too many of us need to buy these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too many of us need to buy these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too many of us need to buy these
+anymore because they're built in but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because they're built in but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because they're built in but uh
+that webcam uh uh has a microphone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that webcam uh uh has a microphone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that webcam uh uh has a microphone and
+then it's got a little USB cable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's got a little USB cable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's got a little USB cable to
+deliver the audio uh to the computer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver the audio uh to the computer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver the audio uh to the computer so
+what he's done is he's set up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's done is he's set up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's done is he's set up the
+computer to record the video and audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to record the video and audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to record the video and audio
+and then play it back um so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then play it back um so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then play it back um so what's
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+is uh uh uh you'll see this now he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh uh uh you'll see this now he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh uh uh you'll see this now he was
+in a completely silent room it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a completely silent room it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a completely silent room it sort of
+sounded like this all you could hear was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded like this all you could hear was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded like this all you could hear was
+the the ventilation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ventilation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ventilation system
+um he's got the camera he removed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's got the camera he removed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's got the camera he removed the
+housing just so it's easier to tap in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing just so it's easier to tap in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing just so it's easier to tap in uh
+and measure uh the interference and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and measure uh the interference and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and measure uh the interference and then
+he's got a software radio about a meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got a software radio about a meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got a software radio about a meter
+away uh generating custom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh generating custom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh generating custom
+electromagnetic interference he writes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic interference he writes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic interference he writes
+it in Python and then and sends over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in Python and then and sends over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in Python and then and sends over uh
+his signals um so here's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his signals um so here's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his signals um so here's what the
+computer on the left thought it heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer on the left thought it heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer on the left thought it heard
+even in this silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so yeah nice tune the last time I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah nice tune the last time I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah nice tune the last time I did
+that somebody in the back actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody in the back actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody in the back actually
+started dancing but um so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started dancing but um so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started dancing but um so it was
+actually relatively High Fidelity and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually relatively High Fidelity and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually relatively High Fidelity and it
+actually turns out that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turns out that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turns out that in the
+manufacturing Community they're so cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Community they're so cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Community they're so cheap
+they use really cheap uh microphones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use really cheap uh microphones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use really cheap uh microphones
+with poor frequency responses so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with poor frequency responses so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with poor frequency responses so we
+actually got higher quality audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got higher quality audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got higher quality audio
+through interference than going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through interference than going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through interference than going through
+the microphone um so if you ever don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microphone um so if you ever don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microphone um so if you ever don't
+like your Bluetooth headset and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your Bluetooth headset and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your Bluetooth headset and you want
+to like play classical music just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like play classical music just do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like play classical music just do it
+with interference but don't tell don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with interference but don't tell don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with interference but don't tell don't
+say don't tell the FCC I told you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say don't tell the FCC I told you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say don't tell the FCC I told you to do
+that because you're not supposed to but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you're not supposed to but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you're not supposed to but
+um the point is if you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the point is if you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the point is if you're talking
+intentional mag magnetic interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional mag magnetic interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional mag magnetic interference
+it's kind of outside the security model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of outside the security model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of outside the security model
+and so your processor just trusts it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so your processor just trusts it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so your processor just trusts it um
+so some interesting things you can do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some interesting things you can do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some interesting things you can do uh
+let's say your officemate decides to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say your officemate decides to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say your officemate decides to
+call up uh his bank uh to make uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call up uh his bank uh to make uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call up uh his bank uh to make uh some
+deposits well you can insert DTMF tones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits well you can insert DTMF tones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits well you can insert DTMF tones
+that was kind of fun uh so um we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of fun uh so um we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of fun uh so um we were
+just playing around you can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just playing around you can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just playing around you can change the
+language as the person's trying to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language as the person's trying to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language as the person's trying to you
+know make deposits from account to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know make deposits from account to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know make deposits from account to
+account but it was all just interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account but it was all just interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account but it was all just interference
+and actually uh the person on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually uh the person on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually uh the person on the
+Bluetooth headset didn't hear it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bluetooth headset didn't hear it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bluetooth headset didn't hear it uh
+because it was just remember it was it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was just remember it was it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was just remember it was it's
+coming uh from the person so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming uh from the person so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming uh from the person so that it
+doesn't actually get echoed back to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually get echoed back to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually get echoed back to them
+uh but the bank heard it and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the bank heard it and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the bank heard it and then and
+made all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made all the
+transactions so to do this there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions so to do this there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions so to do this there there
+are a bunch of ways to do this uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of ways to do this uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of ways to do this uh it
+doesn't take a whole lot of uh of analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take a whole lot of uh of analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take a whole lot of uh of analog
+skills uh we're mostly computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills uh we're mostly computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills uh we're mostly computer
+scientists but um you do need to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists but um you do need to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists but um you do need to somehow
+uh convert the signal you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh convert the signal you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh convert the signal you want to have
+appear at the microprocessor into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear at the microprocessor into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear at the microprocessor into
+something else that's easier to transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that's easier to transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that's easier to transmit
+so um the first thing you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um the first thing you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um the first thing you can do is
+think about just overwhelming the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about just overwhelming the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about just overwhelming the thing
+with a very strong signal that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very strong signal that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very strong signal that's sort of
+the Brute Force approach doesn't work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brute Force approach doesn't work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brute Force approach doesn't work so
+well but you know it works a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but you know it works a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but you know it works a little bit
+um so if you send something out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you send something out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you send something out that
+matches the resonant frequency of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the resonant frequency of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the resonant frequency of that
+little piece of wire yeah that'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece of wire yeah that'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece of wire yeah that'll get
+the job done to some extent the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job done to some extent the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job done to some extent the problem
+is a lot of these signals are low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot of these signals are low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot of these signals are low
+frequency and it's more difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and it's more difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and it's more difficult to
+transmit um it's got less power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit um it's got less power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit um it's got less power
+basically so it's going to be harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so it's going to be harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so it's going to be harder to
+send the signal so what you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the signal so what you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the signal so what you really want
+to do is send a higher frequency signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is send a higher frequency signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is send a higher frequency signal
+and it's going to be easier to deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be easier to deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be easier to deliver
+uh the power but if you send a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the power but if you send a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the power but if you send a really
+high frequency signal that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency signal that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency signal that's going to be
+outside the Bas band so all the filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the Bas band so all the filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the Bas band so all the filters
+are going to go at it so here's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to go at it so here's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to go at it so here's what you
+do instead um you treat this circuit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do instead um you treat this circuit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do instead um you treat this circuit as
+an unintentional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unintentional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unintentional
+demodulator so what you do is we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demodulator so what you do is we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demodulator so what you do is we had
+that original sine wave we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that original sine wave we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that original sine wave we wanted to
+transmit instead we modulate it onto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit instead we modulate it onto a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit instead we modulate it onto a
+higher frequency sine wave and we send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher frequency sine wave and we send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher frequency sine wave and we send
+it in uh to the amplifier and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in uh to the amplifier and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in uh to the amplifier and eventually
+it's going to work its way in because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to work its way in because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to work its way in because of
+sampling Theory you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling Theory you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling Theory you can think about
+Nyquist and all that um so uh up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nyquist and all that um so uh up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nyquist and all that um so uh up on the
+on the top is the interfering signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top is the interfering signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top is the interfering signal
+we're actually sending and then on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually sending and then on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually sending and then on the
+bottom is what the microprocessor sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is what the microprocessor sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is what the microprocessor sees
+because remember the analog to digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember the analog to digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember the analog to digital
+converter it's not continuously sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter it's not continuously sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter it's not continuously sampling
+you know there's an interrupt on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's an interrupt on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's an interrupt on the
+processor wake up take a reading wake up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor wake up take a reading wake up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor wake up take a reading wake up
+take a reading uh so it's actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a reading uh so it's actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a reading uh so it's actually going
+to sample and then try to infer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sample and then try to infer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sample and then try to infer the
+signal so as we're sending out our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal so as we're sending out our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal so as we're sending out our
+really fast signal it takes a sample it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast signal it takes a sample it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast signal it takes a sample it
+takes a sample it takes a sample etc etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a sample it takes a sample etc etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a sample it takes a sample etc etc
+your microprocessor thinks it got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your microprocessor thinks it got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your microprocessor thinks it got this
+nice low frequency sine wave but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice low frequency sine wave but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice low frequency sine wave but we
+actually used a high frequency one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used a high frequency one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used a high frequency one
+because that allowed us to transmit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that allowed us to transmit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that allowed us to transmit more
+easily um so I'm not going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily um so I'm not going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily um so I'm not going to go through
+all the the nitty-gritties but uh uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the the nitty-gritties but uh uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the the nitty-gritties but uh uh one
+other kind of cool way to do this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of cool way to do this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of cool way to do this is to
+uh uh muck around with the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh muck around with the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh muck around with the nonlinear
+components of the of the circuit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the of the circuit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the of the circuit that
+this is all about violating security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all about violating security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all about violating security
+models right so we're we're completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models right so we're we're completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models right so we're we're completely
+violating what the circuit designer had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating what the circuit designer had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating what the circuit designer had
+intended um it turns out that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended um it turns out that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended um it turns out that if you
+send in um uh say in this case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send in um uh say in this case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send in um uh say in this case we're
+sending in uh 826 MHz is the resident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending in uh 826 MHz is the resident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending in uh 826 MHz is the resident
+frequency of our wire uh but I I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of our wire uh but I I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of our wire uh but I I can't
+speak that fast so uh what we do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak that fast so uh what we do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak that fast so uh what we do is we
+modulate our voice um at 826 on an 826
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate our voice um at 826 on an 826
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate our voice um at 826 on an 826
+MHz carrier problem is it's going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHz carrier problem is it's going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHz carrier problem is it's going to get
+for instance uh all this uh replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance uh all this uh replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance uh all this uh replication
+of the signal uh you're going to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal uh you're going to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal uh you're going to see the
+frequency here we're looking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency here we're looking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency here we're looking in the
+frequency domain it gets repeated but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain it gets repeated but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain it gets repeated but it
+turns out because of the filters built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out because of the filters built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out because of the filters built
+into to most of these devices is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into to most of these devices is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into to most of these devices is
+actually going to chop off the repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to chop off the repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to chop off the repeated
+copies uh so at the end of the day what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies uh so at the end of the day what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies uh so at the end of the day what
+the microprocessor sees is our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microprocessor sees is our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microprocessor sees is our original
+1 khz signal we were trying to send in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 khz signal we were trying to send in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 khz signal we were trying to send in
+it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been
+unintentionally uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintentionally uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintentionally uh
+demodulated um so that's the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demodulated um so that's the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demodulated um so that's the easiest
+example that I've been able to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that I've been able to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that I've been able to come up
+with to explain the idea of uh this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with to explain the idea of uh this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with to explain the idea of uh this this
+uh intentional interference and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh intentional interference and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh intentional interference and now
+we're going to try to apply it uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to apply it uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to apply it uh to
+defibrillators and medical devices so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defibrillators and medical devices so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defibrillators and medical devices so um
+again the defibrillators implanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the defibrillators implanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the defibrillators implanted
+beneath the clavicle and it has these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath the clavicle and it has these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath the clavicle and it has these
+electrodes you can you can kind of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes you can you can kind of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes you can you can kind of see
+them here uh that go uh into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here uh that go uh into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here uh that go uh into the
+chambers of the heart and it's used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chambers of the heart and it's used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chambers of the heart and it's used for
+both sensing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sensing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sensing and
+actuation so it's just a signal so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuation so it's just a signal so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuation so it's just a signal so if
+you were to do um this is the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to do um this is the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to do um this is the time
+domain and this is the the four forear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and this is the the four forear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and this is the the four forear
+transform effectively so uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform effectively so uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform effectively so uh this is a
+single heartbeat uh and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single heartbeat uh and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single heartbeat uh and the the
+heartbeat is actually quite quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartbeat is actually quite quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartbeat is actually quite quite
+intricate uh the the Physicians have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intricate uh the the Physicians have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intricate uh the the Physicians have
+actually labeled the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually labeled the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually labeled the different
+components of the heart rate you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the heart rate you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the heart rate you've got
+the QRS complex which is typically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the QRS complex which is typically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the QRS complex which is typically what
+you would think of as the heart beat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would think of as the heart beat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would think of as the heart beat the
+actual beat is this giant R here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual beat is this giant R here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual beat is this giant R here that's
+the one you'll you'll feel uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you'll you'll feel uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you'll you'll feel uh but
+there're also these other smaller waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there're also these other smaller waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there're also these other smaller waves
+uh as your tissue uh is energizing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as your tissue uh is energizing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as your tissue uh is energizing and
+relaxing um so if you do a for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxing um so if you do a for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxing um so if you do a for your
+transform on your cardiac rhythm you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform on your cardiac rhythm you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform on your cardiac rhythm you're
+going to end up with most of the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up with most of the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up with most of the signal
+in the tens of Hertz um you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tens of Hertz um you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tens of Hertz um you're not going
+to see things a whole lot Beyond 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see things a whole lot Beyond 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see things a whole lot Beyond 100
+Herz um in a typical cardiac signal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herz um in a typical cardiac signal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herz um in a typical cardiac signal so
+most of these devices are designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these devices are designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these devices are designed to
+filter out things that are really low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter out things that are really low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter out things that are really low
+frequency or really high frequency but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or really high frequency but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or really high frequency but
+if you choose to insert intentional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you choose to insert intentional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you choose to insert intentional
+electromagnetic interference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic interference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic interference in the
+baseband then it gets through all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseband then it gets through all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseband then it gets through all the
+analog circuit filters and now the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog circuit filters and now the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog circuit filters and now the only
+approach to defend that would be things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to defend that would be things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to defend that would be things
+more on the computer science side so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on the computer science side so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on the computer science side so um
+this is where my students began to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where my students began to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where my students began to have
+a little bit of fun um so uh uh we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of fun um so uh uh we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of fun um so uh uh we we
+wanted to test this in as realistic a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to test this in as realistic a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to test this in as realistic a
+situation as we could we couldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation as we could we couldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation as we could we couldn't get
+volunteers uh uh so instead um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers uh uh so instead um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers uh uh so instead um we
+discovered there's actually a National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered there's actually a National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered there's actually a National
+Standard uh this is a body this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standard uh this is a body this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standard uh this is a body this is you
+um it turns out they were all just bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it turns out they were all just bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it turns out they were all just bags
+of saline solution and so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saline solution and so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saline solution and so if you have a
+highly calibrated Saline Solution that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly calibrated Saline Solution that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly calibrated Saline Solution that's
+the best way to simulate human tissue um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way to simulate human tissue um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way to simulate human tissue um
+the other thing we've done is we've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing we've done is we've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing we've done is we've used
+a synthetic kadaver uh uh she's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a synthetic kadaver uh uh she's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a synthetic kadaver uh uh she's actually
+um anatomically correct she's got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anatomically correct she's got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anatomically correct she's got all
+the same vital organs as anyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same vital organs as anyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same vital organs as anyone else
+would have inside and a working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have inside and a working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have inside and a working
+circulatory system uh so it has all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory system uh so it has all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory system uh so it has all the
+surface properties of the RF so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface properties of the RF so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface properties of the RF so here
+we're doing um radiation uh fluoroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing um radiation uh fluoroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing um radiation uh fluoroscopy
+to do 3D imaging uh 4D uh so we see live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do 3D imaging uh 4D uh so we see live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do 3D imaging uh 4D uh so we see live
+of Imaging as we're planting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Imaging as we're planting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Imaging as we're planting the
+electrodes into our synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+caver um so what we're going to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caver um so what we're going to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caver um so what we're going to do now
+is generate some electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generate some electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generate some electromagnetic
+interference and then try to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and then try to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and then try to see what
+the device is perceiving as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device is perceiving as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device is perceiving as the
+trustworthy signal um so a couple ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trustworthy signal um so a couple ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trustworthy signal um so a couple ways
+we did this in the saling solution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this in the saling solution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this in the saling solution we
+used just a spool of uh Magnet Wire uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used just a spool of uh Magnet Wire uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used just a spool of uh Magnet Wire uh
+here we have the uh the wand that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the uh the wand that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the uh the wand that's
+reading out the Telemetry to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading out the Telemetry to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading out the Telemetry to see what
+the device thinks it's seeing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device thinks it's seeing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device thinks it's seeing and then
+another experimental case I had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another experimental case I had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another experimental case I had some
+leftover pipes from Plumbing so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover pipes from Plumbing so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover pipes from Plumbing so we
+created a a dipole antenna and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a a dipole antenna and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a a dipole antenna and on the
+back there on that poster board uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there on that poster board uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there on that poster board uh we
+created a 2d version of a patient you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a 2d version of a patient you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a 2d version of a patient you
+can kind of see that's the curvature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of see that's the curvature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of see that's the curvature of
+the electrode that's the electrode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrode that's the electrode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrode that's the electrode and
+then the pacemaker uh is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the pacemaker uh is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the pacemaker uh is right
+underneath the tape uh and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the tape uh and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the tape uh and we're
+transmitting to it so here's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting to it so here's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting to it so here's what the
+device thought it saw even though it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device thought it saw even though it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device thought it saw even though it
+wasn't happening so keep in mind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't happening so keep in mind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't happening so keep in mind this
+should have been a flat line because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been a flat line because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been a flat line because
+there is no patient there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no patient there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no patient there is no
+heartbeating so we tried two a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartbeating so we tried two a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartbeating so we tried two a couple
+different signals of Interest are um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different signals of Interest are um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different signals of Interest are um we
+pulsed a sinusoid so that that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsed a sinusoid so that that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsed a sinusoid so that that's really
+a sine wave but it's you know so fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sine wave but it's you know so fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sine wave but it's you know so fast
+you can't quite tell but we pulse it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't quite tell but we pulse it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't quite tell but we pulse it
+like a heart rate so uh every 1 second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a heart rate so uh every 1 second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a heart rate so uh every 1 second
+we sent out a pulse and then we also did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sent out a pulse and then we also did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sent out a pulse and then we also did
+one that was modulated um that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that was modulated um that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that was modulated um that that's a
+little bit noisier so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit noisier so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit noisier so this is a
+screenshot of the pacemaker programmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenshot of the pacemaker programmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenshot of the pacemaker programmer
+which tells us live what Telemetry it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us live what Telemetry it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us live what Telemetry it's
+pulling out and it's hard to read but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling out and it's hard to read but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling out and it's hard to read but
+the little green up there uh VP says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little green up there uh VP says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little green up there uh VP says
+that the device sent out of ventricular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the device sent out of ventricular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the device sent out of ventricular
+Pace this is the pacemaker sending an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pace this is the pacemaker sending an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pace this is the pacemaker sending an
+artificial heartbeat basically to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial heartbeat basically to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial heartbeat basically to make
+the tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tissue
+contract so what's interesting is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract so what's interesting is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract so what's interesting is when
+we started sending our interference it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started sending our interference it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started sending our interference it
+got what's called a VSS ventricular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got what's called a VSS ventricular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got what's called a VSS ventricular
+sense the little purple vs there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the little purple vs there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the little purple vs there's three
+of them so the pacemaker thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so the pacemaker thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so the pacemaker thought that
+the heart was beating on its own so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart was beating on its own so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart was beating on its own so it
+chose to inhibit the pacing to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to inhibit the pacing to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to inhibit the pacing to save
+power uh and then when we turned off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh and then when we turned off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh and then when we turned off the
+interference uh the pacing began again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference uh the pacing began again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference uh the pacing began again
+um similarly over here you can see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similarly over here you can see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similarly over here you can see where
+the interference starts uh and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interference starts uh and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interference starts uh and it
+sensing a ventricular sense it says oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing a ventricular sense it says oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing a ventricular sense it says oh
+the you know the the body is pacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the the body is pacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the the body is pacing
+itself naturally I don't need to waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself naturally I don't need to waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself naturally I don't need to waste
+my energy pacing the heart um so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my energy pacing the heart um so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my energy pacing the heart um so we're
+able to induce that interference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to induce that interference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to induce that interference and
+then trick the microprocessor into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then trick the microprocessor into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then trick the microprocessor into
+believing the wrong State um there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believing the wrong State um there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believing the wrong State um there is a
+silver lining though the the good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver lining though the the good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver lining though the the good news
+is that only worked uh uh in vitro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that only worked uh uh in vitro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that only worked uh uh in vitro
+whenever we would do this in Saline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we would do this in Saline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we would do this in Saline
+Solution or in anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solution or in anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solution or in anything that
+approximated the body it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated the body it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated the body it basically
+didn't work uh that's because your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work uh that's because your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work uh that's because your body
+absorbs a lot of that uh a lot of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbs a lot of that uh a lot of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbs a lot of that uh a lot of that
+RF energy and it doesn't actually get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF energy and it doesn't actually get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF energy and it doesn't actually get to
+the sensor so the closest we were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor so the closest we were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor so the closest we were able
+to get this to work was um uh uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this to work was um uh uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this to work was um uh uh with
+the sailing was like 3 cm so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sailing was like 3 cm so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sailing was like 3 cm so that
+basically means there's no worry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means there's no worry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means there's no worry for
+this particular kind of interference for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular kind of interference for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular kind of interference for
+an implant however an externally worn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an implant however an externally worn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an implant however an externally worn
+device we don't know we haven't done any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device we don't know we haven't done any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device we don't know we haven't done any
+tests on insulin pumps yet um there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests on insulin pumps yet um there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests on insulin pumps yet um there are
+plenty of different kind there's glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of different kind there's glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of different kind there's glucose
+sensors for instance that are uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors for instance that are uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors for instance that are uh uh
+percutaneous it's it's uh uh if if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percutaneous it's it's uh uh if if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percutaneous it's it's uh uh if if I
+wouldn't be surprised if someone here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be surprised if someone here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be surprised if someone here
+has one they're pretty common uh but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has one they're pretty common uh but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has one they're pretty common uh but we
+we just don't know yet um but one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just don't know yet um but one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just don't know yet um but one of the
+approaches we're taking to solve this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches we're taking to solve this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches we're taking to solve this um
+uh it it sort of follows the end to-end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it it sort of follows the end to-end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it it sort of follows the end to-end
+principle to some extent a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle to some extent a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle to some extent a lot of these
+we we I just don't think the analog is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we I just don't think the analog is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we I just don't think the analog is
+able to distinguish good from bad signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to distinguish good from bad signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to distinguish good from bad signal
+and so you kind of have to do it closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you kind of have to do it closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you kind of have to do it closer
+to the application layer so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the application layer so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the application layer so one of the
+defenses uh that we um uh tried out was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defenses uh that we um uh tried out was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defenses uh that we um uh tried out was
+uh was was the following um and it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was was the following um and it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was was the following um and it it
+has its own limitations but here here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own limitations but here here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own limitations but here here's
+the basic idea so imagine you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea so imagine you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea so imagine you're a
+pacemaker and you want to know are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacemaker and you want to know are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacemaker and you want to know are you
+getting a trustworthy signal so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a trustworthy signal so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a trustworthy signal so what you
+do uh is you selectively choose to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh is you selectively choose to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh is you selectively choose to send
+test pulses every now and then uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test pulses every now and then uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test pulses every now and then uh to
+basically keep the adversary in check so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically keep the adversary in check so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically keep the adversary in check so
+here's the interesting thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the interesting thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the interesting thing we
+discovered when we worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered when we worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered when we worked with
+electrophysiologist we learned that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophysiologist we learned that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophysiologist we learned that if
+you send a pacing pulse to a heart that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send a pacing pulse to a heart that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send a pacing pulse to a heart that
+recently was beating within about 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently was beating within about 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently was beating within about 200
+milliseconds that cardiac tissue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds that cardiac tissue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds that cardiac tissue is
+physically incapable of beating again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically incapable of beating again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically incapable of beating again
+it's also physically incapable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also physically incapable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also physically incapable of
+sending out an electrical response just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending out an electrical response just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending out an electrical response just
+because of the polarization the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the polarization the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the polarization the way that
+your cardiac tissue works so we said so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cardiac tissue works so we said so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cardiac tissue works so we said so
+what would happen if we send sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if we send sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if we send sort of an
+extra pacing pulse right after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra pacing pulse right after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra pacing pulse right after a
+ventricular sense um he said oh um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricular sense um he said oh um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricular sense um he said oh um well
+if the heart actually had beat as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the heart actually had beat as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the heart actually had beat as your
+sensor told you then you should get no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor told you then you should get no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor told you then you should get no
+response because it would be incapable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response because it would be incapable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response because it would be incapable
+of sending a response so therefore if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sending a response so therefore if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sending a response so therefore if we
+saw the heart send us an electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the heart send us an electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the heart send us an electrical
+signal back we knew then that proves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal back we knew then that proves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal back we knew then that proves to
+us that we were fooled on the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that we were fooled on the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that we were fooled on the previous
+heartbeat uh and there you know we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartbeat uh and there you know we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartbeat uh and there you know we sort
+of raise uh our warning signs of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of raise uh our warning signs of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of raise uh our warning signs of it
+appears to be we're getting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be we're getting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be we're getting uh
+intentional electromagnetic interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional electromagnetic interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional electromagnetic interference
+so the basic idea is again we probe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic idea is again we probe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic idea is again we probe it
+and we make use of some of what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we make use of some of what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we make use of some of what we know
+about the physiology of the body to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the physiology of the body to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the physiology of the body to have
+better trustworthiness another approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better trustworthiness another approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better trustworthiness another approach
+um we didn't look into too deeply was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we didn't look into too deeply was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we didn't look into too deeply was uh
+looking at propagation delay because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at propagation delay because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at propagation delay because if
+you have electromag interference coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have electromag interference coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have electromag interference coming
+at you it's basically light right speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you it's basically light right speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you it's basically light right speed
+of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light
+and if it's hitting you all at once if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's hitting you all at once if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's hitting you all at once if
+you have two sensors and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two sensors and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two sensors and you
+simultaneously see the same cardiac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously see the same cardiac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously see the same cardiac
+signal at the same time something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal at the same time something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal at the same time something's
+wrong because there's a propagation an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong because there's a propagation an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong because there's a propagation an
+electrochemical propagation Delay from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical propagation Delay from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical propagation Delay from
+your vagus nerve as the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vagus nerve as the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vagus nerve as the electrical
+signal is traveling down through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is traveling down through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is traveling down through your
+heart so there are other ways to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart so there are other ways to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart so there are other ways to try to
+tease out whether a physiologic signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tease out whether a physiologic signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tease out whether a physiologic signal
+is trustworthy um but this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trustworthy um but this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trustworthy um but this is sort of
+new ground um there's not a lot going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ground um there's not a lot going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ground um there's not a lot going on
+in the space yet a lot of fun projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space yet a lot of fun projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space yet a lot of fun projects
+for uh graduate under graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh graduate under graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh graduate under graduate
+research um so wait we end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research um so wait we end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research um so wait we end
+it 25 oh 25 okay so um uh I want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 25 oh 25 okay so um uh I want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 25 oh 25 okay so um uh I want to tell
+you about another project uh and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about another project uh and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about another project uh and that is
+detecting malware at power outlets so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting malware at power outlets so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting malware at power outlets so a
+few years ago uh one of my students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years ago uh one of my students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years ago uh one of my students
+Shane uh he he said hey you know um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shane uh he he said hey you know um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shane uh he he said hey you know um I
+built this power outlet and I can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built this power outlet and I can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built this power outlet and I can tell
+what website you're browsing um so he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what website you're browsing um so he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what website you're browsing um so he he
+he uh put a little sense resistor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uh put a little sense resistor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uh put a little sense resistor in
+here and uh he measures What's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh he measures What's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh he measures What's called
+the phase shift and the reactive power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase shift and the reactive power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase shift and the reactive power
+um it's it's basically a proxy for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's basically a proxy for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's basically a proxy for the
+load on your computer uh and he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load on your computer uh and he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load on your computer uh and he can
+basically tell how the load how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tell how the load how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tell how the load how your
+computer how your processor is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer how your processor is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer how your processor is changing
+the load as it's going out on the AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load as it's going out on the AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load as it's going out on the AC
+power system um this is not new uh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power system um this is not new uh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power system um this is not new uh has
+anyone heard of Tempest Tempest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone heard of Tempest Tempest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone heard of Tempest Tempest
+protection a few of you so Tempest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection a few of you so Tempest uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection a few of you so Tempest uh
+has has been around for for years it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has been around for for years it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has been around for for years it's
+basically you know signals leak all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know signals leak all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know signals leak all over
+the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place
+uh and so there's a whole Fine Art to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so there's a whole Fine Art to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so there's a whole Fine Art to
+stopping signals from leaking um but was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping signals from leaking um but was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping signals from leaking um but was
+interesting to me was I I I like to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to me was I I I like to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to me was I I I like to keep
+all my old computers I actually have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my old computers I actually have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my old computers I actually have an
+exokernel uh machine uh and it's an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exokernel uh machine uh and it's an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exokernel uh machine uh and it's an old
+uh I think it's a Pentium 4 and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think it's a Pentium 4 and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think it's a Pentium 4 and this was
+before there was Advanced power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there was Advanced power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there was Advanced power
+management so if you measure the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management so if you measure the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management so if you measure the power
+coming out of this old Pentium it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of this old Pentium it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of this old Pentium it was
+constant just doesn't matter if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant just doesn't matter if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant just doesn't matter if you're
+doing anything if you have a like a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything if you have a like a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything if you have a like a a
+spin while loop doesn't matter it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin while loop doesn't matter it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin while loop doesn't matter it's the
+same thing as actually doing doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as actually doing doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as actually doing doing
+processing but if you buy a modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing but if you buy a modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing but if you buy a modern
+compter computer whether it be desktop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compter computer whether it be desktop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compter computer whether it be desktop
+or a phone your workload is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a phone your workload is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a phone your workload is being
+revealed over the power line in subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed over the power line in subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed over the power line in subtle
+ways and so what he discovered uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and so what he discovered uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and so what he discovered uh was
+that um what's going on here is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um what's going on here is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um what's going on here is that if
+you have an embedded system that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an embedded system that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an embedded system that's very
+difficult to change and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to change and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to change and you want to
+retrofit security onto it um what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit security onto it um what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit security onto it um what you
+can do is put in uh uh basically a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is put in uh uh basically a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is put in uh uh basically a power
+strip an intelligent power strip and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip an intelligent power strip and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip an intelligent power strip and it
+uses uh machine learning classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses uh machine learning classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses uh machine learning classification
+uh of the frequency domain actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the frequency domain actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the frequency domain actually
+looking at the frequency components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the frequency components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the frequency components of
+your power consumption it's not looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your power consumption it's not looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your power consumption it's not looking
+at how much power you consume instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how much power you consume instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how much power you consume instead
+it's looking at how often do you consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's looking at how often do you consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's looking at how often do you consume
+it um so let me give you some intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um so let me give you some intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um so let me give you some intuition
+here so imagine you have a medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so imagine you have a medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so imagine you have a medical
+device that gets infected by malware um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that gets infected by malware um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that gets infected by malware um
+let's say this malware is going to wake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this malware is going to wake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this malware is going to wake
+up every few minutes to send out spam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up every few minutes to send out spam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up every few minutes to send out spam
+how that might how might that change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that might how might that change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that might how might that change the
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consumption yeah can you get a second of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption yeah can you get a second of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption yeah can you get a second of
+the few minutes like part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few minutes like part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few minutes like part of the
+frequency yeah every few minutes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency yeah every few minutes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency yeah every few minutes this
+interrupts going to go off and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupts going to go off and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupts going to go off and the
+processor is going to wake up it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor is going to wake up it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor is going to wake up it's
+probably going to power up its memory um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to power up its memory um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to power up its memory um
+it's going to do some cycling or it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to do some cycling or it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to do some cycling or it it
+uh might actually insert a few extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might actually insert a few extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might actually insert a few extra
+cycles and what used to be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles and what used to be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles and what used to be a very
+constant set of instructions medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant set of instructions medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant set of instructions medical
+devices generally do a small set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices generally do a small set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices generally do a small set of
+things as opposed to a general purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as opposed to a general purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as opposed to a general purpose
+computer so it's a very regular pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer so it's a very regular pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer so it's a very regular pattern
+so when you suddenly have malware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you suddenly have malware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you suddenly have malware
+getting in it just changes the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting in it just changes the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting in it just changes the behavior
+uh of its power consumption patterns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of its power consumption patterns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of its power consumption patterns and
+so you can pick that up you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can pick that up you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can pick that up you do a
+fouryear transform you do some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fouryear transform you do some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fouryear transform you do some other
+magic involving machine learning um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic involving machine learning um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic involving machine learning um the
+devil's in the details but uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devil's in the details but uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devil's in the details but uh you can
+basically use the machine learning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically use the machine learning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically use the machine learning to
+identify uh with very high Precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify uh with very high Precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify uh with very high Precision
+very high accuracy low false positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high accuracy low false positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high accuracy low false positive
+low false negative uh the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low false negative uh the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low false negative uh the presence of
+malware and other anomalies um and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware and other anomalies um and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware and other anomalies um and so uh
+that's a project he had been working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a project he had been working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a project he had been working on
+for a number of years um he initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of years um he initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of years um he initially
+created this project though uh to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created this project though uh to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created this project though uh to uh
+identify what website you were browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify what website you were browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify what website you were browsing
+and unfortunately he submitted it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately he submitted it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately he submitted it to a
+bunch of conferences and they all said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of conferences and they all said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of conferences and they all said
+well why would you ever want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why would you ever want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why would you ever want to do that
+um so um but it was kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um but it was kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um but it was kind of interesting
+because he he picked the top 50 Alexa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he he picked the top 50 Alexa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he he picked the top 50 Alexa
+websites and then he profiled his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites and then he profiled his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites and then he profiled his
+computer used that as a training set for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer used that as a training set for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer used that as a training set for
+the machine learning uh and then again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine learning uh and then again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine learning uh and then again
+with very high accuracy very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very high accuracy very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very high accuracy very high
+Precision was able to identify which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision was able to identify which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision was able to identify which
+website you're going to and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website you're going to and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website you're going to and we were
+really confused why it worked at all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really confused why it worked at all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really confused why it worked at all and
+um we still don't know exactly why but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we still don't know exactly why but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we still don't know exactly why but
+we have some strong hunches and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some strong hunches and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some strong hunches and some of
+the hunches include uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hunches include uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hunches include uh
+Drupal uh so uh there's been a movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drupal uh so uh there's been a movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drupal uh so uh there's been a movement
+over the last 10 years on websites to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 10 years on websites to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 10 years on websites to
+move from sort of I don't who who still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from sort of I don't who who still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from sort of I don't who who still
+writes an emac HTML all right me too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes an emac HTML all right me too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes an emac HTML all right me too
+yeah uh that's why I have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh that's why I have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh that's why I have all these
+mistakes on my website but um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes on my website but um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes on my website but um there's
+there's been a large movement especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a large movement especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a large movement especially
+in institutions to have code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in institutions to have code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in institutions to have code
+automatically generate web content on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically generate web content on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically generate web content on
+the Fly that follows a very regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fly that follows a very regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fly that follows a very regular
+structure so can you imagine if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so can you imagine if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so can you imagine if you go
+to cnn.com and they always have an ad in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cnn.com and they always have an ad in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cnn.com and they always have an ad in
+the upper right hand corner with flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper right hand corner with flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper right hand corner with flash
+animation that lasts exactly 22 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation that lasts exactly 22 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation that lasts exactly 22 seconds
+seconds right so your GPU might kick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds right so your GPU might kick in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds right so your GPU might kick in
+at a very regular rate uh and so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a very regular rate uh and so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a very regular rate uh and so some
+very interesting things bleed through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting things bleed through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting things bleed through
+into the power consumption patterns from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the power consumption patterns from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the power consumption patterns from
+the web browser and from other things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web browser and from other things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web browser and from other things in
+your operating system as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your operating system as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your operating system as a result of
+your activity um the only website he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your activity um the only website he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your activity um the only website he
+couldn't classified too well was Go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't classified too well was Go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't classified too well was Go
+Daddy um we still don't know why uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daddy um we still don't know why uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daddy um we still don't know why uh but
+we don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um let's see so I um so this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see so I um so this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see so I um so this is going to
+Branch a little bit further out from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch a little bit further out from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch a little bit further out from uh
+uh the security side but one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the security side but one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the security side but one of the
+things you find is that when you're when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you find is that when you're when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you find is that when you're when
+you're helping your your colleagues in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're helping your your colleagues in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're helping your your colleagues in
+in the hospital system they often ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hospital system they often ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hospital system they often ask
+back for some of your help and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back for some of your help and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back for some of your help and one of
+the interesting projects that we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting projects that we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting projects that we got
+involved with purely by accident from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with purely by accident from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with purely by accident from
+some of the pacemaker security work um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the pacemaker security work um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the pacemaker security work um
+was in some humanitarian Aid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in some humanitarian Aid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in some humanitarian Aid in
+developing countries to help especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries to help especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries to help especially
+in Ghana uh to uh give patients New Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ghana uh to uh give patients New Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ghana uh to uh give patients New Life
+literally new life because it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally new life because it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally new life because it turns out
+if you don't have a Healthcare System
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have a Healthcare System
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have a Healthcare System
+it's very difficult to say get a $40,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very difficult to say get a $40,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very difficult to say get a $40,000
+pacemaker plus the surgical team very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacemaker plus the surgical team very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacemaker plus the surgical team very
+challenging um so what they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging um so what they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging um so what they've been
+doing is they've been recovering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is they've been recovering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is they've been recovering
+discarded pacemakers and defibrillators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarded pacemakers and defibrillators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarded pacemakers and defibrillators
+uh and then sterilizing them it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then sterilizing them it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then sterilizing them it's
+actually pretty interesting you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty interesting you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty interesting you have to
+use um well you don't have to but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um well you don't have to but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um well you don't have to but uh
+what's typically used is Ethan oxide uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's typically used is Ethan oxide uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's typically used is Ethan oxide uh
+it's it's a it's a gas chamber uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a it's a gas chamber uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a it's a gas chamber uh to
+sterilize and remove all the pyrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterilize and remove all the pyrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterilize and remove all the pyrogens
+things that can cause fever uh but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can cause fever uh but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can cause fever uh but these
+devices are sterilized and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices are sterilized and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices are sterilized and then
+reimplanted in patients so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimplanted in patients so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimplanted in patients so here's a
+gentleman I believe he was suffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentleman I believe he was suffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentleman I believe he was suffering
+from a slow heart rate uh which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a slow heart rate uh which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a slow heart rate uh which was
+basically a death sentence for him uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a death sentence for him uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a death sentence for him uh
+but because he was able to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because he was able to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because he was able to get a
+pacemaker it gave him extra years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacemaker it gave him extra years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacemaker it gave him extra years of
+life so the problem they came to us with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so the problem they came to us with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so the problem they came to us with
+was um how do they know if the devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um how do they know if the devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um how do they know if the devices
+are still safe they're sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still safe they're sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still safe they're sort of you know
+they've already been used so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've already been used so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've already been used so um
+obviously you can look at the battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you can look at the battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you can look at the battery
+life so that's one thing you do and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so that's one thing you do and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so that's one thing you do and if
+the battery is too low you would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the battery is too low you would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the battery is too low you would not
+reimplant it because uh it wouldn't last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimplant it because uh it wouldn't last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimplant it because uh it wouldn't last
+too long but then what about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long but then what about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long but then what about some of the
+other things you know has has some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things you know has has some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things you know has has some of
+the metal corroded how do we do an end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal corroded how do we do an end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal corroded how do we do an end
+to end check to see if it can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end check to see if it can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end check to see if it can still
+detect arhythmia properly um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect arhythmia properly um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect arhythmia properly um so the
+students in my lab created a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in my lab created a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in my lab created a special
+tester uh that sends out uh uh the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tester uh that sends out uh uh the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tester uh that sends out uh uh the what
+you would see from the Electrical uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see from the Electrical uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see from the Electrical uh um
+components of cardiac arhythmia that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of cardiac arhythmia that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of cardiac arhythmia that is
+uh things other than sinus rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things other than sinus rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things other than sinus rhythm
+cardiac rhythms that you wouldn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiac rhythms that you wouldn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiac rhythms that you wouldn't want
+to have right so anomalies and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have right so anomalies and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have right so anomalies and it
+replays these against the pacemaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replays these against the pacemaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replays these against the pacemaker
+leads pacemakers think it's connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads pacemakers think it's connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads pacemakers think it's connected to
+a patient and then it responds and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a patient and then it responds and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a patient and then it responds and so we
+check that response to see if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that response to see if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that response to see if it's
+actually diagnosing the cardiac arthas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually diagnosing the cardiac arthas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually diagnosing the cardiac arthas
+and whether it's actually sending out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether it's actually sending out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether it's actually sending out
+the life sa saving shocks properly uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life sa saving shocks properly uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life sa saving shocks properly uh so
+they're now uh starting to uh test this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're now uh starting to uh test this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're now uh starting to uh test this
+um through the whole sort of FDA process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um through the whole sort of FDA process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um through the whole sort of FDA process
+um uh to get their blessing uh and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to get their blessing uh and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to get their blessing uh and that
+that's a work in progress but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a work in progress but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a work in progress but it's
+called the my heart your heart program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the my heart your heart program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the my heart your heart program
+you can go look it up if you're curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go look it up if you're curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go look it up if you're curious
+about it um and then we also um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it um and then we also um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it um and then we also um uh
+interact quite a bit with the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact quite a bit with the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact quite a bit with the medical
+device manufacturing Community we bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device manufacturing Community we bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device manufacturing Community we bring
+them in each uh summer out to an arbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in each uh summer out to an arbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in each uh summer out to an arbor
+uh and um we we have the manufacturer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um we we have the manufacturer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um we we have the manufacturer
+sit down uh while some of the persons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down uh while some of the persons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down uh while some of the persons
+who are in charge of running hospitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in charge of running hospitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in charge of running hospitals
+sit down next to them and they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down next to them and they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down next to them and they start
+sort of sharing their their gripes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sharing their their gripes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sharing their their gripes and
+problems with medical devices um uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with medical devices um uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with medical devices um uh we
+we had one company come in and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had one company come in and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had one company come in and just
+revealed all the problems that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed all the problems that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed all the problems that they
+couldn't that none of the people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't that none of the people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't that none of the people would
+respond to at the medical device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to at the medical device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to at the medical device
+manufacturer and the one guy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer and the one guy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer and the one guy in the
+corner was like that's my team um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner was like that's my team um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner was like that's my team um and
+and so they just decided to go out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they just decided to go out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they just decided to go out for
+lunch have a beer and and just work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch have a beer and and just work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch have a beer and and just work out
+the problems um so a lot of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems um so a lot of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems um so a lot of it is
+cultural so um uh I don't know if anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural so um uh I don't know if anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural so um uh I don't know if anyone
+here has done security sort of analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has done security sort of analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has done security sort of analysis
+work or or reverse engineering anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or or reverse engineering anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or or reverse engineering anyone
+here no couple people so it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no couple people so it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no couple people so it's it's a
+really delicate kind of it's it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really delicate kind of it's it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really delicate kind of it's it's almost
+an art because you're dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an art because you're dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an art because you're dealing with the
+social element of of the manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social element of of the manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social element of of the manufacturing
+side and it's even more so in medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and it's even more so in medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and it's even more so in medical
+device manufacturing because lives are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device manufacturing because lives are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device manufacturing because lives are
+at stake um and so it can be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at stake um and so it can be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at stake um and so it can be very very
+tricky to share these kinds of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to share these kinds of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to share these kinds of problems
+with the people who are most able to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the people who are most able to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the people who are most able to fix
+it um so it often results in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um so it often results in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um so it often results in sort of
+in-person meetings and and uh actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-person meetings and and uh actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-person meetings and and uh actually
+going to their facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to their facilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to their facilities
+um so um I want to save uh some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um I want to save uh some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um I want to save uh some more
+time here hopefully we'll have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here hopefully we'll have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here hopefully we'll have some
+questions because I uh I think we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions because I uh I think we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions because I uh I think we have
+five or 10 minutes but um I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or 10 minutes but um I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or 10 minutes but um I wanted to
+spell a couple myths um you'll hear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spell a couple myths um you'll hear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spell a couple myths um you'll hear a
+lot of newspaper headlines and TV shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of newspaper headlines and TV shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of newspaper headlines and TV shows
+talking about hackers breaking into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about hackers breaking into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about hackers breaking into
+medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical
+devices let let me be straight it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices let let me be straight it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices let let me be straight it is a
+problem but it is not the problem it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it is not the problem it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it is not the problem it's
+not the only problem and it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only problem and it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only problem and it's probably
+not the most significant problem even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the most significant problem even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the most significant problem even
+you know and it's it's hard to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and it's it's hard to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and it's it's hard to say that
+especially when you enjoy sort of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you enjoy sort of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you enjoy sort of doing
+security analysis it's hard to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security analysis it's hard to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security analysis it's hard to say that
+because there's actually two problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's actually two problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's actually two problems
+that I think are more important one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think are more important one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think are more important one is
+preventing widescale unavailability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing widescale unavailability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing widescale unavailability of
+patient care because forget adversaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient care because forget adversaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient care because forget adversaries
+what if you just have malware that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you just have malware that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you just have malware that
+accidentally breaks into a medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally breaks into a medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally breaks into a medical
+device in a monoculture where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device in a monoculture where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device in a monoculture where they're
+all running the same operating system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all running the same operating system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all running the same operating system
+what happens when you lose 50,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you lose 50,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you lose 50,000
+infusion pumps all at once right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infusion pumps all at once right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infusion pumps all at once right it's
+very difficult to deliver patient care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to deliver patient care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to deliver patient care
+um one of my colleagues um uh wrote to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of my colleagues um uh wrote to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of my colleagues um uh wrote to
+me saying that his cath Labs were shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me saying that his cath Labs were shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me saying that his cath Labs were shut
+down a cath rization lab is a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a cath rization lab is a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a cath rization lab is a relatively
+new specialization it's a special kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new specialization it's a special kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new specialization it's a special kind
+of operating room for minimally invasive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operating room for minimally invasive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operating room for minimally invasive
+surgery and um at his uh hospital they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery and um at his uh hospital they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery and um at his uh hospital they
+had to shut down the cath lab because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to shut down the cath lab because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to shut down the cath lab because
+turned out a nurse had accidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out a nurse had accidentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out a nurse had accidentally
+brought in a USB stick something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in a USB stick something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in a USB stick something about
+transferring Family Photos up to Yahoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring Family Photos up to Yahoo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring Family Photos up to Yahoo
+and somehow malware had gotten in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow malware had gotten in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow malware had gotten in and
+infected their cath Labs uh and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected their cath Labs uh and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected their cath Labs uh and so they
+they had to shut the thing down um so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to shut the thing down um so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to shut the thing down um so if
+you're waiting get an anoplasty you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're waiting get an anoplasty you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're waiting get an anoplasty you know
+that particular Center is not available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular Center is not available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular Center is not available
+to you you'll have to use one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you you'll have to use one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you you'll have to use one of the
+backup centers um so availability is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backup centers um so availability is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backup centers um so availability is I
+think one of the the key things and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the the key things and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the the key things and is
+often forgotten about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often forgotten about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often forgotten about uh
+insecurity the second one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecurity the second one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecurity the second one is the
+Integrity of the sensor um so if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrity of the sensor um so if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrity of the sensor um so if your
+medical device gets infected by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical device gets infected by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical device gets infected by um
+malware uh or any kind of malicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware uh or any kind of malicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware uh or any kind of malicious
+software things are going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software things are going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software things are going to change
+things are going to change in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to change in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to change in a way that
+the designers didn't anticipate so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the designers didn't anticipate so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the designers didn't anticipate so a
+very simple example let's say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple example let's say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple example let's say some
+malware gets in and adds a timer to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware gets in and adds a timer to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware gets in and adds a timer to uh
+every now and then uh wake up send some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every now and then uh wake up send some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every now and then uh wake up send some
+Network packets uh and you know send out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network packets uh and you know send out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network packets uh and you know send out
+some spam right this took some time well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some spam right this took some time well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some spam right this took some time well
+what happens if your medical device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if your medical device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if your medical device
+assumed that it had complete control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that it had complete control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that it had complete control
+over the interrupt Handler and suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the interrupt Handler and suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the interrupt Handler and suddenly
+now it's missing interrupts you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's missing interrupts you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's missing interrupts you know
+maybe the sensor has some data to supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the sensor has some data to supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the sensor has some data to supply
+to the medical device but because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the medical device but because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the medical device but because of the
+malware it missed the interrupt you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware it missed the interrupt you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware it missed the interrupt you may
+actually start misdiagnosing patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start misdiagnosing patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start misdiagnosing patients
+now because that device is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because that device is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because that device is going to be
+getting bad data um so I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting bad data um so I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting bad data um so I'm very
+concerned about the Integrity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about the Integrity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about the Integrity of the
+medical sensors there was actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical sensors there was actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical sensors there was actually a
+reported case of a high-risk pregnancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported case of a high-risk pregnancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported case of a high-risk pregnancy
+monitor getting infected with malware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor getting infected with malware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor getting infected with malware
+and giving out incorrect readings um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and giving out incorrect readings um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and giving out incorrect readings um the
+good news is um a highly trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news is um a highly trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news is um a highly trained
+clinician can look at a device and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician can look at a device and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician can look at a device and say
+that makes no sense that is not an in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes no sense that is not an in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes no sense that is not an in
+that that's not a sane number coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not a sane number coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not a sane number coming out
+of my medical device but we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my medical device but we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my medical device but we're we're
+basically cutting down the safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically cutting down the safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically cutting down the safety
+margins um when we can't uh uh have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins um when we can't uh uh have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins um when we can't uh uh have the
+Integrity of our medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrity of our medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrity of our medical
+sensors um as I mentioned it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors um as I mentioned it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors um as I mentioned it's very
+difficult to bolt on this stuff after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to bolt on this stuff after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to bolt on this stuff after
+the fact um changing soft you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact um changing soft you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact um changing soft you think
+changing software is hard on sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing software is hard on sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing software is hard on sort of
+Internet scale try it on a medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet scale try it on a medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet scale try it on a medical
+device so um I I I met a guy from One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so um I I I met a guy from One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so um I I I met a guy from One
+hospital where his MRI is still running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital where his MRI is still running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital where his MRI is still running
+on Windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Windows
+95 um I I have a pacemaker programmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 um I I have a pacemaker programmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 um I I have a pacemaker programmer
+that runs on OS 2 um and they recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that runs on OS 2 um and they recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that runs on OS 2 um and they recently
+upgraded to Windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgraded to Windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgraded to Windows
+XP um so they have some really old stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP um so they have some really old stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP um so they have some really old stuff
+out there so changing things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there so changing things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there so changing things for
+security after the fact is is is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security after the fact is is is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security after the fact is is is going
+to be ult um not impossible but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be ult um not impossible but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be ult um not impossible but
+difficult um and the other reason is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult um and the other reason is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult um and the other reason is the
+interruption of of clinical workflow uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interruption of of clinical workflow uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interruption of of clinical workflow uh
+if you ever go off and want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever go off and want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever go off and want to start
+implementing medical devices or doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing medical devices or doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing medical devices or doing
+something security related for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something security related for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something security related for
+healthcare I I I encourage you to go off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare I I I encourage you to go off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare I I I encourage you to go off
+and just call up some people and say hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just call up some people and say hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just call up some people and say hey
+can I go into your operating room that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I go into your operating room that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I go into your operating room that's
+what we did um because you'll see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did um because you'll see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did um because you'll see some
+weird things happen uh I took all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird things happen uh I took all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird things happen uh I took all my
+students to live surgery uh pediatric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to live surgery uh pediatric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to live surgery uh pediatric
+surgery and um as they were watching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery and um as they were watching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery and um as they were watching the
+surgery they they were watching One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery they they were watching One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery they they were watching One
+clinician checking gmail uh on on one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician checking gmail uh on on one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician checking gmail uh on on one of
+the medical devices and we're like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medical devices and we're like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medical devices and we're like oh
+okay so driveby downloads check um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so driveby downloads check um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so driveby downloads check um and
+at the same time um they wanted to calm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time um they wanted to calm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time um they wanted to calm
+the patient so um uh they logged into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient so um uh they logged into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient so um uh they logged into
+Pandora uh to play music um actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pandora uh to play music um actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pandora uh to play music um actually I
+was just at my dentist the other day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just at my dentist the other day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just at my dentist the other day and
+she was playing Pandora and um these ads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was playing Pandora and um these ads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was playing Pandora and um these ads
+for various beers started coming up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for various beers started coming up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for various beers started coming up on
+the screen as she was looking at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen as she was looking at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen as she was looking at my
+dental X-rays I was trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dental X-rays I was trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dental X-rays I was trying to figure out
+why dose Eis was on my I was like did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why dose Eis was on my I was like did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why dose Eis was on my I was like did I
+drink that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink that much
+but um she's like no we just play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um she's like no we just play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um she's like no we just play
+Pandora here and you know it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pandora here and you know it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pandora here and you know it's the same
+web browser you know it's just you click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web browser you know it's just you click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web browser you know it's just you click
+here so there there's a lot of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there there's a lot of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there there's a lot of mixing
+going on that maybe it's not malicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on that maybe it's not malicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on that maybe it's not malicious
+but it's sort of opening cracks it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's sort of opening cracks it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's sort of opening cracks it's
+outside out of mind um the handwashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside out of mind um the handwashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside out of mind um the handwashing
+uh sterile technique is kind of driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sterile technique is kind of driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sterile technique is kind of driven
+into the mindset of anyone who's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the mindset of anyone who's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the mindset of anyone who's a
+clinician wash your hands don't touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician wash your hands don't touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician wash your hands don't touch
+the gloves after you put them on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gloves after you put them on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gloves after you put them on but
+when it comes to security hygiene it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to security hygiene it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to security hygiene it's
+really out of sight out of mind it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really out of sight out of mind it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really out of sight out of mind it's not
+part of the culture yet um they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the culture yet um they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the culture yet um they don't
+even realize they should be asking these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even realize they should be asking these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even realize they should be asking these
+questions like should I be running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like should I be running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like should I be running
+Pandora on the same device that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pandora on the same device that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pandora on the same device that's
+controlling my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling my
+x-rays um so but the important thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays um so but the important thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays um so but the important thing is
+on the designer side is not to interrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the designer side is not to interrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the designer side is not to interrupt
+the clinical workflow because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinical workflow because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinical workflow because that's
+when mistakes happen you want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when mistakes happen you want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when mistakes happen you want to keep
+the clinical workflow regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinical workflow regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinical workflow regular
+predictable uh easy for them uh to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable uh easy for them uh to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable uh easy for them uh to make
+decisions and if you add like you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and if you add like you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and if you add like you know a
+new dialogue box to enter a password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new dialogue box to enter a password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new dialogue box to enter a password
+what do you think a problem could be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think a problem could be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think a problem could be in
+the operating room if you ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operating room if you ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operating room if you ask the
+clinician to enter a password it say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician to enter a password it say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician to enter a password it say
+every 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 10
+minutes what could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem distraction distractions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem distraction distractions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem distraction distractions you
+know you're sitting there doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're sitting there doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're sitting there doing this
+right scalable oh yeah let me walk over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right scalable oh yeah let me walk over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right scalable oh yeah let me walk over
+here and type in my P Oh no I got my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and type in my P Oh no I got my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and type in my P Oh no I got my
+gloves on let me let me take those off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves on let me let me take those off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves on let me let me take those off
+oh I got to resterilize now nurse you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I got to resterilize now nurse you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I got to resterilize now nurse you
+know so um if you're a security engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so um if you're a security engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so um if you're a security engineer
+you have to take into account all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take into account all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take into account all the
+rather special conditions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather special conditions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather special conditions of the
+clinical setting with infection control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical setting with infection control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical setting with infection control
+which um surprisingly not everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um surprisingly not everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um surprisingly not everybody
+knows about there are definitely some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about there are definitely some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about there are definitely some
+very talented Engineers who know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very talented Engineers who know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very talented Engineers who know about
+about it but but but not enough um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but but but not enough um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but but but not enough um the
+the other big problem is I've noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other big problem is I've noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other big problem is I've noticed
+that um security people tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um security people tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um security people tend to
+specialize in the the mechanical excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialize in the the mechanical excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialize in the the mechanical excuse
+me the the mech mechanisms to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the the mech mechanisms to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the the mech mechanisms to control
+security you know you can wield crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security you know you can wield crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security you know you can wield crypto
+you know I know CBC mode this and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I know CBC mode this and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I know CBC mode this and I know
+public hey crypto this that's great um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public hey crypto this that's great um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public hey crypto this that's great um
+and you know how to prevent the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know how to prevent the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know how to prevent the problems
+you know how to detect the problems um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to detect the problems um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to detect the problems um
+the issue is from the medical world most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue is from the medical world most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue is from the medical world most
+people in the medical world are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the medical world are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the medical world are coming
+from a very different mindset one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a very different mindset one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a very different mindset one that's
+called risk management and let let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called risk management and let let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called risk management and let let me
+try to explain it um in Risk Management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to explain it um in Risk Management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to explain it um in Risk Management
+you look at risks and benefits and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at risks and benefits and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at risks and benefits and you
+ask yourself do they balance if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself do they balance if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself do they balance if I take
+an action does that improve my risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an action does that improve my risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an action does that improve my risk
+management Outlook so if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management Outlook so if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management Outlook so if you're going to
+decide for instance am I going to deploy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide for instance am I going to deploy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide for instance am I going to deploy
+uh uh a password system on all of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh a password system on all of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh a password system on all of my
+medical devices um a security might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical devices um a security might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical devices um a security might
+person might say duh of course you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person might say duh of course you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person might say duh of course you're
+going to deploy passwords because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deploy passwords because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deploy passwords because you
+need to authenticate the safety person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to authenticate the safety person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to authenticate the safety person
+might say well wait a minute if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well wait a minute if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well wait a minute if I
+require we have passwords on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require we have passwords on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require we have passwords on every
+system we're going to have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we're going to have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we're going to have to worry
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+sterilization um how do we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterilization um how do we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterilization um how do we know how
+often to time out oh and what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often to time out oh and what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often to time out oh and what about
+emergency access what if we forget the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency access what if we forget the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency access what if we forget the
+password we want to make sure we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password we want to make sure we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password we want to make sure we can get
+a response time in 30 seconds so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a response time in 30 seconds so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a response time in 30 seconds so they
+might actually make a different decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually make a different decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually make a different decision
+they might actually choose not to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might actually choose not to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might actually choose not to have
+passwords at all uh actually many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords at all uh actually many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords at all uh actually many
+hospitals don't have passwords excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals don't have passwords excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals don't have passwords excuse me
+many hospitals don't have access control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many hospitals don't have access control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many hospitals don't have access control
+uh on medical records instead they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on medical records instead they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on medical records instead they have
+what's called audit-based Access Control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called audit-based Access Control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called audit-based Access Control
+after the fact if you look at something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the fact if you look at something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the fact if you look at something
+you shouldn't look at they come get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't look at they come get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't look at they come get you
+um because they know that it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because they know that it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because they know that it's very
+difficult to predict what you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to predict what you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to predict what you're going
+to need in your routine of your clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need in your routine of your clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need in your routine of your clinical
+workflow um so the risk management kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workflow um so the risk management kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workflow um so the risk management kind
+of way will depend upon deploying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of way will depend upon deploying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of way will depend upon deploying the
+security controls and all the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security controls and all the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security controls and all the technology
+you learn about but in the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn about but in the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn about but in the risk
+management picture you might actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management picture you might actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management picture you might actually
+decide not to deploy something because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide not to deploy something because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide not to deploy something because
+it could cause harm somewhere else um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could cause harm somewhere else um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could cause harm somewhere else um
+but trustworthy medical device software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but trustworthy medical device software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but trustworthy medical device software
+is going to require both um so um I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to require both um so um I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to require both um so um I'll
+just uh finish up here I think there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh finish up here I think there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh finish up here I think there's a
+lot of interesting things to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of interesting things to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of interesting things to do so
+you're taking this cool security course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking this cool security course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking this cool security course
+I encourage you to go out and use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I encourage you to go out and use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I encourage you to go out and use those
+tools but as you're thinking about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools but as you're thinking about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools but as you're thinking about where
+to go afterwards whether it's industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go afterwards whether it's industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go afterwards whether it's industry
+or graduate school think about medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or graduate school think about medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or graduate school think about medical
+devices because they need your help they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices because they need your help they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices because they need your help they
+need a lot of smart people there um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a lot of smart people there um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a lot of smart people there um and
+so there's just one thing missing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's just one thing missing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's just one thing missing you
+are um and I think there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um and I think there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um and I think there's a lot of
+stuff interesting stuff still to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff interesting stuff still to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff interesting stuff still to be done
+so um I think we have five or 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I think we have five or 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I think we have five or 10 minutes
+or so be glad to take some questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so be glad to take some questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so be glad to take some questions or
+I could go more in depth I got some fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could go more in depth I got some fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could go more in depth I got some fun
+videos I could show uh but um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos I could show uh but um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos I could show uh but um I think
+I'll at least take a break for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll at least take a break for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll at least take a break for a moment
+to to see if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to see if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to see if you have any
+questions yes so that Casemaker or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes so that Casemaker or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes so that Casemaker or
+whatever it was you're pass around like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it was you're pass around like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it was you're pass around like
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+human oh the the defibrillator yeah how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human oh the the defibrillator yeah how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human oh the the defibrillator yeah how
+does that uh like interact the they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that uh like interact the they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that uh like interact the they
+are kind of things okay so um a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of things okay so um a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of things okay so um a couple
+things so they're defibrillators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so they're defibrillators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so they're defibrillators and
+they're pacemakers they're very related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pacemakers they're very related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pacemakers they're very related
+um uh this is a defibrillator it sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh this is a defibrillator it sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh this is a defibrillator it sends
+out large shocks p makers send out small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out large shocks p makers send out small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out large shocks p makers send out small
+shocks but um in the US it's illegal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks but um in the US it's illegal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks but um in the US it's illegal to
+reimplant these so um doesn't matter if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimplant these so um doesn't matter if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimplant these so um doesn't matter if
+you can it's just illegal uh but but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can it's just illegal uh but but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can it's just illegal uh but but in
+many developing countries it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many developing countries it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many developing countries it's not
+illegal uh and if you look from let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal uh and if you look from let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal uh and if you look from let me
+back up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up a
+slide if you look from not the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide if you look from not the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide if you look from not the control
+mechanism but the risk management side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism but the risk management side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism but the risk management side
+of the equation it might actually lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation it might actually lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation it might actually lead
+to uh better Public Health outcomes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh better Public Health outcomes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh better Public Health outcomes to
+allow reimplantation reuse in developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow reimplantation reuse in developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow reimplantation reuse in developing
+countries where they have no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries where they have no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries where they have no other
+choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice
+so uh and this is not my project this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh and this is not my project this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh and this is not my project this is
+just a project we're assisting on uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a project we're assisting on uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a project we're assisting on uh but
+in that particular case the patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that particular case the patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that particular case the patients
+really have no choice it's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have no choice it's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have no choice it's basically a
+death sentence um to sterilize it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death sentence um to sterilize it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death sentence um to sterilize it is
+pretty tricky uh there's a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty tricky uh there's a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty tricky uh there's a whole lot of
+Science and Engineering that goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science and Engineering that goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science and Engineering that goes into
+how to properly sterilize to to um get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to properly sterilize to to um get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to properly sterilize to to um get
+rid of the pathogens right um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the pathogens right um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the pathogens right um because
+these were you know in blood uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were you know in blood uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were you know in blood uh so you
+know first abrasive clean it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know first abrasive clean it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know first abrasive clean it but the
+ethylene oxide is one way to destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethylene oxide is one way to destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethylene oxide is one way to destroy
+most if not all of the pathogens there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most if not all of the pathogens there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most if not all of the pathogens there's
+a whole testing procedure you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole testing procedure you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole testing procedure you actually
+put uh special uh little um I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put uh special uh little um I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put uh special uh little um I forgot
+what they're called they're like little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're called they're like little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're called they're like little
+Wafers uh with known quantities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers uh with known quantities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers uh with known quantities of
+pathogens and you put it in alongside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogens and you put it in alongside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogens and you put it in alongside
+some of the devices as it's going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the devices as it's going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the devices as it's going into
+the to the chamber and when you pull it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the chamber and when you pull it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the chamber and when you pull it
+out you test to see if all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you test to see if all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you test to see if all those
+organisms have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms have been
+killed um do that answer all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed um do that answer all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed um do that answer all your
+questions you had a followup no okay yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you had a followup no okay yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you had a followup no okay yes
+so why do you say Integrity of sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do you say Integrity of sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do you say Integrity of sensors
+is a bigger risk than hacker attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bigger risk than hacker attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bigger risk than hacker attack
+because most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most of the
+examples of sensor interference you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of sensor interference you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of sensor interference you show
+our intentional interference so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our intentional interference so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our intentional interference so it's
+kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+of oh so the question is why why focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oh so the question is why why focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oh so the question is why why focus
+on Integrity of sensors rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Integrity of sensors rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Integrity of sensors rather than
+hacking because everything I showed was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacking because everything I showed was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacking because everything I showed was
+about hacking that's selection bias so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about hacking that's selection bias so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about hacking that's selection bias so
+you know I selected those cases but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I selected those cases but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I selected those cases but that
+doesn't mean that's the statistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that's the statistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that's the statistically
+relevant um so I kind of divide it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant um so I kind of divide it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant um so I kind of divide it up
+into two cases sort of or maybe three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two cases sort of or maybe three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two cases sort of or maybe three
+the past the present and the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past the present and the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past the present and the future
+so at the present most of the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the present most of the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the present most of the problems
+we're seeing from malware in our very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing from malware in our very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing from malware in our very
+rudimentary surveillance of medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudimentary surveillance of medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudimentary surveillance of medical
+devices has to do with malware that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices has to do with malware that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices has to do with malware that
+accidentally gets in and then causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally gets in and then causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally gets in and then causes
+near misses and malfunctions but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near misses and malfunctions but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near misses and malfunctions but we're
+we're no dummies we know that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're no dummies we know that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're no dummies we know that there
+could be an intentional adversary in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an intentional adversary in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an intentional adversary in the
+future they just haven't materialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future they just haven't materialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future they just haven't materialized
+yet um the closest example would be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet um the closest example would be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet um the closest example would be um
+and this is just from the news reports I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just from the news reports I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just from the news reports I
+I I don't know if this is true but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't know if this is true but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't know if this is true but it
+was from the I believe the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was from the I believe the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was from the I believe the New York
+Times uh that there was a hospital uh SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times uh that there was a hospital uh SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times uh that there was a hospital uh SE
+S I think was the hospital uh where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S I think was the hospital uh where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S I think was the hospital uh where they
+brought in a security company mandiant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in a security company mandiant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in a security company mandiant
+and they they believe that um a nation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they believe that um a nation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they believe that um a nation
+state had actually come in to steal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state had actually come in to steal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state had actually come in to steal the
+medical records They don't know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical records They don't know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical records They don't know exactly
+why uh but nation states and nation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh but nation states and nation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh but nation states and nation
+states are powerful adversaries right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are powerful adversaries right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are powerful adversaries right if
+if you run up against a nation state you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you run up against a nation state you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you run up against a nation state you
+might as well just like give up um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well just like give up um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well just like give up um
+because none of these controls are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because none of these controls are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because none of these controls are going
+to help you um but here's my concern if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you um but here's my concern if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you um but here's my concern if
+a nation state for instance is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nation state for instance is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nation state for instance is very
+dedicated on getting one piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated on getting one piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated on getting one piece of
+information what if they make they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information what if they make they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information what if they make they're
+human too right uh what if they make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human too right uh what if they make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human too right uh what if they make a
+mistake along the way and accidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake along the way and accidentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake along the way and accidentally
+hit a medical device as they're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit a medical device as they're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit a medical device as they're trying
+to extract you know whatever kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract you know whatever kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract you know whatever kind of
+information they're trying to get at um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information they're trying to get at um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information they're trying to get at um
+and that could affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could affect the
+Integrity um in the future you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrity um in the future you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrity um in the future you know
+there could be instances of Uh custom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be instances of Uh custom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be instances of Uh custom
+malware but um I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware but um I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware but um I think it
+takes it takes one more it takes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes it takes one more it takes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes it takes one more it takes that
+one more step of someone really wanting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more step of someone really wanting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more step of someone really wanting
+to cause uh cause harm um and I'm hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cause uh cause harm um and I'm hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cause uh cause harm um and I'm hoping
+that there aren't too many of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there aren't too many of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there aren't too many of those
+kinds of people but are people who write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of people but are people who write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of people but are people who write
+malware who don't realize that malware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware who don't realize that malware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware who don't realize that malware
+gets into medical devices in hospitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into medical devices in hospitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into medical devices in hospitals
+and it still causes problems
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bY8f4DSkQ6M.txt b/bY8f4DSkQ6M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc935eaa21eeb647e274c9469b43183497deef88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bY8f4DSkQ6M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13864 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we resume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we resume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we resume
+our theme of memory hierarchy efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our theme of memory hierarchy efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our theme of memory hierarchy efficient
+data structures and last time we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures and last time we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures and last time we saw
+cach oblivious B trees which achieve uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cach oblivious B trees which achieve uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cach oblivious B trees which achieve uh
+log base B of n for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operations insert delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+search and the cool part is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and the cool part is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and the cool part is that we
+could do that without knowing what B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that without knowing what B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that without knowing what B
+was and it was basically binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and it was basically binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and it was basically binary search
+tree stored in a funny order this Venom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree stored in a funny order this Venom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree stored in a funny order this Venom
+deos order uh with an ordered file on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deos order uh with an ordered file on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deos order uh with an ordered file on
+the bottom which we left as a black box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom which we left as a black box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom which we left as a black box
+and today we're going to see how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we're going to see how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we're going to see how to
+actually do ordered files in log squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do ordered files in log squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do ordered files in log squared
+and data moves per insert and delete um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data moves per insert and delete um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data moves per insert and delete um
+and then as a little diversion we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as a little diversion we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as a little diversion we'll see
+a closely related problem to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closely related problem to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closely related problem to this is
+called list labeling which we needed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called list labeling which we needed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called list labeling which we needed in
+lecture one and left it as a black box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture one and left it as a black box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture one and left it as a black box
+for full persistence we had this version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for full persistence we had this version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for full persistence we had this version
+tree with full of persistence and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree with full of persistence and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree with full of persistence and we
+needed to linearize that uh version tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to linearize that uh version tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to linearize that uh version tree
+into a bunch of numbers so that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bunch of numbers so that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bunch of numbers so that we could
+then compare whether one version was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compare whether one version was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compare whether one version was an
+ancestor of another and for that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor of another and for that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor of another and for that we
+needed to be able to store a link list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to be able to store a link list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to be able to store a link list
+and insert and delete in the link list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and insert and delete in the link list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and insert and delete in the link list
+and be able to query who uh is this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be able to query who uh is this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be able to query who uh is this uh
+node in the link list proceede this note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node in the link list proceede this note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node in the link list proceede this note
+in the link list in constant time per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the link list in constant time per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the link list in constant time per
+operation so we'll also do that today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so we'll also do that today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so we'll also do that today
+because it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's
+time uh and then we're going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh and then we're going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh and then we're going to do a
+completely different cach oblivious data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different cach oblivious data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different cach oblivious data
+structure that's interesting mainly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's interesting mainly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's interesting mainly in
+the way that it adapts to m not just B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that it adapts to m not just B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that it adapts to m not just B
+so remember B was the size of a memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember B was the size of a memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember B was the size of a memory
+block when we fetch something from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block when we fetch something from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block when we fetch something from
+memory we get the entire block of size B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory we get the entire block of size B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory we get the entire block of size B
+M was the size of the cache and so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M was the size of the cache and so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M was the size of the cache and so there
+were M overb blocks in the cache of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were M overb blocks in the cache of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were M overb blocks in the cache of size
+B so that's what we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so that's what we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so that's what we'll do
+today um I'm also going to need uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+claim won't prove here uh that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim won't prove here uh that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim won't prove here uh that you can
+sort cache obliviously in n/ B log base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort cache obliviously in n/ B log base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort cache obliviously in n/ B log base
+m/ B of n/ B so I'm going to use this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/ B of n/ B so I'm going to use this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/ B of n/ B so I'm going to use this as
+a black box today and we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a black box today and we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a black box today and we're not going to
+fill it in because it's not a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill it in because it's not a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill it in because it's not a data
+structure and it's a data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and it's a data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and it's a data structures
+class uh to give you some feeling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh to give you some feeling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh to give you some feeling for
+why this is the right Bound for sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is the right Bound for sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is the right Bound for sorting
+if you know m and b uh then the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know m and b uh then the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know m and b uh then the answer
+is uh M over B way merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh you all know binary merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you all know binary merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you all know binary merge sort
+where you split into two parts if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you split into two parts if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you split into two parts if you
+split into M overb parts and then do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split into M overb parts and then do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split into M overb parts and then do an
+M overb way merge that's exactly what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M overb way merge that's exactly what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M overb way merge that's exactly what a
+cache can handle it can have it can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache can handle it can have it can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache can handle it can have it can read
+one block from each of the lists that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one block from each of the lists that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one block from each of the lists that
+it's trying to to merge it has just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trying to to merge it has just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trying to to merge it has just
+enough cache uh blocks for that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough cache uh blocks for that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough cache uh blocks for that and then
+uh you do the merge block by block load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you do the merge block by block load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you do the merge block by block load
+new blocks as necessary that will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new blocks as necessary that will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new blocks as necessary that will give
+you a linear time merge and so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a linear time merge and so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a linear time merge and so you'll
+get n/b * log base m/b and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n/b * log base m/b and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n/b * log base m/b and it turns out
+the right thing in here is n over b or n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing in here is n over b or n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing in here is n over b or n
+is basically the same because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the same because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the same because it's
+inside the log it's not a big deal okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the log it's not a big deal okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the log it's not a big deal okay
+so external memory wise that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so external memory wise that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so external memory wise that's how you
+do it you can do this cache obliviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it you can do this cache obliviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it you can do this cache obliviously
+in a similar way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a similar way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a similar way to
+um roughly speaking in a similar way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um roughly speaking in a similar way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um roughly speaking in a similar way to
+the way we do berries uh where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we do berries uh where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we do berries uh where you're
+binary searching on the ways in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary searching on the ways in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary searching on the ways in in the
+number of ways you should divide your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways you should divide your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways you should divide your
+your thing your array into I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thing your array into I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thing your array into I'm not going
+to get into details in that we'll focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into details in that we'll focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into details in that we'll focus
+on on cashious priority cues which do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on cashious priority cues which do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on cashious priority cues which do a
+similar kind of thing but get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of thing but get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of thing but get a
+dynamic all right but before we go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic all right but before we go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic all right but before we go there
+let's do ordered file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maintenance so let me first remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance so let me first remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance so let me first remind you
+of the problem we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem we want to
+store and items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and items
+and a file which think of as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+array of size order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of size order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of size order
+n this constant's bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one with constant size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gaps and then I should say in specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps and then I should say in specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps and then I should say in specified
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subject to inserting and deleting items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to inserting and deleting items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to inserting and deleting items
+in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order right so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order right so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order right so this was
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+picture we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+array we get to store some objects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array we get to store some objects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array we get to store some objects in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+array can have these blank cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array can have these blank cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array can have these blank cells in
+between but each of these gaps has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between but each of these gaps has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between but each of these gaps has
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size maybe these data items are sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size maybe these data items are sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size maybe these data items are sorted
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not uh and then we're able to say things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh and then we're able to say things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh and then we're able to say things
+like okay insert uh a new item eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay insert uh a new item eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay insert uh a new item eight
+right after seven and so then you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after seven and so then you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after seven and so then you'd like
+to do that then you'd also then like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that then you'd also then like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that then you'd also then like to
+say okay now insert new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay now insert new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay now insert new
+item new item nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item new item nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item new item nine
+here and uh then this guy might be get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh then this guy might be get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh then this guy might be get
+shifted over so 12 is over here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted over so 12 is over here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted over so 12 is over here this
+becomes blank and then you can fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes blank and then you can fit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes blank and then you can fit the
+nine and so on you want to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine and so on you want to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine and so on you want to be able to do
+insertions and deletions like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions and deletions like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions and deletions like that
+quickly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and quickly here means we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quickly here means we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quickly here means we're going
+whenever we do an insert or delete we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we do an insert or delete we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we do an insert or delete we're
+going to rearrange items in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rearrange items in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rearrange items in an
+interval uh and that interval is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval uh and that interval is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval uh and that interval is going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+small log squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amortised that's all I need to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortised that's all I need to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortised that's all I need to say
+here um uh I guess we also want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um uh I guess we also want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um uh I guess we also want to say
+that when we're moving these items in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we're moving these items in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we're moving these items in
+the interval we can do it efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval we can do it efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval we can do it efficiently
+cache obliviously because we really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache obliviously because we really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache obliviously because we really want
+log squ n divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log squ n divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log squ n divided by
+B and we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and we say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and we say that
+via constant number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via constant number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via constant number of
+interleaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleaved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleaved
+scans scans we know as long as there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans scans we know as long as there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans scans we know as long as there's a
+constant number of them and your cach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of them and your cach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of them and your cach
+has at least a constant size number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has at least a constant size number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has at least a constant size number of
+blocks then interleaf scans are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks then interleaf scans are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks then interleaf scans are always
+going to be efficient you always get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be efficient you always get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be efficient you always get to
+divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by
+B okay but the focus will be on making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay but the focus will be on making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay but the focus will be on making
+sure the interval is small the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the interval is small the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the interval is small the
+rearrangement will actually be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangement will actually be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangement will actually be very
+simple so not too hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so not too hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so not too hard to
+do so this will give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so this will give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so this will give us
+uh log s n over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh log s n over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh log s n over B
+amortized memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized memory
+transfers so that was the Black Box we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers so that was the Black Box we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers so that was the Black Box we
+needed to get cach oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to get cach oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to get cach oblivious
+berries remember we got rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berries remember we got rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berries remember we got rid of the
+square and the log by using a level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and the log by using a level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and the log by using a level of
+indirection remove one of the logs so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirection remove one of the logs so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirection remove one of the logs so we
+got log n over B so we were dominated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got log n over B so we were dominated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got log n over B so we were dominated by
+log base B of n which is what we had for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base B of n which is what we had for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base B of n which is what we had for
+the search over here so this is the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search over here so this is the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search over here so this is the step
+we need and this is a general tool it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need and this is a general tool it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need and this is a general tool it's
+used in a bunch of different cach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in a bunch of different cach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in a bunch of different cach
+oblivious data structures sort of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious data structures sort of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious data structures sort of one of
+the first cach oblivious data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first cach oblivious data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first cach oblivious data structure
+tools it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools it's pretty
+handy uh it's actually much older than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy uh it's actually much older than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy uh it's actually much older than
+cach oblivious or external memory models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cach oblivious or external memory models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cach oblivious or external memory models
+this result removing the last line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result removing the last line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result removing the last line and
+this part which makes it in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part which makes it in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part which makes it in this model
+just thinking about moving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thinking about moving around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thinking about moving around
+intervals in a file goes back to e conim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals in a file goes back to e conim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals in a file goes back to e conim
+and Rota in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Rota in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Rota in
+1981 so it's pretty old and then it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1981 so it's pretty old and then it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1981 so it's pretty old and then it was
+brought to the cach oblivious World in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought to the cach oblivious World in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought to the cach oblivious World in
+2000 right when this model was getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 right when this model was getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 right when this model was getting
+started okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started okay
+so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the
+goal now let me tell you uh how this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal now let me tell you uh how this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal now let me tell you uh how this is
+going to work so a rough idea is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work so a rough idea is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work so a rough idea is very
+simple you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple you have your
+array and when you insert an item what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and when you insert an item what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and when you insert an item what
+we want to do is is find an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do is is find an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do is is find an interval
+containing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing that
+item uh of some reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item uh of some reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item uh of some reasonable
+size that's not too full and not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that's not too full and not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that's not too full and not too
+sparse if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse if we can
+find uh so like right here when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh so like right here when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh so like right here when we're
+inserting nine it looks really bad right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting nine it looks really bad right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting nine it looks really bad right
+around there so there's like too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there so there's like too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there so there's like too many
+elements packed right around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements packed right around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements packed right around that
+element that feels bad to us so we grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that feels bad to us so we grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that feels bad to us so we grow
+an interval around it until we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval around it until we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval around it until we've got
+enough gaps and then we just evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough gaps and then we just evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough gaps and then we just evenly
+redistribute the items in the in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribute the items in the in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribute the items in the in that
+interval so that's basically what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so that's basically what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so that's basically what we're
+going to do we just have to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do we just have to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do we just have to find the
+right size interval to rearrange items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right size interval to rearrange items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right size interval to rearrange items
+in but then when we do the rearrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but then when we do the rearrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but then when we do the rearrangement
+it's always going to be evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always going to be evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always going to be evenly
+redistributing within the interval so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributing within the interval so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributing within the interval so
+that strategy is simple and to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that strategy is simple and to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that strategy is simple and to think
+about intervals in a nice controlled way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about intervals in a nice controlled way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about intervals in a nice controlled way
+we're going to build a binary tree our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to build a binary tree our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to build a binary tree our
+good friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me just draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this binary tree uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah now I need to do something a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now I need to do something a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now I need to do something a little
+bit special at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit special at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit special at the
+leaves I'm going to Cluster together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves I'm going to Cluster together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves I'm going to Cluster together
+Logan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan
+items so down here is the array and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items so down here is the array and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items so down here is the array and all
+of this stuff up here is conceptual we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this stuff up here is conceptual we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this stuff up here is conceptual we
+don't really build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it my electron I can just do copy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it my electron I can just do copy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it my electron I can just do copy and
+paste and this is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste and this is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste and this is a lot
+easier so we have these chunks of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so we have these chunks of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so we have these chunks of size
+Theta log n at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bottom don't really care what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom don't really care what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom don't really care what the
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+is one's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fine okay so this is the array down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay so this is the array down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay so this is the array down here
+and we're splitting every log n items or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're splitting every log n items or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're splitting every log n items or
+log in cells in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in cells in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in cells in the
+array uh and then we say okay well build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array uh and then we say okay well build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array uh and then we say okay well build
+conceptually build a binary search tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually build a binary search tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually build a binary search tree
+here and then this node represents this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then this node represents this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then this node represents this
+interval and this node represents this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and this node represents this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and this node represents this
+interval okay every node just represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay every node just represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay every node just represents
+the interval of all its descendant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval of all its descendant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval of all its descendant
+leaves we've we've seen this trick over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves we've we've seen this trick over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves we've we've seen this trick over
+and over again uh but we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again uh but we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again uh but we're not going to
+build any data structure or have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build any data structure or have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build any data structure or have some
+augmentation for each of these nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmentation for each of these nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmentation for each of these nodes
+it's just uh this is how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just uh this is how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just uh this is how we're going to
+build the intervals we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the intervals we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the intervals we're going to start
+at the leaf let's say we want to insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the leaf let's say we want to insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the leaf let's say we want to insert
+an item in here so we insert it here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an item in here so we insert it here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an item in here so we insert it here if
+there's not room for it we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not room for it we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not room for it we're going to
+walk up the tree say okay if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk up the tree say okay if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk up the tree say okay if this
+interval is too dense I'll look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is too dense I'll look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is too dense I'll look at this
+node and it's corresponding interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and it's corresponding interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and it's corresponding interval
+here to here if that's still too dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here if that's still too dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here if that's still too dense
+I'll walk up to the parent and so look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll walk up to the parent and so look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll walk up to the parent and so look
+at this interval from here to here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this interval from here to here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this interval from here to here and
+so on until I find at the in the end at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on until I find at the in the end at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on until I find at the in the end at
+most I redistribute the entire array and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most I redistribute the entire array and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most I redistribute the entire array and
+when I do that I'll just evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do that I'll just evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do that I'll just evenly
+redistribute okay let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down the algorithm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the algorithm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the algorithm for
+update so for insert or delete the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update so for insert or delete the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update so for insert or delete the same
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+you update the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you update the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you update the
+leaf uh log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chunk uh you can do that just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk uh you can do that just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk uh you can do that just by
+rewriting the entire Chunk we can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewriting the entire Chunk we can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewriting the entire Chunk we can always
+we we're trying to get a log squ nbound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're trying to get a log squ nbound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're trying to get a log squ nbound
+so we can afford to rewrite an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can afford to rewrite an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can afford to rewrite an interval
+of size log n so that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free uh so whatever Leaf contains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free uh so whatever Leaf contains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free uh so whatever Leaf contains the
+element you want to insert or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delete and then we're going to walk up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete and then we're going to walk up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete and then we're going to walk up
+the tree until we find a suitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree until we find a suitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree until we find a suitable
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to call that node or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to call that node or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to call that node or
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interval uh within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+threshold okay so let me Define within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold okay so let me Define within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold okay so let me Define within
+threshold we're going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density of a node or an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of a node or an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of a node or an interval
+and that's just going to be the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just going to be the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just going to be the ratio of
+the number of elements that are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of elements that are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of elements that are actually
+down there versus the amount of slots in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there versus the amount of slots in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there versus the amount of slots in
+the array that are down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so just how much is occupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so look at that ratio if it's 100% then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at that ratio if it's 100% then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at that ratio if it's 100% then
+there are no blank cells down there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no blank cells down there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no blank cells down there if
+it's 0% then all everybody is blank so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 0% then all everybody is blank so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 0% then all everybody is blank so
+we don't want either of those extremes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want either of those extremes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want either of those extremes
+we want something in between and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want something in between and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want something in between and we're
+going to do that by specifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that by specifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that by specifying
+thresholds on this density and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds on this density and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds on this density and try to
+keep the density within those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the density within those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the density within those
+thresholds so let me let me Define those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds so let me let me Define those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds so let me let me Define those
+thresholds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the fun
+part is that the density thresholds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is that the density thresholds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is that the density thresholds that
+you maintain depend on which level you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are not like experience points but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not like experience points but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not like experience points but in
+which height of the tree you are so down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which height of the tree you are so down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which height of the tree you are so down
+here we don't really care how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we don't really care how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we don't really care how well
+distributed the leaves are I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed the leaves are I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed the leaves are I mean that
+could be can't be 0% because then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be can't be 0% because then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be can't be 0% because then that
+would be a really big gap but it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a really big gap but it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a really big gap but it could
+be say between 50% and 100% could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be say between 50% and 100% could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be say between 50% and 100% could be
+totally full then once it's overflowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally full then once it's overflowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally full then once it's overflowing
+then we've got to go up and the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got to go up and the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got to go up and the higher
+we go the stricter we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go the stricter we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go the stricter we
+get hopefully yes strictest at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get hopefully yes strictest at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get hopefully yes strictest at the top
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+tree so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general if we have a node of depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D then we want the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D then we want the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D then we want the density
+to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at
+least 12us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 12us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 12us
+1/4 D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overh and we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overh and we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overh and we want the
+density to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density to be at
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+3/4 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 plus
+one4 d over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one4 d over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one4 d over
+H so H here is the height of this tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+which is going to be something like log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be something like log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be something like log
+n minus log log n but doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus log log n but doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus log log n but doesn't really
+matter just this is depth zero depth one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter just this is depth zero depth one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter just this is depth zero depth one
+depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H and so uh it's we just are linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and so uh it's we just are linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and so uh it's we just are linearly
+interpolating between let's see this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolating between let's see this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolating between let's see this is
+always between 1 14 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always between 1 14 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always between 1 14 and
+12 right 1/2 when this is zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 right 1/2 when this is zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 right 1/2 when this is zero one
+quarter when this is H so you get a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter when this is H so you get a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter when this is H so you get a half
+minus a quarter and this one is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a quarter and this one is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a quarter and this one is always
+in the range 3/4 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range 3/4 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range 3/4 to
+1 it's 3/4 when this is zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 it's 3/4 when this is zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 it's 3/4 when this is zero and one
+when this is H so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this is H so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this is H so at the
+bottom uh I was a little bit off at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom uh I was a little bit off at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom uh I was a little bit off at the
+bottom the leaf level when these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom the leaf level when these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom the leaf level when these are
+both H it's going to be uh the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both H it's going to be uh the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both H it's going to be uh the density
+has to be at least a quarter and at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be at least a quarter and at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be at least a quarter and at most
+100% And then at the root it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% And then at the root it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% And then at the root it's going to
+have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be
+between a half and 3 quarters so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a half and 3 quarters so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a half and 3 quarters so it's a
+narrower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower
+range and uh the higher you go up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and uh the higher you go up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and uh the higher you go up the
+more narrow the range on the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more narrow the range on the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more narrow the range on the density
+gets and we do it just sort of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets and we do it just sort of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets and we do it just sort of in the
+obvious linear interpolation way uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious linear interpolation way uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious linear interpolation way uh the
+not so obvious thing is that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so obvious thing is that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so obvious thing is that this is the
+right way to do it there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way to do it there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way to do it there's a lot of
+choices for how to set these density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for how to set these density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for how to set these density
+thresholds but we have to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds but we have to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds but we have to basically
+maintain constant density everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain constant density everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain constant density everywhere
+because we're trying to maintain gaps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're trying to maintain gaps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're trying to maintain gaps of
+constant size so we don't have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant size so we don't have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant size so we don't have a lot of
+flexibility uh but it turns out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility uh but it turns out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility uh but it turns out this
+flexibility between two constants like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility between two constants like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility between two constants like a
+quarter and a half is enough to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter and a half is enough to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter and a half is enough to give us
+the performance we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance we
+need so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so let's see
+why uh let me finish this algorithm we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh let me finish this algorithm we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh let me finish this algorithm we
+walk up the tree until reaching a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk up the tree until reaching a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk up the tree until reaching a node
+within threshold density is this density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within threshold density is this density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within threshold density is this density
+threshold is this and now we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold is this and now we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold is this and now we know what
+within threshold means and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within threshold means and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within threshold means and then we
+evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly
+rebalance or redistribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all the descendant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements in that interval that is within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+threshold uh so what you need to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold uh so what you need to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold uh so what you need to check
+is that you can do this with a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can do this with a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can do this with a constant
+number of scans it's not that hard uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of scans it's not that hard uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of scans it's not that hard uh
+just read the elements in order write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read the elements in order write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read the elements in order write
+them out to a temporary array and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out to a temporary array and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out to a temporary array and then
+write them back or if you're fancy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them back or if you're fancy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them back or if you're fancy you
+can do it in place uh but you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it in place uh but you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it in place uh but you can just
+do it by constant number of scans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it by constant number of scans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it by constant number of scans
+through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+array cool uh just compute what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array cool uh just compute what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array cool uh just compute what is the
+you know what should be the average gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what should be the average gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what should be the average gap
+between the elements leave that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gaps okay so algorithm is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps okay so algorithm is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps okay so algorithm is pretty
+simple once you say okay I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple once you say okay I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple once you say okay I'm going to
+grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow
+intervals then maybe you think okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals then maybe you think okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals then maybe you think okay I
+guess I'll grow intervals according to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'll grow intervals according to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'll grow intervals according to a
+binary tree it's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary tree it's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary tree it's a little bit more
+probably don't have to do it this way uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't have to do it this way uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't have to do it this way uh
+you could just grow them by a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just grow them by a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just grow them by a factor of
+two just around your point but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two just around your point but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two just around your point but it's
+easier to analyze in the setting of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to analyze in the setting of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to analyze in the setting of a
+binary tree and then once you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary tree and then once you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary tree and then once you're doing
+that the tricky part is to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tricky part is to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tricky part is to set the
+density thresholds but you fool around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density thresholds but you fool around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density thresholds but you fool around
+and this seems to be the best way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this seems to be the best way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this seems to be the best way to do
+it uh now the question is why does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh now the question is why does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh now the question is why does this
+work how do we prove log squar amortised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work how do we prove log squar amortised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work how do we prove log squar amortised
+interval size uh when we follow these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval size uh when we follow these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval size uh when we follow these
+density thresholds notice Noti that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density thresholds notice Noti that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density thresholds notice Noti that
+we're not keeping intervals within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not keeping intervals within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not keeping intervals within
+density at all times sort of by I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density at all times sort of by I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density at all times sort of by I mean
+the whole problem is that things are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole problem is that things are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole problem is that things are not
+in not within threshold right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not within threshold right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not within threshold right at the
+start and we have to walk up the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and we have to walk up the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and we have to walk up the tree
+quite a ways potentially uh claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a ways potentially uh claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a ways potentially uh claim is
+only about log log and levels up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about log log and levels up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about log log and levels up the
+tree to find something that's within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree to find something that's within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree to find something that's within
+density and then we can redistribute and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and then we can redistribute and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and then we can redistribute and
+then we fix everything below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we fix everything below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we fix everything below
+us all right well let's get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is really the direction we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really the direction we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really the direction we want
+that thresholds are getting Tighter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thresholds are getting Tighter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thresholds are getting Tighter and
+Tighter more constrained as we go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tighter more constrained as we go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tighter more constrained as we go up
+because it means if we walk up a lot we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it means if we walk up a lot we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it means if we walk up a lot we
+essentially can pay for it because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially can pay for it because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially can pay for it because we
+bring that interval even farther within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that interval even farther within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that interval even farther within
+threshold so uh we have we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold so uh we have we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold so uh we have we have some
+node which is within threshold so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node which is within threshold so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node which is within threshold so we
+bring it into the density thresholds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it into the density thresholds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it into the density thresholds of
+here if we look at the children of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if we look at the children of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if we look at the children of that
+node their density thresholds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node their density thresholds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node their density thresholds are
+smaller or sorry are more relaxed so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller or sorry are more relaxed so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller or sorry are more relaxed so if
+we bring this node into threshold by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bring this node into threshold by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bring this node into threshold by
+rewriting all the leaves down here these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewriting all the leaves down here these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewriting all the leaves down here these
+nodes will not only be within threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes will not only be within threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes will not only be within threshold
+they'll be far within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be far within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be far within
+threshold they if you look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold they if you look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold they if you look at their
+ratios uh you know their densities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios uh you know their densities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios uh you know their densities the
+number of elements in there divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of elements in there divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of elements in there divided by
+the eras slots it's going to be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eras slots it's going to be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eras slots it's going to be exactly
+the same the density is equal if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the density is equal if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the density is equal if you
+because we're uniformly Distributing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're uniformly Distributing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're uniformly Distributing the
+items here and you know there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items here and you know there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items here and you know there's some
+rounding errors but other than rounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding errors but other than rounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding errors but other than rounding
+uh and that's actually why we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's actually why we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's actually why we have these
+leaves of size Theta log end so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves of size Theta log end so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves of size Theta log end so the
+rounding doesn't bite us if uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding doesn't bite us if uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding doesn't bite us if uh you know
+we're evenly redistributing so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're evenly redistributing so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're evenly redistributing so the
+density is equal everywhere left child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is equal everywhere left child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is equal everywhere left child
+will have the same density as the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the same density as the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the same density as the parent
+but if you look at the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at the density
+thresholds uh of the child they will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds uh of the child they will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds uh of the child they will be
+more relaxed compared to the parent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more relaxed compared to the parent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more relaxed compared to the parent so
+if the parent is within threshold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the parent is within threshold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the parent is within threshold the
+child will be far within threshold by at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child will be far within threshold by at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child will be far within threshold by at
+least a d over H additive amount sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a d over H additive amount sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a d over H additive amount sorry
+one over H because their depths differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over H because their depths differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over H because their depths differ
+by one this is D this will be D+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one this is D this will be D+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one this is D this will be D+
+one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay
+so when we rebalance a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we
+put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+children far within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning if we look at the uh absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning if we look at the uh absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning if we look at the uh absolute
+difference between the density and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the density and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the density and
+either the upper threshold or the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the upper threshold or the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the upper threshold or the lower
+threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold
+that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+be uh I guess at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh I guess at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh I guess at
+least 1 over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H uh because we're increasing d by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H uh because we're increasing d by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H uh because we're increasing d by one
+and it's one over 4H for each step we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's one over 4H for each step we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's one over 4H for each step we
+take okay so the children are extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take okay so the children are extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take okay so the children are extra
+happy we walked up here because before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy we walked up here because before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy we walked up here because before
+let's say we walked up this path so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we walked up this path so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we walked up this path so we
+walked from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked from the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked from the right
+child we didn't stop here which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child we didn't stop here which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child we didn't stop here which means
+this node was very far was beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node was very far was beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node was very far was beyond
+threshold okay but now uh we walked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold okay but now uh we walked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold okay but now uh we walked up
+which uh and now we fixed this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh and now we fixed this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh and now we fixed this entire
+interval and now it's far within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and now it's far within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and now it's far within
+threshold so before it was uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold so before it was uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold so before it was uh you know
+the density minus the threshold went the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density minus the threshold went the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density minus the threshold went the
+wrong way had the wrong sign now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong way had the wrong sign now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong way had the wrong sign now we're
+good and we're good by at least a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and we're good by at least a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and we're good by at least a 1
+over4 H now H here was the height of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over4 H now H here was the height of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over4 H now H here was the height of the
+tree it's like log n minus log n all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree it's like log n minus log n all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree it's like log n minus log n all we
+need is that this is uh Theta log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is that this is uh Theta log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is that this is uh Theta log
+n sorry Theta 1 over log n h is Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sorry Theta 1 over log n h is Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sorry Theta 1 over log n h is Theta
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and this is a
+ratio one over log n um of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio one over log n um of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio one over log n um of the number of
+items versus the number of slots but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items versus the number of slots but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items versus the number of slots but we
+know the number of slots we're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the number of slots we're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the number of slots we're dealing
+with is Theta log n and so this is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is Theta log n and so this is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is Theta log n and so this is at
+least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one
+item that's the so this log n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item that's the so this log n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item that's the so this log n is
+designed to balance the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to balance the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to balance the H
+here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool uh let's go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so idea is when we're if we're far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so idea is when we're if we're far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so idea is when we're if we're far
+within threshold we can charge to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within threshold we can charge to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within threshold we can charge to those
+items that's our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we're interested in if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're interested in if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're interested in if we just
+rebalance this node say x we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebalance this node say x we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebalance this node say x we want to
+know when is the next time x could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when is the next time x could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when is the next time x could be
+rebalanced okay for X to have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebalanced okay for X to have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebalanced okay for X to have to be
+rebalanced that means again one of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebalanced that means again one of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebalanced that means again one of its
+children would have to be out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children would have to be out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children would have to be out of
+threshold and then we insert a delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and then we insert a delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and then we insert a delete
+within that child and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that child and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that child and then that
+propagates up to X but right now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates up to X but right now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates up to X but right now the
+children are far within threshold for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are far within threshold for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are far within threshold for so
+the question is how long would it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how long would it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how long would it take
+for them to get out of threshold again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to get out of threshold again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to get out of threshold again
+well you'd have to change the density by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you'd have to change the density by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you'd have to change the density by
+at least one over an additive one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one over an additive one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one over an additive one over
+log n if you multiply by the size it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n if you multiply by the size it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n if you multiply by the size it's
+the size of the interval uh divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the interval uh divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the interval uh divided by
+log n you've got to have at least that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n you've got to have at least that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n you've got to have at least that
+many insertions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deletions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletions so
+before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this
+node uh rebalances again one of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node uh rebalances again one of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node uh rebalances again one of its
+children must get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balance and so you must have uh done at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and so you must have uh done at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and so you must have uh done at
+least uh size of the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ided Theta log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ided Theta log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ided Theta log
+n uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+updates for one of the children to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates for one of the children to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates for one of the children to
+become out of balance again boom okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become out of balance again boom okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become out of balance again boom okay so
+when this rebalance happens again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this rebalance happens again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this rebalance happens again we're
+going to charge to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to charge to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to charge to those
+updates which is good because the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates which is good because the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates which is good because the time
+it takes us to do the rebalance is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes us to do the rebalance is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes us to do the rebalance is the
+size of the interval so uh we're not we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the interval so uh we're not we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the interval so uh we're not we
+need to charge each of these items uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to charge each of these items uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to charge each of these items uh
+log n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charge the rebalance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cost which is Theta size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interval uh to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+updates and what we know is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates and what we know is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates and what we know is that the
+updates are within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interval okay uh cool so this looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay uh cool so this looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay uh cool so this looks like
+a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log
+nbound which is not right it's a should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nbound which is not right it's a should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nbound which is not right it's a should
+be a log squar nbound the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a log squar nbound the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a log squar nbound the idea is
+uh when we insert into one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we insert into one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we insert into one of these
+leaves uh we're simult mously making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves uh we're simult mously making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves uh we're simult mously making
+this node worse and this node worse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node worse and this node worse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node worse and this node worse and
+this node worse right we insert whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node worse right we insert whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node worse right we insert whenever
+we insert a node it belongs to log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we insert a node it belongs to log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we insert a node it belongs to log n
+intervals that we care about so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals that we care about so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals that we care about so in fact
+not only are we losing this log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only are we losing this log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only are we losing this log n
+because there aren't quite enough items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there aren't quite enough items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there aren't quite enough items
+to charge to log n Factor less we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to charge to log n Factor less we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to charge to log n Factor less we're
+also charging to each item another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also charging to each item another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also charging to each item another
+factor of log n times because it lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of log n times because it lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of log n times because it lives
+in all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intervals um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah each
+update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gets
+charged at most H which is order log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times as we looked at uh what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as we looked at uh what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as we looked at uh what happens
+for node X but we have to apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for node X but we have to apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for node X but we have to apply this
+argument simultaneously for all nodes x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument simultaneously for all nodes x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument simultaneously for all nodes x
+for fortunately you know this node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fortunately you know this node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fortunately you know this node
+versus this node they don't share any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus this node they don't share any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus this node they don't share any
+descendants and so there's no multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants and so there's no multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants and so there's no multiple
+charging but node X and its parent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging but node X and its parent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging but node X and its parent and
+its grandparent all its ancestors uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its grandparent all its ancestors uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its grandparent all its ancestors uh
+they're all talking about the same nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all talking about the same nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all talking about the same nodes
+and so they will multiple charge but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they will multiple charge but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they will multiple charge but
+only by a factor of log n that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only by a factor of log n that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only by a factor of log n that's
+something we've seen few times charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we've seen few times charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we've seen few times charging
+log n times for every node in the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n times for every node in the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n times for every node in the tree
+like uh range trees having n log n space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh range trees having n log n space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh range trees having n log n space
+in two Dimensions same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two Dimensions same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two Dimensions same
+deal uh okay so we've got size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal uh okay so we've got size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal uh okay so we've got size of the
+interval by log n guys to charge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval by log n guys to charge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval by log n guys to charge to
+which we multiply charge log n times so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we multiply charge log n times so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we multiply charge log n times so
+we get a log squ amortized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bound so this log n is hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound so this log n is hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound so this log n is hard to
+avoid because we have a binary tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid because we have a binary tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid because we have a binary tree
+that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty
+natural this log n essentially comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural this log n essentially comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural this log n essentially comes
+from this h the fact that we can only go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this h the fact that we can only go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this h the fact that we can only go
+from one constant factor to another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one constant factor to another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one constant factor to another and
+we've got log n different steps to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got log n different steps to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got log n different steps to make
+we have to do one over log n uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do one over log n uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do one over log n uh
+increment every step that's the best we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment every step that's the best we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment every step that's the best we
+could afford that's why these are evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could afford that's why these are evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could afford that's why these are evenly
+spaced out in this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced out in this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced out in this linear
+way uh but if we had a little more space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh but if we had a little more space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh but if we had a little more space
+we could do better so that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do better so that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do better so that's going to
+lead us to this list labeling problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead us to this list labeling problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead us to this list labeling problem uh
+but first are there any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first are there any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first are there any questions about
+order of file maintenance at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of file maintenance at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of file maintenance at this point
+we are done yeah can you explain again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are done yeah can you explain again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are done yeah can you explain again
+how is it that you get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that you get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that you get from the
+SI and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI and
+Ian this amortization yeah how you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ian this amortization yeah how you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ian this amortization yeah how you get
+yeah so let me explain it again so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let me explain it again so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let me explain it again so when
+we do rebalance of an interval the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do rebalance of an interval the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do rebalance of an interval the cost
+is the size of the interval right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the size of the interval right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the size of the interval right we're
+trying to analyze what is the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to analyze what is the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to analyze what is the size
+interval prove that it's log squ n so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval prove that it's log squ n so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval prove that it's log squ n so we
+have this cost of size of interval we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this cost of size of interval we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this cost of size of interval we're
+charging it to the items which just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging it to the items which just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging it to the items which just got
+uh inserted or deleted into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inserted or deleted into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inserted or deleted into that
+interval before uh this node rebalances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval before uh this node rebalances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval before uh this node rebalances
+again but in general we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but in general we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but in general we're interested in
+the jump we can afford to rebalance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jump we can afford to rebalance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jump we can afford to rebalance
+every node at the beginning and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every node at the beginning and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every node at the beginning and then uh
+whenever a node rebalances before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever a node rebalances before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever a node rebalances before it
+rebalances it had to be out of it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebalances it had to be out of it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebalances it had to be out of it's one
+of its children had to be out of whack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its children had to be out of whack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its children had to be out of whack
+for it children to one of its children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it children to one of its children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it children to one of its children
+to be out of whack it had there had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be out of whack it had there had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be out of whack it had there had to
+have been an insertion of at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been an insertion of at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been an insertion of at least the
+size of the interval uh divided by log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the interval uh divided by log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the interval uh divided by log n
+uh because log n was H there's a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because log n was H there's a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because log n was H there's a slight
+discrepancy here we're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy here we're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy here we're talking about the
+size of the parent interval verus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the parent interval verus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the parent interval verus the
+size of the child interval but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the child interval but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the child interval but that's
+just a factor of two okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a factor of two okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a factor of two okay so that's
+Incorporated by this Theta so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporated by this Theta so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporated by this Theta so you could
+have a little Theta here too if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little Theta here too if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little Theta here too if you
+like okay so for the child to be out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay so for the child to be out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay so for the child to be out of
+whack we had to have done updates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whack we had to have done updates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whack we had to have done updates of
+size of interval divided by log n so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of interval divided by log n so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of interval divided by log n so we
+charge this cost to them and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge this cost to them and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge this cost to them and so we have
+to charge log in to each of those items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to charge log in to each of those items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to charge log in to each of those items
+each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those
+updates and then there's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates and then there's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates and then there's a second
+problem which is everybody who getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is everybody who getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is everybody who getting
+everybody gets charged by all of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody gets charged by all of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody gets charged by all of its
+ancestors and it has log and ancestors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors and it has log and ancestors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors and it has log and ancestors
+so in all each update gets charged at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in all each update gets charged at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in all each update gets charged at
+most log squ n times so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most log squ n times so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most log squ n times so you get
+amortized log squ per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+update other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions cool so that's ordered files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions cool so that's ordered files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions cool so that's ordered files
+now we have berries uh we we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have berries uh we we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have berries uh we we could
+handle this log squar n that was okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle this log squar n that was okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle this log squar n that was okay
+for berries using a layer of indirection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for berries using a layer of indirection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for berries using a layer of indirection
+but it's natural to wonder whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's natural to wonder whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's natural to wonder whether you
+can do better um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do better um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do better um
+um in general the conjecture is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in general the conjecture is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in general the conjecture is that for
+ordered files you cannot do better if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered files you cannot do better if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered files you cannot do better if
+this is your problem setup if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your problem setup if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your problem setup if you can
+only have constant size gaps you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have constant size gaps you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have constant size gaps you need a
+linear size array you need log squar n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear size array you need log squar n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear size array you need log squar n
+interval updates but no one's proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval updates but no one's proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval updates but no one's proved
+that lower bound so that's one open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lower bound so that's one open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lower bound so that's one open
+question uh another fun fact is we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh another fun fact is we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh another fun fact is we did
+amortised uh but it's actually possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortised uh but it's actually possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortised uh but it's actually possible
+to do worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do worst
+case um It's Complicated Willard did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um It's Complicated Willard did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um It's Complicated Willard did it
+in 1992
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but uh let's talk about relaxing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh let's talk about relaxing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh let's talk about relaxing the
+problem so if instead of saying well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so if instead of saying well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so if instead of saying well the
+array has to be linear size what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array has to be linear size what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array has to be linear size what if we
+let it to be bigger and then you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better and this is problem called list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+labeling so it's I'm going to rephrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling so it's I'm going to rephrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling so it's I'm going to rephrase
+it but it's essentially the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's essentially the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's essentially the same as
+order file maintenance it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order file maintenance it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order file maintenance it's a little
+bit uh less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+restriction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a dynamic link list problem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a dynamic link list problem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a dynamic link list problem like
+we've seen before and each node at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen before and each node at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen before and each node at all
+times stores a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+label uh such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that labels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that labels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that labels are
+always monotone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always monotone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always monotone
+down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list okay so think of it this way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay so think of it this way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay so think of it this way we
+have uh link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list and all we're interested is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and all we're interested is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and all we're interested is
+maintaining this link list so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining this link list so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining this link list so we want to
+be able to say okay delete this item and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to say okay delete this item and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to say okay delete this item and
+update these pointers uh or maybe insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update these pointers uh or maybe insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update these pointers uh or maybe insert
+a new item over here and so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new item over here and so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new item over here and so it's going
+to be linked like that and at all times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be linked like that and at all times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be linked like that and at all times
+in this cell here here we're storing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this cell here here we're storing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this cell here here we're storing a
+number 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 14 42 whatever could be any integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 14 42 whatever could be any integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 14 42 whatever could be any integer
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+say and we need that the numbers are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and we need that the numbers are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and we need that the numbers are in
+increasing order down the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing order down the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing order down the link
+list now I claim this is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list now I claim this is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list now I claim this is basically the
+same as ordered file problem just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as ordered file problem just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as ordered file problem just think
+of this number as being the index in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this number as being the index in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this number as being the index in the
+array that you store it so this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array that you store it so this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array that you store it so this should
+be uh strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+monotone I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone I guess
+increasing down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing down the
+list okay that means uh none of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay that means uh none of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay that means uh none of these
+numbers are the same so we can store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are the same so we can store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are the same so we can store the
+the items what you know whatever data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the items what you know whatever data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the items what you know whatever data is
+associated with this node we can store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this node we can store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this node we can store
+that in that in the array position three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that in the array position three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that in the array position three
+in the array position 7 in the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the array position 7 in the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the array position 7 in the array
+position 12 when we insert we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position 12 when we insert we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position 12 when we insert we have to
+find at a new label between three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find at a new label between three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find at a new label between three and
+seven now we're allowed to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven now we're allowed to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven now we're allowed to change the
+labels dynamically that's what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels dynamically that's what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels dynamically that's what makes
+this possible which corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this possible which corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this possible which corresponds to
+moving items in the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving items in the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving items in the array
+okay the only difference is about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the only difference is about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the only difference is about how
+this is physically done uh with ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is physically done uh with ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is physically done uh with ordered
+file you have to physically move items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file you have to physically move items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file you have to physically move items
+in the array here you just change a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the array here you just change a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the array here you just change a
+number and that's moving the item okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that's moving the item okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that's moving the item okay
+so uh where this gets interesting is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh where this gets interesting is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh where this gets interesting is if
+you allow the label space which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allow the label space which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allow the label space which is the
+storage space of the array to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage space of the array to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage space of the array to become
+superlinear with ordered files you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superlinear with ordered files you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superlinear with ordered files you can't
+really it doesn't really make a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it doesn't really make a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it doesn't really make a lot of
+sense to go super linear at least not by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to go super linear at least not by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to go super linear at least not by
+more than a couple log factors because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a couple log factors because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a couple log factors because
+time is always at least space if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is always at least space if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is always at least space if you
+have a giant array you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a giant array you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a giant array you have to
+initialize it and you can't afford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize it and you can't afford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize it and you can't afford to
+initialize an array of say and squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize an array of say and squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize an array of say and squared
+size if you're trying to maintain n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size if you're trying to maintain n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size if you're trying to maintain n
+items but in list labeling you can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items but in list labeling you can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items but in list labeling you can I
+mean if you say oh all these numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you say oh all these numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you say oh all these numbers are
+between zero and n s that's no big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and n s that's no big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and n s that's no big deal
+uh because you can represent a number uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because you can represent a number uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because you can represent a number uh
+up to n s which is two log n Bits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to n s which is two log n Bits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to n s which is two log n Bits so
+squaring the space is no big deal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring the space is no big deal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring the space is no big deal for
+list labeling it would be a big deal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list labeling it would be a big deal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list labeling it would be a big deal for
+order file maintenance so that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order file maintenance so that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order file maintenance so that's why we
+rephrase it but they're basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rephrase it but they're basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rephrase it but they're basically the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+problem okay just a little less useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay just a little less useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay just a little less useful
+for uh cash oblivia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+so let me tell you what's known about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me tell you what's known about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me tell you what's known about
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+labeling terms of the amount of label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling terms of the amount of label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling terms of the amount of label
+space you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given and how good a time running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given and how good a time running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given and how good a time running time
+per update we can get in terms of best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per update we can get in terms of best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per update we can get in terms of best
+known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known
+results so what we just saw is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so what we just saw is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so what we just saw is that if
+you do uh we just said linear space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do uh we just said linear space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do uh we just said linear space but
+in fact you can get 1 plus Epsilon space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you can get 1 plus Epsilon space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you can get 1 plus Epsilon space
+you can say oh I only want to waste 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say oh I only want to waste 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say oh I only want to waste 1%
+of my storage space in the array and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my storage space in the array and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my storage space in the array and if
+you set uh the Theta at the leaves here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set uh the Theta at the leaves here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set uh the Theta at the leaves here
+to the right value then you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right value then you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right value then you can just
+waste 1% and still maintain an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste 1% and still maintain an order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste 1% and still maintain an order
+file I think this is cool from a file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file I think this is cool from a file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file I think this is cool from a file
+system perspective but in particular it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system perspective but in particular it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system perspective but in particular it
+gives us what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us what we
+need and if you go up to uh n log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and if you go up to uh n log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and if you go up to uh n log n
+space uh doesn't seem to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh doesn't seem to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh doesn't seem to help you
+much best we know is log squ N I mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much best we know is log squ N I mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much best we know is log squ N I mention
+could be amortized or worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be amortized or worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be amortized or worst case
+okay if you bump up the space to n the 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you bump up the space to n the 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you bump up the space to n the 1
+plus Epsilon so a little bit super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Epsilon so a little bit super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Epsilon so a little bit super
+linear uh and anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear uh and anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear uh and anything
+polinomial then the best we know is log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial then the best we know is log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial then the best we know is log
+n and there's actually a lower Bound for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and there's actually a lower Bound for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and there's actually a lower Bound for
+this result in a particular model um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result in a particular model um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result in a particular model um so
+seems pretty clear that uh at least for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems pretty clear that uh at least for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems pretty clear that uh at least for
+these style of data structures best you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these style of data structures best you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these style of data structures best you
+can do in this situation is log n but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do in this situation is log n but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do in this situation is log n but
+hey log n is better than log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey log n is better than log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey log n is better than log
+squ and then the other obvious bound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and then the other obvious bound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and then the other obvious bound is
+if you have exponential space you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have exponential space you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have exponential space you can do
+constant essentially because with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant essentially because with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant essentially because with
+exponential space you can just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential space you can just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential space you can just keep
+bisecting the interval between two items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisecting the interval between two items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisecting the interval between two items
+in constant time until you've inserted n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in constant time until you've inserted n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in constant time until you've inserted n
+items and then you can rebuild the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items and then you can rebuild the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items and then you can rebuild the whole
+data structure so that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure so that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure so that's sort of the
+trivial result uh if you don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial result uh if you don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial result uh if you don't care
+about how big these labels get and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how big these labels get and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how big these labels get and how
+big they would get is two to the N then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big they would get is two to the N then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big they would get is two to the N then
+you can do constant time that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do constant time that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do constant time that's really
+the only way we know how to do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way we know how to do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way we know how to do uh
+constant um uh but so the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant um uh but so the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant um uh but so the interesting
+new result here that I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new result here that I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new result here that I'm talking about
+is for polinomial space we can get log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for polinomial space we can get log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for polinomial space we can get log n
+and rough idea is you just fix these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rough idea is you just fix these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rough idea is you just fix these
+density intervals now you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density intervals now you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density intervals now you don't have to
+make it uh I mean it's still going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it uh I mean it's still going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it uh I mean it's still going to be
+a d / H here but your your spread can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a d / H here but your your spread can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a d / H here but your your spread can be
+much bigger your densities no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger your densities no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger your densities no longer
+have to be constants now we can afford a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be constants now we can afford a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be constants now we can afford a
+density uh near the root we can get a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density uh near the root we can get a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density uh near the root we can get a a
+density of like one over actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of like one over actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of like one over actually
+anywhere we can afford a density of 1 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere we can afford a density of 1 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere we can afford a density of 1 n
+because if we have n squ slots and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we have n squ slots and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we have n squ slots and only
+n items to put in them then a decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n items to put in them then a decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n items to put in them then a decent
+density is 1 n in fact could also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is 1 n in fact could also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is 1 n in fact could also be
+constant constant would be all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant constant would be all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant constant would be all right so
+we've got a big spread there from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a big spread there from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a big spread there from one
+over n to constant and so we can afford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n to constant and so we can afford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n to constant and so we can afford
+to take much bigger jumps here uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take much bigger jumps here uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take much bigger jumps here uh of
+like one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n and so that gets rid of this log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and so that gets rid of this log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and so that gets rid of this log n
+Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor
+essentially that was the rough sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that was the rough sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that was the rough sketch
+um I have written here that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have written here that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have written here that the
+densities we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use are no longer uniformly spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use are no longer uniformly spaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use are no longer uniformly spaced
+they're one over Alpha to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're one over Alpha to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're one over Alpha to the
+d alpha here is some constant in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d alpha here is some constant in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d alpha here is some constant in the
+interval uh between 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval uh between 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval uh between 1 and
+two and D is the depth so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and D is the depth so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and D is the depth so now we have
+exponentially increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially increasing
+densities which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities which
+uh yeah give you a big gap no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah give you a big gap no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah give you a big gap no longer
+lose this log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose this log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose this log n
+Factor okay so you use exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor okay so you use exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor okay so you use exactly the same
+data structure these different densities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure these different densities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure these different densities
+now you've got room to to fill in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've got room to to fill in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've got room to to fill in a
+whole bunch more densities when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch more densities when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch more densities when you have
+say n squ space and so you only get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say n squ space and so you only get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say n squ space and so you only get the
+log n Factor because of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n Factor because of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n Factor because of the number of
+ancestors of a node and you lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors of a node and you lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors of a node and you lose the
+other log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+cool now let me tell you about another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool now let me tell you about another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool now let me tell you about another
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+building on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so this is the list order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is the list order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is the list order
+maintenance problem and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance problem and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance problem and this is the
+problem we saw in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same as as before maintain a linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+insert a node at this location delete a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert a node at this location delete a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert a node at this location delete a
+node at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node at this
+location and Order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+queries is node X before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries is node X before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries is node X before
+node y in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list this is what we needed to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list this is what we needed to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list this is what we needed to support
+full persistance so you have a big link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list and then if I give you this node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and then if I give you this node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and then if I give you this node
+and this node I want to know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this node I want to know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this node I want to know that this
+node is before that node in the list in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node is before that node in the list in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node is before that node in the list in
+constant time I claim that we can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time I claim that we can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time I claim that we can solve
+this problem given our solutions to list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem given our solutions to list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem given our solutions to list
+labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling
+not so obvious how um list labeling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so obvious how um list labeling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so obvious how um list labeling is
+great because it lets you do order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great because it lets you do order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great because it lets you do order
+queries right you just compare the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries right you just compare the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries right you just compare the two
+labels and you instantly discover which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels and you instantly discover which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels and you instantly discover which
+is before which uh and so if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is before which uh and so if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is before which uh and so if we could
+afford log end time over there we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford log end time over there we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford log end time over there we could
+just use this solution and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use this solution and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use this solution and this is
+reasonable but we really want constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable but we really want constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable but we really want constant
+time per operation now if we do constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time per operation now if we do constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time per operation now if we do constant
+time per operation and we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time per operation and we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time per operation and we use
+exponential label space this is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential label space this is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential label space this is not so
+good because it means you need n Bits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because it means you need n Bits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because it means you need n Bits to
+write down a label so that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a label so that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a label so that's going to
+take linear time to modify or to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take linear time to modify or to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take linear time to modify or to compare
+two labels so you don't really this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two labels so you don't really this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two labels so you don't really this
+doesn't save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't save
+you uh we can afford to do this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh we can afford to do this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh we can afford to do this this is
+only log n Bits per uh label and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only log n Bits per uh label and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only log n Bits per uh label and we
+assume all of our integers can store at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume all of our integers can store at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume all of our integers can store at
+least log n Bits this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least log n Bits this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least log n Bits this is something
+called a word Ram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a word Ram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a word Ram
+model uh and so we can afford to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh and so we can afford to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh and so we can afford to store
+these labels but we pay this log in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these labels but we pay this log in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these labels but we pay this log in time
+so we've got to remove a log and Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got to remove a log and Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got to remove a log and Factor
+how do we do that inter Direction Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do that inter Direction Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do that inter Direction Just
+just like last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay
+so let's do that on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board so on the top we're going to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so on the top we're going to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so on the top we're going to store
+n over log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over log n
+items uh using this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+labeling uh with label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling uh with label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling uh with label
+space say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space say
+n^2 any polinomial will do and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 any polinomial will do and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 any polinomial will do and so this
+takes log n per operation to do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes log n per operation to do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes log n per operation to do anything
+on these n over log n items and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these n over log n items and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these n over log n items and then at
+the bottom we have lots of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom we have lots of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom we have lots of little
+structures of size log n and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of size log n and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of size log n and that's
+supposed to eat up a factor of log n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to eat up a factor of log n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to eat up a factor of log n in
+our update time if we do it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh actually I can just do list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh actually I can just do list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh actually I can just do list
+labeling down here as well so if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling down here as well so if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling down here as well so if I'm
+only storing login
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only storing login
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only storing login
+items then I can afford to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items then I can afford to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items then I can afford to use the
+exponential solution the trivial thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential solution the trivial thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential solution the trivial thing
+where I just BCT all the labels until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I just BCT all the labels until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I just BCT all the labels until
+all the login items have changed then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the login items have changed then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the login items have changed then
+rewrite them CU 2 to the log n is only n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite them CU 2 to the log n is only n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite them CU 2 to the log n is only n
+so here in each of these I do list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here in each of these I do list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here in each of these I do list
+labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling
+uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with
+Space 2 to the log n okay also known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space 2 to the log n okay also known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space 2 to the log n okay also known as
+n so these guys are constant time to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so these guys are constant time to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so these guys are constant time to do
+anything in to maintain the labels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in to maintain the labels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in to maintain the labels and
+to maintain the labels up here so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain the labels up here so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain the labels up here so to
+maintain basically each of these n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain basically each of these n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain basically each of these n over
+log n guys is one representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n guys is one representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n guys is one representative
+elements from or representing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements from or representing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements from or representing this
+entire group there's n over log n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire group there's n over log n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire group there's n over log n of
+these groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this label structure is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this label structure is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this label structure is supposed to
+distinguish the different groups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish the different groups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish the different groups and
+then uh this the labels in here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh this the labels in here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh this the labels in here are
+distinguishing the items within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing the items within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing the items within the
+group now this cost log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group now this cost log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group now this cost log n
+amortise to keep what we need up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortise to keep what we need up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortise to keep what we need up here
+but now if I want the label of an item I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if I want the label of an item I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if I want the label of an item I
+just take this label comma this label so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take this label comma this label so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take this label comma this label so
+if I have if I have an item here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have if I have an item here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have if I have an item here for
+example I store first I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I store first I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I store first I look at the
+label of this block as stored by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label of this block as stored by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label of this block as stored by this
+data structure and then I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure and then I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure and then I look at the
+label within the block and so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label within the block and so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label within the block and so my
+composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+label is going to be an ordered pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label is going to be an ordered pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label is going to be an ordered pair of
+top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+label comma the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+label okay this is kind of funny because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label okay this is kind of funny because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label okay this is kind of funny because
+it looks like we're solving the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like we're solving the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like we're solving the list
+labeling problem again with now a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling problem again with now a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling problem again with now a space
+of n cubed right we've got n^2 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n cubed right we've got n^2 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n cubed right we've got n^2 for the
+first coordin coordinate and then n for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first coordin coordinate and then n for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first coordin coordinate and then n for
+the second coordinate so if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second coordinate so if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second coordinate so if you just
+concatenate those two labels that lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate those two labels that lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate those two labels that lives
+in a bigger label space of size n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bigger label space of size n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bigger label space of size n
+cub and yet I claim this takes constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub and yet I claim this takes constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub and yet I claim this takes constant
+amortised and is not a solution to list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortised and is not a solution to list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortised and is not a solution to list
+labeling it's just a matter of again how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling it's just a matter of again how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling it's just a matter of again how
+updates are performed with ordered file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates are performed with ordered file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates are performed with ordered file
+maintenance we had to physically move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance we had to physically move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance we had to physically move
+items with list labeling problem we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items with list labeling problem we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items with list labeling problem we had
+to modify the number stored with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify the number stored with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify the number stored with each
+node that's expensive in this world if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node that's expensive in this world if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node that's expensive in this world if
+we change a label up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change a label up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change a label up
+here we are basically instantly say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are basically instantly say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are basically instantly say we
+change the label corresponding to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the label corresponding to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the label corresponding to how
+this group in here we change the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group in here we change the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group in here we change the label
+of all of these items in one operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of these items in one operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of these items in one operation
+or actually it takes log n time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually it takes log n time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually it takes log n time and then
+we change the label of all log n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change the label of all log n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change the label of all log n of
+these items so that's why we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these items so that's why we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these items so that's why we get
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+amortised so how does this work uh if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortised so how does this work uh if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortised so how does this work uh if we
+insert a new item we stick it into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert a new item we stick it into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert a new item we stick it into one
+of these blocks uh the block that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these blocks uh the block that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these blocks uh the block that it
+fits into if this block gets too full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits into if this block gets too full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits into if this block gets too full
+more than say lot one time log n then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than say lot one time log n then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than say lot one time log n then we
+split it in half if it gets too sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it in half if it gets too sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it in half if it gets too sparse
+by deletion say less than a quarter log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by deletion say less than a quarter log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by deletion say less than a quarter log
+n then we'll merge it with one of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then we'll merge it with one of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then we'll merge it with one of its
+neighbors and then possibly split each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors and then possibly split each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors and then possibly split each
+of those triggers a constant number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those triggers a constant number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those triggers a constant number of
+operations up here and so we pay log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations up here and so we pay log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations up here and so we pay log n
+but we only pay it when we've made Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we only pay it when we've made Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we only pay it when we've made Theta
+log n changes to one of these blocks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n changes to one of these blocks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n changes to one of these blocks so
+we can charge this log n cost to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can charge this log n cost to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can charge this log n cost to those
+log n updates and so this turns into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n updates and so this turns into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n updates and so this turns into
+constant this down here is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this down here is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this down here is always
+constant and so it's constant amortised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if each of these blocks remembers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if each of these blocks remembers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if each of these blocks remembers
+what the corresponding uh and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the corresponding uh and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the corresponding uh and basically
+this is a link list here and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a link list here and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a link list here and then we
+have link lists down here and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have link lists down here and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have link lists down here and they have
+labels and so it's like a it's like a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels and so it's like a it's like a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels and so it's like a it's like a uh
+what do you call a skip list with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you call a skip list with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you call a skip list with just
+two levels and every node here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two levels and every node here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two levels and every node here just
+remembers what its parent is up here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers what its parent is up here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers what its parent is up here so
+if you want to know your composite label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to know your composite label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to know your composite label
+you just look at the bottom label and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just look at the bottom label and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just look at the bottom label and
+then walk up look at the top label those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then walk up look at the top label those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then walk up look at the top label those
+are just stored right there in the nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just stored right there in the nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just stored right there in the nodes
+and so in constant time you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in constant time you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in constant time you can find
+your top label your bottom label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your top label your bottom label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your top label your bottom label
+therefore you can compare two items in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can compare two items in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can compare two items in
+constant time so this solves the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time so this solves the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time so this solves the problem
+we needed in lecture one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question okay why is it not the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay why is it not the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay why is it not the same as
+n cubed label space which I claim has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cubed label space which I claim has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cubed label space which I claim has a
+lower bound of log n the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound of log n the difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound of log n the difference is
+um with list labeling you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with list labeling you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with list labeling you have to
+explicitly change the label of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly change the label of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly change the label of each
+items and here we're basically Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items and here we're basically Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items and here we're basically Computing
+the label of a node now becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label of a node now becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label of a node now becomes a
+constant time algorithm we're allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time algorithm we're allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time algorithm we're allowed to
+look at the label here then walk up then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the label here then walk up then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the label here then walk up then
+look at the label here and by changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the label here and by changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the label here and by changing
+the label up here we change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label up here we change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label up here we change it
+simultaneously for login guys down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously for login guys down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously for login guys down there
+so that's the big difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the big difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the big difference between
+this list order maintenance problem from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list order maintenance problem from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list order maintenance problem from
+the list labeling problem these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list labeling problem these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list labeling problem these were
+actually all solved in the same paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all solved in the same paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all solved in the same paper by
+deeton Slater but uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeton Slater but uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeton Slater but uh sort of
+successively SL slightly relaxing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successively SL slightly relaxing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successively SL slightly relaxing the
+problem makes a huge difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem makes a huge difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem makes a huge difference in the
+running time you can achieve obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time you can achieve obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time you can achieve obviously
+we can't get any better than constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't get any better than constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't get any better than constant so
+we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done
+uh in of course then there's external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in of course then there's external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in of course then there's external
+memory versions but uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory versions but uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory versions but uh in terms of
+regular data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structures and again Willard made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and again Willard made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and again Willard made it
+worst case constant that's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case constant that's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case constant that's a lot
+harder other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder other
+questions cool so that does ordered file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions cool so that does ordered file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions cool so that does ordered file
+maintenance and list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance and list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance and list
+labeling and so next we're going to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling and so next we're going to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling and so next we're going to move
+to a very different data structure which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very different data structure which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very different data structure which
+is cach oblivious priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q we haven't really done any cach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q we haven't really done any cach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q we haven't really done any cach
+oblivious data structures yet so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious data structures yet so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious data structures yet so it's
+time to return to our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goal we're not actually going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal we're not actually going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal we're not actually going to use
+order files sadly that was last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all of this was continuation of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of this was continuation of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of this was continuation of last
+lecture now we're going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture now we're going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture now we're going to do a
+different data structure it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different data structure it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different data structure it's going to
+adapt to B it's going to adapt to M it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt to B it's going to adapt to M it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt to B it's going to adapt to M it's
+cach oblivious and it achieves priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cach oblivious and it achieves priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cach oblivious and it achieves priority
+cute now remember this sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bound n/ B log base M over B of n/ B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound n/ B log base M over B of n/ B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound n/ B log base M over B of n/ B
+this is our sorting bound then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our sorting bound then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our sorting bound then the
+priority Q bound we want is this divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority Q bound we want is this divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority Q bound we want is this divided
+by n so you want to be able to do 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n so you want to be able to do 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n so you want to be able to do 1 over
+B log base M over b n/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B log base M over b n/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B log base M over b n/
+b insert and delete Min let's say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b insert and delete Min let's say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b insert and delete Min let's say and
+this is an interesting bound because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting bound because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting bound because
+it's usually much less than one it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually much less than one it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually much less than one it's a
+subc constant bound this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subc constant bound this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subc constant bound this is going to be
+little o of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little o of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little o of
+one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh
+assuming this log is smaller than this B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming this log is smaller than this B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming this log is smaller than this B
+so it's little of one if uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's little of one if uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's little of one if uh let's
+say B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say B
+or yeah guess B is bigger than log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or yeah guess B is bigger than log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or yeah guess B is bigger than log n
+roughly this what particular be enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly this what particular be enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly this what particular be enough
+no pun intended B enough uh so if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no pun intended B enough uh so if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no pun intended B enough uh so if a
+block size is reasonably big cach line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block size is reasonably big cach line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block size is reasonably big cach line
+is bigger than log n which is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than log n which is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than log n which is probably
+most likely in typical caches in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely in typical caches in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely in typical caches in
+architectures then uh this is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures then uh this is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures then uh this is you know
+more like one over B never mind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like one over B never mind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like one over B never mind the
+log and so we have to do B operations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and so we have to do B operations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and so we have to do B operations in
+one step and then to really get the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step and then to really get the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step and then to really get the log
+right we have to depend on m not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have to depend on m not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have to depend on m not just
+B okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as I
+mentioned that's the bound we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that's the bound we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that's the bound we're going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+achieve we do need to make an assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve we do need to make an assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve we do need to make an assumption
+about m and b and how they relate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about m and b and how they relate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about m and b and how they relate so
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+assume a tall cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh which is m is let's say B the 1+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is m is let's say B the 1+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is m is let's say B the 1+
+Epsilon so it has to be substantially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so it has to be substantially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so it has to be substantially
+bigger than b not by a huge amount could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than b not by a huge amount could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than b not by a huge amount could
+be b^ squ could be B to the 1.1 power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be b^ squ could be B to the 1.1 power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be b^ squ could be B to the 1.1 power
+but m is definitely at least B and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but m is definitely at least B and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but m is definitely at least B and I
+want it to be a little bit bigger I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to be a little bit bigger I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to be a little bit bigger I want
+the number of blocks to be not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of blocks to be not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of blocks to be not so
+tiny okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny okay
+then here's how we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I think I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think I need a
+big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big picture
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the kind of funny thing about cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kind of funny thing about cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kind of funny thing about cash
+flow based priority cues is we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow based priority cues is we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow based priority cues is we're not
+going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use
+trees it's basically a bunch of arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees it's basically a bunch of arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees it's basically a bunch of arrays
+in a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order some ways it's an easier data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order some ways it's an easier data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order some ways it's an easier data
+structure but it's definitely more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complicated but hey it's faster than b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but hey it's faster than b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but hey it's faster than b
+trees if you don't need to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees if you don't need to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees if you don't need to be able to do
+searches you just need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches you just need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches you just need to be able to
+delete men then priority cues are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete men then priority cues are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete men then priority cues are a lot
+faster than b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees
+okay uh draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this I want to try to draw this pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I want to try to draw this pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I want to try to draw this pseudo
+accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size the only part that's inaccurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the only part that's inaccurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the only part that's inaccurate
+about this picture is the dot dot dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this picture is the dot dot dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this picture is the dot dot dots
+lets me cheat a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um so we have x^ the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so we have x^ the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so we have x^ the
+9/4 x^ the 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9/4 x^ the 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9/4 x^ the 3
+haves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haves and
+X okay this is sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay this is sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay this is sort of what
+the uh levels are going to look like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh levels are going to look like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh levels are going to look like so
+we have a linear sequence of levels they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a linear sequence of levels they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a linear sequence of levels they
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+increasing doubly exponentially in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing doubly exponentially in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing doubly exponentially in size
+right if you look at what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you look at what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you look at what's going on
+here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh
+expansion supposed to be this uh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion supposed to be this uh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion supposed to be this uh so this
+is the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the top
+level and this is the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level okay so at the top we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay so at the top we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay so at the top we're going to
+have something of size n and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something of size n and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something of size n and at the
+bottom we're going to have something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom we're going to have something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom we're going to have something of
+size C constant and what I've drawn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size C constant and what I've drawn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size C constant and what I've drawn is
+the generic middle part so we go from X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generic middle part so we go from X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generic middle part so we go from X
+to X to three Hales to x 94 or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X to three Hales to x 94 or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X to three Hales to x 94 or you could
+say x 94 down to x to the 3es down to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say x 94 down to x to the 3es down to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say x 94 down to x to the 3es down to X
+according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this
+uh exponential geometric progression I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exponential geometric progression I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exponential geometric progression I
+guess so that's how they go so I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so that's how they go so I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so that's how they go so I mean if
+it was just exponential it would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just exponential it would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just exponential it would be like
+NN / 2 N / 4 but we're doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NN / 2 N / 4 but we're doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NN / 2 N / 4 but we're doing in
+logarithms we're changing by constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms we're changing by constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms we're changing by constant
+factors so it's w exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so it's w exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so it's w exponential
+and then each of the levels is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then each of the levels is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then each of the levels is
+decomposed into top buffers and bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed into top buffers and bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed into top buffers and bottom
+or sorry up buffers and down buffers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry up buffers and down buffers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry up buffers and down buffers
+okay and as you see the size of the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and as you see the size of the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and as you see the size of the top
+buffer is equal to the sum of the sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer is equal to the sum of the sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer is equal to the sum of the sizes
+of the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bottom
+buffers so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers so let me
+elaborate on how this works so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate on how this works so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate on how this works so
+level X to the 3 Hales so that's we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level X to the 3 Hales so that's we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level X to the 3 Hales so that's we're
+going to generically be looking at x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generically be looking at x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generically be looking at x to
+the three halves so I can easily go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three halves so I can easily go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three halves so I can easily go down
+that's a size X and up is X to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a size X and up is X to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a size X and up is X to the
+94s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+94s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+94s
+easily uh we have there's always one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buffer uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size x^ the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size x^ the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size x^ the
+3es so maybe use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3es so maybe use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3es so maybe use some
+color so this buffer here is x^ the 3es
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so this buffer here is x^ the 3es
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so this buffer here is x^ the 3es
+and then we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we also
+have up to X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have up to X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have up to X to
+the2 down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buffers each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers each of
+size Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so each of these guys has size Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X and then the number of them is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then the number of them is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then the number of them is at most
+x to the 1/2 and so you take the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the 1/2 and so you take the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the 1/2 and so you take the product
+that's x to the 3es which is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's x to the 3es which is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's x to the 3es which is the same as
+the up buffer okay so that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up buffer okay so that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up buffer okay so that's the way
+this cookie crumbles uh that's how each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cookie crumbles uh that's how each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cookie crumbles uh that's how each
+of these guys decomposes into little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys decomposes into little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys decomposes into little
+pieces and so in particular this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and so in particular this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and so in particular this up
+buffer if you work it out should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer if you work it out should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer if you work it out should be
+exactly the same size as this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same size as this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same size as this down
+buffer maybe it's easier to do these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer maybe it's easier to do these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer maybe it's easier to do these two
+so this down buffer has size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this down buffer has size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this down buffer has size
+X and if you have a structure of size X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and if you have a structure of size X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and if you have a structure of size X
+the up buffer has size X right X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up buffer has size X right X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up buffer has size X right X and
+three has an up buffer size X and 3es so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three has an up buffer size X and 3es so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three has an up buffer size X and 3es so
+this will be size X and so these match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be size X and so these match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be size X and so these match
+that's the these are equal size that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the these are equal size that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the these are equal size that's
+why I drew it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I drew it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I drew it this
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+okay now the dot dot dot hides the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the dot dot dot hides the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the dot dot dot hides the fact
+that they're x to the 1/2 of these so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're x to the 1/2 of these so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're x to the 1/2 of these so
+there's a lot of down buffers they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of down buffers they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of down buffers they're
+actually a lot smaller than up buffers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a lot smaller than up buffers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a lot smaller than up buffers
+but these two match in size and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these two match in size and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these two match in size and these
+two match in size and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two match in size and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two match in size and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there's a small exception I'd put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a small exception I'd put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a small exception I'd put
+Theta X here the um the exception is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta X here the um the exception is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta X here the um the exception is
+that the very first down buffer might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the very first down buffer might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the very first down buffer might be
+mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly
+empty so this one is not actually Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty so this one is not actually Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty so this one is not actually Theta
+X each of these will be Theta X and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X each of these will be Theta X and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X each of these will be Theta X and this
+one over on the left will be Big O of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X Okay small typo in the notes Here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if that's not sufficiently messy let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that's not sufficiently messy let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that's not sufficiently messy let
+me redraw it uh make it a little cleaner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to look at two consecutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to look at two consecutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to look at two consecutive
+levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and
+specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invariance so I'm after all I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance so I'm after all I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance so I'm after all I'm trying
+to maintain a priority Q what the heck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain a priority Q what the heck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain a priority Q what the heck
+is this thing okay the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this thing okay the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this thing okay the idea is that
+towards the bottom that's where the Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the bottom that's where the Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the bottom that's where the Min
+is that would seem good because at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that would seem good because at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that would seem good because at the
+bottom you're constant size I can DD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom you're constant size I can DD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom you're constant size I can DD
+with the thing of constant size it fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the thing of constant size it fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the thing of constant size it fits
+in a block or if it fits in Cache it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a block or if it fits in Cache it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a block or if it fits in Cache it
+takes me zero time to touch things near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes me zero time to touch things near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes me zero time to touch things near
+the bottom so if as long as I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom so if as long as I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom so if as long as I always
+keep the Min down there I can do find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the Min down there I can do find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the Min down there I can do find
+men in zero time and delete men will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men in zero time and delete men will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men in zero time and delete men will
+also be pretty fast I'm also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be pretty fast I'm also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be pretty fast I'm also going to
+insert there because I don't know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert there because I don't know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert there because I don't know where
+else to put it I'd like the larger items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to put it I'd like the larger items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to put it I'd like the larger items
+to be at near the top I'd like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at near the top I'd like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at near the top I'd like the
+smaller items to be near the bottom but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller items to be near the bottom but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller items to be near the bottom but
+kind of hard to know when I insert an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hard to know when I insert an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hard to know when I insert an
+item where it belongs so I'll just start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item where it belongs so I'll just start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item where it belongs so I'll just start
+by inserting at the bottom and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by inserting at the bottom and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by inserting at the bottom and the idea
+is as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as I
+insert insert insert down here things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert insert insert down here things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert insert insert down here things
+will start to trickle up that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start to trickle up that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start to trickle up that's what the
+up arrows mean that these items are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up arrows mean that these items are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up arrows mean that these items are
+moving up and then down arrow items are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving up and then down arrow items are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving up and then down arrow items are
+items that are moving down somehow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items that are moving down somehow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items that are moving down somehow this
+is going to work so let me tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to work so let me tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to work so let me tell you the
+invariance that will make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance that will make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance that will make this
+work if you look at the down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work if you look at the down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work if you look at the down
+buffers they are sorted or I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers they are sorted or I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers they are sorted or I should say
+all the items in here are less than all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the items in here are less than all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the items in here are less than all
+the items in here and so on but within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the items in here and so on but within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the items in here and so on but within
+each down buffer it's disordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each down buffer it's disordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each down buffer it's disordered
+okay then we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know this all the items in the up buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this all the items in the up buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this all the items in the up buffer
+in a given level this is uh x to the 3es
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given level this is uh x to the 3es
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given level this is uh x to the 3es
+let's say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is
+X all the up items are larger than all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all the up items are larger than all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all the up items are larger than all
+of the down items so that's like I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the down items so that's like I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the down items so that's like I mean
+it's just a inequality here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a inequality here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a inequality here okay so
+these guys are basically in a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are basically in a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are basically in a chain
+again the items in here are not sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the items in here are not sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the items in here are not sorted
+but all the items here are bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the items here are bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the items here are bigger than
+all the items here bigger than all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the items here bigger than all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the items here bigger than all the
+items here bigger than all the items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items here bigger than all the items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items here bigger than all the items
+here now what about from level to level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now what about from level to level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now what about from level to level
+this is a little more subtle what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little more subtle what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little more subtle what we
+know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so again we know that all the down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so again we know that all the down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so again we know that all the down
+buffers are sorted and we know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers are sorted and we know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers are sorted and we know that this
+down buffer all these items come before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down buffer all these items come before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down buffer all these items come before
+all this down buffer items but these up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this down buffer items but these up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this down buffer items but these up
+buffer items we don't know yet because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer items we don't know yet because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer items we don't know yet because
+they're still moving up now we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still moving up now we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still moving up now we know the
+this they need to move up but we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they need to move up but we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they need to move up but we still
+don't know how far up we don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how far up we don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how far up we don't know how
+these items compared to these items or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these items compared to these items or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these items compared to these items or
+these items could be have to go higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these items could be have to go higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these items could be have to go higher
+could be they belong here or here who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be they belong here or here who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be they belong here or here who
+knows so basically the down buffers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows so basically the down buffers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows so basically the down buffers are
+more or less sorted and so the mins are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less sorted and so the mins are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less sorted and so the mins are
+going to be down at the bottom and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be down at the bottom and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be down at the bottom and the
+up buffer items I mean they're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up buffer items I mean they're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up buffer items I mean they're still
+moving up we don't know where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving up we don't know where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving up we don't know where they
+belong yet but eventually they'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong yet but eventually they'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong yet but eventually they'll find
+their place and start trickling down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their place and start trickling down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their place and start trickling down
+roughly speaking an item will go up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking an item will go up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking an item will go up for
+a while and then come back down although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while and then come back down although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while and then come back down although
+that's not literally true it's roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not literally true it's roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not literally true it's roughly
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+okay uh I should say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I should say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I should say something
+about how we actually store this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we actually store this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we actually store this in
+memory because the whole name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory because the whole name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory because the whole name of the
+game is uh how you lay things out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is uh how you lay things out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is uh how you lay things out in
+memory and cach oblivious that's all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and cach oblivious that's all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and cach oblivious that's all you
+get to choose basically the rest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to choose basically the rest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to choose basically the rest is
+algorithm regular Ram algorithm and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm regular Ram algorithm and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm regular Ram algorithm and all
+we do is store the items in order say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is store the items in order say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is store the items in order say
+from bottom to top so store the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from bottom to top so store the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from bottom to top so store the entire
+sea level then the next level up just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea level then the next level up just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea level then the next level up just
+store these items as consecutive arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store these items as consecutive arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store these items as consecutive arrays
+that's what we need to do leave enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we need to do leave enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we need to do leave enough
+space for x to the 1/2 down buffers each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for x to the 1/2 down buffers each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for x to the 1/2 down buffers each
+of size Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do
+we do inserts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do inserts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do inserts and
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deletes let start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletes let start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletes let start with
+insert as I mentioned we want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert as I mentioned we want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert as I mentioned we want to start
+by inserting in the bottom until we run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by inserting in the bottom until we run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by inserting in the bottom until we run
+out a room in the bottom and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a room in the bottom and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a room in the bottom and then we
+have to things have to trickle up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to things have to trickle up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to things have to trickle up so
+here's the basic algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you look at the bottom level you stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the bottom level you stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the bottom level you stick
+the item into the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the item into the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the item into the up
+buffer this is not necessarily the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer this is not necessarily the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer this is not necessarily the right
+thing to do say here you stick it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do say here you stick it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do say here you stick it into
+the up buffer but these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up buffer but these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up buffer but these things are
+supposed to be roughly sorted so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be roughly sorted so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be roughly sorted so once
+you stick it there uh you say oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stick it there uh you say oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stick it there uh you say oh well
+maybe I have to go down here go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I have to go down here go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I have to go down here go down
+here the point is the up buffer is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the point is the up buffer is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the point is the up buffer is the
+only one I want to be growing in size so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one I want to be growing in size so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one I want to be growing in size so
+I insert into the up buffer I say oh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I insert into the up buffer I say oh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I insert into the up buffer I say oh uh
+po I have to swap down here swap swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po I have to swap down here swap swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po I have to swap down here swap swap
+down here I mean this is constant size I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here I mean this is constant size I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here I mean this is constant size I
+can afford to look at all the items here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford to look at all the items here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford to look at all the items here
+in zero time and find out which buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in zero time and find out which buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in zero time and find out which buffer
+it belongs to as I move the item down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it belongs to as I move the item down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it belongs to as I move the item down
+here I swap so I take the max item here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I swap so I take the max item here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I swap so I take the max item here
+and move it up to here move the max item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move it up to here move the max item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move it up to here move the max item
+from the next uh down buffer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the next uh down buffer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the next uh down buffer and
+propagate it up so I keep these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate it up so I keep these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate it up so I keep these things
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+swap into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap into
+bottom down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buffers if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+necessary or maybe as necessary I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary or maybe as necessary I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary or maybe as necessary I might
+have to do a bunch of swaps but it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant and then the point is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and then the point is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and then the point is the only
+buffer that got larger by one item was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer that got larger by one item was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer that got larger by one item was
+the up buffer because here we did swaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up buffer because here we did swaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up buffer because here we did swaps
+to preserve size and if that overflows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to preserve size and if that overflows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to preserve size and if that overflows
+then we' do something interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and something interesting is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+push so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sartine which I'll Define now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+general so this is the the bottom level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so this is the the bottom level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so this is the the bottom level
+push but I want to define the generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push but I want to define the generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push but I want to define the generic
+level push which is we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level push which is we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level push which is we're going to be
+pushing X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing X
+elements into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements into
+level x^ the 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales
+so why is that check it out if we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is that check it out if we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is that check it out if we're at
+level X and our up buffer over flows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level X and our up buffer over flows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level X and our up buffer over flows and
+we're trying to push into the next level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to push into the next level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to push into the next level
+that's level X to three Hales then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's level X to three Hales then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's level X to three Hales then the
+push the the up buffer that we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the the up buffer that we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the the up buffer that we're trying
+to push has size X so the up buffer has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push has size X so the up buffer has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push has size X so the up buffer has
+the same size as the level name so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same size as the level name so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same size as the level name so for
+our level X this has size X we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our level X this has size X we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our level X this has size X we're trying
+to push X items up into the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push X items up into the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push X items up into the next
+thing okay so this up buffer can we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so this up buffer can we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so this up buffer can we're
+going to empty out the up buffer send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to empty out the up buffer send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to empty out the up buffer send
+all those items up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there cool so what do we do how do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there cool so what do we do how do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there cool so what do we do how do we do
+this push first thing we do is sort the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this push first thing we do is sort the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this push first thing we do is sort the
+items those X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items those X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items those X
+items this is where I need the black box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items this is where I need the black box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items this is where I need the black box
+which is that we can sort in N overb log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that we can sort in N overb log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that we can sort in N overb log
+base m overb n overb cache obliviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base m overb n overb cache obliviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base m overb n overb cache obliviously
+so we're going to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to use that
+here it's not hard but I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's not hard but I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's not hard but I don't want to
+spend time on it okay now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time on it okay now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time on it okay now the
+interesting bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting bit
+Is How We Do the push okay the tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is How We Do the push okay the tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is How We Do the push okay the tricky
+part is we have a all these items we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is we have a all these items we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is we have a all these items we
+know that they're bigger than all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they're bigger than all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they're bigger than all the
+items below them maybe here's the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items below them maybe here's the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items below them maybe here's the better
+picture we know these guys need to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we know these guys need to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we know these guys need to go up
+they're bigger than everything all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bigger than everything all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bigger than everything all the
+down items below us but we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down items below us but we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down items below us but we don't know
+does it fit here here here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it fit here here here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it fit here here here or
+here but we do know that these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we do know that these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we do know that these things
+are ordered and so if we sort these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ordered and so if we sort these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ordered and so if we sort these
+items then we can say well let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items then we can say well let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items then we can say well let's start
+by looking here do any of these items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking here do any of these items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking here do any of these items
+fit in this block just look at the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in this block just look at the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in this block just look at the max
+here and if these guys are smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if these guys are smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if these guys are smaller than
+the max here then they belong here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max here then they belong here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max here then they belong here so
+keep inserting there eventually we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep inserting there eventually we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep inserting there eventually we'll
+get bigger than the max then we go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bigger than the max then we go here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bigger than the max then we go here
+look at the max item here as long as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the max item here as long as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the max item here as long as we
+have items here that are smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have items here that are smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have items here that are smaller than
+the max here insert insert insert insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max here insert insert insert insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max here insert insert insert insert
+and so on uh and then when we've ex when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on uh and then when we've ex when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on uh and then when we've ex when
+we're beyond all of these maybe we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're beyond all of these maybe we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're beyond all of these maybe we're
+immediately beyond all these we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately beyond all these we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately beyond all these we have to
+check oh bigger than the max bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check oh bigger than the max bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check oh bigger than the max bigger than
+the max bigger than the max then we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max bigger than the max then we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max bigger than the max then we put
+all the remaining items into the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the remaining items into the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the remaining items into the up
+buffer this is called distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so we're looking at level x^ the 3es
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we're looking at level x^ the 3es
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we're looking at level x^ the 3es
+and just scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequentially because we just sorted them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially because we just sorted them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially because we just sorted them
+we're sort scanning them in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort scanning them in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort scanning them in order
+we visit the down buffers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order uh and insert into the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order uh and insert into the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order uh and insert into the appropriate
+down buffer as we go um now there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down buffer as we go um now there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down buffer as we go um now there's a
+little bit that can happen here our down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit that can happen here our down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit that can happen here our down
+buffers have a limit in size down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers have a limit in size down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers have a limit in size down
+buffers are supposed to have size Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers are supposed to have size Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers are supposed to have size Theta
+X at level X to 3es so as we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X at level X to 3es so as we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X at level X to 3es so as we're
+inserting into here a down buffer might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting into here a down buffer might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting into here a down buffer might
+overflow I've got Theta slop here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow I've got Theta slop here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow I've got Theta slop here so
+when a down buffer overflows I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a down buffer overflows I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a down buffer overflows I just
+split it in half I then make two down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it in half I then make two down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it in half I then make two down
+buffers uh well actually be like here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers uh well actually be like here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers uh well actually be like here
+and right next to it I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right next to it I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right next to it I'm going to
+maintain a link list of down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a link list of down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a link list of down
+buffers and each of them will have space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers and each of them will have space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers and each of them will have space
+for say two X items but now uh once I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for say two X items but now uh once I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for say two X items but now uh once I do
+a split they'll both be half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a split they'll both be half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a split they'll both be half
+full okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when when a down buffer overflows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CL uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL uh
+split in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half and maintain a link list of down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buffers another thing that can happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers another thing that can happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers another thing that can happen is
+uh when you increase the number of down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you increase the number of down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you increase the number of down
+buffers we have a limit on how many down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers we have a limit on how many down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers we have a limit on how many down
+buffers we can have up to X to the2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers we can have up to X to the2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers we can have up to X to the2 of
+them so if we run out of down buffers by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so if we run out of down buffers by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so if we run out of down buffers by
+splitting then we need to start using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting then we need to start using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting then we need to start using
+the up buffer so maybe here we create uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up buffer so maybe here we create uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up buffer so maybe here we create uh
+we we split maybe this buffer there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we split maybe this buffer there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we split maybe this buffer there's
+now too many down buffers total then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now too many down buffers total then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now too many down buffers total then
+we'll just take all the elements in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just take all the elements in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just take all the elements in here
+and stick them into the up buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stick them into the up buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stick them into the up buffer
+because that's where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's where they
+belong so when the number of down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong so when the number of down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong so when the number of down
+buffers is too big when that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers is too big when that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers is too big when that number
+overflows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the
+last down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buffer into the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buffer okay so there's basically two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer okay so there's basically two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer okay so there's basically two
+ways that elements are going to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that elements are going to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that elements are going to get into
+the up buffer one way is that we run out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up buffer one way is that we run out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up buffer one way is that we run out
+of down buffers and so the last down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of down buffers and so the last down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of down buffers and so the last down
+buffer starts getting promoted into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer starts getting promoted into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer starts getting promoted into
+the up buffer the other possibility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up buffer the other possibility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up buffer the other possibility is
+that we're inserting items that are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're inserting items that are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're inserting items that are just
+really big in value and if the items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big in value and if the items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big in value and if the items
+that are getting promoted from here into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are getting promoted from here into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are getting promoted from here into
+the next level just happen to be larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next level just happen to be larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next level just happen to be larger
+than all these items we will immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all these items we will immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all these items we will immediately
+start inserting into the up buffer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start inserting into the up buffer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start inserting into the up buffer but
+in general we have to look at this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we have to look at this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we have to look at this down
+buffer look at this one look at this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer look at this one look at this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer look at this one look at this one
+then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that
+one okay that is insert and push I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay that is insert and push I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay that is insert and push I think
+uh before I talk about delete I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before I talk about delete I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before I talk about delete I'd like
+to talk about the analysis of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the analysis of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the analysis of just
+insert and push keep it simple and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert and push keep it simple and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert and push keep it simple and then
+I'll briefly tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deletion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so oh I didn't say sorry there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh I didn't say sorry there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh I didn't say sorry there's one
+more step which is the recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more step which is the recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more step which is the recursion
+uh run out of room here so maybe I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh run out of room here so maybe I'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh run out of room here so maybe I'll go
+over here this is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relevant so I need to recurse somehow uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant so I need to recurse somehow uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant so I need to recurse somehow uh
+in general I'm I'm at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general I'm I'm at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general I'm I'm at some point
+inserting things into the up buffer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting things into the up buffer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting things into the up buffer the
+up buffer might overflow that's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up buffer might overflow that's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up buffer might overflow that's the one
+last thing that could overflow when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing that could overflow when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing that could overflow when that
+happens I just push it to the next level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens I just push it to the next level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens I just push it to the next level
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so as we do insertions in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as we do insertions in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as we do insertions in here
+might start inserting a lot into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might start inserting a lot into here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might start inserting a lot into here
+eventually this will get too big it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually this will get too big it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually this will get too big it's
+supposed to have size x to the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to have size x to the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to have size x to the three
+haves if it gets bigger than that take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haves if it gets bigger than that take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haves if it gets bigger than that take
+all these items and just recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these items and just recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these items and just recursively
+push them up to the next level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push them up to the next level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push them up to the next level and
+conveniently that's exactly the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently that's exactly the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently that's exactly the right
+same size as we were doing before here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size as we were doing before here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size as we were doing before here
+we did X into level X to three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did X into level X to three halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did X into level X to three halves
+next will be X to three Hales into level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next will be X to three Hales into level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next will be X to three Hales into level
+X to the 94s and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to the 94s and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to the 94s and so
+on always the size of the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buffer so the claim is if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer so the claim is if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer so the claim is if we look at the
+push at x 3 which is what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push at x 3 which is what we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push at x 3 which is what we just
+described um and we ignore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recursion then the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion then the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion then the cost
+is X over B log base m/ B of X over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X over B log base m/ B of X over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X over B log base m/ B of X over
+B so sorting bound on X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so sorting bound on X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so sorting bound on X
+items so we spend that right away in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items so we spend that right away in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items so we spend that right away in the
+very first step we sort X items so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first step we sort X items so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first step we sort X items so that
+costs X over B * log Bas M over B of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs X over B * log Bas M over B of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs X over B * log Bas M over B of X
+over B and the whole point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B and the whole point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B and the whole point of the
+analysis is to show that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is to show that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is to show that this
+distribution step doesn't cost any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution step doesn't cost any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution step doesn't cost any more
+than the Sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+so let's prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's prove this
+claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim
+and the first observation maybe don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first observation maybe don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first observation maybe don't
+even need to write this down so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even need to write this down so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even need to write this down so uh
+remember with cous B trees we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember with cous B trees we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember with cous B trees we looked at
+a level of detail that was sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a level of detail that was sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a level of detail that was sort of the
+relevant one that straddled B now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant one that straddled B now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant one that straddled B now we
+have this data structure and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this data structure and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this data structure and there's no
+longer recursive levels in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer recursive levels in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer recursive levels in this picture
+it's just it's just a list uh but one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just it's just a list uh but one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just it's just a list uh but one of
+the things we said is that if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we said is that if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we said is that if you look
+at the very small structures those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very small structures those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very small structures those are
+free because they just stay in Cache I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free because they just stay in Cache I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free because they just stay in Cache I'm
+going to assume this a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume this a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume this a little bit of a
+bastardization of notation assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bastardization of notation assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bastardization of notation assume that
+all the levels up to m fit in Cache it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the levels up to m fit in Cache it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the levels up to m fit in Cache it's
+really up to like size M over2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really up to like size M over2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really up to like size M over2 or
+something but let just call it all if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but let just call it all if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but let just call it all if x
+is less than M then you know all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than M then you know all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than M then you know all this
+stuff has size order M and so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff has size order M and so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff has size order M and so let's just
+say by redefining what m is by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say by redefining what m is by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say by redefining what m is by a
+constant factor that just fits in cach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor that just fits in cach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor that just fits in cach
+and we because we can assume whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we because we can assume whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we because we can assume whatever
+cash replacement strategy we want assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash replacement strategy we want assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash replacement strategy we want assume
+that these things uh stay in cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these things uh stay in cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these things uh stay in cash
+forever so all of the bottom stuff size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever so all of the bottom stuff size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever so all of the bottom stuff size
+up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m is permanently in cach and costs zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is permanently in cach and costs zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is permanently in cach and costs zero
+to access so those levels are for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to access so those levels are for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to access so those levels are for three
+so it's all about when we touch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's all about when we touch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's all about when we touch the
+upper levels and really the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper levels and really the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper levels and really the most
+important level will be the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important level will be the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important level will be the transition
+from the things that fit in cach to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the things that fit in cach to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the things that fit in cach to the
+next level up that does not fit in cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next level up that does not fit in cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next level up that does not fit in cash
+that's going to be the key level but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the key level but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the key level but in
+general Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general Let's
+uh look at a push or let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assume x^ the 3es is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume x^ the 3es is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume x^ the 3es is bigger than
+M okay cuz we're looking at a push at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay cuz we're looking at a push at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay cuz we're looking at a push at
+level X to the 3es and I I'm just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level X to the 3es and I I'm just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level X to the 3es and I I'm just by
+definition if it's less than M it's free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition if it's less than M it's free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition if it's less than M it's free
+question um so how can you assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um so how can you assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um so how can you assume that
+all of the things below that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the things below that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the things below that particular
+size always stay in cach are so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size always stay in cach are so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size always stay in cach are so you're
+making assumptions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making assumptions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making assumptions on
+the I'm making assumption on the cach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'm making assumption on the cach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'm making assumption on the cach
+replacement strategy which I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement strategy which I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement strategy which I actually
+made last lecture uh so I said magically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made last lecture uh so I said magically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made last lecture uh so I said magically
+assume that we use optimal cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that we use optimal cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that we use optimal cache
+replacement so I get so whatever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement so I get so whatever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement so I get so whatever I
+choose opt is going to be better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose opt is going to be better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose opt is going to be better than
+that so you're right the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you're right the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you're right the algorithm
+doesn't get to choose what stays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get to choose what stays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get to choose what stays in
+Cache but for analysis purposes I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cache but for analysis purposes I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cache but for analysis purposes I can
+say well suppose all these things stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well suppose all these things stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well suppose all these things stay
+in cach if I prove an upper Bound in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cach if I prove an upper Bound in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cach if I prove an upper Bound in
+that world then the optimal replacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that world then the optimal replacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that world then the optimal replacement
+will do better and and the uh lru or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do better and and the uh lru or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do better and and the uh lru or
+fifo replacement will do within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifo replacement will do within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifo replacement will do within a
+constant factor of that if you again by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor of that if you again by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor of that if you again by
+changing M by a constant Factor so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing M by a constant Factor so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing M by a constant Factor so I'm
+freely throwing away constant factors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely throwing away constant factors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely throwing away constant factors in
+my cach size but then I will get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cach size but then I will get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cach size but then I will get that
+these effectively stay in Cache fifo or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these effectively stay in Cache fifo or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these effectively stay in Cache fifo or
+lru will do that just as well or almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lru will do that just as well or almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lru will do that just as well or almost
+as well good question okay so now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well good question okay so now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well good question okay so now we can
+just look at the pushes above that level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the pushes above that level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the pushes above that level
+and I really want to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I really want to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I really want to look at this
+transition level but we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition level but we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition level but we're going to have
+to look at all of them so let's do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at all of them so let's do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at all of them so let's do this
+now uh I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh I also
+have tall cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tall cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tall cache
+assumption m is at least B the 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption m is at least B the 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption m is at least B the 1 plus
+Epsilon I actually want a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon I actually want a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon I actually want a somewhat
+bigger assump which is that m is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger assump which is that m is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger assump which is that m is greater
+than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to
+b^2 okay if it's not b^2 you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^2 okay if it's not b^2 you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^2 okay if it's not b^2 you have to
+change this 3es and 94s and stuff to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this 3es and 94s and stuff to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this 3es and 94s and stuff to be
+something a little bit bigger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit bigger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit bigger than one
+and it gets really messy to write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets really messy to write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets really messy to write that
+down so this data structure with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so this data structure with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so this data structure with
+appropriate modification does work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate modification does work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate modification does work for
+other tall cache assumptions but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other tall cache assumptions but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other tall cache assumptions but let's
+just assume this one so this means M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume this one so this means M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume this one so this means M
+over B is at least B that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B is at least B that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B is at least B that's sort of the
+clean statement it's true for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean statement it's true for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean statement it's true for most
+caches also but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caches also but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caches also but
+uh this will be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this will be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this will be my
+assumption Okay cool so if we just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption Okay cool so if we just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption Okay cool so if we just do
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+algebra uh claim is this is X is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra uh claim is this is X is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra uh claim is this is X is greater
+than b to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than b to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than b to the
+4/3 so that's just taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 so that's just taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 so that's just taking this
+inequality X of 3 is greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality X of 3 is greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality X of 3 is greater than or
+equal to b^2 and raising to the exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to b^2 and raising to the exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to b^2 and raising to the exponent
+2/3 and so this turns into X and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 and so this turns into X and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 and so this turns into X and this
+turns into b 2 * 2/3 which is B 4/3 so X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns into b 2 * 2/3 which is B 4/3 so X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns into b 2 * 2/3 which is B 4/3 so X
+is quite a bit bigger than b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite a bit bigger than b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite a bit bigger than b
+okay in particular this means that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in particular this means that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in particular this means that X
+over B is bigger than one okay buy a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B is bigger than one okay buy a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B is bigger than one okay buy a lot
+but uh if we take ceilings on this no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh if we take ceilings on this no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh if we take ceilings on this no
+big deal so we don't have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal so we don't have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal so we don't have to worry about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ceilings all right now the claim is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceilings all right now the claim is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceilings all right now the claim is that
+the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+cost this is really the interesting part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost this is really the interesting part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost this is really the interesting part
+X over B plus x to the 12 memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over B plus x to the 12 memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over B plus x to the 12 memory
+transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay why uh remember up here we have x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why uh remember up here we have x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why uh remember up here we have x
+to the 1/2 down buffers that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1/2 down buffers that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1/2 down buffers that we're
+looking at and we're visiting them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at and we're visiting them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at and we're visiting them in
+order we touch this down buffer and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order we touch this down buffer and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order we touch this down buffer and um
+you really we just care about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really we just care about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really we just care about the the
+max here and then we start writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max here and then we start writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max here and then we start writing
+elements one by one but if we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements one by one but if we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements one by one but if we write
+elements one by one the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements one by one the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements one by one the very first
+element we write cost an entire memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element we write cost an entire memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element we write cost an entire memory
+transfer we have to load in a block but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer we have to load in a block but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer we have to load in a block but
+then we can fill that block and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can fill that block and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can fill that block and then
+write out that block so we get to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out that block so we get to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out that block so we get to write
+out B items in one step so we pay x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out B items in one step so we pay x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out B items in one step so we pay x to
+the 1/2 because we have to touch the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1/2 because we have to touch the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1/2 because we have to touch the the
+last block of um this down buffer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last block of um this down buffer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last block of um this down buffer this
+down buffer this down buffer and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down buffer this down buffer and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down buffer this down buffer and there
+are X to the 1/2 down buffers so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are X to the 1/2 down buffers so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are X to the 1/2 down buffers so each
+one we have to pay one that's this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we have to pay one that's this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we have to pay one that's this part
+that's the expensive part but then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the expensive part but then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the expensive part but then once
+we're actually writing items if we stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually writing items if we stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually writing items if we stay
+here for a while that's basically for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a while that's basically for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a while that's basically for
+free overall we're writing X items and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free overall we're writing X items and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free overall we're writing X items and
+we uh so to write them all we'll only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh so to write them all we'll only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh so to write them all we'll only
+take X over b c ceing uh sort of over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take X over b c ceing uh sort of over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take X over b c ceing uh sort of over
+the entire summation but we have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire summation but we have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire summation but we have to pay
+one to start out here here and here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to start out here here and here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to start out here here and here so
+that's this is like the real amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is like the real amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is like the real amount of
+time and now I want to amortize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and now I want to amortize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and now I want to amortize that
+essentially or actually um so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially or actually um so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially or actually um so there's
+two cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases
+now if x is greater than or equal to b^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if x is greater than or equal to b^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if x is greater than or equal to b^2
+then we're happy X is greater than equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're happy X is greater than equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're happy X is greater than equal
+to b^2 um then this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b^2 um then this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b^2 um then this term
+dominates and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates and so this is
+tinier right say x is B Cubed then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinier right say x is B Cubed then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinier right say x is B Cubed then this
+is X to the 3es this is sorry this is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X to the 3es this is sorry this is B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X to the 3es this is sorry this is B
+to the 3es this is b^ s so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 3es this is b^ s so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 3es this is b^ s so this is
+bigger and so uh then the cost is just X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and so uh then the cost is just X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and so uh then the cost is just X
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+B and we're done because we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and we're done because we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and we're done because we need to
+prove it's X over B * log we had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it's X over B * log we had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it's X over B * log we had to do
+this to sort but this distribution will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to sort but this distribution will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to sort but this distribution will
+be free now that says all the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be free now that says all the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be free now that says all the high
+levels are free all the low levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are free all the low levels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are free all the low levels are
+free right if you're a lot less than if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free right if you're a lot less than if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free right if you're a lot less than if
+you're less than b squ then you're less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're less than b squ then you're less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're less than b squ then you're less
+than M and you're free it's saying if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than M and you're free it's saying if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than M and you're free it's saying if
+you're bigger than b squ you're free but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're bigger than b squ you're free but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're bigger than b squ you're free but
+there's going to be one level right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be one level right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be one level right in
+between where you're not really bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between where you're not really bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between where you're not really bigger
+or smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or smaller
+um so there's one level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's one level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's one level
+where um it's going to be B to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um it's going to be B to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um it's going to be B to the
+4/3 less than equal to X less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 less than equal to X less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 less than equal to X less than or
+equal to b^2 I guess strictly less then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to b^2 I guess strictly less then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to b^2 I guess strictly less then
+okay cuz you're jumping in this doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cuz you're jumping in this doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cuz you're jumping in this doubly
+exponential way you you might miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential way you you might miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential way you you might miss
+slightly and so you're in between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly and so you're in between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly and so you're in between these
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+levels uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels uh
+yeah why is this because we only know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why is this because we only know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why is this because we only know
+that x to the three Hales is less than M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x to the three Hales is less than M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x to the three Hales is less than M
+we don't know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know that
+x uh is less than M so we have a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh is less than M so we have a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh is less than M so we have a bit of
+a slop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so then
+uh at this transition Point what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at this transition Point what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at this transition Point what we do
+is say okay uh we can't afford to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say okay uh we can't afford to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say okay uh we can't afford to store
+this whole X to three Hales is not less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole X to three Hales is not less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole X to three Hales is not less
+than M so we can't afford to store all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than M so we can't afford to store all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than M so we can't afford to store all
+this in the cach but we can afford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the cach but we can afford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the cach but we can afford to
+store the last block of this guy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the last block of this guy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the last block of this guy and the
+last block of this guy all the down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last block of this guy all the down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last block of this guy all the down
+buffers we can store the last block in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers we can store the last block in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers we can store the last block in
+cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash
+why uh because there's only x to the 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh because there's only x to the 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh because there's only x to the 1/2
+of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+and we know that X is less than b^2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that X is less than b^2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that X is less than b^2 so
+if x is less than b^2 x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is less than b^2 x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is less than b^2 x to the
+12 is less than b Which is less than M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 is less than b Which is less than M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 is less than b Which is less than M
+over B Because m is at least b^ s by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B Because m is at least b^ s by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B Because m is at least b^ s by
+tall cache assumption so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall cache assumption so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall cache assumption so this is the
+number of blocks that we can afford in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of blocks that we can afford in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of blocks that we can afford in
+Cache this is the number of blocks we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cache this is the number of blocks we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cache this is the number of blocks we
+want I want one block for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I want one block for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I want one block for each of these
+so basically then this x to the 1/2 term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically then this x to the 1/2 term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically then this x to the 1/2 term
+disappears for the one transition level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears for the one transition level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears for the one transition level
+so this is free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is free
+um so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can
+afford uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford uh one
+block per down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buffer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer in
+cash and so again we get an X overb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash and so again we get an X overb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash and so again we get an X overb
+cost okay so the distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost okay so the distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost okay so the distribution is
+basically free the hard part is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically free the hard part is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically free the hard part is the
+sorting and then the idea is that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting and then the idea is that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting and then the idea is that well
+okay now this this is one push to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this this is one push to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this this is one push to do an
+in when we do an insert that item might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when we do an insert that item might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when we do an insert that item might
+get pushed many times but basically can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get pushed many times but basically can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get pushed many times but basically can
+only get pushed once per level so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get pushed once per level so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get pushed once per level so you
+end up taking this cost and summing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up taking this cost and summing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up taking this cost and summing it
+over all X so if you look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all X so if you look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all X so if you look at an
+insertion amortize what you pay or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion amortize what you pay or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion amortize what you pay or you
+you look at the sum of over all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things you get the Sorting bound on X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you get the Sorting bound on X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you get the Sorting bound on X
+summed over X where X is growing double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed over X where X is growing double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed over X where X is growing double
+exponential and so this becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and so this becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and so this becomes a
+geometric series or even super geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series or even super geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series or even super geometric
+and so you get uh I guess I should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get uh I guess I should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get uh I guess I should look
+at it per element if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it per element if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it per element if you look at the
+amortized cost per element uh so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized cost per element uh so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized cost per element uh so I get
+to divide by X because when I do a push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide by X because when I do a push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide by X because when I do a push
+I push X elements so I get to divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I push X elements so I get to divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I push X elements so I get to divide by
+X here and then if an element gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X here and then if an element gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X here and then if an element gets
+pushed at all levels I have to sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed at all levels I have to sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed at all levels I have to sum over
+all these X's but you do this summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these X's but you do this summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these X's but you do this summation
+and you get uh order it's dominated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get uh order it's dominated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get uh order it's dominated by
+the last term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n okay this is the fun part we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay this is the fun part we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay this is the fun part we're taking
+logs here but conveniently this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs here but conveniently this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs here but conveniently this was
+doubly exponential growing the X over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly exponential growing the X over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly exponential growing the X over B
+so when we sum these these singly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we sum these these singly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we sum these these singly
+exponential so it's a geometric series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so it's a geometric series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so it's a geometric series
+and so we are just dominated by the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we are just dominated by the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we are just dominated by the last
+term which is where we get log base m b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is where we get log base m b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is where we get log base m b
+of N overb and this is our amortise cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N overb and this is our amortise cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N overb and this is our amortise cost
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+insertion deletions are basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion deletions are basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion deletions are basically the
+same you just do pulls instead of pushes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you just do pulls instead of pushes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you just do pulls instead of pushes
+and you have sort of the reverse of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have sort of the reverse of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have sort of the reverse of a
+distribution step some ways even simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution step some ways even simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution step some ways even simpler
+don't have to do this clever analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do this clever analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do this clever analysis
+question can you explain again how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question can you explain again how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question can you explain again how is it
+that you got to the distribute cost of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you got to the distribute cost of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you got to the distribute cost of X
+like the so I understand that every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the so I understand that every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the so I understand that every time
+you need to pay that X to because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to pay that X to because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to pay that X to because you
+need to loow but where did the X come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to loow but where did the X come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to loow but where did the X come
+this is essentially amortize per element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially amortize per element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially amortize per element
+we're just paying one over B once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just paying one over B once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just paying one over B once the
+block has been loaded it's only after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block has been loaded it's only after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block has been loaded it's only after we
+insert B items that we have to load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert B items that we have to load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert B items that we have to load
+another item so that's why it's X over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another item so that's why it's X over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another item so that's why it's X over B
+here good question keep SED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here good question keep SED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here good question keep SED
+all which buffer which buffers we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all which buffer which buffers we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all which buffer which buffers we're
+only going to keep the very bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to keep the very bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to keep the very bottom
+buffer sorted at all times um so I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer sorted at all times um so I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer sorted at all times um so I mean
+it doesn't really matter you don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter you don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter you don't even
+have to keep those sorted because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep those sorted because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep those sorted because you
+can afford to look at all of them upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford to look at all of them upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford to look at all of them upper
+levels when we're trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels when we're trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels when we're trying to figure out
+where it goes what we do need we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it goes what we do need we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it goes what we do need we don't
+need them in sorted order but we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need them in sorted order but we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need them in sorted order but we need to
+sort of we need to know where the max is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of we need to know where the max is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of we need to know where the max is
+yeah so I guess maybe maintain a link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I guess maybe maintain a link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I guess maybe maintain a link
+list of the items would be one way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the items would be one way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the items would be one way to do
+it so the order the stored order is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the order the stored order is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the order the stored order is in
+there but they're not physically stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but they're not physically stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but they're not physically stored
+in sorted order that would be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sorted order that would be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sorted order that would be a little
+bit too much to hope for I think yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit too much to hope for I think yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit too much to hope for I think yeah we
+do need to keep track of the max but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do need to keep track of the max but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do need to keep track of the max but
+that's easy to do as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy to do as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy to do as you're
+inserting cool so that's priority cues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting cool so that's priority cues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting cool so that's priority cues
+you can look at the notes for deletions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bnhIRhnBa1A.txt b/bnhIRhnBa1A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a0a8c551af032e4b7e90772586eeb19909cb63b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bnhIRhnBa1A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2064 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation you've
+been talking about Computing limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about Computing limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about Computing limits of
+some indeterminate forms in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some indeterminate forms in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some indeterminate forms in particular
+you used lal's rule to to help you out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you used lal's rule to to help you out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you used lal's rule to to help you out
+with some limits in the form 0 over zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some limits in the form 0 over zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some limits in the form 0 over zero
+or Infinity over infinity so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Infinity over infinity so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Infinity over infinity so these are
+the two indeterminate ratios um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two indeterminate ratios um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two indeterminate ratios um and you
+also so so okay so when you have a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so so okay so when you have a limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so so okay so when you have a limit
+that's in the form of an indeterminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the form of an indeterminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the form of an indeterminate
+ratio you've seen that one tool that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio you've seen that one tool that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio you've seen that one tool that you
+can use to help compute the limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to help compute the limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to help compute the limit is
+lal's Rule there are other indeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lal's Rule there are other indeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lal's Rule there are other indeter
+indeterminate forms for limits as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeterminate forms for limits as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeterminate forms for limits as well
+so um you actually saw in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you actually saw in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you actually saw in lecture
+another one of these which was you saw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of these which was you saw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of these which was you saw a
+limit of the form 0 to the 0o so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of the form 0 to the 0o so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of the form 0 to the 0o so that
+was the limit you saw was the limit as X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the limit you saw was the limit as X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the limit you saw was the limit as X
+Goes To Zero from the right of x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goes To Zero from the right of x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goes To Zero from the right of x to the
+X so that was going to 0 over 0 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so that was going to 0 over 0 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so that was going to 0 over 0 and the
+two competing forces are that as the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two competing forces are that as the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two competing forces are that as the the
+base of the limit goes to zero that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base of the limit goes to zero that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base of the limit goes to zero that
+wants to make the whole thing get closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to make the whole thing get closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to make the whole thing get closer
+to zero and when the exponent is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and when the exponent is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and when the exponent is going
+to zero that makes the whole thing want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero that makes the whole thing want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero that makes the whole thing want
+to get closer to one and so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get closer to one and so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get closer to one and so you have
+those two competing forces and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two competing forces and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two competing forces and that's
+why it's an indeterminate form when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's an indeterminate form when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's an indeterminate form when you
+were solving this limit you first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were solving this limit you first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were solving this limit you first thing
+you did was you wrote it in with as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did was you wrote it in with as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did was you wrote it in with as an
+exponential in base e so you wrote x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in base e so you wrote x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in base e so you wrote x to
+the X as e to the X Ln X so X Ln X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X as e to the X Ln X so X Ln X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X as e to the X Ln X so X Ln X is
+also an indeterminate form as X goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an indeterminate form as X goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an indeterminate form as X goes to
+zero it's an indeterminate form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's an indeterminate form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's an indeterminate form of the
+form 0 * Infinity here I'm writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form 0 * Infinity here I'm writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form 0 * Infinity here I'm writing
+Infinity to mean either positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity to mean either positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity to mean either positive
+infinity or negative Infinity so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity or negative Infinity so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity or negative Infinity so in this
+case this is an indeterminate form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is an indeterminate form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is an indeterminate form
+because when you have one factor going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you have one factor going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you have one factor going
+to zero that makes the whole product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero that makes the whole product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero that makes the whole product
+want to get closer to zero whereas when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get closer to zero whereas when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get closer to zero whereas when
+you have one factor going to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one factor going to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one factor going to Infinity
+either positive or negative that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either positive or negative that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either positive or negative that makes
+the whole product want to get big so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole product want to get big so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole product want to get big so
+that's why it becomes indeterminant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it becomes indeterminant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it becomes indeterminant and
+you were able to evaluate the limit X Ln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were able to evaluate the limit X Ln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were able to evaluate the limit X Ln
+X in that case by rewriting it as as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in that case by rewriting it as as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in that case by rewriting it as as a
+quotient there are a few other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient there are a few other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient there are a few other
+indeterminant forms that I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeterminant forms that I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeterminant forms that I'd like to
+mention um so in particular there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention um so in particular there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention um so in particular there are
+three other indeterminant forms not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other indeterminant forms not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other indeterminant forms not
+different from these um and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from these um and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from these um and then I'll
+give you an example of of one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example of of one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example of of one of them
+that to to solve a problem um so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to to solve a problem um so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to to solve a problem um so the the
+three other indeterminate forms there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other indeterminate forms there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other indeterminate forms there
+are two more that are sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two more that are sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two more that are sort of an
+exponential indeterminant form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential indeterminant form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential indeterminant form and
+there's one sort of outlier um so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one sort of outlier um so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one sort of outlier um so one of
+the other indeterminate forms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other indeterminate forms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other indeterminate forms is
+infinity to the zero so when you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to the zero so when you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to the zero so when you have an
+exponential uh expression where the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh expression where the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh expression where the base
+is getting very very large and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting very very large and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting very very large and the
+exponent is going to zero well the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent is going to zero well the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent is going to zero well the base
+getting large makes the whole fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting large makes the whole fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting large makes the whole fraction
+want to be sorry the whole expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be sorry the whole expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be sorry the whole expression
+want to be large whereas the exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be large whereas the exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be large whereas the exponent
+going to zero makes the whole expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zero makes the whole expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zero makes the whole expression
+want to get closer to one and so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get closer to one and so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get closer to one and so those
+two forces are in tension and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two forces are in tension and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two forces are in tension and you can
+end up with limits that equal any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with limits that equal any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with limits that equal any any
+value when you have a when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value when you have a when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value when you have a when you have a
+limit like this Infinity to the zero um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit like this Infinity to the zero um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit like this Infinity to the zero um
+another similar one is one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another similar one is one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another similar one is one to the
+infinity and this is the one I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and this is the one I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and this is the one I'll give
+you an exercise on in a minute so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an exercise on in a minute so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an exercise on in a minute so when
+you have a limit of the form one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a limit of the form one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a limit of the form one to the
+infinity so something to the something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so something to the something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so something to the something
+where the where the base is going to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the where the base is going to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the where the base is going to one
+and the exponent is going to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the exponent is going to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the exponent is going to Infinity
+the base going to one makes this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base going to one makes this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base going to one makes this whole
+thing want to go to one the exponent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing want to go to one the exponent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing want to go to one the exponent to
+Infinity makes this whole thing want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity makes this whole thing want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity makes this whole thing want to
+either blow up if if it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either blow up if if it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either blow up if if it's a little
+bigger than one or get really small if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one or get really small if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one or get really small if
+it's a little smaller than one so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little smaller than one so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little smaller than one so you
+have again a tension there and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have again a tension there and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have again a tension there and the
+result is indeterminate um the one sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is indeterminate um the one sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is indeterminate um the one sort
+of unusual one that you have is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unusual one that you have is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unusual one that you have is also
+which which I'm not going to talk much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which I'm not going to talk much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which I'm not going to talk much
+more about is infinity minus infinity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about is infinity minus infinity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about is infinity minus infinity so
+when you have two very large thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have two very large thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have two very large thing so
+here I mean either positive Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I mean either positive Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I mean either positive Infinity
+minus positive infinity or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus positive infinity or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus positive infinity or negative
+Infinity minus negative Infinity when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity minus negative Infinity when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity minus negative Infinity when
+you have two things that are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two things that are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two things that are both
+getting very large their difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting very large their difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting very large their difference
+could also be getting very large or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also be getting very large or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also be getting very large or it
+could be getting very small or it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be getting very small or it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be getting very small or it could
+be doing anything in between um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing anything in between um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing anything in between um so
+that's that's also an indeterminate form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's also an indeterminate form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's also an indeterminate form
+so these are the the seven indeterminant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the the seven indeterminant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the the seven indeterminant
+forms forms um when you have a quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms forms um when you have a quotient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms forms um when you have a quotient
+you can always apply lal's rule when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always apply lal's rule when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always apply lal's rule when you
+have a product you can always rewrite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a product you can always rewrite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a product you can always rewrite it
+as a quotient by writing for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a quotient by writing for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a quotient by writing for example
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+x^2 + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + 1
+time well let's see e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well let's see e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well let's see e to
+the minus X you could that's a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus X you could that's a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus X you could that's a product
+and you could always rewrite it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could always rewrite it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could always rewrite it as a
+quotient for example e- X over 1 1/ x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient for example e- X over 1 1/ x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient for example e- X over 1 1/ x^2
++ 1 there might even be a smarter way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 there might even be a smarter way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 there might even be a smarter way to
+rewrite this product as a quotient um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this product as a quotient um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this product as a quotient um
+but okay and so when you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay and so when you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay and so when you have an
+exponential you can like as in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential you can like as in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential you can like as in this case
+you can use this rewriting in base e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use this rewriting in base e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use this rewriting in base e
+trick to turn it into a product which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to turn it into a product which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to turn it into a product which
+you can then turn into a quotient um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then turn into a quotient um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then turn into a quotient um for
+for the for the difference case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the difference case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the difference case the
+reason I say it's unusual is is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I say it's unusual is is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I say it's unusual is is just
+that there's there's not a good General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's there's not a good General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's there's not a good General
+method for for working with these there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for for working with these there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for for working with these there
+there are a lot of special cases um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of special cases um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of special cases um and
+you sort of have to or what I mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of have to or what I mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of have to or what I mean is
+you have to analyze them on a caseby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to analyze them on a caseby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to analyze them on a caseby
+Case basis uh there are different sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Case basis uh there are different sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Case basis uh there are different sort
+of techniques that will work um so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of techniques that will work um so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of techniques that will work um so let
+me let me give you uh uh an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me give you uh uh an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me give you uh uh an example of
+of one of these one to the Infinity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of these one to the Infinity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of these one to the Infinity uh
+kind so why don't we come over here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind so why don't we come over here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind so why don't we come over here so
+compute the limit as X Goes To Zero from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the limit as X Goes To Zero from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the limit as X Goes To Zero from
+the right of 1 + 3x^ 10 / X so we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of 1 + 3x^ 10 / X so we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of 1 + 3x^ 10 / X so we see
+that as X is going to zero this base is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as X is going to zero this base is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as X is going to zero this base is
+going to one and so that makes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to one and so that makes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to one and so that makes this
+whole expression want to be close to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole expression want to be close to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole expression want to be close to one
+um where as this exponent is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where as this exponent is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where as this exponent is going to
+Infinity since this is just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity since this is just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity since this is just a little bit
+bigger than one that makes the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one that makes the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one that makes the whole
+expression want to be big when the when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression want to be big when the when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression want to be big when the when
+the exponent is is Big um so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent is is Big um so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent is is Big um so you have
+you have a tension here between between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a tension here between between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a tension here between between
+the base going to one and the exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base going to one and the exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base going to one and the exponent
+going to Infinity so the question is try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Infinity so the question is try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Infinity so the question is try
+and actually compute this limit so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually compute this limit so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually compute this limit so why
+don't you pause the video take a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you pause the video take a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you pause the video take a couple
+of minutes to work on this question come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minutes to work on this question come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minutes to work on this question come
+back and we can work on it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back hopefully you had some luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back hopefully you had some luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back hopefully you had some luck
+working on this problem as we said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this problem as we said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this problem as we said this
+is a an a limit of an indeterminate form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a an a limit of an indeterminate form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a an a limit of an indeterminate form
+of the one to Infinity type as one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one to Infinity type as one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one to Infinity type as one of
+the three exponential types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three exponential types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three exponential types of
+indeterminate forms a really promising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeterminate forms a really promising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeterminate forms a really promising
+First Step almost every time is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Step almost every time is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Step almost every time is to
+rewrite this as an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as an exponential
+expression with the base e so so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression with the base e so so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression with the base e so so we just
+do first we just do an algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do first we just do an algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do first we just do an algebraic
+manipulation on the thing we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation on the thing we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation on the thing we're taking
+the limit of and then often very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of and then often very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of and then often very often
+that simplifies it into something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simplifies it into something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simplifies it into something that
+we can we can actually compute the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can actually compute the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can actually compute the limit
+of so in particular we have that 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so in particular we have that 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so in particular we have that 1 plus
+3x if we want to write this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x if we want to write this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x if we want to write this in
+exponential form this is equal to e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential form this is equal to e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential form this is equal to e to
+the Ln of 1 + 3x this is true of of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ln of 1 + 3x this is true of of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ln of 1 + 3x this is true of of any
+positive number that any positive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number that any positive number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number that any positive number
+is e to the Ln of it because e and log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the Ln of it because e and log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the Ln of it because e and log
+are inverse functions um so okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inverse functions um so okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inverse functions um so okay so we
+we write it like this and so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write it like this and so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write it like this and so that means
+that 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 1 +
+3x 10 /x is equal to e to the Ln of 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x 10 /x is equal to e to the Ln of 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x 10 /x is equal to e to the Ln of 1 +
+3x to the 10 /x and now you can use your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x to the 10 /x and now you can use your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x to the 10 /x and now you can use your
+exponent rules um so this is equal to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent rules um so this is equal to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent rules um so this is equal to e
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the Ln of 1 + 3x time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ln of 1 + 3x time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ln of 1 + 3x time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x so our original expression is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x so our original expression is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x so our original expression is equal
+to this down here so the limit of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this down here so the limit of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this down here so the limit of our
+original expression is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original expression is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original expression is equal to the
+limit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of this
+one the other thing to notice is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the other thing to notice is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the other thing to notice is that
+because exponentiation is a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because exponentiation is a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because exponentiation is a nice
+continuous function in order to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function in order to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function in order to compute
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+limit the or the limit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the or the limit of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the or the limit of this
+expression it suffices just W with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression it suffices just W with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression it suffices just W with with
+base a constant e it suffices to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base a constant e it suffices to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base a constant e it suffices to compute
+the limit of the of the exponent all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of the of the exponent all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of the of the exponent all
+right so so let's do that let's compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so let's do that let's compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so let's do that let's compute
+the limit of the exponent so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of the exponent so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of the exponent so we have the
+limit so it has to be the same X going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit so it has to be the same X going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit so it has to be the same X going
+to the same place which in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same place which in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same place which in this case is
+to Zero from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Zero from the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Zero from the right
+of Ln of 1 + 3x * 10 /x well this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ln of 1 + 3x * 10 /x well this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ln of 1 + 3x * 10 /x well this is a
+this is a product it came to us as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a product it came to us as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a product it came to us as a
+product but there's an obvious way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product but there's an obvious way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product but there's an obvious way to
+rewrite this as a as a quotient but oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as a as a quotient but oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as a as a quotient but oh I
+should say it's it's an indeterminant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say it's it's an indeterminant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say it's it's an indeterminant
+product right as X goes to zero this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product right as X goes to zero this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product right as X goes to zero this
+goes to Ln of one which is zero whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Ln of one which is zero whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Ln of one which is zero whereas
+this goes to Infinity positive Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes to Infinity positive Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes to Infinity positive Infinity
+since we're coming from the right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're coming from the right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're coming from the right so
+this is a zero times positive Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a zero times positive Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a zero times positive Infinity
+form so it is an it is an indeterminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so it is an it is an indeterminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so it is an it is an indeterminate
+limit um or sorry an indeterminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit um or sorry an indeterminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit um or sorry an indeterminate
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+and right and there's an obvious way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right and there's an obvious way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right and there's an obvious way to
+rewrite this as as an indeterminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as as an indeterminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as as an indeterminate
+quotient which is to rewrite it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient which is to rewrite it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient which is to rewrite it as the
+limit as X goes to Z Plus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as X goes to Z Plus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as X goes to Z Plus of
+10 Ln of 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 Ln of 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 Ln of 1 +
+3x / X as X goes to zero so now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x / X as X goes to zero so now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x / X as X goes to zero so now this is
+a a a limit where it's it's an Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a limit where it's it's an Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a limit where it's it's an Infinity
+sorry A Z over zero form right so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry A Z over zero form right so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry A Z over zero form right so okay
+so so good so now we can apply lal's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so good so now we can apply lal's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so good so now we can apply lal's
+rule so by lal's rule this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so by lal's rule this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so by lal's rule this is equal to
+the Limit as X goes to zero on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Limit as X goes to zero on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Limit as X goes to zero on the right
+of well okay so we apply L rule on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well okay so we apply L rule on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well okay so we apply L rule on the
+top that's we get 10 over 1 + 3x * by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top that's we get 10 over 1 + 3x * by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top that's we get 10 over 1 + 3x * by
+the chain rule times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule times
+three and in the bottom we just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and in the bottom we just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and in the bottom we just get
+one um so now okay so this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um so now okay so this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um so now okay so this is true
+provided this second limit exists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided this second limit exists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided this second limit exists and
+the second limit uh is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second limit uh is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second limit uh is no longer
+indeterminate it's it's easy to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeterminate it's it's easy to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeterminate it's it's easy to see what
+it is you just plug in x equals 0 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you just plug in x equals 0 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you just plug in x equals 0 and we
+get that this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+30 okay so this limit is equal to 30 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 okay so this limit is equal to 30 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 okay so this limit is equal to 30 but
+this isn't the limit that we started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't the limit that we started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't the limit that we started out
+wanting to compute the limit we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to compute the limit we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to compute the limit we started
+out wanting to compute is e to the Ln of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out wanting to compute is e to the Ln of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out wanting to compute is e to the Ln of
+1 + 3x * 10 /x so it's e to the this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + 3x * 10 /x so it's e to the this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + 3x * 10 /x so it's e to the this so
+our so our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit limit as X X goes to zero um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit limit as X X goes to zero um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit limit as X X goes to zero um from
+the right of 1 + 3 x 10 /x is equal to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of 1 + 3 x 10 /x is equal to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of 1 + 3 x 10 /x is equal to e
+to the 30th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 30th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 30th
+power which is pretty huge um okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power which is pretty huge um okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power which is pretty huge um okay so so
+that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we
+um right and okay so that's so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right and okay so that's so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right and okay so that's so that's
+the answer to our question so we we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to our question so we we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to our question so we we uh
+took our original limit it was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took our original limit it was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took our original limit it was this
+indeterminate exponential form so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeterminate exponential form so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeterminate exponential form so what
+we do to it is we we do this when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do to it is we we do this when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do to it is we we do this when you
+have an indeterminate exponential form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an indeterminate exponential form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an indeterminate exponential form
+you do this rewriting as an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this rewriting as an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this rewriting as an exponential
+in the base of e trick and then you pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the base of e trick and then you pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the base of e trick and then you pass
+the limit into the exponent because e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit into the exponent because e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit into the exponent because e is
+now a nice constant life is simple um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a nice constant life is simple um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a nice constant life is simple um
+you you pass the the life is simpler I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you pass the the life is simpler I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you pass the the life is simpler I
+should say you pass the limit into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say you pass the limit into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say you pass the limit into the
+constant then you have an indeterminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant then you have an indeterminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant then you have an indeterminate
+ratio uh indeterminate product which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio uh indeterminate product which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio uh indeterminate product which you
+rewrite as an indeterminate ratio on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite as an indeterminate ratio on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite as an indeterminate ratio on
+which you can then apply lal's rule or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can then apply lal's rule or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can then apply lal's rule or
+possibly you know you you rewrite it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly you know you you rewrite it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly you know you you rewrite it as
+a as a as product and it's easy to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a as product and it's easy to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a as product and it's easy to see
+what the what the value is um so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the what the value is um so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the what the value is um so all
+right so that's that's that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's that's that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's that's that's how we
+deal with uh limits of indeterminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with uh limits of indeterminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with uh limits of indeterminate
+exponential forms and I'll end there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cP0IeaqnAjU.txt b/cP0IeaqnAjU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a0e93d9efcac41af0d00b3b6dcb952bbddf165ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cP0IeaqnAjU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I've said that the key to success for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said that the key to success for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said that the key to success for
+jeering life for me was settling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeering life for me was settling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeering life for me was settling is
+having the perseverance to continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the perseverance to continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the perseverance to continue to
+work and to to get things done because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and to to get things done because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and to to get things done because
+as I said I hadn't done the class like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said I hadn't done the class like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said I hadn't done the class like
+this before or I have done anything for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before or I have done anything for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before or I have done anything for
+rental and visits before so a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rental and visits before so a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rental and visits before so a lot of it
+was new to me and I found it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was new to me and I found it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was new to me and I found it very
+difficult at first but if you put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult at first but if you put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult at first but if you put in the
+time to learn how to correctly take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to learn how to correctly take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to learn how to correctly take that
+and correctly analyze data quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and correctly analyze data quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and correctly analyze data quickly
+figure out how to do an air propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do an air propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do an air propagation
+things like that you eventually figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that you eventually figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that you eventually figure
+out how to do it you figure out a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to do it you figure out a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to do it you figure out a way to
+do it in a way it's correct because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in a way it's correct because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in a way it's correct because they
+do give you that background in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do give you that background in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do give you that background in that
+foundation to teach you how to present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation to teach you how to present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation to teach you how to present
+data how to analyze that if we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data how to analyze that if we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data how to analyze that if we had to
+take the time to learn so I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the time to learn so I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the time to learn so I think that
+perseverance was a big big keys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perseverance was a big big keys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perseverance was a big big keys to
+success for me yeah I think one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success for me yeah I think one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success for me yeah I think one thing I
+actually found pretty surprising about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually found pretty surprising about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually found pretty surprising about
+the course is I kind of expected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course is I kind of expected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course is I kind of expected the
+hard parts to really be like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard parts to really be like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard parts to really be like the
+measurements as opposed to the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements as opposed to the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements as opposed to the analysis
+but I actually found it to be the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I actually found it to be the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I actually found it to be the other
+way around like obviously you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around like obviously you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around like obviously you have to be
+like attentive during lab and like know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like attentive during lab and like know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like attentive during lab and like know
+what you're doing but oftentimes the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing but oftentimes the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing but oftentimes the the
+real difficulty comes after outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real difficulty comes after outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real difficulty comes after outside of
+class like doing proper analysis of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class like doing proper analysis of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class like doing proper analysis of your
+data and really knowing what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and really knowing what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and really knowing what's going on
+and even a lot of the times you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even a lot of the times you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even a lot of the times you should
+really be doing analysis during class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be doing analysis during class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be doing analysis during class so
+that you know if your data is good if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if your data is good if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if your data is good if
+your data is bad and adjust accordingly
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cb_K_HphEJk.txt b/cb_K_HphEJk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13946fe945796d528b421970ea7e98019d9f0754
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cb_K_HphEJk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3203 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, and our next speaker is Mark Mezner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and our next speaker is Mark Mezner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and our next speaker is Mark Mezner
+um from Endurance Energy and he's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from Endurance Energy and he's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from Endurance Energy and he's going
+to talk about codes and standards for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about codes and standards for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about codes and standards for
+geothermal heat pumps and uh networks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal heat pumps and uh networks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal heat pumps and uh networks.
+>> Thank you. I got mine. I do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Thank you. I got mine. I do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Thank you. I got mine. I do have
+Good morning and I want to thank Heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good morning and I want to thank Heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good morning and I want to thank Heat
+and MIT for putting this meeting on. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and MIT for putting this meeting on. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and MIT for putting this meeting on. I
+think it's absolutely vital that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's absolutely vital that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's absolutely vital that this
+audience understands what is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience understands what is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience understands what is happening
+now and where things are potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and where things are potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and where things are potentially
+going. I'm going to talk to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. I'm going to talk to you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. I'm going to talk to you about
+the scintillating topic of codes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scintillating topic of codes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scintillating topic of codes and
+standards. I'm sure you're on edge, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards. I'm sure you're on edge, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards. I'm sure you're on edge, but
+they're they're good to to have. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're good to to have. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're good to to have. You
+have to have standards. And just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have standards. And just as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have standards. And just as a
+note, a standard and a code actually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note, a standard and a code actually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note, a standard and a code actually,
+but a standard in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a standard in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a standard in particular
+lays out minimum standards. Okay? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lays out minimum standards. Okay? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lays out minimum standards. Okay? So
+don't think this is the gold standard as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think this is the gold standard as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think this is the gold standard as
+far as what you could do in a system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as what you could do in a system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as what you could do in a system.
+Now that's up to a designer, engineer,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now that's up to a designer, engineer,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now that's up to a designer, engineer,
+etc. These are the minimums that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. These are the minimums that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. These are the minimums that you
+have to adhere to to be compliant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to adhere to to be compliant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to adhere to to be compliant to
+this standard, which is the C448
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this standard, which is the C448
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this standard, which is the C448
+standard, which is applicable in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard, which is applicable in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard, which is applicable in the
+United States and Canada.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and Canada.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and Canada.
+It actually worked. Excellent. Um, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It actually worked. Excellent. Um, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It actually worked. Excellent. Um, this
+became a bational standard between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a bational standard between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a bational standard between
+United States and Canada in 2016.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and Canada in 2016.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and Canada in 2016.
+At that juncture, uh, it was a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At that juncture, uh, it was a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At that juncture, uh, it was a bit of a
+milestone to get the two countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestone to get the two countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestone to get the two countries
+actually to agree to things. So the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to agree to things. So the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to agree to things. So the the
+background on that quickly was in 2014
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background on that quickly was in 2014
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background on that quickly was in 2014
+is when the process started and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the process started and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the process started and we
+gathered experts north and south of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathered experts north and south of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathered experts north and south of the
+border approximately at that time 45 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border approximately at that time 45 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border approximately at that time 45 to
+formulate the 2016 standard. Uh since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate the 2016 standard. Uh since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate the 2016 standard. Uh since
+that time the standard has to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time the standard has to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time the standard has to go through
+a a revision cycle. Unfortunately co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a revision cycle. Unfortunately co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a revision cycle. Unfortunately co
+kind of hit and put a a pause on that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hit and put a a pause on that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hit and put a a pause on that.
+So this should have been done in 2021 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this should have been done in 2021 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this should have been done in 2021 as
+a new standard. It'll now be 2025. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new standard. It'll now be 2025. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new standard. It'll now be 2025. We
+had to reaffirm this standard to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to reaffirm this standard to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to reaffirm this standard to allow
+us to continue work on the new standard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to continue work on the new standard.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to continue work on the new standard.
+That new standard encompassed uh over 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That new standard encompassed uh over 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That new standard encompassed uh over 70
+subject matter experts north and south
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter experts north and south
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter experts north and south
+of the border as well as from Europe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the border as well as from Europe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the border as well as from Europe and
+Asia.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia.
+Um there's a difference between a code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there's a difference between a code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there's a difference between a code
+and a standard and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a standard and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a standard and I think it's
+important that people understand that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that people understand that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that people understand that.
+What they get mixed up. They think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What they get mixed up. They think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What they get mixed up. They think
+they're all the same thing and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all the same thing and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all the same thing and they're
+not. A standard is a voluntary set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. A standard is a voluntary set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. A standard is a voluntary set of
+guidelines or prerequisites that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines or prerequisites that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines or prerequisites that you
+adhere to. You can do it or not do it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhere to. You can do it or not do it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhere to. You can do it or not do it.
+All right? You can say my system, my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? You can say my system, my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? You can say my system, my
+geothermal system will be C448
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal system will be C448
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal system will be C448
+compliant, which means you follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliant, which means you follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliant, which means you follow the
+standard. You don't have to do that. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard. You don't have to do that. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard. You don't have to do that. In
+Canada, I'll get to in a moment, you do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada, I'll get to in a moment, you do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada, I'll get to in a moment, you do.
+In the United States, you don't. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the United States, you don't. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the United States, you don't. There's
+a difference between the countries as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference between the countries as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference between the countries as we
+all well know. Um however a standard can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all well know. Um however a standard can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all well know. Um however a standard can
+become a code if the code body adopts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a code if the code body adopts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a code if the code body adopts
+it. So as an example here in the US you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So as an example here in the US you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So as an example here in the US you
+have uh code bodies like ICAMO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh code bodies like ICAMO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh code bodies like ICAMO
+if they adopt this standard then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they adopt this standard then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they adopt this standard then it
+becomes code basically becomes law. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes code basically becomes law. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes code basically becomes law. So
+that's the genesis of how it works. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the genesis of how it works. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the genesis of how it works. And
+again there's confusion out there but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's confusion out there but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's confusion out there but I
+want to be clear that's kind of how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be clear that's kind of how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be clear that's kind of how this
+works between a code and a standard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works between a code and a standard.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works between a code and a standard.
+quickly in Canada it's the C448 standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly in Canada it's the C448 standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly in Canada it's the C448 standard
+and its various iterations before which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its various iterations before which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its various iterations before which
+was C uh 445 C447 date back to 1992
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was C uh 445 C447 date back to 1992
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was C uh 445 C447 date back to 1992
+and that's in the national building code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's in the national building code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's in the national building code
+of Canada so in Canada we have one code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Canada so in Canada we have one code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Canada so in Canada we have one code
+for the whole country and then that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole country and then that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole country and then that can
+be modified province by province with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be modified province by province with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be modified province by province with
+limitations you can only modify it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations you can only modify it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations you can only modify it so
+far and that can be dropped down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and that can be dropped down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and that can be dropped down to the
+city or municipal level as well so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city or municipal level as well so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city or municipal level as well so it's
+bit of a different um approach between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a different um approach between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a different um approach between
+Canada and United States. Uh if one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada and United States. Uh if one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada and United States. Uh if one of
+the code bodies, like I say, like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code bodies, like I say, like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code bodies, like I say, like an
+IATMO or IC adopts this code, then where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IATMO or IC adopts this code, then where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IATMO or IC adopts this code, then where
+they have jurisdiction, it becomes quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have jurisdiction, it becomes quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have jurisdiction, it becomes quote
+unquote the law of the land. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote the law of the land. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote the law of the land. And if
+you're putting a geothermal system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting a geothermal system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting a geothermal system in
+and either one of those bodies um adopt,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either one of those bodies um adopt,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either one of those bodies um adopt,
+this is what you're going to quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you're going to quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you're going to quote
+unquote have to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quickly. Um, we're not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. Um, we're not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. Um, we're not going to go
+through all this because I got 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all this because I got 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all this because I got 10
+minutes and h how much have I burned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and h how much have I burned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and h how much have I burned
+through already? Too much. Okay. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through already? Too much. Okay. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through already? Too much. Okay. Uh,
+what we did is is as a, uh, technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did is is as a, uh, technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did is is as a, uh, technical
+committee, we gathered all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee, we gathered all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee, we gathered all of the
+subject matter experts, um, that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter experts, um, that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter experts, um, that we
+could, that we, you know, were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could, that we, you know, were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could, that we, you know, were
+recommended to us, etc. Looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended to us, etc. Looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended to us, etc. Looked at the
+2016 standard and said, "All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016 standard and said, "All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016 standard and said, "All right,
+where are the gaps? Where are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are the gaps? Where are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are the gaps? Where are the
+holes?" And there were. And the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes?" And there were. And the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes?" And there were. And the reason
+why that happened is getting two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that happened is getting two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that happened is getting two
+countries together to agree on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries together to agree on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries together to agree on something
+is not easy as you can probably imagine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not easy as you can probably imagine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not easy as you can probably imagine.
+So there was compromise accommodation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there was compromise accommodation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there was compromise accommodation
+made in various areas and we lived with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in various areas and we lived with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in various areas and we lived with
+that as an industry for that 5-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an industry for that 5-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an industry for that 5-year
+period and then we identified wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and then we identified wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and then we identified wait a
+second this has got to change. So there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second this has got to change. So there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second this has got to change. So there
+was substantial changes done to the C448
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was substantial changes done to the C448
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was substantial changes done to the C448
+standard. It will be published in May of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard. It will be published in May of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard. It will be published in May of
+this year. So there's been some hiccups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year. So there's been some hiccups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year. So there's been some hiccups
+along the road like I mentioned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the road like I mentioned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the road like I mentioned with
+COVID etc. So it's a bit overdue is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+COVID etc. So it's a bit overdue is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+COVID etc. So it's a bit overdue is the
+best way to say it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to say it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to say it.
+Again, we uh worked with the EXPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, we uh worked with the EXPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, we uh worked with the EXPA
+standards committee uh which by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards committee uh which by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards committee uh which by the way
+I'm now the chair of so I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now the chair of so I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now the chair of so I don't think
+it's a conflict of interest but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a conflict of interest but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a conflict of interest but I don't
+know um to look at at their current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um to look at at their current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um to look at at their current
+standard which was published in 2017
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard which was published in 2017
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard which was published in 2017
+and technical committees went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and technical committees went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and technical committees went through
+the standard of 2017 as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard of 2017 as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard of 2017 as well as the
+bational standard of 2016 and say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bational standard of 2016 and say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bational standard of 2016 and say we
+have to reconcile these two. What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to reconcile these two. What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to reconcile these two. What's
+going to happen is once the 2025 edition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is once the 2025 edition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is once the 2025 edition
+of C440 is published, the EXPA standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C440 is published, the EXPA standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C440 is published, the EXPA standard
+gets sunset and there'll only be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets sunset and there'll only be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets sunset and there'll only be one
+standard within the United States. Right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard within the United States. Right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard within the United States. Right
+now there's kind of two, so it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's kind of two, so it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's kind of two, so it's a bit
+awkward. The number of issues that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward. The number of issues that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward. The number of issues that we
+went through that had to be relooked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through that had to be relooked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through that had to be relooked at
+and uh expanded upon and more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh expanded upon and more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh expanded upon and more detail
+given was what Garen was just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given was what Garen was just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given was what Garen was just talking
+about was the formation thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was the formation thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was the formation thermal
+conductivity testing. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity testing. Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity testing. Thank you.
+um as well as piping materials to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as well as piping materials to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as well as piping materials to have
+absolute clarity on what you're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute clarity on what you're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute clarity on what you're putting
+in the ground and more importantly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ground and more importantly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ground and more importantly what
+you're not pardon me transfer fluids was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not pardon me transfer fluids was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not pardon me transfer fluids was
+a a hot topic because when I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a hot topic because when I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a hot topic because when I'm talking
+about heat transfer fluids that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about heat transfer fluids that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about heat transfer fluids that's the
+fluid you're circulating through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid you're circulating through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid you're circulating through the
+system and it could be just water it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and it could be just water it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and it could be just water it
+depends on the design parameters a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the design parameters a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the design parameters a lot
+of designers will put an antifreeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of designers will put an antifreeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of designers will put an antifreeze
+agent into the system not so much to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent into the system not so much to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent into the system not so much to uh
+combat freeze freezing from ambient, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combat freeze freezing from ambient, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combat freeze freezing from ambient, you
+know, uh down 4 ft or whatever and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, uh down 4 ft or whatever and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, uh down 4 ft or whatever and you
+had a really cold winter and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a really cold winter and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a really cold winter and you're
+freezing the pipe. The real impetus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing the pipe. The real impetus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing the pipe. The real impetus is
+to be able to run your heat pumps below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to run your heat pumps below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to run your heat pumps below
+freezing. It's a bit of a combination,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing. It's a bit of a combination,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing. It's a bit of a combination,
+but that's usually why people are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's usually why people are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's usually why people are doing
+that. That's a whole design issue from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. That's a whole design issue from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. That's a whole design issue from a
+designer. How cold do you want to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer. How cold do you want to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer. How cold do you want to run
+your system? As Connor alluded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system? As Connor alluded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system? As Connor alluded to
+earlier, um it depends, but usually your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier, um it depends, but usually your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier, um it depends, but usually your
+parameters low are 30° Fahrenheit, high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters low are 30° Fahrenheit, high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters low are 30° Fahrenheit, high
+about 90. Now, that's not written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 90. Now, that's not written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 90. Now, that's not written in
+stone, but they're pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone, but they're pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone, but they're pretty good
+goalposts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goalposts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goalposts.
+Pardon me. The other one we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pardon me. The other one we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pardon me. The other one we looked at
+very, very closely was hydrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very, very closely was hydrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very, very closely was hydrostatic
+testing, and that's basically using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing, and that's basically using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing, and that's basically using a
+fluid, water only, to pressurize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid, water only, to pressurize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid, water only, to pressurize and
+test your system. If the system's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test your system. If the system's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test your system. If the system's
+leaking because of a bad install, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking because of a bad install, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking because of a bad install, you
+could be chasing it kind of quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be chasing it kind of quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be chasing it kind of quote
+unquote forever. Where is the leak? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote forever. Where is the leak? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote forever. Where is the leak? So
+you want to be doing a proper pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be doing a proper pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be doing a proper pressure
+test prior to back filling because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test prior to back filling because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test prior to back filling because
+imagine you have a bore field below a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have a bore field below a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have a bore field below a
+40story building. You're not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40story building. You're not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40story building. You're not getting
+back in there. So do it right the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in there. So do it right the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in there. So do it right the first
+time. You have one chance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. You have one chance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. You have one chance.
+I'm not going to go through this in too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to go through this in too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to go through this in too
+much detail. The quick overview is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much detail. The quick overview is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much detail. The quick overview is there
+is a general section which basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a general section which basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a general section which basically
+encompasses a number of elements. One is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses a number of elements. One is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses a number of elements. One is
+the all the the definitions that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the the definitions that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the the definitions that are in
+the industry. So there's clarity. In a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry. So there's clarity. In a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry. So there's clarity. In a
+lot of cases, you'll see the same item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of cases, you'll see the same item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of cases, you'll see the same item
+referenced in two different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced in two different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced in two different ways
+depending on a region. So we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on a region. So we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on a region. So we want to
+clarify what those all are. So it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify what those all are. So it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify what those all are. So it's a
+fairly exhaustive definition section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly exhaustive definition section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly exhaustive definition section
+that um one should be looking at because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um one should be looking at because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um one should be looking at because
+if you hear one term in Texas and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hear one term in Texas and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hear one term in Texas and it
+could be something different in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be something different in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be something different in New
+York. So we tried and did I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York. So we tried and did I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York. So we tried and did I think
+successfully to capture all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully to capture all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully to capture all the
+definitions and then use one throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions and then use one throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions and then use one throughout
+the standard so there's no ambiguity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard so there's no ambiguity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard so there's no ambiguity.
+That general section also included any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That general section also included any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That general section also included any
+particular topic. So i.e. piping or heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular topic. So i.e. piping or heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular topic. So i.e. piping or heat
+exchange fluid as examples that touched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange fluid as examples that touched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange fluid as examples that touched
+on more of two source system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on more of two source system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on more of two source system
+configurations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations.
+They went into the general section so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They went into the general section so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They went into the general section so
+there was no confusion. Then there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no confusion. Then there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no confusion. Then there was a
+residential section focusing obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential section focusing obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential section focusing obviously
+on single family homes, a commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on single family homes, a commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on single family homes, a commercial
+section. There was a new section and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section. There was a new section and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section. There was a new section and
+that's the district systems. Now a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the district systems. Now a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the district systems. Now a quick
+segue, we're hearing gens, U10s, tens,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segue, we're hearing gens, U10s, tens,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segue, we're hearing gens, U10s, tens,
+community loops, shared loops. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community loops, shared loops. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community loops, shared loops. There's a
+whole bevy of terms out there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bevy of terms out there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bevy of terms out there.
+We looked at it from a technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We looked at it from a technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We looked at it from a technical
+committee side and went they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee side and went they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee side and went they're all
+district systems. There are variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district systems. There are variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district systems. There are variations
+to it. They are district systems and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it. They are district systems and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it. They are district systems and by
+a definition you are servicing two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a definition you are servicing two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a definition you are servicing two or
+more buildings with that system. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more buildings with that system. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more buildings with that system. So we
+went into a lot of detail on a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into a lot of detail on a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into a lot of detail on a new
+section for district energy system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section for district energy system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section for district energy system which
+includes what you're all looking at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes what you're all looking at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes what you're all looking at is
+ambient loop. It is one of the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient loop. It is one of the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient loop. It is one of the types of
+district system. It's not the only one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district system. It's not the only one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district system. It's not the only one.
+There's a number of them. Then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a number of them. Then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a number of them. Then after
+that, we went into the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, we went into the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, we went into the various
+configurations of source systems. What I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations of source systems. What I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations of source systems. What I
+mean by that is the most prevalent one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that is the most prevalent one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that is the most prevalent one
+out there is a vertically bore hole,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there is a vertically bore hole,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there is a vertically bore hole,
+pardon me, vertically drilled bore hole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me, vertically drilled bore hole.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me, vertically drilled bore hole.
+So that's the vertical section and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the vertical section and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the vertical section and that
+you'll find that in probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that in probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that in probably the
+majority of commercial installs in urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of commercial installs in urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of commercial installs in urban
+settings in particular. You'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings in particular. You'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings in particular. You'll see
+horizontal systems, which was the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal systems, which was the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal systems, which was the next
+one, where you have space. You have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, where you have space. You have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, where you have space. You have to
+have a larger area land mass wise at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a larger area land mass wise at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a larger area land mass wise at the
+surface to be able to put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface to be able to put in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface to be able to put in a
+horizontal system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal system.
+From there, we went into the the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+From there, we went into the the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+From there, we went into the the various
+different types of source systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of source systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of source systems that
+aren't that common, but are out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't that common, but are out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't that common, but are out there
+depending on your geographic location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your geographic location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your geographic location
+and your geology. So surface water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your geology. So surface water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your geology. So surface water
+systems are basically looking at a lake,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are basically looking at a lake,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are basically looking at a lake,
+a river, the ocean. So that's a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a river, the ocean. So that's a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a river, the ocean. So that's a source
+system. We went through all of them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. We went through all of them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. We went through all of them that
+are currently out there. Excuse me. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are currently out there. Excuse me. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are currently out there. Excuse me. Um,
+groundwater systems are open systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundwater systems are open systems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundwater systems are open systems.
+You've probably heard the term pump and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've probably heard the term pump and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've probably heard the term pump and
+dump. Maybe you have, maybe you haven't.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dump. Maybe you have, maybe you haven't.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dump. Maybe you have, maybe you haven't.
+That's where you have a water well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's where you have a water well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's where you have a water well.
+Basically, you're extracting water,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically, you're extracting water,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically, you're extracting water,
+running it through a heat exchanger, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running it through a heat exchanger, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running it through a heat exchanger, and
+then reinjecting that to the aquifer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reinjecting that to the aquifer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reinjecting that to the aquifer or
+to surface depending on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to surface depending on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to surface depending on what the
+jurisdiction allows. Um, standing column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdiction allows. Um, standing column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdiction allows. Um, standing column
+well is is a um it's a bit of a niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is is a um it's a bit of a niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is is a um it's a bit of a niche
+because you have to have competent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to have competent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to have competent
+bedrock to be able to put them in. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedrock to be able to put them in. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedrock to be able to put them in. It's
+it's very specialized here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very specialized here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very specialized here in the
+Northeast. They're prevalent. Not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast. They're prevalent. Not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast. They're prevalent. Not so
+much in the rest of the continent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the rest of the continent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the rest of the continent
+reality. The new one that we put in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality. The new one that we put in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality. The new one that we put in that
+was coming up is uh for um foundations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was coming up is uh for um foundations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was coming up is uh for um foundations
+or energy piles. They're getting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or energy piles. They're getting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or energy piles. They're getting some
+traction. We said we got to put this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traction. We said we got to put this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traction. We said we got to put this in
+there, address it, and have a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, address it, and have a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, address it, and have a standard
+around it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it.
+There's informative annexes at the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's informative annexes at the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's informative annexes at the back
+of the standard. These are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the standard. These are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the standard. These are not
+mandatory. These are information. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandatory. These are information. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandatory. These are information. That's
+why they're called informative annex. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they're called informative annex. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they're called informative annex. So
+they give you um direction on things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you um direction on things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you um direction on things and
+the new one was for wastewater energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new one was for wastewater energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new one was for wastewater energy
+transfer. You've heard I think Nick was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer. You've heard I think Nick was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer. You've heard I think Nick was
+talking about it. I think Connor maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it. I think Connor maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it. I think Connor maybe a
+little bit. The Shark system is one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. The Shark system is one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. The Shark system is one.
+There's different uh Hoover out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's different uh Hoover out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's different uh Hoover out of
+Germany has them. There are pipe systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany has them. There are pipe systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany has them. There are pipe systems
+and you're harvesting thermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're harvesting thermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're harvesting thermal energy
+from your wastewater stream. So again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your wastewater stream. So again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your wastewater stream. So again,
+we thought it was very important to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought it was very important to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought it was very important to put
+that in. I am going to skip over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in. I am going to skip over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in. I am going to skip over this
+because zero minutes. Oh well, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because zero minutes. Oh well, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because zero minutes. Oh well, that
+means I'm done. Is that what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm done. Is that what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm done. Is that what you're
+telling me? Uh, okay. Hang on. Let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me? Uh, okay. Hang on. Let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me? Uh, okay. Hang on. Let's get
+get to Can I have two more minutes? I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to Can I have two more minutes? I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to Can I have two more minutes? I'll
+talk real fast.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk real fast.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk real fast.
+>> Okay. Thank you. Uh, back one. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Thank you. Uh, back one. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Thank you. Uh, back one. Uh,
+piping. Okay. One of the big issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piping. Okay. One of the big issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piping. Okay. One of the big issues
+there is what are you putting into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is what are you putting into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is what are you putting into the
+ground? It's vitally important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground? It's vitally important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground? It's vitally important that
+we're not putting garden hose down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not putting garden hose down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not putting garden hose down a
+bore hole. So, in a standard, you tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore hole. So, in a standard, you tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore hole. So, in a standard, you tend
+to be performanceoriented. Meet this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be performanceoriented. Meet this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be performanceoriented. Meet this
+performance metric and you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance metric and you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance metric and you are
+compliant. There are issues where it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliant. There are issues where it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliant. There are issues where it has
+to be prescriptive. It it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be prescriptive. It it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be prescriptive. It it's kind of a
+there's no way out of that one. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way out of that one. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way out of that one. We have
+to be very careful in what we're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very careful in what we're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very careful in what we're putting
+in to a bore hole. Bearing in mind we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to a bore hole. Bearing in mind we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to a bore hole. Bearing in mind we
+are putting in infrastructure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are putting in infrastructure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are putting in infrastructure that's
+going to last 50, 100 years, 150. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to last 50, 100 years, 150. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to last 50, 100 years, 150. We
+don't even know. So what you're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know. So what you're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know. So what you're putting
+in the ground has got to last. Sorry I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ground has got to last. Sorry I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ground has got to last. Sorry I'm
+talking fast. Oh, that last thing. PVC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking fast. Oh, that last thing. PVC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking fast. Oh, that last thing. PVC
+CPVC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPVC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPVC
+no longer will be uh compliant with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer will be uh compliant with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer will be uh compliant with the
+standard. A lot of testing, a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard. A lot of testing, a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard. A lot of testing, a lot of
+research was done on PVC in particular.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research was done on PVC in particular.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research was done on PVC in particular.
+And heat exchange fluids within PVC are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And heat exchange fluids within PVC are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And heat exchange fluids within PVC are
+basically corrosive is the best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically corrosive is the best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically corrosive is the best way to
+say it. They break down and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it. They break down and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it. They break down and you have
+real problems. Again, infrastructure,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problems. Again, infrastructure,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problems. Again, infrastructure,
+we're not doing that. I'll skip over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not doing that. I'll skip over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not doing that. I'll skip over
+that. Heat exchange fluids. Um, a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Heat exchange fluids. Um, a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Heat exchange fluids. Um, a lot of
+work went into this. What's available?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work went into this. What's available?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work went into this. What's available?
+What can you do? There's tables in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What can you do? There's tables in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What can you do? There's tables in there
+that give you properties of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give you properties of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give you properties of heat
+transfer fluids. again for a designer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer fluids. again for a designer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer fluids. again for a designer to
+choose what is the applicable heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what is the applicable heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what is the applicable heat
+transfer fluid and may just be water.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer fluid and may just be water.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer fluid and may just be water.
+That's quite possible. Pressure testing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's quite possible. Pressure testing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's quite possible. Pressure testing,
+like I said, I'm not going to belabor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said, I'm not going to belabor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said, I'm not going to belabor
+this one because I'm out of time. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one because I'm out of time. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one because I'm out of time. The
+integrity of the ground loop system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrity of the ground loop system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrity of the ground loop system is
+paramount. You have to be able to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramount. You have to be able to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramount. You have to be able to say
+this is not leaking before you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not leaking before you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not leaking before you back
+fill. Otherwise, you have huge problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill. Otherwise, you have huge problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill. Otherwise, you have huge problems.
+That is a quick that's what an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is a quick that's what an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is a quick that's what an energy
+pile looks like. It's a bit of a new um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile looks like. It's a bit of a new um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile looks like. It's a bit of a new um
+approach to a source system. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to a source system. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to a source system. They're
+gaining some traction. They are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaining some traction. They are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaining some traction. They are
+applicable in some cases, not all cases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable in some cases, not all cases.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable in some cases, not all cases.
+The whole district energy systems um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The whole district energy systems um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The whole district energy systems um
+many many people have been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many people have been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many people have been talking about
+the various source inputs that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various source inputs that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various source inputs that you could
+have to a district system. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to a district system. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to a district system. So we have
+went fairly exhaustive on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went fairly exhaustive on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went fairly exhaustive on that and
+deviated a bit from the format that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviated a bit from the format that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviated a bit from the format that is
+currently within the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently within the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently within the rest of the
+standard and that's under number four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard and that's under number four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard and that's under number four
+pro project planning is you know as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro project planning is you know as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro project planning is you know as a
+designer you're doing a district energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer you're doing a district energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer you're doing a district energy
+system. These are some vital elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. These are some vital elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. These are some vital elements
+you have to look at which are applicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to look at which are applicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to look at which are applicable
+to gen, you know, generally to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gen, you know, generally to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gen, you know, generally to
+geothermal systems, but really take a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal systems, but really take a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal systems, but really take a a
+u a good look for a district system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u a good look for a district system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u a good look for a district system.
+There's lots of moving parts and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's lots of moving parts and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's lots of moving parts and you
+have to be um cognizant of what is out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be um cognizant of what is out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be um cognizant of what is out
+there. Uh piping materials, again I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Uh piping materials, again I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Uh piping materials, again I said
+very prescriptive on the piping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very prescriptive on the piping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very prescriptive on the piping
+materials. This one here is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. This one here is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. This one here is for the
+distribution materials inside or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution materials inside or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution materials inside or uh
+above grade I should say of for district
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above grade I should say of for district
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above grade I should say of for district
+systems. So there it's a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. So there it's a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. So there it's a little bit of a
+deviation from what's in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from what's in the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from what's in the ground
+because there's more flexibility given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's more flexibility given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's more flexibility given
+your different source systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your different source systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your different source systems and
+temperatures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures.
+Uh I think it was alluded to earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I think it was alluded to earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I think it was alluded to earlier
+depending on how the system is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how the system is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how the system is being
+designed. You may have insulated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed. You may have insulated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed. You may have insulated or
+pre-insulated piping, hot pipe, cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-insulated piping, hot pipe, cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-insulated piping, hot pipe, cold
+pipe. You got to be careful there. that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe. You got to be careful there. that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe. You got to be careful there. that
+you're not having thermal interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not having thermal interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not having thermal interference
+between the two. Insulation in a con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two. Insulation in a con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two. Insulation in a con
+confined area is your best go. Uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined area is your best go. Uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined area is your best go. Uh energy
+transfer stations. I believe Brian Erlab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer stations. I believe Brian Erlab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer stations. I believe Brian Erlab
+touched upon that. That's one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched upon that. That's one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched upon that. That's one way of
+isolating your system uh your ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolating your system uh your ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolating your system uh your ground
+loop system from the building. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop system from the building. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop system from the building. And
+that's the waste water. Again, the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the waste water. Again, the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the waste water. Again, the these
+are uh informative annexes to say here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh informative annexes to say here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh informative annexes to say here's
+what you could do. Uh you can do a pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you could do. Uh you can do a pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you could do. Uh you can do a pipe
+as you can see on the left there. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see on the left there. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see on the left there. That's
+another way of harvesting uh energy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of harvesting uh energy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of harvesting uh energy from
+the wastewater stream. This is some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wastewater stream. This is some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wastewater stream. This is some of
+the investigation we did. There's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investigation we did. There's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investigation we did. There's not a
+lot of um information from a standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of um information from a standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of um information from a standards
+point of view in North America. So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view in North America. So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view in North America. So, we
+referenced a a German uh specification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced a a German uh specification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced a a German uh specification
+to get some guidance. They've done a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get some guidance. They've done a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get some guidance. They've done a lot
+of work. We're not going to reinvent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work. We're not going to reinvent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work. We're not going to reinvent the
+wheel. This is the the timeline. Like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel. This is the the timeline. Like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel. This is the the timeline. Like I
+say, the last bullet is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, the last bullet is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, the last bullet is what we're
+looking at. Release at May 2025.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at. Release at May 2025.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at. Release at May 2025.
+Uh that's just a quick overview of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh that's just a quick overview of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh that's just a quick overview of you
+know sunsetting the standards from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sunsetting the standards from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sunsetting the standards from
+EXGPA. Uh any standard is a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXGPA. Uh any standard is a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXGPA. Uh any standard is a bit of a
+living document. There's a revision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living document. There's a revision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living document. There's a revision
+cycle every 5 years. However, should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle every 5 years. However, should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle every 5 years. However, should
+there be some monumental change within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be some monumental change within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be some monumental change within
+the industry, there is the ability to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry, there is the ability to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry, there is the ability to do
+a an update or NARTA. Uh looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an update or NARTA. Uh looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an update or NARTA. Uh looking at
+things into the future, the A2L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things into the future, the A2L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things into the future, the A2L
+refrigerants will be a big issue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerants will be a big issue.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerants will be a big issue.
+District energy systems will continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+District energy systems will continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+District energy systems will continue to
+be on everyone's mind. And that's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on everyone's mind. And that's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on everyone's mind. And that's about
+it. So, sorry, Stacey.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ckUyxmwaC5E.txt b/ckUyxmwaC5E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6bdf04c4cff6ed5ed3c7e3ab5419976b1c89f5ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ckUyxmwaC5E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3440 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So the
+question is, how do we
+
+describe the various motions
+that are taking place?
+
+And in principle, the
+Boltzmann equation
+
+that we have been
+developing should
+
+be able to tell us
+something about all of that.
+
+Because we put essentially
+all of the phenomena
+
+that we think are relevant to
+a dilute gas, such as what's
+
+going on in this room,
+into that equation,
+
+and reduced the equation
+to something that
+
+had a simple form where
+on the left hand side
+
+there was a set of derivatives
+acting on the one particle,
+
+probability as a function
+of position, and momentum,
+
+let's say, for the
+gas in this room.
+
+And on the right hand side,
+we had the collision operator.
+
+And again, to get the
+notation straight,
+
+this set of operations
+on the left hand side
+
+includes a time
+derivative, a thing
+
+that involves the velocity
+causing variations
+
+in the coordinate, and any
+external forces causing
+
+variations in momentum.
+
+I write that because I will,
+in order to save some space,
+
+use the following notation in
+the remainder of this lecture.
+
+I will use del sub t to
+indicate partial derivatives
+
+with respect to time.
+
+This term I will indicate
+as p alpha over m d alpha.
+
+So d sub alpha stands for
+derivative with respect
+
+to, say, x, y, and
+z-coordinates of position.
+
+And this summation over the
+repeated index is implied here.
+
+And similarly here, we would
+write F alpha d by dp alpha.
+
+We won't simplify that.
+
+So basically, L is also this
+with the summation implicit.
+
+Now, the other
+entity that we have,
+
+which is the right hand
+side of the equation,
+
+had something to
+do with collisions.
+
+And the collision operator
+Cff was an integral
+
+that involved bringing
+in a second coordinate,
+
+or second particle,
+with momentum p2,
+
+would come from a location such
+that the impact parameter would
+
+be indicated by B.
+We would need to know
+
+the flux of incoming particles.
+
+So we had the
+relative velocities.
+
+And then there was a term that
+was essentially throwing you
+
+off the channel that
+you were looking at.
+
+And let's say we indicate the
+variable here rather than say p
+
+by p1.
+
+Then I would have here
+F evaluated at p1,
+
+F evaluated at p2, p2 being this
+momentum that I'm integrating.
+
+And then there was the
+addition from channels
+
+that would bring in probability.
+
+So p1 prime and p2
+prime, their collision
+
+would create particles
+in the channel p1, p2.
+
+And there was some
+complicated relation
+
+between these functions
+and these functions
+
+for which you have to
+solve Newton's equation.
+
+But fortunately,
+for our purposes,
+
+we don't really
+need all of that.
+
+Again, all of this is evaluated
+at the same location as the one
+
+that we have over here.
+
+Now let's do this.
+
+Let's take this, which is a
+function of some particular q
+
+and some particular p1,
+which is the things that we
+
+have specified over there.
+
+Let's multiply it with some
+function that depends on p1, q,
+
+and potentially t, and
+integrate it over P1.
+
+Once I have done that, then
+the only thing that I have left
+
+depends on q and t,
+because everything else
+
+I integrated over.
+
+But in principle, I made
+a different integration.
+
+I didn't have the
+integration over q.
+
+So eventually, this thing
+will become a function of q.
+
+OK, so let's do the same
+thing on the right hand
+
+side of this equation.
+
+So what I did was I added
+the integration over p1.
+
+And I multiplied
+by some function.
+
+And I'll remember that
+it does depend on q.
+
+But since I haven't
+written the q argument,
+
+I won't write it here.
+
+So it's chi of p1.
+
+So I want to-- this
+quantity j that I
+
+wrote is equal to this
+integral on the right.
+
+Now, we encountered
+almost the same integral
+
+when we were looking for
+the proof of the H-theorem
+
+where the analog
+of this chi of p1
+
+was in fact log of
+f evaluated at p1.
+
+And we did some manipulations
+that we can do over here.
+
+First of all, here, we have
+dummy integration variables
+
+p1 and p2.
+
+We can just change their name
+and then essentially average
+
+over those two possibilities.
+
+And the other thing that
+we did was this equation
+
+has the set of things that
+come into the collision,
+
+and set the things
+that, in some sense,
+
+got out of the collision,
+or basically things that,
+
+as a result of these
+collisions, create these two.
+
+So you have this symmetry
+between the initiators
+
+and products of the collision.
+
+Because essentially
+the same function
+
+describes going one
+way and inverting
+
+things and going backwards.
+
+And we said that in
+principle, I could
+
+change variables of integration.
+
+And the effect of doing that
+is kind of moving the prime
+
+coordinates to the things
+that don't have primes.
+
+I don't know how last time I
+made the mistake of the sign.
+
+But it's clear that if I
+just put the primes from here
+
+to here, there will
+be a minus sign.
+
+So the result of doing
+that symmetrization
+
+should be a minus chi of p1
+prime minus chi of p2 prime.
+
+And again, to do the averaging,
+I have to put something else.
+
+Now, this statement is
+quite generally true.
+
+Whatever chi I choose, I
+will have this value of j
+
+as a result of that integration.
+
+But now we are going to
+look at something specific.
+
+Let's assume that we
+have a quantity that
+
+is conserved in collision.
+
+This will be 0 for collision
+conserved quantity.
+
+Like let's say if my chi
+that I had chosen here
+
+was some component
+of momentum px,
+
+then whatever some of
+the incoming momenta
+
+will be the sum of
+the outgoing momenta.
+
+So essentially
+anything that I can
+
+think of that is conserved in
+the collision, this function
+
+that relates p
+primes to p1 and p2
+
+has the right property to ensure
+that this whole thing will
+
+be 0.
+
+And that's actually really
+the ultimate reason.
+
+I don't really
+need to know about
+
+all of these cross sections
+and all of the collision
+
+properties, et cetera.
+
+Because my focus
+will be on things
+
+that are conserved
+in collisions.
+
+Because those are the variables
+that are very slowly relaxing,
+
+and the things that
+I'm interested in.
+
+So what you have is that for
+these collision conserved
+
+quantities, which is the
+things that I'm interested in,
+
+this equation is 0.
+
+Now, if f satisfies
+that equation,
+
+I can certainly substitute
+over here for Cff Lf.
+
+So if f satisfies
+that equation, and I
+
+pick a collision
+conserved quantity,
+
+the integral over p1 of that
+function of the collision
+
+conserved quantity
+times the bunch
+
+of first derivatives
+acting on f has to be 0.
+
+So this I can write
+in the following way--
+
+0 is the integral over p1.
+
+Actually, I have
+only one momentum.
+
+So let's just ignore
+it from henceforth.
+
+The other momentum I
+just introduced in order
+
+to be able to show that
+when integrated against
+
+the collision operator,
+it will give me 0.
+
+I have the chi, and then this
+bunch of derivatives dt plus p
+
+alpha over m p alpha plus
+f alpha d by dp alpha
+
+acting on f.
+
+And that has to be 0.
+
+STUDENT: So alpha
+stands for x, y, z?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, alpha stands
+for the three components
+
+x, y, and z throughout
+this lecture.
+
+And summation over a
+repeated index is assumed.
+
+All right, so now
+what I want to do
+
+is to move this chi so
+that the derivatives act
+
+on both of them.
+
+So I'll simply write
+the integral of dqp--
+
+if you like, this
+bunch of derivatives
+
+that we call L acting on
+the combination chi f.
+
+But a derivative of f
+chi gives me f prime chi.
+
+But also it keeps me chi prime
+f that I don't have here.
+
+So I have to subtract that.
+
+And why did I do that?
+
+Because now I end
+up with integrals
+
+that involve integrating
+over f against something.
+
+So let's think about
+these typical integrals.
+
+If I take the integral over
+momentum of f of p and q
+
+and t-- remember, f was
+the one particle density.
+
+So I'm integrating, let's
+say, at a particular position
+
+in space over all momentum.
+
+So it says, I don't
+care what momentum.
+
+I just want to know whether
+there's a particle here.
+
+So what is that quantity?
+
+That quantity is simply the
+density at that location.
+
+Now suppose I were
+to integrate this
+
+against some other
+function, which
+
+could depend on p, q,
+and t, for example?
+
+I use that to define an average.
+
+So this is going to be
+defined to be the average of O
+
+at that location q and t.
+
+So for example, rather than
+just calculating whether or not
+
+there are particles
+here, I could
+
+be asking, what is the
+average kinetic energy
+
+of the particles that are here?
+
+Then I would integrate this
+against p squared over 2m.
+
+And this average would give
+me the local expectation value
+
+of p squared over m,
+just a normalization n
+
+so that it's
+appropriately normalized.
+
+So with this definition, I
+can write the various terms
+
+that I have over here.
+
+So let me write it a
+little bit more explicitly.
+
+What do we have?
+
+We have integral d cubed p.
+
+We have this bunch of
+derivatives acting on chi f
+
+minus f times this bunch of
+derivatives acting on chi.
+
+So let's now look at
+things term by term.
+
+The first term is
+a time derivative.
+
+The time derivative I can
+take outside the integral.
+
+Once I take the time derivative
+outside the integral,
+
+what is left?
+
+What is left is the
+integral of chi f,
+
+exactly what I have here.
+
+O has been replaced by chi.
+
+So what I have is
+the time derivative
+
+of n expectation value of
+chi using this definition.
+
+Let's look at the next term.
+
+The next term, these derivatives
+are all over position.
+
+The integration
+is over momentum.
+
+I can take it outside.
+
+So I can write it as d alpha.
+
+And then I have a quantity
+that I'm integrating against f.
+
+So I will get n times this
+local average of that quantity.
+
+What's that quantity?
+
+It's p alpha over m times chi.
+
+What's the third term?
+
+The third term is actually
+an integral over momentum.
+
+But I'm integrating
+over momentum.
+
+So again, you can sort of
+remove things to boundaries
+
+and convince yourself that
+that integral will not
+
+give you a contribution.
+
+The next bunch of terms are
+simply directly this-- f
+
+integrated against something.
+
+So they're going
+to give me minus n
+
+times the various averages
+involved-- d t chi minus n,
+
+the average of p alpha
+over m, the alpha chi.
+
+And then f alpha I can actually
+take outside, minus n f alpha,
+
+the average of d
+chi by d p alpha.
+
+And what we've established
+is that that whole thing
+
+is 0 for quantities that are
+conserved under collisions.
+
+So why did I do all of that?
+
+It's because solving
+the Boltzmann equation
+
+in six dimensional phase space
+with all of its integrations
+
+and derivatives is
+very complicated.
+
+But really, the things
+that are slowly relaxing
+
+are quantities
+that are conserved
+
+collisions, such as densities,
+average momentum, et cetera.
+
+And so I can focus on
+variations of these
+
+through this kind of equation.
+
+Essentially, what that
+will allow me to do
+
+is to construct what are known
+as hydrodynamic equations,
+
+which describe the time
+evolution of slow variables
+
+of your system,
+the variables that
+
+are kind of relevant to making
+thermodynamic observations,
+
+as opposed to variables
+that you would
+
+be interested in
+if you're thinking
+
+about atomic collisions.
+
+So what I need to do is
+to go into that equation
+
+and pick out my
+conserved quantities.
+
+So what are the
+conserved quantities,
+
+and how can I describe
+them by some chi?
+
+Well, we already saw this
+when we were earlier on trying
+
+to find some kind of a solution
+to the H by dt equals 0.
+
+We said that log f
+has to be the sum
+
+of collision
+conserved quantities.
+
+And we identified three
+types of quantities.
+
+One of them was related to
+the number conservation.
+
+And essentially, what
+you have is that 1 plus 1
+
+equals to 1 plus 1.
+
+So it's obvious.
+
+The other is momentum.
+
+And there are three components
+of this-- px, py, pz.
+
+And the third one is
+the kinetic energy,
+
+which is conserved
+in collisions.
+
+In a potential, clearly the
+kinetic energy of a particle
+
+changes as a
+function of position.
+
+But within the short
+distances of the collisions
+
+that we are interested
+in, the kinetic energy
+
+is a conserved quantity.
+
+So my task is to insert
+these values of chi
+
+into that equation and see
+what information they tell me
+
+about the time evolution of
+the corresponding conserved
+
+quantities.
+
+So let's do this one by one.
+
+Let's start with
+chi equals to 1.
+
+If I put chi equals to
+1, all of these terms
+
+that involve derivatives
+clearly needed to vanish.
+
+And here, I would get the time
+derivative of the density.
+
+And from here, I would get the
+alpha n expectation value of p
+
+alpha over m.
+
+We'll give that a name.
+
+We'll call that u alpha.
+
+So I have introduced u
+alpha to be the expectation
+
+value of p alpha over m.
+
+And it can in principle depend
+on which location in space
+
+you are looking at.
+
+Somebody opens the
+door, there will
+
+be a current that
+is established.
+
+And so there will
+be a local velocity
+
+of the air that would be
+different from other places
+
+in the room.
+
+And that's all we have.
+
+And this is equal to 0.
+
+And this is of
+course the equation
+
+of the continuity of
+the number of particles.
+
+You don't create or
+destroy particles.
+
+And so this density
+has to satisfy
+
+this nice, simple equation.
+
+We will sometimes rewrite this
+slightly in the following way.
+
+This is the derivative
+of two objects.
+
+I can expand that and write
+it as dt of n plus, let's say,
+
+u alpha d alpha of n.
+
+And then I would
+have a term that
+
+is n d alpha u
+alpha, which I will
+
+take to the other
+side of the equation.
+
+Why have I done that?
+
+Because if I think of n as a
+function of position and time--
+
+and as usual, we did
+before define a derivative
+
+that moves along
+this streamline--
+
+you will have both the implicit
+time derivative and the time
+
+derivative because the
+stream changes position
+
+by an amount that is
+related to velocity.
+
+Now, for the Liouville equation,
+we have something like this,
+
+except that the Liouville
+equation, the right hand side
+
+was 0.
+
+Because the flows of
+the Liouville equation,
+
+the Hamiltonian flows,
+were divergenceless.
+
+But in general, for a
+compressable system,
+
+such as the gas in this
+room, the compressibility
+
+is indicated to a
+nonzero divergence of u.
+
+And there's a corresponding
+term on the right hand side.
+
+So that's the first
+thing we can do.
+
+What's the second
+thing we can do?
+
+I can pick p-- let's say p
+beta, what I wrote over there.
+
+But I can actually scale it.
+
+If p is a conserved
+quantity, p/m
+
+is also a conserved quantity.
+
+Actually, as far as
+this chi is concerned,
+
+I can add anything that
+depends on q and not p.
+
+So I can subtract the average
+value of this quantity.
+
+And this is conserved
+during collisions.
+
+Because this part is the
+same thing as something
+
+that is related to density.
+
+It's like 1 plus 1
+equals to 1 plus 1.
+
+And p over beta
+is conserved also.
+
+So we'll call this
+quantity that we
+
+will use for our
+candidate chi as c beta.
+
+So essentially, it's the
+additional fluctuating speed,
+
+velocity that the
+particles have,
+
+on top of the average velocity
+that is due to the flow.
+
+And the reason maybe
+it's useful to do
+
+this is because clearly
+the average of c is 0.
+
+Because the average of
+p beta over m is u beta.
+
+And if I do that, then clearly
+at least the first thing
+
+in the equation I don't
+have to worry about.
+
+I have removed one
+term in the equation.
+
+So let's put c beta
+for chi over here.
+
+We said that the
+first term is 0.
+
+So we go and start
+with the second term.
+
+What do I have?
+
+I have d alpha expectation
+value of c beta.
+
+And then I have p alpha over m.
+
+Well, p alpha over m is going
+to be u alpha plus c alpha.
+
+So let's write it in this
+fashion-- u alpha plus c
+
+alpha for p alpha over m.
+
+And that's the average
+I have to take.
+
+Now let's look at all of these
+terms that involve derivatives.
+
+Well, if I want to take a time
+derivative of this quantity,
+
+now that I have
+introduced this average,
+
+there is a time derivative here.
+
+So the average of the
+time derivative of chi
+
+will give me the time
+derivative from u beta.
+
+And actually the minus
+sign will cancel.
+
+And so I will have plus n, the
+expectation value of d-- well,
+
+there's no expectation value
+of something like this.
+
+When I integrate over p,
+there's no p dependence.
+
+So it's just itself.
+
+So it is n dt of u beta.
+
+OK, what do we have
+for the next term?
+
+Let's write it explicitly.
+
+I have n.
+
+p alpha over m I'm writing
+as u alpha plus c alpha.
+
+And then I have the position
+derivative of c beta.
+
+And that goes over here.
+
+So I will get d alpha of
+u beta with a minus sign.
+
+So this becomes a plus.
+
+The last term is
+minus n f alpha.
+
+And I have to take a derivative
+of this object with respect
+
+to p alpha.
+
+Well, I have a p here.
+
+The derivative of p beta
+with respect to p alpha
+
+gives me delta alpha beta.
+
+So this is going to give
+me delta alpha beta over m.
+
+And the whole thing is 0.
+
+So let's rearrange
+the terms over here.
+
+The only thing that I have
+in the denominator is a 1/m.
+
+So let me multiply the
+whole equation by m
+
+and see what happens.
+
+This term let's deal with last.
+
+This term, the first term,
+becomes nmdt of u beta.
+
+The change in velocity kind
+of looks like an acceleration.
+
+But you have to be careful.
+
+Because you can only
+talk about acceleration
+
+acting for a particle.
+
+And the particle is
+moving with the stream.
+
+OK, and this term will give
+me the appropriate derivative
+
+to make it a stream velocity.
+
+Now, when I look at this, the
+average of c that appears here
+
+will be 0.
+
+So the term that
+I have over there
+
+is u alpha d alpha u beta.
+
+There's no average involved.
+
+It will give me n.
+
+m is common, so I will get
+u alpha d alpha u beta,
+
+which is nice.
+
+Because then I can
+certainly regard this
+
+as one of these
+stream derivatives.
+
+So these two terms,
+the stream derivative
+
+of velocity with time,
+times mass, mass times
+
+the density to make it
+mass per unit volume,
+
+looks like an acceleration.
+
+So it's like mass
+times acceleration.
+
+Newton's law, it should
+be equal to the force.
+
+And what do we have
+if we take this
+
+to the other side
+of the equation?
+
+We have f beta.
+
+OK, good, so we have
+reproduced Newton's equation.
+
+In this context, if we're
+moving along with the stream,
+
+mass times the acceleration of
+the group of particles moving
+
+with the stream
+is the force that
+
+is felt from the
+external potential.
+
+But there's one other term here.
+
+In this term, the
+term that is uc
+
+will average to 0, because
+the average of u is 0.
+
+So what I will have
+is minus-- and I
+
+forgot to write down
+an n somewhere here.
+
+There will be an n.
+
+Because all averages
+had this additional n
+
+that I forgot to put.
+
+I will take it to the right
+hand side of the equation.
+
+And it becomes d
+by dq alpha of n.
+
+I multiply the
+entire equation by m.
+
+And then I have the
+average of c alpha c beta.
+
+So what happened here?
+
+Isn't force just the
+mass times acceleration?
+
+Well, as long as you
+include all forces involved.
+
+So if you imagine that this
+room is totally stationary air,
+
+and I heat one corner
+here, then the particles
+
+here will start to
+move more rapidly.
+
+There will be more
+pressure here.
+
+Because pressure is proportional
+to temperature, if you like.
+
+There will be more pressure,
+less pressure here.
+
+The difference in pressure
+will drive the flow.
+
+There will be an
+additional force.
+
+And that's what it says.
+
+If there's variation in these
+speeds of the particles,
+
+the change in pressure
+will give you a force.
+
+And so this thing, p alpha beta,
+is called the pressure tensor.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: Shouldn't f
+beta be multiplied by n,
+
+or is there an n on
+the other side of that?
+
+PROFESSOR: There is an n
+here that I forgot, yes.
+
+So the n was in the first
+equation, somehow got lost.
+
+STUDENT: So the
+pressure is coming
+
+from the local fluctuation?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+And if you think about
+it, the temperature
+
+is also the local fluctuation.
+
+So it has something to do
+with temperature differences.
+
+Pressure is related
+to temperature.
+
+So all the things are connected.
+
+And in about two minutes, I'll
+actually evaluate that for you,
+
+and you'll see how.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: Is the pressure
+tensor distinct from the stress
+
+tensor?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's
+the stress tensor
+
+that you would have for a fluid.
+
+For something more complicated,
+like an elastic material,
+
+it would be much more
+complicated-- not much more
+
+complicated, but
+more complicated.
+
+Essentially, there's
+always some kind
+
+of a force per unit
+volume depending
+
+on what kind of medium you have.
+
+And for the gas,
+this is what it is.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: So a basic question.
+
+When we say u alpha is
+averaged, averaged over what?
+
+Is it by the area?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, this
+is the definition.
+
+So whenever I use this
+notation with these angles,
+
+it means that I
+integrated over p.
+
+Why do I do that?
+
+Because of this asymmetry
+between momenta and collision
+
+and coordinates that is inherent
+to the Boltzmann equation.
+
+When we wrote down the
+Liouville equation,
+
+p and q were
+completely equivalent.
+
+But by the time we
+made our approximations
+
+and we talked about
+collisions, et cetera,
+
+we saw that momenta
+quickly relax.
+
+And so we can look at
+the particular position
+
+and integrate over momenta
+and define averages
+
+in the sense of when you
+think about what's happening
+
+in this room, you think
+about the wind velocity
+
+here over there, but not
+fluctuations in the momentum
+
+so much, OK?
+
+All right, so this
+clearly is kind
+
+of a Navier-Stokes like
+equation, if you like,
+
+for this gas.
+
+That tells you how the
+velocity of this fluid changes.
+
+And finally, we would need
+to construct an equation that
+
+is relevant to the
+kinetic energy, which
+
+is something like
+p squared over 2m.
+
+And we can follow
+what we did over here
+
+and subtract the average.
+
+And so essentially,
+this is kinetic energy
+
+on top of the kinetic
+energy of the entire stream.
+
+This is clearly the
+same thing as mc
+
+squared over 2, c being
+the quantity that we
+
+defined before.
+
+And the average of
+mc squared over 2
+
+I will indicate by epsilon.
+
+It's the heat content.
+
+Or actually, let's
+say energy density.
+
+It's probably better.
+
+So now I have to put mc squared
+over 2 in this equation for chi
+
+and do various manipulations
+along the lines of things
+
+that I did before.
+
+I will just write
+down the final answer.
+
+So the final answer will
+be that dt of epsilon.
+
+We've defined dt.
+
+I move with the streamline.
+
+So I have dt plus
+u alpha d alpha
+
+acting on this density, which
+is a function of position
+
+and time.
+
+And the right hand side of
+this will have two terms.
+
+One term is essentially
+how this pressure kind
+
+of moves against the velocity,
+or the velocity and pressure
+
+are kind of hitting
+against each other.
+
+So it's kind of like if you
+were to rub two things--
+
+"rub" was the word
+I was looking.
+
+If you were to rub two
+things against each other,
+
+there's heat that is generated.
+
+And so that's the term
+that we are looking at.
+
+So what is this u alpha beta?
+
+u alpha beta-- it's just
+because p alpha beta
+
+is a symmetric object.
+
+It doesn't make any difference
+if you exchange alpha and beta.
+
+You symmetrize the
+derivative of the velocity.
+
+And sometimes it's called
+the rate of strain.
+
+And there's another
+term, which is
+
+minus 1/n d alpha of h alpha.
+
+And for that, I need to define
+yet another quantity, this h
+
+alpha, which is nm over 2 the
+average of 3 c's, c squared
+
+and then c alpha.
+
+And this is called
+the heat transport.
+
+So for a simpler
+fluid where these
+
+are the only conserved
+quantities that I have,
+
+in order to figure out how
+the fluid evolves over time,
+
+I have one equation
+that tells me
+
+about how the density changes.
+
+And it's related to the
+continuity of matter.
+
+I have one equation that tells
+me how the velocity changes.
+
+And it's kind of an
+appropriately generalized
+
+version of Newton's law in
+which mass times acceleration
+
+is equated with
+appropriate forces.
+
+And mostly we are interested in
+the forces that are internally
+
+generated, because of the
+variations in pressure.
+
+And finally, there is
+variations in pressure
+
+related to variations
+in temperature.
+
+And they're governed by
+another equation that tells us
+
+how the local energy density,
+local content of energy,
+
+changes as a function of time.
+
+So rather than solving
+the Boltzmann equation,
+
+I say, OK, all I need
+to do is to solve
+
+these hydrodynamic equations.
+
+Question?
+
+STUDENT: Last time for
+the Boltzmann equation,
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: What it says is that
+conservation laws are much more
+
+general.
+
+So this equation you could
+have written for a liquid,
+
+you could have
+written for anything.
+
+This equation kind
+of looks like you
+
+would have been able to
+write it for everything.
+
+And it is true, except
+that you wouldn't
+
+know what the pressure is.
+
+This equation you would have
+written on the basis of energy
+
+conservation, except
+that you wouldn't
+
+know what the heat
+transport vector is.
+
+So what we gained through
+this Boltzmann prescription,
+
+on top of what
+you may just guess
+
+on the basis of
+conservation laws,
+
+are expressions for quantities
+that you would need in order
+
+to sort these equations, because
+of the internal pressures that
+
+are generated because of the
+way that the heat is flowing.
+
+STUDENT: And this quantity
+is correct in the limit of--
+
+PROFESSOR: In the limit, yes.
+
+But that also really
+is the Achilles' heel
+
+of the presentation I have
+given to you right now.
+
+Because in order to
+solve these equations,
+
+I should be able to
+put an expression here
+
+for the pressure, and an
+expression here for the h.
+
+But what is my
+prescription for getting
+
+the expression for
+pressure and h?
+
+I have to do an average
+that involves the f.
+
+And I don't have the f.
+
+So have I gained
+anything, all right?
+
+So these equations are general.
+
+We have to figure out what to
+do for the p and h in order
+
+to be able to solve it.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: In the
+last equation, isn't
+
+that n epsilon
+instead of epsilon?
+
+PROFESSOR: mc squared
+over 2-- I guess
+
+if I put here mc squared
+over 2, probably it is nf.
+
+STUDENT: I think maybe the
+last equation it's n epsilon,
+
+the equation there.
+
+PROFESSOR: This equation is OK.
+
+OK, so what you're saying--
+that if I directly put chi here
+
+to be this quantity, what I
+would need on the left hand
+
+side of the equations
+would involve
+
+derivatives of n epsilon.
+
+Now, those derivatives I can
+expand, write them, let's say,
+
+dt of n epsilon is epsilon
+dt of n plus ndt of epsilon.
+
+And then you can
+use these equations
+
+to reduce some of that.
+
+And the reason that I
+didn't go through the steps
+
+that I would go
+from here to here
+
+is because it
+would have involved
+
+a number of those cancellations.
+
+And it would have taken me
+an additional 10, 15 minutes.
+
+All right, so
+conceptually, that's
+
+the more important thing.
+
+We have to find some way
+of doing these things.
+
+Now, when I wrote
+this equation, we
+
+said that there is some
+kind of a separation of time
+
+scales involved in
+that the left hand
+
+side of the equation,
+the characteristic times
+
+are order of the time
+it takes for a particle
+
+to, say, go over the
+sides of the box,
+
+whereas the collision
+times, 1 over tau x,
+
+are such that the
+right hand side is
+
+much larger than
+the left hand side.
+
+So as a 0-th order
+approximation,
+
+what I will assume is
+that the left hand side
+
+is so insignificant
+that I will set it to 0.
+
+And then my approximation
+for the collision
+
+is the thing that essentially
+sets this bracket to 0.
+
+This is the local equilibrium
+that we wrote down before.
+
+So that means that I'm assuming
+a 0-th order approximation
+
+to the solution of the
+Boltzmann equation.
+
+And very shortly, we
+will improve up that.
+
+But let's see what this 0-th
+order approximation gives us,
+
+which is-- we saw what it is.
+
+It was essentially something
+like a Gaussian in momentum.
+
+But the coefficient out front
+of it was kind of arbitrary.
+
+And now that I have defined
+the integral over momentum
+
+to be density, I will
+multiply a normalized Gaussian
+
+by the density locally.
+
+And I will have an exponential.
+
+And average of p I
+will shift by an amount
+
+that depends on position.
+
+And I divide by some parameter
+we had called before beta.
+
+But that beta I can
+rewrite in this fashion.
+
+So I have just
+rewritten the beta
+
+that we had before that
+was a function of q and t
+
+as 1 over kBT.
+
+And this has to be
+properly normalized.
+
+So I will have 2 pi mkBT,
+which is a function of position
+
+to the 3/2.
+
+And you can check that the
+form that I have written here
+
+respects the
+definitions that I gave,
+
+namely that if I
+were to integrate it
+
+over momentum, since
+the momentum part is
+
+a normalized Gaussian, I
+will just get the density.
+
+If I were to calculate
+the average of p/m,
+
+I have shifted the
+Gaussian appropriately so
+
+that the average of p/m is the
+quantity that I'm calling u.
+
+The other one-- let's check.
+
+Essentially what
+is happening here,
+
+this quantity is the same
+thing as mc squared over 2kT
+
+if I use the definition of
+c that I have over there.
+
+So it's a Gaussian weight.
+
+And from the
+Gaussian weight, you
+
+can immediately see
+that the average of c
+
+alpha c beta, it's
+in fact diagonal.
+
+It's cx squared, cy squared.
+
+So the answer is going
+to be delta alpha beta.
+
+And for each
+particular component,
+
+I will get kT over m.
+
+So this quantity that
+I was calling epsilon,
+
+which was the average
+of mc squared over 2,
+
+is essentially
+multiplying this by m/2
+
+and summing over
+delta alpha alpha,
+
+which gives me a factor of 3.
+
+So this is going
+to give me 3/2 kT.
+
+So really, my energy
+density is none other
+
+than the local 3/2 kT.
+
+Yes?
+
+STUDENT: So you've just defined,
+what is the temperature.
+
+So over all previous
+derivations,
+
+we didn't really use the
+classical temperature.
+
+And now you define it as sort
+of average kinetic energy.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, I have
+introduced a quantity T here,
+
+which will indeed eventually
+be the temperature
+
+for the whole thing.
+
+But right now, it
+is something that
+
+is varying locally from
+position to position.
+
+But you can see that the typical
+kinetic energy at each location
+
+is of the order of
+kT at that location.
+
+And the pressure
+tensor p alpha beta,
+
+which is nm expectation
+value of c alpha c beta,
+
+simply becomes kT over m--
+sorry, nKT delta alpha beta.
+
+So now we can sort of start.
+
+Now probably it's a
+better time to think
+
+about this as temperature.
+
+Because we know about the
+ideal gas type of behavior
+
+where the pressure of the ideal
+gas is simply density times kT.
+
+So the diagonal elements
+of this pressure tensor
+
+are the things that
+we usually think about
+
+as being the pressure
+of a gas, now
+
+at the appropriate
+temperature and density,
+
+and that there are no off
+diagonal components here.
+
+I said I also need to
+evaluate the h alpha.
+
+h alpha involves
+three factors of c.
+
+And the way that we have
+written down is Gaussian.
+
+So it's symmetric.
+
+So all odd powers
+are going to be 0.
+
+There is no heat
+transport vector here.
+
+So within this 0-th
+order, what do we have?
+
+We have that the total
+density variation, which
+
+is dt plus u alpha d
+alpha acting on density,
+
+is minus nd alpha u alpha.
+
+That does not involve any of
+these factors that I need.
+
+This equation-- let's see.
+
+Let's divide by mn.
+
+So we have Dt of u beta.
+
+And let's again look at what's
+happening inside the room.
+
+Forget about boundary conditions
+at the side of the box.
+
+So I'm going to write
+this essentially
+
+for the case that
+is inside the box.
+
+I can forget about
+the external force.
+
+And all I'm interested
+in is the internal forces
+
+that are generated
+through pressure.
+
+So this is dt plus u
+alpha d alpha of u beta.
+
+I said let's forget
+the external force.
+
+So what do we have?
+
+We have the contribution
+that comes from pressure.
+
+So we have minus the alpha.
+
+I divided through by nm.
+
+So let me write it
+correctly as 1 over nm.
+
+I have the alpha.
+
+My pressure tensor is
+nkT delta alpha beta.
+
+Delta alpha beta and this d
+alpha, I can get rid of that
+
+and write it simply as d beta.
+
+So that's the equation
+that governs the variations
+
+in the local stream
+velocity that you
+
+have in the gas in response
+to the changes in temperature
+
+and density that
+you have in the gas.
+
+And finally, the equation
+for the energy density, I
+
+have dt plus u alpha d alpha.
+
+My energy density is simply
+related to this quantity T.
+
+So I can write it as
+variations of this temperature
+
+in position.
+
+And what do I have on
+the right hand side?
+
+I certainly don't have the
+heat transport vectors.
+
+So all I have to do is to take
+this diagonal p alpha beta
+
+and contract it with this
+strain tensor u alpha beta.
+
+So the only term that I'm
+going to get after contracting
+
+delta alpha beta is going
+to be d alpha u alpha.
+
+So let's make sure that
+we get the factors right.
+
+So I have minus p alpha
+beta is nkT d alpha u alpha.
+
+So now we have a closed
+set of equations.
+
+They tell me how the density,
+temperature, and velocity
+
+vary from one location to
+another location in the gas.
+
+They're completely closed.
+
+That's the only set of
+things that come together.
+
+So I should be able
+to now figure out,
+
+if I make a disturbance
+in the gas in this room
+
+by walking around, by
+talking, by striking a match,
+
+how does that eventually,
+as a function of time,
+
+relax to something
+that is uniform?
+
+Because our expectation is
+that these equations ultimately
+
+will reach equilibrium.
+
+That's essentially the
+most important thing
+
+that we deduce from
+the Boltzmann equation,
+
+that it was allowing things
+to reach equilibrium.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: For the second
+equation, that's alpha?
+
+The right side of
+the second equation?
+
+PROFESSOR: The alpha
+index is summed over.
+
+STUDENT: The right side.
+
+Is it the derivative
+of alpha or beta?
+
+Yeah, that one.
+
+PROFESSOR: It is beta.
+
+Because, you see, the only
+index that I have left is beta.
+
+So if it's an index by
+itself, it better be beta.
+
+How did this index d
+alpha become d beta?
+
+Because the alpha beta
+was delta alpha beta.
+
+STUDENT: Also, is it
+alpha or is it beta?
+
+PROFESSOR: When I sum over alpha
+of d alpha delta alpha beta,
+
+I get d beta.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: Can I ask again, how
+did you come up with the f0?
+
+Why do you say that option?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so
+this goes back to what
+
+we did last time around.
+
+Because we saw that
+when we were writing
+
+the equation for
+the hydt, we came up
+
+with a factor of what that
+was-- this multiplying
+
+the difference of the logs.
+
+And we said that what
+I can do in order
+
+to make sure that
+this equation is
+
+0 is to say that log is additive
+in conserved quantities,
+
+so log additive in
+conserved quantities.
+
+I then exponentiate it.
+
+So this is log of a number.
+
+And these are all
+things that are,
+
+when I take the log,
+proportional to p squared
+
+and p, which are the
+conserved quantities.
+
+So I know that this
+form sets the right hand
+
+side of the Boltzmann
+equation to 0.
+
+And that's the largest part
+of the Boltzmann equation.
+
+Now what happens is that
+within this equation,
+
+some quantities do not
+relax to equilibrium.
+
+Some-- let's call
+them variations.
+
+Sometimes I will use
+the word "modes"--
+
+do not relax to equilibrium.
+
+And let's start
+with the following.
+
+When you have a sheer velocity--
+what do I mean by that?
+
+So let's imagine that
+you have a wall that
+
+extends in the x direction.
+
+And along the y direction, you
+encounter a velocity field.
+
+The velocity field is always
+pointing along this direction.
+
+So it only has the x component.
+
+There's no y component
+or z component.
+
+But this x component
+maybe varies
+
+as a function of position.
+
+So my ux is a function of y.
+
+This corresponds to
+some kind of a sheer.
+
+Now, if I do that,
+then you can see
+
+that the only derivatives
+that would be nonzero
+
+are derivatives that are
+along the y direction.
+
+But this derivative
+along the y direction
+
+in all of these equations has
+to be contracted typically
+
+with something else.
+
+It has to be contacted with u.
+
+But the u's have no component
+along the y direction.
+
+So essentially, all my
+u's would be of this form.
+
+Basically, there will
+be something like uy.
+
+Something like this
+would have to be 0.
+
+You can see that if I start
+with an initial condition
+
+such as that, then the
+equations are that dt of n--
+
+this term I have
+to forget-- is 0.
+
+Because for this, I
+need a divergence.
+
+And this flow has no divergence.
+
+And similarly over here what
+I see as dt of the temperature
+
+is 0.
+
+Temperature doesn't change.
+
+And if I assume that I
+am under circumstances
+
+in which the
+pressure is uniform,
+
+there's also nothing that
+I would get from here.
+
+So essentially, this
+flow will exist forever.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: Why does your u
+alpha d alpha n term go away?
+
+Wouldn't you get a uxdxn?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let's
+see, you want a uxdxn.
+
+What I said is
+that all variations
+
+are along the y direction.
+
+STUDENT: Oh, so this is
+not just for velocity,
+
+but for everything.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, so
+I make an assumption
+
+about some particular form.
+
+So this is the reasoning.
+
+If these equations bring
+everything to equilibrium,
+
+I should be able to pick
+any initial condition
+
+and ask, how long does it
+take to come to equilibrium?
+
+I pick this specific
+type of equation
+
+in which the only variations
+for all quantities
+
+are along the y direction.
+
+It's a non-equilibrium state.
+
+It's not a uniform state.
+
+Does it come relax
+to equilibrium?
+
+And the answer is
+no, it doesn't.
+
+STUDENT: What other properties,
+other than velocity,
+
+is given [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Density
+and temperature.
+
+So these equations
+describe the variations
+
+of velocity, density,
+and temperature.
+
+And the statement is, if the
+system is to reach equilibrium,
+
+I should be able to start
+with any initial configuration
+
+of these three
+quantities that I want.
+
+And I see that after a while,
+it reaches a uniform state.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: But if your initial
+conditions aren't exactly that,
+
+but you add a
+slight fluctuation,
+
+it is likely to grow, and
+it will eventually relax.
+
+PROFESSOR: It turns
+out the answer is no.
+
+So I'm sort of approaching
+this problem from this more
+
+kind of hand-waving perspective.
+
+More correctly,
+what you can do is
+
+you can start with some initial
+condition that, let's say,
+
+is in equilibrium, and
+then do a perturbation,
+
+and ask whether the perturbation
+will eventually relax to 0
+
+or not.
+
+And let's in fact do that
+for another quantity,
+
+which is the sound mode.
+
+So let's imagine that
+we start with a totally
+
+nice, uniform state.
+
+There is zero
+velocity initially.
+
+The density is uniform.
+
+The temperature is uniform.
+
+And then what I do
+is I will start here.
+
+And I will start talking,
+creating a variation that
+
+propagates in this x direction.
+
+So I generated a stream that is
+moving along the x direction.
+
+And presumably, as I move
+along the x direction,
+
+there is a velocity that changes
+with position and temperature.
+
+Now initially, I
+had the density.
+
+I said that was uniform.
+
+Once I make this sound, as I
+move along the x direction,
+
+and the air is flowing back
+and forth, what happens
+
+is that the density will
+vary from the uniform state.
+
+And the deviations
+from the uniform
+
+state I will indicate by mu.
+
+Similarly, the third
+quantity, let's assume,
+
+will have a form such as this.
+
+And currently, I have
+written the most general form
+
+of variations that I can
+have along the x direction.
+
+You could do it in
+different directions.
+
+But let's say for simplicity,
+we stick with this.
+
+I haven't told you what
+mu theta and u are.
+
+So I have to see what they are
+consistent with the equations
+
+that we have up there.
+
+One thing that I will
+assume is that these things
+
+are small perturbations
+around the uniform state.
+
+And uniform-- sorry, small
+perturbations typically
+
+means that what
+I intend to do is
+
+to do a linearized
+approximation.
+
+So basically, what I will
+do is I will essentially
+
+look at the linear version
+of these equations.
+
+And again, maybe I didn't
+emphasize it before.
+
+Clearly these are
+nonlinear equations.
+
+Because let's say
+you have u grad u.
+
+It's the same nonlinearity
+that you have,
+
+let's say, in
+Navier-Stokes equation.
+
+Because you're transporting
+something and moving along
+
+with the flow.
+
+But when you do the
+linearization, then
+
+these operators that involve
+dt plus something like u--
+
+I guess in this case, the
+only direction that is varying
+
+is x-- something like this of
+whatever quantity that I have,
+
+I can drop this nonlinear term.
+
+Why?
+
+Because u is a perturbation
+around a uniform state.
+
+And gradients will pick
+up some perturbations
+
+around the uniform state.
+
+So essentially the
+linearization amounts
+
+to dropping these
+nonlinear components
+
+and some other things that
+I will linearizer also.
+
+Because all of these
+functions here,
+
+the derivatives act on product
+of n temperature over here.
+
+These are all
+nonlinear operations.
+
+So let's linearize what we have.
+
+We have that Dt of the density--
+I guess when I take the time
+
+derivative, I get n bar the
+time derivative of the quantity
+
+that I'm calling mu.
+
+And that's it.
+
+I don't need to worry
+about the convective part,
+
+the u dot grad part.
+
+That's second order.
+
+On the right hand
+side, what do I have?
+
+I have ndu.
+
+Well, divergence of u is
+already the first variation.
+
+So for n, I will take
+its 0-th order term.
+
+So I have minus n bar dxux.
+
+The equation for ux, really
+the only component that I have,
+
+is dt of ux.
+
+Actually, let's write down
+the equation for temperature.
+
+Let's look at this equation.
+
+So I have that dt
+acting on 3/2 kB times
+
+T. I will pick up T bar.
+
+And then I would
+have dt of theta.
+
+What do I have on
+the right hand side?
+
+I have a derivative here.
+
+So everything else here I will
+evaluate at the 0-th order
+
+term, so n bar k T bar dxux.
+
+So I can see that I can
+certainly divide through n bar
+
+here.
+
+And one of my equations
+becomes dt of mu is minus dxux.
+
+But from here, I see
+that dxux is also
+
+related once I divide
+by kT to 3/2 dt theta.
+
+And I know this to be true.
+
+And I seem to have an additional
+factor of 1 over n bar here.
+
+And so I made the
+mistake at some point,
+
+probably when I
+wrote this equation.
+
+STUDENT: It's the
+third equation.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, so
+this should not be here.
+
+And that should
+not be here means
+
+that I probably
+made a mistake here.
+
+So this should be a 1/n, sorry.
+
+There was indeed a 1/n / here.
+
+And there is no factor here.
+
+So we have a relationship
+between the time derivatives
+
+of these variations in
+density and dx of ux.
+
+Fine, what does the
+equation for u tell us?
+
+It tells us that dt of ux
+is minus 1 over m n bar.
+
+Because of the derivative,
+I can set everything
+
+at the variation.
+
+And what do I have here?
+
+I have d by dx of
+n bar kB T bar.
+
+And if I look at the variations,
+I have 1 plus mu plus theta.
+
+The higher order
+terms I will forget.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: Shouldn't that
+be plus 3/2 dt theta?
+
+PROFESSOR: It
+should be plus, yes.
+
+There is a minus sign here.
+
+And that makes it plus.
+
+So the n bar we
+can take outside.
+
+This becomes minus kT
+over m at space variations
+
+of mu plus theta.
+
+Now, what we do is
+that what I have here
+
+is information about the time
+derivatives of mu and theta.
+
+And here I have
+space derivatives.
+
+So what do I do?
+
+I basically apply an
+additionally dt here,
+
+which we'll apply here.
+
+And then we can
+apply it also here.
+
+And then we know how dt
+of mu and dt of theta
+
+are related to dx of ux.
+
+The minus signs disappear.
+
+I have kB T bar divided by m.
+
+I have dt of mu is dxux.
+
+dt of theta is 2/3 dxux.
+
+So I will get 1 plus
+2/3 dx squared of ux.
+
+So the second
+derivative of ux in time
+
+is proportional to the second
+derivative of ux in space.
+
+So that's the standard
+wave equation.
+
+And the velocity that
+we have calculated
+
+for these sound waves is
+5/3 kB the average T over m.
+
+So that part is good.
+
+These equations tell me that
+if I create these disturbances,
+
+there are sound waves, and we
+know there are sound waves.
+
+And sound waves will propagate
+with some velocity that
+
+is related up to some factors to
+the average velocity of the gas
+
+particles.
+
+But what is not good
+is that, according
+
+to this equation, if
+my waves, let's say,
+
+bounce off perfectly
+from the walls,
+
+they will last in
+this room forever.
+
+So you should still be hearing
+what I was saying last week
+
+and the week before.
+
+And clearly what
+we are missing is
+
+the damping that is required.
+
+So the statement is that all
+of these equations are fine.
+
+They capture a lot
+of the physics.
+
+But there is something
+important that
+
+is left out in that
+there are some modes--
+
+and I describe two of them
+here-- that basically last
+
+forever, and don't
+come to equilibrium.
+
+But we said that the Boltzmann
+equation should eventually
+
+bring things to equilibrium.
+
+So where did we go wrong?
+
+Well, we didn't solve
+the Boltzmann equation.
+
+We solved an approximation
+to the Boltzmann equation.
+
+So let's try to do better.
+
+STUDENT: I'm sorry, but
+for the last equation,
+
+you took another derivative
+with respect to t.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, I took a
+derivative with respect to t.
+
+And it noted that the
+derivative with respect
+
+to t of these
+quantities mu is related
+
+to derivative with
+respect to x or u.
+
+And there was one other
+derivative with respect
+
+to x already, making
+it two derivatives.
+
+So this is the kind of
+situation that we are facing.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: Is the 5/3 k in any
+way related to the heat capacity
+
+ratio of [INAUDIBLE] gas?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes,
+that's right, yes.
+
+So there are lots
+of these things that
+
+are implicit in these questions.
+
+And actually, that 3/2 is
+the same thing as this 3/2.
+
+So you can trace a
+lot of these things
+
+to the Gaussian distribution.
+
+And they appear in cp
+versus cv and other things.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: Just
+clarifying something--
+
+this v is different from
+the mu in the top right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, this
+is v, and that's mu.
+
+This v is the
+velocity of the sound.
+
+So I defined this combination,
+the coefficient relating
+
+the second derivatives
+in time and space
+
+as the sound velocity.
+
+So let's maybe even-- we
+can call it vs. All right?
+
+STUDENT: And how did
+you know that that
+
+is the [INAUDIBLE] oscillation,
+the solution that you got?
+
+PROFESSOR: Because I know
+that the solution to dx
+
+squared anything is
+v squared-- sorry,
+
+v squared dx squared anything
+is dt squared anything, is
+
+phi is some function
+of x minus vt.
+
+That is a pulse that moves
+with uniform velocity
+
+is a solution to this equation.
+
+So we want to do better.
+
+And better becomes so-called
+first order solution.
+
+Now, the kind of
+equation that we
+
+are trying to solve at
+the top is something
+
+that its algebraic
+analog would be
+
+something like this-- 2 times x.
+
+It's a linear on
+the left hand side,
+
+is quadratic on the
+right hand side.
+
+Let's write it in
+this form-- except
+
+that the typical
+magnitude of one side
+
+is much larger than
+the other side,
+
+so let's say
+something like this.
+
+So if I wanted to
+solve this equation,
+
+I would say that unless
+x is very close to 2,
+
+this 10 to the 6
+will blow things up.
+
+So my x0 is 2.
+
+And that's what we have done.
+
+We've solved, essentially,
+the right hand
+
+side of the equation.
+
+But I can get a better
+solution by taking 2 and saying
+
+there's a small variation to
+that that I want to calculate.
+
+And I substitute that into
+the original equation.
+
+On the left hand side, I will
+get 2 times 2, 1 plus epsilon.
+
+On the right hand side, I
+will get 10 to the sixth.
+
+And then essentially,
+I subtract 2
+
+plus 2 epsilon squared from 5.
+
+What do I get?
+
+I will get 4 epsilon
+plus 4 epsilon squared.
+
+Then I say that
+epsilon is small.
+
+So essentially, I linearize
+the right hand side.
+
+I forget about that.
+
+I say that I keep
+the epsilon here,
+
+because it's
+multiplying 10 to the 6.
+
+But the epsilon on the other
+side is multiplying nothing.
+
+So I forget that.
+
+So then I will have my epsilon
+to be roughly, I don't know,
+
+2 times 2 divided by
+4 times 10 to the 6.
+
+So I have gotten the correction
+to my first 0-th order solution
+
+to this first order.
+
+Now we will do exactly
+the same thing,
+
+not for our algebraic equation,
+but for our Boltzmann equation.
+
+So for the Boltzmann equation,
+which was Lf is C of ff,
+
+we said that the right hand
+side is larger by a factor of 1
+
+over tau x compared
+to the left hand side.
+
+And so what we did was
+we found a solution f0
+
+that when we put in
+the collision integral,
+
+the answer was 0.
+
+Now I want to have a better
+solution that I will call f1.
+
+Just like I did
+over there, I will
+
+assume that f0 is added
+to a small function
+
+that I will call g.
+
+And then I substitute
+this equation, this thing,
+
+to the equation.
+
+So when I substitute, I will
+get L acting on f0 1 plus g.
+
+Now, what did I do over here?
+
+On the left hand side, I
+ignored the first order term.
+
+Because I expect the first
+order term to be already small.
+
+And the left hand
+side is already small.
+
+So I will ignore this.
+
+And on the right hand
+side, I have to linearize.
+
+So I have to put f0 1
+plus g, f0 1 plus g.
+
+Essentially what I have to
+do is to go to the collisions
+
+that I have over here and
+write for this f0 1 plus g.
+
+There are four of such things.
+
+Now, the 0-th order
+term already cancels.
+
+Because f0 f0 was f0 f0 by the
+way that I constructed things.
+
+And then I can
+pull out one factor
+
+of f0 out of the integration.
+
+So when I linearize
+this, what I will get
+
+is something like f0
+that goes on the outside.
+
+I have the integral
+d2p2 d2b v2 minus v1.
+
+And then I have something like
+g of p1 plus g of p2 minus
+
+g of p1 prime minus
+g of p2 prime.
+
+So basically, what
+we have done is
+
+we have defined a linearized
+version of the collision
+
+operator that is now
+linear in this variable g.
+
+Now in general,
+this is also still,
+
+although a linear
+operator, much simpler
+
+than the previous
+quadratic operator--
+
+still has a lot of junk in it.
+
+So we are going to
+simply state that I
+
+will use a form of this
+linearized approximation that
+
+is simply g over tau, get rid
+of all of the integration.
+
+And this is called the single
+collision time approximation.
+
+So having done
+that, what I have is
+
+that the L acting on f0
+on the left hand side
+
+is minus f0 g over tau x
+on the right hand side.
+
+And so I can
+immediately solve for g.
+
+Because L is a first
+order derivative operator.
+
+My g is minus tau x,
+the Liouville operator
+
+acting on f0-- sorry, log of f0.
+
+I divide it through by f0.
+
+So derivative of
+f0 divided by f0
+
+is the derivative
+acting on log of f0.
+
+So all I need to do
+is to essentially do
+
+the operations involved in
+taking these derivatives.
+
+Let's say we forget
+about the force.
+
+Because we are looking
+in the middle of the box,
+
+acting on log of what
+I had written before.
+
+So what I have is log of n minus
+p minus mu squared over 2mkT.
+
+Remember, ukTn are all
+functions of position.
+
+So there will be
+derivatives involved here.
+
+And I will just write
+down what the answer is.
+
+So the answer
+becomes minus tau x.
+
+You would have, once you
+do all of these derivatives
+
+and take advantage
+of the equations
+
+that you have written
+before-- so there's
+
+some lines of algebra involved.
+
+The final answer is going to
+be nm c alpha c beta minus--
+
+I should really look at this.
+
+m over kT c alpha c beta
+minus delta alpha beta over 3
+
+c squared u alpha
+beta, and then mc
+
+squared over 2kT minus 5/2 c
+alpha over T d alpha of T. Yes.
+
+STUDENT: Sorry, what's
+the thing next to the c
+
+squared, something alpha beta?
+
+PROFESSOR: Delta
+alpha beta, sorry.
+
+So there is a
+well-defined procedure--
+
+it's kind of algebraically
+involved-- by which
+
+more or less in the
+same fashion that you
+
+can improve on the
+algebraic solution,
+
+get a better
+solution than the one
+
+that we had that
+now knows something
+
+about these relaxations.
+
+See, the 0-th order
+solution that we had
+
+knew nothing about tau x.
+
+We just set tau x
+to be very small,
+
+and set the right
+hand side to 0.
+
+And then nothing relaxed.
+
+Now we have a better solution
+that involves explicitly tau x.
+
+And if we start with
+that, we'll find
+
+that we can get relaxation
+of all of these modes
+
+once we calculate p alpha beta
+and h alpha with this better
+
+solution.
+
+We can immediately,
+for example, see
+
+that this new solution will
+have terms that are odd.
+
+There is c cubed term here.
+
+So when you're
+evaluating this average,
+
+you will no longer get 0.
+
+Heat has a chance to flow
+with this improved equation.
+
+And again, whereas
+before our pressure
+
+was diagonal because
+of these terms,
+
+we will have off
+diagonal terms that
+
+will allow us to
+relax the shear modes.
+
+And we'll do that next.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/d0D3VwBh5UQ.txt b/d0D3VwBh5UQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a0513dba1c4ecf7f898fcf5b08e98074b380ea89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/d0D3VwBh5UQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+for you as for me to leave Eric moszer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you as for me to leave Eric moszer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you as for me to leave Eric moszer's
+lecture of course with the consolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture of course with the consolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture of course with the consolation
+that we can see it on tape to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can see it on tape to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can see it on tape to two
+interests well several things were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests well several things were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests well several things were
+interesting for me one is I knew David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for me one is I knew David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for me one is I knew David
+Heston is in graduate school and no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heston is in graduate school and no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heston is in graduate school and no idea
+that his article led to Eric moszer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his article led to Eric moszer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his article led to Eric moszer's
+interest in in education and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in in education and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in in education and of course
+we weren't able to stay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we weren't able to stay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we weren't able to stay for the
+punchline the remedy what what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punchline the remedy what what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punchline the remedy what what's a
+what's the right thing to be doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right thing to be doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right thing to be doing so
+I'll watch the tape to find that out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll watch the tape to find that out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll watch the tape to find that out a
+second thing I wanted to say that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing I wanted to say that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing I wanted to say that there
+was one point there which I didn't agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one point there which I didn't agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one point there which I didn't agree
+with and I don't know what you feel he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and I don't know what you feel he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and I don't know what you feel he
+got to the top of the pyramid the one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to the top of the pyramid the one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to the top of the pyramid the one in
+260 of the starting students who went on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+260 of the starting students who went on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+260 of the starting students who went on
+to do a PhD and we drew a star around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a PhD and we drew a star around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a PhD and we drew a star around
+them and said I'm not worried about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and said I'm not worried about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and said I'm not worried about them
+I worry about them about that part too I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I worry about them about that part too I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I worry about them about that part too I
+don't think I think first of all they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I think first of all they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I think first of all they're
+the ones who are the next generation who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones who are the next generation who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones who are the next generation who
+are carrying the torch so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are carrying the torch so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are carrying the torch so there is
+something pretty important about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something pretty important about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something pretty important about them
+even if numerically it's a small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if numerically it's a small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if numerically it's a small number
+and I don't think I mean I used to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't think I mean I used to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't think I mean I used to think
+that maybe people became mathematicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe people became mathematicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe people became mathematicians
+or physicists sort of you couldn't stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or physicists sort of you couldn't stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or physicists sort of you couldn't stop
+them right I mean they they just were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right I mean they they just were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right I mean they they just were
+born in that direction they had they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in that direction they had they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in that direction they had they had
+a math gene or something and you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a math gene or something and you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a math gene or something and you didn't
+have to take care of them it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take care of them it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take care of them it would
+happen but I don't believe that anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but I don't believe that anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but I don't believe that anymore
+I think that you know as writing me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that you know as writing me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that you know as writing me
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+where you all must be a little bit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you all must be a little bit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you all must be a little bit the
+same if we measure success by any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same if we measure success by any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same if we measure success by any
+standard measurements then we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard measurements then we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard measurements then we should
+probably all be you know working for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably all be you know working for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably all be you know working for
+Morgan Stanley or something now I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan Stanley or something now I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan Stanley or something now I don't
+think any of us is going there tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think any of us is going there tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think any of us is going there tomorrow
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's a sort of a joke that about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a sort of a joke that about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a sort of a joke that about
+the money part of the rewards but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money part of the rewards but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money part of the rewards but the
+reward of there's so many intangible but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward of there's so many intangible but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward of there's so many intangible but
+highly important rewards that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly important rewards that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly important rewards that if the
+system doesn't offer them people make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system doesn't offer them people make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system doesn't offer them people make a
+different choice so I mean and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choice so I mean and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choice so I mean and some of
+those rewards are internal I mean it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rewards are internal I mean it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rewards are internal I mean it is
+a great feeling to actually you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great feeling to actually you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great feeling to actually you know to
+use your mind and understand something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your mind and understand something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your mind and understand something
+but you need encouragement too so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need encouragement too so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need encouragement too so I I
+wouldn't assume that the that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't assume that the that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't assume that the that the
+special ones could be ignored and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special ones could be ignored and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special ones could be ignored and I'm
+sure I mean he's obviously a fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I mean he's obviously a fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I mean he's obviously a fantastic
+teacher so the special ones are learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher so the special ones are learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher so the special ones are learning
+like Matt okay now what do I do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Matt okay now what do I do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Matt okay now what do I do with the
+Kalman filter Wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kalman filter Wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kalman filter Wow
+maybe again try to establish what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe again try to establish what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe again try to establish what's the
+framework what are the inputs what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework what are the inputs what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework what are the inputs what are
+the outputs so what will the formulas be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs so what will the formulas be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs so what will the formulas be
+formulas for and then maybe a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for and then maybe a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for and then maybe a little
+discussion of those matrix formulas but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of those matrix formulas but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of those matrix formulas but
+let me get the framework straight first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get the framework straight first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get the framework straight first
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the point is as I've in the list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point is as I've in the list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point is as I've in the list of
+topics the point is that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics the point is that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics the point is that I'm going to
+end up with a very big system can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a very big system can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a very big system can I
+write its script a script you equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write its script a script you equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write its script a script you equals
+script B or something and that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script B or something and that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script B or something and that is a
+collection of equations coming at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of equations coming at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of equations coming at
+different times for different for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times for different for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times for different for for
+changing you and with measurements B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing you and with measurements B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing you and with measurements B so
+let me look this is discrete time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me look this is discrete time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me look this is discrete time of
+course I could I could be writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I could I could be writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I could I could be writing
+differential equations things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations things are
+clearer in the discrete case so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer in the discrete case so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer in the discrete case so let me
+so I have say I measure some u0 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have say I measure some u0 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have say I measure some u0 now
+that's a that's a vector so so i start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a vector so so i start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a vector so so i start
+with some standard equation a0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some standard equation a0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some standard equation a0
+you zero equal B zero that's static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you zero equal B zero that's static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you zero equal B zero that's static
+that's at time zero I have a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's at time zero I have a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's at time zero I have a standard
+measurement equation fine okay now time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement equation fine okay now time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement equation fine okay now time
+goes on the system changes but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on the system changes but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on the system changes but it
+changes by a no-no now this is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes by a no-no now this is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes by a no-no now this is of course
+has got an error in it easier and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got an error in it easier and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got an error in it easier and that
+error we're going to assume has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+variant covariance matrix Sigma 0 Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant covariance matrix Sigma 0 Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant covariance matrix Sigma 0 Sigma
+0 maybe I need to say Sigma 0 e ne ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 maybe I need to say Sigma 0 e ne ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 maybe I need to say Sigma 0 e ne ok
+fine that that we know how to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine that that we know how to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine that that we know how to deal with
+now the next step is time moves forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next step is time moves forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next step is time moves forward
+so our next this was a measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our next this was a measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our next this was a measurement
+equation the next equation will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the next equation will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the next equation will be a
+state equation this unit is the state at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state equation this unit is the state at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state equation this unit is the state at
+time 0 and the state at time 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 0 and the state at time 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 0 and the state at time 1 is
+connected to the state at time 0 by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the state at time 0 by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the state at time 0 by some
+linear equation say u 1 equal some F I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equation say u 1 equal some F I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equation say u 1 equal some F I'm
+writing it sorry exit better bu and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it sorry exit better bu and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it sorry exit better bu and I
+I'm going to change that letter F in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to change that letter F in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to change that letter F in a
+second this is like look up to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second this is like look up to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second this is like look up to see
+what's the letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the letter
+and so this describes the change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this describes the change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this describes the change of
+state the dynamics between time 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the dynamics between time 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the dynamics between time 0 and
+time 1 but of course it's not perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 1 but of course it's not perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 1 but of course it's not perfect
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+so there's an error and let me use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an error and let me use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an error and let me use
+epsilon for the state error and I'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon for the state error and I'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon for the state error and I'll use
+the index 1 where another person might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index 1 where another person might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index 1 where another person might
+use 0 that's obviously not critical okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use 0 that's obviously not critical okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use 0 that's obviously not critical okay
+then we're in a state 1 and I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're in a state 1 and I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're in a state 1 and I take a
+measurement at state 1 so a1 u1 is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement at state 1 so a1 u1 is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement at state 1 so a1 u1 is some
+measurement b1 minus some error e1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement b1 minus some error e1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement b1 minus some error e1
+epsilon for the errors in the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon for the errors in the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon for the errors in the state
+equation YZ for the error in the then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation YZ for the error in the then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation YZ for the error in the then
+sure enough u 2 is f u 1 oh and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure enough u 2 is f u 1 oh and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure enough u 2 is f u 1 oh and of
+course and then epsilon 2 and then let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and then epsilon 2 and then let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and then epsilon 2 and then let's
+say we do a measurement at time 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we do a measurement at time 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we do a measurement at time 2 so
+I'll stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll stop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll stop there
+a to you too is B to - eat okay and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to you too is B to - eat okay and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to you too is B to - eat okay and one
+further touch well you see I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further touch well you see I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further touch well you see I didn't
+insist on the same a matrix at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist on the same a matrix at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist on the same a matrix at every
+step and of course I don't really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and of course I don't really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and of course I don't really have
+to insist on the same F matrix at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to insist on the same F matrix at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to insist on the same F matrix at every
+step so this is the this is the framer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so this is the this is the framer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so this is the this is the framer
+this is the least squares problem this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the least squares problem this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the least squares problem this
+is the big problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the big problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the big problem
+au equal B I can if I bring you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+au equal B I can if I bring you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+au equal B I can if I bring you know
+that the use on to the one side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the use on to the one side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the use on to the one side of the
+equation and the bees and the errors on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the bees and the errors on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the bees and the errors on
+the other side of the equation then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of the equation then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of the equation then I
+have the big system that's to be solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the big system that's to be solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the big system that's to be solved
+let's do it so what is script a let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it so what is script a let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it so what is script a let me
+just copy down that what have I got in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just copy down that what have I got in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just copy down that what have I got in
+this matrix multiplying known you let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix multiplying known you let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix multiplying known you let's
+see if I can get it right I ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I can get it right I ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I can get it right I ended up
+with five block equations everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five block equations everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five block equations everybody
+knows that everybody is clear that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that everybody is clear that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that everybody is clear that these
+use typically the use will be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use typically the use will be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use typically the use will be the same
+size but probably we don't even have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size but probably we don't even have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size but probably we don't even have to
+require that but there'll be vectors not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that but there'll be vectors not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that but there'll be vectors not
+just scalars and then the matrices will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just scalars and then the matrices will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just scalars and then the matrices will
+be appropriate size okay and the A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be appropriate size okay and the A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be appropriate size okay and the A's
+appropriate to the to the B's okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate to the to the B's okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate to the to the B's okay so if
+I just all the stuff was this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just all the stuff was this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just all the stuff was this is going
+to multiply u 0 u 1 u 2 I'm gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply u 0 u 1 u 2 I'm gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply u 0 u 1 u 2 I'm gonna be
+putting the easy part first and I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the easy part first and I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the easy part first and I had a
+B 0 and then really a 0 assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something like that is the bees and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that is the bees and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that is the bees and then
+and I now comes my e the error vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I now comes my e the error vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I now comes my e the error vector
+this this is this this right maybe I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is this this right maybe I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is this this right maybe I'm
+using - okay and what's the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using - okay and what's the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using - okay and what's the matrix
+that's now we always focus on what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's now we always focus on what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's now we always focus on what's
+important you see an a0 in the we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you see an a0 in the we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you see an a0 in the we put
+five Rose five block Rose a zero zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five Rose five block Rose a zero zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five Rose five block Rose a zero zero
+zero the first and this in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the first and this in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the first and this in the third
+it's as a1 and in the fifth it's an a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as a1 and in the fifth it's an a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as a1 and in the fifth it's an a2
+fine and in the second it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and in the second it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and in the second it
+so you won so maybe when I bring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you won so maybe when I bring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you won so maybe when I bring that
+over it will be - you can I go do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it will be - you can I go do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it will be - you can I go do it
+shall I write it this way as f naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I write it this way as f naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I write it this way as f naught
+and minus I or maybe maybe I wrote it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus I or maybe maybe I wrote it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus I or maybe maybe I wrote it as
+at minus F naught and I I've forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at minus F naught and I I've forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at minus F naught and I I've forgotten
+it's not of course going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not of course going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not of course going to make a
+difference but let me try to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but let me try to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but let me try to get it
+right okay I'll see if I can capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay I'll see if I can capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay I'll see if I can capture
+quickly this a matrix and again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly this a matrix and again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly this a matrix and again to
+repeat that this I what's thinking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat that this I what's thinking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat that this I what's thinking this
+might get onto the web yesterday but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get onto the web yesterday but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get onto the web yesterday but it
+will be there by tomorrow morning okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be there by tomorrow morning okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be there by tomorrow morning okay
+oh I don't know yeah okay well yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I don't know yeah okay well yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I don't know yeah okay well yeah I
+did use F in this chapter so I'll stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did use F in this chapter so I'll stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did use F in this chapter so I'll stay
+with that okay and now let me write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that okay and now let me write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that okay and now let me write this
+last equation what's what do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last equation what's what do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last equation what's what do I have
+I could make it this way - I F - is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could make it this way - I F - is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could make it this way - I F - is that
+right or did I get F one right and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or did I get F one right and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or did I get F one right and zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+what's what's important about that block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's important about that block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's important about that block
+well first it's it's extremely low it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first it's it's extremely low it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first it's it's extremely low it's
+going to get larger and larger so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get larger and larger so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get larger and larger so I'm
+going to but essentially I want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to but essentially I want to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to but essentially I want to solve
+that system by least squares and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system by least squares and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system by least squares and the
+most important outputs that I want are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important outputs that I want are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important outputs that I want are
+the most recent you and it's P it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most recent you and it's P it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most recent you and it's P it's
+there's there's a covariance matrix for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a covariance matrix for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a covariance matrix for
+the big problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big problem
+you know big script P and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know big script P and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know big script P and then there's
+the part of that big one that applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of that big one that applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of that big one that applies to
+the error in that and that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error in that and that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error in that and that's that's the
+latest thing so that's probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest thing so that's probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest thing so that's probably the most
+important to me okay now what so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to me okay now what so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to me okay now what so what do
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+I mean what's my what equation do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean what's my what equation do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean what's my what equation do I have
+to solve I have to solve a transpose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve I have to solve a transpose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve I have to solve a transpose I
+don't know how to write a curvy Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to write a curvy Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to write a curvy Sigma
+just to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to emphasize
+like big a this whole vector u hat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like big a this whole vector u hat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like big a this whole vector u hat the
+best estimate is this a transpose curvy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best estimate is this a transpose curvy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best estimate is this a transpose curvy
+sort of fairly curvy Sigma B be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fairly curvy Sigma B be well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fairly curvy Sigma B be well
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+big B that's the big system to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big B that's the big system to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big B that's the big system to solve
+this is our fundamental matrix and did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our fundamental matrix and did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our fundamental matrix and did I
+don't don't think I may be emphasized it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't think I may be emphasized it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't think I may be emphasized it
+in the in the previous lecture but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the previous lecture but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the previous lecture but of
+course this thing is positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this thing is positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this thing is positive definite
+symmetric it's it's got these properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric it's it's got these properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric it's it's got these properties
+where we're we've known to we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're we've known to we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're we've known to we know the
+value because Sigma is positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because Sigma is positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because Sigma is positive definite
+symmetric the covariance matrix is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric the covariance matrix is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric the covariance matrix is its
+inverse is and so we have an a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is and so we have an a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is and so we have an a transpose
+C a all good and what's more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C a all good and what's more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C a all good and what's more important
+or what sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what sir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what sir
+I can't say more but equally important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't say more but equally important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't say more but equally important
+is what's the shape of this thing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the shape of this thing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the shape of this thing this
+matrix is block tridiagonal this crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is block tridiagonal this crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is block tridiagonal this crucial
+matrix is block tridiagonal why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is block tridiagonal why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is block tridiagonal why is that
+and then we could figure out what its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we could figure out what its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we could figure out what its
+entries are it's a transpose now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries are it's a transpose now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries are it's a transpose now
+remember this is yeah let's see what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is yeah let's see what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is yeah let's see what it
+looks like suppose that was the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like suppose that was the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like suppose that was the identity
+for the moment and the errors were white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the moment and the errors were white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the moment and the errors were white
+noise you see that a transpose a would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise you see that a transpose a would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise you see that a transpose a would
+be blocked right it would be block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be blocked right it would be block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be blocked right it would be block
+tridiagonal let's see what's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tridiagonal let's see what's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tridiagonal let's see what's going to be
+the shape of a transpose a what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of a transpose a what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of a transpose a what's the
+shape of this matrix block shape 3x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of this matrix block shape 3x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of this matrix block shape 3x3
+right this is this is five by five by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this is five by five by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this is five by five by
+three block five by five block diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three block five by five block diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three block five by five block diagonal
+three by five block lock counts those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three by five block lock counts those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three by five block lock counts those
+are okay so the result is three by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay so the result is three by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay so the result is three by three
+block matrix and is some three by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block matrix and is some three by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block matrix and is some three by three
+block matrix and you know well we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block matrix and you know well we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block matrix and you know well we can
+figure out what it what it is but what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what it what it is but what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what it what it is but what I
+what is block tridiagonal aspect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is block tridiagonal aspect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is block tridiagonal aspect this
+crucial part is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial part is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial part is the
+is the fact that it's zeros there why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that it's zeros there why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that it's zeros there why is
+it why are those zeros you see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why are those zeros you see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why are those zeros you see that this
+row this column is perpendicular to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row this column is perpendicular to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row this column is perpendicular to this
+column right there's that's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column right there's that's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column right there's that's the point
+we've built it in totally that that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've built it in totally that that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've built it in totally that that each
+column has some overlap with the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column has some overlap with the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column has some overlap with the next
+one so there's a there's a one diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so there's a there's a one diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so there's a there's a one diagonal
+away from the main diagonal but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the main diagonal but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the main diagonal but then
+when we take the when we take that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we take the when we take that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we take the when we take that as a
+row into this as a column to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row into this as a column to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row into this as a column to get this
+guy it's zero so this structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy it's zero so this structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy it's zero so this structure of
+connecting each one to the only the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting each one to the only the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting each one to the only the only
+its neighbor is automatically it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its neighbor is automatically it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its neighbor is automatically it's it's
+our it's our constant the appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our it's our constant the appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our it's our constant the appearing
+framework that produces a tri diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that produces a tri diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that produces a tri diagonal
+matrices here block tridiagonal because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices here block tridiagonal because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices here block tridiagonal because
+each of these is a system okay now then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these is a system okay now then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these is a system okay now then
+the point is that block tridiagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that block tridiagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that block tridiagonal
+matrices elimination as we again what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices elimination as we again what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices elimination as we again what we
+learned in that very first lecture was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in that very first lecture was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in that very first lecture was
+doing elimination on the thing that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing elimination on the thing that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing elimination on the thing that it's
+it's a manageable process right I just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a manageable process right I just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a manageable process right I just I
+just have one step to do I multiply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have one step to do I multiply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have one step to do I multiply that
+row by something to kill this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row by something to kill this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row by something to kill this and then
+this rows ready to go and I multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rows ready to go and I multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rows ready to go and I multiply the
+the new row by something to kill this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new row by something to kill this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new row by something to kill this
+there's a natural recursion and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a natural recursion and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a natural recursion and then
+what about back substitution back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about back substitution back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about back substitution back
+substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+remember uses the upper triangular form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uses the upper triangular form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uses the upper triangular form
+to go back up the upper triangular form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back up the upper triangular form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back up the upper triangular form
+how many diagonals in the up in the when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many diagonals in the up in the when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many diagonals in the up in the when
+i factor this thing into an Lu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's what's with them this is the L so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's with them this is the L so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's with them this is the L so
+it's certainly zero there but I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's certainly zero there but I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's certainly zero there but I didn't
+need to do any elimination here it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do any elimination here it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do any elimination here it's a
+zero here so it's something something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here so it's something something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here so it's something something
+something something something and the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something something and the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something something and the U
+is the same in the opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same in the opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same in the opposite direction
+it's just got it's got a zero there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just got it's got a zero there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just got it's got a zero there
+because because that zero there never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because that zero there never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because that zero there never
+leaves and it's upper triangular so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves and it's upper triangular so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves and it's upper triangular so
+there's the Ellen there's the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the Ellen there's the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the Ellen there's the block
+Ellen you so the forward elimination is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellen you so the forward elimination is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellen you so the forward elimination is
+just one multiplier at every at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one multiplier at every at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one multiplier at every at every
+stage the back substitution is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage the back substitution is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage the back substitution is just one
+substitution at every state and and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution at every state and and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution at every state and and we
+can create formulas so that's is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create formulas so that's is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create formulas so that's is what
+the Kalman filter has to amount to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kalman filter has to amount to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kalman filter has to amount to the
+Kalman filter has to amount to a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kalman filter has to amount to a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kalman filter has to amount to a form
+two formulas for these for these steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two formulas for these for these steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two formulas for these for these steps
+forward this is forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward this is forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward this is forward
+this is prediction using L L yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is prediction using L L yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is prediction using L L yeah this
+is important point now I better say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important point now I better say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important point now I better say what
+are the outputs what are the inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the outputs what are the inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the outputs what are the inputs and
+what are the outputs per step per step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the outputs per step per step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the outputs per step per step
+okay input per step okay what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay input per step okay what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay input per step okay what are the
+inputs there is a new a a kay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs there is a new a a kay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs there is a new a a kay
+shall I call there's a new F F okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I call there's a new F F okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I call there's a new F F okay well
+let me put B first because it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put B first because it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put B first because it kind of
+comes with the a so there's the A's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with the a so there's the A's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with the a so there's the A's and
+the B's at the new step and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B's at the new step and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B's at the new step and then and
+that's the measurement step but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the measurement step but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the measurement step but then
+there's also the prediction step you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the prediction step you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the prediction step you see
+we've got two kinds of things here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two kinds of things here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two kinds of things here we've
+got the measurement equations and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the measurement equations and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the measurement equations and the
+static weight change of state equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static weight change of state equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static weight change of state equations
+the prediction equation so so we could F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction equation so so we could F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction equation so so we could F
+cancer and what are the outputs well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and what are the outputs well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and what are the outputs well I
+think the best way the right thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the best way the right thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the best way the right thing to do
+is to break each step into into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to break each step into into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to break each step into into
+the two pieces the two pieces so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two pieces the two pieces so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two pieces the two pieces so maybe
+and maybe when I go to the new step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe when I go to the new step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe when I go to the new step
+really the F comes before the a and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the F comes before the a and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the F comes before the a and the
+B at the new step so I'm better off if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B at the new step so I'm better off if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B at the new step so I'm better off if I
+write F systematically think of the FS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write F systematically think of the FS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write F systematically think of the FS
+is coming first as giving the prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming first as giving the prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming first as giving the prediction
+of the new state based on the old one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the new state based on the old one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the new state based on the old one
+they will build our old estimate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will build our old estimate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will build our old estimate and
+then we make some measurements at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we make some measurements at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we make some measurements at the
+new time and that gives us an improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new time and that gives us an improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new time and that gives us an improved
+measurement so so so so like then A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement so so so so like then A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement so so so so like then A's
+and B's at the new time okay so now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B's at the new time okay so now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B's at the new time okay so now what
+are the outputs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the outputs okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the outputs okay
+what well the outputs will be what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well the outputs will be what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well the outputs will be what the
+outputs always are the use the estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs always are the use the estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs always are the use the estimate
+then the new estimate and the P the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the new estimate and the P the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the new estimate and the P the
+covariance of that estimate the error in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance of that estimate the error in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance of that estimate the error in
+that estimate okay so and we've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that estimate okay so and we've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that estimate okay so and we've got two
+stages here so it looks to me like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages here so it looks to me like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages here so it looks to me like we're
+going to have four outputs we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have four outputs we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have four outputs we're going
+to have an output at the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an output at the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an output at the end of this
+stage this prediction stage so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage this prediction stage so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage this prediction stage so this is
+like prediction predict correct oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like prediction predict correct oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like prediction predict correct oh and
+then I'll have to tell you a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll have to tell you a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll have to tell you a little more
+because what I'm saying now is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I'm saying now is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I'm saying now is going to
+apply to the forward part here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the forward part here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the forward part here
+okay the outputs from the prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the outputs from the prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the outputs from the prediction
+stage will be a new u hat at stage k but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage will be a new u hat at stage k but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage will be a new u hat at stage k but
+it comes it at the prediction step it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes it at the prediction step it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes it at the prediction step it
+hasn't used the B right so the frequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't used the B right so the frequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't used the B right so the frequent
+notation is with a it makes a messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is with a it makes a messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is with a it makes a messy
+combination subscript that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination subscript that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination subscript that's the
+prediction based on the old data up to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction based on the old data up to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction based on the old data up to K
+minus 1 not yet using K where as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 not yet using K where as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 not yet using K where as an
+output after this one is going to be u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output after this one is going to be u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output after this one is going to be u
+hat k k that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat k k that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat k k that's the
+that's the best we know at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best we know at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best we know at the end of
+stage K and that's like the thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage K and that's like the thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage K and that's like the thing we're
+after and then we're also interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and then we're also interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and then we're also interested in
+the P or whatever letter I'm using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P or whatever letter I'm using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P or whatever letter I'm using that
+is the what is the variance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the what is the variance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the what is the variance the
+covariance matrix for the error in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix for the error in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix for the error in
+everybody's remembering this what P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's remembering this what P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's remembering this what P is
+that is the covariance matrix for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the covariance matrix for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the covariance matrix for the
+error errors in you if you K K minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error errors in you if you K K minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error errors in you if you K K minus one
+and then we'll update that to pee KK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll update that to pee KK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll update that to pee KK
+okay and by the way what should happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by the way what should happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by the way what should happen
+in this you know in all our matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this you know in all our matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this you know in all our matrix
+formulas would you say PKK is here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas would you say PKK is here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas would you say PKK is here's
+like Eric Meserve question do you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Eric Meserve question do you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Eric Meserve question do you expect
+this to be bigger than this or smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be bigger than this or smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be bigger than this or smaller
+oh you guys are too smart okay yes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you guys are too smart okay yes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you guys are too smart okay yes this
+should be smaller why because we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be smaller why because we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be smaller why because we've got
+more information so the variance should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information so the variance should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information so the variance should
+be smaller right so our formula for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be smaller right so our formula for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be smaller right so our formula for this
+so so we're going to have two levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we're going to have two levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we're going to have two levels of
+formula we're going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we're going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we're going to have the
+prediction formulas and then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction formulas and then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction formulas and then we're going
+to have the correction formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the correction formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the correction formula and
+actually that some of the formulas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that some of the formulas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that some of the formulas are
+not as bad but then others are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as bad but then others are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as bad but then others are quite
+messy so do you see like what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy so do you see like what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy so do you see like what's
+happening at every stage where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at every stage where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at every stage where we're
+we're adding this row oh yes right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're adding this row oh yes right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're adding this row oh yes right we're
+adding that row to them so this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding that row to them so this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding that row to them so this is where
+we were at the end of stage one now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were at the end of stage one now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were at the end of stage one now
+we've moved it move on to the next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've moved it move on to the next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've moved it move on to the next time
+so we add the prediction row so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we add the prediction row so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we add the prediction row so it's
+like we're doing exactly do all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're doing exactly do all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're doing exactly do all these
+calculations but our matrix stops here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations but our matrix stops here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations but our matrix stops here
+if we're interested in this stage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're interested in this stage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're interested in this stage and
+then it's just it turns out better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just it turns out better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just it turns out better to
+separate it into two pieces rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate it into two pieces rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate it into two pieces rather than
+swallow the whole thing at once and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallow the whole thing at once and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallow the whole thing at once and then
+now we've got to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've got to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've got to this point
+we've got those answers so we know those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got those answers so we know those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got those answers so we know those
+and now we're ready to add an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're ready to add an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're ready to add an
+row to the matrix and that gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row to the matrix and that gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row to the matrix and that gives us a
+correction exactly the correction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction exactly the correction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction exactly the correction that
+we figured in recursively squares I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figured in recursively squares I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figured in recursively squares I mean
+that we don't lose what what was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't lose what what was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't lose what what was done
+there and that will take us from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that will take us from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that will take us from these
+answers to these answers right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to these answers right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to these answers right right
+yeah in fact they'll probably be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in fact they'll probably be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in fact they'll probably be some
+formula like PKK is P well whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula like PKK is P well whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula like PKK is P well whatever the
+update one would have been here so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update one would have been here so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update one would have been here so we've
+got we've got four formulas to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got we've got four formulas to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got we've got four formulas to write
+down formulas for each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down formulas for each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down formulas for each of those
+depending on the inputs and the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the inputs and the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the inputs and the previous
+ones and there's this Kalman gain matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and there's this Kalman gain matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and there's this Kalman gain matrix
+this K that we saw that's that's built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this K that we saw that's that's built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this K that we saw that's that's built
+out of the other matrices so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the other matrices so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the other matrices so it's not
+like something entirely new but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something entirely new but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something entirely new but it's
+convenient little bit of algebra to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient little bit of algebra to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient little bit of algebra to
+isolate that matrix as and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate that matrix as and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate that matrix as and have a
+formula for that so we'll also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for that so we'll also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for that so we'll also have
+we'll also have the Kalman make the gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also have the Kalman make the gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also have the Kalman make the gain
+matrix at that step right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix at that step right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix at that step right okay
+now I'm I'm when we when we finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm I'm when we when we finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm I'm when we when we finish
+introducing this row we will have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing this row we will have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing this row we will have the
+best possible estimate based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best possible estimate based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best possible estimate based on the
+measurements and the and the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and the and the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and the and the state
+equations of the of the last guy of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of the of the last guy of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of the of the last guy of you
+too well that's what we'll have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too well that's what we'll have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too well that's what we'll have and
+that's usually what we want now suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually what we want now suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually what we want now suppose
+we wanted the best estimate of U 0 based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted the best estimate of U 0 based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted the best estimate of U 0 based
+on all in all this information that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all in all this information that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all in all this information that I've
+written down what's what's with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down what's what's with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down what's what's with that
+suppose I I proceed forward this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I I proceed forward this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I I proceed forward this is all
+forward all that everything I've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward all that everything I've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward all that everything I've written
+on the board is forward but and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board is forward but and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board is forward but and that
+forward stuff takes me to u2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward stuff takes me to u2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward stuff takes me to u2 and the
+best estimate for you to this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best estimate for you to this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best estimate for you to this is the
+this is the winner this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the winner this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the winner this is the
+we're here this is our best based on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here this is our best based on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here this is our best based on all
+face the best for the last view for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face the best for the last view for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face the best for the last view for the
+last view K based on all data and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last view K based on all data and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last view K based on all data and this
+is its inverse that it it's it's sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is its inverse that it it's it's sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is its inverse that it it's it's sorry
+it's over its covariance matrix its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's over its covariance matrix its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's over its covariance matrix its
+covariance matrix okay but let me finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix okay but let me finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix okay but let me finish
+that thought what about you not do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thought what about you not do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thought what about you not do I
+have anything new to learn about you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anything new to learn about you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anything new to learn about you not
+from what happened later the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what happened later the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what happened later the answer is
+yes absolutely so that if I'm serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes absolutely so that if I'm serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes absolutely so that if I'm serious
+about you not I should do back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you not I should do back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you not I should do back
+substitution I said that I hadn't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution I said that I hadn't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution I said that I hadn't put
+anything on the board that went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything on the board that went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything on the board that went
+backwards in time but the one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards in time but the one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards in time but the one thing I
+did put on the board that goes backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did put on the board that goes backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did put on the board that goes backwards
+in time is the back substitution for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time is the back substitution for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time is the back substitution for a
+triangular matrix so what's that what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular matrix so what's that what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular matrix so what's that what's
+the word for that do you know the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word for that do you know the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word for that do you know the word
+for what we get when we exactly smoothy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what we get when we exactly smoothy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what we get when we exactly smoothy
+so there's a there's a there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a there's a there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a there's a there's the
+process of going backwards to smooth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of going backwards to smooth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of going backwards to smooth the
+earlier information if we want to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier information if we want to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier information if we want to do it
+you know if that information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if that information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if that information is
+important and that then would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and that then would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and that then would be a
+further set of formulas I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further set of formulas I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further set of formulas I'm not going to
+touch those but I'm emphasizing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch those but I'm emphasizing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch those but I'm emphasizing that
+that it's there right right okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's there right right okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's there right right okay that
+smoothing is there and actually I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing is there and actually I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing is there and actually I have a
+well I have a problem - maybe I'll maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have a problem - maybe I'll maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have a problem - maybe I'll maybe
+I'll mention this about smoothing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll mention this about smoothing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll mention this about smoothing that
+I'll even mention the can I say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll even mention the can I say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll even mention the can I say this
+about smoothing which is and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about smoothing which is and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about smoothing which is and then I'll
+come back to the heart of the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to the heart of the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to the heart of the subject
+which is here so smoothing involves also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is here so smoothing involves also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is here so smoothing involves also
+you know going back up and probably most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know going back up and probably most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know going back up and probably most
+people don't pay a lot of attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't pay a lot of attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't pay a lot of attention to
+it now so I get like things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now so I get like things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now so I get like things about
+problems in matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in matrices
+often from the from the sort of area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often from the from the sort of area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often from the from the sort of area of
+people who work in linear algebra well a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who work in linear algebra well a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who work in linear algebra well a
+problem appeared and I'll that I'll stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem appeared and I'll that I'll stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem appeared and I'll that I'll stay
+here and I'll put it on into the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'll put it on into the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'll put it on into the lecture
+notes for this lecture and let me right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes for this lecture and let me right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes for this lecture and let me right
+away offer a prize for a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away offer a prize for a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away offer a prize for a solution
+because when I saw that problem it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I saw that problem it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I saw that problem it was
+put in by a friend of mine from Berkeley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in by a friend of mine from Berkeley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in by a friend of mine from Berkeley
+and I don't know where he came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know where he came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know where he came up with
+it but I realize it's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I realize it's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I realize it's got to be
+intimately connected to the Kalman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimately connected to the Kalman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimately connected to the Kalman
+filter okay I thought well these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter okay I thought well these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter okay I thought well these guys
+the readers of this this journal are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readers of this this journal are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readers of this this journal are
+like experts in in linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like experts in in linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like experts in in linear algebra
+they'll solve this problem twenty ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll solve this problem twenty ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll solve this problem twenty ways
+but that didn't happen the problem went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that didn't happen the problem went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that didn't happen the problem went
+month after month unsolved until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month after month unsolved until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month after month unsolved until the
+copy I have here of the problem is said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy I have here of the problem is said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy I have here of the problem is said
+would somebody please send an answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would somebody please send an answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would somebody please send an answer and
+for me that was so striking an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me that was so striking an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me that was so striking an example
+in real time so to speak of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real time so to speak of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real time so to speak of the of the
+cut the the separation between so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the the separation between so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the the separation between so much
+of linear algebra and and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra and and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra and and what we're
+doing here of course it's not totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here of course it's not totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here of course it's not totally
+separated the people in numerical linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated the people in numerical linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated the people in numerical linear
+algebra no efficient ways to do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra no efficient ways to do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra no efficient ways to do this and
+let me remark while I'm while I'm making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me remark while I'm while I'm making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me remark while I'm while I'm making
+these general comments that as always we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these general comments that as always we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these general comments that as always we
+have a choice with this system what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a choice with this system what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a choice with this system what's
+our choice here in how to solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our choice here in how to solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our choice here in how to solve that
+system we have a choice of solving it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we have a choice of solving it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we have a choice of solving it by
+elimination or by QR by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination or by QR by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination or by QR by
+orthogonalization if you remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonalization if you remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonalization if you remember that
+choice and and that choice in this world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and and that choice in this world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and and that choice in this world
+is called the square root filter right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the square root filter right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the square root filter right
+this is here we've got a squared so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is here we've got a squared so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is here we've got a squared so the
+formulas I'm writing down are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas I'm writing down are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas I'm writing down are the
+classical formulas that involve things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical formulas that involve things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical formulas that involve things
+about a times a but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a times a but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a times a but
+for super stability and sometimes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for super stability and sometimes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for super stability and sometimes for
+speed or sometimes you lose speed those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed or sometimes you lose speed those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed or sometimes you lose speed those
+are and those are the crucial issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and those are the crucial issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and those are the crucial issues
+probably you gain a little stability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you gain a little stability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you gain a little stability and
+lose a little speed if you change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a little speed if you change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a little speed if you change this
+if you express a I'm just going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you express a I'm just going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you express a I'm just going to put
+it up here and do nothing with it a as Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up here and do nothing with it a as Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up here and do nothing with it a as Q
+R and of course you're going to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and of course you're going to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and of course you're going to compute
+Q and R recursively write new new rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q and R recursively write new new rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q and R recursively write new new rows
+are added to a so new things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are added to a so new things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are added to a so new things are
+computed here so this would be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed here so this would be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed here so this would be this
+would this would give the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this would give the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this would give the square root
+filter which was like a bombshell in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter which was like a bombshell in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter which was like a bombshell in in
+the Kalman Kalman world as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kalman Kalman world as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kalman Kalman world as an
+alternative and I'm not at all able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative and I'm not at all able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative and I'm not at all able to
+report on the current state of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report on the current state of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report on the current state of that
+battle now I was going to tell you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle now I was going to tell you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle now I was going to tell you this
+problem so this is this is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so this is this is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so this is this is a problem
+okay so I have a tri diagonal matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have a tri diagonal matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have a tri diagonal matrix a
+tri diagonal matrix let me what what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri diagonal matrix let me what what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri diagonal matrix let me what what can
+I call it here t4 tri diagonal okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call it here t4 tri diagonal okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call it here t4 tri diagonal okay and
+it factors into lower x yes a lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it factors into lower x yes a lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it factors into lower x yes a lower the
+usual lower lower with ones on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual lower lower with ones on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual lower lower with ones on the
+diagonal pivots and upper and and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal pivots and upper and and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal pivots and upper and and what
+what's the information about that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the information about that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the information about that we
+have about those L has to diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about those L has to diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about those L has to diet
+this has three diagonals L has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has three diagonals L has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has three diagonals L has two
+diagonals D has diagonal U has diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals D has diagonal U has diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals D has diagonal U has diagonal
+above and I'm not going to assume in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and I'm not going to assume in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and I'm not going to assume in
+this problem that the matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem that the matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem that the matrix is
+symmetric positive-definite just try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric positive-definite just try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric positive-definite just try
+diagonal is all okay so that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal is all okay so that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal is all okay so that's sort of
+in doing elimination in the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing elimination in the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing elimination in the usual
+forward way I get to that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward way I get to that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward way I get to that I'm going to
+put glasses on so that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put glasses on so that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put glasses on so that I can
+capture this fantastic problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is going in the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is going in the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is going in the forward
+direction and I'll indicate those by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and I'll indicate those by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and I'll indicate those by
+pluses the standard eliminating forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluses the standard eliminating forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluses the standard eliminating forward
+now I don't know if you ever gave any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't know if you ever gave any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't know if you ever gave any
+thought to the possibility of doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to the possibility of doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to the possibility of doing the
+elimination starting at the bottom row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination starting at the bottom row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination starting at the bottom row
+and working upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and working upwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and working upwards
+have you ever it was no reason we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever it was no reason we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever it was no reason we
+couldn't do that that that order from 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do that that that order from 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do that that that order from 1
+to N isn't like the only possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to N isn't like the only possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to N isn't like the only possibility
+what would what will happen if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would what will happen if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would what will happen if I do
+elimination upwards can we just pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination upwards can we just pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination upwards can we just pretend
+we have a matrix here okay what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a matrix here okay what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a matrix here okay what do I do
+then I take a multiple of that row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I take a multiple of that row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I take a multiple of that row
+subtract from the row above to produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from the row above to produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from the row above to produce a
+zero there then I've got something new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there then I've got something new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there then I've got something new
+than that from the row above now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that from the row above now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that from the row above now what
+kind of a factor is that what am i what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a factor is that what am i what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a factor is that what am i what
+am I getting so my original tea was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I getting so my original tea was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I getting so my original tea was
+tridiagonal now I'm coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tridiagonal now I'm coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tridiagonal now I'm coming from the
+upward direction and what am i reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward direction and what am i reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward direction and what am i reaching
+I'm reaching an L instead of reaching at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm reaching an L instead of reaching at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm reaching an L instead of reaching at
+you I'm reaching an L the factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm reaching an L the factorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm reaching an L the factorization
+in the opposite direction would be a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite direction would be a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite direction would be a u
+times a d times a no and I just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a d times a no and I just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a d times a no and I just have to
+give those those that L is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give those those that L is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give those those that L is different
+from the other L and that's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other L and that's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other L and that's like the
+reverse the reverse LD you okay so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the reverse LD you okay so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the reverse LD you okay so and
+that's like so that's coming up now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like so that's coming up now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like so that's coming up now
+here's the fantastic formula we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the fantastic formula we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the fantastic formula we're
+interested in the inverse the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the inverse the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the inverse the inverse
+that the entries on the diagonal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the entries on the diagonal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the entries on the diagonal of the
+inverse that's what all this stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse that's what all this stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse that's what all this stuff is
+going to be about okay and here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about okay and here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about okay and here's a
+formula for it that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d-plus it's the diagonal entry of d+ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d-plus it's the diagonal entry of d+ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d-plus it's the diagonal entry of d+ and
+the diagonal entry of d- - the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal entry of d- - the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal entry of d- - the diagonal
+entry of t all inverse well i call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of t all inverse well i call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of t all inverse well i call that
+a nice neat and neat formula and but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice neat and neat formula and but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice neat and neat formula and but i
+don't call the answers that I've seen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't call the answers that I've seen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't call the answers that I've seen to
+this question which I don't have with I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question which I don't have with I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question which I don't have with I
+don't have the answers with me I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the answers with me I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the answers with me I don't
+call them neat and I feel that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them neat and I feel that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them neat and I feel that if I
+really on that if I were Kalman I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really on that if I were Kalman I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really on that if I were Kalman I could
+I'd see oh yeah that's that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd see oh yeah that's that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd see oh yeah that's that's that's
+that's the formula and of course I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the formula and of course I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the formula and of course I guess
+I believe that if this formula is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that if this formula is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that if this formula is true
+which I think it is that that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generalize to blocks let me take lease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize to blocks let me take lease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize to blocks let me take lease
+like one special case of this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one special case of this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one special case of this formula
+suppose let's look at what common is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose let's look at what common is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose let's look at what common is
+most importantly looking at the let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most importantly looking at the let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most importantly looking at the let the
+aunt k equal M the N by n block of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aunt k equal M the N by n block of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aunt k equal M the N by n block of the
+the last block so what's the what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last block so what's the what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last block so what's the what do I
+get when K is an when I'm when so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get when K is an when I'm when so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get when K is an when I'm when so the
+point is this is true for all the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is this is true for all the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is this is true for all the middle
+entries between 1 and n but I we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries between 1 and n but I we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries between 1 and n but I we can see
+quickly why it's true at an and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly why it's true at an and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly why it's true at an and and
+similarly quickly why it's true at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly quickly why it's true at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly quickly why it's true at one
+so so I'm just hoping you might like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I'm just hoping you might like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I'm just hoping you might like
+feel this it's like sort of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel this it's like sort of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel this it's like sort of interesting
+all right let me take K to be M then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let me take K to be M then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let me take K to be M then
+what is the what is d - and n it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the what is d - and n it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the what is d - and n it's the
+diagonal entry let's see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the end we you know there wasn't any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end we you know there wasn't any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end we you know there wasn't any
+time to miss or mess things up we that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to miss or mess things up we that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to miss or mess things up we that's
+this is throw in so what I'm saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is throw in so what I'm saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is throw in so what I'm saying is
+that that is the same as that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is the same as that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is the same as that here
+here's my matrix T with n guy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my matrix T with n guy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my matrix T with n guy in the
+corner and when I do elimination upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner and when I do elimination upwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner and when I do elimination upwards
+it's still there it never never got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still there it never never got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still there it never never got
+altered all the alterations happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altered all the alterations happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altered all the alterations happen
+upwards so if K is n then this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards so if K is n then this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards so if K is n then this is just
+saying the T inverse the NN entry is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the T inverse the NN entry is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the T inverse the NN entry is the
+same as the N and entry inverted of D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the N and entry inverted of D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the N and entry inverted of D
+and that's all I want to say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all I want to say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all I want to say is that
+special case is clear that if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case is clear that if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case is clear that if I'm
+looking at K equal N and that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at K equal N and that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at K equal N and that's the same
+as that and it's just the regular last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that and it's just the regular last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that and it's just the regular last
+inverse and that's what Kalman has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and that's what Kalman has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and that's what Kalman has to be
+computing because Kalman is in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing because Kalman is in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing because Kalman is in this in
+this part before he does any smoothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part before he does any smoothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part before he does any smoothing
+he's going for the N and 'old most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going for the N and 'old most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going for the N and 'old most
+recent one and that's this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent one and that's this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent one and that's this is the
+quantity we want and it's the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we want and it's the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we want and it's the block
+pivot so Kalman has to do elimination on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot so Kalman has to do elimination on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot so Kalman has to do elimination on
+this on this on this matrix okay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on this on this matrix okay okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on this on this matrix okay okay so
+that's a comment with a with a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a comment with a with a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a comment with a with a question
+that I'll repeat in the in the notes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll repeat in the in the notes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll repeat in the in the notes I
+guess you and I shouldn't feel bad if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you and I shouldn't feel bad if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you and I shouldn't feel bad if we
+don't find the answer because a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't find the answer because a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't find the answer because a lot of
+other people didn't find it but then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people didn't find it but then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people didn't find it but then it
+would be nice to do it and nice to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nice to do it and nice to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nice to do it and nice to do it
+an interesting way so yeah oh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting way so yeah oh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting way so yeah oh the
+possibility that out of out of our work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that out of out of our work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that out of out of our work
+comes something that's of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes something that's of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes something that's of interest
+outside too okay now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well what am I going to do with Kalman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what am I going to do with Kalman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what am I going to do with Kalman
+here should I write down some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here should I write down some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here should I write down some of those
+formulas so we've got five things then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so we've got five things then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so we've got five things then
+the new you after in the prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new you after in the prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new you after in the prediction
+they're correct the updated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're correct the updated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're correct the updated the
+corrected one and and the and the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected one and and the and the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected one and and the and the K
+matrix that did that enters the enters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that did that enters the enters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that did that enters the enters
+the correction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not sure which of these formulas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure which of these formulas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure which of these formulas to
+tackle yes certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this this like well so this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this like well so this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this like well so this is like the
+state equation this is the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state equation this is the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state equation this is the state
+equation so I guess I keep thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I guess I keep thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I guess I keep thinking of
+this example that it might somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example that it might somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example that it might somehow
+reflect Newton's laws I mean this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect Newton's laws I mean this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect Newton's laws I mean this this
+this guy is moving and we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is moving and we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is moving and we're trying to
+find it so it's where you is position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it so it's where you is position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it so it's where you is position
+and velocity or something so like so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and velocity or something so like so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and velocity or something so like so you
+as a vector of position and velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a vector of position and velocity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a vector of position and velocity and
+if we knew the position of velocity at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we knew the position of velocity at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we knew the position of velocity at
+the previous time and say it's in free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous time and say it's in free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous time and say it's in free
+freefall then we could predict where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freefall then we could predict where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freefall then we could predict where it
+should be but of course it wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be but of course it wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be but of course it wouldn't be
+exactly correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly correct
+you know our prediction would would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know our prediction would would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know our prediction would would have
+made some assumptions and those would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made some assumptions and those would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made some assumptions and those would be
+errors in epsilon 1 right okay often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in epsilon 1 right okay often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in epsilon 1 right okay often
+yeah I suppose it would if the time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I suppose it would if the time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I suppose it would if the time step
+was the same but this allows I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the same but this allows I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the same but this allows I mean the
+strength and the weakness of Kalman is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength and the weakness of Kalman is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength and the weakness of Kalman is
+how general it is I mean well you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how general it is I mean well you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how general it is I mean well you might
+say well it was a little bit limited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well it was a little bit limited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well it was a little bit limited to
+this single step what if it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this single step what if it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this single step what if it was a
+second-order equation would Kalman be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order equation would Kalman be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order equation would Kalman be
+dead I mean what his method fail what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead I mean what his method fail what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead I mean what his method fail what do
+you think if if the state if the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think if if the state if the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think if if the state if the state
+equation that controlled this was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that controlled this was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that controlled this was like
+Newton's law second-order equation would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's law second-order equation would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's law second-order equation would
+we be dead no because we would define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we be dead no because we would define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we be dead no because we would define
+you to be position and velocity the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be position and velocity the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be position and velocity the old
+trick of reducing a second-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick of reducing a second-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick of reducing a second-order
+equation to a coupled first order system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to a coupled first order system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to a coupled first order system
+so we could get back to the first-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could get back to the first-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could get back to the first-order
+system what we couldn't recover from is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system what we couldn't recover from is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system what we couldn't recover from is
+if the state two depended on the state 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the state two depended on the state 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the state two depended on the state 0
+and and and the state 100 also depended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the state 100 also depended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the state 100 also depended
+on 0 that's what that would screw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 0 that's what that would screw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 0 that's what that would screw the
+screw up the Tri diagonal picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw up the Tri diagonal picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw up the Tri diagonal picture and
+comment couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment couldn't
+handling but apart from that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling but apart from that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling but apart from that we have a
+very large generality here and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large generality here and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large generality here and I was
+going to have he mentioned Weiner in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have he mentioned Weiner in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have he mentioned Weiner in the
+first lecture it in the first year this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture it in the first year this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture it in the first year this
+afternoon I was going to say okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon I was going to say okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon I was going to say okay what
+did we nerdu because Weiner was at it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we nerdu because Weiner was at it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we nerdu because Weiner was at it at
+this job before common so what did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this job before common so what did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this job before common so what did we
+nerdu and what did come and do that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerdu and what did come and do that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerdu and what did come and do that was
+new well what Weiner did was handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new well what Weiner did was handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new well what Weiner did was handle
+problems where the mate where the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where the mate where the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where the mate where the matrix
+was time invariant where it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was time invariant where it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was time invariant where it started
+probably at minus infinity so there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at minus infinity so there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at minus infinity so there was
+nobody know you don't know no trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody know you don't know no trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody know you don't know no trouble
+with a starting point and matrix didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a starting point and matrix didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a starting point and matrix didn't
+change it was exactly like our matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it was exactly like our matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it was exactly like our matrices
+in that first lecture you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that first lecture you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that first lecture you remember the
+comments we made when the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments we made when the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments we made when the very first
+time we looked at that matrix K and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we looked at that matrix K and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we looked at that matrix K and we
+said okay what are its obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay what are its obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay what are its obvious
+properties symmetric was obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties symmetric was obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties symmetric was obvious
+tridiagonal was obvious and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tridiagonal was obvious and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tridiagonal was obvious and then the
+other obvious thing was that a doubt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other obvious thing was that a doubt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other obvious thing was that a doubt it
+was constant diagonals now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was constant diagonals now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was constant diagonals now what's the
+point of that the point of that is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of that the point of that is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of that the point of that is as
+later lectures will focus on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later lectures will focus on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later lectures will focus on that
+special situation of constant diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special situation of constant diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special situation of constant diagonals
+time invariance the point is Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time invariance the point is Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time invariance the point is Fourier
+takes over you can move into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes over you can move into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes over you can move into the
+frequency domain for those problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain for those problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain for those problems and
+that's where we nur lived I mean he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we nur lived I mean he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we nur lived I mean he was
+a specialist in Fourier methods Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specialist in Fourier methods Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specialist in Fourier methods Fourier
+analysis was like his his bread and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis was like his his bread and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis was like his his bread and
+butter so that he gave formulas in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butter so that he gave formulas in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butter so that he gave formulas in the
+Fourier domain which are simpler better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier domain which are simpler better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier domain which are simpler better
+you know because they've you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because they've you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because they've you're using
+all that extra structure but then Kalman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that extra structure but then Kalman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that extra structure but then Kalman
+showed up with his state time domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed up with his state time domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed up with his state time domain
+approach state space approach so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach state space approach so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach state space approach so that
+was like a big revolution in this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like a big revolution in this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like a big revolution in this whole
+subject that to move from weiners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject that to move from weiners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject that to move from weiners
+frequency domain approach which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain approach which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain approach which was
+limited to time invariance and had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to time invariance and had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to time invariance and had a
+heck of a time as soon as there anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck of a time as soon as there anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck of a time as soon as there anything
+was time-varying to Kalman who could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was time-varying to Kalman who could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was time-varying to Kalman who could
+live with that he could deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live with that he could deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live with that he could deal with
+time-varying he was really doing linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-varying he was really doing linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-varying he was really doing linear
+algebra for tri diagonal matrices okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra for tri diagonal matrices okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra for tri diagonal matrices okay
+that's that's like the relation so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's like the relation so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's like the relation so that
+when we are seeing at a later date how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are seeing at a later date how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are seeing at a later date how
+to deal with the time invariant stuff by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with the time invariant stuff by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with the time invariant stuff by
+taking a Fourier transform remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a Fourier transform remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a Fourier transform remember that
+that's where we know was was was working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we know was was was working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we know was was was working
+of course it wasn't totally simple I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it wasn't totally simple I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it wasn't totally simple I
+have to say this Fourier requires time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say this Fourier requires time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say this Fourier requires time
+invariance but it also requires like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance but it also requires like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance but it also requires like it
+likes no boundaries like time invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes no boundaries like time invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes no boundaries like time invariant
+from from forever - forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from forever - forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from forever - forever
+and we don't have that we've got you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have that we've got you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have that we've got you
+know we're coming up to some time K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're coming up to some time K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're coming up to some time K so
+so with these matrices are constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with these matrices are constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with these matrices are constant
+diagonals but they M they they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals but they M they they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals but they M they they're
+they're singly infinite can I say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're singly infinite can I say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're singly infinite can I say it
+that way it's this is my chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it's this is my chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it's this is my chance to
+mention the name the the two names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention the name the the two names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention the name the the two names
+wiener hop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiener hop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiener hop
+so wiener hop was about and took 'let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wiener hop was about and took 'let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wiener hop was about and took 'let's
+should be mentioned - really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be mentioned - really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be mentioned - really
+Wiener hop is about matrices that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiener hop is about matrices that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiener hop is about matrices that that
+start and go on forever singly infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and go on forever singly infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and go on forever singly infinite
+but not doubly and doubly infinite is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not doubly and doubly infinite is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not doubly and doubly infinite is
+the one where Fourier we could call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one where Fourier we could call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one where Fourier we could call them
+Fourier matrices if we wanted because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier matrices if we wanted because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier matrices if we wanted because
+Fourier just is perfect for those where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier just is perfect for those where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier just is perfect for those where
+we're singly infinite the Wiener and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're singly infinite the Wiener and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're singly infinite the Wiener and
+Hough had to have a smart idea this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hough had to have a smart idea this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hough had to have a smart idea this this
+factor is well into U times L and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is well into U times L and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is well into U times L and this
+is here's here's do you want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here's here's do you want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here's here's do you want to know the
+Wiener hop idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiener hop idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiener hop idea
+the Wiener hop these are constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wiener hop these are constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wiener hop these are constant
+diagonals right the Wiener half idea was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals right the Wiener half idea was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals right the Wiener half idea was
+that I could factor it into upper times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could factor it into upper times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could factor it into upper times
+lower not I wiener and hop so upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower not I wiener and hop so upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower not I wiener and hop so upper
+times lower and these will be constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times lower and these will be constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times lower and these will be constant
+diagonals that's the thing that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals that's the thing that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals that's the thing that's the
+thing that this that multiplying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that this that multiplying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that this that multiplying that
+times that to give this will be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that to give this will be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that to give this will be no
+different from multiplying that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from multiplying that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from multiplying that second
+row times the second column to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row times the second column to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row times the second column to give the
+two to two entry you see that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to two entry you see that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to two entry you see that that
+there's a release you can hope that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a release you can hope that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a release you can hope that that
+the Wiener hop factorization preserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wiener hop factorization preserves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wiener hop factorization preserves
+this constant diagonal which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant diagonal which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant diagonal which is what
+everybody's living on in free domain but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's living on in free domain but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's living on in free domain but
+it gives an upper times lower whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives an upper times lower whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives an upper times lower whereas
+when we did when we took that matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did when we took that matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did when we took that matrix so
+what what if you try for the lower times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what if you try for the lower times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what if you try for the lower times
+upper actually that's what we did we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper actually that's what we did we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper actually that's what we did we did
+the factorization do you remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factorization do you remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factorization do you remember that
+factorization of the matrix K now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization of the matrix K now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization of the matrix K now I'm
+going to remove this devilish problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remove this devilish problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remove this devilish problem
+and this QR idea square root filter idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this QR idea square root filter idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this QR idea square root filter idea
+just just to complete this thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just to complete this thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just to complete this thought
+because I think maybe it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think maybe it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think maybe it's worth
+completing it's it's I'm anticipating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing it's it's I'm anticipating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing it's it's I'm anticipating
+here Fourier stuff but probably this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Fourier stuff but probably this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Fourier stuff but probably this is
+a good time to say it what what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good time to say it what what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good time to say it what what happened
+do you remember our factorization of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember our factorization of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember our factorization of two
+of our favorite matrix into LD and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our favorite matrix into LD and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our favorite matrix into LD and you
+what what do these numbers look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do these numbers look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do these numbers look like
+what did the pivots look like and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did the pivots look like and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did the pivots look like and what
+did these things look like you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did these things look like you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did these things look like you remember
+there was a what were the pivots for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a what were the pivots for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a what were the pivots for
+this thing to three-halves 4/3 do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing to three-halves 4/3 do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing to three-halves 4/3 do you
+remember the pivots were approaching 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the pivots were approaching 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the pivots were approaching 1
+and what was the L the L had ones on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what was the L the L had ones on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what was the L the L had ones on the
+diagonal and had minus 1/2 minus 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and had minus 1/2 minus 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and had minus 1/2 minus 2/3
+minus 3/4 so on below right and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3/4 so on below right and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3/4 so on below right and because
+it was symmetric you was the transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was symmetric you was the transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was symmetric you was the transpose
+so these are approaching what minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are approaching what minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are approaching what minus 1
+what I'm saying here is that that the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying here is that that the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying here is that that the L
+times U which is sort of the wrong order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times U which is sort of the wrong order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times U which is sort of the wrong order
+it's not the perfect order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the perfect order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the perfect order
+but it's approaching it's converging for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's approaching it's converging for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's approaching it's converging for
+the perfect one as I go down the list I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfect one as I go down the list I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfect one as I go down the list I
+get -1 1 in in the limit in L and in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get -1 1 in in the limit in L and in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get -1 1 in in the limit in L and in you
+I get minus 1 I get that this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get minus 1 I get that this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get minus 1 I get that this is sort of
+what I'm what I'm converging to a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm what I'm converging to a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm what I'm converging to a minus
+ones and ones and ones and minus ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and ones and ones and minus ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and ones and ones and minus ones
+those are the that here's the this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the that here's the this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the that here's the this was
+the L and the U but only in the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L and the U but only in the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L and the U but only in the limit
+whereas if I switch put them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if I switch put them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if I switch put them in the
+right order in the other order which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right order in the other order which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right order in the other order which is
+the right one for a wiener hop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right one for a wiener hop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right one for a wiener hop there
+they're correct from all the way along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're correct from all the way along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're correct from all the way along
+do you see that if because actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see that if because actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see that if because actually we
+saw that factorization that so that oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that factorization that so that oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that factorization that so that oh
+just write it in 1 1 1 1 1 minus 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write it in 1 1 1 1 1 minus 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write it in 1 1 1 1 1 minus 1 minus
+1 minus 1 minus 1 so on 1 1 1 1 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 1 minus 1 so on 1 1 1 1 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 1 minus 1 so on 1 1 1 1 1 minus
+1 minus 1 minus 1 ok so do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 1 minus 1 ok so do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 1 minus 1 ok so do that
+multiplication in the in the order you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in the in the order you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in the in the order you
+times L what do you get you get a to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times L what do you get you get a to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times L what do you get you get a to get
+a minus 1 you get K so I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus 1 you get K so I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus 1 you get K so I should have
+shown you that example from the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you that example from the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you that example from the start
+that if and and I'm making it go forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if and and I'm making it go forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if and and I'm making it go forever
+so that was the Wiener hop idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the Wiener hop idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the Wiener hop idea and
+actually now I have to having got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now I have to having got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now I have to having got this
+far unintentionally on Wiener hop where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far unintentionally on Wiener hop where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far unintentionally on Wiener hop where
+it is Fourier come in why don't we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is Fourier come in why don't we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is Fourier come in why don't we see
+it it's never hurts to like see an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's never hurts to like see an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's never hurts to like see an idea
+a monthly ahead of time right so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monthly ahead of time right so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monthly ahead of time right so where
+does Fourier come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Fourier come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Fourier come in
+well Fourier would say okay what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Fourier would say okay what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Fourier would say okay what's
+what's the what's the the polynomial get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what's the the polynomial get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what's the the polynomial get
+into the frequency domain so when I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the frequency domain so when I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the frequency domain so when I look
+at that in the or wieder looks at in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that in the or wieder looks at in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that in the or wieder looks at in the
+frequency domain he'd say okay we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain he'd say okay we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain he'd say okay we have a
+minus 1 times e to the minus I Omega and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 times e to the minus I Omega and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 times e to the minus I Omega and
+a 2 for the constant term and a minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 for the constant term and a minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 for the constant term and a minus 1
+e to the plus I Omega that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the plus I Omega that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the plus I Omega that would be
+the whatever I want to call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whatever I want to call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whatever I want to call it the
+frequency response function the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response function the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response function the transfer
+function the symbol everybody's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the symbol everybody's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the symbol everybody's that's
+the right thing to look at for for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing to look at for for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing to look at for for that
+kind of matrix and what is what what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of matrix and what is what what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of matrix and what is what what do
+I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have here
+following the same rule I have a one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the same rule I have a one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the same rule I have a one for
+the constant and I have a minus e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant and I have a minus e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant and I have a minus e to the
+I Omega and what do I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Omega and what do I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Omega and what do I have here
+I have a one from the diagonal and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a one from the diagonal and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a one from the diagonal and a
+minus e to the minus I Omega from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e to the minus I Omega from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e to the minus I Omega from the
+lower diagonal and what do you suppose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower diagonal and what do you suppose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower diagonal and what do you suppose a
+product of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of it
+so Wiener ended up factoring polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Wiener ended up factoring polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Wiener ended up factoring polynomials
+that's the point is that is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point is that is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point is that is that that
+you take the polynomial for K that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the polynomial for K that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the polynomial for K that's in
+other words you go into the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you go into the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you go into the frequency
+domain in the frequency domain you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain in the frequency domain you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain in the frequency domain you have
+some simple little polynomial instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simple little polynomial instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simple little polynomial instead of
+infinite matrix you factor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite matrix you factor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite matrix you factor that
+polynomial into a you know into a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial into a you know into a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial into a you know into a series
+a positive power series going one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive power series going one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive power series going one way
+and a power series in the inverse going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a power series in the inverse going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a power series in the inverse going
+the other way and that tells you L&U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way and that tells you L&U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way and that tells you L&U and
+of course the whole thing depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the whole thing depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the whole thing depends on
+this constant diagonal so Kalman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant diagonal so Kalman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant diagonal so Kalman
+couldn't income and would lose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't income and would lose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't income and would lose this
+structure the simplicity of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the simplicity of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the simplicity of his
+structure by by plodding through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure by by plodding through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure by by plodding through the
+state space time domain picture but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space time domain picture but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space time domain picture but of
+course he gained enormous Lee by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he gained enormous Lee by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he gained enormous Lee by having
+a much much more general pattern it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much much more general pattern it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much much more general pattern it is a
+question or discussion I'm I hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or discussion I'm I hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or discussion I'm I hadn't
+intended to speak about this but it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to speak about this but it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to speak about this but it's so
+highly we're kind of in between having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly we're kind of in between having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly we're kind of in between having
+seen in the very first lectures these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in the very first lectures these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in the very first lectures these
+this K and now now seeing much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this K and now now seeing much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this K and now now seeing much more
+general stuff but then seeing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general stuff but then seeing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general stuff but then seeing in the
+future a return to this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future a return to this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future a return to this constant
+diagonal way probably Wiener Hough won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal way probably Wiener Hough won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal way probably Wiener Hough won't
+get mentioned again but it's kind of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get mentioned again but it's kind of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get mentioned again but it's kind of fun
+to see it here as having mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see it here as having mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see it here as having mentioned this
+factorization ul in the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization ul in the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization ul in the reverse
+order in that crazy problem just popped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in that crazy problem just popped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in that crazy problem just popped
+into my mind that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my mind that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my mind that's exactly the
+factorization that Weiner hop did so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization that Weiner hop did so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization that Weiner hop did so
+again that's Wiener hop Weiner hop deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's Wiener hop Weiner hop deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's Wiener hop Weiner hop deals
+with one boundary the matrix comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one boundary the matrix comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one boundary the matrix comes up
+and it stops at zero so Weiner hop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it stops at zero so Weiner hop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it stops at zero so Weiner hop
+operates on a half line 4ei operates on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates on a half line 4ei operates on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates on a half line 4ei operates on
+a whole line no boundary at all or on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole line no boundary at all or on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole line no boundary at all or on a
+periodic one where it repeats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic one where it repeats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic one where it repeats and
+repeats and repeats so that boundary is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats and repeats so that boundary is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats and repeats so that boundary is
+no trouble Wiener hop said okay we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no trouble Wiener hop said okay we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no trouble Wiener hop said okay we can
+still use Fourier ideas with it with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use Fourier ideas with it with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use Fourier ideas with it with an
+additional factorization if if we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional factorization if if we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional factorization if if we go to
+a half line tuplets took the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half line tuplets took the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half line tuplets took the problem of
+what do you do if it's an interval okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do if it's an interval okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do if it's an interval okay
+then you've got two boundaries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've got two boundaries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've got two boundaries and
+additional complications and then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional complications and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional complications and then of
+course Kalman and everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Kalman and everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Kalman and everybody else
+state-space world is dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-space world is dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-space world is dealing with
+something that's not time invariant at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not time invariant at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not time invariant at
+all that's that's changing these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's that's changing these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's that's changing these numbers
+are changing as you go down the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are changing as you go down the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are changing as you go down the diagonal
+right okay I you know another little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay I you know another little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay I you know another little
+comment is you know that the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment is you know that the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment is you know that the positive
+definiteness or positive semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definiteness or positive semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definiteness or positive semi
+definiteness of this matrix is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definiteness of this matrix is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definiteness of this matrix is going to
+be reflected in the positiveness or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reflected in the positiveness or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reflected in the positiveness or the
+non-negative nosov this polynomial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative nosov this polynomial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative nosov this polynomial so
+the the Fourier world makes a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Fourier world makes a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Fourier world makes a beautiful
+is just the right way to deal with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the right way to deal with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the right way to deal with time
+invariant situations okay I haven't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant situations okay I haven't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant situations okay I haven't done
+much here have i I've said what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much here have i I've said what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much here have i I've said what the
+outputs are but not the formulas I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs are but not the formulas I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs are but not the formulas I feel
+I want to give you the one formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to give you the one formula that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to give you the one formula that
+lies behind them all and then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies behind them all and then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies behind them all and then these
+formulas the form of these common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas the form of these common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas the form of these common
+formulas both come from yeah yeah I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas both come from yeah yeah I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas both come from yeah yeah I mean
+some of the common formulas you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the common formulas you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the common formulas you could
+guess what's the best what's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prediction I could make for you hat at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction I could make for you hat at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction I could make for you hat at
+the new time suppose at this at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new time suppose at this at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new time suppose at this at this
+point now I have the best knowledge I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now I have the best knowledge I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now I have the best knowledge I
+could of you won now I'm coming to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could of you won now I'm coming to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could of you won now I'm coming to you
+to what's the best possible knowledge I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what's the best possible knowledge I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what's the best possible knowledge I
+can get of you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get of you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get of you two
+so my what's my you two hat well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my what's my you two hat well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my what's my you two hat well the
+best I could hope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best I could hope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best I could hope for
+I mean the only only information I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the only only information I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the only only information I have
+is that it should be f1 times u1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it should be f1 times u1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it should be f1 times u1 so
+there's one the simple one of Calvin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one the simple one of Calvin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one the simple one of Calvin's
+messy formulas and then the covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy formulas and then the covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy formulas and then the covariance
+matrix for the error and then let in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix for the error and then let in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix for the error and then let in the
+bees and so on but the point is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees and so on but the point is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees and so on but the point is where
+we're dealing with this with this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with this with this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with this with this we're
+adding new rows and new columns to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding new rows and new columns to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding new rows and new columns to our
+matrix and we have to know what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and we have to know what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and we have to know what happens
+to the inverse so so here's a here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the inverse so so here's a here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the inverse so so here's a here's the
+formula that I'm going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that I'm going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that I'm going to go to
+emphasize it's that in any proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize it's that in any proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize it's that in any proof of
+Kalman it's got to be there somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let me see if I can do it I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me see if I can do it I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me see if I can do it I think I
+mentioned a special case of it before in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a special case of it before in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a special case of it before in
+connection with this matrix T okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with this matrix T okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with this matrix T okay you
+remember when we had K and then we let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we had K and then we let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we had K and then we let
+that go to a1 which gave us the matrix T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go to a1 which gave us the matrix T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go to a1 which gave us the matrix T
+and the question was what's the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question was what's the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question was what's the change
+in the inverse so so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the inverse so so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the inverse so so this is the
+updating update of the inverse okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating update of the inverse okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating update of the inverse okay
+so let me I'm going to have to peek here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me I'm going to have to peek here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me I'm going to have to peek here
+too to get it right and I'll identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too to get it right and I'll identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too to get it right and I'll identify
+where in this chapter 17 its its oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in this chapter 17 its its oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in this chapter 17 its its oh and
+then another thing that I hoped to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another thing that I hoped to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another thing that I hoped to do in
+this from this chapter was to take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from this chapter was to take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from this chapter was to take an
+example you may well say should have got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you may well say should have got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you may well say should have got
+going on there I'm sure Eric moszer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there I'm sure Eric moszer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there I'm sure Eric moszer
+would have got an example going and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have got an example going and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have got an example going and it's
+this example of the steady model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example of the steady model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example of the steady model which
+is just I think just fantastic neat but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just I think just fantastic neat but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just I think just fantastic neat but
+here let me find the let me find the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me find the let me find the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me find the let me find the key
+formula for updates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so derivation of the Kalman filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so derivation of the Kalman filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so derivation of the Kalman filter
+sorry it just take me a second yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+block matrix identities okay so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block matrix identities okay so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block matrix identities okay so here
+from the I'll show I'll tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the I'll show I'll tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the I'll show I'll tell you the
+formula and then and then tell you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and then and then tell you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and then and then tell you how
+it's well you can see how its arrived at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well you can see how its arrived at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well you can see how its arrived at
+okay so we have a matrix so this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a matrix so this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a matrix so this these
+we have a matrix T and we want to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a matrix T and we want to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a matrix T and we want to change
+it we want to change it by a matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we want to change it by a matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we want to change it by a matrix and
+the most general kind of change I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most general kind of change I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most general kind of change I'm
+going to write in a way that will look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write in a way that will look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write in a way that will look a
+little strange that's a this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little strange that's a this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little strange that's a this is a
+correction to T and the question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to T and the question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to T and the question is what
+about the inverse I want it I want it my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the inverse I want it I want it my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the inverse I want it I want it my
+formula is going to be that this is T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is going to be that this is T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is going to be that this is T
+inverse plus correction and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse plus correction and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse plus correction and then the
+formula is going to be what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is going to be what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is going to be what is that
+correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction
+can I just before I write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just before I write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just before I write that
+correction down see how it applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction down see how it applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction down see how it applied to
+this case to this problem so suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case to this problem so suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case to this problem so suppose I
+started with T let me start with a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with T let me start with a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with T let me start with a 1
+start with it with a T where where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with it with a T where where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with it with a T where where this
+was a 1 and then I'm going to add 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a 1 and then I'm going to add 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a 1 and then I'm going to add 1 to
+the 1 1 entry how does that fit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 1 entry how does that fit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 1 entry how does that fit this
+pattern if I wanted to add 1 to the 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern if I wanted to add 1 to the 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern if I wanted to add 1 to the 1 1
+entry of the matrix I could do that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of the matrix I could do that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of the matrix I could do that with
+this you see this is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you see this is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you see this is supposed to be
+putting a 1 in the 1 1 entry so I'll let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a 1 in the 1 1 entry so I'll let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a 1 in the 1 1 entry so I'll let
+you be the vector I'll let W be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be the vector I'll let W be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be the vector I'll let W be the
+number minus 1 just to get the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number minus 1 just to get the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number minus 1 just to get the sign
+right and I'll let V be that vector my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'll let V be that vector my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'll let V be that vector my
+old column times row you see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old column times row you see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old column times row you see that this
+is then square matrix with exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then square matrix with exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then square matrix with exactly this
+additional one so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional one so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional one so the question is
+this this then the whole combination is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this then the whole combination is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this then the whole combination is
+my K and you remember we studied K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my K and you remember we studied K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my K and you remember we studied K
+inverse and took us quite a bit of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and took us quite a bit of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and took us quite a bit of work
+to find it and this formula would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find it and this formula would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find it and this formula would be
+another way to do that now I'm ready for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to do that now I'm ready for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to do that now I'm ready for
+the correction and then that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correction and then that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correction and then that's that's
+the lecture okay for this correction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture okay for this correction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture okay for this correction I
+do have to put on glasses because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to put on glasses because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to put on glasses because it's
+it's a remarkable formula which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a remarkable formula which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a remarkable formula which you can
+verify as being correct but so it's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify as being correct but so it's here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify as being correct but so it's here
+it is T inverse u W minus V T inverse u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is T inverse u W minus V T inverse u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is T inverse u W minus V T inverse u
+that combination comes up inverse V T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that combination comes up inverse V T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that combination comes up inverse V T
+inverse how's that so I offer a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse how's that so I offer a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse how's that so I offer a I
+offered a prize for any solution a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered a prize for any solution a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered a prize for any solution a real
+serious prize for any solution to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious prize for any solution to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious prize for any solution to that
+that little problem that I erased and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little problem that I erased and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little problem that I erased and
+we'll put on the web I offer a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put on the web I offer a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put on the web I offer a smaller
+price for not a proof of this but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for not a proof of this but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for not a proof of this but I just
+claim that if you what do I claim I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that if you what do I claim I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that if you what do I claim I
+claim that if I multiply that whole mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that if I multiply that whole mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that if I multiply that whole mess
+by this matrix t minus UW inverse V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this matrix t minus UW inverse V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this matrix t minus UW inverse V
+multiplied by that multiply that by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by that multiply that by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by that multiply that by that
+whole thing what what do I claim to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing what what do I claim to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing what what do I claim to get
+I identity and it's quite satisfying or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I identity and it's quite satisfying or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I identity and it's quite satisfying or
+frustrating depending if you get it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating depending if you get it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating depending if you get it or
+not but it's worth doing worth trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but it's worth doing worth trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but it's worth doing worth trying
+just to see this formula work and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to see this formula work and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to see this formula work and the
+point is these can be that's a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is these can be that's a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is these can be that's a square
+matrix this can be rectangular of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix this can be rectangular of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix this can be rectangular of
+whatever size it is and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever size it is and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever size it is and this is
+rectangular and the point is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular and the point is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular and the point is that for
+example that square matrix was one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that square matrix was one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that square matrix was one by
+one and here's the point that see we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and here's the point that see we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and here's the point that see we
+still this didn't save us from inverting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still this didn't save us from inverting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still this didn't save us from inverting
+a matrix it exchanged the job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix it exchanged the job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix it exchanged the job of
+inverting this matrix to one we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting this matrix to one we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting this matrix to one we already
+had done plus inverting this matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done plus inverting this matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done plus inverting this matrix so
+it's exchanging one inverse problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exchanging one inverse problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exchanging one inverse problem for
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+another inverse problem well for two you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another inverse problem well for two you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another inverse problem well for two you
+could say because you have to know T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say because you have to know T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say because you have to know T
+inverse but what's the point what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse but what's the point what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse but what's the point what will
+be the size of this one in that example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from one by one one by one that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one by one one by one that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one by one one by one that's the
+point that's right that's right exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's right that's right exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's right that's right exactly
+but but but then it taught it gave us an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but then it taught it gave us an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but then it taught it gave us an
+answer to an N by n inverse problem what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to an N by n inverse problem what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to an N by n inverse problem what
+K was remember this was this was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K was remember this was this was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K was remember this was this was our
+problem K inverse so if I copied that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem K inverse so if I copied that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem K inverse so if I copied that
+formula for this very special let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for this very special let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for this very special let me
+call that special vector e or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that special vector e or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that special vector e or something
+just for one and all zeroes special our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for one and all zeroes special our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for one and all zeroes special our
+special formula says that that was our K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special formula says that that was our K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special formula says that that was our K
+inverse is T inverse and then T inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is T inverse and then T inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is T inverse and then T inverse
+U Oh what was a U is e oh I'm sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Oh what was a U is e oh I'm sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Oh what was a U is e oh I'm sorry the
+whole thing this this would all simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing this this would all simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing this this would all simplify
+that that I won't spoil it for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I won't spoil it for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I won't spoil it for you
+this will simplify exactly because as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will simplify exactly because as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will simplify exactly because as
+you say one by ones we can do so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say one by ones we can do so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say one by ones we can do so that's
+the actually what this does is give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actually what this does is give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actually what this does is give you
+a choice if you're if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice if you're if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice if you're if you're doing
+Kalman you've got one choice which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kalman you've got one choice which is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kalman you've got one choice which is to
+invert this matrix and you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert this matrix and you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert this matrix and you've got
+another choice to invert this one and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another choice to invert this one and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another choice to invert this one and I
+think one of those is called the Kalman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of those is called the Kalman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of those is called the Kalman
+filter and the other one may be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and the other one may be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and the other one may be called
+the Bayes filters and it depends on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bayes filters and it depends on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bayes filters and it depends on this
+you see this this this U and W inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this this this U and W inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this this this U and W inverse
+and V this is reflecting the new stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V this is reflecting the new stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V this is reflecting the new stuff
+as it appears in in the a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it appears in in the a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it appears in in the a transpose
+Sigma inverse a matrix I'm your very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma inverse a matrix I'm your very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma inverse a matrix I'm your very
+kind to to let me overrun my time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind to to let me overrun my time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind to to let me overrun my time I
+won't overrun it further so I'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't overrun it further so I'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't overrun it further so I'll see you
+next Thursday with probably some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Thursday with probably some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Thursday with probably some
+additional ideas about this this topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional ideas about this this topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional ideas about this this topic
+if you like if you send an email saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like if you send an email saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like if you send an email saying
+we don't want to hear any more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to hear any more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to hear any more about
+that be okay and then I promise to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be okay and then I promise to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be okay and then I promise to talk
+about finite difference methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finite difference methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finite difference methods and
+finite element that's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element that's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element that's a little bit
+that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all
+so on their on the program for next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on their on the program for next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on their on the program for next
+Thursday okay have a good week and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday okay have a good week and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday okay have a good week and no
+more storms oh thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/d2POYCmmM8A.txt b/d2POYCmmM8A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3481fde072a1087e304d3f55f1d938b4dfcc88f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/d2POYCmmM8A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,795 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'd like to now calculate the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to now calculate the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to now calculate the angular
+momentum of a two particle system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a two particle system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a two particle system so
+here's one particle called that one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one particle called that one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one particle called that one and
+here's the other particle two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the other particle two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the other particle two and
+particle one is has a momentum in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one is has a momentum in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one is has a momentum in the
+downward direction and particle two has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward direction and particle two has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward direction and particle two has
+a momentum in the upper direction now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a momentum in the upper direction now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a momentum in the upper direction now in
+this case I want to make the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I want to make the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I want to make the sum of the
+momentum so this momentum of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so this momentum of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so this momentum of the system
+is zero and now I want to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and now I want to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and now I want to calculate the
+angular momentum about two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum about two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum about two different
+points so let's just draw an axis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so let's just draw an axis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so let's just draw an axis here
+and let's choose one point a and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's choose one point a and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's choose one point a and we'll
+call this distance R and this distance R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this distance R and this distance R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this distance R and this distance R
+and let's choose another point B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's choose another point B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's choose another point B and
+we'll call that distance D now in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call that distance D now in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call that distance D now in order
+to calculate angular momentum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate angular momentum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate angular momentum of the
+system I need to draw my vectors let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I need to draw my vectors let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I need to draw my vectors let's
+start with the angular momentum about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the angular momentum about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the angular momentum about
+the point a that's going to be a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point a that's going to be a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point a that's going to be a vector
+from a to object one across the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to object one across the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to object one across the momentum
+of one plus the vector from a to object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one plus the vector from a to object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one plus the vector from a to object
+to cross the momentum of - now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cross the momentum of - now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cross the momentum of - now what's
+crucial here is at this point things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial here is at this point things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial here is at this point things are
+a little bit of an abstract but we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of an abstract but we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of an abstract but we want
+to draw these vectors are a 1 in our a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw these vectors are a 1 in our a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw these vectors are a 1 in our a 2
+so we're now constructing our angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're now constructing our angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're now constructing our angular
+momentum diagrams so there's our a1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum diagrams so there's our a1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum diagrams so there's our a1 and
+there's our a tube but again in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our a tube but again in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our a tube but again in order to
+calculate this we could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this we could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this we could do it
+geometrically with right hand rules but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically with right hand rules but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically with right hand rules but
+I now want to introduce unit vectors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now want to introduce unit vectors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now want to introduce unit vectors so
+I can do vector decomposition at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do vector decomposition at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do vector decomposition at every
+point so I'm gonna choose a unit vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I'm gonna choose a unit vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I'm gonna choose a unit vector
+I hat J hat and k hat and now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hat J hat and k hat and now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hat J hat and k hat and now I can
+decompose all of these vectors in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose all of these vectors in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose all of these vectors in terms
+of my unit vectors this is the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my unit vectors this is the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my unit vectors this is the angular
+momentum of the system so now it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the system so now it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the system so now it's not
+hard at all to write these out our a1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard at all to write these out our a1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard at all to write these out our a1 is
+minus R in the I hat direction cross P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus R in the I hat direction cross P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus R in the I hat direction cross P
+one is down that's minus P one in the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is down that's minus P one in the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is down that's minus P one in the J
+hat direction where P one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat direction where P one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat direction where P one is the
+magnitude and RA two is in the plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and RA two is in the plus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and RA two is in the plus I
+hat direction so that's our I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat direction so that's our I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat direction so that's our I had
+and I'm crossing that with p2 which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm crossing that with p2 which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm crossing that with p2 which I'll
+write right now is p2 in the J hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write right now is p2 in the J hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write right now is p2 in the J hat
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+now remember p2 has the same magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember p2 has the same magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember p2 has the same magnitude
+as p1 but they're pointing in opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as p1 but they're pointing in opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as p1 but they're pointing in opposite
+directions so when I take the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so when I take the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so when I take the cross
+product I hat cross J hat is K hat minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product I hat cross J hat is K hat minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product I hat cross J hat is K hat minus
+sign minus sign so I get our p1 k hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign minus sign so I get our p1 k hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign minus sign so I get our p1 k hat
+and now over here p2 is equal to p1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now over here p2 is equal to p1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now over here p2 is equal to p1
+I had cross J hat is K hat and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had cross J hat is K hat and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had cross J hat is K hat and I get
+another are p1 km and so I have two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another are p1 km and so I have two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another are p1 km and so I have two are
+p1 k and that's the angular momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p1 k and that's the angular momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p1 k and that's the angular momentum of
+the system about point a now I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system about point a now I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system about point a now I'd like to
+calculate the angular momentum about B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the angular momentum about B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the angular momentum about B
+so let's draw the same diagram one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's draw the same diagram one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's draw the same diagram one
+- here's p2 here is p1 here's B and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- here's p2 here is p1 here's B and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- here's p2 here is p1 here's B and now
+I'll draw my vectors this is our B - and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw my vectors this is our B - and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw my vectors this is our B - and
+this is our B 1 this distance was to are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our B 1 this distance was to are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our B 1 this distance was to are
+this distance was D I'm going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance was D I'm going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance was D I'm going to use the
+same unit vectors and so I get L for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same unit vectors and so I get L for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same unit vectors and so I get L for the
+system about B again I'll just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system about B again I'll just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system about B again I'll just write
+everything out P 1 plus RB 2 cross P 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything out P 1 plus RB 2 cross P 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything out P 1 plus RB 2 cross P 2
+so I'm going to write P 2 as in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to write P 2 as in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to write P 2 as in this
+case it's equal to minus P 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's equal to minus P 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's equal to minus P 1 and
+magnitudes p2 equals P 1 in magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes p2 equals P 1 in magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes p2 equals P 1 in magnitude
+directions are opposite so RB 1 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions are opposite so RB 1 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions are opposite so RB 1 is equal
+to 2r plus D I I had and it's pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2r plus D I I had and it's pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2r plus D I I had and it's pointing
+in the minus I hat direction cross P 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the minus I hat direction cross P 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the minus I hat direction cross P 1
+is in the minus J hat direction RB 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the minus J hat direction RB 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the minus J hat direction RB 2 is
+also in the - I had direction so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the - I had direction so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the - I had direction so that's
+minus D I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D I had
+and p2 is in the plus J direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p2 is in the plus J direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p2 is in the plus J direction so
+that is plus the magnitudes of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is plus the magnitudes of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is plus the magnitudes of the same
+p1 J hat we don't need the plus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p1 J hat we don't need the plus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p1 J hat we don't need the plus sign
+there and now I take the cross products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and now I take the cross products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and now I take the cross products
+I hat cross J hat is K hat a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hat cross J hat is K hat a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hat cross J hat is K hat a minus sign
+minus sign that makes plus so I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign that makes plus so I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign that makes plus so I have two
+R Plus D P 1 K hat now notice here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Plus D P 1 K hat now notice here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Plus D P 1 K hat now notice here I
+have I hat cross J hat which is K hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I hat cross J hat which is K hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I hat cross J hat which is K hat
+but there's a minus sign so I have minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a minus sign so I have minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a minus sign so I have minus
+D P 1 K hat here I have Plus D P 1 K at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D P 1 K hat here I have Plus D P 1 K at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D P 1 K hat here I have Plus D P 1 K at
+minus D 1 PK ed and so I get to R P 1 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D 1 PK ed and so I get to R P 1 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D 1 PK ed and so I get to R P 1 K
+hat and I have the same result L system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and I have the same result L system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and I have the same result L system
+a equals L system B now that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equals L system B now that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equals L system B now that's not a
+coincidence in this problem and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence in this problem and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence in this problem and the
+reason is that whenever so we can say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that whenever so we can say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that whenever so we can say it
+this way whenever the momentum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way whenever the momentum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way whenever the momentum of the
+system is 0 then L a is independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is 0 then L a is independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is 0 then L a is independent of
+the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the point eight so coming back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the point eight so coming back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the point eight so coming back to our
+example no matter where I picked our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example no matter where I picked our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example no matter where I picked our
+points a and B any point I could pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points a and B any point I could pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points a and B any point I could pick
+anywhere I want I could pick a point C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere I want I could pick a point C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere I want I could pick a point C
+up there I make this cross-product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there I make this cross-product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there I make this cross-product
+calculation I would get exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation I would get exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation I would get exactly the same
+answer to our p1k
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dmOPl9RtG7o.txt b/dmOPl9RtG7o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e190bcf05c44e767f4486db60157587494e7f5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dmOPl9RtG7o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6138 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the probabilistic method in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilistic method in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilistic method in
+combinatorics is a powerful way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics is a powerful way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics is a powerful way to
+demonstrate the existence of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate the existence of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate the existence of certain
+special configurations and combinatorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special configurations and combinatorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special configurations and combinatorial
+objects by introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects by introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects by introducing
+Randomness in this video we will see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness in this video we will see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness in this video we will see a
+one of the earliest examples of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the earliest examples of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the earliest examples of an
+application of this method and it's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of this method and it's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of this method and it's used
+to prove lower bounds to Ramsey numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove lower bounds to Ramsey numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove lower bounds to Ramsey numbers
+now Ramsey numbers are interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Ramsey numbers are interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Ramsey numbers are interesting
+objects in combinatorics and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in combinatorics and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in combinatorics and they're
+defined as follows the Ramsey number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as follows the Ramsey number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as follows the Ramsey number
+rkl is defined to be the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rkl is defined to be the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rkl is defined to be the smallest
+integer n such that no matter how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer n such that no matter how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer n such that no matter how we
+color the edges of a complete graph on N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the edges of a complete graph on N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the edges of a complete graph on N
+vertices will denote such objects by KNN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices will denote such objects by KNN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices will denote such objects by KNN
+so complete graph is n vertices with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so complete graph is n vertices with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so complete graph is n vertices with all
+the edges all n choose two edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges all n choose two edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges all n choose two edges
+uh available and if we color all such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh available and if we color all such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh available and if we color all such
+edges each one of them either with red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges each one of them either with red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges each one of them either with red
+or green so one of two colors then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or green so one of two colors then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or green so one of two colors then there
+always exists a red KL red click on K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always exists a red KL red click on K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always exists a red KL red click on K
+vertices or green click on L vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices or green click on L vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices or green click on L vertices
+right so the raming number is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the raming number is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the raming number is the
+smallest n such that this is possible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest n such that this is possible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest n such that this is possible so
+to be more concrete let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more concrete let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more concrete let me
+demonstrate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate an
+example so r33
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so r33
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so r33
+equals to six and what this means is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to six and what this means is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to six and what this means is the
+following first if we have six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following first if we have six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following first if we have six
+vertices and we color all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and we color all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and we color all the possible
+six choose two edges each one with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six choose two edges each one with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six choose two edges each one with one
+of two colors red or green so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two colors red or green so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two colors red or green so for
+example maybe these edges are colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example maybe these edges are colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example maybe these edges are colored
+green and the remaining edges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and the remaining edges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and the remaining edges are
+colored red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then no matter how we do these colorings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then no matter how we do these colorings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then no matter how we do these colorings
+there always exists a triangle which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there always exists a triangle which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there always exists a triangle which is
+completely red or completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely red or completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely red or completely
+Green in this example here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green in this example here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green in this example here you see
+this is a triangle that is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a triangle that is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a triangle that is completely
+red on the other hand if we start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red on the other hand if we start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red on the other hand if we start with
+only five vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then it is possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it is possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it is possible to
+color the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the
+edges with one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+colors right so color each edge with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors right so color each edge with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors right so color each edge with one
+of two colors so that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two colors so that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two colors so that there's no
+monochromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic
+triangle okay so this is what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle okay so this is what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle okay so this is what it means
+for r33 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for r33 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for r33 to be
+six an important result in combinatorx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six an important result in combinatorx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six an important result in combinatorx
+due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to
+Ramsey so this is known as Ramsey's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem and this was proved back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and this was proved back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and this was proved back
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+1920s says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s says
+that this number rkl is always finite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this number rkl is always finite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this number rkl is always finite it
+is always a well- defined number so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always a well- defined number so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always a well- defined number so as
+long as n is large enough no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as n is large enough no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as n is large enough no matter how
+we color the edges of a complete graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we color the edges of a complete graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we color the edges of a complete graph
+on n vertic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on n vertic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on n vertic
+there always exists a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there always exists a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there always exists a large
+monochromatic either a large red K click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic either a large red K click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic either a large red K click
+or a large green L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a large green L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a large green L
+click what I want to prove in this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click what I want to prove in this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click what I want to prove in this video
+is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following
+theorem due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem due to
+ERS from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1940s and ERS showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s and ERS showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s and ERS showed
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+rkk is bigger than 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rkk is bigger than 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rkk is bigger than 2 to the
+k/2 for every integer K bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k/2 for every integer K bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k/2 for every integer K bigger than
+three okay so this is a lower bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay so this is a lower bound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay so this is a lower bound to
+ring numbers and what it says that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring numbers and what it says that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring numbers and what it says that if
+you have two few vertices namely if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two few vertices namely if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two few vertices namely if you
+have 2 to the K over two vertices then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 2 to the K over two vertices then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 2 to the K over two vertices then
+there is always a way to color the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is always a way to color the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is always a way to color the edges
+with two colors so that there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two colors so that there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two colors so that there is no
+monochromatic click on K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices a theorem is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices a theorem is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices a theorem is an important
+foundational result and it's also one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational result and it's also one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational result and it's also one of
+the earliest demonstrations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earliest demonstrations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earliest demonstrations of the
+probabilistic method so we will see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic method so we will see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic method so we will see this
+uh proof in this lecture in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+video in fact we will prove a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video in fact we will prove a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video in fact we will prove a slightly
+more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general
+statement we will show that if two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement we will show that if two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement we will show that if two
+integers n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+satisfy the following inequality n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the following inequality n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the following inequality n
+choose K * 2 1 minus K choose 2 if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose K * 2 1 minus K choose 2 if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose K * 2 1 minus K choose 2 if this
+quantity is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is less than
+one so right now this is just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so right now this is just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so right now this is just some
+formula it will come out of the proof so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it will come out of the proof so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it will come out of the proof so
+let's not worry too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not worry too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not worry too much about
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+rkk is strictly larger than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will prove the second theorem and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will prove the second theorem and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will prove the second theorem and by
+a calculation that is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a calculation that is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a calculation that is fairly
+straightforward for which I will admit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward for which I will admit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward for which I will admit
+one can use the second result to imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can use the second result to imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can use the second result to imply
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+result okay so let us prove the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result okay so let us prove the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result okay so let us prove the second
+theorem over here so what is it saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem over here so what is it saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem over here so what is it saying
+if n satisfies certain inequalities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n satisfies certain inequalities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n satisfies certain inequalities so
+that n is not too large then it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n is not too large then it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n is not too large then it is
+possible to color the edges of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to color the edges of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to color the edges of a
+complete graph on nver veres so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete graph on nver veres so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete graph on nver veres so that
+there's no monochromatic click on K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices how do we find such a coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices how do we find such a coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices how do we find such a coloring
+well let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's do it
+randomly so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly so let's
+color the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges of a complete graph on K vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of a complete graph on K vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of a complete graph on K vertices
+using two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using two
+colors uniformly and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so meaning that for each Edge we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so meaning that for each Edge we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so meaning that for each Edge we
+flip a coin if it comes up heads we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip a coin if it comes up heads we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip a coin if it comes up heads we
+color it red if it comes up Tails we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color it red if it comes up Tails we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color it red if it comes up Tails we
+color it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color it
+green and the goal is to find to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and the goal is to find to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and the goal is to find to show
+that we can do this in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do this in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do this in such a way that
+avoids having a monochromatic click of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoids having a monochromatic click of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoids having a monochromatic click of
+size K so there are things that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size K so there are things that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size K so there are things that we want
+to avoid and let us encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid and let us encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid and let us encode
+bad events as follows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every K
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subset s of vertices there are n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset s of vertices there are n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset s of vertices there are n
+vertices in total so for every K vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in total so for every K vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in total so for every K vertex
+subset s we'll use a Subs to denote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset s we'll use a Subs to denote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset s we'll use a Subs to denote the
+following bad event that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following bad event that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following bad event that we're trying to
+avoid this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid this is a
+event that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+induces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induces
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+monochromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic
+click okay it induces a monochromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click okay it induces a monochromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click okay it induces a monochromatic
+click in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coloring let's calculate the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring let's calculate the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring let's calculate the probability
+that this occurs okay so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this occurs okay so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this occurs okay so what's the
+probability that in this s which let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that in this s which let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that in this s which let's
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+case four for purpose of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case four for purpose of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case four for purpose of this
+illustration you know of the six edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration you know of the six edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration you know of the six edges
+all of them have the same color well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them have the same color well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them have the same color well
+there are two possible colors and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two possible colors and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two possible colors and for
+each of those colors the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those colors the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those colors the probability
+that all of these edges are of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of these edges are of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of these edges are of that
+color is this quantity 2 to the minus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color is this quantity 2 to the minus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color is this quantity 2 to the minus K
+choose 2 so this is the probability 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose 2 so this is the probability 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose 2 so this is the probability 2 *
+2 to Theus K choose 2 this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to Theus K choose 2 this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to Theus K choose 2 this is the
+probability that s all the edges in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that s all the edges in s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that s all the edges in s
+are entirely of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are entirely of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are entirely of the same
+color well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color well
+what about the probability that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the probability that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the probability that there is
+some click of size K in the graph that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some click of size K in the graph that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some click of size K in the graph that
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+monochromatic but that's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic but that's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic but that's really the
+quantity that we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about so let's consider the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so let's consider the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so let's consider the probability
+that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+monochromatic click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic click
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+size K in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph well if there's some monochromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph well if there's some monochromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph well if there's some monochromatic
+click of size k then it must be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click of size k then it must be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click of size k then it must be one of
+the s's so we can do what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s's so we can do what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s's so we can do what's called a
+union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bound to Upper bound this probability by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to Upper bound this probability by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to Upper bound this probability by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sum of the individual event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the individual event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the individual event
+probabilities so summing over o subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so summing over o subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so summing over o subsets
+s of the vertices with size exactly K of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of the vertices with size exactly K of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of the vertices with size exactly K of
+the probability that a Subs this event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that a Subs this event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that a Subs this event
+occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs
+okay in this summation there are n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this summation there are n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this summation there are n
+choose K terms and each term is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose K terms and each term is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose K terms and each term is this
+probability that we calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+earlier and you see this expression it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and you see this expression it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and you see this expression it
+was the expression in the hypothesis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the expression in the hypothesis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the expression in the hypothesis of
+the theorem and we assume that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem and we assume that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem and we assume that it is
+strictly less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than
+one and this is why we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is why we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is why we had this
+expression in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in the
+theorem okay great so the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem okay great so the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem okay great so the probability
+that there exists some monochromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists some monochromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists some monochromatic
+click of size K is strictly less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click of size K is strictly less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click of size K is strictly less than
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+thus with positive probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring
+has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+monochromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+click of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K okay and that's basically what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay and that's basically what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay and that's basically what we are
+trying to do we are trying to demonst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do we are trying to demonst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do we are trying to demonst
+rate the existence of a coloring with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the existence of a coloring with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the existence of a coloring with no
+monochromatic click of size K and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic click of size K and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic click of size K and we
+show that in fact by doing everything at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that in fact by doing everything at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that in fact by doing everything at
+random the random coloring succeeds with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random the random coloring succeeds with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random the random coloring succeeds with
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+probability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and
+therefore such an object must exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore such an object must exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore such an object must exist
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+thus such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring
+exists and this finishes the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and this finishes the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and this finishes the proof of
+this theorem over here that we trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem over here that we trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem over here that we trying to
+demonstrate and as I mentioned earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate and as I mentioned earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate and as I mentioned earlier
+by a more routine calculation which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a more routine calculation which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a more routine calculation which we
+will not do here one can deduce air dous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not do here one can deduce air dous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not do here one can deduce air dous
+result from this theorem and in fact by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result from this theorem and in fact by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result from this theorem and in fact by
+a more careful calculation that again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more careful calculation that again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more careful calculation that again I
+will not do one can show an even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not do one can show an even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not do one can show an even more
+precise lower bound the rkk is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise lower bound the rkk is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise lower bound the rkk is bigger
+than the following ASM totic one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the following ASM totic one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the following ASM totic one over
+the following constant e * < tk2 so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following constant e * < tk2 so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following constant e * < tk2 so here
+e is the natural constant around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is the natural constant around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is the natural constant around
+2.71 plus a term that goes to zero as K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.71 plus a term that goes to zero as K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.71 plus a term that goes to zero as K
+goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to
+Infinity time k 2 to the k/2 so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity time k 2 to the k/2 so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity time k 2 to the k/2 so this is
+a much more precise uh bound that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much more precise uh bound that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much more precise uh bound that one
+can get out of analyzing the consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get out of analyzing the consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get out of analyzing the consequence
+of this theorem that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this theorem that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this theorem that we just
+proved in the next part of this video we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved in the next part of this video we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved in the next part of this video we
+will refine or come up with additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will refine or come up with additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will refine or come up with additional
+techniques that allows us to improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that allows us to improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that allows us to improve the
+slower bound but for now let me make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower bound but for now let me make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower bound but for now let me make a
+comment about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about this
+technique what the stum shows is that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique what the stum shows is that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique what the stum shows is that by
+doing a random coloring there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a random coloring there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a random coloring there is a
+positive probability that this coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive probability that this coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive probability that this coloring
+gets us what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets us what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets us what we
+want and in fact the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and in fact the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and in fact the probability that
+this coloring doesn't get us what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coloring doesn't get us what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coloring doesn't get us what we
+want is this quantity here which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is this quantity here which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is this quantity here which is not
+only less than one but it is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only less than one but it is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only less than one but it is actually
+quite small it is very very small so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite small it is very very small so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite small it is very very small so if
+you for example on a computer flip these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for example on a computer flip these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for example on a computer flip these
+random coins and come up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random coins and come up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random coins and come up with this
+coloring with very high probability it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring with very high probability it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring with very high probability it
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+succeed however it will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed however it will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed however it will be very
+difficult to verify that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to verify that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to verify that you have
+succeeded because the number of clicks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded because the number of clicks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded because the number of clicks
+that one needs to check is n choose K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one needs to check is n choose K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one needs to check is n choose K
+which grows very quickly as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which grows very quickly as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which grows very quickly as a function
+of K so this is a phenomenon that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K so this is a phenomenon that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K so this is a phenomenon that is
+sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called
+finding KY in a h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stack a random coloring works with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack a random coloring works with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack a random coloring works with
+overwhelming probability and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming probability and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming probability and so if you
+just pick something at random it will't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick something at random it will't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick something at random it will't
+work but one it is very hard to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but one it is very hard to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but one it is very hard to check
+that what you found actually works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you found actually works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you found actually works and
+two it is an active research Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it is an active research Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it is an active research Direction
+and what seems to be a very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what seems to be a very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what seems to be a very difficult
+problem to find other ways that does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to find other ways that does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to find other ways that does not
+involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve
+Randomness but maybe even involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness but maybe even involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness but maybe even involving
+Randomness in some other ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness in some other ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness in some other ways to
+guarantee that what you found works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that what you found works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that what you found works and
+this finding hay in a Hy stack describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this finding hay in a Hy stack describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this finding hay in a Hy stack describes
+this phenomenal which is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phenomenal which is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phenomenal which is quite
+counterintuitive that you know and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive that you know and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive that you know and also
+demonstrates the power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates the power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates the power of the
+probabilistic method that you know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic method that you know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic method that you know by
+just doing everything at random it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing everything at random it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing everything at random it works
+really really well but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really well but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really well but we don't
+understand this process as much as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this process as much as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this process as much as we
+would really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really like
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+so now you've seen a proof of A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you've seen a proof of A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you've seen a proof of A's
+seminal result that gives a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminal result that gives a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminal result that gives a lower bound
+to Ramsey numbers in the next two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Ramsey numbers in the next two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Ramsey numbers in the next two
+segments of this video we will see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments of this video we will see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments of this video we will see a
+couple of refinements to this technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of refinements to this technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of refinements to this technique
+that allows us to get slightly better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows us to get slightly better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows us to get slightly better
+lower bounds by introducing new ideas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds by introducing new ideas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds by introducing new ideas to
+the probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method now let us introduce an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method now let us introduce an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method now let us introduce an
+additional idea to the probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional idea to the probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional idea to the probabilistic
+method to prove a slightly better lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to prove a slightly better lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to prove a slightly better lower
+bound on Ramsey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on Ramsey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on Ramsey
+numbers and this is a method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and this is a method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and this is a method of
+alteration or the alteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alteration or the alteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alteration or the alteration
+method what we will prove is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method what we will prove is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method what we will prove is the
+following so let me write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so let me write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so let me write down the
+statement it's slightly technical the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement it's slightly technical the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement it's slightly technical the
+statement itself is not as important as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement itself is not as important as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement itself is not as important as
+the ideas I will introduce so bear with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas I will introduce so bear with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas I will introduce so bear with
+me for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for a
+second theorem says that for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second theorem says that for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second theorem says that for any
+positive integers K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integers K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integers K and
+N the Ramsey number RK K is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N the Ramsey number RK K is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N the Ramsey number RK K is bigger than
+the following quantity n minus n choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following quantity n minus n choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following quantity n minus n choose
+k * 2 to the 1us k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k * 2 to the 1us k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k * 2 to the 1us k
+2 okay so that's the theorem it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so that's the theorem it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so that's the theorem it gives
+you a lower bound on Ramy numbers now by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a lower bound on Ramy numbers now by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a lower bound on Ramy numbers now by
+optimizing over the value of K as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing over the value of K as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing over the value of K as a
+value of n as a function of K we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of n as a function of K we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of n as a function of K we can
+deduce the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce the following
+corollary and I will not show this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary and I will not show this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary and I will not show this
+deduction here because it's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduction here because it's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduction here because it's a more
+routine calculation so the corollary is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine calculation so the corollary is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine calculation so the corollary is
+that rkk is bigger than the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rkk is bigger than the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rkk is bigger than the following
+quantity 1/ e e is the the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity 1/ e e is the the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity 1/ e e is the the natural
+constant 2.71 and so on plus little one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant 2.71 and so on plus little one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant 2.71 and so on plus little one
+term that goes to zero as K goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that goes to zero as K goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that goes to zero as K goes to
+Infinity time K * 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity time K * 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity time K * 2 the
+k/2 okay so that's the ASM totic lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k/2 okay so that's the ASM totic lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k/2 okay so that's the ASM totic lower
+bound that one obtains by taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that one obtains by taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that one obtains by taking this
+theorem and optimizing the value of n as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and optimizing the value of n as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and optimizing the value of n as
+a function of K we see that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of K we see that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of K we see that it is
+slightly better than the bound that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better than the bound that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better than the bound that we
+got previously it's slightly better by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got previously it's slightly better by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got previously it's slightly better by a
+factor of <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of <
+tk2 okay so let us prove this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here like before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like before we
+will start with a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start with a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start with a random
+coloring but then make some adjustments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring but then make some adjustments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring but then make some adjustments
+so in fact this construction will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact this construction will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact this construction will have
+two steps construct a random coloring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two steps construct a random coloring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two steps construct a random coloring in
+two steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first
+step we'll do what we did previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we'll do what we did previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we'll do what we did previously
+just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly
+color each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color each
+edge with one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+colors uniformly at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so flip a coin for each Edge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so flip a coin for each Edge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so flip a coin for each Edge and
+color it with one of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color it with one of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color it with one of the two
+colors now this coloring might have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors now this coloring might have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors now this coloring might have some
+monochromatic K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic K
+Clicks in which case we will delete a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clicks in which case we will delete a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clicks in which case we will delete a
+Vertex from each such K click and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex from each such K click and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex from each such K click and to
+destroy all the monochromatic K clicks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy all the monochromatic K clicks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy all the monochromatic K clicks
+so the second step is to delete a vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second step is to delete a vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second step is to delete a vertex
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+mono
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mono
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mono
+chromatic K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+click okay so after this process you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click okay so after this process you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click okay so after this process you see
+what we are left with is an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are left with is an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are left with is an edge
+coloring of some complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring of some complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring of some complete
+graph where there are no monochromatic K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph where there are no monochromatic K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph where there are no monochromatic K
+clicks left because we've destroyed all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks left because we've destroyed all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks left because we've destroyed all
+such monochromatic K Clicks in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such monochromatic K Clicks in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such monochromatic K Clicks in the
+second step of this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many vertices are left right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many vertices are left right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many vertices are left right so we
+started with initially nend vertices but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with initially nend vertices but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with initially nend vertices but
+in the second step we deleted some so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second step we deleted some so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second step we deleted some so we
+don't have as many vertices as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have as many vertices as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have as many vertices as we
+started with initially so let's ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with initially so let's ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with initially so let's ask
+ourselves how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves how
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices are left at the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process towards the goal let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process towards the goal let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process towards the goal let me
+introduce a random variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a random variable X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a random variable X
+and X is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+monochromatic K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic K
+clicks at the end of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step well the expectation of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step well the expectation of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step well the expectation of x
+can be computed as follows which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be computed as follows which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be computed as follows which is very
+similar calculation to what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar calculation to what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar calculation to what we did
+earlier there n choose K possible K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier there n choose K possible K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier there n choose K possible K
+clicks and each one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks and each one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks and each one of them is
+monochromatic with probability 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic with probability 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic with probability 2 to the
+1 minus K choose 2 so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus K choose 2 so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus K choose 2 so that's the
+expected number of monochromatic K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of monochromatic K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of monochromatic K
+clicks now in the second step of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process we delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we delete
+some number of vertices and one vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of vertices and one vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of vertices and one vertex
+for each monochromatic K click although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each monochromatic K click although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each monochromatic K click although
+some vertices may be used to destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vertices may be used to destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vertices may be used to destroy
+more than one monochromatic K click so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one monochromatic K click so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one monochromatic K click so
+the number of vertices that we delete is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vertices that we delete is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vertices that we delete is
+not necessarily X but it is no more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily X but it is no more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily X but it is no more than
+x so delete at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most the size of X many vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+thus the final graph that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus the final graph that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus the final graph that we
+get at the end of this two step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at the end of this two step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at the end of this two step
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+has at least n minus the size of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has at least n minus the size of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has at least n minus the size of X
+vertices let me remind you that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices let me remind you that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices let me remind you that this is
+a random process the final graph and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random process the final graph and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random process the final graph and its
+coloring that we get is random and X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring that we get is random and X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring that we get is random and X is
+also a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a random
+quantity this is a number of ver es and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity this is a number of ver es and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity this is a number of ver es and
+this quantity here has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expectation and minus expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and minus expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and minus expectation of the
+size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of
+X so X is already a size so let me don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so X is already a size so let me don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so X is already a size so let me don't
+have to use the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use the absolute value
+bars okay so the expectation is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars okay so the expectation is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars okay so the expectation is n
+minus n choose K to to the 1 - K chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 okay so the final graph has at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so the final graph has at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so the final graph has at least
+this many vertices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many vertices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many vertices in
+expectation well that's the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation well that's the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation well that's the average
+number through this random process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus there must always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus there must always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus there must always
+be with some prob positive probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with some prob positive probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with some prob positive probability
+some graph that beats this average so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some graph that beats this average so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some graph that beats this average so
+thus therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus therefore
+with positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph has at least this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices and furthermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and furthermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and furthermore
+it has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+monochromatic click on K vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic click on K vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic click on K vertices
+because we destroyed all such Clicks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we destroyed all such Clicks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we destroyed all such Clicks in
+the second step of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second step of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second step of this
+process okay this finishes the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay this finishes the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay this finishes the proof of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+theorem which as you see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which as you see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which as you see in the
+corollary gives you a slightly better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary gives you a slightly better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary gives you a slightly better
+lower bound compared to what we saw last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound compared to what we saw last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound compared to what we saw last
+time in the third segment of this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the third segment of this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the third segment of this video
+we'll see yet a new another technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see yet a new another technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see yet a new another technique
+that gets us even further along to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets us even further along to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets us even further along to prove
+an even better lower bound on the Ramsey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even better lower bound on the Ramsey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even better lower bound on the Ramsey
+numbers earlier we saw two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers earlier we saw two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers earlier we saw two different
+approaches to using the probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to using the probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to using the probabilistic
+method to lower bound Ramsey numbers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to lower bound Ramsey numbers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to lower bound Ramsey numbers the
+first method was by taking a union bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first method was by taking a union bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first method was by taking a union bound
+to show that the sum of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that the sum of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that the sum of all the
+probabilities of bad events is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of bad events is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of bad events is fairly
+small and the second method is through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and the second method is through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and the second method is through
+alteration where we start start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alteration where we start start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alteration where we start start by
+constructing some random coloring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing some random coloring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing some random coloring and
+then fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then fix the
+blemishes so we show that by removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blemishes so we show that by removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blemishes so we show that by removing
+the bad parts removing the vertices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad parts removing the vertices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad parts removing the vertices that
+contribute to monochromatic clicks we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to monochromatic clicks we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to monochromatic clicks we
+can get a coloring with no monochromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a coloring with no monochromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a coloring with no monochromatic
+clicks now let me introduce a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks now let me introduce a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks now let me introduce a more
+advanced method that can get us even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced method that can get us even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced method that can get us even
+further so the general motivation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further so the general motivation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further so the general motivation that
+we already saw a couple of times is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already saw a couple of times is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already saw a couple of times is that
+we wish to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wish to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wish to avoid
+a certain collection of bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+events which will denote E1 through e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events which will denote E1 through e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events which will denote E1 through e
+l okay so these are bad events in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l okay so these are bad events in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l okay so these are bad events in our
+case the bad events correspond to having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the bad events correspond to having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the bad events correspond to having
+a monochromatic click in the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monochromatic click in the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monochromatic click in the random
+coloring there are some extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring there are some extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring there are some extreme
+situations that are easier to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this extrem these extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situations are one of two types the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations are one of two types the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations are one of two types the
+first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is
+when the events collectively have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the events collectively have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the events collectively have very
+small probability even when they when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small probability even when they when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small probability even when they when
+you just sum the probabilities of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just sum the probabilities of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just sum the probabilities of these
+events so for example if the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events so for example if the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events so for example if the sum of the
+probabilities of these bad events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of these bad events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of these bad events
+is less than one then we can apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than one then we can apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than one then we can apply the
+union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bound to deduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to deduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to deduce
+that with positive probability none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with positive probability none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with positive probability none of
+the bad events occur so that's an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad events occur so that's an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad events occur so that's an easy
+situation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation to
+handle another easy situation to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle another easy situation to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle another easy situation to handle
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+if all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+events all the bad events are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent so if they are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so if they are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so if they are independent
+events then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events then the
+probability that none of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that none of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that none of them
+occurs is equal to the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs is equal to the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs is equal to the product of the
+probabilities that the individual events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that the individual events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that the individual events
+do not occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is positive provided that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is positive provided that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is positive provided that all
+the individual event probabilities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual event probabilities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual event probabilities are
+strictly less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than
+one now this situation typically does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now this situation typically does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now this situation typically does
+not a it's not the case uh in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a it's not the case uh in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a it's not the case uh in a lot of
+applications including the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications including the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications including the one that
+we're considering for example having two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're considering for example having two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're considering for example having two
+triangles if they intersect at an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles if they intersect at an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles if they intersect at an edge
+if they overlap by an edge then them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they overlap by an edge then them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they overlap by an edge then them
+being uh well if if you have two clicks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh well if if you have two clicks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh well if if you have two clicks
+that intersect in uh in in some large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intersect in uh in in some large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intersect in uh in in some large
+portion then having them individually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion then having them individually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion then having them individually
+being monochromatic are not independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+events so what we're often dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events so what we're often dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events so what we're often dealing with
+is situations where there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dependencies so some event dependencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and often these are the hardest and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often these are the hardest and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often these are the hardest and most
+interesting situations that one has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting situations that one has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting situations that one has to
+deal with in the probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with in the probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with in the probabilistic
+method a powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method a powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method a powerful
+tool that we will see is the lowas local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lemo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lemo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lemo
+okay so let me explain what is a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me explain what is a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me explain what is a low
+local Lum and then apply it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Lum and then apply it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Lum and then apply it to the
+problem of lower bounds to reny number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of lower bounds to reny number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of lower bounds to reny number
+so here is a version of the statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a version of the statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a version of the statement of
+the lowas local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowas local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowas local
+LMA and specifically appli to a setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA and specifically appli to a setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA and specifically appli to a setting
+known as the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the random variable
+model random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model the setting is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the setting is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the setting is as
+follows suppose we have X1 through XV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows suppose we have X1 through XV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows suppose we have X1 through XV
+and these are random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and importantly they are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and importantly they are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and importantly they are independent
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+variables so think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so think of them as
+independent coin tosses the outcomes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent coin tosses the outcomes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent coin tosses the outcomes of
+independent random coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random coin
+tosses we'll have B1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tosses we'll have B1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tosses we'll have B1 through
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+m denote index sets so they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m denote index sets so they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m denote index sets so they are
+subsets of numbers one through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of numbers one through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of numbers one through
+V and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each I ranging from one through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each I ranging from one through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each I ranging from one through
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+EI be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+on the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indexed by bi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexed by bi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexed by bi
+namely the variables X subj as J ranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the variables X subj as J ranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the variables X subj as J ranges
+over the elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bi so this is a situation that captures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi so this is a situation that captures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi so this is a situation that captures
+a lot of applications where you have bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of applications where you have bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of applications where you have bad
+events for example clicks being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events for example clicks being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events for example clicks being
+monochromatic in a coloring of a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic in a coloring of a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic in a coloring of a large
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+and some of these events May have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of these events May have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of these events May have
+dependencies because the events are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies because the events are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies because the events are
+based on some underlying coin tosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on some underlying coin tosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on some underlying coin tosses
+underlying independent random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying independent random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying independent random variables
+and the different different events may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the different different events may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the different different events may
+involve overlapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve overlapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve overlapping
+variables so this is capturing that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so this is capturing that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so this is capturing that kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+setup now let me introduce some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup now let me introduce some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup now let me introduce some
+hypotheses that captures a notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses that captures a notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses that captures a notion of a
+weak amount of dependence a small amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak amount of dependence a small amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak amount of dependence a small amount
+of dependence so suppose for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+I from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I from 1 to
+M the set the index set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M the set the index set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M the set the index set
+bi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disjointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from o but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+D other BJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D other BJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D other BJ
+so D here is some other parameter in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so D here is some other parameter in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so D here is some other parameter in the
+theorem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so
+hbi is has overlapping variables with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hbi is has overlapping variables with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hbi is has overlapping variables with a
+small number of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BJs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+furthermore another hypothesis is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore another hypothesis is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore another hypothesis is that
+each bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+event occurs with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event occurs with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event occurs with some
+probability which is not too large so 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability which is not too large so 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability which is not too large so 1/
+D + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D + 1
+time constant e here e is the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant e here e is the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant e here e is the natural
+constant 2 * 71 so on and this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant 2 * 71 so on and this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant 2 * 71 so on and this is true
+for every I okay so let me fact just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every I okay so let me fact just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every I okay so let me fact just
+write it a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clearly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay so these are the hypothesis um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so these are the hypothesis um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so these are the hypothesis um
+so there a lot but roughly speaking it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there a lot but roughly speaking it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there a lot but roughly speaking it's
+saying that every bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that every bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that every bad
+event is related to only a small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event is related to only a small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event is related to only a small number
+of other bad events and each event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other bad events and each event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other bad events and each event
+occurs with not too high probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs with not too high probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs with not too high probability
+which depends not on the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which depends not on the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which depends not on the total number of
+events but only on this D which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events but only on this D which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events but only on this D which is the
+number of other events that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of other events that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of other events that it is
+associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conclusion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is
+that the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+none of the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+events so the bad events are the indexed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events so the bad events are the indexed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events so the bad events are the indexed
+are the events indexed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the events indexed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the events indexed
+um okay so none of the bad events E1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so none of the bad events E1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so none of the bad events E1
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+em
+
+ align:start position:0%
+em
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+em
+occurs is strictly positive so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs is strictly positive so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs is strictly positive so with
+positive probability none of these bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive probability none of these bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive probability none of these bad
+events occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events occur
+okay so that's the statement of the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the statement of the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the statement of the low
+local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L and now let us apply this local Lama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and now let us apply this local Lama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and now let us apply this local Lama
+to prove a even better lower bound than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove a even better lower bound than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove a even better lower bound than
+what we saw earlier for Ramsey numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw earlier for Ramsey numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw earlier for Ramsey numbers
+we will not be able to prove the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will not be able to prove the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will not be able to prove the local
+Lama in this video so its proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lama in this video so its proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lama in this video so its proof is
+although not long quite intricate and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although not long quite intricate and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although not long quite intricate and I
+refer you to the references for a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let us now see a lower bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let us now see a lower bound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let us now see a lower bound to
+ranging numbers and this is a result due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging numbers and this is a result due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging numbers and this is a result due
+to Spencer Joel Spencer from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+70s and it says that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if K choose 2 okay times n choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if K choose 2 okay times n choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if K choose 2 okay times n choose
+two n minus 2 choose K minus 2 + 1 * 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n minus 2 choose K minus 2 + 1 * 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n minus 2 choose K minus 2 + 1 * 2
+to the 1 - K CH 2 is less than 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1 - K CH 2 is less than 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1 - K CH 2 is less than 1 over
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+then the ranging number rkk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the ranging number rkk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the ranging number rkk
+is strictly bigger than M okay so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly bigger than M okay so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly bigger than M okay so as
+with earlier this is some mysterious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with earlier this is some mysterious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with earlier this is some mysterious
+looking formula and I want you to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking formula and I want you to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking formula and I want you to not
+worry too much about it it will come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry too much about it it will come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry too much about it it will come out
+of the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proof
+um what may be more Illuminating is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what may be more Illuminating is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what may be more Illuminating is the
+consequence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the
+theorem so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+corollary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary
+rkk has the lower bound one um so lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rkk has the lower bound one um so lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rkk has the lower bound one um so lower
+bound following ASM totic < tk2 / e plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound following ASM totic < tk2 / e plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound following ASM totic < tk2 / e plus
+of 1 K * 2 K over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 K * 2 K over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 K * 2 K over
+two and this yet beats the bound that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and this yet beats the bound that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and this yet beats the bound that we
+saw earlier by another factor of root2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw earlier by another factor of root2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw earlier by another factor of root2
+now this may seem like a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this may seem like a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this may seem like a small
+Improvement and quantitatively indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement and quantitatively indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement and quantitatively indeed
+it's only a constant Factor more whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a constant Factor more whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a constant Factor more whereas
+the remaining astics um we do not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining astics um we do not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining astics um we do not know
+how far it is away from the actual truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far it is away from the actual truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far it is away from the actual truth
+but yet this result proed in the' 70s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yet this result proed in the' 70s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yet this result proed in the' 70s is
+the best known lower bound to date for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best known lower bound to date for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best known lower bound to date for
+diagonal Ramsey numbers this RK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal Ramsey numbers this RK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal Ramsey numbers this RK
+case okay so let us now see the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay so let us now see the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay so let us now see the proof of
+this theorem of spener which applies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem of spener which applies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem of spener which applies the
+low vast local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lama as earlier we will Begin by color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lama as earlier we will Begin by color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lama as earlier we will Begin by color
+coloring the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the complete graph on N vertices with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the complete graph on N vertices with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the complete graph on N vertices with
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+colors uniformly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+random okay and also similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random okay and also similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random okay and also similar to the
+first proof that we saw for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertex subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us Define a bad event e Subs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the event
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+induces a monochromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+click on the vertices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s and we also saw earlier that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and we also saw earlier that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and we also saw earlier that the
+probability of this bad event is 2 rais
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this bad event is 2 rais
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this bad event is 2 rais
+to 1 minus K choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let us see how this setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let us see how this setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let us see how this setup
+corresponds to this random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this random variable
+setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup
+earlier the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables correspond to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+coloring of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges so in other words these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indexed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexed by
+the N choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N choose
+two edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two edges
+of the complete graph km so there are n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the complete graph km so there are n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the complete graph km so there are n
+choose two such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two such
+variables well what about this condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables well what about this condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables well what about this condition
+here so B bis right so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bi is a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+size K choose two corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size K choose two corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size K choose two corresponding to the
+edges of this complete graph inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of this complete graph inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of this complete graph inside this
+click of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click of size
+K so when do the bis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overlap so the uh if S and S Prime so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap so the uh if S and S Prime so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap so the uh if S and S Prime so
+both K vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both K vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both K vertex
+subsets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices if they um so if the these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices if they um so if the these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices if they um so if the these are
+both K vertex subsets then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+clicks overlap in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the sets of vertices S and S Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the sets of vertices S and S Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the sets of vertices S and S Prime
+overlapping at least two vertices so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping at least two vertices so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping at least two vertices so as
+an illustration if you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an illustration if you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an illustration if you you
+have this click of size four and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this click of size four and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this click of size four and another
+click of size four then they overlap in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click of size four then they overlap in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click of size four then they overlap in
+at least one Edge if and only if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one Edge if and only if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one Edge if and only if the
+vertex sets overlap in at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices so to apply the local Lama we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so to apply the local Lama we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so to apply the local Lama we
+need to check how many other s s primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to check how many other s s primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to check how many other s s primes
+intersect a given s in terms of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect a given s in terms of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect a given s in terms of their
+Edge set and this is a calculation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge set and this is a calculation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge set and this is a calculation that
+we can do as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do as
+follows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows for
+each K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each K
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the
+number of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of K
+vertex s primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex s primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex s primes
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+has intersection size at least two with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has intersection size at least two with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has intersection size at least two with
+s is at most the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is at most the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is at most the following
+well I need to pick a pair of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I need to pick a pair of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I need to pick a pair of vertices
+of s where there's this overlap and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s where there's this overlap and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s where there's this overlap and then
+choose and choose and then select the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose and choose and then select the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose and choose and then select the
+remaining vertices of S Prime from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining vertices of S Prime from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining vertices of S Prime from the
+remaining and choose two vertices of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining and choose two vertices of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining and choose two vertices of the
+entire uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh
+click there are some possible overcount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click there are some possible overcount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click there are some possible overcount
+here because some s primes may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because some s primes may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because some s primes may be
+counted in more than one way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted in more than one way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted in more than one way through
+this formula here um but it is certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula here um but it is certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula here um but it is certainly
+an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bound and now we can apply the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lemo okay by applying the local Lama one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lemo okay by applying the local Lama one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lemo okay by applying the local Lama one
+checks that as long as this hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks that as long as this hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks that as long as this hypothesis
+inequality is satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is satisfied
+this hypothesis in the statement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hypothesis in the statement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hypothesis in the statement of the
+local LMA is satisfied as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local LMA is satisfied as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local LMA is satisfied as well so
+this inequality here corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality here corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality here corresponds
+to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+inequality in hypothesis so this it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality in hypothesis so this it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality in hypothesis so this it is
+satisfied and so we can apply the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied and so we can apply the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied and so we can apply the local
+Lama to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce
+that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability none of the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+events so none of the bad events es
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events so none of the bad events es
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events so none of the bad events es
+occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for ranging over all K vertex subsets s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ranging over all K vertex subsets s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ranging over all K vertex subsets s
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and
+therefore with positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore with positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore with positive
+probability none of the K vertex subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability none of the K vertex subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability none of the K vertex subsets
+induce a monochromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce a monochromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce a monochromatic
+click and that's exactly what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click and that's exactly what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click and that's exactly what we're
+trying to show with this result over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to show with this result over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to show with this result over the
+disclaim over here and this concludes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclaim over here and this concludes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclaim over here and this concludes
+the proof of Spencer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of Spencer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of Spencer's
+theorem so you see that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so you see that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so you see that this is a
+demonstration of the powerful lovas lool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of the powerful lovas lool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of the powerful lovas lool
+Lama and it is a very interesting method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lama and it is a very interesting method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lama and it is a very interesting method
+that was um pioneered by lovas and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was um pioneered by lovas and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was um pioneered by lovas and has
+had important applications subsequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had important applications subsequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had important applications subsequently
+in the development of the probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the development of the probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the development of the probabilistic
+method although we did not see the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method although we did not see the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method although we did not see the proof
+of the local LMA here today I hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the local LMA here today I hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the local LMA here today I hope that
+you can at least appreciate its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can at least appreciate its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can at least appreciate its
+application and throughout this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and throughout this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and throughout this lecture
+throughout this video we saw three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this video we saw three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this video we saw three
+different approaches to lower bounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approaches to lower bounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approaches to lower bounding
+the Ramsey number diagonal Ramsey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ramsey number diagonal Ramsey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ramsey number diagonal Ramsey
+numbers using different ideas from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers using different ideas from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers using different ideas from the
+probabilistic method um it is a powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic method um it is a powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic method um it is a powerful
+method and it has lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and it has lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and it has lots of other
+applications and many beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and many beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and many beautiful
+applications to various areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications to various areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications to various areas of
+combinatorics and Beyond
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/e-DMqNXtT9Q.txt b/e-DMqNXtT9Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a5785deaf4b631999afc9ebdfc4291c0d7b7f46e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e-DMqNXtT9Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2122 @@
+PROFESSOR: Good afternoon
+and welcome back.
+
+I'm glad you all came back
+even though there was a
+
+problem in finding a seat
+for every one last time.
+
+I would like you to turn in the
+problem set if you've been
+
+able to do it.
+
+If you haven't been able to do
+it, that's no great problem,
+
+but I hope you find
+it mildly amusing.
+
+I have given that problem set
+out a couple of times over the
+
+years, and I can recall one very
+pale student who appeared
+
+at my door the next morning
+saying it's the first problem
+
+set, you've only talked an
+hour and I can't do it.
+
+And then there was another group
+of three who formed a
+
+consortium to attempt to solve
+the code using a computer.
+
+They didn't get very
+far either.
+
+This is an interesting sort of
+problem because it requires
+
+you to think in a slightly
+different direction than
+
+you're accustomed to thinking,
+and therefore it's a little
+
+bit amusing.
+
+This is not my creation, it
+came from a book by a man
+
+named Polya, the title of the
+book is Mathematics and
+
+Plausible Reasoning.
+
+And he gives this as an example
+of a problem that can
+
+be solved only if
+you think in a
+
+slightly different direction.
+
+I'll give you another example
+of a problem from his book.
+
+Suppose, not that the problem
+arises in this era when you do
+
+all of your graphics on a
+computer console, but suppose
+
+you had to, in solving a problem
+in short notice, draw
+
+a circle that had a diameter
+of 4 inches.
+
+And you went looking for your
+pair of compasses which you
+
+never use very often, and when
+you found them, they were
+
+rusted solid, and they
+were open to a
+
+distance of 5 inches.
+
+OK, so there's the problem.
+
+You have a pair of compasses
+that can only draw a circle
+
+that's 5 inches in diameter, you
+must draw a circle that's
+
+4 inches in diameter.
+
+What sort of construction, what
+sort of mapping out of
+
+arcs that you connected together
+could you do to
+
+create the circle of
+smaller diameter?
+
+Anybody have an idea?
+
+It seems impossible
+doesn't it?
+
+Well suppose you got yourself
+a little block of wood that
+
+had a height that was equal to
+the square root of 5 squared
+
+minus 4 squared.
+
+And so you have one end of the
+compass is up on top of the
+
+block of wood the other end of
+the compass traces out a
+
+circle that has a smaller
+diameter.
+
+It's fairly obvious.
+
+But what you have to do is to
+think of a problem that has
+
+poked your nose into
+two-dimensions and think of it
+
+in terms of a three-dimensional
+problem, and
+
+then the answer is easy.
+
+So that was the sort of thought
+provoking thing that
+
+Polya presented in one
+portion of this book.
+
+OK, if you enjoyed that problem,
+I have another one
+
+for you in a similar vein.
+
+And perhaps you'll enjoy
+this one as well.
+
+So while I'm talking, let me
+pass this around, I think
+
+there's enough for everyone.
+
+Last time I got so caught up
+with the displaying the heft
+
+of the International Tables for
+X-Ray Crystallography that
+
+I forgot to mention entirely
+that there is another text
+
+that we will use in the class.
+
+And this we will not need until
+halfway through the
+
+semester, and therefore I did
+not feel terribly remiss in
+
+not mentioning it.
+
+It's a book by somebody named
+Nye, and it's called the
+
+Physical Properties
+of Crystals.
+
+And this is published by Oxford
+University Press and
+
+the publication date of the
+original addition was in 1967.
+
+This is a book that is really,
+I don't think I'm being
+
+extravagant in calling
+it a classic.
+
+It is a beautifully
+written book.
+
+The first 2/3 of it deal
+systematically with tensor
+
+properties, the particular sort
+of mathematics that is
+
+used to set them up,
+transformation of axes, and
+
+then looks at specific physical
+properties and
+
+numbers that have to be
+described in terms of tensors.
+
+This is actually the third
+book in a sequence.
+
+It was a book by Wooster that
+covered things very similarly,
+
+but the notation that was used
+for the tensors was not the
+
+modern current notation.
+
+And then the subject started in
+the form of a third book,
+
+Woldemar Voigt.
+
+And the title of this book is
+Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik.
+
+And this was published
+back in 1910.
+
+This is the first time
+anybody had anything
+
+to say on the matter.
+
+It in fact is a big fat book
+that contains some topics that
+
+are not covered in
+Wooster and Nye.
+
+Nye's book is beautifully
+written.
+
+The first 2/3 of it concerns
+tensor formalism and the last
+
+1/3, which we will not touch
+at all, deals with
+
+thermodynamic relations between
+different properties
+
+that are represented
+by tensors.
+
+So I don't recommend you go out
+and buy this book until
+
+you determine whether or not you
+need it because I'll try
+
+to make the lectures
+self-contained and I'll have
+
+lots of notes and handouts.
+
+The problem with Nye's book, and
+any book that is intensely
+
+mathematical, is that you can't
+jump in on page 73 to
+
+find the answer to a
+specific question.
+
+Because when you go there, it
+will say as we showed back in
+
+Chapter 4, now what is
+he talking about?
+
+So you go back to Chapter 4, and
+Chapter 4 says, starting
+
+with our definition of Chapter
+2, and you have to go back and
+
+read Chapter 2.
+
+So it's awfully hard to pick
+something out to answer a
+
+specific question.
+
+You have to really go all
+the way through it.
+
+The good news is that
+Nye's book has been
+
+published in paperback.
+
+And it is available at the
+COOP and paperback means
+
+cheap, cheap, or relatively
+inexpensive.
+
+No books are really
+cheap these days.
+
+So we will cover material that's
+in there, we'll have a
+
+slightly different emphasis,
+but the notation and the
+
+general mathematics that's
+involved is in Nye's book.
+
+The second thing that I
+mentioned last time is that
+
+there is a very, very nice and
+thorough and geometric
+
+treatment of crystal symmetry.
+
+And I said that's
+the good news.
+
+The bad news is that it's out of
+print, so I promised, what
+
+a guy, that I give you
+a Xerox copy of the
+
+first half of the book.
+
+So here is the text that
+we'll use in the
+
+first part of the term.
+
+I included at the beginning, the
+table of contents, so you
+
+can see each other topics that
+are covered in the book.
+
+We will not go through all of
+the material that's covered.
+
+There are a lot of different
+symmetries to be derived, and
+
+it turns out that if you get the
+general idea and you can
+
+summarize the results, there's
+no need to derive every single
+
+one of them.
+
+It's nice to know that there's a
+place where you can find out
+
+how it is done if you really
+have a particular question.
+
+Did everybody get a copy or are
+there a few who did not?
+
+I made extras, OK, nobody
+in need of one, great.
+
+OK, let me now start with a
+general rhetorical question.
+
+Crystallography, as we mentioned
+last time, is the
+
+geometry of crystals.
+
+It's the geometry of patterns
+and the sorts of symmetries
+
+that are in those patterns.
+
+Now you might ask yourself,
+why should I as a material
+
+scientist or a physical
+scientist of some sort, worry
+
+about this stuff?
+
+I'm not training to be a
+wallpaper designer, I'm going
+
+to do physical things.
+
+I'm going to heat things and
+measure properties, and that
+
+sort of thing.
+
+Well there are at least three
+answers to that question.
+
+First of all, whether you like
+it or not, the arcane language
+
+of symmetry is the
+language that's
+
+used to describe crystals.
+
+It's the language that's used
+to describe structures.
+
+The normal thing that you do
+when you're trying to describe
+
+verbally a ball and pin model of
+the geometrical arrangement
+
+of atoms in a crystal is to say
+the red balls are at the
+
+corners of the cube, the green
+balls are in the middle of the
+
+edges, and the chartreuse balls
+are sort of tucked up
+
+inside one of the corners, but
+slightly closer to 1 face than
+
+to the other 2 faces.
+
+The point I'm trying to make is
+that is a language that has
+
+limited utility.
+
+It deals, it's capable of
+dealing only with the simplest
+
+sort of atomic configurations.
+
+So there is a general language
+based on symmetry theory,
+
+based on group theory, that is
+universally used to describe
+
+atomic arrangements.
+
+So instead of saying red balls
+at the corners of the cube and
+
+green balls in the middle of
+the faces, I can say space
+
+group 4 over m3 bar 2 over m,
+atom a in position for b, m3m,
+
+atom b in position for c, m3m.
+
+That's what rock salt it.
+
+And that is the way, not only
+it, but especially more
+
+complicated structural
+arrangements are described in
+
+the literature.
+
+So this is the language of
+describing such arrangements.
+
+And finally, sooner or later,
+I bet you that every one of
+
+you will be involved with some
+crystalline material, and the
+
+first question you will answer
+is what is its structure, what
+
+is the atomic arrangement.
+
+That's where properties start.
+
+And you'll go a book or a set
+of volumes that describe
+
+structural data.
+
+There's a big long compendium of
+books that fill about that
+
+much of a bookshelf which are
+called structure reports.
+
+They started a number of years
+ago to compile all of the
+
+structures that had been
+determined within a given
+
+calendar year.
+
+They did a pretty good job
+of staying caught up
+
+back in 1915 and 1920.
+
+And then as it became easier to
+obtain such results, partly
+
+due to the advent of rapid large
+computers, they fell
+
+further and further behind and
+I think now they are about 5
+
+or 10 miles--
+
+5 or 10 years, miles as well.
+
+But this is one of the places
+to go to look up, without
+
+going to the original
+literature, whether the
+
+material that you're interested
+in has had its
+
+atomic arrangement determined.
+
+When you go there you're going
+to find the atomic
+
+arrangement, not in terms of red
+balls at one position on
+
+the cell, but you're going to
+find it in terms of the
+
+language of symmetry theory.
+
+So one of the things I hope
+you'll be able to do by the
+
+time we finish this time
+together, is to be able to go
+
+to such literature and know
+exactly what to do and where
+
+to go to reconstruct
+the geometrical
+
+arrangement of the atoms.
+
+OK, so hopefully you're at least
+mildly convinced that
+
+this exercise is going
+to be worthwhile.
+
+Before we continue where we left
+off last time, I would
+
+like to say a little bit about
+the language in which these
+
+geometries are described.
+
+And we mentioned last time
+without thoroughly
+
+demonstrating why that in a
+3-dimensional space there are
+
+4 basically different
+kinds of operations.
+
+And one of these is something
+that all crystals must by
+
+definition display, and this
+is the operation of
+
+translation.
+
+Analytically it can be described
+as a mapping in
+
+which every coordinate in a
+space xyz is mapped to a
+
+location x plus some constant,
+y plus some constant, z plus
+
+some constant.
+
+And if you do the operation
+again, this would go to a
+
+location x plus 2a y
+plus 2b, z plus 2c.
+
+A feature of translation that
+is unique to this particular
+
+symmetry transformation is
+that it has no origin.
+
+If I have a pair of motifs
+that are related by
+
+translation, we could think of
+them as being related by a
+
+vector, magnitude and direction,
+that takes this
+
+motif and moves it
+to this location.
+
+We said that more generally we
+should view these operations,
+
+not just acting on one little
+domain and space, but acting
+
+on everything.
+
+So this implies that there be a
+infinite chain of motifs if
+
+the operation of translation
+is to be present.
+
+Because only that infinite,
+doubly infinite string is
+
+consistent with all of space
+being mapped into itself.
+
+Like any vector, there's
+no unique origin.
+
+You could say it extends from
+here to here, or from here to
+
+here, or any other choice of
+translation, provided the
+
+direction and the magnitude are
+the same in every choice.
+
+As a result, it's not really
+possible to specify the locus
+
+of this particular operation.
+
+It has magnitude and direction,
+
+but no unique origin.
+
+What we can do through a
+very neat device is to
+
+nevertheless, take some
+reference point and have each
+
+of these reference points
+separated by T, and have each
+
+motif lurking off in space in
+exactly the same location and
+
+distance from this point
+that we've constructed.
+
+And this array of abstractions,
+so these
+
+geometrical abstractions, these
+points, are what are
+
+called lattice points, and they
+are a very neat summary
+
+of the translational periodicity
+of the crystal.
+
+It is absolutely essential not
+to mix up these lattice points
+
+which are a construct that we
+have created, and the atoms
+
+themselves that are present
+in a crystal.
+
+The atoms are atoms and they're
+not necessarily the
+
+lattice points.
+
+Another way of saying that not
+all atoms of the same chemical
+
+species need be translation
+equivalent.
+
+We'll see some examples of this
+later on, so do not mix
+
+up the atoms and the
+lattice points.
+
+When I talk about the sodium
+chloride lattice, I mean an
+
+array of points in space that
+are located at the corners of
+
+a cube and in the middle of
+the faces of the cube.
+
+If I talk about the arrangement
+of sodium ions and
+
+chlorine ions, that is the
+sodium chloride structure and
+
+not the sodium chloride
+lattice.
+
+And then last time I apologized
+for usage so as not
+
+to appear hypocritical.
+
+Everybody talks about lattice
+vibration, lattice energy,
+
+lattice dynamics, and
+so on, but that's a
+
+misuse of the term.
+
+But nevertheless, it is much
+more musical than saying
+
+structure energy, structure
+vibration.
+
+So we'll go on misusing the
+term lattice I'm afraid.
+
+OK, let's look at another
+operation.
+
+Here we change the sense
+of no coordinate.
+
+Let's next look at an operation
+that might take xyz,
+
+and map it into minus xyz.
+
+This would be a situation where
+if I set up a coordinate
+
+system, here's x, here's
+y, here's z.
+
+What I've done is to take an
+object that sits off here, at
+
+a coordinate plus x, and I've
+changed the sign of x so that
+
+this object now sits off here.
+
+This is exactly what happens
+when I take something and
+
+reflect it in a mirror.
+
+And if that's not immediately
+obvious, it just so happens,
+
+not at all by accident,
+I brought
+
+along with me a mirror.
+
+OK, here is one hand, and if you
+look in the mirror, there
+
+is the other hand.
+
+It's the same distance behind
+the plane of the mirror, two
+
+coordinates have been
+left unchanged.
+
+The two coordinates within the
+plane of the mirror, if that
+
+is my choice of the reference
+system, and one of them has
+
+been reversed.
+
+Now I'll take the second motif
+out of the geometric
+
+construct, and I'd like to point
+out one very curious
+
+feature of the pair of motifs
+that's generated by this
+
+transformation.
+
+They're both the same
+thing, clearly.
+
+But no matter how I try, I
+cannot move one so that it
+
+coincides with the other.
+
+And we intuitively appreciate
+this difference by saying we
+
+actually use our hands
+by analogy.
+
+We say one is left-handed and
+one is right-handed, and they
+
+are not congruent.
+
+The fancy name that's used to
+describe this relation is to
+
+say that they are
+enantiomorph.
+
+Another term that's used,
+particularly in chemistry, is
+
+to say that they are chiral.
+
+Which one is the left-handed
+one, which is a
+
+right-handed one?
+
+This is what I call my left
+hand, this is what I call my
+
+right hand.
+
+But can we distinguish them
+physically, any other way?
+
+No, these are terms that have
+come in to regular use in both
+
+our everyday language and also
+in science because we use our
+
+hands instinctively as readily
+available examples of
+
+enantiomorphs, readily at hand,
+I might say to almost
+
+make a pun.
+
+One of the really brilliant
+figures in physics was a man
+
+named Richard Feynman.
+
+Recently deceased, Feynman gave
+a very famous series of
+
+lectures on science at
+Cornell University.
+
+And he has one entire vector
+that was devoted to the
+
+difference between
+right and left.
+
+And he comes up with a funny
+story, he pretends that the
+
+hero of the story is someone
+who's trying to communicate
+
+with beings in outer space and
+suddenly he gets lucky and he
+
+gets a response to
+his message.
+
+And they work out a way to
+communicate and eventually
+
+they try to describe each other
+to the other individual.
+
+Well what they look like?
+
+Well we're bipedal, and we have
+two organs related by
+
+reflection that let us sense
+light and form images.
+
+And we have an aperture through
+which we ingest things
+
+that can be metabolized.
+
+And our circulation and body
+works because we have a pump
+
+on the left hand side
+that circulates
+
+fluids through our--
+
+wait, I don't understand,
+what's left?
+
+So then there follows along this
+course on how to define
+
+left in an absolute sense.
+
+How do you describe to someone
+what makes your left hand
+
+left, and your right hand
+right without being
+
+anthropomorphic about it.
+
+So it goes on and on and on
+and he gets into physical
+
+phenomena which are
+objective and
+
+independent of a human being.
+
+And finally he comes to the
+anisotropic emission beta
+
+particles in radioactive
+decay.
+
+And that depends on direction
+relative to the magnetic
+
+moment and that defines
+an absolute sense
+
+of right and left.
+
+So that's something physical,
+it doesn't depend on the
+
+nature of the human being.
+
+And then Feynman wraps up his
+story by saying, if finally
+
+our extraterrestrial being
+travels to space, gets out of
+
+his spaceship and he walks
+forward to greet you and you
+
+put out your right hand, and he
+puts out his left hand, get
+
+out of their fast because it
+means he is made out of
+
+anti-matter.
+
+And nuclei of matter in this
+anisotropic emission of data
+
+rays shoot out the beta
+particle in one sense,
+
+anti-matter shoots out
+the beta particle
+
+in the chiral sense.
+
+So it's a cute little story that
+emphasizes the problem in
+
+defining absolutely
+left from right.
+
+But they're of opposite
+handedness that we can say.
+
+Mirrors are interesting things
+and I brought along a couple
+
+of mirrors and they have very,
+very peculiar characteristics.
+
+And I would invite you to come
+up and look at these in
+
+private because if I hold them
+up in front of you, you're not
+
+going to be able to see what I'm
+doing at all, although I
+
+kid myself that you can, and
+I walk around and show
+
+you what I'm doing.
+
+Here is something scientific,
+it's a chemical compound
+
+carbon dioxide, and--
+
+OK, and if I hand this down you
+can see carbon dioxide in
+
+the mirror.
+
+Can you see that?
+
+Uh oh, it's not reflecting--
+
+sorry, I didn't turn it on.
+
+Now I think we can get it.
+
+And is it working now?
+
+OK, now it's working.
+
+You can see why this is a very
+special kind of mirror because
+
+it reflects only red letters
+and it leaves the black
+
+letters unchanged.
+
+You're going to have to come
+up, I see some of you
+
+straining your necks, you'll
+have to come up and look at
+
+that in person.
+
+But the black letters are
+completely unchanged, the red
+
+letters are reflected
+into letters
+
+of an opposite chirality.
+
+It's a very special
+kind of mirror.
+
+I've got another kind of
+mirror that works in a
+
+different way.
+
+Where Is my other
+piece of paper?
+
+OK.
+
+This is an interesting mirror
+because it reflects only male
+
+names are not female names.
+
+This was a very topical sort of
+mirror a few years ago when
+
+there was a lawsuit.
+
+There was a college down South
+called the Citadel which would
+
+only admit male applicants and
+not female applicants.
+
+So I claim that this was a
+mirror that I got from the
+
+Citadel because it doesn't
+change the male names, but
+
+does change, does reject or
+reflect, female names.
+
+So you can play with this
+during our break.
+
+But if I look at myself
+in a mirror, I
+
+take a look at myself.
+
+If I wink my left eye, the
+in there winks his
+
+right eye back at me.
+
+So I'm not really seeing myself,
+what I'm seeing is my
+
+enantiomorph.
+
+Doesn't that shake you up?
+
+You have never ever seen
+yourself in exactly the same
+
+way as other people see you.
+
+You are only familiar with
+your enantiomorph.
+
+Does that make a difference?
+
+Well I'll bring in something
+that I put together and I
+
+couldn't put my hands on.
+
+We are very, very sensitive to
+the symmetry in our faces.
+
+And if they are reflected left
+to right, you surely are going
+
+to look different to
+the other person.
+
+And the way to see that is to
+take a photograph of somebody
+
+and cut it down the middle,
+and put the two different
+
+sides reflected left to right.
+
+And the expression on the
+person's face, and the general
+
+spirit that that image conveys
+is entirely different if you
+
+use the one half of the face
+reflected left to right, and
+
+the other half reflected
+left to right.
+
+So think of this, when you look
+in the mirror, you see
+
+your enantiomorph and other
+people see you differently.
+
+Let me ask you to scratch
+your head now.
+
+Is there any time when, in point
+of fact, you may have
+
+seen yourself without being
+reflected into the
+
+enantiomorph?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Picture?
+
+PROFESSOR: Absolutely.
+
+A Photograph or a TV monitor.
+
+When you look at a picture on
+television, you can read all
+
+the signs, and they didn't
+make up special signs in
+
+reflection so that they'd
+look right when they
+
+photographed you.
+
+So photography or a
+video camera does
+
+not change the chirality.
+
+But I've got another way in
+which I can see myself in the
+
+exact same chirality.
+
+And this I can't really
+convince you of,
+
+you'll have to try it.
+
+If I put two mirrors together at
+90 degrees, and then adjust
+
+them so that I am looking
+right the point of
+
+intersection so that my two
+images coincide, then I see
+
+myself in the normal way.
+
+If I now blink my left eye,
+this guy blinks his
+
+left eye at me too.
+
+This is really astounding, two
+mirrors at 90 degrees, if you
+
+look at yourself right at their
+point of intersection,
+
+give you a non-chiral
+image of yourself.
+
+So I invite you to come up and
+try that, that's truly
+
+astounding.
+
+So why should somebody in
+material science or chemistry
+
+care about chirality?
+
+Does it really make
+any difference?
+
+Let me give you a little
+experiment that you can try.
+
+Suppose you have a little cell
+on a couple pieces of
+
+Polaroid, and the cell has a
+glass front and a glass back
+
+and you fill it with
+sugar solution.
+
+And then you pass a beam of
+polarized light through the
+
+sugar solution, and what happens
+is that the sugar
+
+solution rotates the direction
+of polarization in proportion
+
+to the thickness of solution
+at the light is passed
+
+through, in proportion to the
+concentration of sugar.
+
+The point of polarization
+gets rotated.
+
+Now that's pretty curious,
+so you scratch
+
+your head about that.
+
+Why does that happen?
+
+Well, maybe I'd better go
+back and try it again.
+
+And a day or two later, you
+go back and you repeat the
+
+experiment.
+
+And once again, the point of
+polarization rotates, but it
+
+rotates in the opposite
+direction.
+
+The reason for this is that
+if I was not careful in
+
+cleanliness and there were some
+little bugs lurking in
+
+the corners of that cell and
+when they sense the sugar
+
+solution, they said wow, free
+lunch, and they crawled out
+
+And gobbled it up.
+
+It turns out, those guys can
+gobble up just the sugar of
+
+one chirality.
+
+Sugar is a chiral molecule.
+
+And in fact there is a product
+that's called invert sugar and
+
+this is sugar that is all
+of one handedness.
+
+But everything in the world
+around us, everything from
+
+sugar beats to sugar cane to
+other things that make
+
+sucrose, manufacture sugar of
+one chirality, not mixed.
+
+All chiral molecules that are
+produced by living organisms
+
+are all of the same
+kind chirality.
+
+If we make them synthetically,
+there's no reason to favor
+
+synthesis of one molecule or
+the opposite handedness, so
+
+synthesized molecules are of
+equal proportion in the
+
+left-handed chirality and the
+right-hand chirality.
+
+This means that in the case of
+pharmaceuticals at the very
+
+best, you are going to use only
+half of the product that
+
+you've made.
+
+There is a pharmaceutical
+product that is prescribed for
+
+attention deficit disorder, this
+is called Ritalin, and
+
+only one chirality of the
+Ritalin molecule does
+
+anything for you.
+
+The other part is
+just metabolized
+
+and doesn't do anything.
+
+But there are other much
+more sinister cases.
+
+There was a serious problem
+about 20 years ago, primarily
+
+in Europe, where a particular
+pharmaceutical thalidomide was
+
+prescribed for pregnant women,
+it was to act as a sedative.
+
+Only one chirality of the
+molecule did this, the other
+
+chirality tragically caused
+birth defects.
+
+So you have to be very careful
+about the chirality of the
+
+pharmaceutical molecule
+that you synthesize.
+
+Another example, there is--
+
+I don't remember
+the name of it.
+
+This is something that
+is taken to--
+
+this is something called
+Ethambutal which is used to
+
+treat tuberculosis.
+
+Only the molecule of one
+handedness does this, the
+
+other one causes blindness.
+
+That's really a sinister
+and antiomorph.
+
+Then there's some even
+crazier examples.
+
+Ibuprofen is a chiral molecule,
+and this in a most
+
+remarkable situation is a
+molecule which you're body
+
+converts to the molecule of
+the chirality that has the
+
+intended purpose.
+
+So here your body is clever
+enough to change ibuprofen
+
+into the molecule which is the
+one that you need for its
+
+pharmaceutical effect.
+
+OK, so mirrors are interesting
+things.
+
+I would invite you to come up
+and play with the special
+
+mirrors that do strange things
+and see yourself
+
+as others see you.
+
+And now I would like to continue
+on in this discussion
+
+to mention the ways in which
+we can represent a mirror
+
+plane in a graphic language.
+
+This is what a mirror plane
+does, it changes the sense of
+
+one coordinate.
+
+If there is a locus across which
+that transformation is
+
+performed, we would like first
+of all, an analytic symbol.
+
+Some way of indicating the
+presence of that particular
+
+operation in the pattern, and
+a mirror is very descriptive
+
+so the symbol m is used to
+represent the presence of a
+
+mirror plane in a particular
+symbol.
+
+We might want to indicate
+a specific operation.
+
+There are only two operations in
+the case of a mirror plane
+
+reflecting left to right and
+reflecting right to left.
+
+But there are other operations
+such as rotation.
+
+If we have a 16-fold rotation
+axis, there is one operation
+
+that consists of rotating 1/16
+of 2 pi, another operation
+
+that will also leave the space
+invariant that's rotating 2/16
+
+of 2 pi, and so on.
+
+So an individual operation
+is something that we
+
+will want to designate.
+
+And for a mirror plane,
+something that is used
+
+commonly in physics is to use
+an operation sigma for a
+
+particular reflection.
+
+This is not done in Buerger.
+
+If you get into reading it,
+he uses m for both.
+
+And then finally, it's going to
+be convenient when we have
+
+a pattern before us to use a
+geometric symbol to indicate
+
+in the pattern the locus of
+this particular operation.
+
+And what we use in the case of a
+mirror plane is a bold line.
+
+And that if this were the
+pattern and we wanted to
+
+indicate where the mirror plane
+was, or the mirror line
+
+in 2-dimensions that relates
+those two motifs,
+
+we draw it in thusly.
+
+We began last time to examine
+the properties of rotation,
+
+but that's another sort of
+symmetry and that is a
+
+rotation which takes place
+about a rotation axis.
+
+The symbol that is used to
+represent the collection of
+
+operations, the analytic symbol,
+is based on the fact
+
+that the angular rotation,
+alpha, has to be equal to some
+
+sub-multiple of 2 pi.
+
+2 pi over n, where n
+is some integer.
+
+And the reason for that I think
+is quite clear, if I
+
+take a particular motif and
+rotate through an angle alpha,
+
+if I am not rotating by some
+sub-multiple of 2 pi, I'll
+
+just go round and round and
+round and I will never get a
+
+finite set of objects that is
+separated from its neighbor by
+
+the same angular
+interval alpha.
+
+This will only happen if
+alpha is an integral
+
+sub-multiple of 2 pi.
+
+And the symbol that is used
+for the collection of
+
+operations that is usually
+embodied in a rotation axis is
+
+n, the same n that is
+in the denominator.
+
+The symbol for individual
+rotation, so we mentioned last
+
+time we have to specify the
+location of the point about
+
+which we rotate, and we have
+to indicate the angle alpha
+
+through which we've rotated.
+
+So A alpha will be an individual
+operation, and the
+
+geometric symbol will be an
+n-Gon which has the symmetry
+
+of the rotation axis.
+
+So for a sixfold axis we
+would use a hexagon.
+
+For a fivefold axis we will
+use a pentagon, for a
+
+fourfold, a square, for a
+threefold, a triangle.
+
+Now an n-Gon with 180 degree
+rotation is a line segment.
+
+And that would be easily
+overlooked and it's not very
+
+aesthetic, so here we indulge
+in a little bit of artistic
+
+license and fatten out the
+middle of the line segment to
+
+get an oval with pointed ends.
+
+And that's the symbol
+for a twofold axis.
+
+What about a one-fold axis?
+
+One-fold axes exist anywhere,
+so you can sprinkle them
+
+around with reckless abandon.
+
+A one-fold axis has no symmetry
+at all, but that is a
+
+very nice symbol to use for
+no symmetry at all.
+
+So symmetry 1 is the absence
+of symmetry.
+
+So it does come up occasionally
+in notation.
+
+Now if you look at what we've
+done so far, we have a
+
+transformation that changes the
+sense of no coordinate.
+
+We have a transformation that
+changes the sense of two
+
+coordinates, one coordinate, no
+coordinate, one coordinate.
+
+Rotation is interchanging the
+sense of two coordinates in a
+
+plane, and in a 2-dimensional
+pattern, that's all there is.
+
+But for a 3-dimensional space,
+we have the option of changing
+
+the sense of no coordinate, the
+sense 1, the sense of 2,
+
+or change the sense of
+all 3 coordinates.
+
+So if this is x and this is y
+and this is z, and up here in
+
+space lurks my initial motif,
+if I change the sense of x,
+
+the sense of y, and the sense of
+z, namely take xyz and map
+
+it to minus x, minus y, minus z,
+what I'm going to do is to
+
+essentially turn the
+object inside out.
+
+And if my initial one was
+right-handed, I will produce a
+
+chiral object, a left-handed
+object.
+
+This is an operation which
+is called inversion.
+
+In this operation of turning the
+object inside out if you
+
+will, is inverting it
+to a new location.
+
+And this analytically is the
+exchange in coordinates
+
+provided the point of inversion
+is at the center.
+
+The analytic symbol for
+inversion is 1 with a bar over
+
+the top, pronounced 1 bar.
+
+And I'll have to leave to later
+indication of exactly
+
+where that notation
+comes from.
+
+The individual operation is
+also called 1 bar, and the
+
+geometric symbol that is used to
+indicate the location of an
+
+inversion center is a tiny
+little open circle large
+
+enough so that you don't miss
+it, but not so large that it
+
+might be confused with an atom
+in a drawing of an atomic
+
+arrangement.
+
+So in this case, we would adorn
+our sketch was a little
+
+circle at the origin if that
+was the point through which
+
+the space was being inverted.
+
+So that, ladies and gentlemen,
+is our basic bag of tricks in
+
+3-dimensions.
+
+Let me point out that inversion
+can exist in
+
+3-dimensions only because I have
+to have 3 coordinates to
+
+play with or else I cannot
+define the operation.
+
+Suppose I have a mapping
+operation xyz that goes to
+
+minus x, minus y, minus z, and
+I get rid of z to make it
+
+2-dimensional.
+
+Then my transformation is xy
+going to minus x, minus y and
+
+that's exactly what a
+twofold axis does.
+
+So inversion, when you throw
+out the third coordinate,
+
+looks like a 180 degree
+rotation.
+
+So you need 3 dimensions
+in order to define that
+
+transformation.
+
+If we really wanted to go crazy,
+we could go on to say
+
+what happens in 4-dimensions?
+
+There should in principle be
+five different operations and
+
+yes, mathematically you
+can define them.
+
+They're very difficult to draw
+because we have to have some
+
+sort of operation that take
+something and pulls it out of
+
+our 3-dimensional world.
+
+We have no idea where it went
+and then all of sudden, [POP],
+
+it pops back into our space.
+
+But mathematically there are
+cases when you need a fourth
+
+variable to describe the
+symmetry of an arrangement.
+
+And this generally occurs in
+something called a modulated
+
+structure where there's a
+periodic change in some
+
+variable other than the
+atomic positions.
+
+And let me give you two quick
+examples without going into it
+
+exhaustively.
+
+One characteristic of an atom
+besides its location and its
+
+atomic mass and things like
+that, is perhaps a magnetic
+
+atom that has a magnetic
+moment attached to it.
+
+There are magnetically
+ordered structures.
+
+One of them looks exactly
+like rock salt.
+
+And I'll draw just the magnetic
+cations which sit in
+
+locations like this.
+
+And the magnetic moment here
+is up, the magnetic moment
+
+here is up, the magnetic moment
+here is down, the
+
+magnetic moment here is down.
+
+So what I've drawn here is no
+longer the lattice and in
+
+fact, the lattice constant of
+this material looks like a
+
+rock salt as far as the atomic
+positions are concerned, but
+
+the magnetic moments have to
+be continued on in another
+
+direction and some
+extra distance.
+
+Actually some examples of this
+sort of behavior is FeO,
+
+cobalt oxide, nickel oxide.
+
+All of these cations are
+magnetic, they have magnetic
+
+moments which are ordered and
+the unit cell turns out to be
+
+when you take magnetic moment
+into account, a larger cell, a
+
+super cell.
+
+There's a more interesting type
+of magnetic structure
+
+though in which the magnetic
+moment is inclined relative to
+
+some translation in
+the structure.
+
+And the magnetic moments all
+lie on the generators of
+
+cones, but as you walk along
+the chain of atoms, the
+
+orientation of the moment
+rotates to different
+
+orientations.
+
+There is a family of materials
+that are said to have cubicle
+
+spin structures in which the
+periodicity of the march of
+
+the magnetic moment around the
+surface of the cone occurs
+
+with a period that is in
+commensurate with the spacing
+
+of the chain of atoms.
+
+So strictly speaking, this
+material does not have a
+
+lattice in this direction, so
+it's not a crystal unless you
+
+use a fourth variable to
+describe the periodicity of
+
+the orientation of the moment.
+
+And one final one at the risk
+of carrying this too far,
+
+here's a pattern that is based
+on a square lattice.
+
+It has a fourfold axis in it
+unless I make the pattern out
+
+of squares that are black and
+white, make a checkerboard.
+
+This is now no longer a fourfold
+axis because I can't
+
+rotate 90 degrees and leave
+the pattern invariant.
+
+So this is an example of
+something called a black-white
+
+symmetry, or a color symmetry.
+
+And it requires more than just
+4 operations to describe the
+
+relation between one
+motif and another.
+
+We need a fourth operation,
+switching of a color from
+
+black to white, or switching it
+from white to black, that's
+
+a forth operation.
+
+Again, within the confines
+of a pattern that
+
+exists in our space.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Does that actually
+have-- so you're saying it
+
+doesn't add value to
+the [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: I did say no
+rotational symmetry if it has
+
+a fourfold axis here but this
+used to be a fourfold axis,
+
+and that now changes into
+a twofold axis.
+
+And then I have the problem of
+describing how this square is
+
+a square exactly like this
+square except for its color.
+
+So I need then an operation
+which rotates 90 degrees and
+
+switches from white to black.
+
+And then rotates 90 degrees
+again and switches
+
+from black to white.
+
+So there's a fifth operation,
+a color change that is
+
+necessary in a 3-dimensional
+space or a forth operation, a
+
+color change in a 2-dimensional
+
+checkerboard for example.
+
+So there are lots of nuances
+to symmetry theory, it's
+
+mathematics and the nice thing
+about mathematics is it's your
+
+ballgame, you could make up the
+rules and as long as you
+
+play according to those rules
+consistently, then you've got
+
+something that people
+can't quarrel with.
+
+OK, I think my internal clock
+has just told me that it's
+
+five minutes of the hour and
+it's time to take our break.
+
+Come up by all means and play
+with the mirrors if you'd like
+
+and we'll resume the
+lecture part of our
+
+discussion in 10 minutes.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ePKxMVfPmws.txt b/ePKxMVfPmws.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..432c39ef7ba30a44871e3aba4c4d8799da3a5ddc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ePKxMVfPmws.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1907 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's use the results of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's use the results of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's use the results of our
+probabilistic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic model
+of transmission to see how we can modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transmission to see how we can modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transmission to see how we can modify
+our safety guideline to take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our safety guideline to take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our safety guideline to take into
+account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+different risk scenarios so our general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different risk scenarios so our general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different risk scenarios so our general
+result is that the expected number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is that the expected number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is that the expected number of
+transmissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmissions
+uh in the in the room at a given time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the in the room at a given time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the in the room at a given time is
+given by the expected number of infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the expected number of infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the expected number of infected
+times susceptible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times susceptible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times susceptible
+times the mean transmission rate which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the mean transmission rate which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the mean transmission rate which
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+the average beta times the time and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average beta times the time and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average beta times the time and we
+want this less to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this less to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this less to be
+than some tolerance and also given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than some tolerance and also given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than some tolerance and also given the
+various approximations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various approximations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various approximations
+we've made uh where for example we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've made uh where for example we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've made uh where for example we have
+not let the number of susceptibles uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not let the number of susceptibles uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not let the number of susceptibles uh
+change people can be infected more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change people can be infected more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change people can be infected more than
+once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once
+uh and we've neglected uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we've neglected uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we've neglected uh you know
+various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+aspects of the model in that way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the model in that way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the model in that way this
+should typically be assumed less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should typically be assumed less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should typically be assumed less than
+once so we're always kind of thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so we're always kind of thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so we're always kind of thinking of
+transmission of being a rare event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission of being a rare event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission of being a rare event
+if we have lots of infected people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have lots of infected people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have lots of infected people in
+the room lots of transmission going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room lots of transmission going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room lots of transmission going on
+you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that
+that's a more complicated situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a more complicated situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a more complicated situation
+which requires more sophisticated models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which requires more sophisticated models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which requires more sophisticated models
+but for purpose of guidelines this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for purpose of guidelines this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for purpose of guidelines this is
+the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit
+that we want to think about but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to think about but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to think about but the
+different scenarios correspond to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios correspond to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios correspond to our
+different assumptions about i and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different assumptions about i and s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different assumptions about i and s
+so first i'll just remind you of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first i'll just remind you of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first i'll just remind you of what
+we've been doing until now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing until now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing until now
+which is to limit spreading of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to limit spreading of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to limit spreading of the
+epidemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemic
+as a whole you know thinking what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole you know thinking what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole you know thinking what if
+every indoor space were to impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every indoor space were to impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every indoor space were to impose
+the guideline we're really thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guideline we're really thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guideline we're really thinking of
+the case where i is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where i is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where i is 1
+and s is n minus 1 and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s is n minus 1 and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s is n minus 1 and then this
+trans expected number of transmissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans expected number of transmissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans expected number of transmissions
+is just the indoor reproductive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the indoor reproductive number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the indoor reproductive number
+which is of course just n minus 1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is of course just n minus 1 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is of course just n minus 1 times
+beta tau is less than epsilon so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta tau is less than epsilon so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta tau is less than epsilon so that's
+the guideline that we've already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guideline that we've already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guideline that we've already been
+talking about because the i and the s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about because the i and the s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about because the i and the s
+here are now actually no longer random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are now actually no longer random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are now actually no longer random
+we're just saying let's just consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just saying let's just consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just saying let's just consider
+that situation and if everybody does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that situation and if everybody does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that situation and if everybody does
+that then we are limiting the spread of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then we are limiting the spread of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then we are limiting the spread of
+the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease
+overhaul and should be hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhaul and should be hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhaul and should be hopefully
+fighting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting it
+what we'd like to talk about here is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to talk about here is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to talk about here is how
+to start with this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with this kind
+of a restriction which gives us certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a restriction which gives us certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a restriction which gives us certain
+bounds on occupancy ventilation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on occupancy ventilation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on occupancy ventilation and
+other factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors
+and think about well how would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about well how would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about well how would we
+actually remove that restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually remove that restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually remove that restriction
+as the prevalence infection goes down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the prevalence infection goes down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the prevalence infection goes down so
+that's a bit of a different question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bit of a different question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bit of a different question
+which is to limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transmission or maybe another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission or maybe another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission or maybe another way of
+saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that
+more precisely is new cases that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precisely is new cases that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precisely is new cases that are
+going to arise in this indoor space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to arise in this indoor space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to arise in this indoor space
+so now we're not just saying if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're not just saying if an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're not just saying if an
+affected person enters we don't want any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected person enters we don't want any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected person enters we don't want any
+new cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new cases
+what if we just don't want new cases at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we just don't want new cases at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we just don't want new cases at
+all okay including taking into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay including taking into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay including taking into account
+the low probability that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low probability that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low probability that somebody
+actually does enter this room who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does enter this room who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does enter this room who is
+infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected
+so now i'll just remind you the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'll just remind you the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'll just remind you the results
+from the last board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the last board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the last board
+for that situation with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that situation with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that situation with all the
+assumptions of the previous model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions of the previous model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions of the previous model
+so the expected number of i is now p i n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expected number of i is now p i n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expected number of i is now p i n
+the expected number of susceptibles is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected number of susceptibles is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected number of susceptibles is n
+minus the expected number which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the expected number which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the expected number which is
+q i n and importantly then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q i n and importantly then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q i n and importantly then
+the expected value of i times s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of i times s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of i times s
+is p i q i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p i q i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p i q i
+times n times n minus 1 which is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n times n minus 1 which is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n times n minus 1 which is our
+result from the end of the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result from the end of the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result from the end of the board
+and so now when we write that we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now when we write that we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now when we write that we'd like
+the expected number to be much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected number to be much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected number to be much less
+than epsilon the expected total number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than epsilon the expected total number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than epsilon the expected total number
+of transmissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transmissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transmissions
+now notice instead of just an n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice instead of just an n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice instead of just an n minus 1
+like we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we had before
+we have these additional factors p q n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these additional factors p q n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these additional factors p q n
+and so we effectively divide by that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we effectively divide by that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we effectively divide by that so
+in this case we can write our safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we can write our safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we can write our safety
+guideline taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline taking
+into account the prevalence as epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account the prevalence as epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account the prevalence as epsilon
+divided by p i q i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+and so this allows us as p i goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this allows us as p i goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this allows us as p i goes to
+zero and q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and q
+i goes to one so in other words as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i goes to one so in other words as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i goes to one so in other words as the
+infection becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection becomes
+less prevalent then we can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less prevalent then we can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less prevalent then we can start
+modifying our guideline to increase this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying our guideline to increase this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying our guideline to increase this
+bound and for example allow more people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and for example allow more people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and for example allow more people
+to enter the run or to increase their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter the run or to increase their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter the run or to increase their
+time in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the room
+or to maybe turn down the ventilation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to maybe turn down the ventilation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to maybe turn down the ventilation a
+little bit and we can make changes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and we can make changes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and we can make changes like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+it's typically considered to be a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's typically considered to be a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's typically considered to be a high
+prevalence infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalence infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalence infection
+when we're getting uh let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're getting uh let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're getting uh let's say
+uh or in the range of maybe a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or in the range of maybe a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or in the range of maybe a hundred
+uh to one thousand infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+per hundred thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per hundred thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per hundred thousand
+people in the population so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the population so that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the population so that would
+be 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0.1
+uh to 1.0 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to 1.0 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to 1.0 percent
+this is really considered usually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really considered usually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really considered usually quite
+high prevalence actually so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high prevalence actually so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high prevalence actually so there's
+quite a few infected people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few infected people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few infected people
+around but in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but in that case
+if let's just say we had a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if let's just say we had a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if let's just say we had a situation
+with like 10 people in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like 10 people in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like 10 people in the room
+uh just to give an example then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just to give an example then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just to give an example then what
+would this tell us in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this tell us in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this tell us in terms of
+increasing our time in the room or our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing our time in the room or our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing our time in the room or our
+occupancy well occupancy is here fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupancy well occupancy is here fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupancy well occupancy is here fixed
+but let's say time in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say time in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say time in the room
+or ventilation or other factors we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ventilation or other factors we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ventilation or other factors we can
+basically increase our n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically increase our n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically increase our n
+minus 1 tower cumulative exposure time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 tower cumulative exposure time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 tower cumulative exposure time
+which is basically this indoor reprieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically this indoor reprieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically this indoor reprieve
+number that we're bounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that we're bounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that we're bounding
+this bound will increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bound will increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bound will increase
+or increases by 10 to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or increases by 10 to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or increases by 10 to 100
+times right because it's basically yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times right because it's basically yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times right because it's basically yeah
+this is an extra extra factor there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an extra extra factor there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an extra extra factor there so
+so that means that if you know the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that if you know the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that if you know the thing
+was telling us that we could be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was telling us that we could be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was telling us that we could be in the
+room for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room for
+for five hours maybe now it'll be 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for five hours maybe now it'll be 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for five hours maybe now it'll be 50
+hours or even 500 hours actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours or even 500 hours actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours or even 500 hours actually
+depending on how low the prevalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how low the prevalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how low the prevalence
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+gets and of course as the prevalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets and of course as the prevalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets and of course as the prevalence
+goes down further and the epidemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down further and the epidemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down further and the epidemic
+disappears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears
+we start to completely relax our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start to completely relax our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start to completely relax our
+assumptions and we'll talk we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and we'll talk we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and we'll talk we'll talk
+about that shortly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that shortly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that shortly
+there's a third risk scenario that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a third risk scenario that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a third risk scenario that is
+also of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also of interest
+which is to limit my personal risk for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to limit my personal risk for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to limit my personal risk for a
+given individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this case we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case we have
+a situation where i only care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where i only care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where i only care about
+myself one particular person in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself one particular person in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself one particular person in the room
+so the number of susceptibles is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of susceptibles is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of susceptibles is now
+fixed at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed at one
+and the number of infected people is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of infected people is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of infected people is
+potentially anyone else in the room so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially anyone else in the room so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially anyone else in the room so
+i'm worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm worried about
+attending event or being in an office or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending event or being in an office or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending event or being in an office or
+some situation where there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some situation where there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some situation where there's a certain
+number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people
+and the number infected that i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number infected that i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number infected that i would
+expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect
+would be expected number infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be expected number infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be expected number infected
+would be well be exactly equal to p i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be well be exactly equal to p i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be well be exactly equal to p i
+times n minus 1. so basically any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n minus 1. so basically any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n minus 1. so basically any other
+person that myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that myself
+could be infected and so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be infected and so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be infected and so that's the
+expected number and of course if s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number and of course if s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number and of course if s is
+fixed at 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed at 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed at 1
+then this expected value of i is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this expected value of i is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this expected value of i is also
+the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value
+of i s okay so my transmission rate now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i s okay so my transmission rate now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i s okay so my transmission rate now
+has this factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this factor
+and notice in this case we get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice in this case we get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice in this case we get the same
+n minus 1 as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1 as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1 as before
+but there's this new factor of pi here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's this new factor of pi here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's this new factor of pi here
+so that then tells me i could express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that then tells me i could express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that then tells me i could express
+the bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound
+as the indoor reproductive number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the indoor reproductive number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the indoor reproductive number is
+less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than epsilon
+divided by pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by pi
+so basically we have this kind of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we have this kind of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we have this kind of these
+factors that come in when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that come in when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that come in when we talk about
+prevalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalence
+that take our previous bound that brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take our previous bound that brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take our previous bound that brings
+in all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of the
+physical quantities related to the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical quantities related to the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical quantities related to the room
+it's ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ventilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ventilation
+filtration viral deactivation time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration viral deactivation time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration viral deactivation time in
+the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room
+occupancy and we take those bounds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupancy and we take those bounds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupancy and we take those bounds and
+we can essentially rescale them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can essentially rescale them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can essentially rescale them with
+these values depending on how we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values depending on how we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values depending on how we are
+using the guideline now this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the guideline now this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the guideline now this is a very
+simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model
+but at least gives us a sense of how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least gives us a sense of how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least gives us a sense of how to
+make those decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those decisions
+so for example uh let's consider a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example uh let's consider a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example uh let's consider a case
+like we did here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did here
+where if the prevalence is in the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if the prevalence is in the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if the prevalence is in the range
+of uh you know 0.1 to 1.0 percent which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh you know 0.1 to 1.0 percent which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh you know 0.1 to 1.0 percent which
+is actually a fairly high prevalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a fairly high prevalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a fairly high prevalence
+then we could increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could increase
+the bound on n minus 1 tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound on n minus 1 tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound on n minus 1 tau
+our cumulative exposure time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by 100 to a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 100 to a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 100 to a thousand
+times as a factor uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as a factor uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as a factor uh so
+you know if the guideline is telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if the guideline is telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if the guideline is telling us
+that you know you have five hours in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you have five hours in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you have five hours in
+this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room
+it might actually be more like 500 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might actually be more like 500 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might actually be more like 500 or
+even 5000 for one particular susceptible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even 5000 for one particular susceptible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even 5000 for one particular susceptible
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+given the prevalence in the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the prevalence in the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the prevalence in the population
+so basically just want you to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically just want you to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically just want you to keep in
+mind that when applying the guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that when applying the guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that when applying the guideline
+the basic ideas don't change we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic ideas don't change we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic ideas don't change we start
+with a bound on this reproductive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bound on this reproductive number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bound on this reproductive number
+that brings in all of the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings in all of the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings in all of the physical
+quantities and disease quantities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and disease quantities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and disease quantities that
+we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about
+but we also may modify that bound a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also may modify that bound a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also may modify that bound a bit
+depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending
+on our risk scenario
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eUPpqZFSqdw.txt b/eUPpqZFSqdw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20ede6ee477f7d6c1790d0890b0d3dea4bc1d248
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eUPpqZFSqdw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+Hi, in this problem, we're going
+to look at competing
+
+exponential.
+
+So we have three exponential
+random variables, X with
+
+parameter lambda, Y with
+parameters mu, and Z with
+
+parameter nu.
+
+And we want to calculate
+some probability.
+
+And the probability that we
+want to calculate is the
+
+probability that X is less
+than Y is less than Z.
+
+Now we can reinterpret this as
+3 plus Poisson processes.
+
+Because the link between
+exponentials and Poisson
+
+processes is that the
+inter-arrival time of Poisson
+
+processes are exponentially
+distributed.
+
+So you can think of X being
+the time until the first
+
+arrival in a Poisson process
+with parameter lambda.
+
+And same thing for Y is the
+first arrival time of a
+
+Poisson process with
+parameter mu.
+
+The same thing for Z and nu.
+
+And so in that interpretation, X
+less than Y less than Z, you
+
+could interpret as a race,
+meaning that X finishes first
+
+followed by Y and then
+Z comes in last.
+
+So with that interpretation,
+let's see if we can calculate
+
+what this probability is.
+
+We can rewrite this probability
+as a combination
+
+of two things occurring.
+
+One is that X is less than the
+minimum of Y and Z. And then
+
+the other is that Y
+is less than Z.
+
+So what is this first
+event mean?
+
+This first event means that
+X comes in first.
+
+And it doesn't matter whether
+Y comes in second
+
+or Z comes in second.
+
+So we first say that X has to
+come in first which means it
+
+has to beat the better of Y and
+Z. And then that combined
+
+with the fact that Y does better
+than Z is the same
+
+thing as saying that
+X is first, Y is
+
+second, and Z is third.
+
+And now, let's try to argue
+using Poisson processes, that
+
+these two events are actually
+independent.
+
+So this event occurring means
+that X is smaller than Y and
+
+Z. So let's take these Poisson
+processes, and because these
+
+random variables are assumed to
+be independent, these are
+
+independent Poisson processes.
+
+So we can merge them.
+
+So let's merge these two.
+
+And we'll get a Poisson
+process that has
+
+rate mu plus nu.
+
+And we can also merge this
+first one and that one.
+
+And we'll get another Poisson
+process with predator lambda
+
+plus mu plus nu.
+
+So in that context, what does
+it mean that X is less than
+
+the minimum Y and Z?
+
+It just means that in this
+merged process, the first
+
+arrival came from
+the X process.
+
+In that case, if that's true,
+then X is less than minimum Y
+
+and Z. Well, let's say that
+event does occur that the
+
+first arrival is from
+the X process.
+
+Now we're interested in what
+the order of the second two
+
+arrivals are.
+
+Is it Y first and then Z?
+
+Or Z first and then Y?
+
+Well, it doesn't matter
+because of
+
+the fresh start property.
+
+Because after this arrival
+comes, and say it is from the
+
+X process, the Poisson processes
+start anew, and
+
+they're still independent.
+
+And so what happens after that
+is independent of what
+
+happened here, when X arrived.
+
+And so whether Y came first
+followed by Z, or Z came first
+
+followed by Y is independent
+of what happened here.
+
+And so because of that, these
+two events are independent,
+
+and so when we have the
+probability of the
+
+intersection of two independent
+events, we can
+
+write that as the product of
+those two probabilities.
+
+ 
+
+Now, what is the probability
+of this first event?
+
+The probability that X is less
+than the minimum Y and Z?
+
+Well, we just said that that
+corresponds to the first
+
+arrival of this merge process
+being from the X process.
+
+Well, that probability
+is lambda over lambda
+
+plus mu plus nu.
+
+So it's equal to this ratio
+where the process that you're
+
+interested in, its rate comes
+in the numerator.
+
+And then the merged rate
+is on the denominator,
+
+And what about the second one?
+
+What's the probability that
+Y is less than Z?
+
+Well, let's go now to this merge
+process where we merged
+
+just the Y and Z processes and
+see which one comes first.
+
+Well, in that case what we want
+to know is in this merge
+
+process, what is the probability
+that the first
+
+arrival came from
+the Y process?
+
+Well, analogously, that
+probability is going to mu
+
+over mu plus nu.
+
+And that gives us our answer.
+
+And so we see that what looked
+like a pretty complex
+
+calculation when we
+reinterpreted it in terms of
+
+Poisson processes, it becomes
+relatively easy to solve.
+
+But this still seems like a
+complicated expression.
+
+So let's try to check
+to see whether it
+
+actually makes sense.
+
+So one way to do that is to look
+at a specific example of
+
+the choice of lambda, mu, and
+nu, and see if it actually
+
+makes sense.
+
+So one example is suppose that
+all three of these parameters
+
+are the same.
+
+Well, if they're all the same
+then this probability, the
+
+first part becomes
+1 over 3, 1/3.
+
+And the second one
+is 1 over 2.
+
+And so if all three parameters
+are the same, probability
+
+becomes 1/6.
+
+And let's see if that
+makes sense.
+
+If all three parameters are
+the same, that means that
+
+these rates, these arrival
+rates are all the same.
+
+And what that means is that any
+three ordering of these
+
+three arrivals is as likely
+as any other ordering.
+
+And what we're interested in
+is the probability of one's
+
+particular ordering happening
+which is X first then Y then
+
+Z.
+
+But if everything is symmetric
+then any of the orderings is
+
+as likely as any other one.
+
+And how many orderings
+are there?
+
+Well, there's three choices
+for who comes in first.
+
+Two for who comes in second.
+
+And one for who comes in last.
+
+So there's a total of six
+possible orders in which these
+
+three contestants, if you think
+of it that way, could
+
+finish this race.
+
+And out of none of those, we
+want the probability that one
+
+of those outcomes happens.
+
+And so the probability
+should be 1/6.
+
+And that's what our
+formula tells us.
+
+So as I said, in this problem,
+we saw how to reinterpret
+
+exponentials in the context of
+Poisson processes that helped
+
+us solve a--
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eUZHMoJ1EJE.txt b/eUZHMoJ1EJE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b9474f720786008fe7f82fbb3f6ad73f6f9dc04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eUZHMoJ1EJE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+In this lecture, we have
+seen a particular application
+
+of sentiment
+analysis on Twitter.
+
+However, the area of sentiment
+analysis is much broader.
+
+Over 7,000 research articles
+have been written on the topic.
+
+Hundreds of start-ups are
+developing sentiment analysis
+
+solutions.
+
+Many websites perform
+real-time analysis of tweets.
+
+For example,
+"tweetfeel" shows trends
+
+given any term, and
+"The Stock Sonar"
+
+shows sentiment
+and stock prices.
+
+Let's talk about text
+analytics a bit more generally.
+
+Sentiment analysis is a
+particular application
+
+of text analytics.
+
+In general, the critical
+aspect of text analytics
+
+is to select the
+specific features that
+
+are relevant in a
+particular application.
+
+In addition, it's important to
+apply specific knowledge that
+
+often leads to better results.
+
+For example, using the meaning
+of the symbols or include
+
+features like the
+number of words.
+
+Let's finally discuss
+the analytics edge
+
+that we have seen
+in this lecture.
+
+Analytical sentiment
+analysis we have seen
+
+can replace more labor-intensive
+methods like polling.
+
+Text analytics can also deal
+with the massive amounts
+
+of unstructured data being
+generated on the internet.
+
+Computers are
+becoming more and more
+
+capable of interacting
+with humans
+
+and performing human tasks.
+
+In the next lecture,
+we'll discuss IBM Watson,
+
+an impressive feat in the
+area of text analytics.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eyqoHN4-4jg.txt b/eyqoHN4-4jg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fa0709373f02a04020730b9c12f70956faa50975
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eyqoHN4-4jg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2948 @@
+PROFESSOR: So the handouts will
+be just the problem set 8
+
+solutions, of which you already
+have the first two.
+
+Remind you problem set 9 is
+due on Friday, but we will
+
+accept it on Monday if that's
+when you want to
+
+hand it in to Ashish.
+
+And problem set 10 I will hand
+out next week, but you won't
+
+be responsible for it.
+
+You could try it if
+you're so moved.
+
+OK.
+
+We're in the middle
+of chapter 13.
+
+We've been talking about
+capacity approaching codes.
+
+We've talked about a number of
+classes of them, low density
+
+parity check, turbo, repeat
+accumulate, and I've given you
+
+a general idea of how the sum
+product decoding algorithm is
+
+applied to decode these codes.
+
+These are all defined on graphs
+with cycles, in the
+
+middle of which is a large
+pseudo random interleaver.
+
+The sum product algorithm is
+therefore done iteratively.
+
+In general, the initial observed
+information comes in
+
+on one side, the left side or
+the right side, and the
+
+iterative schedule amounts to
+doing first the left side,
+
+then the right side, then the
+left side, then the right
+
+side, until you converge,
+you hope.
+
+That was the original turbo
+idea, and that continues to be
+
+the right way to do it.
+
+OK.
+
+Today, we're actually going to
+try to do some analysis.
+
+To do the analysis, we're going
+to focus on low density
+
+party check codes, which are
+certainly far easier than
+
+turbo codes to analyze,
+because they
+
+have such simple elements.
+
+I guess the repeat accumulate
+codes are equally easy to
+
+analyze, but maybe not as
+good in performance.
+
+Maybe they're as good,
+I don't know.
+
+No one has driven that
+as far as low density
+
+parity check codes.
+
+Also, we're going to take
+a very simple channel.
+
+It's actually the channel for
+which most of the analysis has
+
+been done, which is the Binary
+Erasure Channel, where
+
+everything reduces to a
+one-dimensional problem, and
+
+therefore we can do things
+quite precisely.
+
+But this will allow me to
+introduce density evolution,
+
+which is the generalization of
+this for more general channels
+
+like the binary input added
+white Gaussian noise channel,
+
+if I manage to go fast enough.
+
+I apologize today, I
+do feel in a hurry.
+
+Nonetheless, please ask
+questions whenever you want to
+
+slow me down or just get some
+more understanding.
+
+So, the Binary Erasure Channel
+is one of the elementary
+
+channels, if you've ever taken
+information theory,
+
+that you look at.
+
+It has two inputs and
+three outputs.
+
+The two inputs are 0 and 1, the
+outputs are 0 and 1 or an
+
+erasure, an ambiguous output.
+
+If you send a 0, you can either
+get the 0 correctly, or
+
+you could get an erasure.
+
+Might be a deletion, you just
+don't get anything.
+
+Similarly, if you send
+a 1, you either
+
+get a 1 or an erasure.
+
+There's no possibility of
+getting something incorrectly.
+
+That's the key thing
+about this channel.
+
+The probability of an erasure
+is p, regardless of whether
+
+you send 0 or 1.
+
+So there's a single parameter
+that governs this channel.
+
+Now admittedly, this is not
+a very realistic channel.
+
+It's a toy channel in
+the binary case.
+
+However, actually some of the
+impetus for this development
+
+was the people who were
+considering packet
+
+transmission on the internet.
+
+And in the case of packet
+transmission on the internet,
+
+of course, you have a long
+packet, a very non-binary
+
+symbol if you like, but if you
+consider these to be packets,
+
+then on the internet, you either
+receive the packet
+
+correctly or you fail
+to receive it.
+
+You don't receive it at all, and
+you know it, because there
+
+is an internal party check
+in each packet.
+
+So the q-ary erasure channel is
+in fact a realistic model,
+
+and in fact, there's a company,
+Digital Fountain,
+
+that has been founded and is
+still going strong as far as I
+
+know, which is specifically
+devoted to solutions for this
+
+q-ary erasure channel for
+particular kinds of scenarios
+
+on the internet where you want
+to do forward error correction
+
+rather than repeat
+transmission.
+
+And a lot of the early work on
+the analysis of these guys--
+
+Luby, Shokrollahi,
+other people--
+
+they were some of the people
+who focused on low density
+
+party check codes immediately,
+following work of Spielman and
+
+Sipser here at MIT, and said,
+OK, suppose we try this on our
+
+q-ary erasure channel.
+
+And they were able to get very
+close to the capacity of the
+
+q-ary erasure channel, which
+is also 1 minus p.
+
+This is the information
+theoretic capacity of the
+
+binary channel.
+
+It's kind of obvious that it
+should be 1 minus p, because
+
+on the average, you get 1 minus
+p good bits out for
+
+every bit that you send in.
+
+So the maximum rate you could
+expect to send over this
+
+channel is 1 minus p.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's first think about maximum
+likelihood decoding on
+
+this channel.
+
+Suppose we take a word from a
+code, from a binary code, and
+
+send it through this channel,
+and we get some erasure
+
+pattern at the output.
+
+So we have a subset of the
+bits that are good, and a
+
+subset that are erased
+at the output.
+
+Now what does maximum likelihood
+decoding amount to
+
+on this channel?
+
+Well, the code word that we sent
+is going to match up with
+
+all the good bits
+received, right?
+
+So we know that there's going to
+be at least one word in the
+
+code that agrees with
+the received
+
+sequence in the good places.
+
+If that's the only word in the
+code that agrees with the
+
+received word in those places,
+then we can declare it the
+
+winner, right?
+
+And maximum likelihood
+decoding succeeds.
+
+We know what the channel is, so
+we know that all the good
+
+bits have to match up
+with the code word.
+
+But suppose there are 2 words
+in the code that match up in
+
+all the good places?
+
+There's no way to decide
+between them, right?
+
+So basically, that's what
+maximum likelihood decoding
+
+amounts to.
+
+You simply check how many
+code words match the
+
+received good bits.
+
+If there's only one,
+you decode.
+
+If there's more than one, you
+could flip a coin, but we'll
+
+consider that to be a
+decoding failure.
+
+You just don't know, so you
+throw up your hands, you have
+
+a detected decoding failure.
+
+So in the case of a linear code,
+what are we doing here?
+
+In the case of a linear
+code, consider the
+
+parity check equations.
+
+We basically have n minus k
+parity check equations, and
+
+we're trying to find how many
+code sequences that solve
+
+those parity check equations.
+
+So we have n minus k equations,
+n unknowns, and
+
+we're basically just trying
+to solve linear equations.
+
+So that would be one
+decoding method for
+
+maximum likelihood decoding.
+
+Solve the equations.
+
+If you get a unique solution,
+you're finished.
+
+If you get a space of solutions,
+so dimension one or
+
+more, you lose.
+
+OK?
+
+So we know lots of ways of
+solving linear equations like
+
+Gaussian elimination, back
+propagation/back substitution
+
+(I'm not sure exactly
+what it's called).
+
+That's actually what we will
+be doing with low density
+
+parity check codes.
+
+And so, decoding for the binary
+ratio channel you can
+
+think of as just trying to
+solve linear equations.
+
+If you get a unique solution,
+you win, otherwise, you fail.
+
+Another way of looking at it
+in a linear code is what do
+
+the good bits have to form?
+
+The erased bits have to
+be a function of the
+
+good bits, all right?
+
+In linear code, that's just
+a function of where
+
+the good bits are.
+
+We've run into this
+concept before.
+
+We called it an information
+set.
+
+An information set is a subset
+of the coordinates that
+
+basically determines the
+rest the coordinates.
+
+If you know the bits in
+that subset, then you
+
+know the code word.
+
+You can fill out the rest of
+the code word through some
+
+linear equation.
+
+So basically, we're going to
+succeed if the good bits cover
+
+an information set, and we're
+going to fail otherwise.
+
+So how many bits do we need to
+cover an information set?
+
+We're certainly going
+to need at least k.
+
+Now today, we're going to be
+considering very long codes.
+
+So suppose I have a
+long (n,k) code.
+
+I have an (n,k) code, and I
+transmit it over this channel.
+
+About how many bits are
+going to be erased?
+
+About pn bits are going
+to be erased, or (1
+
+minus p) times n.
+
+We're going to get
+approximately--
+
+law of large numbers--
+
+(1 minus p) times n unerased
+bits, and this has to be
+
+clearly greater than k.
+
+OK, so with very high
+probability, if we get more
+
+than that, we'll be able to
+solve the equations, find a
+
+unique code word.
+
+If we get fewer than that,
+there's no possible way we
+
+could solve the equations.
+
+We don't have enough left.
+
+So what does this say?
+
+This says that k over n, which
+is the code rate, has to be
+
+less than 1 minus p in order
+for this maximum likelihood
+
+decoding to work with a linear
+code over the binary erasure
+
+channel, and that is consistent
+with this.
+
+If the rate is less than 1 minus
+p, then with very high
+
+probability you're going
+to be successful.
+
+If it's greater than 1 minus p,
+no chance, as n becomes 1.
+
+OK?
+
+You with me?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, in general,
+they're not, and the first
+
+exercise on the homework
+says take the 844 code.
+
+There's certain places where if
+you erase 4 bits, you lose,
+
+and there are other places
+where if you
+
+erase 4 bits, you win.
+
+And that exercise also points
+out that the low density
+
+parity check decoding that
+we're going to do, the
+
+graphical decoding, may fail
+in a case where maximum
+
+likelihood decoding
+might work.
+
+But maximum likelihood decoding
+is certainly the best
+
+we can do, so it's clear.
+
+You can't signal at a rate
+greater than 1 minus p.
+
+You just don't get more than 1
+minus p bits of information,
+
+or n times (1 minus p) bits of
+information in a code word of
+
+length n, so you can't possibly
+communicate more than
+
+n times (1 minus p)
+bits in a block.
+
+OK.
+
+So what are we going
+to try to do to
+
+signal over this channel?
+
+We're going to try using a low
+density parity check code.
+
+Actually, I guess I did
+want this first.
+
+Let me talk about both of
+these back and forth.
+
+Sorry, Mr. TV guy.
+
+So we're going to use a low
+density parity check code, and
+
+initially, we're going to assume
+a regular code with,
+
+say, left degree is 3 over
+here, right degree is 6.
+
+And we're going to try to decode
+by using the iterative
+
+sum product algorithm with
+a left right schedule.
+
+OK.
+
+I can work either
+here or up here.
+
+What are the rules for sum
+product update on a binary
+
+erasure channel?
+
+Let's just start out, and walk
+through it a little bit, and
+
+then step back and develop
+some more general rules.
+
+What is the message coming
+in here that we
+
+receive from the channel?
+
+We're going to convert it
+into an APP vector.
+
+What could the APP vector be?
+
+It's either, say, 0, 1 or 1,
+0, if the bit is unerased.
+
+So this would be-- if we get
+this, we know a posteriori
+
+probability of a 0 is a
+1, and of a 1 is a 0.
+
+No question, we have
+certainty.
+
+Similarly down here, it's a 1.
+
+And in here, it's 1/2, 1/2.
+
+Complete uncertainty.
+
+No information.
+
+So, we can get--
+
+those are our three
+possibilities off the channel.
+
+(0,1), (1,0), (1/2, 1/2).
+
+Now, if we get a certain bit
+coming in, what are the
+
+messages going out on each
+of these lines here?
+
+We actually only need
+to know this one.
+
+Initially, everything inside
+here is complete ignorance.
+
+Half, 1/2 everywhere.
+
+You can consider everything
+to be erased.
+
+All right.
+
+Well, if we got a known bit
+coming in, a 0 or a 1, the
+
+repetition node simply
+says propagate
+
+that through all here.
+
+So if you worked out the sum
+product update rule for here,
+
+it would basically say, in this
+message, if any of these
+
+lines is known, then this line
+is known and we have a certain
+
+bit going out.
+
+All right?
+
+So if 0, 1 comes in,
+we'll get 0, 1 out.
+
+It's certainly a 1.
+
+Only in the case where all of
+these other lines are erased--
+
+all these other incoming
+messages are erasures-- then
+
+we don't know anything,
+then the output
+
+has to be an erasure.
+
+All right?
+
+So that's the sum product update
+rule at a equals node.
+
+All right?
+
+If any of these d minus 1
+incoming messages is known,
+
+then the output is known.
+
+If they're all unknown, then
+the output is unknown.
+
+You're going to find, in
+general, these are the only
+
+kinds of messages we're ever
+going to have to deal with.
+
+Either, we're basically going
+to take known bits and
+
+propagate them through
+the graph--
+
+so initially, everything is
+erased, and after awhile, we
+
+start learning things.
+
+More and more things become
+known, and we succeed if
+
+everything becomes known
+inside the graph.
+
+All right?
+
+So it's just the propagation of
+unerased variables through
+
+this graph.
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+So they're not only known,
+but they're correct.
+
+And like everything else, you
+can prove that by induction.
+
+The bits that we receive from
+the channel certainly have to
+
+be consistent with the
+correct code word.
+
+All these internal constraints
+are the constraints of the
+
+code, so we can never generate
+an incorrect message.
+
+That's basically the hand
+waving proof of that.
+
+OK.
+
+So we're going to propagate
+either known bits or erasures
+
+in the first iteration.
+
+And what's the fraction of these
+lines that's going to be
+
+erased in a very long code?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Its going to be p.
+
+All right?
+
+So initially, we have fraction
+p erased and fraction 1 minus
+
+p which are good.
+
+OK.
+
+And then, this, we'll take this
+to be a perfectly random
+
+interleaver.
+
+So perfectly randomly,
+this comes out there.
+
+OK?
+
+All right, so now we have
+various messages
+
+coming in over here.
+
+Some are erased, some are known
+and correct, and that's
+
+the only things they can be.
+
+All right, what can we do
+on the right side now?
+
+On the right side, we have to
+execute the sum product
+
+algorithm for a zero sum
+node of this type.
+
+What is the rule here?
+
+Clearly, if we get good data
+on all these input bits, we
+
+know what the output bit is.
+
+So if we get five good ones over
+here, we can tell what
+
+the sixth one has to be.
+
+However, if any of these is
+erased, then what's the
+
+probability this
+is a 0 or a 1?
+
+It's 1/2, 1/2.
+
+So any erasure here
+means we get no
+
+information out of this node.
+
+We get an erasure coming out.
+
+All right, so we come in here,
+and if p is some large number,
+
+the rate of this code is 1/2.
+
+So I'm going to do a simulation
+for like p equals a
+
+little less--
+
+small enough so that this code
+could succeed, 0.4--
+
+so the capacity is
+0.6 bits per bit.
+
+But if this is 0.4, what's the
+probability that any 5 of
+
+these are all going
+to be unerased?
+
+It's pretty small.
+
+So you won't be surprised to
+learn that the probability of
+
+an erasure of coming back--
+
+call that q--
+
+equals 0.9 or more,
+greater than 0.9.
+
+But it's not 1.
+
+So for some small fraction of
+these over here, we're going
+
+to get some information, some
+additional information, that
+
+we didn't have before.
+
+And this is going to propagate
+randomly back, and it may
+
+allow us to now know some of
+these bits that were initially
+
+erased on the channel.
+
+So that's the idea.
+
+So to understand the
+performance of
+
+this, we simply track--
+
+let me call this, in general,
+the erasure probability going
+
+from left to right, and this,
+in general, we'll call the
+
+erasure probability going
+from right to left.
+
+And we can actually compute what
+these probabilities are
+
+for each iteration under the
+assumption that the code is
+
+very long and random so that
+every time we make a
+
+computation, we're dealing
+with completely fresh and
+
+independent information.
+
+And that's what we're
+going to do.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: When they come from
+the right side, they're either
+
+erased or they're consistent.
+
+I argued before, waving my
+hands, that these messages
+
+could never be incorrect.
+
+So if you get 2 known messages,
+they can't conflict
+
+with each other.
+
+Is that your concern?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+Because you're randomly
+connecting [UNINTELLIGIBLE],
+
+so it might be that one of the
+plus signs gave you an
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE], whereas
+another plus sign gave you a
+
+proper message.
+
+And they both run back
+to the same equation.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, OK.
+
+So this is pseudo random,
+but is chosen for
+
+once and for all.
+
+It determines the code.
+
+I don't re-choose it every time,
+but when I analyze it,
+
+I'll assume that it's random
+enough so that the bits that
+
+enter into any one calculation
+are bits that I've never seen
+
+before, and therefore can be
+taken to be entirely random.
+
+But of course, in actual
+practice, you've got a fixed
+
+interleaver here, and you
+have to, in order
+
+to decode the code.
+
+But the other concern here
+is if we actually had the
+
+possibility of errors, the pure
+binary erasure channel
+
+never allows errors.
+
+If this actually allowed a 0 to
+go to a 1 or a 1 to go to
+
+0, then we'd have an altogether
+different situation
+
+over here, and we'd have to
+simply honestly compute the
+
+sum product algorithm and what
+is the APP if we have some
+
+probability of error.
+
+And they could conflict, and
+we'd have to weigh the
+
+evidence, and take the
+dominating evidence, or mix it
+
+all up into the single
+parameter
+
+that we call the APP.
+
+All right.
+
+So let me now do a
+little analysis.
+
+Actually, I've done this
+a couple places.
+
+Suppose the probability
+of erasure here--
+
+this is the q right
+to left parameter.
+
+Suppose the probability of q
+right to left is 0.9, or
+
+whatever, and this is the
+original received message from
+
+the channel, which had an
+erasure probability of p.
+
+What's the q left to right?
+
+What's the erasure probability
+for the outgoing message?
+
+Well, the outgoing message is
+erased only if all of these
+
+incoming messages are erased.
+
+All right, so this is simply
+p times q right to
+
+left, d minus 1.
+
+OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Assuming it's
+a long random code, so
+
+everything here is
+independent.
+
+I'll say something else about
+this in just a second.
+
+But let's naively make that
+assumption right now, and then
+
+see how best we can
+justify it.
+
+What's the rule over here?
+
+Here, we're over on the right
+side if we want to compute the
+
+right to left.
+
+If these are all erased with
+probability q left to right,
+
+what is the probability that
+this one going out is erased?
+
+Well, it's easier to compute
+here the probability of not
+
+being erased.
+
+This is not erased only if all
+of these are not erased.
+
+So we get q right to left.
+
+One minus q right to left is
+equal to 1 minus q left to
+
+right, to the d minus 1.
+
+And let's see, this is d right,
+and this is d left.
+
+I'm doing it for the
+specific context.
+
+OK, so under the independence
+assumption, we can compute
+
+exactly what these evolving
+erasure probabilities are as
+
+we go through this left
+right iteration.
+
+This is what's so neat about
+this whole thing.
+
+Now, here's the best argument
+for why these are all
+
+independent.
+
+Let's look at the messages
+that enter into, say, a
+
+particular--
+
+this is computing q left
+to right down here.
+
+All right, we've got something
+coming in, one bit here.
+
+We've got more bits coming in
+up here, and here, which
+
+originally came from bits
+coming in up here.
+
+We have a tree of computation.
+
+If we went back through this
+pseudo random but fixed
+
+interleaver, we could actually
+draw this tree for every
+
+instance of every computation,
+and this would be q left to
+
+right at the nth iteration,
+this is--
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+Yeah, this is q left to right at
+the nth iteration, this is
+
+q right to left at the n minus
+first iteration, this is q
+
+left to right at the n minus
+first iteration, and so forth.
+
+Now, the argument is
+that if I go back--
+
+let's fix the number of
+iterations I go back here--
+
+m, let's say, and I want to do
+an analysis of the first m
+
+iterations.
+
+I claim that as this code
+becomes long, n goes to
+
+infinity with fixed d lambda,
+d rho, that the probability
+
+you're ever going to run into
+repeated bit or message up
+
+here goes to 0.
+
+All right?
+
+So I fix the number
+of iterations I'm
+
+going to look at.
+
+I let the length of the
+code go to infinity.
+
+I let everything be chosen
+pseudo randomly over here.
+
+Then the probability of seeing
+the same message or bit twice
+
+in this tree goes to 0.
+
+And therefore, in that limit,
+the independence assumption
+
+become valid.
+
+That is basically the
+argument, all right?
+
+So I can analyze any
+fixed number of
+
+iterations in this way.
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, yes.
+
+Good.
+
+So this is saying the girth
+is probabilistically--
+
+so limit in probability going
+to infinity, or it's also
+
+referred to as the locally
+tree-like assumption.
+
+OK, graph in the neighborhood
+of any node--
+
+this is kind of a map of the
+neighborhood back for a
+
+distance of m--
+
+we're not ever going to
+run into any cycles.
+
+Good, thank you.
+
+OK, so under that assumption,
+now we
+
+can do an exact analysis.
+
+This is what's amazing.
+
+And how do we do it?
+
+Here's a good way of doing it.
+
+We just draw the curves of these
+2 equations, and we go
+
+back and forth between them.
+
+And this was actually a
+technique invented earlier for
+
+turbo codes, but it works very
+nicely for low density parity
+
+check code analysis.
+
+It's called the exit chart.
+
+I've drawn it in a somewhat
+peculiar way, but it's so that
+
+it will look like the exit
+charts you might see an in the
+
+literature.
+
+So I'm just drawing q right to
+left on this axis, and q left
+
+to right on this axis.
+
+I want to sort of start in the
+lower left and work my way up
+
+to the upper right, which
+is the way exit
+
+charts always work.
+
+So to do that, I basically
+invert the axis and take it
+
+from 1 down to 0.
+
+Initially, both of these--
+
+the probability is one that
+everything is erased
+
+internally on every edge, and if
+things work out, we'll get
+
+up to the point where nothing
+is erased with high
+
+probability.
+
+OK, these are our 2 equations
+just copied from over there
+
+for the specific case of left
+degree equals 3 and right
+
+degree equals 6.
+
+And so I just plot the curves
+of these 2 equations.
+
+This is done in the notes, and
+the important thing is that
+
+the curves don't cross, for
+a value of p equal 0.4.
+
+One of these curves depends on
+p, the other one doesn't.
+
+So this is just a simple little
+quadratic curve here,
+
+and this is a fifth order
+curve, and they look
+
+something like this.
+
+What does this mean?
+
+Initially, the q right
+to left is 1.
+
+If I go through one iteration,
+using the fact that I get this
+
+external information--
+
+extrinsic information--
+
+then q left to right becomes
+0.4, so we do to the outer.
+
+Now, I have q left to right
+propagating to the right side,
+
+and at this point, I get
+something like 0.922, I think
+
+is the first one.
+
+So the q right to left
+has gone from
+
+1 down to 0.9 something.
+
+OK, but that's better.
+
+Now, with that value of q, of
+course I get a much more
+
+favorable situation
+on the left.
+
+I go over to the left
+side, and now I get
+
+some p equal to--
+
+this is all done
+in the notes--
+
+0.34.
+
+So I've reduced my erasure
+probability going from left to
+
+right, which in turn, helps me
+out as I go over here, 0.875,
+
+and so forth.
+
+Are you with me?
+
+Does everyone see
+what I'm doing?
+
+Any questions?
+
+Again, I'm claiming this is
+an exact calculation--
+
+or I would call it
+a simulation--
+
+of what the algorithm does
+in each iteration.
+
+First iteration, first full,
+left, right, right left, you
+
+get to here.
+
+Second one, you get to
+here, and so forth.
+
+And I claim as n goes to
+infinity, and everything is
+
+random, this is the
+way the erasure
+
+probabilities will evolve.
+
+And it's clear visually that if
+the curves don't cross, we
+
+get to the upper right corner,
+which means decoding succeeds.
+
+There are no erasures anywhere
+at the end of the day.
+
+And furthermore, you go and
+you take a very long code,
+
+like 10 to the seventh bits,
+and you simulate it on this
+
+channel, and it will behave
+exactly like this.
+
+OK, so this is really a good
+piece of analysis.
+
+So this reduces it to
+very simple terms.
+
+We have 2 equations, and of
+course they meet here at the
+
+(0,0) point.
+
+Substitute 0 in here,
+you get 0 there.
+
+Substance 0 here,
+you get 0 there.
+
+But if they don't meet anywhere
+else, if there's no
+
+fixed point to this iterative
+convergence, then decoding is
+
+going to succeed.
+
+So this is the whole question:
+can we design 2 curves that
+
+don't cross?
+
+OK.
+
+So what do we expect
+now to happen?
+
+Suppose we increase p.
+
+Suppose we increase p to 0.45,
+which is another case that's
+
+considered in the notes,
+what's going to happen?
+
+This curve is just a simple
+quadratic, it's going to be
+
+dragged down a little bit.
+
+We're going to get some
+different curve, which is just
+
+this curve scaled by
+0.45 over 0.4.
+
+It's going to start here,
+and it's going to
+
+be this scaled curve.
+
+And unfortunately, those
+2 curves cross.
+
+So that's the way it's going
+to look, and now, again, we
+
+can simulate iterative decoding
+for this case.
+
+Again, initially,
+we'll start out.
+
+We'll go from 1, 0.45 will be
+our right going erasure
+
+probability.
+
+We'll go over here, make
+some progress, but
+
+what's going to happen?
+
+We're going to get stuck
+right there.
+
+So we find the fixed point.
+
+In fact, this simulation is
+a very efficient way of
+
+calculating what the fixed point
+of these 2 curves are.
+
+Probably some of you are
+analytical whizzes and can do
+
+it analytically, but
+it's not that easy
+
+for a quintic equation.
+
+In any case, as far as decoding
+is concerned--
+
+all right, this code doesn't
+work on an erasure channel
+
+which has an erasure probability
+of 0.45.
+
+It does work on one that has an
+erasure probability of 0.4.
+
+That should suggest
+to you-- yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, so this code
+doesn't get to capacity.
+
+Too bad.
+
+So I'm not claiming that a
+regular d left equals 3, d
+
+right equals 6 LDPC code
+can achieve capacity.
+
+There's some threshold for p,
+below which it'll work, and
+
+above which it won't work.
+
+That threshold is somewhere
+between 0.4 and 0.45.
+
+In fact, it's 0.429 something
+or other.
+
+So this design approach will
+succeed it's near capacity,
+
+but I certainly don't
+claim this is a
+
+capacity approaching code.
+
+I might mention now something
+called the area theorem,
+
+because it's easy to do
+now and it will be
+
+harder to do later.
+
+What is this area here?
+
+I'm saying the area above
+this curve here.
+
+Well, you can do that simply
+by integrating this.
+
+It's integral of p times
+q-squared dq from 0 to 1, and
+
+it turns out to be p over 3.
+
+Believe me?
+
+Which happens to be p over
+the left degree.
+
+Not fortuitously, because this
+is the left degree minus 1.
+
+So you're always going to get
+p over the left degree.
+
+And what's the area
+under here?
+
+Well, I can compute--
+
+basically change variables to
+1 minus q, q prime, and 1
+
+minus q is q prime over here,
+and so I'll get the same kind
+
+of calculation, 0 to 1, this
+time q to the fifth over pq,
+
+which is 1/6, which not
+
+fortuitously is 1 over d right.
+
+So the area here is p over
+3, and the area here is--
+
+under this side of
+the curve is--
+
+that must be 5/6.
+
+Sorry, so the area under
+this side is 1/6 so
+
+it's 1 minus this.
+
+It's clearly the big part,
+so this is 5/6.
+
+All right.
+
+I've claimed my criterion for
+successful decoding is that
+
+these curves not cross.
+
+All right, so for successful
+decoding, clearly the sum of
+
+these 2 areas has to be
+less than 1, right?
+
+So successful decoding: a
+necessary condition is that p
+
+over d_lambda --
+
+let me just extend this
+to any regular code--
+
+plus 1 minus 1 over d_rho
+has to be less than 1.
+
+OK, what does this sum out to?
+
+This says that p has to be less
+than d_lambda over d_rho,
+
+which happens to 1
+minus r, right?
+
+Or equivalently, r less than 1
+minus p, which is capacity.
+
+So what did I just prove
+very quickly?
+
+I proved that for a regular low
+density parity check code,
+
+just considering the areas under
+these 2 curves and the
+
+requirement that the 2 curves
+must not cross, I find that
+
+regular codes can't possibly
+work for a rate any greater
+
+than 1 minus p, which
+is capacity.
+
+In fact, the rate has to be less
+than 1 minus p, strictly
+
+less, in order for there to--
+
+unless we were lucky enough just
+to get 2 curves that were
+
+right on top of each other.
+
+I don't know whether that
+would work or not.
+
+I guess it doesn't work.
+
+But we'd need them to be
+just a scooch apart.
+
+OK, so I can make an inequality
+sign here.
+
+OK, well that's rather
+gratifying.
+
+What do we do to improve
+the situation?
+
+OK, one--
+
+it's probably the first thing
+you would think of
+
+investigating maybe at this
+point, why don't we look at an
+
+irregular LDPC code?
+
+And I'm going to characterize
+such a code by--
+
+there's going to be some
+distribution on the left side,
+
+which I might write
+by lambda_d.
+
+This is going to be the
+fraction of left
+
+nodes of degree d.
+
+All right, I'll simply let that
+be some distribution.
+
+Some might have degree 2, some
+might have degree 3.
+
+Some might have degree 500.
+
+And similarly, rho_d
+is the fraction of
+
+right nodes, et cetera.
+
+And there's some average degree
+here, and some average
+
+degree here.
+
+So this is the average degree,
+or the typical degree.
+
+This is average left degree,
+this is average right degree.
+
+If I do that, then
+the calculations
+
+are done in the notes.
+
+I won't take the time to do them
+here, but basically you
+
+find the rate of the code is 1
+minus the average left degree
+
+over the average right degree.
+
+OK, so it reduces to
+the previous case
+
+and the regular case.
+
+Regular case, this is 1 for one
+particular degree and 0
+
+for everything else.
+
+It works out.
+
+If I do that and go through
+exactly the same analysis with
+
+my computation tree, now I
+simply have a distribution of
+
+degrees at each level of the
+computation tree, and you will
+
+not be surprised to hear what I
+get out as my left to right
+
+equations, is I get out
+some average of this.
+
+In fact, what I get out now is
+that q left to right is the
+
+sum over d of--
+
+this is going to be lambda_d
+times p times q right to left
+
+to the d minus 1.
+
+Which again reduces to the
+previous thing, if only one of
+
+these is 1 and the rest are 0.
+
+So I just get the--
+
+this is just an expectation.
+
+This is the fraction
+of erasures.
+
+I just count the number of times
+I go through a node of
+
+degree d, and for that fraction
+of time, I'm going to
+
+get this relationship, and so
+I just average over them.
+
+That's very quick.
+
+Look at the notes for a detailed
+derivation, but I
+
+hope it's intuitively
+plausible.
+
+And similarly, 1 minus q right
+to the left is the sum over d
+
+of rho_d, 1 minus q left to
+right to the d minus 1.
+
+OK, this is elegantly
+done if we
+
+define generating functions.
+
+We do that over here.
+
+I've lost it now so I'll
+do it over here.
+
+So what you'll see in the
+literature is generating
+
+functions to find is lambda_x
+equals sum over d of lambda_d
+
+x to the d minus 1.
+
+And rho of x equals sum over d,
+rho_d, x to the d minus 1.
+
+And then these equations
+are simply written as--
+
+this is p times lambda of q
+right to left, and this is
+
+equal to rho of 1 minus
+q left to right.
+
+OK, so we get nice, elegant
+generating function
+
+representations.
+
+But from the point of view of
+the curves, we're basically
+
+just going to average
+these curves.
+
+So we now replace these
+equations up here by the
+
+average equations.
+
+This becomes p times lambda of
+q right to left, and this
+
+becomes rho of 1 minus
+q left to right.
+
+OK, but again, I'm going to
+reduce all of this 2 curves,
+
+which again I can use
+for a simulation.
+
+And now I have lots of
+degrees of freedom.
+
+I could change all these lambdas
+and all these rhos,
+
+and I can explore the space,
+and that's what's Sae-Young
+
+Chung did in his thesis, not
+so much for this channel.
+
+He did do it for this channel,
+but also for additive white
+
+Gaussian noise channels.
+
+And so the idea is you try to
+make these 2 curves just as
+
+close together as you can.
+
+Something like that.
+
+Or, of course, you can
+do other tricks.
+
+You can have some of these--
+
+you can have some bits
+over here that go
+
+to the outside world.
+
+You can suppress some
+of these bits here.
+
+You can play around
+with the graph.
+
+No limit on invention.
+
+But you don't really have
+to do any of that.
+
+So it becomes a curve fitting
+exercise, and you can imagine
+
+doing this in your thesis,
+except you were
+
+not born soon enough.
+
+The interesting point here is
+that this now becomes--
+
+the area becomes p over
+d_lambda-bar, again,
+
+proof in the notes.
+
+This becomes 1 minus
+1 over d_rho-bar.
+
+And so again, the
+area theorem--
+
+in order for these curves not to
+cross, we've got to have p
+
+over d_lambda-bar plus 1 minus
+1 over d_rho-bar, less than
+
+the area of the whole exit
+chart, which is 1.
+
+We again find that--
+
+let me put it this way, 1
+minus d_lambda-bar over
+
+d_rho-bar is less than 1 minus
+p, which is equivalent to the
+
+rate must be less than the
+capacity of the channel.
+
+So this is a very nice,
+elegant result.
+
+The area theorem says that no
+matter how you play with these
+
+degree distributions in an
+irregular low-density parity
+
+check code, you of course can
+never get above capacity.
+
+But, it certainly suggests that
+you might be able to play
+
+around with these curves such
+that they get as close as you
+
+might like.
+
+And the converse of this is
+that if you can make these
+
+arbitrarily close to each other,
+then you can achieve
+
+rates arbitrarily close
+to capacity.
+
+And that, in fact, is true.
+
+So simply by going to irregular
+low-density parity
+
+check codes, we can get as close
+as we like, arbitrarily
+
+close, to the capacity of the
+binary erasure channel with
+
+this kind of iterative
+decoding.
+
+And you can see the kind
+of trade you're
+
+going to have to make.
+
+Obviously, you're going to have
+more iterations as these
+
+get very close.
+
+What is the decoding process
+going to look like?
+
+It's going to look like very
+fine grained steps here, lots
+
+of iterations, but--
+
+all right.
+
+So it's a 100 iterations.
+
+So it's 200 irritations.
+
+These are not crazy numbers.
+
+These are quite feasible
+numbers.
+
+And so if you're willing to
+do a lot of computation--
+
+which is what you expect,
+as you get close
+
+to capacity, right--
+
+you can get as close to capacity
+as you like, at least
+
+on this channel.
+
+OK, isn't that great?
+
+It's an easy channel, I grant
+you, but everything here is
+
+pretty simple.
+
+All these sum product
+updates--
+
+for here, it's just a matter
+of basically snow point
+
+propagating erasures.
+
+You just take the
+known variables.
+
+You keep computing as many
+as you can of them.
+
+Basically, every time an edge
+becomes known, you only have
+
+to visit each edge
+once, actually.
+
+The first time it becomes known
+is the only time you
+
+have to visit it.
+
+After that, you can just
+leave it fixed.
+
+All right, so if this has a
+linear number of edges, as it
+
+does, by construction, for
+either the regular or
+
+irregular case, the complexity
+is now going
+
+to be linear, right?
+
+We only have to visit
+each edge once.
+
+There are only a number of
+edges proportional to n.
+
+So the complexity of this whole
+decoding algorithm-- all
+
+you do is, you fix as many edges
+as you can, then you go
+
+over here and you try to fix as
+many more edges as you can.
+
+You come back here, try to fix
+as many more as you can.
+
+It will behave exactly as this
+simulation shows it will
+
+behave, and after going back
+and forth maybe 100 times--
+
+in more reasonable cases, it's
+only 10 or 20 times, it's a
+
+very finite number of times--
+
+you'll be done.
+
+Another qualitative aspect of
+this that you already see in
+
+the regular code case--
+
+in fact, you see it very
+nicely there-- is that
+
+typically, very typically, you
+have an initial period here
+
+where you make a rapid progress
+because the curves
+
+are pretty far apart, then you
+have some narrow little tunnel
+
+that you have to get through,
+and then the
+
+curves widen up again.
+
+I've exaggerated it here.
+
+So OK, you're making great
+progress, you're filling in,
+
+lots of edges become known, and
+then for a while it seems
+
+like you're making no progress
+at all, making very tiny
+
+progress on each iteration.
+
+But then, you get through
+this tunnel, and boom!
+
+Things go very fast.
+
+And for this code,
+it has a zero--
+
+the regular code has a zero
+slope at this point, whereas
+
+this has a non-zero slope.
+
+So these things will go boom,
+boom, boom, boom, boom as you
+
+go in there.
+
+So these guys at Digital
+Fountain, they called their
+
+second class of codes,
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE], tornado
+
+codes, because they
+had this effect.
+
+You have to struggle and
+struggle, but then when you
+
+finally get it, there's a
+tornado, a blizzard, of known
+
+edges, and all of a sudden, all
+the edges become known.
+
+Oh by the way, this could
+be done for packets.
+
+There's nothing--
+
+you know, this is a repetition
+for a packet, and this is a
+
+bit-wise parity check
+for a packet.
+
+So the same diagram works
+perfectly well for packet
+
+transmission.
+
+That's the way they use it.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Right.
+
+So this chart makes
+it very clear.
+
+If you're going to get this
+tornado effect, it's because
+
+you have some gap in here.
+
+The bigger the gap, the further
+away you are from
+
+capacity, quite quantitatively.
+
+So I just--
+
+this is the first year I've been
+able to get this far in
+
+the course, and I think
+this is very much
+
+worth presenting because--
+
+look at what's happened here.
+
+At least for one channel, after
+50 years of work in
+
+trying to get to Shannon's
+channel capacity, around 1995
+
+or so, people finally figured
+out a way of constructing a
+
+code and a decoding algorithm
+that in fact has linear
+
+complexity, and can get as close
+to channel capacity as
+
+you like in a very
+feasible way, at
+
+least for this channel.
+
+So that's really where we want
+to end the story in this
+
+class, because the whole class
+has been about getting to
+
+channel capacity.
+
+Well, what about
+other channels?
+
+What about channels
+with errors here?
+
+So let's go to the symmetric
+input binary
+
+channel, which I--
+
+symmetric, sorry-- symmetric
+binary input channel.
+
+This is not standardized.
+
+The problem is, what you really
+want to say is the
+
+binary symmetric channel, except
+that term is already
+
+taken, so you've got to
+say something else.
+
+I say symmetric binary
+input channel.
+
+You'll see other things
+in the literature.
+
+This channel has 2 inputs: 0
+and 1, and it has as many
+
+outputs as you like.
+
+It might have an
+erasure output.
+
+And the key thing about the
+erasure output is that the
+
+probability of getting there
+from either 0 or 1 is the
+
+same, call it p again.
+
+And so the a posteriori
+probability, let's write the
+
+APPs by each of these.
+
+The erasure output is always
+going to be a state of
+
+complete ignorance,
+you don't know.
+
+So there might be one output
+like that, and then there will
+
+be other outputs here
+that occur in pairs.
+
+And the pairs are always going
+to have the character that
+
+their APP is going
+to be 1 minus--
+
+I've used p excessively here.
+
+Let me take it off of here
+and use it here--
+
+for a typical other pair, you're
+going to have 1 minus
+
+pp, or p 1 minus p.
+
+In other words, just looking
+at these 2 outputs, it's a
+
+binary symmetric channel.
+
+The probability of p
+of cross over and 1
+
+minus p of being correct.
+
+And we may have pairs that are
+pretty unreliable where p is
+
+close to 1/2, and we
+may have pairs that
+
+are extremely reliable.
+
+So this 1 minus p prime, p
+prime, where p prime might be
+
+very close to 0.
+
+But the point is, the outputs
+always occur in these pairs.
+
+The output space can be
+partitioned into pairs such
+
+that, for each pair, you have a
+binary symmetric channel, or
+
+you might have this singleton,
+which is an erasure.
+
+And this is, of course, what we
+have for the binary input
+
+additive white Gaussian
+noise channel.
+
+We have 2 inputs, and now we
+have an output which is the
+
+complete real line, which has
+a distribution like this.
+
+But in this case, 0
+is the erasure.
+
+If we get a 0, then the
+probability of the APP message
+
+is (1/2,1/2).
+
+And the pairs are
+plus or minus y.
+
+If we get to see y, then the
+probability of y given 0, or
+
+given one, that's the same pair
+as the probability of
+
+minus y given--
+
+this is, of course, minus 1,
+plus 1 for my 2 possible
+
+transmissions here.
+
+Point is, binary input added
+white Gaussian noise channel
+
+is in this class.
+
+It has a continuous output
+rather than a discrete output.
+
+But there's a key symmetry
+property here.
+
+Basically, if you exchange
+0 for 1, nothing changes.
+
+All right, so the symmetry
+between 0 and 1.
+
+That's why it's called
+a symmetric channel.
+
+That means you can easily prove
+that for the capacity
+
+achieving input distribution is
+always (1/2,1/2), for any
+
+such channel.
+
+If you've taken information
+theory, you've seen this
+
+demonstrated.
+
+And this has the important
+implication that you can use
+
+linear codes on any symmetric
+binary input channel without
+
+loss of channel capacity.
+
+Linear codes achieve capacity.
+
+OK, whereas, of course, if this
+weren't (1/2,1/2), then
+
+linear codes couldn't possibly
+achieve capacity.
+
+Suppose you have
+such a channel.
+
+What's the sum product
+updates?
+
+The sum product updates become
+more complicated.
+
+They're really not hard
+for the equality sign.
+
+You remember for a repetition
+node, the sum product update
+
+is just the product of basically
+the APPs coming in
+
+or the APPs going out.
+
+So all we've got to do
+is take the product.
+
+It'll turn out the messages in
+this case are always of the
+
+form p, 1 minus p--
+
+of course, because they're
+binary, and so
+
+has to be like this--
+
+so we really just need
+a single parameter p.
+
+We multiply all the p's, and
+that normalize correctly, and
+
+that'll be the output.
+
+For the update here, I'm sorry
+I don't have time to talk
+
+about it in class, but there's
+a clever little procedure
+
+which basically says take
+the Hadamard Transform
+
+of p, 1 minus p.
+
+The Hadamard Transform in
+general says, convert this to
+
+the pair of a plus
+b, a minus b.
+
+So in this case, we convert it
+to a plus b is always 1, and a
+
+minus b is, in this
+case, 2p minus 1.
+
+Works out better, turns
+out this is actually
+
+a likelihood ratio.
+
+Take the Hadamard Transform,
+then you can use the same
+
+product update rule as
+you used up here.
+
+So do the repetition node
+updates, which is easy--
+
+so it says just multiply all the
+inputs component-wise in
+
+this vector, and then take the
+Hadamard Transform again to
+
+get your time domain
+or primal domain,
+
+rather than dual domain.
+
+So you work in the dual
+domain, rather
+
+than the primal domain.
+
+Again, I'm sorry.
+
+You got a homework problem on
+it, after you've done the
+
+homework problem, you'll
+understand this.
+
+And this turns out to
+involve hyperbolic
+
+tangents to do these.
+
+These Hadamard Transforms turn
+out to be taking hyperbolic
+
+tangents, and this is called the
+hyperbolic tangent rule,
+
+the tanh rule.
+
+So there's a simple way to do
+updates in general for any of
+
+these channels.
+
+Now, you can do the
+same kind of
+
+analysis, but what's different?
+
+For the erasure channel, we only
+had 2 types of messages,
+
+known or erased, and all we
+really had to do is keep track
+
+of what's the probability of the
+erasure type of message,
+
+or 1 minus this probability,
+it doesn't matter.
+
+So that's why I said it
+was one-dimensional.
+
+For the symmetric binary input
+channel, in general, you can
+
+have any APP vector here.
+
+This is a single parameter
+vector.
+
+It's parameterized by p, or by
+the likelihood ratio, or by
+
+the log likelihood ratio.
+
+There are various ways
+to parameterize it.
+
+But in any case, a single number
+tells you what the APP
+
+message is.
+
+And so at this point-- or I
+guess, better looking at it in
+
+the competition tree--
+
+at each point, instead of having
+a single number, we
+
+have a probability distribution
+on p.
+
+So we get some probability
+distribution on p, pp of p,
+
+that characterizes where
+you are at this time.
+
+Coming off the channel,
+initially, the probability
+
+distribution on p might be equal
+to y, I think it is,
+
+actually, or p to the minus y,
+and you get some probability
+
+distribution on what p is.
+
+By the way, again because of
+symmetry, you can always
+
+assume that the all-zero vector
+was sent in your code.
+
+It doesn't matter which of your
+code words is sent, since
+
+everything is symmetrical.
+
+So you can do all your analysis
+assuming the all-zero
+
+code word was sent.
+
+This simplifies things
+a lot, too.
+
+p then becomes the probability
+which--
+
+well, I guess I've
+got it backwards.
+
+Should be 1 minus pp, because
+p then becomes the
+
+probability.
+
+If the assumed probability of
+the input is a 1, in other
+
+words, the probability
+that your current
+
+guess would be wrong--
+
+I'm not saying that well.
+
+Anyway, you get some
+distribution of p.
+
+Let me just draw it like that.
+
+So here's pp of p.
+
+There's probability
+distribution.
+
+And again, we'll draw it
+going from 1 to 0.
+
+So that doesn't go out here.
+
+OK, with more effort, you can
+again see what the effect of
+
+the update rule is
+going to be.
+
+For each iteration, you have a
+certain input distribution on
+
+all these lines.
+
+Again, under the independence
+assumption, you get
+
+independently--
+
+you get a distribution for the
+APP parameter p on each of
+
+these lines.
+
+That leads--
+
+you can then calculate what the
+distribution-- or simulate
+
+what it is on the output line,
+just by seeing what's the
+
+effect of applying the
+sum product rule.
+
+It's a much more elaborate
+calculation, but you can do
+
+it, or you can do it up to
+some degree of precision.
+
+This you can't do exactly, but
+you can do it to fourteen bits
+
+of precision if you like.
+
+And so again, you can work
+through something that amounts
+
+to plotting the progress of the
+iteration through here, up
+
+to any degree of precision
+you want.
+
+So again, you can determine
+whether it succeeds or fails,
+
+again, for regular or irregular
+low-density parity
+
+check codes.
+
+In general, it's better
+to make it irregular.
+
+You could make it as irregular
+as you like.
+
+And so you can see that this
+could involve a lot of
+
+computer time to optimize
+everything, but at the end of
+
+the day, it's basically a
+similar kind of hill climbing,
+
+curve fitting exercise, where
+ultimately on any of these
+
+binary input symmetric channels,
+you can get as close
+
+as you want to capacity.
+
+In the very first lecture, I
+showed you what Sae-Young
+
+Chung achieved in his thesis.
+
+He got the binary input
+additive white
+
+Gaussian noise channel.
+
+He got under the assumption of
+
+asymptotically long random codes.
+
+He got within 0.0045 dB
+of channel capacity.
+
+And then for a more reasonable
+number, like a block length of
+
+10 to the seventh, he
+got within 0.040
+
+dB of channel capacity.
+
+Now, that's still a
+longer code than
+
+anybody's going to use.
+
+It's a little bit of a stunt,
+but I think his work convinced
+
+everybody that we finally had
+gotten to channel capacity.
+
+OK, the Eta Kappa Nu
+person is here.
+
+Please help her out, and
+we'll see you Monday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/f7Y0HMk86rw.txt b/f7Y0HMk86rw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..632009d51c75fdf3a81628e4626e5d6bbdb43569
--- /dev/null
+++ b/f7Y0HMk86rw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1347 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+well now that we've all turned in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now that we've all turned in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now that we've all turned in our
+proposals for repertories for uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals for repertories for uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals for repertories for uh for the
+second problem set I want to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second problem set I want to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second problem set I want to go through
+some of the problems that arise even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the problems that arise even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the problems that arise even in
+uh Western notation and even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Western notation and even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Western notation and even in
+classical music that raise interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical music that raise interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical music that raise interesting
+questions for representation so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for representation so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for representation so we're
+looking at a Piano Trio this by clar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a Piano Trio this by clar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a Piano Trio this by clar
+Schuman and it might look like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schuman and it might look like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schuman and it might look like there's
+not too many problems to represent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too many problems to represent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too many problems to represent but
+we'll get back to it a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get back to it a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get back to it a little bit and
+look a little bit deeper here's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a little bit deeper here's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a little bit deeper here's a little
+piece from Don Giovani by Mozart and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece from Don Giovani by Mozart and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece from Don Giovani by Mozart and you
+can see it's not a highquality scan but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it's not a highquality scan but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it's not a highquality scan but
+there's still uh interesting things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still uh interesting things here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still uh interesting things here
+this is not actually Don Giovani this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not actually Don Giovani this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not actually Don Giovani this is
+a piano reduction so we have the singer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piano reduction so we have the singer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piano reduction so we have the singer
+Donna alira and all the orchestra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donna alira and all the orchestra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donna alira and all the orchestra
+reduced to two staves here is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to two staves here is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to two staves here is uh the
+similar uh passage the same passage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar uh passage the same passage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar uh passage the same passage
+actually with uh different language we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually with uh different language we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually with uh different language we
+have Italian and English before and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Italian and English before and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Italian and English before and now
+Italian and German but where we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian and German but where we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian and German but where we have the
+full orchestral score out and how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full orchestral score out and how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full orchestral score out and how do we
+represent the differences and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the differences and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the differences and the
+connections between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between these two
+scores this is already a difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores this is already a difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores this is already a difficult
+problem that hasn't been fully solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that hasn't been fully solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that hasn't been fully solved
+but wait till we try to represent oh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but wait till we try to represent oh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but wait till we try to represent oh how
+do the manuscript parts for various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the manuscript parts for various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the manuscript parts for various
+pieces uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces uh
+relate when we go into the 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate when we go into the 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate when we go into the 20th century
+and 21st centuries there are even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 21st centuries there are even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 21st centuries there are even more
+complex problems this is a late score by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex problems this is a late score by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex problems this is a late score by
+osinsky which is actually pretty uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osinsky which is actually pretty uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osinsky which is actually pretty uh
+standard in many ways in that uh it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard in many ways in that uh it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard in many ways in that uh it uses
+notes and things but the um the clefts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and things but the um the clefts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and things but the um the clefts
+if they continue into the next staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they continue into the next staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they continue into the next staff
+they're continued with lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're continued with lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're continued with lines and
+probably most obviously when an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably most obviously when an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably most obviously when an
+instrument doesn't play its part is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument doesn't play its part is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument doesn't play its part is it's
+staff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff is
+removed or something like this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed or something like this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed or something like this this is
+from one of my scores when I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one of my scores when I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one of my scores when I was in
+college where the stabs staves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college where the stabs staves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college where the stabs staves are
+removed where people don't play but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed where people don't play but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed where people don't play but also
+at various points the representation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at various points the representation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at various points the representation the
+distances between notes are not given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances between notes are not given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances between notes are not given
+with standard note heads but are given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with standard note heads but are given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with standard note heads but are given
+with uh with time durations and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with time durations and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with time durations and some of
+the some of the notes such as the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some of the notes such as the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some of the notes such as the these
+here that are accelerating aren't given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that are accelerating aren't given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that are accelerating aren't given
+in ex exact uh they're they're not given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ex exact uh they're they're not given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ex exact uh they're they're not given
+exactly between a quarter an eighth note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly between a quarter an eighth note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly between a quarter an eighth note
+or 64th note but some Continuum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 64th note but some Continuum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 64th note but some Continuum in
+between a lot of the greatest music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a lot of the greatest music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a lot of the greatest music
+being written today such as this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being written today such as this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being written today such as this piece
+by Kate soer uh uses extended um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Kate soer uh uses extended um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Kate soer uh uses extended um
+notational techniques so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notational techniques so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notational techniques so here we have
+filled in circles representing uh closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in circles representing uh closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in circles representing uh closed
+mouth and we have open mouth signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth and we have open mouth signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth and we have open mouth signal
+signals and we have uh symbols for pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and we have uh symbols for pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and we have uh symbols for pure
+speech and the violin part you might see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech and the violin part you might see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech and the violin part you might see
+actually uh isn't in trouble cluff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh isn't in trouble cluff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh isn't in trouble cluff but
+it's in percussion cluff with four lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in percussion cluff with four lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in percussion cluff with four lines
+each one representing just to play on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one representing just to play on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one representing just to play on
+that string these are the notes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that string these are the notes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that string these are the notes these
+are the strings to be playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the strings to be playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the strings to be playing
+on there are many pieces such as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there are many pieces such as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there are many pieces such as this
+piece by Brian fer how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece by Brian fer how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece by Brian fer how
+AAL that that require us to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAL that that require us to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAL that that require us to have
+notational formats that uh that go again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notational formats that uh that go again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notational formats that uh that go again
+beyond what we might think of as com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond what we might think of as com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond what we might think of as com
+common notation but only push it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common notation but only push it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common notation but only push it a
+little bit further such as uh early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit further such as uh early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit further such as uh early on
+here we have a triplet in the place of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a triplet in the place of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a triplet in the place of
+21 over 20 in the place of 74 or at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 over 20 in the place of 74 or at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 over 20 in the place of 74 or at the
+end we have a measure whose time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end we have a measure whose time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end we have a measure whose time
+signature denominator is not a power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature denominator is not a power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature denominator is not a power of
+two how do we represent such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two how do we represent such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two how do we represent such
+things we don't have to get into 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we don't have to get into 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we don't have to get into 20th
+and 21st Century Music to run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 21st Century Music to run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 21st Century Music to run into
+problems like this here is another path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like this here is another path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like this here is another path
+message from Mozart D Giovani where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message from Mozart D Giovani where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message from Mozart D Giovani where
+there are three different orchestras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three different orchestras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three different orchestras
+playing on stage and in the pit and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing on stage and in the pit and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing on stage and in the pit and they
+are in three different time signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in three different time signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in three different time signatures
+representing the different classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the different classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the different classes of
+people whose dances would be represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people whose dances would be represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people whose dances would be represented
+in different tempos in 38 24 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different tempos in 38 24 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different tempos in 38 24 and
+34 measures do not necessarily line up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 measures do not necessarily line up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 measures do not necessarily line up
+how do we even count measures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we even count measures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we even count measures in
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+this in other wise seemingly normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in other wise seemingly normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in other wise seemingly normal
+passage by DBC we have this moment and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage by DBC we have this moment and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage by DBC we have this moment and I
+thank Donald bird for pointing this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank Donald bird for pointing this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank Donald bird for pointing this out
+where we actually have two different CS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we actually have two different CS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we actually have two different CS
+active simultaneously on the same staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active simultaneously on the same staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active simultaneously on the same staff
+how does this get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this get
+represented if we go back to the clar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented if we go back to the clar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented if we go back to the clar
+shiman example with which we began we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shiman example with which we began we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shiman example with which we began we
+can see that there are actually certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that there are actually certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that there are actually certain
+things that are extremely difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are extremely difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are extremely difficult to
+represent why is this rest here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent why is this rest here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent why is this rest here but
+there's no rests before what part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no rests before what part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no rests before what part of the
+measure does this mean well it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure does this mean well it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure does this mean well it's kind of
+obvious this voice is moving up to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious this voice is moving up to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious this voice is moving up to here
+but how is that obvious for a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how is that obvious for a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how is that obvious for a computer
+or what parts exactly are these notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what parts exactly are these notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what parts exactly are these notes
+that cross staves part of um how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cross staves part of um how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cross staves part of um how do we
+represent cross staff beaming how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent cross staff beaming how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent cross staff beaming how do we
+represent some of these U the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent some of these U the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent some of these U the time that
+would actually be used in a Grace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually be used in a Grace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually be used in a Grace
+note and when we go earlier in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and when we go earlier in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and when we go earlier in time
+there are problems that expand even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are problems that expand even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are problems that expand even
+further this is a only a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further this is a only a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further this is a only a little bit
+different from common western music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from common western music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from common western music
+notation in this uh example from I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in this uh example from I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in this uh example from I
+believe the 16 no from the 17th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the 16 no from the 17th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the 16 no from the 17th century
+um of church music but we are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of church music but we are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of church music but we are using
+different symbols for for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different symbols for for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different symbols for for different
+notes and not not having leaving out one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and not not having leaving out one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and not not having leaving out one
+layer of the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of the open
+Notes when we go very far back in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notes when we go very far back in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notes when we go very far back in time
+uh such as in this I believe 9th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh such as in this I believe 9th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh such as in this I believe 9th century
+uh chant manuscript from the opening of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chant manuscript from the opening of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chant manuscript from the opening of
+the mass for Christmas uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass for Christmas uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass for Christmas uh we have
+symbols that just tell us the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols that just tell us the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols that just tell us the direction
+that notes go not their exact pitch do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notes go not their exact pitch do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notes go not their exact pitch do
+we want to be able to encode things such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be able to encode things such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be able to encode things such
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+this here is a beautiful manuscript from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is a beautiful manuscript from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is a beautiful manuscript from
+the beginning of the 15th century in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the 15th century in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the 15th century in the
+shape of a heart because the composer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of a heart because the composer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of a heart because the composer's
+name b cordier core means heart and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name b cordier core means heart and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name b cordier core means heart and do
+we want to represent the graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to represent the graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to represent the graphical
+layout of the original score let alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout of the original score let alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout of the original score let alone
+these notes that are in uh red or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these notes that are in uh red or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these notes that are in uh red or other
+uh unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unusual
+formats and here's another example from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats and here's another example from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats and here's another example from
+the same time period where the harps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time period where the harps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time period where the harps
+strings become the staff lines but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings become the staff lines but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings become the staff lines but the
+notes only appear on the staff lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes only appear on the staff lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes only appear on the staff lines
+therefore all of the notation is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore all of the notation is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore all of the notation is sort of
+expanded into double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded into double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded into double
+size what we want to do with this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size what we want to do with this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size what we want to do with this what
+do we want to do with a piece such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want to do with a piece such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want to do with a piece such as
+Cornelius cardu Trea where notational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornelius cardu Trea where notational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornelius cardu Trea where notational
+symbols are used to give inspiration to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols are used to give inspiration to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols are used to give inspiration to
+the performers to the singers and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performers to the singers and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performers to the singers and how to
+perform this there is a score but every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform this there is a score but every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform this there is a score but every
+performance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is
+different here is another score for Earl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different here is another score for Earl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different here is another score for Earl
+Brown folio from December of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown folio from December of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown folio from December of
+1952 how do we interpret this how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1952 how do we interpret this how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1952 how do we interpret this how do we
+store the interpretations of this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the interpretations of this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the interpretations of this piece
+I already mentioned in class that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already mentioned in class that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already mentioned in class that
+non-western music and popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-western music and popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-western music and popular
+music have their own difficulties as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music have their own difficulties as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music have their own difficulties as
+well have their own problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well have their own problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well have their own problems and
+interesting points as does Machine music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting points as does Machine music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting points as does Machine music
+electronic music or in this case a piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic music or in this case a piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic music or in this case a piano
+player role where exact precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player role where exact precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player role where exact precise
+differences distances between notes can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences distances between notes can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences distances between notes can
+be encoded so I hope that this gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be encoded so I hope that this gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be encoded so I hope that this gives
+some sense of some of the rich variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense of some of the rich variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense of some of the rich variety
+of representation and I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representation and I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representation and I'm looking
+forward to seeing how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to seeing how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to seeing how your
+representations end up
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fLuyZ7ayDog.txt b/fLuyZ7ayDog.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0cb45edd324fc2d1fb5345568615ce2441e36335
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fLuyZ7ayDog.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,835 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we would now like to explore a property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would now like to explore a property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would now like to explore a property
+of work done by forces called path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work done by forces called path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work done by forces called path
+independence so we call that our work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence so we call that our work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence so we call that our work is
+defined to be an integral of F dot d s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to be an integral of F dot d s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to be an integral of F dot d s
+from some initial to some final point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some initial to some final point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some initial to some final point
+let's look at an example the force that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at an example the force that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at an example the force that
+we're going to look at is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at is the
+gravitational force and let's draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force and let's draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force and let's draw a
+coordinate system let's take an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system let's take an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system let's take an initial
+point and a final point and let's choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and a final point and let's choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and a final point and let's choose
+plus X and plus y and our Union factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X and plus y and our Union factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X and plus y and our Union factors
+I hat NJ had and in this example we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hat NJ had and in this example we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hat NJ had and in this example we're
+going to consider the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consider the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consider the gravitational
+force near the surface of the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force near the surface of the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force near the surface of the earth
+which is constant pointing downwards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is constant pointing downwards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is constant pointing downwards and
+what I'd like to do is consider two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is consider two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is consider two
+paths I'd like to consider a path that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths I'd like to consider a path that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths I'd like to consider a path that
+first path goes straight up and over so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first path goes straight up and over so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first path goes straight up and over so
+this will be path one it has two legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be path one it has two legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be path one it has two legs
+and the second path have two will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second path have two will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second path have two will go
+horizontal and vertical so that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and vertical so that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and vertical so that's going
+to be path 2 and it has two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be path 2 and it has two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be path 2 and it has two different
+legs and we'd like to evaluate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs and we'd like to evaluate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs and we'd like to evaluate this
+integral on both paths now the way we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral on both paths now the way we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral on both paths now the way we do
+that is first off let's start with path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is first off let's start with path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is first off let's start with path
+1 we'll call this Y initial and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 we'll call this Y initial and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 we'll call this Y initial and we'll
+call that Y final and we'll draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that Y final and we'll draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that Y final and we'll draw the
+gravitational force mg mg on both legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force mg mg on both legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force mg mg on both legs
+and now we see that when we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we see that when we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we see that when we do the
+integral along this first leg of path 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along this first leg of path 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along this first leg of path 1
+the gravitational force is opposite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravitational force is opposite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravitational force is opposite the
+direction we're moving the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we're moving the displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we're moving the displacement
+so the interval will be negative the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the interval will be negative the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the interval will be negative the
+force is constant and so the work done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is constant and so the work done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is constant and so the work done
+is simply minus mg times Delta Y which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply minus mg times Delta Y which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply minus mg times Delta Y which
+is y final minus y initial on that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y final minus y initial on that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y final minus y initial on that first
+part now on the second part this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part now on the second part this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part now on the second part this is a
+right angle and because it's a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right angle and because it's a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right angle and because it's a right
+angle the dot product is 0 so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle the dot product is 0 so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle the dot product is 0 so that's the
+total work done on path 1 now on path 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total work done on path 1 now on path 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total work done on path 1 now on path 2
+well again let's just draw our forces we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again let's just draw our forces we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again let's just draw our forces we
+have gravity down and we have gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gravity down and we have gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gravity down and we have gravity
+down and we can see that once again on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and we can see that once again on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and we can see that once again on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+first horizontal leg of path to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first horizontal leg of path to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first horizontal leg of path to this
+integral is zero because it's moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is zero because it's moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is zero because it's moving
+perpendicular to the force the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the force the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the force the direction
+of just along the path and on this leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just along the path and on this leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just along the path and on this leg
+just as on that leg there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as on that leg there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as on that leg there the
+gravitational force is down the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force is down the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force is down the integral
+is negative we get exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative we get exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative we get exactly the same
+result now what we like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result now what we like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result now what we like to do is
+consider a more general path rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a more general path rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a more general path rather than
+these two horizontal and vertical legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two horizontal and vertical legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two horizontal and vertical legs
+so let's draw a coordinate system again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's draw a coordinate system again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's draw a coordinate system again
+let's introduce I and let's introduce F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's introduce I and let's introduce F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's introduce I and let's introduce F
+plus y and plus X and now let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y and plus X and now let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y and plus X and now let's consider
+a path which is moving like that now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path which is moving like that now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path which is moving like that now on
+this path what we want to do is break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this path what we want to do is break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this path what we want to do is break it
+down into horizontal and vertical pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into horizontal and vertical pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into horizontal and vertical pieces
+horizontal vertical horizontal vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal vertical horizontal vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal vertical horizontal vertical
+horizontal vertical horizontal vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal vertical horizontal vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal vertical horizontal vertical
+horizontal vertical and let's focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal vertical and let's focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal vertical and let's focus on
+one of these pieces which has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these pieces which has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these pieces which has a
+displacement D s going from one point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement D s going from one point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement D s going from one point to
+another now if we blow that up so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another now if we blow that up so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another now if we blow that up so we
+have our displacement D s then what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our displacement D s then what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our displacement D s then what we
+have here is a displacement DX in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is a displacement DX in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is a displacement DX in the
+horizontal direction and dy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal direction and dy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal direction and dy in the
+vertical direction and so we see again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical direction and so we see again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical direction and so we see again
+that when we compute this work and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we compute this work and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we compute this work and our
+gravitational force is downward then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force is downward then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force is downward then the
+horizontal displayed part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal displayed part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal displayed part of this
+displacement the dot product in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement the dot product in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement the dot product in the
+horizontal direction 0 only the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal direction 0 only the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal direction 0 only the vertical
+part cancels and so when we add up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part cancels and so when we add up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part cancels and so when we add up the
+work along these horizontal and vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work along these horizontal and vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work along these horizontal and vertical
+pieces only the vertical piece counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces only the vertical piece counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces only the vertical piece counts
+we're just adding up the D Wives until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just adding up the D Wives until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just adding up the D Wives until
+we get Y final minus y initial now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get Y final minus y initial now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get Y final minus y initial now let's
+be a little more analytic here and write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little more analytic here and write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little more analytic here and write
+out our D s as a vector DX I hat plus dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out our D s as a vector DX I hat plus dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out our D s as a vector DX I hat plus dy
+J hat and our gravitational force as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J hat and our gravitational force as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J hat and our gravitational force as
+minus mg J hat now the work is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mg J hat now the work is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mg J hat now the work is the
+integral from the initial to the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from the initial to the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from the initial to the final
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+of F G dot d s and so when we do that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of F G dot d s and so when we do that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of F G dot d s and so when we do that we
+have minus mg J hat dot DX I hat plus dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus mg J hat dot DX I hat plus dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus mg J hat dot DX I hat plus dy
+J hat and from our initial to the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J hat and from our initial to the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J hat and from our initial to the final
+place and notice that we have J hat dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and notice that we have J hat dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and notice that we have J hat dot
+I hat they are perpendicular so that dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hat they are perpendicular so that dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hat they are perpendicular so that dot
+product is zero and J hat J hat is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is zero and J hat J hat is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is zero and J hat J hat is one
+and so what we're left with here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're left with here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're left with here in the
+integral is simply now we're integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is simply now we're integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is simply now we're integrating
+from Y initial to Y final because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Y initial to Y final because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Y initial to Y final because we
+only have minus mg dy and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have minus mg dy and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have minus mg dy and that's what we
+said before only the vertical parts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before only the vertical parts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before only the vertical parts are
+adding up and so when you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up and so when you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up and so when you do this
+integral M G is a constant we get mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral M G is a constant we get mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral M G is a constant we get mg
+times y final minus y initial and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times y final minus y initial and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times y final minus y initial and that
+agrees with what we had before so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees with what we had before so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees with what we had before so this
+type of force is an illustration of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of force is an illustration of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of force is an illustration of a
+force where the work done is independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force where the work done is independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force where the work done is independent
+of the path we choose from the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the path we choose from the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the path we choose from the initial
+to the final place
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fqrOxeL-fwk.txt b/fqrOxeL-fwk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e26a3a54595d77f0e82afcef94538400a8691bcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fqrOxeL-fwk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the think-pair-share strategy is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the think-pair-share strategy is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the think-pair-share strategy is one of
+the classic active learning strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic active learning strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic active learning strategies
+that that one can use in one's classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that one can use in one's classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that one can use in one's classes
+and it has as you might guess three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has as you might guess three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has as you might guess three
+parts to think the pair and the share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to think the pair and the share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to think the pair and the share
+often there's a collapsing of the pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there's a collapsing of the pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there's a collapsing of the pair
+and the share but but in general you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the share but but in general you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the share but but in general you
+first give students time to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first give students time to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first give students time to think about
+a question or a situation or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question or a situation or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question or a situation or some other
+scenario that you want them to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario that you want them to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario that you want them to think
+about and you give them time to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and you give them time to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and you give them time to think
+actively but alone about that and often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively but alone about that and often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively but alone about that and often
+you can ask them to write down their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask them to write down their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask them to write down their
+thoughts but then at the end of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts but then at the end of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts but then at the end of that
+short period of time whether it's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short period of time whether it's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short period of time whether it's three
+minutes or five minutes you have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or five minutes you have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or five minutes you have them
+pair up and if it's a really big class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair up and if it's a really big class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair up and if it's a really big class
+or the numbers the numbers of students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the numbers the numbers of students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the numbers the numbers of students
+in your class warrant it you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your class warrant it you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your class warrant it you can have
+them triple up it doesn't have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them triple up it doesn't have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them triple up it doesn't have to be a
+pair and they discuss whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair and they discuss whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair and they discuss whatever it is
+they came up with it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came up with it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came up with it's just a
+opportunity for them to just say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for them to just say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for them to just say here
+this is what I thought of what did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I thought of what did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I thought of what did you
+think about it what did you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it what did you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it what did you think about
+what I said so it's just an interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said so it's just an interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said so it's just an interactive
+opportunity for the students to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for the students to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for the students to hear
+from their peers and then the the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their peers and then the the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their peers and then the the key
+part when they're talking to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part when they're talking to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part when they're talking to each other
+is that the instructor should walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the instructor should walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the instructor should walk
+around the room and kind of eavesdrop on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the room and kind of eavesdrop on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the room and kind of eavesdrop on
+what the students are saying so you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the students are saying so you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the students are saying so you want
+to understand the kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the kinds of things
+they're talking about maybe not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking about maybe not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking about maybe not the
+specific details but the kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific details but the kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific details but the kinds of things
+they're talking about and pretty quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking about and pretty quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking about and pretty quickly
+you can learn if students are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can learn if students are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can learn if students are on the
+right track or if there's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right track or if there's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right track or if there's a big
+misconception that maybe they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconception that maybe they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconception that maybe they're just
+they might be reinforcing each other's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be reinforcing each other's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be reinforcing each other's
+misconceptions so you want to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconceptions so you want to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconceptions so you want to know that
+as the instructor so that's why if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the instructor so that's why if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the instructor so that's why if
+possible to walk around the room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to walk around the room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to walk around the room and
+just overhear what people are saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just overhear what people are saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just overhear what people are saying
+that can be a really important part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be a really important part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be a really important part of
+that pair step and then for the share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pair step and then for the share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pair step and then for the share
+you have them report out so this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have them report out so this does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have them report out so this does
+two things one it lets you bring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things one it lets you bring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things one it lets you bring to
+light any specific comments that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light any specific comments that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light any specific comments that you
+overheard during the pair section you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheard during the pair section you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheard during the pair section you
+can bring it up with the full with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring it up with the full with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring it up with the full with the
+whole class because there could be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole class because there could be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole class because there could be some
+really important wonderful observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important wonderful observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important wonderful observations
+the students make within the pair and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students make within the pair and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students make within the pair and if
+you don't share that or if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't share that or if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't share that or if you don't
+create a situation where that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a situation where that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a situation where that can be
+shared with the bigger class then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared with the bigger class then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared with the bigger class then then
+everybody misses out except for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody misses out except for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody misses out except for those
+three people so it gives you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people so it gives you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people so it gives you an
+opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity
+to do that it also gives you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that it also gives you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that it also gives you an
+opportunity to globally clear up any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to globally clear up any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to globally clear up any
+misconceptions that that you've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconceptions that that you've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconceptions that that you've heard
+that it bubbled up from this from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it bubbled up from this from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it bubbled up from this from this
+pair exercise the other thing it does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair exercise the other thing it does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair exercise the other thing it does is
+if there's a group of two or three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a group of two or three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a group of two or three or
+even four but I three is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even four but I three is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even four but I three is probably
+optimal it the group reports as a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal it the group reports as a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal it the group reports as a group
+it doesn't report as an individual so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't report as an individual so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't report as an individual so if
+a student is a little insecure or may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student is a little insecure or may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student is a little insecure or may
+not really want to share what he or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really want to share what he or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really want to share what he or she
+thinks at a personal level or at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks at a personal level or at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks at a personal level or at an
+individual level being able to share out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level being able to share out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level being able to share out
+as a group is it is a bit safer is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a group is it is a bit safer is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a group is it is a bit safer is a bit
+more comfortable for many students so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comfortable for many students so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comfortable for many students so
+that's what the share part does and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the share part does and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the share part does and then
+it just gets the whole the whole group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just gets the whole the whole group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just gets the whole the whole group
+together and it lets lets you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and it lets lets you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and it lets lets you kind of
+sum up the smaller conversations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up the smaller conversations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up the smaller conversations with
+the larger group
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fwxxoJanp4A.txt b/fwxxoJanp4A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc7a72829be6731f2a61015ed05618f7256441d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fwxxoJanp4A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+what was that moment when you knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was that moment when you knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was that moment when you knew that
+ocw are the people who you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw are the people who you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw are the people who you know you
+watch five minutes of gilber string it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch five minutes of gilber string it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch five minutes of gilber string it
+is impossible not to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+impressed welcome to open Learners a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed welcome to open Learners a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed welcome to open Learners a
+podcast that tells the stories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+podcast that tells the stories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+podcast that tells the stories of
+Learners all over the world who use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners all over the world who use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners all over the world who use
+mit's open courseware I'm uel Li kasigi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's open courseware I'm uel Li kasigi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's open courseware I'm uel Li kasigi
+and open L myself from campala Uganda in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open L myself from campala Uganda in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open L myself from campala Uganda in
+East Africa I'm Michael Jordan Pilgreen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East Africa I'm Michael Jordan Pilgreen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East Africa I'm Michael Jordan Pilgreen
+an open learner from Memphis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tennessee hi Michael hey Emanuel how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee hi Michael hey Emanuel how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee hi Michael hey Emanuel how you
+doing I'm doing great man I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I'm doing great man I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I'm doing great man I can't
+believe we're here yeah I can't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe we're here yeah I can't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe we're here yeah I can't believe
+we're actually recording this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually recording this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually recording this this is
+something we've been talking about for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we've been talking about for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we've been talking about for a
+while now I think over 13 14 months do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while now I think over 13 14 months do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while now I think over 13 14 months do
+you remember the first conversation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the first conversation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the first conversation we
+had about starting this podcast I do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had about starting this podcast I do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had about starting this podcast I do I
+actually remember that conversation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually remember that conversation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually remember that conversation a
+lot this was 16 months ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot this was 16 months ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot this was 16 months ago
+I had reached out to you over LinkedIn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had reached out to you over LinkedIn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had reached out to you over LinkedIn
+you know a story had been written about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a story had been written about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a story had been written about
+you in MIT news yeah we scheduled a call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in MIT news yeah we scheduled a call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in MIT news yeah we scheduled a call
+to uh connect and the first thing I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh connect and the first thing I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh connect and the first thing I see
+on once the camera finally comes on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on once the camera finally comes on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on once the camera finally comes on is
+just like this dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like this dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like this dark
+room with with with with you sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room with with with with you sitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room with with with with you sitting in
+the room and uh you know later I figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room and uh you know later I figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room and uh you know later I figured
+out like the power had been off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like the power had been off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like the power had been off and
+kalala I ran from walk that day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kalala I ran from walk that day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kalala I ran from walk that day
+I came earlier home I Was preparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I came earlier home I Was preparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I came earlier home I Was preparing
+myself a little meal so I was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself a little meal so I was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself a little meal so I was like
+blasting music on my laptop and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blasting music on my laptop and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blasting music on my laptop and I was
+consuming the laptop's battery so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming the laptop's battery so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming the laptop's battery so I get
+on I'm tethering from my phone my batter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I'm tethering from my phone my batter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I'm tethering from my phone my batter
+is low that first conversation became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is low that first conversation became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is low that first conversation became
+you know this idea about open Learners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this idea about open Learners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this idea about open Learners
+making a global community of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a global community of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a global community of open
+Learners and creating this podcast of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners and creating this podcast of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners and creating this podcast of
+the might surprisingly they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the might surprisingly they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the might surprisingly they said
+yes and you know later here we are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and you know later here we are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and you know later here we are uh
+but for our listeners who are unfamiliar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for our listeners who are unfamiliar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for our listeners who are unfamiliar
+um open coare is an online publication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um open coare is an online publication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um open coare is an online publication
+of nearly all of mit's courses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nearly all of mit's courses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nearly all of mit's courses and
+content it's available to all Learners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content it's available to all Learners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content it's available to all Learners
+all over the world it's free MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the world it's free MIT open
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the world it's free MIT open
+courseware is one of a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware is one of a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware is one of a collection of
+open educational resources at MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open educational resources at MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open educational resources at MIT open
+learning you know and one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning you know and one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning you know and one thing that
+might be helpful to know is why we in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be helpful to know is why we in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be helpful to know is why we in
+particular wanted to start this podcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular wanted to start this podcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular wanted to start this podcast
+you know just like the Learners we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just like the Learners we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just like the Learners we will
+be featuring in each episode we both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be featuring in each episode we both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be featuring in each episode we both
+have our own open course where story and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our own open course where story and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our own open course where story and
+Emanuel you know we should start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emanuel you know we should start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emanuel you know we should start with
+you um maybe tell us a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um maybe tell us a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um maybe tell us a little bit about
+your story yeah like I mentioned before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your story yeah like I mentioned before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your story yeah like I mentioned before
+I'm from Uganda a small country in East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm from Uganda a small country in East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm from Uganda a small country in East
+Africa and I've been i' been learning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa and I've been i' been learning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa and I've been i' been learning a
+lot of things online and then one day I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things online and then one day I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things online and then one day I
+really wanted to look into this a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to look into this a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to look into this a I
+think so on my journey I'm looking to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so on my journey I'm looking to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so on my journey I'm looking to it
+when I'm on YouTube searching something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm on YouTube searching something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm on YouTube searching something
+and I see course on AI my first shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I see course on AI my first shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I see course on AI my first shock
+was this which MIT is this this can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this which MIT is this this can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this which MIT is this this can't be
+the MIT you know why would they give out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT you know why would they give out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT you know why would they give out
+knowledge for free I check out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge for free I check out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge for free I check out the
+courses in my skepticism I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses in my skepticism I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses in my skepticism I first
+download a psychology course I watched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download a psychology course I watched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download a psychology course I watched
+the full course I thought to would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full course I thought to would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full course I thought to would take
+me months I watched it in a really short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me months I watched it in a really short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me months I watched it in a really short
+time cuz it was really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time cuz it was really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time cuz it was really really
+interesting so I told myself I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so I told myself I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so I told myself I should
+thank this professor it's the least I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank this professor it's the least I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank this professor it's the least I
+could do uh but some days later the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do uh but some days later the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do uh but some days later the
+director of ocw writes me back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of ocw writes me back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of ocw writes me back and
+they're like we like to do a story about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like we like to do a story about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like we like to do a story about
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+I always tell the team that at first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always tell the team that at first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always tell the team that at first I
+thought they trying to scam me or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they trying to scam me or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they trying to scam me or
+something like why what what do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like why what what do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like why what what do you want
+for me but turns out it was a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me but turns out it was a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me but turns out it was a really
+great experience there were real legit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great experience there were real legit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great experience there were real legit
+the Articles came out and then I say now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Articles came out and then I say now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Articles came out and then I say now
+meeting the people in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting the people in the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting the people in the background
+Michael reached out then we got on calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael reached out then we got on calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael reached out then we got on calls
+with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more
+people and the journey has been amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and the journey has been amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and the journey has been amazing
+since so Michael what was your story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since so Michael what was your story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since so Michael what was your story
+like yeah so during 2019 I graduated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah so during 2019 I graduated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah so during 2019 I graduated
+from undergrad 2020 roll around and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from undergrad 2020 roll around and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from undergrad 2020 roll around and I'm
+getting ready for my first art show of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ready for my first art show of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ready for my first art show of
+about six to eight oil paintings and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six to eight oil paintings and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six to eight oil paintings and the
+pandemic happens So within two months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic happens So within two months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic happens So within two months
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+unemployed and it doesn't look like art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployed and it doesn't look like art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployed and it doesn't look like art
+is going to be coming around soon I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be coming around soon I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be coming around soon I was
+a public artist before that doing murals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a public artist before that doing murals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a public artist before that doing murals
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+sculptures and I knew I need to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculptures and I knew I need to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculptures and I knew I need to make a
+change I had heard people were still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I had heard people were still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I had heard people were still
+hiring in finance and I knew technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring in finance and I knew technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring in finance and I knew technology
+was still hiring so I started looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still hiring so I started looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still hiring so I started looking
+for free resources online where I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free resources online where I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free resources online where I could
+learn finance and Technology I stumbled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn finance and Technology I stumbled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn finance and Technology I stumbled
+upon MIT open course fors YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon MIT open course fors YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon MIT open course fors YouTube
+watched Andrew Lo's Finance Theory one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched Andrew Lo's Finance Theory one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched Andrew Lo's Finance Theory one
+course and the rest is sort of History
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and the rest is sort of History
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and the rest is sort of History
+you know that's that's just my story in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's that's just my story in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's that's just my story in
+a short form so ocw changed our lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short form so ocw changed our lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short form so ocw changed our lives
+and connected us with Learners from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connected us with Learners from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connected us with Learners from all
+over the world which is amazing for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world which is amazing for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world which is amazing for me
+personally and the point of this podcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally and the point of this podcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally and the point of this podcast
+is to share their stories what led them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to share their stories what led them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to share their stories what led them
+to ocw what their experiences with ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ocw what their experiences with ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ocw what their experiences with ocw
+was like and how their lives have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like and how their lives have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like and how their lives have
+changed because of it over time given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed because of it over time given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed because of it over time given
+the different backgrounds will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different backgrounds will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different backgrounds will be
+speaking to Learners from all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking to Learners from all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking to Learners from all over the
+world so in each of the six episodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so in each of the six episodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so in each of the six episodes
+this season we share a story of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this season we share a story of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this season we share a story of a
+learner from a different part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner from a different part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner from a different part of the
+world each learner will tell their story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world each learner will tell their story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world each learner will tell their story
+in their own words uh so today we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own words uh so today we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own words uh so today we will
+hear from Maria eduarda babosa she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear from Maria eduarda babosa she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear from Maria eduarda babosa she's
+from sou Pao Brazil Emanuel and I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sou Pao Brazil Emanuel and I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sou Pao Brazil Emanuel and I first
+met Maria um last year towards the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met Maria um last year towards the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met Maria um last year towards the end
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+2023 and the thing that really struck us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2023 and the thing that really struck us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2023 and the thing that really struck us
+about her story was the fact that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about her story was the fact that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about her story was the fact that there
+was this learner that was ambivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this learner that was ambivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this learner that was ambivalent
+about learning she was probably smarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about learning she was probably smarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about learning she was probably smarter
+than the rest of the people in her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the rest of the people in her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the rest of the people in her
+school and her class but she was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and her class but she was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and her class but she was just
+disengaged you know through the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disengaged you know through the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disengaged you know through the power of
+MIT open courseware and her ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT open courseware and her ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT open courseware and her ability to
+learn new knowledge in English she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn new knowledge in English she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn new knowledge in English she was
+able to transform her life in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to transform her life in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to transform her life in a way that
+uh many people aspire to but few people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh many people aspire to but few people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh many people aspire to but few people
+follow through on but I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow through on but I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow through on but I think that's
+enough of us talking about Maria let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of us talking about Maria let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of us talking about Maria let's
+hear from Maria herself here is Maria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear from Maria herself here is Maria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear from Maria herself here is Maria
+eduarda Barbosa from Salo Brazil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my name is Maria I'm from Rio Brazil but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Maria I'm from Rio Brazil but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Maria I'm from Rio Brazil but
+I live in s Pao where I go to medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I live in s Pao where I go to medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I live in s Pao where I go to medical
+school in the University of s Paulo so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school in the University of s Paulo so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school in the University of s Paulo so
+I'm going into my second year right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going into my second year right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going into my second year right now
+and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm
+22 I want to have a career in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 I want to have a career in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 I want to have a career in
+research I've always wanted to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research I've always wanted to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research I've always wanted to teach
+like for long as I can remember I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for long as I can remember I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for long as I can remember I like
+to run and last year I ran a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run and last year I ran a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run and last year I ran a half
+marathan for the first time so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marathan for the first time so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marathan for the first time so you can
+probably tell just from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably tell just from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably tell just from that
+introduction that Maria is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction that Maria is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction that Maria is an
+enthusiastic person who is passionate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic person who is passionate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic person who is passionate
+about her own education but according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about her own education but according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about her own education but according to
+her it wasn't always that way my father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her it wasn't always that way my father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her it wasn't always that way my father
+is in the military so uh when I was 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the military so uh when I was 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the military so uh when I was 14
+we were transferred for the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were transferred for the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were transferred for the first time
+and that was very hard on me and I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was very hard on me and I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was very hard on me and I went
+to like this small school so I went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like this small school so I went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like this small school so I went to
+the small school and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small school and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small school and it
+was not challenging so to speak at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not challenging so to speak at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not challenging so to speak at some
+point I realized I wouldn't I could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I realized I wouldn't I could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I realized I wouldn't I could not
+possibly fail even if I didn't like know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly fail even if I didn't like know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly fail even if I didn't like know
+homework because I would a the test and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework because I would a the test and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework because I would a the test and
+that would give me enough grade to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give me enough grade to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give me enough grade to pass
+and so I wouldn't fail I knew it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I wouldn't fail I knew it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I wouldn't fail I knew it there
+was like this teacher who was the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like this teacher who was the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like this teacher who was the math
+teacher and the physics teacher was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher and the physics teacher was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher and the physics teacher was also
+very helpful in that sense and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful in that sense and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful in that sense and one of
+them came up to me and said someone like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them came up to me and said someone like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them came up to me and said someone like
+you really should be studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really should be studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really should be studying
+this was the first time when someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the first time when someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the first time when someone
+demonstrated he expected me to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated he expected me to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated he expected me to be more
+than what I already was and that was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what I already was and that was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what I already was and that was so
+special for me and I and I was like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special for me and I and I was like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special for me and I and I was like oh
+what the hell am I doing with my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the hell am I doing with my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the hell am I doing with my life
+and at that point I was like okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at that point I was like okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at that point I was like okay I'm
+going say something um okay everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going say something um okay everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going say something um okay everyone
+says like calculus is really hard let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says like calculus is really hard let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says like calculus is really hard let's
+see if I can learn it I Googled like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I can learn it I Googled like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I can learn it I Googled like
+calculus intr trory course and that led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus intr trory course and that led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus intr trory course and that led
+me to Professor gilber Gilbert Strang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to Professor gilber Gilbert Strang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to Professor gilber Gilbert Strang
+calculus big picture which is to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus big picture which is to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus big picture which is to this
+day one of my favorite classes of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one of my favorite classes of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one of my favorite classes of any
+topics like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics like
+ever and I was fascinated and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever and I was fascinated and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever and I was fascinated and I was
+expecting to like challenge myself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting to like challenge myself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting to like challenge myself and
+and sure I did but I started to enjoy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sure I did but I started to enjoy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sure I did but I started to enjoy it
+like a lot and I was like doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot and I was like doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot and I was like doing this
+while I was not a at school and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I was not a at school and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I was not a at school and things
+started changing for me pretty rapidly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started changing for me pretty rapidly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started changing for me pretty rapidly I
+could relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so I understand her view of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I understand her view of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I understand her view of not
+feeling challenged enough and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling challenged enough and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling challenged enough and then you
+meet these other people who are teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet these other people who are teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet these other people who are teaching
+you the same thing but in a more amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the same thing but in a more amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the same thing but in a more amazing
+way and for the first time ever it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and for the first time ever it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and for the first time ever it makes
+sense so I can I can relate to that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so I can I can relate to that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so I can I can relate to that I
+was also uh a unconventional learner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also uh a unconventional learner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also uh a unconventional learner
+that struggled to stay engaged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that struggled to stay engaged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that struggled to stay engaged in
+Traditional School
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traditional School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traditional School
+so I definitely relate to that Journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I definitely relate to that Journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I definitely relate to that Journey
+but also the idea that when you first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the idea that when you first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the idea that when you first
+see Gilbert string it kind of makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Gilbert string it kind of makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Gilbert string it kind of makes you
+start thinking about education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about education and
+learning these complex topics such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning these complex topics such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning these complex topics such as
+calculus and linear algebra more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and linear algebra more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and linear algebra more
+userfriendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+userfriendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+userfriendly
+and um you know just inspiring you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know just inspiring you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know just inspiring you to
+learn more about these complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topics and Michael we ask Maria to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics and Michael we ask Maria to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics and Michael we ask Maria to
+reflect on the challenges she fa at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on the challenges she fa at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on the challenges she fa at the
+start of her ocw journey one common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of her ocw journey one common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of her ocw journey one common
+obstacle for many in the global learner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle for many in the global learner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle for many in the global learner
+Community is all ocw classes are taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community is all ocw classes are taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community is all ocw classes are taught
+in English so I actually took very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English so I actually took very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English so I actually took very few
+English classes as a kid but when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English classes as a kid but when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English classes as a kid but when I was
+very young my older siblings they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very young my older siblings they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very young my older siblings they they
+spoke English and they would speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke English and they would speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke English and they would speak
+sometimes uh between them so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes uh between them so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes uh between them so that I
+couldn't understand but I was a kid I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't understand but I was a kid I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't understand but I was a kid I
+was like a machine of learning languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like a machine of learning languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like a machine of learning languages
+so I I I picked something up at at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I I picked something up at at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I I picked something up at at that
+point between 12 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point between 12 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point between 12 and
+13 uh my mother was involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 uh my mother was involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 uh my mother was involved in
+the let's say an institution inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let's say an institution inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let's say an institution inside the
+Catholic Church which which deals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic Church which which deals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic Church which which deals with
+refugees and so we received a family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refugees and so we received a family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refugees and so we received a family of
+refugees um at our house and there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refugees um at our house and there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refugees um at our house and there and
+there was a guy who was like a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a guy who was like a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a guy who was like a little
+bit older than me and if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit older than me and if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit older than me and if you haven't
+realized I tend to talk too much and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized I tend to talk too much and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized I tend to talk too much and so
+I didn't consider the possibility of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't consider the possibility of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't consider the possibility of not
+talking to him for for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to him for for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to him for for the other
+language option I I didn't even know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language option I I didn't even know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language option I I didn't even know the
+alphabet so I picked English and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet so I picked English and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet so I picked English and
+practiced a lot throughout these months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practiced a lot throughout these months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practiced a lot throughout these months
+and that that get that made me really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that get that made me really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that get that made me really
+comfortable with with English and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with with English and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with with English and then
+like a few years later I met uh ocw and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a few years later I met uh ocw and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a few years later I met uh ocw and
+started using it like pretty much every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started using it like pretty much every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started using it like pretty much every
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+so taking classes in English wasn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so taking classes in English wasn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so taking classes in English wasn't the
+only first Maria encountered when she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only first Maria encountered when she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only first Maria encountered when she
+started ocw it was also her first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started ocw it was also her first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started ocw it was also her first time
+taking classes online I think it was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking classes online I think it was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking classes online I think it was one
+of the first times I was doing learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first times I was doing learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first times I was doing learning
+by the sake of learning and that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the sake of learning and that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the sake of learning and that was the
+main transition for me not from like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main transition for me not from like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main transition for me not from like uh
+seeing the professor and or watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the professor and or watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the professor and or watching
+online classes it was like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online classes it was like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online classes it was like uh
+from sometimes liking something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sometimes liking something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sometimes liking something and
+maybe studying a little bit maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe studying a little bit maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe studying a little bit maybe
+studying to get a medal on that Olympia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying to get a medal on that Olympia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying to get a medal on that Olympia
+or but this was more like I I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or but this was more like I I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or but this was more like I I want to
+see what I I want to see what this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I I want to see what this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I I want to see what this is so
+I was like they out of curiosity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like they out of curiosity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like they out of curiosity and
+self motivation and so that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self motivation and so that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self motivation and so that was the
+biggest transition for me was not it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest transition for me was not it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest transition for me was not it
+wasn't hard at all to go to online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't hard at all to go to online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't hard at all to go to online
+actually but one thing that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but one thing that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but one thing that really
+helped me helped me was like uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped me helped me was like uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped me helped me was like uh at the
+same time to be like more open and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time to be like more open and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time to be like more open and
+honest about it and to be more humble in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest about it and to be more humble in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest about it and to be more humble in
+the sense that okay like you do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that okay like you do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that okay like you do you do
+you do like the last part of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do like the last part of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do like the last part of calculus
+course which was in edex I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course which was in edex I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course which was in edex I think it was
+calculus 1C you do infinite serious you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus 1C you do infinite serious you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus 1C you do infinite serious you
+do not think you're so smart anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not think you're so smart anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not think you're so smart anymore
+Maria may have been questioning herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maria may have been questioning herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maria may have been questioning herself
+at the start of her ocw journey but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the start of her ocw journey but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the start of her ocw journey but when
+she was done her professors were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was done her professors were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was done her professors were
+questioning how she knew so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning how she knew so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning how she knew so much
+interesting if you ask me actually one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if you ask me actually one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if you ask me actually one
+day one Professor asked me so what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one Professor asked me so what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one Professor asked me so what was
+your first undergraduate course and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first undergraduate course and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first undergraduate course and I
+was like no I didn't have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like no I didn't have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like no I didn't have another
+undergraduate course I just uh watched a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate course I just uh watched a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate course I just uh watched a
+bunch watched a bunch of of ocw classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch watched a bunch of of ocw classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch watched a bunch of of ocw classes
+and he was like oh that's great I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was like oh that's great I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was like oh that's great I
+thought it had learned chemistry or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something Maria shares how ocw changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Maria shares how ocw changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Maria shares how ocw changed
+both her professional and personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both her professional and personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both her professional and personal
+trajectories I wasn't very close to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories I wasn't very close to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories I wasn't very close to to
+my friends even at that time because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friends even at that time because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friends even at that time because I
+was so Shell Shocked from the from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so Shell Shocked from the from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so Shell Shocked from the from
+moving from R to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from R to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from R to
+Brazilia and so i' be home and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilia and so i' be home and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilia and so i' be home and I would
+count a days oh how long do I have until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count a days oh how long do I have until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count a days oh how long do I have until
+I go back home you know uh because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go back home you know uh because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go back home you know uh because I
+really didn't like the city and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't like the city and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't like the city and I I
+missed everything like so bad what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed everything like so bad what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed everything like so bad what
+happened was like I started having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was like I started having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was like I started having
+something to something more to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to something more to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to something more to think
+about uh I think it made me a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh I think it made me a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh I think it made me a lot more
+useful for the people around me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for the people around me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for the people around me and
+that um opened me up for them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um opened me up for them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um opened me up for them and then
+uh as a consequence I was happier I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a consequence I was happier I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a consequence I was happier I was
+learning more stuff and I was uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning more stuff and I was uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning more stuff and I was uh more
+integrated uh to to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated uh to to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated uh to to my
+community after finishing ocw Maria was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community after finishing ocw Maria was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community after finishing ocw Maria was
+happier more social and more grounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier more social and more grounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier more social and more grounded
+than she was before she also noticed she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than she was before she also noticed she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than she was before she also noticed she
+was approaching learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was approaching learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was approaching learning
+differently and so I sat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and so I sat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and so I sat that
+the point where I where I think ocw has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where I where I think ocw has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where I where I think ocw has
+made like the most difference in my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made like the most difference in my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made like the most difference in my life
+is after I got into the university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is after I got into the university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is after I got into the university
+because I was really comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was really comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was really comfortable with
+not knowing things and that's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowing things and that's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowing things and that's like a
+lesson that I try to bring to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson that I try to bring to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson that I try to bring to my
+colleagues like all the time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues like all the time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues like all the time because
+they always want to give like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always want to give like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always want to give like this so
+specific and fancy answers and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific and fancy answers and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific and fancy answers and sometimes
+the the answers do not exist and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the answers do not exist and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the answers do not exist and they
+think they should know because all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they should know because all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they should know because all their
+education was geared towards a test they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education was geared towards a test they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education was geared towards a test they
+had to do well on so it creates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do well on so it creates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do well on so it creates a
+culture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture of
+validation and one colleague of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation and one colleague of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation and one colleague of mine
+she's amazing and she was like okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's amazing and she was like okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's amazing and she was like okay I
+know I made this mistake I know I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I made this mistake I know I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I made this mistake I know I did
+not answer that correctly but and but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not answer that correctly but and but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not answer that correctly but and but I
+want I want to know how do you study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I want to know how do you study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I want to know how do you study
+because I don't feel like I'm learning I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't feel like I'm learning I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't feel like I'm learning I
+feel like I'm lost sometimes when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like I'm lost sometimes when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like I'm lost sometimes when we're
+studying together and I was like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying together and I was like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying together and I was like okay
+sometimes I also feel lost and then I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I also feel lost and then I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I also feel lost and then I I
+tell you guys I'm I'm lost because I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you guys I'm I'm lost because I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you guys I'm I'm lost because I get
+lost the difference is I do not think oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost the difference is I do not think oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost the difference is I do not think oh
+I'm lost because I'm stupid I think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm lost because I'm stupid I think I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm lost because I'm stupid I think I'm
+kind of lost because I haven't learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of lost because I haven't learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of lost because I haven't learned
+this yet and sometimes you the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yet and sometimes you the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yet and sometimes you the best
+thing you can do is to ask what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do is to ask what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do is to ask what you
+think is the stupid questions because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is the stupid questions because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is the stupid questions because
+odds are you're not the only one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds are you're not the only one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds are you're not the only one with
+that questions and what was learning at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that questions and what was learning at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that questions and what was learning at
+ocw at that point was so key for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw at that point was so key for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw at that point was so key for me to
+grow as a student and as a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow as a student and as a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow as a student and as a person
+Maria's ocw Journey also inspired the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maria's ocw Journey also inspired the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maria's ocw Journey also inspired the
+people around her including some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people around her including some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people around her including some of the
+youngest members of her family and in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youngest members of her family and in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youngest members of her family and in my
+family this is kind of cute because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family this is kind of cute because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family this is kind of cute because I
+have a small niece she seven now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a small niece she seven now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a small niece she seven now it's
+it's nice because I don't live in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice because I don't live in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice because I don't live in the
+same city and when I come came to visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same city and when I come came to visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same city and when I come came to visit
+she was we spent a little bit of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was we spent a little bit of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was we spent a little bit of time
+together and we were kind of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we were kind of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we were kind of doing
+chemistry experiments and she was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry experiments and she was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry experiments and she was so
+excited and her eyes were glowing and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and her eyes were glowing and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and her eyes were glowing and it
+was so funny and I think that aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so funny and I think that aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so funny and I think that aspect of
+not trying to do something useful just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to do something useful just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to do something useful just
+trying to do something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do something that's
+beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+and that that's something I I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's something I I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's something I I want to
+bring to her and and I I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring to her and and I I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring to her and and I I think that's
+that's working because people are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's working because people are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's working because people are so
+like uh St that useful usefulness thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh St that useful usefulness thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh St that useful usefulness thing
+and it's like I play the guitar I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like I play the guitar I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like I play the guitar I will
+never make any money playing the guitar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never make any money playing the guitar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never make any money playing the guitar
+and I couldn't care less and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I couldn't care less and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I couldn't care less and I think
+sometimes with our studies and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes with our studies and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes with our studies and what I
+want to bring to to to my niece I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bring to to to my niece I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bring to to to my niece I think
+there are two good reasons to study one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two good reasons to study one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two good reasons to study one
+of them is to be of service and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is to be of service and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is to be of service and the
+other one is to contemplate things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is to contemplate things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is to contemplate things is
+like art is the product of your studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like art is the product of your studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like art is the product of your studies
+are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not
+what what you do with it directly it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what you do with it directly it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what you do with it directly it is
+the person you become while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+studying I think some of the people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying I think some of the people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying I think some of the people that
+I've inspired the most in my ocw journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've inspired the most in my ocw journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've inspired the most in my ocw journey
+has been other Learners around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been other Learners around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been other Learners around the world
+I think I've given a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I've given a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I've given a lot of
+people um the fuel to light the fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um the fuel to light the fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um the fuel to light the fire
+that's within all of us to become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's within all of us to become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's within all of us to become a
+better person to keep learning to always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better person to keep learning to always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better person to keep learning to always
+be curious you know to keep you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be curious you know to keep you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be curious you know to keep you know and
+it's not just studying for studying sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just studying for studying sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just studying for studying sake
+it's really like how can I expand my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really like how can I expand my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really like how can I expand my own
+Consciousness how can I expand my view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness how can I expand my view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness how can I expand my view
+of the world and how can I bring these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world and how can I bring these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world and how can I bring these
+Frameworks back to my family my friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frameworks back to my family my friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frameworks back to my family my friends
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+community beautiful beautiful you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community beautiful beautiful you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community beautiful beautiful you
+mentioned something about inspiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned something about inspiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned something about inspiring
+Learners all over the world that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners all over the world that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners all over the world that's
+something that took me by surprise I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that took me by surprise I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that took me by surprise I
+would say but also from studying for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say but also from studying for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say but also from studying for the
+sake of becoming a moreful person most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake of becoming a moreful person most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake of becoming a moreful person most
+of the courses I take I did have done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the courses I take I did have done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the courses I take I did have done so
+far and I'm currently doing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and I'm currently doing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and I'm currently doing on
+ocw were for personal reasons I studed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw were for personal reasons I studed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw were for personal reasons I studed
+psychology not because I work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology not because I work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology not because I work in
+Psychology but because I like psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychology but because I like psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychology but because I like psychology
+I studed everything else from there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I studed everything else from there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I studed everything else from there for
+the love of it so obviously her cew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the love of it so obviously her cew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the love of it so obviously her cew
+workk had a profound impact on Maria we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workk had a profound impact on Maria we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workk had a profound impact on Maria we
+asked her if she had any advice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked her if she had any advice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked her if she had any advice for
+others around the world who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others around the world who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others around the world who are
+considering ocw any other Learners any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering ocw any other Learners any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering ocw any other Learners any
+curious people what advice you have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious people what advice you have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious people what advice you have for
+them one thing I would say it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one thing I would say it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one thing I would say it's like
+this is just the beginning they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the beginning they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the beginning they're not
+this is very cool but do not close your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very cool but do not close your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very cool but do not close your
+eyes and be so stubborn with things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and be so stubborn with things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and be so stubborn with things
+remain open to learn to learn new things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain open to learn to learn new things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain open to learn to learn new things
+do not be so confined to your Niche uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not be so confined to your Niche uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not be so confined to your Niche uh
+and actually for me and for everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually for me and for everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually for me and for everyone
+who's like in their teens or early 20s I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's like in their teens or early 20s I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's like in their teens or early 20s I
+hate to break that to you but you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate to break that to you but you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate to break that to you but you do not
+have a niche and you don't have to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a niche and you don't have to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a niche and you don't have to like
+close your mind now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close your mind now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close your mind now
+remain open to learn new things and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain open to learn new things and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain open to learn new things and of
+course when you love something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when you love something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when you love something you
+probably have some constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have some constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have some constructive
+criticism for that thing as well Maria's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism for that thing as well Maria's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism for that thing as well Maria's
+advice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice to
+ocw get more of it this is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw get more of it this is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw get more of it this is sort of a
+funny one because I was kind of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny one because I was kind of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny one because I was kind of thinking
+the other day I don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day I don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day I don't even
+remember what I was looking for but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I was looking for but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I was looking for but I
+remember there was like a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there was like a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there was like a bunch of
+things it was biophysics it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it was biophysics it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it was biophysics it was
+biophysics and I didn't find a lot of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biophysics and I didn't find a lot of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biophysics and I didn't find a lot of a
+lot of stuff and I was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stuff and I was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stuff and I was like
+I might be be like being totally unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might be be like being totally unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might be be like being totally unfair
+to the usw team do not be afraid of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the usw team do not be afraid of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the usw team do not be afraid of like
+oh you know maybe people won't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you know maybe people won't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you know maybe people won't want to
+come here I doubt it I double doubt it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come here I doubt it I double doubt it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come here I doubt it I double doubt it I
+triple doubt it actually um I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple doubt it actually um I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple doubt it actually um I wanted to
+go to MIT because of ocw people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to MIT because of ocw people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to MIT because of ocw people will
+know the institution better people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the institution better people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the institution better people will
+want to collaborate with it please uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to collaborate with it please uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to collaborate with it please uh
+record more courses because sometimes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record more courses because sometimes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record more courses because sometimes we
+want to we want to learn by a physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to we want to learn by a physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to we want to learn by a physics
+with someone like youber stringers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with someone like youber stringers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with someone like youber stringers or
+Barber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barber
+Imperial even though Maria is done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imperial even though Maria is done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imperial even though Maria is done with
+her ocw cewor for now she continues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her ocw cewor for now she continues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her ocw cewor for now she continues to
+reflect on where she would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on where she would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on where she would have been
+without it in the last last time I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without it in the last last time I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without it in the last last time I I
+talked with someone from the team I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked with someone from the team I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked with someone from the team I was
+at at the roof of my grandmother's house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at the roof of my grandmother's house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at the roof of my grandmother's house
+it was a place where we hang our clothes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a place where we hang our clothes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a place where we hang our clothes
+to dry them up but you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dry them up but you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dry them up but you don't know what
+it is because in the US when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is because in the US when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is because in the US when you take
+out your clothes from the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your clothes from the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your clothes from the machine
+they're already dry it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're already dry it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're already dry it's a very
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+reality very different culture very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality very different culture very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality very different culture very
+different place as a also because here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different place as a also because here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different place as a also because here
+it is warm enough so that things can dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is warm enough so that things can dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is warm enough so that things can dry
+up pretty quickly it's far it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up pretty quickly it's far it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up pretty quickly it's far it's it's
+like this how much further this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this how much further this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this how much further this
+initiative has brought mit2 level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative has brought mit2 level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative has brought mit2 level
+education is what I want to convey and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is what I want to convey and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is what I want to convey and
+maybe I wouldn't have become the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I wouldn't have become the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I wouldn't have become the person
+who's like a student who's passionate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's like a student who's passionate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's like a student who's passionate a
+enough about studying to get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough about studying to get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough about studying to get into the
+medical school I got into it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school I got into it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school I got into it probably
+wouldn't be where I'm at today if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be where I'm at today if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be where I'm at today if that
+this initiative didn't exist and so um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this initiative didn't exist and so um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this initiative didn't exist and so um I
+cannot express my gratitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot express my gratitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot express my gratitude
+enough and Maria's clothes drawing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and Maria's clothes drawing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and Maria's clothes drawing is
+the perfect visual because it gets at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfect visual because it gets at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfect visual because it gets at
+this bigger theme Emanuel and I are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bigger theme Emanuel and I are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bigger theme Emanuel and I are
+trying to convey in the season of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to convey in the season of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to convey in the season of open
+Learners While most of the classes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners While most of the classes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners While most of the classes at
+MIT are taught in Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT are taught in Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT are taught in Cambridge
+Massachusetts m Open courseware is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts m Open courseware is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts m Open courseware is a
+global program and phenomena I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global program and phenomena I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global program and phenomena I wouldn't
+be where I'm at today if it wasn't for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be where I'm at today if it wasn't for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be where I'm at today if it wasn't for
+these kinds of platforms not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of platforms not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of platforms not only
+because they give me the opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they give me the opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they give me the opportunity to
+have like MIT level education in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like MIT level education in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like MIT level education in my
+small small High School library in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small small High School library in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small small High School library in
+Brazil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil
+still but because it shows me it opens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still but because it shows me it opens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still but because it shows me it opens
+the window to a w that was not part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window to a w that was not part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window to a w that was not part of
+my ward and as a result I grew up and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my ward and as a result I grew up and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my ward and as a result I grew up and I
+learned to really love learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to really love learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to really love learning and
+doing it for the sake of it so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it for the sake of it so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it for the sake of it so when
+you're if if this platforms do not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if if this platforms do not exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if if this platforms do not exist
+people are confined to their geography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are confined to their geography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are confined to their geography
+and this is not fair people are confined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not fair people are confined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not fair people are confined
+to their geography and they do not reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their geography and they do not reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their geography and they do not reach
+their full potential because they do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their full potential because they do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their full potential because they do not
+know everything that's out there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything that's out there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything that's out there because
+they have very good grades in this small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have very good grades in this small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have very good grades in this small
+place in this small school which is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in this small school which is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in this small school which is fine
+but they could be doing more and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they could be doing more and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they could be doing more and they
+could be better for their communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be better for their communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be better for their communities
+and better people as a result of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better people as a result of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better people as a result of it and
+it's like number one the knowledge they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like number one the knowledge they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like number one the knowledge they
+provide and number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide and number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide and number
+two uh an open door to the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh an open door to the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh an open door to the world and
+it's like oh hey you in Brazil like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like oh hey you in Brazil like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like oh hey you in Brazil like you
+want to challenge yourself or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to challenge yourself or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to challenge yourself or something
+you want to learn something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to learn something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to learn something
+new yeah that's whole world of there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new yeah that's whole world of there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new yeah that's whole world of there you
+have no idea and that's exciting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea and that's exciting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea and that's exciting and
+that that changes your perspective on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that changes your perspective on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that changes your perspective on
+life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and
+education and that's the key of it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and that's the key of it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and that's the key of it it
+gives people hope and G it gives people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives people hope and G it gives people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives people hope and G it gives people
+IDE ideas about the warden and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDE ideas about the warden and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDE ideas about the warden and that's
+like the main thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me well Michael that's episode one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me well Michael that's episode one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me well Michael that's episode one in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+books how do you feel I'm feeling great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books how do you feel I'm feeling great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books how do you feel I'm feeling great
+I'm so excited and honored that Maria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm so excited and honored that Maria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm so excited and honored that Maria
+was willing to share her story with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was willing to share her story with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was willing to share her story with us
+and engage with our audience how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engage with our audience how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engage with our audience how about
+you I'm psyched I'm psyched I'm psyched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm psyched I'm psyched I'm psyched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm psyched I'm psyched I'm psyched
+that we're first of all doing this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're first of all doing this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're first of all doing this and
+I'm excited and great F that we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm excited and great F that we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm excited and great F that we got to
+this stage and we are speaking to great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage and we are speaking to great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage and we are speaking to great
+people like Maria uh for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Maria uh for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Maria uh for the first
+episode I won't have it in any other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode I won't have it in any other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode I won't have it in any other way
+so do what's your biggest takea away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do what's your biggest takea away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do what's your biggest takea away
+from Maria's story I I think my biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Maria's story I I think my biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Maria's story I I think my biggest
+takeaway and this is something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway and this is something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway and this is something we
+touched on in our very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched on in our very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched on in our very first
+conversation with Manuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with Manuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with Manuel
+was MIT open course where the people at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was MIT open course where the people at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was MIT open course where the people at
+open learning are you know tenaciously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open learning are you know tenaciously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open learning are you know tenaciously
+going after the this Grand Narrative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going after the this Grand Narrative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going after the this Grand Narrative of
+fulfilling the destiny of the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfilling the destiny of the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfilling the destiny of the internet
+you know what what better way can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what better way can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what better way can we
+show that Destiny being fulfilled than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that Destiny being fulfilled than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that Destiny being fulfilled than
+an naturual learner that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an naturual learner that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an naturual learner that has been
+impacted in such a deep and profound way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacted in such a deep and profound way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacted in such a deep and profound way
+that it literally changed her life um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it literally changed her life um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it literally changed her life um
+for the better with free information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the better with free information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the better with free information
+that was freely given over the Internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was freely given over the Internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was freely given over the Internet
+yeah I hear you I hear you yeah so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I hear you I hear you yeah so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I hear you I hear you yeah so how
+about you Emanuel this this has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you Emanuel this this has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you Emanuel this this has been
+grand and you mentioned something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand and you mentioned something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand and you mentioned something about
+the information age and I feel my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information age and I feel my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information age and I feel my
+biggest take away from this is first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest take away from this is first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest take away from this is first of
+all this works this not works but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this works this not works but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this works this not works but this
+is real this is actually changing lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is real this is actually changing lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is real this is actually changing lives
+you will hear several stories in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will hear several stories in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will hear several stories in the
+coming season but this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming season but this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming season but this is actually
+changing lives for sure for sure and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing lives for sure for sure and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing lives for sure for sure and I
+think you know one thing that we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know one thing that we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know one thing that we learned
+in this episode is you can get so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this episode is you can get so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this episode is you can get so much
+wisdom from just one learner and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisdom from just one learner and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisdom from just one learner and we have
+five more to go this season uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five more to go this season uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five more to go this season uh you know
+I might be a whole different person by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might be a whole different person by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might be a whole different person by
+the end of the season who knows yeah me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the season who knows yeah me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the season who knows yeah me
+too me too we'll be back in two weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too me too we'll be back in two weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too me too we'll be back in two weeks
+with another story from a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another story from a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another story from a different
+Learner in the global ocw Community see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learner in the global ocw Community see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learner in the global ocw Community see
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+then open larner is produced by Alexis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then open larner is produced by Alexis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then open larner is produced by Alexis
+hot special thanks to the supporters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot special thanks to the supporters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot special thanks to the supporters and
+donors who make ocw possible to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donors who make ocw possible to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donors who make ocw possible to learn
+more about mit's Open course rare and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about mit's Open course rare and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about mit's Open course rare and to
+check out the courses mentioned in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check out the courses mentioned in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check out the courses mentioned in this
+episode visit the open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode visit the open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode visit the open courseware
+website at ocw w. mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website at ocw w. mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website at ocw w. mit.edu
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gJSPef9zC0c.txt b/gJSPef9zC0c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bba306017250d66ff192a77a48f09b32f7c6ac27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gJSPef9zC0c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will now continue with the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now continue with the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now continue with the problem of
+inferring the unknown bias of a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferring the unknown bias of a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferring the unknown bias of a certain
+coin for which we have a certain try or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin for which we have a certain try or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin for which we have a certain try or
+distribution and of which we observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and of which we observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and of which we observe the
+number of heads in an independent coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of heads in an independent coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of heads in an independent coin
+tosses we have already seen that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tosses we have already seen that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tosses we have already seen that if we
+assume a uniform prior the posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume a uniform prior the posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume a uniform prior the posterior
+takes this particular form which comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this particular form which comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this particular form which comes
+from the family of beta distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the family of beta distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the family of beta distributions
+what we want to do now is to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do now is to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do now is to actually
+derive point estimates that is instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive point estimates that is instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive point estimates that is instead
+of just providing the posterior we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just providing the posterior we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just providing the posterior we would
+like to select a specific estimate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to select a specific estimate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to select a specific estimate for
+the unknown bias let us look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown bias let us look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown bias let us look at the
+maximum a posteriori probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum a posteriori probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum a posteriori probability
+estimate how can we find it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate how can we find it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate how can we find it by
+definition the map estimate is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the map estimate is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the map estimate is that
+value of theta that maximizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of theta that maximizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of theta that maximizes the
+posterior the value of theta at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior the value of theta at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior the value of theta at which
+the posterior is largest now instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posterior is largest now instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posterior is largest now instead of
+maximizing the posterior it is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the posterior it is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the posterior it is more
+convenient in this example to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient in this example to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient in this example to maximize
+the logarithm of the posterior and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logarithm of the posterior and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logarithm of the posterior and the
+logarithm is K times log theta plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm is K times log theta plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm is K times log theta plus and
+minus K times the log of 1 minus theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K times the log of 1 minus theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K times the log of 1 minus theta
+to carry out the maximization over theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry out the maximization over theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry out the maximization over theta
+we form the derivative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we form the derivative with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we form the derivative with respect to
+theta and set that derivative to 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and set that derivative to 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and set that derivative to 0 so
+the derivative of the first term is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the first term is K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the first term is K
+over theta and the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over theta and the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over theta and the derivative of the
+second term is n minus K over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term is n minus K over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term is n minus K over this
+quantity 1 minus theta but because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity 1 minus theta but because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity 1 minus theta but because of
+the minus here when we apply the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus here when we apply the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus here when we apply the chain
+rule actually this plus sign here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule actually this plus sign here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule actually this plus sign here is
+going to become a minus sign and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become a minus sign and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become a minus sign and now we
+set this derivative to 0 we carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this derivative to 0 we carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this derivative to 0 we carry out
+the algebra which is rather simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra which is rather simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra which is rather simple and
+the end result that you will find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end result that you will find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end result that you will find is
+that the estimate is equal to K over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the estimate is equal to K over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the estimate is equal to K over N
+notice that this is lower case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this is lower case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this is lower case
+J we are told the specific value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J we are told the specific value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J we are told the specific value of
+heads that has been observed so little K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads that has been observed so little K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads that has been observed so little K
+is a number and our estimate accordingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number and our estimate accordingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number and our estimate accordingly
+is a number this answer makes perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number this answer makes perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number this answer makes perfect
+sense a very reasonable way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a very reasonable way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a very reasonable way of
+estimating the probability of heads of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the probability of heads of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the probability of heads of a
+certain coin is to look at the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain coin is to look at the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain coin is to look at the number of
+heads obtained and divided by the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads obtained and divided by the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads obtained and divided by the total
+number of trials so we see that the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of trials so we see that the map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of trials so we see that the map
+estimate turns out to be a quite natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate turns out to be a quite natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate turns out to be a quite natural
+one how about the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one how about the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one how about the corresponding
+estimator recall the distinction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator recall the distinction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator recall the distinction that
+the estimator is a random variable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimator is a random variable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimator is a random variable that
+tells us what the estimate is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us what the estimate is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us what the estimate is going to
+be as a function of the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as a function of the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as a function of the random variable
+that is going to be observed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to be observed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to be observed the
+estimator is uppercase K divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is uppercase K divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is uppercase K divided by
+little n so it is a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n so it is a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n so it is a random variable
+whose value is determined by the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose value is determined by the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose value is determined by the value
+of the random variable capital K if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variable capital K if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variable capital K if the
+random variable capital K happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable capital K happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable capital K happens to
+take on this specific value little K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on this specific value little K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on this specific value little K
+then our estimator this random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our estimator this random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our estimator this random variable
+will be taking this specific value which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be taking this specific value which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be taking this specific value which
+is the estimate and let us now compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the estimate and let us now compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the estimate and let us now compare
+with an alternative way of estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an alternative way of estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an alternative way of estimating
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+we will consider estimating theta by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will consider estimating theta by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will consider estimating theta by
+forming the conditional expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming the conditional expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming the conditional expectation of
+theta given the specific number of heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta given the specific number of heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta given the specific number of heads
+that we have observed this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have observed this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have observed this is what we
+call the LMS or list mean squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the LMS or list mean squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the LMS or list mean squares
+estimate to calculate this conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate to calculate this conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate to calculate this conditional
+expectation all that we need to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation all that we need to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation all that we need to do is to
+form the integral of theta times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the integral of theta times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the integral of theta times the
+density of theta but since it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of theta but since it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of theta but since it's a
+conditional expectation we need to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation we need to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation we need to take
+the conditional density of theta and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional density of theta and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional density of theta and the
+integral ranges from 0 to 1 because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral ranges from 0 to 1 because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral ranges from 0 to 1 because this
+is the range of a random variable theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what is this we have a formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this we have a formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this we have a formula for
+the posterior density so we need to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posterior density so we need to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posterior density so we need to just
+multiply this expression here by theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this expression here by theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this expression here by theta
+and then integrate this term here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then integrate this term here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then integrate this term here is a
+constant so it can be pulled outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so it can be pulled outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so it can be pulled outside the
+integral and inside the integral we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and inside the integral we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and inside the integral we are
+left with this term times theta which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with this term times theta which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with this term times theta which
+changes the exponent of theta to k plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the exponent of theta to k plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the exponent of theta to k plus
+1 then we have 1 minus theta to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 then we have 1 minus theta to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 then we have 1 minus theta to the
+power n minus K D theta at this point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power n minus K D theta at this point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power n minus K D theta at this point we
+need to do some calculations what is D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do some calculations what is D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do some calculations what is D
+of n K the often K is the normalizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n K the often K is the normalizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n K the often K is the normalizing
+constant of this PDF for this to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of this PDF for this to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of this PDF for this to be a
+PDF and to integrate to one D of n K has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF and to integrate to one D of n K has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF and to integrate to one D of n K has
+to be equal to the integral of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to the integral of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to the integral of this
+expression from 0 to 1 so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression from 0 to 1 so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression from 0 to 1 so we need to
+somehow be able to evaluate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow be able to evaluate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow be able to evaluate this
+integral here we will be helped by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral here we will be helped by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral here we will be helped by the
+following very nice formula this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following very nice formula this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following very nice formula this formula
+tells us that the integral of such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that the integral of such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that the integral of such a
+function of theta from 0 to 1 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of theta from 0 to 1 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of theta from 0 to 1 is equal
+to this very nice and simple expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this very nice and simple expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this very nice and simple expression
+of course this formula is only valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this formula is only valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this formula is only valid
+when these factorials make sense so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these factorials make sense so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these factorials make sense so we
+assume that alpha is non-negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that alpha is non-negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that alpha is non-negative and
+beta is non-negative how is this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is non-negative how is this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is non-negative how is this formula
+derived there's various algebraic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived there's various algebraic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived there's various algebraic or
+calculus style derivations one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus style derivations one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus style derivations one
+possibility is to use integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is to use integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is to use integration by
+parts and there are also other tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and there are also other tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and there are also other tricks
+for deriving it it turns out that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for deriving it it turns out that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for deriving it it turns out that there
+is also a very clever probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a very clever probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a very clever probabilistic
+proof of this fact but in any case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of this fact but in any case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of this fact but in any case we
+will not derive it we will just take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not derive it we will just take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not derive it we will just take it
+as a fact that comes to us from calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a fact that comes to us from calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a fact that comes to us from calculus
+and now let us apply this formula D of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let us apply this formula D of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let us apply this formula D of
+NK is equal to the integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK is equal to the integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK is equal to the integral of the
+expression which is of this form with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which is of this form with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which is of this form with
+alpha equal to K and beta equal to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha equal to K and beta equal to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha equal to K and beta equal to n
+minus K so D of n K takes the form alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K so D of n K takes the form alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K so D of n K takes the form alpha
+is K beta is n minus K and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is K beta is n minus K and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is K beta is n minus K and then in the
+denominator we have the sum of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator we have the sum of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator we have the sum of the two
+indices plus 1 so it's going to be K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices plus 1 so it's going to be K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices plus 1 so it's going to be K
+plus n minus K that gives us N and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n minus K that gives us N and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n minus K that gives us N and then
+there is a plus 1 and how about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a plus 1 and how about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a plus 1 and how about this
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+well this integral is also of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this integral is also of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this integral is also of the form
+that we have up here but now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have up here but now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have up here but now we have
+alpha equal to k plus 1 beta is n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha equal to k plus 1 beta is n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha equal to k plus 1 beta is n minus
+K and in the denominator we have the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and in the denominator we have the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and in the denominator we have the sum
+of the indices plus 1 so when we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the indices plus 1 so when we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the indices plus 1 so when we add
+these indices we get n plus 1 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these indices we get n plus 1 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these indices we get n plus 1 and then
+we get another factor of 1 which gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get another factor of 1 which gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get another factor of 1 which gives
+us an N plus 2 this looks formidable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us an N plus 2 this looks formidable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us an N plus 2 this looks formidable but
+actually there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's a lot of
+simplifications this term here cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications this term here cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications this term here cancels
+with that term K plus 1 factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that term K plus 1 factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that term K plus 1 factorial
+divided by K factorial what is it it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by K factorial what is it it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by K factorial what is it it is
+just a factor of K plus 1 and what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a factor of K plus 1 and what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a factor of K plus 1 and what do we
+have here this term is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here this term is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here this term is in the
+denominator of the denominator so it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator of the denominator so it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator of the denominator so it can
+be moved up to the numerator we have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be moved up to the numerator we have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be moved up to the numerator we have n
+plus 1 factorial divided by n plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 factorial divided by n plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 factorial divided by n plus 2
+factorial this is just n plus 2 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial this is just n plus 2 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial this is just n plus 2 and this
+is the final form of the answer this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the final form of the answer this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the final form of the answer this is
+what the conditional expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the conditional expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the conditional expectation of
+theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is
+so now we can compare the two estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can compare the two estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can compare the two estimates
+that we have the map estimate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have the map estimate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have the map estimate and the
+conditional expectation estimate they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation estimate they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation estimate they
+are fairly similar but not exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fairly similar but not exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fairly similar but not exactly the
+same this means that the mean of a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same this means that the mean of a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same this means that the mean of a beta
+distribution is not the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is not the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is not the same as the
+point at which the distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which the distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which the distribution is
+highest on the other hand if n is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest on the other hand if n is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest on the other hand if n is a very
+large number this expression is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number this expression is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number this expression is going to
+be approximately equal to K over N when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be approximately equal to K over N when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be approximately equal to K over N when
+n is large and so in the limit of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is large and so in the limit of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is large and so in the limit of large
+n the two estimators will not be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the two estimators will not be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the two estimators will not be very
+different from each other
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gJkHjo5lxGU.txt b/gJkHjo5lxGU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ee84efd6aee27e311a59527ed9a9c4c50cae4a9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gJkHjo5lxGU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so this lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so this lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so this lecture is
+primarily of historical interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily of historical interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily of historical interest
+although uh uh it IT addresses a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although uh uh it IT addresses a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although uh uh it IT addresses a very
+fundamental problem and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem and that
+is when you have a data set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you have a data set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you have a data set that
+contains an enormous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains an enormous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains an enormous amount of
+information there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information there
+are uh there should be some pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh there should be some pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh there should be some pattern
+recognition schemes that you can use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition schemes that you can use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition schemes that you can use to
+harvest the information and so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest the information and so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest the information and so I'm going
+to illustrate some pattern recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illustrate some pattern recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illustrate some pattern recognition
+schemes uh that were used by the oldtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes uh that were used by the oldtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes uh that were used by the oldtime
+spectroscopists what they would do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopists what they would do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopists what they would do is
+they would have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have a big
+spectrograph and and they'd have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrograph and and they'd have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrograph and and they'd have a a
+photographic plate which uh is about 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic plate which uh is about 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic plate which uh is about 2
+feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet
+long and uh um maybe 3 or 4 inches high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and uh um maybe 3 or 4 inches high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and uh um maybe 3 or 4 inches high
+glass so that it's uh it's mechanically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass so that it's uh it's mechanically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass so that it's uh it's mechanically
+stable and they would uh have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and they would uh have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and they would uh have a
+spectrograph with with slits that are 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrograph with with slits that are 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrograph with with slits that are 10
+microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns
+wide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you have
+here uh 600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh 600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh 600
+mm uh how many resolution elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm uh how many resolution elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm uh how many resolution elements are
+there in uh in that 600 mil is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in uh in that 600 mil is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in uh in that 600 mil is on the
+order of 100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 100,000
+um and what you would what they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what you would what they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what you would what they would
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because
+film has a very poor dynamic range maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film has a very poor dynamic range maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film has a very poor dynamic range maybe
+a factor of five or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of five or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of five or something like that
+from something that's too weak to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something that's too weak to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something that's too weak to
+something that's starting to uh be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's starting to uh be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's starting to uh be too
+broad they would record a spectrograph a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad they would record a spectrograph a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad they would record a spectrograph a
+spectrum this the Spectrum and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum this the Spectrum and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum this the Spectrum and they
+would have a little thing in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a little thing in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a little thing in front of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+slit it would be sort of like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit it would be sort of like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit it would be sort of like this and
+so they would have the whole slit open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would have the whole slit open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would have the whole slit open
+and then they'd push this in front the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they'd push this in front the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they'd push this in front the
+slit and block the bottom part and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit and block the bottom part and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit and block the bottom part and then
+the bottom half and the bottom 3/4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom half and the bottom 3/4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom half and the bottom 3/4 and
+so they would have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would have different
+exposures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposures
+and so it would be possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it would be possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it would be possible to
+capture weak line L and strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture weak line L and strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture weak line L and strong
+lines uh and to be able to measure their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh and to be able to measure their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh and to be able to measure their
+uh frequency accurately using what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh frequency accurately using what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh frequency accurately using what's
+what was called a comparator or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was called a comparator or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was called a comparator or a
+traveling microscope or whatever and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling microscope or whatever and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling microscope or whatever and uh
+uh initially in the old days people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh initially in the old days people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh initially in the old days people
+would turn a crank on this thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would turn a crank on this thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would turn a crank on this thing that
+could measure to uh measure the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could measure to uh measure the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could measure to uh measure the position
+of a line to uh better than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a line to uh better than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a line to uh better than a
+micron and they would be looking through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron and they would be looking through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron and they would be looking through
+a microscope and they'd watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a microscope and they'd watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a microscope and they'd watch the
+lines translate onto the Crosshair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines translate onto the Crosshair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines translate onto the Crosshair and
+then they would either push a button and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they would either push a button and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they would either push a button and
+something would get written down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something would get written down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something would get written down
+automatically or they would write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically or they would write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically or they would write it
+down because in the old days there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because in the old days there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because in the old days there was
+no electronic so anyway uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no electronic so anyway uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no electronic so anyway uh the
+information on this consists of uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on this consists of uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on this consists of uh on
+the order of 10 the five resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 10 the five resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 10 the five resolution
+elements uh with some information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements uh with some information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements uh with some information about
+frequen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequen uh
+intensity and it would not be unusual to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and it would not be unusual to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and it would not be unusual to
+have on this plate a thousand or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on this plate a thousand or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on this plate a thousand or even
+several thousand resolvable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several thousand resolvable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several thousand resolvable
+lines and uh so what do you do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and uh so what do you do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and uh so what do you do you get
+this enormous data set and whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enormous data set and whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enormous data set and whether you
+did it completely by hand or with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it completely by hand or with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it completely by hand or with some
+computer assistance you have thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer assistance you have thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer assistance you have thousands
+of lines measured to uh on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lines measured to uh on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lines measured to uh on the order of
+a part in a million in their frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part in a million in their frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part in a million in their frequency
+um and how do you begin to make sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and how do you begin to make sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and how do you begin to make sense of
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here uh the first thing that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh the first thing that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh the first thing that you don't
+do is look at band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is look at band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is look at band
+Contours because uh and say okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours because uh and say okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours because uh and say okay we're
+going to have a computer and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a computer and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a computer and we're going
+to look at this and we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this and we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this and we're going to see
+structures and we're going to try to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and we're going to try to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and we're going to try to fit
+the overall pattern to uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall pattern to uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall pattern to uh a
+model without individually assigning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model without individually assigning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model without individually assigning the
+lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+because there the patterns are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there the patterns are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there the patterns are more
+complicated and any sort of automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and any sort of automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and any sort of automated
+procedure would would almost always get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure would would almost always get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure would would almost always get
+it wrong and it would certainly miss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wrong and it would certainly miss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wrong and it would certainly miss the
+The crucial details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The crucial details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The crucial details
+so the whole reason we have to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whole reason we have to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whole reason we have to do this
+is because bands have heads and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because bands have heads and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because bands have heads and so one
+branch goes along to one in One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch goes along to one in One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch goes along to one in One
+Direction turns around comes back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction turns around comes back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction turns around comes back and
+you can't count the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't count the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't count the individual
+lines and it also obscures the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and it also obscures the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and it also obscures the beginning
+of the other branch and so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other branch and so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other branch and so you have to
+use some clever tricks to uh dig out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some clever tricks to uh dig out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some clever tricks to uh dig out the
+crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lines it's actually worse than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines it's actually worse than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines it's actually worse than that
+because uh if if you took the uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh if if you took the uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh if if you took the uh uh the
+R and P Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and P Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and P Branch
+lines and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and uh
+um converted these formulas for the R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um converted these formulas for the R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um converted these formulas for the R
+and P Branch lines to a single formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P Branch lines to a single formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P Branch lines to a single formula
+you get an equation called for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an equation called for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an equation called for a
+forrat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parabola and the so all of the lines in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola and the so all of the lines in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola and the so all of the lines in
+the R and the P Branch can be fitted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R and the P Branch can be fitted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R and the P Branch can be fitted to
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Parabola and there is no way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parabola and there is no way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parabola and there is no way of
+absolutely numbering the lines in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely numbering the lines in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely numbering the lines in the
+parabola if you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola if you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola if you change the
+numbers you get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you get the same
+parabula uh and so you can't by somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabula uh and so you can't by somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabula uh and so you can't by somehow
+recognizing a series of line and fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing a series of line and fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing a series of line and fitting
+it to uh a quadratic form that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to uh a quadratic form that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to uh a quadratic form that that you
+could get an assignment you just we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get an assignment you just we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get an assignment you just we can
+find a whole bunch of lines that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a whole bunch of lines that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a whole bunch of lines that are
+related to each other but you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to each other but you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to each other but you cannot
+know their rotational assignment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know their rotational assignment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know their rotational assignment and
+this is a a bad piece of news now I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a bad piece of news now I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a bad piece of news now I was
+going to derive the equation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to derive the equation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to derive the equation for the
+fortrat parabola and I should I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortrat parabola and I should I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortrat parabola and I should I do that
+would you want me to do it I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want me to do it I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want me to do it I mean it's
+pretty horrible tedious it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty horrible tedious it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty horrible tedious it's not that
+it's not that complicated uh and so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that complicated uh and so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that complicated uh and so but
+the important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing
+is these two equations can be combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these two equations can be combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these two equations can be combined
+into one and then once you have that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one and then once you have that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one and then once you have that one
+equation if you change the numbering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if you change the numbering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if you change the numbering of
+the lines by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines by just
+adding a constant you get uh I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a constant you get uh I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a constant you get uh I get
+adding an integer to the running number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding an integer to the running number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding an integer to the running number
+you get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the same
+equation you get the and so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you get the and so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you get the and so there is
+nothing unique about that equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing unique about that equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing unique about that equation so
+how do we find the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbering now there's there's methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering now there's there's methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering now there's there's methods
+for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing
+this uh that uh start with knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh that uh start with knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh that uh start with knowing
+nothing and there are methods for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and there are methods for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and there are methods for doing
+this where you start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where you start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where you start by
+knowing the rotational constant for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the rotational constant for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the rotational constant for some
+vibrational level usually the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational level usually the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational level usually the ground
+state so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so it's very
+common in spectroscopy that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in spectroscopy that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in spectroscopy that you have a
+whole bunch of bands observed from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of bands observed from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of bands observed from a
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+level and so once you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and so once you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and so once you know the
+rotational constant for this level then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constant for this level then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constant for this level then
+you're in a position to be able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a position to be able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a position to be able to make
+an analysis of any of the other bands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analysis of any of the other bands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analysis of any of the other bands
+based on knowing the Lower State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on knowing the Lower State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on knowing the Lower State
+combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination
+differences now we have lasers and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences now we have lasers and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences now we have lasers and we
+have techniques now where we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have techniques now where we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have techniques now where we don't have
+to depend on brute you a Brute Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend on brute you a Brute Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend on brute you a Brute Force
+pattern recognition but I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern recognition but I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern recognition but I think it's
+really useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful to
+uh explore the the methods that had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh explore the the methods that had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh explore the the methods that had been
+used because whenever you have a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used because whenever you have a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used because whenever you have a uh a
+spectroscopic technique that is capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic technique that is capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic technique that is capable
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+generating 100,000 resolution elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating 100,000 resolution elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating 100,000 resolution elements
+in a single shot which is what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a single shot which is what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a single shot which is what we have
+that there has to be some clever way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there has to be some clever way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there has to be some clever way of
+harvesting the information in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvesting the information in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvesting the information in that
+because if you didn't one Spectrum could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you didn't one Spectrum could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you didn't one Spectrum could
+occupy you for a lifetime and mostly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy you for a lifetime and mostly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy you for a lifetime and mostly is
+nothing interesting or not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing interesting or not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing interesting or not much
+interesting but you don't know until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but you don't know until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but you don't know until
+you've laid waste to this whole thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've laid waste to this whole thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've laid waste to this whole thing so
+you'd really like to be able to to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd really like to be able to to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd really like to be able to to know
+what kinds of uh pattern recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of uh pattern recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of uh pattern recognition
+techniques had been used and uh when do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques had been used and uh when do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques had been used and uh when do
+they uh uh when do they work and uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh uh when do they work and uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh uh when do they work and uh how
+robust are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust are
+they so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the if you have if you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you have if you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you have if you have uh
+a all right so let's just draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all right so let's just draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all right so let's just draw
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+now these are two rotational levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are two rotational levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are two rotational levels of
+uh the ground state or this the known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the ground state or this the known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the ground state or this the known
+State and so you might have uh jus1 J +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and so you might have uh jus1 J +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and so you might have uh jus1 J +
+1 J and so that would be the r Branch so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 J and so that would be the r Branch so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 J and so that would be the r Branch so
+this would be r j minus one and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be r j minus one and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be r j minus one and this
+would be P J +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be P J +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be P J +
+one and these two transitions are to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and these two transitions are to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and these two transitions are to a
+common Upper State and they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common Upper State and they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common Upper State and they're different
+their frequency difference is uh a known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their frequency difference is uh a known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their frequency difference is uh a known
+rotational energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interval that rotational interval you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval that rotational interval you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval that rotational interval you
+can calculate is the rotational constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate is the rotational constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate is the rotational constant
+for the ground state times 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the ground state times 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the ground state times 4
+J +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and and so uh if you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and and so uh if you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and and so uh if you know the
+rotational constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constant
+downstairs you see you you will be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs you see you you will be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs you see you you will be able
+to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see
+rotational combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational combination
+differences changing in steps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4B so provided that the lower state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4B so provided that the lower state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4B so provided that the lower state is
+unperturbed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unperturbed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unperturbed is
+simple then you can simply describe all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple then you can simply describe all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple then you can simply describe all
+of the possible rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the possible rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the possible rotational
+intervals by uh uh this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this leads you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this leads you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this leads you
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something that I truly love is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I truly love is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I truly love is called
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+logist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logist
+strip and uh almost all classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip and uh almost all classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip and uh almost all classical
+spectroscopists used a method like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopists used a method like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopists used a method like this
+they would take from their Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all the measured lines and plot them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the measured lines and plot them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the measured lines and plot them on
+a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paper they might put information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper they might put information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper they might put information about
+the intensity but they would simply plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity but they would simply plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity but they would simply plot
+them on a scale uh linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on a scale uh linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on a scale uh linear in
+frequency and they would usually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and they would usually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and they would usually do
+this an ink on a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an ink on a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an ink on a piece of
+paper strips of graph paper uh Scott's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper strips of graph paper uh Scott's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper strips of graph paper uh Scott's
+together and they would always make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and they would always make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and they would always make
+joins like this because those sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joins like this because those sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joins like this because those sorts of
+joins uh uh are more rugged than if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joins uh uh are more rugged than if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joins uh uh are more rugged than if you
+have a vertical joint you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vertical joint you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vertical joint you know the
+technology is is fantastic and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is is fantastic and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is is fantastic and of course
+when you do that then you match the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do that then you match the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do that then you match the
+cross bars carefully and so so and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross bars carefully and so so and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross bars carefully and so so and so
+you might have a a strip of graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a a strip of graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a a strip of graph
+paper uh many tens of meters long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh many tens of meters long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh many tens of meters long
+with drawn on it all of the lines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with drawn on it all of the lines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with drawn on it all of the lines that
+are observed and it is very common to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are observed and it is very common to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are observed and it is very common to
+use a scale 1 cm per reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+centimeter just you know that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter just you know that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter just you know that's what you
+do because the Precision of measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because the Precision of measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because the Precision of measurement
+is on the order of a 100th of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the order of a 100th of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the order of a 100th of a
+reciprocal centimeter and so that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal centimeter and so that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal centimeter and so that's just
+about enough uh space to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about enough uh space to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about enough uh space to be able to
+represent each line to the accuracy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent each line to the accuracy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent each line to the accuracy with
+which it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measured okay and then you would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured okay and then you would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured okay and then you would make
+another strip not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+long and you would have a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and you would have a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and you would have a zero
+here and uh uh you'd have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh uh you'd have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh uh you'd have uh
+2B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+6B 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6B 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6B 10
+B except it wouldn't just be B it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B except it wouldn't just be B it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B except it wouldn't just be B it would
+have the centrifical Distortion that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the centrifical Distortion that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the centrifical Distortion that you
+know as well because this is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as well because this is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as well because this is supposed to
+be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really
+accurate I mean you you know the Lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate I mean you you know the Lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate I mean you you know the Lower
+State intervals and the only way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State intervals and the only way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State intervals and the only way you can
+avoid screwing up is to take perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid screwing up is to take perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid screwing up is to take perfect
+advantage of the Precision of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the Precision of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the Precision of the
+measurements and the Precision with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and the Precision with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and the Precision with
+which you know the Lower State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know the Lower State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know the Lower State
+combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differences and so what you would do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and so what you would do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and so what you would do is
+you would look look at the Spectrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would look look at the Spectrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would look look at the Spectrum and
+you would see oh by ey I see uh three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see oh by ey I see uh three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see oh by ey I see uh three or
+four or five lines that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five lines that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five lines that look like
+they're regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're regularly
+spaced regularly spaced in frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced regularly spaced in frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced regularly spaced in frequency and
+with similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with similar
+intensities and so you say aha I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities and so you say aha I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities and so you say aha I think I
+have the beginning of something and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the beginning of something and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the beginning of something and so
+you take one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take one of those
+lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+and uh you put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you put this
+zero above or below it and then you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero above or below it and then you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero above or below it and then you look
+into the dense forest of unassigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the dense forest of unassigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the dense forest of unassigned
+lines for coincidences with rungs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines for coincidences with rungs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines for coincidences with rungs on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strip and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip and
+so uh you might find a a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coincidences does everyone I mean it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidences does everyone I mean it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidences does everyone I mean it's I
+think it's so beautiful it's so simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's so beautiful it's so simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's so beautiful it's so simple
+you know and and uh but you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and uh but you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and uh but you know it
+works it doesn't matter how complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it doesn't matter how complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it doesn't matter how complicated
+the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum
+is you can always make sense out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can always make sense out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can always make sense out of it
+provided you know you you have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided you know you you have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided you know you you have enough
+Precision okay so you you put a you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision okay so you you put a you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision okay so you you put a you find
+a little patch of regular Behavior which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little patch of regular Behavior which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little patch of regular Behavior which
+you think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think is
+real and you put the zero on uh on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and you put the zero on uh on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and you put the zero on uh on it
+and you look for so say that that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look for so say that that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look for so say that that's an
+our Branch where you're looking to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Branch where you're looking to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Branch where you're looking to the
+blue to the to the red for the P branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue to the to the red for the P branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue to the to the red for the P branch
+that goes with it or if it's a p Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes with it or if it's a p Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes with it or if it's a p Branch
+you're looking to the blue for the AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking to the blue for the AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking to the blue for the AR
+branch that goes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch that goes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch that goes with
+it and so you you're going to be willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so you you're going to be willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so you you're going to be willing
+to turn this ruler upside down uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn this ruler upside down uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn this ruler upside down uh and so
+and then you make a little list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you make a little list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you make a little list
+of all the all of the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the all of the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the all of the possible
+coincidences with this line where what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidences with this line where what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidences with this line where what
+are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you move the ruler the zero of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you move the ruler the zero of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you move the ruler the zero of
+the ruler to the next line in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pattern and you're going to find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and you're going to find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and you're going to find some
+coincidences but most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidences but most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidences but most of the
+coincidences you found on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidences you found on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidences you found on the first
+observation will turn out to be spurious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation will turn out to be spurious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation will turn out to be spurious
+because there won't be anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there won't be anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there won't be anything that
+corresponds to uh the next rung the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to uh the next rung the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to uh the next rung the next
+higher J on this ruler or the next lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher J on this ruler or the next lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher J on this ruler or the next lower
+J on this ruler for several of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J on this ruler for several of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J on this ruler for several of those
+coincidences and so very quickly after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidences and so very quickly after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidences and so very quickly after
+if you have a legitimate uh few line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a legitimate uh few line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a legitimate uh few line
+pattern you are beginning to say oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern you are beginning to say oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern you are beginning to say oh well
+this obviously was p17 and the next you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this obviously was p17 and the next you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this obviously was p17 and the next you
+know I've linked it up with with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I've linked it up with with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I've linked it up with with with
+r-15 and now I found p18 and it's linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-15 and now I found p18 and it's linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-15 and now I found p18 and it's linked
+up with our uh 16 and you you're Off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with our uh 16 and you you're Off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with our uh 16 and you you're Off to
+the Races
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes you
+find Bonafide coincidences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find Bonafide coincidences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find Bonafide coincidences
+for more than two uh more than one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than two uh more than one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than two uh more than one you
+know so you you have a pine and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so you you have a pine and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so you you have a pine and you have
+an rline but you find two R lines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an rline but you find two R lines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an rline but you find two R lines that
+uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that
+work um and you can and that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um and you can and that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um and you can and that's okay
+because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+uh uh um I'm saying it wrong you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh um I'm saying it wrong you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh um I'm saying it wrong you will
+find two pairs of lines with the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find two pairs of lines with the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find two pairs of lines with the right
+lower State combination difference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower State combination difference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower State combination difference and
+they will correspond to say an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will correspond to say an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will correspond to say an extra
+line in fact that's what they called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in fact that's what they called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in fact that's what they called it
+uh if in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if in the
+Spectrum and now we're plotting energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum and now we're plotting energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum and now we're plotting energy
+versus JJ +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one if there's a level crossing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if there's a level crossing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if there's a level crossing there
+can be a perturbation there can be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a perturbation there can be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a perturbation there can be so
+this is supposedly the line the the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is supposedly the line the the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is supposedly the line the the band
+we're interested in and this is the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in and this is the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in and this is the band
+that we weren't supposed to see but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we weren't supposed to see but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we weren't supposed to see but when
+they cross there's some intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cross there's some intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cross there's some intensity
+borrowing and level shifts and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and level shifts and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and level shifts and so it's
+quite possible to have two lines of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite possible to have two lines of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite possible to have two lines of the
+same J that appear only over a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same J that appear only over a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same J that appear only over a very
+small range of rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small range of rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small range of rotational
+levels and so you just use this logous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so you just use this logous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so you just use this logous
+strip and you make these tables and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip and you make these tables and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip and you make these tables and so
+you have a a bunch of lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a a bunch of lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a a bunch of lines and
+sometimes you have an extra line at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you have an extra line at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you have an extra line at that
+J and so you put put them into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and so you put put them into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and so you put put them into a
+different column and actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different column and actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different column and actually what
+frequently happens is that you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently happens is that you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently happens is that you get a
+column shift because the regular series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column shift because the regular series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column shift because the regular series
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+lines uh sort of when at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh sort of when at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh sort of when at the
+perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation
+you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're
+following a series of lines and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following a series of lines and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following a series of lines and uh
+uh when when something like this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when when something like this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when when something like this happens
+uh you get a few extra lines in this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you get a few extra lines in this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you get a few extra lines in this you
+want to go back to that track and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go back to that track and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go back to that track and so you
+you know they would T tabulate these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they would T tabulate these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they would T tabulate these uh
+you'd have a table of lines and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have a table of lines and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have a table of lines and it would
+end and there would be a little overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and there would be a little overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and there would be a little overlap
+and it's the way it was done okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the way it was done okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the way it was done okay so now
+I want to show some some pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have this you have this in your in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this you have this in your in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this you have this in your in
+your notes but there'll be some that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your notes but there'll be some that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your notes but there'll be some that
+I'll be showing that you don't have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be showing that you don't have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be showing that you don't have in
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+notes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes okay
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+is a picture of a very simple electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a picture of a very simple electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a picture of a very simple electronic
+transition that looks uh looks easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition that looks uh looks easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition that looks uh looks easy to
+assign you see this zero Gap here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign you see this zero Gap here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign you see this zero Gap here you
+see the regular series of lines you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the regular series of lines you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the regular series of lines you see
+the bandhe head there is a bandhe head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandhe head there is a bandhe head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandhe head there is a bandhe head
+here that makes life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that makes life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that makes life
+complicated but it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but it's not very
+complicated because uh it's far enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because uh it's far enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because uh it's far enough
+away from the band origin where where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the band origin where where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the band origin where where's
+this nice Gap that the lines don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice Gap that the lines don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice Gap that the lines don't have
+much intensity when they start coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much intensity when they start coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much intensity when they start coming
+back this way and so it looks just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back this way and so it looks just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back this way and so it looks just you
+know like a textbook in fact it's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like a textbook in fact it's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like a textbook in fact it's better
+than a textbook because nothing should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a textbook because nothing should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a textbook because nothing should
+look that good except uh this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look that good except uh this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look that good except uh this particular
+particular band and then if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular band and then if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular band and then if you look at
+the next vibrational band in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next vibrational band in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next vibrational band in the same
+electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+transition it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and so what is this well these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so what is this well these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so what is this well these are
+uh we the upper state is perturbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we the upper state is perturbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we the upper state is perturbed
+multiply and so we we have several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and so we we have several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and so we we have several
+groups of lines that get assigned using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of lines that get assigned using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of lines that get assigned using
+this L strip because the the strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this L strip because the the strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this L strip because the the strip
+doesn't care about the perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care about the perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care about the perturbation
+upstairs it's using the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs it's using the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs it's using the regular
+intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals
+downstairs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs and
+so the final product of such an analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the final product of such an analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the final product of such an analysis
+is this labeled diagram where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this labeled diagram where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this labeled diagram where you have
+the branches uh the the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the branches uh the the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the branches uh the the rotational
+transition the rotational number of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition the rotational number of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition the rotational number of the
+r and the P branch and these shifts when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and the P branch and these shifts when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and the P branch and these shifts when
+that indicate perturbations so once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indicate perturbations so once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indicate perturbations so once you
+have that then you can take the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that then you can take the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that then you can take the energy
+levels from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels from this
+uh this diagram and fit them to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this diagram and fit them to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this diagram and fit them to a
+model and in the old days the models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and in the old days the models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and in the old days the models
+that were used were entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were used were entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were used were entirely
+graphical and there were ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical and there were ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical and there were ways in which
+you would plot the data to instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would plot the data to instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would plot the data to instead of
+fitting it to by straight line plots get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting it to by straight line plots get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting it to by straight line plots get
+the uh the the B values and the origins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the the B values and the origins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the the B values and the origins
+of these bands and you know it worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these bands and you know it worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these bands and you know it worked
+for years and there's a highly algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for years and there's a highly algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for years and there's a highly algebraic
+approach because there were no computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach because there were no computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach because there were no computers
+and if you had too many interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you had too many interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you had too many interacting
+components uh you know you couldn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components uh you know you couldn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components uh you know you couldn't you
+couldn't use a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't use a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't use a quadratic
+formula and so you just had to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and so you just had to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and so you just had to use
+clever graphical methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever graphical methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever graphical methods
+now there are some states where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are some states where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are some states where you
+automatically get many interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically get many interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically get many interacting
+components like anything other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components like anything other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components like anything other than
+singlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlet
+Sigma and so it is very common to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and so it is very common to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and so it is very common to have
+something that is very much uh suited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is very much uh suited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is very much uh suited
+for a computer but for the oldtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a computer but for the oldtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a computer but for the oldtime
+spectroscopist you know before computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopist you know before computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopist you know before computers
+came it was mostly finished you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came it was mostly finished you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came it was mostly finished you know it
+wasn't anything that that you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't anything that that you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't anything that that you couldn't
+really do by the classical techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do by the classical techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do by the classical techniques
+except it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it was very
+slow and uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me turn this off for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I have a a a problem I've used on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a a a problem I've used on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a a a problem I've used on
+exams before uh where I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams before uh where I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams before uh where I give you a
+series of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of of of
+lines uh for a fictitious molecule which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh for a fictitious molecule which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh for a fictitious molecule which
+I call drum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call drum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call drum
+oxide and uh uh it dum is in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide and uh uh it dum is in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide and uh uh it dum is in the same
+column of the periodic table as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of the periodic table as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of the periodic table as
+barium and uh uh it so it it's below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barium and uh uh it so it it's below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barium and uh uh it so it it's below
+barium somewhere and uh it it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barium somewhere and uh it it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barium somewhere and uh it it has a
+perturbation in it and you can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation in it and you can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation in it and you can use the
+loger strip or some computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loger strip or some computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loger strip or some computer
+manifestation of the L this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestation of the L this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestation of the L this is a
+perfectly easy thing to to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly easy thing to to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly easy thing to to implement
+using a computer and you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a computer and you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a computer and you don't have to
+make these strips of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these strips of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these strips of paper
+anymore using paper though gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore using paper though gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore using paper though gives you a
+sort of approximate you know you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of approximate you know you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of approximate you know you you you
+get to look and sort of Judge is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to look and sort of Judge is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to look and sort of Judge is this
+line close enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line close enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line close enough to
+right yes you do you can do that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes you do you can do that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes you do you can do that on
+computer pretty easily too you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer pretty easily too you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer pretty easily too you can do
+that too but I mean the wonderful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too but I mean the wonderful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too but I mean the wonderful thing
+about the the spectrum is that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the spectrum is that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the spectrum is that there's a
+lot of information that is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of information that is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of information that is that you
+see uh the intensity and and the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh the intensity and and the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh the intensity and and the the the
+shape of the line there's just things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the line there's just things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the line there's just things
+you can you can tell by looking that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can tell by looking that yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can tell by looking that yes
+you can do that using the computer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that using the computer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that using the computer but
+your your pattern recognition sense is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your pattern recognition sense is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your pattern recognition sense is
+still pretty sophisticated compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty sophisticated compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty sophisticated compared to
+what a computer can do and so you you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a computer can do and so you you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a computer can do and so you you do
+want to uh be able to look at the file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh be able to look at the file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh be able to look at the file
+and say are the intensities right are is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say are the intensities right are is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say are the intensities right are is
+there an error here uh do I accept this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an error here uh do I accept this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an error here uh do I accept this
+and there's a lot of sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of sophisticated
+decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions
+uh and certainly you can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and certainly you can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and certainly you can build
+artificial intelligence that will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence that will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence that will do
+that but it's it's not trivial uh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's it's not trivial uh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's it's not trivial uh and I
+think learning from what the the oldtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think learning from what the the oldtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think learning from what the the oldtime
+spectroscopist did especially if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopist did especially if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopist did especially if you can
+you can you can get a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can get a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can get a sense
+for uh what are the methods that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh what are the methods that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh what are the methods that were
+used by the people who never made errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by the people who never made errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by the people who never made errors
+and always were able to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and always were able to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and always were able to deal with
+complicated Spectra what did they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated Spectra what did they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated Spectra what did they use
+and logist is notorious for having only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and logist is notorious for having only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and logist is notorious for having only
+one paper that had anything wrong in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one paper that had anything wrong in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one paper that had anything wrong in
+it and he always went for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and he always went for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and he always went for the most
+complicated bands except for his friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated bands except for his friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated bands except for his friend
+Richard Barrow who liked to do even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard Barrow who liked to do even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard Barrow who liked to do even more
+complicated things but they Ed the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things but they Ed the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things but they Ed the same
+method and Herzberg used to tease them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and Herzberg used to tease them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and Herzberg used to tease them
+about their strips but Anthony mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their strips but Anthony mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their strips but Anthony mirror
+uses well Anthony merrer was a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses well Anthony merrer was a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses well Anthony merrer was a student
+of Richard Barrow and so if Barrow did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Richard Barrow and so if Barrow did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Richard Barrow and so if Barrow did
+it Anthony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Anthony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Anthony
+okay so you can use these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but not in your notes is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in your notes is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in your notes is something that
+I really want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really want you to
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see this is called Al lumus Wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is called Al lumus Wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is called Al lumus Wood
+plot and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and what is
+this what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what is this
+here um so this is something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so this is something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so this is something that you
+would do when you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do when you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do when you know
+nothing you don't know what the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you don't know what the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you don't know what the molecule
+is you don't know what the transition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you don't know what the transition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you don't know what the transition is
+and there's so many lines that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's so many lines that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's so many lines that you you
+have trouble picking out more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble picking out more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble picking out more than
+fragments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+patterns so Lumis and wood were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns so Lumis and wood were uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns so Lumis and wood were uh
+uh I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I forget
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+they uh uh published most of their stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh uh published most of their stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh uh published most of their stuff
+it was it in the in the ear early part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it in the in the ear early part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it in the in the ear early part
+of the 20th century before 1930
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 20th century before 1930
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 20th century before 1930
+certainly W was most active in the 1910
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly W was most active in the 1910
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly W was most active in the 1910
+that's right and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right and uh
+uh so they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so they they
+had they developed a method and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had they developed a method and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had they developed a method and what
+that the method is is you again you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the method is is you again you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the method is is you again you look
+for what looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what looks
+like a regular series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a regular series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a regular series of
+lines and uh since a regular series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and uh since a regular series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and uh since a regular series of
+lines is almost always fitable with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines is almost always fitable with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines is almost always fitable with a
+quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic
+equation because we have forrat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because we have forrat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because we have forrat
+parabolas you just say oh these things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolas you just say oh these things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolas you just say oh these things I
+recognize these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize these
+lines and I'm going to fit it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and I'm going to fit it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and I'm going to fit it to a
+quadratic I don't care what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic I don't care what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic I don't care what the
+numbering is because that's something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering is because that's something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering is because that's something I
+need to figure out but the way I figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to figure out but the way I figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to figure out but the way I figure
+that out is by uh uh extending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out is by uh uh extending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out is by uh uh extending the
+pattern and uh you know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and uh you know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and uh you know if the
+pattern if the if the pattern is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern if the if the pattern is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern if the if the pattern is going
+into a bandhe head and coming back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bandhe head and coming back from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bandhe head and coming back from
+the bandhe head it's not a trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandhe head it's not a trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandhe head it's not a trivial
+matter to extend the pattern without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter to extend the pattern without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter to extend the pattern without
+some graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some graphical
+tools so what you do is you say okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools so what you do is you say okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools so what you do is you say okay I'm
+going to pick this member of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick this member of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick this member of the
+pattern and then I'm going to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and then I'm going to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and then I'm going to calculate
+the differences so I'm going to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences so I'm going to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences so I'm going to convert
+the one-dimensional pattern with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one-dimensional pattern with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one-dimensional pattern with
+intensities into a two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities into a two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities into a two-dimensional
+pattern this seems like you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern this seems like you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern this seems like you're going
+backwards but what you really would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards but what you really would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards but what you really would like
+to do is to recognize the members of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to recognize the members of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to recognize the members of
+this pattern that belong together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pattern that belong together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pattern that belong together
+without making any assumption other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without making any assumption other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without making any assumption other than
+saying I'm starting here I see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm starting here I see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm starting here I see something
+and so what you do is you pick this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you do is you pick this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you do is you pick this or
+you say well this is number 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well this is number 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well this is number 23
+and I calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I calculate the
+differences uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences uh
+between all of the lines not in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all of the lines not in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all of the lines not in this
+pattern this line and all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern this line and all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern this line and all the other
+Lines within a an interval you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lines within a an interval you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lines within a an interval you've
+decided is going to be big enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided is going to be big enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided is going to be big enough to
+capture uh other members of the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture uh other members of the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture uh other members of the pattern
+and and so so this line then generates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so so this line then generates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so so this line then generates a
+whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of
+spots and these spots these points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots and these spots these points are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots and these spots these points are
+colorcoded according to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorcoded according to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorcoded according to their
+intensity on here they're not colorcoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity on here they're not colorcoded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity on here they're not colorcoded
+because this is black and white uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is black and white uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is black and white uh but
+you can see some of them are darker than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see some of them are darker than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see some of them are darker than
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+and and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh and
+so you you do this now for all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you do this now for all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you do this now for all of the
+lines in this pattern and so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in this pattern and so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in this pattern and so you've
+you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've
+um labeled these lines by an integer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um labeled these lines by an integer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um labeled these lines by an integer you
+don't know what the integer is but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the integer is but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the integer is but you
+know they they belong to a for trat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they they belong to a for trat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they they belong to a for trat
+Parabola so you you plot them linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parabola so you you plot them linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parabola so you you plot them linearly
+in that integer not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that integer not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that integer not
+quadratically and then what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratically and then what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratically and then what you see
+is patterns jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is patterns jumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is patterns jumping
+out and what are these patterns well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and what are these patterns well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and what are these patterns well uh
+this is the branch that you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the branch that you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the branch that you started
+with and uh there are other branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and uh there are other branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and uh there are other branches
+that have the that have have a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the that have have a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the that have have a similar
+forit Parabola and so they will appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forit Parabola and so they will appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forit Parabola and so they will appear
+here there is this white strip on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there is this white strip on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there is this white strip on the on
+either side of the line in in and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of the line in in and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of the line in in and that's
+because there can't be lines too close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there can't be lines too close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there can't be lines too close
+to the lines you are looking at because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lines you are looking at because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lines you are looking at because
+they have width and and so you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have width and and so you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have width and and so you generate
+this nice and then there's a break in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice and then there's a break in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice and then there's a break in
+the pattern here that's the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern here that's the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern here that's the band
+origin and there are little things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and there are little things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and there are little things like
+this one that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one that's a
+perturbation and there are a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation and there are a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation and there are a whole bunch
+of lines converging to a point that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lines converging to a point that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lines converging to a point that's
+the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band
+head and there are often several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and there are often several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and there are often several
+branches that appear and so this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches that appear and so this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches that appear and so this thing
+picks out you you start out with just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks out you you start out with just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks out you you start out with just a
+little bit and it picks out the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and it picks out the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and it picks out the whole
+thing and it captures the thing you most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it captures the thing you most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it captures the thing you most
+want which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want which is
+this and from how many lines they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and from how many lines they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and from how many lines they are
+missing it tells you what the uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing it tells you what the uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing it tells you what the uh uh the
+Omega of the lower state is or the Upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega of the lower state is or the Upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega of the lower state is or the Upper
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+because you can't have a line you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't have a line you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't have a line you can't
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+J uh smaller than the projection of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J uh smaller than the projection of J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J uh smaller than the projection of J
+and so they'll always be certain number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they'll always be certain number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they'll always be certain number
+of points missing here and uh so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points missing here and uh so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points missing here and uh so that's
+one of them and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them and uh
+um I just think these are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wonderful here's another I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful here's another I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful here's another I don't know
+which way I guess that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up and here you see again the bandhe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and here you see again the bandhe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and here you see again the bandhe
+head is here the origin is closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head is here the origin is closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head is here the origin is closer to the
+head but it's much the the the Gap is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head but it's much the the the Gap is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head but it's much the the the Gap is
+much larger because the omegas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger because the omegas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger because the omegas are
+bigger and there's a nice little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and there's a nice little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and there's a nice little
+perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation
+here and so this is this is useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so this is this is useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so this is this is useful
+because if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have a
+ation in the Upper State the same J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation in the Upper State the same J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation in the Upper State the same J
+upstairs is going to be perturbed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs is going to be perturbed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs is going to be perturbed and
+here's the P BR R branch and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the P BR R branch and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the P BR R branch and here's the
+P branch and so this provides absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P branch and so this provides absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P branch and so this provides absolute
+numbering so you you find the the Z the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering so you you find the the Z the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering so you you find the the Z the
+origin you find from the width of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin you find from the width of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin you find from the width of this
+band origin region uh the omegas you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band origin region uh the omegas you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band origin region uh the omegas you get
+numbering from coincidences appearing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering from coincidences appearing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering from coincidences appearing um
+uh in the red and and blue regions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the red and and blue regions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the red and and blue regions of
+this plot and so this is a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot and so this is a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot and so this is a you know
+a a no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a no
+knowledge way of harvesting a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge way of harvesting a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge way of harvesting a huge
+amount of information and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of information and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of information and it doesn't
+matter that you take a a a ridiculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that you take a a a ridiculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that you take a a a ridiculous
+number of differences because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of differences because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of differences because you don't
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+it the computer does it and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the computer does it and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the computer does it and then it
+plots it and there's the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots it and there's the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots it and there's the intensity
+information is used okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is used okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is used okay
+now in the old old days we had very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the old old days we had very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the old old days we had very very
+poor uh relative intensity information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor uh relative intensity information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor uh relative intensity information
+from a photographic plate a lot of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a photographic plate a lot of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a photographic plate a lot of lines
+but the intensities were only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the intensities were only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the intensities were only
+of uh qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh qualitative
+significance but we have ch pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance but we have ch pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance but we have ch pulse
+methods where we get a big hunk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods where we get a big hunk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods where we get a big hunk of
+spectrum and the intensities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and the intensities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and the intensities are
+meaningful so we Harvest a huge amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful so we Harvest a huge amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful so we Harvest a huge amount
+of information and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information and uh uh
+if there is a pattern recognition scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is a pattern recognition scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is a pattern recognition scheme
+that would be applied to it it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be applied to it it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be applied to it it would
+make use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of the
+intensities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities and
+this uh yeah it would make use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh yeah it would make use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh yeah it would make use of the
+intensities and what what would one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities and what what would one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities and what what would one
+do okay now what else do I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay now what else do I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay now what else do I want to say
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+um there are other kinds of pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are other kinds of pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are other kinds of pattern
+recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of my former students Matt Jacobson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my former students Matt Jacobson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my former students Matt Jacobson
+developed what we call Extended spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed what we call Extended spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed what we call Extended spectral
+crosscorrelation and uh the extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosscorrelation and uh the extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosscorrelation and uh the extended
+spectral crosscorrelation is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral crosscorrelation is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral crosscorrelation is based on
+the expectation that there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation that there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation that there's going to be
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+pattern uh and some other pattern that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern uh and some other pattern that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern uh and some other pattern that
+that there'll be features in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there'll be features in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there'll be features in the
+Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repeated uh and so suppose we suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated uh and so suppose we suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated uh and so suppose we suppose we
+took two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took two
+Spectra and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra and uh
+uh we changed the conditions for the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we changed the conditions for the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we changed the conditions for the two
+Spectra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose you have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose you have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose you have different
+isotopic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopic uh
+species and uh um so one isotope one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and uh um so one isotope one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and uh um so one isotope one
+isotopomer will give one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopomer will give one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopomer will give one
+Spectrum another isotopomer will give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum another isotopomer will give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum another isotopomer will give a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+Spectrum now suppose we C change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum now suppose we C change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum now suppose we C change the
+isotopic mixture and record the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopic mixture and record the Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopic mixture and record the Spectrum
+again then the complicated pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again then the complicated pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again then the complicated pattern
+associated with each isotopomer will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each isotopomer will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each isotopomer will be
+exactly repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the relative intensities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the relative intensities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the relative intensities of
+different patterns will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different patterns will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different patterns will
+change because we changed the isotopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change because we changed the isotopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change because we changed the isotopic
+ratios we don't even know need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios we don't even know need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios we don't even know need to know
+how we change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we change
+them and so one can develop a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so one can develop a pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so one can develop a pattern
+recognition scheme that says okay uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition scheme that says okay uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition scheme that says okay uh we
+have two exactly we have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two exactly we have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two exactly we have a certain
+number of exactly repeated patterns now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of exactly repeated patterns now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of exactly repeated patterns now
+I thought I could do this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought I could do this without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought I could do this without
+preparing um what do we plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goodness I've cooked my Goose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I'll have to come back to you on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll have to come back to you on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll have to come back to you on this
+like like a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like a certain
+vice presidential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+candidate but uh uh so what you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate but uh uh so what you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate but uh uh so what you end up
+is getting a uh uh you have a a scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting a uh uh you have a a scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting a uh uh you have a a scheme
+for uh picking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh picking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh picking out
+patterns uh without knowing what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns uh without knowing what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns uh without knowing what the
+pattern is or how many patterns there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is or how many patterns there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is or how many patterns there
+will be and so this is amazing as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be and so this is amazing as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be and so this is amazing as long
+as you have a complicated thing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have a complicated thing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have a complicated thing that is
+exactly repeated but and you can vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly repeated but and you can vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly repeated but and you can vary
+the conditions to cause the pattern to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions to cause the pattern to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions to cause the pattern to
+uh the relative intensities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the relative intensities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the relative intensities of the
+patterns to change you can pull out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns to change you can pull out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns to change you can pull out the
+individual patterns and this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual patterns and this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual patterns and this is not
+limited to spectroscopy it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to spectroscopy it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to spectroscopy it's you know
+you could as as long as uh you uh know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could as as long as uh you uh know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could as as long as uh you uh know
+that there should be patterns you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there should be patterns you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there should be patterns you can
+use this uh in Acoustics to you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this uh in Acoustics to you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this uh in Acoustics to you know to
+learn about the shape of a room or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about the shape of a room or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about the shape of a room or
+there's all sorts of ways in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of ways in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of ways in which you
+could use these crosscorrelation ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use these crosscorrelation ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use these crosscorrelation ideas
+there's another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called um and I have to look up what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called um and I have to look up what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called um and I have to look up what the
+acronym means it's uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym means it's uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym means it's uh uh
+crosscorrelation ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosscorrelation ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosscorrelation ionization energy
+spectroscopy suppose you have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy suppose you have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy suppose you have a bunch of
+ridberg Series so uh so here is V equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridberg Series so uh so here is V equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridberg Series so uh so here is V equals
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh of the ion and here is v+ = one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the ion and here is v+ = one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the ion and here is v+ = one of
+the ion so you have a redberg series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ion so you have a redberg series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ion so you have a redberg series
+converging to this and another ridberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to this and another ridberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to this and another ridberg
+series converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series converging to
+that so you have a complicated many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you have a complicated many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you have a complicated many
+element pattern which is described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element pattern which is described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element pattern which is described by
+the St same equation the redberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the St same equation the redberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the St same equation the redberg
+equation R over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation R over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation R over
+uh n star squared the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n star squared the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n star squared the uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+energy uh is given by or the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh is given by or the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh is given by or the ionization
+energy this is the ridberg equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is the ridberg equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is the ridberg equation so
+uh we will have several essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we will have several essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we will have several essentially
+identical ridberg series converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical ridberg series converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical ridberg series converging to
+different levels so you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels so you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels so you have this
+complicated thing and you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing and you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing and you're you're
+looking at the the Spectrum and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the the Spectrum and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the the Spectrum and it's a
+superposition of these converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of these converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of these converging
+patterns and the resolution is four so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and the resolution is four so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and the resolution is four so
+you can't resolve all the features but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't resolve all the features but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't resolve all the features but
+they're pie patches of each pattern that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pie patches of each pattern that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pie patches of each pattern that
+you can get and so you you move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get and so you you move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get and so you you move the
+patterns relative to each other and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns relative to each other and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns relative to each other and you
+find the best overlap with the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the best overlap with the Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the best overlap with the Spectrum
+and when you do that you find inter you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do that you find inter you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do that you find inter you
+get information about the energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get information about the energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get information about the energy level
+structure of the ion and this has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the ion and this has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the ion and this has been
+used to look at the uh Benzene cation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to look at the uh Benzene cation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to look at the uh Benzene cation
+where the rotational structure is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the rotational structure is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the rotational structure is very
+dense and and works just beautifully so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense and and works just beautifully so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense and and works just beautifully so
+there are all sorts of fantastic pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all sorts of fantastic pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all sorts of fantastic pattern
+recognition techniques that you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition techniques that you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition techniques that you can use
+do I have anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else and now we're back to combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differences oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences oh
+boy how am I going to explain this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't think I can explain it I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think I can explain it I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think I can explain it I don't
+think I want to explain it uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I want to explain it uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I want to explain it uh the the
+when we do these sorts of tricks with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do these sorts of tricks with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do these sorts of tricks with
+classical spectroscopy we get the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical spectroscopy we get the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical spectroscopy we get the whole
+Spectrum all at once and the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum all at once and the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum all at once and the information
+that enables us to assign it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables us to assign it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables us to assign it is
+concealed um and we have to dig it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concealed um and we have to dig it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concealed um and we have to dig it out
+and it's not that hard to dig it out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not that hard to dig it out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not that hard to dig it out but
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+need you need uh pattern recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you need uh pattern recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you need uh pattern recognition
+schemes that are are not uh easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes that are are not uh easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes that are are not uh easily
+thrown off the track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown off the track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown off the track
+the higher the resolution the higher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher the resolution the higher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher the resolution the higher the
+Precision the more likely you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+succeed suppose instead you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed suppose instead you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed suppose instead you have a
+laser and you excite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and you excite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and you excite a
+transition with a laser and you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition with a laser and you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition with a laser and you look at
+the fluoresence from that upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level well when you do that the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level well when you do that the Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level well when you do that the Spectrum
+consists of nothing but combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of nothing but combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of nothing but combination
+differences that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that are
+assigned because they all come all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned because they all come all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned because they all come all of
+the transitions originate from a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transitions originate from a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transitions originate from a common
+upper level the whole point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper level the whole point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper level the whole point of the
+pattern recognition is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern recognition is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern recognition is to
+find groupings of transitions uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find groupings of transitions uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find groupings of transitions uh that
+came from a common point but if you tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from a common point but if you tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from a common point but if you tune
+your laser to a single upper level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your laser to a single upper level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your laser to a single upper level and
+look at the dispersed fluorescence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the dispersed fluorescence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the dispersed fluorescence or
+you do a double resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a double resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a double resonance
+experiment then you know you select a j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment then you know you select a j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment then you know you select a j
+and you you know what the upper level is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you know what the upper level is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you know what the upper level is
+this level is then everything is simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level is then everything is simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level is then everything is simple
+and there isn't any any real skill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there isn't any any real skill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there isn't any any real skill in
+assigning such a spectrum unless you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning such a spectrum unless you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning such a spectrum unless you're
+using this to go into an energy region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this to go into an energy region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this to go into an energy region
+which is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is so
+complicated that it's still hard not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated that it's still hard not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated that it's still hard not you
+know even though you know the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know even though you know the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know even though you know the name of
+the level that you're going to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level that you're going to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level that you're going to the the
+good quantum numbers of the level you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good quantum numbers of the level you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good quantum numbers of the level you're
+going to you there's so many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you there's so many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you there's so many of them
+that you again are uh facing a difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you again are uh facing a difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you again are uh facing a difficult
+problem which is now a physical rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is now a physical rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is now a physical rather
+than a pattern recognition problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a pattern recognition problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a pattern recognition problem of
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+okay I I've simplified the Spectrum but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I've simplified the Spectrum but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I've simplified the Spectrum but
+I've still got so much stuff going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've still got so much stuff going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've still got so much stuff going on
+that I need a way of understanding what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need a way of understanding what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need a way of understanding what
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+means and that that requires having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and that that requires having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and that that requires having
+models and the models uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh are thing that you you conceive of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh are thing that you you conceive of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh are thing that you you conceive of
+yourself I'm trying to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself I'm trying to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself I'm trying to go back to
+Extended cross correlation and see if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Extended cross correlation and see if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Extended cross correlation and see if I
+can remember how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can remember how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can remember how this
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah I got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you you take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you take this
+spectrum and you chop it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and you chop it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and you chop it up into
+resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements and uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and uh so you
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+um and you now have two realizations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you now have two realizations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you now have two realizations of
+the spectrum recorded under different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum recorded under different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum recorded under different
+conditions and so you take the f a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and so you take the f a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and so you take the f a
+particular resolution element and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular resolution element and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular resolution element and you
+ask what's the intensity in Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what's the intensity in Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what's the intensity in Spectrum
+number one of that resolution element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one of that resolution element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one of that resolution element
+that's X and the intensity in Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's X and the intensity in Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's X and the intensity in Spectrum
+number two for that resolution element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two for that resolution element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two for that resolution element
+that's Y and so you you plot a point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Y and so you you plot a point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Y and so you you plot a point on
+this intensity versus intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot and then you go to another uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and then you go to another uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and then you go to another uh
+another resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another resolution
+element and you plot a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and you plot a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and you plot a point
+uh and sometimes uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and sometimes uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and sometimes uh uh
+um sometimes you have zero intensity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes you have zero intensity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes you have zero intensity uh
+in one well so but if you have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one well so but if you have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one well so but if you have a a
+pattern what's going to happen is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern what's going to happen is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern what's going to happen is that
+the lines there'll be emerging a ray on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines there'll be emerging a ray on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines there'll be emerging a ray on
+this cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cross
+correlation which says uh all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation which says uh all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation which says uh all of the
+lines in this that that contributed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in this that that contributed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in this that that contributed to
+this pattern remember we had a spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pattern remember we had a spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pattern remember we had a spectrum
+where each Spectrum had frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each Spectrum had frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each Spectrum had frequency
+information we are not using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we are not using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we are not using the
+frequency information we're comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency information we're comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency information we're comparing
+Spectrum 1 to Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum 1 to Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum 1 to Spectrum
+2 and the frequency information is gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and the frequency information is gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and the frequency information is gone
+it's intensity versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intensity and uh so what will emerge if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and uh so what will emerge if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and uh so what will emerge if
+there's a pattern is a a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pattern is a a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pattern is a a straight
+line uh with a slope which tells you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh with a slope which tells you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh with a slope which tells you the
+relative intensity of of the pattern in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative intensity of of the pattern in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative intensity of of the pattern in
+the different realizations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different realizations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different realizations of the
+spectrum and so and if there are several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and so and if there are several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and so and if there are several
+patterns then you'll get several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns then you'll get several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns then you'll get several
+rays and so you know this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays and so you know this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays and so you know this is a little
+bit counterintuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit counterintuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit counterintuitive
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+um suppose you have only two Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose you have only two Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose you have only two Spectrum
+how do you get more than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get more than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get more than two
+patterns well however many patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns well however many patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns well however many patterns
+there are you don't you know uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are you don't you know uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are you don't you know uh the the
+lines will have a you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines will have a you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines will have a you know the the
+all of the members of a pattern in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the members of a pattern in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the members of a pattern in the
+different realizations of the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different realizations of the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different realizations of the spectrum
+will have the same relative intensity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the same relative intensity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the same relative intensity so
+you can have many now you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have many now you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have many now you could also
+have three Spectra and do a a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three Spectra and do a a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three Spectra and do a a higher
+dimensional cross coration plot then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional cross coration plot then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional cross coration plot then you
+would have a ray in in a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a ray in in a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a ray in in a higher
+dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+space and so once you see these Rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and so once you see these Rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and so once you see these Rays
+then you want to find the optimum value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want to find the optimum value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want to find the optimum value
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+slope and so you use use a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and so you use use a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and so you use use a form of
+fitting which is not Le squares but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting which is not Le squares but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting which is not Le squares but uh
+robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust
+estimator if there are features that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator if there are features that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator if there are features that are
+off the line you don't want it to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the line you don't want it to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the line you don't want it to pull
+the line you want to somehow get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line you want to somehow get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line you want to somehow get the
+information from the the the cluster of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from the the the cluster of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from the the the cluster of
+features that are near the line and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that are near the line and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that are near the line and then
+you want to get the optimum slope once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get the optimum slope once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get the optimum slope once
+you have that then you can go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that then you can go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that then you can go back to
+the original Spectra and harvest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original Spectra and harvest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original Spectra and harvest the
+different the members of a pattern cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the members of a pattern cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the members of a pattern cuz
+you know the ratio of uh intensities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the ratio of uh intensities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the ratio of uh intensities of
+the patterns in the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patterns in the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patterns in the different
+realizations of the Spectra and so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations of the Spectra and so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations of the Spectra and so first
+you find these correlation rays and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find these correlation rays and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find these correlation rays and then
+you use the slope from them to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the slope from them to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the slope from them to separate
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+patterns and uh it's really magical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and uh it's really magical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and uh it's really magical and
+you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people
+uh simply don't believe that this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh simply don't believe that this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh simply don't believe that this method
+could possibly work but it it works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly work but it it works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly work but it it works for
+isotopomers as I described but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopomers as I described but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopomers as I described but it also
+works for things we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for things we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for things we call
+polyads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh and this this is something that deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this this is something that deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this this is something that deals
+with polyatomic molecules but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with polyatomic molecules but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with polyatomic molecules but it's
+really a beautiful thing suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a beautiful thing suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a beautiful thing suppose you
+have a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a group of
+levels uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels uh that
+are uh anharmonically coupled and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh anharmonically coupled and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh anharmonically coupled and and so
+you have a some kind of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a some kind of a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a some kind of a matrix
+representation of this and one member of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of this and one member of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of this and one member of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+Matrix this group of levels is bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix this group of levels is bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix this group of levels is bright
+and so it couples it lends its intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it couples it lends its intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it couples it lends its intensity
+to the other members of this group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other members of this group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other members of this group and
+so from if you can access a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from if you can access a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from if you can access a particular
+bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright
+state from different upper levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state from different upper levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state from different upper levels
+then uh it will pull out the same group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh it will pull out the same group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh it will pull out the same group
+of lines and so it will actually we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lines and so it will actually we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lines and so it will actually we use
+it to separate these anharmonically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to separate these anharmonically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to separate these anharmonically
+coupled groups of uh of States we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled groups of uh of States we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled groups of uh of States we'll
+come to that later so there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to that later so there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to that later so there are many
+many pattern recognition schemes the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many pattern recognition schemes the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many pattern recognition schemes the old
+ones basically used frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones basically used frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones basically used frequency
+alone with lasers and uh well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone with lasers and uh well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone with lasers and uh well with
+certain kinds of experiments the int in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of experiments the int in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of experiments the int in
+ities are very meaningful and one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ities are very meaningful and one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ities are very meaningful and one can
+build pattern recognition schemes using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build pattern recognition schemes using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build pattern recognition schemes using
+the intensity as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity as well as the
+frequency and uh uh there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and uh uh there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and uh uh there are many
+people who will pay you a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who will pay you a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who will pay you a lot of money
+to find patterns in different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find patterns in different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find patterns in different kinds of
+data sets even if the patterns don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets even if the patterns don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets even if the patterns don't
+exist but you've got some very sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist but you've got some very sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist but you've got some very sensitive
+method that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that somehow
+multivariant and you could yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariant and you could yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariant and you could yeah you
+better put your money on that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better put your money on that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better put your money on that particular
+particular stock because I see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular stock because I see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular stock because I see this
+pattern uh and well you know it may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern uh and well you know it may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern uh and well you know it may not
+have been coincidental that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lus and and Lumis was also instrumental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lus and and Lumis was also instrumental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lus and and Lumis was also instrumental
+in founding General Electric and also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in founding General Electric and also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in founding General Electric and also in
+radar World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar World
+yep so he was you know he's a smart guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so he was you know he's a smart guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so he was you know he's a smart guy
+uh but the actual uh realization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the actual uh realization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the actual uh realization of the
+lumus wood plots that's attributed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumus wood plots that's attributed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumus wood plots that's attributed to
+and wood by Herzberg but it's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wood by Herzberg but it's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wood by Herzberg but it's a bunch of
+swedes who had nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swedes who had nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swedes who had nothing to do with
+anything they were oldfashioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything they were oldfashioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything they were oldfashioned
+spectroscopists who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopists who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopists who
+did so I think I'm done um and I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so I think I'm done um and I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so I think I'm done um and I'm sorry
+that uh uh I I froze up immed initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh I I froze up immed initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh I I froze up immed initially
+on the the cross correlation but uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the the cross correlation but uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the the cross correlation but uh uh
+if you have a complicated enough pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a complicated enough pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a complicated enough pattern
+it just jumps out at you and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just jumps out at you and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just jumps out at you and then you
+can use it to pull out replicas of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it to pull out replicas of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it to pull out replicas of it
+and that's I think a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's I think a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's I think a really important
+thing I have one question yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I have one question yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I have one question yes
+as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um
+so having higher resolution improves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having higher resolution improves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having higher resolution improves the
+probability of getting cor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting cor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting cor
+yes if you imagine slowly degrading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if you imagine slowly degrading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if you imagine slowly degrading the
+resolution and then seeing what's left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and then seeing what's left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and then seeing what's left
+as you start to degrade the resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you start to degrade the resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you start to degrade the resolution
+do you start start to lose you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you start start to lose you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you start start to lose you know
+individual lines because you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual lines because you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual lines because you can't
+resolve you know this combination that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve you know this combination that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve you know this combination that
+or below a certain threshold of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or below a certain threshold of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or below a certain threshold of
+resolution do you essentially lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution do you essentially lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution do you essentially lose
+everything either because everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything either because everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything either because everything
+important in a Spectra is at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in a Spectra is at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in a Spectra is at the same
+resolution scale or because in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution scale or because in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution scale or because in order to
+get anything you have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get anything you have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get anything you have to use
+everything well your question is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything well your question is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything well your question is is
+really a good question as usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a good question as usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a good question as usual
+uh as but but it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as but but it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as but but it it
+uncovers uh if you vary the resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncovers uh if you vary the resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncovers uh if you vary the resolution
+if you degrade the resolution it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you degrade the resolution it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you degrade the resolution it
+actually provides you with a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually provides you with a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually provides you with a way of
+disentangling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disentangling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disentangling
+Dynamics because um you know that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics because um you know that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics because um you know that if
+there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+a uh an off diagonal matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh an off diagonal matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh an off diagonal matrix element
+between two states two zero order States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two states two zero order States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two states two zero order States
+the I states can never get closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I states can never get closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I states can never get closer
+together than twice the Matrix El
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you degrade the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you degrade the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you degrade the
+resolution you will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution you will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution you will uh
+start lumping together features that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start lumping together features that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start lumping together features that are
+weakly dynamically coupled and so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly dynamically coupled and so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly dynamically coupled and so it's a
+way of undoing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of undoing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of undoing the
+unimportant couplings and recovering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimportant couplings and recovering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimportant couplings and recovering the
+the most important features uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important features uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important features uh this is
+called parsimonious trees it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called parsimonious trees it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called parsimonious trees it's it's a
+technique that was developed by Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that was developed by Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that was developed by Steve
+Coy and it is a way of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coy and it is a way of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coy and it is a way of really
+understanding the dynamical mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the dynamical mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the dynamical mechanisms
+what you look at is you you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you look at is you you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you look at is you you have the
+original spectrum and you degrade the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original spectrum and you degrade the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original spectrum and you degrade the
+resolution and at some degradation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and at some degradation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and at some degradation of
+the resolution some lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resolution some lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resolution some lines
+disappear those are called nodes do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear those are called nodes do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear those are called nodes do you
+degrade the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrade the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrade the
+resolution numerically numerically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution numerically numerically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution numerically numerically you
+start with the highest resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the highest resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the highest resolution
+Spectrum you never you never degrade the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum you never you never degrade the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum you never you never degrade the
+resolution experimentally so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution experimentally so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution experimentally so you have
+this thing and you're degrading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and you're degrading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and you're degrading the
+resolution and each time a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and each time a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and each time a line
+disappears uh you uh you plot a point or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears uh you uh you plot a point or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears uh you uh you plot a point or
+you show that these lines are joining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show that these lines are joining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show that these lines are joining
+together and from the distribution of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and from the distribution of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and from the distribution of uh
+nodes versus resolution you get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes versus resolution you get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes versus resolution you get some
+kind of information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of information about the
+distribution of coupling strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of coupling strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of coupling strings
+now I don't like this method at all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't like this method at all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't like this method at all I
+think you know it that you know it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know it that you know it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know it that you know it would
+be wonderful if you have groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wonderful if you have groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wonderful if you have groups of
+things that uh originate from a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that uh originate from a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that uh originate from a common
+zero order state that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero order state that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero order state that are not
+overlapping but they do overlap and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping but they do overlap and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping but they do overlap and so
+when you degrade your resolution if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you degrade your resolution if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you degrade your resolution if
+there are features in the spectrum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are features in the spectrum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are features in the spectrum that
+start to get Blended that have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to get Blended that have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to get Blended that have no
+nothing in common well you're just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in common well you're just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in common well you're just you
+have a a crude statistical method that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a crude statistical method that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a crude statistical method that
+is being overloaded with spurious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being overloaded with spurious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being overloaded with spurious
+stuff and I think that there are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and I think that there are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and I think that there are much
+better ways of learning about dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better ways of learning about dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better ways of learning about dynamical
+Pathways and hierarchies of coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways and hierarchies of coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways and hierarchies of coupling
+than parsimonious trees but it it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than parsimonious trees but it it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than parsimonious trees but it it's it's
+a wonderful technique because you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful technique because you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful technique because you start
+with the Spectrum and you just do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Spectrum and you just do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Spectrum and you just do some
+simple with it and you and you Harve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple with it and you and you Harve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple with it and you and you Harve
+plot the uh the nodes versus resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the uh the nodes versus resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the uh the nodes versus resolution
+and you see that there are are sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that there are are sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that there are are sharp
+breaks in the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks in the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks in the number of
+nodes and but that will be corrupted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and but that will be corrupted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and but that will be corrupted
+by the different branches in the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the different branches in the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the different branches in the tree
+you know you look at a tree if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you look at a tree if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you look at a tree if you could
+make the tree a two-dimensional tree it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the tree a two-dimensional tree it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the tree a two-dimensional tree it
+would be great but it's not as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be great but it's not as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be great but it's not as a
+three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional
+tree okay so that you have any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay so that you have any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay so that you have any more
+questions like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so let me just Reas the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let me just Reas the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let me just Reas the second part
+of that same question which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that same question which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that same question which is that
+obviously in the limiting case with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in the limiting case with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in the limiting case with no
+resolution you don't know anything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution you don't know anything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution you don't know anything is
+there a certain case for different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a certain case for different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a certain case for different kinds
+of Spectra that if your resolution was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Spectra that if your resolution was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Spectra that if your resolution was
+below some certain threshold you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below some certain threshold you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below some certain threshold you would
+basically not be able to assign any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically not be able to assign any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically not be able to assign any
+rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational
+lines um I mean all right obviously also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines um I mean all right obviously also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines um I mean all right obviously also
+maybe if your resolution was below some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if your resolution was below some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if your resolution was below some
+some some Minal Factor B that would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some Minal Factor B that would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some Minal Factor B that would also
+be that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I don't how to I don't know I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't how to I don't know I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't how to I don't know I don't
+have a good answer to that question it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good answer to that question it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good answer to that question it's
+certainly true that if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly true that if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly true that if you're going to
+make assignments by uh logra strip or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make assignments by uh logra strip or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make assignments by uh logra strip or
+combination differences you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination differences you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination differences you need to have
+resolution that's better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution that's better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution that's better than
+4B because the combination differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4B because the combination differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4B because the combination differences
+change in steps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in steps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in steps of
+4B and so uh and if you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4B and so uh and if you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4B and so uh and if you want to be
+reasonably uh free of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably uh free of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably uh free of
+false positives or whatever it wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positives or whatever it wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positives or whatever it wants to
+be a lot better than 4B so and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot better than 4B so and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot better than 4B so and you can
+do it you know you can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it you know you can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it you know you can make a
+statistical analysis of how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical analysis of how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical analysis of how many
+spurious combination differences will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spurious combination differences will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spurious combination differences will
+you have if your resolution as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have if your resolution as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have if your resolution as your
+resol so the the the SC the scale factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resol so the the the SC the scale factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resol so the the the SC the scale factor
+is 4B and so uh if you have resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4B and so uh if you have resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4B and so uh if you have resolution
+of 1% of 4B uh then you can probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1% of 4B uh then you can probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1% of 4B uh then you can probably
+guess that you're going to be wrong 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that you're going to be wrong 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that you're going to be wrong 1%
+of the time that's probably not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time that's probably not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time that's probably not quite
+right but uh it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but uh it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but uh it it
+definitely uh gets better the higher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely uh gets better the higher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely uh gets better the higher the
+resolution and uh uh but you know if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and uh uh but you know if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and uh uh but you know if if
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+hydrogen as opposed to iodine you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen as opposed to iodine you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen as opposed to iodine you know
+the resolution needed for iodine is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resolution needed for iodine is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resolution needed for iodine is much
+better than for hydrogen but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than for hydrogen but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than for hydrogen but for
+hydrogen because the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen because the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen because the rotational
+constants are so big you don't see many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants are so big you don't see many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants are so big you don't see many
+patterns and so uh you know you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and so uh you know you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and so uh you know you have a
+different kind of problem if the related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of problem if the related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of problem if the related
+things are very far apart versus when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are very far apart versus when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are very far apart versus when
+they're very close together and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very close together and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very close together and uh so
+you always depend on redundancy some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always depend on redundancy some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always depend on redundancy some
+kind of redundancy okay and then let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of redundancy okay and then let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of redundancy okay and then let me
+ask my my final question today yes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask my my final question today yes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask my my final question today yes um
+what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is
+the uh limiting factor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh limiting factor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh limiting factor in
+doing resolution of rotational Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing resolution of rotational Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing resolution of rotational Spectrum
+or is there one that say are very heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is there one that say are very heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is there one that say are very heavy
+molecules you know difficult because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules you know difficult because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules you know difficult because you
+know you can't reach that resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can't reach that resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can't reach that resolution
+threshold of something like 4B or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold of something like 4B or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold of something like 4B or is it
+the problem really just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem really just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem really just you know
+intensity assignment if you want that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity assignment if you want that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity assignment if you want that
+kind of resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of resolution
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a in a laser experiment you're limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a laser experiment you're limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a laser experiment you're limited
+you're you're usually limited by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're usually limited by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're usually limited by the
+Doppler effect unless you're using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doppler effect unless you're using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doppler effect unless you're using a
+clever trick to get rid of the Doppler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever trick to get rid of the Doppler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever trick to get rid of the Doppler
+effect either by having a supersonic Jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect either by having a supersonic Jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect either by having a supersonic Jet
+and looking perpendicular to the skim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking perpendicular to the skim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking perpendicular to the skim
+jet so there isn't any velocity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet so there isn't any velocity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet so there isn't any velocity in the
+uh direction that you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh direction that you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh direction that you're looking
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+sometimes all of the tech uh all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes all of the tech uh all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes all of the tech uh all of the
+clever techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever techniques
+for in improving the resolution will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in improving the resolution will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in improving the resolution will
+never get you to high enough resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get you to high enough resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get you to high enough resolution
+unless you say okay I'm not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you say okay I'm not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you say okay I'm not going to do
+electronic spectroscopy anymore I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic spectroscopy anymore I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic spectroscopy anymore I'm
+going to do microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do microwave
+spectroscopy uh I'm going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy uh I'm going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy uh I'm going to look at the
+level diagram in a different way and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level diagram in a different way and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level diagram in a different way and you
+know basically uh if you're careful you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know basically uh if you're careful you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know basically uh if you're careful you
+do any kind of spectroscopy you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any kind of spectroscopy you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any kind of spectroscopy you you you
+get without a tremendous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get without a tremendous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get without a tremendous amount of
+effort a part in a million frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort a part in a million frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort a part in a million frequency
+resolution so a part in the million at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution so a part in the million at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution so a part in the million at
+uh uh at 50,000 wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh at 50,000 wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh at 50,000 wave
+numbers is much poorer than a part in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers is much poorer than a part in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers is much poorer than a part in a
+million at 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million at 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million at 50
+gahz and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gahz and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gahz and so uh
+uh but I mean they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I mean they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I mean they're going to be
+fundamental limitations like um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental limitations like um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental limitations like um if
+you're not doppler limited you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not doppler limited you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not doppler limited you're going
+to to be uh um limited by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to be uh um limited by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to be uh um limited by the
+homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous
+linewidth and the homogeneous linewidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linewidth and the homogeneous linewidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linewidth and the homogeneous linewidth
+has to do with um how fast does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with um how fast does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with um how fast does the
+population Decay or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population Decay or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population Decay or
+dease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dease and
+uh one of the things that you're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the things that you're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the things that you're always
+up against if you have a sample of gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up against if you have a sample of gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up against if you have a sample of gas
+is the Collision rate and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Collision rate and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Collision rate and that that
+produces phase interrupting collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces phase interrupting collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces phase interrupting collisions
+and it broads the lines and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it broads the lines and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it broads the lines and you know
+once you're up against that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're up against that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're up against that you're
+finished unless you can and and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished unless you can and and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished unless you can and and and you
+say well okay I will go to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well okay I will go to lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well okay I will go to lower
+pressure but if I go to lower pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure but if I go to lower pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure but if I go to lower pressure
+then there won't be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there won't be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there won't be any
+transitions there won't be any intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions there won't be any intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions there won't be any intensity
+in the Spectrum so you know um yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Spectrum so you know um yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Spectrum so you know um yes I
+think I answered your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question so we'll talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so we'll talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so we'll talk a little bit
+about laser techniques for assigning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about laser techniques for assigning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about laser techniques for assigning
+Spectrum next lecture or something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum next lecture or something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum next lecture or something else
+that I decide I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I decide I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I decide I'm going to
+be interested in
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gLo958Kdeoo.txt b/gLo958Kdeoo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6ac9412e7f4edc92842827c0d81fcc4316b544fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gLo958Kdeoo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2105 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundred of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Last time,
+you talked about
+
+the Gibbs free energy.
+
+And the fundamental equations.
+
+And how powerful the fundamental
+equations were in
+
+being able to calculate anything
+from pressure,
+
+volume, temperature data.
+
+And you saw that the Gibbs free
+energy was especially
+
+important for everyday
+sort of processes.
+
+Because of the constant
+pressure constraint.
+
+And the fact that the intrinsic
+variables are
+
+pressure and temperature.
+
+Well, it turns out that the
+Gibbs free energy is even more
+
+important than that.
+
+And this is something that it
+took me a while to learn.
+
+I had to take thermodynamics
+many times to really
+
+appreciate how important
+that was.
+
+Even when I was doing research,
+at the beginning, I
+
+was a theorist, and I was trying
+to calculate different
+
+quantities of liquids and
+polymers and in these papers
+
+the first thing they did was
+to calculate the Gibbs free
+
+energy and I didn't quite
+appreciate why
+
+they were doing that.
+
+And the reason is, is if you've
+got the Gibbs free
+
+energy, you got really
+everything you need to know.
+
+Because you can get everything
+from the Gibbs free energy.
+
+And it really becomes the
+fundamental quantity that you
+
+want to have.
+
+So let me give you an example
+of how important that is, if
+
+you have an equation that
+describes the Gibbs free
+
+energy as a function of pressure
+and temperature,
+
+number of moles of
+different things.
+
+Different things you
+can calculate.
+
+So let's just start from the
+fundamental equation for the
+
+Gibbs free energy, dG is
+minus S dT plus V dp.
+
+And let's say that you've gotten
+some expression, G, as
+
+a function of temperature and
+pressure for your system.
+
+It could be, as we're going to
+see today that we're going to
+
+increase the number of variables
+here, by making the
+
+system more complicated.
+
+So what I'm saying, now what I'm
+going to say now, is going
+
+to be more general than just
+these two variables here.
+
+So you've gotten this.
+
+So you have this.
+
+You've got the fundamental
+equation.
+
+You've got all the other
+fundamental equations, and
+
+from there you can calculate
+all these quantities.
+
+For instance, you can calculate
+an expression for S.
+
+Because you know that S, from
+the fundamental equation, is
+
+just the derivative of G, with
+respect to T, keeping the
+
+pressure fixed.
+
+So you've got your equation for
+G. That translates into an
+
+equation for S. You can get
+volume, volume is not one of
+
+the variables.
+
+Temperature and pressure
+are the two knobs.
+
+But you can get volume out,
+because volume is the
+
+derivative of G, with
+respect to pressure.
+
+Keeping the temperature
+constant.
+
+And you've got S now,
+you got volume.
+
+Do you know where you,
+how did you define G
+
+in the first place?
+
+We define G as H minus dS.
+
+One of the many definitions
+of g.
+
+Reverse that, you've got now
+H as a function of G and
+
+temperature and entropy.
+
+Well, you've got an expression
+for G, we just calculated, we
+
+just showed we could get an
+expression for S, which is
+
+sitting right here.
+
+Temperature is a variable
+here, so now we have an
+
+expression for H. And you can
+go on like that with every
+
+variable that you've learned
+in this class already.
+
+For instance, u is H minus pV.
+
+Well, there's the H here.
+
+We have that equation for H.
+We have an equation for V,
+
+coming from here.
+
+So there's nothing
+unknown here.
+
+If we have an equation for G
+here in terms of temperature
+
+and pressure.
+
+Same thing for the Helmholtz
+free energy.
+
+You can even get the heat
+capacities out.
+
+Every single one of these
+interesting, useful quantities
+
+that one would want to calculate
+falls out from the
+
+Gibbs free energy here.
+
+Any questions on that
+important step?
+
+And, really, I can't believe
+how clueless I was when I
+
+started doing research.
+
+Because I would go through the
+process of calculating G, and
+
+getting G, and et cetera,
+et cetera.
+
+I wrote papers, you know,
+G equals blah blah blah.
+
+And I didn't realize that that's
+why people wanted to
+
+know G. Anyway, I
+know better now.
+
+So, there are a few things we
+can say about G that are
+
+fairly easy to calculate.
+
+For instance, if I look
+at liquids or solids.
+
+And I want to know how G
+changes with pressure.
+
+So, I know that the volume here
+dG/dp, that dG/dp is the
+
+volume here.
+
+So if I look under constant
+temperature, I pick my
+
+fundamental equation under
+constant temperature, and I
+
+want to know how G is changing,
+I integrate.
+
+So I have dG is equal to V dp.
+
+So if I change my, and I look
+at per mole, and if I change
+
+my pressure from p1 to p2, I
+integrate from p1 to p2, p1 to
+
+p2 here, final state minus the
+initial state is equal to the
+
+integral from p1 to
+p2, V dp per mole.
+
+And what can I say, for a liquid
+or a solid, the volume
+
+per mole, over a liquid or a
+solid, is small and it doesn't
+
+change very much.
+
+So V is small.
+
+And usually these solids and
+liquids, you can assume to be
+
+incompressible.
+
+Meaning, as you change
+the pressure, the
+
+volume doesn't change.
+
+It's a good approximation.
+
+So when you do your integral
+here, you get that G at the
+
+new pressure is G at the old
+pressure, then if this isn't
+
+changing very much with
+pressure, or not at all, then
+
+you can take it out.
+
+It's just a constant.
+
+Plus V times p2 minus p1.
+
+And so, this is the
+incompressible
+
+part, you take it out.
+
+The fact that it's small means
+that you can assume that this
+
+is zero, this whole thing is
+zero, that it's small enough.
+
+And then you see that G,
+approximately doesn't change
+
+with pressure.
+
+Tells you that G, for a liquid
+or solid, most of the time you
+
+can assume that it's just a
+function of temperature.
+
+Just like we saw for an ideal
+gas, that the energy and the
+
+enthalpy were just functions
+of temperature.
+
+And that's a useful
+approximation.
+
+It's useful, but it's
+not completely true.
+
+And if it were true, then
+there would not be any
+
+pressure dependents to
+phase transitions.
+
+And we know that's
+not the case.
+
+We know that if you press on
+water when it's close to the
+
+water liquid-solid transition,
+that you can lower the melting
+
+point of ice.
+
+You press on ice, and you press
+hard enough, and ice
+
+will melt, the temperature is
+closer to melting point.
+
+And we'll go through that.
+
+So, that means that there has
+to be some sort of pressure
+
+dependence, eventually.
+
+And we'll see that.
+
+This is just an approximation.
+
+What else can we do?
+
+We can calculate, also,
+for an ideal gas.
+
+Liquid and solid, we can
+do an ideal gas.
+
+So for an ideal gas, again,
+starting from the fundamental
+
+equation, we have
+dG equals V dp.
+
+We can do it per mole.
+
+So integrate both sides, G(T,
+p2) is equal to G at the
+
+initial pressure, plus
+the integral from
+
+p1 to p2, the volume.
+
+So instead of putting the
+volume, this is an ideal gas
+
+now, we can put the
+ideal gas law.
+
+So V is really RT over p.
+
+RT over p dp.
+
+We can integrate this.
+
+Get a log term out.
+
+G(T, p1) plus RT
+log p2 over p1.
+
+And then it's very useful to
+reference everything to the
+
+center state. p1 is equal
+to one bar, let's say.
+
+So if you take p1 equals one
+bar as our reference point,
+
+and get rid of the little
+subscript two here, we can
+
+write G of T at some pressure
+p, then is G and the little
+
+naught on top here means
+standard state one bar plus RT
+
+log p divided by one bar.
+
+And I put in a little dotted
+line here because very often
+
+you just write it without
+the one bar and bar.
+
+And you know that there has to
+be a one bar, because inside a
+
+log you can't have something
+with units.
+
+It has to be unitless.
+
+So you know if you have
+something with bar here,
+
+you've got to divide with
+something with bar, and there
+
+happens to be one bar here.
+
+So pressure p is G at its
+standard state plus RT log p.
+
+And this becomes a
+very useful, very
+
+useful, quantity to know.
+
+OK, so G is so important.
+
+And G per mole is so
+fundamental, that we're going
+
+to give it a special name.
+
+Not to make your life more
+complicated but just because
+
+it's just so important.
+
+We're going to call it the
+chemical potential.
+
+So G per mole, we're
+going to call mu.
+
+And that's going to be
+a chemical potential.
+
+We're going to do a
+lot more with the
+
+chemical potential today.
+
+And the reason why we call
+potential is because we
+
+already saw that if you've got
+something under constant
+
+pressure, temperature, that
+you want to use G as the
+
+variable to tell you whether
+something is going to be
+
+spontaneous or not.
+
+So you want G to go downhill.
+
+And so, we're going
+to be talking
+
+about chemical species.
+
+And instead of having a car up
+and down mountains, trying to
+
+go down to the valleys, we're
+going to have chemical species
+
+trying to find the valleys.
+
+The potential valleys.
+
+To get to equilibrium.
+
+And so we're going to be looking
+at the Gibbs free
+
+energy, or the Gibbs free
+energy per mole at that
+
+particular species, and it's
+going to want to be as small
+
+as possible.
+
+We're going to want to
+minimize the chemical
+
+potentials.
+
+And that's why it's
+called potential.
+
+It's like an energy.
+
+So, that's the end of the one
+component, thermodynamic
+
+background, before we get
+to multi-components.
+
+So it's a good time to
+stop again and see
+
+if there's any questions.
+
+Any issues.
+
+OK.
+
+So, so far we've done everything
+with one species.
+
+One ideal gas, one liquid,
+one solid.
+
+We haven't done anything with
+mixtures, except for maybe
+
+looking at the entropy
+of mixing.
+
+We saw the entropy of mixing was
+really important, because
+
+it drove processes where
+energy was constant.
+
+But most of what we care about
+in chemistry, at least in
+
+chemical reactions,
+species change.
+
+They get destroyed.
+
+New species get created.
+
+There are mixtures.
+
+It's pretty complicated.
+
+For instance, if I take a
+reaction of hydrogen gas plus
+
+chlorine gas to form two moles
+of HCl gas, I'm destroying
+
+hydrogen, I'm destroying
+chlorine, I'm making HCl in
+
+the gas phase.
+
+I get a big mixture
+at the end.
+
+I get three different kinds
+of species at the end.
+
+So the fundamental equations
+that I've been talking about,
+
+that we've been talking
+about, they're too
+
+simple for such a system.
+
+Because they all care
+about one species.
+
+Even more complicated, for
+instance, if I take hydrogen
+
+gas and oxygen gas and I mix
+them together to make water,
+
+liquid, for instance, not only
+do I have species that are
+
+changing, that are getting
+destroyed or created, in this
+
+case here the total number
+of moles is changing.
+
+And the phase is changing.
+
+Got all sorts of changes
+going on here.
+
+And so if I want to understand
+equilibrium, if I want to
+
+understand the direction
+of time for these more
+
+complicated processes, I have
+to be able to take into
+
+account, in an easy way, these
+mixing processes, these phase
+
+changes, these changes in
+the number of moles.
+
+And that's what we're going
+to talk about today.
+
+We're going to try to change our
+fundamental equations to
+
+make them a little bit more
+complicated so that we can
+
+deal with these sorts
+of problems.
+
+Because those are the real
+problems we need
+
+to keep track of.
+
+And the ultimate goal, then,
+of changing our fundamental
+
+questions is to derive
+equilibrium from first
+
+principles.
+
+To really understand chemical
+equilibrium, which you've all
+
+seen before.
+
+You've all used the chemical
+equilibrium constant K, you've
+
+done problems.
+
+But you've been given,
+basically, the equilibrium
+
+constant, and not really derived
+it, understood where
+
+it came from.
+
+OK, another simple example here,
+which is actually the
+
+one that we're going to be
+looking at in the first case.
+
+Where there's a change
+going on, is just to
+
+look at a phase change.
+
+H2O liquid going to H2O solid.
+
+There's a phase change, you
+can think of it as one
+
+species, the H2O liquid
+sort of changing
+
+into an H2O a solid.
+
+It's the same chemical in this
+case here, there's no change
+
+in the molecules.
+
+But it's still a change that
+we have to account for.
+
+Another example that's also
+simple like this, that you
+
+all, I'm sure, have seen before,
+suppose I take a cell.
+
+My cell here, full of water.
+
+And then I put my cell, let's
+say I take a human cell.
+
+My skin or something.
+
+And I take it and I put
+it in distilled water.
+
+What's going to happen
+to the cell?
+
+Is it going to be happy?
+
+What's going to happen to it?
+
+It's going to burst, right?
+
+Why is it going to burst?
+
+Anybody have an idea why
+it's going to burst?
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+So the water wants to go from,
+you're completely right.
+
+But let me rephrase it in a
+thermodynamic language here.
+
+The water is going to go from
+a place of high chemical
+
+potential to low chemical
+potential.
+
+And the cell can't take all
+that water in there.
+
+The membrane's going
+to try to swell.
+
+And eventually burst, right?
+
+Same thing if you if you take
+a, go fishing, go to the
+
+Atlantic Ocean and then get
+a nice cod or something.
+
+Bring it back and on your
+sailboat, you dump it in a tub
+
+of fresh water.
+
+Is that cod going to be happy?
+
+It's not going to be happy at
+all, right, because its
+
+biology is geared towards
+living in salt water.
+
+And turns out that the chemical
+potential of water,
+
+in salt water, is lower
+than the chemical
+
+potential of pure water.
+
+And so when you put the cod in
+there, the chemical potential
+
+of the water and the cod, is
+lower than the chemical
+
+potential of the fresh water
+you have on the outside.
+
+And the fresh water
+wants to be at a
+
+lower chemical potential.
+
+It rushes into the cod, and
+well, the cod does what the
+
+cell does, when you put
+it in distilled water.
+
+It sort of bloats.
+
+It isn't very happy.
+
+OK, so but all these things
+are basically
+
+the same idea here.
+
+Where you have a complicated
+change, where species are
+
+mixing, and things like this.
+
+And it turns out the chemical
+potential is going to tell us
+
+all about how to think
+about that.
+
+That's why the chemical
+potential is so important.
+
+So we're going to go
+back to these two
+
+examples here many times.
+
+So let's take the simplest
+example here.
+
+Let's go back and derive
+some equations.
+
+Let's take our simplest example
+that's not a one
+
+species system, but
+has two species.
+
+Species 1 and 2.
+
+And n1 and n2 are the number of
+moles of species 1 and 2.
+
+And then we're going
+to see if I make a
+
+perturbation in my system.
+
+I change the number of
+moles of 1, or the
+
+number of moles of 2.
+
+How does this affect the
+Gibbs free energy?
+
+That's the question we're
+going to post.
+
+And our goal is to find a new
+fundamental equation for G
+
+that includes the number of
+moles of the different species
+
+as they change.
+
+Because in chemistry they're
+going to be changing.
+
+They're not going to be fixed.
+
+So what we want is just purely
+mathematically formally, take
+
+the differential of the Gibbs
+free energy, which we know is
+
+dG/dT, keeping pressure, the
+number of moles of 1, the
+
+number of 2 constant, dT.
+
+That is, dG/dp constant
+temperature, n1 and n2 dp.
+
+And then we have our two more
+variables now, dG/dn1,
+
+remember this is just a formal
+statement keeping temperature
+
+and pressure and n2 constant.
+dn1 plus dG/dn2, dn2 keeping
+
+temperature and pressure
+and n1 constant here.
+
+I'm not writing anything new
+here, I'm just telling you
+
+what the definition of the
+differential is here, for G.
+
+We already know what some
+of these quantities are.
+
+We know that this is the
+entropy, minus the entropy.
+
+This here is the volume.
+
+And I know the answer already.
+
+But I'm going to define
+it anyways.
+
+And we're going to prove it.
+
+I'm going to define this
+as the chemical
+
+potential for species 1.
+
+I'm going to define this, I'm
+going to give it a symbol,
+
+chemical potential mu,
+for species 2.
+
+So that I can write my new
+fundamental equation as dG as
+
+minus S dT.
+
+Plus V dp plus, and if I have
+more than two species present,
+
+the sum of all species in my
+mixture times the chemical
+
+potential of that
+species, dni.
+
+The change in the number of
+moles of that species.
+
+So, this quantity mu, that I've
+just defined, dG/dni,
+
+keeping the temperature, the
+pressure and all the n's,
+
+except for the i'th one
+constant, that is
+
+an intensive quantity.
+
+Because G scales with size,
+scales, with size of system.
+
+G is intensive. n, obviously,
+scales with
+
+the size of the system.
+
+Also intensive, and you take
+the ratio of two extensive
+
+variables, you get an intensive
+variable which
+
+doesn't care about the
+size of the system.
+
+Which is a good thing.
+
+For what we've been
+talking about.
+
+Intensive.
+
+If I'm talking about putting a
+freshwater fish and dumping it
+
+in the, putting it in the
+Atlantic Ocean, the chemical
+
+potential of the water in the
+Atlantic ocean better not care
+
+whether the Atlantic Ocean
+is huge or even huger.
+
+It just cares about the
+local environment.
+
+Just cares that it that wants to
+be in that freshwater fish.
+
+So the chemical potential
+is intensive.
+
+Just as we've written
+it down here for a
+
+single species system.
+
+It's the Gibbs energy,
+free energy per mole.
+
+Which we haven't proven yet.
+
+We haven't proven yet here.
+
+We've just defined it this way
+and we're going to prove that
+
+in fact the mu's are the Gibbs
+free energies per mole for
+
+each of the species
+in our system.
+
+OK, so this is now our first
+new fundamental equation.
+
+All we did was to add
+the sum here.
+
+Now, we started the lecture by
+saying that if you have the
+
+Gibbs free energy, you've
+got everything.
+
+And we wrote equations that are
+covered, were we can get
+
+S, we can get V, we can get H,
+we can get u, we can get A. So
+
+now that we have a fundamental
+question for G, we've got our
+
+new fundamental equations
+for everything else.
+
+Without really thinking
+too much.
+
+We go back to our definitions.
+
+Enthalpy is G minus TS.
+
+So dH is dG minus d of TS. dG,
+we've got our new fundamental
+
+equation for G. We
+plug it in here.
+
+Expand things out with a T dS
+here, we can write immediately
+
+a fundamental equation
+for H. dH is T dS.
+
+The beginning is going
+to look just like
+
+what you've seen before.
+
+Plus V dp.
+
+Plus an extra term, which is
+exactly the same extra term
+
+that we had in the fundamental
+equation for
+
+G. Exactly the same.
+
+And every one of the other
+fundamental questions can be
+
+derived in the similar way from
+G. And they're going to
+
+be what you had before minus S
+dT plus minus p dV plus the
+
+sum of the mu i's, dni,
+and du is T dS minus p
+
+dV plus i mu i dni.
+
+So immediately we can see that
+this mu, this quantity mu that
+
+we've defined as the derivative
+of G with respect
+
+to the n's, we can write many
+other equations for mu.
+
+There are many other
+ways to derive it.
+
+Because this is the differential
+for H. This is
+
+the first derivative of H
+with respect to entropy.
+
+This is the derivative of H
+with respect to pressure.
+
+And this is the derivative
+of H with respect to n.
+
+Just formally, that's
+what it is.
+
+When you write a differential.
+
+So formally, this is also mu i,
+is dH/dni, keeping, now, we
+
+have to be very careful, keeping
+the entropy and the
+
+pressure constant.
+
+Because those are
+the variables.
+
+Keeping the entropy, and the
+pressure, and all the other
+
+n's, constant.
+
+We can also write it as
+dA/dni, keeping the
+
+temperature and the
+volume constant.
+
+And all the other n's, or we
+can write it as du/dni,
+
+keeping that this entropy and
+the volume, and all the other
+
+n's, constant.
+
+So we have many ways to write
+the chemical potential.
+
+They give you all
+the same result.
+
+So this is the formal.
+
+Sort of the formal part of
+the chemical potential.
+
+Now, what we really want to
+show is that the chemical
+
+potential really is connected
+to the Gibbs
+
+free energy per mole.
+
+That's going to be
+the useful part.
+
+Let me get rid of this here.
+
+So I said earlier, at the
+beginning of the lecture, that
+
+the Gibbs free energy per mole
+was so important, we were
+
+going to call it the
+chemical potential.
+
+And I said that here.
+
+And then I said, well,
+we're going to define
+
+this here, the chemical.
+
+But I haven't equated
+the two yet.
+
+I haven't proven to you that
+in fact this quantity here,
+
+which we've formally defined
+as the derivative of G with
+
+respect to n, is the Gibbs
+free energy per
+
+mole, for this species.
+
+In fact, what we want to show
+is that if I take the sum of
+
+all the chemical potentials,
+times the number of moles per
+
+species, that that is the
+total Gibbs free energy.
+
+In other words, that the
+chemical potential for one
+
+species in the mixture is the
+Gibbs free energy per mole for
+
+that species.
+
+Once we have that idea, then
+we'll be able to talk about
+
+the concept of chemical
+potential as this thing that
+
+we can use to look
+at equilibrium.
+
+To look at going downhill
+for the species.
+
+To see why the cell bursts
+and all these things.
+
+Because now we understand that
+Gibbs free energy is so
+
+important for equilibrium.
+
+We don't understand that
+quite yet, with
+
+the chemical potential.
+
+So we got to make that
+relation here.
+
+We need to go from the formal
+definition to a relation that
+
+we can understand better,
+because it includes the Gibbs
+
+free energy.
+
+OK, so that's our goal now.
+
+So let's see.
+
+Let's formally do this now.
+
+Let's define, let's
+derive this.
+
+OK.
+
+So remember, our goal in this
+derivation is to show that
+
+this is true.
+
+Or that this is true, here.
+
+And again, we're going
+to start with the
+
+simplest system possible.
+
+We're going to start with
+a two component system.
+
+And we can easily generalize
+to multi-component.
+
+And in our derivation, what
+we're going to be after is,
+
+we're going to start with the
+Gibbs free energy, because
+
+that's where we always
+start with.
+
+And we're going to remember that
+by definition, mu i is
+
+dG/dni, So if somehow in our
+derivation dG/dni falls out,
+
+that would be great.
+
+Because we'll be able to replace
+this derivative with
+
+the chemical potential.
+
+So the goal was to find
+something where this falls
+
+out, so we can replace it with
+the chemical potential.
+
+We're going to start with
+the fact that G is
+
+an extensive variable.
+
+So if I take G at a temperature
+and pressure times
+
+some scaling factor for the
+size of my system, lambda,
+
+number of moles of n1, lambda
+times the number of moles of
+
+n2, if I double the size
+of the system,
+
+lambda is equal to 2.
+
+If I half it, lambda
+is equal to 1/2.
+
+Because it's extensive, this
+is the same thing as lambda
+
+times G of temperature
+and pressure, n1, n2.
+
+Just rewriting the fact that
+Gibbs free energy is an
+
+extensive property.
+
+And lambda is an arbitrary
+number here.
+
+Arbitrary variable.
+
+Now I'm going to take the
+derivative of both sides with
+
+respect to lambda.
+
+So I'm going to take d d lambda
+of this side here.
+
+And d d lambda of
+that side here.
+
+Now, lambda here is inside
+the variable here.
+
+So I'm going to have to
+use the chain rule.
+
+To do this properly.
+
+So this is going to be dG/d
+lambda n1, there's lambda
+
+sitting in the variable
+lambda n1 here, times
+
+d lambda n1 d lambda.
+
+Plus dG/d lambda n2 times
+d lambda n2 d lambda.
+
+Using the chain rule.
+
+And on this side here,
+lambda's sitting
+
+straight out here.
+
+So this is very easy.
+
+This is G(T, p, n1, n2).
+
+Now, this is good.
+
+Because this is what
+I'm looking for.
+
+I'm looking for the derivative
+of g with respect to the
+
+number of moles.
+
+Because that's the chemical
+potential.
+
+That was my goal up here, to
+make sure in the derivation,
+
+somehow, this came out.
+
+And so it's coming
+out right there.
+
+Right here and right here.
+
+Since the number of moles
+is lambda n1, that first
+
+derivative here is just
+the chemical potential
+
+of species 1 there.
+
+So mu 1, then we have d
+lambda n1 d lambda.
+
+Well, d lambda n1 d lambda,
+that's just n1.
+
+It's lambda times the number n1
+that doesn't have anything
+
+to do with lambda.
+
+So this is n1.
+
+This is the chemical potential
+of species 2.
+
+Again, the derivative of lambda
+n2 with respect to
+
+lambda is just n2.
+
+And there is G here.
+
+It's a fairly simple derivation,
+but it gets us
+
+exactly what we want.
+
+An association between this
+formal definition of mu, up
+
+here, directly from taking
+the differential.
+
+How much more formal can you
+be, mathematically, here?
+
+To associating this formal
+definition to
+
+the Gibbs free energy.
+
+Number of moles times mu 1,
+number of moles times mu 2,
+
+this is the Gibbs free energy
+per mole of species 1.
+
+Gibbs free energy per
+mole of species 2.
+
+The sum of all the species of
+the Gibbs free energy per mole
+
+of species i times the number
+of moles of species i
+
+is G. Or, mu i.
+
+Voila, we've done it.
+
+This is what we wanted.
+
+The chemical potential is the
+Gibbs free energy per mole.
+
+And in the mixture, it's the
+Gibbs free energy per mole of
+
+the individual species
+in that mixture.
+
+And if you want to know what
+the total Gibbs free energy
+
+is, because if you have an
+equilibrium, what you care
+
+about is the total Gibbs
+free energy.
+
+It's not the Gibbs free energy
+for one particular species.
+
+What's going to tell you whether
+you have a minimum or
+
+not in your system, whether
+you're at equilibrium, where
+
+you're at the lowest state
+possible, is the total Gibbs
+
+free energy.
+
+Now we'll be able to
+manipulate chemical
+
+potentials, of the individual
+species, to get
+
+at this number here.
+
+Any questions?
+
+This is really, we're going
+to see this over
+
+and over again now.
+
+This chemical potential.
+
+This idea.
+
+And it's not an easy concept.
+
+OK, let me give you
+an example, then,
+
+of the water melting.
+
+And how the chemical potential
+comes in, now, instead of
+
+using the chemical potential.
+
+Instead of the Gibbs
+free energy.
+
+This is the phase transition.
+
+But it's not very different than
+the cell bursting when
+
+you put it in distilled water.
+
+So, we take a glass of water
+with an ice cube in it.
+
+H2O liquid.
+
+This is H2O solid.
+
+And I'm looking at the
+melting process.
+
+I'm looking at a process where
+I take a small number of
+
+molecules of water from
+the solid phase.
+
+And I bring them to
+the liquid phase.
+
+And I want to know, is this
+process spontaneous or in
+
+equilibrium, or not possible?
+
+Is this process going
+to go on?
+
+Is the direction of time
+that this is melting.
+
+And I want to do this formally
+thermodynamically.
+
+In terms of the chemical
+potentials.
+
+That's going to be what we're
+going to be talking about.
+
+So, formally then, what's going
+on is, I'm taking nl
+
+moles of liquid water, H2O
+liquid, which is in here.
+
+Plus ns moles of solid water.
+
+And I'm, this is my
+initial state.
+
+My final state is nl, plus a
+small number of moles, dn, of
+
+H2O liquids, H2O liquid, plus
+ns minus dn, there's a
+
+conservation of the number
+of molecules here.
+
+Whatever I add to the
+liquid has to come
+
+from the solid here.
+
+Of H2O solid, of ice.
+
+And to know if this is
+spontaneous or not, if this is
+
+done under constant temperature
+and pressure, what
+
+variable should we look at?
+
+G, right.
+
+We want to look at the
+Gibbs free energy.
+
+So what is G doing during
+this process here?
+
+What is delta G here?
+
+Well, we have a way of doing
+it now, in terms of the
+
+chemical potentials.
+
+Because we've just shown that
+this is the case here.
+
+So G is the sum of the chemical
+potentials times the
+
+number of moles in
+the species.
+
+Therefore, delta G is going to
+be equal to mu for the number
+
+of moles of l.
+
+Liquid, dn, number of moles
+of liquid, plus mu s dns.
+
+So the change in G is going to
+be equal to the chemical
+
+potential times the change in
+the species, which is in a
+
+liquid form, plus the chemical
+potential of the solid.
+
+Times the change in the species
+in the solid form.
+
+Now, dns is equal
+to minus dnl.
+
+This is what we did
+right here.
+
+You take a certain number of
+moles from the solid form.
+
+You put it to the liquid form.
+
+That the dn up here.
+
+And you've got to have the
+negative of it, up here.
+
+So dns is minus dnl.
+
+Which is minus dn.
+
+Delta G is dn times mu
+l minus mu solid.
+
+So now we can rephrase this,
+it's all rephrasing.
+
+It's all basically
+the same thing.
+
+But, we can rephrase this
+process by asking the
+
+question, is the chemical
+potential of the liquid
+
+greater than, equal to, or
+less than the chemical
+
+potential of the solid?
+
+Of the water in the solid.
+
+So the chemical potential of the
+water in the liquid phase
+
+is greater than the chemical
+potential of the water in the
+
+solid phase, mu l is greater
+than mu s, then delta G
+
+becomes positive.
+
+In that case, delta G is
+greater than zero.
+
+And that's not going
+to happen.
+
+On the other hand, if the
+chemical potential of the
+
+water molecules in the liquid
+phase is smaller than the
+
+chemical potential of the water
+in the solid phase, mu s
+
+is bigger than mu l, this
+becomes a negative number.
+
+Delta G is less than zero.
+
+And this will happen
+spontaneously.
+
+So that illustrates this idea,
+that the chemical potential of
+
+a species will want to go, so
+the species will want to go,
+
+where it can minimize its
+chemical potential.
+
+So in this case here, when we
+have the spontaneous process
+
+of the water, of the ice cube,
+melting, you can think of it
+
+as these water molecules
+that are in the ice
+
+phase looking around.
+
+They know what their chemical
+potential here
+
+is in the ice phase.
+
+They're looking around, they're
+looking to see the
+
+water phase.
+
+And they see that in the water
+phase, those water molecules
+
+have a smaller chemical
+potential.
+
+They're happier.
+
+And so these solid water
+molecules are jealous.
+
+And they want to go in
+the water phase.
+
+And the ice cube's
+going to melt.
+
+And it all has to do with this
+difference in chemical
+
+potentials for the water.
+
+And the same thing happens for
+the water molecules that are
+
+inside or outside of that
+cell that you put in
+
+the distilled water.
+
+The water molecules in the
+distilled water have a
+
+chemical potential which is
+higher than the water
+
+molecules inside the cell.
+
+And they don't want
+to be like that.
+
+They want to change, the system
+wants to change, until
+
+the water molecules couldn't
+care less whether they're in
+
+the water phase, or outside
+or inside the cell.
+
+The system is going to change
+until the water molecules have
+
+the same chemical potential
+everywhere.
+
+Where they don't have to choose
+one place or the other.
+
+And so that gives us,
+immediately, what we're going
+
+to need when we talk
+about equilibrium.
+
+Equilibrium, chemical
+equilibrium, is going to be
+
+where the chemical potential
+of a species is the same
+
+everywhere in the system.
+
+So at 0 degrees Celsius, one
+bar, which is the melting
+
+point of water, the chemical
+potential of a molecule of
+
+water in the ice phase and in
+the liquid phase is the same.
+
+That's the definition of
+the melting point.
+
+It doesn't care.
+
+It could go either way.
+
+It's an equilibrium.
+
+You take an ice cube, water,
+liquid water, 0 degrees
+
+Celsius, one bar.
+
+You come back three
+days later.
+
+It's the same.
+
+Come back a week later,
+it's the same.
+
+It's an equilibrium.
+
+Chemical potential of the water
+species is the same
+
+everywhere.
+
+It's an equilibrium.
+
+And I'm just repeating that
+because this is so important.
+
+OK, any questions?
+
+The last thing we're going to
+do is to illustrate also the
+
+importance of mixing to the
+chemical potential.
+
+So I'm going to set up sort of
+an arbitrary system here.
+
+This is kind of like the cell,
+or the fish, also, idea.
+
+I'm going to put a system where
+on one side I have a
+
+pure gas, A. On the other side,
+I have a mixture of A
+
+and B. And here is going to be
+a membrane that only allows A
+
+to go through.
+
+Only A can go through
+that membrane.
+
+They're going to be partial
+pressures in here, p prime B,
+
+and p prime A. For the gas
+pressures on that side, and
+
+pressure on that side
+is p sub A.
+
+And my goal in this example
+here is to show that if I
+
+compare the chemical potential
+of a species in a mixture,
+
+where the temperature and the
+pressure total are T and p,
+
+and I compare that to the
+chemical potential of the same
+
+species when it's pure, when
+it's not mixed with anything
+
+else, under the same temperature
+and pressure
+
+conditions, that, in fact that
+that equals sign is not there.
+
+That's not what I'm
+trying to show.
+
+I'm trying to show
+that there's a
+
+less-than sign right here.
+
+To show that if you take, again,
+this is the cell idea.
+
+If you take the water and the
+distilled water, under
+
+constant temperature
+and pressure
+
+conditions, it's pure.
+
+And it's looking at the cell.
+
+And inside the cell is
+there, boy, is there
+
+a mixture of things.
+
+There's salts, there are
+proteins, there are all sorts
+
+of things, right?
+
+It's a mixed system.
+
+The water in that mixed
+system, under the same
+
+temperature and pressure
+conditions, the chemical
+
+potential of that water
+molecule is less.
+
+And that's just an
+entropy thing.
+
+Entropy wants to increase.
+
+It just wants to be in a
+place with high energy.
+
+It's the Gibbs free energy.
+
+Gibbs free energy has
+enthalpy and entropy
+
+incorporated into it.
+
+The enthalpy's not
+doing anything.
+
+It's all driven by entropy.
+
+So this is what we're going
+to try to show.
+
+And I'm not going to
+get to it today.
+
+We'll start with it
+on Wednesday.
+
+And I'll let your ruminate on
+this for the next few days.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gXPX29KfEc4.txt b/gXPX29KfEc4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ff798a3615ce04d4559a881ada3d79e0566cb40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gXPX29KfEc4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13319 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's continue our discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's continue our discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's continue our discussion of
+sequences of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we had two different notions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had two different notions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had two different notions of
+convergence of sequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of sequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of sequences of
+functions so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so the first
+notion was pointwise convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have a sequence of functions fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a sequence of functions fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a sequence of functions fn
+from some set s to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some set s to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some set s to r
+another function fixed function s from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another function fixed function s from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another function fixed function s from
+f from s to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we say f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we say f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we say f
+converges to fn converges to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+um for every x and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for every x and s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for every x and s
+the sequence of real numbers converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of real numbers converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of real numbers converges
+to f of x so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f of x so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f of x so
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all x and s the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and s the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and s the limit
+as n goes to infinity of f n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f of x
+okay so i take an x out of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i take an x out of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i take an x out of s
+stick it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it into
+f n so now i get a sequence of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n so now i get a sequence of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n so now i get a sequence of real
+numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and
+i should get f of x as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should get f of x as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should get f of x as n goes to
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+and then we had we introduced a stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we had we introduced a stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we had we introduced a stronger
+notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion
+of convergence of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which was the following so still so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the following so still so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the following so still so
+we have a sequence going from s to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a sequence going from s to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a sequence going from s to r
+function from s to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from s to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from s to r
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we said fn converges to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+on s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if somehow across the entire set fn gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somehow across the entire set fn gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somehow across the entire set fn gets
+close to s all right i mean f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to s all right i mean f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to s all right i mean f
+so here this statement says if i take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here this statement says if i take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here this statement says if i take a
+for each fixed x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each fixed x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each fixed x
+eventually fn of x so fn evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually fn of x so fn evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually fn of x so fn evaluated at
+that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point
+is close to f of x f evaluated at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close to f of x f evaluated at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close to f of x f evaluated at that
+point but uniform convergence says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but uniform convergence says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but uniform convergence says
+fn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn is
+close to f across the entire set so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to f across the entire set so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to f across the entire set so if
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+all epsilon positive there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all epsilon positive there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all epsilon positive there exists
+natural number m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number m
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+for all n bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to m
+for all x and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n of x
+minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x
+is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon
+okay now if you write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you write out
+what this means in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means in terms of
+epsilon m's remember this is a limit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon m's remember this is a limit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon m's remember this is a limit so
+this is a limit of sequences so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a limit of sequences so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a limit of sequences so this
+uh means something in terms of epsilons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh means something in terms of epsilons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh means something in terms of epsilons
+and m's this would say for all x and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m's this would say for all x and s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m's this would say for all x and s
+for all epsilon positive there exist an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon positive there exist an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon positive there exist an
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+so on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on right
+so the for all so the x appears at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the for all so the x appears at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the for all so the x appears at the
+front of this definition while here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of this definition while here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of this definition while here for
+uniform convergence it kind of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence it kind of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence it kind of it
+appears at the end that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears at the end that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears at the end that is
+you know not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not just
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+a kind of meaningless difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of meaningless difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of meaningless difference in the
+way you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you write
+the definition meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition meaning
+this is a stronger statement than if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a stronger statement than if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a stronger statement than if the
+x is appearing here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is appearing here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is appearing here so
+what am i going on about so first off we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am i going on about so first off we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am i going on about so first off we
+proved last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved last time
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i have a sequence of functions again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a sequence of functions again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a sequence of functions again
+from some subset s to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converging to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to f
+uniformly then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly then
+this improv implies fn converges to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this improv implies fn converges to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this improv implies fn converges to f
+pointwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+what i'm going to prove is that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to prove is that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to prove is that in fact
+uniform convergence is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence is something
+stronger than point wise convergence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger than point wise convergence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger than point wise convergence in
+other words this is a one-way street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words this is a one-way street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words this is a one-way street
+right point wise convergence does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right point wise convergence does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right point wise convergence does not
+imply uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply uniform convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply uniform convergence
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we were just going to look at kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were just going to look at kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were just going to look at kind
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+very specific example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific example
+which i was going to state as a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i was going to state as a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i was going to state as a theorem
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so which is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let fn of x be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let fn of x be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let fn of x be
+x to the n and now we're looking on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the n and now we're looking on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the n and now we're looking on the
+unit interval 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit interval 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit interval 0 1
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+let f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let f
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+a function that is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function that is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function that is 0
+if x is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is in
+0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first off let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off let me
+from last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time
+or you can even just check you know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can even just check you know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can even just check you know by
+looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+form of fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of fn
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+fn converges to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn converges to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn converges to f
+point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i take x in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take x in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take x in
+this interval here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval here
+um so not equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so not equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so not equal to one
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+x is strictly less than one and if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is strictly less than one and if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is strictly less than one and if i
+raise it to a high enough power over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise it to a high enough power over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise it to a high enough power over and
+over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again
+uh that's converging to zero so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's converging to zero so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's converging to zero so it
+converges to f of x zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to f of x zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to f of x zero
+now at one i just get one and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at one i just get one and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at one i just get one and that
+clearly converges to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly converges to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly converges to one
+so fn converges to f point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fn converges to f point wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fn converges to f point wise
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the claim
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+be between 0 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fn converges to f and i guess i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn converges to f and i guess i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn converges to f and i guess i could
+include 0 that would just be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include 0 that would just be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include 0 that would just be looking at
+one point not very interesting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point not very interesting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point not very interesting but
+fn converges to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn converges to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn converges to f
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the second is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second is
+fn does not converge to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn does not converge to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn does not converge to f
+uniformly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly on
+the whole interval however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole interval however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole interval however
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um maybe it's best to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um maybe it's best to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um maybe it's best to
+again draw this picture that's you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again draw this picture that's you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again draw this picture that's you're
+supposed to think about when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to think about when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to think about when it comes to
+uniform convergence so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence so we have the
+limiting function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting function
+fn i mean f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn i mean f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn i mean f
+and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+draw a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epsilon size collar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon size collar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon size collar
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+the function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function f
+and then uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uniform convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uniform convergence
+so this is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is f
+uh uniform convergence says that as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uniform convergence says that as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uniform convergence says that as long
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+i go far enough out the graph of fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i go far enough out the graph of fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i go far enough out the graph of fn
+should be within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+little epsilon collar okay so that fn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little epsilon collar okay so that fn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little epsilon collar okay so that fn is
+getting close to f uniformly across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting close to f uniformly across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting close to f uniformly across the
+entire set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire set
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+number two will give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two will give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two will give us a
+chance to negate this definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to negate this definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to negate this definition of
+uniform convergence which like i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence which like i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence which like i said
+you should always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so we're actually doing two things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're actually doing two things here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're actually doing two things here
+we're doing giving an example of uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing giving an example of uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing giving an example of uniform
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a sequence of functions which does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of functions which does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of functions which does not
+converge uniformly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge uniformly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge uniformly to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function so
+we're doing both an example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing both an example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing both an example and
+non-example which is the best thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-example which is the best thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-example which is the best thing to
+do for a new definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for a new definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for a new definition
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um okay so for the proof of one let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so for the proof of one let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so for the proof of one let's
+prove uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's be
+the e in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e in
+0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the limit as n goes to infinity of b to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity of b to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity of b to
+the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n
+is 0 which implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 which implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 which implies
+okay so now i'm getting ahead of myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i'm getting ahead of myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i'm getting ahead of myself
+not write that yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we want to prove uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we want to prove uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we want to prove uniform
+convergence of fn to f on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of fn to f on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of fn to f on
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i didn't finish this statement f into f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't finish this statement f into f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't finish this statement f into f
+uniformly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly on
+sorry about that b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i have uniform convergence on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have uniform convergence on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have uniform convergence on any
+smaller interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller interval
+uh other than zero one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so sorry about that if that looked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sorry about that if that looked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sorry about that if that looked a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+weird um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so then bn converges to zero u um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then bn converges to zero u um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then bn converges to zero u um
+as in goes to infinity now we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in goes to infinity now we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in goes to infinity now we want to
+prove that fn converges to f uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that fn converges to f uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that fn converges to f uniformly
+on this interval zero b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this interval zero b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this interval zero b
+so let epsilon be positive we now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let epsilon be positive we now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let epsilon be positive we now have
+to find an m so that fn is close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find an m so that fn is close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find an m so that fn is close to
+zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because
+uh f is zero on such an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now since b to the n converges to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since b to the n converges to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since b to the n converges to 0
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+natural number m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number m
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+for all n bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to m
+b to the n is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+we're all in bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all in bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all in bigger than or equal to m
+we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get
+and also for all x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 b
+we get that f n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that f n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that f n of x
+minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+b is less than 1 so when i stick it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is less than 1 so when i stick it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is less than 1 so when i stick it into
+f i just get 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f i just get 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f i just get 0
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+x to the n minus 0 an absolute value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the n minus 0 an absolute value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the n minus 0 an absolute value is
+just x to the n because we're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just x to the n because we're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just x to the n because we're on
+we're looking at non-negative x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at non-negative x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at non-negative x
+and now x is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now x is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now x is in
+this interval 0 b so it's less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval 0 b so it's less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval 0 b so it's less than or
+equal to b so x to the n is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to b so x to the n is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to b so x to the n is going to be
+less than or equal to b to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to b to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to b to the n
+and this is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is less than epsilon
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you know just as when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we looked at uniform continuity of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at uniform continuity of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at uniform continuity of a
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+it was a statement like there's for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a statement like there's for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a statement like there's for all
+epsilon there exists a delta which just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon there exists a delta which just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon there exists a delta which just
+depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+uh basically the epsilon in the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically the epsilon in the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically the epsilon in the function
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now for uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for uniform convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for uniform convergence
+it looks kind of like a point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks kind of like a point wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks kind of like a point wise
+convergence except now for every epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence except now for every epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence except now for every epsilon
+you can find an m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find an m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find an m
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+does not depend on the point x okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not depend on the point x okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not depend on the point x okay so
+for every epsilon you can find an m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every epsilon you can find an m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every epsilon you can find an m
+depending only on epsilon and maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending only on epsilon and maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending only on epsilon and maybe the
+function little f okay but that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function little f okay but that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function little f okay but that doesn't
+depend on x right this n here that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on x right this n here that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on x right this n here that i
+chose m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose m
+depended only on b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended only on b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended only on b
+right not the point x which i have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not the point x which i have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not the point x which i have to
+stick into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick into this
+uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+prove number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove number two
+so first off let's negate the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that we know what we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we know what we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we know what we're talking about
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fn does not converge to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn does not converge to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn does not converge to f
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+on the set s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+there exists a bat so every for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a bat so every for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a bat so every for all
+becomes a there exists okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a there exists okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a there exists okay
+so if there exists some bad epsilon not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there exists some bad epsilon not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there exists some bad epsilon not
+positive so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so that
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+natural number there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number there exists
+an n bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an n bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an n bigger than or equal to m
+and there exists an x in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there exists an x in s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there exists an x in s
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x
+is bigger than or equal to epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to epsilon
+naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+you know this is the negation but why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is the negation but why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is the negation but why
+should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we
+not be surprised that fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be surprised that fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be surprised that fn
+does not converge to f uniformly on zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not converge to f uniformly on zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not converge to f uniformly on zero
+one if you believe this picture so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you believe this picture so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you believe this picture so let's
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me draw now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the graph of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's say i take epsilon to be uh i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say i take epsilon to be uh i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say i take epsilon to be uh i
+don't know a fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know a fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know a fourth
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+okay now this is what my little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is what my little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is what my little uh
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+neighborhood of f looks like or epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of f looks like or epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of f looks like or epsilon
+2 is you know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is you know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is you know it's it's
+uh right along or for epsilon equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right along or for epsilon equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right along or for epsilon equals a
+fourth say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth say
+it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know
+a tube around zero up to x equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tube around zero up to x equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tube around zero up to x equals one
+and then you know it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know it's a little
+uh area around one and now if i were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh area around one and now if i were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh area around one and now if i were to
+have uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uniform convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uniform convergence
+then as long as n is very large fn has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as long as n is very large fn has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as long as n is very large fn has
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+area that i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that i've
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that i have here so you know in fact let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have here so you know in fact let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have here so you know in fact let
+me shade it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for f and large it has to be within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for f and large it has to be within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for f and large it has to be within
+this um region that i'm coloring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um region that i'm coloring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um region that i'm coloring in
+all right but now what what do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but now what what do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but now what what do we know
+about x to the n well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about x to the n well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about x to the n well
+you know it starts at 0 and ends at 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it starts at 0 and ends at 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it starts at 0 and ends at 1
+and looks something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looks something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looks something like
+that which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which means
+here always it leaves this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here always it leaves this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here always it leaves this you know
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+tube around f this epsilon collar i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube around f this epsilon collar i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube around f this epsilon collar i
+guess all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epsilon fn leaves the shaded area which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon fn leaves the shaded area which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon fn leaves the shaded area which
+is where it's supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where it's supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where it's supposed to
+stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay
+so i hope this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i hope this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i hope this um
+you know intuitive def you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know intuitive def you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know intuitive def you know
+explanation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation um
+is clear and and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why it shouldn't be too big of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it shouldn't be too big of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it shouldn't be too big of a
+surprise that fn does not converge to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise that fn does not converge to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise that fn does not converge to f
+uniformly on zero one we'll see another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly on zero one we'll see another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly on zero one we'll see another
+reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+and a little bit why it's impossible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit why it's impossible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit why it's impossible for
+fn to converge to f uniformly when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn to converge to f uniformly when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn to converge to f uniformly when we
+talk about the interchange of limits but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the interchange of limits but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the interchange of limits but
+um just using the definition we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just using the definition we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just using the definition we can
+prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove
+that fn does not converge to f uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fn does not converge to f uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fn does not converge to f uniformly
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+all right the negation is for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the negation is for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the negation is for all
+uh is that there exists about an epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that there exists about an epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that there exists about an epsilon
+zero so that uh we have all of this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that uh we have all of this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that uh we have all of this so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know the point is is to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the point is is to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the point is is to choose
+epsilon so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon so that
+this never intersects with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this never intersects with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this never intersects with this
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+uh neighborhood of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh neighborhood of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh neighborhood of
+the function down here never intersects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function down here never intersects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function down here never intersects
+with this epsilon neighborhood of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this epsilon neighborhood of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this epsilon neighborhood of just
+you know the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the point
+x equals 1 y equals 1. so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals 1 y equals 1. so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals 1 y equals 1. so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epsilon not to be a fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now we have to prove for all m there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have to prove for all m there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have to prove for all m there
+exist to n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist to n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist to n so
+let m be a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choose n to be m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose n to be m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose n to be m
+and choose x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say one over four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say one over four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say one over four
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+one over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over m
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this is a number less than one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a number less than one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a number less than one so
+its nth root is less than 1 and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its nth root is less than 1 and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its nth root is less than 1 and also
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this f of x equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and f sub m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f sub m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f sub m
+of this x which is just 1 over the 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this x which is just 1 over the 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this x which is just 1 over the 1
+over 4 to the 1 over m now raised to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 to the 1 over m now raised to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 to the 1 over m now raised to the
+nth power is 1 over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth power is 1 over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth power is 1 over 4
+which implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that
+f of m of x minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of m of x minus f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of m of x minus f of x
+is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal
+1 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 4
+which equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals
+epsilon 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 0.
+or i guess if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i guess if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i guess if you like
+you can write bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write bigger than or equal to
+epsilon 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah basically if you choose any so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah basically if you choose any so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah basically if you choose any so
+there was nothing special about epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was nothing special about epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was nothing special about epsilon
+zero being one-fourth you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero being one-fourth you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero being one-fourth you choose
+anything less than one that would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything less than one that would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything less than one that would do
+okay just you can check that if i chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just you can check that if i chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just you can check that if i chose
+one-half here i could then choose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half here i could then choose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half here i could then choose this
+point x where fm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point x where fm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point x where fm
+is far away from f of x to be one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is far away from f of x to be one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is far away from f of x to be one over
+one half to the or one half to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half to the or one half to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half to the or one half to the one
+over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+just as long as i don't choose you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as long as i don't choose you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as long as i don't choose you know
+epsilon zero to be equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have that uh example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have that uh example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have that uh example
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know we had a another sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we had a another sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we had a another sequence of
+functions we had looked at last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we had looked at last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we had looked at last time
+which were these functions that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were these functions that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were these functions that look
+like little that look like tenths i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like little that look like tenths i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like little that look like tenths i
+don't know why i'm making this axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why i'm making this axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why i'm making this axis
+bigger when it should be the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's one
+one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n
+one over two n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over two n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over two n
+and then way up here at two in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then way up here at two in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then way up here at two in so
+i'm at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then it's piecewise linear so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's piecewise linear so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's piecewise linear so then
+it's just a straight line down to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a straight line down to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a straight line down to here
+i'm not going to write down exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to write down exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to write down exactly
+the equation for each piece but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation for each piece but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation for each piece but
+and then 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1.
+so this is fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so last time we proved that fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we proved that fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we proved that fn
+converges to the function 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the function 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the function 0
+point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it does not converge uniformly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does not converge uniformly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does not converge uniformly to
+zero again what's the so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero again what's the so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero again what's the so what's the
+point the point here is that you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the point here is that you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the point here is that you know if
+i were to draw a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i were to draw a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i were to draw a little
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+collar around the function zero it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collar around the function zero it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collar around the function zero it would
+look something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+and fn would have to be within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fn would have to be within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fn would have to be within this
+little strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little strip
+for all n sufficiently large but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n sufficiently large but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n sufficiently large but
+you know fn is getting taller and taller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fn is getting taller and taller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fn is getting taller and taller
+so it always leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it always leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it always leaves
+you know kind of any strip that i put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of any strip that i put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of any strip that i put
+around the function zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the function zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the function zero
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+fn does not converge to zero uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn does not converge to zero uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn does not converge to zero uniformly
+we can make a proof out of that though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make a proof out of that though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make a proof out of that though
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+fn does not converse to 0 uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn does not converse to 0 uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn does not converse to 0 uniformly
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+so i should always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tell you where talking about and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you where talking about and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you where talking about and this
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+on 0 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why not well we can take any epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why not well we can take any epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why not well we can take any epsilon
+0 really so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 really so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 really so
+let's choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's choose
+epsilon 0 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let m be a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we should find an n and a x so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we should find an n and a x so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we should find an n and a x so that
+this inequality is satisfied so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality is satisfied so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality is satisfied so let's
+choose n to be m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose n to be m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose n to be m
+x to be 1 over 2 m this point where i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to be 1 over 2 m this point where i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to be 1 over 2 m this point where i
+peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of m of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of m of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of m of x
+minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x
+now f here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now f here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now f here
+is just zero the the limiting function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just zero the the limiting function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just zero the the limiting function
+is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+so let me not even put f let me put just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me not even put f let me put just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me not even put f let me put just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s equals
+fm of 1 over 2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fm of 1 over 2m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fm of 1 over 2m
+which equals 2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals 2m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals 2m
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and this is certainly bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is certainly bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is certainly bigger than or
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+1 which is epsilon zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit
+you know i'll give you a whole host of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'll give you a whole host of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'll give you a whole host of
+examples it seems like i've only given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples it seems like i've only given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples it seems like i've only given
+you maybe one example up to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe one example up to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe one example up to this point
+of functions which converge uniformly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions which converge uniformly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions which converge uniformly to
+zero to something but in a minute i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to something but in a minute i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to something but in a minute i'll
+give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a
+very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+to decide when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide when
+you know a series involving functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a series involving functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a series involving functions
+converges uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but before we get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we get to that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's revisit these three questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's revisit these three questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's revisit these three questions that
+we asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we asked
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in the last lecture in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture in the context of
+power series but now in this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series but now in this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series but now in this more
+general setting of convergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general setting of convergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general setting of convergence of
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what i'm talking about and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i'm talking about and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i'm talking about and this is
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+although i'm what i'm about to say may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although i'm what i'm about to say may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although i'm what i'm about to say may
+sound uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a bit alarming that we're now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit alarming that we're now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit alarming that we're now in
+essentially the last week of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the last week of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the last week of the class
+and we're really getting to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+real part of analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of analysis
+so i was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i was uh
+talking with a professor from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with a professor from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with a professor from
+duke one time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duke one time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duke one time and
+you know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he
+made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this
+funny observation that somehow in math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny observation that somehow in math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny observation that somehow in math
+and i think this is not just math but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think this is not just math but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think this is not just math but
+this is a lot of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot of you know
+a lot of science-based classes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of science-based classes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of science-based classes um
+are taught you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taught you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taught you know if you
+were to translate it into studying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to translate it into studying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to translate it into studying a
+book it's like you spend a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book it's like you spend a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book it's like you spend a year
+studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying
+you know introductions to a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know introductions to a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know introductions to a book
+and then you spend a year studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you spend a year studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you spend a year studying
+middle parts of books and then you spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle parts of books and then you spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle parts of books and then you spend
+another year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another year
+studying the last parts of books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the last parts of books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the last parts of books
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+now here we're starting to get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here we're starting to get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here we're starting to get into the
+middle part of uh the book of analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle part of uh the book of analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle part of uh the book of analysis
+not the textbook we're at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the textbook we're at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the textbook we're at the end of
+that but at least in the the grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but at least in the the grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but at least in the the grand
+scheme of things which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme of things which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme of things which is the
+interchange of limits you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange of limits you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange of limits you have two
+limiting processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting processes
+that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+interchange okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange okay
+an analysis you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analysis you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analysis you know
+first god created the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first god created the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first god created the limit
+and then man asked can we interchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then man asked can we interchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then man asked can we interchange
+limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so what i mean by that this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what i mean by that this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what i mean by that this this is
+not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always
+you know a thing you can do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a thing you can do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a thing you can do so
+um and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is
+at the very heart of analysis what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very heart of analysis what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very heart of analysis what is
+when can we interchange limits so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when can we interchange limits so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when can we interchange limits so let me
+give you the simplest example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the simplest example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the simplest example
+let's say we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+so i take the limit as k goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i take the limit as k goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i take the limit as k goes to
+infinity of the limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of the limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of the limit as n goes to
+infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of
+n over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over k
+n over k plus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over k plus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over k plus 1.
+so that's just a sequence depending on n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just a sequence depending on n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just a sequence depending on n
+and k all right now as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k all right now as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k all right now as n goes to
+infinity what do i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity what do i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity what do i get
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this is just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just equal to
+um well i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well i can
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+multiply the bottom by k to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the bottom by k to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the bottom by k to get rid of
+this one so then i just get n over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so then i just get n over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so then i just get n over n
+plus k remember k is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus k remember k is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus k remember k is fixed
+and then i take the limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i take the limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i take the limit as n goes to
+infinity so i get 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm taking the limit as k goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm taking the limit as k goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm taking the limit as k goes to
+infinity of this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of this expression
+now for each k when i take the limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for each k when i take the limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for each k when i take the limit as
+n goes to infinity i get 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to infinity i get 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to infinity i get 1.
+so i get 1 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i get 1 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i get 1 there
+now what happens if i interchange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens if i interchange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens if i interchange the
+limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+and now look at the limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now look at the limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now look at the limit as n goes to
+infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of
+the limit as k goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as k goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as k goes to infinity
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+n over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over k
+n over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over k
+plus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1.
+well now as k goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now as k goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now as k goes to infinity
+for each n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each n
+so remember i'm taking the limit as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember i'm taking the limit as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember i'm taking the limit as n
+goes to infinity of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity of this
+expression which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which is
+formally this expression with the limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally this expression with the limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally this expression with the limits
+interchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is equal to 0 over 0 plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to 0 over 0 plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to 0 over 0 plus 1
+equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0.
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+do not equal each other so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not equal each other so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not equal each other so it's not
+always the case that you can interchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case that you can interchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case that you can interchange
+limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the
+simple fact of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple fact of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple fact of life
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to be able to make certain statements do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to make certain statements do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to make certain statements do
+certain computations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain computations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain computations
+you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it
+you need to be able to interchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be able to interchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be able to interchange
+limits and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know what kind of limits maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what kind of limits maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what kind of limits maybe
+uh taking an infinite sum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taking an infinite sum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taking an infinite sum and
+integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+um like we stated in the beginning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like we stated in the beginning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like we stated in the beginning you
+know power series are in a sense a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know power series are in a sense a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know power series are in a sense a
+certain limit they're a limit of partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain limit they're a limit of partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain limit they're a limit of partial
+sums of their limit of polynomials right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums of their limit of polynomials right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums of their limit of polynomials right
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+let's say differentiation that's a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say differentiation that's a limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say differentiation that's a limit
+so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a natural question like we said last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural question like we said last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural question like we said last
+time is is the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is is the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is is the derivative of this
+infinite sum the infinite sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite sum the infinite sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite sum the infinite sum of the
+derivative those are two limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative those are two limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative those are two limiting
+processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes
+processes which we're asking can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes which we're asking can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes which we're asking can we
+interchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the three questions again that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the three questions again that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the three questions again that i
+asked in terms of power series i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked in terms of power series i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked in terms of power series i'm going
+to now frame again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now frame again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now frame again
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this general setting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if fn
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+s to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s to r
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+from s to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to r
+and f n converges to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f n converges to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f n converges to f
+maybe point wise or uniformly so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe point wise or uniformly so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe point wise or uniformly so let's
+leave this open ended for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because these are the only two notions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are the only two notions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are the only two notions
+we have of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let me make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose fn is from s to r f is s r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose fn is from s to r f is s r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose fn is from s to r f is s r
+and f n converges to f point y's on or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f n converges to f point y's on or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f n converges to f point y's on or
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+and so this sentence is not written very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this sentence is not written very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this sentence is not written very
+well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and
+fn is continuous for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn is continuous for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn is continuous for all
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+okay so suppose we have a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so suppose we have a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so suppose we have a sequence of
+continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions
+converging to another function f either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to another function f either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to another function f either
+point wise or uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise or uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise or uniformly
+is the limiting function continuous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the limiting function continuous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the limiting function continuous and
+i'll explain in a minute why this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll explain in a minute why this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll explain in a minute why this is a
+limiting you know kind of asking can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting you know kind of asking can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting you know kind of asking can we
+interchange two limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange two limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange two limits
+second question is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose fn
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+a b to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n
+f from a b to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we have that fn converges to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that fn converges to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that fn converges to f
+you know either point wise or uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know either point wise or uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know either point wise or uniform
+we're leaving this open-ended for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're leaving this open-ended for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're leaving this open-ended for now
+and the derivatives also converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivatives also converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivatives also converge
+say to some function g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the limit of the derivatives equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of the derivatives equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of the derivatives equal to
+the derivative of the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the limit
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then last question so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then last question so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then last question so this is the
+third kind of main limiting process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third kind of main limiting process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third kind of main limiting process
+we've seen in this class which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen in this class which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen in this class which is
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a sequence of continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sequence of continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sequence of continuous functions
+f is a continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f fn converges to f again maybe either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f fn converges to f again maybe either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f fn converges to f again maybe either
+point wise or uniformly we're leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise or uniformly we're leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise or uniformly we're leaving
+this open-ended for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the integrals equal the integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrals equal the integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrals equal the integral of the
+limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+again i want you to you know it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i want you to you know it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i want you to you know it's really
+i guess more clear here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess more clear here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess more clear here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the fact that we're asking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we're asking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we're asking about
+interchanging two limits so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanging two limits so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanging two limits so here we have
+this uh integration is just a symbol for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh integration is just a symbol for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh integration is just a symbol for
+taking this limiting process right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this limiting process right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this limiting process right where
+you take a sequence of partitions of a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a sequence of partitions of a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a sequence of partitions of a b
+with norm converging to zero then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with norm converging to zero then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with norm converging to zero then the
+integral from a to b of fn this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from a to b of fn this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from a to b of fn this is
+defined to be this limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to be this limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to be this limit of
+riemann sums right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann sums right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann sums right
+so this is a limiting process here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a limiting process here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a limiting process here
+although i'm writing it with this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although i'm writing it with this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although i'm writing it with this simple
+notation so i'm asking it can i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so i'm asking it can i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so i'm asking it can i take
+this limit as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit as n goes to infinity
+and can i interchange it with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can i interchange it with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can i interchange it with this
+limiting process now for continuity it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting process now for continuity it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting process now for continuity it's
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe a little more hidden on what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little more hidden on what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little more hidden on what's the
+interchange of limits that you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange of limits that you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange of limits that you're really
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it looks more like this so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks more like this so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks more like this so remember
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 1
+we're asking you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking you know
+suppose x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose x
+is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i said s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said s
+x n is the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converging to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically can we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i would like to show that f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i would like to show that f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i would like to show that f of x
+is equal to the limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the limit as n goes to
+infinity of f of x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of f of x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of f of x sub n
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me actually make this a m i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me actually make this a m i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me actually make this a m i'm going
+to use two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use two different
+let's use a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if i compute limit as k goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i compute limit as k goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i compute limit as k goes to
+infinity of f of x of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of f of x of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of f of x of k
+i would like to show that equals f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would like to show that equals f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would like to show that equals f of x
+if i'm trying to show that the limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm trying to show that the limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm trying to show that the limit is
+continuous assuming the functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous assuming the functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous assuming the functions that
+are converging to f are continuous if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are converging to f are continuous if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are converging to f are continuous if i
+look at the limit as k goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the limit as k goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the limit as k goes to infinity
+then i'm tempted to do the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm tempted to do the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm tempted to do the following
+that this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is equal to
+the limit as k goes to infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as k goes to infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as k goes to infinity of
+the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity
+of fn of x assuming either point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fn of x assuming either point wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fn of x assuming either point wise
+convergence or uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence or uniform convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence or uniform convergence
+xk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm
+you know just being a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just being a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just being a little bit
+careless i interchange limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and write this as the limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write this as the limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write this as the limit as n goes to
+infinity of the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of the limit
+as k goes to infinity so here is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as k goes to infinity so here is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as k goes to infinity so here is kind of
+where i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i'm
+asking can i interchange limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again this is not a proof this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is not a proof this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is not a proof this is
+discussion on what is the interchange of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on what is the interchange of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on what is the interchange of
+limits that i'm looking at for question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits that i'm looking at for question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits that i'm looking at for question
+number one question number three is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one question number three is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one question number three is more
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+and then you know for this once i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know for this once i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know for this once i've
+done this you know differentiability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this you know differentiability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this you know differentiability
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+be a clear a little bit clearer on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a clear a little bit clearer on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a clear a little bit clearer on what
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+you know interchange of limits i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know interchange of limits i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know interchange of limits i'm
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's say i was you know just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i was you know just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i was you know just doing
+whatever i like and going through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever i like and going through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever i like and going through this
+then i would you know interchange these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i would you know interchange these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i would you know interchange these
+limits um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+since each of these fn's are continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since each of these fn's are continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since each of these fn's are continuous
+then the limit as k goes to infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the limit as k goes to infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the limit as k goes to infinity of
+fn of x sub k and x sub k converges to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn of x sub k and x sub k converges to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn of x sub k and x sub k converges to x
+this just gives me f n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so and since fn again converges to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and since fn again converges to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and since fn again converges to f
+in some sense this should give me f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense this should give me f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense this should give me f of x
+right so what i'm asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what i'm asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what i'm asking
+is was all this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is was all this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is was all this okay
+because at some point at this point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at some point at this point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at some point at this point in
+particular i had to interchange a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular i had to interchange a limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular i had to interchange a limit
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+and we've just seen that we can't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've just seen that we can't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've just seen that we can't always
+do that we can't always interchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we can't always interchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we can't always interchange
+limits and get the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and get the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and get the same thing
+here we got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we got one
+when we interchange the limit we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we interchange the limit we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we interchange the limit we got
+zero so it's not always the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's not always the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's not always the case that
+i can interchange limits this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can interchange limits this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can interchange limits this
+equality between this limit and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality between this limit and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality between this limit and the
+interchange limit is the big question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange limit is the big question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange limit is the big question
+mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's the the whole basis for question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the whole basis for question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the whole basis for question
+number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so i hope that uh discussion wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i hope that uh discussion wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i hope that uh discussion wasn't
+was clear enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+the answer to these three questions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to these three questions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to these three questions is
+in fact yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but only for uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f
+if all if the convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the mode of convergence we must have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode of convergence we must have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode of convergence we must have so
+that the answer to all of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer to all of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer to all of these three
+questions which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions which is
+you know will state and prove his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know will state and prove his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know will state and prove his
+theorems is uh are correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems is uh are correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems is uh are correct
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know the natural question is what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the natural question is what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the natural question is what if we
+have a weaker hypothesis namely what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a weaker hypothesis namely what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a weaker hypothesis namely what if
+we only assume point wise convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only assume point wise convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only assume point wise convergence
+uh is the answer to any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the answer to any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the answer to any of these
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+uh yes and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes and uh
+well no okay so the answer to all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no okay so the answer to all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no okay so the answer to all three
+of these questions is no if we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these questions is no if we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these questions is no if we only
+assume pointwise convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume pointwise convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume pointwise convergence
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through
+an example showing that each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example showing that each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example showing that each of these
+three questions is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we only assume point wise convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we only assume point wise convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we only assume point wise convergence
+so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at
+an example showing one is no if we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example showing one is no if we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example showing one is no if we only
+assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+point wise convergence and we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise convergence and we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise convergence and we basically
+already have it on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take fn of x to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take fn of x to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take fn of x to be
+x to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the n
+on zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then
+each of these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these functions
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all n
+fn is a continuous function on zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fn converges to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but f itself is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but f itself is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but f itself is not
+a continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function
+okay so this provides an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this provides an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this provides an example of a
+sequence of functions which converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of functions which converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of functions which converges
+point wise to a function which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise to a function which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise to a function which is not
+continuous okay again what i was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous okay again what i was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous okay again what i was saying
+there in the answer is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the answer is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the answer is that
+if i have a sequence of functions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a sequence of functions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a sequence of functions which
+converges uniformly to a function f then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges uniformly to a function f then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges uniformly to a function f then
+that function is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function is continuous
+here if we only assume point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if we only assume point wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if we only assume point wise
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+we may not get a continuous function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may not get a continuous function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may not get a continuous function in
+the end all right and this is what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end all right and this is what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end all right and this is what this
+example shows fn of x equals x to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example shows fn of x equals x to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example shows fn of x equals x to the n
+these are all continuous functions they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all continuous functions they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all continuous functions they
+converge to a function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to a function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to a function which
+is not continuous point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not continuous point wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not continuous point wise
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and that's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's you know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay i'll say something else in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'll say something else in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'll say something else in in a
+minute so let's look at example two now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so let's look at example two now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so let's look at example two now
+basically we take the previous example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we take the previous example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we take the previous example
+and kind of integrate it to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of integrate it to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of integrate it to get an
+example of a sequence of functions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a sequence of functions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a sequence of functions with
+uh that converges and its derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that converges and its derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that converges and its derivative
+converges point wise so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges point wise so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges point wise so
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take fn of x to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take fn of x to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take fn of x to be
+x to the n over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a couple of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of things
+fn converges to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fn prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn prime
+converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to
+the function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function f
+which is the same function from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me actually make this g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and these are point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i have a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have a sequence of
+differentiable functions that converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable functions that converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable functions that converge
+pointwise to something and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise to something and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise to something and the
+derivatives also converge pointwise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives also converge pointwise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives also converge pointwise to
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but so let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so let's call
+f equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals 0
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+is not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not equal to
+f prime the derivative of f the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f prime the derivative of f the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f prime the derivative of f the constant
+function zero is just zero g is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function zero is just zero g is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function zero is just zero g is equal to
+this to this function which is zero if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to this function which is zero if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to this function which is zero if x
+is n zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n zero one
+and one if x is equal to one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one if x is equal to one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one if x is equal to one so
+here we see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we see that the
+derivative of the limit is not the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the limit is not the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the limit is not the limit
+of the derivatives if we only assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the derivatives if we only assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the derivatives if we only assume
+point wise convergence of the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the last example showing that 3 does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the last example showing that 3 does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the last example showing that 3 does
+not hold if we only assume point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hold if we only assume point wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hold if we only assume point wise
+convergence is also on the board it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is also on the board it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is also on the board it's
+the whole point of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point of this uh
+this one up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one up there
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's go on and let's go on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on and let's go on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on and let's go on the next
+board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here
+f in from 0 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f in from 0 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f in from 0 to 1
+to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to r
+is the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the function
+this tenth function 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tenth function 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tenth function 1
+over n 1 over 2 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n 1 over 2 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n 1 over 2 n
+2 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's just piecewise linear so it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just piecewise linear so it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just piecewise linear so it's zero
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+one over n to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n to one
+it goes up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes up to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+one over two n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over two n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over two n
+two n and then back down to the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so we know that fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we know that fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we know that fn
+converges to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to 0
+point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the integral of 0 is just 0. let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the integral of 0 is just 0. let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the integral of 0 is just 0. let's
+look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the
+integral of fn from 0 to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the integral of 0 1 of fn now if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of 0 1 of fn now if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of 0 1 of fn now if we were
+all together this would be the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together this would be the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together this would be the point
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i stop and ask if anybody can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i stop and ask if anybody can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i stop and ask if anybody can remember
+the area of a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of a triangle
+even though we're in this advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we're in this advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we're in this advanced
+analysis class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis class
+but i don't get to ask you that i get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i don't get to ask you that i get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i don't get to ask you that i get to
+just ask myself that and i know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask myself that and i know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask myself that and i know the
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+because i'm prepared and only because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm prepared and only because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm prepared and only because of
+that this is one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is one half
+base times the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base times the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base times the height
+so remember the integral is an area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know i could write down the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i could write down the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i could write down the formula
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+you know what this function is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what this function is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what this function is and
+actually integrate it out using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually integrate it out using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually integrate it out using the
+fundamental theorem of calculus but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of calculus but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of calculus but just
+go with me on this that the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with me on this that the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with me on this that the integral of
+fn is just the area of this triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn is just the area of this triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn is just the area of this triangle
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+has base going starting at zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has base going starting at zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has base going starting at zero and
+going to one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to one over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to one over n
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it peaks at two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it peaks at two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it peaks at two in
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+1 over n the height is 2n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n the height is 2n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n the height is 2n
+so this equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this equals 1
+for all n see this is why i was making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n see this is why i was making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n see this is why i was making
+it peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the integral from 0 to 1 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from 0 to 1 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from 0 to 1 which is
+just 1 for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 1 for all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 1 for all n
+does not converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not converge to
+the integral of the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case
+the limit of the integrals is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of the integrals is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of the integrals is not the
+integral of the limit if we only and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the limit if we only and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the limit if we only and
+what's the reason because we only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the reason because we only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the reason because we only have
+point wise convergence all right like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise convergence all right like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point wise convergence all right like i
+said a minute ago the answer is yes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said a minute ago the answer is yes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said a minute ago the answer is yes to
+all three of these questions if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three of these questions if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three of these questions if the
+convergence is uniform and what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is uniform and what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is uniform and what these
+three examples are supposed to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three examples are supposed to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three examples are supposed to show you
+is the answer is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the answer is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the answer is no
+if i only assume point wise convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i only assume point wise convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i only assume point wise convergence
+the weaker notion of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weaker notion of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weaker notion of convergence
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's uh let's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's uh let's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's uh let's now
+prove some theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this first theorem addresses question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this first theorem addresses question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this first theorem addresses question
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose fn from s to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f from s to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f from s to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f from s to r
+fn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn is
+continuous meaning it's continuous at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous meaning it's continuous at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous meaning it's continuous at
+every point in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fn converges to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the conclusion is that f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the conclusion is that f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the conclusion is that f is
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the proof
+um i mean we've done several proofs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i mean we've done several proofs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i mean we've done several proofs of
+like this before but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this before but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this before but uh
+for some reason and at least i see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason and at least i see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason and at least i see in
+textbooks for this proof they always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks for this proof they always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks for this proof they always
+refer to it as an epsilon over three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to it as an epsilon over three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to it as an epsilon over three
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+and then it's the last time they call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's the last time they call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's the last time they call it
+an epsilon over three argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have to show uh f is continuous at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to show uh f is continuous at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to show uh f is continuous at
+every point in s so let c be a point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point in s so let c be a point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point in s so let c be a point in
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let epsilon be positive we have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let epsilon be positive we have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let epsilon be positive we have to find
+a delta so that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta so that for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta so that for all
+uh x minus c less than delta an absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x minus c less than delta an absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x minus c less than delta an absolute
+value f of x minus f of c is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value f of x minus f of c is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value f of x minus f of c is less than
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+and what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do is we're
+basically going to replace f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to replace f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to replace f
+by some fm for m large enough and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some fm for m large enough and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some fm for m large enough and the
+fact that we have uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we have uniform convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we have uniform convergence
+is what allows us to do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what allows us to do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what allows us to do that so
+let epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since the fns converge to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the fns converge to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the fns converge to f
+uniformly there exists a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly there exists a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly there exists a natural number
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all n bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to m
+for all y and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all y and s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all y and s
+f m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f m
+of y minus f of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y minus f of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y minus f of y
+is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+epsilon over 3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now this f sub uh capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this f sub uh capital m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this f sub uh capital m
+i'm just going to fix that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to fix that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to fix that so
+this should be n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be n
+but now i mean so this is for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i mean so this is for all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i mean so this is for all n
+bigger than or equal to capital m i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to capital m i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to capital m i
+really just need one so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just need one so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just need one so let's look at
+f sub capital m that's a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f sub capital m that's a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f sub capital m that's a continuous
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since f sub capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+a delta positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta positive
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+x minus if x is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+within distance delta to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then i get that f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i get that f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i get that f
+sub m of x minus f sub m of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub m of x minus f sub m of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub m of x minus f sub m of c
+is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+epsilon over 3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then this delta here so i have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then this delta here so i have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then this delta here so i have been
+okay so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm
+doing something what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something what
+you know i stopped doing something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i stopped doing something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i stopped doing something which
+i was doing in all previous lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was doing in all previous lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was doing in all previous lectures
+when i would say there exists a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i would say there exists a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i would say there exists a delta
+naught choose delta to be this delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught choose delta to be this delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught choose delta to be this delta
+naught there exists a m0 choose m to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught there exists a m0 choose m to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught there exists a m0 choose m to be
+this m0 now you know i'm actually saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this m0 now you know i'm actually saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this m0 now you know i'm actually saying
+uh i've dropped that and stopped doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i've dropped that and stopped doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i've dropped that and stopped doing
+that because it should be clear from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it should be clear from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it should be clear from the
+context of now what i'm choosing delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of now what i'm choosing delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of now what i'm choosing delta
+to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all
+x minus c less than delta so i'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus c less than delta so i'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus c less than delta so i'm saying
+that i'm now choosing this delta that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm now choosing this delta that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm now choosing this delta that
+came from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from here
+which came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which came from
+f sub capital m capital m came from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what i needed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i needed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i needed here
+so now if i look at f of x minus f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if i look at f of x minus f of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if i look at f of x minus f of c
+which i want to show is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i want to show is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i want to show is less than
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+now if i add and subtract f sub m of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i add and subtract f sub m of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i add and subtract f sub m of x
+and f sub m of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f sub m of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f sub m of c
+and use the triangle inequality this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use the triangle inequality this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use the triangle inequality this is
+less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to
+f of x minus f sub m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus f sub m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus f sub m
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+f sub m of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f sub m of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f sub m of x
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+f sub m of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f sub m of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f sub m of c
+plus f sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f sub
+m of c minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh f c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f c
+okay so i just added and subtracted f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i just added and subtracted f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i just added and subtracted f
+sub m of x and f of m sub of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub m of x and f of m sub of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub m of x and f of m sub of c
+and then use the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use the triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use the triangle inequality
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+estimate here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate here
+since i'm looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since i'm looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since i'm looking at a
+particular n basically equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular n basically equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular n basically equal to m
+i have this is less than epsilon over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have this is less than epsilon over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have this is less than epsilon over
+three no matter what y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three no matter what y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three no matter what y is
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+set so then certainly for x i'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so then certainly for x i'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so then certainly for x i'll have
+this is less than epsilon over three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than epsilon over three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than epsilon over three
+how i chose delta remember was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i chose delta remember was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i chose delta remember was to
+guarantee that this would be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that this would be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that this would be less than
+epsilon over three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over three
+as long as x minus c is less than delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then of course this one is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course this one is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course this one is less than
+epsilon over three again because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over three again because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over three again because of this
+uniform closeness of fm to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore for all
+uh absolute value of x minus c less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh absolute value of x minus c less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh absolute value of x minus c less than
+delta i have f of x minus f of c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta i have f of x minus f of c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta i have f of x minus f of c is
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+epsilon and that finishes the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon and that finishes the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon and that finishes the proof
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if we have uniform convergence then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have uniform convergence then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have uniform convergence then
+uh the uniform so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uniform so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uniform so
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+a good theorem should be able to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good theorem should be able to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good theorem should be able to be
+stated in one sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated in one sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated in one sentence
+and with this or at least some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with this or at least some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with this or at least some sort of
+simple to an easy way to remember it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to an easy way to remember it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to an easy way to remember it
+what this says is the uniform limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this says is the uniform limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this says is the uniform limit of
+continuous functions is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions is continuous
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the uniform limit of continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uniform limit of continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uniform limit of continuous
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next we'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we'll show
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+in a sense the uniform limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense the uniform limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense the uniform limit of
+differentiable functions is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to do kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statement of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of that
+although one can make you know stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although one can make you know stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although one can make you know stronger
+statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but in practice this one suffices really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in practice this one suffices really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in practice this one suffices really
+at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in
+where it pops up later in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but before i get to that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but before i get to that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but before i get to that one
+yeah before i get to that one let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah before i get to that one let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah before i get to that one let's do
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's see what would be the short way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see what would be the short way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see what would be the short way
+of saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the integral of the uniform limit is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the uniform limit is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the uniform limit is the
+limit of the integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of the integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of the integrals
+okay something like that that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay something like that that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay something like that that would be
+the short and sweet way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short and sweet way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short and sweet way
+of stating the the following theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stating the the following theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stating the the following theorem
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+so this is an answer to three so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an answer to three so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an answer to three so we
+skipped over two for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose fn
+is a sequence of continuous functions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sequence of continuous functions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sequence of continuous functions on
+a b because we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b because we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b because we're going to be talking
+about limits and we've only i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about limits and we've only i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about limits and we've only i mean
+integrals and we've only spoken about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and we've only spoken about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and we've only spoken about
+integrals for continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals for continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals for continuous functions
+suppose fn is a continuous function on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose fn is a continuous function on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose fn is a continuous function on a
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f from
+a b to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and f n converges to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f n converges to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f n converges to f
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+note that that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that that's so
+by what we just proven the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what we just proven the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what we just proven the previous
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this automatically guarantees that f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this automatically guarantees that f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this automatically guarantees that f
+is the continuous function so we can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the continuous function so we can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the continuous function so we can ask
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+relationship between the integral of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the integral of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the integral of f
+and the limit of the integrals of f n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the limit
+as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity
+from the integral from a to b of fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the integral from a to b of fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the integral from a to b of fn
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the integral from a b to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from a b to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from a b to f
+okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the
+integral of the uniform limit is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the uniform limit is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the uniform limit is the
+limit of the integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so this is just a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is just a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is just a sequence of
+numbers and we want to show it converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and we want to show it converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and we want to show it converges
+to this number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this number here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this number here
+so let's do this the old-fashioned way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since fn converges to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since fn converges to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since fn converges to f
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists a natural number m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a natural number m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a natural number m
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+we're all in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all n bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to m
+for all x and a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n of x
+minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x
+is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now basically what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now basically what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now basically what we're going to do is
+integrate this inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this inequality
+and remember integration unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember integration unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember integration unlike
+differentiation integration respects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation integration respects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation integration respects
+inequalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for all n bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all n bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all n bigger than or equal to m
+meaning i'm choosing m uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning i'm choosing m uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning i'm choosing m uh
+i'm choosing my m as this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm choosing my m as this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm choosing my m as this guy
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+proving this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving this limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving this limit
+if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at
+the integral from a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from a b
+of f n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f n
+minus the integral of a b to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the integral of a b to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the integral of a b to f
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+by linearity of the integral the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by linearity of the integral the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by linearity of the integral the
+integral of f n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of f n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of f n
+minus f absolute value by the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f absolute value by the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f absolute value by the triangle
+inequality for integrals which we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality for integrals which we proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality for integrals which we proved
+this is less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to the
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+from a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a b
+of fn minus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fn minus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fn minus f
+and what do we know for all n bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we know for all n bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we know for all n bigger
+than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to m
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+function here fn of x minus f of x an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here fn of x minus f of x an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here fn of x minus f of x an
+absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value
+is bounded by epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by epsilon
+okay and therefore the integral of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and therefore the integral of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and therefore the integral of this
+side is going to be less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is going to be less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is going to be less than the
+integral of the right side so i did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the right side so i did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the right side so i did this
+wrong let's put a b minus a over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong let's put a b minus a over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong let's put a b minus a over this
+so this is less than integral a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is less than integral a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is less than integral a b
+epsilon over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over
+b minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b minus a
+and so then i just pick up this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then i just pick up this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then i just pick up this number
+times the length of the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which equals epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals epsilon
+so for all n bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all n bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all n bigger than or equal to m
+the absolute value of this integral of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of this integral of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of this integral of f
+of f sub n minus the integral of f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f sub n minus the integral of f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f sub n minus the integral of f is
+less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the integral of the uniform limit is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the uniform limit is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the uniform limit is the
+lim is the limit of the integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lim is the limit of the integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lim is the limit of the integrals
+so now we'll use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we'll use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we'll use this
+to do the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the last
+interchange of limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange of limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange of limits
+theorem that i had in mind so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and again this is kind of the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is kind of the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is kind of the simplest
+statement uh and maybe easiest to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement uh and maybe easiest to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement uh and maybe easiest to prove
+that one can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one can make
+one can make stronger statements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can make stronger statements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can make stronger statements and
+prove them but in most cases this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove them but in most cases this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove them but in most cases this
+suffices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffices
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+fn a b to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f and g these are two functions from a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and g these are two functions from a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and g these are two functions from a b
+to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and fn converges to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fn converges to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fn converges to f
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivatives
+converge uniformly to this function g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and in fact i don't even need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact i don't even need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact i don't even need this
+you could just say point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i only need uniform convergence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i only need uniform convergence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i only need uniform convergence of the
+derivatives if i'm assuming if i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives if i'm assuming if i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives if i'm assuming if i'm
+assuming everything is continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming everything is continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming everything is continuously
+differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+if i'm assuming the sequences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm assuming the sequences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm assuming the sequences are
+continuously differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is differentiable
+in fact continuously differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact continuously differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact continuously differentiable
+meaning the derivative is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the derivative of f is equal to g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of f is equal to g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of f is equal to g
+meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that
+the uniform limit of the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converges to the derivative of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+again what this says is uh the uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what this says is uh the uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what this says is uh the uniform
+limit of or at least in essence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of or at least in essence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of or at least in essence in
+spirit is not exactly what it says but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit is not exactly what it says but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit is not exactly what it says but
+it says the uniform limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says the uniform limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says the uniform limit of
+continuously differentiable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable functions
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+okay and that the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that the derivative of the
+uniform limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform limit is
+uh the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the limit of
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the derivative of the uniform limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the uniform limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the uniform limit is
+the uniform limit of the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uniform limit of the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uniform limit of the derivatives
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to prove this we use the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to prove this we use the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to prove this we use the fundamental
+theorem of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let x be a point in a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then by the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by the fundamental
+theorem of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus
+if i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i want
+f n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n of x
+by not one but if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by not one but if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by not one but if i
+take f n of x minus f n of a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take f n of x minus f n of a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take f n of x minus f n of a this is
+equal to the integral from a to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral from a to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral from a to x
+of fn prime right the integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fn prime right the integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fn prime right the integral of the
+derivative gives me back the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative gives me back the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative gives me back the function
+evaluated at the endpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore since i know pointwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore since i know pointwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore since i know pointwise
+convergence these two numbers converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence these two numbers converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence these two numbers converge
+pointwise to f of x and f of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+respectively so f of x minus f of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively so f of x minus f of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively so f of x minus f of a
+equals the limit as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the limit as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the limit as n goes to infinity
+of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f
+n of x minus f n of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to
+just by the previous expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by the previous expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by the previous expression
+the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as n goes to infinity of the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity of the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity of the integral
+from a to x of f prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to x of f prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to x of f prime
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+f n prime sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now these f and primes are converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these f and primes are converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these f and primes are converging to
+g this function g uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g this function g uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g this function g uniformly
+and therefore the integrals converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the integrals converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the integrals converge
+right that's what we just proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this equals the integral of the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+so we started off with f of x minus f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we started off with f of x minus f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we started off with f of x minus f of
+a and we showed it's equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we showed it's equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we showed it's equal to the
+integral from a to x of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from a to x of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from a to x of g
+so f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f of x
+equals f of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f of a
+plus the integral from a to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the integral from a to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the integral from a to x
+of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now again by the fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now again by the fundamental theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now again by the fundamental theorem
+of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus
+this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that
+f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the derivative of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the derivative of f is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of f is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of f is equal to the
+derivative so remember f of a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so remember f of a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so remember f of a that's
+just a constant equals the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a constant equals the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a constant equals the derivative
+of this function which is g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we have
+just enough time to prove one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pretty good theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pretty good it's very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good it's very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good it's very good
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we'll use it in our next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll use it in our next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll use it in our next
+lecture to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to discuss
+you know or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or at least
+conclude some answers that we originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude some answers that we originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude some answers that we originally
+asked about power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this theorem is due to the godfather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this theorem is due to the godfather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this theorem is due to the godfather
+virustrass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virustrass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virustrass
+i don't know did i refer to him as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know did i refer to him as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know did i refer to him as a
+godfather or riemann as a godfather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+godfather or riemann as a godfather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+godfather or riemann as a godfather
+anyways i think it was virustras that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways i think it was virustras that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways i think it was virustras that i
+refer to as the godfather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as the godfather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as the godfather
+who proved the following theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know when can you guarantee uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when can you guarantee uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when can you guarantee uniform
+convergence uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence uh
+for at least series of functions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least series of functions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least series of functions which
+are you know limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know limits of
+partial sum so limits of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sum so limits of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sum so limits of functions
+and he proved this you know basically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he proved this you know basically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he proved this you know basically so
+he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could
+come up with a whole host of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a whole host of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a whole host of examples
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+of continuous functions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of continuous functions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of continuous functions with
+which are nowhere differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are nowhere differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are nowhere differentiable
+we kind of gave a proof of this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of gave a proof of this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of gave a proof of this theorem
+when we looked at that example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we looked at that example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we looked at that example
+when we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were talking about
+differentiability but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we didn't state it as a theorem there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take
+a sequence of functions fj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of functions fj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of functions fj
+from s to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to r
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a sequence mj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that two things hold so these are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that two things hold so these are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that two things hold so these are a
+sequence of positive numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i don't know why i just erased that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i don't know why i just erased that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i don't know why i just erased that
+but so we have a sequence of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so we have a sequence of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so we have a sequence of functions
+from s to r in a sequence of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to r in a sequence of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to r in a sequence of positive
+numbers so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so that
+these numbers dominate the fj's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and two
+they're summable so sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're summable so sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're summable so sum from
+j equals one to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the conclusion
+and since i've been using numbers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since i've been using numbers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since i've been using numbers for
+conclusions and letters for hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions and letters for hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions and letters for hypotheses
+let's go back to that then we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to that then we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to that then we have two
+conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions
+the first one is pretty obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is pretty obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is pretty obvious
+for all x and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series where i just take x and stick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series where i just take x and stick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series where i just take x and stick it
+into f sub j this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the second is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i define now the function to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i define now the function to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i define now the function to be the
+sum of these series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the partial sums converge to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the partial sums converge to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the partial sums converge to f
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converges to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if i have a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if i have a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if i have a sequence of
+functions bound to each one bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions bound to each one bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions bound to each one bounded by
+some number m sub j positive number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number m sub j positive number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number m sub j positive number and
+or non-negative number at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or non-negative number at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or non-negative number at least
+and the series involving the m sub js
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the series involving the m sub js
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the series involving the m sub js
+are is convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are is convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are is convergent
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the series of the f sub j's converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series of the f sub j's converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series of the f sub j's converges
+uniformly okay that's the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly okay that's the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly okay that's the conclusion
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so in our example of that continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our example of that continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our example of that continuous
+nowhere differentiable functions each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere differentiable functions each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere differentiable functions each of
+this these f sub js
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these f sub js
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these f sub js
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+cosine of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of so
+cosine of 160 j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 160 j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 160 j
+uh x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x
+over four to the j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over four to the j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over four to the j
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so before we prove this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can combine all of the what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can combine all of the what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can combine all of the what we've
+done so far to state the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f of x
+equals sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals sum from
+j equals 1 to infinity and i can make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j equals 1 to infinity and i can make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j equals 1 to infinity and i can make it
+something else but let's say sine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else but let's say sine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else but let's say sine of
+40k over 2 to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40k over 2 to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40k over 2 to the k
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+on let's say 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on let's say 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on let's say 0 1
+for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now
+okay i could say on r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why is that
+each of these f sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these f sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these f sub
+i'm really butchering this trying to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm really butchering this trying to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm really butchering this trying to go
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each of these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these functions
+this is 2 to the j not 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 2 to the j not 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 2 to the j not 2.
+each of these functions is bounded by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these functions is bounded by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these functions is bounded by 1
+over 2 to the j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 to the j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 to the j
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+1 over 2 to the j is summable okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2 to the j is summable okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2 to the j is summable okay so
+then by this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by this theorem
+this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+convergence so this function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so this function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so this function here
+is the uniform limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uniform limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uniform limit of
+the partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sums
+the partial sums are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sums are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sums are just
+you know a finite sum involving sine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a finite sum involving sine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a finite sum involving sine so
+they're continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're continuous functions
+so f is the uniform limit of continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f is the uniform limit of continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f is the uniform limit of continuous
+functions and is therefore continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and is therefore continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and is therefore continuous
+okay so we could have used this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we could have used this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we could have used this theorem
+uh to prove that that function we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to prove that that function we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to prove that that function we looked
+at back in differentiability was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at back in differentiability was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at back in differentiability was
+continuous but we didn't have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous but we didn't have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous but we didn't have you know
+uniform convergence and all that back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence and all that back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence and all that back
+then so we just proved it by hand but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so we just proved it by hand but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so we just proved it by hand but
+you know using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know using this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this theorem you're gonna you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this theorem you're gonna you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this theorem you're gonna you know
+gives you a big class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a big class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a big class of
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+sequences of functions which converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of functions which converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of functions which converge
+uniformly to some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly to some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly to some function
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so one all right so let's prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one all right so let's prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one all right so let's prove
+this uh quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh quickly
+so one follows from what does it follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one follows from what does it follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one follows from what does it follow
+it follows from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it follows from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it follows from
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the assumption a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the assumption a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the assumption a
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the comparison test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right if i take an x and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i take an x and s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i take an x and s
+f sub j of x is bounded by m sub j and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f sub j of x is bounded by m sub j and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f sub j of x is bounded by m sub j and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+m sub j is summable this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m sub j is summable this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m sub j is summable this series
+converges so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges so by
+um the comparison test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the comparison test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the comparison test
+the sum with absolute values here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum with absolute values here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum with absolute values here for
+each fixed x converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each fixed x converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each fixed x converges
+and that's absolute convergence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now let's show that the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's show that the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's show that the partial
+sums converge to the limit uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let
+epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+an m a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an m a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an m a natural number
+so that remember we have this koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that remember we have this koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that remember we have this koshi
+criterion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion for
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well i guess we don't have to have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i guess we don't have to have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i guess we don't have to have so
+that uh what um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some from n equals n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some from n equals n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some from n equals n plus 1
+to infinity of m sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity of m sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity of m sub
+j so j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j so j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j so j
+which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i chose a poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i chose a poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i chose a poor
+i chose a poor letter so this m here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i chose a poor letter so this m here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i chose a poor letter so this m here
+should not let's change this to an n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is less than epsilon so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is less than epsilon so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is less than epsilon so the
+point is that the tail is small the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that the tail is small the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that the tail is small the sum
+from j equals n plus one to infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from j equals n plus one to infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from j equals n plus one to infinity of
+m sub j is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for all n bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all n bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all n bigger than or equal to
+this capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capital n
+for all x and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and s
+if i look at the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at the limit
+which is f of x this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is f of x this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is f of x this
+sum of the series minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the series minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the series minus
+sum from j equals 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from j equals 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from j equals 1 to
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+now f of x is equal to the whole sum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now f of x is equal to the whole sum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now f of x is equal to the whole sum so
+minus this first part this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this first part this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this first part this is equal to
+sum from j equals n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from j equals n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from j equals n plus 1
+to infinity of f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity of f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity of f of
+j of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and by the triangle inequality which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the triangle inequality which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the triangle inequality which
+does hold for convergence series this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does hold for convergence series this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does hold for convergence series this
+uh this is less than or equal to sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is less than or equal to sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is less than or equal to sum
+from j equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from j equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from j equals
+n plus one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one to
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of j of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of j of x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of j of x and
+by assumption num by assumption a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is less than or equal to sum from j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to sum from j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to sum from j
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+n plus one to infinity of m sub j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one to infinity of m sub j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one to infinity of m sub j
+and since n is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since n is bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since n is bigger than or equal to
+capital n i have this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n i have this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n i have this is
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+or equal to sum from j equals capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to sum from j equals capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to sum from j equals capital n
+plus 1 to infinity of m sub j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 to infinity of m sub j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 to infinity of m sub j
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this thing we chose capital n so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing we chose capital n so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing we chose capital n so that
+that's less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than epsilon
+and that's the end so we chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the end so we chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the end so we chose
+again this n was chosen depending only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this n was chosen depending only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this n was chosen depending only
+on this series it didn't depend on any x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this series it didn't depend on any x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this series it didn't depend on any x
+at any you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any you know
+uh it didn't depend on the point x and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it didn't depend on the point x and s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it didn't depend on the point x and s
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so i had to go through that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i had to go through that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i had to go through that kind of
+quickly because i'm up against the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly because i'm up against the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly because i'm up against the time
+crunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunch
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+the point is for this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is for this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is for this theorem
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+if i have a sequence of functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a sequence of functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a sequence of functions that
+are bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bounded by
+you know these numbers m sub j so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these numbers m sub j so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these numbers m sub j so this
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+that was going so fast i didn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+label it correctly this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label it correctly this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label it correctly this is called the
+buyer straw m test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer straw m test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer straw m test
+m because you see m here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i have a sequence of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a sequence of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a sequence of functions
+bounded by some numbers m sub j and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by some numbers m sub j and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by some numbers m sub j and
+those m sub js are summable then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those m sub js are summable then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those m sub js are summable then
+what it says is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it says is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it says is that
+the series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series of
+the functions converges uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions converges uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions converges uniformly
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so we'll stop there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gwmIksA7aXM.txt b/gwmIksA7aXM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20707c177fdd441e3c8e79e67b8189dacd99d1a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gwmIksA7aXM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,819 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to illustrate the important ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to illustrate the important ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to illustrate the important ocean
+of stiffness by running OD e45 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stiffness by running OD e45 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stiffness by running OD e45 the
+primary MATLAB OTE solver on our flame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary MATLAB OTE solver on our flame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary MATLAB OTE solver on our flame
+example the differential equation is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the differential equation is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the differential equation is y
+prime is y squared minus y cubed and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is y squared minus y cubed and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is y squared minus y cubed and I'm
+going to choose a fairly as an extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose a fairly as an extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose a fairly as an extremely
+small initial condition 10 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small initial condition 10 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small initial condition 10 to the minus
+sixth the final value of T is 2 over y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth the final value of T is 2 over y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth the final value of T is 2 over y
+naught and I'm going to impose a modest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught and I'm going to impose a modest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught and I'm going to impose a modest
+accuracy requirement 10 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy requirement 10 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy requirement 10 to the minus
+fifth now let's run only 45 with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth now let's run only 45 with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth now let's run only 45 with its
+default output now see it's taking oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default output now see it's taking oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default output now see it's taking oh
+it's moving very slowly here it's taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's moving very slowly here it's taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's moving very slowly here it's taking
+lots of steps so I'm take precedent here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of steps so I'm take precedent here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of steps so I'm take precedent here
+it's working very hard and let's zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's working very hard and let's zoom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's working very hard and let's zoom in
+and see why it's taking so many steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very densely packed steps here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is stiffness it's it's satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is stiffness it's it's satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is stiffness it's it's satisfying
+the accuracy requirements we imposed all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accuracy requirements we imposed all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accuracy requirements we imposed all
+these steps were are within ten to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps were are within ten to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps were are within ten to the
+minus six the one but it's taking very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus six the one but it's taking very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus six the one but it's taking very
+small steps to do it these steps are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small steps to do it these steps are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small steps to do it these steps are so
+small that the graphics can't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that the graphics can't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that the graphics can't even
+discern this step size this is stiffness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discern this step size this is stiffness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discern this step size this is stiffness
+it's an efficiency issue it's doing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an efficiency issue it's doing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an efficiency issue it's doing what
+we asked for its meeting the accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we asked for its meeting the accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we asked for its meeting the accuracy
+requirements but it's having it's having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements but it's having it's having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements but it's having it's having
+to take very small steps to do it let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take very small steps to do it let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take very small steps to do it let's
+try another OD you solve for OD e23 just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try another OD you solve for OD e23 just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try another OD you solve for OD e23 just
+change this to 23 and see what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this to 23 and see what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this to 23 and see what it does
+it's also taking very small steps for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also taking very small steps for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also taking very small steps for
+the same reason if we zoom in on if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reason if we zoom in on if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reason if we zoom in on if we
+zoom in on here we see we'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in on here we see we'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in on here we see we'll see the
+same kind of behavior but it's taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of behavior but it's taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of behavior but it's taking
+very small steps in order to achieve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small steps in order to achieve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small steps in order to achieve the
+desired accuracy now let me introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired accuracy now let me introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired accuracy now let me introduce a
+new solver Oh de 23's the SS for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new solver Oh de 23's the SS for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new solver Oh de 23's the SS for
+stiffness this was designed to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness this was designed to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness this was designed to solve
+stiff problems in boom it goes up turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff problems in boom it goes up turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff problems in boom it goes up turns
+the corner and takes just a few steps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner and takes just a few steps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner and takes just a few steps to
+get to the final result there it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the final result there it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the final result there it turns
+the corner very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll see how o de 23s works in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how o de 23s works in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how o de 23s works in a minute
+but first let's try to define stiffness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first let's try to define stiffness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first let's try to define stiffness
+it's a qualitative notion that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a qualitative notion that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a qualitative notion that doesn't
+have a precise mathematical definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a precise mathematical definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a precise mathematical definition
+it depends upon the problem but also on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends upon the problem but also on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends upon the problem but also on
+the on the solver and the accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the solver and the accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the solver and the accuracy
+requirements but it's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements but it's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements but it's an important
+notion a we say that a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion a we say that a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion a we say that a problem
+stiff if the solution being sought very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff if the solution being sought very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff if the solution being sought very
+slowly but there are nearby solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly but there are nearby solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly but there are nearby solutions
+that very rapidly so the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very rapidly so the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very rapidly so the numerical
+method must take small steps to obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method must take small steps to obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method must take small steps to obtain
+satisfactory results stiff methods for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory results stiff methods for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory results stiff methods for
+ordinary differential equations must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary differential equations must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary differential equations must be
+implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit
+they must involve formulas that involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must involve formulas that involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must involve formulas that involve
+looking looking backward from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking looking backward from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking looking backward from the
+forward time step the prototype of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward time step the prototype of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward time step the prototype of these
+methods is the backward Euler method or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods is the backward Euler method or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods is the backward Euler method or
+the implicit oiler method this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implicit oiler method this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implicit oiler method this formula
+involves defines yn plus-1 but doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves defines yn plus-1 but doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves defines yn plus-1 but doesn't
+tell us how to compute it we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us how to compute it we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us how to compute it we have to
+solve this equation for yn plus-1 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this equation for yn plus-1 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this equation for yn plus-1 now
+I'm not going to go into detail about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to go into detail about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to go into detail about
+how we actually do it it involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we actually do it it involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we actually do it it involves
+something like a Newton method that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a Newton method that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a Newton method that
+would requires knowing the derivative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would requires knowing the derivative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would requires knowing the derivative or
+an approximation to the derivative of F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this gives you an idea of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this gives you an idea of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this gives you an idea of what you
+can expect in stiff methods I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can expect in stiff methods I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can expect in stiff methods I'd like to
+make an analogy with taking a hike in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an analogy with taking a hike in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an analogy with taking a hike in
+one of the slot canyons we have here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the slot canyons we have here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the slot canyons we have here in
+the southwest explicit methods like OD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the southwest explicit methods like OD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the southwest explicit methods like OD
+23 and 45 take steps on the walls of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 and 45 take steps on the walls of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 and 45 take steps on the walls of the
+canyon and go back and forth across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canyon and go back and forth across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canyon and go back and forth across the
+sides of the canyon make very slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the canyon make very slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the canyon make very slow
+progress down the canyon whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress down the canyon whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress down the canyon whereas
+implicit methods like od'd 15s look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit methods like od'd 15s look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit methods like od'd 15s look
+ahead down the canyon and look look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead down the canyon and look look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead down the canyon and look look
+ahead to where you want to go and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead to where you want to go and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead to where you want to go and make
+rapid progress out of the canyon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid progress out of the canyon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid progress out of the canyon the
+stiff solver o de 23's uses an implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff solver o de 23's uses an implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff solver o de 23's uses an implicit
+second-order formula and an Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order formula and an Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order formula and an Associated
+third order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third order
+our estimator it evaluates the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our estimator it evaluates the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our estimator it evaluates the partial
+derivatives of F with respect to both T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of F with respect to both T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of F with respect to both T
+and F that each step so that's expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F that each step so that's expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F that each step so that's expensive
+it's efficient that crude error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's efficient that crude error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's efficient that crude error
+tolerances like graphic accuracy and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerances like graphic accuracy and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerances like graphic accuracy and it
+has a relatively low overhead by way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a relatively low overhead by way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a relatively low overhead by way of
+comparison the stiff solve rody 1 5s can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison the stiff solve rody 1 5s can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison the stiff solve rody 1 5s can
+be configured to use either the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be configured to use either the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be configured to use either the variable
+order numerical differentiation formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order numerical differentiation formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order numerical differentiation formula
+nd F or the related backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nd F or the related backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nd F or the related backward
+differentiation formula be DF in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation formula be DF in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation formula be DF in either
+case it saves several values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it saves several values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it saves several values of the
+function over previous steps the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function over previous steps the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function over previous steps the order
+varies automatically between 1 and 5 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies automatically between 1 and 5 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies automatically between 1 and 5 it
+evaluates the partial derivatives less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates the partial derivatives less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates the partial derivatives less
+frequently and it's efficient at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently and it's efficient at higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently and it's efficient at higher
+tolerances then 23's
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/h0LYxgHiMDE.txt b/h0LYxgHiMDE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4ef49ccf83ca9c368515cfe52376b31b38bc22c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/h0LYxgHiMDE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,803 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a case study of five devices once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a case study of five devices once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a case study of five devices once
+again I really encourage you to see who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I really encourage you to see who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I really encourage you to see who
+the researchers are in the visual index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the researchers are in the visual index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the researchers are in the visual index
+at the end of this material this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of this material this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of this material this is
+pretty wonderful stuff so we have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wonderful stuff so we have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wonderful stuff so we have five
+devices three on the right and two on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices three on the right and two on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices three on the right and two on
+the left notice the composition not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left notice the composition not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left notice the composition not
+boringly lined up in a row so this image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boringly lined up in a row so this image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boringly lined up in a row so this image
+was taken in let's call it the default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was taken in let's call it the default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was taken in let's call it the default
+mode as most of the others so to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode as most of the others so to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode as most of the others so to remind
+you this is with reflected light coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is with reflected light coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is with reflected light coming
+from below the glass the light bounces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from below the glass the light bounces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from below the glass the light bounces
+off the device and is read by the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the device and is read by the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the device and is read by the sensor
+below again pretty standard setting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below again pretty standard setting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below again pretty standard setting on
+your flatbed scanner as if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flatbed scanner as if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flatbed scanner as if you were
+scanning a document now look what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning a document now look what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning a document now look what
+happens when we use transmitted light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we use transmitted light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we use transmitted light
+that is light from above where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is light from above where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is light from above where the
+information is still captured from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is still captured from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is still captured from
+beneath you'll see that the left two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath you'll see that the left two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath you'll see that the left two are
+just rectangles of black and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rectangles of black and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rectangles of black and that's
+because of course that the light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course that the light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course that the light is
+prevented from being transmitted through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevented from being transmitted through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevented from being transmitted through
+the solid silicon chip no light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid silicon chip no light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid silicon chip no light is
+reaching the sensor whereas the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching the sensor whereas the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching the sensor whereas the others
+on the right are showing some detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right are showing some detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right are showing some detail
+since they are somewhat transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they are somewhat transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they are somewhat transparent
+remember the sensor is beneath the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the sensor is beneath the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the sensor is beneath the glass
+so as we zoom in the slides on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we zoom in the slides on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we zoom in the slides on the right
+show some pretty interesting detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show some pretty interesting detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show some pretty interesting detail
+detail that we would not see with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail that we would not see with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail that we would not see with
+reflected light you might want to pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected light you might want to pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected light you might want to pause
+the video here to see the differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the luxury here is having the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the luxury here is having the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the luxury here is having the ability to
+transmit light through your sample my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit light through your sample my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit light through your sample my
+flatbed scanner has a light source in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatbed scanner has a light source in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatbed scanner has a light source in
+the cover I set my scanner in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cover I set my scanner in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cover I set my scanner in the
+transmitted light mode as if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted light mode as if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted light mode as if we were
+scanning film or other transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning film or other transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning film or other transparent
+material but you should play around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but you should play around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but you should play around with
+your own setups for example here I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own setups for example here I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own setups for example here I just
+open the cover of the scanner the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the cover of the scanner the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the cover of the scanner the
+setting in the scanner is set to scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting in the scanner is set to scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting in the scanner is set to scan
+with reflected light this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reflected light this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reflected light this is one of
+those examples when experimenting give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those examples when experimenting give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those examples when experimenting give
+us an unusual result something new and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us an unusual result something new and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us an unusual result something new and
+possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly
+useful okay let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful okay let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful okay let's take a look at
+biological growth in a Pichu dish for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological growth in a Pichu dish for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological growth in a Pichu dish for
+another case study this is showing eoli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another case study this is showing eoli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another case study this is showing eoli
+growing under four conditions I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing under four conditions I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing under four conditions I put the
+petri dish on the scanner and once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petri dish on the scanner and once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petri dish on the scanner and once again
+use the default reflected light captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the default reflected light captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the default reflected light captured
+at a pretty high resolution around 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a pretty high resolution around 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a pretty high resolution around 400
+Megs for the whole image looks good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Megs for the whole image looks good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Megs for the whole image looks good but
+as we zoom in we're getting some dust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we zoom in we're getting some dust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we zoom in we're getting some dust
+and dirt on the surface of the petri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dirt on the surface of the petri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dirt on the surface of the petri
+dish I'm not happy about that so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dish I'm not happy about that so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dish I'm not happy about that so I
+decided to try transmitted light as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to try transmitted light as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to try transmitted light as we
+just saw before in our previous case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw before in our previous case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw before in our previous case
+study my scanner remember has a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study my scanner remember has a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study my scanner remember has a light
+source in its cover giving me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source in its cover giving me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source in its cover giving me
+transmitted light that is light coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted light that is light coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted light that is light coming
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+above using this transmitted light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above using this transmitted light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above using this transmitted light
+approach makes sense for bacterial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach makes sense for bacterial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach makes sense for bacterial and
+biological growth in Petri dishes if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological growth in Petri dishes if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological growth in Petri dishes if you
+don't have a scanner that has the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a scanner that has the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a scanner that has the light
+in it cover then you might have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it cover then you might have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it cover then you might have some
+luck with reflected light but I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck with reflected light but I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck with reflected light but I wanted
+to make a particular Point here here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a particular Point here here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a particular Point here here I'm
+using a mobile phone camera making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a mobile phone camera making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a mobile phone camera making a
+picture that is pretty okay just quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that is pretty okay just quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that is pretty okay just quickly
+showing what's going on here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing what's going on here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing what's going on here in the
+petri dish but compare it to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petri dish but compare it to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petri dish but compare it to this
+highresolution scanned image using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highresolution scanned image using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highresolution scanned image using
+transmitted light and it's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted light and it's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted light and it's a whole
+different world I'm overlapping here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different world I'm overlapping here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different world I'm overlapping here the
+phone image over the transmitted scanned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone image over the transmitted scanned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone image over the transmitted scanned
+image so that you can see the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so that you can see the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so that you can see the important
+Point here the phone image is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here the phone image is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here the phone image is
+considerably smaller in terms of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably smaller in terms of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably smaller in terms of its
+file size so that when we zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file size so that when we zoom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file size so that when we zoom in
+closely on the computer screen with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely on the computer screen with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely on the computer screen with each
+of these images we see pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these images we see pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these images we see pretty
+significant differences in resolution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant differences in resolution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant differences in resolution in
+the scanned image of about 400 Megs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scanned image of about 400 Megs you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scanned image of about 400 Megs you
+can see remarkable detail as we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see remarkable detail as we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see remarkable detail as we move
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+image but the phone image well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image but the phone image well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image but the phone image well let's
+just say is not totally remarkable so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say is not totally remarkable so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say is not totally remarkable so it
+depends on what you'll be using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what you'll be using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what you'll be using these
+images for I really do want to encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images for I really do want to encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images for I really do want to encourage
+you to get the very best image you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get the very best image you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get the very best image you can
+from the very beginning it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very beginning it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very beginning it's the
+difference between spending one minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between spending one minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between spending one minute
+on an image and six minutes let's say My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an image and six minutes let's say My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an image and six minutes let's say My
+Hope Is that you see that spending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hope Is that you see that spending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hope Is that you see that spending the
+additional five minutes is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional five minutes is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional five minutes is pretty much
+worth the time don't you think
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hIvrYfwUyZQ.txt b/hIvrYfwUyZQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4dfd3268cc45a852a08a8be92c56647818576505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hIvrYfwUyZQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12107 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so so let me first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so so let me first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so so let me first
+summarize what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize what we
+did at the end of last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so we can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rindler the r space can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+separated from the light con into two P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from the light con into two P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from the light con into two P
+into four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into four different
+patches in particular this left patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches in particular this left patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches in particular this left patch
+and right patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a
+constant constant uh radius constant row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant constant uh radius constant row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant constant uh radius constant row
+so constant row slice say in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so constant row slice say in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so constant row slice say in the in the
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+renderer so what we showed is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renderer so what we showed is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renderer so what we showed is that the
+minkovski vacuum the standard the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski vacuum the standard the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski vacuum the standard the vacuum
+we Define in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define in the
+minkovski quantum field Ser can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski quantum field Ser can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski quantum field Ser can be
+written as in Tangled state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we express it in terms of the h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we express it in terms of the h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we express it in terms of the h
+space of the left and the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+patch so so this n sum of all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch so so this n sum of all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch so so this n sum of all possible
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so this
+n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+areon vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areon vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areon vectors
+Aron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aron
+values and Aron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of the
+rindon which we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rindon which we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rindon which we call
+HR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HR
+okay and uh so so this uh similarly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so so this uh similarly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so so this uh similarly this
+NL so NR means the V ion Vector in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NL so NR means the V ion Vector in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NL so NR means the V ion Vector in the
+right patch and NL is Theon Vector for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right patch and NL is Theon Vector for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right patch and NL is Theon Vector for
+the left patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now when you trace out for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you trace out for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you trace out for example the
+left patch suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left patch suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left patch suppose you
+only interested in the physics in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only interested in the physics in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only interested in the physics in the
+right patch when you trace out the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+patch then you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch then you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch then you find the
+then you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find
+a Thal density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Thal density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Thal density
+Matrix for the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix for the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix for the right
+part okay and the sum of density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix is the partition function for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is the partition function for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is the partition function for the
+full rler minus 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full rler minus 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full rler minus 2 pi
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+okay and uh so so you conclude that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so so you conclude that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so so you conclude that the
+temperature is 1 over 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's what we did at the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what we did at the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what we did at the last
+at the at the end of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the at the end of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the at the end of last
+lecture so there are several key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so there are several key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so there are several key
+elements here so there are several key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements here so there are several key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements here so there are several key
+elements here so the first key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements here so the first key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements here so the first key
+element is that the minkovsky ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is that the minkovsky ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is that the minkovsky ground
+state turned out to be a particular kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state turned out to be a particular kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state turned out to be a particular kind
+of entangled State between the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entangled State between the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entangled State between the left and
+the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+patch and then you get the Thal density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch and then you get the Thal density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch and then you get the Thal density
+Matrix when you have ignorance about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix when you have ignorance about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix when you have ignorance about the
+left patch okay so these are the two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left patch okay so these are the two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left patch okay so these are the two two
+the basic elements so any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic elements so any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic elements so any questions on
+this yes physical meaning to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yes physical meaning to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yes physical meaning to the left
+PCH H there any physical meaning to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCH H there any physical meaning to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCH H there any physical meaning to the
+left PCH uh it's the same it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left PCH uh it's the same it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left PCH uh it's the same it's the same
+physical meaning to the right patch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical meaning to the right patch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical meaning to the right patch it
+just uh um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh um uh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um yeah uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah uh uh
+uh for the for the Observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the for the Observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the for the Observer
+in the right patch of course you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right patch of course you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right patch of course you don't
+see the left patch and uh so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the left patch and uh so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the left patch and uh so that's why
+you get the soo yeah that's why you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the soo yeah that's why you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the soo yeah that's why you have
+to integrate them out so that's the yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate them out so that's the yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate them out so that's the yeah
+they they play a very important physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role
+also no no no this is just pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also no no no this is just pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also no no no this is just pure
+minkovski space yeah this just pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski space yeah this just pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski space yeah this just pure
+minkovski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski
+space this just been called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space this just been called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space this just been called
+skip so this kind of Observer can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip so this kind of Observer can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip so this kind of Observer can
+observe the right patch so to to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the right patch so to to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the right patch so to to this
+kind of Observer then then you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Observer then then you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Observer then then you must
+integrate out all the physics in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate out all the physics in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate out all the physics in the
+left patch and so they so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left patch and so they so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left patch and so they so that's why
+they see a sum of physics so that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see a sum of physics so that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see a sum of physics so that yeah
+so this is just a physical explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a physical explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a physical explanation
+why they see a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they see a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they see a sum of
+physics why we need to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics why we need to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics why we need to introduce
+harmonic oscillator during all this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator during all this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator during all this is
+in the it's HR can be anything yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the it's HR can be anything yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the it's HR can be anything yeah it's
+not yeah so why I forgot the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah so why I forgot the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah so why I forgot the reason why
+will introduce harmonic oscillator oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will introduce harmonic oscillator oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will introduce harmonic oscillator oh I
+just gave you a simple example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gave you a simple example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gave you a simple example to
+explain this kind of physics using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this kind of physics using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this kind of physics using a
+simple example okay uh uh just in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example okay uh uh just in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example okay uh uh just in case
+you're not familiar with this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not familiar with this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not familiar with this kind of
+physic I gave you a simple example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physic I gave you a simple example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physic I gave you a simple example to
+build up your intuition okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up your intuition okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up your intuition okay
+yeah and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah uh the reason we consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah uh the reason we consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah uh the reason we consider the
+harmonic there's a lot of important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic there's a lot of important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic there's a lot of important
+reason is that if you compute say if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that if you compute say if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that if you compute say if you
+quantize the scal of field Theory or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize the scal of field Theory or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize the scal of field Theory or so
+any theory on this space say if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any theory on this space say if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any theory on this space say if you
+Quant a free Quantum field Theory uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quant a free Quantum field Theory uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quant a free Quantum field Theory uh
+that just reduce the harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just reduce the harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just reduce the harmonic oscillator
+so the harmonic o in fact have the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the harmonic o in fact have the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the harmonic o in fact have the exact
+the same physics as general Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same physics as general Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same physics as general Quantum
+filter you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions repeat question yeah so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions repeat question yeah so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions repeat question yeah so that
+the right patch the render patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right patch the render patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right patch the render patch
+corresponds to the exterior of black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the exterior of black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the exterior of black
+hole right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole right um
+the the the in the black hole problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the in the black hole problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the in the black hole problem
+the counterpart of the right patch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counterpart of the right patch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counterpart of the right patch is
+exterior of the black hole that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior of the black hole that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior of the black hole that's right
+so the upper patch is the interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the upper patch is the interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the upper patch is the interior
+that's right so what are the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so what are the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so what are the kind of
+yeah the left patch is a lot otic region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the left patch is a lot otic region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the left patch is a lot otic region
+over the black ho which is also outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the black ho which is also outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the black ho which is also outside
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Horizon so the full extended black ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon so the full extended black ho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon so the full extended black ho
+have two otic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two otic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two otic
+regions yeah so what is there any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions yeah so what is there any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions yeah so what is there any kind
+of intuitive way what's left patch what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intuitive way what's left patch what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intuitive way what's left patch what
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+um yeah as I said yeah I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah as I said yeah I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah as I said yeah I'm going to talk
+about this a little bit uh I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this a little bit uh I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this a little bit uh I'm going to
+talk about black in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so let me make make some further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me make make some further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me make make some further
+remarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first is that this minkovski vacuum this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is that this minkovski vacuum this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is that this minkovski vacuum this
+intangle state between the left and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intangle state between the left and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intangle state between the left and the
+right is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+warant under the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or maybe I should say it just it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe I should say it just it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe I should say it just it's a
+yeah let me just say it is in varant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under
+HR Rus HR left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um by in Waring under this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um by in Waring under this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um by in Waring under this I
+mean so this state is a l by this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so this state is a l by this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so this state is a l by this and
+this invariant under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this invariant under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this invariant under
+any translation generated by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any translation generated by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any translation generated by this
+combination okay yeah I'm not using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination okay yeah I'm not using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination okay yeah I'm not using a
+very precise English but I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precise English but I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precise English but I think you
+understand what I mean anyway so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what I mean anyway so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what I mean anyway so so this
+you can see immediately from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see immediately from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see immediately from
+there uh just just exactly as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh just just exactly as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh just just exactly as our
+harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator
+example and if you act this on that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and if you act this on that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and if you act this on that so
+this R means rler and this R means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this R means rler and this R means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this R means rler and this R means the
+right patch and left patch Okay so so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right patch and left patch Okay so so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right patch and left patch Okay so so if
+this act this on that state then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this act this on that state then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this act this on that state then then
+you just get e because of the minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get e because of the minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get e because of the minus sign
+they just canceled okay and uh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just canceled okay and uh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just canceled okay and uh so this
+Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign is related what I said last time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign is related what I said last time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign is related what I said last time is
+that you can think of the left patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can think of the left patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can think of the left patch
+have the time run in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the time run in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the time run in the opposite
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay by time I mean this eer okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what this operator gen does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what this operator gen does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what this operator gen does is
+to generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate a
+flow just to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow just to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow just to generate
+flow in ITA so the ITA corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow in ITA so the ITA corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow in ITA so the ITA corresponding to
+so this corresponding to constant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this corresponding to constant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this corresponding to constant the
+row surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the flow in the right quadrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the flow in the right quadrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the flow in the right quadrant
+is going up but in the left quadrant it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going up but in the left quadrant it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going up but in the left quadrant it
+should go down so the time should move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go down so the time should move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go down so the time should move
+in opposite direction and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in opposite direction and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in opposite direction and that's what
+this minus sign means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus sign means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus sign means
+okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this
+transformation will leave this state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation will leave this state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation will leave this state in
+variant and exact the same thing as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant and exact the same thing as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant and exact the same thing as we
+did before for the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before for the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before for the harmonic
+oscillator any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator any questions on
+this so you can immediately see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you can immediately see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you can immediately see from
+that uh from that equation uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh from that equation uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh from that equation uh this
+operator L that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+okay so this can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be so do you have any problem saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so do you have any problem saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so do you have any problem saying
+that the HR generate translation along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the HR generate translation along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the HR generate translation along
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this clear to you the the left the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this clear to you the the left the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this clear to you the the left the
+time opposite does it mean that uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time opposite does it mean that uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time opposite does it mean that uh any
+other physical is opposite time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other physical is opposite time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other physical is opposite time
+translation way yeah it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation way yeah it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation way yeah it doesn't matter
+what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you
+mean it doesn't matter how you interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it doesn't matter how you interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it doesn't matter how you interpret
+physically right now I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically right now I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically right now I'm talking about
+the mathematical statement I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematical statement I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematical statement I want to
+First understand the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First understand the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First understand the mathematical
+statement this mathematical statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement this mathematical statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement this mathematical statement
+have two layer yeah let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two layer yeah let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two layer yeah let me write
+explicity this means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicity this means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicity this means I
+HR Rus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HR Rus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HR Rus h
+l HR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l HR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l HR
+left AC Zer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left AC Zer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left AC Zer
+M with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any with any EA this is inv variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any with any EA this is inv variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any with any EA this is inv variant
+okay this is invariant okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is invariant okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is invariant okay
+okay and yeah this you can just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and yeah this you can just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and yeah this you can just see
+directly from that the fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from that the fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from that the fact this
+operator all that state okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator all that state okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator all that state okay and then
+that means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that this
+thing leave this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing leave this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing leave this thing
+warrant and the action of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrant and the action of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrant and the action of this
+guy the action this operator from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy the action this operator from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy the action this operator from the
+point of view of the right patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of the right patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of the right patch
+corresponding you generate translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding you generate translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding you generate translation
+in the ITA because uh uh HR is the hon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ITA because uh uh HR is the hon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ITA because uh uh HR is the hon
+for the ITA so this just generat the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the ITA so this just generat the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the ITA so this just generat the uh
+the translation in ITA which leave Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the translation in ITA which leave Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the translation in ITA which leave Row
+in wariant and this slice I'm drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in wariant and this slice I'm drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in wariant and this slice I'm drawing
+here is the constant row slice so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the constant row slice so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the constant row slice so that
+means this generate a translation along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this generate a translation along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this generate a translation along
+that Arrow Direction move in the POS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Arrow Direction move in the POS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Arrow Direction move in the POS
+move in the positive time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the positive time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the positive time
+okay and but this minus sign means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and but this minus sign means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and but this minus sign means that
+in the left patch the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the left patch the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the left patch the corresponding
+transformation will move in opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation will move in opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation will move in opposite
+direction okay and that operation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay and that operation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay and that operation will
+leave this stating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this stating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this stating
+warant okay yes so one question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warant okay yes so one question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warant okay yes so one question so
+sometimes people this interpretation I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people this interpretation I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people this interpretation I'm
+not sure if this picture is correct but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure if this picture is correct but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure if this picture is correct but
+in the black hole picture we interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the black hole picture we interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the black hole picture we interpret
+the bottom thing is being some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom thing is being some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom thing is being some sort of
+white hole which sort of spews out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white hole which sort of spews out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white hole which sort of spews out
+things so if we reverse time then does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so if we reverse time then does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so if we reverse time then does
+it sort of become a black hole again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of become a black hole again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of become a black hole again
+because not no no no no no no we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not no no no no no no we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not no no no no no no we're
+talking about completely different thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about completely different thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about completely different thing
+here I'm just talking about in the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm just talking about in the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm just talking about in the left
+and in the right you can choose whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the right you can choose whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the right you can choose whatever
+time Direction you want sure sure yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Direction you want sure sure yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Direction you want sure sure yeah
+I'm just making a statement is that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just making a statement is that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just making a statement is that if I
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of
+operation which I do do time translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation which I do do time translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation which I do do time translation
+in the positive time Direction but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the positive time Direction but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the positive time Direction but in
+the opposite time Direction in the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite time Direction in the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite time Direction in the left
+okay that particular operation leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that particular operation leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that particular operation leaves
+the leaves this state in variant yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves this state in variant yeah uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves this state in variant yeah uh
+um you can for physical applications you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can for physical applications you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can for physical applications you
+can choose whatever time Direction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose whatever time Direction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose whatever time Direction you
+want uh uh you can choose whatever time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh uh you can choose whatever time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh uh you can choose whatever time
+Direction you want and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction you want and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction you want and this is a
+mathematical statement saying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical statement saying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical statement saying this
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+operator uh uh leave this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator uh uh leave this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator uh uh leave this state
+enironment and this particular operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enironment and this particular operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enironment and this particular operator
+have the interpretation of generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the interpretation of generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the interpretation of generate
+opposite time translation in the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite time translation in the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite time translation in the left
+and the right patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is a bra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a bra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a bra
+statement but this can also be seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement but this can also be seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement but this can also be seen
+geometrically this can also be seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically this can also be seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically this can also be seen
+geometrically so if you work out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically so if you work out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically so if you work out the
+relation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between the
+when kovski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when kovski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when kovski
+coordinate and the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and the r
+coordinate then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate then you can
+see then you can see immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see then you can see immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see then you can see immediately
+yourself you can actually immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you can actually immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you can actually immediately
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+geometrically e translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost
+okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in
+XT okay it's a so what that does it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT okay it's a so what that does it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT okay it's a so what that does it just
+generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the
+Boost so so if this is not immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boost so so if this is not immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boost so so if this is not immediately
+clear to you just uh go back try to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to you just uh go back try to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to you just uh go back try to look
+at the translation between them uh uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the translation between them uh uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the translation between them uh uh a
+translation between the two coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation between the two coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation between the two coordinate
+then you will see it immediately okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will see it immediately okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will see it immediately okay so
+in other words that this HR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words that this HR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words that this HR
+actually generates a boost okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually generates a boost okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually generates a boost okay this
+honin essentially it generates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honin essentially it generates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honin essentially it generates a
+boost this rle honin generates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boost so yeah one second let me finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost so yeah one second let me finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost so yeah one second let me finish
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clearly by definition the minkovsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly by definition the minkovsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly by definition the minkovsky
+vacuum is ining on the Boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this statement is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this statement is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this statement is essentially
+the statement that the this thing is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement that the this thing is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement that the this thing is in
+warant on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warant on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warant on the
+Boost and then you can see this negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boost and then you can see this negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boost and then you can see this negative
+sign then you can see the lative sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign then you can see the lative sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign then you can see the lative sign
+from the fact that if you make a lent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact that if you make a lent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact that if you make a lent
+boost and this is the trajectory of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost and this is the trajectory of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost and this is the trajectory of the
+Loren boost and they act opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loren boost and they act opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loren boost and they act opposite
+direction in the left and in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in the left and in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in the left and in the right
+okay so that's why there's a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's why there's a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's why there's a negative
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+here okay and so this negative sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and so this negative sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and so this negative sign
+correspond to the geometric statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the geometric statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the geometric statement
+that when you make a Lorent boost in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you make a Lorent boost in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you make a Lorent boost in the
+minkovski plane and the action on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski plane and the action on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski plane and the action on the
+left and on the right is in the opp the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and on the right is in the opp the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and on the right is in the opp the
+direction so the same boost we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so the same boost we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so the same boost we take a
+point here to there but we'll take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here to there but we'll take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here to there but we'll take a
+point here to here okay and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here to here okay and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here to here okay and you can
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+yourself and this translate into algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and this translate into algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and this translate into algebra
+statement just become this statement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement just become this statement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement just become this statement and
+this statement is is the same that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement is is the same that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement is is the same that this
+is in warant on the Boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in warant on the Boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in warant on the Boost
+okay so this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the first
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remark and the second remark is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark and the second remark is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark and the second remark is that if
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expand say the field five are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand say the field five are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand say the field five are in the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+patch okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch okay
+I are in the righted patch in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I are in the righted patch in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I are in the righted patch in terms of a
+complete size of modes just as what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete size of modes just as what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete size of modes just as what you
+normally do when you do canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condensation in in the right patch say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this defines allation and the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this defines allation and the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this defines allation and the uh uh
+so this defines allation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this defines allation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this defines allation and the
+creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation
+operators for um for the theory in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators for um for the theory in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators for um for the theory in the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+patch and similarly you can do it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch and similarly you can do it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch and similarly you can do it in the
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+patch and then you can show just based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch and then you can show just based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch and then you can show just based
+on that just based on that relation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that just based on that relation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that just based on that relation okay
+just based on that relation you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just based on that relation you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just based on that relation you can show
+so let's consider the free scale of fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider the free scale of fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider the free scale of fail
+the so you can show that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so you can show that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so you can show that this
+um just as the harmonic the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just as the harmonic the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just as the harmonic the harmonic
+oscillat example we discussed before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillat example we discussed before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillat example we discussed before and
+this minkovski States can be written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minkovski States can be written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minkovski States can be written as
+a um squee state in terms of this uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um squee state in terms of this uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um squee state in terms of this uh in
+terms of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of their
+vacuum but now you have to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum but now you have to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum but now you have to take the
+product of all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modes and Omega J is the frequency for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and Omega J is the frequency for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and Omega J is the frequency for
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mode okay so this is a precise analog of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode okay so this is a precise analog of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode okay so this is a precise analog of
+the oscillate example just because each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillate example just because each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillate example just because each
+each side of mode is just give you a s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each side of mode is just give you a s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each side of mode is just give you a s
+give you a harmonic oscillator so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a harmonic oscillator so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a harmonic oscillator so you
+just take the tensor product of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the tensor product of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the tensor product of all
+these harmonic oscillators and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these harmonic oscillators and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these harmonic oscillators and then you
+have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+relation and just also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similarly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the
+usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minkovski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+creation anation operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+related so this AJ r a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related so this AJ r a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related so this AJ r a
+l by for both transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the um harmonic oscillator example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we not write uh uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we not write uh uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we not write uh uh this
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly
+um but essentially just just direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but essentially just just direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but essentially just just direct
+generalize of the harmonic example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize of the harmonic example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize of the harmonic example
+because this because the f is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this because the f is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this because the f is just a
+bunch of harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscillators F just a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+harmonic any questions regarding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point yes can ask uh so just to check so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point yes can ask uh so just to check so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point yes can ask uh so just to check so
+the hamiltonian like right and left only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian like right and left only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian like right and left only
+affect uh so like the right only affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect uh so like the right only affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect uh so like the right only affects
+the right patch and his identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right patch and his identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right patch and his identity
+so that the combination uh leaves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the combination uh leaves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the combination uh leaves the
+bottom and the top portion just fixed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and the top portion just fixed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and the top portion just fixed so
+the combination leaves the bottom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination leaves the bottom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination leaves the bottom and
+the top order fixed well you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top order fixed well you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top order fixed well you you
+um you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't
+directly yeah when we um yeah so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly yeah when we um yeah so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly yeah when we um yeah so this is
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+um so so this operation itself does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so this operation itself does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so this operation itself does not
+directly uh so this operation itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly uh so this operation itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly uh so this operation itself
+does not directly exess the top the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not directly exess the top the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not directly exess the top the
+bottom version uh and uh uh and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom version uh and uh uh and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom version uh and uh uh and this is
+a trajectory of them so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trajectory of them so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trajectory of them so if you have a
+point there just take you into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there just take you into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there just take you into the
+hyperbolic trajectory so we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic trajectory so we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic trajectory so we're not
+taking to there right and the top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking to there right and the top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking to there right and the top and
+the bottom are just like the its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom are just like the its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom are just like the its
+identity on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity on on
+those so it keeps some fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no when you define the her space you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no when you define the her space you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no when you define the her space you
+only Define for the left and the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Define for the left and the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Define for the left and the right
+because they don't define herble space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't define herble space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't define herble space
+the F the her space defined for given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F the her space defined for given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F the her space defined for given
+slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice
+uh given time slice so that's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given time slice so that's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given time slice so that's only
+include left and the right and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include left and the right and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include left and the right and those
+part corresponding to Future Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part corresponding to Future Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part corresponding to Future Evolution
+and those Evolution uh is not controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those Evolution uh is not controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those Evolution uh is not controlled
+by them because they only take you along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by them because they only take you along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by them because they only take you along
+the hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyperbolic
+trory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions good so so the third remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discussions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generalize in completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parallel to swat Shield space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in
+particular we said before the swal cam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we said before the swal cam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we said before the swal cam
+have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following have the following uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following have the following uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following have the following uh
+SpaceTime Cal structure you have a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime Cal structure you have a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime Cal structure you have a so
+this is your original region also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your original region also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your original region also
+outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the
+Horizon but then you can extend this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon but then you can extend this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon but then you can extend this
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+to then you can re then you can extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then you can re then you can extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then you can re then you can extend
+this part of the space time into four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the space time into four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the space time into four
+regions in particular you have two again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in particular you have two again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in particular you have two again
+you have R and L two Astic regions so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have R and L two Astic regions so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have R and L two Astic regions so so
+this way is going to R go to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way is going to R go to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way is going to R go to infinity
+and similarly this way also R goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly this way also R goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly this way also R goes
+Infinity okay so again then this h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity okay so again then this h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity okay so again then this h
+talking vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state which it to be defined from going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which it to be defined from going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which it to be defined from going
+to an going to creating signature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an going to creating signature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an going to creating signature and
+and compactify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compactify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compactify this
+toall then again corresponding to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toall then again corresponding to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toall then again corresponding to a
+intangle state between the left and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intangle state between the left and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intangle state between the left and the
+right and if you ignore the left then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you ignore the left then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you ignore the left then
+again you get the S state from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you get the S state from the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you get the S state from the right
+okay so the story is completely imp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parallel with what we discussed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with what we discussed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with what we discussed before
+the only thing the only different thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing the only different thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing the only different thing
+is a little bit Tech technicality that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit Tech technicality that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit Tech technicality that
+of course the specific metric are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the specific metric are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the specific metric are
+different a specific metric are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a specific metric are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a specific metric are
+different okay and in particular this H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay and in particular this H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay and in particular this H
+Hawking vacuum can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawking vacuum can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawking vacuum can be
+obtained by doing uking path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by doing uking path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by doing uking path
+integral again will be the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral again will be the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral again will be the half
+space so this is the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so this is the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so this is the T
+direction again you do the half space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction again you do the half space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction again you do the half space
+and and times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and times
+S2 okay it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 okay it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 okay it's the same
+thing exactly as we did for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing exactly as we did for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing exactly as we did for the for the
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+rindler uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rindler uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rindler uh
+um you uh you do the half space and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you uh you do the half space and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you uh you do the half space and uh
+and then when you when you interpret in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you when you interpret in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you when you interpret in
+terms of this T foration which is angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this T foration which is angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this T foration which is angle
+then you get this inter tangle State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get this inter tangle State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get this inter tangle State
+okay okay this inter tangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay this inter tangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay this inter tangle
+States so any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so any questions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so any questions on this
+yes so just to clarify so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so just to clarify so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so just to clarify so this this
+entangled state is really nothing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled state is really nothing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled state is really nothing more
+than a mathematical trick to to help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a mathematical trick to to help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a mathematical trick to to help us
+or or should I think about it physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or should I think about it physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or should I think about it physically
+no this is a fact this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is a fact this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is a fact this is not a
+mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical
+trick it just for example in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick it just for example in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick it just for example in that case
+the the minkovski vacuum is in Tangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the minkovski vacuum is in Tangled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the minkovski vacuum is in Tangled
+state if you write it in terms of the h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if you write it in terms of the h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if you write it in terms of the h
+space of the left and the right patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the left and the right patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the left and the right patch
+this is a mathematical fact this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a mathematical fact this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a mathematical fact this is not
+a mathematical trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematical trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematical trick
+well I mean in the sense that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean in the sense that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean in the sense that I'm
+perfectly also allowed I can create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly also allowed I can create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly also allowed I can create an
+equivalent something which in my patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent something which in my patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent something which in my patch
+gives me the same description if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the same description if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the same description if I just
+think of a perfectly thermal State and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a perfectly thermal State and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a perfectly thermal State and I
+don't even have to think about it being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have to think about it being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have to think about it being
+entangled with anything like is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled with anything like is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled with anything like is that
+also okay oh sure uh yeah but I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also okay oh sure uh yeah but I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also okay oh sure uh yeah but I'm just
+telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you
+um uh if you are observer in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if you are observer in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if you are observer in the right
+patch of course you will never see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch of course you will never see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch of course you will never see
+anything on the left patch uh I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything on the left patch uh I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything on the left patch uh I'm just
+giving you a physical explanation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a physical explanation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a physical explanation where
+does that physical where does that Sim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that physical where does that Sim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that physical where does that Sim
+come from sure okay yeah I yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from sure okay yeah I yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from sure okay yeah I yeah
+yeah is this mov def in the upper patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is this mov def in the upper patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is this mov def in the upper patch
+sorry yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah
+so you're talking about this upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're talking about this upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're talking about this upper
+patch so the story is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch so the story is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch so the story is that
+following in the standard qft in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following in the standard qft in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following in the standard qft in the
+minkovski space time you define whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski space time you define whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski space time you define whatever
+your States at t equal to zero then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your States at t equal to zero then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your States at t equal to zero then you
+involve this time then of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve this time then of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve this time then of course that
+will involve that will include this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will involve that will include this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will involve that will include this part
+and the Standard movy Time evolution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Standard movy Time evolution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Standard movy Time evolution in
+terms of capital T will will include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of capital T will will include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of capital T will will include
+this part but if you do the r time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part but if you do the r time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part but if you do the r time
+Evolution then will are not then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution then will are not then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution then will are not then you
+will not involve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not involve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not involve that
+part yeah is that what you asking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part yeah is that what you asking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part yeah is that what you asking so
+it's not defined H it's not defined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not defined H it's not defined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not defined H it's not defined in
+no it's not it it just does not access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not it it just does not access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not it it just does not access
+those informations because those uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those informations because those uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those informations because those uh uh
+uh because the the time translation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because the the time translation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because the the time translation is
+always like this the time translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always like this the time translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always like this the time translation
+will always will never take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always will never take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always will never take you
+there uh you have to ask what is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh you have to ask what is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh you have to ask what is your
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+translation so so in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation so so in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation so so in quantum mechanics
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+Define initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define initial
+State and then then your honin take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and then then your honin take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and then then your honin take you
+invol into future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invol into future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invol into future
+time and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and in
+in then depend on which time you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in then depend on which time you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in then depend on which time you use
+then cover different regions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then cover different regions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then cover different regions of the
+minkovski space time if you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski space time if you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski space time if you use the
+Standard minkovski Time capital T then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standard minkovski Time capital T then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standard minkovski Time capital T then
+that will cover everything if you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will cover everything if you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will cover everything if you only
+use windus time then that only covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use windus time then that only covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use windus time then that only covers
+this region or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region or this
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions good
+the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remark so now let me call this so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark so now let me call this so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark so now let me call this so this
+is R and L and this F okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is R and L and this F okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is R and L and this F okay so let me
+call this region F so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this region F so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this region F so so this
+story explains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story explains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story explains
+perfectly in the spio space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly in the spio space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly in the spio space
+time why uh observe at Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time why uh observe at Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time why uh observe at Infinity
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+see say uh um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see say uh um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see say uh um some
+radiation but actually this does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation but actually this does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation but actually this does not
+apply to the real life black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the real life black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the real life black
+Hol because the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hol because the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hol because the black
+hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole
+formed by gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collapse only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the right and the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region you don't have the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you don't have the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you don't have the left
+region you don't have the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you don't have the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you don't have the left
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this discussion does not apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this discussion does not apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this discussion does not apply
+okay this discussion does not apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this discussion does not apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this discussion does not apply
+but this is only one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is only one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is only one of the
+ways to derive that black ho have a fin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to derive that black ho have a fin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to derive that black ho have a fin
+temperature in fact the Hawkins original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in fact the Hawkins original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in fact the Hawkins original
+derivation just by considering uh scaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation just by considering uh scaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation just by considering uh scaler
+field just by considering quantizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field just by considering quantizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field just by considering quantizing
+scaler field alone in the right patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler field alone in the right patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler field alone in the right patch
+and he already deduced the uh uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he already deduced the uh uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he already deduced the uh uh uh the
+uh the s l so so even though this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the s l so so even though this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the s l so so even though this
+particular discussion does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular discussion does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular discussion does not
+apply all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conclusion all our conclusion does apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay or concluding th including the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or concluding th including the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or concluding th including the F
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+EXC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXC
+okay so now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now to
+interpret where does this temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret where does this temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret where does this temperature
+come from and later we will say actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from and later we will say actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from and later we will say actually
+the black ho not only have a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black ho not only have a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black ho not only have a temperature
+actually satisfy all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually satisfy all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually satisfy all the
+thermodynamics so in this case to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics so in this case to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics so in this case to
+interpret where this temperature come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret where this temperature come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret where this temperature come
+from is physically more intricate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is physically more intricate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is physically more intricate okay
+so I will not try to do it now but later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will not try to do it now but later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will not try to do it now but later
+uh when we talk about The Duality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we talk about The Duality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we talk about The Duality and
+then it will be a better place to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will be a better place to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will be a better place to go
+back to this question and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this question and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this question and then we can
+ask the precise difference between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the precise difference between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the precise difference between these
+two cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases
+between the case which you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the case which you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the case which you have all
+patches and the case which you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches and the case which you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches and the case which you only have
+two P only have two regions and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two P only have two regions and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two P only have two regions and they are
+actually physically fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually physically fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually physically fundamentally
+different they're physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they're physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they're physically
+fundamentally different but the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different but the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different but the reason
+those conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those conclusion
+applies is because the the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies is because the the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies is because the the temperature
+in fact this a is a statement you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this a is a statement you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this a is a statement you can
+made by the local Observer for local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by the local Observer for local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by the local Observer for local
+Observer outside the Horizon he's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer outside the Horizon he's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer outside the Horizon he's not
+going to tell the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell the difference between
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+matric and the exact and almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric and the exact and almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric and the exact and almost
+identical matric in the in the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical matric in the in the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical matric in the in the outside
+horon outside Horizon SW matric is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horon outside Horizon SW matric is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horon outside Horizon SW matric is is a
+perfect one so so locally he will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect one so so locally he will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect one so so locally he will not
+tell any difference so that's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell any difference so that's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell any difference so that's why the
+local Observer should always see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Observer should always see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Observer should always see the
+temperature uh if you see it in one case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh if you see it in one case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh if you see it in one case
+you will see it in the other case okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see it in the other case okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see it in the other case okay
+but the underlying physic is will turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the underlying physic is will turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the underlying physic is will turn
+out to be very different yes are are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be very different yes are are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be very different yes are are we
+defining temperature here um are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining temperature here um are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining temperature here um are we
+defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining
+energy yeah yeah yeah yeah here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy yeah yeah yeah yeah here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy yeah yeah yeah yeah here we
+defined in terms of the density Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in terms of the density Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in terms of the density Matrix
+oh it's defined by that equation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's defined by that equation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's defined by that equation right
+yeah so the so the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the so the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the so the density
+Matrix so if you have a density Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so if you have a density Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so if you have a density Matrix
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this with Z is Trace expansion minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with Z is Trace expansion minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with Z is Trace expansion minus
+beta H then you say the temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta H then you say the temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta H then you say the temperature is
+one over beta so that's how we Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over beta so that's how we Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over beta so that's how we Define
+temperature in Quantum statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in Quantum statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in Quantum statistical
+physics yeah yeah yeah so this defines a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics yeah yeah yeah so this defines a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics yeah yeah yeah so this defines a
+canonical Ensemble for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical Ensemble for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical Ensemble for you
+and and this beta is the temperature am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature okay so any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay so any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay so any questions on
+this I I hope lot because I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I I hope lot because I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I I hope lot because I want to
+discuss this later not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now and yes if if we hold a thermometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and yes if if we hold a thermometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and yes if if we hold a thermometer
+like this should should it get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this should should it get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this should should it get some
+different temperature that if you let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperature that if you let it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperature that if you let it
+fall it's accelerated right now yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall it's accelerated right now yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall it's accelerated right now yeah
+yeah and this has been measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and this has been measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and this has been measured
+no because it's too low the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because it's too low the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because it's too low the temperature
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+yeah yeah because our temperature will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah because our temperature will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah because our temperature will
+be much bigger than this temperature you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much bigger than this temperature you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much bigger than this temperature you
+you are able to yeah just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are able to yeah just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are able to yeah just
+the the fluctuation of air in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fluctuation of air in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fluctuation of air in this room
+will create fluctuations in temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will create fluctuations in temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will create fluctuations in temperature
+which much higher than that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which much higher than that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which much higher than that kind of
+temperature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in
+space in the space you also have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in the space you also have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in the space you also have to do
+very precise measurement it's yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precise measurement it's yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precise measurement it's yeah you
+have to calculate it yeah H bar is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to calculate it yeah H bar is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to calculate it yeah H bar is very
+small divide by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small divide by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small divide by the
+mass um yes uh to like constru on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass um yes uh to like constru on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass um yes uh to like constru on that
+same question so the same thermometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same question so the same thermometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same question so the same thermometer
+that is being being held in position so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is being being held in position so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is being being held in position so
+if I observe it while sitting down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I observe it while sitting down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I observe it while sitting down here
+so I'm accelerated with it um I'm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm accelerated with it um I'm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm accelerated with it um I'm like
+the render
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the render
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the render
+Observer and I would see it at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer and I would see it at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer and I would see it at a certain
+temperature right um although it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature right um although it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature right um although it's very
+small so we haven't been able to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so we haven't been able to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so we haven't been able to measure
+everything but if I am instead Free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but if I am instead Free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but if I am instead Free
+Falling while the thermometer is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falling while the thermometer is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falling while the thermometer is being
+held in place would I then not see would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held in place would I then not see would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held in place would I then not see would
+I then not measure a temperature but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I then not measure a temperature but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I then not measure a temperature but I
+measure temperatures yeah yeah you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure temperatures yeah yeah you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure temperatures yeah yeah you won't
+be able to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see a
+temperature yeah fre4 of being so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature yeah fre4 of being so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature yeah fre4 of being so the
+thermometer is accelerating no s is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer is accelerating no s is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer is accelerating no s is also
+free folding if you no if you freeold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free folding if you no if you freeold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free folding if you no if you freeold
+the S also free no no I mean uh he holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S also free no no I mean uh he holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S also free no no I mean uh he holds
+the thermometer and he is sitting in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermometer and he is sitting in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermometer and he is sitting in his
+chair but I'm the I'm the one who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair but I'm the I'm the one who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair but I'm the I'm the one who
+measured the reading on thermometer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm yeah that's an intricate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm yeah that's an intricate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm yeah that's an intricate
+experiment then we have to analyze that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment then we have to analyze that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment then we have to analyze that
+so so so the photon from his therometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so the photon from his therometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so the photon from his therometer
+then will somehow go into your eyes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then will somehow go into your eyes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then will somehow go into your eyes and
+you will analyze it uh uh then whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will analyze it uh uh then whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will analyze it uh uh then whatever
+is the reading on his uh therometer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reading on his uh therometer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reading on his uh therometer you
+will see it yeah no no you are not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see it yeah no no you are not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see it yeah no no you are not doing
+any measurement you just see the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any measurement you just see the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any measurement you just see the reading
+on his thermometer if his thermometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his thermometer if his thermometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his thermometer if his thermometer
+has a temperature you will see your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature yeah you're not doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature yeah you're not doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature yeah you're not doing a
+measurement yourself so okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement yourself so okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement yourself so okay so now
+bringing it back to non-gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing it back to non-gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing it back to non-gravitational
+physics flat space time I an inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics flat space time I an inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics flat space time I an inertial
+observer and I see a thermometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer and I see a thermometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer and I see a thermometer
+accelerating by me I would therefore see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating by me I would therefore see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating by me I would therefore see
+it as reading you know reading a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as reading you know reading a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as reading you know reading a certain
+temperature yeah but the thermometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature yeah but the thermometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature yeah but the thermometer
+itself is measurement I mean you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is measurement I mean you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is measurement I mean you need to
+have you need to have something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you need to have something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you need to have something to
+measure yourself yeah it's not your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure yourself yeah it's not your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure yourself yeah it's not your
+feeling sorry no the therometer whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling sorry no the therometer whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling sorry no the therometer whatever
+therometer is doing what you are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therometer is doing what you are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therometer is doing what you are doing
+you you just read the therometer and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you just read the therometer and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you just read the therometer and uh
+uh it have nothing to do whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it have nothing to do whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it have nothing to do whether the
+therometer has a temperature therometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therometer has a temperature therometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therometer has a temperature therometer
+maybe have a temperature due to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe have a temperature due to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe have a temperature due to some
+other reason what you have what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reason what you have what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reason what you have what you
+could do just read that SC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do just read that SC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do just read that SC
+except yeah say I mean okay so okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except yeah say I mean okay so okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except yeah say I mean okay so okay so
+so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continue okay so now we find the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue okay so now we find the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue okay so now we find the black
+ho has a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then you only need to take a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you only need to take a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you only need to take a very
+small leap of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small leap of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small leap of
+phase saying if this guy has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase saying if this guy has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase saying if this guy has a
+temperature then you should satisfy some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature then you should satisfy some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature then you should satisfy some
+Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics
+okay then then we say uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then then we say uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then then we say uh this
+must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must
+obey some Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay also B thody dnamic black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ho and then immediately deduce there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho and then immediately deduce there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho and then immediately deduce there
+should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a
+entropy because now you can just apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy because now you can just apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy because now you can just apply
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+L for example we have the some dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L for example we have the some dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L for example we have the some dynamical
+relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+dsde should be one /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dsde should be one /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dsde should be one /
+t Okay say uh if we think t as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay say uh if we think t as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay say uh if we think t as a
+function of E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of E
+then by integrate this equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by integrate this equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by integrate this equation we
+should deduce what is the entropy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should deduce what is the entropy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should deduce what is the entropy of the
+black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+ho so remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho so remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho so remember the
+T of the black hole is one over yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of the black hole is one over yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of the black hole is one over yeah
+remember the T of the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the T of the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the T of the black
+hole the T of the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole the T of the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole the T of the black
+hole yeah let me do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole yeah let me do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole yeah let me do it
+here TBH of the black hole is H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here TBH of the black hole is H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here TBH of the black hole is H bar
+kappa/ by 2 pi which is the H bar ID by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kappa/ by 2 pi which is the H bar ID by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kappa/ by 2 pi which is the H bar ID by
+h a pi GN *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h a pi GN *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h a pi GN *
+m so so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so so this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so so this would be
+just a pi GN * m h bar of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a pi GN * m h bar of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a pi GN * m h bar of course you
+identify the mass of the black ho which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the mass of the black ho which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the mass of the black ho which
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+energ so so you identify them so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energ so so you identify them so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energ so so you identify them so now you
+just you can just integrate this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you can just integrate this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you can just integrate this you can
+just now become a a triv exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now become a a triv exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now become a a triv exercise
+then you find s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find s
+e is equal to 4 Pi GN e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is equal to 4 Pi GN e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is equal to 4 Pi GN e
+s divided by H bar and plus integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s divided by H bar and plus integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s divided by H bar and plus integration
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+okay and the this integration constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the this integration constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the this integration constant
+we can say to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say to be
+zero because if the black go have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because if the black go have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because if the black go have zero
+mass of course there's nothing there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of course there's nothing there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of course there's nothing there and
+so um then we just have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um then we just have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um then we just have this
+formula so this formula can be written a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so this formula can be written a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so this formula can be written a
+little bit more geometrically so also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more geometrically so also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more geometrically so also
+remember the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the black
+hole the swal radius is 2 GN M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole the swal radius is 2 GN M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole the swal radius is 2 GN M
+okay so this can be written a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this can be written a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this can be written a little bit
+in the geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the geometric
+way is that this can be written in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is that this can be written in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is that this can be written in terms
+of as 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as 4
+pi r a² ided by 4 H bar GN n okay now GN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi r a² ided by 4 H bar GN n okay now GN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi r a² ided by 4 H bar GN n okay now GN
+goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the
+downstairs because the RS contain two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs because the RS contain two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs because the RS contain two
+powers of GN so this is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of GN so this is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of GN so this is given
+by The Horizon area of the black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by The Horizon area of the black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by The Horizon area of the black hole
+divided by 4 H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 4 H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 4 H bar
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+okay so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conclude we conclude just a bit let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude we conclude just a bit let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude we conclude just a bit let's
+collect these two formulas together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect these two formulas together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect these two formulas together the
+temperature the black hole is H Bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the black hole is H Bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the black hole is H Bar
+times the surface gravity divide by 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the surface gravity divide by 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the surface gravity divide by 2 pi
+and the entropy of black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the entropy of black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the entropy of black
+hole is the area of the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole is the area of the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole is the area of the black
+ho area of the Horizon of the black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho area of the Horizon of the black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho area of the Horizon of the black hole
+divided by 4 H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 4 H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 4 H bar
+GM so as I said before for the black cod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GM so as I said before for the black cod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GM so as I said before for the black cod
+there two very important geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there two very important geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there two very important geometric
+quantities one is Coppa surface gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities one is Coppa surface gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities one is Coppa surface gravity
+the other is the Horizon area and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is the Horizon area and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is the Horizon area and then
+then they enter in the very a nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they enter in the very a nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they enter in the very a nice and
+simple way into the temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way into the temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way into the temperature and
+Horizon and the entropy of a black ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon and the entropy of a black ho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon and the entropy of a black ho
+okay let me call this equation one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me call this equation one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me call this equation one this
+is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation so let me just note one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so let me just note one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so let me just note one
+thing the this temperature is rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the this temperature is rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the this temperature is rather
+funny if you look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny if you look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny if you look at that
+formula because the mass is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula because the mass is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula because the mass is in the
+downstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs
+say if you increase the mass then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you increase the mass then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you increase the mass then the
+temperature actually decrease this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature actually decrease this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature actually decrease this is
+actually opposite to your everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually opposite to your everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually opposite to your everyday
+experience okay because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience okay because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience okay because when you
+increase the mass the black temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the mass the black temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the mass the black temperature
+decreases okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases okay so
+um so if you calculate the if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you calculate the if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you calculate the if you
+calculate the uh say specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heat the specific heat is is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat the specific heat is is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat the specific heat is is smaller
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+zero okay so we will later see this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so we will later see this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so we will later see this is
+actually this is actually a artifact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is actually a artifact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is actually a artifact of
+a black hole in atically flat space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a black hole in atically flat space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a black hole in atically flat space time
+so here we're considering black Hool in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we're considering black Hool in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we're considering black Hool in
+symic flat space time if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symic flat space time if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symic flat space time if you think about
+black ho say in the space time like anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black ho say in the space time like anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black ho say in the space time like anti
+de space and then actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de space and then actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de space and then actually the
+temperature will go up with the mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature will go up with the mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature will go up with the mass and
+in the uh as in the ordinary story okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh as in the ordinary story okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh as in the ordinary story okay
+so this is just the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just the side
+remark so another side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark so another side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark so another side
+remark is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark is that this
+equation this equations stand out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this equations stand out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this equations stand out to be
+Universal so we are we derive it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal so we are we derive it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal so we are we derive it to the
+simplest swal black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest swal black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest swal black
+ho but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho but
+actually those relations apply to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually those relations apply to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually those relations apply to all
+black Hodes have been discovered I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black Hodes have been discovered I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black Hodes have been discovered I just
+apply to every black hole okay so so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to every black hole okay so so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to every black hole okay so so now
+let me talk about the the uh a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk about the the uh a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk about the the uh a general
+black ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're mostly just making some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're mostly just making some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're mostly just making some
+statements because the most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements because the most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements because the most of the
+statement I make here they highly long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement I make here they highly long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement I make here they highly long
+trivial and each statement may take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial and each statement may take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial and each statement may take a
+one actor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one actor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one actor to
+prove or even more so I will not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove or even more so I will not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove or even more so I will not really
+prove them I just Cote them and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove them I just Cote them and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove them I just Cote them and uh and
+uh uh and I can also not prove it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and I can also not prove it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and I can also not prove it on the
+spots uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots uh
+um so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so
+first is something called lwh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theum so lwh theum says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stationary stationary is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary stationary is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary stationary is a
+keyboard and the talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flat this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat this is also
+keyword black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hole is fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+characterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized
+by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+first mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thir
+conserved gaug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charges okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the SWAT black we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the SWAT black we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the SWAT black we talked about
+corresponding to a special case which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to a special case which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to a special case which
+angle momentum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle momentum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle momentum is
+zero and the conserve charge uh uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the conserve charge uh uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the conserve charge uh uh yeah
+conserve charge for example the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charge for example electric charge okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge for example electric charge okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge for example electric charge okay
+and this our uh um yeah so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this our uh um yeah so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this our uh um yeah so let me just
+give some so typically we uh uh Del Lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some so typically we uh uh Del Lo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some so typically we uh uh Del Lo
+mass by m and angle momentum by J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass by m and angle momentum by J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass by m and angle momentum by J and
+electric charge by Q so the swash of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge by Q so the swash of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge by Q so the swash of
+black code corresponding to the Jal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black code corresponding to the Jal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black code corresponding to the Jal to
+Zer and the qal to zero but more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer and the qal to zero but more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer and the qal to zero but more General
+black Hodes you can have the both J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black Hodes you can have the both J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black Hodes you can have the both J and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Q um so for our um in in string theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q um so for our um in in string theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q um so for our um in in string theory
+there can be many many different gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be many many different gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be many many different gauge
+Fields so in string Ser actually there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields so in string Ser actually there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields so in string Ser actually there
+are many many different charges so black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many different charges so black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many different charges so black
+hod in stren C you can have many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hod in stren C you can have many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hod in stren C you can have many many
+more charges than say just in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more charges than say just in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more charges than say just in the
+standard model just in the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model just in the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model just in the standard
+model uh um yeah just for all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh um yeah just for all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh um yeah just for all those
+black holes uh this equation one still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black holes uh this equation one still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black holes uh this equation one still
+holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds
+okay yes so uh in like proving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes so uh in like proving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes so uh in like proving this
+theem you have to kind of start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theem you have to kind of start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theem you have to kind of start off with
+a certain definition of what is a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain definition of what is a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain definition of what is a black
+hole and what isn't a black hole so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole and what isn't a black hole so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole and what isn't a black hole so like
+what is like key feature that defines it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is like key feature that defines it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is like key feature that defines it
+because there's lotss of metrics and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's lotss of metrics and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's lotss of metrics and you
+know some of them are characterized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some of them are characterized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some of them are characterized by
+only these three things and some are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only these three things and some are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only these three things and some are not
+and like no you must have even Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like no you must have even Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like no you must have even Horizon
+black hole just the presence of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole just the presence of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole just the presence of some
+Horizon yeah so even Horizon yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon yeah so even Horizon yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon yeah so even Horizon yeah um
+okay but like in rler we have an event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but like in rler we have an event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but like in rler we have an event
+horizon H in rindler we have an event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon H in rindler we have an event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon H in rindler we have an event
+horizon that's not a black hole met um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon that's not a black hole met um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon that's not a black hole met um
+that's true are you you you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true are you you you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true are you you you should have
+a you should at least have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you should at least have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you should at least have
+object okay you should have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay you should have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay you should have some
+Mass you should have some quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass you should have some quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass you should have some quantum number
+I could you know be accelerating next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could you know be accelerating next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could you know be accelerating next to
+the and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and then I
+have no no no no no uh uh rer is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no no no no no uh uh rer is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no no no no no uh uh rer is called
+Observer Horizon it's Observer dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer Horizon it's Observer dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer Horizon it's Observer dependent
+Horizon and in the blacko is not so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon and in the blacko is not so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon and in the blacko is not so you
+cannot go to any frame where there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot go to any frame where there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot go to any frame where there is no
+Horizon you're free falling H what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon you're free falling H what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon you're free falling H what if
+you're free falling no no uh it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're free falling no no uh it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're free falling no no uh it yeah
+what I'm just saying that the uh here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm just saying that the uh here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm just saying that the uh here uh
+here the horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the horizon
+uh uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you
+can different Observer have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can different Observer have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can different Observer have a different
+Horizon so so you can def morphism The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon so so you can def morphism The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon so so you can def morphism The
+Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon
+out picture so here the Horizon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out picture so here the Horizon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out picture so here the Horizon is
+arbitrary it depend on your Observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary it depend on your Observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary it depend on your Observer
+even though I draw here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though I draw here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though I draw here
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+but this does not have to cross origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this does not have to cross origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this does not have to cross origin
+this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be
+anywhere anyway just here there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere anyway just here there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere anyway just here there's no
+generating a horizon but if I'm free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a horizon but if I'm free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a horizon but if I'm free
+falling into a black hole I also don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling into a black hole I also don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling into a black hole I also don't
+have a horizon right no connected that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a horizon right no connected that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a horizon right no connected that's
+true but independent of that just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but independent of that just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but independent of that just the
+space time structure there's a horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time structure there's a horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time structure there's a horizon
+there in the in the SpaceTime structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the in the SpaceTime structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the in the SpaceTime structure
+of the minkovski space there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the minkovski space there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the minkovski space there's no
+Horizon you have in order to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon you have in order to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon you have in order to talk about
+Windle Horizon you have to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windle Horizon you have to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windle Horizon you have to talk about
+specific Observer to to have a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion yeah just I write down the swashi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion yeah just I write down the swashi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion yeah just I write down the swashi
+black I write down the swashi matric in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black I write down the swashi matric in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black I write down the swashi matric in
+the different Ming variant way there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different Ming variant way there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different Ming variant way there is
+already a even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a even
+Horizon how do you write down a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon how do you write down a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon how do you write down a metric
+in different varant way no no I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different varant way no no I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different varant way no no I'm just
+saying the lotion of the Horizon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the lotion of the Horizon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the lotion of the Horizon is
+variant okay yeah but like if I'm in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant okay yeah but like if I'm in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant okay yeah but like if I'm in a
+frame that's free falling then I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame that's free falling then I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame that's free falling then I don't
+see a horizon rate isn't that a diff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a horizon rate isn't that a diff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a horizon rate isn't that a diff
+morphism which transforms me to a frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphism which transforms me to a frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphism which transforms me to a frame
+where there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is no
+Horizon uh uh uh maybe let me say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon uh uh uh maybe let me say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon uh uh uh maybe let me say this
+uh if this can make you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if this can make you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if this can make you a little bit
+happier is that the to asymptotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier is that the to asymptotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier is that the to asymptotic
+Observer uh there's Horizon there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer uh there's Horizon there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer uh there's Horizon there's a
+different Mor in war Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Mor in war Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Mor in war Horizon
+yeah yeah yeah yeah if you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah if you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah if you don't want to
+fall into the black hole for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into the black hole for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into the black hole for those
+people there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+horizon and the difference from here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon and the difference from here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon and the difference from here if
+you fall through the Horizon nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fall through the Horizon nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fall through the Horizon nothing
+happens so this uh uh Noir theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so this uh uh Noir theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so this uh uh Noir theorem is
+remarkable because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable because it
+says if you have a star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if you have a star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if you have a star
+which collapse to form a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which collapse to form a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which collapse to form a black
+hole in this process all the features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in this process all the features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in this process all the features of
+the style we lost because black ho only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the style we lost because black ho only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the style we lost because black ho only
+are characterized by those by those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are characterized by those by those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are characterized by those by those
+numbers okay but star you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay but star you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay but star you can
+characterize in many many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize in many many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize in many many other
+different ways but the black ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways but the black ho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways but the black ho
+essentially don't have any features okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially don't have any features okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially don't have any features okay
+so this is called Noir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called Noir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called Noir
+theorem the all features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes what if one as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+something yeah um yeah the story is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah um yeah the story is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah um yeah the story is a
+little bit more complicated let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complicated let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complicated let's try
+not go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go into
+that there's something called secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's something called secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's something called secondary
+hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair
+ex um yeah it can it can um you can but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex um yeah it can it can um you can but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex um yeah it can it can um you can but
+this is refers to Einstein but if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is refers to Einstein but if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is refers to Einstein but if you go
+to the frame of Einstein plus uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the frame of Einstein plus uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the frame of Einstein plus uh uh
+Einstein plus the uh uh some meta field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein plus the uh uh some meta field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein plus the uh uh some meta field
+and then this is the statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+now so historically of course people did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so historically of course people did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so historically of course people did
+not discover the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not discover the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not discover the temperature
+first so so historically people first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so so historically people first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so so historically people first
+have the no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the no
+theorem so it seems like black hole is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so it seems like black hole is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so it seems like black hole is
+completely featur this okay it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely featur this okay it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely featur this okay it's a very
+boring object uh they don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring object uh they don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring object uh they don't have any
+feature and then people discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature and then people discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature and then people discovered
+so-call for laws of black ho mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for General black H for General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for General black H for General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for General black H for General
+stationary black Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again so the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so the zero
+law again I we just quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them you said f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Kaa is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Horizon the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law is said if you change the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law is said if you change the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law is said if you change the mass of
+the black ho a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black ho a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black ho a little
+bit okay imagine you put something throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit okay imagine you put something throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit okay imagine you put something throw
+something to the black ho you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to the black ho you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to the black ho you change the
+mass of black ho a little bit then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of black ho a little bit then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of black ho a little bit then you
+find such a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a is the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Horizon so J is the angle momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon so J is the angle momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon so J is the angle momentum and
+Omega is the angular frequency at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is the angular frequency at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is the angular frequency at the
+Horizon so if you have angle one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon so if you have angle one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon so if you have angle one the
+black ho will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black ho will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black ho will be
+rotating the Omega is the angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating the Omega is the angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating the Omega is the angle of
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um
+five is the electric potential so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is the electric potential so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is the electric potential so if you
+have a charge then the black hole also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a charge then the black hole also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a charge then the black hole also
+carry electric field so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry electric field so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry electric field so so this is
+electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+potential at the Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at the Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at the Horizon
+okay and uh you always in this old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh you always in this old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh you always in this old
+notation you you normalize the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation you you normalize the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation you you normalize the the
+electric potential at Infinity to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric potential at Infinity to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric potential at Infinity to be
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+so this is the first law you just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the first law you just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the first law you just say
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+you say if you change mass of black ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say if you change mass of black ho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say if you change mass of black ho
+and change some angle momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change some angle momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change some angle momentum and
+change some charge then to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change some charge then to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change some charge then to the first
+order they satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order they satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order they satisfy this
+relation okay they satisfy this relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation okay they satisfy this relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation okay they satisfy this relation
+so this is just purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just purely
+mechanics a classical gr this is pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics a classical gr this is pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics a classical gr this is pure
+classical gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical gr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical gr
+okay and then there's a second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is also classical gr is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also classical gr is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also classical gr is that
+Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+area never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decreases and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law the surface gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law the surface gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law the surface gravity
+yeah let me just call it copper this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me just call it copper this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me just call it copper this
+copper surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper surface
+gravity of a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity of a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity of a black
+ho cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho cannot
+be reduced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero in the finite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps okay
+what do you mean by number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean by number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean by number of
+steps uh finite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+procedures say say if each time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures say say if each time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures say say if each time you
+throw a particle to a black hole this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw a particle to a black hole this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw a particle to a black hole this is
+called a step sure okay yeah thermometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a step sure okay yeah thermometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a step sure okay yeah thermometer
+like thr that's right yeah yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thr that's right yeah yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thr that's right yeah yeah this
+called a step yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so all these are classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so all these are classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so all these are classical
+statements and so this tells the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements and so this tells the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements and so this tells the second
+law for example if you throw something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law for example if you throw something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law for example if you throw something
+into a black hole the black ho area will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a black hole the black ho area will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a black hole the black ho area will
+increase so if you Collide the two black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so if you Collide the two black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so if you Collide the two black
+holes and then if you Collide two black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and then if you Collide two black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and then if you Collide two black
+Hool they will merge into a bigger black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hool they will merge into a bigger black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hool they will merge into a bigger black
+ho and this bigger black ho area will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho and this bigger black ho area will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho and this bigger black ho area will be
+larger than the sum of the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the sum of the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the sum of the uh the
+earlier two black hes okay than the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier two black hes okay than the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier two black hes okay than the area
+of two black hes uh um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two black hes uh um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two black hes uh um yeah
+so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course this law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this law
+just this four these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this four these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this four these four
+laws then be become immediately just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws then be become immediately just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws then be become immediately just
+like the follows of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the follows of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the follows of
+thermodynamics when you make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics when you make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics when you make this
+identification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of
+one okay this the identification of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this
+one this just becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this just becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this just becomes the
+fors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thermodynamics yeah some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay some follows of some Dynamics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some follows of some Dynamics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some follows of some Dynamics in
+particular the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law if you substitute the Kaa and a by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law if you substitute the Kaa and a by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law if you substitute the Kaa and a by
+the temperature and the entropy then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature and the entropy then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature and the entropy then
+this just become the standard the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just become the standard the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just become the standard the first
+law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+okay in particular the first law is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in particular the first law is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in particular the first law is just
+DM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DM
+sdt TDS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Omega
+DJ plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DJ plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DJ plus
+5dq so this is really the first know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+historically this follows of mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically this follows of mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically this follows of mechanics
+actually was discovered before Hawkins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was discovered before Hawkins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was discovered before Hawkins
+radiation so first first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so first first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so first first
+discover this blacko lwh theorem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover this blacko lwh theorem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover this blacko lwh theorem and
+then they discovered this four laws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they discovered this four laws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they discovered this four laws of
+blacko
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacko
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacko
+mechanics then they say ah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics then they say ah this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics then they say ah this is
+really look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look like
+thermodynamics and they even pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and they even pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and they even pattern
+this four law to precisely like the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this four law to precisely like the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this four law to precisely like the four
+laws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws of
+thermodynamics but they could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics but they could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics but they could not
+imagine the black hole was a camic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the black hole was a camic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the black hole was a camic
+object uh they could not imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object uh they could not imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object uh they could not imagine the
+black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole
+some object so they were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some object so they were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some object so they were saying
+if you look at the old paper there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the old paper there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the old paper there was a
+very famous paper by by by Badin Carter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous paper by by by Badin Carter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous paper by by by Badin Carter
+and Hawkin which discussed this four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Hawkin which discussed this four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Hawkin which discussed this four
+laws of blacko mechanics and they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws of blacko mechanics and they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws of blacko mechanics and they said
+these four laws of blacko mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four laws of blacko mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four laws of blacko mechanics
+should actually transcend the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should actually transcend the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should actually transcend the standard
+asod Dynamics the black ho actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asod Dynamics the black ho actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asod Dynamics the black ho actually
+should transcend all this our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should transcend all this our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should transcend all this our
+traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional
+physics so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics so um
+but but in 1970 around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but in 1970 around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but in 1970 around the
+1972 a young graduate student called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1972 a young graduate student called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1972 a young graduate student called the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+beckenstein so he was a a a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beckenstein so he was a a a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beckenstein so he was a a a graduate
+student at Princeton so he will study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student at Princeton so he will study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student at Princeton so he will study
+under a guy called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a guy called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a guy called
+wheeler uh uh study on the wheeler and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheeler uh uh study on the wheeler and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheeler uh uh study on the wheeler and
+uh so he was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so he was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so he was very
+uncomfortable which the fact that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable which the fact that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable which the fact that if you
+throw something into a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw something into a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw something into a black
+hole then that thing is gone okay so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole then that thing is gone okay so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole then that thing is gone okay so he
+was very uncomfortable with that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very uncomfortable with that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very uncomfortable with that because
+if you throw something into a black ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you throw something into a black ho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you throw something into a black ho
+it's gone then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gone then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gone then he
+concluded that's valate the second no of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that's valate the second no of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that's valate the second no of
+thermodynamics because if you throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics because if you throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics because if you throw
+something into a black hole that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something into a black hole that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something into a black hole that thing
+is gone then the entropy associate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gone then the entropy associate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gone then the entropy associate with
+that thing is gone and black ho just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing is gone and black ho just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing is gone and black ho just
+black ho have this no theorum and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black ho have this no theorum and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black ho have this no theorum and then
+then then you violate the second or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thermodynamics people like wheer haing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics people like wheer haing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics people like wheer haing
+they say a this is great black ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say a this is great black ho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say a this is great black ho
+transcend some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcend some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcend some
+dyamics but penstein was uncomfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyamics but penstein was uncomfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyamics but penstein was uncomfortable
+he thinks some should transcend black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thinks some should transcend black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thinks some should transcend black
+hole so so he and then based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole so so he and then based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole so so he and then based on the
+second law of the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law of the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law of the black
+hole then he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe so maybe so he wrote actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so maybe so he wrote actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so maybe so he wrote actually a
+series papers a few papers actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series papers a few papers actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series papers a few papers actually I
+don't remember he say may if we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember he say may if we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember he say may if we think
+black hole has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole has
+entropy proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+area then the second nor Dynamics can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area then the second nor Dynamics can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area then the second nor Dynamics can be
+saved because this area level decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved because this area level decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved because this area level decrease
+and if it throw something into a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it throw something into a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it throw something into a black
+hole even though that's the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole even though that's the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole even though that's the entropy
+associate with that guy is lost but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with that guy is lost but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with that guy is lost but the
+area also increased the area also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area also increased the area also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area also increased the area also
+increased and then you can save the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased and then you can save the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased and then you can save the
+second nor Dynamics then he actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second nor Dynamics then he actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second nor Dynamics then he actually
+proposed the generalized second nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed the generalized second nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed the generalized second nor
+Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mi so he propos a gen General second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mi so he propos a gen General second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mi so he propos a gen General second
+know he said he said the total if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he said he said the total if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he said he said the total if you
+take the total entropy of the system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the total entropy of the system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the total entropy of the system to
+that of the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of the black
+hole and the matter field outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole and the matter field outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole and the matter field outside the
+black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+hole then then this DS total must be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole then then this DS total must be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole then then this DS total must be a
+long non decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long non decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long non decreasing
+okay of course now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accept if we take this lip of face to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept if we take this lip of face to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept if we take this lip of face to
+really think black as a su object then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think black as a su object then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think black as a su object then
+of course this this generalized second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this this generalized second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this this generalized second
+has to be true because it's a some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be true because it's a some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be true because it's a some some
+object but but when bstean proposed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but but when bstean proposed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but but when bstean proposed it
+it was really U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bizarre to say in the last way uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre to say in the last way uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre to say in the last way uh uh uh
+because the it just sounded crazy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the it just sounded crazy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the it just sounded crazy it
+just outright crazy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just outright crazy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just outright crazy because
+the how can black ho have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the how can black ho have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the how can black ho have
+entropy black ho absorb everything it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy black ho absorb everything it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy black ho absorb everything it
+just how can it have enpy and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how can it have enpy and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how can it have enpy and just
+completely was disregarded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely was disregarded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely was disregarded by
+people and was disgarded by people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and was disgarded by people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and was disgarded by people and
+anyway uh uh but but another he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh uh but but another he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh uh but but another he was
+right then then then of course after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then then then of course after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then then then of course after
+Hawkins discovery of the Hawking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawkins discovery of the Hawking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawkins discovery of the Hawking
+radiation then become very natural for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation then become very natural for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation then become very natural for
+the black ho to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black ho to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black ho to have
+entropy and in particular this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula after you determine that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula after you determine that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula after you determine that the
+black hole have this temperature after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole have this temperature after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole have this temperature after
+you fix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fix this
+preactor then you can also just form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preactor then you can also just form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preactor then you can also just form the
+first law just from here just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law just from here just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law just from here just from
+here to fix that uh fix that preactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to fix that uh fix that preactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to fix that uh fix that preactor
+over black so Pakistan could not decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over black so Pakistan could not decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over black so Pakistan could not decide
+uh what's a proportion what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's a proportion what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's a proportion what's a
+proportional constant but once you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional constant but once you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional constant but once you get
+that temperature then this proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that temperature then this proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that temperature then this proportional
+constant just uniquely fixed from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant just uniquely fixed from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant just uniquely fixed from this
+equation so without using even using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so without using even using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so without using even using
+that just just using the first mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just just using the first mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just just using the first mechanics
+immediately can interpret that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately can interpret that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately can interpret that as
+entropy anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it's a postulate it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a postulate it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a postulate it's a
+gas yeah yeah he just postulate if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas yeah yeah he just postulate if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas yeah yeah he just postulate if we
+imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no there's no way to derive it uh he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's no way to derive it uh he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's no way to derive it uh he he
+was just saying if you imagine black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just saying if you imagine black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just saying if you imagine black
+hole has entropy proportion to the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole has entropy proportion to the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole has entropy proportion to the area
+then the second no of thermodynamics can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second no of thermodynamics can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second no of thermodynamics can
+be saved and he wants to save the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be saved and he wants to save the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be saved and he wants to save the second
+no of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no of
+thermodynamics yes so one question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics yes so one question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics yes so one question so
+this makes sense classically in if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes sense classically in if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes sense classically in if I
+have the system with entropy I throw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the system with entropy I throw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the system with entropy I throw it
+into a black hole I mean entropy is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a black hole I mean entropy is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a black hole I mean entropy is like
+ignorance and if I throw ignorance into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorance and if I throw ignorance into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorance and if I throw ignorance into
+the black hole okay well maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black hole okay well maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black hole okay well maybe it
+somehow blackle also becomes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow blackle also becomes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow blackle also becomes more
+ignorant or something but what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorant or something but what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorant or something but what does this
+mean in terms of quantum mechanic when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in terms of quantum mechanic when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in terms of quantum mechanic when I
+have a pure State like I mean for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pure State like I mean for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pure State like I mean for for
+quantum cical mechanics I mean some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum cical mechanics I mean some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum cical mechanics I mean some
+sense the entropy is just like you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the entropy is just like you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the entropy is just like you just
+don't know something about your state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know something about your state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know something about your state
+and it's your fault and it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's your fault and it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's your fault and it's not like
+the black hole should care if it's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black hole should care if it's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black hole should care if it's your
+fault or not or something so so so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault or not or something so so so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault or not or something so so so why
+does this make sense Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this make sense Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this make sense Quantum
+mechanically maybe it does you mean why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically maybe it does you mean why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically maybe it does you mean why
+does black hole have entropy or make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does black hole have entropy or make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does black hole have entropy or make
+sense Quantum mechanically yes it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense Quantum mechanically yes it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense Quantum mechanically yes it's the
+same thing it's the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing it's the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing it's the same thing as
+um this room has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this room has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this room has
+entropy this room we use quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy this room we use quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy this room we use quantum
+statistical physics if you believe black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical physics if you believe black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical physics if you believe black
+hole is ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole is ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole is ordinary
+object only use quantum statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object only use quantum statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object only use quantum statistical
+physics because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics because we're
+ignorant the full state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorant the full state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorant the full state
+of it's it's not NE yeah for black ho we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's it's not NE yeah for black ho we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's it's not NE yeah for black ho we
+are also ignorant okay yeah uh uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also ignorant okay yeah uh uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also ignorant okay yeah uh uh this
+is actually something I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually something I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually something I'm going to talk
+about now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now
+okay any other questions I had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other questions I had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other questions I had some
+okay Discovery so basically I think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Discovery so basically I think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Discovery so basically I think he
+did an IDE experiment so very key think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did an IDE experiment so very key think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did an IDE experiment so very key think
+so one phon possess one unit of entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one phon possess one unit of entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one phon possess one unit of entropy
+and when it enters black hole it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it enters black hole it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it enters black hole it
+increase the energy of black hole which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the energy of black hole which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the energy of black hole which
+increase the mass of black hole which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the mass of black hole which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the mass of black hole which
+increase the Horizon of black hole so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the Horizon of black hole so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the Horizon of black hole so in
+this way you can actually derive the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way you can actually derive the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way you can actually derive the um
+semi qualitatively derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi qualitatively derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi qualitatively derive the
+proportionality no yeah to divide these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality no yeah to divide these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality no yeah to divide these
+precise coefficients it's no I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise coefficients it's no I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise coefficients it's no I don't
+think derived the cin by need to check I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think derived the cin by need to check I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think derived the cin by need to check I
+don't think there's any way to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there's any way to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there's any way to derive
+the uh you can at the most put some um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh you can at the most put some um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh you can at the most put some um
+say put some bound on the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say put some bound on the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say put some bound on the coefficient
+but you cannot derive the coefficient I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you cannot derive the coefficient I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you cannot derive the coefficient I
+think that argument will not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that argument will not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that argument will not be able to
+will not enable you to uh to to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not enable you to uh to to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not enable you to uh to to derive
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient anyway
+um um so let me just mention a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um so let me just mention a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um so let me just mention a few more
+things about black hole just this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about black hole just this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about black hole just this is
+pure um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um just pure um actually running out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just pure um actually running out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just pure um actually running out of
+time so so let me just mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so so let me just mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so so let me just mention
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paddles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paradoxes for the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hole so we have shown that the black ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole so we have shown that the black ho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole so we have shown that the black ho
+is a sum object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just uh uh Jordan just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just uh uh Jordan just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just uh uh Jordan just
+asked but we know the ordinary Som
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked but we know the ordinary Som
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked but we know the ordinary Som
+dyamics has a statistical physics behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyamics has a statistical physics behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyamics has a statistical physics behind
+it okay so the so immediate question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so the so immediate question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so the so immediate question is
+actually does black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does black
+hole entropy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example have a statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example have a statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example have a statistical
+interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a one
+question and and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and and another
+question is said does black cod actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is said does black cod actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is said does black cod actually
+respect quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanics okay that's what I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics okay that's what I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics okay that's what I call
+respect quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect quantum
+mechanics so if black ho enty have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so if black ho enty have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so if black ho enty have a
+statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interpretation then this give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very so if black have a statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very so if black have a statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very so if black have a statistical
+interpretation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so
+a if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+affirmative then implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that each black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hole even though black ho at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole even though black ho at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole even though black ho at a
+microscopic level only characterized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic level only characterized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic level only characterized by
+these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sin but at the but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+microscopically must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have internal state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or maybe I should call it micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to the
+entropy which is the a of the black area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy which is the a of the black area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy which is the a of the black area
+by 4 H by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 4 H by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 4 H by
+G okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so hidden behind this no theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hidden behind this no theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hidden behind this no theorem is
+actually a huge number of micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a huge number of micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a huge number of micro
+States yeah just like the just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States yeah just like the just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States yeah just like the just like the
+air in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air in this
+room even though we describe it using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room even though we describe it using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room even though we describe it using
+temperature pressure and the energy EXC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature pressure and the energy EXC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature pressure and the energy EXC
+but given that microscopic data they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but given that microscopic data they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but given that microscopic data they can
+be huge number of micro States and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be huge number of micro States and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be huge number of micro States and then
+the similar thing should happen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similar thing should happen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similar thing should happen to the
+black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole
+okay and in order to see that the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in order to see that the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in order to see that the black
+ho does have black does have statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho does have black does have statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho does have black does have statistic
+interpretation then you have to find so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation then you have to find so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation then you have to find so
+many states for black ho and in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many states for black ho and in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many states for black ho and in order to
+say answer uh the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say answer uh the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say answer uh the question
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+so so this answer has been so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this answer has been so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this answer has been so this
+question has been answered in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question has been answered in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question has been answered in the
+affirmative for many different type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirmative for many different type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirmative for many different type of
+black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+hes say in stren the and also in anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hes say in stren the and also in anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hes say in stren the and also in anti
+deal space time in anti de space time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal space time in anti de space time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal space time in anti de space time uh
+using stren method or using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using stren method or using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using stren method or using this
+holographic Duality uh we will see uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holographic Duality uh we will see uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holographic Duality uh we will see uh um
+yeah we will see uh examples later we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we will see uh examples later we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we will see uh examples later we'll
+see examples later so so so this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see examples later so so so this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see examples later so so so this really
+confirms that the black ho is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirms that the black ho is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirms that the black ho is a really
+like ordinary Quantum statistical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ordinary Quantum statistical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ordinary Quantum statistical system
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+regarding this question B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding this question B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding this question B
+then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a
+non non time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non non time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non non time
+Paradox so this a has also been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox so this a has also been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox so this a has also been a
+paradox for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox for many
+years and was only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and was only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and was only
+resolved was only I say uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the calculations explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the calculations explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the calculations explicit
+calculations were able to do only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations were able to do only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations were able to do only in
+1996 uh uh uh uh when the string jafa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 uh uh uh uh when the string jafa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 uh uh uh uh when the string jafa
+they did some very special uh super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did some very special uh super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did some very special uh super
+symmetric black hole which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric black hole which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric black hole which they
+counted exactly this number of states uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted exactly this number of states uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted exactly this number of states uh
+they counted exact this number of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they counted exact this number of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they counted exact this number of states
+and but only for very specific type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but only for very specific type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but only for very specific type of
+black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+ho so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho so so
+B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the
+so-called Hawkins information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Paradox you information no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Paradox so I will not have time to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox so I will not have time to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox so I will not have time to go
+into detail here let me just give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into detail here let me just give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into detail here let me just give you a
+very rough version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rough version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rough version of
+it so so so you consider a pure State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so so so you consider a pure State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so so so you consider a pure State
+consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a
+star a big star in the pure state so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star a big star in the pure state so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star a big star in the pure state so we
+know from gr that the sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from gr that the sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from gr that the sufficiently
+massive star will always eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive star will always eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive star will always eventually
+always collapse to form a black ho so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always collapse to form a black ho so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always collapse to form a black ho so if
+you imagine you have a pure star in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine you have a pure star in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine you have a pure star in the
+pure State collapse to form a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure State collapse to form a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure State collapse to form a black
+hole And if quantum mechanics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole And if quantum mechanics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole And if quantum mechanics is
+preserved throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved throughout the
+process then this black hole should also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process then this black hole should also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process then this black hole should also
+be a pure state so that means the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a pure state so that means the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a pure state so that means the black
+ho should be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho should be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho should be just
+one of all those large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of all those large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of all those large number of
+possible States okay it should be a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible States okay it should be a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible States okay it should be a pure
+state but only one of those all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but only one of those all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but only one of those all possible
+States but then Hing had argument that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States but then Hing had argument that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States but then Hing had argument that
+saying this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is
+impossible because if blacko is a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible because if blacko is a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible because if blacko is a pure
+State then when black ho evaporates so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State then when black ho evaporates so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State then when black ho evaporates so
+so the black hole will evaporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the black hole will evaporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the black hole will evaporate
+eventually black hole will be gone uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually black hole will be gone uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually black hole will be gone uh so
+the so the one funny thing about black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so the one funny thing about black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so the one funny thing about black
+ho is that the the temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho is that the the temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho is that the the temperature is
+inverse proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse proportional to the
+mass so when the Black ho is Big then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so when the Black ho is Big then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so when the Black ho is Big then
+the temperature is low then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature is low then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature is low then the
+radiation is slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation is slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation is slow
+but when you start radiate then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you start radiate then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you start radiate then the
+black hole mass will decrease and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole mass will decrease and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole mass will decrease and the
+temperature will be higher then will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature will be higher then will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature will be higher then will
+radiate more so so it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate more so so it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate more so so it will be
+acceleration process and eventually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration process and eventually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration process and eventually uh
+um eventually uh presumably black will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um eventually uh presumably black will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um eventually uh presumably black will
+be gone so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be gone so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be gone so the
+haing so this kind of semi classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haing so this kind of semi classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haing so this kind of semi classical
+argument we are given applies only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument we are given applies only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument we are given applies only for
+say mass of black much greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say mass of black much greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say mass of black much greater than the
+plank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plank
+Mass okay only from much ler than the pl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass okay only from much ler than the pl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass okay only from much ler than the pl
+Mass so so below plank lass what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass so so below plank lass what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass so so below plank lass what what
+happens nobody knows but at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens nobody knows but at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens nobody knows but at least the
+this radiation statement should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this radiation statement should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this radiation statement should be
+robust for the mass much much ner than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust for the mass much much ner than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust for the mass much much ner than
+the plank mass now Hing then say there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plank mass now Hing then say there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plank mass now Hing then say there's
+a paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paradox
+because because according to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because according to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because according to his
+calculation the radiation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation the radiation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation the radiation is
+Thal and we know that the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thal and we know that the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thal and we know that the sum of
+radiation does not contain any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation does not contain any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation does not contain any
+information it cannot contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it cannot contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it cannot contain
+information about those pure States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about those pure States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about those pure States
+because th radiation just information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because th radiation just information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because th radiation just information
+free and uh so so the sum of radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and uh so so the sum of radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and uh so so the sum of radiation
+which come out come out until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which come out come out until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which come out come out until you
+reach say the mass of all the plank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mass until we reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass until we reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass until we reach
+the the mass of P mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the mass of P mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the mass of P mass and
+then before you reach that mass because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then before you reach that mass because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then before you reach that mass because
+the radiation is Thal there can be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation is Thal there can be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation is Thal there can be no
+information can come out okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information can come out okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information can come out okay
+and when you reach that plank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you reach that plank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you reach that plank
+Mass it just become impossible for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass it just become impossible for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass it just become impossible for for
+such a huge amount of internal state to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a huge amount of internal state to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a huge amount of internal state to
+be encoded in the plank Mass object okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be encoded in the plank Mass object okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be encoded in the plank Mass object okay
+so he concluded that the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he concluded that the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he concluded that the uh uh
+information must be lost and the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information must be lost and the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information must be lost and the black
+ho must violate quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho must violate quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho must violate quantum
+mechanics so this is a very uh her istic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so this is a very uh her istic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so this is a very uh her istic
+argument but highly suggest if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument but highly suggest if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument but highly suggest if you are
+interested to go read his original paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested to go read his original paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested to go read his original paper
+which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very
+beautiful because he was really trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful because he was really trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful because he was really trying
+to think of black ho as a ordinary Quant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of black ho as a ordinary Quant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of black ho as a ordinary Quant
+mechanical object and the way he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical object and the way he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical object and the way he was
+thinking about it is really uh very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it is really uh very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it is really uh very very
+nice and actually it's not very not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and actually it's not very not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and actually it's not very not very
+different from we are thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from we are thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from we are thinking about
+black ho right now from the holographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black ho right now from the holographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black ho right now from the holographic
+Duality uh uh he was really thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality uh uh he was really thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality uh uh he was really thinking
+that a Quantom mechanic object but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a Quantom mechanic object but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a Quantom mechanic object but he
+reached but then he reached this Paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached but then he reached this Paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached but then he reached this Paradox
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+um so this Paradox has bothered people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this Paradox has bothered people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this Paradox has bothered people
+for more than 30 years so he proposed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than 30 years so he proposed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than 30 years so he proposed so
+he's discovered hooking radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's discovered hooking radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's discovered hooking radiation
+1974 I think he proposed this Paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1974 I think he proposed this Paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1974 I think he proposed this Paradox
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+1976 so um yeah for more than 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 so um yeah for more than 30 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 so um yeah for more than 30 years
+people will argue with each other what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will argue with each other what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will argue with each other what
+is going to happen it's typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen it's typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen it's typically
+divides into two camps so so the gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides into two camps so so the gr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides into two camps so so the gr
+people oh they think blacko is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people oh they think blacko is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people oh they think blacko is
+everything a Quantum mechanic is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything a Quantum mechanic is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything a Quantum mechanic is nothing
+and uh and the black ho must be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and the black ho must be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and the black ho must be able to
+violate quantum mechanics and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate quantum mechanics and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate quantum mechanics and uh and
+will bring us to a new frontier we never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bring us to a new frontier we never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bring us to a new frontier we never
+see before and the particle Fe people oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see before and the particle Fe people oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see before and the particle Fe people oh
+saying a black go ow we can even create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying a black go ow we can even create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying a black go ow we can even create
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+accelerator must uh Master uh um obey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator must uh Master uh um obey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator must uh Master uh um obey
+quantum mechanics so people just argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics so people just argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics so people just argue
+with each other and uh we not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other and uh we not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other and uh we not really
+settling the question in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settling the question in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settling the question in a very
+convincing way to add the camp but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing way to add the camp but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing way to add the camp but I
+think this uh but but this holographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this uh but but this holographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this uh but but this holographic
+Duality once you phrase the black in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality once you phrase the black in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality once you phrase the black in the
+contact holographic duality in the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact holographic duality in the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact holographic duality in the black
+deed space time then can actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deed space time then can actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deed space time then can actually you
+can actually uh rephrase this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually uh rephrase this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually uh rephrase this question
+about the black ho information nors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the black ho information nors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the black ho information nors and
+the holographic Duality strong suggest I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the holographic Duality strong suggest I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the holographic Duality strong suggest I
+think it's maybe not really completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's maybe not really completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's maybe not really completely
+prove it strong suggest at least that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it strong suggest at least that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it strong suggest at least that
+the black is just ordinary quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black is just ordinary quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black is just ordinary quantum
+mechanical object uh we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical object uh we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical object uh we are not
+um yeah we are not uh um transcend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah we are not uh um transcend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah we are not uh um transcend the
+quantum mechanics we're not trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics we're not trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics we're not trans
+transcend the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcend the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcend the quantum
+mechanics yeah I'm really out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics yeah I'm really out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics yeah I'm really out of time
+yes so you said the star is in a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so you said the star is in a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so you said the star is in a pure
+state but like how can that be because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but like how can that be because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but like how can that be because
+it has a tempure and it's also a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a tempure and it's also a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a tempure and it's also a thermal
+system so how can you put it in a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so how can you put it in a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so how can you put it in a pure
+State no black ho does not have to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State no black ho does not have to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State no black ho does not have to be in
+the thermal state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no I can certainly imagine a star which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I can certainly imagine a star which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I can certainly imagine a star which
+is in a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a pure
+state in real life maybe it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in real life maybe it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in real life maybe it's hard to
+construct them but on the paper I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it in principle so so uh how many atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in principle so so uh how many atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in principle so so uh how many atoms
+in the star I don't know maybe 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the star I don't know maybe 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the star I don't know maybe 10 to the
+100 let's imagine there's 10 to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 let's imagine there's 10 to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 let's imagine there's 10 to 100
+atoms but it's radiating all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms but it's radiating all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms but it's radiating all the time
+though doesn't that tingle it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though doesn't that tingle it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though doesn't that tingle it with
+things and make not pure don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and make not pure don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and make not pure don't worry
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+worry I can certainly write down a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry I can certainly write down a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry I can certainly write down a wave
+function for 10 to the 100 particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for 10 to the 100 particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for 10 to the 100 particles
+which is in the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the pure
+State and this will be a big object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and this will be a big object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and this will be a big object and
+according to the rule of gr this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the rule of gr this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the rule of gr this thing
+will collapse to form a black hole what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will collapse to form a black hole what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will collapse to form a black hole what
+about the light that it's emitting which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the light that it's emitting which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the light that it's emitting which
+it has no there's no light no no no we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no there's no light no no no we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no there's no light no no no we
+we work with zero temperature just pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we work with zero temperature just pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we work with zero temperature just pure
+State there's nothing yeah there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State there's nothing yeah there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State there's nothing yeah there's
+nothing no temperature zero temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing no temperature zero temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing no temperature zero temperature
+yeah in principle I can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in principle I can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in principle I can do that
+the case is in that in that case will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case is in that in that case will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case is in that in that case will
+the black have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature yeah the black hole will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature yeah the black hole will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature yeah the black hole will
+have the Hing temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the black hole will have Hing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the black hole will have Hing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the black hole will have Hing
+temperature will have a seemingly have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature will have a seemingly have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature will have a seemingly have
+entropy but will be a pure state so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy but will be a pure state so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy but will be a pure state so this
+is the essence of the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the essence of the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the essence of the information
+Paradox okay so this is the essence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox okay so this is the essence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox okay so this is the essence of
+information Paradox and we will be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Paradox and we will be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Paradox and we will be able
+to explain it why this is so using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain it why this is so using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain it why this is so using the
+holographic Duality um so as the star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holographic Duality um so as the star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holographic Duality um so as the star
+collapses it gains a nonzero temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapses it gains a nonzero temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapses it gains a nonzero temperature
+it starts at zero temperature and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts at zero temperature and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts at zero temperature and then
+collaps com yeah you can yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaps com yeah you can yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaps com yeah you can yeah it's
+seemingly have a long zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly have a long zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly have a long zero
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+yeah yeah uh uh maybe let stop here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/i1tUBZLWD3o.txt b/i1tUBZLWD3o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9778a77bd3e25658983552e415d84b02a2645d72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/i1tUBZLWD3o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+Here's another approach to improving the latency
+of our adder, this time focusing just on the
+
+carry logic.
+
+Early on in the course, we learned that by
+going from a chain of logic gates to a tree
+
+of logic gates, we could go from a linear
+latency to a logarithmic latency.
+
+Let's try to do that here.
+
+We'll start by rewriting the equations for
+the carry-out from the full adder module.
+
+The final form of the rewritten equation has
+two terms.
+
+The G, or generate, term is true when the
+inputs will cause the module to generate a
+
+carry-out right away, without having to wait
+for the carry-in to arrive.
+
+The P, or propagate, term is true if the module
+will generate a carry-out only if there's
+
+a carry-in.
+
+So there only two ways to get a carry-out
+from the module: it's either generated by
+
+the current module or the carry-in is propagated
+from the previous module.
+
+Actually, it's usual to change the logic for
+the P term from "A OR B" to "A XOR B".
+
+This doesn't change the truth table for the
+carry-out but will allow us to express the
+
+sum output as "P XOR carry-in".
+
+Here's the schematic for the reorganized full
+adder module.
+
+The little sum-of-products circuit for the
+carry-out can be implemented using 3 2-input
+
+NAND gates, which is a bit more compact than
+the implementation for the three product terms
+
+we suggested in Lab 2.
+
+Time to update your full adder circuit!
+
+Now consider two adjacent adder modules in
+a larger adder circuit:
+
+we'll use the label H to refer to the high-order
+module and the label L to refer to the low-order
+
+module.
+
+We can use the generate and propagate information
+from each of the modules to develop equations
+
+for the carry-out from the pair of modules
+treated as a single block.
+
+We'll generate a carry-out from the block
+when a carry-out is generated by the H module,
+
+or when a carry-out is generated by the L
+module and propagated by the H module.
+
+And we'll propagate the carry-in through the
+block only if the L module propagates its
+
+carry-in to the intermediate carry-out and
+H module propagates that to the final carry-out.
+
+So we have two simple equations requiring
+only a couple of logic gates to implement.
+
+Let's use these equations to build a generate-propagate
+(GP) module and hook it to the H and L modules
+
+as shown.
+
+The G and P outputs of the GP module tell
+us under what conditions we'll get a carry-out
+
+from the two individual modules treated as
+a single, larger block.
+
+We can use additional layers of GP modules
+to build a tree of logic that computes the
+
+generate and propagate logic for adders with
+any number of inputs.
+
+For an adder with N inputs, the tree will
+contain a total of N-1 GP modules and have
+
+a latency that's order log(N).
+
+In the next step, we'll see how to use the
+generate and propagate information to quickly
+
+compute the carry-in for each of the original
+full adder modules.
+
+Once we're given the carry-in C_0 for the
+low-order bit, we can hierarchically compute
+
+the carry-in for each full adder module.
+
+Given the carry-in to a block of adders, we
+simply pass it along as the carry-in to the
+
+low-half of the block.
+
+The carry-in for the high-half of the block
+is computed the using the generate and propagate
+
+information from the low-half of the block.
+
+We can use these equations to build a C module
+and arrange the C modules in a tree as shown
+
+to use the C_0 carry-in to hierarchically
+compute the carry-in to each layer of successively
+
+smaller blocks, until we finally reach the
+full adder modules.
+
+For example, these equations show how C4 is
+computed from C0, and C6 is computed from
+
+C4.
+
+Again the total propagation delay from the
+arrival of the C_0 input to the carry-ins
+
+for each full adder is order log(N).
+
+Notice that the G_L and P_L inputs to a particular
+C module are the same as two of the inputs
+
+to the GP module in the same position in the
+GP tree.
+
+We can combine the GP module and C module
+to form a single carry-lookahead module that
+
+passes generate and propagate information
+up the tree and carry-in information down
+
+the tree.
+
+The schematic at the top shows how to wire
+up the tree of carry-lookahead modules.
+
+And now we get to the payoff for all this
+hard work!
+
+The combined propagation delay to hierarchically
+compute the generate and propagate information
+
+on the way up and the carry-in information
+on the way down is order log(N),
+
+which is then the latency for the entire adder
+since computing the sum outputs only takes
+
+one additional XOR delay.
+
+This is a considerable improvement over the
+order N latency of the ripple-carry adder.
+
+A final design note: we no longer need the
+carry-out circuitry in the full adder module,
+
+so it can be removed.
+
+Variations on this generate-propagate strategy
+form the basis for the fastest-known adder
+
+circuits.
+
+If you'd like to learn more, look up "Kogge-Stone
+adders" on Wikipedia.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iUF135CGTeI.txt b/iUF135CGTeI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3310f2c1e0c0afe7a87981475620598cd34e4257
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iUF135CGTeI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1834 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video let us look at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video let us look at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video let us look at a certain
+quantity of interest that has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity of interest that has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity of interest that has to do with
+absorbing states now that we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing states now that we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing states now that we know how to
+calculate the probability of getting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the probability of getting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the probability of getting to
+a given absorbing state we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given absorbing state we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given absorbing state we would like to
+know how long it would take to get to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how long it would take to get to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how long it would take to get to it
+let us first deal with that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us first deal with that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us first deal with that question
+when we have only one absorbing state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have only one absorbing state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have only one absorbing state
+let us consider the following Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us consider the following Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us consider the following Markov
+chain which is a little simpler than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain which is a little simpler than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain which is a little simpler than the
+one that we had in the previous video we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we had in the previous video we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we had in the previous video we
+have transient State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have transient State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have transient State
+1 2 & 3 are transient State and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 & 3 are transient State and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 & 3 are transient State and we have
+one recurrent State for and that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one recurrent State for and that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one recurrent State for and that way
+current state 4 is an absorbing State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current state 4 is an absorbing State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current state 4 is an absorbing State
+because once you get to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once you get to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once you get to it
+you stay there forever so in this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stay there forever so in this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stay there forever so in this simple
+example the absorption probability to 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the absorption probability to 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the absorption probability to 4
+is trivially 1 no matter where you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trivially 1 no matter where you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trivially 1 no matter where you start
+with priority 1 you're guaranteed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with priority 1 you're guaranteed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with priority 1 you're guaranteed that
+eventually you will reach 4 but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you will reach 4 but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you will reach 4 but the
+question of interest is to know how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of interest is to know how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of interest is to know how long
+would it take to get to 4 in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it take to get to 4 in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it take to get to 4 in other words
+how many transition will you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many transition will you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many transition will you have to do
+until you reach for of course we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you reach for of course we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you reach for of course we don't
+know it is a random variable in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it is a random variable in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it is a random variable in fact
+it's more than one random variable it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more than one random variable it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more than one random variable it
+will depend probably on where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will depend probably on where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will depend probably on where you
+started starting from to one of three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started starting from to one of three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started starting from to one of three or
+four would lead to different random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four would lead to different random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four would lead to different random
+variables we are going to be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we are going to be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we are going to be interested
+in looking at their expectation or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in looking at their expectation or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in looking at their expectation or the
+expected value of these random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of these random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of these random variables
+more precisely let us define exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precisely let us define exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precisely let us define exactly
+what we want to do which is to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do which is to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do which is to find the
+expected number of transition that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of transition that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of transition that we're
+going to call mu of I until reaching 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call mu of I until reaching 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call mu of I until reaching 4
+which is our absorbing state given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our absorbing state given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our absorbing state given that
+the initial state is i1 of these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial state is i1 of these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial state is i1 of these four
+states first as a warm-up let's do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states first as a warm-up let's do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states first as a warm-up let's do some
+quick calculation if you didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick calculation if you didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick calculation if you didn't have
+this part here and instead we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part here and instead we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part here and instead we were
+looking just at this portion here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking just at this portion here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking just at this portion here and
+make this one disappear like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this one disappear like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this one disappear like this and
+replace it by a loop of probability zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it by a loop of probability zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it by a loop of probability zero
+point eight so now if you start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eight so now if you start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eight so now if you start from
+state two with priority zero point two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state two with priority zero point two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state two with priority zero point two
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+we'll go to four or with rarities 0.8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go to four or with rarities 0.8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go to four or with rarities 0.8
+you will remain in two and now you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will remain in two and now you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will remain in two and now you ask
+yourself what is the number of trials do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself what is the number of trials do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself what is the number of trials do
+you have to do until you reach four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do until you reach four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do until you reach four
+well we know what it is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know what it is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know what it is this is a
+geometric random variable with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric random variable with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric random variable with the
+priority of success which is the success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority of success which is the success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority of success which is the success
+being going to four of zero point two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being going to four of zero point two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being going to four of zero point two so
+the expected number of trial starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected number of trial starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected number of trial starting
+from two that you will have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two that you will have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two that you will have to go
+through until you reach 4 will be 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through until you reach 4 will be 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through until you reach 4 will be 1 over
+this probability so 1 over 0 point 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability so 1 over 0 point 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability so 1 over 0 point 2
+which is 5 now that we have done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 5 now that we have done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 5 now that we have done this
+quick calculation it should be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick calculation it should be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick calculation it should be clear
+that if we go back to the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we go back to the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we go back to the previous
+Markov chain that we had here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain that we had here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain that we had here the
+expected time mu 2 would probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected time mu 2 would probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected time mu 2 would probably be
+bigger than 5 since from to not only you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 5 since from to not only you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 5 since from to not only you
+have the priority of going to 4 but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the priority of going to 4 but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the priority of going to 4 but you
+might have some chance of travelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have some chance of travelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have some chance of travelling
+there so probably the number of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so probably the number of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so probably the number of time
+until you reach for will be bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you reach for will be bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you reach for will be bigger than
+5 let us see well first of all if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 let us see well first of all if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 let us see well first of all if you
+start at 4 the expected number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at 4 the expected number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at 4 the expected number
+transition until reaching for will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition until reaching for will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition until reaching for will
+obviously be 0 so here 4 equals 4 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously be 0 so here 4 equals 4 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously be 0 so here 4 equals 4 you
+indeed get 0 what about for the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed get 0 what about for the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed get 0 what about for the others
+well again this is what we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again this is what we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again this is what we would like to
+calculate how we're going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how we're going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how we're going to do that
+well the argument is going to be of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the argument is going to be of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the argument is going to be of the
+same nature as the one that we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same nature as the one that we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same nature as the one that we used
+before we are going to think in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we are going to think in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we are going to think in terms of
+tree and consider possible options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and consider possible options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and consider possible options
+starting from a given state so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from a given state so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from a given state so let's do
+this calculation from 2 so you are 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation from 2 so you are 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation from 2 so you are 2 and
+we're gonna build that tree here so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna build that tree here so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna build that tree here so you
+are in state 2 what could happen next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in state 2 what could happen next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in state 2 what could happen next
+well you can either transition to 4 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can either transition to 4 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can either transition to 4 with
+the priority 0.2 or with a priority 0.8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the priority 0.2 or with a priority 0.8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the priority 0.2 or with a priority 0.8
+you end up in one and you have done one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up in one and you have done one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up in one and you have done one
+transition here right so plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition here right so plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition here right so plus one
+transition so you are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so you are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so you are interested in
+calculating mewtwo after one transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating mewtwo after one transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating mewtwo after one transition
+you either end up in 4 in that case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you either end up in 4 in that case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you either end up in 4 in that case you
+stop you're done right in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop you're done right in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop you're done right in other words
+resulting value here would be mu for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting value here would be mu for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting value here would be mu for
+which we know is zero or you are in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know is zero or you are in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know is zero or you are in one
+and now given that you are in one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now given that you are in one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now given that you are in one you
+want to find the expected number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find the expected number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find the expected number of
+transition until reaching for which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition until reaching for which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition until reaching for which is
+exactly defined here so here what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly defined here so here what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly defined here so here what you
+have is mu1 and now you can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is mu1 and now you can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is mu1 and now you can use the
+troll expectation theorem to put all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troll expectation theorem to put all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troll expectation theorem to put all
+these things together which what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things together which what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things together which what it
+means is that mu 2 will be 1 you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that mu 2 will be 1 you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that mu 2 will be 1 you have
+one transition and then after you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transition and then after you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transition and then after you do
+that transition with protease you point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transition with protease you point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transition with protease you point
+to you know that you're going to be in 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know that you're going to be in 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know that you're going to be in 4
+and the expected value then will be mu 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the expected value then will be mu 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the expected value then will be mu 4
+plus 0.8 which is the priority that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0.8 which is the priority that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0.8 which is the priority that you
+end up in state 1 and conditioned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up in state 1 and conditioned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up in state 1 and conditioned on
+that the remaining expected iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the remaining expected iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the remaining expected iterations
+until reaching 4 will be mu 1 this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until reaching 4 will be mu 1 this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until reaching 4 will be mu 1 this one
+is of course 0-3 what you end up is is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course 0-3 what you end up is is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course 0-3 what you end up is is 1
+plus 0 point 8 mu 1 so you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0 point 8 mu 1 so you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0 point 8 mu 1 so you get a
+relation between mu-2 and mu-1 now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between mu-2 and mu-1 now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between mu-2 and mu-1 now you
+can do the same thing if you start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the same thing if you start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the same thing if you start from
+1 or start from 3 so let's do it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 or start from 3 so let's do it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 or start from 3 so let's do it again
+from 1 so you're interested in one after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 so you're interested in one after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 so you're interested in one after
+one transition so plus 1 what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transition so plus 1 what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transition so plus 1 what happened
+well with the probability is 0.6 you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with the probability is 0.6 you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with the probability is 0.6 you end
+up in two and whether it is 0.4 you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in two and whether it is 0.4 you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in two and whether it is 0.4 you end
+up in 3 and from 3 if you start in state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in 3 and from 3 if you start in state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in 3 and from 3 if you start in state
+3 after one transition what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 after one transition what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 after one transition what happened
+well with the probability is 0.5 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with the probability is 0.5 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with the probability is 0.5 you
+would end up in state 1 and then the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would end up in state 1 and then the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would end up in state 1 and then the X
+number expected number transition from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number expected number transition from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number expected number transition from
+state 1 and you're reaching for it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 and you're reaching for it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 and you're reaching for it will
+be mu 1 all without is 0.5 you end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mu 1 all without is 0.5 you end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mu 1 all without is 0.5 you end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again here if you look at these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again here if you look at these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again here if you look at these three
+here this is a system of three equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a system of three equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a system of three equations
+three linear equations with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three linear equations with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three linear equations with three
+unknown and it has a unique solution I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and it has a unique solution I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and it has a unique solution I
+will let you do the calculation let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will let you do the calculation let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will let you do the calculation let me
+give you the result what you obtain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the result what you obtain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the result what you obtain is
+mu1 will be 110 over 8 and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 will be 110 over 8 and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 will be 110 over 8 and the reason
+I'm writing it this way so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing it this way so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing it this way so that we can
+compare them mewtwo will be 96 over 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare them mewtwo will be 96 over 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare them mewtwo will be 96 over 8
+which is 12 and mu3 is 111 over 8 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 12 and mu3 is 111 over 8 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 12 and mu3 is 111 over 8 so
+here again a quick sanity check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again a quick sanity check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again a quick sanity check the
+number that we get here 12 is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that we get here 12 is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that we get here 12 is indeed
+bigger than the 5 that we have obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the 5 that we have obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the 5 that we have obtained
+when we restricted ourselves to this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we restricted ourselves to this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we restricted ourselves to this set
+so we do have mu2 greater than 5 now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do have mu2 greater than 5 now as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do have mu2 greater than 5 now as
+the relative value between mu1 mu2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative value between mu1 mu2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative value between mu1 mu2 and
+mu3 it's sort of make sense mu2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu3 it's sort of make sense mu2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu3 it's sort of make sense mu2 the
+state 2 is the one closest to 4 is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 2 is the one closest to 4 is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 2 is the one closest to 4 is 1
+actually link to 4 so in some sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually link to 4 so in some sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually link to 4 so in some sense the
+expected number of transition to reach 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of transition to reach 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of transition to reach 4
+will always be the smallest one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be the smallest one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be the smallest one because
+starting from the other states you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the other states you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the other states you will
+have to go to 2 before going to 4 and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go to 2 before going to 4 and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go to 2 before going to 4 and in
+general if you have a general Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general if you have a general Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general if you have a general Markov
+chain with transient state and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain with transient state and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain with transient state and 1
+absorbing state and you are asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing state and you are asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing state and you are asking
+yourself what is the expected time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself what is the expected time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself what is the expected time to
+absorption to that unique absorbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption to that unique absorbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption to that unique absorbing
+state it will be the unique solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it will be the unique solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it will be the unique solution
+from the system of equation given here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the system of equation given here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the system of equation given here
+where the pIJ are the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the pIJ are the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the pIJ are the transition
+probabilities of your markov chain now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of your markov chain now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of your markov chain now
+we have seen how to solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen how to solve this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen how to solve this problem
+when we have one unique absorbing state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have one unique absorbing state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have one unique absorbing state
+what happen if you have more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happen if you have more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happen if you have more than one
+absorbing state like for example in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing state like for example in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing state like for example in this
+case well first of all a quick note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case well first of all a quick note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case well first of all a quick note
+you realize here that you have 1 2 & 3 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize here that you have 1 2 & 3 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize here that you have 1 2 & 3 3
+transient States and indeed here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient States and indeed here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient States and indeed here you
+have 4 as an absorbing state it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 4 as an absorbing state it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 4 as an absorbing state it's a
+recurrent State and once you get to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent State and once you get to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent State and once you get to it
+you get you stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you stay
+forever and five is also a recurrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and five is also a recurrent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and five is also a recurrent
+State and once you get to five you stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and once you get to five you stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and once you get to five you stay
+there forever right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there forever right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there forever right
+so four and five are both absorbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so four and five are both absorbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so four and five are both absorbing
+states and in a previous video we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and in a previous video we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and in a previous video we had
+seen how to calculate the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen how to calculate the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen how to calculate the probability of
+adding up in four as opposed to ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up in four as opposed to ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up in four as opposed to ending
+up in five what we know is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in five what we know is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in five what we know is that the
+priority of ending up in four plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority of ending up in four plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority of ending up in four plus the
+virtue of ending up in five will be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtue of ending up in five will be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtue of ending up in five will be one
+but since the priority of adding up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since the priority of adding up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since the priority of adding up in
+four is not one trying to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is not one trying to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is not one trying to find the
+expected number of steps until you reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of steps until you reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of steps until you reach
+for specifically does not make much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for specifically does not make much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for specifically does not make much
+sense that expectation of that random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that expectation of that random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that expectation of that random
+variable is a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is a random variable
+but that expectation will be infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that expectation will be infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that expectation will be infinity
+why because there is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because there is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because there is a positive
+probability that you will end up in five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you will end up in five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you will end up in five
+and if you add up in five once you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you add up in five once you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you add up in five once you get
+there the number of steps to go to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the number of steps to go to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the number of steps to go to four
+well the infinity so it makes more sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the infinity so it makes more sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the infinity so it makes more sense
+to think about what is the expected time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what is the expected time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what is the expected time
+to any absorbing state so to either four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any absorbing state so to either four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any absorbing state so to either four
+or five now if you are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five now if you are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five now if you are interested in
+that quantity one trick in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantity one trick in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantity one trick in order to
+solve that problem using the technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that problem using the technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that problem using the technique
+that we have seen so far is to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have seen so far is to combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have seen so far is to combine
+four and five into one mega state call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and five into one mega state call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and five into one mega state call
+it whatever six right and six is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it whatever six right and six is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it whatever six right and six is a
+combination of four and five it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of four and five it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of four and five it's a big
+absorbing state and once you're in six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing state and once you're in six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing state and once you're in six
+you stay in six and now you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stay in six and now you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stay in six and now you just have to
+define exactly what is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define exactly what is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define exactly what is the probability
+of transition from one two and three to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transition from one two and three to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transition from one two and three to
+that mega state well here from two you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mega state well here from two you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mega state well here from two you
+had originally two arcs you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had originally two arcs you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had originally two arcs you're gonna
+combine these two into one arc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these two into one arc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these two into one arc and
+you're gonna sum this probability so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna sum this probability so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna sum this probability so you
+had zero point three and zero point two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had zero point three and zero point two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had zero point three and zero point two
+you put on here 0.5 and on this arc you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put on here 0.5 and on this arc you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put on here 0.5 and on this arc you
+had only one arc so you maintain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had only one arc so you maintain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had only one arc so you maintain that
+arc and you have that probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc and you have that probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc and you have that probability that
+you had which was I believe 0.32 now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had which was I believe 0.32 now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had which was I believe 0.32 now you
+go back if you look at the situation now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back if you look at the situation now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back if you look at the situation now
+it's very close to the one that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very close to the one that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very close to the one that we had
+here all right see if these four that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right see if these four that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right see if these four that
+you have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have here
+hd6 now of course you have another arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hd6 now of course you have another arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hd6 now of course you have another arc
+here like that but that's fine you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like that but that's fine you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like that but that's fine you can
+still add the arc here and put it at 0.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still add the arc here and put it at 0.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still add the arc here and put it at 0.2
+and then you reduce this one to 0.3 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you reduce this one to 0.3 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you reduce this one to 0.3 to
+make it square and here but the idea on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it square and here but the idea on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it square and here but the idea on
+how to solve that is identical to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve that is identical to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve that is identical to this
+one you would have to change a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you would have to change a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you would have to change a little
+bit of this but this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of this but this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of this but this is the same
+technique so Indian we have seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique so Indian we have seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique so Indian we have seen a
+technique to find the expected time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to find the expected time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to find the expected time to
+absorptions whenever you have absorbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorptions whenever you have absorbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorptions whenever you have absorbing
+states in an even Markov chain
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jOBBwI4CYjM.txt b/jOBBwI4CYjM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ed4b9ca73f0fccef9a36b16adfa8ce30553c35d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jOBBwI4CYjM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi everyone welcome back so today I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone welcome back so today I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone welcome back so today I'd
+like to tackle a problem on Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to tackle a problem on Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to tackle a problem on Direction
+Fields so given a differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields so given a differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields so given a differential equation
+Y Prime equal y / x^2 + y^2 we're asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y Prime equal y / x^2 + y^2 we're asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y Prime equal y / x^2 + y^2 we're asked
+to First sketch the direction field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to First sketch the direction field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to First sketch the direction field and
+then secondly uh given the curve uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then secondly uh given the curve uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then secondly uh given the curve uh that
+goes through y0 equal to one we're asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through y0 equal to one we're asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through y0 equal to one we're asked
+uh several questions about it why is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh several questions about it why is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh several questions about it why is y
+ofx greater than Z for X greater than Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx greater than Z for X greater than Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx greater than Z for X greater than Z
+and then why is y ofx decreasing for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then why is y ofx decreasing for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then why is y ofx decreasing for X
+greater than Z so I'll let you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than Z so I'll let you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than Z so I'll let you think
+about this for a moment and I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back hi everyone welcome back okay so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back hi everyone welcome back okay so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back hi everyone welcome back okay so to
+start off this problem we're asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off this problem we're asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off this problem we're asked to
+sketch the direction field now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch the direction field now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch the direction field now when
+asked to sketch a direction field the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to sketch a direction field the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to sketch a direction field the
+first thing to do is to look at a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing to do is to look at a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing to do is to look at a couple
+isoclines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is an
+isocline well it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isocline well it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isocline well it's a
+curve where the derivative y Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve where the derivative y Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve where the derivative y Prime is
+equal to M which is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant so what are the isoclines for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so what are the isoclines for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so what are the isoclines for
+this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation well it would be minus y / x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation well it would be minus y / x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation well it would be minus y / x^2
++ y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals m now of particular interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals m now of particular interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals m now of particular interest
+there's a very special isocline which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very special isocline which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very special isocline which is
+usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the
+easiest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot and that's a nullcline and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and that's a nullcline and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and that's a nullcline and this is
+just the special case where m is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the special case where m is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the special case where m is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+zero so what's the nullcline for this OD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so what's the nullcline for this OD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so what's the nullcline for this OD
+well when m is equal to zero the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when m is equal to zero the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when m is equal to zero the only
+way that uh y Prime can be zero is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that uh y Prime can be zero is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that uh y Prime can be zero is when
+Y is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the no cine for this OD is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the no cine for this OD is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the no cine for this OD is y
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+0 now for more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 now for more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 now for more General
+isoclines we're left with this relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoclines we're left with this relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoclines we're left with this relation
+between X and Y and we can massage this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X and Y and we can massage this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X and Y and we can massage this
+expression to see exactly what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression to see exactly what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression to see exactly what the
+isoclines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are so specifically I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so specifically I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so specifically I'm going to
+multiply through by X + y^2 and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply through by X + y^2 and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply through by X + y^2 and I'm
+going to divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to divide by
+m and we see that we have a quadratic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and we see that we have a quadratic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and we see that we have a quadratic in
+X and Y and we have one linear term so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y and we have one linear term so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y and we have one linear term so
+whenever we have a relation like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we have a relation like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we have a relation like this
+and we want to understand what it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to understand what it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to understand what it looks
+like typically the approach is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like typically the approach is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like typically the approach is just to
+complete the square so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the square so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the square so I'm going to
+bring the 1/ m y to the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the 1/ m y to the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the 1/ m y to the other side of
+the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm going to combine it with y^ squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to combine it with y^ squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to combine it with y^ squ
+to complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square and when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this we obtain the following equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we obtain the following equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we obtain the following equation
+and we recognize this equation as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we recognize this equation as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we recognize this equation as the
+equation for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circle specifically it's a circle that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle specifically it's a circle that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle specifically it's a circle that's
+centered at x equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at x equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at x equal to
+0 and Y is equal to- 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and in
+addition the circle has a radius R 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition the circle has a radius R 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition the circle has a radius R 2 is
+equal to 1 4 m^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 which means its radius is 1 over 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which means its radius is 1 over 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which means its radius is 1 over 2 *
+the absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M okay so why don't we take a look and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay so why don't we take a look and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay so why don't we take a look and
+plot a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lines okay so as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines okay so as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines okay so as I mentioned
+before typically the first isocline that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before typically the first isocline that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before typically the first isocline that
+we should plot is the nullcline which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should plot is the nullcline which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should plot is the nullcline which is
+m is equal to Z and we know that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is equal to Z and we know that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is equal to Z and we know that this is
+y is equal to Zer so all along the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is equal to Zer so all along the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is equal to Zer so all along the line
+Y is equal to Z I'm just going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is equal to Z I'm just going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is equal to Z I'm just going to draw
+dashes that correspond to a slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashes that correspond to a slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashes that correspond to a slope
+of Y is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y is equal to
+zero for the other isoclines we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for the other isoclines we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for the other isoclines we just
+have to pick some values of M and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pick some values of M and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pick some values of M and start
+plotting so I'll take uh the value m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting so I'll take uh the value m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting so I'll take uh the value m is
+equal to1 and when m is equal to1 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to1 and when m is equal to1 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to1 and when m is equal to1 we
+have a circle which is centered at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a circle which is centered at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a circle which is centered at zero
+and 1/2 with radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1/2 okay so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+12 here's one and at every point along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 here's one and at every point along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 here's one and at every point along
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+circle we just draw a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slope of negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of negative
+1 so at every point along this curve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so at every point along this curve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so at every point along this curve the
+solution has slope negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution has slope negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution has slope negative
+1 now in addition we can also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 now in addition we can also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 now in addition we can also get
+another Circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is centered at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative2 and this corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative2 and this corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative2 and this corresponds to the
+isocline of m is equal to+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and every point on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and every point on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and every point on this
+circle has slope plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one those should all be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one those should all be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one those should all be the
+same okay and now we can pick some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay and now we can pick some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay and now we can pick some other
+values of M so for example m is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of M so for example m is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of M so for example m is equal to
+2 if if m is equal to 2 then we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 if if m is equal to 2 then we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 if if m is equal to 2 then we have a
+circle which is centered at /4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle which is centered at /4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle which is centered at /4 and
+radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1/4 so it might look something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 so it might look something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 so it might look something like
+this and M is equal to -2 might look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and M is equal to -2 might look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and M is equal to -2 might look
+something like this so this is m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this so this is m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this so this is m is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+-2 this is m is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 this is m is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 this is m is equal to
+2 and the slope on this curve is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and the slope on this curve is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and the slope on this curve is going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+steeper it's going to be -2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the same goes for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same goes for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same goes for this
+circle and then lastly I can draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and then lastly I can draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and then lastly I can draw a
+sketch of M is equal to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of M is equal to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of M is equal to three
+3/4 which would go up something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this sorry m is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sorry m is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sorry m is equal to
+3/4 and that would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 and that would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 and that would have a
+slightly weaker slope like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so notice how the collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so notice how the collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so notice how the collection of
+isoclines are family of circles that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoclines are family of circles that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoclines are family of circles that all
+are tangent to the origin and in fact if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tangent to the origin and in fact if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tangent to the origin and in fact if
+we think about it the no line the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about it the no line the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about it the no line the m
+equals z line is actually in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z line is actually in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z line is actually in some sense
+a limit Circle where we take the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limit Circle where we take the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limit Circle where we take the radius
+and the center going to Infinity so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the center going to Infinity so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the center going to Infinity so as
+the circles become larger and larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circles become larger and larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circles become larger and larger
+they tend to approach this line Y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to approach this line Y equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to approach this line Y equals
+0 okay so this this concludes part one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 okay so this this concludes part one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 okay so this this concludes part one
+so for part two we're now asked uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for part two we're now asked uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for part two we're now asked uh
+several questions about the the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several questions about the the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several questions about the the curve
+which goes through y0 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes through y0 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes through y0 is equal to
+one so I'll just sketch what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I'll just sketch what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I'll just sketch what this
+solution curve might look like and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution curve might look like and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution curve might look like and it's
+going to start off at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start off at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start off at a
+slope of one of negative 1 and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of one of negative 1 and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of one of negative 1 and then it's
+going to hit these circles which have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hit these circles which have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hit these circles which have a
+steeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeper
+slope and then eventually it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and then eventually it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and then eventually it's it's
+going to go through the circles with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through the circles with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through the circles with the
+steeper slope and come back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeper slope and come back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeper slope and come back to the
+circle that has slope negative one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle that has slope negative one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle that has slope negative one and
+eventually Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually Decay
+outwards so this is what the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards so this is what the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards so this is what the solution
+curve might look like I'm just sketching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve might look like I'm just sketching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve might look like I'm just sketching
+this uh to set up parts uh 2 a and 2 B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh to set up parts uh 2 a and 2 B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh to set up parts uh 2 a and 2 B
+here okay so Y is y of x uh always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so Y is y of x uh always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so Y is y of x uh always
+bigger than uh zero for X greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than uh zero for X greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than uh zero for X greater than
+zero well we see that this solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curve uh stays in the upper half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve uh stays in the upper half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve uh stays in the upper half
+plane and we note that Y is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z which is the nul line is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z which is the nul line is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z which is the nul line is actually a
+very special curve not only is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special curve not only is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special curve not only is it the
+nullcline but is it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nullcline but is it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nullcline but is it's actually a
+solution to the differential equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the differential equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the differential equation so
+if we look back at the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look back at the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look back at the differential
+equation we see that Y is equal to Z has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we see that Y is equal to Z has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we see that Y is equal to Z has
+zero derivative and the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero derivative and the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero derivative and the right hand side
+of the differential equation is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the differential equation is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the differential equation is also
+zero so this is not only a null line but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is not only a null line but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is not only a null line but
+it's a solution to the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a solution to the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a solution to the differential
+equation note that this is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation note that this is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation note that this is extremely
+special in in no way way does every null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special in in no way way does every null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special in in no way way does every null
+cine have to be a solution to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cine have to be a solution to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cine have to be a solution to a
+differential equation but in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation but in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation but in this case
+we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get
+lucky now we know from the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky now we know from the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky now we know from the theory of
+Odes that solution curves can't cross so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Odes that solution curves can't cross so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Odes that solution curves can't cross so
+a solution curve that starts in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution curve that starts in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution curve that starts in the
+upper half plane can't cross another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper half plane can't cross another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper half plane can't cross another
+solution which in this case is the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which in this case is the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which in this case is the y
+equal Z curve hence it must be bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Z curve hence it must be bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Z curve hence it must be bounded
+in the upper half plane for all X bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper half plane for all X bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper half plane for all X bigger
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+zero okay the second part why is y of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay the second part why is y of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay the second part why is y of X
+decreasing for X greater than zero well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing for X greater than zero well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing for X greater than zero well
+what we have to look at so I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have to look at so I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have to look at so I'll just
+write in here part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two we have to look at the sign of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we have to look at the sign of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we have to look at the sign of Y
+Prime now y Prime is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime now y Prime is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime now y Prime is equal to
+Y / x^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y / x^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y / x^2 +
+y^2 so as I've just argued a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 so as I've just argued a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 so as I've just argued a solution
+that starts in the upper half plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts in the upper half plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts in the upper half plane and
+goes through the point Y of0 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through the point Y of0 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through the point Y of0 is equal to
+one stays in the upper half plane for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one stays in the upper half plane for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one stays in the upper half plane for
+all X bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all X bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all X bigger than
+zero what this means is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what this means is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what this means is that the
+solution curve has y bigger than Z for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution curve has y bigger than Z for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution curve has y bigger than Z for
+all X bigger than zero so that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all X bigger than zero so that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all X bigger than zero so that means the
+numerator is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator is always
+positive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the
+denominator is also always positive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is also always positive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is also always positive so
+we have negative a positive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have negative a positive number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have negative a positive number
+divided by a positive number and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by a positive number and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by a positive number and so this
+quantity is always going to be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is always going to be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is always going to be less than
+zero okay so for X bigger than z y Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so for X bigger than z y Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so for X bigger than z y Prime
+is always going to be less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always going to be less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always going to be less than zero
+hence the solution that that starts at y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the solution that that starts at y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the solution that that starts at y
+of 0 is equal to 1 is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 is equal to 1 is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 is equal to 1 is going to
+monotonically Decay it to Y is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonically Decay it to Y is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonically Decay it to Y is equal to
+Z okay so this concludes the problem now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay so this concludes the problem now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay so this concludes the problem now
+just to recap we were given an OD the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to recap we were given an OD the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to recap we were given an OD the
+the standard approach uh when sketching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard approach uh when sketching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard approach uh when sketching
+Direction Fields is to pick a few null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction Fields is to pick a few null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction Fields is to pick a few null
+clients or to pick a few ISO clients uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients or to pick a few ISO clients uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients or to pick a few ISO clients uh
+and specifically pick the null cine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and specifically pick the null cine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and specifically pick the null cine
+sketch the iso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch the iso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch the iso
+clients and then if you're asked to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients and then if you're asked to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients and then if you're asked to uh
+plot any integral curves or solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot any integral curves or solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot any integral curves or solutions to
+the differential equation you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation you just
+simply connect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply connect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply connect the
+dots okay so I'd like to conclude here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots okay so I'd like to conclude here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots okay so I'd like to conclude here
+and I'll see you next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jvpGLVK0tR0.txt b/jvpGLVK0tR0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8857c1d152c7a7a85cd9a018dabedc9e7c203a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jvpGLVK0tR0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,939 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+who wants to take us through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+Lambert okay so um we can we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambert okay so um we can we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambert okay so um we can we can have
+the which I figured after doing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the which I figured after doing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the which I figured after doing all the
+reading but probably then okay yeah um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading but probably then okay yeah um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading but probably then okay yeah um I
+when I first tried this without looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first tried this without looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first tried this without looking
+up anything I vaguely remembered we gon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up anything I vaguely remembered we gon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up anything I vaguely remembered we gon
+being weak a weak masculine N I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being weak a weak masculine N I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being weak a weak masculine N I think
+and I saw the a of the end of the Shon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I saw the a of the end of the Shon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I saw the a of the end of the Shon
+so good I figured it was like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good I figured it was like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good I figured it was like like
+should or shall like like there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should or shall like like there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should or shall like like there's an
+obligation good good exactly so Shon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation good good exactly so Shon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation good good exactly so Shon is
+the past right of the the past tense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past right of the the past tense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past right of the the past tense of
+the predate present verb shulan which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predate present verb shulan which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predate present verb shulan which is
+on your list of of uh of pred predate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your list of of uh of pred predate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your list of of uh of pred predate
+present verbs that you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present verbs that you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present verbs that you need to know
+remember this all important list on page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this all important list on page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this all important list on page
+81 um so kunan magon moton shulan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+81 um so kunan magon moton shulan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+81 um so kunan magon moton shulan and
+won um plus Don and gone um so yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won um plus Don and gone um so yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won um plus Don and gone um so yeah so
+very good so you see the plural ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so you see the plural ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so you see the plural ending
+of o n um and then that helps you helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of o n um and then that helps you helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of o n um and then that helps you helps
+that plural ending helps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plural ending helps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plural ending helps you
+disambiguate this often ambiguous a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disambiguate this often ambiguous a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disambiguate this often ambiguous a an
+ending very good keep going and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending very good keep going and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending very good keep going and then I
+saw which I figured might be the verb in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw which I figured might be the verb in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw which I figured might be the verb in
+that section because of the to so fig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that section because of the to so fig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that section because of the to so fig
+that was like one thing on its own okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like one thing on its own okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like one thing on its own okay
+yep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep and
+then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then
+on so the him I assumed was eldra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so the him I assumed was eldra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so the him I assumed was eldra
+because the was I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the was I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the was I think it was
+generative plural good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generative plural good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generative plural good
+so Helma so I figured that was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Helma so I figured that was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Helma so I figured that was like
+helmets so that H probably went on WEA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helmets so that H probably went on WEA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helmets so that H probably went on WEA
+because that's the only other plural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the only other plural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the only other plural
+thing in there good excellent excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in there good excellent excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in there good excellent excellent
+because with this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with this is
+singular um this is ambiguous but if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular um this is ambiguous but if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular um this is ambiguous but if it
+refers back to aldra then it is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers back to aldra then it is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers back to aldra then it is also
+singular right so whose helmets um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular right so whose helmets um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular right so whose helmets um well
+in all likelihood I mean it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all likelihood I mean it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all likelihood I mean it's kind of
+got to be the weon yeah good and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be the weon yeah good and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be the weon yeah good and then
+Yeon so like I guess onto him their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeon so like I guess onto him their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeon so like I guess onto him their
+helmets gave yeah and and to so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helmets gave yeah and and to so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helmets gave yeah and and to so this is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+um so what's what's happening with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what's what's happening with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what's what's happening with the
+what's happening with the verbs in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening with the verbs in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening with the verbs in this
+sentence because we have um we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence because we have um we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence because we have um we have
+actually three verbs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sentence like how who what's what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence like how who what's what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence like how who what's what is
+governing what which what what verbs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing what which what what verbs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing what which what what verbs are
+governing what and how do they all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing what and how do they all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing what and how do they all and
+how do they all piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they all piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they all piece
+together yeah Joshua Shield is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together yeah Joshua Shield is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together yeah Joshua Shield is the
+conjugated one and the other two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated one and the other two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated one and the other two are
+infinitives exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitives exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitives exactly
+both of which are governed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of which are governed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of which are governed by the
+conjugated form of the verb exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated form of the verb exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated form of the verb exactly
+so either then or the it's technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either then or the it's technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either then or the it's technically
+ambiguous but it's Pro I intended it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous but it's Pro I intended it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous but it's Pro I intended it to
+be the um so the Warriors had to because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the um so the Warriors had to because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the um so the Warriors had to because
+it's the past tense so had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the past tense so had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the past tense so had
+to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the
+Lord and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lord and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lord and give
+him their helmets all right um and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him their helmets all right um and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him their helmets all right um and this
+is very typical this construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very typical this construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very typical this construction
+whereby a single conjugated verb can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby a single conjugated verb can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby a single conjugated verb can
+govern multiple infinitives just like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern multiple infinitives just like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern multiple infinitives just like in
+Modern English um where we could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern English um where we could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern English um where we could say
+something very comparable to that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very comparable to that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very comparable to that and
+have it be basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idiomatic yeah I guess meeting wise is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiomatic yeah I guess meeting wise is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiomatic yeah I guess meeting wise is
+that something that usually happen like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something that usually happen like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something that usually happen like
+after a battle you just return after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a battle you just return after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a battle you just return after
+what sorry after after I just when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sorry after after I just when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sorry after after I just when I was
+reading the the sentence I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the the sentence I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the the sentence I was just
+thinking in my mind is that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in my mind is that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in my mind is that something
+common that warriors did they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common that warriors did they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common that warriors did they just
+returned everything they brought into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned everything they brought into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned everything they brought into
+battle to the Lord or is that just what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle to the Lord or is that just what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle to the Lord or is that just what
+the sentence Oh yeah that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence Oh yeah that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence Oh yeah that's a good
+that's a good question um I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question um I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question um I think that
+is um actually honestly really it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um actually honestly really it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um actually honestly really it's it
+would be much more likely to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be much more likely to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be much more likely to be the
+other way around that the Lord would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around that the Lord would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around that the Lord would
+give rings to the Warriors rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rings to the Warriors rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rings to the Warriors rather than
+the the Warriors um giving rings to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Warriors um giving rings to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Warriors um giving rings to the
+Lord because a wiing Giver is in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lord because a wiing Giver is in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lord because a wiing Giver is in fact a
+very typical kenning or sorry a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very typical kenning or sorry a well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very typical kenning or sorry a well
+helmet distributor of treasure is a com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helmet distributor of treasure is a com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helmet distributor of treasure is a com
+common um common uh kenning for a lord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common um common uh kenning for a lord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common um common uh kenning for a lord
+yeah Alyssa is there any possibility to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Alyssa is there any possibility to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Alyssa is there any possibility to
+read this with the more metaphorical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this with the more metaphorical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this with the more metaphorical
+meaning like sense of the Warriors had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning like sense of the Warriors had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning like sense of the Warriors had
+to go to the Lord and give them their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the Lord and give them their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the Lord and give them their
+protection and then like they'll they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection and then like they'll they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection and then like they'll they
+fty oh like I like so they're giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fty oh like I like so they're giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fty oh like I like so they're giving
+like like a symbol like they're giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like a symbol like they're giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like a symbol like they're giving
+him their their protection I know is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him their their protection I know is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him their their protection I know is the
+other reading of Helma yes of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reading of Helma yes of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reading of Helma yes of the other
+reading of pledging they will protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading of pledging they will protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading of pledging they will protect
+the Lord which seemed like a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lord which seemed like a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lord which seemed like a reasonable
+reading of I would totally accept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading of I would totally accept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading of I would totally accept that
+um I would totally accept that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I would totally accept that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I would totally accept that I think
+in the plural it as a as a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plural it as a as a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plural it as a as a kind
+of gotcha I'm not sure how how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gotcha I'm not sure how how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gotcha I'm not sure how how how
+idiomatic that would be um as a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiomatic that would be um as a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiomatic that would be um as a sort of
+plural kind of presentation but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural kind of presentation but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural kind of presentation but it's
+totally grammatically possible and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally grammatically possible and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally grammatically possible and I
+would accept that and give full points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would accept that and give full points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would accept that and give full points
+on the exam good question um and I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the exam good question um and I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the exam good question um and I love
+by the way that you all are reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way that you all are reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way that you all are reading
+actively for like the sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively for like the sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively for like the sense of the
+sentences and also for metaphorical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences and also for metaphorical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences and also for metaphorical
+possibilities because this will be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities because this will be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities because this will be um
+this will all serve you in very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will all serve you in very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will all serve you in very good
+stead uh when we get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+poetry
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kJFbJDYuU_k.txt b/kJFbJDYuU_k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..37fb7f00fa008df5efbdee5fff5f327a0e755baa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kJFbJDYuU_k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12939 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so here's where we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so here's where we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so here's where we were
+so we were talking about this example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were talking about this example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were talking about this example of
+bet b gamma and a heavy Delight current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet b gamma and a heavy Delight current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet b gamma and a heavy Delight current
+so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our
+current in terms of this Kai field our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in terms of this Kai field our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in terms of this Kai field our
+current was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current was
+Kai have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai have some
+label a heavy cork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label a heavy cork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label a heavy cork
+field and we did the one Loop diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and we did the one Loop diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and we did the one Loop diagrams
+in we saw that after we take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we saw that after we take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we saw that after we take into
+account also the zero bin contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account also the zero bin contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account also the zero bin contribution
+that it breaks up as follows there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it breaks up as follows there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it breaks up as follows there's a
+piece that I've underlined in Orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that I've underlined in Orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that I've underlined in Orange
+that matches exactly with the irf qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a piece that I underlined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a piece that I underlined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a piece that I underlined in
+blue which is the ultraviolet diverences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue which is the ultraviolet diverences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue which is the ultraviolet diverences
+in the effective Theory and so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the effective Theory and so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the effective Theory and so what we
+do with that is we add a counter term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with that is we add a counter term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with that is we add a counter term
+for the operators in the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the operators in the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the operators in the effective
+Theory to cancel these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory to cancel these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory to cancel these
+divergences and then there's whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences and then there's whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences and then there's whatever is
+left over after doing that which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left over after doing that which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left over after doing that which is this
+pink and the difference of the analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink and the difference of the analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink and the difference of the analog
+pink in the full Theory and this pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink in the full Theory and this pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink in the full Theory and this pink
+will give you the matching so when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you the matching so when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you the matching so when I say
+matching this is part of what goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching this is part of what goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching this is part of what goes into
+that matching so what I want want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matching so what I want want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matching so what I want want to
+spend today's lecture on is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend today's lecture on is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend today's lecture on is really
+discussing renormalization in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing renormalization in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing renormalization in the
+effective Theory and summing logarithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory and summing logarithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory and summing logarithms
+in the effective Theory it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the effective Theory it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the effective Theory it's kind of
+interesting and different than things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and different than things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and different than things
+we've encountered before because we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've encountered before because we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've encountered before because we see
+even at one Loop order we have a 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at one Loop order we have a 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at one Loop order we have a 1 over
+Epsilon squ Divergence and that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon squ Divergence and that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon squ Divergence and that wasn't
+something that we encountered before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we encountered before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we encountered before and
+so we have to see how that plays out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but just at a the simplistic level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but just at a the simplistic level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but just at a the simplistic level
+let's just say or record for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+record that we could write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record that we could write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record that we could write the
+following there was a Wilson coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following there was a Wilson coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following there was a Wilson coefficient
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+operator and we can divide it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and we can divide it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and we can divide it into a
+normalized Wilson coefficient in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized Wilson coefficient in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized Wilson coefficient in a
+counter term and then we just think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter term and then we just think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter term and then we just think that
+this counter term is canceling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this counter term is canceling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this counter term is canceling that
+Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the counter term we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is the
+following so with this minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so with this minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so with this minus sign
+canceling that minus sign you get plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling that minus sign you get plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling that minus sign you get plus
+and so the counter term for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the counter term for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the counter term for the
+operator therefore should have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus and just all the exactly these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and just all the exactly these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and just all the exactly these
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when because of kinematics in this Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when because of kinematics in this Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when because of kinematics in this Pro
+problem this EGA which is a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this EGA which is a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this EGA which is a Delta
+function in this operator is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in this operator is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in this operator is equal to
+actually m b and I'll go through why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually m b and I'll go through why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually m b and I'll go through why
+that is uh a little later today so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh a little later today so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh a little later today so there
+take it for granted for now it com comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it for granted for now it com comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it for granted for now it com comes
+about just simply from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just simply from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just simply from
+kinematics but I'm going to sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics but I'm going to sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics but I'm going to sometimes
+write the MB as as a mea because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the MB as as a mea because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the MB as as a mea because that
+reminds you that it was kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds you that it was kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds you that it was kind of this
+label in the cinear field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label in the cinear field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label in the cinear field
+okay so this is the typee of counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the typee of counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the typee of counter
+term we have it's got this 1/ Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we have it's got this 1/ Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we have it's got this 1/ Epsilon
+squ it's got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ it's got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ it's got this
+log so it looks kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log so it looks kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log so it looks kind of
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the notation here is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+coefficient puts inside an intergral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so basically what I'm saying when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so basically what I'm saying when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so basically what I'm saying when I
+say Omega is equal to MB is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Omega is equal to MB is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Omega is equal to MB is that this
+Delta function becomes Omega minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function becomes Omega minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function becomes Omega minus
+MB I'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB I'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB I'll come back to
+that okay so if we have a a counter term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so if we have a a counter term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so if we have a a counter term
+like that then we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+running so we'll come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running so we'll come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running so we'll come back to this
+example uh let me first make a a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh let me first make a a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh let me first make a a few
+General comments and then we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General comments and then we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General comments and then we'll come
+back and see where this Z leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us so in general it's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so in general it's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so in general it's going to have
+you're going to have this structure some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have this structure some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have this structure some
+integral some Wilson coefficients that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral some Wilson coefficients that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral some Wilson coefficients that
+depend on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on some
+could be more than one of them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be more than one of them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be more than one of them and then
+some operator that has some Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some operator that has some Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some operator that has some Delta
+functions in it that pick out those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+omegas and because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omegas and because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omegas and because of that
+integral in general you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+careful because that integral could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because that integral could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because that integral could also
+play a role in the renormalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that Delta function was picking out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta function was picking out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta function was picking out the
+total momentum of the product is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total momentum of the product is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total momentum of the product is the
+Quark field times the Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark field times the Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark field times the Wilson
+line and in our example it's fixed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and in our example it's fixed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and in our example it's fixed by
+external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external
+kinematics so I'll come back to this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics so I'll come back to this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics so I'll come back to this and
+show you that not in every example is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that not in every example is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that not in every example is it
+fixed by external kinematics in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed by external kinematics in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed by external kinematics in a minute
+but our example is special because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our example is special because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our example is special because the
+integral actually doesn't play an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral actually doesn't play an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral actually doesn't play an
+important role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's in some sense two parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's in some sense two parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's in some sense two parts of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+statement there's the fact that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement there's the fact that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement there's the fact that it's
+external and then there's the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external and then there's the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external and then there's the fact that
+it's fixed to something so let me first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fixed to something so let me first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fixed to something so let me first
+deal with the issue of it being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the issue of it being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the issue of it being
+external and what that means is it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external and what that means is it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external and what that means is it does
+not involve Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not involve Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not involve Loop
+momenta you see when we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculation when we did the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation when we did the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation when we did the calculation
+we we were basically doing a calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we were basically doing a calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we were basically doing a calculation
+not worrying so much about this Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worrying so much about this Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worrying so much about this Delta
+function that was sitting inside our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that was sitting inside our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that was sitting inside our
+operator right we kind of ignored it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator right we kind of ignored it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator right we kind of ignored it we
+didn't write it down in our diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't write it down in our diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't write it down in our diagrams
+technically we should have written that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically we should have written that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically we should have written that
+Delta function this Delta function down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function this Delta function down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function this Delta function down
+too and included it in our calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and included it in our calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and included it in our calculation
+but actually that's okay because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually that's okay because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually that's okay because that
+Delta function just comes outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function just comes outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function just comes outside the
+loop integrals that's what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop integrals that's what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop integrals that's what I want to
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+so does not involve Loop momenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does not involve Loop momenta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does not involve Loop momenta
+so in in all the diagrams we considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in all the diagrams we considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in all the diagrams we considered
+that's that's trivial except for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's trivial except for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's trivial except for one
+non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial
+example and that non-trivial example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and that non-trivial example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and that non-trivial example is
+the example where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example where we
+had the clinar vertex type diagram like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so we called the external momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we called the external momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we called the external momentum
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+P this was P plus K and if I let this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P this was P plus K and if I let this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P this was P plus K and if I let this
+guy go this way we can call it minus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy go this way we can call it minus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy go this way we can call it minus k
+you see the the Wilson coefficient sits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the the Wilson coefficient sits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the the Wilson coefficient sits
+here at the vertex and it acts on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the vertex and it acts on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the vertex and it acts on the
+cinear fields that come out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear fields that come out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear fields that come out of that
+vertex but it gives the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex but it gives the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex but it gives the sum of the
+momentum of those cinear fields so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of those cinear fields so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of those cinear fields so we
+get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this
+guy and so we just get the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy okay and so the Wilson Co so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy okay and so the Wilson Co so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy okay and so the Wilson Co so from
+this notation the same thing saying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation the same thing saying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation the same thing saying this
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+function we can see that it only depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we can see that it only depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we can see that it only depends
+on the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the external
+P not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n.k and that's because of kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.k and that's because of kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.k and that's because of kind of the
+structure of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator so that won't always be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so that won't always be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so that won't always be true
+could be the case that the Wilson in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the case that the Wilson in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the case that the Wilson in a
+more complicated example that the Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated example that the Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated example that the Wilson
+coefficient could depend on the K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient could depend on the K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient could depend on the K and
+then that would have some implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that would have some implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that would have some implications
+for the renormalization and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the renormalization and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the renormalization and we will
+treat an example of that sort in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat an example of that sort in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat an example of that sort in the
+near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+future the second thing to ask is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future the second thing to ask is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future the second thing to ask is what
+is it fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two so if we put a little more into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so if we put a little more into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so if we put a little more into our
+diagram let's put the photon in this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram let's put the photon in this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram let's put the photon in this is
+a b Quark this is a strange Quark bet s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b Quark this is a strange Quark bet s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b Quark this is a strange Quark bet s
+gamma for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma for for
+example then the exter the kinematics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example then the exter the kinematics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example then the exter the kinematics of
+the external lines there is we have mbv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external lines there is we have mbv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external lines there is we have mbv
+coming in for the B Quark P of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in for the B Quark P of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in for the B Quark P of the
+photon and P of the external strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon and P of the external strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon and P of the external strange
+quark and the photon is lightlike p p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and the photon is lightlike p p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and the photon is lightlike p p
+gamma square is zero and in the setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma square is zero and in the setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma square is zero and in the setup
+here we could just think of it as e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we could just think of it as e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we could just think of it as e
+gamma * n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma * n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma * n
+Bar because p is cinear to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar because p is cinear to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar because p is cinear to the end
+direction and it's going we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and it's going we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and it's going we have the
+photon going this way and it's back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon going this way and it's back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon going this way and it's back to
+back with a jet that's described by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with a jet that's described by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with a jet that's described by the
+cinear end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear end
+direction this is the B as on decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction this is the B as on decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction this is the B as on decaying
+to a photon in a back toback Jet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a photon in a back toback Jet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a photon in a back toback Jet and
+so uh if you dot into this equation n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if you dot into this equation n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if you dot into this equation n
+Bar since n.v is one in kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar since n.v is one in kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar since n.v is one in kind of
+conventional coordinates we just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional coordinates we just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional coordinates we just get
+that MB is0 plus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MB is0 plus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MB is0 plus m
+R.P and that's the statement that Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R.P and that's the statement that Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R.P and that's the statement that Omega
+was just MB so we when we were doing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just MB so we when we were doing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just MB so we when we were doing our
+Loop calculations last time we kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop calculations last time we kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop calculations last time we kept
+writing MB we could have been more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing MB we could have been more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing MB we could have been more
+careful and written well we we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and written well we we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and written well we we couldn't
+have been more careful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been more careful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been more careful because
+kinematics was demanding that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics was demanding that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics was demanding that this was
+true so but just in order to track what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so but just in order to track what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so but just in order to track what
+the Wilson coefficients can depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wilson coefficients can depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wilson coefficients can depend on
+really what they can depend on is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what they can depend on is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what they can depend on is these
+labels of these cinear fields and so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels of these cinear fields and so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels of these cinear fields and so I'm
+going to start writing Omega for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start writing Omega for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start writing Omega for that
+reason because that's the more generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason because that's the more generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason because that's the more generic
+thing that happens even if we're not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happens even if we're not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happens even if we're not in
+a situation where it's fixed to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where it's fixed to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where it's fixed to be some
+Mass we will get dependence on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass we will get dependence on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass we will get dependence on the on
+the values of these parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of these parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of these parameters
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that all right so this Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so this Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so this Wilson
+coefficient just comes out we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient just comes out we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient just comes out we didn't
+have to worry about this Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about this Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about this Delta
+function so how do we calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so how do we calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so how do we calculate the
+anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous
+Dimension it's the usual story so mu d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension it's the usual story so mu d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension it's the usual story so mu d
+by mu of the bare coefficient is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mu of the bare coefficient is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mu of the bare coefficient is zero
+that implies a renormalization group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies a renormalization group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies a renormalization group
+equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for
+the msar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient and it's got this familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and it's got this familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and it's got this familiar
+form where the gamma is products of Z's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form where the gamma is products of Z's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form where the gamma is products of Z's
+and Z inverses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so if we want to plug so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if we want to plug so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if we want to plug so this is an
+all orders formula if we plug in our one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all orders formula if we plug in our one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all orders formula if we plug in our one
+Loop result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop result
+here then on the left if we worked order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then on the left if we worked order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then on the left if we worked order
+by order in Alpha on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by order in Alpha on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by order in Alpha on the left hand side
+we can just take the one in the zc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just take the one in the zc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just take the one in the zc
+inverse here and the zc when we take mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse here and the zc when we take mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse here and the zc when we take mu
+D byd mu there's mu in the alpha s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D byd mu there's mu in the alpha s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D byd mu there's mu in the alpha s and
+there's mu in this log and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's mu in this log and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's mu in this log and we're going
+to have to differentiate both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to differentiate both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to differentiate both of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+so let me write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out okay so the minus sign cancel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so the minus sign cancel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so the minus sign cancel the
+minus sign the zc inverse is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign the zc inverse is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign the zc inverse is just one
+and then I have MBD mu of the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have MBD mu of the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have MBD mu of the rest of
+the stuff which includes both the Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff which includes both the Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff which includes both the Alpha
+and the log me over over w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are the type of contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the type of contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the type of contributions
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got where these guys here are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got where these guys here are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got where these guys here are coming
+from using the fact that m D byd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from using the fact that m D byd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from using the fact that m D byd
+mu of alpha when you're in D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu of alpha when you're in D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu of alpha when you're in D
+Dimensions is - 2 Epsilon Alpha plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions is - 2 Epsilon Alpha plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions is - 2 Epsilon Alpha plus
+order Alpha squ terms related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Alpha squ terms related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Alpha squ terms related to the
+beta function which we can drop here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta function which we can drop here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta function which we can drop here and
+then this guy comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this guy comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this guy comes
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+explicit differentiating the explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit differentiating the explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit differentiating the explicit
+log mu over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log mu over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log mu over
+W the Divergent terms cancel and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W the Divergent terms cancel and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W the Divergent terms cancel and we're
+left with a finite anomalous dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's got two types of terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so the type of anomalous Dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the type of anomalous Dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the type of anomalous Dimensions
+that we're used to are like this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're used to are like this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're used to are like this guy
+here this five * CF that would be like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this five * CF that would be like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this five * CF that would be like a
+standard and almost dimension for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard and almost dimension for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard and almost dimension for an
+operator in this case we have this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator in this case we have this extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator in this case we have this extra
+piece that has this log of mu over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that has this log of mu over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that has this log of mu over
+W and this guy is what's called the cusp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and this guy is what's called the cusp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and this guy is what's called the cusp
+anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dimension the guy that multiplies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+log so with that language you could call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log so with that language you could call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log so with that language you could call
+this guy the sort of regular anomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dimension now if you're going to do re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension now if you're going to do re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension now if you're going to do re
+normalization group Evolution you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization group Evolution you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization group Evolution you're
+going to sum logs and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sum logs and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sum logs and you're going to
+think you could think that you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you could think that you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you could think that you're at
+starting at some hard scale w w was MB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at some hard scale w w was MB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at some hard scale w w was MB
+that's the hard scale and then you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the hard scale and then you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the hard scale and then you want
+to run down to some small scale mu when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run down to some small scale mu when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run down to some small scale mu when
+you run down if you take mu small this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run down if you take mu small this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run down if you take mu small this
+term is larger than this term okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is larger than this term okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is larger than this term okay so
+actually this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this term
+here gives you the leading what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here gives you the leading what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here gives you the leading what are
+called the leading logs in this case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the leading logs in this case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the leading logs in this case and
+this term here is actually only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term here is actually only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term here is actually only
+needed for next deleting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed for next deleting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed for next deleting
+log because this term here grows when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log because this term here grows when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log because this term here grows when
+you go down and that term doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go down and that term doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go down and that term doesn't
+this term here is actually giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term here is actually giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term here is actually giving you
+the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading
+logs so I'll come back and talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs so I'll come back and talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs so I'll come back and talk a little
+bit more about leading logs where his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about leading logs where his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about leading logs where his
+next leading log and also I'll explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next leading log and also I'll explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next leading log and also I'll explain
+to you what this word cusp in this why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you what this word cusp in this why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you what this word cusp in this why
+where's the cusp since we haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the cusp since we haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the cusp since we haven't seen
+it yet I'll come back and explain where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yet I'll come back and explain where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yet I'll come back and explain where
+that is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minute but now just for now let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but now just for now let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but now just for now let's just
+take the leading log an almost Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the leading log an almost Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the leading log an almost Dimension
+and see just solve the an almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see just solve the an almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see just solve the an almost
+Dimension equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension equation
+so we'll just take the leading log term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll just take the leading log term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll just take the leading log term
+and not worry about the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term so just taking the cus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so just taking the cus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so just taking the cus
+term so plugging that back into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so plugging that back into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so plugging that back into our
+equation for C we have this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for C we have this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for C we have this differential
+equation which we can also write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as D log C by D log mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and that's an equation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's an equation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's an equation that we
+could basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could basically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could basically just
+integrate since there's no C on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate since there's no C on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate since there's no C on the
+right hand side it's a homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side it's a homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side it's a homogeneous
+equation we can integrate it with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we can integrate it with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we can integrate it with some
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition so we could specify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so we could specify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so we could specify the
+boundary condition at an arbitrary scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition at an arbitrary scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition at an arbitrary scale
+let me for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me for
+Simplicity use the following tree level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity use the following tree level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity use the following tree level
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition so at tree level the Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so at tree level the Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so at tree level the Wilson
+coefficient was one but we have to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient was one but we have to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient was one but we have to pick
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+scale where we make that statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale where we make that statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale where we make that statement
+true and for convenience I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and for convenience I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and for convenience I'm just going
+to take that scale to BW that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that scale to BW that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that scale to BW that makes
+things a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a little
+simpler in general you could make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler in general you could make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler in general you could make this
+any hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any hard
+scale IE any scale mu of order W so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale IE any scale mu of order W so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale IE any scale mu of order W so you
+could call it some something mu not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call it some something mu not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call it some something mu not and
+consider the renormalization group from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the renormalization group from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the renormalization group from
+that that scale but for convenience I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that scale but for convenience I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that scale but for convenience I'm
+just taking that mu to be W here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we take that founder position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we take that founder position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we take that founder position
+it's actually useful to look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually useful to look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually useful to look at what
+would happen if we didn't have a running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if we didn't have a running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if we didn't have a running
+coupling on the right hand side so say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling on the right hand side so say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling on the right hand side so say
+we were doing QED and we didn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were doing QED and we didn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were doing QED and we didn't have any
+massless light Fons so there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless light Fons so there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless light Fons so there was no
+running then this coupling would just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running then this coupling would just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running then this coupling would just be
+Alpha and it wouldn't run and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and it wouldn't run and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and it wouldn't run and then you
+just integrate this log and you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just integrate this log and you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just integrate this log and you get a
+double log you integrate One log play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double log you integrate One log play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double log you integrate One log play
+dlog you get log squared and this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlog you get log squared and this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlog you get log squared and this is you
+know for each coupling you get log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for each coupling you get log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for each coupling you get log
+squared this is the double log series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this is the double log series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this is the double log series
+that I kind of promised you that pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I kind of promised you that pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I kind of promised you that pseudo
+double logarithms that were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double logarithms that were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double logarithms that were going to
+come out of the renormalization group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ofct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofct
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+QED with Alpha fixed can take CF to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one when you take the exponential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when you take the exponential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when you take the exponential of
+what I just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then this is your result for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is your result for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is your result for the the
+Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient and this is what's known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and this is what's known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and this is what's known as
+aov exponential the leading log Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aov exponential the leading log Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aov exponential the leading log Wilson
+coefficient leading log Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient leading log Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient leading log Wilson
+coefficient is a sum of these Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is a sum of these Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is a sum of these Alpha
+times double log so if I expanded this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times double log so if I expanded this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times double log so if I expanded this
+out I'd have an infinite Series where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I'd have an infinite Series where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I'd have an infinite Series where
+for each pair of logarithms I get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each pair of logarithms I get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each pair of logarithms I get one
+coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's the PSE sudakov double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the PSE sudakov double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the PSE sudakov double
+logarithms so if we expand out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms so if we expand out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms so if we expand out the
+exponential that's what we would get so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential that's what we would get so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential that's what we would get so
+really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I
+should make my line go to under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should make my line go to under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should make my line go to under the
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+okay so why did we get something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why did we get something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why did we get something like
+this so physically the reason that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so physically the reason that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so physically the reason that we
+got this PSE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this PSE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this PSE
+sudakov uh exponential or POF form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudakov uh exponential or POF form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudakov uh exponential or POF form
+factor is related to the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is related to the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is related to the fact that the
+whole theory that we've developed put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole theory that we've developed put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole theory that we've developed put
+restrictions on radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there was kinematic restrictions put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was kinematic restrictions put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was kinematic restrictions put
+on the radiation by the whole setup that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the radiation by the whole setup that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the radiation by the whole setup that
+we had we had this Jet and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had we had this Jet and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had we had this Jet and it was
+columnated and the radiation was forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnated and the radiation was forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnated and the radiation was forced
+to go inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jet in the effective Theory we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet in the effective Theory we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet in the effective Theory we're seeing
+the picof exponential come out of UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picof exponential come out of UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picof exponential come out of UV
+renormalization the usual picture for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization the usual picture for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization the usual picture for it
+is that you're thinking about IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you're thinking about IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you're thinking about IR
+divergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergency
+look and you're thinking about the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and you're thinking about the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and you're thinking about the real
+radiation not the virtual radiation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation not the virtual radiation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation not the virtual radiation but
+as you may be familiar with what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you may be familiar with what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you may be familiar with what the
+effective Theory does is if you had a IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory does is if you had a IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory does is if you had a IR
+Divergence in full qcd or full QED then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence in full qcd or full QED then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence in full qcd or full QED then
+what the effective Theory does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the effective Theory does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the effective Theory does is it
+takes the scale corresponding to so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the scale corresponding to so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the scale corresponding to so the
+IR divergences are logarithms right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IR divergences are logarithms right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IR divergences are logarithms right and
+they're logarithms of some something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're logarithms of some something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're logarithms of some something
+over something and what we've done by in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over something and what we've done by in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over something and what we've done by in
+the effective theory is we've introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective theory is we've introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective theory is we've introduced
+a scale mu we've introduced effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scale mu we've introduced effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scale mu we've introduced effectively
+we've taken this the the part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've taken this the the part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've taken this the the part of that
+logarithm that was UV and taken it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm that was UV and taken it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm that was UV and taken it to
+infinity and in this standard way we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and in this standard way we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and in this standard way we've
+introduced a scale mu that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced a scale mu that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced a scale mu that sort of
+splits things between Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits things between Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits things between Wilson
+coefficients and and operators so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and and operators so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and and operators so
+there's this factorization scale that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this factorization scale that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this factorization scale that's
+splitting the hard physics from which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting the hard physics from which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting the hard physics from which is
+part of the logorithm that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the logorithm that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the logorithm that we're
+capturing it's separating the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing it's separating the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing it's separating the hard
+physics from from the infrared physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics from from the infrared physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics from from the infrared physics
+and here we're just looking at the Hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we're just looking at the Hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we're just looking at the Hard
+physics and we can see the psov we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and we can see the psov we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and we can see the psov we could
+also look at the real radiation and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look at the real radiation and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look at the real radiation and see
+the psea by studying real radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the psea by studying real radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the psea by studying real radiation
+diagrams but this is in some sense this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams but this is in some sense this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams but this is in some sense this
+is easier because this is just coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easier because this is just coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easier because this is just coming
+out of a re normalization group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a re normalization group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a re normalization group
+equation so the usual way of doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so the usual way of doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so the usual way of doing it
+would be to just look at in the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to just look at in the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to just look at in the full
+Theory and you'd see POF logarithms from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and you'd see POF logarithms from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and you'd see POF logarithms from
+ratios of two things that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios of two things that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios of two things that you were
+thinking of as IR because the hard scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of as IR because the hard scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of as IR because the hard scale
+which is mbw here would also be an IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is mbw here would also be an IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is mbw here would also be an IR
+scale from the point of view of qcd but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale from the point of view of qcd but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale from the point of view of qcd but
+here it's become part of the Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's become part of the Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's become part of the Wilson
+coefficient and now can be treated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and now can be treated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and now can be treated by
+the re normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re normalization
+group okay so qcd is not really any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group okay so qcd is not really any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group okay so qcd is not really any more
+complicated we just have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated we just have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated we just have to deal with
+the running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running
+coupling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling and
+that's we've done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we've done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we've done that
+before let me remind you how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before let me remind you how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before let me remind you how it
+works CU it's slightly more involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works CU it's slightly more involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works CU it's slightly more involved in
+this case so for the leading logs we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case so for the leading logs we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case so for the leading logs we
+just need the beta not term and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need the beta not term and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need the beta not term and we can
+switch variables from D log to d alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch variables from D log to d alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch variables from D log to d alpha
+in this equation here and so then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this equation here and so then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this equation here and so then we
+have to integrate this thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to integrate this thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to integrate this thing with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+alpha and so what we can do is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and so what we can do is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and so what we can do is we can
+take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this
+log and we can also write the log as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and we can also write the log as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and we can also write the log as an
+integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alpha alpha alpha in this equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha alpha alpha in this equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha alpha alpha in this equation is
+some dummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dummy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dummy
+variable and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and so
+then just integrating both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just integrating both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just integrating both
+sides of this equation equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of this equation equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of this equation equation
+here I can write it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that okay so the log became this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that okay so the log became this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that okay so the log became this
+thing and then one of these factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then one of these factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then one of these factors
+there was a minus sign but then when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a minus sign but then when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a minus sign but then when I
+use the this TW this formula twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the this TW this formula twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the this TW this formula twice the
+minus sign goes away and I get two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign goes away and I get two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign goes away and I get two of
+those factors this is the other measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those factors this is the other measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those factors this is the other measure
+here from the explicit dlog mu so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from the explicit dlog mu so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from the explicit dlog mu so we
+could underline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things half for this guy all that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+me other half of this guy and that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me other half of this guy and that guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me other half of this guy and that guy
+and then there's this sort of explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's this sort of explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's this sort of explicit
+Alpha CF over Pi which I've written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha CF over Pi which I've written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha CF over Pi which I've written as
+CF over Pi up front not this Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay so we do that integral we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so we do that integral we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so we do that integral we do
+this integral well all the integrals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral well all the integrals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral well all the integrals are
+trivial we do this integral and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial we do this integral and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial we do this integral and then we
+get integration variable and fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get integration variable and fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get integration variable and fixed
+quantity and then we do this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and then we do this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and then we do this other
+integral and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution so show you what the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so show you what the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so show you what the answer
+looks like it's an again an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's an again an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's an again an exponential
+because we're solving for log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C write it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so we're kind of familiar that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we're kind of familiar that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we're kind of familiar that
+renormalization group equations when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization group equations when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization group equations when you
+have a running coupling can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a running coupling can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a running coupling can give you
+ratios of Alphas right we saw that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios of Alphas right we saw that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios of Alphas right we saw that when
+we were running for firan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were running for firan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were running for firan
+operators here it's just a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators here it's just a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators here it's just a more
+complicated function but it's again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated function but it's again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated function but it's again a
+function of that ratio and this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of that ratio and this extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of that ratio and this extra
+kind of structure is coming about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of structure is coming about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of structure is coming about just
+from the running cop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l so the only difference between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so the only difference between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so the only difference between this
+and the QED POF is the running coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if we were to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we were to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we were to take this
+now and we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and we were to
+expand Z we were say to expand about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand Z we were say to expand about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand Z we were say to expand about
+Alpha of w then we could we would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha of w then we could we would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha of w then we could we would get
+logs of mu over W right and so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs of mu over W right and so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs of mu over W right and so what you
+should think that this Z dependence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think that this Z dependence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think that this Z dependence in
+codes is an infinite Series in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes is an infinite Series in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes is an infinite Series in this
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the structure of that infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the structure of that infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the structure of that infinite
+series if I was to expand would be Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series if I was to expand would be Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series if I was to expand would be Alpha
+log 2 U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log 2 U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log 2 U
+w alpha s log cubed U over W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Etc okay so the in the exponent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc okay so the in the exponent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc okay so the in the exponent a
+running of the coupling is only giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running of the coupling is only giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running of the coupling is only giving
+you one log for each Alpha so the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one log for each Alpha so the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one log for each Alpha so the series
+that I'm I'm summing in the exponent by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm I'm summing in the exponent by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm I'm summing in the exponent by
+taking into account the running coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking into account the running coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking into account the running coupling
+or is a series of this form where I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is a series of this form where I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is a series of this form where I go
+down by one alpha and down by One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+log so at from from kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log so at from from kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log so at from from kind of the
+structure of what we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of what we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of what we've been talking
+about here it should become clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here it should become clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here it should become clear that
+the right thing to talk about if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing to talk about if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing to talk about if you
+want to do counting is log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do counting is log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do counting is log
+C because the anomalous Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C because the anomalous Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C because the anomalous Dimension
+equation was simple for log C it was mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation was simple for log C it was mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation was simple for log C it was mu
+d by mu or D by D log mu of log C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d by mu or D by D log mu of log C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d by mu or D by D log mu of log C is
+equal to something that something on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to something that something on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to something that something on the
+right hand side has an expansion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side has an expansion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side has an expansion in
+Alpha and we could include higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and we could include higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and we could include higher order
+terms in that expansion but it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in that expansion but it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in that expansion but it would
+always be of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure so to talk about what terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so to talk about what terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so to talk about what terms
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+summing we can write the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing we can write the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing we can write the following
+schematic equation for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic equation for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic equation for different
+orders so if we have alpha s to the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders so if we have alpha s to the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders so if we have alpha s to the K
+log to the k + 1 which is this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log to the k + 1 which is this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log to the k + 1 which is this series
+I've just denoted we'll call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just denoted we'll call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just denoted we'll call that
+leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+log and if we had some higher order term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and if we had some higher order term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and if we had some higher order term
+like alpha s to the K log to the k then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like alpha s to the K log to the k then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like alpha s to the K log to the k then
+that would be next to Leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+log now if we had more Alphas than logs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log now if we had more Alphas than logs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log now if we had more Alphas than logs
+then we call that next to next leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we call that next to next leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we call that next to next leading
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the structure of the anomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the structure of the anomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the structure of the anomal
+dimension equation always sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension equation always sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension equation always sort of
+guarantees that you if you solve it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees that you if you solve it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees that you if you solve it for
+this log that this is the this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this log that this is the this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this log that this is the this is what
+the higher order terms would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher order terms would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher order terms would give
+you okay so you should think of it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so you should think of it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so you should think of it that
+really with log counting is kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really with log counting is kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really with log counting is kind of like
+normal log counting except for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal log counting except for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal log counting except for two
+caveats in this Theory you're doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveats in this Theory you're doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveats in this Theory you're doing it
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+exponential okay that's what taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential okay that's what taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential okay that's what taking the
+log did and you sort of start out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log did and you sort of start out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log did and you sort of start out with
+one extra log one more log than you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one extra log one more log than you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one extra log one more log than you're
+used to but after that it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to but after that it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to but after that it's kind of
+normal because I'm summing here Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal because I'm summing here Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal because I'm summing here Alpha
+Times log and I just increment for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times log and I just increment for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times log and I just increment for each
+Alpha an extra log and that's all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha an extra log and that's all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha an extra log and that's all the
+running coupling effects when I go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running coupling effects when I go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running coupling effects when I go to
+next deleting log they'll of course be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next deleting log they'll of course be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next deleting log they'll of course be
+writing coupling effects too and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing coupling effects too and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing coupling effects too and other
+things that are causing the series uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are causing the series uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are causing the series uh
+but it's down from this one because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's down from this one because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's down from this one because it
+doesn't have that enhanced log and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have that enhanced log and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have that enhanced log and then
+this one is down again because it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is down again because it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is down again because it's got
+again one less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again one less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again one less
+log okay so this is the kind of terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log okay so this is the kind of terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log okay so this is the kind of terms
+that you could sum by having higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could sum by having higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could sum by having higher
+order Corrections in the in the anomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Corrections in the in the anomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Corrections in the in the anomal
+dimensions and for example this C anomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and for example this C anomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and for example this C anomal
+Dimension is known at three Loop ERS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension is known at three Loop ERS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension is known at three Loop ERS
+so certainly next next leading log is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certainly next next leading log is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certainly next next leading log is
+well within the realm of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well within the realm of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well within the realm of things that
+people talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk
+about so let's ask that question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so let's ask that question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so let's ask that question what
+coefficients if we were to carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients if we were to carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients if we were to carry out
+this one Loop calculation and we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one Loop calculation and we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one Loop calculation and we were to
+do higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do higher
+Loops what coefficients do we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compute so remember the story when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute so remember the story when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute so remember the story when we
+were suming single log series was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were suming single log series was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were suming single log series was we
+would do like Tre LEL matching one Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do like Tre LEL matching one Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do like Tre LEL matching one Loop
+anomal Dimension then we do one Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomal Dimension then we do one Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomal Dimension then we do one Loop
+matching two Loop anomal Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching two Loop anomal Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching two Loop anomal Dimension
+what's the analog of that story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so let's make a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+table so what information do we need at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so what information do we need at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so what information do we need at
+tree level what information do we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree level what information do we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree level what information do we need
+at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one
+Loop two loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop two loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop two loops
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Loops so for leading log what we did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops so for leading log what we did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops so for leading log what we did is
+we put in tree level matching and at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put in tree level matching and at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put in tree level matching and at one
+Loop we only actually took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop we only actually took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop we only actually took the
+information that came from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that came from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that came from the
+coefficient of the 1 over Epsilon squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of the 1 over Epsilon squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of the 1 over Epsilon squ
+which is the cusp and almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the cusp and almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the cusp and almost
+Dimension didn't need anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension didn't need anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension didn't need anything
+here if you go to one higher order it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you go to one higher order it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you go to one higher order it
+turns out that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this is the
+story to get this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we would need the two Loop cusp in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would need the two Loop cusp in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would need the two Loop cusp in
+almost Dimension the one Loop non- cusp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost Dimension the one Loop non- cusp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost Dimension the one Loop non- cusp
+and still the tree level matching so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still the tree level matching so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still the tree level matching so
+this next the leading log coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next the leading log coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next the leading log coefficient
+this 5 CF that's this one over Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 5 CF that's this one over Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 5 CF that's this one over Epsilon
+and our in our example this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our in our example this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our in our example this was the
+5cf and only when you get to next the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5cf and only when you get to next the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5cf and only when you get to next the
+next leading log then the matching is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next leading log then the matching is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next leading log then the matching is
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Loop you have the two Loop regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop you have the two Loop regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop you have the two Loop regular
+anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous
+Dimension and then the 1 over Epsilon s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and then the 1 over Epsilon s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and then the 1 over Epsilon s
+cusp anomalous Dimension from 3 Lo so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cusp anomalous Dimension from 3 Lo so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cusp anomalous Dimension from 3 Lo so
+it's kind of like it's the usual story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like it's the usual story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like it's the usual story
+but we have kind of an enhanced because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have kind of an enhanced because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have kind of an enhanced because
+of the double algorithms we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the double algorithms we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the double algorithms we have an
+enhanced thing that we can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced thing that we can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced thing that we can talk about
+here where we're not talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where we're not talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where we're not talking about the
+regular anomal Dimension but this cusp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular anomal Dimension but this cusp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular anomal Dimension but this cusp
+anomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomal
+Dimension okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension okay so this is the
+information that you would need to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you would need to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you would need to go to
+higher orders and this cusp anous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher orders and this cusp anous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher orders and this cusp anous
+Dimension is actually a universal thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension is actually a universal thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension is actually a universal thing
+so you know you can given that it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you can given that it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you can given that it's been
+calculated CED you can use it um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated CED you can use it um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated CED you can use it um and you
+don't have to recalculate it every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to recalculate it every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to recalculate it every time
+these pieces you have to recalculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces you have to recalculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces you have to recalculate
+these one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these one over
+epsilons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+General yeah com on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General yeah com on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General yeah com on
+theing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theing the
+arit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arit of
+the condition yeah so if I hadn't chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition yeah so if I hadn't chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition yeah so if I hadn't chose
+that boundary condition sure let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boundary condition sure let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boundary condition sure let me
+write something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the way that you could think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that you could think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that you could think about
+the RG is is follows that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RG is is follows that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RG is is follows that you have
+C and really what the RG is doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and really what the RG is doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and really what the RG is doing is
+determining some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U that allows you to run C from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that allows you to run C from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that allows you to run C from some
+point to some other point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to some other point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to some other point
+like that so in this formula mu is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so in this formula mu is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so in this formula mu is some
+scale that's of order Omega it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale that's of order Omega it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale that's of order Omega it doesn't
+have or W it doesn't have to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have or W it doesn't have to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have or W it doesn't have to be equal to
+W it could be two w half W and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W it could be two w half W and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W it could be two w half W and the way
+that you're thinking about this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're thinking about this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're thinking about this equation
+is you're going to do peration theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're going to do peration theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're going to do peration theory
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing and then in that pation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then in that pation theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then in that pation theory
+you'll have Alpha and you'll have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have Alpha and you'll have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have Alpha and you'll have like
+log s of mu/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log s of mu/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log s of mu/
+w but as long as you're saying kns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w but as long as you're saying kns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w but as long as you're saying kns of
+order W those aren't large logs and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order W those aren't large logs and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order W those aren't large logs and this
+thing here in this formulation would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here in this formulation would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here in this formulation would
+have you know the double log series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know the double log series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know the double log series of
+alpha log squ of mu over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha log squ of mu over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha log squ of mu over
+mu but then mu knots of order W and mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu but then mu knots of order W and mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu but then mu knots of order W and mu
+you can take much smaller and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take much smaller and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take much smaller and that's the
+the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+logs so for Simplicity I just took mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs so for Simplicity I just took mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs so for Simplicity I just took mu
+not equal to W but you could everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to W but you could everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to W but you could everything
+I've said I could repeat and this story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said I could repeat and this story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said I could repeat and this story
+would really be the same if I just used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really be the same if I just used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really be the same if I just used
+an arbitrary m not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary m not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary m not
+and and you know the reason you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know the reason you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know the reason you actually
+want to use an arbitrary m not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use an arbitrary m not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use an arbitrary m not in
+general is that you want to do scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is that you want to do scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is that you want to do scale
+variation to think about uncertainties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation to think about uncertainties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation to think about uncertainties
+and so the m not dependence just like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the m not dependence just like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the m not dependence just like in
+our when we were talking about Electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our when we were talking about Electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our when we were talking about Electro
+week operators and electri hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week operators and electri hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week operators and electri hamiltonian
+the m not dependence cancels between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m not dependence cancels between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m not dependence cancels between
+these things here but that cancellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things here but that cancellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things here but that cancellation
+is an order by order an alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an order by order an alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an order by order an alpha
+cancellation there's no large logs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation there's no large logs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation there's no large logs
+associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that
+cancellation and so what it allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation and so what it allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation and so what it allows you
+to do is if you've truncated this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is if you've truncated this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is if you've truncated this to
+some fixed order and you've worked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fixed order and you've worked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fixed order and you've worked to
+some fixed order over there then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fixed order over there then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fixed order over there then you can
+probe how much uncertainty you have by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe how much uncertainty you have by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe how much uncertainty you have by
+varying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying the
+MU this mu here will get tied up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU this mu here will get tied up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU this mu here will get tied up with
+the MU in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MU in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MU in the the
+operator uh so we can talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator uh so we can talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator uh so we can talk more about
+where that mu goes later on but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that mu goes later on but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that mu goes later on but at the
+level of this formula it is in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of this formula it is in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of this formula it is in general
+the case that you would do it with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that you would do it with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that you would do it with an
+arbitrary M and then only fix M at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary M and then only fix M at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary M and then only fix M at the
+end and you'd even vary m not to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and you'd even vary m not to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and you'd even vary m not to get an
+idea of how much uncertainty you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how much uncertainty you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how much uncertainty you have in
+your leading log calculation because VAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your leading log calculation because VAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your leading log calculation because VAR
+M would probe the next term in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M would probe the next term in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M would probe the next term in the
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+here so when you Saye LEL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so when you Saye LEL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so when you Saye LEL
+matching yeah I mean this C that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching yeah I mean this C that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching yeah I mean this C that's right
+I mean this I mean this guy here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this I mean this guy here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this I mean this guy here right
+and if you want to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to go to
+one then you'd have this that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then you'd have this that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then you'd have this that would have
+this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah all right any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right any other
+questions okay so what is this cusp that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so what is this cusp that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so what is this cusp that
+we've been saying the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for I'll answer a couple of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I'll answer a couple of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I'll answer a couple of questions
+that have come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have come
+up where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Casp so if we look back at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator we have this
+operator and we could make a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and we could make a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and we could make a field
+redefinition if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember and put the ultrasoft effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and put the ultrasoft effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and put the ultrasoft effects
+into a Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a Wilson
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+line now for this heavy cork here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line now for this heavy cork here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line now for this heavy cork here
+remember what that the theory for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what that the theory for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what that the theory for that
+was with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was with
+HQ so the field theory for this heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HQ so the field theory for this heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HQ so the field theory for this heavy
+quk was an iv. d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quk was an iv. d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quk was an iv. d
+h and if we actually make a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h and if we actually make a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h and if we actually make a similar
+field redefinition to the one we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field redefinition to the one we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field redefinition to the one we talked
+talked about to get this y but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about to get this y but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about to get this y but on the
+heavy Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy Quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy Quark
+field then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field then we can
+actually in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in terms of
+this guy here get a free lran as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here get a free lran as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here get a free lran as well so
+actually all the effects from ultrasoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all the effects from ultrasoft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all the effects from ultrasoft
+gluons in this operator can be encoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons in this operator can be encoded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons in this operator can be encoded
+in Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lines so if we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that just says that actually when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that just says that actually when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that just says that actually when you
+we all when we talked about static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all when we talked about static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all when we talked about static
+sources static sources could also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources static sources could also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources static sources could also be
+encoded as Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded as Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded as Wilson
+lines and by a kind of similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and by a kind of similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and by a kind of similar
+manipulation to what we did when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation to what we did when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation to what we did when we
+talked about H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about H
+uhct so if we look at the ultrasoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhct so if we look at the ultrasoft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhct so if we look at the ultrasoft
+sector here we have a a Wilson line it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector here we have a a Wilson line it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector here we have a a Wilson line it
+actually has a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a Wilson line that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a Wilson line that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a Wilson line that comes from
+minus infinity along V to whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity along V to whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity along V to whatever
+position we put our operator at let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position we put our operator at let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position we put our operator at let's
+take it to be zero and then we have a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it to be zero and then we have a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it to be zero and then we have a y
+and dger which is extending out to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dger which is extending out to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dger which is extending out to plus
+infinity from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity from
+zero like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero like
+that and the cusp is this fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the cusp is this fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the cusp is this fact that
+there's a kink in this Wilson line it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kink in this Wilson line it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kink in this Wilson line it's
+not a smooth pass it actually has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a smooth pass it actually has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a smooth pass it actually has a
+sharp angle and that's the cusp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's actually a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's actually a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's actually a general
+renormalization theory for renormalizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization theory for renormalizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization theory for renormalizing
+Wilson lines with cusps this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson lines with cusps this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson lines with cusps this is
+something that at some point in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that at some point in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that at some point in in the
+history of qcd people tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of qcd people tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of qcd people tried to
+reformulate qcd in terms of Wilson lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformulate qcd in terms of Wilson lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformulate qcd in terms of Wilson lines
+entirely in terms of Wilson lines then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely in terms of Wilson lines then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely in terms of Wilson lines then
+they realized that they could have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they realized that they could have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they realized that they could have these
+cusps in the Wilson lines and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cusps in the Wilson lines and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cusps in the Wilson lines and the
+renormalization of that theory became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization of that theory became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization of that theory became
+much more complicated than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated than the
+renormalization of the qcd action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization of the qcd action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization of the qcd action
+because they couldn't prove that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they couldn't prove that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they couldn't prove that in
+general these cusps wouldn't come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general these cusps wouldn't come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general these cusps wouldn't come out of
+the Dynamics and then people dropped it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics and then people dropped it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics and then people dropped it
+but along the way anyway they they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but along the way anyway they they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but along the way anyway they they they
+formulated sort of a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated sort of a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated sort of a general
+normalization theory of cusp uh of cusps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization theory of cusp uh of cusps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization theory of cusp uh of cusps
+in Wilson lines and whenever you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Wilson lines and whenever you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Wilson lines and whenever you have a
+cusp like this you end up having in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cusp like this you end up having in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cusp like this you end up having in our
+language this log single log in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language this log single log in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language this log single log in the
+anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous
+Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension
+so as long if if one of the lines here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as long if if one of the lines here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as long if if one of the lines here
+is light like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is light like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is light like
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one of them is because n^2 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Zero then the anomalous dimension for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero then the anomalous dimension for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero then the anomalous dimension for
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CP will have a single log like our log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP will have a single log like our log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP will have a single log like our log
+of mu over W so that actually holds not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mu over W so that actually holds not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mu over W so that actually holds not
+only to one loop as we talked about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to one loop as we talked about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to one loop as we talked about but
+actually to all orders in in pration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to all orders in in pration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to all orders in in pration
+theory if we gone to higher orders in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory if we gone to higher orders in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory if we gone to higher orders in
+pration theory then what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pration theory then what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pration theory then what would happen
+is that the coefficient of that log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the coefficient of that log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the coefficient of that log
+would get corrected but there' still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get corrected but there' still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get corrected but there' still be
+only one log in our anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one log in our anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one log in our anomalous
+Dimension that's also something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension that's also something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension that's also something that you
+can argue from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can argue from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can argue from
+sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat
+directly but sort of originally it falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly but sort of originally it falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly but sort of originally it falls
+from this general theory of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this general theory of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this general theory of the
+normalization of cusps of Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization of cusps of Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization of cusps of Wilson
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lines so if you were thinking about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines so if you were thinking about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines so if you were thinking about our
+calculation you may remember actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you may remember actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you may remember actually
+that we got one over Square it's from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got one over Square it's from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got one over Square it's from
+the ultrasoft diagrams and that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultrasoft diagrams and that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultrasoft diagrams and that's in
+some sense what we've just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense what we've just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense what we've just talked about
+because these are the ultrasoft diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are the ultrasoft diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are the ultrasoft diagrams
+and they have one over Epsilon squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have one over Epsilon squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have one over Epsilon squares
+there was also one over Epsilon squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was also one over Epsilon squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was also one over Epsilon squares
+from the cinear diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cinear diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cinear diagrams
+right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you
+like this piece here also in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this piece here also in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this piece here also in some sense
+has kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has kind of a
+cusp and in this case it's not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cusp and in this case it's not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cusp and in this case it's not it's
+actually what we're doing is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we're doing is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we're doing is we're
+taking a Wilson line along the Nar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a Wilson line along the Nar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a Wilson line along the Nar
+Direction which is our WN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we're attaching it to a quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're attaching it to a quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're attaching it to a quark
+field okay so this is a a full CN cork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay so this is a a full CN cork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay so this is a a full CN cork
+field it's not a Wilson line so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field it's not a Wilson line so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field it's not a Wilson line so you
+could think of it as just ending on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of it as just ending on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of it as just ending on a
+cork field but even just ending on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cork field but even just ending on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cork field but even just ending on a
+cork field the cork field also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cork field the cork field also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cork field the cork field also has
+Dynamics it's not as simple as Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics it's not as simple as Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics it's not as simple as Wilson
+line Dynamics but it it has Dynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line Dynamics but it it has Dynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line Dynamics but it it has Dynamics and
+we have interactions between these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have interactions between these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have interactions between these and
+this is also kind of a cusp although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also kind of a cusp although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also kind of a cusp although
+it's not a simple Wilson line cusp it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a simple Wilson line cusp it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a simple Wilson line cusp it's
+also kind of a cusp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the even the cinear graphs where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the even the cinear graphs where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the even the cinear graphs where
+the Wilson lines ended on quarks also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wilson lines ended on quarks also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wilson lines ended on quarks also
+produced these 1 over Epsilon squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced these 1 over Epsilon squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced these 1 over Epsilon squares
+and have this kind of structure and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have this kind of structure and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have this kind of structure and they
+actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a
+similar very similar relations to cusps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar very similar relations to cusps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar very similar relations to cusps
+and regular Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regular Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regular Wilson
+lines okay so that was one question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines okay so that was one question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines okay so that was one question what
+was this cusp another question that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this cusp another question that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this cusp another question that came
+up was this fact that the w got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up was this fact that the w got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up was this fact that the w got
+fixed and so we could ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and so we could ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and so we could ask the question
+in general when will that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general when will that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general when will that
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+happen so when will the W's that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so when will the W's that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so when will the W's that are
+showing up in our Wilson coefficients be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up in our Wilson coefficients be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up in our Wilson coefficients be
+fixed by external kinematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and actually that's going to happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually that's going to happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually that's going to happen in
+the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+case we can actually State when it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we can actually State when it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we can actually State when it will
+happen quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generally so imagine that we had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally so imagine that we had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally so imagine that we had an
+effective theory that had multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective theory that had multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective theory that had multiple
+cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear
+directions so then we could build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so then we could build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so then we could build
+operators out of all those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators out of all those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators out of all those different
+colinear fields and we would do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear fields and we would do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear fields and we would do it with
+our building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blocks which are cayen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks which are cayen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks which are cayen
+or curly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or curly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or curly
+BN for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BN for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BN for each
+n and if our operator only involves one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and if our operator only involves one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and if our operator only involves one
+building L block for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction then it's going to be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction then it's going to be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction then it's going to be the case
+that that the value of those labels or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the value of those labels or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the value of those labels or
+those omegas are always going to be be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those omegas are always going to be be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those omegas are always going to be be
+fixed by external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kinematics so let me just write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics so let me just write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics so let me just write down
+another example imagine we had something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example imagine we had something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example imagine we had something
+like an LHC process where we had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an LHC process where we had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an LHC process where we had two
+gluons coming in and two quirks going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons coming in and two quirks going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons coming in and two quirks going
+out but we'll think about this as PDF as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but we'll think about this as PDF as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but we'll think about this as PDF as
+sort of protons colliding coming in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of protons colliding coming in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of protons colliding coming in from
+two different directions let's call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different directions let's call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different directions let's call them
+N2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 and
+N3 and then going to two Jets transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N3 and then going to two Jets transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N3 and then going to two Jets transverse
+to the axis by a large amount so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the axis by a large amount so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the axis by a large amount so they're
+two also two different directions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two also two different directions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two also two different directions which
+I can call N1 and N4 so this process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can call N1 and N4 so this process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can call N1 and N4 so this process of
+glue glue goes to QQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar which is really PP goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar which is really PP goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar which is really PP goes to
+digets as long as as long as those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digets as long as as long as those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digets as long as as long as those
+digets are well separated from the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digets are well separated from the beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digets are well separated from the beam
+axis which is the case we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis which is the case we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis which is the case we're interested
+in then we have this situation where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in then we have this situation where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in then we have this situation where we
+have four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four different
+ends and so what kind of operator would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and so what kind of operator would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and so what kind of operator would
+you write down for that well you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down for that well you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down for that well you'd have
+dw1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dw1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dw1
+dw2 dw3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dw2 dw3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dw2 dw3
+dw4 you'd have a Wilson coefficient that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dw4 you'd have a Wilson coefficient that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dw4 you'd have a Wilson coefficient that
+could depend on four different W's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could depend on four different W's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could depend on four different W's and
+you'd then write down some operator out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd then write down some operator out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd then write down some operator out
+of building blocks N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W1 I'm not going to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 I'm not going to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 I'm not going to worry
+about all the indices but I'll worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the indices but I'll worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the indices but I'll worry
+about some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that would look like that so I just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would look like that so I just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would look like that so I just put
+down some operator that's got the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down some operator that's got the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down some operator that's got the right
+structure it's got two quarks two gluons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it's got two quarks two gluons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it's got two quarks two gluons
+I make the gluons these b perss i I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make the gluons these b perss i I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make the gluons these b perss i I've
+chose to contract them the each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to contract them the each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to contract them the each of them
+has a different direction this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a different direction this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a different direction this is an
+N1 and each of them also gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 and each of them also gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 and each of them also gets a
+corresponding large momentum and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding large momentum and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding large momentum and the
+Wilson coefficient can depend on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson coefficient can depend on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson coefficient can depend on those
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+momenta okay so this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta okay so this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta okay so this would be the
+operator that would describe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that would describe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that would describe that
+process but again if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but again if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but again if you think about the
+renormalization then uh if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization then uh if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization then uh if you think
+about the rization for a minute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the rization for a minute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the rization for a minute the
+cinear diagrams aren't going to involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear diagrams aren't going to involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear diagrams aren't going to involve
+contractions between this guy and any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractions between this guy and any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractions between this guy and any of
+these other guys because these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other guys because these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other guys because these guys are
+totally independent they're a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally independent they're a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally independent they're a different
+lran so the contractions are again just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran so the contractions are again just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran so the contractions are again just
+like the kind of calculation that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the kind of calculation that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the kind of calculation that we did
+the cinear diagrams are just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cinear diagrams are just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cinear diagrams are just you know
+coming from this thing alone and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from this thing alone and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from this thing alone and they
+don't care about that stuff so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about that stuff so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about that stuff so it's
+actually the same calculation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same calculation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same calculation that we
+already did for bets gamma if I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did for bets gamma if I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did for bets gamma if I wanted
+to do the cinear diagrams here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the cinear diagrams here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the cinear diagrams here and then
+I would have to do the clinar diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have to do the clinar diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have to do the clinar diagrams
+for each of these guys but it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these guys but it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these guys but it's kind of
+independent and again the W1 is external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and again the W1 is external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and again the W1 is external
+to that calculation so the anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that calculation so the anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that calculation so the anomalous
+Dimension would just it would be outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension would just it would be outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension would just it would be outside
+it it wouldn't involve it wouldn't sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it wouldn't involve it wouldn't sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it wouldn't involve it wouldn't sort
+of appear and get throws into some Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of appear and get throws into some Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of appear and get throws into some Loop
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+momentum and so if you think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and so if you think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and so if you think about what
+can fix these WS it's really only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fix these WS it's really only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fix these WS it's really only
+external information so what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external information so what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external information so what are
+the uh what are the momentum fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh what are the momentum fractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh what are the momentum fractions
+of the incoming quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incoming quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incoming quark
+from the PDFs what are the energies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the PDFs what are the energies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the PDFs what are the energies of
+the outgoing Jets that's the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outgoing Jets that's the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outgoing Jets that's the type of
+information that even in this case would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that even in this case would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that even in this case would
+fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the
+W's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so if we were to calculate the Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if we were to calculate the Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if we were to calculate the Wilson
+coefficient for this operator and do its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient for this operator and do its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient for this operator and do its
+renormalization group there would again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization group there would again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization group there would again
+it would again be of a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+warm there's no convolution just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm there's no convolution just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm there's no convolution just a
+product for this Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product for this Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product for this Wilson
+coefficient okay so when when could that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient okay so when when could that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient okay so when when could that
+not be true it could not be true if for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be true it could not be true if for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be true it could not be true if for
+example we had a Kai bar and a Kai that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we had a Kai bar and a Kai that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we had a Kai bar and a Kai that
+were in the same direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we're in a situation where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're in a situation where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're in a situation where all
+the objects are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects are different
+directions then that's that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions then that's that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions then that's that's what
+happens and it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simple let's also do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example when is it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when is it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when is it not
+true it's always good to have an counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it's always good to have an counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it's always good to have an counter
+example and it would not be true if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and it would not be true if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and it would not be true if we
+had an operator like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's an operator with just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an operator with just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an operator with just two
+Quark building block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark building block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark building block
+Fields I give them different labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields I give them different labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields I give them different labels
+because in general the Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in general the Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in general the Wilson
+coefficient could depend on their large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient could depend on their large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient could depend on their large
+momenta but now they're in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta but now they're in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta but now they're in the same
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n so they belong to the same cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so they belong to the same cinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so they belong to the same cinear
+sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector
+here and in this operator here we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in this operator here we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in this operator here we would
+actually no longer be in the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no longer be in the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no longer be in the case where
+sort of this thing would totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this thing would totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this thing would totally
+decouple from the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrals so if we think about inserting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so if we think about inserting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so if we think about inserting
+this operator then some of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator then some of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator then some of these guys
+here will involve Loop momenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually it turns out that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it turns out that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it turns out that one
+combination of the of the W's is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the of the W's is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the of the W's is still
+fixed by external kinematics and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed by external kinematics and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed by external kinematics and so
+there's kind of an O overall think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of an O overall think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of an O overall think about
+the overall Delta function on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall Delta function on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall Delta function on this
+product that guy would be fixed and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that guy would be fixed and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that guy would be fixed and then
+some difference of these W's would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some difference of these W's would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some difference of these W's would not
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+fixed that's the the the true story but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed that's the the the true story but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed that's the the the true story but
+at least one combination uh is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one combination uh is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one combination uh is going
+involve the lementa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what does that lead to how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does that lead to how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does that lead to how does it
+complicate what we've already said what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate what we've already said what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate what we've already said what
+that leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to is that when we formulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is that when we formulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is that when we formulate the
+anomalous Dimension equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they also involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrals so for this guy here for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so for this guy here for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so for this guy here for the
+one momentum that's not fixed so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one momentum that's not fixed so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one momentum that's not fixed so in
+general there's two and this is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general there's two and this is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general there's two and this is the one
+that's not fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not fixed
+we would get an equation that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this rather than the simple product form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rather than the simple product form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rather than the simple product form
+there' be an integral on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there' be an integral on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there' be an integral on the right hand
+side and indeed actually if you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and indeed actually if you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and indeed actually if you do the
+normalization of this operator that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization of this operator that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization of this operator that I
+wrote up there just that simple Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you actually
+reproduce a bunch of classical Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce a bunch of classical Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce a bunch of classical Evolution
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that are of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form so even just the simplest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so even just the simplest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so even just the simplest possible
+case we can think of where things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we can think of where things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we can think of where things are
+not fixed gives us a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fixed gives us a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fixed gives us a bunch of
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+results so for deep and elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so for deep and elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so for deep and elastic
+scattering then what you're getting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering then what you're getting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering then what you're getting is
+the alter fzi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alter fzi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alter fzi
+equation or deop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation and the evolution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the evolution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the evolution of the
+operator would be the evolution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator would be the evolution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator would be the evolution of the
+parttime distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parttime distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parttime distribution
+function that's one thing that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's one thing that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's one thing that would be
+encoded in the renormalization of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded in the renormalization of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded in the renormalization of that
+equation there's other processes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation there's other processes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation there's other processes that
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+actually some of which we may talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some of which we may talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some of which we may talk about
+later on that are also encoded in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on that are also encoded in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on that are also encoded in this
+same type of operator are kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same type of operator are kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same type of operator are kind of a
+different projection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and one of them leads to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and one of them leads to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and one of them leads to something
+called the broadsky leage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation and then there's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and then there's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and then there's another one
+that's showing up in something called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's showing up in something called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's showing up in something called a
+process called deeply virtual content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scattering okay so the one that's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering okay so the one that's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering okay so the one that's most
+familiar is the renormalization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar is the renormalization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar is the renormalization of the
+PDF and you may remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF and you may remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF and you may remember that the
+renormalization of the PDF has this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization of the PDF has this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization of the PDF has this form
+of has having an integral that'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of has having an integral that'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of has having an integral that'll come
+out we're normalizing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we're normalizing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we're normalizing this
+operator we'll do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay
+so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in
+general the kind of structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the kind of structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the kind of structure of the
+effective theory is leading us to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective theory is leading us to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective theory is leading us to kind
+of find out what the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of find out what the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of find out what the structure of the
+normalization is and you can reproduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization is and you can reproduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization is and you can reproduce
+some sort of well-known classic things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of well-known classic things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of well-known classic things
+but it comes out actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easy okay so before so I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy okay so before so I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy okay so before so I'm going to do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+case but I'm going to do this case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but I'm going to do this case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but I'm going to do this case in
+complete with all sort of the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete with all sort of the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete with all sort of the details
+filled in so first I have to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in so first I have to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in so first I have to convince
+you that in deep in elastic scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that in deep in elastic scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that in deep in elastic scattering
+you actually get that operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually get that operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually get that operator
+and it we'll see precisely what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it we'll see precisely what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it we'll see precisely what kind of
+Matrix elements of that operator show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements of that operator show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements of that operator show up
+in deep in elastic scattering why we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in deep in elastic scattering why we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in deep in elastic scattering why we get
+that operator then once we're convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operator then once we're convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operator then once we're convinced
+that we have that operator and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have that operator and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have that operator and we'll
+actually derive a factorization theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually derive a factorization theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually derive a factorization theorem
+that involves that operator then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves that operator then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves that operator then we'll
+talk about its renormalization group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about its renormalization group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about its renormalization group
+Evolution and we'll I'll show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution and we'll I'll show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution and we'll I'll show you that
+it has this form that I'm writing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has this form that I'm writing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has this form that I'm writing here
+so probably for the Le rest of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably for the Le rest of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably for the Le rest of today's
+lecture certainly for the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture certainly for the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture certainly for the rest of
+today's lecture we won't we won't get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture we won't we won't get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture we won't we won't get to
+the running we'll do that next time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running we'll do that next time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running we'll do that next time but
+we'll at least per get to the point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll at least per get to the point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll at least per get to the point I
+think where you'll see why that operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think where you'll see why that operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think where you'll see why that operator
+is showing up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dis okay so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dis so I'm only going to talk in dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis so I'm only going to talk in dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis so I'm only going to talk in dis
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factorization and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization and then the
+renormalization group evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization group evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization group evolution
+so no phenomenology nothing like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no phenomenology nothing like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no phenomenology nothing like that
+we'll just talk about these two concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just talk about these two concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just talk about these two concepts
+so dis is electron proton to electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dis is electron proton to electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dis is electron proton to electron
+anything so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kinematics think about a virtual Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exchange proton comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange proton comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange proton comes
+in I'll say that the proton's momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I'll say that the proton's momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I'll say that the proton's momentum
+is a capital p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's blown apart call this stuff it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's blown apart call this stuff it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's blown apart call this stuff it's
+blown apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blown apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blown apart
+PX and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX and so
+PX is the sum of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles all the final state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydrons q^2 of the virtual Photon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrons q^2 of the virtual Photon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrons q^2 of the virtual Photon so
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q little q^2 is minus capital q^2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q little q^2 is minus capital q^2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q little q^2 is minus capital q^2 and
+this thing is much bigger than L the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+qcd York in X is capital q^2 divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd York in X is capital q^2 divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd York in X is capital q^2 divided
+by this dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+product and you can talk about PX which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and you can talk about PX which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and you can talk about PX which
+is the PX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the PX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the PX
+mu and by momentum conservation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and by momentum conservation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and by momentum conservation that's
+the proton momentum plus whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton momentum plus whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton momentum plus whatever
+momentum came in from the lefton's Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum came in from the lefton's Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum came in from the lefton's Q
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so px^ s if you square it well this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so px^ s if you square it well this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so px^ s if you square it well this guy
+is giving you mass of the proton squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is giving you mass of the proton squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is giving you mass of the proton squared
+and then there's a DOT ter a cross term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a DOT ter a cross term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a DOT ter a cross term
+and this guy squared and if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy squared and if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy squared and if you put
+those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things
+together can write it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so this is an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is an exact
+equation px^ squ is that and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation px^ squ is that and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation px^ squ is that and so there's
+actually different regions of dis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually different regions of dis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually different regions of dis and
+we're only going to talk about one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to talk about one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to talk about one of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I have to enumerate what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have to enumerate what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have to enumerate what I'm
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+carefully and I can do that by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and I can do that by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and I can do that by looking
+at px^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at px^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at px^
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+or this Factor one one - x overx which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this Factor one one - x overx which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this Factor one one - x overx which
+I'll call 1X -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call 1X -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call 1X -
+one if this thing is of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if this thing is of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if this thing is of order
+q^2 then that means that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q^2 then that means that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q^2 then that means that this thing
+you're counting is of order one and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're counting is of order one and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're counting is of order one and in
+that case it's What's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case it's What's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case it's What's called the
+inclusive operator product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive operator product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive operator product
+expansion so this is the case that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion so this is the case that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion so this is the case that most
+books would deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books would deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books would deal with
+and that's the one we'll deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the one we'll deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the one we'll deal with
+actually where effectively we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually where effectively we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually where effectively we're not
+putting restrictions on X we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting restrictions on X we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting restrictions on X we're just
+saying it's generic and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's generic and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's generic and it's not
+approaching any end points there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching any end points there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching any end points there's also
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+situation where the PX gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the PX gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the PX gets
+smaller and then this thing is close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and then this thing is close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and then this thing is close to
+an end point Lambda qcd over q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an end point Lambda qcd over q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an end point Lambda qcd over q and
+that's called the endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region and people talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and people talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and people talk about that
+usually when people say x goes to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually when people say x goes to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually when people say x goes to one
+this is what they mean that the 1 - x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what they mean that the 1 - x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what they mean that the 1 - x -
+one is of that size Lambda qcd over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is of that size Lambda qcd over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is of that size Lambda qcd over
+Q there's even a third region where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q there's even a third region where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q there's even a third region where the
+px^ S becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+px^ S becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+px^ S becomes
+hydronic Lambda qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronic Lambda qcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronic Lambda qcd
+s and that's like here two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and that's like here two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and that's like here two
+Powers so taking that factor be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powers so taking that factor be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powers so taking that factor be really
+small and that's kind of the resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and that's kind of the resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and that's kind of the resonance
+region and that's the case where the ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and that's the case where the ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and that's the case where the ex
+final State X is a just another proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final State X is a just another proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final State X is a just another proton
+or an excited state of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proton so that's where elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton so that's where elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton so that's where elastic
+scattering would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and exclusive that's an exclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exclusive that's an exclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exclusive that's an exclusive
+process it's not inclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anymore so actually all three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so actually all three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so actually all three of these
+cases can be done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases can be done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases can be done with
+SE and the way that it works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE and the way that it works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE and the way that it works is
+different in each case and the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in each case and the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in each case and the case that
+we'll do is just the first one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do is just the first one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do is just the first one which is
+kind of the classic one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the classic one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the classic one
+and also the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so our PX squ is going to be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so our PX squ is going to be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so our PX squ is going to be of
+order q^ squ for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analysis okay we also need some partonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables so The stru Quirk carries some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so The stru Quirk carries some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so The stru Quirk carries some
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+fraction from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proton this is the familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton this is the familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton this is the familiar
+language and for our analysis what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and for our analysis what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and for our analysis what we're
+going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+is just take m. Little P of the Quark to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just take m. Little P of the Quark to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just take m. Little P of the Quark to
+be something times Nar do big p of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something times Nar do big p of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something times Nar do big p of the
+proton so the fraction is this C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton so the fraction is this C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton so the fraction is this C
+variable and it's the ratio of the pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and it's the ratio of the pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and it's the ratio of the pro
+the Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum to the
+proton but we'll do it in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton but we'll do it in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton but we'll do it in a very
+particular component we'll see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular component we'll see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular component we'll see why
+that's the right thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right thing to
+do and and if we have our a picture here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and and if we have our a picture here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and and if we have our a picture here
+of The Quirk kinematics then this p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of The Quirk kinematics then this p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of The Quirk kinematics then this p is
+the incoming p and the out outgoing P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming p and the out outgoing P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming p and the out outgoing P
+would be P Prime let say so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be P Prime let say so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be P Prime let say so I could
+think about an analog of this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about an analog of this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about an analog of this equation
+where I Square P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I Square P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I Square P
+Prime and if you do that it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and if you do that it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and if you do that it's kind of
+similar to the hydronic case the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the hydronic case the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the hydronic case the only
+difference is that the C shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that the C shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that the C shows up
+so and of course there's no mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+so P Prime squ would be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we'll see how this variable C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll see how this variable C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll see how this variable C
+shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows
+up now one thing that we have to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now one thing that we have to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now one thing that we have to decide
+about is frames of reference because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is frames of reference because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is frames of reference because
+remember when we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we're talking about
+degrees of freedom in sat we picked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom in sat we picked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom in sat we picked a
+frame to do that discussion and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame to do that discussion and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame to do that discussion and it was
+almost always the center of Mass frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always the center of Mass frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always the center of Mass frame
+so far in our in our discussions or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far in our in our discussions or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far in our in our discussions or the
+rest frame of the initial state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest frame of the initial state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest frame of the initial state
+and here we're going to use a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we're going to use a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we're going to use a slightly
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+frame which is sort of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame which is sort of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame which is sort of the most
+convenient frame for deep elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient frame for deep elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient frame for deep elastic
+scattering it's called the bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frame so we're going to do our analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so we're going to do our analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so we're going to do our analysis
+of this Frame so what defines this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Frame this Frame is defined by taking Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frame this Frame is defined by taking Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frame this Frame is defined by taking Q
+mu to just have a z component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu to just have a z component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu to just have a z component
+remember it's space likee so has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's space likee so has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's space likee so has to be
+somewhere in the space likee column and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the space likee column and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the space likee column and
+we can choose it such that it's entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can choose it such that it's entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can choose it such that it's entirely
+in the Z component and nowhere else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Z component and nowhere else and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Z component and nowhere else and
+that's the bright frame if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the bright frame if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the bright frame if we want to
+write that in terms of our sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that in terms of our sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that in terms of our sort of
+classic decomposition of n and n bars we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic decomposition of n and n bars we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic decomposition of n and n bars we
+can write it as a difference divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it as a difference divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it as a difference divided by
+two and that's giving the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+component so in this Frame what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so in this Frame what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so in this Frame what's
+happening is that your initial State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is that your initial State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is that your initial State
+proton is coming in with a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton is coming in with a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton is coming in with a very large
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+and then it's being sort of you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's being sort of you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's being sort of you're
+you're kind of killing that momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of killing that momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of killing that momentum and
+then spitting it back out in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then spitting it back out in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then spitting it back out in a different
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+so you're spitting back out stuff in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're spitting back out stuff in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're spitting back out stuff in a
+different direction so the initial State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction so the initial State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction so the initial State
+proton is coming in with a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton is coming in with a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton is coming in with a large
+momentum in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in some
+Direction so if you work out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so if you work out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so if you work out the
+kinematics given that for what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics given that for what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics given that for what the
+proton would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be the proton's momentum Mum would be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the proton's momentum Mum would be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the proton's momentum Mum would be of
+the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+form okay so it's got a large this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay so it's got a large this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay so it's got a large this is
+large and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small and if you have a large component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and if you have a large component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and if you have a large component
+in some lightlike direction that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some lightlike direction that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some lightlike direction that means
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+cinear all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear all right
+so could actually write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so could actually write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so could actually write it
+as using momentum conservation you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as using momentum conservation you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as using momentum conservation you could
+write it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it like
+this and it has a kind of cinear scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it has a kind of cinear scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it has a kind of cinear scaling
+so what we have in the in deep elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have in the in deep elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have in the in deep elastic
+scattering in the bright frame is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering in the bright frame is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering in the bright frame is that
+the incoming proton is a cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proton and if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and if we look at
+PX and we just again I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX and we just again I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX and we just again I'm not going
+through the details of this but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the details of this but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the details of this but if we
+just decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just decompose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just decompose
+PX in terms of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates then we get this and so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates then we get this and so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates then we get this and so as
+long as this Factor 1 - XX is of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as this Factor 1 - XX is of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as this Factor 1 - XX is of order
+one you see that there's a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you see that there's a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you see that there's a large
+component in n and a large component in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in n and a large component in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in n and a large component in
+n R and that means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hard so what would happen in these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so what would happen in these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so what would happen in these other
+cases here is that you would change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases here is that you would change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases here is that you would change that
+right it would no longer be hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it would no longer be hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it would no longer be hard and
+that's why these cases here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why these cases here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why these cases here are
+different but as long as we're in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but as long as we're in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but as long as we're in this
+first case this is hard and we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case this is hard and we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case this is hard and we can say
+that we have clearer modes and hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have clearer modes and hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have clearer modes and hard
+modes and then we just want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and then we just want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and then we just want to write
+down an effective theory for those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down an effective theory for those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down an effective theory for those two
+things you could also do an analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you could also do an analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you could also do an analysis of
+dis in the rest frame of the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis in the rest frame of the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis in the rest frame of the proton
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+another case and actually the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another case and actually the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another case and actually the final
+result that you would get would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that you would get would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that you would get would be the
+same as what we'll get from this Frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as what we'll get from this Frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as what we'll get from this Frame
+but this Frame is actually a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easier okay so we're really talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier okay so we're really talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier okay so we're really talking
+about hard cinear factorization in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense cinear descrip the low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense cinear descrip the low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense cinear descrip the low energy
+degree of Freedom which is the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom which is the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom which is the proton
+and hard describes the off shell final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hard describes the off shell final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hard describes the off shell final
+State and the hard fluctuations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and the hard fluctuations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and the hard fluctuations and
+really what we want to do in D dis in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what we want to do in D dis in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what we want to do in D dis in
+this classic case is just separate hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this classic case is just separate hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this classic case is just separate hard
+and cinear fluctuations at least in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Frame so we can do that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cross-section so let me remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section so let me remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section so let me remind you
+something about cross-section in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dis so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis so just
+using nothing more than the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using nothing more than the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using nothing more than the fact that
+we're treating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're treating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're treating the
+leptons order by order in the photon we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leptons order by order in the photon we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leptons order by order in the photon we
+can work to first order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work to first order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work to first order in
+electromagnetic coupling and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic coupling and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic coupling and then we can
+write down a formula like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a formula like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a formula like
+this where we split it into leptonic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where we split it into leptonic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where we split it into leptonic and
+hydronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tensor and the hydronic tensor can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor and the hydronic tensor can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor and the hydronic tensor can be
+written as the imagin be part of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T where
+T is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is the following
+thing so this doesn't use anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so this doesn't use anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so this doesn't use anything about
+we haven't used any sort of pration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't used any sort of pration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't used any sort of pration
+theory or anything to write this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory or anything to write this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory or anything to write this what
+I'm telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down we just worked to all orders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down we just worked to all orders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down we just worked to all orders and
+basically use the optical theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so T is the time order product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so T is the time order product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so T is the time order product of the
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+currents let me call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's okay so that's before you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay so that's before you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay so that's before you start
+doing anything in qcd that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything in qcd that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything in qcd that's how you
+could write this and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write this and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write this and these are the
+electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic
+currents for a quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay because X was something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay because X was something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay because X was something else
+don't want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x all right so for this T muu we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x all right so for this T muu we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x all right so for this T muu we can
+also do we can also use current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do we can also use current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do we can also use current
+conservation and decompose it into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation and decompose it into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation and decompose it into two
+pieces so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so this is
+classic thing that we do in dis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic thing that we do in dis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic thing that we do in dis and
+nothing about the fact that we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about the fact that we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about the fact that we're using
+the effective Theory really changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective Theory really changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective Theory really changes
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+this what you're after the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what you're after the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what you're after the effective
+theory is calculating these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is calculating these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is calculating these
+T's are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T's are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T's are the
+coefficients so this part is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so this part is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so this part is all
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+stuff for any analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dis so if you're not familiar with it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis so if you're not familiar with it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis so if you're not familiar with it or
+you don't remember it it's actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't remember it it's actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't remember it it's actually not
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+important but using the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but using the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but using the current
+conservation of T the fact that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of T the fact that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of T the fact that when I
+dot a q into the T you should get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot a q into the T you should get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot a q into the T you should get zero
+because you're dotting a q into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're dotting a q into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're dotting a q into the
+current current is conserved it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current current is conserved it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current current is conserved it's
+electromagnetic current that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic current that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic current that tells you
+the possible structure of this thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible structure of this thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible structure of this thing and
+there's two general terms if I'm doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two general terms if I'm doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two general terms if I'm doing a
+spin sum which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+am okay there's a sum over spin up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there if we weren't summing over spin if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if we weren't summing over spin if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if we weren't summing over spin if
+we're pricing picking up particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're pricing picking up particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're pricing picking up particular
+spins of the proton then the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins of the proton then the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins of the proton then the formula
+here could be a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here could be a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here could be a little more
+complicated all right so this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated all right so this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated all right so this you know
+satisfies all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+symmetries and in general what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries and in general what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries and in general what you know
+is that you want the imaginary part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you want the imaginary part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you want the imaginary part of
+forward scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graphs so pictorially it's sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so pictorially it's sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so pictorially it's sometimes
+useful to draw something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's a forward scattering graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a forward scattering graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a forward scattering graph and
+the thing that's different that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's different that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's different that we have
+a no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a no
+now and the kind of information is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and the kind of information is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and the kind of information is that
+we're going to use is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use is that we're
+assigning the external guys to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning the external guys to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning the external guys to be
+colinear and the intermediate guy to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear and the intermediate guy to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear and the intermediate guy to be
+hard so we want to integrate out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so we want to integrate out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so we want to integrate out the
+pink guy as usual okay we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink guy as usual okay we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink guy as usual okay we want to
+integrate out as always pink and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate out as always pink and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate out as always pink and we want
+to keep these cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep these cinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep these cinear
+guys right and so the operators in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys right and so the operators in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys right and so the operators in the
+effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+Theory we can already in it what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we can already in it what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we can already in it what they
+should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like they're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+involve kind of a current with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve kind of a current with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve kind of a current with two
+photons hanging out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons hanging out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons hanging out of
+it and then cinear quarks those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then cinear quarks those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then cinear quarks those those
+are the external lines there and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the external lines there and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the external lines there and there's
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+also an analogous thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an analogous thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an analogous thing with
+cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear
+gluons and that's what the type of so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons and that's what the type of so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons and that's what the type of so I
+could have an OP operator at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have an OP operator at higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have an OP operator at higher
+orders where the external States here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders where the external States here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders where the external States here
+with gluons and that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gluons and that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gluons and that's what the
+operators in the effective Theory are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators in the effective Theory are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators in the effective Theory are
+going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look
+like okay just contract that pink line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay just contract that pink line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay just contract that pink line
+to a point that's what they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like so given that we know what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so given that we know what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so given that we know what they
+look like we just have to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like we just have to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like we just have to write down the
+lowest Dimension operators of that form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest Dimension operators of that form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest Dimension operators of that form
+and the lowest Dimension operators of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lowest Dimension operators of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lowest Dimension operators of
+that form are exactly the operator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form are exactly the operator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form are exactly the operator that
+I told you was going to be the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you was going to be the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you was going to be the one that
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in so we can enumerate the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so we can enumerate the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so we can enumerate the lowest
+Dimension which where Dimension here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension which where Dimension here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension which where Dimension here is
+counted as lambdas right so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted as lambdas right so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted as lambdas right so it's the
+lowest order in the power counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest order in the power counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest order in the power counting
+operators so not the lowest order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so not the lowest order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so not the lowest order in
+Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dimension let me kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension let me kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension let me kind
+of write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of write
+out a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things already switched to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notation yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the type of operator we'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the type of operator we'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the type of operator we'd have
+that's order Lambda squared this guy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's order Lambda squared this guy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's order Lambda squared this guy's
+order Lambda this guy's order Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Lambda this guy's order Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Lambda this guy's order Lambda
+this Lambda squar and the most General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lambda squar and the most General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lambda squar and the most General
+thing we could think of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we could think of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we could think of is
+this okay the reason why I wrote this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay the reason why I wrote this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay the reason why I wrote this
+out rather than writing it as a Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out rather than writing it as a Kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out rather than writing it as a Kai
+field is I want to emphasize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is I want to emphasize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is I want to emphasize that
+there's a flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+index so I is up quirks down quirks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index so I is up quirks down quirks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index so I is up quirks down quirks
+strange quirks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange quirks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange quirks
+Etc and then we could also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gluons and gluons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similar except in terms of our curly B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar except in terms of our curly B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar except in terms of our curly B
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and is actually just the contraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is actually just the contraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is actually just the contraction of
+two curly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v's and then traced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v's and then traced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v's and then traced
+over and then there's some Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and then there's some Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and then there's some Wilson
+coefficient here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here which is
+also just the Wilson coefficient for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just the Wilson coefficient for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just the Wilson coefficient for the
+gluon okay so these this is again order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluon okay so these this is again order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluon okay so these this is again order
+Lambda squar B per field is order Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda squar B per field is order Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda squar B per field is order Lambda
+Square so we just write down the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so we just write down the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so we just write down the lowest
+Dimension operators that have this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension operators that have this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension operators that have this form
+and that's going to be the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be the right answer
+lowest lowest order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda so it turns out actually that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so it turns out actually that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so it turns out actually that in
+this case our Lambda counting is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case our Lambda counting is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case our Lambda counting is exactly
+corresponding to twist expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not going to OJs correspond to theer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to OJs correspond to theer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to OJs correspond to theer
+T1 and t2s yeah right so now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 and t2s yeah right so now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 and t2s yeah right so now what's the
+index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index
+J exactly there's a T1 and a T2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J exactly there's a T1 and a T2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J exactly there's a T1 and a T2 and the
+T1 and the t2 although they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 and the t2 although they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 and the t2 although they have the
+same kind of Quirk and gluon field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of Quirk and gluon field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of Quirk and gluon field
+structure they get different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure they get different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure they get different
+coefficients and that's what the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and that's what the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and that's what the J
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when we think about doing a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we think about doing a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we think about doing a similar
+kind of decomposition in the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of decomposition in the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of decomposition in the effective
+Theory we can write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows
+so as an o1 and an O2 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as an o1 and an O2 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as an o1 and an O2 and I
+think I I'm getting my mass Dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I I'm getting my mass Dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I I'm getting my mass Dimensions
+right it looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a piece that multiplies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a piece that multiplies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a piece that multiplies a
+spin structure that's this gep per meu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin structure that's this gep per meu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin structure that's this gep per meu
+that's transverse to q and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's transverse to q and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's transverse to q and there's a
+piece that multiplies this guy which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that multiplies this guy which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that multiplies this guy which is
+also transverse to Q in the bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also transverse to Q in the bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also transverse to Q in the bright
+frame so that's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so that's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so that's the kind of
+decomposition we would do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition we would do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition we would do in the
+effective Theory there' be two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory there' be two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory there' be two different
+types of operators we could think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of operators we could think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of operators we could think about
+but the only thing that actually tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the only thing that actually tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the only thing that actually tracks
+that because of kind of the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because of kind of the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because of kind of the spin
+relations the only thing that tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations the only thing that tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations the only thing that tracks
+that is the Wilson coefficient so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the Wilson coefficient so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the Wilson coefficient so that
+will differ in these two different cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will differ in these two different cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will differ in these two different cases
+okay so this guy here is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this guy here is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this guy here is going to
+be this will give the Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PDFs and his Wilson coefficient will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs and his Wilson coefficient will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs and his Wilson coefficient will
+then be the thing that you convolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be the thing that you convolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be the thing that you convolute
+with the Quark PDF in dis and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Quark PDF in dis and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Quark PDF in dis and then
+likewise this guy is going to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise this guy is going to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise this guy is going to give the
+gluon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PDF so let's do the Quark we'll do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF so let's do the Quark we'll do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF so let's do the Quark we'll do the
+quark contribution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark contribution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark contribution in
+detail the gluon contribution is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail the gluon contribution is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail the gluon contribution is not
+really any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+harder so what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder so what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder so what I'm going to do is I'm
+not going to think about it in peration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to think about it in peration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to think about it in peration
+theory I'm just going to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory I'm just going to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory I'm just going to think about it
+to allers in peration theory and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allers in peration theory and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allers in peration theory and really
+what that means is I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is I'm not going to
+think about this c as expanded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this c as expanded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this c as expanded in
+peration theory or think about any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peration theory or think about any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peration theory or think about any of
+the diagrams here as expanded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagrams here as expanded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagrams here as expanded in
+peration theory I'm just going to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peration theory I'm just going to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peration theory I'm just going to see if
+I manipulate things what does it lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I manipulate things what does it lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I manipulate things what does it lead to
+using like momentum conservation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using like momentum conservation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using like momentum conservation and
+stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like
+that so let me write in order to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let me write in order to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let me write in order to do that
+let me write it slightly differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write it slightly differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write it slightly differently
+than I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I just
+did which I apologize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did which I apologize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did which I apologize
+for but I'm going to want I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for but I'm going to want I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for but I'm going to want I want the
+arguments of the C just to for a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments of the C just to for a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments of the C just to for a kind of
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+convenience instead of being W1 and W2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience instead of being W1 and W2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience instead of being W1 and W2
+to be w+ and W minus the sum of the W's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be w+ and W minus the sum of the W's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be w+ and W minus the sum of the W's
+and the difference of the W's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so everything else the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same it's convenient to just talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same it's convenient to just talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same it's convenient to just talk about
+the sum and the difference rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum and the difference rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum and the difference rather
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+individuals okay so what's the part-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals okay so what's the part-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals okay so what's the part-time
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function let me convince you that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function let me convince you that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function let me convince you that it's
+actually related to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related to this
+operator if you were in coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space the coordinate space for us was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the coordinate space for us was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the coordinate space for us was
+Z we're saving X for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z we're saving X for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z we're saving X for something
+else then you could Define the Parton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else then you could Define the Parton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else then you could Define the Parton
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function as a proton Matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as a proton Matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as a proton Matrix element
+of Quark Fields with a Wilson line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Quark Fields with a Wilson line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Quark Fields with a Wilson line
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them so they're on the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cone and we have a formula like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone and we have a formula like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone and we have a formula like
+that and also one can convince oneself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and also one can convince oneself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and also one can convince oneself
+that the if you want to write down for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the if you want to write down for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the if you want to write down for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+antiquarks what the Parton distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquarks what the Parton distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquarks what the Parton distribution
+function is it's the same formula as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is it's the same formula as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is it's the same formula as the
+Quark formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark formula
+just with kind of an overall minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with kind of an overall minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with kind of an overall minus sign
+and Z goes to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z so that's an operator definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so that's an operator definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so that's an operator definition of
+the Parton distribution function you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Parton distribution function you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Parton distribution function you can
+also Define it by moments of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Define it by moments of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Define it by moments of the
+operator that's the way that for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that's the way that for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that's the way that for example
+peskin does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peskin does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peskin does
+it but if you sort of put all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but if you sort of put all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but if you sort of put all the
+information in those moments back into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in those moments back into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in those moments back into a
+single operator then it becomes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing and if we for transform this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and if we for transform this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and if we for transform this then
+it becomes the operator that we have up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so there's something special about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so there's something special about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so there's something special about
+the Matrix element we're taking here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix element we're taking here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix element we're taking here and
+that is that this Matrix element is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that this Matrix element is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that this Matrix element is
+forward it has the same kinematics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward it has the same kinematics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward it has the same kinematics for
+the so this is a colinear proton but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so this is a colinear proton but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so this is a colinear proton but we
+have the same momentum here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same momentum here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same momentum here and
+here right in the instate and the out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right in the instate and the out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right in the instate and the out
+State you have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State you have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State you have the same
+momentum and that's leads to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and that's leads to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and that's leads to one
+kinematic restriction on what I'm about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic restriction on what I'm about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic restriction on what I'm about
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write so what that imposes is that W1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write so what that imposes is that W1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write so what that imposes is that W1
+should be equal to W2 so there's a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to W2 so there's a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to W2 so there's a Delta
+function of w minus that comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of w minus that comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of w minus that comes from the
+momentum conservation or the Restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum conservation or the Restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum conservation or the Restriction
+that it's a forward Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a forward Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a forward Matrix
+element but the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element but the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element but the sum of the
+two with my sign conventions it's w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two with my sign conventions it's w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two with my sign conventions it's w
+minus the sum of the two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unconstrained well it's bounded but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained well it's bounded but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained well it's bounded but
+unconstrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can write the unconstrained part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can write the unconstrained part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can write the unconstrained part
+as this integral of C parameter the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this integral of C parameter the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this integral of C parameter the the
+bounding just comes from the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounding just comes from the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounding just comes from the fact that
+the Quark can't carry more momentum than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Quark can't carry more momentum than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Quark can't carry more momentum than
+the overall momentum of the proton okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall momentum of the proton okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall momentum of the proton okay
+so that's where it's bounded it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where it's bounded it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where it's bounded it can't
+carry negative momentum and it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry negative momentum and it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry negative momentum and it can't
+carry uh negative physical momentum it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry uh negative physical momentum it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry uh negative physical momentum it
+can't carry and it can carry uh less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't carry and it can carry uh less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't carry and it can carry uh less
+momentum in the proton that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in the proton that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in the proton that's where the
+limits come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits come from
+and then there's kind of two pieces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's kind of two pieces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's kind of two pieces the
+w+ could either be positive or it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w+ could either be positive or it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w+ could either be positive or it could
+be negative if it's positive remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative if it's positive remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative if it's positive remember
+positive labels that was our quarks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive labels that was our quarks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive labels that was our quarks so
+this is the Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piece and these are the antiquarks they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and these are the antiquarks they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and these are the antiquarks they
+come with negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with negative
+labels remember that we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels remember that we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels remember that we talked about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+earlier and so both the F and the F Bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and so both the F and the F Bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and so both the F and the F Bar
+hiding inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding inside
+the this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this formula
+okay so there is a simplification that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there is a simplification that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there is a simplification that
+there's this Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and so basically what we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so basically what we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so basically what we're we're
+talking about then you can think of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about then you can think of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about then you can think of just
+doing the integral over that Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the integral over that Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the integral over that Delta
+function so then you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so then you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so then you're talking about
+effectively an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively an
+operator where you don't worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator where you don't worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator where you don't worry about
+putting a label on this one you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a label on this one you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a label on this one you have
+only one Delta function left which I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one Delta function left which I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one Delta function left which I can
+denote by putting a label on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote by putting a label on this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote by putting a label on this one
+and this is this operator is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this operator is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this operator is actually
+the exactly the operator that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exactly the operator that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exactly the operator that gives you
+the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF
+okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this
+operator is like a number operator for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quarks where you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+momentum a number operator with momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum a number operator with momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum a number operator with momentum
+Omega and if you want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and if you want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and if you want to think about
+there being some kind a field for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being some kind a field for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being some kind a field for a
+Parton this is about as close as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get okay so this Fork field dressed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay so this Fork field dressed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay so this Fork field dressed by a
+Wilson line is kind of like a Parton in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson line is kind of like a Parton in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson line is kind of like a Parton in
+the Parton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Parton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Parton
+model all right so we'll next time we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model all right so we'll next time we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model all right so we'll next time we'll
+take this put it together with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this put it together with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this put it together with this
+formula here with the c and just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here with the c and just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here with the c and just see
+where it leads us and will lead us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it leads us and will lead us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it leads us and will lead us
+directly to a factorization theorem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to a factorization theorem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to a factorization theorem for
+deep and elastic scattering involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep and elastic scattering involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep and elastic scattering involving
+part-time distribution functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part-time distribution functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part-time distribution functions and
+some hard perturbatively calculable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hard perturbatively calculable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hard perturbatively calculable
+things which is actually a cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which is actually a cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which is actually a cross-section
+in the Parton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Parton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Parton
+model and then we'll talk about re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then we'll talk about re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then we'll talk about re
+normalization through Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization through Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization through Evolution
+it you can already see that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can already see that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can already see that we're
+getting the operator that I promised you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the operator that I promised you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the operator that I promised you
+that disis is described by this bilinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that disis is described by this bilinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that disis is described by this bilinear
+operator with two different cork fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator with two different cork fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator with two different cork fields
+and particular labeling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momenta any questions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/koSUtDemjMo.txt b/koSUtDemjMo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..582b44e831f4fe80e3655ab9966ae2fea74a8253
--- /dev/null
+++ b/koSUtDemjMo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12739 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's get started uh so welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get started uh so welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get started uh so welcome
+everyone I'm very excited to be here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone I'm very excited to be here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone I'm very excited to be here for
+a few lectures this semester um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few lectures this semester um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few lectures this semester um I
+thought I start by introducing myself um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I start by introducing myself um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I start by introducing myself um
+I haven't met many of you in fact so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't met many of you in fact so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't met many of you in fact so so
+this is uh I was in sabatica last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh I was in sabatica last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh I was in sabatica last year
+many of you have first year so glad to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have first year so glad to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have first year so glad to
+to meet all of you um so my name is toia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet all of you um so my name is toia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet all of you um so my name is toia
+ZZ uh I sit in e52 on the fourth floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZZ uh I sit in e52 on the fourth floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZZ uh I sit in e52 on the fourth floor
+um as you have seen on the syllabus my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as you have seen on the syllabus my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as you have seen on the syllabus my
+office hours are on Thursdays from uh 1:
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office hours are on Thursdays from uh 1:
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office hours are on Thursdays from uh 1:
+to 2 if you have any questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 if you have any questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 if you have any questions about the
+material um I received my uh my PhD from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material um I received my uh my PhD from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material um I received my uh my PhD from
+uh NYU uh stayed a bit in bit longer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh NYU uh stayed a bit in bit longer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh NYU uh stayed a bit in bit longer in
+uh New York City got my first job at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh New York City got my first job at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh New York City got my first job at
+Colombia before coming here to uh MIT um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia before coming here to uh MIT um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia before coming here to uh MIT um
+I'm I'm interested in a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm interested in a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm interested in a variety of
+topics uh and different kinds of markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics uh and different kinds of markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics uh and different kinds of markets
+so um predominantly in uh what I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um predominantly in uh what I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um predominantly in uh what I call
+decentralized markets so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized markets so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized markets so these are
+markets where um participants face some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets where um participants face some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets where um participants face some
+sort of friction so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of friction so for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of friction so for instance
+consumers may not know what prices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers may not know what prices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers may not know what prices in
+the market are or consumers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market are or consumers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market are or consumers and
+producers have to find each other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers have to find each other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers have to find each other in
+order to trade this has for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to trade this has for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to trade this has for instance
+applications in transportation markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in transportation markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in transportation markets
+on which I have done quite some work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which I have done quite some work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which I have done quite some work
+also very interested in digital markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very interested in digital markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very interested in digital markets
+where is I'm sure if you've read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is I'm sure if you've read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is I'm sure if you've read the
+news uh you've seen that there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news uh you've seen that there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news uh you've seen that there are a lot
+of interesting regulatory topics topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting regulatory topics topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting regulatory topics topics
+concerning antitrust but also sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning antitrust but also sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning antitrust but also sort of
+thinking about today's lecture a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about today's lecture a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about today's lecture a lot of
+challenges how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges how we
+actually empirically uh address these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually empirically uh address these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually empirically uh address these
+kinds of markets okay so um so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of markets okay so um so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of markets okay so um so I think
+there lot of there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there lot of there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there lot of there's a lot of
+interesting work to be done there uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work to be done there uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work to be done there uh and
+then I'm interested also in consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm interested also in consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm interested also in consumer
+financial markets okay so that's uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets okay so that's uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets okay so that's uh it
+about me so okay so so the the the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about me so okay so so the the the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about me so okay so so the the the goal
+uh of this and the the next lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of this and the the next lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of this and the the next lecture is
+to teach you the essentials of static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach you the essentials of static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach you the essentials of static
+demand models hopefully you know um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand models hopefully you know um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand models hopefully you know um you
+get some appetite for this and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some appetite for this and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some appetite for this and then you
+come back to 273 and you learn a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to 273 and you learn a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to 273 and you learn a lot
+more about this um and I will be I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this um and I will be I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this um and I will be I will
+really focus on the kinds of models that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focus on the kinds of models that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focus on the kinds of models that
+people use instead of sort of giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use instead of sort of giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use instead of sort of giving you
+a long history of what people have tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long history of what people have tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long history of what people have tried
+beforehand that didn't quite work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand that didn't quite work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand that didn't quite work out
+I'll just you know contrast uh in a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just you know contrast uh in a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just you know contrast uh in a a
+few slides how how the thinking has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few slides how how the thinking has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few slides how how the thinking has
+evolved but you know I'll be very brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved but you know I'll be very brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved but you know I'll be very brief
+on this okay so why model demand I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this okay so why model demand I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this okay so why model demand I've
+already mentioned we might for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned we might for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned we might for instance
+be interested in consumer welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in consumer welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in consumer welfare
+analysis right so any sort of normative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis right so any sort of normative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis right so any sort of normative
+question right or many normative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right or many normative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right or many normative
+questions need some notion of demand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions need some notion of demand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions need some notion of demand if
+we want to know what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know what happens to
+Consumers um another reason is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumers um another reason is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumers um another reason is that we
+may want to back out the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to back out the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to back out the supply
+parameters such as marginal cost or with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters such as marginal cost or with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters such as marginal cost or with
+more complicated models that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated models that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated models that we're going
+to learn about in 273 is uh uh fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn about in 273 is uh uh fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn about in 273 is uh uh fixed
+cost okay the problem is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost okay the problem is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost okay the problem is that you know
+this kind of cost data even if you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of cost data even if you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of cost data even if you uh
+were looking at at publicly traded firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at at publicly traded firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at at publicly traded firms
+is often times not available right if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often times not available right if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often times not available right if we
+think about a firm let's say introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a firm let's say introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a firm let's say introducing
+a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new
+product they're not just taking into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product they're not just taking into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product they're not just taking into
+account the material cost uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the material cost uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the material cost uh and the
+production cost of that product they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production cost of that product they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production cost of that product they're
+also going to take into account you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to take into account you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to take into account you know
+the opportunity cost of let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity cost of let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity cost of let's say
+cannibalization other products that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannibalization other products that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannibalization other products that they
+they're competing with okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're competing with okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're competing with okay and this
+would not be captured in uh accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be captured in uh accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be captured in uh accounting
+data uh you you may have heard about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh you you may have heard about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh you you may have heard about a
+recent literature that has claimed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent literature that has claimed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent literature that has claimed that
+the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US
+economy uh that that markups are rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy uh that that markups are rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy uh that that markups are rising
+which could be indicative of increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be indicative of increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be indicative of increasing
+Market power uh in the economy okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market power uh in the economy okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market power uh in the economy okay and
+so there's a there's a paper that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a there's a paper that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a there's a paper that has
+made a big splash by uh yand Dela and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a big splash by uh yand Dela and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a big splash by uh yand Dela and
+Yan eout um where which basically shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yan eout um where which basically shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yan eout um where which basically shows
+these these Rising markers and they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these Rising markers and they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these Rising markers and they take
+the production approach that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production approach that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production approach that means that
+they're basically starting with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're basically starting with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're basically starting with a
+production function and that now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function and that now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function and that now there's
+some more recent work that actually sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more recent work that actually sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more recent work that actually sort
+of goes Market by market and studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goes Market by market and studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goes Market by market and studies
+let's say cars you know over 30 40 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say cars you know over 30 40 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say cars you know over 30 40 years
+and asks you know you know do how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asks you know you know do how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asks you know you know do how do
+consumers Faire over several years in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers Faire over several years in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers Faire over several years in
+the US car market is the US car market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US car market is the US car market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US car market is the US car market
+uh becoming um less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh becoming um less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh becoming um less
+competitive uh counterfactual analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive uh counterfactual analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive uh counterfactual analysis
+I've already talked about this and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already talked about this and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already talked about this and uh
+you know sometimes we also want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sometimes we also want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sometimes we also want to
+predict demand for new Goods with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict demand for new Goods with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict demand for new Goods with the
+kinds of models that we uh that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of models that we uh that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of models that we uh that we're
+going to study you can actually do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to study you can actually do okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to study you can actually do okay
+so so before I jump in What I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so before I jump in What I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so before I jump in What I would like
+to do and I think this is helpful you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and I think this is helpful you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and I think this is helpful you
+know make you understand what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know make you understand what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know make you understand what is the
+goal of these models so what what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of these models so what what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of these models so what what are
+these models sort of aiming for right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models sort of aiming for right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models sort of aiming for right
+and there's sort of a there's a big set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's sort of a there's a big set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's sort of a there's a big set
+of objectives here and these objectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objectives here and these objectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objectives here and these objectives
+are often times actually somewhat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often times actually somewhat in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often times actually somewhat in
+conflict with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict with each
+other okay so um so first the models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so um so first the models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so um so first the models
+ought to handle a lot of products we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to handle a lot of products we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to handle a lot of products we
+don't want to be restricted in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be restricted in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be restricted in the
+number of products that we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of products that we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of products that we can actually
+handle okay also um we want to EST
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle okay also um we want to EST
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle okay also um we want to EST
+estimate them with aggregate data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate them with aggregate data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate them with aggregate data so
+what this means is we cannot see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means is we cannot see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means is we cannot see a
+specific consumer making a purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific consumer making a purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific consumer making a purchase
+decision and we cannot link uh specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and we cannot link uh specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and we cannot link uh specific
+consumer demographics or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer demographics or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer demographics or other
+situational factors to a consumer okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situational factors to a consumer okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situational factors to a consumer okay
+so instead we have data of the sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead we have data of the sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead we have data of the sorts of
+you know what cars did people purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what cars did people purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what cars did people purchase
+in Massachusetts in 2021 over uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Massachusetts in 2021 over uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Massachusetts in 2021 over uh over
+the uh you know course of a year let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh you know course of a year let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh you know course of a year let's
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+so the fact that we only have aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fact that we only have aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fact that we only have aggregate
+data is actually in conflict with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is actually in conflict with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is actually in conflict with
+another goal which is that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another goal which is that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another goal which is that we want to
+generate realistic substitution patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I observe specific things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I observe specific things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I observe specific things about
+consumers for instance what their income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers for instance what their income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers for instance what their income
+is right or where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right or where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right or where they
+live then you know I have a much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live then you know I have a much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live then you know I have a much better
+idea of how they would be substituting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how they would be substituting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how they would be substituting
+for instance let's say I you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance let's say I you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance let's say I you know I
+think about stores around Kendall at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about stores around Kendall at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about stores around Kendall at
+satuna let's say right and I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satuna let's say right and I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satuna let's say right and I know that
+you live around kendle I would know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you live around kendle I would know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you live around kendle I would know that
+you're probably more likely going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably more likely going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably more likely going to
+respond to a change in price uh of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to a change in price uh of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to a change in price uh of uh of
+a store here then somebody else who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a store here then somebody else who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a store here then somebody else who
+lives let's say at Central or Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives let's say at Central or Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives let's say at Central or Harvard
+Square right but with aggregate data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square right but with aggregate data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square right but with aggregate data we
+don't have that information we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that information we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that information we don't
+know what your income is we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what your income is we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what your income is we don't know
+where you live and so it's you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you live and so it's you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you live and so it's you know it's
+harder to sort of really pin down how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to sort of really pin down how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to sort of really pin down how
+people are going to substitute and as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to substitute and as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to substitute and as as
+we will see this will lead to uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see this will lead to uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see this will lead to uh you
+know for the models that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for the models that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for the models that people have
+been estimating before moving to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been estimating before moving to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been estimating before moving to these
+modern models to unrealistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern models to unrealistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern models to unrealistic
+substitution patterns because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution patterns because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution patterns because we don't
+have all the detailed information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the detailed information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the detailed information and
+we're not using it in ways to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not using it in ways to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not using it in ways to generate
+those substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those substitution
+patterns um we also want to allow for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns um we also want to allow for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns um we also want to allow for
+unobserved product characteristics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved product characteristics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved product characteristics are
+sometimes referred to somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes referred to somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes referred to somewhat
+confusingly as demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusingly as demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusingly as demand
+shocks okay so the these are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks okay so the these are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks okay so the these are basically
+things that the consumers observe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that the consumers observe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that the consumers observe that
+the firms observe that we do not observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firms observe that we do not observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firms observe that we do not observe
+as the analysts or econometricians okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the analysts or econometricians okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the analysts or econometricians okay
+so for instance you know if if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance you know if if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance you know if if you think
+about the market for smartphones right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the market for smartphones right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the market for smartphones right
+Apple will take into account that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple will take into account that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple will take into account that you
+know people like the Apple ecosystem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people like the Apple ecosystem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people like the Apple ecosystem and
+therefore is able to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore is able to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore is able to raise
+prices right and so the these are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices right and so the these are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices right and so the these are these
+are the kinds of things that that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kinds of things that that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kinds of things that that are
+important to to to have in the model but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to to to have in the model but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to to to have in the model but
+this um causes an endogen problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um causes an endogen problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um causes an endogen problem that
+I'm will talk about next we also want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm will talk about next we also want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm will talk about next we also want to
+maintain computational tractability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain computational tractability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain computational tractability
+which is again somewhat in conflict with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is again somewhat in conflict with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is again somewhat in conflict with
+you know the demand to have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the demand to have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the demand to have many
+products uh and also with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products uh and also with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products uh and also with these
+realistic substitution patterns because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic substitution patterns because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic substitution patterns because
+as it will turns out that makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it will turns out that makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it will turns out that makes the
+models very nonlinear and harder to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models very nonlinear and harder to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models very nonlinear and harder to deal
+with okay so that just to sort of give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay so that just to sort of give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay so that just to sort of give
+you an idea what you know what was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an idea what you know what was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an idea what you know what was sort
+of the goal when people constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the goal when people constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the goal when people constructed
+these models these are basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models these are basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models these are basically the
+what what people try to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what people try to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what people try to uh
+accomplish this has been tremendously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish this has been tremendously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish this has been tremendously
+successful uh you can go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful uh you can go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful uh you can go through the
+literature uh you know and it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature uh you know and it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature uh you know and it's not just
+narrowly in IO um you know you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowly in IO um you know you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowly in IO um you know you can go
+through pretty much any field and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through pretty much any field and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through pretty much any field and any
+kind of question that you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of question that you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of question that you're interested
+in and you'll find people estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and you'll find people estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and you'll find people estimating
+these models to answer questions of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models to answer questions of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models to answer questions of of
+all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds
+okay so from transportation to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so from transportation to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so from transportation to you know
+more iio topics Market power mergers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more iio topics Market power mergers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more iio topics Market power mergers
+Network effects to things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network effects to things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network effects to things like
+residential sorting and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential sorting and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential sorting and even
+voting okay so now now I I see more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting okay so now now I I see more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting okay so now now I I see more and
+more people are using exactly the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people are using exactly the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people are using exactly the kinds
+of models that people that you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models that people that you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models that people that you know that
+we use in IO to study questions in labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use in IO to study questions in labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use in IO to study questions in labor
+about monopsony power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so very briefly uh front and center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so very briefly uh front and center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so very briefly uh front and center
+and I'm I'm sure you have encountered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm I'm sure you have encountered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm I'm sure you have encountered
+this somewhere uh when we estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this somewhere uh when we estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this somewhere uh when we estimate
+demand we have to deal with the endogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand we have to deal with the endogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand we have to deal with the endogen
+or simultaneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or simultaneity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or simultaneity
+problem so what does this mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so what does this mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so what does this mean
+so there's an interesting article that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an interesting article that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an interesting article that
+is actually fun to read because it uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually fun to read because it uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually fun to read because it uh it
+really shows you how much our thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shows you how much our thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shows you how much our thinking
+has sort of evolved and how much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sort of evolved and how much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sort of evolved and how much better
+understanding of you know even the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of you know even the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of you know even the most
+simple model that we can come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model that we can come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model that we can come up with
+which is this you know you know linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this you know you know linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this you know you know linear
+supply and demand curves right how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply and demand curves right how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply and demand curves right how how
+we can think about the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about the kinds of
+empirical challenges that that come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical challenges that that come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical challenges that that come up
+here okay so start with a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so start with a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so start with a bunch of
+points you want to estimate the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curve okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay
+so let's say we have a simple linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say we have a simple linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say we have a simple linear
+demand and supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and supply
+curve right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve right uh
+we have some fixed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some fixed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some fixed uh
+intercept we have some uh coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept we have some uh coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept we have some uh coefficients
+some slope coefficients and we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slope coefficients and we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slope coefficients and we have an
+unobservable part of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservable part of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservable part of The
+Intercept okay so let's say I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intercept okay so let's say I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intercept okay so let's say I I'm
+running this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this
+regression what what problem am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression what what problem am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression what what problem am I
+running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into if I just estimate this via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into if I just estimate this via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into if I just estimate this via
+OS conceptually what is the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they jointly determined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they jointly determined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they jointly determined in
+equilibrium that's that's that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that's that's that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that's that's that's right
+so this is basically the economic reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basically the economic reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basically the economic reason
+why there's a problem right and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there's a problem right and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there's a problem right and what
+this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means
+econometrically right so because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometrically right so because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometrically right so because they're
+jointly determin the price is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jointly determin the price is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jointly determin the price is going to
+reflect information that's unobserved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect information that's unobserved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect information that's unobserved to
+the researcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the researcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the researcher
+OB you know unobserved information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OB you know unobserved information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OB you know unobserved information
+that's in this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in this random
+intercept right so if I write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept right so if I write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept right so if I write down the
+equilibrium price right I get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium price right I get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium price right I get an
+expression that contains both the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that contains both the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that contains both the random
+part of the demand and the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intercept and so what this means right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept and so what this means right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept and so what this means right
+is that that the price is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that the price is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that the price is not
+uncorrelated to the error term of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated to the error term of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated to the error term of this
+regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do I fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I fix
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+instruments and what would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and what would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and what would be a good
+instrument here supply and demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument here supply and demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument here supply and demand
+shifters right so we want to sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifters right so we want to sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifters right so we want to sort of you
+know F find a shifter on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know F find a shifter on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know F find a shifter on the other
+Market side right that we believe uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market side right that we believe uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market side right that we believe uh is
+orthogonal to the the error term okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to the the error term okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to the the error term okay
+the supply shifter that is orthogonal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply shifter that is orthogonal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply shifter that is orthogonal to
+the eror so you may be wondering why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eror so you may be wondering why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eror so you may be wondering why you
+know why am I bringing this up here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why am I bringing this up here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why am I bringing this up here uh
+you have probably encountered this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have probably encountered this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have probably encountered this
+beforehand probably even uh during your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand probably even uh during your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand probably even uh during your
+Bachelor uh um in undergraduate so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bachelor uh um in undergraduate so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bachelor uh um in undergraduate so the
+reason I'm bringing it up is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I'm bringing it up is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I'm bringing it up is that you
+will be fixing this problem over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be fixing this problem over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be fixing this problem over and
+over and over again okay so we will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again okay so we will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again okay so we will go
+to uh much more complicated models than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh much more complicated models than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh much more complicated models than
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+here and you know it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you know it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you know it turns out
+that you know you can't really Escape it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you can't really Escape it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you can't really Escape it
+I sometimes hear in talks people say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sometimes hear in talks people say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sometimes hear in talks people say oh
+okay so now you know I've sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you know I've sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you know I've sort of
+exhausted my exogenous Vari in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhausted my exogenous Vari in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhausted my exogenous Vari in the data
+let me now put a model on top of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me now put a model on top of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me now put a model on top of this
+and sort of fix the problem this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of fix the problem this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of fix the problem this way
+that's actually it's almost the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually it's almost the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually it's almost the opposite
+of what's true you actually often times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's true you actually often times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's true you actually often times
+need more rather than less instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more rather than less instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more rather than less instruments
+for the kinds of models that we estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the kinds of models that we estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the kinds of models that we estimate
+okay so you we will think very carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you we will think very carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you we will think very carefully
+about what instruments you need how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what instruments you need how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what instruments you need how many
+instruments you need you know what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments you need you know what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments you need you know what are
+good instruments and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good instruments and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good instruments and things like that
+okay so so just to sort of uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so just to sort of uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so just to sort of uh you know
+prepare you for you will not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare you for you will not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare you for you will not be able to
+sort of somehow get around this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of somehow get around this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of somehow get around this problem
+with the kind of kinds of model that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the kind of kinds of model that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the kind of kinds of model that I'm
+going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today okay so we're going to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today okay so we're going to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today okay so we're going to estimate
+demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+and the initial approach here was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the initial approach here was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the initial approach here was what
+is called the product space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the product space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the product space
+approach what is the product space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach what is the product space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach what is the product space
+approach the product space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the product space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the product space
+approach and I'm I'll just have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and I'm I'll just have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and I'm I'll just have one
+slide on this I'm probably not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide on this I'm probably not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide on this I'm probably not doing
+this literature Justice I should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this literature Justice I should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this literature Justice I should I
+should say just just very quickly want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say just just very quickly want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say just just very quickly want
+to sort of give you the the gist of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of give you the the gist of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of give you the the gist of what
+people have been doing here okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been doing here okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been doing here okay the
+product space approach basically means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product space approach basically means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product space approach basically means
+that I treat every product as its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I treat every product as its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I treat every product as its own
+sort of unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of unique
+thing right and I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right and I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right and I'm trying
+to model a demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model a demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model a demand
+system where I write the quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where I write the quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where I write the quantities
+demanded in terms of all the prices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded in terms of all the prices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded in terms of all the prices in
+the market terms of all the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market terms of all the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market terms of all the demand
+shocks in the market and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks in the market and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks in the market and all the
+unobserved uh shocks in the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's think about already a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's think about already a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's think about already a much
+more restricted version than this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more restricted version than this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more restricted version than this very
+general formulation here one where let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formulation here one where let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formulation here one where let's
+say the vector of quantities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the vector of quantities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the vector of quantities for
+different products in this in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different products in this in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different products in this in this uh
+demand system is a function of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand system is a function of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand system is a function of some
+Matrix right that sort of pre multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right that sort of pre multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right that sort of pre multiplies
+a vector of prices okay so we we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector of prices okay so we we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector of prices okay so we we have a
+product with a market with many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with a market with many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with a market with many
+different products let's say the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different products let's say the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different products let's say the car
+market since this is going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market since this is going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market since this is going to be our
+theme today right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme today right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme today right and
+so we basically you know to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we basically you know to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we basically you know to understand
+the demand for each separate product in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand for each separate product in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand for each separate product in
+this market right I need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this market right I need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this market right I need to know the
+coefficients and all the prices for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and all the prices for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and all the prices for all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+products okay and so then there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products okay and so then there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products okay and so then there's going
+to be a Scala unobservable also so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a Scala unobservable also so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a Scala unobservable also so this
+is already again a restriction because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already again a restriction because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already again a restriction because
+we could in principle you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could in principle you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could in principle you know in
+principle maybe true that that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle maybe true that that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle maybe true that that that the
+demand for each product depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for each product depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for each product depends on the
+whole Vector of unobservables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Vector of unobservables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Vector of unobservables
+okay so so what is the the issue Even In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so what is the the issue Even In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so what is the the issue Even In
+This Very restricted version here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This Very restricted version here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This Very restricted version here right
+is I have a lot of parameters that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I have a lot of parameters that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I have a lot of parameters that are
+again unique it's a unique set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again unique it's a unique set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again unique it's a unique set of
+parameters for each product right I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters for each product right I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters for each product right I need
+to estimate all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate all of
+those okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those okay and
+so um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um if
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+um if I increase the number of products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I increase the number of products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I increase the number of products
+I very quickly run into a curse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I very quickly run into a curse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I very quickly run into a curse of
+dimensionality right because the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality right because the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality right because the the the
+number of um parameters uh grows at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of um parameters uh grows at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of um parameters uh grows at a
+squared rate right so each new product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared rate right so each new product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared rate right so each new product
+that I'm adding to the market I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm adding to the market I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm adding to the market I need to
+add you know row and a column to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add you know row and a column to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add you know row and a column to this
+Matrix okay so people have tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay so people have tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay so people have tried to
+reduce this problem for instance by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce this problem for instance by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce this problem for instance by
+restricting the Matrix such that um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting the Matrix such that um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting the Matrix such that um the
+substitution patterns are consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution patterns are consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution patterns are consistent
+with slatky symmetry or you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with slatky symmetry or you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with slatky symmetry or you know they
+introduced ideas like uh budgeting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced ideas like uh budgeting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced ideas like uh budgeting so
+where people let's say have some budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people let's say have some budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people let's say have some budget
+for food and some budget for uh Leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for food and some budget for uh Leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for food and some budget for uh Leisure
+and some budget for something else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some budget for something else and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some budget for something else and
+then the demand in each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the demand in each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the demand in each of those
+categories uh you you you only need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories uh you you you only need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories uh you you you only need to
+know what's the budget for this category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the budget for this category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the budget for this category
+and that restricts substitution patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that restricts substitution patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that restricts substitution patterns
+but so of by and large you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so of by and large you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so of by and large you don't get
+around this curse of dimensionality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this curse of dimensionality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this curse of dimensionality and
+it has therefore turned out not to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has therefore turned out not to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has therefore turned out not to be a
+very practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very practical
+approach okay it's also very demanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach okay it's also very demanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach okay it's also very demanding
+in terms of instruments if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of instruments if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of instruments if you think
+about it right because all the prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it right because all the prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it right because all the prices
+here are potentially endogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are potentially endogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are potentially endogenous
+and so for each product I need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for each product I need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for each product I need the
+number of instruments equal the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of instruments equal the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of instruments equal the number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices
+okay I mean another reason why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I mean another reason why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I mean another reason why people
+don't like these models I find this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like these models I find this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like these models I find this is
+somewhat less good justification because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat less good justification because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat less good justification because
+it's not that we do it all that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that we do it all that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that we do it all that much
+that we can predict uh demand for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can predict uh demand for new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can predict uh demand for new
+Goods okay because again you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods okay because again you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods okay because again you know I
+don't learn anything about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't learn anything about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't learn anything about other
+products by learning demand for for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products by learning demand for for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products by learning demand for for for
+you know the products I'm currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the products I'm currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the products I'm currently
+estimating because there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating because there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating because there's sort of
+nothing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+translates okay so you know people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates okay so you know people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates okay so you know people have
+moved away from this although they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved away from this although they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved away from this although they're
+nice applications of of these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice applications of of these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice applications of of these kinds of
+models and instead move to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and instead move to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and instead move to something
+that is called the characteristic space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called the characteristic space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called the characteristic space
+approach which typically comes together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach which typically comes together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach which typically comes together
+with uh discrete Choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+models okay so in this approach products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models okay so in this approach products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models okay so in this approach products
+are described by their characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are described by their characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are described by their characteristics
+so take the market for cars let's say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take the market for cars let's say so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take the market for cars let's say so
+that the car can be described by you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the car can be described by you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the car can be described by you
+know horsepower top speed trunks trunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know horsepower top speed trunks trunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know horsepower top speed trunks trunk
+space driving assistance features and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space driving assistance features and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space driving assistance features and
+things like that okay the iPhone is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that okay the iPhone is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that okay the iPhone is a
+combination of let's say you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of let's say you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of let's say you know the
+megapixels of your camera the resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megapixels of your camera the resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megapixels of your camera the resolution
+of your screen your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your screen your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your screen your
+storage uh and you know other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage uh and you know other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage uh and you know other kinds of
+gadgets that I built in okay so we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets that I built in okay so we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets that I built in okay so we sort
+of enumerate sort of different you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of enumerate sort of different you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of enumerate sort of different you know
+uh product Dimensions now you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh product Dimensions now you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh product Dimensions now you will
+notice that if we add products to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that if we add products to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that if we add products to the
+market right and we observe what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market right and we observe what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market right and we observe what are the
+product characteristics we in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product characteristics we in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product characteristics we in principle
+are not adding any new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameters okay so this this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters okay so this this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters okay so this this idea of
+having products basically be collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having products basically be collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having products basically be collection
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+characteristics as I said comes together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics as I said comes together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics as I said comes together
+with uh what is called the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh what is called the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh what is called the discrete
+Choice approach which is that people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice approach which is that people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice approach which is that people um
+you know they're you know a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're you know a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're you know a bunch of
+consumers each of them buys either one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers each of them buys either one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers each of them buys either one
+of the available products or none at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all okay so sort of to to summarize then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay so sort of to to summarize then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay so sort of to to summarize then
+we can write um and sorry I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write um and sorry I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write um and sorry I should have
+mentioned a third um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a third um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a third um sort of
+foundational principle is that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational principle is that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational principle is that we want
+to build up these demand models from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build up these demand models from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build up these demand models from
+utilities from indirect utilities okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities from indirect utilities okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities from indirect utilities okay
+so we're describing People's Choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're describing People's Choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're describing People's Choice
+people's Utilities in terms of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's Utilities in terms of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's Utilities in terms of you know
+price is how much they value each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is how much they value each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is how much they value each of
+these different product attributes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different product attributes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different product attributes so
+these are observed product attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are observed product attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are observed product attributes
+the unobserved product attributes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unobserved product attributes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unobserved product attributes these
+are in IO religiously referred to as Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in IO religiously referred to as Kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in IO religiously referred to as Kai
+okay so everybody knows what Kai is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so everybody knows what Kai is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so everybody knows what Kai is and
+soon you also know that whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon you also know that whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon you also know that whenever you
+seei these are unobserved product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seei these are unobserved product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seei these are unobserved product
+attributes and uh demographic variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and uh demographic variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and uh demographic variables
+as well as unobserved random shifters at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as unobserved random shifters at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as unobserved random shifters at
+the consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer
+level okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay
+and then we make the assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we make the assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we make the assumption that
+consumers I mean in most models we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers I mean in most models we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers I mean in most models we make
+the assumption that consumers do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption that consumers do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption that consumers do the
+best they can right and pick the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best they can right and pick the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best they can right and pick the product
+that they like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+okay so I was let me just go back once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I was let me just go back once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I was let me just go back once
+more here so there's this sort of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more here so there's this sort of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more here so there's this sort of random
+part the consumer specific random part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the consumer specific random part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the consumer specific random part
+that helps us explain why consumers may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps us explain why consumers may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps us explain why consumers may
+choose different kinds of products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose different kinds of products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose different kinds of products
+basically allows us to rationalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically allows us to rationalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically allows us to rationalize
+different patterns in the data right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different patterns in the data right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different patterns in the data right but
+it's sort of Random from the perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of Random from the perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of Random from the perspective
+of the researcher the consumers they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the researcher the consumers they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the researcher the consumers they
+know you know what their sort of ocratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know what their sort of ocratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know what their sort of ocratic
+valuations are for each product okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations are for each product okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations are for each product okay so
+I'm going to just uh switch notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just uh switch notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just uh switch notation
+here just for this one slide because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just for this one slide because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just for this one slide because I
+couldn't find an image like this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't find an image like this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't find an image like this with
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+epsilons um so so suppose that consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons um so so suppose that consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons um so so suppose that consumer
+utility can be written as of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility can be written as of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility can be written as of the random
+part which is mui so each consumer goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which is mui so each consumer goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which is mui so each consumer goes
+to the market takes a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the market takes a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the market takes a random
+draw for you know different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw for you know different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw for you know different kinds of
+products and they all face the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and they all face the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and they all face the same
+price okay so what you then can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay so what you then can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay so what you then can do is
+you can describe the consumer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can describe the consumer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can describe the consumer's
+choices in terms of these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices in terms of these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices in terms of these sort of
+regions right which then give you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions right which then give you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions right which then give you know
+these are essentially measures that give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are essentially measures that give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are essentially measures that give
+rise to the market shares that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to the market shares that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to the market shares that we
+observe so for instance if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe so for instance if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe so for instance if you know
+there's some consumers who drew both a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some consumers who drew both a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some consumers who drew both a a
+mu a low mui1 and a low mui2 right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu a low mui1 and a low mui2 right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu a low mui1 and a low mui2 right and
+they don't purchase anything because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't purchase anything because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't purchase anything because you
+know in both cases it's below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in both cases it's below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in both cases it's below the
+respective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respective
+price there's some other consumers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price there's some other consumers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price there's some other consumers who
+drew a very high mui1 and a smaller mui
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew a very high mui1 and a smaller mui
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew a very high mui1 and a smaller mui
+2 right and they're sort of in this ai1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right and they're sort of in this ai1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right and they're sort of in this ai1
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+here okay so we basically you know get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so we basically you know get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so we basically you know get
+this you know in in terms of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know in in terms of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know in in terms of this this
+distribution of the random part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the random part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the random part of
+utility we get these Choice regions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility we get these Choice regions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility we get these Choice regions that
+tell us what market shares are so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us what market shares are so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us what market shares are so one
+reason I'm showing the showing you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I'm showing the showing you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I'm showing the showing you this
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+that if you want to compute market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you want to compute market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you want to compute market
+shares or Choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probabilities you know you have to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities you know you have to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities you know you have to come
+up with a way of finding these regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a way of finding these regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a way of finding these regions
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+principle right you would have to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle right you would have to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle right you would have to figure
+out oh you know you know in this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out oh you know you know in this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out oh you know you know in this region
+of integration of of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration of of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration of of these different
+Epsilon draws you know this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon draws you know this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon draws you know this is what
+consumers choose and this other region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers choose and this other region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers choose and this other region
+is you know they choose something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know they choose something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know they choose something else
+and you sort of in principle for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sort of in principle for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sort of in principle for you
+know unrestricted functions for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know unrestricted functions for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know unrestricted functions for these
+epsilons that that's a very cumbersome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons that that's a very cumbersome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons that that's a very cumbersome
+exercise and in fact computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise and in fact computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise and in fact computationally
+very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do okay people have solved this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay people have solved this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay people have solved this the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+way so coming back to our utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so coming back to our utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so coming back to our utility
+function right I'm now just isolating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right I'm now just isolating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right I'm now just isolating
+the random term term what was beforehand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random term term what was beforehand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random term term what was beforehand
+called mu is now called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called mu is now called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called mu is now called
+Epsilon okay and it's typically assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay and it's typically assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay and it's typically assumed
+that this error is type 1 extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this error is type 1 extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this error is type 1 extreme
+value okay so you may now be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay so you may now be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay so you may now be
+wondering um what product uh what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering um what product uh what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering um what product uh what you
+what problem in life could possibly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what problem in life could possibly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what problem in life could possibly be
+solved by double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved by double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved by double
+exponential functional form okay uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential functional form okay uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential functional form okay uh as
+it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns
+out this has a really nice property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this has a really nice property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this has a really nice property
+which is that you know if we assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you know if we assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you know if we assume that
+consumers do the best for themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers do the best for themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers do the best for themselves
+they observe everything they choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they observe everything they choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they observe everything they choose the
+product that they like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most then the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most then the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most then the choice
+probabilities or the market shares can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities or the market shares can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities or the market shares can
+be expressed in this logit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be expressed in this logit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be expressed in this logit
+form okay so we get a close form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay so we get a close form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay so we get a close form
+solution for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for those
+probabilities now we can make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities now we can make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities now we can make some
+normalizations here if you stare at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizations here if you stare at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizations here if you stare at this
+you'll notice that you know we could add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that you know we could add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that you know we could add
+a constant to each of the UI JS right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant to each of the UI JS right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant to each of the UI JS right
+and this constant would cancel out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this constant would cancel out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this constant would cancel out
+here which means that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which means that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which means that we have a
+normalization to make and typically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization to make and typically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization to make and typically we
+normalize what is called the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize what is called the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize what is called the outside
+good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to
+zero so the outside good is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the outside good is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the outside good is basically
+everything else that consumers could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else that consumers could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else that consumers could be
+doing instead of buying some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing instead of buying some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing instead of buying some of the
+products and so that's important it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and so that's important it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and so that's important it's
+not just sort of you know it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just sort of you know it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just sort of you know it's not just
+sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a
+mathematical uh you know it's a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical uh you know it's a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical uh you know it's a decision
+to normalize this to Z Z you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to normalize this to Z Z you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to normalize this to Z Z you have to
+always think about that consumer welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always think about that consumer welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always think about that consumer welfare
+is measured relative to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+product okay so and and it's therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product okay so and and it's therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product okay so and and it's therefore
+worthwhile to you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile to you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile to you know in the
+interpretation of your consumer welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of your consumer welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of your consumer welfare
+calculation keep that in mind right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation keep that in mind right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation keep that in mind right and
+that could sometimes be a problem if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could sometimes be a problem if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could sometimes be a problem if you
+compare markets from year to year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare markets from year to year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare markets from year to year
+because the outside option could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the outside option could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the outside option could
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change so maybe as a question to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so maybe as a question to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so maybe as a question to you
+let's think about the market for cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about the market for cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about the market for cars
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+what could be problematic about this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could be problematic about this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could be problematic about this so
+what is the outside option when you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the outside option when you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the outside option when you when
+we think about people purchasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cars what is part in the uh uh out part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars what is part in the uh uh out part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars what is part in the uh uh out part
+of the uh what's that option yeah Public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh what's that option yeah Public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh what's that option yeah Public
+transp public transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transp public transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transp public transportation
+cycling cycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycling cycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycling cycling
+cycling I'm looking for something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycling I'm looking for something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycling I'm looking for something more
+long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but all all these are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+responses right so people most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses right so people most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses right so people most people
+own a car already right and a car is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own a car already right and a car is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own a car already right and a car is a
+durable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durable
+good and you know the decision whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and you know the decision whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and you know the decision whether
+or not to buy a car is in part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not to buy a car is in part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not to buy a car is in part of
+decision of how much I let my old car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision of how much I let my old car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision of how much I let my old car
+depreciate right and how to what extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciate right and how to what extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciate right and how to what extent
+people are willing to do that might vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are willing to do that might vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are willing to do that might vary
+with let's say you know macroeconomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with let's say you know macroeconomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with let's say you know macroeconomic
+conditions how easy it is to get credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions how easy it is to get credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions how easy it is to get credit
+things like that okay so if I now ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that okay so if I now ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that okay so if I now ask
+estimate over seever you know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate over seever you know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate over seever you know if I
+estimate a demand model let sort of span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate a demand model let sort of span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate a demand model let sort of span
+several years where this uh decision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several years where this uh decision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several years where this uh decision of
+consumers may change from year to year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers may change from year to year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers may change from year to year
+right I have to I have to keep this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have to I have to keep this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have to I have to keep this in
+mind I may have to do some adjustments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind I may have to do some adjustments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind I may have to do some adjustments
+for uh you know substitution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh you know substitution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh you know substitution to the
+outset option from year to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outset option from year to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outset option from year to
+year okay so so that's something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year okay so so that's something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year okay so so that's something that's
+that's uh important to keep to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh important to keep to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh important to keep to keep in
+mind okay so what is the typical data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind okay so what is the typical data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind okay so what is the typical data
+scenario for these kinds of models um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario for these kinds of models um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario for these kinds of models um
+you know as I said research researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as I said research researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as I said research researchers
+observe aggregate market shares prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe aggregate market shares prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe aggregate market shares prices
+and product attributes um for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and product attributes um for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and product attributes um for each
+market they also observe or tend to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market they also observe or tend to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market they also observe or tend to use
+the distributions of certain consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distributions of certain consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distributions of certain consumer
+characteristics these characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics these characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics these characteristics
+are not linked to specific purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not linked to specific purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not linked to specific purchase
+decision so you know I may I may know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision so you know I may I may know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision so you know I may I may know
+that you know the the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the the income
+distribution uh in Cambridge is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh in Cambridge is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh in Cambridge is you know
+this m you know is looks like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this m you know is looks like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this m you know is looks like this and
+that you know the family size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the family size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the family size
+distribution in Cambridge has this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in Cambridge has this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in Cambridge has this form
+right so these are things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are things that you
+typically can get from census data or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically can get from census data or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically can get from census data or
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+else I'll talk more about instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I'll talk more about instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I'll talk more about instruments
+later you need instruments um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you need instruments um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you need instruments um
+importantly because we're working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly because we're working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly because we're working with
+aggregate market shares the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate market shares the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate market shares the typical
+assumption although there is some recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption although there is some recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption although there is some recent
+work that tries to relax this is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that tries to relax this is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that tries to relax this is that we
+can ignore sampling uncertainty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ignore sampling uncertainty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ignore sampling uncertainty in
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+shares okay so we're we're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares okay so we're we're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares okay so we're we're sort of
+saying we observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we observe
+enough um people buying each product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough um people buying each product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough um people buying each product
+that I can just take this share as given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can just take this share as given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can just take this share as given
+and do not have to uh econometrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do not have to uh econometrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do not have to uh econometrically
+deal with the fact there's some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the fact there's some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the fact there's some sort of
+s sampling uncertainty we just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s sampling uncertainty we just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s sampling uncertainty we just take
+these as numbers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as numbers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as numbers as
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um you typically there this requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you typically there this requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you typically there this requires
+some judgment you have to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some judgment you have to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some judgment you have to make a
+decision on what is the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision on what is the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision on what is the size of the
+market so sort of coming back to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so sort of coming back to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so sort of coming back to my
+example right in the market cars it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right in the market cars it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right in the market cars it's
+not immediately clear from year to year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not immediately clear from year to year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not immediately clear from year to year
+who's who's in the market to buy a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's who's in the market to buy a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's who's in the market to buy a car
+because it may depend on you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it may depend on you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it may depend on you know how
+much longer do people want to keep their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer do people want to keep their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer do people want to keep their
+old car and a variety of of factors like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old car and a variety of of factors like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old car and a variety of of factors like
+that okay so this often times requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this often times requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this often times requires
+careful Judgment of you know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful Judgment of you know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful Judgment of you know what is the
+size of the market in some cases it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the market in some cases it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the market in some cases it's a
+bit easier for instance let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit easier for instance let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit easier for instance let's say you
+have access to scanner data you see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to scanner data you see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to scanner data you see how
+many people go to the supermarket right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people go to the supermarket right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people go to the supermarket right
+and you would be interested in let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would be interested in let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would be interested in let's say
+uh the the market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the market for
+milk right then you you know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milk right then you you know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milk right then you you know how many
+people have been in the store and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been in the store and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been in the store and it
+gives you a pretty good idea how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a pretty good idea how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a pretty good idea how many
+people could have bought at at this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could have bought at at this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could have bought at at this this
+point in time right but you have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time right but you have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time right but you have to make
+assumption on that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption on that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption on that because
+counterfactually you may be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactually you may be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactually you may be interested
+in something that either LW lows erases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something that either LW lows erases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something that either LW lows erases
+prices and then how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and then how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and then how many people
+substitute from the outside option into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute from the outside option into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute from the outside option into
+the market and purchase a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market and purchase a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market and purchase a product
+depends on the size of the of the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the size of the of the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the size of the of the you
+know of the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of the outside
+Market okay so what I'm what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market okay so what I'm what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market okay so what I'm what I'm going
+to do now is is I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now is is I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now is is I'm going to show you
+the the model that people estimate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the model that people estimate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the model that people estimate these
+days okay sort of the the canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days okay sort of the the canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days okay sort of the the canonical
+model and then I'm sort of trying to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then I'm sort of trying to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then I'm sort of trying to go
+through the different pieces and tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the different pieces and tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the different pieces and tell
+you why do we need those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why do we need those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why do we need those different
+pieces okay so this is the uh random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces okay so this is the uh random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces okay so this is the uh random
+coefficient demand model it goes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient demand model it goes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient demand model it goes back to
+uh uh or has been popularized by a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh or has been popularized by a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh or has been popularized by a paper
+by Barry levenson and P much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Barry levenson and P much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Barry levenson and P much of the
+intellectual contribution of how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual contribution of how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual contribution of how to
+estimate this models these models and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this models these models and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this models these models and
+deal with some of the econometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with some of the econometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with some of the econometric
+challenges uh has have been sort of laid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges uh has have been sort of laid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges uh has have been sort of laid
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+paper Okay so uh as before we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper Okay so uh as before we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper Okay so uh as before we have an
+indirect utility function which is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect utility function which is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect utility function which is is
+assumed to be linear we have consumers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to be linear we have consumers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to be linear we have consumers I
+in Market T purchasing products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Market T purchasing products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Market T purchasing products
+J there again are product attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J there again are product attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J there again are product attributes
+prices and notice that these are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and notice that these are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and notice that these are now
+premultiplied by a coefficient that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premultiplied by a coefficient that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premultiplied by a coefficient that has
+an i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an i
+subscript so what this means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript so what this means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript so what this means is that
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+model that allows consumers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that allows consumers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that allows consumers to
+have you know experience different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know experience different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know experience different
+utility from different product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from different product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from different product
+attributes okay there's some people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes okay there's some people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes okay there's some people who
+you know supposedly those with families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know supposedly those with families
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know supposedly those with families
+they're more interested in having a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more interested in having a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more interested in having a lot
+of trunk space than some other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trunk space than some other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trunk space than some other people
+okay there's some people uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's some people uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's some people uh you know
+supposedly those with uh lower income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly those with uh lower income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly those with uh lower income
+that are more price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sensitive okay so so that this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive okay so so that this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive okay so so that this is this
+is one of the key Innovations of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the key Innovations of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the key Innovations of this
+model is that it allows different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is that it allows different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is that it allows different people
+to sign different different value to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign different different value to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign different different value to
+both product attributes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both product attributes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both product attributes and
+prices okay and then this introduces a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices okay and then this introduces a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices okay and then this introduces a
+lot of challenges and then how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of challenges and then how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of challenges and then how do we
+deal with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with those
+challenges okay so we have again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges okay so we have again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges okay so we have again the
+outset option is normalized to zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outset option is normalized to zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outset option is normalized to zero so
+the utility for the outset option is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility for the outset option is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility for the outset option is
+just given by the random part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given by the random part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given by the random part the
+ideosyncratic random part uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideosyncratic random part uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideosyncratic random part uh the
+epsilons are assumed to be type one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons are assumed to be type one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons are assumed to be type one
+extreme value X is a row Vector observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme value X is a row Vector observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme value X is a row Vector observe
+product characteristics and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product characteristics and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product characteristics and then
+caii is a specif product Market specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caii is a specif product Market specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caii is a specif product Market specific
+demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shock okay and so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock okay and so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock okay and so these
+coefficients they're typically assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients they're typically assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients they're typically assumed
+to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a
+combination of an intercept sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of an intercept sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of an intercept sort of the
+average let's say the average price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average let's say the average price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average let's say the average price
+sensitivity plus some things that scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity plus some things that scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity plus some things that scale
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+demographics again I I already told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics again I I already told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics again I I already told you
+we might observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might observe the
+distribution right and so the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right and so the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right and so the important
+thing though is that we do not observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing though is that we do not observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing though is that we do not observe
+income at the consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income at the consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income at the consumer
+level okay we have we just have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay we have we just have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay we have we just have the
+distribution and we integrate it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and we integrate it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and we integrate it out
+okay so this coefficient depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this coefficient depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this coefficient depends on
+demographic variables that we observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic variables that we observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic variables that we observe
+again at the market level and then uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at the market level and then uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at the market level and then uh in
+some cases also random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part okay so typically this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay so typically this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay so typically this this is
+referred to as new and you know most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as new and you know most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as new and you know most of
+the times this is assumed to be either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times this is assumed to be either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times this is assumed to be either
+normally distributed or Lo normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally distributed or Lo normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally distributed or Lo normally
+distributed and then similarly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and then similarly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and then similarly for
+Price okay any any questions up to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Price okay any any questions up to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Price okay any any questions up to this
+point so tastes and price sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so tastes and price sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so tastes and price sensitivity
+only vary across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only vary across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only vary across
+markets or am I no no no no they vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets or am I no no no no they vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets or am I no no no no they vary
+within markets within markets yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within markets within markets yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within markets within markets yeah
+because again these are we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again these are we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again these are we have
+different consumers in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different consumers in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different consumers in each
+market right index by I we again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market right index by I we again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market right index by I we again we
+don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+you know that this purchase was linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that this purchase was linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that this purchase was linked
+to this consumer with this income but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this consumer with this income but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this consumer with this income but I
+do know that this is the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know that this is the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know that this is the income
+distribution around candle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution around candle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution around candle
+square right and I therefore know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square right and I therefore know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square right and I therefore know that
+you know some some people in this market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some some people in this market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some some people in this market
+have this much income and so on and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this much income and so on and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this much income and so on and I'm
+in and I'm just integrating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions so the superscript K is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so the superscript K is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so the superscript K is just
+this keeps indexing on product character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+okay okay so this is this is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this is this is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this is this is kind of the
+this is the model now you know let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the model now you know let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the model now you know let's
+sort of drill down a bit and understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of drill down a bit and understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of drill down a bit and understand
+why do we need these different pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we need these different pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we need these different pieces
+okay so first of all it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first of all it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first of all it's going to be
+useful to keep track of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to keep track of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to keep track of the things that
+are I specific and not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I specific and not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I specific and not I
+specific okay so Things That Vary at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific okay so Things That Vary at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific okay so Things That Vary at the
+consumer level and things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer level and things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer level and things that are
+sometimes referred to as is the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes referred to as is the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes referred to as is the average
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+quality okay the average product quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality okay the average product quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality okay the average product quality
+is often to refer or pretty much always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often to refer or pretty much always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often to refer or pretty much always
+refer to as Delta so one of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as Delta so one of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as Delta so one of these things
+as you know ASI people when you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know ASI people when you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know ASI people when you say
+Delta they know what you're referring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta they know what you're referring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta they know what you're referring to
+in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model
+okay so this is the average product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the average product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the average product
+quality it includes basically the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality it includes basically the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality it includes basically the the
+The Intercept of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Intercept of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Intercept of the random
+coefficient and the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and the you know the
+unobserved product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+characteristics right and then um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics right and then um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics right and then um you
+know in this case we keep track of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in this case we keep track of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in this case we keep track of the
+consumer specific part as mujt right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer specific part as mujt right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer specific part as mujt right and
+it's sort of uh again multiplying both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of uh again multiplying both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of uh again multiplying both
+attributes and prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and prices
+by um these consumer attributes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um these consumer attributes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um these consumer attributes that are
+either uh unobserved or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either uh unobserved or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either uh unobserved or
+observed okay so now we can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed okay so now we can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed okay so now we can take a
+specific consumer right and as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific consumer right and as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific consumer right and as before
+this consumer's purchase propensity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this consumer's purchase propensity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this consumer's purchase propensity for
+product J is just simply given by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product J is just simply given by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product J is just simply given by this
+logit formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but there're different as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there're different as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there're different as I said
+different consumers within a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different consumers within a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different consumers within a given
+Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market
+T right and so the overall market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right and so the overall market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right and so the overall market
+shares have to integrate out of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares have to integrate out of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares have to integrate out of all the
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consumers okay so we therefore integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers okay so we therefore integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers okay so we therefore integrate
+out over the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over the distribution of
+demographics as well as you know if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics as well as you know if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics as well as you know if we
+allow for unobserved distributions over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for unobserved distributions over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for unobserved distributions over
+those as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this thing here is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this thing here is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this thing here is much more
+nasty than this thing as it will turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty than this thing as it will turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty than this thing as it will turn
+out okay I'll show you in a second why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay I'll show you in a second why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay I'll show you in a second why
+that is the case and so we set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the case and so we set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the case and so we set the
+distribution for new you make a you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for new you make a you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for new you make a you make
+a a functional form assumption but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a functional form assumption but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a functional form assumption but you
+do not uh you you know you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not uh you you know you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not uh you you know you don't know
+what the variance of that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the variance of that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the variance of that term
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so question why do we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so question why do we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so question why do we need
+this error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this error
+term uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh
+Cai right if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cai right if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cai right if you think about
+it we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we know what
+these you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know we
+know you know how we compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know how we compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know how we compute
+probabilities right and if we only had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities right and if we only had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities right and if we only had
+observed product attributes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed product attributes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed product attributes and
+prices what would happen is that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices what would happen is that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices what would happen is that our
+model is very quickly rejected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is very quickly rejected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is very quickly rejected by the
+data because what it would imply right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data because what it would imply right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data because what it would imply right
+because again we have assume we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again we have assume we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again we have assume we have
+many consumers in the market we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many consumers in the market we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many consumers in the market we can
+therefore just write Choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore just write Choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore just write Choice
+probabilities in in this low jit form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities in in this low jit form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities in in this low jit form
+right um and that means that I only need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and that means that I only need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and that means that I only need
+to know X beta Alpha and P to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know X beta Alpha and P to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know X beta Alpha and P to know what
+the market share product is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market share product is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market share product is going to be
+but what this implies is that uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what this implies is that uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what this implies is that uh any
+Market where two products have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market where two products have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market where two products have the same
+attributes and prices they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and prices they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and prices they would have
+they would need to have exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would need to have exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would need to have exactly the same
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+share or to take you know to pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share or to take you know to pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share or to take you know to pick a
+different example if I look at a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different example if I look at a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different example if I look at a market
+where all the product attributes of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the product attributes of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the product attributes of one
+product are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product are
+worse uh and that product has a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse uh and that product has a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse uh and that product has a higher
+price that you know that would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that you know that would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that you know that would not be
+allowed to happen in a model without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to happen in a model without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to happen in a model without
+such an error term so think again back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an error term so think again back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an error term so think again back
+to the iPhone right so Apple uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the iPhone right so Apple uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the iPhone right so Apple uh in the
+past at least tended to not introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past at least tended to not introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past at least tended to not introduce
+new features as quickly as some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new features as quickly as some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new features as quickly as some other
+producers right so the camera didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers right so the camera didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers right so the camera didn't
+have the highest uh megapixels and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the highest uh megapixels and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the highest uh megapixels and you
+know it didn't use the biggest storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it didn't use the biggest storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it didn't use the biggest storage
+space it wasn't the largest phone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it wasn't the largest phone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it wasn't the largest phone and
+and things like that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that right
+uh and yet you know Apple had higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and yet you know Apple had higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and yet you know Apple had higher
+prices and larger market shares at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and larger market shares at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and larger market shares at least
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+US you know than let's say cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US you know than let's say cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US you know than let's say cheaper
+Android phones okay so that without such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android phones okay so that without such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android phones okay so that without such
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+error which is a purely vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error which is a purely vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error which is a purely vertical
+attribute of a product that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute of a product that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute of a product that all
+consumers value the same right something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers value the same right something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers value the same right something
+like this couldn't happen so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this couldn't happen so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this couldn't happen so we need
+I in order to explain that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in order to explain that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in order to explain that there's some
+products that somehow are popular even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that somehow are popular even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that somehow are popular even
+though they don't quite look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they don't quite look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they don't quite look very
+popular in terms of product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular in terms of product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular in terms of product
+attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this of course causes this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this of course causes this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this of course causes this problem
+that I've been talking about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been talking about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been talking about earlier
+firms Apple also knows it has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms Apple also knows it has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms Apple also knows it has this
+ecosystem it has a good product and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem it has a good product and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem it has a good product and is
+therefore able to raise its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore able to raise its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore able to raise its
+price right and so this creates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price right and so this creates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price right and so this creates the
+endogen problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay so why do we need the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so why do we need the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so why do we need the random
+coefficient again this is one of the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient again this is one of the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient again this is one of the you
+know big um sort of intellectual pushes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know big um sort of intellectual pushes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know big um sort of intellectual pushes
+in this in this paper right is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this paper right is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this paper right is to
+introduce fact that different consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce fact that different consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce fact that different consumers
+are allowed to Value different products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are allowed to Value different products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are allowed to Value different products
+as well as prices differently so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as prices differently so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as prices differently so think
+for a second about a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second about a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second about a model
+in which the coefficients do not have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the coefficients do not have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the coefficients do not have an
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subscript okay now we are allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript okay now we are allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript okay now we are allowed to
+write the market shares not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the market shares not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the market shares not just the
+individual consumer probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual consumer probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual consumer probability of
+purchasing a product we can we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing a product we can we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing a product we can we can write
+total market shares with our logit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total market shares with our logit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total market shares with our logit
+formula and it's simply given by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and it's simply given by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and it's simply given by this
+this these Delta terms which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these Delta terms which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these Delta terms which is the
+average product quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember it turns out if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it turns out if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it turns out if we have
+aggregate market shares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate market shares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate market shares
+and this logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this logic
+assumption we get something really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption we get something really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption we get something really nice
+because we can just take the log of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can just take the log of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can just take the log of each
+of the market shares and subtract from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the market shares and subtract from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the market shares and subtract from
+that the log of the outside market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the log of the outside market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the log of the outside market
+share remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share remember we
+normalized the utility of the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized the utility of the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized the utility of the outside
+market share to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share to
+zero okay so log of exponential of Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so log of exponential of Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so log of exponential of Z is
+zero this term here cancels out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this term here cancels out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this term here cancels out right
+because it's in both the market share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's in both the market share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's in both the market share
+for the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the inside
+Goods um and the the the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods um and the the the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods um and the the the outside
+good okay so the denominator here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so the denominator here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so the denominator here
+cancels out right and what we get is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels out right and what we get is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels out right and what we get is on
+the left hand side log market share for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side log market share for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side log market share for
+each product minus the outside lock uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each product minus the outside lock uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each product minus the outside lock uh
+of the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the outside
+good is this you know L has this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is this you know L has this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is this you know L has this linear
+form here so why is this so nice well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form here so why is this so nice well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form here so why is this so nice well
+this is something we observe we observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something we observe we observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something we observe we observe
+the aggregate market shares I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aggregate market shares I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aggregate market shares I can just
+call the is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this is just a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is just a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is just a linear
+regression right so in a simple logit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression right so in a simple logit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression right so in a simple logit
+model with a again with aggregate market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with a again with aggregate market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with a again with aggregate market
+shares we can just transform this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares we can just transform this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares we can just transform this whole
+thing into a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing into a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing into a linear
+equation and we can actually if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we can actually if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we can actually if we
+believe that prices are exogenous which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that prices are exogenous which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that prices are exogenous which
+you know typically they're not can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know typically they're not can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know typically they're not can
+estimate this with Os or otherwise with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this with Os or otherwise with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this with Os or otherwise with
+two Sage Le squares and we would be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the simple logic model without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the simple logic model without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the simple logic model without
+the random coefficient has this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random coefficient has this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random coefficient has this great
+feature that it would make things very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature that it would make things very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature that it would make things very
+simple very transparent much less room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple very transparent much less room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple very transparent much less room
+for coding errors okay so why do we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coding errors okay so why do we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coding errors okay so why do we go
+through all the length of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the length of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the length of sort of
+avoiding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model okay so I'll try to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay so I'll try to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay so I'll try to sort of
+explain this first just in terms of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this first just in terms of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this first just in terms of some
+of the proper mathem iCal properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proper mathem iCal properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proper mathem iCal properties of
+this model and then I'll also sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model and then I'll also sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model and then I'll also sort of
+give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the
+intuition so the problem is that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition so the problem is that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition so the problem is that the the
+simple logit model generates unrealistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple logit model generates unrealistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple logit model generates unrealistic
+substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+patterns okay so for instance if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns okay so for instance if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns okay so for instance if we're
+interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+in price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in price
+sensitivities okay so how much does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivities okay so how much does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivities okay so how much does
+product J respond to changing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product J respond to changing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product J respond to changing in the
+price of product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of product
+k then with the simple logit formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k then with the simple logit formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k then with the simple logit formula
+this is simply given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is simply given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is simply given by
+for not the price The Intercept of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for not the price The Intercept of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for not the price The Intercept of the
+price coefficient right or in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price coefficient right or in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price coefficient right or in this case
+the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price
+coefficient and the product of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and the product of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and the product of the two
+uh uh the the product of the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the the product of the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the the product of the market
+shares of the two products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K&J so why is this problematic actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K&J so why is this problematic actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K&J so why is this problematic actually
+you get something similar the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get something similar the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get something similar the for the
+diversion ratios that is how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversion ratios that is how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversion ratios that is how many people
+substitute from J to K if I change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute from J to K if I change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute from J to K if I change the
+price of product K right this is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of product K right this is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of product K right this is again
+only a function of the market share of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a function of the market share of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a function of the market share of
+product J and market share product K why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product J and market share product K why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product J and market share product K why
+do we not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we not like
+this so think for instance about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so think for instance about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so think for instance about a
+market where you have sort of a spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market where you have sort of a spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market where you have sort of a spectrum
+of cars right uh you know and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cars right uh you know and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cars right uh you know and and you
+sort of order them from uh from low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of order them from uh from low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of order them from uh from low
+quality to high quality it may just turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality to high quality it may just turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality to high quality it may just turn
+out that the price that the market share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the price that the market share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the price that the market share
+of the of the crappiest car is 10% and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the crappiest car is 10% and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the crappiest car is 10% and
+the market share of the best car in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market share of the best car in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market share of the best car in the
+market is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is also
+10% and now we're asking how do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% and now we're asking how do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% and now we're asking how do people
+sort of substitute from these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of substitute from these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of substitute from these two
+different cars right the Yugo this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cars right the Yugo this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cars right the Yugo this is
+sort of the a famously crappy car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the a famously crappy car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the a famously crappy car
+described in uh in blp right and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in uh in blp right and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in uh in blp right and let's
+say at the top end you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at the top end you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at the top end you have something
+like a Lexus or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Lexus or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Lexus or a
+BMW both of them have 10% market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BMW both of them have 10% market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BMW both of them have 10% market
+share right and you're asking how do PE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share right and you're asking how do PE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share right and you're asking how do PE
+you know how do people respond to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how do people respond to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how do people respond to change
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+prices you know of some third product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices you know of some third product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices you know of some third product
+some third car okay let's say you're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some third car okay let's say you're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some third car okay let's say you're you
+take the Lexus and the ugal and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Lexus and the ugal and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Lexus and the ugal and you
+change the price of a BMW right we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the price of a BMW right we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the price of a BMW right we would
+think that people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that people who
+you know who would we would purchase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who would we would purchase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who would we would purchase the
+the Lexus and the people who purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lexus and the people who purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lexus and the people who purchase
+the Yuga would you know respond very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Yuga would you know respond very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Yuga would you know respond very
+differently to a change in the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently to a change in the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently to a change in the price of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+BW the model this model does not allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BW the model this model does not allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BW the model this model does not allow
+for that okay so it's not just about oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that okay so it's not just about oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that okay so it's not just about oh
+we want the bit you know we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want the bit you know we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want the bit you know we want the
+model that's a bit more flexible this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that's a bit more flexible this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that's a bit more flexible this is
+a really substantive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really substantive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really substantive
+restriction that for the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction that for the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction that for the kinds of
+questions that we're interested in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we're interested in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we're interested in which
+is what happens if Lexus and Audi or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens if Lexus and Audi or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens if Lexus and Audi or
+Lexus and BMW merge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lexus and BMW merge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lexus and BMW merge is
+crucial right so the reason we we picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial right so the reason we we picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial right so the reason we we picked
+this functional form is really just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this functional form is really just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this functional form is really just for
+analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic
+tractability there was no economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractability there was no economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractability there was no economic
+reason to choose the loged error terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to choose the loged error terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to choose the loged error terms
+right this was sort of to avoid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this was sort of to avoid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this was sort of to avoid to
+having to keep track of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to keep track of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to keep track of all these
+complicated regions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated regions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated regions of
+integration right we have to get a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration right we have to get a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration right we have to get a nice
+analytic formula for the for the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic formula for the for the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic formula for the for the choice
+probabilities right that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities right that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities right that was the
+rationale for picking this fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationale for picking this fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationale for picking this fun
+functional form this so basically we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form this so basically we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form this so basically we we
+kind of want to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so let me sort of give you one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let me sort of give you one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let me sort of give you one more
+intuition for why this happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for why this happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for why this happens in the
+logit model okay so going back here once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+so what leads consumers to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what leads consumers to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what leads consumers to make
+different choices in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choices in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choices in this
+model why do different consumers in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model why do different consumers in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model why do different consumers in this
+model make different choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model make different choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model make different choices
+epon only the Epsilon term right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epon only the Epsilon term right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epon only the Epsilon term right that's
+the only reason why somebody May pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only reason why somebody May pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only reason why somebody May pick
+Alexis over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexis over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexis over over
+Yugo but the Epsilon terms are assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yugo but the Epsilon terms are assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yugo but the Epsilon terms are assumed
+to be IID okay so the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be IID okay so the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be IID okay so the fact that you
+purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase
+Alexus it doesn't reveal anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexus it doesn't reveal anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexus it doesn't reveal anything about
+you right because next time you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right because next time you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right because next time you go to
+the market you take a new Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market you take a new Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market you take a new Epsilon
+draw okay so but what we want is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw okay so but what we want is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw okay so but what we want is of
+course we want we believe that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we want we believe that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we want we believe that somebody
+buys a Lexus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buys a Lexus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buys a Lexus
+you know there's something about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's something about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's something about that
+person that is different from a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that is different from a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that is different from a person
+that buys a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that buys a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that buys a
+Yugo and the model does not allow for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yugo and the model does not allow for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yugo and the model does not allow for
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's why we need these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's why we need these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's why we need these uh
+these random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these random
+coefficients right because now we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients right because now we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients right because now we do
+allow for the possibility that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for the possibility that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for the possibility that somebody
+with higher income is less price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with higher income is less price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with higher income is less price
+sensitive you know and you know since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive you know and you know since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive you know and you know since
+since they have a lot of income they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they have a lot of income they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they have a lot of income they
+might as well get a car with more fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well get a car with more fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well get a car with more fancy
+features better safety and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features better safety and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features better safety and things like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now as it turns out things get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now as it turns out things get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now as it turns out things get a
+lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more
+complicated the the elasticities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated the the elasticities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated the the elasticities the
+formula for the elasticities which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the elasticities which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the elasticities which was
+just to show you this again previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you this again previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you this again previously
+you know again just the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again just the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again just the function of
+prices market shares and the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices market shares and the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices market shares and the price
+coefficient you know we now sort of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient you know we now sort of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient you know we now sort of have
+to integrate out over all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate out over all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate out over all the different
+consumers right and have to keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers right and have to keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers right and have to keep track
+of their purchase probabilities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their purchase probabilities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their purchase probabilities for
+product J and K if we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product J and K if we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product J and K if we're interested in
+Cross price elasticities or product J if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross price elasticities or product J if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross price elasticities or product J if
+we're interested in own price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in own price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in own price
+elasticities so different consumers make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities so different consumers make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities so different consumers make
+different choices right and we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choices right and we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choices right and we sort of
+for a given kind of gas of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given kind of gas of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given kind of gas of parameters
+right we get you know sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we get you know sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we get you know sort of a
+distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of
+nonlinear of these of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear of these of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear of these of these
+news and then you know this leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news and then you know this leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news and then you know this leads to
+sort of a weighted version of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a weighted version of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a weighted version of these
+elasticities where different people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities where different people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities where different people have
+different substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different substitution
+patterns okay so let me uh let me talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns okay so let me uh let me talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns okay so let me uh let me talk
+about consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about consumer
+welfare similarly as the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare similarly as the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare similarly as the choice
+probabilities if we took a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities if we took a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities if we took a random
+distribution um this would be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um this would be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um this would be a very
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+object because we have to keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object because we have to keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object because we have to keep track of
+you know you know consumers go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know consumers go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know consumers go to the
+market they draw some of these Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market they draw some of these Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market they draw some of these Epsilon
+terms they then make optimal choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms they then make optimal choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms they then make optimal choices
+right and have to form the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and have to form the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and have to form the expectation
+of that again I have these regions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that again I have these regions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that again I have these regions of
+integration that I would have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration that I would have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration that I would have to keep
+track of uh in what consumers choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of uh in what consumers choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of uh in what consumers choose
+again the logit model drastically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the logit model drastically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the logit model drastically
+simplifies this for us because we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies this for us because we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies this for us because we get
+something that's called the inclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's called the inclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's called the inclusive
+value formula which tells us what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value formula which tells us what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value formula which tells us what the
+expected welfare is you know before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected welfare is you know before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected welfare is you know before
+consumers take these Epsilon draws okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers take these Epsilon draws okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers take these Epsilon draws okay
+so in expectation get some draws make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in expectation get some draws make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in expectation get some draws make
+optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal
+choices this is the formula that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices this is the formula that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices this is the formula that you get
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare
+okay now this is measured in utils you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is measured in utils you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is measured in utils you
+can convert this into Dollars by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convert this into Dollars by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convert this into Dollars by
+dividing through by the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing through by the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing through by the price
+coefficient there's something that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient there's something that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient there's something that's uh
+sort of this introduces some practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this introduces some practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this introduces some practical
+problems um because of the um and sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems um because of the um and sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems um because of the um and sorry
+one thing I forgot to mention this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I forgot to mention this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I forgot to mention this is
+just for one consumer I okay so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for one consumer I okay so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for one consumer I okay so in the
+random coefficient model we would then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random coefficient model we would then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random coefficient model we would then
+have to integrate this again out over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to integrate this again out over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to integrate this again out over
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+distribution you know of over those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution you know of over those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution you know of over those
+distributions of news and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D's so there's something that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D's so there's something that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D's so there's something that people
+have um found to be problematic in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um found to be problematic in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um found to be problematic in the
+literature that that which is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature that that which is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature that that which is that if
+you have counterfactuals that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have counterfactuals that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have counterfactuals that sort of
+drastically change the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically change the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically change the number of
+products then you get very often times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products then you get very often times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products then you get very often times
+strong welfare implications from just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong welfare implications from just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong welfare implications from just
+adding and subtracting products because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding and subtracting products because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding and subtracting products because
+people kind of harvest these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people kind of harvest these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people kind of harvest these sort of
+Epsilon draws right and the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon draws right and the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon draws right and the problem is
+that these Epsilon draws are both an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these Epsilon draws are both an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these Epsilon draws are both an
+econometric error term that helps us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometric error term that helps us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometric error term that helps us
+rationalize choices but also we give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalize choices but also we give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalize choices but also we give
+them an economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them an economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them an economic
+interpretation this actually again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation this actually again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation this actually again
+something that you have to in your work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you have to in your work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you have to in your work
+really it takes some getting used to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it takes some getting used to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it takes some getting used to to
+think that you I mean to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you I mean to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you I mean to kind
+of understand that you know we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understand that you know we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understand that you know we actually
+give an interpretation to the error term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an interpretation to the error term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an interpretation to the error term
+right and and it's it's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and it's it's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and it's it's part of the
+model it's not just sort of tacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it's not just sort of tacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it's not just sort of tacked
+on and in this case right we we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and in this case right we we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and in this case right we we we
+typically assume that consumers know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically assume that consumers know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically assume that consumers know
+these epsilons and they're not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these epsilons and they're not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these epsilons and they're not just
+errors right they actually take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors right they actually take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors right they actually take this
+into account when they make choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so this means that sort of adding more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that sort of adding more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that sort of adding more
+products right they can sort of harvest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products right they can sort of harvest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products right they can sort of harvest
+more of these epsilons and increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welfare um you know I don't want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare um you know I don't want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare um you know I don't want to make
+too big of a deal of this you know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big of a deal of this you know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big of a deal of this you know but
+um it's just good to be aware of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's just good to be aware of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's just good to be aware of this
+problem some people argue that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem some people argue that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem some people argue that the
+random coefficient model actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random coefficient model actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random coefficient model actually
+ameliorates this problem because again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ameliorates this problem because again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ameliorates this problem because again
+people you know there's they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you know there's they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you know there's they're
+somewhere in a specific part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in a specific part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in a specific part of the
+product space by virtue of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product space by virtue of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product space by virtue of having a
+specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+uh coefficient right determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coefficient right determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coefficient right determined by
+income and other things right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and other things right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and other things right and
+they're not going to just substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to just substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to just substitute
+globally but they may be substituting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally but they may be substituting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally but they may be substituting
+more locally and therefore like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more locally and therefore like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more locally and therefore like this
+sort of Epsilon harvesting is not not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Epsilon harvesting is not not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Epsilon harvesting is not not as
+big of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deal okay so um earlier I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal okay so um earlier I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal okay so um earlier I said
+that you know this we want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know this we want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know this we want to think
+carefully about instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about instruments
+um and again what's the reason right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again what's the reason right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again what's the reason right I
+give you this apple example Apple uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you this apple example Apple uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you this apple example Apple uh
+knows there's something there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows there's something there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows there's something there's some
+Secret Sauce that makes its products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secret Sauce that makes its products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secret Sauce that makes its products
+better than some other products and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than some other products and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than some other products and it
+it may price this okay so both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may price this okay so both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may price this okay so both the
+researchers sorry the the consumers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers sorry the the consumers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers sorry the the consumers and
+the firms observe this ex the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firms observe this ex the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firms observe this ex the
+researchers do not so this then raises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers do not so this then raises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers do not so this then raises
+the question you know what makes good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question you know what makes good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question you know what makes good
+instruments for these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments for these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments for these kinds of
+models and how many do we actually need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and how many do we actually need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and how many do we actually need
+and you may be surprised by the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may be surprised by the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may be surprised by the second
+question okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay because
+um sometimes one is not enough so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes one is not enough so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes one is not enough so if we
+just take our simple logit model where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take our simple logit model where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take our simple logit model where
+we do not have random coefficients we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not have random coefficients we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not have random coefficients we
+can do this inversion that I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this inversion that I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this inversion that I talked
+about it gives us this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it gives us this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it gives us this linear
+form you know and you stare at this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you know and you stare at this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you know and you stare at this you
+say well this is just a linear equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well this is just a linear equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well this is just a linear equation
+regression equation and you're right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression equation and you're right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression equation and you're right we
+can estimate this if only prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can estimate this if only prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can estimate this if only prices are
+endogenous with one excluded instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous with one excluded instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous with one excluded instrument
+okay so in this model if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this model if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this model if you have a
+supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply
+shifter that uh you think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifter that uh you think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifter that uh you think is
+uncorrelated to Cai you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated to Cai you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated to Cai you can just
+estimate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+OKAY the same is unfortunately not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OKAY the same is unfortunately not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OKAY the same is unfortunately not true
+for blp in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general um we will go in 273 and dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general um we will go in 273 and dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general um we will go in 273 and dive
+deeper in the identification of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper in the identification of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper in the identification of these
+models so today I'm just giving you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so today I'm just giving you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so today I'm just giving you the
+intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition
+so there's sort of two ways to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's sort of two ways to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's sort of two ways to provide
+this interation one is well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interation one is well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interation one is well with
+nonlinear parameters I can't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear parameters I can't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear parameters I can't quite
+separate things like this and the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate things like this and the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate things like this and the demand
+for each product depends on the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each product depends on the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each product depends on the whole
+Vector of of unobserved product uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of of unobserved product uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of of unobserved product uh
+attributes but perhaps a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes but perhaps a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes but perhaps a bit more
+intuitively right if I just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively right if I just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively right if I just have a
+supply shifter and change price that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply shifter and change price that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply shifter and change price that
+does not necessarily tell me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not necessarily tell me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not necessarily tell me about
+whether somebody who you know purchase a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether somebody who you know purchase a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether somebody who you know purchase a
+Lexus substitutes to a Mercedes instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lexus substitutes to a Mercedes instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lexus substitutes to a Mercedes instead
+right and so the for nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the for nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the for nonlinear
+parameters to you know we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to you know we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to you know we want to
+identify the variance and sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the variance and sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the variance and sort of the
+interaction terms with income we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction terms with income we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction terms with income we want to
+know you know sort of in which part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know sort of in which part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know sort of in which part of
+the product space to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product space to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product space to people
+substitute right and and and a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute right and and and a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute right and and and a simple
+Supply shifter that's kind of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply shifter that's kind of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply shifter that's kind of the same
+for all firms wouldn't do that wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all firms wouldn't do that wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all firms wouldn't do that wouldn't
+tell us about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us about
+that okay so we need something that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so we need something that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so we need something that sort
+of tells us something about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tells us something about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tells us something about you know
+where where are these consumers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where are these consumers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where are these consumers that
+purchased this product would be going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchased this product would be going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchased this product would be going to
+alternatively that uh you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively that uh you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively that uh you know to
+understand you know to identif if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you know to identif if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you know to identif if the
+nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameters any any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+okay okay so let's talk about some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's talk about some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's talk about some uh
+some different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some different uh
+instruments so um typically you get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments so um typically you get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments so um typically you get very
+good variation from looking at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good variation from looking at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good variation from looking at different
+markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets
+where you know in some markets let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know in some markets let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know in some markets let's say
+there is a there is a Lexus dealership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a there is a Lexus dealership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a there is a Lexus dealership
+and in some other markets there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some other markets there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some other markets there's
+not right because then I could I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right because then I could I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right because then I could I can
+sort of see in the markets where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see in the markets where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see in the markets where there's
+no Lexus dealership right what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Lexus dealership right what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Lexus dealership right what you know
+the market shares of which other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market shares of which other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market shares of which other
+products is is changing the most right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products is is changing the most right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products is is changing the most right
+so that's you usually usually very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's you usually usually very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's you usually usually very good
+variation can you think of a concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation can you think of a concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation can you think of a concern
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+argument yep don't you expect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument yep don't you expect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument yep don't you expect the
+presence or not of Lexus dealership to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence or not of Lexus dealership to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence or not of Lexus dealership to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+corated exactly right so we think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corated exactly right so we think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corated exactly right so we think that
+you know at least in the long run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at least in the long run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at least in the long run the
+Lexus dealerships open where people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lexus dealerships open where people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lexus dealerships open where people have
+high demand for for for those types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high demand for for for those types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high demand for for for those types of
+cars right and actually people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars right and actually people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars right and actually people have
+estimated models where they sort of look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated models where they sort of look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated models where they sort of look
+at combined the the enti problem and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at combined the the enti problem and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at combined the the enti problem and the
+demand problem combined to to make uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand problem combined to to make uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand problem combined to to make uh
+use of exactly that idea that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of exactly that idea that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of exactly that idea that's
+precisely the problem right we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the problem right we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the problem right we think
+that firms kind of know which markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that firms kind of know which markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that firms kind of know which markets
+are good ones to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good ones to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good ones to
+enter and so this is something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter and so this is something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter and so this is something that's
+probably more likely to hold in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more likely to hold in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more likely to hold in the
+short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+run another set of instruments are cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run another set of instruments are cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run another set of instruments are cost
+shifters okay so material cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifters okay so material cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifters okay so material cost
+distribution cost tariffs taxes things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution cost tariffs taxes things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution cost tariffs taxes things
+like that these are often times very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that these are often times very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that these are often times very
+good instruments they have you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good instruments they have you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good instruments they have you know a
+clear story for relevance and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear story for relevance and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear story for relevance and the
+exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion
+restriction okay so the the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction okay so the the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction okay so the the problem is
+that you know they're often times not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know they're often times not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know they're often times not
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+right it's it's kind of hard to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's kind of hard to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's kind of hard to to to
+learn about cost as I actually argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about cost as I actually argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about cost as I actually argued
+earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so what sometimes people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so what sometimes people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so what sometimes people do
+is they argue for the following approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they argue for the following approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they argue for the following approach
+here which is okay we may not observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is okay we may not observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is okay we may not observe
+cost but maybe observe a proxy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost but maybe observe a proxy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost but maybe observe a proxy for
+cost okay these are called the housem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost okay these are called the housem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost okay these are called the housem
+instruments so the idea here of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments so the idea here of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments so the idea here of these
+instruments is that if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments is that if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments is that if I have a
+cross-section of markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can look at a specific firm and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can look at a specific firm and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can look at a specific firm and can
+look at the prices of that firm in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the prices of that firm in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the prices of that firm in other
+markets not the market of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets not the market of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets not the market of
+Interest right so I take the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest right so I take the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest right so I take the average of
+prices in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices in other
+markets and I can sort of take this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and I can sort of take this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and I can sort of take this as a
+as a proxy for cost chocks for this firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a proxy for cost chocks for this firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a proxy for cost chocks for this firm
+okay so maybe in this specific year the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe in this specific year the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe in this specific year the
+supplier of you know of of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier of you know of of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier of you know of of of this
+manufacturer I don't know went bankrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer I don't know went bankrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer I don't know went bankrupt
+and that caused some trouble and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that caused some trouble and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that caused some trouble and
+therefore have higher cost cost right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore have higher cost cost right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore have higher cost cost right
+and so that's kind of reflected in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's kind of reflected in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's kind of reflected in all
+the prices of this firm across uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices of this firm across uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices of this firm across uh uh
+across different markets right I do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across different markets right I do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across different markets right I do not
+observe this directly but I see that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe this directly but I see that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe this directly but I see that you
+know I see the average prices in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I see the average prices in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I see the average prices in in in
+in other markets okay in some sense part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other markets okay in some sense part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other markets okay in some sense part
+of part of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of part of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of part of my
+data can you think of concerns with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data can you think of concerns with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data can you think of concerns with this
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reasoning yes prices are also based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning yes prices are also based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning yes prices are also based on
+demand exactly we're we're sort of back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand exactly we're we're sort of back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand exactly we're we're sort of back
+to this problem that we had initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this problem that we had initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this problem that we had initially
+right prices reflect both demand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right prices reflect both demand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right prices reflect both demand and
+Supply factors and sort of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply factors and sort of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply factors and sort of this this
+line of argument only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of argument only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of argument only
+works if you know the costs are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works if you know the costs are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works if you know the costs are very
+correlated across markets and the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated across markets and the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated across markets and the demand
+shocks are not right then these hous mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks are not right then these hous mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks are not right then these hous mod
+instruments uh are convincing otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments uh are convincing otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments uh are convincing otherwise
+they're you know you have to you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're you know you have to you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're you know you have to you have to
+think hard about whether in your setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think hard about whether in your setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think hard about whether in your setting
+this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea okay then there what I called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay then there what I called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay then there what I called the
+blp instruments those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blp instruments those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blp instruments those are the
+instruments that are actually used in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments that are actually used in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments that are actually used in uh
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+blp so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blp so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blp so these are the
+attributes of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes of other
+products in the market okay or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products in the market okay or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products in the market okay or some
+function of those attributes so either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of those attributes so either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of those attributes so either
+the sum or the average or there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum or the average or there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum or the average or there are
+various ways of constructing them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways of constructing them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways of constructing them in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+um so the idea here is right all along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the idea here is right all along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the idea here is right all along
+we have been assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been assuming
+that only prices are endogenous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only prices are endogenous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only prices are endogenous and
+product attributes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product attributes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product attributes are
+fixed right so now if that's true again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed right so now if that's true again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed right so now if that's true again
+you have you have to think about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you have to think about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you have to think about whether
+that's a good assumption right then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good assumption right then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good assumption right then I
+can use the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the fact
+that you know that I'm competing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that I'm competing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that I'm competing in a
+market where I'm trying to sell a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market where I'm trying to sell a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market where I'm trying to sell a very
+fast car to Consumers but there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast car to Consumers but there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast car to Consumers but there are also
+a lot of other producers that also offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of other producers that also offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of other producers that also offer
+fast cars right that the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast cars right that the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast cars right that the product
+attributes of for other cars are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes of for other cars are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes of for other cars are
+excluded from the utility function uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded from the utility function uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded from the utility function uh of
+consumers that want to purchase my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers that want to purchase my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers that want to purchase my
+product but they forc me to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product but they forc me to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product but they forc me to kind of
+respond to those you know to respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to those you know to respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to those you know to respond to
+the fact that there a lot of other fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there a lot of other fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there a lot of other fast
+cars in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars in the
+market okay so that's kind of the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market okay so that's kind of the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market okay so that's kind of the idea
+that the you know the the it it tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the you know the the it it tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the you know the the it it tells me
+how um in terms of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how um in terms of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how um in terms of the things that
+consumer value how much competition I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer value how much competition I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer value how much competition I'm
+facing right and so I've sort of already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing right and so I've sort of already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing right and so I've sort of already
+alluded to this the concern is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to this the concern is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to this the concern is of course
+that uh the product attributes are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the product attributes are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the product attributes are not
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+fact exogenous right so coming once more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact exogenous right so coming once more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact exogenous right so coming once more
+back to my favorite example of apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my favorite example of apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my favorite example of apple
+right me like apple has again as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right me like apple has again as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right me like apple has again as I said
+earlier typically delayed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier typically delayed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier typically delayed the
+introduction of new features right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of new features right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of new features right and
+it knew it can do that because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it knew it can do that because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it knew it can do that because there
+other things unobserved things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things unobserved things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things unobserved things that
+people like about apple right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like about apple right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like about apple right and so
+again you have to ask yourself is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have to ask yourself is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have to ask yourself is it
+actually a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a good idea
+that uh that product attributes are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that product attributes are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that product attributes are uh
+exogenous there's a whole literature on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous there's a whole literature on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous there's a whole literature on
+how to construct these instruments there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to construct these instruments there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to construct these instruments there
+again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you
+know this is the economic idea in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is the economic idea in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is the economic idea in a
+nutshell there there are ways you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell there there are ways you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell there there are ways you know
+there some people have argued just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some people have argued just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some people have argued just
+taking the average or the leaf one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the average or the leaf one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the average or the leaf one out
+is not a good idea because you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a good idea because you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a good idea because you know if
+you look at large markets the leaf one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at large markets the leaf one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at large markets the leaf one
+out is actually the same for all firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is actually the same for all firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is actually the same for all firms
+or close to close to the same and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or close to close to the same and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or close to close to the same and then
+want to basically take uh differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to basically take uh differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to basically take uh differences
+instead there also um questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead there also um questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead there also um questions about
+how do you um if we are in a many weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you um if we are in a many weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you um if we are in a many weak
+instrument situation how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument situation how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument situation how do you
+construct the uh the most powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the uh the most powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the uh the most powerful
+instruments or how do we approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments or how do we approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments or how do we approximate
+them there's a paper by Gandhi and uh UD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there's a paper by Gandhi and uh UD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there's a paper by Gandhi and uh UD
+on uh on doing that um again in 273
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh on doing that um again in 273
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh on doing that um again in 273
+we'll talk a bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a bit more about
+this the last kind of instrument that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the last kind of instrument that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the last kind of instrument that
+people sometimes use are what I called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sometimes use are what I called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sometimes use are what I called
+the Walt Fogle or Walt Fogle fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Walt Fogle or Walt Fogle fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Walt Fogle or Walt Fogle fan
+instruments this is kind of the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments this is kind of the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments this is kind of the idea
+that you know if firms don't set prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if firms don't set prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if firms don't set prices
+just for one market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for one market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for one market
+but they have sort of larger zones for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have sort of larger zones for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have sort of larger zones for
+which they set prices so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they set prices so for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they set prices so for instance
+you know a a a a dealership Network that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a a a a dealership Network that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a a a a dealership Network that
+spans both Massachusetts and New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spans both Massachusetts and New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spans both Massachusetts and New
+Hampshire you know may set prices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hampshire you know may set prices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hampshire you know may set prices for
+its cars both for Massachusetts and New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its cars both for Massachusetts and New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its cars both for Massachusetts and New
+Hampshire although these are somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hampshire although these are somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hampshire although these are somewhat
+separate markets I mean you can argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate markets I mean you can argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate markets I mean you can argue
+with that as well of course um right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that as well of course um right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that as well of course um right and
+then sort of the the idea is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sort of the the idea is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sort of the the idea is that there
+are a lot of people in New Hampshire who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of people in New Hampshire who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of people in New Hampshire who
+like pickup trucks and there fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pickup trucks and there fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pickup trucks and there fewer
+people in Massachusetts who like pickup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Massachusetts who like pickup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Massachusetts who like pickup
+trucks but the fact that there's a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trucks but the fact that there's a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trucks but the fact that there's a of
+demand in New Hampshire combined with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand in New Hampshire combined with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand in New Hampshire combined with
+the idea of of Zone pricing leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of of Zone pricing leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of of Zone pricing leads to
+higher prices for people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher prices for people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher prices for people in
+Massachusetts for pickup trucks although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts for pickup trucks although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts for pickup trucks although
+you know that's not that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's not that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's not that doesn't
+necessarily mean they like pickup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily mean they like pickup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily mean they like pickup
+trucks okay so that's kind of the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trucks okay so that's kind of the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trucks okay so that's kind of the idea
+uh there's there's a again there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's there's a again there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's there's a again there's a
+nice paper that actually documents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice paper that actually documents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice paper that actually documents that
+firms do price very coarsely across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms do price very coarsely across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms do price very coarsely across
+markets do not take into account local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets do not take into account local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets do not take into account local
+demand variation as much as they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand variation as much as they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand variation as much as they you
+know should in a profit maximizing way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I mean there's an obvious concern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean there's an obvious concern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean there's an obvious concern of
+course with this instrument that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with this instrument that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with this instrument that those
+demographic factors and sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic factors and sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic factors and sort of what
+drives uh what drives demand across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives uh what drives demand across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives uh what drives demand across
+markets is also correlated right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets is also correlated right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets is also correlated right that
+it's not so as separable as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so as separable as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so as separable as
+we as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as we
+think okay so I'll use my uh the last 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay so I'll use my uh the last 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay so I'll use my uh the last 10
+minutes for today to talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for today to talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for today to talk a little bit
+how do you actually do this I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you actually do this I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you actually do this I told you
+everything about instruments but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about instruments but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about instruments but I
+actually haven't told you how you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually haven't told you how you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually haven't told you how you use
+them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the
+model right we you know how you use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model right we you know how you use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model right we you know how you use them
+in two s Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two s Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two s Le
+squares right but how do we use them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares right but how do we use them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares right but how do we use them in
+this complicated model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complicated model so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complicated model so
+remember if if if we can in a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if if if we can in a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if if if we can in a simple
+logic model right we can sort of do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic model right we can sort of do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic model right we can sort of do this
+inversion and express everything in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion and express everything in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion and express everything in a
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+equation so um here the problem is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so um here the problem is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so um here the problem is more
+complicated um so blp is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated um so blp is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated um so blp is typically
+estimated via GMM although there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated via GMM although there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated via GMM although there are
+other ways to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways to estimate
+it um that we'll again talk about in 273
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um that we'll again talk about in 273
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um that we'll again talk about in 273
+um so this is a GMM problem where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is a GMM problem where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is a GMM problem where I
+minimize some uh Vector product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize some uh Vector product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize some uh Vector product of
+moments that may be weighted by some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments that may be weighted by some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments that may be weighted by some uh
+some Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Matrix
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+okay and those moments are simply you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and those moments are simply you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and those moments are simply you
+know these are the sort of empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these are the sort of empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these are the sort of empirical
+counterparts to the moments I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparts to the moments I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparts to the moments I'm
+interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting
+my instruments with the aror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term now what is the eror term I can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term now what is the eror term I can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term now what is the eror term I can use
+remember the definition of delta was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the definition of delta was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the definition of delta was
+it's all the the Noni stuff right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all the the Noni stuff right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all the the Noni stuff right it's
+kind the average valuation of consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind the average valuation of consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind the average valuation of consumers
+for product J so I can can subtract from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for product J so I can can subtract from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for product J so I can can subtract from
+that the the attributes and Co you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the attributes and Co you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the attributes and Co you know
+the product of attributes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of attributes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of attributes and
+coefficients that are non I specific and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that are non I specific and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that are non I specific and
+I get back my error term remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get back my error term remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get back my error term remember the
+definition from earlier right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition from earlier right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition from earlier right so that's
+my error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my error
+term okay but that's not super helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term okay but that's not super helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term okay but that's not super helpful
+because Delta is kind of stuck in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Delta is kind of stuck in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Delta is kind of stuck in here
+right so if I want to sort of interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I want to sort of interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I want to sort of interact
+my error with instruments I need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my error with instruments I need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my error with instruments I need to know
+what Delta is in order to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Delta is in order to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Delta is in order to know what
+Delta is you know it's it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is you know it's it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is you know it's it's kind of
+stuck in this in this uh uh integral or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in this in this uh uh integral or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in this in this uh uh integral or
+you know the empirical counterpart to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the empirical counterpart to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the empirical counterpart to
+this would be you would be uh um have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be you would be uh um have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be you would be uh um have a
+sum that sort of approximates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum that sort of approximates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum that sort of approximates this
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what do we do I'm kind of moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do we do I'm kind of moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do we do I'm kind of moving
+this to the side here it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to the side here it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to the side here it's the same
+stuff but a bit more compactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but a bit more compactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but a bit more compactly
+written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+okay so here's sort of how you how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's sort of how you how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's sort of how you how you
+estimate uh blp again there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate uh blp again there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate uh blp again there are many
+details that are left out here that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details that are left out here that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details that are left out here that uh
+that you know if you want to actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if you want to actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if you want to actually do
+this you you you need to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you you you need to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you you you need to learn
+about um so the outer loop is just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um so the outer loop is just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um so the outer loop is just sort
+of minimizing this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minimizing this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minimizing this thing
+here okay and so for reasons that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and so for reasons that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and so for reasons that I'll
+come back to in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to in a second
+the the in the outer loop you only guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the in the outer loop you only guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the in the outer loop you only guess
+what I call the nonlinear parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call the nonlinear parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call the nonlinear parameters
+these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the
+parameters you know non not uh counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you know non not uh counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you know non not uh counting
+beta not and Alpha not okay these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta not and Alpha not okay these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta not and Alpha not okay these are
+the parameters that uh uh tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters that uh uh tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters that uh uh tell us
+something about the VAR how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the VAR how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the VAR how much
+consumers substitute across different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers substitute across different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers substitute across different
+products different consumers differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products different consumers differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products different consumers differently
+across different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across different
+products so I'm guessing some nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so I'm guessing some nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so I'm guessing some nonlinear
+parameters I fix a guess okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters I fix a guess okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters I fix a guess okay and then
+in the Inner Loop I'm Sol in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Inner Loop I'm Sol in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Inner Loop I'm Sol in the
+following problem for every Market T I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following problem for every Market T I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following problem for every Market T I
+want to know what my Deltas are because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what my Deltas are because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what my Deltas are because
+if I know what my Deltas are I can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know what my Deltas are I can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know what my Deltas are I can build
+my size if I know theze I can build my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my size if I know theze I can build my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my size if I know theze I can build my
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+conditions so what are the Deltas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so what are the Deltas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so what are the Deltas so
+this is where this paper among many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where this paper among many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where this paper among many
+other things does something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things does something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things does something really
+clever they show that I can start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever they show that I can start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever they show that I can start with
+any initial guess of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any initial guess of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any initial guess of those
+Deltas okay start with any guess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deltas okay start with any guess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deltas okay start with any guess and
+then I can iterate on the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can iterate on the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can iterate on the following
+thing start with this guess compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing start with this guess compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing start with this guess compute the
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+shares the predicted market shares from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares the predicted market shares from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares the predicted market shares from
+the model and then add to my initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model and then add to my initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model and then add to my initial
+guess of Delta the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess of Delta the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess of Delta the difference between
+the actual market shares that I observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual market shares that I observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual market shares that I observe
+in the data and the predicted market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data and the predicted market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data and the predicted market
+shares this gives me a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares this gives me a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares this gives me a new
+Delta and then I do this again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and then I do this again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and then I do this again and again
+and again and it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again and it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again and it sort of
+converges uh in fact this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges uh in fact this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges uh in fact this is a
+contraction mapping so for any non set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction mapping so for any non set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction mapping so for any non set
+of nonlinear parameters it converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nonlinear parameters it converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nonlinear parameters it converges to
+a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique
+thing right that rationalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right that rationalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right that rationalize
+rationalizes the observed Market exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalizes the observed Market exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalizes the observed Market exactly
+under this gas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this gas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this gas of
+parameters this does not tell me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters this does not tell me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters this does not tell me that
+this Gess of parameters is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Gess of parameters is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Gess of parameters is actually the
+one that minimizes the objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that minimizes the objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that minimizes the objective
+function so in the outer loop I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so in the outer loop I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so in the outer loop I still
+have to you know have to guess new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you know have to guess new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you know have to guess new
+parameters until the objective function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters until the objective function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters until the objective function
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+minimized okay so you keep on doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized okay so you keep on doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized okay so you keep on doing that
+the the one thing I said well you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the one thing I said well you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the one thing I said well you only
+have to guess the nonlinear parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to guess the nonlinear parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to guess the nonlinear parameters
+so one trick that people will use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one trick that people will use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one trick that people will use is
+that when if you know the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when if you know the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when if you know the nonlinear
+parameters right and you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right and you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right and you do the
+contraction mapping then it's as if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction mapping then it's as if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction mapping then it's as if I
+know Delta at least for this for the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Delta at least for this for the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Delta at least for this for the set
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+parameters I can and and then I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters I can and and then I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters I can and and then I can just
+run a regression here right because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a regression here right because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a regression here right because for
+any given Theta two Delta is a known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given Theta two Delta is a known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given Theta two Delta is a known
+object I can regress it on this so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object I can regress it on this so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object I can regress it on this so I
+don't have to search over those linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to search over those linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to search over those linear
+parameters here and this often times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters here and this often times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters here and this often times
+leads you can speed up this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads you can speed up this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads you can speed up this problem
+quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a
+bit okay so you kind of you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit okay so you kind of you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit okay so you kind of you know you
+iterate on the Outer Loop you guess new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate on the Outer Loop you guess new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate on the Outer Loop you guess new
+parameters you iterate on the inner loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you iterate on the inner loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you iterate on the inner loop
+you find your Deltas you run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find your Deltas you run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find your Deltas you run the
+regression you build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you build the
+moments and you you you keep doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments and you you you keep doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments and you you you keep doing
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay any any questions on this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any any questions on this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any any questions on this this
+was fast you may sort of understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was fast you may sort of understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was fast you may sort of understand it
+at a high level I encourage you highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a high level I encourage you highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a high level I encourage you highly
+to actually do it come to 273 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually do it come to 273 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually do it come to 273 and you
+learn how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to do
+it I I guess I'm curious like when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I I guess I'm curious like when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I I guess I'm curious like when this
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+fail oh there many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail oh there many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail oh there many ways
+could um one of one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could um one of one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could um one of one of the most
+memorable things in grad school is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorable things in grad school is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorable things in grad school is when
+we all CED up blp together so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all CED up blp together so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all CED up blp together so the first
+time many many things that can go wrong
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/l062G7RC8-o.txt b/l062G7RC8-o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56b50e9257c8bd7bb09e8b2fdab01256d81d1c9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/l062G7RC8-o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,715 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we analyze the problem about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we analyze the problem about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we analyze the problem about
+putting two blocks along frictionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting two blocks along frictionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting two blocks along frictionless
+surface and pushing one and asking what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and pushing one and asking what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and pushing one and asking what
+is the maximum force such that block two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the maximum force such that block two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the maximum force such that block two
+does not slip we had three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not slip we had three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not slip we had three different
+systems and now I want to focus a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and now I want to focus a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and now I want to focus a little
+bit on what would happen if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on what would happen if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on what would happen if we just
+naively chose our systems as both blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively chose our systems as both blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively chose our systems as both blocks
+together so let's try to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so let's try to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so let's try to look at the
+types of issues that come up when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of issues that come up when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of issues that come up when we do
+that so once again let's draw Freebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so once again let's draw Freebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so once again let's draw Freebody
+diagrams now we begin we're pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams now we begin we're pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams now we begin we're pushing
+block 1 with a force gravitation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block 1 with a force gravitation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block 1 with a force gravitation is the
+sum of these two forces because our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of these two forces because our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of these two forces because our
+system here is block 1 and block - what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here is block 1 and block - what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here is block 1 and block - what
+about normal forces well the ground is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about normal forces well the ground is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about normal forces well the ground is
+acting on block 1 and now here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on block 1 and now here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on block 1 and now here's the
+significant thing what about all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant thing what about all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant thing what about all of
+those forces between blocks 1 & 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those forces between blocks 1 & 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those forces between blocks 1 & 2
+well the forces between blocks 1 & 2 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the forces between blocks 1 & 2 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the forces between blocks 1 & 2 are
+internal forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we saw that they were friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that they were friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that they were friction
+forces F 1 2 and F 2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces F 1 2 and F 2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces F 1 2 and F 2 1
+this was the friction force between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the friction force between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the friction force between the
+two blocks but on block 2 to the 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two blocks but on block 2 to the 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two blocks but on block 2 to the 1 and
+the friction force on block 1 due to -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the friction force on block 1 due to -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the friction force on block 1 due to -
+there were normal forces between these 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were normal forces between these 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were normal forces between these 2
+bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks
+but these are interaction pairs and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are interaction pairs and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are interaction pairs and the
+some of them are 0 and so we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are 0 and so we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are 0 and so we see that
+all their all the internal forces for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their all the internal forces for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their all the internal forces for
+form Newton's third law interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form Newton's third law interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form Newton's third law interaction
+pairs and the vectors some of them are 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs and the vectors some of them are 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs and the vectors some of them are 0
+and that's why I don't need those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why I don't need those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why I don't need those
+internal forces on my Freebody diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal forces on my Freebody diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal forces on my Freebody diagram
+if I were to draw them I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to draw them I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to draw them I would have
+different arrows for instance I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different arrows for instance I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different arrows for instance I would
+have that arrow f2 1 and I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that arrow f2 1 and I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that arrow f2 1 and I would have
+the arrow f12 and you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrow f12 and you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrow f12 and you can see that the
+sum of those cancel I would have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of those cancel I would have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of those cancel I would have the
+arrow and 2 1 and I would have the arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow and 2 1 and I would have the arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow and 2 1 and I would have the arrow
+and 1 2 arrows in opposite directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 2 arrows in opposite directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 2 arrows in opposite directions
+the interaction pairs sum to 0 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction pairs sum to 0 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction pairs sum to 0 because
+they are internal forces and again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are internal forces and again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are internal forces and again this
+enables us now to just draw F equals m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables us now to just draw F equals m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables us now to just draw F equals m1
+plus m2 times the acceleration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus m2 times the acceleration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus m2 times the acceleration of the
+system and so we have our I hat and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and so we have our I hat and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and so we have our I hat and our
+J hat directions let's pick AI hat and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J hat directions let's pick AI hat and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J hat directions let's pick AI hat and J
+hat and now we didn't include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and now we didn't include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and now we didn't include the
+kinetic friction force of the ground in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic friction force of the ground in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic friction force of the ground in
+that system so let's make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system so let's make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system so let's make sure that
+that's there and what we have is F minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there and what we have is F minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there and what we have is F minus
+F kinetic equals m1 plus m2 times a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F kinetic equals m1 plus m2 times a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F kinetic equals m1 plus m2 times a and
+in the vertical direction we have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vertical direction we have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vertical direction we have n
+ground 1 minus m1 plus m2 G equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground 1 minus m1 plus m2 G equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground 1 minus m1 plus m2 G equals 0
+that gave us our same result before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave us our same result before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave us our same result before
+notice that F equals F k plus m1 plus m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that F equals F k plus m1 plus m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that F equals F k plus m1 plus m2
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+we know this is Mew K m1 plus m2 G plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this is Mew K m1 plus m2 G plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this is Mew K m1 plus m2 G plus
+m1 plus m2 G a so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 plus m2 G a so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 plus m2 G a so we have the
+acceleration of the system depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the system depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the system depends on
+the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force
+UK m1 plus m2 G divided by m1 plus m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK m1 plus m2 G divided by m1 plus m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK m1 plus m2 G divided by m1 plus m2
+but notice because our static friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice because our static friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice because our static friction
+is an internal force in this system it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an internal force in this system it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an internal force in this system it
+never shows up in Newton's second law so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never shows up in Newton's second law so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never shows up in Newton's second law so
+we were never able to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were never able to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were never able to apply the
+condition that F static max was mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that F static max was mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that F static max was mu
+static and what we call the normal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static and what we call the normal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static and what we call the normal force
+between the blocks and so we are unable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the blocks and so we are unable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the blocks and so we are unable
+to figure out what is the maximum force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what is the maximum force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what is the maximum force
+all we can say is if I push F that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we can say is if I push F that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we can say is if I push F that's the
+acceleration but I cannot determine what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration but I cannot determine what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration but I cannot determine what
+maximum force will cause block two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum force will cause block two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum force will cause block two to
+slip with respect to block one so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip with respect to block one so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip with respect to block one so when
+you pit your system like this it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pit your system like this it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pit your system like this it's very
+quick to calculate a no problem about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick to calculate a no problem about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick to calculate a no problem about
+that but I am NOT able to answer any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I am NOT able to answer any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I am NOT able to answer any
+questions that require some type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that require some type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that require some type of
+information about the internal forces so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the internal forces so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the internal forces so
+the art to choosing systems and Freebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art to choosing systems and Freebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art to choosing systems and Freebody
+diagrams is to think about the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams is to think about the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams is to think about the types of
+questions you're asking if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you're asking if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you're asking if you have a
+question that involves something about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that involves something about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that involves something about a
+maximum condition on static friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum condition on static friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum condition on static friction
+then you want to make sure that static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want to make sure that static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want to make sure that static
+friction is an external force to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction is an external force to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction is an external force to your
+system if it's an internal force like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if it's an internal force like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if it's an internal force like in
+this case you will not be able to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you will not be able to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you will not be able to apply
+that condition
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/l2SjUREZk0c.txt b/l2SjUREZk0c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6ffcb1e0a1870f8a2aaea8fc94158e221321dab0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/l2SjUREZk0c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1419 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+I'd like us to practice some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like us to practice some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like us to practice some of the
+approximation techniques we've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation techniques we've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation techniques we've learned
+in the lectures so in this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lectures so in this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lectures so in this one
+specifically what I'd like us to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically what I'd like us to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically what I'd like us to do is
+estimate the integral from 0 to Pi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the integral from 0 to Pi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the integral from 0 to Pi of
+sinx DX using these two uh approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx DX using these two uh approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx DX using these two uh approximation
+methods a is going to be using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods a is going to be using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods a is going to be using the
+trapezoid Rule and B is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid Rule and B is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid Rule and B is going to be
+using Simpson rule in both cases I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Simpson rule in both cases I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Simpson rule in both cases I'd
+like you to do this for n equal 4 and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to do this for n equal 4 and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to do this for n equal 4 and to
+get you started I have drawn a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you started I have drawn a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you started I have drawn a little
+sketch of what yal sinx looks like on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of what yal sinx looks like on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of what yal sinx looks like on
+the interval from 0 to Pi so I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval from 0 to Pi so I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval from 0 to Pi so I'll give
+you a while to work on this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a while to work on this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a while to work on this and then
+when you're finished you can come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're finished you can come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're finished you can come back
+and I'll show you how I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay welcome back hopefully you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay welcome back hopefully you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay welcome back hopefully you were
+able to to get an approximation for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to to get an approximation for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to to get an approximation for both
+of these now I'll show you how I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these now I'll show you how I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these now I'll show you how I do it
+and make sure that you're doing it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure that you're doing it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure that you're doing it uh
+doing it in the correct way so I I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it in the correct way so I I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it in the correct way so I I've
+done a little bit of work ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a little bit of work ahead of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a little bit of work ahead of time
+because I didn't want to have to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I didn't want to have to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I didn't want to have to write
+everything down in the video so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything down in the video so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything down in the video so if you
+come over here to the right a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come over here to the right a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come over here to the right a little bit
+we'll see that I've actually made myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that I've actually made myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that I've actually made myself
+a table of the important X values and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table of the important X values and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table of the important X values and Y
+values and if you recall what I said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and if you recall what I said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and if you recall what I said is
+we're taking the we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking the we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking the we're going to
+approximate the integral from 0 to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the integral from 0 to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the integral from 0 to Pi
+using four sub intervals so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using four sub intervals so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using four sub intervals so we're
+interested in I going from 0 to 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in I going from 0 to 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in I going from 0 to 4 and
+then we need to subdivide that interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need to subdivide that interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need to subdivide that interval
+from 0 to Pi into four equal sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to Pi into four equal sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to Pi into four equal sub
+intervals so that will be length Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals so that will be length Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals so that will be length Pi
+over4 so x0 is just zero X1 is pi over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over4 so x0 is just zero X1 is pi over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over4 so x0 is just zero X1 is pi over 4
+X2 is pi over 2 you get the idea X sub4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 is pi over 2 you get the idea X sub4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 is pi over 2 you get the idea X sub4
+is pi and then what I've done is to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi and then what I've done is to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi and then what I've done is to make
+it really easy on myself is I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really easy on myself is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really easy on myself is I've
+determined what the Y values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined what the Y values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined what the Y values are
+associated to that x value given that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to that x value given that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to that x value given that my
+function is sin x so I've filled in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is sin x so I've filled in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is sin x so I've filled in a
+table of values from myself right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of values from myself right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of values from myself right away
+and then when I want to use the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when I want to use the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when I want to use the two
+rules I can simply come back and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules I can simply come back and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules I can simply come back and look at
+this table so the first thing I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table so the first thing I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table so the first thing I'm going
+to do is the trapezoid rule so I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is the trapezoid rule so I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is the trapezoid rule so I'll come
+back over here a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit so using the trapezoid rule let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so using the trapezoid rule let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so using the trapezoid rule let's
+remember what the trapezoid rule is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the trapezoid rule is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the trapezoid rule is the
+trapezoid rule is Delta x times in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid rule is Delta x times in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid rule is Delta x times in this
+case we're going to have y0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're going to have y0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're going to have y0
+over2 plus y1 + Y 2 + Y3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 plus y1 + Y 2 + Y3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 plus y1 + Y 2 + Y3
+plus y4 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y4 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y4 over
+two so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so let me
+actually move that so remember what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually move that so remember what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually move that so remember what you
+get is you get uh essentially you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is you get uh essentially you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is you get uh essentially you're
+averaging the right and the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging the right and the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging the right and the left hand
+endpoint ones and so you end up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint ones and so you end up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint ones and so you end up with the
+furthest left has a one/ half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthest left has a one/ half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthest left has a one/ half
+coefficient the furthest right has a 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient the furthest right has a 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient the furthest right has a 1/
+half all the other coefficients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half all the other coefficients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half all the other coefficients are
+equal to one so what do we get when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one so what do we get when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one so what do we get when we
+actually evaluate this when we plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually evaluate this when we plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually evaluate this when we plug in
+what we have for Delta X and for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have for Delta X and for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have for Delta X and for all
+these values Delta X we know again it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values Delta X we know again it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values Delta X we know again it
+should be the length of the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the length of the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the length of the interval
+divided by n we're subdividing equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n we're subdividing equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n we're subdividing equally
+here so we get Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we get Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we get Pi
+4 and then let's look at our values well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and then let's look at our values well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and then let's look at our values well
+y z and y4 are both zero so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y z and y4 are both zero so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y z and y4 are both zero so I'm going to
+not even put those in you'll see Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even put those in you'll see Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even put those in you'll see Zero
+there zero there so these two are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there zero there so these two are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there zero there so these two are both
+zero and so I just have to substitute in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so I just have to substitute in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so I just have to substitute in
+these values y1 Y2 and Y3 so y sub 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values y1 Y2 and Y3 so y sub 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values y1 Y2 and Y3 so y sub 1 is
+< tk2 over2 y sub 2 is 1 and Y sub3 is <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< tk2 over2 y sub 2 is 1 and Y sub3 is <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< tk2 over2 y sub 2 is 1 and Y sub3 is <
+tk2 2 so I should get <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk2 2 so I should get <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk2 2 so I should get <
+tk22 + 1 + <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk22 + 1 + <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk22 + 1 + <
+tk22 and if you want to simplify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk22 and if you want to simplify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk22 and if you want to simplify a
+little bit you can do that < tk2 over2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit you can do that < tk2 over2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit you can do that < tk2 over2
+plus < tk2 over2 is <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus < tk2 over2 is <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus < tk2 over2 is <
+tk2 hopefully you got something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk2 hopefully you got something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk2 hopefully you got something that
+looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like
+this and I got to tell you at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I got to tell you at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I got to tell you at this point
+I'm stopping because I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm stopping because I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm stopping because I don't want to
+bother to simplify it any more than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother to simplify it any more than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother to simplify it any more than this
+but the main point is I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the main point is I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the main point is I want to make
+sure we understand once we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we understand once we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we understand once we have this
+this method how to substitute everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method how to substitute everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method how to substitute everything
+in so this first one was just using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so this first one was just using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so this first one was just using the
+trapezoid rule to approximate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid rule to approximate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid rule to approximate the
+integral now what does that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral now what does that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral now what does that actually
+mean in terms of the graph let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in terms of the graph let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in terms of the graph let's go back
+to the graph and let's look at what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the graph and let's look at what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the graph and let's look at what that
+actually means I'm going to get another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually means I'm going to get another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually means I'm going to get another
+color for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color for
+this so in the case of the troid rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so in the case of the troid rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so in the case of the troid rule
+what that means I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subdividing the interval like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdividing the interval like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdividing the interval like this and
+this trapezoid remember connects the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trapezoid remember connects the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trapezoid remember connects the two
+y values consecutive y values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y values consecutive y values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y values consecutive y values
+here and is giving you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and is giving you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and is giving you the
+area of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of each of
+those so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the
+blue we found the blue shaded area with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue we found the blue shaded area with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue we found the blue shaded area with
+the trapezoid rule so just to recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoid rule so just to recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoid rule so just to recall
+that's actually what we did so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually what we did so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually what we did so this is a
+fairly good approximation looks like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly good approximation looks like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly good approximation looks like in
+this case of what the actual integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case of what the actual integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case of what the actual integral is
+so now let's do Simpson's Rule and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's do Simpson's Rule and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's do Simpson's Rule and I'll
+come over to the right of the table able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come over to the right of the table able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come over to the right of the table able
+to do Simpsons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do Simpsons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do Simpsons
+Rule now notice I can do Simpsons rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule now notice I can do Simpsons rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule now notice I can do Simpsons rule
+because I have n is an even number I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have n is an even number I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have n is an even number I
+have to have n even in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have n even in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have n even in order to do
+simpsons's rule so just to remind us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpsons's rule so just to remind us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpsons's rule so just to remind us
+what Simpsons rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Simpsons rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Simpsons rule
+is Simpson's rule is Delta X over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Simpson's rule is Delta X over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Simpson's rule is Delta X over
+3 and then I have these funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and then I have these funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and then I have these funny
+coefficients which at some point we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients which at some point we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients which at some point we will
+explain I have a one in front of y z a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain I have a one in front of y z a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain I have a one in front of y z a
+four in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four in front of
+y1 two in front front of Y 2 a four in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 two in front front of Y 2 a four in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 two in front front of Y 2 a four in
+front of Y3 and a one in front of the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of Y3 and a one in front of the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of Y3 and a one in front of the Y
+sub4 so that's exactly the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub4 so that's exactly the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub4 so that's exactly the coefficients
+for Simpson Rule and you saw in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Simpson Rule and you saw in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Simpson Rule and you saw in class
+why this is a two you'll see in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is a two you'll see in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is a two you'll see in another
+recitation video why we end up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation video why we end up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation video why we end up getting
+the 141 and those two things add up 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 141 and those two things add up 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 141 and those two things add up 1
+141 141 and where the three comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+141 141 and where the three comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+141 141 and where the three comes from
+we'll show all of that in another video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll show all of that in another video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll show all of that in another video
+so let's fill in what we have well Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's fill in what we have well Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's fill in what we have well Delta
+X is < over 4 so I get p piun over 4 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is < over 4 so I get p piun over 4 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is < over 4 so I get p piun over 4 *
+1/3 so I get p piun over 12 y0 is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 so I get p piun over 12 y0 is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 so I get p piun over 12 y0 is again
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+y1 come back here it was < tk2 over2 <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 come back here it was < tk2 over2 <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 come back here it was < tk2 over2 <
+tk2 over2 * 4 is 2 <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk2 over2 * 4 is 2 <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk2 over2 * 4 is 2 <
+tk2 Y 2 if you remember was one so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk2 Y 2 if you remember was one so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk2 Y 2 if you remember was one so I get
+2 * 1 is two and then I have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 1 is two and then I have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 1 is two and then I have the same
+two values because this is a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values because this is a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values because this is a this is
+symmetric about the Y2 value so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric about the Y2 value so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric about the Y2 value so I get
+another 2 < tk2 and another zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 2 < tk2 and another zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 2 < tk2 and another zero
+so if I simplify all this I get pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I simplify all this I get pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I simplify all this I get pi over
+12 oops pi over 12 and then I get 4 <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 oops pi over 12 and then I get 4 <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 oops pi over 12 and then I get 4 <
+tk2 + 2 and so that we can maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk2 + 2 and so that we can maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk2 + 2 and so that we can maybe
+see a little bit more what it how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a little bit more what it how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a little bit more what it how it
+Compares we can simplify this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compares we can simplify this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compares we can simplify this a little
+bit I'm going to put the one in front 1+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I'm going to put the one in front 1+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I'm going to put the one in front 1+
+2 <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 <
+tk2 now if you wanted to actually do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk2 now if you wanted to actually do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk2 now if you wanted to actually do a
+comparison of of those two values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of of those two values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of of those two values and
+then and then uh compare that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then uh compare that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then uh compare that to the
+actual integral you'd want to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual integral you'd want to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual integral you'd want to evaluate
+the actual integral and then maybe look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual integral and then maybe look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual integral and then maybe look
+at what these two are on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what these two are on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what these two are on a
+calculator but I just wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator but I just wanted to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator but I just wanted to make
+sure we knew how to how to plug in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we knew how to how to plug in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we knew how to how to plug in the Y
+values and the appropriate Delta x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and the appropriate Delta x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and the appropriate Delta x to
+the appropriate formula so again what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate formula so again what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate formula so again what we
+were trying to do is estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to do is estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to do is estimate the
+integral for one that we actually know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for one that we actually know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for one that we actually know
+so we could do some comparison if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could do some comparison if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could do some comparison if we
+wanted and see uh how these numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted and see uh how these numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted and see uh how these numerical
+methods or these uh these approximations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods or these uh these approximations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods or these uh these approximations
+actually work so we did trapezoid rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work so we did trapezoid rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work so we did trapezoid rule
+we had the formula up there we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the formula up there we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the formula up there we did
+Simpsons Rule and the formula is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simpsons Rule and the formula is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simpsons Rule and the formula is right
+here and when we were doing this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and when we were doing this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and when we were doing this the
+thing that made it simpler is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that made it simpler is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that made it simpler is at the
+very beginning I made a nice table of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning I made a nice table of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning I made a nice table of
+values so when you're solving these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so when you're solving these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so when you're solving these
+types of problems that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of problems that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of problems that might be
+something you want to you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want to you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want to you want to think
+about doing right at the very beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing right at the very beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing right at the very beginning
+to make things a little simpler for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make things a little simpler for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make things a little simpler for
+yourself and I think I'll stop there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lKy6EMP3Yhw.txt b/lKy6EMP3Yhw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9353eeebf8b2cd3151462590d250381118f92a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lKy6EMP3Yhw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11768 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu I want to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another interesting
+and rather confounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+issue in relation to the space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue in relation to the space and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue in relation to the space and
+social content of
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+cities and that has to do with the fact
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+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+that not all people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not all people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not all people in
+Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society
+agree with the ideology that the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with the ideology that the city
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with the ideology that the city
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains for the moment or the society
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+maintains for the moment or the society
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+ align:start position:0%
+maintains for the
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+moment to change the world is an
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+ambition of many
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+people or groups of people who believe
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can artificially create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can artificially create
+environments which are of higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments which are of higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments which are of higher order
+of goodness than in the environment with
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+ align:start position:0%
+of goodness than in the environment with
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goodness than in the environment with
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+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+presented often
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+City we will go through a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City we will go through a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City we will go through a number of
+these obviously this is a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these obviously this is a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these obviously this is a very large
+subject again and needs only for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject again and needs only for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject again and needs only for me to
+make a few arguments about it rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a few arguments about it rather
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a few arguments about it rather
+than ending with a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ending with a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ending with a complete
+bibliographic explanation of all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bibliographic explanation of all of the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+bibliographic explanation of all of the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to identify it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to identify it
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+ align:start position:0%
+intentional communities within the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional communities within the
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+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan area of cities or isolated
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan area of cities or isolated
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them the word Utopia has a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the word Utopia has a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the word Utopia has a double
+meaning in Greek eutopia means no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning in Greek eutopia means no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning in Greek eutopia means no
+place Utopia means that you the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place Utopia means that you the single
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+place Utopia means that you the single
+you is a good place already the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is a good place already the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is a good place already the double
+Greek word meaning indicates some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek word meaning indicates some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek word meaning indicates some
+characteristics of which we have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+with the created environment in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the created environment in these
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the created environment in these
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+ align:start position:0%
+cases are meant to create a good
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases are meant to create a good
+world but they also are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but they also are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but they also are
+isolated the word is first used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated the word is first used in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated the word is first used in
+English by S Thomas Moore's book in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English by S Thomas Moore's book in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English by S Thomas Moore's book in
+1516 where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1516 where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1516 where he
+describes a utopian Island it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes a utopian Island it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+island which already indicates that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island which already indicates that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island which already indicates that it's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from other existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from other existing
+phenomena physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena
+secondly it has 58 spacious and Splendid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly it has 58 spacious and Splendid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly it has 58 spacious and Splendid
+cities on the Island the island is 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities on the Island the island is 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities on the Island the island is 200
+miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+long there's Equity of property never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long there's Equity of property never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long there's Equity of property never
+the houses are never locked as no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the houses are never locked as no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the houses are never locked as no
+private possessions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tolerated the owners change every 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerated the owners change every 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerated the owners change every 10
+years and are selected by drawing Lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so already you find in the first of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so already you find in the first of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so already you find in the first of the
+utopian nov explanations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utopian nov explanations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utopian nov explanations or
+exercises an association with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises an association with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises an association with
+Equity that this is a place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity that this is a place where
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity that this is a place where
+private property is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private property is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private property is not
+significant there's a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant there's a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant there's a random
+distribution statistically made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution statistically made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution statistically made
+available through drawing of lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many of these themes involving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these themes involving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these themes involving a
+boundary condition involving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition involving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition involving the
+distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of
+resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources
+involving the maintenance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving the maintenance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving the maintenance of the
+society or characteristics of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society or characteristics of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society or characteristics of these
+ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+communities C more rights of the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities C more rights of the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities C more rights of the ideal
+state or about the new island of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state or about the new island of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state or about the new island of
+nowhere there's a notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere there's a notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere there's a notion
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this environment can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this environment can can
+exist in a sense nowhere which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in a sense nowhere which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in a sense nowhere which means
+that it doesn't touch another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't touch another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't touch another
+environment there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting linkage of people during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting linkage of people during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting linkage of people during
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+time for instance Looking Backward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for instance Looking Backward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for instance Looking Backward the
+great book by Edward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great book by Edward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great book by Edward
+bamy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bamy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bamy in the
+1850s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1850s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1850s
+in describing Boston is a communist City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in describing Boston is a communist City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in describing Boston is a communist City
+a mechanically controlled communist City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mechanically controlled communist City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mechanically controlled communist City
+in which a man falls asleep and wakes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which a man falls asleep and wakes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which a man falls asleep and wakes up
+100 years later and in and sees Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transformed mechanism is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed mechanism is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed mechanism is an important
+attribute of that changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute of that changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute of that changed
+environment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so compelling was the book that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so compelling was the book that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so compelling was the book that had
+so sold millions of copies here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sold millions of copies here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sold millions of copies here in the
+United States it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States it was a
+bestseller it was read by a man called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestseller it was read by a man called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestseller it was read by a man called
+William Morris in England William Morris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William Morris in England William Morris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William Morris in England William Morris
+was a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great
+prolite founder of the Socialist league
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prolite founder of the Socialist league
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prolite founder of the Socialist league
+in England man of enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in England man of enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in England man of enormous
+significance who wrote a book called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance who wrote a book called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance who wrote a book called
+news from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nowhere completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and antithetical to the concentrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and antithetical to the concentrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and antithetical to the concentrated
+vision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+Bellamy for him a decentralized solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bellamy for him a decentralized solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bellamy for him a decentralized solution
+which abdicated the role of cities was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which abdicated the role of cities was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which abdicated the role of cities was
+the option so here at the same time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option so here at the same time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option so here at the same time you
+have two 19th century figures in not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two 19th century figures in not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two 19th century figures in not in
+contact with each other but their works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with each other but their works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with each other but their works
+are in contact with each other the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in contact with each other the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in contact with each other the one
+comments on the others by writing a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments on the others by writing a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments on the others by writing a book
+news from nowhere also refers to Samuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news from nowhere also refers to Samuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news from nowhere also refers to Samuel
+Butler's book Eran and Eran is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Butler's book Eran and Eran is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Butler's book Eran and Eran is an
+anagram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anagram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anagram of
+nowhere I'm just trying to indicate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere I'm just trying to indicate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere I'm just trying to indicate to
+you the density of interest in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phenomenon um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon um
+the 19th century was which is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century was which is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century was which is our
+focus is the century of Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus is the century of Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus is the century of Great
+Expectations much though enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expectations much though enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expectations much though enormous
+problems were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems were
+manifest there was a sense that given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest there was a sense that given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest there was a sense that given
+the right kind of conditions solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right kind of conditions solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right kind of conditions solutions
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+found Great Expectations is again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found Great Expectations is again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found Great Expectations is again a
+novel by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel by
+whom who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom who
+Dickens Charles Dickens it's his 13th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dickens Charles Dickens it's his 13th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dickens Charles Dickens it's his 13th
+novel what happens in Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel what happens in Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel what happens in Great
+Expectations a young orphan by the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expectations a young orphan by the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expectations a young orphan by the name
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+pip encounter wanders in a field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pip encounter wanders in a field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pip encounter wanders in a field and
+encounters an escaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters an escaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters an escaped
+convict his life is then dis is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convict his life is then dis is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convict his life is then dis is the
+subject of this book it's a book about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of this book it's a book about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of this book it's a book about
+how you can as an orphan encounter an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can as an orphan encounter an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can as an orphan encounter an
+escape convict and still make a success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape convict and still make a success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape convict and still make a success
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Utopias are subject to the creation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Utopias are subject to the creation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Utopias are subject to the creation of
+new models of social relationship as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new models of social relationship as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new models of social relationship as
+antithetical to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antithetical to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antithetical to what
+exists if the family is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weak the keybo takes children and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak the keybo takes children and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak the keybo takes children and
+separates them from their families and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates them from their families and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates them from their families and
+Rears them separately so as Robert Owen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rears them separately so as Robert Owen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rears them separately so as Robert Owen
+Institute for the promotion of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute for the promotion of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute for the promotion of social
+character in New in new Lano Scotland so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in New in new Lano Scotland so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in New in new Lano Scotland so
+does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the
+French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French
+utopianist Gan in guiz all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utopianist Gan in guiz all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utopianist Gan in guiz all of these
+places have environments where children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places have environments where children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places have environments where children
+can be grow up independent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be grow up independent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be grow up independent of the
+family the notion of in Loco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family the notion of in Loco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family the notion of in Loco
+pares is established to provide rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pares is established to provide rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pares is established to provide rights
+for people who look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who look
+after uh uh children separate from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+family if the society exhibits great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family if the society exhibits great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family if the society exhibits great
+puritanism as Victorian society did sha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puritanism as Victorian society did sha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puritanism as Victorian society did sha
+furi builds his utopian project the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furi builds his utopian project the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furi builds his utopian project the
+faner on the notion of passion sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faner on the notion of passion sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faner on the notion of passion sexual
+passion Humphrey noise in this United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion Humphrey noise in this United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion Humphrey noise in this United
+States says person is somebody to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States says person is somebody to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States says person is somebody to be
+hugged and creating on the town of anida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugged and creating on the town of anida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugged and creating on the town of anida
+in New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state if drink and alienation and drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if drink and alienation and drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if drink and alienation and drugs
+are the problem Owen's reform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the problem Owen's reform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the problem Owen's reform of
+character Institute for the reform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character Institute for the reform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character Institute for the reform of
+character in new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in new
+Lano um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lano um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lano um
+pman explicitly says I will not allow my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pman explicitly says I will not allow my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pman explicitly says I will not allow my
+workers to own houses because that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers to own houses because that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers to own houses because that will
+mean they will become separate and want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they will become separate and want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they will become separate and want
+to live a independent life I want them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live a independent life I want them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live a independent life I want them
+to behave according to the rules which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to behave according to the rules which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to behave according to the rules which I
+said this is paternalism which of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is paternalism which of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is paternalism which of course
+resulted in complete decay of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in complete decay of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in complete decay of the
+community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the world of the outside if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the world of the outside if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the world of the outside if the
+outside world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside world
+is is a new secular world changing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a new secular world changing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a new secular world changing very
+rapidly the response of the Shakers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly the response of the Shakers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly the response of the Shakers is
+to create a religion which remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a religion which remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a religion which remains
+absolute no sexual intercourse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute no sexual intercourse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute no sexual intercourse is
+allowed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed in
+shakadam which creates a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shakadam which creates a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shakadam which creates a fundamental
+problem of population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of population
+increase so it has to convert people the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so it has to convert people the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so it has to convert people the
+notion on converting people to because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion on converting people to because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion on converting people to because
+you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a
+truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth
+is fundamental to certain religions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fundamental to certain religions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fundamental to certain religions
+today I dislike the idea intensely but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I dislike the idea intensely but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I dislike the idea intensely but
+that's a personal dislike so I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a personal dislike so I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a personal dislike so I should
+dislike Mormonism which believes in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislike Mormonism which believes in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislike Mormonism which believes in one
+good thing about the Jews is they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing about the Jews is they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing about the Jews is they don't
+sell their religion well they may do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell their religion well they may do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell their religion well they may do it
+in subtle ways but uh they don't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in subtle ways but uh they don't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in subtle ways but uh they don't uh
+missionized missionis is a interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missionized missionis is a interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missionized missionis is a interesting
+phenomenon but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon but it's
+only the result of a belief in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the result of a belief in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the result of a belief in an
+absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+truth if industrial chaos is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth if industrial chaos is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth if industrial chaos is what we
+encounter in the existing world you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter in the existing world you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter in the existing world you find
+the paternal order of factory towns be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paternal order of factory towns be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paternal order of factory towns be
+be the be the be the factory town of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the be the be the factory town of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the be the be the factory town of
+pulman outside Chicago south of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulman outside Chicago south of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulman outside Chicago south of
+Chicago Port Sunlight the factory town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago Port Sunlight the factory town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago Port Sunlight the factory town
+of the lever Brothers in England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lever Brothers in England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lever Brothers in England
+bourneville the cad the factory town of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bourneville the cad the factory town of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bourneville the cad the factory town of
+the Cadbury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cadbury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cadbury
+family and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and so
+on if you believe the result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on if you believe the result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on if you believe the result of the
+chaos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos
+is centralized order or disorder you opt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is centralized order or disorder you opt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is centralized order or disorder you opt
+for options for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for options for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for options for
+decentralization William Morris believes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralization William Morris believes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralization William Morris believes
+that one that over time manchest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one that over time manchest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one that over time manchest in
+London would disappear and be replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London would disappear and be replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London would disappear and be replaced
+by a small scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a small scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a small scale
+self-supporting landscaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-supporting landscaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-supporting landscaped
+environment which I'll detail a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment which I'll detail a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment which I'll detail a little
+later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the
+class or you believe in the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or you believe in the work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or you believe in the work of
+Peter kropotkin the first urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter kropotkin the first urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter kropotkin the first urban
+geographer the Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographer the Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographer the Russian
+prince who disagreed with Marx about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prince who disagreed with Marx about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prince who disagreed with Marx about the
+new state arguing that a centralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new state arguing that a centralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new state arguing that a centralized
+state is likely to fail in favor of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is likely to fail in favor of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is likely to fail in favor of a
+decentralized order he argued that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized order he argued that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized order he argued that even
+in in during his stay in England I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in during his stay in England I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in during his stay in England I can't
+remember the date the end of the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the date the end of the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the date the end of the 19th
+century he said that the 80% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century he said that the 80% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century he said that the 80% of the
+factories only employed 8 to 10 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories only employed 8 to 10 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories only employed 8 to 10 people
+he was enormously impressed by the hura
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was enormously impressed by the hura
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was enormously impressed by the hura
+region of Switzerland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of Switzerland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of Switzerland
+J which is the home environment of Lo by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J which is the home environment of Lo by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J which is the home environment of Lo by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+way what impresses kotkin is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what impresses kotkin is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what impresses kotkin is the
+capacity of watch making to organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of watch making to organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of watch making to organize
+itself so that there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so that there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so that there are many
+Enterprises all small all competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises all small all competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises all small all competitive
+all producing good product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so his reference to Industrial chaos is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so his reference to Industrial chaos is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so his reference to Industrial chaos is
+is is a glomeration and he disputes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a glomeration and he disputes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a glomeration and he disputes a
+glomeration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glomeration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glomeration
+economics as fundamental to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics as fundamental to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics as fundamental to the
+production of first class Industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of first class Industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of first class Industrial
+Products that's just the list of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Products that's just the list of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Products that's just the list of the
+antidotes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm just going to go through very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to go through very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to go through very
+briefly some more characteristics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly some more characteristics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly some more characteristics of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+places there's often an authoritarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places there's often an authoritarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places there's often an authoritarian
+order socially but they're economically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order socially but they're economically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order socially but they're economically
+Democratic The Authority is necessary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democratic The Authority is necessary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democratic The Authority is necessary to
+maintain attention and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distract from the attraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distract from the attraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distract from the attraction of the
+outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+world there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world there's
+no question of choice here if choice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no question of choice here if choice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no question of choice here if choice is
+economic well that's okay but if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic well that's okay but if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic well that's okay but if it's
+social it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dangerous the these projects all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous the these projects all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous the these projects all have
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+problems they need to be separate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems they need to be separate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems they need to be separate but
+they can't exist separately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't exist separately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't exist separately the
+the Shakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Shakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Shakers
+need new inputs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+population they they often need many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population they they often need many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population they they often need many of
+them agricultural in industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them agricultural in industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them agricultural in industrial
+businesses which has the economic base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses which has the economic base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses which has the economic base
+and they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they need
+markets you can't eat your own food and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets you can't eat your own food and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets you can't eat your own food and
+maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain
+yourself totally it needs to be I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself totally it needs to be I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself totally it needs to be I mean
+to change producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change producing
+income you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income you get
+what these places don't locate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these places don't locate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these places don't locate in the
+wilderness that they locate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wilderness that they locate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wilderness that they locate in the
+middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+landscape which Frank d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape which Frank d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape which Frank d
+right understands very well his notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right understands very well his notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right understands very well his notion
+of eonian ism is really a way of dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eonian ism is really a way of dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eonian ism is really a way of dealing
+with the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the middle
+landscape he built 65 houses in Oak Park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape he built 65 houses in Oak Park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+anarchist who believed that there would
+be no Law Courts in or police necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no Law Courts in or police necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no Law Courts in or police necessary
+in East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in East
+Town the second case is the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Town the second case is the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Town the second case is the case of
+Frank l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+who really whose politics always looses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who really whose politics always looses
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+buildings he designed over 700 buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings he designed over 700 buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings he designed over 700 buildings
+or we built over 700 buildings so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we built over 700 buildings so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we built over 700 buildings so when I
+say looseness it means not necessarily A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say looseness it means not necessarily A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say looseness it means not necessarily A
+pejorative but a description of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pejorative but a description of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pejorative but a description of the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of work that he did he is a man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of work that he did he is a man
+who in Broad acre City proposes that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who in Broad acre City proposes that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who in Broad acre City proposes that the
+American citizen has a right to own five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American citizen has a right to own five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American citizen has a right to own five
+five autom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five autom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five autom
+BS at the same time he designed he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BS at the same time he designed he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BS at the same time he designed he
+projects the My Life Center for Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects the My Life Center for Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects the My Life Center for Chicago
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+builds uh and pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds uh and pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds uh and pro
+proposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposes
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if he has a political solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if he has a political solid
+philosophy is called democracy he writes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy is called democracy he writes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy is called democracy he writes
+a book called the architecture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a book called the architecture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a book called the architecture of
+democracy but he's really a uh supporter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy but he's really a uh supporter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy but he's really a uh supporter
+of variations on the system eonia is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variations on the system eonia is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variations on the system eonia is
+really a version of the middle landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a version of the middle landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a version of the middle landscape
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the American has the right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the American has the right to
+own a house have an automobile but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own a house have an automobile but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own a house have an automobile but in
+Broad Acer City he also has helicopters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broad Acer City he also has helicopters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broad Acer City he also has helicopters
+flying over the town in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying over the town in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying over the town in his
+drawings what that's about he admires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings what that's about he admires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings what that's about he admires
+Henry Ford because Henry Ford in muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Ford because Henry Ford in muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Ford because Henry Ford in muscle
+shows in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows in
+Alabama proposes a 75 mile long City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alabama proposes a 75 mile long City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alabama proposes a 75 mile long City
+uh which didn't occur because the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which didn't occur because the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which didn't occur because the United
+States government under Senator Senator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States government under Senator Senator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States government under Senator Senator
+noris proposed in 1933 to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noris proposed in 1933 to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noris proposed in 1933 to do the
+Tennessee Valley Authority rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee Valley Authority rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee Valley Authority rather than
+sell the rights to Henry Ford Henry Ford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell the rights to Henry Ford Henry Ford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell the rights to Henry Ford Henry Ford
+almost ran for as president of the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost ran for as president of the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost ran for as president of the unit
+for the presidency of the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the presidency of the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the presidency of the United States
+there as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as a
+result um again yes Instinct in right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result um again yes Instinct in right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result um again yes Instinct in right
+always to look at the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always to look at the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always to look at the opposite
+situation uh democracy involves freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation uh democracy involves freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation uh democracy involves freedom
+freedom can be assumed through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom can be assumed through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom can be assumed through the
+manipulation of Agriculture and Industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation of Agriculture and Industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation of Agriculture and Industry
+at the same time which is Ford's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time which is Ford's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time which is Ford's great
+Mantra Ford wanted to build a city in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mantra Ford wanted to build a city in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mantra Ford wanted to build a city in
+which his workers would only work half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which his workers would only work half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which his workers would only work half
+the day or three quarts of the day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day or three quarts of the day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day or three quarts of the day and
+work in their own garden and make food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in their own garden and make food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in their own garden and make food
+for themselves for the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+day so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so we
+can when we look at Russia between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can when we look at Russia between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can when we look at Russia between
+1970 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 and
+1932 you have the extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1932 you have the extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1932 you have the extraordinary
+opportunity of observing all the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity of observing all the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity of observing all the energy
+which transforms spatial propositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which transforms spatial propositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which transforms spatial propositions
+and also deals with a completely new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also deals with a completely new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also deals with a completely new
+social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+order Marx of of course disliked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Marx of of course disliked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Marx of of course disliked the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that he's thinking was utopian he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that he's thinking was utopian he
+said um my dialectical studies are based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um my dialectical studies are based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um my dialectical studies are based
+on the reality I study the stock market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the reality I study the stock market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the reality I study the stock market
+news prices in the London times every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news prices in the London times every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news prices in the London times every
+morning I'm dealing with reality not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning I'm dealing with reality not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning I'm dealing with reality not
+with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you
+the he disliked Fier he called F's Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the he disliked Fier he called F's Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the he disliked Fier he called F's Pro
+fan a brothel although Furia claimed he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan a brothel although Furia claimed he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan a brothel although Furia claimed he
+was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a
+socialist and so on sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Anna yes I've got I've done two coriz is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anna yes I've got I've done two coriz is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anna yes I've got I've done two coriz is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+third coriz is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third coriz is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third coriz is a
+more perhaps complex story first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more perhaps complex story first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more perhaps complex story first of all
+he's European like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's European like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's European like
+garer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garer
+um has enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has enormous
+Ambitions uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I sorry I haven't got my notes in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sorry I haven't got my notes in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sorry I haven't got my notes in front
+of me we'll get to him in a minute uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of me we'll get to him in a minute uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of me we'll get to him in a minute uh
+but the basic proposition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic proposition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic proposition in
+in Kia's case is that the plan is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kia's case is that the plan is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kia's case is that the plan is the
+object of discussion the plan is either
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+ align:start position:0%
+object of discussion the plan is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or not right in his view a plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or not right in his view a plan
+that he makes is the result of enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he makes is the result of enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he makes is the result of enormous
+social study and enormous phys physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social study and enormous phys physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social study and enormous phys physical
+awareness and that once it is right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness and that once it is right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness and that once it is right it
+doesn't matter what ideology is it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+supports his first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports his first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports his first
+project he really has three three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project he really has three three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project he really has three three
+theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical
+plans the first oh let's leave kobu for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans the first oh let's leave kobu for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans the first oh let's leave kobu for
+a while I'll come back to him in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while I'll come back to him in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while I'll come back to him in a
+minute have to watch time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute have to watch time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute have to watch time because
+there's a lot of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think I'm going to skip some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'm going to skip some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'm going to skip some of these
+observations one of the interesting ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations one of the interesting ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations one of the interesting ones
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh from a student in this class in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from a student in this class in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from a student in this class in
+1993 who WR writes to me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says a comment on today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says a comment on today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says a comment on today's lecture
+remarks Freud and Utopia dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I was reminded of Italo calvino's book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was reminded of Italo calvino's book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was reminded of Italo calvino's book
+Invisible Cities and I quote with cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Invisible Cities and I quote with cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Invisible Cities and I quote with cities
+it is as with dreams everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is as with dreams everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is as with dreams everything
+imaginable can be dreamed but even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginable can be dreamed but even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginable can be dreamed but even the
+most unexpected dream is a Reus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most unexpected dream is a Reus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most unexpected dream is a Reus that
+conceals a desire or or its reverse a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceals a desire or or its reverse a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceals a desire or or its reverse a
+fear cities like dreams are made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear cities like dreams are made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear cities like dreams are made of
+desires and equally of fears even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desires and equally of fears even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desires and equally of fears even the
+even if the thread of their discourse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the thread of their discourse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the thread of their discourse is
+secret their rules absurd their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret their rules absurd their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret their rules absurd their
+perspectives deceitful and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives deceitful and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives deceitful and everything
+conceals everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceals everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceals everybody
+else the student says does that mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else the student says does that mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else the student says does that mean the
+crazier the expressed desire the greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazier the expressed desire the greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazier the expressed desire the greater
+the perceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fear I don't know how to answer that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear I don't know how to answer that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear I don't know how to answer that I
+mean it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's a very
+interesting connect idea which Calvino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting connect idea which Calvino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting connect idea which Calvino
+and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his
+Brilliance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brilliance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brilliance uh
+Asser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also work which refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also work which refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also work which refers
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh perversion is a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Utopia there in a book called perversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Utopia there in a book called perversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Utopia there in a book called perversion
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Utopia these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+essential Affinity between the utopian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential Affinity between the utopian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential Affinity between the utopian
+and the perverse in so far as both seek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the perverse in so far as both seek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the perverse in so far as both seek
+to circumvent the reality principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to circumvent the reality principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to circumvent the reality principle
+which defines the Human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which defines the Human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which defines the Human
+Condition man has always endeavored to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Condition man has always endeavored to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Condition man has always endeavored to
+go beyond the narrow limits of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go beyond the narrow limits of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go beyond the narrow limits of his
+condition perversion is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition perversion is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition perversion is one of the
+essential Ways and Means he applies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential Ways and Means he applies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential Ways and Means he applies in
+order to push forward these frontiers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to push forward these frontiers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to push forward these frontiers of
+what is possible possible into unsettle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is possible possible into unsettle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is possible possible into unsettle
+reality these are strange associations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality these are strange associations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality these are strange associations
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+utopianism they're not explicit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean F's preoccupation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality is not homosexuality it's not
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality is not homosexuality it's not
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality amongst children it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality with animals so therefore in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality with animals so therefore in
+our code of behavior it's not perverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our code of behavior it's not perverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our code of behavior it's not perverse
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+
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+it's about as tame as Shakespeare
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+
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+it's about as tame as Shakespeare
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+writing about Romeo and Juliet as young
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing about Romeo and Juliet as young
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet if you argue that if you wish to
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what constitutes perversion are there
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+broken I don't know many social attempts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken I don't know many social attempts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken I don't know many social attempts
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create perverse communities in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create perverse communities in this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense maybe they're not on record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense maybe they're not on record
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're hidden like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're hidden like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams and uh the consequence of fear is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you indulge
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you indulge
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's such a tense argument that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a tense argument that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a tense argument that I don't
+know what to say more about it Utopia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to say more about it Utopia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to say more about it Utopia
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+has always been a relatively gentle
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+
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+phenomenon if we if Society is screwing
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+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon if we if Society is screwing
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+
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+whatever it is we won't have SE
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+notion involved in I mean take Ian
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion involved in I mean take Ian
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+others he set out with 89 people 89
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+build this ideal Community he L bought
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+some land in New Orleans it didn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+some land in New Orleans it didn't work
+he went northwards to Illinois and found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he went northwards to Illinois and found
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+he went northwards to Illinois and found
+the Mormon community of NAU which had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mormon community of NAU which had
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
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+
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+and which had been isolated as the
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+
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+Mormons trecked through four cities on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mormons trecked through four cities on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mormons trecked through four cities on
+their way to Salt Lake City and briam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way to Salt Lake City and briam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way to Salt Lake City and briam
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+
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+ 
+
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+truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh cab died miserably in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cab died miserably in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cab died miserably in
+novu um he supporters in Barcelona wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novu um he supporters in Barcelona wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novu um he supporters in Barcelona wrote
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said can we come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said can we come out
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything was horrific they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+understand the United States the United
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+States was a great place of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States was a great place of
+experimentation Robert Owen after making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation Robert Owen after making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation Robert Owen after making
+money in Manchester went to New Lano in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in Manchester went to New Lano in
+ 
+
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+Scotland then came to the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scotland then came to the United States
+and proposed ideal Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proposed ideal Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proposed ideal Square
+communities uh there were 41 fua
+
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+communities uh there were 41 fua
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities uh there were 41 fua
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+ align:start position:0%
+communities in the United States one of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities in the United States one of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the most interesting of
+all there's a town in Wisconsin called
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+ align:start position:0%
+all there's a town in Wisconsin called
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there's a town in Wisconsin called
+Ripon it's near kosha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripon it's near kosha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripon it's near kosha
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+Wisconsin there was a fua community
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+with slavery in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+1850s it said we're going to form a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1850s it said we're going to form a new
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+Freedom it formed a political party
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom it formed a political party
+which one did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one did it
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+
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+which one did it
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+party in this country was formed in a in
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+environment the Ripon Society is still
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+one of the arms of the Contemporary
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+
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+one of the arms of the Contemporary
+Republican Party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the United
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+the United
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United
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+ align:start position:0%
+States attracted other F like Victor
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+
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+consant who built l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consant who built l
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+
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+consant who built l
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
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+fact the USA was very much seen as a
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+fact the USA was very much seen as a
+Promised
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+ align:start position:0%
+Promised
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Promised
+Land a to the Civil up to the Civil War
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+Land a to the Civil up to the Civil War
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+
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+Land a to the Civil up to the Civil War
+there
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+ align:start position:0%
+there
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+
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+were 30 intentional Comm different
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+were 30 intentional Comm different
+communities 186 to 1962 200 post 196
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's look a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's look a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's look a bit
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+
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+more carefully at some of these any
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why do these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fail because you talking one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+man yeah the morons didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man yeah the morons didn't
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+man yeah the morons didn't
+fail the Mormons haven't failed so I'm
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+ align:start position:0%
+fail the Mormons haven't failed so I'm
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail the Mormons haven't failed so I'm
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+wrong in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in
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+asserting I mean
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+asserting I mean
+I suppose I shouldn't
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+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose I shouldn't
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose I shouldn't
+confer confused secular with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confer confused secular with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confer confused secular with
+religious uh communities in in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious uh communities in in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious uh communities in in a sense
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+all religion is a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+all religion is a
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+ align:start position:0%
+Utopia it promises
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+nobody has ever we don't know if
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody has ever we don't know if
+anybody's experienced heaven or not
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+anybody's experienced heaven or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's experienced heaven or not
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaven is a intellectual construct in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the promise of eschatology both
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+Buddhism I don't know what Buddhism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhism I don't know what Buddhism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhism I don't know what Buddhism
+promises after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+death Buddhist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk a little more about some some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk a little more about some some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+propositions sorry why did
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+ align:start position:0%
+propositions sorry why did
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+ align:start position:0%
+propositions sorry why did
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+ align:start position:0%
+this fail which one like these the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fail which one like these the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that you
+asked
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+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+imagine having a for well first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine having a for well first of all
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+the formula is
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+ align:start position:0%
+the formula is
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+ align:start position:0%
+wrong the formula is wrong because it
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't deal with circumstances which
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't deal with circumstances which
+promote Contin continuity cab bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote Contin continuity cab bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote Contin continuity cab bought
+some land in France from somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some land in France from somebody who
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+some land in France from somebody who
+sold him a piece of land in New Orleans
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+ align:start position:0%
+sold him a piece of land in New Orleans
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold him a piece of land in New Orleans
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't know that the the New Orleans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't know that the the New Orleans
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a has a terrible climate and uh has
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+ align:start position:0%
+is a has a terrible climate and uh has
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and all kinds of thing he lands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and all kinds of thing he lands
+with a bunch of Frenchmen how the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bunch of Frenchmen how the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bunch of Frenchmen how the how
+the settlers first settlers in America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the settlers first settlers in America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the settlers first settlers in America
+ever survived God Alone knows but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever survived God Alone knows but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever survived God Alone knows but uh
+syney cab then moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syney cab then moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syney cab then moved
+to Victor Conant buil the reunion on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Victor Conant buil the reunion on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Victor Conant buil the reunion on his
+wife's money he exhausted her fortune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife's money he exhausted her fortune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife's money he exhausted her fortune
+and then the place collapsed poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the place collapsed poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the place collapsed poor
+man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+my my question is not I suppose why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my question is not I suppose why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my question is not I suppose why it
+fail my question is what good does it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail my question is what good does it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail my question is what good does it do
+to us even if it doesn't fail or even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us even if it doesn't fail or even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us even if it doesn't fail or even if
+it fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fails
+sorry Martin bber writes about Victor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Martin bber writes about Victor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Martin bber writes about Victor
+hugar writes that utopianism is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugar writes that utopianism is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugar writes that utopianism is the
+truth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth of
+tomorrow that you need in society people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow that you need in society people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow that you need in society people
+who are going to take chances propose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are going to take chances propose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are going to take chances propose
+alternatives to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives to
+reality therefore perversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality therefore perversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality therefore perversion
+provided it does not harm anybody and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided it does not harm anybody and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided it does not harm anybody and
+that's difficult to assertain should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's difficult to assertain should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's difficult to assertain should be
+an allowable phenomenon such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an allowable phenomenon such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an allowable phenomenon such
+as I've often objected to the Olympic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've often objected to the Olympic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've often objected to the Olympic
+Games not allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Games not allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Games not allowing
+drugs to be taken by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs to be taken by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs to be taken by
+athletes because drug taking is a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+athletes because drug taking is a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+athletes because drug taking is a normal
+human activity it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human activity it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human activity it depends on the
+severity of the drug of course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severity of the drug of course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severity of the drug of course and
+obviously as a model to young people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously as a model to young people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously as a model to young people uh
+but in a marijana free society which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a marijana free society which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a marijana free society which is
+probably not intoxicating enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not intoxicating enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not intoxicating enough to
+cause you physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause you physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause you physical
+harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm
+uh the stretching of the boundaries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the stretching of the boundaries of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the stretching of the boundaries of
+society are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society are
+probably an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably an
+asset therefore I would stop I would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset therefore I would stop I would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset therefore I would stop I would not
+want to live in a utopian settlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to live in a utopian settlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to live in a utopian settlement
+myself because the very impulse that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself because the very impulse that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself because the very impulse that
+drove that Utopia is frustrated once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove that Utopia is frustrated once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove that Utopia is frustrated once
+you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Utopia you cannot behave differently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Utopia you cannot behave differently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Utopia you cannot behave differently in
+a Shaker Community You' be thrown out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Shaker Community You' be thrown out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Shaker Community You' be thrown out
+the F first day but if you went and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F first day but if you went and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F first day but if you went and said
+to Ann Lee who herself was a ma Maniac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Ann Lee who herself was a ma Maniac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Ann Lee who herself was a ma Maniac
+who'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who'
+suffered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffered
+six dead born children in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six dead born children in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six dead born children in
+Manchester if you've knocked on a door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester if you've knocked on a door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester if you've knocked on a door
+in the morning and said I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the morning and said I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the morning and said I think we
+should have scrambled eggs for lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have scrambled eggs for lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have scrambled eggs for lunch
+today and cut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and cut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and cut it
+diagonally it's just intolerable it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonally it's just intolerable it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonally it's just intolerable it's in
+fact an antidote to its own phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact an antidote to its own phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact an antidote to its own phenomenon
+in order to survive you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to survive you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to survive you have to
+behave in a decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave in a decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave in a decided
+way the political decentralist like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the political decentralist like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the political decentralist like
+William Morrison kotkin and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrongly placed all the blame at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrongly placed all the blame at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrongly placed all the blame at the
+phenomenon of the glomeration economies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon of the glomeration economies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon of the glomeration economies
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+cities he believed that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities he believed that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities he believed that you could
+replace the success of the economic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the success of the economic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the success of the economic and
+cultural success of cities now finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural success of cities now finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural success of cities now finally
+celebrated by the whole world you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrated by the whole world you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrated by the whole world you must
+remember that it's only in recent times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that it's only in recent times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that it's only in recent times
+that when I studied city planning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I studied city planning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I studied city planning for
+the first time it cities were sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time it cities were sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time it cities were sort of uh
+a strange sort of curious phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strange sort of curious phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strange sort of curious phenomenon
+which people some someday may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people some someday may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people some someday may be
+interested in the first book in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the first book in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the first book in English
+on the condition of the third world city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the condition of the third world city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the condition of the third world city
+was written yet at MIT as late as 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written yet at MIT as late as 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written yet at MIT as late as 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William uh what man said for shelter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William uh what man said for shelter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William uh what man said for shelter in
+an urbanizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an urbanizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an urbanizing
+world uh a man who worked in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh a man who worked in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh a man who worked in India
+decided to maybe this are some gen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to maybe this are some gen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to maybe this are some gen
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+generalizations about the third world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations about the third world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations about the third world
+city as opposed to the European American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city as opposed to the European American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city as opposed to the European American
+city so the phenomenon of urbanism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city so the phenomenon of urbanism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city so the phenomenon of urbanism and
+its intellectual equipment is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its intellectual equipment is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its intellectual equipment is relatively
+recent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh talking about 100 years 150 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talking about 100 years 150 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talking about 100 years 150 years ago
+is is uh is not to be taken literally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is uh is not to be taken literally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is uh is not to be taken literally in
+relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+today for instance moris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today for instance moris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today for instance moris
+uh uh I don't know where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and the same with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kotkin cotkin envisioned as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kotkin cotkin envisioned as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kotkin cotkin envisioned as
+did the first erist proponents of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the first erist proponents of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the first erist proponents of the
+Russian after the Russian Revolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian after the Russian Revolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian after the Russian Revolution of
+the power of electricity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of electricity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of electricity and the
+electrical grid the disbest movement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical grid the disbest movement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical grid the disbest movement in
+Russia which we'll deal with after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia which we'll deal with after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia which we'll deal with after the
+spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring
+vacation was fund an entity based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation was fund an entity based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation was fund an entity based on the
+fact that you now had a power grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you now had a power grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you now had a power grid
+system which expanded the possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which expanded the possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which expanded the possibility of
+location in fundamentally different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in fundamentally different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in fundamentally different ways
+of course it had other problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know what
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+to go to let's talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to let's talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to let's talk a little bit about
+the Architects seeing this is a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Architects seeing this is a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Architects seeing this is a class
+which deals with architecture as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which deals with architecture as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which deals with architecture as well as
+with Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tony
+gy in industrial city which he proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gy in industrial city which he proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gy in industrial city which he proposed
+as a Rome scholar at the French Academy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a Rome scholar at the French Academy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a Rome scholar at the French Academy
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+Rome he tried to get a Rome prize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rome he tried to get a Rome prize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rome he tried to get a Rome prize for
+something like eight times finally they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like eight times finally they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like eight times finally they
+gave it to him and they asked when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it to him and they asked when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it to him and they asked when he
+came to Rome they he had to they he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to Rome they he had to they he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to Rome they he had to they he had
+to study a Roman town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study a Roman town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study a Roman town
+Tusculum um he confounded them all by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tusculum um he confounded them all by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tusculum um he confounded them all by
+making drawings of a new industrial city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making drawings of a new industrial city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making drawings of a new industrial city
+the conservatism of the French Academy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conservatism of the French Academy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conservatism of the French Academy
+wouldn't allow him to continue the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't allow him to continue the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't allow him to continue the work
+but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he
+did when I was a Rome scholar myself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did when I was a Rome scholar myself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did when I was a Rome scholar myself in
+when I arrived in Rome I went to a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I arrived in Rome I went to a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I arrived in Rome I went to a part
+to reception at the French Academy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reception at the French Academy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reception at the French Academy in
+honor of Tony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor of Tony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor of Tony
+gy which is again interesting Paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gy which is again interesting Paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gy which is again interesting Paradox
+that they would celebrate the man 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would celebrate the man 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would celebrate the man 100
+years after his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after his
+life um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life um
+G was a superb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G was a superb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G was a superb
+draftsman and believed in architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draftsman and believed in architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draftsman and believed in architectural
+form for him what was wrong with The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for him what was wrong with The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for him what was wrong with The
+Works in a in pulman Illinois or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works in a in pulman Illinois or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works in a in pulman Illinois or in
+boresville
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boresville
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boresville
+or Port lever and so on the town was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Port lever and so on the town was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Port lever and so on the town was
+always as you'll see in the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always as you'll see in the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always as you'll see in the slides
+divided into the residential Zone where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into the residential Zone where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into the residential Zone where
+the workers lived and The Works The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workers lived and The Works The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workers lived and The Works The
+Works was where the industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works was where the industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works was where the industrial
+production took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production took
+place Tony garer embellished the and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place Tony garer embellished the and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place Tony garer embellished the and he
+extraordinary drawings of The Works The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary drawings of The Works The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary drawings of The Works The
+Works would be built of concrete they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works would be built of concrete they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works would be built of concrete they
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+wonderful in wonderfully built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful in wonderfully built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful in wonderfully built
+environments he said all my buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments he said all my buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments he said all my buildings
+will have round corners the concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have round corners the concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have round corners the concrete
+will they'll all be built of concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will they'll all be built of concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will they'll all be built of concrete
+which is a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a new
+ingredient uh new structural ingredient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient uh new structural ingredient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient uh new structural ingredient
+and all the corners would be rounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off instead of the residential quarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off instead of the residential quarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off instead of the residential quarters
+of pulman Illinois where people couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pulman Illinois where people couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pulman Illinois where people couldn't
+own their houses he made and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own their houses he made and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own their houses he made and you will
+see the illustrations made landscaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the illustrations made landscaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the illustrations made landscaped
+environments for houses he's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments for houses he's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments for houses he's got
+Interiors which look like Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interiors which look like Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interiors which look like Roman
+cast not compounds what's the Roman ass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast not compounds what's the Roman ass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast not compounds what's the Roman ass
+called I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called I
+forget is a Roman word for the it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget is a Roman word for the it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget is a Roman word for the it's not
+Mensa it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mensa it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mensa it's
+uh whatever who speaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whatever who speaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whatever who speaks
+Roman Latin anyway what's latin for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman Latin anyway what's latin for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman Latin anyway what's latin for a
+house Kaza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house Kaza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house Kaza
+probably probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably probably
+Kaza um Frank would write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sites Henry George quite frequently I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites Henry George quite frequently I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites Henry George quite frequently I've
+mentioned hry George's name in passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned hry George's name in passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned hry George's name in passing
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+class hry George was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+American I don't know what Economist I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American I don't know what Economist I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American I don't know what Economist I
+suppose what would you say hry George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose what would you say hry George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose what would you say hry George
+was an economist a land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an economist a land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an economist a land
+Economist who ultimately believed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist who ultimately believed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist who ultimately believed that
+land had no value other than what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land had no value other than what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land had no value other than what people
+attributed to it through use but land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to it through use but land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to it through use but land
+itself was only useful for agricult land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself was only useful for agricult land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself was only useful for agricult land
+itself had no value it's what human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself had no value it's what human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself had no value it's what human
+beings did with it that promoted its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings did with it that promoted its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings did with it that promoted its
+value and therefore he said he concocted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and therefore he said he concocted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and therefore he said he concocted
+the notion that Henry Stein and Karen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion that Henry Stein and Karen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion that Henry Stein and Karen
+Wright used in radman and Sunnyside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wright used in radman and Sunnyside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wright used in radman and Sunnyside
+Gardens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gardens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gardens is
+that the Imp the increase in value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Imp the increase in value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Imp the increase in value of
+land is the result of community's action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land is the result of community's action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land is the result of community's action
+not of an individual's action and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of an individual's action and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of an individual's action and
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+the the glomeration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the glomeration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the glomeration of
+value in land should be assigned and re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in land should be assigned and re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in land should be assigned and re
+and assigned to the members of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assigned to the members of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assigned to the members of the
+community not to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community not to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community not to an
+individual in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual in that
+sense if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if you want
+to use the contemporary Republicans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the contemporary Republicans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the contemporary Republicans
+party definition of socialism it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party definition of socialism it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party definition of socialism it's
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+socialism but Henry George was hardly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialism but Henry George was hardly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialism but Henry George was hardly a
+socialist Frank would right with such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a hungry person that he would embibe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hungry person that he would embibe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hungry person that he would embibe
+anything that came along and justifi it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that came along and justifi it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that came along and justifi it
+by virtue of its apparent truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by virtue of its apparent truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by virtue of its apparent truth
+K here had a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K here had a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K here had a different kind of
+philosophy I'll show you some of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy I'll show you some of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy I'll show you some of his
+early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early
+sketches in which he would almost make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches in which he would almost make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches in which he would almost make
+scientific diagrams of the the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific diagrams of the the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific diagrams of the the three
+human establishments he would diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human establishments he would diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human establishments he would diagram
+the which the three human establishments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the which the three human establishments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the which the three human establishments
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+are he would make a section through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are he would make a section through a
+building showing the sun he do a gra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building showing the sun he do a gra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building showing the sun he do a gra
+Vector of the sun and the day in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he would in his section he would
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+ align:start position:0%
+he would in his section he would
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would in his section he would
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish that the top of a building has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish that the top of a building has
+relationships to the Sun and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships to the Sun and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships to the Sun and to
+heliotherapy garia puts his town in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heliotherapy garia puts his town in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heliotherapy garia puts his town in the
+southeast of France up against the hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southeast of France up against the hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southeast of France up against the hill
+on the top of the hill he puts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top of the hill he puts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top of the hill he puts the
+institution of ILO therapy why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution of ILO therapy why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution of ILO therapy why the
+French are so interested in being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French are so interested in being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French are so interested in being
+healthy because of the sun I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy because of the sun I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy because of the sun I don't know
+but it's a tradition of apparent human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a tradition of apparent human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a tradition of apparent human
+human hygiene and human uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health
+um kiz also proposes the lifting up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kiz also proposes the lifting up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kiz also proposes the lifting up of
+the city off the ground about 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city off the ground about 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city off the ground about 15
+M uh this is to create a landscape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uh this is to create a landscape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uh this is to create a landscape of
+greenery um again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenery um again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenery um again
+again the Europeans always assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the Europeans always assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the Europeans always assume that
+big moves in cities are made by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big moves in cities are made by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big moves in cities are made by the
+state somehow for him the city would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state somehow for him the city would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state somehow for him the city would be
+made this way by a new state by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this way by a new state by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this way by a new state by a
+state which would exist independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which would exist independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which would exist independent of
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ideology the first kesian plan is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideology the first kesian plan is for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideology the first kesian plan is for a
+city of 3 million people the called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of 3 million people the called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of 3 million people the called
+tempor here the capitalists are occupy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempor here the capitalists are occupy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempor here the capitalists are occupy
+the center of the city and the workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the city and the workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the city and the workers
+drift out out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outskirts this nobody wants to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outskirts this nobody wants to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outskirts this nobody wants to build
+this the second plan the plan Von which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the second plan the plan Von which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the second plan the plan Von which
+is a plan for part of Paris which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a plan for part of Paris which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a plan for part of Paris which
+removes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removes the
+existing diagonal system of Paris and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing diagonal system of Paris and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing diagonal system of Paris and
+replaces it with a set of teeth D those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaces it with a set of teeth D those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaces it with a set of teeth D those
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+orthogonally shaped continuous building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonally shaped continuous building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonally shaped continuous building
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+um his third plan when he's asked by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um his third plan when he's asked by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um his third plan when he's asked by the
+Russians after to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russians after to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russians after to
+1917 to come to Moscow and do a plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917 to come to Moscow and do a plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917 to come to Moscow and do a plan
+he's a linear system of linear much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a linear system of linear much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a linear system of linear much like
+the Mars plan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mars plan for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mars plan for
+London uh in which he puts housing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London uh in which he puts housing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London uh in which he puts housing in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+center and uh that is to appeal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and uh that is to appeal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and uh that is to appeal to the
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+Marxism he's asked by the mayor of alers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marxism he's asked by the mayor of alers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marxism he's asked by the mayor of alers
+to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come
+to make a plan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alers the story of kusian algers is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alers the story of kusian algers is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alers the story of kusian algers is with
+an afternoon's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an afternoon's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an afternoon's
+discussion uh kusia makes a whole set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion uh kusia makes a whole set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion uh kusia makes a whole set of
+plans over a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans over a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans over a number of
+years they are called the obus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years they are called the obus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years they are called the obus
+plans amongst the most famous is obus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans amongst the most famous is obus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans amongst the most famous is obus a
+which has an elevated highway system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has an elevated highway system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has an elevated highway system
+running the coast with housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the coast with housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the coast with housing
+underneath it this is the first attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it this is the first attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it this is the first attempt
+to build housing in modern times under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build housing in modern times under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build housing in modern times under
+transportation system it turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation system it turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation system it turns out to be
+very difficult to do the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to do the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to do the amount of
+noxious material that automobiles give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noxious material that automobiles give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noxious material that automobiles give
+off and not certainly something you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and not certainly something you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and not certainly something you want
+to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live
+underneath um however he makes plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath um however he makes plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath um however he makes plans
+like that for Rio de Janeiro and sa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that for Rio de Janeiro and sa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that for Rio de Janeiro and sa
+Paulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paulo
+all dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all dream
+plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so angry is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so angry is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so angry is he
+with the uh response from Alger years by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh response from Alger years by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh response from Alger years by
+the way he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way he
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+he in his plan removes the C dearin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he in his plan removes the C dearin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he in his plan removes the C dearin
+where the Battle of alers was fought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+uh uh uh and builds the two towers
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+uh uh uh and builds the two towers
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+ align:start position:0%
+facing France maintaining that Colonial
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+which algerians hate
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+uh um he's so angry that he writes a
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+ align:start position:0%
+uh um he's so angry that he writes a
+letter to musolini to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+time in a pro-nazi mo mud the vishi
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in a pro-nazi mo mud the vishi
+government Marshall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government Marshall
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan they appoint Kizia as the Director
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+help he goes through from capitalism to
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+ align:start position:0%
+help he goes through from capitalism to
+Marxism to Fascism like playing the
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+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+contradict other utopian Ventures as
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+that the first notion described notion
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+next victor
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+royalty what is it about behaving
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+
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+next Ru interor on the
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+
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+interior uh a version of The Fan called
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+giz
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+uh being looked after by not the parents
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+uh being looked after by not the parents
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+but by trained
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+Educators uh there's something
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+about the next generation of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+being uncontaminated by the effect of
+
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+being uncontaminated by the effect of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uncontaminated by the effect of
+their
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
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+parents the keyboard's movement in
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+around the extremes of this uh attention
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+ align:start position:0%
+around the extremes of this uh attention
+to the education of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the education of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the education of
+children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next the one environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the one environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the one environment
+which maintains the physical form as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maintains the physical form as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maintains the physical form as an
+absolute is the Shaker movement this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute is the Shaker movement this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute is the Shaker movement this is
+a Shaker settlement in hancok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Shaker settlement in hancok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Shaker settlement in hancok
+Massachusetts on the right are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts on the right are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts on the right are just
+indications of the Precision of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indications of the Precision of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indications of the Precision of the
+environment there's no doubt as to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment there's no doubt as to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment there's no doubt as to where
+you hang your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hang your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hang your
+hat everybody will wear the same hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat everybody will wear the same hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat everybody will wear the same hat
+everybody will wear the same clothes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody will wear the same clothes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody will wear the same clothes the
+broom will hang in the right position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broom will hang in the right position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broom will hang in the right position
+next to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the
+American scene of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Humphrey noise and his anida community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humphrey noise and his anida community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humphrey noise and his anida community
+also based on some version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also based on some version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also based on some version of
+sexuality the Rapides the bethl Rapides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality the Rapides the bethl Rapides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality the Rapides the bethl Rapides
+the great movement across this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great movement across this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great movement across this
+country the Mormons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next the Mormon spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the Mormon spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the Mormon spatial
+program they layout of one square mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program they layout of one square mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program they layout of one square mile
+of territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the houses will be built of stone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the houses will be built of stone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the houses will be built of stone and
+brick according to the choice of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick according to the choice of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick according to the choice of the
+owner but the layout alter alternates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner but the layout alter alternates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner but the layout alter alternates
+the direction of the plot line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the plot line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the plot line
+horizontally or vertically there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally or vertically there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally or vertically there's some
+theory about that which I don't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory about that which I don't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory about that which I don't quite
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+myself can you imagine why it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself can you imagine why it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself can you imagine why it would be
+better to have houses facing the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to have houses facing the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to have houses facing the side
+of other houses I I don't know quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other houses I I don't know quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other houses I I don't know quite
+I've never quite figured this out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never quite figured this out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never quite figured this out but
+then I'm not a great reader of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mormonism A Mor communal activity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mormonism A Mor communal activity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mormonism A Mor communal activity in
+California your the theosophist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California your the theosophist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California your the theosophist
+theosophist community acting out isales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theosophist community acting out isales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theosophist community acting out isales
+in a part of the Greeks tragedy kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a part of the Greeks tragedy kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a part of the Greeks tragedy kind of
+Freer version of the Mormon program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next Fountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Grove how can I explain this I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grove how can I explain this I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grove how can I explain this I can't
+it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just
+wonderful it's just a drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful it's just a drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful it's just a drawing
+for a developer idea of what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a developer idea of what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a developer idea of what would
+attract people if they came to live in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract people if they came to live in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract people if they came to live in a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+environment unique with the replicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment unique with the replicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment unique with the replicable
+plans the text underneath all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feast I could live here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feast I could live here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feast I could live here I
+suppose if nobody else was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose if nobody else was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose if nobody else was
+there if I had the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing I'd have my own religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please another Lana Del
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please another Lana Del
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please another Lana Del
+Rio uh an intentional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Community I think one should look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community I think one should look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community I think one should look at
+drop city rather than these drop city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+is somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhere
+between The Counter Culture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between The Counter Culture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between The Counter Culture of
+California and cyber culture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and cyber culture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and cyber culture of the
+internet uh it's perhaps more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet uh it's perhaps more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet uh it's perhaps more
+interesting to look at in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industrial
+Town Cronenberg the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Town Cronenberg the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Town Cronenberg the K
+family and uh Titus salt Titus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and uh Titus salt Titus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and uh Titus salt Titus
+salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saler uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saler uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saler uh on the
+right distinguishing between the works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right distinguishing between the works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right distinguishing between the works
+and the housing as two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the housing as two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the housing as two separate
+components of the not making use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the not making use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the not making use of the
+the river has a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river has a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river has a great
+amenity uh on the left Titus salt bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amenity uh on the left Titus salt bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amenity uh on the left Titus salt bought
+the Crystal Palace but it burnt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Crystal Palace but it burnt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Crystal Palace but it burnt
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next Port Sunlight by the lver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Port Sunlight by the lver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Port Sunlight by the lver
+brothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers
+uh taking some of the Garden City ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taking some of the Garden City ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taking some of the Garden City ideas
+of landscaping this looks and feels like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of landscaping this looks and feels like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of landscaping this looks and feels like
+a different kind of world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different kind of world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different kind of world
+then the world of pulman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next and the number of strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and the number of strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and the number of strange
+examples that's Happy Colony on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that's Happy Colony on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that's Happy Colony on the left
+by a man called pimberton in New Zealand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a man called pimberton in New Zealand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a man called pimberton in New Zealand
+in which the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the center of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+environment would be Farms model farms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment would be Farms model farms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment would be Farms model farms
+and there'd be four colleges surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there'd be four colleges surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there'd be four colleges surrounding
+them God learn is what the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them God learn is what the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them God learn is what the world of
+colleges is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleges is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleges is
+model forms has to do with reality but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model forms has to do with reality but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model forms has to do with reality but
+still here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still here's
+another version on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another version on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another version on the
+right I think it's in Brazil much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think it's in Brazil much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think it's in Brazil much
+1970s it has a model Farm in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s it has a model Farm in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s it has a model Farm in the center
+and then housing just distribute itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then housing just distribute itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then housing just distribute itself
+outwards what is interesting is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards what is interesting is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards what is interesting is the
+variation from of the circular system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation from of the circular system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation from of the circular system
+from the pervasive grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the pervasive grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the pervasive grid
+shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown
+outside uh what is it about a model Farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside uh what is it about a model Farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside uh what is it about a model Farm
+which centers a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which centers a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which centers a good
+environment I suppose it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment I suppose it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment I suppose it's basically
+from an agricultural world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an agricultural world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an agricultural world
+next you see the town of Nal on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next you see the town of Nal on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next you see the town of Nal on the left
+by the architect Richard kman 1924 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the architect Richard kman 1924 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the architect Richard kman 1924 I
+think where again there's a center of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think where again there's a center of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think where again there's a center of a
+center imp pul to create a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center imp pul to create a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center imp pul to create a central
+proposition and radiating out from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition and radiating out from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition and radiating out from it
+it's almost as if the center is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost as if the center is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost as if the center is in
+Violet the center has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Violet the center has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Violet the center has to be
+held what's the poem by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held what's the poem by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held what's the poem by
+Yates the center holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true some of you should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+poetry Yates is a great poet the World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry Yates is a great poet the World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry Yates is a great poet the World
+falls apart the center holds but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls apart the center holds but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls apart the center holds but the
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute
+anyway this is almost a primeval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is almost a primeval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is almost a primeval
+preoccupation with centeredness we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupation with centeredness we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupation with centeredness we
+remember Mer's phenomenon of the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Mer's phenomenon of the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Mer's phenomenon of the center
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+premodern or in the aric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premodern or in the aric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premodern or in the aric
+environment here's a project by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment here's a project by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment here's a project by the
+French group called common not again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French group called common not again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French group called common not again the
+center is what the valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center is what the valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center is what the valuable
+preoccupation what happens around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupation what happens around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupation what happens around the
+center just drifts off Nal does the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center just drifts off Nal does the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center just drifts off Nal does the same
+next this is Tony garer look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this is Tony garer look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this is Tony garer look at the
+extraordinary depiction of The Works The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary depiction of The Works The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary depiction of The Works The
+Works is almost more beautiful than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+housing the river is maintained as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing the river is maintained as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing the river is maintained as an
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+Source the ships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source the ships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source the ships
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+managed within the realm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed within the realm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed within the realm of
+architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the The Works are all along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the The Works are all along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the The Works are all along the
+river the on the upper left is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river the on the upper left is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river the on the upper left is the
+housing the linear housing the hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing the linear housing the hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing the linear housing the hill
+which is behind the housing has the Helo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is behind the housing has the Helo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is behind the housing has the Helo
+Therapy Center in it and the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therapy Center in it and the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therapy Center in it and the community
+facilities are in the black on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next the alapy center on the right on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the alapy center on the right on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the alapy center on the right on
+the left the communal Auditorium all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left the communal Auditorium all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left the communal Auditorium all
+shaped according to a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped according to a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped according to a particular
+concrete architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next the house the housing environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the house the housing environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the house the housing environment
+this is such a far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is such a far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is such a far
+reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach
+from Lever or pman or C or uh people of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Lever or pman or C or uh people of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Lever or pman or C or uh people of
+that kind this is almost the interior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind this is almost the interior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind this is almost the interior of
+a Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Roman
+Kaza the workers this renal automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kaza the workers this renal automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kaza the workers this renal automobile
+Factory workers wife he seen doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory workers wife he seen doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory workers wife he seen doing a
+toilet in this extraordinary environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toilet in this extraordinary environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toilet in this extraordinary environment
+of course these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course these are
+dreams next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oak
+Park Frank right's middle landscape he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Park Frank right's middle landscape he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Park Frank right's middle landscape he
+built 15 houses there and the Unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built 15 houses there and the Unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built 15 houses there and the Unity
+Church one of his great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Church one of his great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Church one of his great
+buildings here is Broad the plan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings here is Broad the plan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings here is Broad the plan of
+broader cities broader city which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader cities broader city which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader cities broader city which is a
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+small piece of the built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small piece of the built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small piece of the built
+environment I think its population is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment I think its population is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment I think its population is
+something like 25,000 is that yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 25,000 is that yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 25,000 is that yeah the
+students at talz and uh West are looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students at talz and uh West are looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students at talz and uh West are looking
+at the project in Arizona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plan is a rather Simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan is a rather Simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan is a rather Simple
+Plan Auditorium and cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plan Auditorium and cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plan Auditorium and cultural
+facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a kind
+of environment which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in which the landscape is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the landscape is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the landscape is a very
+important feature there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important feature there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important feature there are lots of
+facilities such as open air stores for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities such as open air stores for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities such as open air stores for
+selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling
+Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods
+uh the automobile population is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the automobile population is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the automobile population is not
+fixed but everybody wants an aut can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed but everybody wants an aut can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed but everybody wants an aut can
+have one this peculiar perspective on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one this peculiar perspective on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one this peculiar perspective on
+the right indicates some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right indicates some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right indicates some kind of
+alternative Mo movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative Mo movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative Mo movement
+system uh uh the technology of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh uh the technology of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh uh the technology of the
+automobile has suddenly changed what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile has suddenly changed what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile has suddenly changed what
+looks as if he changed looks as he's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks as if he changed looks as he's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks as if he changed looks as he's got
+telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dialing circular systems on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialing circular systems on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialing circular systems on the
+automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile
+and up in the air sort of strange piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up in the air sort of strange piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up in the air sort of strange piece
+of technology next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right at the mean at the same time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the mean at the same time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the mean at the same time was
+indulging his fantasies on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indulging his fantasies on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indulging his fantasies on the
+left in a project for in the N I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in a project for in the N I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in a project for in the N I can't
+remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the
+date uh probably after the Depression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date uh probably after the Depression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date uh probably after the Depression
+years the new Chicago life Assurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the new Chicago life Assurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the new Chicago life Assurance
+National Life Insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Life Insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Life Insurance
+Corporation and he's very small Tower in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation and he's very small Tower in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation and he's very small Tower in
+bottles of Oklahoma for the price family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles of Oklahoma for the price family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles of Oklahoma for the price family
+um where as I said in a previous class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where as I said in a previous class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where as I said in a previous class
+we have the first attempt in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the first attempt in modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the first attempt in modern
+times I think to put offices and housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I think to put offices and housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I think to put offices and housing
+on the same floor in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K was so authoritarian in his in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K was so authoritarian in his in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K was so authoritarian in his in his
+Ambi of knowledge that he could depict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambi of knowledge that he could depict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambi of knowledge that he could depict
+the great human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great human
+establishments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the line City the agricultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Community the Journey of the Sun for 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community the Journey of the Sun for 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community the Journey of the Sun for 24
+hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next in that drawing on the section on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next in that drawing on the section on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next in that drawing on the section on
+the left you have some of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left you have some of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left you have some of the key
+elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of
+his building and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his building and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his building and also
+urbanism the high the sun on the roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism the high the sun on the roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism the high the sun on the roof
+the roof is given to cult physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roof is given to cult physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roof is given to cult physical
+culture the center of the building is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture the center of the building is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture the center of the building is
+given to the inter taken literally from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to the inter taken literally from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to the inter taken literally from
+Fier but with no sexuality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fier but with no sexuality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fier but with no sexuality
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+loogy the building itself lifted off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loogy the building itself lifted off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loogy the building itself lifted off the
+ground with vigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground with vigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground with vigorous
+landscape the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape the
+sport and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sport and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sport and there
+a one of his great buildings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one of his great buildings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one of his great buildings in
+alers the Ida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alers the Ida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alers the Ida
+building where there's a semblance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building where there's a semblance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building where there's a semblance to
+the system on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next the first plan the plan for 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the first plan the plan for 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the first plan the plan for 3
+million inhabitants the scent of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million inhabitants the scent of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million inhabitants the scent of which
+would be the office off environment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the office off environment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the office off environment for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+capitalists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists
+very primitive ideas about vehicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very primitive ideas about vehicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very primitive ideas about vehicular
+Transportation but still that was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation but still that was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation but still that was before
+the Merit Parkway was aable NE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Merit Parkway was aable NE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Merit Parkway was aable NE
+next the Von
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the Von
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the Von
+Plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plan
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+allocating his noia for the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocating his noia for the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocating his noia for the 19th century
+Street this is an ABS abute renunciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street this is an ABS abute renunciation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street this is an ABS abute renunciation
+of what we call the DNA of Paris laier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we call the DNA of Paris laier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we call the DNA of Paris laier
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+of making a city make it like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making a city make it like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making a city make it like a
+forest there's something intrinsic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest there's something intrinsic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest there's something intrinsic in
+the diagonal which our friend Harman of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal which our friend Harman of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal which our friend Harman of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+understood kesia introduces a new form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood kesia introduces a new form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood kesia introduces a new form
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+housing a new control of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing a new control of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing a new control of the the
+ground who controls all the open space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground who controls all the open space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground who controls all the open space
+that is left these great Parks who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is left these great Parks who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is left these great Parks who
+maintains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+uh is there any question that this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is there any question that this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is there any question that this is an
+imposition which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposition which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposition which
+is tested on any grounds amongst the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tested on any grounds amongst the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tested on any grounds amongst the
+people going to live there this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people going to live there this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people going to live there this is
+utopian in the sense is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utopian in the sense is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utopian in the sense is
+it's a free interpretation of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a free interpretation of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a free interpretation of an
+alternative next without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative next without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative next without
+test he was interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test he was interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test he was interested
+in the machine and its capacity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the machine and its capacity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the machine and its capacity for
+creating linearity this is not Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ford's uh system of production but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford's uh system of production but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford's uh system of production but a
+system of communication on the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of communication on the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of communication on the lower
+slide on the left is his proposition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide on the left is his proposition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide on the left is his proposition for
+uh Rio de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Rio de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Rio de
+Janeiro he made similar proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Janeiro he made similar proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Janeiro he made similar proposition
+along the water well not s is not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the water well not s is not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the water well not s is not on the
+water uh sorry this this is buen Iris I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water uh sorry this this is buen Iris I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water uh sorry this this is buen Iris I
+think I can't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I can't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I can't remember
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+pity um on the right he's work with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pity um on the right he's work with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pity um on the right he's work with the
+ascar AL group connecting all of Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascar AL group connecting all of Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascar AL group connecting all of Europe
+linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next the AL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the AL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the AL
+proposal the C Marin on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal the C Marin on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal the C Marin on the right
+slide is replaced by Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is replaced by Two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is replaced by Two
+Towers facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Towers facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Towers facing
+France
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France
+uh the idea of inhabiting this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+under what's going to happen to all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under what's going to happen to all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under what's going to happen to all of
+the elevated highways in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about
+done okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay
+next you can answer answer the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next you can answer answer the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next you can answer answer the question
+after the spring break when you've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the spring break when you've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the spring break when you've had
+time to think about it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/l_NW5pPXhg4.txt b/l_NW5pPXhg4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1374e5b75a5d5cc29462dfdfa887f9a5e99ea1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/l_NW5pPXhg4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,467 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a particle that's moving in a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particle that's moving in a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particle that's moving in a circle
+we found that when it's moving at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found that when it's moving at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found that when it's moving at a
+constant rate of d theta/dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant rate of d theta/dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant rate of d theta/dt
+and let's recall what we meant by theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's recall what we meant by theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's recall what we meant by theta
+of T and here's our particle and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T and here's our particle and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T and here's our particle and we
+introduced our polar coordinates R hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced our polar coordinates R hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced our polar coordinates R hat
+and theta hat then we found that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and theta hat then we found that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and theta hat then we found that the
+velocity was our D theta DT theta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity was our D theta DT theta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity was our D theta DT theta hat
+and so let's assume that this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's assume that this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's assume that this quantity
+is positive in which case the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive in which case the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive in which case the velocity
+is pointing in the positive theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pointing in the positive theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pointing in the positive theta
+direction and that means that everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and that means that everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and that means that everywhere
+in the circle the velocity is tangential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the circle the velocity is tangential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the circle the velocity is tangential
+to the circle and the magnitude is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the circle and the magnitude is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the circle and the magnitude is a
+constant so for this case of uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so for this case of uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so for this case of uniform
+circular motion we calculated that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular motion we calculated that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular motion we calculated that the
+acceleration was equal to minus R D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration was equal to minus R D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration was equal to minus R D
+theta DT quantity squared R hat which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta DT quantity squared R hat which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta DT quantity squared R hat which
+means that at every point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that at every point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that at every point the
+acceleration vector is pointing towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration vector is pointing towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration vector is pointing towards
+the center now we can write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center now we can write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center now we can write that
+acceleration vector as a component a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration vector as a component a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration vector as a component a of
+our r hat where this component is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our r hat where this component is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our r hat where this component is given
+by R times D theta DT squared it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by R times D theta DT squared it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by R times D theta DT squared it's
+always negative because when you square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always negative because when you square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always negative because when you square
+this quantity that's always a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity that's always a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity that's always a positive
+quantity the minus sign just to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity the minus sign just to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity the minus sign just to remember
+that means that the acceleration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the acceleration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the acceleration is
+pointing inward now how can we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing inward now how can we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing inward now how can we think
+about that well if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that well if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that well if we look at the
+velocity vector what's happening here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity vector what's happening here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity vector what's happening here is
+the velocity is not changing magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity is not changing magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity is not changing magnitude
+but changing direction and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but changing direction and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but changing direction and if you
+compare two points and let's just pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare two points and let's just pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare two points and let's just pick
+two arbitrary points so let's remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two arbitrary points so let's remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two arbitrary points so let's remove
+this acceleration for a moment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this acceleration for a moment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this acceleration for a moment and
+consider two arbitrary points say at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider two arbitrary points say at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider two arbitrary points say at
+time T 1 and T 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T 1 and T 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T 1 and T 2
+so our velocity vectors are tangent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our velocity vectors are tangent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our velocity vectors are tangent the
+length of these vectors are the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of these vectors are the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of these vectors are the same and
+if we move them tail the tail be t2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we move them tail the tail be t2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we move them tail the tail be t2 and
+take the difference Delta V where Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the difference Delta V where Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the difference Delta V where Delta
+V is equal to V of T to minus V of T 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is equal to V of T to minus V of T 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is equal to V of T to minus V of T 1
+and we can get an understanding why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can get an understanding why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can get an understanding why the
+acceleration is pointing inward because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is pointing inward because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is pointing inward because
+recall that acceleration by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that acceleration by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that acceleration by definition
+is a limit as delta T goes to 0 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a limit as delta T goes to 0 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a limit as delta T goes to 0 that
+means as this point approaches that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means as this point approaches that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means as this point approaches that
+point of the change in velocity over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the change in velocity over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the change in velocity over
+time and so when we look at this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so when we look at this limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so when we look at this limit
+as we shrink down our time interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we shrink down our time interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we shrink down our time interval
+between T 2 and T and T 1 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between T 2 and T and T 1 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between T 2 and T and T 1 and this
+vector will point towards the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector will point towards the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector will point towards the center of
+the circle and that's why the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle and that's why the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle and that's why the direction
+of a is in the minus R hat direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is in the minus R hat direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is in the minus R hat direction
+again let's just recall that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let's just recall that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let's just recall that this is the
+case for what we called uniform circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for what we called uniform circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for what we called uniform circular
+motion which is defined by the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion which is defined by the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion which is defined by the condition
+that D theta DT is a constant
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/loVzNly0Gyw.txt b/loVzNly0Gyw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bdb24799413038d972cf59cd7a97629641cfa2ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/loVzNly0Gyw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's try to solve this so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's try to solve this so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's try to solve this so my
+classical approximation is about solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical approximation is about solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical approximation is about solving
+these equations so let's see what we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations so let's see what we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations so let's see what we get
+well the first equation is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first equation is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first equation is kind of
+simple I think everybody has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple I think everybody has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple I think everybody has the
+temptation there to just take the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptation there to just take the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptation there to just take the square
+root and that's what we should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and that's what we should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and that's what we should do
+s0 prime is equal to plus minus P of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore s 0 of X is equal to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore s 0 of X is equal to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore s 0 of X is equal to plus
+minus the integral up to X of P of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the integral up to X of P of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the integral up to X of P of X
+prime DX Prime you see P of X is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime DX Prime you see P of X is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime DX Prime you see P of X is pretty
+much known we if you know the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much known we if you know the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much known we if you know the energy of
+your particle then it's completely known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your particle then it's completely known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your particle then it's completely known
+and it depends on e minus V so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it depends on e minus V so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it depends on e minus V so this is a
+solution in terms of P of X we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in terms of P of X we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in terms of P of X we should
+think of solving the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of solving the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of solving the differential
+equation in terms of P of X now as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in terms of P of X now as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in terms of P of X now as a
+first order differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order differential equation
+there's a constant of integration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a constant of integration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a constant of integration and
+we'll pick it up to be a number here X 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll pick it up to be a number here X 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll pick it up to be a number here X 0
+so we start integrating from someplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start integrating from someplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start integrating from someplace
+if you integrate from another place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you integrate from another place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you integrate from another place
+you're shifting the constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shifting the constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shifting the constant of
+integration the main thing is that the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration the main thing is that the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration the main thing is that the X
+derivative here actually the upper limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative here actually the upper limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative here actually the upper limit
+that gives you the P of X of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you the P of X of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you the P of X of that
+equation so this is our solution even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so this is our solution even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so this is our solution even
+the plus/minus should not disturb us if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus/minus should not disturb us if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus/minus should not disturb us if
+you have the P squared you don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the P squared you don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the P squared you don't know if
+the particle is moving to the left or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle is moving to the left or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle is moving to the left or to
+the right so that ambiguity is perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right so that ambiguity is perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right so that ambiguity is perfectly
+reasonable particle can be moving to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable particle can be moving to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable particle can be moving to the
+left or to the right now we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or to the right now we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or to the right now we look at this
+the equation so s 1 prime is equal to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation so s 1 prime is equal to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation so s 1 prime is equal to I
+over to s 0 double prime if you have a 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to s 0 double prime if you have a 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to s 0 double prime if you have a 0
+double Prime you have here s 0 Prime so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime you have here s 0 Prime so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime you have here s 0 Prime so
+you take another derivative so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take another derivative so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take another derivative so that's
+plus minus P prime of X divided by s 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus P prime of X divided by s 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus P prime of X divided by s 0
+Prime which is plus minus P of X that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime which is plus minus P of X that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime which is plus minus P of X that's
+kind of nice the sign is going to cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nice the sign is going to cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nice the sign is going to cancel
+so we have here I over to P prime of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have here I over to P prime of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have here I over to P prime of X
+over P of X or I over to logarithm of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P of X or I over to logarithm of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P of X or I over to logarithm of P
+P of X prime the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X prime the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X prime the derivative of the
+logarithm is 1 over the function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm is 1 over the function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm is 1 over the function and
+then by chain rule you get the P prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by chain rule you get the P prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by chain rule you get the P prime
+there so if s 1 the prime derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if s 1 the prime derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if s 1 the prime derivative is
+the derivative of this thing so s 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of this thing so s 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of this thing so s 1 is
+gonna be I over to log of P of X plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be I over to log of P of X plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be I over to log of P of X plus a
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's reconstruct our solution that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's reconstruct our solution that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's reconstruct our solution that's
+not hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we wrote the answers up there so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote the answers up there so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote the answers up there so the
+wave function is e to the I over H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is e to the I over H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is e to the I over H bar
+times s and s is what we had there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times s and s is what we had there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times s and s is what we had there so
+our wave function is e to the I over H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our wave function is e to the I over H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our wave function is e to the I over H
+bar s and s was s 0 plus I plus h bar s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar s and s was s 0 plus I plus h bar s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar s and s was s 0 plus I plus h bar s
+1 it's there's more is that right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 it's there's more is that right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 it's there's more is that right but
+we're gonna ignore it we didn't go that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna ignore it we didn't go that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna ignore it we didn't go that
+far in fact nobody goes higher in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in fact nobody goes higher in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in fact nobody goes higher in the
+wkb approximation so what do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wkb approximation so what do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wkb approximation so what do we have
+here I'll write it this term is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll write it this term is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll write it this term is kind of
+interesting they we have e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting they we have e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting they we have e to the I
+h-bar as 0 of x times e to the I s 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar as 0 of x times e to the I s 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar as 0 of x times e to the I s 1 and
+s 1 was I over to log of P of X plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s 1 was I over to log of P of X plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s 1 was I over to log of P of X plus a
+constant so look at this items I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so look at this items I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so look at this items I is
+minus 1/2 so you have 1/2 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 so you have 1/2 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 so you have 1/2 so this
+becomes e to the minus 1/2 logarithm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes e to the minus 1/2 logarithm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes e to the minus 1/2 logarithm of
+P of X and 1/2 the logarithm of P of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X and 1/2 the logarithm of P of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X and 1/2 the logarithm of P of X
+is e to the minus log of square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the minus log of square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the minus log of square root of
+P of X and when you go like that e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X and when you go like that e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X and when you go like that e to
+the minus that is 1 over the function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P of X like that and then we have e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X like that and then we have e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X like that and then we have e to
+the I over H bar integral from X 0 to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I over H bar integral from X 0 to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I over H bar integral from X 0 to X
+P of X prime DX Prime this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X prime DX Prime this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X prime DX Prime this is the
+classic wkb approximation classic result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as promised this is of the form of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as promised this is of the form of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as promised this is of the form of a
+scale factor here a row square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale factor here a row square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale factor here a row square root of
+Rho times a face so we did begin with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho times a face so we did begin with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho times a face so we did begin with a
+pure would look like a pure face but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure would look like a pure face but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure would look like a pure face but
+then we said s of X is complex in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we said s of X is complex in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we said s of X is complex in fact a
+0 was real but s1 was imaginary with s1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 was real but s1 was imaginary with s1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 was real but s1 was imaginary with s1
+imaginary the role of s1 was to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary the role of s1 was to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary the role of s1 was to provide
+the magnitude and this is a an intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude and this is a an intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude and this is a an intuition
+on this approximation scheme the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this approximation scheme the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this approximation scheme the first
+thing you have to get right is the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you have to get right is the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you have to get right is the face
+once you get the face right to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get the face right to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get the face right to make sure
+you get the amplitude of the wave right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the amplitude of the wave right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the amplitude of the wave right
+that comes to second order that's a next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes to second order that's a next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes to second order that's a next
+effect so this is our solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so this is our solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so this is our solution
+when I began today I reminded you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I began today I reminded you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I began today I reminded you that
+we have wkb solutions of the form square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have wkb solutions of the form square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have wkb solutions of the form square
+root of Rho e to the I s and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of Rho e to the I s and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of Rho e to the I s and we
+calculated some things for that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated some things for that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated some things for that so
+because of the signings s 0 I dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the signings s 0 I dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the signings s 0 I dropped
+the sign this plus or minus let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign this plus or minus let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign this plus or minus let me write
+the general solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of wkb slightly more complete let's be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wkb slightly more complete let's be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wkb slightly more complete let's be
+more complete that's it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complete that's it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complete that's it's important to
+see the whole freedom here so if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the whole freedom here so if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the whole freedom here so if we have
+a greater than V remember what E is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a greater than V remember what E is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a greater than V remember what E is
+greater than V the P of X is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than V the P of X is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than V the P of X is a real
+quantity and we wrote and we said that P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and we wrote and we said that P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and we wrote and we said that P
+of X will write as H Bar K of X you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X will write as H Bar K of X you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X will write as H Bar K of X you know
+I think I should have probably for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I should have probably for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I should have probably for
+convenience here let's put a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're not attempting to normalize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not attempting to normalize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not attempting to normalize this
+wave functions we could not attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions we could not attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions we could not attempt to
+do it because we don't know what P of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it because we don't know what P of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it because we don't know what P of X
+is and this function may have limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and this function may have limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and this function may have limited
+believe appears with spoken but I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe appears with spoken but I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe appears with spoken but I had
+the constants here this constant could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants here this constant could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants here this constant could
+have a real or imaginary part it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a real or imaginary part it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a real or imaginary part it would
+affect this a so let's put it there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect this a so let's put it there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect this a so let's put it there okay
+so if P of X is H K of X we can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if P of X is H K of X we can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if P of X is H K of X we can have the
+following solutions sy of X and T equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following solutions sy of X and T equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following solutions sy of X and T equal
+a another constant square root of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a another constant square root of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a another constant square root of P
+let's go simpler square root of K it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go simpler square root of K it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go simpler square root of K it's a
+different a and here e to the I since P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a and here e to the I since P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a and here e to the I since P
+is H bar it cancels here so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H bar it cancels here so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H bar it cancels here so we have a
+slimmer interval as well X 0 to X K of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slimmer interval as well X 0 to X K of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slimmer interval as well X 0 to X K of X
+prime DX Prime so that's that term I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime DX Prime so that's that term I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime DX Prime so that's that term I
+just replace use the opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just replace use the opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just replace use the opportunity to
+replace P for K which simplifies your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace P for K which simplifies your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace P for K which simplifies your
+life simplifies all these funds so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life simplifies all these funds so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life simplifies all these funds so the
+other solution is the wave moving in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other solution is the wave moving in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other solution is the wave moving in a
+different direction so k FX e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction so k FX e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction so k FX e to the
+minus I X 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I X 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I X 0 to
+k of X prime V of X prime so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k of X prime V of X prime so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k of X prime V of X prime so that is
+your solution when you have a greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solution when you have a greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solution when you have a greater
+than V if we have a less than V we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than V if we have a less than V we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than V if we have a less than V we still
+have a solution and we said that P of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solution and we said that P of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solution and we said that P of X
+in that case would be equal to I h-bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case would be equal to I h-bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case would be equal to I h-bar
+cap of X we use that notation if E is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap of X we use that notation if E is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap of X we use that notation if E is
+less than V this is a negative number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than V this is a negative number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than V this is a negative number so
+P of X is I times some positive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X is I times some positive number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X is I times some positive number
+and square root of a positive number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and square root of a positive number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and square root of a positive number and
+we called it Kappa last time so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we called it Kappa last time so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we called it Kappa last time so it's
+this is the letter we usually use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the letter we usually use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the letter we usually use for
+spatial dependence in regions where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial dependence in regions where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial dependence in regions where the
+wave function decays exponentially which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function decays exponentially which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function decays exponentially which
+is what it's going to happen here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it's going to happen here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it's going to happen here so
+what is the sigh of X and T is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the sigh of X and T is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the sigh of X and T is equal to
+a constant C over square root of Kappa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant C over square root of Kappa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant C over square root of Kappa
+of X e to the the I will disappear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X e to the the I will disappear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X e to the the I will disappear and
+there will be two solutions one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be two solutions one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be two solutions one with
+plus 1 with minus that that's the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 with minus that that's the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 with minus that that's the reason
+I don't have to be very careful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have to be very careful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have to be very careful in
+saying whether this is I or minus either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying whether this is I or minus either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying whether this is I or minus either
+anyway two solutions at this stage we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway two solutions at this stage we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway two solutions at this stage we
+don't need to worry so this is from X 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to worry so this is from X 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to worry so this is from X 0
+to X Kappa of x prime DX prime plus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X Kappa of x prime DX prime plus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X Kappa of x prime DX prime plus V
+over square root of Kappa X e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of Kappa X e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of Kappa X e to the
+minus X 0 to X Kappa of X Prime the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X 0 to X Kappa of X Prime the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X 0 to X Kappa of X Prime the X
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the complete solution of wkb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the complete solution of wkb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the complete solution of wkb
+if you are in the classically allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are in the classically allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are in the classically allowed
+region top or in the classically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region top or in the classically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region top or in the classically
+forbidden region it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden region it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden region it's important to
+realize that this function the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that this function the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that this function the second
+term is the decaying exponential as x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is the decaying exponential as x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is the decaying exponential as x
+increases the integral accumulates more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the integral accumulates more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the integral accumulates more
+and more value and the wavefunction gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more value and the wavefunction gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more value and the wavefunction gets
+more and more suppressed this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more suppressed this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more suppressed this is a
+growing kind of exponential in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing kind of exponential in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing kind of exponential in in a
+previous iteration in your life Capel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous iteration in your life Capel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous iteration in your life Capel
+was a constant if you had constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a constant if you had constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a constant if you had constant
+potentials and this would be e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and this would be e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and this would be e to the
+Kappa X basically but here you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kappa X basically but here you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kappa X basically but here you must
+think of Kappa being some positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of Kappa being some positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of Kappa being some positive
+number of positive function as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of positive function as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of positive function as you
+integrate an X grows your cube the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate an X grows your cube the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate an X grows your cube the
+integral becomes bigger and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral becomes bigger and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral becomes bigger and this is a
+growing exponential so the sign tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing exponential so the sign tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing exponential so the sign tells
+you that especially because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that especially because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that especially because we've
+ordered the limits properly so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered the limits properly so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered the limits properly so we have a
+decaying and growing exponential we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying and growing exponential we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying and growing exponential we can
+at this moment we're pretty much done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment we're pretty much done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment we're pretty much done
+with what wkb does for you although we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what wkb does for you although we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what wkb does for you although we
+have a few things still to say so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few things still to say so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few things still to say so this
+will be in terms of comments about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in terms of comments about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in terms of comments about the
+general validity of such approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general validity of such approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general validity of such approximation
+but first even some comments about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first even some comments about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first even some comments about the
+current and charge density so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and charge density so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and charge density so let's
+consider this equation 1 let's just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this equation 1 let's just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this equation 1 let's just make
+the comments for comment for equation 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the charge density or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the charge density or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the charge density or the
+probability density in this case row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density in this case row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density in this case row
+would be size squared and in case one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be size squared and in case one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be size squared and in case one is
+equal to a squared over K of X you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a squared over K of X you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a squared over K of X you could
+if you wish this is a perfectly nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wish this is a perfectly nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wish this is a perfectly nice
+formula multiplied by H bar up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula multiplied by H bar up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula multiplied by H bar up and down
+and that's the momentum so it's H bar a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the momentum so it's H bar a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the momentum so it's H bar a
+squared over P of X and you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over P of X and you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over P of X and you could say
+this is H bar over m a squared over V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is H bar over m a squared over V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is H bar over m a squared over V of
+X a local velocity P of X is M over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X a local velocity P of X is M over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X a local velocity P of X is M over
+local velocity and this is an intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local velocity and this is an intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local velocity and this is an intuition
+you've had for a long time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had for a long time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had for a long time the
+probability density or the amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density or the amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density or the amplitude of
+the wave is going to become bigger in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave is going to become bigger in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave is going to become bigger in
+the regions where the particle has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regions where the particle has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regions where the particle has
+smaller velocity that's the regions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller velocity that's the regions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller velocity that's the regions of
+the potential with the particle spends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential with the particle spends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential with the particle spends
+more time and it's an intuition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time and it's an intuition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time and it's an intuition that
+almost immediately comes here this K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost immediately comes here this K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost immediately comes here this K is
+essentially the momentum so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the momentum so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the momentum so that's
+essentially the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the square root of the
+velocity and this coefficient therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and this coefficient therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and this coefficient therefore
+becomes bigger as the velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes bigger as the velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes bigger as the velocity is
+smaller that's part of the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller that's part of the intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller that's part of the intuition
+you've had for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had for a long time
+regarding this quantities the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding this quantities the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding this quantities the other
+piece is the computation of the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece is the computation of the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece is the computation of the current
+from this equation 1 remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this equation 1 remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this equation 1 remember the
+current is h-bar over m times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is h-bar over m times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is h-bar over m times the
+imaginary part of psystar radiant side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of psystar radiant side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of psystar radiant side
+so it's a long computation but we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a long computation but we did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a long computation but we did it
+for the case we had before we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case we had before we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case we had before we said that
+the current is Rho times gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current is Rho times gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current is Rho times gradient of
+over em for the case when the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over em for the case when the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over em for the case when the wave
+function is written in row e to the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is written in row e to the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is written in row e to the S
+form so in here row is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so in here row is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so in here row is already
+determinant is a squared over K of X we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is a squared over K of X we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is a squared over K of X we
+have the 1 over m and the gradient of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 1 over m and the gradient of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 1 over m and the gradient of s
+s is this quantity e to the IH bar times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is this quantity e to the IH bar times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is this quantity e to the IH bar times
+s so the gradient of s is just P of X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so the gradient of s is just P of X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so the gradient of s is just P of X so
+H Bar K of X now they cancel and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H Bar K of X now they cancel and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H Bar K of X now they cancel and it's
+very fortunately they cancel would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fortunately they cancel would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fortunately they cancel would have
+been a major disaster if they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a major disaster if they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a major disaster if they didn't
+this is a number it's K squared over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reason it cancels is that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it cancels is that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it cancels is that it would
+have failed the conservation law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have failed the conservation law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have failed the conservation law
+otherwise the Rho DP plus the divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the Rho DP plus the divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the Rho DP plus the divergence
+of J should be 0 in our case Rho has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J should be 0 in our case Rho has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J should be 0 in our case Rho has no
+time dependence the wave function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence the wave function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence the wave function that
+we are considering our time independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are considering our time independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are considering our time independent
+Schrodinger equations we're considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equations we're considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equations we're considering
+energy eigenstates and the current must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstates and the current must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstates and the current must
+be a constant in an energy eigenstate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a constant in an energy eigenstate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a constant in an energy eigenstate
+the current cannot be a spatially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current cannot be a spatially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current cannot be a spatially
+varying constant because then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying constant because then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying constant because then the
+current would accumulate in some place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current would accumulate in some place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current would accumulate in some place
+and that's inconsistent with stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's inconsistent with stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's inconsistent with stationary
+States and in fact this is 0 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and in fact this is 0 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and in fact this is 0 and the
+versions of J in this case will be DJ DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of J in this case will be DJ DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of J in this case will be DJ DX
+and if it would have had some X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it would have had some X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it would have had some X
+dependence it would have destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence it would have destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence it would have destroyed
+this equation so DJ DX is also zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation so DJ DX is also zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation so DJ DX is also zero and
+that's all consistent
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/m9eHViDPAJQ.txt b/m9eHViDPAJQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1fd0538740ff8a0b29693405c436e67a6b8deef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/m9eHViDPAJQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15491 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why don't we begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we begin
+hi everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everybody
+see how many we got here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how many we got here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how many we got here
+uh most of you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most of you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most of you um
+i'm sure the others will show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure the others will show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure the others will show up
+hopefully uh soon enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully uh soon enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully uh soon enough
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+welcome back um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back um
+we have today's lecture four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have today's lecture four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have today's lecture four
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's just remember what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just remember what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just remember what we've been
+doing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+last few lectures we were exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few lectures we were exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few lectures we were exploring
+uh the regular languages as described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the regular languages as described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the regular languages as described by
+finite automata and regular expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite automata and regular expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite automata and regular expressions
+we showed how to convert them back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed how to convert them back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed how to convert them back and
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+those two models to one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two models to one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two models to one another
+and we also showed how to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also showed how to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also showed how to prove
+certain languages are not regular now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain languages are not regular now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain languages are not regular now
+remember finite automata are a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember finite automata are a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember finite automata are a very
+um weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um weak
+model of computation they only have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of computation they only have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of computation they only have a
+limited memory a finite memory um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited memory a finite memory um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited memory a finite memory um
+and uh they still aren't able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they still aren't able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they still aren't able to do
+certain things with their finite memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things with their finite memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things with their finite memory
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are
+you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um
+if you compare them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compare them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compare them with
+a general-purpose computer at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general-purpose computer at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general-purpose computer at least the
+way we think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we think about it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+their uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh
+you know their capabilities are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know their capabilities are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know their capabilities are just
+extremely limited and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely limited and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely limited and so
+we're going to over the next uh few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to over the next uh few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to over the next uh few
+lectures explore uh some more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures explore uh some more powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures explore uh some more powerful
+models we started doing that last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we started doing that last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we started doing that last time
+uh the context-free grammars and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the context-free grammars and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the context-free grammars and as
+we'll see there are certain things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see there are certain things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see there are certain things that
+you can do i think we saw that last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do i think we saw that last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do i think we saw that last time
+as well those are some things you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well those are some things you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well those are some things you can do
+with context-free grammars that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with context-free grammars that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with context-free grammars that you
+cannot do with finite automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do with finite automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do with finite automata
+and uh but they still have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but they still have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but they still have their
+limitations as we'll see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations as we'll see um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations as we'll see um
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+today what we're going to do we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today what we're going to do we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today what we're going to do we're going
+to continue that discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue that discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue that discussion
+uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by
+looking at the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the definition of
+context-free grammars in a more formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammars in a more formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammars in a more formal
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+uh one of the uh things that we do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the uh things that we do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the uh things that we do in
+this course is develop practice with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is develop practice with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is develop practice with
+formalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism
+and um so that that's going to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so that that's going to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so that that's going to be in the
+spirit of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of that
+we also are going to look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also are going to look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also are going to look at their
+associated languages called the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated languages called the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated languages called the context
+free languages so they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free languages so they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free languages so they're going to be
+the counterpart for context-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counterpart for context-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counterpart for context-free
+grammars of what the regular languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars of what the regular languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars of what the regular languages
+are for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for the
+finite automata of regular expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite automata of regular expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite automata of regular expressions
+and then we're going to look at a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to look at a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to look at a an
+automaton based model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton based model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton based model
+which is the counterpart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the counterpart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the counterpart
+to the grammars called the push down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the grammars called the push down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the grammars called the push down
+automata and we'll see that those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automata and we'll see that those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automata and we'll see that those are
+equivalent in power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent in power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent in power
+and finally um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally um well
+and as part of that we will show how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as part of that we will show how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as part of that we will show how to
+convert the context free grammars to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the context free grammars to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the context free grammars to the
+push-down automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push-down automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push-down automata
+and that's what that's what that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what that's what that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what that's what that's what
+we're going to do today so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do today so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do today so we're going
+to move on then and uh return to uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move on then and uh return to uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move on then and uh return to uh our
+topic of context-free grammars that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of context-free grammars that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of context-free grammars that we
+began last time and just to refresh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began last time and just to refresh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began last time and just to refresh your
+memory um so here was that example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory um so here was that example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory um so here was that example of a
+context free grammar that we gave last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context free grammar that we gave last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context free grammar that we gave last
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has
+the way we're going to be writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're going to be writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're going to be writing
+context-free grammars is using a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammars is using a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammars is using a bit of
+a shorthand uh which looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorthand uh which looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorthand uh which looks like this
+when you have multiple rules that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have multiple rules that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have multiple rules that have
+the same variable on this on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same variable on this on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same variable on this on the left
+hand side you can combine them into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side you can combine them into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side you can combine them into one
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+so these two rules over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two rules over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two rules over here
+s goes to 0 s1 and s goes to r can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s goes to 0 s1 and s goes to r can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s goes to 0 s1 and s goes to r can be
+written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+in one line as a little bit more compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one line as a little bit more compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one line as a little bit more compact
+way this is standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is standard
+as s goes to 0 s 1 or r that's where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as s goes to 0 s 1 or r that's where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as s goes to 0 s 1 or r that's where you
+would read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would read this
+this is really two rules but written on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really two rules but written on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really two rules but written on
+one line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so uh as you recall uh from last time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh as you recall uh from last time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh as you recall uh from last time a
+context-free grammar has terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammar has terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammar has terminals
+variables and rules uh those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and rules uh those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and rules uh those are the
+parts that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts that we
+speak of as well as one of the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak of as well as one of the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak of as well as one of the variables
+being designate designated as a starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being designate designated as a starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being designate designated as a starting
+variable which gets the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which gets the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which gets the whole thing
+going so i'll talk remind you about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so i'll talk remind you about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so i'll talk remind you about how
+that computation goes but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that computation goes but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that computation goes but um
+so the variables are the symbols that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the variables are the symbols that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the variables are the symbols that
+appear on the left-hand side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear on the left-hand side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear on the left-hand side of the
+rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules
+the terminals are the other symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminals are the other symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminals are the other symbols
+that appear in the grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear in the grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear in the grammar
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+take the grammar and we use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the grammar and we use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the grammar and we use it to
+generate strings according to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate strings according to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate strings according to a certain
+system and the system is that you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and the system is that you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and the system is that you start
+out by writing down the uh starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by writing down the uh starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by writing down the uh starting
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+and then once you've written down that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you've written down that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you've written down that
+variable or whatever variables you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable or whatever variables you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable or whatever variables you have
+written down you're allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down you're allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down you're allowed to
+substitute them according to the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute them according to the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute them according to the rules
+of the substitution rules that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the substitution rules that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the substitution rules that are in
+the grammar so you can keep on replacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grammar so you can keep on replacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grammar so you can keep on replacing
+the variables that you have with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables that you have with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables that you have with the
+corresponding right hand sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding right hand sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding right hand sides
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+you do that over and over again until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that over and over again until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that over and over again until
+you don't have any variables left only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have any variables left only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have any variables left only
+terminal symbols remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal symbols remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal symbols remain
+and at that point you have generated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at that point you have generated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at that point you have generated a
+string that's in the language of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string that's in the language of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string that's in the language of the
+grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+grammar's language is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar's language is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar's language is going to be
+a language over strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a language over strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a language over strings
+whose alphabet are the terminal symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose alphabet are the terminal symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose alphabet are the terminal symbols
+so the terminal symbols in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the terminal symbols in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the terminal symbols in a certain
+sense play the same role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense play the same role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense play the same role
+as the input alphabet say for the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the input alphabet say for the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the input alphabet say for the finite
+automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automata
+okay the the the variables are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the the variables are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the the variables are kind of
+internal working um symbols for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal working um symbols for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal working um symbols for the
+grammar the terminals are sort of are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar the terminals are sort of are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar the terminals are sort of are
+are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+symbols over which the language is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols over which the language is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols over which the language is is
+written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+okay we'll make that more precise in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll make that more precise in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll make that more precise in a
+minute where when i give the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute where when i give the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute where when i give the formal
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+so the result is the generated string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the result is the generated string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the result is the generated string
+and the language of the grammar is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the language of the grammar is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the language of the grammar is the
+language of all generated strings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of all generated strings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of all generated strings that
+you can get using that grammar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get using that grammar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get using that grammar so
+um and the important thing is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the important thing is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the important thing is that we
+call that language a context free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that language a context free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that language a context free
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+okay so the that's like what we get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the that's like what we get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the that's like what we get from
+that that's the analogous thing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the analogous thing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the analogous thing to the
+regular languages but here we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular languages but here we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular languages but here we call them
+context-free languages uh the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free languages uh the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free languages uh the things
+that you can get from a context-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get from a context-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get from a context-free
+grammar again just a quick recap of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar again just a quick recap of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar again just a quick recap of that
+example we did last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we did last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we did last time
+so you start out by writing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start out by writing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start out by writing the
+start variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start variable
+and then i'm going to give you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to give you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to give you kind of
+two views of that either in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two views of that either in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two views of that either in terms of the
+tree of substitutions which we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of substitutions which we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of substitutions which we call the
+parse tree or in terms of the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse tree or in terms of the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse tree or in terms of the resulting
+string as you do the substitutions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string as you do the substitutions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string as you do the substitutions so
+here is the uh parse tree here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the uh parse tree here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the uh parse tree here is the
+resulting strings here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting strings here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting strings here are the
+substitutions that you make um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions that you make um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions that you make um
+and now we have r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have r
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+coming from s and we have zero zero r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from s and we have zero zero r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from s and we have zero zero r
+one one and now we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one and now we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one and now we have uh
+r in turn becomes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r in turn becomes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r in turn becomes an
+empty string and then uh the string that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty string and then uh the string that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty string and then uh the string that
+we generated is zero zero one one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we generated is zero zero one one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we generated is zero zero one one that's
+in the language of the grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the language of the grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the language of the grammar
+and now uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now uh if you
+play with this a little bit you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with this a little bit you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with this a little bit you'll see
+that the language of the grammar is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the language of the grammar is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the language of the grammar is all
+strings that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings that look like
+runs of zeros followed by runs of ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs of zeros followed by runs of ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs of zeros followed by runs of ones
+all right so uh is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh is that clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh is that clear
+um i think we're gonna have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think we're gonna have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think we're gonna have a
+um i think the next uh slide is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think the next uh slide is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think the next uh slide is gonna
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+check in and so hopefully that'll uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check in and so hopefully that'll uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check in and so hopefully that'll uh
+get us all together on the same page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us all together on the same page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us all together on the same page
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+anyway um so here's our formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um so here's our formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um so here's our formal
+definition anyway uh we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition anyway uh we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition anyway uh we have a
+context-free grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammar
+is a four-tuple there are four parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a four-tuple there are four parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a four-tuple there are four parts of
+context for grammar these are the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context for grammar these are the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context for grammar these are the parts
+we've already been discussing uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already been discussing uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already been discussing uh the
+variables the terminal symbols the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the terminal symbols the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the terminal symbols the rules
+um the rules are always of the form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the rules are always of the form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the rules are always of the form a
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+uh followed by you know with an arrow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh followed by you know with an arrow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh followed by you know with an arrow to
+a string of variables and terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string of variables and terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string of variables and terminals
+that's the way we write just write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way we write just write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way we write just write that
+down so this is the form of the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so this is the form of the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so this is the form of the rule
+and then we have the special start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the special start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the special start
+variable and we all wrap that up into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and we all wrap that up into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and we all wrap that up into a
+package this four tuple that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package this four tuple that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package this four tuple that's what the
+context free grammar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now we have here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have here uh
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+maybe a little bit overkill but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit overkill but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit overkill but let's
+talk about what formally speaking what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what formally speaking what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what formally speaking what
+the the way the grammar actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way the grammar actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way the grammar actually
+processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes
+um and produces strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and produces strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and produces strings
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+we're going to write uh the the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write uh the the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write uh the the standard
+notation for this is that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for this is that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for this is that if you have
+two strings of variables and terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two strings of variables and terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two strings of variables and terminals
+so imagine you have an intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine you have an intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine you have an intermediate
+string that you've generated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string that you've generated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string that you've generated in the
+grammar so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar so far
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know which might be like 0 0 s 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which might be like 0 0 s 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which might be like 0 0 s 1 1
+from the previous line so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous line so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous line so that's an
+intermediate string that is so far what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate string that is so far what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate string that is so far what
+you've generated you're going to say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've generated you're going to say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've generated you're going to say um
+maybe that's you and v might be the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's you and v might be the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's you and v might be the next
+line down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line down
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so that means we're going to write u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means we're going to write u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means we're going to write u
+arrow v and that arrow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow v and that arrow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow v and that arrow is
+the the word we're going to use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the word we're going to use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the word we're going to use is
+yields we'll say u yields v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields we'll say u yields v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields we'll say u yields v
+um if it can go from u to v just with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it can go from u to v just with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it can go from u to v just with
+one substitution step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and then we'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll write
+u yields v in some number of steps or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u yields v in some number of steps or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u yields v in some number of steps or
+actually we say u derives v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we say u derives v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we say u derives v
+if it can go to u to v with some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it can go to u to v with some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it can go to u to v with some number
+of substitutions instead of just one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of substitutions instead of just one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of substitutions instead of just one and
+that's used with the um the yields arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used with the um the yields arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used with the um the yields arrow
+with the star above it to mean some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the star above it to mean some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the star above it to mean some
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+um another way of writing that is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another way of writing that is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another way of writing that is you
+can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say
+u goes to v if there are a bunch of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u goes to v if there are a bunch of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u goes to v if there are a bunch of one
+step moves that you can make which take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step moves that you can make which take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step moves that you can make which take
+you from u to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from u to v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from u to v
+and that whole sequence is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that whole sequence is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that whole sequence is called a
+derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation
+of v from u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a sequence of steps that you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sequence of steps that you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sequence of steps that you go
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+doing these substitutions one by one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these substitutions one by one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these substitutions one by one to
+take you from u to v according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you from u to v according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you from u to v according to the
+rules of the grammar and lastly if u is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of the grammar and lastly if u is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of the grammar and lastly if u is
+a starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a starting
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+then we call that sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we call that sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we call that sequence
+just the derivation of v it could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the derivation of v it could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the derivation of v it could be the
+derivation from the start variable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation from the start variable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation from the start variable but
+that's kind of the assumed if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the assumed if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the assumed if you don't
+say it's a derivation from anything the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a derivation from anything the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a derivation from anything the
+derivation of v in the grammar is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of v in the grammar is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of v in the grammar is the
+derivation of v from the start variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of v from the start variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of v from the start variable
+it's just the sequence of substitutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the sequence of substitutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the sequence of substitutions
+that you make kind of the you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you make kind of the you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you make kind of the you know what
+you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is
+what i think you would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i think you would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i think you would expect
+now the language of the grammar is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the language of the grammar is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the language of the grammar is the
+set of all strings that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of all strings that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of all strings that um
+of terminal symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terminal symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terminal symbols
+that you can get from uh starting at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get from uh starting at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get from uh starting at the
+starting variable of the grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting variable of the grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting variable of the grammar
+okay and that's called a context-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's called a context-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's called a context-free
+language as i mentioned before so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language as i mentioned before so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language as i mentioned before so it's a
+context of free language it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of free language it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of free language it's the
+language of of the grammar for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of of the grammar for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of of the grammar for some
+grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar
+okay so let's have a little check in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's have a little check in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's have a little check in
+here again nothing too hard nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again nothing too hard nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again nothing too hard nothing to
+get worried about anyway we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get worried about anyway we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get worried about anyway we're not
+counting correctness uh here so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting correctness uh here so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting correctness uh here so um
+let's just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just see
+um i'm gonna give you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm gonna give you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm gonna give you two
+uh things that look like grammars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things that look like grammars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things that look like grammars
+which of them are actually grammars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of them are actually grammars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of them are actually grammars and
+let me just pull that poll up uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just pull that poll up uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just pull that poll up uh here
+okay so which of these are valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so which of these are valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so which of these are valid
+grammars here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars here
+are they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they both
+neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean you can kind of make an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you can kind of make an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you can kind of make an argument
+either you know either way for both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you know either way for both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you know either way for both of
+them but both of them are kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but both of them are kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but both of them are kind of a
+little have their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little have their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little have their own
+a bit of weirdness to them uh in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of weirdness to them uh in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of weirdness to them uh in a way
+if you if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you if you
+study them for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay that's pretty much converged um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay that's pretty much converged um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay that's pretty much converged um
+share the results um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact
+the correct answer is b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer is b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer is b
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+why is only c2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is only c2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is only c2
+first of all you know well what's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you know well what's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you know well what's wrong
+with c1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with c1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with c1
+c1 the problem with c1 is that the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 the problem with c1 is that the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 the problem with c1 is that the rules
+have things besides a single variable on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things besides a single variable on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things besides a single variable on
+the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side
+so having a b1 on the left-hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having a b1 on the left-hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having a b1 on the left-hand side is
+not legal in a context-free grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not legal in a context-free grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not legal in a context-free grammar
+in fact there are other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there are other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there are other kinds of
+grammars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars
+there's a kind of grammar called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of grammar called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of grammar called a
+context sensitive grammar the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context sensitive grammar the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context sensitive grammar the term
+context free means you can replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context free means you can replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context free means you can replace the
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+independent of its context in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of its context in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of its context in the
+intermediate string so independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate string so independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate string so independent of
+what's around it but here the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's around it but here the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's around it but here the this
+substitution is going to you can replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution is going to you can replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution is going to you can replace
+b but it depends on there being a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b but it depends on there being a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b but it depends on there being a one
+next to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is called a context sentence set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a context sentence set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a context sentence set of
+grammar but it's not the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar but it's not the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar but it's not the kind of
+character we're going to be using which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character we're going to be using which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character we're going to be using which
+are only context free grammar so c1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only context free grammar so c1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only context free grammar so c1 is
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+that's not a legit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a legit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a legit
+context-free grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammar
+c2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2
+the thing that's a little weird about c2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's a little weird about c2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's a little weird about c2
+is if you try to generate a string in c2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you try to generate a string in c2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you try to generate a string in c2
+you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um there's no way to get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's no way to get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's no way to get rid of the
+variables you're always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables you're always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables you're always going to be
+stuck with the variable um now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with the variable um now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with the variable um now that
+doesn't violate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't violate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't violate
+the definition of a context-free grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of a context-free grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of a context-free grammar
+so this is a context-free grammar but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a context-free grammar but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a context-free grammar but
+but it's not going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not going to be able to
+generate any strings of only terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate any strings of only terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate any strings of only terminals
+so this is a context-free grammar whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a context-free grammar whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a context-free grammar whose
+language happens to be the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language happens to be the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language happens to be the empty
+language but that's totally okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but that's totally okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but that's totally okay
+so the correct answer here is b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the correct answer here is b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the correct answer here is b
+that only c2 here is a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only c2 here is a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only c2 here is a valid
+context-free grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammar
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+common let's just see common question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common let's just see common question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common let's just see common question
+does a string u derive itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a string u derive itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a string u derive itself
+yes a string u derives itself uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes a string u derives itself uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes a string u derives itself uh
+that's a little bit of a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit of a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit of a little bit of
+an esoteric question there for us right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an esoteric question there for us right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an esoteric question there for us right
+now but yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but yes
+um a string u in in this definition here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a string u in in this definition here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a string u in in this definition here
+u arrow stars you is legit is illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u arrow stars you is legit is illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u arrow stars you is legit is illegal
+maybe it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it isn't
+uh according to the way i've written it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh according to the way i've written it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh according to the way i've written it
+down here but it is it is uh a legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here but it is it is uh a legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here but it is it is uh a legal
+thing it's not going to really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's not going to really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's not going to really matter
+for you anyway but but it is illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you anyway but but it is illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you anyway but but it is illegal
+okay let's continue um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's continue um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's continue um
+let's do another somewhat interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do another somewhat interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do another somewhat interesting
+example of a context-free grammar um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a context-free grammar um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a context-free grammar um
+this is a grammar that is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a grammar that is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a grammar that is um
+can generate arithmetical expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate arithmetical expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate arithmetical expressions
+involving pluses and times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here it is it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it is it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it is it has
+how many rules well there are six rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many rules well there are six rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many rules well there are six rules
+here each line represents two rules so e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here each line represents two rules so e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here each line represents two rules so e
+goes to e plus t or t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to e plus t or t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to e plus t or t
+t goes to t times f or f and f goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t goes to t times f or f and f goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t goes to t times f or f and f goes to
+uh parenthesis e parenthesis or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh parenthesis e parenthesis or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh parenthesis e parenthesis or a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the
+variables are going to be the symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are going to be the symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are going to be the symbols
+that appear on the left hand side et and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear on the left hand side et and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear on the left hand side et and
+f the terminal symbols which are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f the terminal symbols which are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f the terminal symbols which are going
+to be the symbols of the language that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the symbols of the language that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the symbols of the language that
+you're going to be generating um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be generating um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be generating um is
+going to be the plus the time symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the plus the time symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the plus the time symbols
+the parentheses are just terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parentheses are just terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parentheses are just terminal
+symbols here so they're nothing not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols here so they're nothing not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols here so they're nothing not
+playing any special role besides that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing any special role besides that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing any special role besides that
+and then you have the a which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have the a which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have the a which is
+representing kind of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing kind of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing kind of the um
+operand on which those operators uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operand on which those operators uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operand on which those operators uh
+would be working if there was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be working if there was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be working if there was actually
+an expression you would use but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression you would use but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression you would use but they're
+just symbols from the perspective of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just symbols from the perspective of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just symbols from the perspective of the
+of the grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grammar
+and lastly the start variable is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lastly the start variable is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lastly the start variable is going
+to be as normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as normally
+appears on the upper left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears on the upper left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears on the upper left hand side
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+grammar in terms of the way you write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar in terms of the way you write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar in terms of the way you write it
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+so sometimes you might specify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes you might specify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes you might specify a
+different start variable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different start variable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different start variable but
+otherwise if not specified it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise if not specified it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise if not specified it's that
+it's the one in this corner here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the one in this corner here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the one in this corner here
+okay so let's just see uh some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's just see uh some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's just see uh some examples
+of uh using the grammar to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh using the grammar to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh using the grammar to generate
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a string so here is a string in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string so here is a string in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string so here is a string in the
+language a plus a times a and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language a plus a times a and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language a plus a times a and and this
+example will kind of reveal some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example will kind of reveal some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example will kind of reveal some other
+interesting features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting features
+of the grammar but let's just see it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grammar but let's just see it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grammar but let's just see it in
+operation first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation first
+so again i'll try to write it to you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again i'll try to write it to you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again i'll try to write it to you in
+both ways in terms of the parse tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways in terms of the parse tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways in terms of the parse tree and
+the resulting string as you're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting string as you're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting string as you're doing the
+substitutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh so first we start with the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so first we start with the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so first we start with the e
+then we substitute e plus t and we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we substitute e plus t and we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we substitute e plus t and we see
+the resulting string z plus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting string z plus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting string z plus t
+but now we as we're doing additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we as we're doing additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we as we're doing additional
+substitutions the resulting string that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions the resulting string that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions the resulting string that
+you get is going to evolve um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is going to evolve um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is going to evolve um
+accordingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+i hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope
+it comes across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes across
+that this tree here picture on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this tree here picture on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this tree here picture on the left
+shows you the structure of the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you the structure of the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you the structure of the various
+substitutions whereas on the right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions whereas on the right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions whereas on the right it
+just shows you the strings that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shows you the strings that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shows you the strings that you get
+as a result of those substitutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of those substitutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of those substitutions
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can
+generate this particular string which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this particular string which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this particular string which is
+now in the language of this grammar you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the language of this grammar you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the language of this grammar you
+could generate all sorts of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could generate all sorts of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could generate all sorts of other
+strings as well uh such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings as well uh such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings as well uh such as
+you know parenthesis a plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know parenthesis a plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know parenthesis a plus a
+parenthesis times a and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis times a and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis times a and so on
+and in fact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact um
+this might be a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be a piece
+of a programming language that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a programming language that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a programming language that you're
+trying to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to describe
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and one application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one application of
+context-free grammars is to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammars is to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammars is to describe the
+syntax of programming languages you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax of programming languages you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax of programming languages you know
+what are the legal programs that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the legal programs that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the legal programs that you can
+write with in that programming language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write with in that programming language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write with in that programming language
+and not only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not only that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+grammar can be used to automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar can be used to automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar can be used to automatically
+generate the part of the compiler uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the part of the compiler uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the part of the compiler uh for
+that programming language which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that programming language which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that programming language which will
+interpret the um which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the um which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the um which would
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+interpret the structure of the input you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the structure of the input you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the structure of the input you
+know the so-called parser which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the so-called parser which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the so-called parser which will
+figure out the meaning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the meaning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the meaning of the
+uh input to the compiler so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh input to the compiler so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh input to the compiler so that the
+compiler then can generate the code or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler then can generate the code or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler then can generate the code or
+if it's an interpreter it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's an interpreter it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's an interpreter it could
+interpret the uh the resulting um code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the uh the resulting um code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the uh the resulting um code
+that you've given it um but the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've given it um but the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've given it um but the very
+first step in both of those is to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step in both of those is to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step in both of those is to figure
+out the meaning and the meaning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the meaning and the meaning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the meaning and the meaning is
+um embedded within the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um embedded within the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um embedded within the structure of the
+parse tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse tree
+now in the in the case of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the in the case of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the in the case of this
+particular tree just to give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tree just to give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tree just to give you some
+sense of what meaning i have in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what meaning i have in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what meaning i have in mind
+this parse tree due to the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parse tree due to the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parse tree due to the structure of
+this grammar has the precedence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this grammar has the precedence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this grammar has the precedence for
+times over plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times over plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times over plus
+so normally when we write down a plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normally when we write down a plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normally when we write down a plus a
+times a you you assume you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a you you assume you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a you you assume you're going to
+do the multiplication before you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the multiplication before you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the multiplication before you do the
+addition even though it appears second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition even though it appears second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition even though it appears second
+that's just the way we tend to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the way we tend to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the way we tend to write
+things and and this grammar has grouped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and and this grammar has grouped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and and this grammar has grouped
+it that way for you it groups the times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that way for you it groups the times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that way for you it groups the times
+lower down in the tree than the plus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower down in the tree than the plus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower down in the tree than the plus so
+the the times is going to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the times is going to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the times is going to be done
+before the plus if you imagine doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the plus if you imagine doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the plus if you imagine doing
+this in terms of the way the tree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of the way the tree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of the way the tree is
+guiding you so the tree as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guiding you so the tree as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guiding you so the tree as you can see
+has a certain amount of meaning built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a certain amount of meaning built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a certain amount of meaning built
+into it now we're not actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it now we're not actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it now we're not actually going to
+be using that in this course but i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using that in this course but i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using that in this course but i just
+want to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to you
+describe that as a an illustration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that as a an illustration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that as a an illustration of
+how this material can get applied um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this material can get applied um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this material can get applied um
+now so you know here is what i'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so you know here is what i'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so you know here is what i'm saying
+that the tree contains additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tree contains additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tree contains additional
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+now that's also relevant um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's also relevant um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's also relevant um
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+you happen to have a grammar which might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to have a grammar which might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to have a grammar which might
+allow multiple parse trees for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow multiple parse trees for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow multiple parse trees for the same
+string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+okay that can happen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that can happen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that can happen um
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+particular grammar does not allow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular grammar does not allow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular grammar does not allow that
+but you might write other grammars that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might write other grammars that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might write other grammars that
+as we'll see in a minute that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see in a minute that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see in a minute that could
+generate the same string in multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the same string in multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the same string in multiple
+ways with multiple different parse trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways with multiple different parse trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways with multiple different parse trees
+now that might be undesirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that might be undesirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that might be undesirable
+when you have a programming language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a programming language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a programming language
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+typically you want it to be only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you want it to be only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you want it to be only a
+single meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single meaning
+for your code you don't want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your code you don't want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your code you don't want it to be
+ambiguous and have multiple meanings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous and have multiple meanings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous and have multiple meanings
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ambiguity is it does occur and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity is it does occur and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity is it does occur and it's not
+necessarily something we're always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily something we're always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily something we're always going
+to uh see is a bad thing um so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh see is a bad thing um so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh see is a bad thing um so you know
+i think as i mentioned last time a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think as i mentioned last time a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think as i mentioned last time a lot
+of this subject originated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this subject originated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this subject originated with
+linguistics um and that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistics um and that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistics um and that's where the
+terminology comes from grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology comes from grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology comes from grammar
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+languages and so on the terminology for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and so on the terminology for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and so on the terminology for
+the subject really comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject really comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject really comes out of
+linguistics in fact one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistics in fact one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistics in fact one of the key
+players for that is an emeritus faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players for that is an emeritus faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players for that is an emeritus faculty
+member at mit noam chomsky he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member at mit noam chomsky he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member at mit noam chomsky he was
+instrumental in setting a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental in setting a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental in setting a lot of this
+stuff up um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff up um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff up um but
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you you can think of grammars as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can think of grammars as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can think of grammars as
+applying to natural human languages as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying to natural human languages as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying to natural human languages as
+well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so
+let me give you a little example as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you a little example as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you a little example as a
+pop-up this is not directly uh pop-up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop-up this is not directly uh pop-up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop-up this is not directly uh pop-up a
+check-in not directly relevant uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check-in not directly relevant uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check-in not directly relevant uh to the
+material i just presented but just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material i just presented but just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material i just presented but just sort
+of a curiosity um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a curiosity um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a curiosity um
+if you take the english sentence the boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the english sentence the boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the english sentence the boy
+saw the girl with the mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the girl with the mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the girl with the mirror
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+does that is there only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that is there only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that is there only one
+natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+uh interpretation for that sentence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interpretation for that sentence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interpretation for that sentence or
+are there perhaps other natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there perhaps other natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there perhaps other natural
+interpretations for that sentence so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations for that sentence so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations for that sentence so let
+me pose that to you as another uh poll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me pose that to you as another uh poll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me pose that to you as another uh poll
+here um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and uh
+so i ask you to think about how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i ask you to think about how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i ask you to think about how many
+different meanings you might find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meanings you might find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meanings you might find
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+uh reasonable different meanings i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reasonable different meanings i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reasonable different meanings i mean
+you can you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you know if
+you're going to go wild you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to go wild you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to go wild you can think of
+zillions of meetings but i think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillions of meetings but i think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillions of meetings but i think in
+terms of reasonable meanings how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of reasonable meanings how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of reasonable meanings how many
+meetings might you get for the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings might you get for the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings might you get for the sentence
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+people are seeing more meetings than i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are seeing more meetings than i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are seeing more meetings than i'm
+seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing
+but that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+quick why don't we just give this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick why don't we just give this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick why don't we just give this
+another uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 seconds here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 seconds here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 seconds here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um
+most of you are in agreement with me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you are in agreement with me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you are in agreement with me um
+uh i can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i can see here
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+uh seeing that there were two meanings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh seeing that there were two meanings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh seeing that there were two meanings
+the two meanings that i see here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two meanings that i see here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two meanings that i see here for
+this sentence are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sentence are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sentence are um
+when you say the boys or the girl with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say the boys or the girl with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say the boys or the girl with
+the mirror is who has the mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror is who has the mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror is who has the mirror
+is it the boy seeing the girl through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the boy seeing the girl through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the boy seeing the girl through
+the mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror
+or is it the girl that has the mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it the girl that has the mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it the girl that has the mirror
+and the boy just happens to see her so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the boy just happens to see her so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the boy just happens to see her so
+two very different meanings for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two very different meanings for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two very different meanings for the same
+sentence and that's the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence and that's the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence and that's the nature of
+english it's just uh the the way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+english it's just uh the the way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+english it's just uh the the way um
+uh it's it's an it's it's an ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it's an it's it's an ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it's an it's it's an ambiguous
+um structure there and often we resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um structure there and often we resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um structure there and often we resolve
+that ambiguity in english with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ambiguity in english with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ambiguity in english with other
+information that we might have um but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we might have um but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we might have um but um
+typically you don't want there to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you don't want there to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you don't want there to be
+ambiguity when you have this a grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity when you have this a grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity when you have this a grammar
+say describing a programming like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say describing a programming like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say describing a programming like
+programming language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let's continue on that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's continue on that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's continue on that um
+so talking a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so talking a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so talking a little bit more about
+ambiguity i was promised you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity i was promised you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity i was promised you an example
+where you might have an ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might have an ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might have an ambiguous
+grammar um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar um
+so uh if you take these two grammars g2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if you take these two grammars g2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if you take these two grammars g2
+and g3 the g2 from the last slide and g3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g3 the g2 from the last slide and g3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g3 the g2 from the last slide and g3
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+similar grammar in fact has it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar grammar in fact has it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar grammar in fact has it's the
+grammar that has the very same language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that gives you the very same language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that gives you the very same language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that gives you the very same language
+so l of g2 equals l of g3 both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so l of g2 equals l of g3 both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so l of g2 equals l of g3 both of them
+are describing these arithmetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are describing these arithmetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are describing these arithmetical
+expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but whereas g2 has a unique parse tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whereas g2 has a unique parse tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whereas g2 has a unique parse tree
+for every string that you generate g3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every string that you generate g3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every string that you generate g3
+can have multiple parse trees for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have multiple parse trees for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have multiple parse trees for the
+same string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same string
+okay so i'm just going to illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm just going to illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm just going to illustrate
+that here so here is the same string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here so here is the same string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here so here is the same string
+that we generated last time a plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we generated last time a plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we generated last time a plus a
+times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a
+in g3 the parse tree is actually even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in g3 the parse tree is actually even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in g3 the parse tree is actually even
+simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler
+here um so here i'm showing you the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so here i'm showing you the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so here i'm showing you the uh
+there's just the two substitutions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just the two substitutions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just the two substitutions that
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+uh need to make starting from e and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh need to make starting from e and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh need to make starting from e and then
+to to get the string a plus a times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get the string a plus a times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get the string a plus a times a
+it's a it's a it's a simpler grammar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a it's a simpler grammar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a it's a simpler grammar in
+a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense
+um but you there's another parse tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you there's another parse tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you there's another parse tree
+that'll give you the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll give you the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll give you the same
+uh result and i've written that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh result and i've written that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh result and i've written that down
+below here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below here
+upside down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down
+um so uh the upper parse tree groups the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh the upper parse tree groups the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh the upper parse tree groups the
+times before the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times before the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times before the plus
+or more in more inside uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more in more inside uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more in more inside uh
+than the plus but the lower parse tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the plus but the lower parse tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the plus but the lower parse tree
+doesn't have that precedence built into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have that precedence built into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have that precedence built into
+it and can alternatively interpret the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and can alternatively interpret the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and can alternatively interpret the
+plus as being of higher precedence than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus as being of higher precedence than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus as being of higher precedence than
+times and so in that sense we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and so in that sense we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and so in that sense we have here
+um a grammar which is um has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a grammar which is um has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a grammar which is um has two
+interpretations for this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations for this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations for this um
+same string and we call that whoops we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same string and we call that whoops we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same string and we call that whoops we
+call that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that an
+an ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ambiguous
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+derivation ambiguously derived string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation ambiguously derived string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation ambiguously derived string
+and the grammar itself is called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the grammar itself is called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the grammar itself is called an
+ambiguous grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous grammar
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay
+so let us continue on from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let us continue on from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let us continue on from that
+by the way there's a question here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way there's a question here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way there's a question here that
+came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh like for example a plus a is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like for example a plus a is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like for example a plus a is that
+ambiguous in g2 no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous in g2 no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous in g2 no
+uh if you if you try to uh apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you if you try to uh apply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you if you try to uh apply it
+you'll see the way that g2 can produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the way that g2 can produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the way that g2 can produce a
+plus a to a plus a plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a to a plus a plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a to a plus a plus a
+is going to group the first two and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to group the first two and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to group the first two and then
+the and then the the second one then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and then the the second one then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and then the the second one then the
+last one you can't you can't derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one you can't you can't derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one you can't you can't derive
+things in multiple ways um i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in multiple ways um i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in multiple ways um i mean
+addition is associative but the grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition is associative but the grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition is associative but the grammar
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+it doesn't the grammar for the grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't the grammar for the grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't the grammar for the grammar
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's going to have a prescribed order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have a prescribed order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have a prescribed order
+for the way things get interpreted there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the way things get interpreted there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the way things get interpreted there
+okay um so that's ambiguity um so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so that's ambiguity um so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so that's ambiguity um so let's
+uh introduce push down automata um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh introduce push down automata um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh introduce push down automata um which
+is going to be our automata counterpart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be our automata counterpart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be our automata counterpart
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+context-free languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right um so the way i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um so the way i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um so the way i'm going to
+introduce push-down automata uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce push-down automata uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce push-down automata uh sort of
+shifting gears here and now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting gears here and now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting gears here and now um
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by first
+uh giving a new view of finite automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh giving a new view of finite automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh giving a new view of finite automata
+remember before when we presented a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember before when we presented a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember before when we presented a
+finite automaton we gave it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite automaton we gave it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite automaton we gave it in terms of
+a state diagram which i've kind of shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state diagram which i've kind of shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state diagram which i've kind of shown
+here in miniature form on the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in miniature form on the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in miniature form on the picture
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we could do that for pushdown automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do that for pushdown automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do that for pushdown automata
+but the picture tends to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the picture tends to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the picture tends to be very
+complicated so i'm going to take a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so i'm going to take a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so i'm going to take a bit
+of a higher level um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a higher level um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a higher level um
+uh description for pushdown automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh description for pushdown automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh description for pushdown automata
+which is i'm calling a schematic view or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is i'm calling a schematic view or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is i'm calling a schematic view or
+a schematic diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a schematic diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a schematic diagram
+and there i'm really not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there i'm really not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there i'm really not going to be
+showing you the individual states but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the individual states but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the individual states but
+i'm going to be showing you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to be showing you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to be showing you the
+individual components of the machine at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual components of the machine at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual components of the machine at
+a sort of more of an abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of more of an abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of more of an abstract
+and from a more abstract perspective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from a more abstract perspective and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from a more abstract perspective and
+so from that perspective um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from that perspective um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from that perspective um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+a finite automaton has here what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite automaton has here what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite automaton has here what i'm
+going to call the finite control so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call the finite control so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call the finite control so i'm
+going to be suppressing the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be suppressing the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be suppressing the details of
+the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states
+in this pic in this picture i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this pic in this picture i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this pic in this picture i'm going to
+represent uh that those states as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent uh that those states as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent uh that those states as the
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+of the um of the dfa or the nfa they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the um of the dfa or the nfa they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the um of the dfa or the nfa they're
+really going to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to be the same
+from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+pictorial point of view um the input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorial point of view um the input is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorial point of view um the input is
+going to be appear on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be appear on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be appear on
+as a string that's written down on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a string that's written down on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a string that's written down on what
+we're calling a tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're calling a tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're calling a tape
+again this is somewhat of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is somewhat of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is somewhat of an
+anachronistic terminology back in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anachronistic terminology back in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anachronistic terminology back in my
+days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+people actually did feed their inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually did feed their inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually did feed their inputs
+into computers on a tape sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into computers on a tape sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into computers on a tape sometimes
+we don't do that so much anymore but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't do that so much anymore but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't do that so much anymore but
+that terminology has stuck and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that terminology has stuck and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that terminology has stuck and it's
+going to be a persisting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a persisting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a persisting um
+uh later on in the course too so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh later on in the course too so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh later on in the course too so you
+might as well get used to it um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well get used to it um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well get used to it um so the
+input is going to appear on a tape or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is going to appear on a tape or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is going to appear on a tape or
+sometimes called an input tape um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called an input tape um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called an input tape um and
+the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the
+machine actually will read that input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine actually will read that input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine actually will read that input
+whoops uh is going to have a head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops uh is going to have a head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops uh is going to have a head
+which is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be
+um starting at the left side and moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um starting at the left side and moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um starting at the left side and moving
+from left to right reading the symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from left to right reading the symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from left to right reading the symbols
+on the that appear on the input tape one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the that appear on the input tape one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the that appear on the input tape one
+by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one
+okay so this is our picture of a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is our picture of a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is our picture of a an
+a finite automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite automaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite automaton
+just redone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just redone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just redone
+from uh last time just a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh last time just a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh last time just a different way
+of picturing it now that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of picturing it now that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of picturing it now that's going to be
+setting the stage for the picture of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the stage for the picture of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the stage for the picture of a
+push down automaton because the push-on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push down automaton because the push-on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push down automaton because the push-on
+automaton is like a finite automaton but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton is like a finite automaton but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton is like a finite automaton but
+it has an extra feature has an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has an extra feature has an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has an extra feature has an extra
+device attached to it and that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device attached to it and that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device attached to it and that's called
+a stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stack
+okay so here's a schematic diagram for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a schematic diagram for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a schematic diagram for
+push down automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push down automaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push down automaton
+and that's going to be a stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be a stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be a stack
+which is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+a form of auxiliary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form of auxiliary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form of auxiliary
+storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage
+now remember part of the limitation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember part of the limitation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember part of the limitation for
+a finite automaton was that we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite automaton was that we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite automaton was that we had a
+limited amount of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited amount of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited amount of memory
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we were not able to do some very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were not able to do some very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were not able to do some very simple
+things like counting because we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like counting because we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like counting because we had a
+limited memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited memory
+so the push-on automaton is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the push-on automaton is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the push-on automaton is going to be
+able to use its stack as a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use its stack as a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use its stack as a kind of
+unbounded memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded memory
+but a memory that's very restricted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a memory that's very restricted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a memory that's very restricted in
+the way it can be used so it's unlimited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it can be used so it's unlimited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it can be used so it's unlimited
+but still restricted as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh the way the push down automaton uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the way the push down automaton uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the way the push down automaton uses
+um this extra memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this extra memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this extra memory
+on on what we're calling the stack or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on what we're calling the stack or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on what we're calling the stack or
+push down stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push down stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push down stack
+is that you can write symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can write symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can write symbols
+um instead of only reading symbols but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instead of only reading symbols but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instead of only reading symbols but
+those symbols can only be read at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those symbols can only be read at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those symbols can only be read at the
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+written or read at the very top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written or read at the very top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written or read at the very top
+of this list of symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this list of symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this list of symbols
+and every time you add a new symbol the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time you add a new symbol the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time you add a new symbol the
+other symbols that are already there get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other symbols that are already there get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other symbols that are already there get
+pushed down hence the name people also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed down hence the name people also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed down hence the name people also
+often refer to it as a stack of plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often refer to it as a stack of plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often refer to it as a stack of plates
+uh in a cafeteria if you've ever seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a cafeteria if you've ever seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a cafeteria if you've ever seen
+those things or you can remember back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things or you can remember back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things or you can remember back to
+the days when we went to cafeteria uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the days when we went to cafeteria uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the days when we went to cafeteria uh
+which getting further and further away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which getting further and further away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which getting further and further away
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+uh if you have a cafeteria you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a cafeteria you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a cafeteria you had a
+stack of plates and you know you as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack of plates and you know you as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack of plates and you know you as you
+removed plates from them they were on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed plates from them they were on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed plates from them they were on a
+spring and they kept coming up or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and they kept coming up or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and they kept coming up or if you
+add more they would go down and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more they would go down and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more they would go down and it's the
+same idea imagine these symbols here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea imagine these symbols here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea imagine these symbols here are
+sort of on a um on a spring and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of on a um on a spring and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of on a um on a spring and the more
+symbols you add them the more they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols you add them the more they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols you add them the more they go
+down uh or if you remove them by read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh or if you remove them by read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh or if you remove them by read
+and read them and remove them then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read them and remove them then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read them and remove them then they
+move back up okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move back up okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move back up okay
+so a push out of tabaton operates like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a push out of tabaton operates like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a push out of tabaton operates like a
+finite like a non-deterministic finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite like a non-deterministic finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite like a non-deterministic finite
+diameter as we'll see push down automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter as we'll see push down automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter as we'll see push down automata
+for out for us are always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for out for us are always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for out for us are always going to be
+allowed to be non-deterministic so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to be non-deterministic so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to be non-deterministic so we're
+not going to be studying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be studying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be studying the
+push on automata that are restricted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push on automata that are restricted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push on automata that are restricted to
+be only deterministic um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be only deterministic um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be only deterministic um
+uh i'll say more about that in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'll say more about that in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'll say more about that in a second
+but like they operate like an nfa except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like they operate like an nfa except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like they operate like an nfa except
+they can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can write
+uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or
+read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+symbols from the top of the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols from the top of the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols from the top of the stack
+and when they write they're adding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they write they're adding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they write they're adding the
+symbol on pushing down that stack and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol on pushing down that stack and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol on pushing down that stack and
+when they're reading they're removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're reading they're removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're reading they're removing
+symbols from the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols from the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols from the stack
+and thereby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thereby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thereby
+lifting up the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifting up the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifting up the stack
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we give them special names so those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give them special names so those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give them special names so those of
+you who have seen stacks already this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who have seen stacks already this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who have seen stacks already this is
+you know i'm sure old hat for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm sure old hat for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm sure old hat for you
+uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but
+i'm sure now everyone has have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure now everyone has have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure now everyone has have seen
+stacks before so uh the special name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacks before so uh the special name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacks before so uh the special name for
+writing onto a stack is called a push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing onto a stack is called a push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing onto a stack is called a push
+operation so that you're pushing a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so that you're pushing a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so that you're pushing a new
+symbol down on the top of the stack and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol down on the top of the stack and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol down on the top of the stack and
+it pushes everything down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pushes everything down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pushes everything down
+whereas when you're reading a symbol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas when you're reading a symbol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas when you're reading a symbol and
+removing it from the top of the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing it from the top of the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing it from the top of the stack
+that's called a pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called a pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called a pop
+so that's reading and removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's reading and removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's reading and removing
+we we always think of those as going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we always think of those as going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we always think of those as going
+together writing and editing and reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together writing and editing and reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together writing and editing and reading
+and removing are combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and removing are combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and removing are combined
+i mean you might wonder why can't i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you might wonder why can't i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you might wonder why can't i just
+read it and leave it alone and not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it and leave it alone and not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it and leave it alone and not just
+have remove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have remove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have remove it
+you uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh no
+you can get that effect by reading it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get that effect by reading it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get that effect by reading it
+and then uh which removes it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh which removes it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh which removes it and then
+putting it back if you really want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it back if you really want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it back if you really want it to
+stay there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay there
+but the way we're setting it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the way we're setting it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the way we're setting it up
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+reading comes with removing writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading comes with removing writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading comes with removing writing
+comes with adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with adding
+okay and they're called pushing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they're called pushing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they're called pushing and
+popping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popping
+okay so let's do an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do an example
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so we have here a push down automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have here a push down automaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have here a push down automaton
+for a language we'll call d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a language we'll call d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a language we'll call d
+it's a we've seen that language before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a we've seen that language before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a we've seen that language before
+it's this uh it was um actually we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this uh it was um actually we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this uh it was um actually we use
+the same uh letter for it the strings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh letter for it the strings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh letter for it the strings of
+zeros followed by ones where the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros followed by ones where the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros followed by ones where the numbers
+are the same of the two so zero to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same of the two so zero to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same of the two so zero to the k
+one to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the k
+we couldn't do that with a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't do that with a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't do that with a finite
+automaton we will be able to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton we will be able to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton we will be able to do that
+with a push down automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a push down automaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a push down automaton
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and here i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here i
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um i thought i wrote down the input here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i thought i wrote down the input here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i thought i wrote down the input here
+but okay so the basic idea is i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay so the basic idea is i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay so the basic idea is i'm going
+to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a
+uh an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an input
+now and the pushdown of the tombiton is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and the pushdown of the tombiton is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and the pushdown of the tombiton is
+supposed to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to test
+whether that input is in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that input is in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that input is in the language
+whether it's of this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's of this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's of this form
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it has
+the ability to use the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to use the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to use the stack
+because you know it's going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it's going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it's going to have to
+count how many zeros it has and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count how many zeros it has and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count how many zeros it has and so the
+way it's going to do it is you know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's going to do it is you know i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's going to do it is you know i
+have a bunch of zeros hopefully and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of zeros hopefully and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of zeros hopefully and then
+a bunch of ones and you want to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of ones and you want to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of ones and you want to see that
+they're uh of the same number it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uh of the same number it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uh of the same number it's going
+to take the zeros and store them on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the zeros and store them on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the zeros and store them on the
+stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack
+until it sees a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it sees a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it sees a one
+and then one's going to start to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then one's going to start to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then one's going to start to read
+the ones and it's going to remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones and it's going to remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones and it's going to remove the
+zeros matching them off one to one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros matching them off one to one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros matching them off one to one with
+the ones that it's seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that it's seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that it's seen
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um you initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you initially
+first read the zeros and push them onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first read the zeros and push them onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first read the zeros and push them onto
+the stack until you read a one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack until you read a one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack until you read a one and then
+you read the ones uh while popping zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the ones uh while popping zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the ones uh while popping zeros
+from the stack and you enter the accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the stack and you enter the accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the stack and you enter the accept
+state if the stack is empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just like with a finite automaton the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like with a finite automaton the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like with a finite automaton the
+except entering the accept state only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except entering the accept state only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except entering the accept state only
+counts when you're at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts when you're at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts when you're at the end of the
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um without me needing to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um without me needing to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um without me needing to say
+anything it's really saying you enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it's really saying you enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it's really saying you enter
+the accept state if the stack is empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accept state if the stack is empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accept state if the stack is empty
+at the end of the input string but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the input string but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the input string but
+that's kind of implicit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of implicit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of implicit because
+it only takes effect at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only takes effect at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only takes effect at the end of the
+input string if you enter an accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input string if you enter an accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input string if you enter an accept
+state alone in the middle somewhere it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state alone in the middle somewhere it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state alone in the middle somewhere it
+doesn't matter it doesn't affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter it doesn't affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter it doesn't affect
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+with that we're going to take a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that we're going to take a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that we're going to take a little
+break and then we'll be back uh shortly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and then we'll be back uh shortly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and then we'll be back uh shortly
+to look at push down automata again in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at push down automata again in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at push down automata again in a
+more uh with a more formal definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh with a more formal definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh with a more formal definition
+um let me put that's going to be five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me put that's going to be five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me put that's going to be five
+minutes so if i can figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so if i can figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so if i can figure out how to
+get my timer screen up here yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my timer screen up here yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my timer screen up here yes
+and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the camera when the candle burns down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera when the candle burns down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera when the candle burns down to
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+we will return and continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+our candle has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our candle has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our candle has
+burned down and has gone out i think i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned down and has gone out i think i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned down and has gone out i think i
+never actually watched to see what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never actually watched to see what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never actually watched to see what would
+happen at the end uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at the end uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at the end uh
+so um we're good to go let's continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we're good to go let's continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we're good to go let's continue
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+and let me put myself back in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all righty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all righty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all righty
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so we were doing push down automata and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were doing push down automata and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were doing push down automata and
+we just did that example of zero to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just did that example of zero to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just did that example of zero to the
+k1 to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 to the k
+now that you have a stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you have a stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you have a stack
+we can do uh all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do uh all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do uh all sorts of
+fancy things that fina tamara could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy things that fina tamara could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy things that fina tamara could not
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+just with their limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with their limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with their limited
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+okay so let's take a look at how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's take a look at how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's take a look at how we
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+push down automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push down automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push down automata
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so now uh push down automata is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now uh push down automata is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now uh push down automata is actually
+going to be a six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a six
+tuple so it's a little bit got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuple so it's a little bit got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuple so it's a little bit got some
+fancier stuff here to deal with not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier stuff here to deal with not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier stuff here to deal with not too
+much but a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but a little bit
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh so it has uh let's look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so it has uh let's look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so it has uh let's look at these
+a little bit more carefully since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more carefully since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more carefully since
+there's some novelty here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some novelty here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some novelty here
+we have the uh input alphabet just as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the uh input alphabet just as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the uh input alphabet just as we
+had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before
+uh sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sigma
+but we also have gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also have gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also have gamma
+which is the alphabet for uh using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the alphabet for uh using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the alphabet for uh using the
+stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack
+now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um
+you might ask why don't we just use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might ask why don't we just use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might ask why don't we just use the
+same alphabet well it's really a matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same alphabet well it's really a matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same alphabet well it's really a matter
+of convenience um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convenience um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convenience um
+that we would like to be able to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other symbols that uh could include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other symbols that uh could include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other symbols that uh could include the
+input alphabet but could include other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input alphabet but could include other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input alphabet but could include other
+things as well so it just gives you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as well so it just gives you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as well so it just gives you more
+flexibility in terms of what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility in terms of what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility in terms of what you're
+going to be writing on the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be writing on the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be writing on the stack
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay the transition function more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the transition function more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the transition function more
+complicated uh so i think i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh so i think i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh so i think i don't know
+if i'm going to even say what the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm going to even say what the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm going to even say what the other
+things are but you know these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are but you know these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are but you know these are the
+accepting states this is the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting states this is the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting states this is the starting
+state so that's um the same as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so that's um the same as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so that's um the same as before
+but the transition function is is a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the transition function is is a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the transition function is is a much
+different animal here in a push-down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different animal here in a push-down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different animal here in a push-down
+automaton so let's just try to uh unpack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton so let's just try to uh unpack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton so let's just try to uh unpack
+that and understand what it's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and understand what it's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and understand what it's saying
+the transition function tells us how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition function tells us how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition function tells us how the
+machine operates how it goes from state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine operates how it goes from state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine operates how it goes from state
+to state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to state
+how it's going to read the input how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's going to read the input how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's going to read the input how it
+reads from the stack and what it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads from the stack and what it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads from the stack and what it might
+write on the stack too because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write on the stack too because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write on the stack too because that's
+going to all happen under program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to all happen under program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to all happen under program
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um what this means here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um what this means here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um what this means here
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+you know when the machine is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when the machine is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when the machine is in a
+particular state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+reading a particular input symbol let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a particular input symbol let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a particular input symbol let's
+ignore the empty string uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the empty string uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the empty string uh
+subscript for the monument so it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript for the monument so it's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript for the monument so it's in a
+particular state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular state
+reading a particular input symbol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a particular input symbol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a particular input symbol and
+with a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain
+stack symbol appearing at the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack symbol appearing at the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack symbol appearing at the top of the
+stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack
+so that's all information that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all information that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all information that's
+available to the controller of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to the controller of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to the controller of this
+pushdown automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushdown automaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushdown automaton
+the transition function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition function
+the current state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current state
+the next input symbol and the symbol at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next input symbol and the symbol at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next input symbol and the symbol at
+the top of the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the stack
+and once we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once we have that
+we know what new state we can go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what new state we can go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what new state we can go into
+and what new symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what new symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what new symbol
+we can write on the top of the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's what the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what the uh
+um right-hand side of this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right-hand side of this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right-hand side of this function
+specification means so this is where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification means so this is where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification means so this is where uh
+kind of the input to the function this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the input to the function this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the input to the function this
+is going to be the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the output of the
+function state entry and a new symbol to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function state entry and a new symbol to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function state entry and a new symbol to
+appear on the stack so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear on the stack so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear on the stack so this is the
+popping symbol this is the pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popping symbol this is the pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popping symbol this is the pushing
+symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol
+so now there are two things that bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now there are two things that bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now there are two things that bear
+explanation here first of all now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation here first of all now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation here first of all now this
+is this is a power set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a power set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a power set
+so this is going to be representing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be representing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be representing as
+we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did before
+um a non-deterministic machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a non-deterministic machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a non-deterministic machine
+we may have several possibilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may have several possibilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may have several possibilities and
+we're going to represent that as a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to represent that as a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to represent that as a set
+of possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities
+for the machine that it could go to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the machine that it could go to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the machine that it could go to at
+any point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i will give an example of how a push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will give an example of how a push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will give an example of how a push
+down automaton uses its non-determinism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down automaton uses its non-determinism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down automaton uses its non-determinism
+in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute
+the other thing is is these epsilons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is is these epsilons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is is these epsilons so
+we have to understand why they are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to understand why they are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to understand why they are there
+and we remember we had them for the nfas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we remember we had them for the nfas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we remember we had them for the nfas
+corresponding to when the nfa had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to when the nfa had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to when the nfa had an
+epsilon transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon transition
+an empty transition so it could go along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an empty transition so it could go along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an empty transition so it could go along
+that transition without reading any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transition without reading any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transition without reading any
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+so this is going to play the same role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to play the same role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to play the same role
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so if you have um instead of an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have um instead of an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have um instead of an input
+symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol
+from sigma appearing in this um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sigma appearing in this um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sigma appearing in this um uh
+part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the
+you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh
+for the for the transition function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the transition function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the transition function
+instead you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you have an
+you have an epsilon appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an epsilon appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an epsilon appearing
+that means that the transition that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the transition that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the transition that that
+move of the machine can happen without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move of the machine can happen without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move of the machine can happen without
+reading any input symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just like for the nfa's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or if you have an epsilon appearing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you have an epsilon appearing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you have an epsilon appearing for
+the stack symbol that means you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack symbol that means you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack symbol that means you can make
+that transition without reading any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transition without reading any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transition without reading any
+stack symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack symbol
+so any whatever's sitting on the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any whatever's sitting on the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any whatever's sitting on the top of
+the stack it doesn't matter the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack it doesn't matter the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack it doesn't matter the machine
+can make that move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make that move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make that move
+and it won't read anything either we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it won't read anything either we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it won't read anything either we're
+not going to pop anything it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to pop anything it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to pop anything it's just
+going to uh be proceeding without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh be proceeding without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh be proceeding without
+looking at the stack at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the stack at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the stack at all
+or it might have both of them which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it might have both of them which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it might have both of them which case
+it's going to go from one state to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to go from one state to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to go from one state to
+another state without looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another state without looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another state without looking at the
+input or at the top of the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input or at the top of the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input or at the top of the stack
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+that's what the possibility of epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the possibility of epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the possibility of epsilon
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+for the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the um
+for the transition function in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the transition function in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the transition function in the in
+those places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those places
+the epsilon appearing over here means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epsilon appearing over here means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epsilon appearing over here means
+something a little different but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little different but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little different but very
+similar what that means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar what that means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar what that means is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we won't write anything on the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't write anything on the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't write anything on the top of
+the stack that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack that's going to be
+we will go to a new state but without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will go to a new state but without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will go to a new state but without
+doing any writing so we'll leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any writing so we'll leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any writing so we'll leave the
+stack alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack alone
+um so here means we're not going to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here means we're not going to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here means we're not going to read
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+if it's in this position in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's in this position in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's in this position in this
+position means we're not going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position means we're not going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position means we're not going to write
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so all of those things are valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of those things are valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of those things are valid
+and legal from the perspective of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and legal from the perspective of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and legal from the perspective of you
+know constructing a push-down automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know constructing a push-down automaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know constructing a push-down automaton
+and i've kind of illustrated here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've kind of illustrated here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've kind of illustrated here you
+know just with a little bit of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just with a little bit of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just with a little bit of an
+example if you have delta that applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you have delta that applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you have delta that applies
+to some state q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some state q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some state q
+reading an input symbol a and popping a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading an input symbol a and popping a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading an input symbol a and popping a
+c from the top of the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c from the top of the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c from the top of the stack
+then you might have let's say in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might have let's say in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might have let's say in this
+case two possibilities that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case two possibilities that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case two possibilities that you might
+end up going to you might end up going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up going to you might end up going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up going to you might end up going
+to states r1 or to states r2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to states r1 or to states r2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to states r1 or to states r2
+and in the former case you'll end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the former case you'll end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the former case you'll end up
+writing a d pushing a d onto this top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a d pushing a d onto this top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a d pushing a d onto this top of
+the stack and in the latter case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack and in the latter case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack and in the latter case you
+would be pushing an e onto the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be pushing an e onto the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be pushing an e onto the top of
+the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack
+okay so this is i'm trying to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is i'm trying to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is i'm trying to help you
+look at this notation you can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this notation you can you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this notation you can you know
+you know i hope this is clear to you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i hope this is clear to you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i hope this is clear to you um
+i'm sure for some of you it's too slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure for some of you it's too slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure for some of you it's too slow
+but others of you i'm trying to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but others of you i'm trying to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but others of you i'm trying to help
+along but if you're really struggling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along but if you're really struggling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along but if you're really struggling
+with this notation at this point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this notation at this point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this notation at this point you
+know you really have to going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you really have to going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you really have to going to have to
+dig in and make sure you follow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig in and make sure you follow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig in and make sure you follow it
+because it's only going to get harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's only going to get harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's only going to get harder
+from there i'm going to stop being uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there i'm going to stop being uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there i'm going to stop being uh
+going over these these kinds of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over these these kinds of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over these these kinds of points
+and if you're still struggling you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're still struggling you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're still struggling you can't
+get it this is not the right class for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it this is not the right class for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it this is not the right class for
+you i'll just i'll be honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you i'll just i'll be honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you i'll just i'll be honest
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+because we're just gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're just gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're just gonna be
+taking off like you know we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking off like you know we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking off like you know we're gonna
+start to accelerate fairly quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to accelerate fairly quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to accelerate fairly quickly
+okay so it's a non-deterministic machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a non-deterministic machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a non-deterministic machine
+um we accept uh like we did before uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we accept uh like we did before uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we accept uh like we did before uh
+there might be several different threads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be several different threads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be several different threads
+of the computation you're going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the computation you're going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the computation you're going to end
+up accepting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up accepting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up accepting um
+if some of the threads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if some of the threads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if some of the threads
+or what at least one of the threads end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what at least one of the threads end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what at least one of the threads end
+up ends up in an accept state at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up ends up in an accept state at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up ends up in an accept state at the end
+of the input string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's when we machine overall accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when we machine overall accepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when we machine overall accepts
+it's just the way we normally think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the way we normally think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the way we normally think of
+non-determinism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism
+again you can use the models that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can use the models that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can use the models that we had
+before in terms of guessing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in terms of guessing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in terms of guessing or
+parallelism whatever works for you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism whatever works for you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism whatever works for you and
+sometimes different things work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes different things work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes different things work in
+different different different occasions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different different occasions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different different occasions
+uh but that's how non-determinism works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that's how non-determinism works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that's how non-determinism works
+we'll do an example now okay here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do an example now okay here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do an example now okay here is a
+push on automaton for a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push on automaton for a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push on automaton for a different
+language we haven't seen before i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language we haven't seen before i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language we haven't seen before i don't
+think well maybe we have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well maybe we have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well maybe we have um
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+um going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going to be
+using its non-determinism in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using its non-determinism in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using its non-determinism in an
+essential way this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential way this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential way this is a
+language that is going to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that is going to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that is going to where
+non-determinism is going to be critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism is going to be critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism is going to be critical
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+without it you can't uh a deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without it you can't uh a deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without it you can't uh a deterministic
+push on automaton which is something by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push on automaton which is something by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push on automaton which is something by
+the way that people study um and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that people study um and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that people study um and there's
+a section of my book about that section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a section of my book about that section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a section of my book about that section
+2.4 because it has relevance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.4 because it has relevance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.4 because it has relevance to
+applications we're not going to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications we're not going to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications we're not going to address
+that in this course so you can just skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this course so you can just skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this course so you can just skip
+section 2.4 it's pretty technical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 2.4 it's pretty technical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 2.4 it's pretty technical uh
+i'll have to say um but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll have to say um but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll have to say um but still
+quite interesting and beautiful if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interesting and beautiful if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interesting and beautiful if
+you're if you like that stuff but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you like that stuff but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you like that stuff but it's
+technical we won't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical we won't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical we won't do it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so here is um this input string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is um this input string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is um this input string
+w w reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w w reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w w reverse
+for all possible w's over our alphabet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all possible w's over our alphabet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all possible w's over our alphabet
+zero one and what w reverse by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one and what w reverse by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one and what w reverse by the way
+means is writing w backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is writing w backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is writing w backwards
+uh so this is all strings followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is all strings followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is all strings followed by
+a reversal of the same string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reversal of the same string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reversal of the same string
+okay the string written backwards um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the string written backwards um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the string written backwards um
+really you can think of these as uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you can think of these as uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you can think of these as uh um
+you know so these are strings that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so these are strings that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so these are strings that um
+well here's an example like 0 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's an example like 0 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's an example like 0 1 1
+1 1 0 the string written backwards so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 0 the string written backwards so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 0 the string written backwards so
+this is a string in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a string in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a string in the language
+appearing on a tape as i as i described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing on a tape as i as i described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing on a tape as i as i described
+okay so how is the machine going to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how is the machine going to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how is the machine going to um
+recognize this language it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize this language it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize this language it's kind of
+pretty similar somewhat similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar somewhat similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar somewhat similar to
+before but with one important difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and if you imagine i think again i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you imagine i think again i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you imagine i think again i
+like to use this kind of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to use this kind of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to use this kind of and
+anthropomorphizing these things putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropomorphizing these things putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropomorphizing these things putting
+yourself in the place of the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in the place of the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in the place of the machine
+and thinking how you would do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking how you would do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking how you would do it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so if you imagine getting these symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you imagine getting these symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you imagine getting these symbols
+one by one zero one one you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one zero one one you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one zero one one you don't know
+what's coming next as you're getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming next as you're getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming next as you're getting the
+symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols
+you have to figure out how to match off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to figure out how to match off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to figure out how to match off
+the second half with the first half so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half with the first half so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half with the first half so
+you're gonna put the first half on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna put the first half on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna put the first half on the
+stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+you're gonna remove the first half and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna remove the first half and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna remove the first half and
+match it off with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match it off with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match it off with the with the
+with the second half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the second half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the second half
+con conveniently the first half comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con conveniently the first half comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con conveniently the first half comes
+out backwards the stack is a first in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out backwards the stack is a first in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out backwards the stack is a first in
+last out kind of thing so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last out kind of thing so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last out kind of thing so um
+it comes out in reverse order so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes out in reverse order so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes out in reverse order so that's
+perfect for matching off with the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect for matching off with the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect for matching off with the second
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+uh but the tricky part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the tricky part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the tricky part
+with this language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this language
+is how do you know when you're at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how do you know when you're at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how do you know when you're at the
+when you're at the middle because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're at the middle because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're at the middle because you
+don't get to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to see
+um the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the rest
+you only get to see what you've seen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only get to see what you've seen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only get to see what you've seen so
+far you don't know what's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far you don't know what's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far you don't know what's coming
+so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+when you read that second one at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you read that second one at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you read that second one at this
+point you read zero one one now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you read zero one one now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you read zero one one now you're
+reading that second one you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading that second one you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading that second one you don't know
+that perhaps there's just going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perhaps there's just going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perhaps there's just going to be a
+zero following that and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero following that and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero following that and it's going to be
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+so maybe you should be deciding to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you should be deciding to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you should be deciding to that
+this point here that i've marked um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point here that i've marked um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point here that i've marked um uh
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+midpoint and you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint and you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint and you you
+put zero one on the tape and then start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put zero one on the tape and then start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put zero one on the tape and then start
+popping the second the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popping the second the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popping the second the
+the second one and matching it off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one and matching it off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one and matching it off with
+the first one um that might that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one um that might that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one um that might that would
+be a tempting thing to do but you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a tempting thing to do but you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a tempting thing to do but you just
+don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+um and that's where the non-determinism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's where the non-determinism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's where the non-determinism
+is going to be essential so let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be essential so let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be essential so let me let
+me write down more of this so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write down more of this so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write down more of this so what
+you're going to do is you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do is you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do is you're going to
+read and push input symbols but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and push input symbols but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and push input symbols but not
+deterministically guessing that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically guessing that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically guessing that you're
+at the middle so you're going to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the middle so you're going to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the middle so you're going to now
+deterministically either repeat that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically either repeat that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically either repeat that and
+continue to read and push symbols onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to read and push symbols onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to read and push symbols onto
+the stack or you're going to go to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack or you're going to go to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack or you're going to go to two
+deciding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding that
+or guessing that you're at the midpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or guessing that you're at the midpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or guessing that you're at the midpoint
+and now it's time to start reading and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's time to start reading and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's time to start reading and
+popping instead of reading and pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popping instead of reading and pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popping instead of reading and pushing
+so you're going to read input symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to read input symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to read input symbols
+and popping that popping the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and popping that popping the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and popping that popping the stack
+symbols comparing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols comparing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols comparing the
+the two the the symbols that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two the the symbols that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two the the symbols that you're
+reading with the top the symbols you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading with the top the symbols you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading with the top the symbols you're
+removing from the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing from the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing from the stack
+if they ever disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they ever disagree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they ever disagree
+then this thread of the non-determinism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thread of the non-determinism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thread of the non-determinism
+rejects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejects
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+either the input is not in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the input is not in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the input is not in the language
+or at least you've made a wrong choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least you've made a wrong choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least you've made a wrong choice
+as to where the midpoint is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to where the midpoint is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to where the midpoint is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and then you're going to enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to enter the
+accept state if the stack is empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept state if the stack is empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept state if the stack is empty
+and ignore this part for the moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ignore this part for the moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ignore this part for the moment of
+this software reference uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this software reference uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this software reference uh
+let's just um i'll speak to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just um i'll speak to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just um i'll speak to that in a
+second but um i just want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but um i just want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but um i just want to make sure
+we understand that at an intuitive level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand that at an intuitive level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand that at an intuitive level
+how this machine is using its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this machine is using its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this machine is using its
+non-determinism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+uh recognize this language because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recognize this language because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recognize this language because the
+non-determinism is critical and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism is critical and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism is critical and it's
+important that you understand it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you understand it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you understand it um
+so let me just make some side comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just make some side comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just make some side comments
+and then we'll come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll come back to this
+software remark so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software remark so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software remark so first of all
+one question that comes up a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well um not paying attention to the chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um not paying attention to the chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um not paying attention to the chat
+here sorry so if you're not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sorry so if you're not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sorry so if you're not getting
+answer from me try the tas but um one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer from me try the tas but um one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer from me try the tas but um one of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+one of the um questions that comes up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the um questions that comes up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the um questions that comes up a
+lot when they're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot when they're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot when they're thinking about
+non-determinism for push down automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism for push down automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism for push down automata
+is what happens to the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens to the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens to the stack
+the stack gets replicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack gets replicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack gets replicated
+in the non-determinism every time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the non-determinism every time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the non-determinism every time the
+machine forks just like everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine forks just like everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine forks just like everything else
+gets replicated so an entire every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets replicated so an entire every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets replicated so an entire every time
+there's a fork in the non-determinism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fork in the non-determinism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fork in the non-determinism
+and the machine branches into multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the machine branches into multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the machine branches into multiple
+possibilities the entire machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities the entire machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities the entire machine
+replicates the current state the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicates the current state the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicates the current state the current
+position of the head the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the head the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the head the what's the
+stack and its contents all of that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and its contents all of that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and its contents all of that gets
+replicated um and the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated um and the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated um and the two
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+sides of the the two branches or the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the the two branches or the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the the two branches or the two
+sides of the fork each go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the fork each go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the fork each go on
+independently in their merry way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently in their merry way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently in their merry way
+okay doing their own thing independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay doing their own thing independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay doing their own thing independently
+and then if any one of them accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if any one of them accepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if any one of them accepts
+that's the only way there's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only way there's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only way there's sort of a
+kind of a communication because the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a communication because the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a communication because the one
+that accepts raises the flag and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that accepts raises the flag and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that accepts raises the flag and then uh
+the overall machine is set to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall machine is set to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall machine is set to accept
+okay so the non-deterministic forks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the non-deterministic forks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the non-deterministic forks
+replicate the stack of saying it uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate the stack of saying it uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate the stack of saying it uh just
+want to make sure you've got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure you've got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure you've got that
+um and then this language requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then this language requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then this language requires
+non-determinism that that i said earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism that that i said earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism that that i said earlier
+um so our pda push down time model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so our pda push down time model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so our pda push down time model is
+going to be non-deterministic i mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be non-deterministic i mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be non-deterministic i mean you
+might have examples which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have examples which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have examples which are
+deterministic but the model is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic but the model is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic but the model is going to
+always allow non-determinism okay what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always allow non-determinism okay what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always allow non-determinism okay what's
+this bit about the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bit about the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bit about the software
+so if you look at this formal definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this formal definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this formal definition
+here it doesn't have anywhere in it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it doesn't have anywhere in it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it doesn't have anywhere in it the
+ability to test if the stack is empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to test if the stack is empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to test if the stack is empty
+that's not part of the hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not part of the hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not part of the hardware
+specification at least as we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification at least as we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification at least as we are
+describing it for a push-down automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it for a push-down automaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it for a push-down automaton
+you can might imagine someone somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can might imagine someone somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can might imagine someone somebody
+else describes push on the tama in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else describes push on the tama in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else describes push on the tama in some
+other way which gives that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way which gives that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way which gives that as a
+primitive but we're not going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive but we're not going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive but we're not going to do that
+why because we don't need a primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because we don't need a primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because we don't need a primitive
+for that you can get the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that you can get the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that you can get the effect
+of testing if there's an empty stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing if there's an empty stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing if there's an empty stack
+even if you don't have that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't have that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't have that as a
+primitive for the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive for the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive for the machine
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+uh what you could do is you can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you could do is you can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you could do is you can start
+the machine off when it very at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine off when it very at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine off when it very at the very
+first thing it does is it writes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing it does is it writes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing it does is it writes a
+special symbol to mark um the bottom you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special symbol to mark um the bottom you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special symbol to mark um the bottom you
+know what's going to eventually be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going to eventually be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going to eventually be the
+bottom of the stack there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the stack there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the stack there's going to be
+some special symbol maybe a dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some special symbol maybe a dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some special symbol maybe a dollar sign
+symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol
+that's the very first thing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the very first thing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the very first thing that the
+machine does and then it proceeds as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine does and then it proceeds as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine does and then it proceeds as
+before if ever sees that dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if ever sees that dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if ever sees that dollar sign
+symbol again it knows the stack is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol again it knows the stack is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol again it knows the stack is
+effectively empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you can get the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can get the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can get the effect of
+testing for the stack being empty even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing for the stack being empty even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing for the stack being empty even
+if you don't have a primitive for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have a primitive for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have a primitive for that
+and we're not going to actually fuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not going to actually fuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not going to actually fuss
+about some details like that um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some details like that um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some details like that um so you
+can use when you're writing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use when you're writing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use when you're writing your
+homework sets you can just use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework sets you can just use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework sets you can just use the
+assumption that you can test for empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that you can test for empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that you can test for empty
+stack which is what i'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack which is what i'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack which is what i'm going to do
+myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so uh let's continue on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let's continue on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let's continue on um
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+yeah so now what we're going to do we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so now what we're going to do we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so now what we're going to do we're
+going to prove our one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove our one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove our one
+so far we really haven't proved anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we really haven't proved anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we really haven't proved anything
+we've just given some definitions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just given some definitions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just given some definitions and
+some examples today was going to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples today was going to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples today was going to now
+we're going to come to our big theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come to our big theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come to our big theorem
+which actually is um important and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually is um important and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually is um important and has
+some meat to it um and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some meat to it um and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some meat to it um and that is
+how do we convert you know i claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we convert you know i claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we convert you know i claim that
+to put context-free grammars and push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put context-free grammars and push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put context-free grammars and push
+down automata are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down automata are equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down automata are equivalent
+well we're going to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to prove that
+equivalence in one direction converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence in one direction converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence in one direction converting
+the grammars to push down automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grammars to push down automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grammars to push down automata
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let me show you how that goes in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me show you how that goes in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me show you how that goes in some
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's a nice proof not super complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice proof not super complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice proof not super complicated
+but it has some meat to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has some meat to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has some meat to it
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so if i give you a grammar here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i give you a grammar here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i give you a grammar here
+what i'm going to tell you how to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to tell you how to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to tell you how to do is
+convert that grammar into push down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert that grammar into push down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert that grammar into push down
+automaton which does the same language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton which does the same language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton which does the same language
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're
+checked out for a minute please come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked out for a minute please come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked out for a minute please come
+back because we're sort of starting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back because we're sort of starting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back because we're sort of starting this
+topic now that you can think a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic now that you can think a bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic now that you can think a bit about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+good good uh re-entry point if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good uh re-entry point if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good uh re-entry point if you're
+sort of uh been doing something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh been doing something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh been doing something else
+which i can't tell good thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i can't tell good thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i can't tell good thing uh
+so all right so converting a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so converting a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so converting a given
+grammar to a push down automaton how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar to a push down automaton how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar to a push down automaton how is
+that going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going to work
+so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+actually before i tell you the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually before i tell you the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually before i tell you the idea
+let's just think about it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again i like to think about the push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i like to think about the push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i like to think about the push
+down automaton building a push on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down automaton building a push on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down automaton building a push on
+automaton the way you would do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton the way you would do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton the way you would do it
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+a grammar is a generation device it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grammar is a generation device it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grammar is a generation device it
+generates strings a push down automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates strings a push down automaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates strings a push down automaton
+or thinking about it as you you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or thinking about it as you you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or thinking about it as you you're a
+recognizer you're given an input and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizer you're given an input and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizer you're given an input and you
+want to know is it in the language so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know is it in the language so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know is it in the language so
+you want to know is it possible for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know is it possible for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know is it possible for that
+grammar to generate that input you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar to generate that input you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar to generate that input you're
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+so how are you going how are you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are you going how are you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are you going how are you going
+to how are you going to do that um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how are you going to do that um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how are you going to do that um and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+are you going how are you going to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going how are you going to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going how are you going to um
+test if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test if the
+input is in the language of the grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is in the language of the grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is in the language of the grammar
+well the thing that you would naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the thing that you would naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the thing that you would naturally
+do is you say well can i derive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you say well can i derive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you say well can i derive that
+string using the rules of the grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string using the rules of the grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string using the rules of the grammar
+let me start with the start string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start with the start string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start with the start string
+and try to do substitutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to do substitutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to do substitutions
+and see if i get the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if i get the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if i get the string
+i'm given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm given
+and if i can get it then i know it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i can get it then i know it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i can get it then i know it's in
+the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language
+right that's a natural thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a natural thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a natural thing to do
+you're just going to try try to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just going to try try to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just going to try try to do so
+you know try to do the substitutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know try to do the substitutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know try to do the substitutions
+even get to the string now the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even get to the string now the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even get to the string now the thing is
+there are many there might be many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many there might be many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many there might be many
+different substitutions that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different substitutions that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different substitutions that you could
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+and you know that seems like a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know that seems like a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know that seems like a really
+challenging uh hard thing to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging uh hard thing to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging uh hard thing to figure out
+which substitutions to use among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which substitutions to use among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which substitutions to use among the
+many possibilities that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many possibilities that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many possibilities that's where
+non-determinism is going to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism is going to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism is going to come in
+because you can think of yourself as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can think of yourself as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can think of yourself as
+guessing which substitutions to make and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing which substitutions to make and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing which substitutions to make and
+you're always going to make the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always going to make the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always going to make the right
+guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+so the choices of which substitutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the choices of which substitutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the choices of which substitutions to
+make that's not going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that's not going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that's not going to be a
+problem for you that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for you that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for you that's going to be
+managed by the non-determinist so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed by the non-determinist so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed by the non-determinist so
+imagine you're always going to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're always going to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're always going to make the
+right substitution but now the challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right substitution but now the challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right substitution but now the challenge
+is how do you keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how do you keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how do you keep track
+of the intermediate results as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the intermediate results as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the intermediate results as you're
+doing those substitutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that's where the stack is going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the stack is going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the stack is going to come
+in the machine is going to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the machine is going to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the machine is going to write down
+those intermediate results on the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those intermediate results on the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those intermediate results on the stack
+but even there there's a subtlety that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even there there's a subtlety that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even there there's a subtlety that's
+an important subtlety that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important subtlety that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important subtlety that you have to
+look at so let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at so let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at so let's try
+pulling that together so far before i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling that together so far before i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling that together so far before i
+get to that subtlety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that subtlety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that subtlety
+uh okay so as i mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so as i mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so as i mentioned
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the push down automaton is is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the push down automaton is is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the push down automaton is is going to
+start out with the starting variable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with the starting variable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with the starting variable and
+is going to guess to be guessing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to guess to be guessing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to guess to be guessing the
+substitutions to make it's going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions to make it's going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions to make it's going to keep
+the intermediate results on the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediate results on the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediate results on the stack
+when it's done doing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's done doing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's done doing all the
+substitutions and it has only terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions and it has only terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions and it has only terminal
+strings on the stack it can compare with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings on the stack it can compare with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings on the stack it can compare with
+the input and see if it got the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and see if it got the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and see if it got the right
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+so if it made it all the right guesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it made it all the right guesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it made it all the right guesses
+so you think of it as guessing doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you think of it as guessing doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you think of it as guessing doing the
+right guesses but in the end you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right guesses but in the end you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right guesses but in the end you have to
+check to make sure that you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check to make sure that you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check to make sure that you've got the
+right the you that you did all the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the you that you did all the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the you that you did all the right
+thing and you accept when when things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you accept when when things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you accept when when things um
+have matched up you know you and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have matched up you know you and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have matched up you know you and you
+made all the right guesses so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made all the right guesses so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made all the right guesses so you have
+to in the end you have to check that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in the end you have to check that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in the end you have to check that you
+actually got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got
+that input uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that input uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that input uh
+from doing those substitutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's let's let's try to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's let's let's try to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's let's let's try to see
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+operating in action and then you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating in action and then you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating in action and then you'll see
+the subtlety the the delicacy the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subtlety the the delicacy the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subtlety the the delicacy the the
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+the a problem that's going to arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a problem that's going to arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a problem that's going to arise
+hopefully you're following at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you're following at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you're following at least in
+part what i'm just saying so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part what i'm just saying so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part what i'm just saying so far
+okay so here is the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is the input
+we do know that that's an input in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do know that that's an input in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do know that that's an input in the
+language of the we we've been seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of the we we've been seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of the we we've been seeing
+this example multiple times so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example multiple times so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example multiple times so here's
+the input appearing on the input tape a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input appearing on the input tape a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input appearing on the input tape a
+plus a times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a times a
+now the push on automaton is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the push on automaton is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the push on automaton is supposed to
+be accepting that input because it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accepting that input because it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accepting that input because it's in
+the language of the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it's going to operate by first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's going to operate by first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's going to operate by first
+writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing
+to start off the starting variable on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start off the starting variable on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start off the starting variable on
+the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack
+and then doing the substitutions as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then doing the substitutions as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then doing the substitutions as
+we're going along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going along
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+we're going to substitute we we we uh e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to substitute we we we uh e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to substitute we we we uh e
+goes to e plus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to e plus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to e plus t
+so we do that first substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do that first substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do that first substitution
+um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then
+we do the next substitution here the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the next substitution here the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the next substitution here the e
+so i'm i'm if you're looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm i'm if you're looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm i'm if you're looking at this
+tree here that means this is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree here that means this is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree here that means this is the right
+tree for that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree for that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree for that uh
+for that input so we we substitute e by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that input so we we substitute e by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that input so we we substitute e by
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+uh so far so good the automaton can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so far so good the automaton can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so far so good the automaton can do
+to make that substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that substitution
+then the next substitution is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next substitution is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next substitution is going to
+be a little uh so we're where e plus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little uh so we're where e plus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little uh so we're where e plus t
+we did we substitute here we got t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did we substitute here we got t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did we substitute here we got t plus
+t and now we're going to substitute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and now we're going to substitute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and now we're going to substitute the
+t times f which is this t over here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t times f which is this t over here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t times f which is this t over here we
+want to substitute that and that appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to substitute that and that appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to substitute that and that appears
+as t times f now on the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if you're following me you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you're following me you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you're following me you should be
+suddenly getting nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly getting nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly getting nervous
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+we just cheated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay
+um doing substitution doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um doing substitution doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um doing substitution doing these
+replacements at the very top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacements at the very top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacements at the very top of the
+stack because the push down automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack because the push down automaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack because the push down automaton
+has access to the top that's how stacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has access to the top that's how stacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has access to the top that's how stacks
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+but it does not have access deep down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does not have access deep down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does not have access deep down
+within the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the stack
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+uh not house style that is not how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not house style that is not how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not house style that is not how
+stacks work so that's cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacks work so that's cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacks work so that's cheating
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ignoring the cheating for the minute if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring the cheating for the minute if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring the cheating for the minute if
+you could replace those um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could replace those um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could replace those um
+do those substitutions deep down within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those substitutions deep down within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those substitutions deep down within
+the stack this would all work we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack this would all work we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack this would all work we would
+be good you would do the substitutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good you would do the substitutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good you would do the substitutions
+uh one after another until you ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one after another until you ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one after another until you ended up
+with no uh variables and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no uh variables and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no uh variables and then you have
+the string here and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string here and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string here and you're going to
+match it off and compare it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match it off and compare it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match it off and compare it with the
+input it's all done in the right way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input it's all done in the right way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input it's all done in the right way so
+that the things are in the right order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the things are in the right order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the things are in the right order
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the
+after all the substitutions you'd have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all the substitutions you'd have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all the substitutions you'd have a
+plus a times a sitting here on the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a times a sitting here on the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a times a sitting here on the stack
+you match you compare that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you match you compare that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you match you compare that with the
+input it's going to match up and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input it's going to match up and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input it's going to match up and you'll
+end up accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up accepting
+all good so how do we deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good so how do we deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good so how do we deal with that
+problem here problem access below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here problem access below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here problem access below the
+stack of step top of stack is cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack of step top of stack is cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack of step top of stack is cheating
+what are we going to do instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we going to do instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we going to do instead
+so the idea is actually pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is actually pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is actually pretty simple
+well if you've understood what i've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you've understood what i've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you've understood what i've said
+so far the you know fixing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far the you know fixing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far the you know fixing that is
+actually not too bad um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not too bad um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not too bad um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+sort of fading out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fading out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fading out here
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+put some more light on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some more light on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some more light on the
+on my image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my image
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+how do we do that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do that uh
+how do we get the effect of the access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get the effect of the access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get the effect of the access
+below the top of the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the top of the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the top of the stack
+and the way we're going to do that is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we're going to do that is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we're going to do that is um
+by making the obs what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making the obs what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making the obs what we're going to do
+we're only going to do substitutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to do substitutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to do substitutions
+that we can make at the top of the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can make at the top of the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can make at the top of the stack
+so whenever there's a variable at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever there's a variable at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever there's a variable at the
+top of the stack we're going to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the stack we're going to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the stack we're going to do the
+substitution because we the top we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution because we the top we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution because we the top we can
+access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access
+now what happens if we have a terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens if we have a terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens if we have a terminal
+symbol sitting at the top blocking our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol sitting at the top blocking our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol sitting at the top blocking our
+way from accessing variable variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way from accessing variable variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way from accessing variable variables
+below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+actually that's an easy case to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's an easy case to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's an easy case to handle
+because we have terminal symbols sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have terminal symbols sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have terminal symbols sitting
+on the top they're never going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top they're never going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top they're never going to change
+anyway so you might as well match them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so you might as well match them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so you might as well match them
+with the input at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when you have a terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have a terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have a terminal
+sitting at the top we'll just read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting at the top we'll just read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting at the top we'll just read
+another input symbol and do it and match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another input symbol and do it and match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another input symbol and do it and match
+it off there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off there
+and we just keep reading the terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just keep reading the terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just keep reading the terminal
+symbols off until we have a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols off until we have a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols off until we have a variable
+sitting on the top then we do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the top then we do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the top then we do a
+substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and we keep substituting variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we keep substituting variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we keep substituting variables
+until we have a terminal then we read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we have a terminal then we read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we have a terminal then we read it
+then we compare it with the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we compare it with the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we compare it with the input
+and in so doing um we will end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in so doing um we will end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in so doing um we will end up
+getting the same effect that i described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the same effect that i described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the same effect that i described
+before without ever needing to dig down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before without ever needing to dig down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before without ever needing to dig down
+into the into the interior of the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into the interior of the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into the interior of the stack
+and doing substitutions there they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing substitutions there they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing substitutions there they're
+all going to rise up to the top uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going to rise up to the top uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going to rise up to the top uh and
+we can always do them at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can always do them at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can always do them at the top
+okay um so anyway uh you know i forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so anyway uh you know i forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so anyway uh you know i forgot
+to do that here so instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that here so instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that here so instead
+only substitute variables when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only substitute variables when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only substitute variables when they're
+at the top of the stack uh if a terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top of the stack uh if a terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top of the stack uh if a terminal
+is on the top pop it and compare with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the top pop it and compare with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the top pop it and compare with
+the input and reject if they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and reject if they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and reject if they're not
+equal so if you ever have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so if you ever have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so if you ever have something
+which is not matching the way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not matching the way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not matching the way it's
+supposed to do that i mean that thread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do that i mean that thread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do that i mean that thread
+is just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just gonna
+fail you know then it was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail you know then it was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail you know then it was not
+a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad
+uh non-deterministic choice was made or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh non-deterministic choice was made or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh non-deterministic choice was made or
+maybe the input was not in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the input was not in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the input was not in the language
+anyway and there are no no good choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and there are no no good choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and there are no no good choices
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so here my animation broke here so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here my animation broke here so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here my animation broke here so let
+me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just
+put the whole thing up in front of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the whole thing up in front of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the whole thing up in front of you
+so here is the actual construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the actual construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the actual construction
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+push the start symbol on the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the start symbol on the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the start symbol on the stack
+if the top of the stack uh is a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the top of the stack uh is a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the top of the stack uh is a variable
+replace it with a corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it with a corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it with a corresponding
+right-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side
+doing a non-deterministic choice among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a non-deterministic choice among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a non-deterministic choice among
+the various possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various possibilities
+if it's a terminal you pop it and match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a terminal you pop it and match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a terminal you pop it and match
+it with the next input symbol and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with the next input symbol and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with the next input symbol and if the
+stack is empty you accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack is empty you accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack is empty you accept
+so here is how the stack would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is how the stack would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is how the stack would actually
+look for this particular input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for this particular input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for this particular input
+you know it would start off the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it would start off the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it would start off the same
+you'd have e and then substitute with e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have e and then substitute with e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have e and then substitute with e
+plus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus t
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+we're going to always substitute do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to always substitute do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to always substitute do the
+substitutions at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions at the top
+so e gets substituted by f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so e gets substituted by f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so e gets substituted by f
+oh is that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh is that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh is that right
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+this slide i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide i
+messed up i apologize so e gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed up i apologize so e gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed up i apologize so e gets
+substituted by t which gets substituted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted by t which gets substituted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted by t which gets substituted
+by f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by f
+um and the point is that when you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the point is that when you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the point is that when you get to
+an a sitting at the top uh forgive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a sitting at the top uh forgive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a sitting at the top uh forgive the
+typos here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typos here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typos here
+now we have a terminal symbol and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a terminal symbol and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a terminal symbol and that's
+going to get matched off with the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get matched off with the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get matched off with the next
+input symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input symbol
+and get removed and now we have just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get removed and now we have just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get removed and now we have just the
+plus and the t left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and the t left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and the t left
+and then the plus is also a terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the plus is also a terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the plus is also a terminal
+symbol that's going to get matched over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol that's going to get matched over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol that's going to get matched over
+the next thing we just have a t sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing we just have a t sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing we just have a t sitting
+on the top and now we can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top and now we can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top and now we can do a
+substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+okay so that's how uh it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how uh it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how uh it works
+okay i that's all i wanted to say i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i that's all i wanted to say i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i that's all i wanted to say i
+think um oh yeah there's one just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um oh yeah there's one just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um oh yeah there's one just
+remarked so this is not we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarked so this is not we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarked so this is not we're not going
+to prove this but i think it's uh i i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this but i think it's uh i i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this but i think it's uh i i do
+need to say this that actually you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to say this that actually you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to say this that actually you can
+do the conversion in the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the conversion in the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the conversion in the other direction
+too you can convert a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+a is a context-free language if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a context-free language if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a context-free language if and only
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+some push-down automaton recognizes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some push-down automaton recognizes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some push-down automaton recognizes a
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you haven't
+seen if and only if it's a it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen if and only if it's a it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen if and only if it's a it's an
+expression i'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression i'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression i'm going to use
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh again over and over so you should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again over and over so you should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again over and over so you should get
+used to it it stands for if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to it it stands for if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to it it stands for if and only if
+and which just means the implication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which just means the implication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which just means the implication
+goes both ways so a is an uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes both ways so a is an uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes both ways so a is an uh
+context-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free
+context-free language implies that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free language implies that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free language implies that some
+push on time time recognizes a and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push on time time recognizes a and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push on time time recognizes a and vice
+versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa
+um so there's really two things you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's really two things you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's really two things you need
+to prove whenever you have an if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove whenever you have an if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove whenever you have an if and
+only if you have to prove both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if you have to prove both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if you have to prove both
+directions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions um
+so uh thinking about that way splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh thinking about that way splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh thinking about that way splitting
+them in half um the the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in half um the the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in half um the the forward
+direction we've already proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we've already proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we've already proved
+converting a push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting a push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting a push
+context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context
+uh free grammar to a push down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh free grammar to a push down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh free grammar to a push down on
+automaton the reverse direction we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton the reverse direction we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton the reverse direction we're
+not going to prove it's in the book if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to prove it's in the book if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to prove it's in the book if
+you're curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're curious
+and you're responsible knowing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're responsible knowing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're responsible knowing that the
+fact is true but you don't have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is true but you don't have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is true but you don't have to know
+the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof
+uh which is a somewhat comp a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is a somewhat comp a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is a somewhat comp a little bit
+complicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and
+you know i think it would take us too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i think it would take us too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i think it would take us too
+long to go through it so you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long to go through it so you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long to go through it so you're not
+responsible for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so there's a last check in here that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a last check in here that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a last check in here that i
+have for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for you
+which is just a question uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just a question uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just a question uh
+uh which you can answer based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which you can answer based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which you can answer based on the
+material that we presented so far is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that we presented so far is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that we presented so far is
+every regular language also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every regular language also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every regular language also a
+context-free language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free language
+just yes no or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yes no or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yes no or
+you're not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sure
+so let me launch that as a poll here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me launch that as a poll here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me launch that as a poll here
+okay about to close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay about to close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay about to close
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ending polling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending polling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending polling
+and sharing results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this one i think you you pretty much uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one i think you you pretty much uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one i think you you pretty much uh
+most of you got some of you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you got some of you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you got some of you uh
+are not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not sure
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+every language is in fact a context-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every language is in fact a context-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every language is in fact a context-free
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the way to see that is that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way to see that is that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way to see that is that every
+regular language can be done by a dfa or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular language can be done by a dfa or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular language can be done by a dfa or
+an nfa as we already showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an nfa as we already showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an nfa as we already showed
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+dfa or an nfa is really just a push-on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfa or an nfa is really just a push-on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfa or an nfa is really just a push-on
+automaton that never uses its stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton that never uses its stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton that never uses its stack
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you can always think of a dfa as a push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always think of a dfa as a push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always think of a dfa as a push
+down automaton and we already argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down automaton and we already argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down automaton and we already argued
+that pushdown automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pushdown automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pushdown automata
+are equivalent to context-free grammars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent to context-free grammars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent to context-free grammars
+and so they do the context-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they do the context-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they do the context-free
+languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+so anything that you can do with a dfa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything that you can do with a dfa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything that you can do with a dfa
+you can also do with a push-down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also do with a push-down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also do with a push-down
+automaton and so is therefore uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton and so is therefore uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton and so is therefore uh um
+all the regular languages are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the regular languages are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the regular languages are also
+context-free languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free languages
+okay so with that let's just uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with that let's just uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with that let's just uh kind of
+pull things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull things together
+um a little quick recap as to what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little quick recap as to what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little quick recap as to what we've
+been doing so far in the class we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing so far in the class we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing so far in the class we have
+the regular languages and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular languages and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular languages and the
+context-free languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free languages
+we had the two forms of sort of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the two forms of sort of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the two forms of sort of getting
+at them the recognizer form which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them the recognizer form which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them the recognizer form which is
+like the automata based perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the automata based perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the automata based perspective
+like either a dfa or an nfa in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like either a dfa or an nfa in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like either a dfa or an nfa in the case
+of the regular languages push down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the regular languages push down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the regular languages push down
+automaton for the context-free languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton for the context-free languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton for the context-free languages
+and for the generators we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the generators we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the generators we had the
+regular expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular expression
+uh for the regular languages and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the regular languages and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the regular languages and the
+context-free grammars for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammars for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammars for the for the
+contextual languages okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contextual languages okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contextual languages okay
+um and as we just pointed out in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and as we just pointed out in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and as we just pointed out in our
+most in our last check-in the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most in our last check-in the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most in our last check-in the regular
+languages form a subset and in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages form a subset and in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages form a subset and in fact a
+proper subset of the context-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper subset of the context-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper subset of the context-free
+languages uh as shown in this venn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages uh as shown in this venn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages uh as shown in this venn
+diagram because we have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram because we have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram because we have already
+exhibited languages that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibited languages that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibited languages that are
+context-free but not regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free but not regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free but not regular
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so quick review we've defined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quick review we've defined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quick review we've defined the
+context-free grammars and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammars and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammars and their
+associated languages the context-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated languages the context-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated languages the context-free
+languages we define push-down automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages we define push-down automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages we define push-down automata
+and we showed how to convert context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we showed how to convert context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we showed how to convert context
+free grammars to push down automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free grammars to push down automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free grammars to push down automatic
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and that's all i have for you today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all i have for you today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all i have for you today
+okay here's a question i'll answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's a question i'll answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's a question i'll answer to
+everybody why do we strict ourselves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody why do we strict ourselves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody why do we strict ourselves to
+a stack why don't we use random access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stack why don't we use random access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stack why don't we use random access
+memory we will use random access memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory we will use random access memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory we will use random access memory
+um for the next model called the turing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the next model called the turing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the next model called the turing
+machine and we're going to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and we're going to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and we're going to introduce
+that i think next to the next lecture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i think next to the next lecture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i think next to the next lecture so
+that's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the
+model that we're going to stick with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we're going to stick with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we're going to stick with
+throughout the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the term
+but we have not uh we were kind of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have not uh we were kind of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have not uh we were kind of using
+introducing weaker models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing weaker models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing weaker models
+uh as a kind of a prelude uh to the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a kind of a prelude uh to the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a kind of a prelude uh to the more
+general purpose uh computational model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general purpose uh computational model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general purpose uh computational model
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+really to get ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to get ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to get ourselves
+warmed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmed up
+and also um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also um because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for the weaker models you can fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the weaker models you can fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the weaker models you can fully
+analyze them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze them
+um in a way that you cannot return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a way that you cannot return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a way that you cannot return
+machines you you will be able to as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines you you will be able to as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines you you will be able to as you
+will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determine properties of languages for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine properties of languages for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine properties of languages for
+the weaker models that you cannot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weaker models that you cannot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weaker models that you cannot for
+the more general models and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more general models and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more general models and so
+i think that's helpful to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's helpful to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's helpful to have that
+perspective that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective that
+you know for some cases you can get get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for some cases you can get get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for some cases you can get get
+a full analysis and some other cases you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full analysis and some other cases you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full analysis and some other cases you
+cannot um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot um
+but anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway um
+that's the reason why we're stricter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason why we're stricter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason why we're stricter
+restricted to the stack besides the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted to the stack besides the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted to the stack besides the fact
+that these models have applications um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these models have applications um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these models have applications um
+that i think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i think are
+worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth
+you people seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you people seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you people seeing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+why yeah some reason we chose a stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why yeah some reason we chose a stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why yeah some reason we chose a stack
+well why did we choose a stack and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why did we choose a stack and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why did we choose a stack and not
+some other data structure for our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other data structure for our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other data structure for our uh
+temporary for our our extra storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary for our our extra storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary for our our extra storage
+and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason
+for a stack for one thing the stack is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a stack for one thing the stack is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a stack for one thing the stack is
+what is exactly what you need to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is exactly what you need to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is exactly what you need to get to
+the correspondence with context-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correspondence with context-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correspondence with context-free
+grammars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars
+um if you use some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+storage like the queue for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage like the queue for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage like the queue for example
+instead of a stack in fact you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a stack in fact you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a stack in fact you get a
+very different outcome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different outcome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different outcome and
+it's an actually interesting exercise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an actually interesting exercise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an actually interesting exercise to
+see what happens what do you get if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens what do you get if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens what do you get if you
+use a queue as an external storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a queue as an external storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a queue as an external storage
+instead of as a stack uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of as a stack uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of as a stack uh
+it's a good homework problem maybe i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good homework problem maybe i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good homework problem maybe i'll
+assign it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh let's see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see um
+nfa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nfa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nfa
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we showed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+we showed that non-determinism can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed that non-determinism can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed that non-determinism can be
+eliminated for finite automata so nfas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated for finite automata so nfas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated for finite automata so nfas
+and dfas are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dfas are equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dfas are equivalent
+uh what about for for pushdown automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what about for for pushdown automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what about for for pushdown automata
+uh the answer is no they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the answer is no they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the answer is no they're not
+equivalent i think i mentioned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent i think i mentioned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent i think i mentioned that
+earlier but i don't mind repeating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but i don't mind repeating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but i don't mind repeating it
+there are certain languages that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain languages that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain languages that can be
+done only with non-deterministic push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done only with non-deterministic push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done only with non-deterministic push
+down automata and cannot be done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down automata and cannot be done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down automata and cannot be done with
+deterministic push down automata for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic push down automata for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic push down automata for
+example that language w w reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that language w w reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that language w w reverse
+that requires the non-determinism in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires the non-determinism in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires the non-determinism in
+order for the machine to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for the machine to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for the machine to be able to
+guess where the middle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess where the middle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess where the middle is
+so um okay i'm gonna head off uh thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um okay i'm gonna head off uh thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um okay i'm gonna head off uh thank
+you guys see you on tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mUxg3j_h5GM.txt b/mUxg3j_h5GM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11876bf486165817f8f3b87a0bc38f606f2a6ac2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mUxg3j_h5GM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1771 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have seen so far an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen so far an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen so far an example of a
+probability law on a discrete and finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law on a discrete and finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law on a discrete and finite
+sample space as well as an example with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space as well as an example with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space as well as an example with
+an infinite and continuous sample space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite and continuous sample space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite and continuous sample space
+let us now look at an example involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now look at an example involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now look at an example involving
+a discrete but infinite sample space we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discrete but infinite sample space we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discrete but infinite sample space we
+carry out an experiment whose outcome is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out an experiment whose outcome is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out an experiment whose outcome is
+an arbitrary positive integer as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary positive integer as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary positive integer as an
+example of such an experiment suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of such an experiment suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of such an experiment suppose
+that we keep tossing a coin and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we keep tossing a coin and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we keep tossing a coin and the
+outcome is the number of tosses until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is the number of tosses until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is the number of tosses until we
+observe heads for the first time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe heads for the first time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe heads for the first time the
+first heads might appear in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first heads might appear in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first heads might appear in the first
+toss or the second or the third and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss or the second or the third and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss or the second or the third and so
+on so in this example any positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so in this example any positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so in this example any positive
+integer is possible and so our sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer is possible and so our sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer is possible and so our sample
+space is infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is infinite
+let us now specify a probability law a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now specify a probability law a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now specify a probability law a
+probability law should determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law should determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law should determine the
+probability of every event of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of every event of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of every event of every
+subset of the sample space that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the sample space that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the sample space that is the
+probability of every set of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of every set of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of every set of positive
+integers but instead I will just tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers but instead I will just tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers but instead I will just tell
+you the probability of events that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the probability of events that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the probability of events that
+contained a single element I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained a single element I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained a single element I'm going to
+tell you that there is probability 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that there is probability 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that there is probability 1
+over 2 to the N that the outcome is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 to the N that the outcome is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 to the N that the outcome is
+equal to n is this good enough is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n is this good enough is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n is this good enough is this
+information enough to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information enough to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information enough to determine the
+probability of any subset before we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of any subset before we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of any subset before we look
+into that question let us first do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that question let us first do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that question let us first do a
+quick sanity check to see whether these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick sanity check to see whether these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick sanity check to see whether these
+numbers that were given look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that were given look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that were given look like
+legitimate probabilities do they add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate probabilities do they add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate probabilities do they add to
+1 let's do a quick check so the sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 let's do a quick check so the sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 let's do a quick check so the sum over
+all the possible values of n of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible values of n of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible values of n of the
+probabilities that we are given which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that we are given which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that we are given which is
+an infinite sum from n go from starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite sum from n go from starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite sum from n go from starting
+from 1 all the way up to infinity of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 all the way up to infinity of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 all the way up to infinity of 1
+over 2 to the N is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 to the N is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 to the N is equal to the
+following first we take out a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following first we take out a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following first we take out a factor of
+1/2 from all these terms which reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 from all these terms which reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 from all these terms which reduces
+the exponent from n to minus 1 or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent from n to minus 1 or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent from n to minus 1 or this
+is the same as running the sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as running the sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as running the sum from
+equal zero to infinity of 1/2 and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal zero to infinity of 1/2 and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal zero to infinity of 1/2 and to the
+N and now we have a usual infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and now we have a usual infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and now we have a usual infinite
+geometric series and we have a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series and we have a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series and we have a formula
+for this the geometric series has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this the geometric series has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this the geometric series has a
+value of 1 minus the number whose power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 1 minus the number whose power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 1 minus the number whose power
+we're taking which is 1/2 and after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking which is 1/2 and after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking which is 1/2 and after we
+do the arithmetic this turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the arithmetic this turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the arithmetic this turns out to be
+equal to 1 so indeed it appears that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 so indeed it appears that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 so indeed it appears that we
+have the basic elements of what it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the basic elements of what it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the basic elements of what it would
+take to have a legitimate probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to have a legitimate probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to have a legitimate probability
+law but now let us look into how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law but now let us look into how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law but now let us look into how we
+might calculate the probability of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might calculate the probability of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might calculate the probability of some
+general event for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general event for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general event for example the
+probability that the outcome is even we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the outcome is even we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the outcome is even we
+proceed as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed as follows
+the probability that the outcome is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the outcome is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the outcome is even
+this is the probability of an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability of an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability of an infinite
+set that consists of all the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that consists of all the even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that consists of all the even
+integers we can write this set as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers we can write this set as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers we can write this set as the
+union of lots of little sets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of lots of little sets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of lots of little sets that
+contain a single element each so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain a single element each so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain a single element each so it's
+the set containing the number 2 the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set containing the number 2 the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set containing the number 2 the set
+containing the number 4 the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing the number 4 the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing the number 4 the set
+containing the number 6 and so on at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing the number 6 and so on at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing the number 6 and so on at
+this point we notice that we are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we notice that we are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we notice that we are talking
+about the probability of a union of sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probability of a union of sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probability of a union of sets
+and these sets are disjoint because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these sets are disjoint because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these sets are disjoint because they
+contain different elements so we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain different elements so we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain different elements so we can use
+an additive 'ti property and say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additive 'ti property and say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additive 'ti property and say that
+this is the probability of obtaining a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability of obtaining a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability of obtaining a 2
+plus the probability of obtaining a 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the probability of obtaining a 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the probability of obtaining a 4
+plus the probability of obtaining a 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the probability of obtaining a 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the probability of obtaining a 6
+and so on if you're curious about doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on if you're curious about doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on if you're curious about doing
+this calculation and actually obtaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation and actually obtaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation and actually obtaining
+a numerical answer you would proceed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a numerical answer you would proceed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a numerical answer you would proceed as
+follows you notice that this is 1 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows you notice that this is 1 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows you notice that this is 1 over 2
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+second power plus one over two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second power plus one over two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second power plus one over two to the
+fourth power plus one over two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth power plus one over two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth power plus one over two to the
+sixth power and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth power and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth power and so on
+now you factor out a factor of 1/4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you factor out a factor of 1/4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you factor out a factor of 1/4 and
+what you're left is one plus one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're left is one plus one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're left is one plus one over
+two to the second power which is 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the second power which is 1/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the second power which is 1/4
+plus one over two to the fourth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one over two to the fourth power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one over two to the fourth power
+which is the same as 1/4 to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the same as 1/4 to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the same as 1/4 to the second
+power and so on and now we have 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and so on and now we have 1/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and so on and now we have 1/4
+times the infinite sum of a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the infinite sum of a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the infinite sum of a geometric
+series which gives us 1 minus 1 over 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series which gives us 1 minus 1 over 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series which gives us 1 minus 1 over 1
+minus 1/4 and after you do the algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/4 and after you do the algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/4 and after you do the algebra
+you obtain a numerical answer which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you obtain a numerical answer which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you obtain a numerical answer which is
+equal to 1/3 but leaving the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1/3 but leaving the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1/3 but leaving the details of
+the calculation aside the more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation aside the more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation aside the more important
+question I want to address is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I want to address is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I want to address is the
+following is this calculation correct we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following is this calculation correct we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following is this calculation correct we
+seem to have used an additive 'ti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have used an additive 'ti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have used an additive 'ti
+property at this point but the additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property at this point but the additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property at this point but the additive
+'ti properties that we have in our hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'ti properties that we have in our hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'ti properties that we have in our hands
+at this point only talk about disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point only talk about disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point only talk about disjoint
+unions of finitely many subsets our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unions of finitely many subsets our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unions of finitely many subsets our
+initial axiom talked about a disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial axiom talked about a disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial axiom talked about a disjoint
+union of two subsets and then later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of two subsets and then later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of two subsets and then later on
+we established a similar property for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we established a similar property for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we established a similar property for a
+disjoint union of finitely many subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint union of finitely many subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint union of finitely many subsets
+but here we're talking about the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we're talking about the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we're talking about the union
+of infinitely many subsets so this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infinitely many subsets so this step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infinitely many subsets so this step
+here is not really allowed by what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not really allowed by what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not really allowed by what we
+have in our hands on the other hand we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in our hands on the other hand we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in our hands on the other hand we
+would like our theory to allow this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like our theory to allow this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like our theory to allow this kind
+of calculation the way out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculation the way out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculation the way out of this
+dilemma is to introduce an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma is to introduce an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma is to introduce an additional
+axiom that will indeed allow this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axiom that will indeed allow this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axiom that will indeed allow this kind
+of calculation the action that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculation the action that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculation the action that we
+introduce is the following if we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce is the following if we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce is the following if we have an
+infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+sequence of disjoint events as for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of disjoint events as for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of disjoint events as for
+example in this picture we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in this picture we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in this picture we have our
+sample space we have a first event a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space we have a first event a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space we have a first event a one
+we have a second event a to the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a second event a to the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a second event a to the third
+event a three and so we keep continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a three and so we keep continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a three and so we keep continuing
+and we have an infinite sequence of such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have an infinite sequence of such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have an infinite sequence of such
+events then the probability of the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events then the probability of the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events then the probability of the union
+of these events of these infinitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these events of these infinitely many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these events of these infinitely many
+events is the sum of their individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events is the sum of their individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events is the sum of their individual
+probabilities the key word here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities the key word here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities the key word here is the
+word sequence namely these events these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word sequence namely these events these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word sequence namely these events these
+sets that we're dealing with can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that we're dealing with can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that we're dealing with can be
+arranged so that we can talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged so that we can talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged so that we can talk about the
+first event a 1 the second event a 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first event a 1 the second event a 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first event a 1 the second event a 2 the
+third one a 3 and so on to appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one a 3 and so on to appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one a 3 and so on to appreciate
+the issue that arises here and to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue that arises here and to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue that arises here and to see
+why the word sequence is so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the word sequence is so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the word sequence is so important
+let us consider the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us consider the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us consider the following
+calculation our sample space is the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation our sample space is the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation our sample space is the unit
+square and we consider a model where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and we consider a model where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and we consider a model where the
+probability of a set is its area as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a set is its area as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a set is its area as in
+the examples that we considered earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples that we considered earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples that we considered earlier
+let us now look at the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now look at the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now look at the probability of
+the overall sample space our sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall sample space our sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall sample space our sample
+space is the unit square and the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is the unit square and the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is the unit square and the unit
+square can be thought of as the union of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square can be thought of as the union of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square can be thought of as the union of
+various sets that consist of single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various sets that consist of single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various sets that consist of single
+points so it's the union of subsets with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so it's the union of subsets with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so it's the union of subsets with
+one element each and it's a union taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one element each and it's a union taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one element each and it's a union taken
+over all the points in the unit square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the points in the unit square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the points in the unit square
+then we think about additivity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we think about additivity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we think about additivity we
+observe that these subsets are disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that these subsets are disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that these subsets are disjoint
+if we are considering different points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we are considering different points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we are considering different points
+then we get disjoint single element sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get disjoint single element sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get disjoint single element sets
+and then an addict tivity property would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an addict tivity property would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an addict tivity property would
+tell us that the probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us that the probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us that the probability of this
+union is the sum of the probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union is the sum of the probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union is the sum of the probabilities
+the different single element subsets now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different single element subsets now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different single element subsets now
+as we discussed before single element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed before single element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed before single element
+subsets have zero probability so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets have zero probability so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets have zero probability so we have
+a sum of lots of zeros and the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of lots of zeros and the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of lots of zeros and the sum of
+zeros should be equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros should be equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros should be equal to zero
+on the other hand by the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand by the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand by the probability
+axioms the probability of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms the probability of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms the probability of the entire
+sample space should be equal to one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space should be equal to one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space should be equal to one and
+so we have established that one is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have established that one is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have established that one is equal
+to zero this looks like a paradox is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero this looks like a paradox is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero this looks like a paradox is it
+the cut is that there is nothing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut is that there is nothing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut is that there is nothing in the
+axioms we have introduced so far of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms we have introduced so far of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms we have introduced so far of the
+properties we have established that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties we have established that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties we have established that
+could justify this step so this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could justify this step so this step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could justify this step so this step
+here is questionable you might argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is questionable you might argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is questionable you might argue
+that the unit square is the union of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the unit square is the union of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the unit square is the union of
+disjoint single element sets which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint single element sets which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint single element sets which is
+the case that we have in additive 'ti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that we have in additive 'ti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that we have in additive 'ti
+axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms
+but the additivity axiom only applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the additivity axiom only applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the additivity axiom only applies
+when we have a sequence of events and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have a sequence of events and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have a sequence of events and
+this is not what we have here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not what we have here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not what we have here this is
+not a union of a sequence of single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a union of a sequence of single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a union of a sequence of single
+element sets in fact there is no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element sets in fact there is no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element sets in fact there is no way
+that the elements of the unit square can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the elements of the unit square can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the elements of the unit square can
+be arranged in a sequence the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be arranged in a sequence the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be arranged in a sequence the unit
+square is said to be an uncountable set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is said to be an uncountable set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is said to be an uncountable set
+this is a deep and fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a deep and fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a deep and fundamental
+mathematical fact what it essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical fact what it essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical fact what it essentially
+says is that there are two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that there are two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that there are two kinds of
+infinite sets discrete ones or informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite sets discrete ones or informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite sets discrete ones or informal
+terminology countable these are sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology countable these are sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology countable these are sets
+whose elements can be arranged in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose elements can be arranged in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose elements can be arranged in a
+sequence like the integers and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence like the integers and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence like the integers and also
+uncountable sets such as the unit square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncountable sets such as the unit square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncountable sets such as the unit square
+or the real line whose elements cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the real line whose elements cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the real line whose elements cannot
+be arranged in a sequence if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be arranged in a sequence if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be arranged in a sequence if you're
+curious you can find this the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious you can find this the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious you can find this the proof of
+this important fact in the supplementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this important fact in the supplementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this important fact in the supplementary
+materials that we are providing after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that we are providing after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that we are providing after
+all this discussion you may now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this discussion you may now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this discussion you may now have
+legitimate suspicions about the models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate suspicions about the models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate suspicions about the models
+we have been looking at is area a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been looking at is area a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been looking at is area a
+legitimate probability law does it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate probability law does it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate probability law does it even
+satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy
+countable additivity this question takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable additivity this question takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable additivity this question takes
+us into deep waters and has to do with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us into deep waters and has to do with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us into deep waters and has to do with a
+deep subfield of mathematics called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep subfield of mathematics called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep subfield of mathematics called
+measure theory fortunately it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure theory fortunately it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure theory fortunately it turns out
+that all is well area is a legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all is well area is a legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all is well area is a legitimate
+probability law it does indeed satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law it does indeed satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law it does indeed satisfy
+the countable additivity axiom as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countable additivity axiom as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countable additivity axiom as long
+as we only deal with nice subsets of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we only deal with nice subsets of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we only deal with nice subsets of the
+unit square fortunately the subsets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit square fortunately the subsets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit square fortunately the subsets that
+arise in whatever we do in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise in whatever we do in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise in whatever we do in this course
+will be nice subsets that are not nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be nice subsets that are not nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be nice subsets that are not nice
+are quite pathological and we will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite pathological and we will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite pathological and we will not
+encounter them at this stage we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter them at this stage we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter them at this stage we are not
+in a position to say anything more that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a position to say anything more that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a position to say anything more that
+would be meaningful about these issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be meaningful about these issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be meaningful about these issues
+because they are quite complicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are quite complicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are quite complicated and
+mathematically deep we can only say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically deep we can only say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically deep we can only say that
+there are some serious mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some serious mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some serious mathematical
+subtleties but fortunately they can all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties but fortunately they can all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties but fortunately they can all
+be overcome in a rigorous manner and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be overcome in a rigorous manner and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be overcome in a rigorous manner and for
+the rest of this class you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of this class you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of this class you can just
+forget about these subtle issues
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ma0d0o1K9Ng.txt b/ma0d0o1K9Ng.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8efbad6bcefe3454d187fe895ae3e5bd3897dbf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ma0d0o1K9Ng.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9931 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+of what movie making is like okay I'm G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what movie making is like okay I'm G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what movie making is like okay I'm G
+to try something different this I I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try something different this I I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try something different this I I want
+to one thing mention the magnificence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one thing mention the magnificence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one thing mention the magnificence of
+Amerson you didn't the second time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amerson you didn't the second time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amerson you didn't the second time
+because this this won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this this won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this this won't be
+known on the film I want to jump right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known on the film I want to jump right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known on the film I want to jump right
+into my thoughts about um about Wells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my thoughts about um about Wells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my thoughts about um about Wells
+and the Magnificent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Magnificent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Magnificent
+erson um I was struck by a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erson um I was struck by a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erson um I was struck by a sort of a
+pessimistic message that he had um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimistic message that he had um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimistic message that he had um in
+both Citizen Kane and The Magnificent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Citizen Kane and The Magnificent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Citizen Kane and The Magnificent
+emersons um and as pointed out in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emersons um and as pointed out in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emersons um and as pointed out in your
+in your reading uh the characters all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your reading uh the characters all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your reading uh the characters all
+seem to deal with something about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to deal with something about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to deal with something about their
+past and um but the message isn't isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and um but the message isn't isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and um but the message isn't isn't
+the optimistic sort of like life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimistic sort of like life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimistic sort of like life is
+short like you know enjoy it um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short like you know enjoy it um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short like you know enjoy it um it's
+more um that the past is no good to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um that the past is no good to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um that the past is no good to us
+that we can't rekindle the past we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can't rekindle the past we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can't rekindle the past we can't
+have it back it's gone or it's dead um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it back it's gone or it's dead um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it back it's gone or it's dead um
+and the the movies well at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the movies well at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the movies well at least the
+initial version of um magnificent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial version of um magnificent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial version of um magnificent
+emberson didn't have a happy ending and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emberson didn't have a happy ending and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emberson didn't have a happy ending and
+uh the alterations were done to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the alterations were done to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the alterations were done to sort of
+please the audience um and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please the audience um and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please the audience um and it was
+happier I get you'll find that out today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier I get you'll find that out today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier I get you'll find that out today
+you haven't seen it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't seen it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't seen it yet
+so um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and
+and um the pessimism sort of surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the pessimism sort of surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the pessimism sort of surprised
+me and so I I guess I spent some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and so I I guess I spent some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and so I I guess I spent some time
+looking for sort of a deeper positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for sort of a deeper positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for sort of a deeper positive
+message um goad in the documentary well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message um goad in the documentary well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message um goad in the documentary well
+he mentions that he doesn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he mentions that he doesn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he mentions that he doesn't like
+watching other other people's films and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching other other people's films and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching other other people's films and
+I thought that was really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought that was really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought that was really interesting
+and sort of telling me and he says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of telling me and he says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of telling me and he says that
+uh it restricts his future work he feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it restricts his future work he feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it restricts his future work he feels
+like uh it it sort of takes away his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh it it sort of takes away his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh it it sort of takes away his
+innocence as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocence as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocence as a
+filmmaker um and then it also in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker um and then it also in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker um and then it also in the
+reading he mentions that he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading he mentions that he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading he mentions that he doesn't
+believe that you need you need any film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that you need you need any film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that you need you need any film
+knowledge to make a good movie that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge to make a good movie that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge to make a good movie that you
+just need an understanding of of culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need an understanding of of culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need an understanding of of culture
+and of uh human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of uh human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of uh human
+history um he talks about having holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history um he talks about having holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history um he talks about having holding
+up a mirror to Nature and that's all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a mirror to Nature and that's all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a mirror to Nature and that's all you
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need but at the end of that he also says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need but at the end of that he also says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need but at the end of that he also says
+a miror is only a miror it's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a miror is only a miror it's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a miror is only a miror it's your
+understanding and curiosity about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and curiosity about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and curiosity about the
+World At Large That's essential uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World At Large That's essential uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World At Large That's essential uh over
+and above uh the techniques that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and above uh the techniques that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and above uh the techniques that you get
+in have to have in order to make a film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in have to have in order to make a film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in have to have in order to make a film
+so that's the element of meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the element of meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the element of meaning
+supplementing technique which he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementing technique which he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementing technique which he was
+very sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to so so the pessimistic view or my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so so the pessimistic view or my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so so the pessimistic view or my my
+read on it is almost as if he's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read on it is almost as if he's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read on it is almost as if he's saying
+that um you don't want to grow up um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you don't want to grow up um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you don't want to grow up um you
+don't want to learn the rules of film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to learn the rules of film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to learn the rules of film
+making or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making or or
+Society um that if you can maintain your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society um that if you can maintain your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society um that if you can maintain your
+innocence you'll sort of never die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocence you'll sort of never die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocence you'll sort of never die
+you'll never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never
+um you'll never have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you'll never have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you'll never have
+regrets um in the in the movies and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regrets um in the in the movies and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regrets um in the in the movies and the
+films the characters visibly age and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films the characters visibly age and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films the characters visibly age and
+they die um there's a there's a scene in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they die um there's a there's a scene in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they die um there's a there's a scene in
+The Magnificent Amberson where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Magnificent Amberson where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Magnificent Amberson where there's a
+a newspaper headline and it says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a newspaper headline and it says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a newspaper headline and it says that
+the automobile casualties mouth and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the automobile casualties mouth and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the automobile casualties mouth and it's
+sort of a representation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a representation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a representation of the
+automobile wrecking Society like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile wrecking Society like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile wrecking Society like
+technolog is moving forward and yet um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technolog is moving forward and yet um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technolog is moving forward and yet um
+something like the aristocratic Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the aristocratic Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the aristocratic Society
+is dying in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dying in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dying in some
+sense um and in this sense um it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um and in this sense um it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um and in this sense um it's not a
+it's not a positive message but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a positive message but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a positive message but there's
+something powerful in it something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something powerful in it something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something powerful in it something about
+human nature like that that is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human nature like that that is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human nature like that that is the way
+life is like we do die um okay let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is like we do die um okay let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is like we do die um okay let me
+interrupt two things um first the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt two things um first the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt two things um first the um
+idea that the uh young Miner should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that the uh young Miner should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that the uh young Miner should be
+wrecked physically by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrecked physically by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrecked physically by an
+automobile has an ironic place within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile has an ironic place within
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile has an ironic place within
+the structure of the narrative because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the narrative because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the narrative because
+all of the troubles was come out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the troubles was come out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the troubles was come out of the
+time when he prevents his mother from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when he prevents his mother from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when he prevents his mother from um
+marrying the automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marrying the automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marrying the automobile
+manufacturer I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer I don't know if you
+remember that much from the documentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that much from the documentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that much from the documentary
+last week uh what you saw was the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week uh what you saw was the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week uh what you saw was the scene
+in which um uh George the boy uh George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which um uh George the boy uh George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which um uh George the boy uh George
+Miner um says I think automobiles should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miner um says I think automobiles should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miner um says I think automobiles should
+never have been invented they're a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have been invented they're a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have been invented they're a big
+mistake and uh the automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake and uh the automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake and uh the automobile
+maker um played by Joseph cotton says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker um played by Joseph cotton says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker um played by Joseph cotton says
+well maybe you're right but uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe you're right but uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe you're right but uh there's
+no stopping them they're going to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no stopping them they're going to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no stopping them they're going to cover
+the land and well what happens in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land and well what happens in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land and well what happens in The
+Narrative there's no stopping them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Narrative there's no stopping them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Narrative there's no stopping them and
+then after George's and the whole family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after George's and the whole family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after George's and the whole family
+are destroyed financially uh he gets hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are destroyed financially uh he gets hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are destroyed financially uh he gets hit
+by a car uh and it's sort of uh if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a car uh and it's sort of uh if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a car uh and it's sort of uh if the
+machine is taking its revenge upon Him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is taking its revenge upon Him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is taking its revenge upon Him
+is a kind of uh irony in the that uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of uh irony in the that uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of uh irony in the that uh but
+it's all part of the picture of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all part of the picture of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all part of the picture of American
+reality the second point I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality the second point I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality the second point I want to make
+uh is more pervasive that goes beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is more pervasive that goes beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is more pervasive that goes beyond
+magnificent erson what Ed was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent erson what Ed was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent erson what Ed was saying
+about a Well's Outlook not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a Well's Outlook not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a Well's Outlook not being
+optimistic if anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic if anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic if anything
+pessimistic in a sense but he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimistic in a sense but he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimistic in a sense but he's
+pessimistic in the way in which a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimistic in the way in which a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimistic in the way in which a great
+pessimist philosopher would be and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimist philosopher would be and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimist philosopher would be and what
+I thought of at that moment was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought of at that moment was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought of at that moment was
+schopenhauer the 19th century uh German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer the 19th century uh German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer the 19th century uh German
+philosopher who thought that life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher who thought that life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher who thought that life is
+meaningless there are there are no Gods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless there are there are no Gods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless there are there are no Gods
+there is no Christian God uh everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no Christian God uh everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no Christian God uh everything
+is controlled simply by energy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is controlled simply by energy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is controlled simply by energy of a
+material sort which is is the will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material sort which is is the will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material sort which is is the will
+because it's Just Energy Force in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's Just Energy Force in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's Just Energy Force in nature
+but it doesn't have any intelligence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't have any intelligence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't have any intelligence and
+we are simply uh products of that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are simply uh products of that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are simply uh products of that very
+pessimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimistic
+negativistic uh View about uh the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativistic uh View about uh the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativistic uh View about uh the world
+we live in in which ideals are reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we live in in which ideals are reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we live in in which ideals are reduced
+to to matter and matter makes no sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to matter and matter makes no sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to matter and matter makes no sense
+right uh n grew up with schopenhauer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh n grew up with schopenhauer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh n grew up with schopenhauer and
+aarian philosophy his first books were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aarian philosophy his first books were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aarian philosophy his first books were a
+great deal about schopenhauer and as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal about schopenhauer and as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal about schopenhauer and as he
+got older he rejected him and uh said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got older he rejected him and uh said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got older he rejected him and uh said
+what one has to do is not to say no to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one has to do is not to say no to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one has to do is not to say no to
+Nature in the negative way that chenhow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature in the negative way that chenhow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature in the negative way that chenhow
+does but to say yes and P pursue ideals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does but to say yes and P pursue ideals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does but to say yes and P pursue ideals
+uh even if the world doesn't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even if the world doesn't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even if the world doesn't make sense
+in the uh traditional uh religion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh traditional uh religion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh traditional uh religion so
+that you get this contrast between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get this contrast between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get this contrast between a
+kind of pessimism in schopenhauer and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pessimism in schopenhauer and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pessimism in schopenhauer and a
+kind of negativism in um n uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of negativism in um n uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of negativism in um n uh
+schopenhauer lived to what was that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer lived to what was that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer lived to what was that a
+rip old age and he had a pleasant life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rip old age and he had a pleasant life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rip old age and he had a pleasant life
+uh nich lost his mind as faculties at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nich lost his mind as faculties at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nich lost his mind as faculties at
+least uh fairly early in his late 40s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least uh fairly early in his late 40s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least uh fairly early in his late 40s
+and had a miserable life until then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had a miserable life until then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had a miserable life until then
+because he was always had illnesses some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was always had illnesses some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was always had illnesses some
+of which might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which might have been
+psychosomatic uh so that he was The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychosomatic uh so that he was The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychosomatic uh so that he was The
+Optimist and the one who lived well was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimist and the one who lived well was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimist and the one who lived well was
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+pessimist uh at in one place n said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimist uh at in one place n said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimist uh at in one place n said I
+I'll get to the point about wells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get to the point about wells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get to the point about wells in
+just a second well n said schopenhauer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second well n said schopenhauer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second well n said schopenhauer
+called himself a pessimist but but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called himself a pessimist but but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called himself a pessimist but but he
+lived a good life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived a good life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived a good life
+uh played on the flute in the evening he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh played on the flute in the evening he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh played on the flute in the evening he
+ate well the modern kind of thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ate well the modern kind of thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ate well the modern kind of thing the
+modern world is destroying the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern world is destroying the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern world is destroying the same
+theme is the Magnificent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme is the Magnificent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme is the Magnificent
+Amberson uh and then at the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amberson uh and then at the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amberson uh and then at the end of this
+little uh pessimistic remark he says um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh pessimistic remark he says um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh pessimistic remark he says um
+we're all going to die everything will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all going to die everything will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all going to die everything will
+turn into Ash there will be nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into Ash there will be nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into Ash there will be nothing
+eventually but what of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually but what of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually but what of
+it that uh s sing as long as you can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that uh s sing as long as you can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that uh s sing as long as you can in
+other words the artist surmounts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the artist surmounts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the artist surmounts the
+negativism in reality by means of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativism in reality by means of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativism in reality by means of his
+art and so he ends up with this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art and so he ends up with this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art and so he ends up with this very
+optimistic point of view uh I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic point of view uh I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic point of view uh I think that
+is relevant here too I if you asks him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relevant here too I if you asks him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relevant here too I if you asks him
+is uh are people going to go mad or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh are people going to go mad or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh are people going to go mad or a
+loose heart because of the the theme of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose heart because of the the theme of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose heart because of the the theme of
+magnificent erson particularly the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent erson particularly the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent erson particularly the way
+Wells presented it uh he'll say no it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells presented it uh he'll say no it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells presented it uh he'll say no it's
+a work of art I find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a work of art I find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a work of art I find it
+exhilarating so if you're an artist you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhilarating so if you're an artist you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhilarating so if you're an artist you
+can always uh have a happy life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always uh have a happy life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always uh have a happy life
+dedicating yourself to your art now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicating yourself to your art now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicating yourself to your art now if
+you extend that to science and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you extend that to science and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you extend that to science and to
+practice and whatever is your Pursuit Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and whatever is your Pursuit Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and whatever is your Pursuit Of
+Life um life will become meaningful as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life um life will become meaningful as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life um life will become meaningful as a
+function of your Pursuit rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of your Pursuit rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of your Pursuit rather than
+you're expecting some objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're expecting some objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're expecting some objective
+validation because the world is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation because the world is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation because the world is what the
+traditional particularly traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional particularly traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional particularly traditional
+religious views said it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious views said it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious views said it was
+go ahead I'd like to go actually all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead I'd like to go actually all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead I'd like to go actually all the
+way back to your first point where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back to your first point where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back to your first point where you
+talk about um the automaker Eugene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about um the automaker Eugene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about um the automaker Eugene
+Morgan his that's Eugene Morgan his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan his that's Eugene Morgan his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan his that's Eugene Morgan his
+comment about um about automobiles um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about um about automobiles um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about um about automobiles um
+when it is suggested that the invention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it is suggested that the invention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it is suggested that the invention
+is worthless um he he makes a great it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worthless um he he makes a great it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worthless um he he makes a great it's
+a really great line and he talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really great line and he talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really great line and he talks about
+how it's true that uh the automobiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's true that uh the automobiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's true that uh the automobiles
+carry people forward but really Humanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry people forward but really Humanity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry people forward but really Humanity
+Society might actually be moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society might actually be moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society might actually be moving
+backwards and then there's another point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and then there's another point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and then there's another point
+I think we might have seen it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we might have seen it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we might have seen it in the
+clip in the document about I think Wells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip in the document about I think Wells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip in the document about I think Wells
+is narrating and he he talks about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is narrating and he he talks about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is narrating and he he talks about how
+um back in before the the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um back in before the the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um back in before the the 19th century
+in the late 19th century people had time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 19th century people had time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 19th century people had time
+for everything and then the automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything and then the automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything and then the automobile
+comes along and people are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along and people are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along and people are getting
+everywhere faster but um in fact they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere faster but um in fact they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere faster but um in fact they
+have less time for everything well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less time for everything well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less time for everything well you
+saw a clip about that in the biography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a clip about that in the biography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a clip about that in the biography
+remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the
+documentary it actually it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary it actually it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary it actually it sort of
+struck me like that that sort of message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck me like that that sort of message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck me like that that sort of message
+sort of Timeless and I think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Timeless and I think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Timeless and I think of a
+computer now people always it said like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer now people always it said like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer now people always it said like
+God it'll save us time somehow seems we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God it'll save us time somehow seems we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God it'll save us time somehow seems we
+have more work I think that's a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more work I think that's a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more work I think that's a bit of
+nostalgia in Wells usually he's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nostalgia in Wells usually he's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nostalgia in Wells usually he's not that
+was the point in that discussion in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the point in that discussion in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the point in that discussion in my
+chapter of him about comparing him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter of him about comparing him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter of him about comparing him to
+Houston's uh film The Dead Houston's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Houston's uh film The Dead Houston's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Houston's uh film The Dead Houston's
+film is filled with sentimentality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is filled with sentimentality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is filled with sentimentality and
+Nostalgia uh Wells generally avoids that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nostalgia uh Wells generally avoids that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nostalgia uh Wells generally avoids that
+the way the way James Joyce does uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the way James Joyce does uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the way James Joyce does uh but
+I think this would be one count instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this would be one count instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this would be one count instance
+in which he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which he is
+nostalgic but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same there was something also negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same there was something also negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same there was something also negative
+about technology and and sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about technology and and sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about technology and and sort of the
+masses so I was a little confused as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses so I was a little confused as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses so I was a little confused as to
+what Well's feeling was about so um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Well's feeling was about so um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Well's feeling was about so um I
+guess sort of I thought the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess sort of I thought the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess sort of I thought the positive
+message that I ended up this feeling as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that I ended up this feeling as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that I ended up this feeling as
+I thought about this for a while is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought about this for a while is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought about this for a while is sort
+of what you were saying that um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you were saying that um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you were saying that um from
+from the sort of pessimistic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sort of pessimistic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sort of pessimistic idea
+um in society that we all die and can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in society that we all die and can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in society that we all die and can't
+have the past um if you can sort of come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the past um if you can sort of come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the past um if you can sort of come
+to the realization that you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the realization that you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the realization that you don't really
+need certain material things um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need certain material things um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need certain material things um you
+don't need success to be happy like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need success to be happy like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need success to be happy like you
+should just sort of enjoy what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just sort of enjoy what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just sort of enjoy what you have
+um that that was I guess the eventual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that was I guess the eventual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that was I guess the eventual
+message that I got but it was sort of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that I got but it was sort of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that I got but it was sort of it
+wasn't on the surface it wasn't obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't on the surface it wasn't obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't on the surface it wasn't obvious
+because the story or the two movies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the story or the two movies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the story or the two movies of
+Wells that I've seen are sort of sad but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells that I've seen are sort of sad but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells that I've seen are sort of sad but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody want to say something while I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to say something while I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to say something while I
+think it's hard because they haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's hard because they haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's hard because they haven't
+really seen the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just jumping topics when I when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just jumping topics when I when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just jumping topics when I when I
+turned on when I was watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned on when I was watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned on when I was watching
+magnificent erson you know it's black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent erson you know it's black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent erson you know it's black
+and white it's an old movie and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and white it's an old movie and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and white it's an old movie and so for
+me it's it's hard to relate I feel sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's it's hard to relate I feel sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's it's hard to relate I feel sort
+of out of touch with the times and um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of out of touch with the times and um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of out of touch with the times and um so
+I'm sort of lulled to sleep I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of lulled to sleep I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of lulled to sleep I'm
+expecting a certain type of character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting a certain type of character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting a certain type of character
+that's sort of a boring character and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a boring character and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a boring character and I
+was really surprised um um I was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really surprised um um I was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really surprised um um I was the
+character of George the main character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character of George the main character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character of George the main character
+in the movie uh he's this brat brat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the movie uh he's this brat brat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the movie uh he's this brat brat
+spoiled kid and um I thought it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoiled kid and um I thought it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoiled kid and um I thought it was just
+a tremendous character because it was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous character because it was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous character because it was so
+unexpected to encounter this level uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected to encounter this level uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected to encounter this level uh
+there's a scene where he's bickering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a scene where he's bickering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a scene where he's bickering
+with his his aunt um like in a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his his aunt um like in a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his his aunt um like in a really
+childish way and I I thought it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childish way and I I thought it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childish way and I I thought it was just
+a terrific scene because um have any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a terrific scene because um have any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a terrific scene because um have any of
+you seen arous more recent remake for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you seen arous more recent remake for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you seen arous more recent remake for
+television was on arts and entertainment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television was on arts and entertainment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television was on arts and entertainment
+about two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two years
+ago um and I thought Tim Holt who play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago um and I thought Tim Holt who play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago um and I thought Tim Holt who play
+plays that part uh in magnificent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays that part uh in magnificent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays that part uh in magnificent
+Amberson was absolutely right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amberson was absolutely right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amberson was absolutely right and the
+person who played it the other one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who played it the other one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who played it the other one was
+not anywhere as good do any of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not anywhere as good do any of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not anywhere as good do any of you know
+a movie called The Treasure of Sierra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a movie called The Treasure of Sierra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a movie called The Treasure of Sierra
+Madre very you if you ever seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Madre very you if you ever seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Madre very you if you ever seen it
+you'll never forget it and now Tim Hol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never forget it and now Tim Hol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never forget it and now Tim Hol
+about 10 years later had an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 years later had an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 years later had an important
+role in that I thought you you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in that I thought you you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in that I thought you you might
+like to put the two together go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to put the two together go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to put the two together go
+ahead so I was was really I really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead so I was was really I really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead so I was was really I really I
+really enjoyed this this role of George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoyed this this role of George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoyed this this role of George
+and I I wondered if um because Wells was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I wondered if um because Wells was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I wondered if um because Wells was
+sort of a sort of a new and maybe naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a sort of a new and maybe naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a sort of a new and maybe naive
+filmmaker that um he had no idea that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker that um he had no idea that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker that um he had no idea that um
+like he was sort of unconventional at Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he was sort of unconventional at Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he was sort of unconventional at Le
+at least it seemed unconventional to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it seemed unconventional to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it seemed unconventional to me
+because it was unexpected and uh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was unexpected and uh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was unexpected and uh I don't
+want to talk too much about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk too much about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk too much about the the
+scenes because you haven't seen it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes because you haven't seen it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes because you haven't seen it yet
+but um that was a pleasant surprise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um that was a pleasant surprise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um that was a pleasant surprise and
+jumping around um so we heard in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping around um so we heard in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping around um so we heard in the
+documentary in the biography that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary in the biography that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary in the biography that this
+the the ending 45 minutes were caught at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ending 45 minutes were caught at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ending 45 minutes were caught at
+the end and I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and I thought
+um I thought the ending was pretty bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I thought the ending was pretty bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I thought the ending was pretty bad
+actually was what bad bad I mean was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was what bad bad I mean was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was what bad bad I mean was no
+I'm sorry I didn't I didn't like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I didn't I didn't like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I didn't I didn't like the
+ending um it was the ending of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending um it was the ending of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending um it was the ending of the
+documentary sorry um magnificent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary sorry um magnificent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary sorry um magnificent
+Amberson and they they mentioned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amberson and they they mentioned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amberson and they they mentioned in the
+documentary that magnificent erson was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary that magnificent erson was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary that magnificent erson was
+cut short 45 minutes and I thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut short 45 minutes and I thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut short 45 minutes and I thought it
+really hurt the film because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hurt the film because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hurt the film because it
+completely changed the tone sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely changed the tone sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely changed the tone sort of
+abruptly abruptly the an there's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abruptly abruptly the an there's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abruptly abruptly the an there's um
+there's a scene with the aunt and she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a scene with the aunt and she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a scene with the aunt and she's
+overcome with despair she can't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome with despair she can't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome with despair she can't even
+stand up she's really upset and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up she's really upset and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up she's really upset and then the
+very next scene the final scene she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very next scene the final scene she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very next scene the final scene she's
+walking uh in a down a hallway in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking uh in a down a hallway in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking uh in a down a hallway in the in
+a hospital and she's sort of smiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hospital and she's sort of smiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hospital and she's sort of smiling
+contentedly uh she seems sort of hopeful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contentedly uh she seems sort of hopeful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contentedly uh she seems sort of hopeful
+and it just so did um the discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just so did um the discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just so did um the discontinuity
+of those two scenes next to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those two scenes next to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those two scenes next to each other
+just really doesn't make a lot of sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really doesn't make a lot of sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really doesn't make a lot of sense
+to me and uh so I thought that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and uh so I thought that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and uh so I thought that was a
+weakness of the film right at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness of the film right at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness of the film right at the end of
+of the cting from The Cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cting from The Cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cting from The Cutting
+yes from the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+destruction did you give any thought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction did you give any thought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction did you give any thought to
+the idea of the myth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+past anything you want to say about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past anything you want to say about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past anything you want to say about that
+can you talk a little about what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you talk a little about what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you talk a little about what you
+mean by I mean I've read the chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by I mean I've read the chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by I mean I've read the chapter
+well I think it it's a phrase that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think it it's a phrase that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think it it's a phrase that's
+used by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by
+wills and he says he has a Fascination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wills and he says he has a Fascination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wills and he says he has a Fascination
+for values that existed in earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for values that existed in earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for values that existed in earlier
+societies that don't exist anymore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies that don't exist anymore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies that don't exist anymore and
+that U uh they often provide the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U uh they often provide the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U uh they often provide the key to
+something and he's he's curious about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and he's he's curious about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and he's he's curious about
+that uh I think it's his way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I think it's his way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I think it's his way of
+formulating a view about the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulating a view about the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulating a view about the nature of
+time past uh isn't something to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time past uh isn't something to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time past uh isn't something to be
+glamorized to be nostalgic about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glamorized to be nostalgic about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glamorized to be nostalgic about
+sentimental about because the past is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimental about because the past is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimental about because the past is
+gone but we mytholog we turn it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone but we mytholog we turn it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone but we mytholog we turn it into
+mythology we myth mythologize it uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology we myth mythologize it uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology we myth mythologize it uh and
+this often happens in uh different forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this often happens in uh different forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this often happens in uh different forms
+of Art and we're sitting here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Art and we're sitting here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Art and we're sitting here and
+looking at uh a great visual portrayal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at uh a great visual portrayal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at uh a great visual portrayal
+of of the myth of the birth of Venus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the myth of the birth of Venus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the myth of the birth of Venus uh
+the painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is by B Chell uh in the end of the 15th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by B Chell uh in the end of the 15th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by B Chell uh in the end of the 15th
+century the uh the myth itself comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century the uh the myth itself comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century the uh the myth itself comes out
+of avid in the first century ad and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of avid in the first century ad and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of avid in the first century ad and by
+the time of the Renaissance anything uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the Renaissance anything uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the Renaissance anything uh
+related to Antiquity was given a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to Antiquity was given a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to Antiquity was given a great
+deal of attention so that this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of attention so that this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of attention so that this is this
+would be uh at that time up to dat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh at that time up to dat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh at that time up to dat
+version of The Myth but the myth itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of The Myth but the myth itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of The Myth but the myth itself
+originates from the past no nobody in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originates from the past no nobody in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originates from the past no nobody in in
+Italy in the 15th century thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy in the 15th century thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy in the 15th century thought that
+there was such a creature as Venus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was such a creature as Venus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was such a creature as Venus the
+goddess of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goddess of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goddess of
+love uh and that she was born on a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love uh and that she was born on a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love uh and that she was born on a half
+shell uh and that she arose out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell uh and that she arose out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell uh and that she arose out of the
+ocean and there was there the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean and there was there the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean and there was there the the uh
+sort of goddesses or or nymphs of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of goddesses or or nymphs of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of goddesses or or nymphs of uh
+wind and U and a handmaiden for the God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind and U and a handmaiden for the God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind and U and a handmaiden for the God
+for Venus herself nobody believed it l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Venus herself nobody believed it l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Venus herself nobody believed it l
+literally but it was a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally but it was a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally but it was a beautiful
+myth and uh the the um meaning of Wells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth and uh the the um meaning of Wells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth and uh the the um meaning of Wells
+is that the past is is simply dead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the past is is simply dead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the past is is simply dead and
+all we do in the present is create myths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we do in the present is create myths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we do in the present is create myths
+about it now there's an irony there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it now there's an irony there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it now there's an irony there
+because without the myths we would lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because without the myths we would lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because without the myths we would lose
+out on a great many works of art with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on a great many works of art with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on a great many works of art with
+the myths taken literally we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myths taken literally we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myths taken literally we are
+falsifying the past and so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falsifying the past and so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falsifying the past and so the question
+is in our scientific age how can we live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in our scientific age how can we live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in our scientific age how can we live
+with both the truth of how things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with both the truth of how things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with both the truth of how things are
+faced realistically which is what wells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced realistically which is what wells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced realistically which is what wells
+tries to do in his movies until they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to do in his movies until they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to do in his movies until they're
+chopped up by the studio and Beyond his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chopped up by the studio and Beyond his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chopped up by the studio and Beyond his
+control uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh
+uh in this search for the truth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this search for the truth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this search for the truth in
+harmony with an understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmony with an understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmony with an understanding of the
+beauty of the past uh and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of the past uh and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of the past uh and I think that
+goes with the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes with the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes with the idea
+of um we're all going to die but what of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um we're all going to die but what of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um we're all going to die but what of
+it the what of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the what of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the what of it
+is make make a work of art out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is make make a work of art out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is make make a work of art out of the
+myth but don't be fooled by the myth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth but don't be fooled by the myth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth but don't be fooled by the myth the
+quote I give you in or mention in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote I give you in or mention in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote I give you in or mention in the
+chapter is Well's saying of John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter is Well's saying of John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter is Well's saying of John
+Ford uh John Ford was a maker of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford uh John Ford was a maker of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford uh John Ford was a maker of
+myths whereas he Wells wanted to examine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths whereas he Wells wanted to examine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths whereas he Wells wanted to examine
+them and that's the big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that's the big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that's the big difference
+a maker of myths as I argue that John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maker of myths as I argue that John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maker of myths as I argue that John
+Houston is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Houston is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Houston is in the
+Dead uh is somebody who sentimentalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dead uh is somebody who sentimentalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dead uh is somebody who sentimentalized
+the past Dublin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past Dublin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past Dublin
+1904 uh who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1904 uh who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1904 uh who
+uh enjoys uh the idea of a Christmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh enjoys uh the idea of a Christmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh enjoys uh the idea of a Christmas
+party or uh it's 11 New Year's party 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party or uh it's 11 New Year's party 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party or uh it's 11 New Year's party 11
+days after Christmas uh the time at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days after Christmas uh the time at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days after Christmas uh the time at the
+uh Feast of the youth of the um Epiphany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Feast of the youth of the um Epiphany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Feast of the youth of the um Epiphany
+um that all of that being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that all of that being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that all of that being
+sentimentalized in terms of what Dublin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimentalized in terms of what Dublin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimentalized in terms of what Dublin
+was like in the good the good old days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like in the good the good old days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like in the good the good old days
+right horse drawing carage and snowfalls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right horse drawing carage and snowfalls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right horse drawing carage and snowfalls
+that you that don't uh cause the tires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you that don't uh cause the tires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you that don't uh cause the tires
+to skit out of control but rather gently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to skit out of control but rather gently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to skit out of control but rather gently
+covers the ground and makes a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers the ground and makes a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers the ground and makes a nice
+pattern of black and white uh that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of black and white uh that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of black and white uh that's how
+hon does it because he's a myth maker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hon does it because he's a myth maker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hon does it because he's a myth maker
+the way that John Ford is mythmaker in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that John Ford is mythmaker in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that John Ford is mythmaker in
+his movies about the wild west which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his movies about the wild west which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his movies about the wild west which you
+can be pretty sure was nothing like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be pretty sure was nothing like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be pretty sure was nothing like the
+way he portrays him uh Joyce was the FR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way he portrays him uh Joyce was the FR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way he portrays him uh Joyce was the FR
+Joyce want to examine like a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joyce want to examine like a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joyce want to examine like a u
+journalist and not only a journalist but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalist and not only a journalist but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalist and not only a journalist but
+investig an investigatory reporter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investig an investigatory reporter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investig an investigatory reporter what
+reality was like in Dublin in that year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality was like in Dublin in that year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality was like in Dublin in that year
+1904 um and um not to fudge about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1904 um and um not to fudge about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1904 um and um not to fudge about
+anything um Wells is in the joying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything um Wells is in the joying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything um Wells is in the joying
+tradition he wants to be a realist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition he wants to be a realist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition he wants to be a realist
+showing what it was really like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing what it was really like to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing what it was really like to have
+been born in a small town in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been born in a small town in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been born in a small town in the middle
+west when automobiles were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west when automobiles were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west when automobiles were being
+introduced how the great families who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced how the great families who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced how the great families who
+didn't invest in the right thing could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't invest in the right thing could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't invest in the right thing could
+lose their shirt the way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose their shirt the way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose their shirt the way that the
+Ambersons do because they they uh invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambersons do because they they uh invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambersons do because they they uh invest
+in this headlight that doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this headlight that doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this headlight that doesn't work
+except when the car is earning it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except when the car is earning it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except when the car is earning it what
+is it 50 m an hour and they pour all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it 50 m an hour and they pour all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it 50 m an hour and they pour all
+their money into it and then wiped out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money into it and then wiped out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money into it and then wiped out
+that's what reality is like uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what reality is like uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what reality is like uh and uh
+the family is destroyed uh the love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the family is destroyed uh the love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the family is destroyed uh the love
+affairs end up very badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affairs end up very badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affairs end up very badly
+uh the the studios consider that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the studios consider that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the studios consider that too
+downbeat you remember that was a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat you remember that was a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat you remember that was a term
+that uh Wells used in the documentary so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh Wells used in the documentary so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh Wells used in the documentary so
+they changed it into a sort of happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they changed it into a sort of happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they changed it into a sort of happy
+ending right that's not what wells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending right that's not what wells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending right that's not what wells
+wanted he wanted to examine the myth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted he wanted to examine the myth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted he wanted to examine the myth of
+the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past
+even the risk of being a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the risk of being a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the risk of being a little
+nostalgic about the horse car and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nostalgic about the horse car and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nostalgic about the horse car and to
+build a work of art so we can live with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a work of art so we can live with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a work of art so we can live with
+that well you know it's all going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well you know it's all going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well you know it's all going to be
+destroyed it doesn't matter how long the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed it doesn't matter how long the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed it doesn't matter how long the
+Amerson flourished eventually they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amerson flourished eventually they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amerson flourished eventually they like
+everybody else is going to be destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else is going to be destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else is going to be destroyed
+you know the Earth is going to be burned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Earth is going to be burned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Earth is going to be burned
+up by the sun one of these thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by the sun one of these thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by the sun one of these thousands of
+years uh but in the meantime uh what of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh but in the meantime uh what of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh but in the meantime uh what of
+it dance do your art do enjoy the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it dance do your art do enjoy the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it dance do your art do enjoy the moment
+of creativity so what wells is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creativity so what wells is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creativity so what wells is really
+espousing is the goodness of being alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+espousing is the goodness of being alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+espousing is the goodness of being alive
+and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being
+creative and above all in the face of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative and above all in the face of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative and above all in the face of a
+world that is not responsive to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that is not responsive to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that is not responsive to our
+system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of
+values uh now that seems to me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values uh now that seems to me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values uh now that seems to me uh
+crucial in understanding everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial in understanding everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial in understanding everything that
+he does and that and the myth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does and that and the myth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does and that and the myth of the
+past is what he examines for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past is what he examines for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past is what he examines for the sake of
+articulating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between um citizen Kan and Melle yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um citizen Kan and Melle yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um citizen Kan and Melle yes
+well just because I haven't seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just because I haven't seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just because I haven't seen the
+Ambersons yet between the two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambersons yet between the two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambersons yet between the two of them
+which one do you prefer or which one do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one do you prefer or which one do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one do you prefer or which one do
+you think is uh wells's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think is uh wells's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think is uh wells's better
+work I think Citizen Kane overall better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I think Citizen Kane overall better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I think Citizen Kane overall better
+but I wonder if if I if it hadn't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I wonder if if I if it hadn't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I wonder if if I if it hadn't been
+manipulated if it hadn't been altered I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulated if it hadn't been altered I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulated if it hadn't been altered I
+actually I think I enjoyed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I think I enjoyed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I think I enjoyed the
+characters V in magnificent erson they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters V in magnificent erson they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters V in magnificent erson they
+were more interesting to me they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more interesting to me they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more interesting to me they were
+more fun I guess just from purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun I guess just from purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun I guess just from purely
+entertainment well in a lot of Senses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment well in a lot of Senses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment well in a lot of Senses
+but overall citizen came Wells said uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but overall citizen came Wells said uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but overall citizen came Wells said uh
+and forgive me if I'm repeating myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forgive me if I'm repeating myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forgive me if I'm repeating myself
+from a previous class Wells said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a previous class Wells said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a previous class Wells said the
+trouble with Citizen Kane is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with Citizen Kane is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with Citizen Kane is that it
+looks just like a young filmmaker trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks just like a young filmmaker trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks just like a young filmmaker trying
+to say prove to the world that he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say prove to the world that he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say prove to the world that he can
+make movies and that's exactly what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make movies and that's exactly what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make movies and that's exactly what it
+was and it's brilliant I mean all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and it's brilliant I mean all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and it's brilliant I mean all of
+these incredible shuts and angles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these incredible shuts and angles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these incredible shuts and angles and
+the disolves and the structure of it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disolves and the structure of it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disolves and the structure of it uh
+are show a a master technician learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are show a a master technician learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are show a a master technician learning
+his trade or having just learned his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his trade or having just learned his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his trade or having just learned his
+trade and showing off which is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade and showing off which is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade and showing off which is what we
+artists always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists always
+do I mean professors like me um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean professors like me um and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean professors like me um and um
+in the Magnificent Amberson just a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Magnificent Amberson just a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Magnificent Amberson just a year
+later he's ad adapting himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later he's ad adapting himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later he's ad adapting himself
+to a novel P surprise winning novel big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a novel P surprise winning novel big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a novel P surprise winning novel big
+success which has a narrative in places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success which has a narrative in places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success which has a narrative in places
+even sentimental which he's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even sentimental which he's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even sentimental which he's going to
+manipulate according to his technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate according to his technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate according to his technique
+but the technique is not as evident he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the technique is not as evident he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the technique is not as evident he
+for one thing he didn't invent the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one thing he didn't invent the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one thing he didn't invent the story
+and he invented the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he invented the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he invented the story
+wrote collaborated on uh the plot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote collaborated on uh the plot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote collaborated on uh the plot of uh
+citizen C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen C
+here he has to um adhere to some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he has to um adhere to some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he has to um adhere to some extent
+at least to a novel that he admires very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least to a novel that he admires very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least to a novel that he admires very
+much because he was a middle Westerner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because he was a middle Westerner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because he was a middle Westerner
+himself he was Bor born in Wisconsin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself he was Bor born in Wisconsin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself he was Bor born in Wisconsin and
+he understands that uh the myth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he understands that uh the myth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he understands that uh the myth of the
+past he says in a dialogue he had with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past he says in a dialogue he had with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past he says in a dialogue he had with
+um bonovich about this he said that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bonovich about this he said that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bonovich about this he said that for
+me the myth of the past the golden age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the myth of the past the golden age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the myth of the past the golden age
+that I'm always harking back to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm always harking back to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm always harking back to to
+occurred in Grand detour Illinois Grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred in Grand detour Illinois Grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred in Grand detour Illinois Grand
+detour is a small town very small that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detour is a small town very small that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detour is a small town very small that
+his father who was a a high living uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his father who was a a high living uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his father who was a a high living uh
+person after his wife died bought and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person after his wife died bought and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person after his wife died bought and
+turned it into a Haven for his friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned it into a Haven for his friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned it into a Haven for his friends
+particularly his friends in the Arts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly his friends in the Arts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly his friends in the Arts and
+people who were down and out artists who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were down and out artists who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were down and out artists who
+were down and out on their look their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were down and out on their look their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were down and out on their look their
+luck so it was a little Paradise it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck so it was a little Paradise it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck so it was a little Paradise it was
+a little uh world uh in which there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little uh world uh in which there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little uh world uh in which there were
+I think no cars were allowed in it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think no cars were allowed in it no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think no cars were allowed in it no
+electric lights I think uh it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric lights I think uh it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric lights I think uh it was a
+little primitive establishment almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little primitive establishment almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little primitive establishment almost a
+a commune in which Wells being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commune in which Wells being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commune in which Wells being a
+teenager could grow up and have a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenager could grow up and have a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenager could grow up and have a great
+time uh he understood the middle west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh he understood the middle west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh he understood the middle west
+and he understood what Tarkington was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he understood what Tarkington was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he understood what Tarkington was
+doing in his novel and that gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in his novel and that gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in his novel and that gives the
+that movie a very different orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movie a very different orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movie a very different orientation
+from citizen Kain I I would have thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from citizen Kain I I would have thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from citizen Kain I I would have thought
+given the evidence what banovich says in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the evidence what banovich says in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the evidence what banovich says in
+that documentary for instance that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that documentary for instance that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that documentary for instance that if
+the 45 minutes had not been cut it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 45 minutes had not been cut it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 45 minutes had not been cut it might
+have been better than Citizen Cane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been better than Citizen Cane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been better than Citizen Cane and
+maybe one of the few greatest movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one of the few greatest movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one of the few greatest movies
+ever made maybe the greatest who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever made maybe the greatest who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever made maybe the greatest who knows
+um so it's it's a real tragedy that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's it's a real tragedy that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's it's a real tragedy that that
+the world has lost that has anyone seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world has lost that has anyone seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world has lost that has anyone seen
+the Remake I think it came out two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Remake I think it came out two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Remake I think it came out two years
+ago or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago or so
+recently um I wanted to to watch that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently um I wanted to to watch that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently um I wanted to to watch that as
+well but well the Remake is based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but well the Remake is based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but well the Remake is based on the
+original script so some of wells's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original script so some of wells's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original script so some of wells's
+material comes back in but it's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material comes back in but it's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material comes back in but it's never
+doesn't come back in the way Wells would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't come back in the way Wells would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't come back in the way Wells would
+have done it uh because there's no very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done it uh because there's no very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done it uh because there's no very
+hardly any if any footage the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly any if any footage the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly any if any footage the actual
+Celluloid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celluloid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celluloid that
+survived um and um the rest what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived um and um the rest what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived um and um the rest what we see
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+rest um is nowhere in the class of atin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest um is nowhere in the class of atin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest um is nowhere in the class of atin
+Wells as a in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells as a in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells as a in terms of
+technique so that remake is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique so that remake is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique so that remake is interesting
+and that's why I spent the pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why I spent the pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why I spent the pages
+discussing it my chapter but uh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing it my chapter but uh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing it my chapter but uh it's not
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+competitor I feel like I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor I feel like I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor I feel like I have one
+problem with the sort of idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with the sort of idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with the sort of idea of the
+myth of the past and how that works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth of the past and how that works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth of the past and how that works out
+um it in both movies um magnificent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it in both movies um magnificent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it in both movies um magnificent
+erson and C King there's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erson and C King there's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erson and C King there's sort of a
+tragedy that um changes the past and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragedy that um changes the past and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragedy that um changes the past and and
+now you have reality which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have reality which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have reality which is sort of
+bleer then uh and Citizen Cane um sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleer then uh and Citizen Cane um sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleer then uh and Citizen Cane um sort
+of the myth of the past was this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the myth of the past was this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the myth of the past was this sort of
+wonderful perfect childhood he's playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful perfect childhood he's playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful perfect childhood he's playing
+in the snow um and so the tragedy then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the snow um and so the tragedy then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the snow um and so the tragedy then
+is his sort of personal tragedy where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his sort of personal tragedy where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his sort of personal tragedy where
+he's taken away from his parents and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's taken away from his parents and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's taken away from his parents and I
+mean but personally like I I remember my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean but personally like I I remember my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean but personally like I I remember my
+past sort of fondly it doesn't feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past sort of fondly it doesn't feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past sort of fondly it doesn't feel like
+a myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a myth
+um like no tragedy has happened to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like no tragedy has happened to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like no tragedy has happened to me
+yet like um I I don't see anything wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet like um I I don't see anything wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet like um I I don't see anything wrong
+with sort of fondly remembering during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of fondly remembering during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of fondly remembering during
+past experiences but in in his movies it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past experiences but in in his movies it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past experiences but in in his movies it
+takes some tragedy and it's not clear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes some tragedy and it's not clear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes some tragedy and it's not clear to
+me that society's advancement is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that society's advancement is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that society's advancement is always
+a tragedy um it's not clear to me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tragedy um it's not clear to me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tragedy um it's not clear to me that
+um that we shouldn't think fondly or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that we shouldn't think fondly or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that we shouldn't think fondly or
+even sort of exaggerate our past because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even sort of exaggerate our past because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even sort of exaggerate our past because
+there's something positive about that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something positive about that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something positive about that at
+least for me well there are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for me well there are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for me well there are different
+interpretations one uh Wells vehemently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations one uh Wells vehemently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations one uh Wells vehemently
+rejects in the book called This is Orson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejects in the book called This is Orson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejects in the book called This is Orson
+Wells which is his interviews with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells which is his interviews with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells which is his interviews with
+bogdanovich that uh I think I told you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bogdanovich that uh I think I told you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bogdanovich that uh I think I told you I
+read over and over I loved it so much uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read over and over I loved it so much uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read over and over I loved it so much uh
+came out recently um and that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out recently um and that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out recently um and that is the
+sort of psychoanalytic one ascribing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of psychoanalytic one ascribing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of psychoanalytic one ascribing
+this sense of loss in the past to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense of loss in the past to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense of loss in the past to the
+death of wells's mother uh wells's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death of wells's mother uh wells's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death of wells's mother uh wells's
+mother died when he was 9 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother died when he was 9 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother died when he was 9 years
+old before that uh he was a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old before that uh he was a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old before that uh he was a child
+prodigy she um was a music teacher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prodigy she um was a music teacher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prodigy she um was a music teacher and
+probably a a p concert pianist but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a a p concert pianist but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a a p concert pianist but I
+don't think she had a great um career no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think she had a great um career no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think she had a great um career no
+she I think she was also an opera singer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she I think she was also an opera singer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she I think she was also an opera singer
+yeah she was an opera singer as well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah she was an opera singer as well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah she was an opera singer as well but
+not with a great career um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not with a great career um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not with a great career um and
+um he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he was a
+reluctant genius uh there's a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctant genius uh there's a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctant genius uh there's a story
+about his piano teacher who came to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about his piano teacher who came to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about his piano teacher who came to the
+house uh cuz they they were wealthy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house uh cuz they they were wealthy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house uh cuz they they were wealthy and
+was uh giving him um uh um exercises or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh giving him um uh um exercises or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh giving him um uh um exercises or
+a lesson and then suddenly the piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lesson and then suddenly the piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lesson and then suddenly the piano
+teacher rushes into the next room where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher rushes into the next room where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher rushes into the next room where
+his mother was and says Mrs Wells Mrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mother was and says Mrs Wells Mrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mother was and says Mrs Wells Mrs
+Wells um George Orson or George well his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells um George Orson or George well his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells um George Orson or George well his
+name then was George Orson Wells and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name then was George Orson Wells and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name then was George Orson Wells and the
+boy has uh climbed out of the window and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy has uh climbed out of the window and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy has uh climbed out of the window and
+is standing on the ledge threatening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is standing on the ledge threatening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is standing on the ledge threatening to
+jump if we if we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump if we if we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump if we if we don't
+they cancel the cancel the lessons right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cancel the cancel the lessons right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cancel the cancel the lessons right
+a kind of suicide bom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of suicide bom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of suicide bom and
+uh uh what should I do and uh she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh what should I do and uh she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh what should I do and uh she
+calmly says in in the hearing of the boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calmly says in in the hearing of the boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calmly says in in the hearing of the boy
+well if he's going to jump he's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if he's going to jump he's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if he's going to jump he's going to
+jump Wells heard that obviously and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump Wells heard that obviously and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump Wells heard that obviously and
+sheepishly came back but when she died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheepishly came back but when she died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheepishly came back but when she died
+he stopped taking lessons before that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he stopped taking lessons before that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he stopped taking lessons before that he
+had conducted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had conducted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had conducted
+uh before he was 10 years old uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before he was 10 years old uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before he was 10 years old uh he
+played the violin he played the piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played the violin he played the piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played the violin he played the piano
+there were even newspaper articles about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were even newspaper articles about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were even newspaper articles about
+this boy Genius uh as a musician and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this boy Genius uh as a musician and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this boy Genius uh as a musician and he
+never continued he never went on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never continued he never went on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never continued he never went on with
+music after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music after
+that uh as I mentioned in the chapter he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh as I mentioned in the chapter he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh as I mentioned in the chapter he
+did write uh the song uh oh Mr Tain he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did write uh the song uh oh Mr Tain he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did write uh the song uh oh Mr Tain he
+wrote that for that uh he uh his great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote that for that uh he uh his great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote that for that uh he uh his great
+friend was B Bernard Herman who wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend was B Bernard Herman who wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend was B Bernard Herman who wrote
+the uh scores for the first two movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh scores for the first two movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh scores for the first two movies
+uh Citizen Kane and magnificent Amberson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Citizen Kane and magnificent Amberson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Citizen Kane and magnificent Amberson
+and they talk sort of on the same level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they talk sort of on the same level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they talk sort of on the same level
+as fellow musicians so that he knew a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fellow musicians so that he knew a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fellow musicians so that he knew a
+lot about music uh but he never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about music uh but he never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about music uh but he never
+performed or never was active as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed or never was active as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed or never was active as a
+musician after his mother died and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician after his mother died and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician after his mother died and so
+one theory is the Rose but in his life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one theory is the Rose but in his life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one theory is the Rose but in his life
+is his mother and his loss ofer deny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his mother and his loss ofer deny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his mother and his loss ofer deny
+that he said my mother was nothing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he said my mother was nothing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he said my mother was nothing like
+kan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mother I'm curious what um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother I'm curious what um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother I'm curious what um what
+impression you all got from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression you all got from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression you all got from from the
+documentary about Wells if you took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary about Wells if you took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary about Wells if you took
+anything from that what you thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from that what you thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from that what you thought of
+it or range's the wells's life as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or range's the wells's life as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or range's the wells's life as a
+whole his creative life what did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole his creative life what did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole his creative life what did you
+think of that I think surprising that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that I think surprising that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that I think surprising that he
+can be stit right for someone and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be stit right for someone and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be stit right for someone and his
+Bas on his performance in I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bas on his performance in I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bas on his performance in I don't know
+if the camera can pick you up come close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the camera can pick you up come close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the camera can pick you up come close
+soon I'm okay I'm surprised that citizen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon I'm okay I'm surprised that citizen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon I'm okay I'm surprised that citizen
+uh based on Well's performance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh based on Well's performance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh based on Well's performance and
+citizen King I'm surprised that he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen King I'm surprised that he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen King I'm surprised that he can
+actually be stage FR to perform FR of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be stage FR to perform FR of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be stage FR to perform FR of
+camera actually you found I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera actually you found I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera actually you found I don't I
+don't remember any stage fright well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember any stage fright well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember any stage fright well I
+think there was one moment in a scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there was one moment in a scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there was one moment in a scene
+where he was like standing in front of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he was like standing in front of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he was like standing in front of a
+crowd on a sh it was supposed to be on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd on a sh it was supposed to be on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd on a sh it was supposed to be on a
+ship I think and he said that and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship I think and he said that and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship I think and he said that and there
+was another part where he over in citiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was another part where he over in citiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was another part where he over in citiz
+Jane in the documentary he the French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jane in the documentary he the French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jane in the documentary he the French
+actress and he was like there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actress and he was like there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actress and he was like there was a
+French actress describing about how he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French actress describing about how he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French actress describing about how he
+was avoiding doing his oh oh Jean moo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was avoiding doing his oh oh Jean moo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was avoiding doing his oh oh Jean moo
+the great wonderful French actress yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great wonderful French actress yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great wonderful French actress yeah
+and oh that's true he couldn't go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh that's true he couldn't go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh that's true he couldn't go on
+that's this was in the making of uh his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this was in the making of uh his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this was in the making of uh his
+fa staff movie called chimes at midnight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fa staff movie called chimes at midnight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fa staff movie called chimes at midnight
+that he couldn't go on with the excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he couldn't go on with the excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he couldn't go on with the excuse
+that his uh makeup kit was lost was he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his uh makeup kit was lost was he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his uh makeup kit was lost was he
+just embarrassed about like a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just embarrassed about like a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just embarrassed about like a an
+intimate scene or was he I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimate scene or was he I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimate scene or was he I don't know I
+I don't know one doesn't know the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know one doesn't know the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know one doesn't know the whole
+story obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story obviously
+um he did have this thing about his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he did have this thing about his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he did have this thing about his
+appearance um some people said of him in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance um some people said of him in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance um some people said of him in
+real life he had a little button nose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life he had a little button nose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life he had a little button nose I
+don't know from some pictures that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know from some pictures that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know from some pictures that look
+as if they were without uh makeup didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if they were without uh makeup didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if they were without uh makeup didn't
+seem to me really that would seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to me really that would seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to me really that would seem to be
+extreme but uh the very impressive noses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme but uh the very impressive noses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme but uh the very impressive noses
+he has in different roles uh were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has in different roles uh were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has in different roles uh were the
+result of a great deal of putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a great deal of putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a great deal of putting
+because he was very sensitive about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was very sensitive about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was very sensitive about the
+the appearance of his nose in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appearance of his nose in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appearance of his nose in a
+performance uh I don't know that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance uh I don't know that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance uh I don't know that that's
+same as stage right or even that her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as stage right or even that her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as stage right or even that her
+story is related to Stage right I I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is related to Stage right I I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is related to Stage right I I just
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+know well I was I was actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know well I was I was actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know well I was I was actually very
+impressed um with his demeanor because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed um with his demeanor because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed um with his demeanor because
+despite the fact that um I mean he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that um I mean he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that um I mean he was a
+genius and that his films were so often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius and that his films were so often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius and that his films were so often
+ill received by the the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill received by the the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill received by the the production
+companies and stuff like that he still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and stuff like that he still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and stuff like that he still
+seemed to for what reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to for what reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to for what reason
+because he was sort of ahead of his time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was sort of ahead of his time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was sort of ahead of his time
+or he was he often no because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or he was he often no because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or he was he often no because they
+wouldn't make money they wouldn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't make money they wouldn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't make money they wouldn't make
+money well he was he said he was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money well he was he said he was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money well he was he said he was too
+dark for the public which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark for the public which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark for the public which means that
+they that people wouldn't buy tickets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that people wouldn't buy tickets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that people wouldn't buy tickets
+buy tiets that's what they were afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy tiets that's what they were afraid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy tiets that's what they were afraid
+of but he still seemed very like happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but he still seemed very like happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but he still seemed very like happy
+which surprised me he I mean he seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which surprised me he I mean he seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which surprised me he I mean he seemed
+very boisterous in a way so he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very boisterous in a way so he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very boisterous in a way so he didn't
+seem to be set back by that at all which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be set back by that at all which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be set back by that at all which
+I thought was well but he Al in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought was well but he Al in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought was well but he Al in the
+midst of that eulan or at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midst of that eulan or at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midst of that eulan or at the end of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+abuan um conversation that went on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuan um conversation that went on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuan um conversation that went on for
+actually was three and a half hours and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was three and a half hours and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was three and a half hours and
+you saw the shorten version um he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw the shorten version um he does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw the shorten version um he does
+say if I I think I went into the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I I think I went into the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I I think I went into the wrong
+business you remember that he says uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business you remember that he says uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business you remember that he says uh
+98% of my time as a filmmaker was put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+98% of my time as a filmmaker was put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+98% of my time as a filmmaker was put
+into hustling isn't that what he said uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into hustling isn't that what he said uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into hustling isn't that what he said uh
+and only 2% in making films and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only 2% in making films and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only 2% in making films and that's
+not a life the truth is that he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a life the truth is that he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a life the truth is that he was
+wonderfully entertaining in society he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully entertaining in society he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully entertaining in society he
+was a great storyteller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great storyteller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great storyteller
+uh he was an actor and uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he was an actor and uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he was an actor and uh uh the
+producers were all friends of his they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers were all friends of his they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers were all friends of his they
+used to play cards I'm sure uh and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to play cards I'm sure uh and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to play cards I'm sure uh and they
+invited him to their homes for all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited him to their homes for all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited him to their homes for all their
+parties he went in the hope of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties he went in the hope of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties he went in the hope of getting
+money out of them to make more movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money out of them to make more movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money out of them to make more movies
+and he never got anything they they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he never got anything they they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he never got anything they they were
+just stringing him along because he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stringing him along because he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stringing him along because he was
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+entertaining and um you know that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining and um you know that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining and um you know that that's
+a great sadness that any artist should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great sadness that any artist should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great sadness that any artist should
+have to submit to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to submit to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to submit to that
+toward the end uh he generally paid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the end uh he generally paid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the end uh he generally paid for
+most of his movies because he had huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of his movies because he had huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of his movies because he had huge
+got huge fees uh advertising uh is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got huge fees uh advertising uh is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got huge fees uh advertising uh is it
+Mason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mason
+Mason California wine we will we never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mason California wine we will we never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mason California wine we will we never
+sell the wine before its time something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell the wine before its time something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell the wine before its time something
+like that uh on television uh and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that uh on television uh and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that uh on television uh and in
+different acting roles and he would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different acting roles and he would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different acting roles and he would take
+any worthless role in somebody's movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any worthless role in somebody's movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any worthless role in somebody's movie
+Just because he would get such a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just because he would get such a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just because he would get such a large
+fee and then he would pour that into his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee and then he would pour that into his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee and then he would pour that into his
+movies I think that's heroic marvelous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies I think that's heroic marvelous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies I think that's heroic marvelous
+but think of what a strange is on him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but think of what a strange is on him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but think of what a strange is on him
+yeah he said every time he did that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he said every time he did that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he said every time he did that he
+like he lost part of his artist in him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he lost part of his artist in him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he lost part of his artist in him
+or something like that it's true people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that it's true people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that it's true people
+when he died and not as much now spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he died and not as much now spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he died and not as much now spoke
+of him as being terribly overweight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of him as being terribly overweight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of him as being terribly overweight
+because he was so what uh very fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was so what uh very fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was so what uh very fat
+remember um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um and
+uh famous for his commercials on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh famous for his commercials on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh famous for his commercials on
+television you know disregarding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television you know disregarding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television you know disregarding the
+whole achievement of this great man in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole achievement of this great man in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole achievement of this great man in
+uh at least one art which is film making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least one art which is film making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least one art which is film making
+not not uh to speak of the theater and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not uh to speak of the theater and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not uh to speak of the theater and
+uh writing short story writing and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh writing short story writing and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh writing short story writing and other
+writings as a politician who wrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writings as a politician who wrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writings as a politician who wrote the
+um speeches for Franklin delanor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um speeches for Franklin delanor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um speeches for Franklin delanor
+Roosevelt uh Roosevelt encouraged him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roosevelt uh Roosevelt encouraged him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roosevelt uh Roosevelt encouraged him to
+run for Senator in as you remember from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run for Senator in as you remember from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run for Senator in as you remember from
+documentary of Wisconsin um no there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary of Wisconsin um no there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary of Wisconsin um no there was
+much more to him than people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more to him than people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more to him than people
+recognize right I just think that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize right I just think that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize right I just think that when
+he took roles that he didn't respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he took roles that he didn't respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he took roles that he didn't respect
+then he lost self-esteem and so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he lost self-esteem and so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he lost self-esteem and so I think
+that's why but he kept on going I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why but he kept on going I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why but he kept on going I mean
+like in the you know what of it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the you know what of it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the you know what of it just
+keep on um uh banovich reports him being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep on um uh banovich reports him being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep on um uh banovich reports him being
+very gloomy about the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very gloomy about the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very gloomy about the time that
+documentary was made because of how he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary was made because of how he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary was made because of how he's
+he was treated by the profession and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was treated by the profession and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was treated by the profession and
+banovich um try to calm him down and W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banovich um try to calm him down and W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banovich um try to calm him down and W
+said you know he thought you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know he thought you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know he thought you know about
+the future that's the way you always say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future that's the way you always say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future that's the way you always say
+oh you'll be recognized in the future uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you'll be recognized in the future uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you'll be recognized in the future uh
+and uh W said oh yeah in 40 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh W said oh yeah in 40 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh W said oh yeah in 40 years
+they'll love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll love
+me well it took only about 25 he died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me well it took only about 25 he died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me well it took only about 25 he died
+1985 and or now it's 19 years ago uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1985 and or now it's 19 years ago uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1985 and or now it's 19 years ago uh and
+he's now a cult figure and recognized as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's now a cult figure and recognized as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's now a cult figure and recognized as
+the great man and genius that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was so even in 1985 he wasn't recognized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so even in 1985 he wasn't recognized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so even in 1985 he wasn't recognized
+in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nope well he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope well he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope well he had
+an the last movie he had he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an the last movie he had he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an the last movie he had he had
+finished and was in complete control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished and was in complete control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished and was in complete control of
+was F for fake and that dates back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was F for fake and that dates back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was F for fake and that dates back into
+the 1970s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s
+uh after that there were all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after that there were all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after that there were all of those
+unfinished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfinished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfinished
+things uh including uh um when will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh including uh um when will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh including uh um when will you
+finish donot remember he calls that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish donot remember he calls that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish donot remember he calls that the
+donot movie and he says uh I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donot movie and he says uh I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donot movie and he says uh I'm thinking
+of finishing calling it when will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finishing calling it when will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finishing calling it when will you
+when will you finish Don hot because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when will you finish Don hot because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when will you finish Don hot because
+that's what his friends all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what his friends all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what his friends all
+say uh I think you may remember from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh I think you may remember from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh I think you may remember from the
+book that I found a an interview with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that I found a an interview with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that I found a an interview with
+him made about um 20 years before he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him made about um 20 years before he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him made about um 20 years before he
+died in which he said he had finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died in which he said he had finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died in which he said he had finished
+onot and that he wasn't ready to release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onot and that he wasn't ready to release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onot and that he wasn't ready to release
+it because the trial which based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because the trial which based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because the trial which based on
+kafka's novel and a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kafka's novel and a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kafka's novel and a very very
+interesting movie in many ways um had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting movie in many ways um had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting movie in many ways um had
+been attacked commercially and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been attacked commercially and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been attacked commercially and
+critically and every by everybody and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically and every by everybody and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically and every by everybody and he
+said he wasn't ready to release another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said he wasn't ready to release another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said he wasn't ready to release another
+movie to be attacked that way so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie to be attacked that way so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie to be attacked that way so that's
+very sad that part of his life is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sad that part of his life is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sad that part of his life is very
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+sad but I it's still um so I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad but I it's still um so I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad but I it's still um so I feel
+protective as as I say in the last uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protective as as I say in the last uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protective as as I say in the last uh
+page or so uh but I nevertheless admire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page or so uh but I nevertheless admire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page or so uh but I nevertheless admire
+his fortitude in going on and doing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his fortitude in going on and doing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his fortitude in going on and doing as
+much as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did what else about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+documentary would you like to say since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary would you like to say since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary would you like to say since
+most of you haven't yet and will today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you haven't yet and will today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you haven't yet and will today
+see the Magnificent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ambersons well one thing I was struck by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambersons well one thing I was struck by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambersons well one thing I was struck by
+was Wells has such a great sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Wells has such a great sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Wells has such a great sense of
+humor in the in the documentary he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor in the in the documentary he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor in the in the documentary he's
+always making jokes or telling funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always making jokes or telling funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always making jokes or telling funny
+stories and but in his in Citizen Cane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories and but in his in Citizen Cane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories and but in his in Citizen Cane
+which is the only Wells film I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the only Wells film I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the only Wells film I've seen
+there isn't really that much humor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't really that much humor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't really that much humor and
+this was surprising to me because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was surprising to me because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was surprising to me because in
+Hitchcock's interview Hitchcock seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's interview Hitchcock seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's interview Hitchcock seemed
+very somber he didn't really make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very somber he didn't really make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very somber he didn't really make any
+jokes or anything but his movies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jokes or anything but his movies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jokes or anything but his movies are
+filled with humor right I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with humor right I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with humor right I think I
+thought interesting how Wells has such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought interesting how Wells has such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought interesting how Wells has such a
+great sense of humor but he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great sense of humor but he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great sense of humor but he doesn't
+necessarily put it into his films um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily put it into his films um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily put it into his films um
+that's a very good point uh uh Hitchcock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good point uh uh Hitchcock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good point uh uh Hitchcock
+is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is a
+humorous and it's a structural device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humorous and it's a structural device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humorous and it's a structural device
+that he mingles with the romance on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he mingles with the romance on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he mingles with the romance on the
+one hand and the thrilling the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand and the thrilling the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand and the thrilling the the
+elements of Thriller on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of Thriller on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of Thriller on the other hand
+if it gets too heavy then the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it gets too heavy then the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it gets too heavy then the audience
+loses its uh patience and the suspense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses its uh patience and the suspense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses its uh patience and the suspense
+sags so to lighten it up you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sags so to lighten it up you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sags so to lighten it up you have to
+have some comedy but the comedy has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some comedy but the comedy has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some comedy but the comedy has to
+be relevant and if it's a romance movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be relevant and if it's a romance movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be relevant and if it's a romance movie
+then uh you know love and sex are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh you know love and sex are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh you know love and sex are always
+funny seen from the point of view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny seen from the point of view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny seen from the point of view of
+somebody uh outside who isn't suffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody uh outside who isn't suffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody uh outside who isn't suffering
+at the moment right uh so that that ties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment right uh so that that ties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment right uh so that that ties
+them very nicely together now not all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them very nicely together now not all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them very nicely together now not all of
+his movies are like that really but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his movies are like that really but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his movies are like that really but the
+most famous ones the most successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous ones the most successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous ones the most successful
+ones are North by Northwest that's a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are North by Northwest that's a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are North by Northwest that's a uh
+suspense romance comedy and Carrie Grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspense romance comedy and Carrie Grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspense romance comedy and Carrie Grant
+is the perfect choice because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the perfect choice because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the perfect choice because he
+combines both comedy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines both comedy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines both comedy and
+romance uh and then uh but U uh but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance uh and then uh but U uh but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance uh and then uh but U uh but even
+U Eva St Marie is witty in places right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Eva St Marie is witty in places right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Eva St Marie is witty in places right
+uh so that that structural element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that that structural element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that that structural element in
+hitchock and it's true of other films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitchock and it's true of other films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitchock and it's true of other films
+um many other films of that sort but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um many other films of that sort but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um many other films of that sort but
+that Hitchcock directed in WS um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hitchcock directed in WS um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hitchcock directed in WS um if you
+say what it what comedy did he ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what it what comedy did he ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what it what comedy did he ever
+write I don't know what to say exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write I don't know what to say exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write I don't know what to say exactly
+maybe let me think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe let me think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe let me think
+um well there are comic elements but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well there are comic elements but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well there are comic elements but
+they're much less structural for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much less structural for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much less structural for
+instance Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bernstein Bernstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein Bernstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein Bernstein
+no you know there's two pronun ation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you know there's two pronun ation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you know there's two pronun ation of
+that name but in Wells it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that name but in Wells it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that name but in Wells it's
+Bernstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein
+um M Mr Bernstein the first time uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um M Mr Bernstein the first time uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um M Mr Bernstein the first time uh he
+we he comes in I think it is uh he falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we he comes in I think it is uh he falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we he comes in I think it is uh he falls
+as if on a banana teing in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if on a banana teing in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if on a banana teing in the the
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+furnishings and what does he say he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnishings and what does he say he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnishings and what does he say he says
+oops as if it were a comic strip and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops as if it were a comic strip and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops as if it were a comic strip and
+he's always a sort of comic figure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's always a sort of comic figure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's always a sort of comic figure uh
+and he plays it that way he's a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he plays it that way he's a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he plays it that way he's a straight
+man for Caine and we laugh at that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man for Caine and we laugh at that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man for Caine and we laugh at that he's
+this uh you know this little U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh you know this little U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh you know this little U
+subordinate who says anything you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subordinate who says anything you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subordinate who says anything you know
+anything to make the boss happy and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to make the boss happy and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to make the boss happy and then
+if he laughs about it he laughs about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he laughs about it he laughs about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he laughs about it he laughs about it
+at his own expense uh when uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at his own expense uh when uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at his own expense uh when uh at the
+party when kanaine uh is about to go off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party when kanaine uh is about to go off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party when kanaine uh is about to go off
+to Europe announced he's going to go off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Europe announced he's going to go off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Europe announced he's going to go off
+to Europe um um Bernstein shouts M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Europe um um Bernstein shouts M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Europe um um Bernstein shouts M
+Kan there are there are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kan there are there are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kan there are there are still
+other antiques or works of art there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other antiques or works of art there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other antiques or works of art there
+that you haven't bought bought bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you haven't bought bought bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you haven't bought bought bought
+are you going to buy them something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to buy them something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to buy them something like
+that remember and he T says I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remember and he T says I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remember and he T says I'm going to
+buy them all whatever right and uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy them all whatever right and uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy them all whatever right and uh then
+a few seconds later he says he said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few seconds later he says he said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few seconds later he says he said I
+promis something like that and a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promis something like that and a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promis something like that and a few
+seconds later he said says um uh Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds later he said says um uh Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds later he said says um uh Mr
+Bernstein you don't expect me to keep my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein you don't expect me to keep my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein you don't expect me to keep my
+promises do you and Bernstein laughs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises do you and Bernstein laughs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises do you and Bernstein laughs
+like the little to there he is and says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the little to there he is and says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the little to there he is and says
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+yes you know he accepts the irony of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you know he accepts the irony of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you know he accepts the irony of the
+deceptiveness of his own boss that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceptiveness of his own boss that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceptiveness of his own boss that's
+what Bernstein is like and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Bernstein is like and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Bernstein is like and so that's
+comic and then what's also comic is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic and then what's also comic is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic and then what's also comic is the
+transformation in Bernstein because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation in Bernstein because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation in Bernstein because when
+uh the reporter interviewed use him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reporter interviewed use him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reporter interviewed use him
+Bernstein is the chairman of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein is the chairman of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein is the chairman of the
+board right we remember the the B the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board right we remember the the B the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board right we remember the the B the uh
+he's a big magnet now um and um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a big magnet now um and um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a big magnet now um and um the
+reporter says I hope you're not too busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter says I hope you're not too busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter says I hope you're not too busy
+and he says no I'm that I I can easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says no I'm that I I can easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says no I'm that I I can easily
+imitate his accent because I was born in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitate his accent because I was born in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitate his accent because I was born in
+Brooklyn no no I I um I have plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooklyn no no I I um I have plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooklyn no no I I um I have plenty of
+time Mr U toson is that what it is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Mr U toson is that what it is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Mr U toson is that what it is um
+I'm the chair chman of the board I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the chair chman of the board I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the chair chman of the board I've
+got nothing to do right so he makes fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got nothing to do right so he makes fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got nothing to do right so he makes fun
+of himself that's a comic element that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of himself that's a comic element that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of himself that's a comic element that
+inserted uh in the right way by Wells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted uh in the right way by Wells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted uh in the right way by Wells
+but it's not you're right it's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not you're right it's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not you're right it's not as
+full and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full and and
+uh powerful of device as comedy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh powerful of device as comedy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh powerful of device as comedy and
+humor uh are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor uh are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor uh are in
+Hitchcock there's a great deal of humor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock there's a great deal of humor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock there's a great deal of humor
+you'll find in Reno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find in Reno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find in Reno
+but Reno's humor is even subtler than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Reno's humor is even subtler than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Reno's humor is even subtler than
+Hitchcock's I mean is more subtler than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's I mean is more subtler than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's I mean is more subtler than
+Hitchcock and even subtler than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock and even subtler than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock and even subtler than
+Wills though Hitchcock can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wills though Hitchcock can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wills though Hitchcock can be very
+subtle though I for me it's subtle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle though I for me it's subtle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle though I for me it's subtle that
+I don't know if I pointed out to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if I pointed out to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if I pointed out to you
+when you saw um 39 steps and there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you saw um 39 steps and there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you saw um 39 steps and there's the
+brawl at the beginning in the theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brawl at the beginning in the theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brawl at the beginning in the theater
+and the stage manager jumps onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stage manager jumps onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stage manager jumps onto the
+stage and says gentlemen Gentlemen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and says gentlemen Gentlemen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and says gentlemen Gentlemen
+please you're not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please you're not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please you're not at
+home and I remember seeing that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and I remember seeing that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and I remember seeing that many
+times before the humor of it came to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times before the humor of it came to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times before the humor of it came to me
+it's so subtle what he's saying is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so subtle what he's saying is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so subtle what he's saying is being
+the the creatures that you are you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the creatures that you are you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the creatures that you are you're
+probably fighting at home all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably fighting at home all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably fighting at home all the time
+you you can't do that here in public in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can't do that here in public in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can't do that here in public in
+the theater so it's very rich I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theater so it's very rich I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theater so it's very rich I think
+and yet uh still subtle so it is as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet uh still subtle so it is as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet uh still subtle so it is as if
+Hitchcock is not capable of a great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock is not capable of a great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock is not capable of a great deal
+of subtl he is in everything he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay anything
+else now I want to leave enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else now I want to leave enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else now I want to leave enough
+time for us to get to the movie without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for us to get to the movie without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for us to get to the movie without
+keeping you too late um but I also want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping you too late um but I also want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping you too late um but I also want
+to have plenty of time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discuss this week's reading which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss this week's reading which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss this week's reading which is the
+W's chapter and um ideas about biography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's chapter and um ideas about biography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's chapter and um ideas about biography
+and all the documentary and Ed's ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the documentary and Ed's ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the documentary and Ed's ideas
+about uh the magnificent amerson's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the magnificent amerson's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the magnificent amerson's in
+preparation for what you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation for what you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation for what you'll be
+saying did you have more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying did you have more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying did you have more to
+say no thoughts come to mind uh it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no thoughts come to mind uh it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no thoughts come to mind uh it may
+be that the my chapter serves as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that the my chapter serves as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that the my chapter serves as an
+introduction to you I prepared you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to you I prepared you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to you I prepared you
+perhaps for what to expect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps for what to expect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps for what to expect in
+magnificent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent
+Amberson one thing I do want to repeat I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amberson one thing I do want to repeat I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amberson one thing I do want to repeat I
+emphasize how it's repeating what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize how it's repeating what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize how it's repeating what's in
+the chapter is the way in which Wells is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapter is the way in which Wells is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapter is the way in which Wells is
+uh capable of feelings that one usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capable of feelings that one usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capable of feelings that one usually
+don't find critics ascribing to him they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't find critics ascribing to him they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't find critics ascribing to him they
+talk about him playing the king RS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about him playing the king RS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about him playing the king RS
+remember the way he says and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the way he says and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the way he says and and
+therefore in a very pompous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in a very pompous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in a very pompous
+authoritarian even bombastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authoritarian even bombastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authoritarian even bombastic
+way fitted with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way fitted with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way fitted with that
+wonderful unmistakable voice of his if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful unmistakable voice of his if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful unmistakable voice of his if
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever hear that voice you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever hear that voice you know that's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse and Wells though he was very in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse and Wells though he was very in as
+a little aside he dubbed seven of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little aside he dubbed seven of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little aside he dubbed seven of the
+parts in the trial and nobody can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts in the trial and nobody can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts in the trial and nobody can tell
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was such a good mimic that he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was such a good mimic that he could
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+make his voice sound different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make his voice sound different and
+appropriate for the different parts that
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+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for the different parts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for the different parts that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wanted but in his ordinary delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wanted but in his ordinary delivery
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sours and Wells right um what he is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sours and Wells right um what he is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+not given credit for is the depth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not given credit for is the depth of
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+ align:start position:0%
+feeling
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he uh
+expresses and that's why I quoted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses and that's why I quoted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses and that's why I quoted that
+passage in magnificent amerson's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage in magnificent amerson's that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage in magnificent amerson's that
+you'll be seeing which he wrote himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be seeing which he wrote himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be seeing which he wrote himself
+based on a much slighter reference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a much slighter reference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a much slighter reference in
+the Booth Tarkington novel but which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Booth Tarkington novel but which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Booth Tarkington novel but which he
+makes into uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes into uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes into uh a
+very just a short PPH but a very telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very just a short PPH but a very telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very just a short PPH but a very telling
+moment in the history of Cinema and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in the history of Cinema and it's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in the history of Cinema and it's
+about uh it and present presented with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh it and present presented with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh it and present presented with a
+great deal of compassionate feelings for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of compassionate feelings for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of compassionate feelings for
+the failure for George Miner Who falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the failure for George Miner Who falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the failure for George Miner Who falls
+on his knees in the bed uh in next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his knees in the bed uh in next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his knees in the bed uh in next to
+the bed of uh uh in his mother's bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bed of uh uh in his mother's bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+bedroom uh where she used to sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedroom uh where she used to sleep
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+ align:start position:0%
+bedroom uh where she used to sleep
+before she died and uh begs forgiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before she died and uh begs forgiveness
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+before she died and uh begs forgiveness
+for the harm he's re and hoping that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the harm he's re and hoping that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the harm he's re and hoping that she
+and God can forgive him and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and God can forgive him and then the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and God can forgive him and then the
+voice over gives that paragraph that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice over gives that paragraph that you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice over gives that paragraph that you
+read in in the chapter uh that
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+ align:start position:0%
+read in in the chapter uh that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in in the chapter uh that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody people all of whom were hoping
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody people all of whom were hoping
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+be delighted but nobody would even
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+be delighted but nobody would even
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+ align:start position:0%
+be
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+ align:start position:0%
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+insignificant because they would all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificant because they would all be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificant because they would all be
+dead or or moved away or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead or or moved away or something
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+ align:start position:0%
+dead or or moved away or something
+that's part of the myth of the past we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the myth of the past we
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+ align:start position:0%
+think that in the future people are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that in the future people are
+going to be looking back and um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking back and um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking back and um it's
+myth uh Dr Samuel Johnson you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth uh Dr Samuel Johnson you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth uh Dr Samuel Johnson you know the
+18th century great man uh English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th century great man uh English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th century great man uh English
+literature um he said uh if you're ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature um he said uh if you're ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature um he said uh if you're ever
+depressed because of Any fauxy you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed because of Any fauxy you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed because of Any fauxy you make
+in in public uh anything you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in public uh anything you do that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in public uh anything you do that
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you've disgraced yourself in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you've disgraced yourself in some
+way just remember in in a year nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way just remember in in a year nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way just remember in in a year nobody
+will remember it ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened um another way of putting it is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you think of it what's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you think of it what's
+called under the aspect of Eternity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called under the aspect of Eternity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called under the aspect of Eternity
+subpec eternus under the aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subpec eternus under the aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subpec eternus under the aspect of
+Eternity however terrible it might seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eternity however terrible it might seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eternity however terrible it might seem
+to you it's insignificant it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you it's insignificant it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you it's insignificant it doesn't
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't worry about the future
+or the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the past
+uh because uh it doesn't matter nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because uh it doesn't matter nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because uh it doesn't matter nobody's
+keeping score it's not as if anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping score it's not as if anybody
+will know the ter terrible thing you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will know the ter terrible thing you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will know the ter terrible thing you did
+when um you splashed the hostess with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when um you splashed the hostess with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when um you splashed the hostess with
+with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your
+martini and you and everyone was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martini and you and everyone was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martini and you and everyone was
+horrified uh doesn't matter his history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrified uh doesn't matter his history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrified uh doesn't matter his history
+seems to remember the heroic moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to remember the heroic moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to remember the heroic moments
+much better than that than M say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than that than M say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than that than M say that
+again history seems to remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again history seems to remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again history seems to remember the
+heroic moments the triumphs people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic moments the triumphs people
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic moments the triumphs people
+remember those great things but they
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+ align:start position:0%
+remember those great things but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember those great things but they
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but they don't remember the heroic
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but they don't remember the heroic
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+
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+ones either that's my mother only
+ 
+
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+remembers the mistakes and she doesn't
+
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+remembers the mistakes and she doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers the mistakes and she doesn't
+remember any of my heroic moments but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember any of my heroic moments but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember any of my heroic moments but
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for subject of well the irony is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+that we have it's more human life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have it's more human life is
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+
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+
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+
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+more than that human life is a mean you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to put a different filter
+ 
+
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+going to have to put a different filter
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the camera but if you're not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the camera but if you're not uh
+if you uh think that U what I'm doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you uh think that U what I'm doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you uh think that U what I'm doing is
+putting a filter in uh there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a filter in uh there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a filter in uh there's no
+permanence life doesn't go on very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanence life doesn't go on very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanence life doesn't go on very long
+and may not go on even for the race or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and may not go on even for the race or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and may not go on even for the race or
+for the whole universe and who who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole universe and who who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole universe and who who knows
+what difference will it make on cop or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what difference will it make on cop or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what difference will it make on cop or
+some other remote Galaxy what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other remote Galaxy what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other remote Galaxy what happens in
+this place uh at the same time we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this place uh at the same time we always
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this place uh at the same time we always
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in the present and for us this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they matter to us and therefore
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say oh it doesn't matter is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the psychopath might say or the
+sociopath uh the mass murderer no what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociopath uh the mass murderer no what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociopath uh the mass murderer no what
+difference is it made um in after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is it made um in after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is it made um in after the
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+
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+battle of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle of
+wo not the battle of the battle of OU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wo not the battle of the battle of OU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wo not the battle of the battle of OU
+Elites Napoleon is walked across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elites Napoleon is walked across the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elites Napoleon is walked across the
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+
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+
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+battlefield where the dead were all
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+
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+Marshals a good night in Paris will make
+
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+Marshals a good night in Paris will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+up for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for all
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um sure I mean you can plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept for ourselves and we're we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept for ourselves and we're we think
+of ourselves as Unique Individuals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ourselves as Unique Individuals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ourselves as Unique Individuals and
+after a while uh if you live as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while uh if you live as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while uh if you live as long as
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do you get to see that everyone feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do you get to see that everyone feels
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that lives including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+chicken that you had for dinner today uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken that you had for dinner today uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken that you had for dinner today uh
+that's the horror of life well if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the horror of life well if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just can't say well of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just can't say well of course
+it doesn't matter the CH would have died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter the CH would have died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter the CH would have died
+sooner or later it didn't want to die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner or later it didn't want to die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner or later it didn't want to die
+when it did die uh and the hostess will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it did die uh and the hostess will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it did die uh and the hostess will
+will die and nobody will remember about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will die and nobody will remember about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will die and nobody will remember about
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the your FAA with the martini but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the your FAA with the martini but at
+that moment this is your life and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moment this is your life and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moment this is your life and it's
+horrible so the one has to live with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible so the one has to live with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible so the one has to live with the
+dynamic of these two Alternatives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic of these two Alternatives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic of these two Alternatives and
+that's also part of the myth of the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also part of the myth of the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also part of the myth of the past
+or at least an examination of the myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least an examination of the myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least an examination of the myth
+of the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the past
+and Wells reveals how compassionate he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Wells reveals how compassionate he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Wells reveals how compassionate he
+can be for Jo for George at that moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be for Jo for George at that moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be for Jo for George at that moment
+without saying well of course in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without saying well of course in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without saying well of course in in the
+future nobody will remember this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future nobody will remember this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future nobody will remember this or
+people who who want to get his come upin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who who want to get his come upin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who who want to get his come upin
+don't remember him uh in the aello movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember him uh in the aello movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember him uh in the aello movie
+that U Wells made and acted the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U Wells made and acted the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U Wells made and acted the main
+role in uh he shows much more compassion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in uh he shows much more compassion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in uh he shows much more compassion
+for this suffering man uh who suffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this suffering man uh who suffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this suffering man uh who suffering
+from the terrible psychological disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the terrible psychological disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the terrible psychological disease
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+jealousy than Olivier or Gil good or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jealousy than Olivier or Gil good or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jealousy than Olivier or Gil good or any
+of the famous uh Shakespearean actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the famous uh Shakespearean actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the famous uh Shakespearean actors
+who respond to the magnificence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who respond to the magnificence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who respond to the magnificence of the
+po pro of the poetry and shout and Carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po pro of the poetry and shout and Carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po pro of the poetry and shout and Carry
+On and scream in accordance with the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On and scream in accordance with the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On and scream in accordance with the uh
+with the melod drama and we never quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the melod drama and we never quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the melod drama and we never quite
+get the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the sense of
+sadness and the condition that this man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadness and the condition that this man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadness and the condition that this man
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+in particularly in view of the Innocence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particularly in view of the Innocence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particularly in view of the Innocence
+of his wife what he has what he stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his wife what he has what he stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his wife what he has what he stands
+to lose when he kills her um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose when he kills her um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose when he kills her um and you
+know allows himself to be humiliated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know allows himself to be humiliated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know allows himself to be humiliated by
+Yo now you know how sad that is you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yo now you know how sad that is you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yo now you know how sad that is you get
+that in wells's production well though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in wells's production well though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in wells's production well though
+it has other faults in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has other faults in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has other faults in
+it I think the idea that you were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think the idea that you were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think the idea that you were saying
+about how life is sort of meaningless I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how life is sort of meaningless I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how life is sort of meaningless I
+mean I think that's an inside that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think that's an inside that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think that's an inside that's
+like at the the center of what it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at the the center of what it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at the the center of what it is to
+be to be human I mean reconciling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to be human I mean reconciling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to be human I mean reconciling the
+idea that at this moment like what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that at this moment like what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that at this moment like what I'm
+doing and like I feel it's incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and like I feel it's incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and like I feel it's incredibly
+important how people are responding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important how people are responding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important how people are responding to
+me and reacting to me but at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and reacting to me but at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and reacting to me but at the same
+time uh the idea that it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh the idea that it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh the idea that it's all
+meaningless I mean that's so hard to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless I mean that's so hard to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless I mean that's so hard to to
+like what do you do with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what do you do with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what do you do with those
+conflicting ideas of life that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+insightful um we ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful um we ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful um we ought to
+um get going in about three minutes un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um get going in about three minutes un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um get going in about three minutes un
+let I don't suppose any of you can stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let I don't suppose any of you can stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let I don't suppose any of you can stay
+after five the movie is 88 minutes long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after five the movie is 88 minutes long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after five the movie is 88 minutes long
+um but in the very quickly I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in the very quickly I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in the very quickly I want to
+remind you of the second paper and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of the second paper and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of the second paper and that
+the second paper is more important than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second paper is more important than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second paper is more important than
+the first paper uh actually on the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first paper uh actually on the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first paper uh actually on the whole
+all of you did reasonably well I it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you did reasonably well I it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you did reasonably well I it's a
+great a but it doesn't matter where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great a but it doesn't matter where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great a but it doesn't matter where you
+stand in terms of the grades because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in terms of the grades because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in terms of the grades because the
+second paper can make up a lot if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second paper can make up a lot if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second paper can make up a lot if you
+got a B+ you could very well end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a B+ you could very well end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a B+ you could very well end up with
+an A or an A minus um if you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A or an A minus um if you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A or an A minus um if you got the
+less it's harder uh I don't U treat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less it's harder uh I don't U treat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less it's harder uh I don't U treat the
+papers equally what I will do is read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers equally what I will do is read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers equally what I will do is read
+them and think of your performance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and think of your performance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and think of your performance in
+class uh for the for borderline cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh for the for borderline cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh for the for borderline cases
+but the the papers are very important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the papers are very important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the papers are very important in
+the grade and make the main criterian of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grade and make the main criterian of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grade and make the main criterian of
+the grade uh so that don't be don't um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grade uh so that don't be don't um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grade uh so that don't be don't um
+be depressed if you didn't get as high a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be depressed if you didn't get as high a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be depressed if you didn't get as high a
+grade for the first paper as you thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade for the first paper as you thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade for the first paper as you thought
+uh I it's very hard for us to be fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I it's very hard for us to be fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I it's very hard for us to be fair
+either in uh other people's grades or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in uh other people's grades or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in uh other people's grades or in
+the process of grading there isn't any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of grading there isn't any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of grading there isn't any
+mystical scientific perfection in grades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystical scientific perfection in grades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystical scientific perfection in grades
+uh so I always try to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I always try to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I always try to be a little
+generous but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous but
+uh make up the deficiencies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make up the deficiencies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make up the deficiencies in the
+second paper you're all clear about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second paper you're all clear about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second paper you're all clear about what
+to do in the second paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in the second paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in the second paper
+um it's through two weeks from today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's through two weeks from today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's through two weeks from today
+next week we're going to talk at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we're going to talk at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we're going to talk at the
+very beginning about your papers so get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning about your papers so get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning about your papers so get
+your imagination going uh start working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your imagination going uh start working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your imagination going uh start working
+at uh an outline uh or first draft and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh an outline uh or first draft and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh an outline uh or first draft and
+uh I will consult with you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I will consult with you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I will consult with you about the
+contents to make sure you don't fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents to make sure you don't fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents to make sure you don't fall
+into a ditch uh unless unless it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a ditch uh unless unless it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a ditch uh unless unless it's a
+very atic ditch um and uh in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very atic ditch um and uh in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very atic ditch um and uh in general
+you all know my email address send me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know my email address send me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know my email address send me
+with any problems I'm very accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any problems I'm very accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any problems I'm very accessible
+let me know how I can be of help for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know how I can be of help for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know how I can be of help for the
+second paper as as I tried all your now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second paper as as I tried all your now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second paper as as I tried all your now
+for the first paper well I'll try even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first paper well I'll try even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first paper well I'll try even
+harder for the second paper will you be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder for the second paper will you be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder for the second paper will you be
+um checking your email over break what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um checking your email over break what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um checking your email over break what
+will you be checking your email over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you be checking your email over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you be checking your email over
+break at all or no why not I uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break at all or no why not I uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break at all or no why not I uh I'm
+always open for business the mind never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always open for business the mind never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always open for business the mind never
+the brain never rests the mind does but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain never rests the mind does but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain never rests the mind does but
+the brain is always operating um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain is always operating um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain is always operating um
+remember the second paper is not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the second paper is not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the second paper is not as
+limited to a portion of the signed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to a portion of the signed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to a portion of the signed
+reading as the first one so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading as the first one so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading as the first one so you can
+wander a little further but one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wander a little further but one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wander a little further but one thing
+that you all have to really keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you all have to really keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you all have to really keep in mind
+is you also expected to do more careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you also expected to do more careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you also expected to do more careful
+outside research some of you did at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside research some of you did at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside research some of you did at
+least the minimum but uh I think more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the minimum but uh I think more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the minimum but uh I think more
+than half just sort of threw out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half just sort of threw out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half just sort of threw out
+something um without really working at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um without really working at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um without really working at
+it and doing much with it it isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and doing much with it it isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and doing much with it it isn't that
+it has to be 10 books or 10 articles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be 10 books or 10 articles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be 10 books or 10 articles or
+even uh more than one article but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even uh more than one article but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even uh more than one article but there
+something that you work at as a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you work at as a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you work at as a problem
+that is relevant to the course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is relevant to the course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is relevant to the course and
+relevant to what you want to say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to what you want to say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to what you want to say and
+gives you uh access to somebody else in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you uh access to somebody else in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you uh access to somebody else in
+order to emancipate yourself from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to emancipate yourself from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to emancipate yourself from the
+terrible influence of every singer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible influence of every singer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible influence of every singer and
+That's essential for discovering your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's essential for discovering your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's essential for discovering your
+own creativity on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own creativity on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own creativity on your own
+so that remember in writing the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that remember in writing the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that remember in writing the paper
+and the length is longer and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the length is longer and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the length is longer and all the
+rest remember the footnotes I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest remember the footnotes I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest remember the footnotes I mean the
+footnotes and word count and page page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footnotes and word count and page page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footnotes and word count and page page
+numbers not that I graded any down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers not that I graded any down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers not that I graded any down on
+there not being uh the word count this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there not being uh the word count this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there not being uh the word count this
+time all right anything you want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right anything you want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right anything you want to say
+about the second paper all right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the second paper all right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the second paper all right then
+why don't we walk over to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we walk over to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we walk over to watch
+magnificent erson now are you handing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent erson now are you handing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent erson now are you handing
+our Pap back today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mn-u-7fRQv4.txt b/mn-u-7fRQv4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a98f90b02b1e652076fa86d6b0760ce7c2da292
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mn-u-7fRQv4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1123 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you haven't already viewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't already viewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't already viewed
+distillation part one simple infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation part one simple infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation part one simple infection
+distillations then please do so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillations then please do so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillations then please do so before
+watching this video if you have then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this video if you have then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this video if you have then you
+know that simple distillation is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that simple distillation is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that simple distillation is an
+effective technique for purifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective technique for purifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective technique for purifying
+liquids if the liquids boil below about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids if the liquids boil below about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids if the liquids boil below about
+150° cus if you have to purify a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150° cus if you have to purify a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150° cus if you have to purify a higher
+boiling liquid however then you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling liquid however then you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling liquid however then you must
+perform the distillation under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the distillation under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the distillation under
+vacuum the third type of distillation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum the third type of distillation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum the third type of distillation is
+a vacuum distillation this technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacuum distillation this technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacuum distillation this technique
+must be used if the liquid boils above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be used if the liquid boils above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be used if the liquid boils above
+about 150° C where it is likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 150° C where it is likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 150° C where it is likely to
+decompose as you know the boiling point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose as you know the boiling point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose as you know the boiling point
+of a liquid OCC occurs when its vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a liquid OCC occurs when its vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a liquid OCC occurs when its vapor
+pressure is equal to the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is equal to the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is equal to the external
+pressure If a system is under vacuum it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure If a system is under vacuum it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure If a system is under vacuum it
+has a reduced pressure and the liquid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a reduced pressure and the liquid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a reduced pressure and the liquid is
+able to boil at a lower temperature to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to boil at a lower temperature to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to boil at a lower temperature to
+set up the apparatus for the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up the apparatus for the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up the apparatus for the vacuum
+distillation insert a cazin adapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation insert a cazin adapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation insert a cazin adapter
+between the distillation flask and head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the distillation flask and head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the distillation flask and head
+liquids often boil violently under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids often boil violently under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids often boil violently under
+reduced pressure and the cazin adapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced pressure and the cazin adapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced pressure and the cazin adapter
+is used to decrease the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used to decrease the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used to decrease the probability that
+liquid will bump into the condenser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid will bump into the condenser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid will bump into the condenser
+instead of using a vacuum adapter attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using a vacuum adapter attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using a vacuum adapter attach
+a cow or pig to the end of the condenser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cow or pig to the end of the condenser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cow or pig to the end of the condenser
+and place place a receiving flask on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and place place a receiving flask on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and place place a receiving flask on
+each joint because the system will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each joint because the system will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each joint because the system will be
+under vacuum during the distillation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under vacuum during the distillation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under vacuum during the distillation you
+will not be able to replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be able to replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be able to replace the
+receiving flask as you did during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving flask as you did during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving flask as you did during
+atmospheric distillation a cow or Pig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric distillation a cow or Pig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric distillation a cow or Pig
+allows you to keep the system under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to keep the system under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to keep the system under
+vacuum but still switch to new receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum but still switch to new receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum but still switch to new receiving
+flasks next attach heavy walled vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flasks next attach heavy walled vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flasks next attach heavy walled vacuum
+tubing to the outlet on the cower Pig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubing to the outlet on the cower Pig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubing to the outlet on the cower Pig
+adapter if the walls of the tubing are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapter if the walls of the tubing are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapter if the walls of the tubing are
+too thin then they will collapse under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too thin then they will collapse under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too thin then they will collapse under
+vacuum attach the other end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum attach the other end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum attach the other end of the
+vacuum tubing to a vacuum Source such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum tubing to a vacuum Source such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum tubing to a vacuum Source such as
+a vacuum pump or water aspirator the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacuum pump or water aspirator the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacuum pump or water aspirator the
+vacuum Source should also be connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum Source should also be connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum Source should also be connected
+to a monometer a device that measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a monometer a device that measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a monometer a device that measures
+pressure finally make sure that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure finally make sure that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure finally make sure that all
+joints are greased well if they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints are greased well if they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints are greased well if they're not
+solvent may get into the joints and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent may get into the joints and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent may get into the joints and
+freeze them shut under vacuum apply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze them shut under vacuum apply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze them shut under vacuum apply a
+thin film of grease to the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin film of grease to the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin film of grease to the top of the
+male adapter and twist the female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male adapter and twist the female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male adapter and twist the female
+adapter onto it until this film of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapter onto it until this film of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapter onto it until this film of
+Grease can be seen all around the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grease can be seen all around the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grease can be seen all around the joint
+do not apply too much grease to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not apply too much grease to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not apply too much grease to the
+joint and never apply grease close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint and never apply grease close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint and never apply grease close to
+the bottom of the male adapter these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the male adapter these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the male adapter these
+actions may cause the grease to seep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions may cause the grease to seep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions may cause the grease to seep
+into the distilling flask and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the distilling flask and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the distilling flask and
+contaminate your liquid before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminate your liquid before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminate your liquid before
+performing a vacuum distillation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing a vacuum distillation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing a vacuum distillation you
+must check for leaks in your system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must check for leaks in your system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must check for leaks in your system to
+do this make sure that all of the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this make sure that all of the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this make sure that all of the stop
+ are closed and turn on the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ are closed and turn on the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ are closed and turn on the vacuum
+then open the stop coocks one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then open the stop coocks one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then open the stop coocks one by one
+starting from the one that is closest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the one that is closest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the one that is closest to
+the vacuum source as each stopcock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum source as each stopcock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum source as each stopcock is
+opened listen for a hissing noise which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened listen for a hissing noise which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened listen for a hissing noise which
+implies a leak in the system if you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies a leak in the system if you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies a leak in the system if you find
+the leak turn off off the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leak turn off off the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leak turn off off the vacuum
+introduce air into the system regrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce air into the system regrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce air into the system regrease
+the joints and try again the system must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joints and try again the system must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joints and try again the system must
+be free from leaks before you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be free from leaks before you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be free from leaks before you can
+proceed once you are convinced that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed once you are convinced that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed once you are convinced that the
+system is free from leaks fill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is free from leaks fill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is free from leaks fill the
+solvent trap with liquid nitrogen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent trap with liquid nitrogen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent trap with liquid nitrogen this
+step is essential to prevent destruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is essential to prevent destruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is essential to prevent destruction
+of the vacuum pump by vaporized solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vacuum pump by vaporized solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vacuum pump by vaporized solvent
+then transfer the liquid mixture into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then transfer the liquid mixture into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then transfer the liquid mixture into
+the distilling flask and add a stir bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distilling flask and add a stir bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distilling flask and add a stir bar
+do not add boiling stones for a vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not add boiling stones for a vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not add boiling stones for a vacuum
+distillation boiling stones are useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation boiling stones are useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation boiling stones are useless
+because the vacuum removes the air in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the vacuum removes the air in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the vacuum removes the air in
+the pores move the heating mantle up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pores move the heating mantle up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pores move the heating mantle up to
+the distilling flask and place a stir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distilling flask and place a stir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distilling flask and place a stir
+plate underneath do not turn on the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate underneath do not turn on the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate underneath do not turn on the heat
+the first step in conducting a vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step in conducting a vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step in conducting a vacuum
+distillation is turning on the stir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation is turning on the stir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation is turning on the stir
+plate if stirring is not occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate if stirring is not occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate if stirring is not occurring
+during a vacuum distillation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a vacuum distillation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a vacuum distillation the
+probability of bumping increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of bumping increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of bumping increases
+dramatically next slowly and carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically next slowly and carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically next slowly and carefully
+introduce the system to vacuum you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the system to vacuum you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the system to vacuum you will
+see the solutions start to boil as low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the solutions start to boil as low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the solutions start to boil as low
+boiling impurities and air run through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling impurities and air run through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling impurities and air run through
+the apparatus without heat after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apparatus without heat after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apparatus without heat after the
+liquid mixture has stopped boiling turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid mixture has stopped boiling turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid mixture has stopped boiling turn
+on the heat when the distillation has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the heat when the distillation has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the heat when the distillation has
+been started you can determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been started you can determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been started you can determine the
+temperature at which the solution will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at which the solution will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at which the solution will
+boil under the reduced pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil under the reduced pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil under the reduced pressure
+conditions through the use of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions through the use of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions through the use of a
+nomograph first find the boiling point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomograph first find the boiling point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomograph first find the boiling point
+of the compound at atmospheric pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the compound at atmospheric pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the compound at atmospheric pressure
+on line B of the nomograph note the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on line B of the nomograph note the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on line B of the nomograph note the
+current pressure of your system from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current pressure of your system from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current pressure of your system from the
+manometer and Mark its location on line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manometer and Mark its location on line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manometer and Mark its location on line
+C of the nomograph using a ruler or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of the nomograph using a ruler or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of the nomograph using a ruler or
+straight edge line up these two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight edge line up these two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight edge line up these two points
+and find the point of intersection on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the point of intersection on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the point of intersection on
+line a this this number should be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line a this this number should be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line a this this number should be a good
+estimate of your expected boiling point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of your expected boiling point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of your expected boiling point
+carry out the vacuum distillation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out the vacuum distillation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out the vacuum distillation as
+normal when finished remove the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal when finished remove the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal when finished remove the heat
+Source from the distillation flask turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source from the distillation flask turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source from the distillation flask turn
+off the vacuum and allow the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the vacuum and allow the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the vacuum and allow the solution to
+cool completely then introduce air into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool completely then introduce air into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool completely then introduce air into
+the system stop the stirring and remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system stop the stirring and remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system stop the stirring and remove
+the receiving flask other things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiving flask other things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiving flask other things to
+remember when carrying out vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when carrying out vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when carrying out vacuum
+distillations are as follows if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillations are as follows if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillations are as follows if you know
+that you have some low boiling liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have some low boiling liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have some low boiling liquid
+present in your mixture first carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in your mixture first carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in your mixture first carry out
+a simple distill to collect it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple distill to collect it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple distill to collect it before
+attaching the vacuum if you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaching the vacuum if you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaching the vacuum if you must
+separate compounds with similar boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate compounds with similar boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate compounds with similar boiling
+points then you can insert a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points then you can insert a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points then you can insert a
+fractionating column between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractionating column between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractionating column between the
+distillation flask and cazin adapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation flask and cazin adapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation flask and cazin adapter
+unlike distillations at atmospheric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike distillations at atmospheric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike distillations at atmospheric
+pressure where a narrow boiling point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure where a narrow boiling point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure where a narrow boiling point
+range is observed it is not unusual to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is observed it is not unusual to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is observed it is not unusual to
+see a 10 to 20° C temperature range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a 10 to 20° C temperature range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a 10 to 20° C temperature range
+during a vacuum distillation due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a vacuum distillation due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a vacuum distillation due to
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+changes vacuum distillation allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes vacuum distillation allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes vacuum distillation allows you
+to purify high boiling liquids in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to purify high boiling liquids in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to purify high boiling liquids in a
+reasonable time time period without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable time time period without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable time time period without
+having to worry about decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/n9uDbwgnSp0.txt b/n9uDbwgnSp0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cdd7b903ecd4a254c4221071485c4751a7955c40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/n9uDbwgnSp0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,723 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+One active learning strategy that I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One active learning strategy that I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One active learning strategy that I use
+in 595 are called mud cards and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 595 are called mud cards and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 595 are called mud cards and they are
+a really easy activity to use. Anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really easy activity to use. Anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really easy activity to use. Anyone
+can implement them and it's a really low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can implement them and it's a really low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can implement them and it's a really low
+barrier. So I like to introduce that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier. So I like to introduce that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier. So I like to introduce that
+early in the class so that students can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the class so that students can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the class so that students can
+see that it doesn't necessarily disrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it doesn't necessarily disrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it doesn't necessarily disrupt
+the class flow. It doesn't really take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class flow. It doesn't really take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class flow. It doesn't really take a
+lot of prep. it doesn't take a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of prep. it doesn't take a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of prep. it doesn't take a lot of
+resources. So, a mud card is at at um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources. So, a mud card is at at um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources. So, a mud card is at at um at
+minimum is an index card. And at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum is an index card. And at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum is an index card. And at the end
+of every class, I ask them to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every class, I ask them to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every class, I ask them to write down
+on the index card what they might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the index card what they might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the index card what they might want
+to know more about, what they're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know more about, what they're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know more about, what they're still
+confused about or something that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about or something that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about or something that they
+found particularly compelling or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found particularly compelling or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found particularly compelling or
+interesting. I asked them to specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. I asked them to specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. I asked them to specify
+that so that I know if they just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that I know if they just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that I know if they just say
+active learning, I don't know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active learning, I don't know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active learning, I don't know whether
+they thought it was really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought it was really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought it was really interesting
+or whether they thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether they thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether they thought it was
+confusing. So, I asked them to specify,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing. So, I asked them to specify,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing. So, I asked them to specify,
+but um we use we use that because and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um we use we use that because and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um we use we use that because and
+then I also talk to them about why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I also talk to them about why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I also talk to them about why it's
+so effective. They're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effective. They're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effective. They're able to
+anonymously identify what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymously identify what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymously identify what they
+understood or what they're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood or what they're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood or what they're still
+confused about. I can go back to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about. I can go back to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about. I can go back to my
+office afterwards. I can look through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office afterwards. I can look through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office afterwards. I can look through
+the cards. I can sort them out really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards. I can sort them out really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards. I can sort them out really
+quickly. Even in a large class, and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. Even in a large class, and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. Even in a large class, and I've
+used them in a class for of a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used them in a class for of a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used them in a class for of a hundred
+people, even though 595 is just around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, even though 595 is just around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, even though 595 is just around
+15. And generally speaking, the cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15. And generally speaking, the cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15. And generally speaking, the cards
+fall in three categories. You get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall in three categories. You get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall in three categories. You get you
+get three main problems. And so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get three main problems. And so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get three main problems. And so you know
+that maybe you didn't do a very good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe you didn't do a very good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe you didn't do a very good job
+of helping students understand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of helping students understand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of helping students understand a
+particular topic or that students are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular topic or that students are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular topic or that students are
+really interested and want more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested and want more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested and want more
+information about something. I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about something. I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about something. I know that
+really easily, really quickly. So, I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easily, really quickly. So, I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easily, really quickly. So, I can
+make a decision to either get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a decision to either get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a decision to either get more
+resources, write something up that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources, write something up that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources, write something up that then
+I can post on on on our course website,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can post on on on our course website,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can post on on on our course website,
+or I can come to class the next time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I can come to class the next time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I can come to class the next time and
+say, "Hey, looks like most of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "Hey, looks like most of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "Hey, looks like most of you are
+confused about X. Let's talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about X. Let's talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about X. Let's talk a little
+bit more more about that." And I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more more about that." And I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more more about that." And I can
+prepare ahead of time and be totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare ahead of time and be totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare ahead of time and be totally
+ready to go in with multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to go in with multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to go in with multiple
+explanations or multiple examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations or multiple examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations or multiple examples of
+whatever it is people are confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is people are confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is people are confused
+about. I looked over the mud some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. I looked over the mud some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. I looked over the mud some of the
+mud cards we had from last time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mud cards we had from last time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mud cards we had from last time and
+there were some really good questions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some really good questions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some really good questions,
+some really good points. Someone asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really good points. Someone asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really good points. Someone asked
+if all those learning theories that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all those learning theories that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all those learning theories that we
+discussed were equally valid. They get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed were equally valid. They get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed were equally valid. They get
+they get targeted feedback based on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get targeted feedback based on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get targeted feedback based on what
+they don't understand. And it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't understand. And it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't understand. And it's really
+easy. It takes two minutes at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy. It takes two minutes at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy. It takes two minutes at the end of
+class. Um I have a colleague who calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Um I have a colleague who calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Um I have a colleague who calls
+them tickets to leave, meaning he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them tickets to leave, meaning he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them tickets to leave, meaning he
+doesn't let people leave the class until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't let people leave the class until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't let people leave the class until
+they've handed him an index card with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've handed him an index card with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've handed him an index card with
+something on it. But uh they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on it. But uh they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on it. But uh they're very
+very effective. I believe they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very effective. I believe they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very effective. I believe they were
+first used in the aerrowastro department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first used in the aerrowastro department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first used in the aerrowastro department
+here at MIT. Um, but they but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT. Um, but they but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT. Um, but they but they're
+used all over the place now and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used all over the place now and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used all over the place now and they're
+extremely extremely effective. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely extremely effective. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely extremely effective. For
+instructors that are thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors that are thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors that are thinking about
+using mud cards in their classes, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using mud cards in their classes, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using mud cards in their classes, I
+would say the biggest issue or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say the biggest issue or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say the biggest issue or the
+biggest concern would be to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest concern would be to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest concern would be to make sure
+that you use them early in the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use them early in the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use them early in the semester
+and that you use them often. If you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you use them often. If you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you use them often. If you use
+them one day and then you don't use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one day and then you don't use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one day and then you don't use them
+for another two weeks or even another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another two weeks or even another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another two weeks or even another
+week, students really won't get in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week, students really won't get in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week, students really won't get in the
+pattern of of filling them out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of of filling them out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of of filling them out and
+filling them out thoughtfully. And they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling them out thoughtfully. And they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling them out thoughtfully. And they
+won't see the utility because you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't see the utility because you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't see the utility because you really
+need to come back the next time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to come back the next time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to come back the next time with
+useful information saying, "I I looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful information saying, "I I looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful information saying, "I I looked
+at these cards. I understand you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these cards. I understand you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these cards. I understand you don't
+get this. Let me help you." And and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this. Let me help you." And and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this. Let me help you." And and that
+act really encourages students to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act really encourages students to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act really encourages students to keep
+filling them out. And it's it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling them out. And it's it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling them out. And it's it's just a
+win-win for everyone.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/o-CZeUT_Ud4.txt b/o-CZeUT_Ud4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc25efd6f8789a8a667d7352317efb986c928c51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/o-CZeUT_Ud4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,795 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+in this last section of this chapter we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this last section of this chapter we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this last section of this chapter we
+talked about applications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about applications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about applications and
+implications of special relativity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of special relativity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of special relativity we
+talk about the global positioning system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the global positioning system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the global positioning system
+you all have used GPS uh before being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all have used GPS uh before being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all have used GPS uh before being in
+your car when you're trying to find um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your car when you're trying to find um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your car when you're trying to find um
+your way through town or you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your way through town or you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your way through town or you know when
+you go for a run and you want to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go for a run and you want to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go for a run and you want to measure
+how long and how fast you actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long and how fast you actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long and how fast you actually are
+running um the global positioning system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running um the global positioning system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running um the global positioning system
+is a set of satellites all equipped with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a set of satellites all equipped with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a set of satellites all equipped with
+atomic clocks and they're used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic clocks and they're used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic clocks and they're used for
+navigation and have been developed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation and have been developed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation and have been developed uh
+first under the name of napstar GPS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first under the name of napstar GPS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first under the name of napstar GPS and
+GPS is one of many Global or few Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS is one of many Global or few Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS is one of many Global or few Global
+navigation system um others are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation system um others are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation system um others are uh
+clonas BDS Galileo are systems uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clonas BDS Galileo are systems uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clonas BDS Galileo are systems uh
+developed in Europe in Russia in Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in Europe in Russia in Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in Europe in Russia in Japan
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so this picture here shows you um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this picture here shows you um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this picture here shows you um you
+know how you want to view this we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how you want to view this we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how you want to view this we have
+Earth and then at around 20,000 kilom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth and then at around 20,000 kilom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth and then at around 20,000 kilom
+kilometer um GPS has about 31 satellites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer um GPS has about 31 satellites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer um GPS has about 31 satellites
+which you know Zoom around the earth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know Zoom around the earth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know Zoom around the earth and
+as soon as you have three satellites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as you have three satellites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as you have three satellites
+which um you can see from your Viewpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um you can see from your Viewpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um you can see from your Viewpoint
+you can actually figure out where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually figure out where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually figure out where that
+Viewpoint is um think about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viewpoint is um think about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viewpoint is um think about you know
+each satellite gives you an information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each satellite gives you an information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each satellite gives you an information
+of a sphere the cross-section between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sphere the cross-section between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sphere the cross-section between
+two spheres is a line and if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two spheres is a line and if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two spheres is a line and if you have
+three spheres Crossing that gives you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three spheres Crossing that gives you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three spheres Crossing that gives you uh
+threedimensional information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional information about the
+location from which you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location from which you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location from which you're looking at
+this GPS was first the first satellites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this GPS was first the first satellites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this GPS was first the first satellites
+were launched in 1978 again 31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were launched in 1978 again 31
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were launched in 1978 again 31
+satellites are in orbit at the right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites are in orbit at the right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites are in orbit at the right at
+the time right now um so how this how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time right now um so how this how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time right now um so how this how
+does this work so the satellite that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this work so the satellite that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this work so the satellite that
+transmit information about position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit information about position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit information about position and
+time in regular interval so they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in regular interval so they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in regular interval so they have a
+clock they have you know use a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock they have you know use a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock they have you know use a specific
+frequency or multiple frequency to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or multiple frequency to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or multiple frequency to send
+send signals and then the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send signals and then the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send signals and then the receiver
+calculates how far away the satellite is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates how far away the satellite is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates how far away the satellite is
+and how long it took the message to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how long it took the message to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how long it took the message to
+arrive at the place of the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at the place of the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at the place of the receiver
+again three satellites are used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again three satellites are used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again three satellites are used to
+extract the Excel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the Excel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the Excel
+location however as you can imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location however as you can imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location however as you can imagine the
+reason why I bring this up in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why I bring this up in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why I bring this up in this class
+is that we have to consider effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have to consider effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have to consider effects of
+special relativity and also general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity and also general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity and also general
+relativity as we will discuss later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity as we will discuss later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity as we will discuss later in
+this class so you have clocks on uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so you have clocks on uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so you have clocks on uh the
+satellites and you have identical clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites and you have identical clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites and you have identical clocks
+and Earth and they do tick differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Earth and they do tick differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Earth and they do tick differently
+as we discussed many times in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed many times in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed many times in this class
+if you were to calculate the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to calculate the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to calculate the effect of
+special relativity the prediction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity the prediction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity the prediction is
+that the clock stocks tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the clock stocks tick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the clock stocks tick
+about 7 microc a day slower um on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 7 microc a day slower um on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 7 microc a day slower um on the
+satellite than compared to the one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite than compared to the one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite than compared to the one on
+earth however those satellites are at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth however those satellites are at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth however those satellites are at a
+high orbit and the gravitational pull at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high orbit and the gravitational pull at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high orbit and the gravitational pull at
+a higher orbit is less strong as on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher orbit is less strong as on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher orbit is less strong as on
+Earth and that then has as an as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth and that then has as an as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth and that then has as an as a
+result that the clocks on the satellites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that the clocks on the satellites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that the clocks on the satellites
+actually run faster than the ones on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually run faster than the ones on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually run faster than the ones on
+Earth and that effect is larger way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth and that effect is larger way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth and that effect is larger way
+larger than the effect of special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the effect of special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the effect of special
+relativity which is effect from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity which is effect from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity which is effect from from
+then just moving relative to The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just moving relative to The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just moving relative to The
+Observer the effect is 47 micros a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer the effect is 47 micros a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer the effect is 47 micros a day
+and then you can just calculate the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can just calculate the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can just calculate the net
+correction which is 38 microc a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction which is 38 microc a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction which is 38 microc a day
+which corresponds to about 11 kilometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to about 11 kilometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to about 11 kilometers
+now imagine know you run on your run and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now imagine know you run on your run and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now imagine know you run on your run and
+there's 11 kilometer difference a day I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 11 kilometer difference a day I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 11 kilometer difference a day I
+don't expect you to run for a day but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect you to run for a day but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect you to run for a day but
+you might run for an hour still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might run for an hour still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might run for an hour still the
+effect is rather large so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is rather large so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is rather large so you want to
+have a more size system and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a more size system and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a more size system and therefore
+those effects need to be corrected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those effects need to be corrected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those effects need to be corrected and
+there are they're typically built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are they're typically built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are they're typically built in
+into the electronics and automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the electronics and automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the electronics and automatically
+corrected the Precision achieved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected the Precision achieved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected the Precision achieved with
+GPS GPS system ranges a little bit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS GPS system ranges a little bit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS GPS system ranges a little bit um
+based on how you use the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on how you use the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on how you use the information
+what kind of transceiver you use it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of transceiver you use it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of transceiver you use it's in
+the order of 500 5 m to 30 cm so about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 500 5 m to 30 cm so about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 500 5 m to 30 cm so about
+this um of a distance so anywhere on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um of a distance so anywhere on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um of a distance so anywhere on
+this planet you can pinpoint your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this planet you can pinpoint your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this planet you can pinpoint your
+location by about this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location by about this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location by about this um
+with this with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this with this
+Precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision
+okay so this concludes the discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this concludes the discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this concludes the discussion of
+implications and applications in special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications and applications in special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications and applications in special
+relativity
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oRENvSw8pO4.txt b/oRENvSw8pO4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..985a66c94185da9faab7ce03b0c2104948c7bbfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oRENvSw8pO4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9907 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So welcome to the third class of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So welcome to the third class of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So welcome to the third class of the uh
+health information systems to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health information systems to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health information systems to improve
+quality of care in resource poor uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of care in resource poor uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of care in resource poor uh
+settings. Uh two weeks ago you heard Dr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings. Uh two weeks ago you heard Dr.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings. Uh two weeks ago you heard Dr.
+Joya Mukerji set the stage and described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joya Mukerji set the stage and described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joya Mukerji set the stage and described
+the backdrop into which we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backdrop into which we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backdrop into which we would like to
+introduce this information systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce this information systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce this information systems and
+she pointed out nicely that we can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she pointed out nicely that we can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she pointed out nicely that we can't do
+this without tying it to development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without tying it to development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without tying it to development
+programs. We can't do this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs. We can't do this without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs. We can't do this without
+somehow um transforming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow um transforming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow um transforming the
+infrastructure to maximize the benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure to maximize the benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure to maximize the benefit
+of these systems. And then last week we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these systems. And then last week we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these systems. And then last week we
+heard Dr. Dr. Hish Frasier uh convincing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard Dr. Dr. Hish Frasier uh convincing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard Dr. Dr. Hish Frasier uh convincing
+us that it is possible to um provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that it is possible to um provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that it is possible to um provide
+care to complex medical conditions such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care to complex medical conditions such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care to complex medical conditions such
+as multi-drugresistant tuberculosis as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as multi-drugresistant tuberculosis as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as multi-drugresistant tuberculosis as
+well as HIV. But this also required some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as HIV. But this also required some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as HIV. But this also required some
+information system to uh facilitate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information system to uh facilitate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information system to uh facilitate the
+healthcare delivery. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare delivery. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare delivery. We're going to
+change shifts uh ger uh for for uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change shifts uh ger uh for for uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change shifts uh ger uh for for uh a
+little bit and focus now on quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and focus now on quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and focus now on quality
+improvement. And uh I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement. And uh I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement. And uh I'm going to start
+off by uh re relating a personal story.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by uh re relating a personal story.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by uh re relating a personal story.
+So this was back in 2002. July 31st was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this was back in 2002. July 31st was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this was back in 2002. July 31st was
+the date. Um I was mountain biking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the date. Um I was mountain biking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the date. Um I was mountain biking and
+sustained a uh lower leg fra fracture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustained a uh lower leg fra fracture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustained a uh lower leg fra fracture.
+Um I went to the hospital and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I went to the hospital and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I went to the hospital and the
+orthopedic surgeon, the bone doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthopedic surgeon, the bone doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthopedic surgeon, the bone doctor
+assured me that this is a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assured me that this is a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assured me that this is a simple
+procedure. I will be back running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure. I will be back running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure. I will be back running
+marathons again before I know it. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marathons again before I know it. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marathons again before I know it. So the
+sk the the surgery was scheduled on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sk the the surgery was scheduled on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sk the the surgery was scheduled on a
+Friday afternoon in July and as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday afternoon in July and as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday afternoon in July and as you know
+July is when the house staff turns over.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+July is when the house staff turns over.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+July is when the house staff turns over.
+There are new interns, new residents.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are new interns, new residents.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are new interns, new residents.
+And then I didn't know too that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I didn't know too that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I didn't know too that that
+night that I had my surgery all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night that I had my surgery all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night that I had my surgery all the
+nurses working on the orthopedic floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurses working on the orthopedic floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurses working on the orthopedic floor
+were all agency nurses. So they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all agency nurses. So they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all agency nurses. So they don't
+usually work there. So as you could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually work there. So as you could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually work there. So as you could see
+those are all the um Swiss cheese holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all the um Swiss cheese holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all the um Swiss cheese holes
+lining up for a major catastrophe. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lining up for a major catastrophe. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lining up for a major catastrophe. So,
+at I finished the surgery at about 5:00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I finished the surgery at about 5:00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I finished the surgery at about 5:00
+and then at 1:00 a.m. I I was awakened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at 1:00 a.m. I I was awakened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at 1:00 a.m. I I was awakened
+by this pain over my leg. So, I called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this pain over my leg. So, I called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this pain over my leg. So, I called
+the nurse and uh they thought that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurse and uh they thought that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurse and uh they thought that it
+was just uh pain uh over the incision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just uh pain uh over the incision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just uh pain uh over the incision
+site. They they gave me some morphine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site. They they gave me some morphine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site. They they gave me some morphine.
+An hour later, the pain was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An hour later, the pain was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An hour later, the pain was actually
+getting worse and I had requested them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting worse and I had requested them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting worse and I had requested them
+to call the uh the the orthopedic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call the uh the the orthopedic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call the uh the the orthopedic
+resident, the the junior doctor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident, the the junior doctor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident, the the junior doctor in
+orthopedics uh who happened to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthopedics uh who happened to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthopedics uh who happened to be in
+surgery per uh involved with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery per uh involved with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery per uh involved with another
+operation. Uh so he ordered the nurse to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. Uh so he ordered the nurse to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. Uh so he ordered the nurse to
+just to give me more morphine and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give me more morphine and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give me more morphine and that
+happened every hour and the pain wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened every hour and the pain wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened every hour and the pain wasn't
+going away. So, at about 7:00 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going away. So, at about 7:00 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going away. So, at about 7:00 in the
+morning, I was getting so frustrated, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning, I was getting so frustrated, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning, I was getting so frustrated, I
+actually called my boss who was the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually called my boss who was the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually called my boss who was the uh
+head of the ICU at John's Hopkins. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of the ICU at John's Hopkins. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of the ICU at John's Hopkins. I
+begged him to get me transferred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begged him to get me transferred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begged him to get me transferred to
+another hospital. He made some phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hospital. He made some phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hospital. He made some phone
+calls and within 15 minutes, the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls and within 15 minutes, the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls and within 15 minutes, the uh
+consultant, the attending who was taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant, the attending who was taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant, the attending who was taking
+care of me was there. He was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of me was there. He was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of me was there. He was actually
+scolding me, why didn't you call me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scolding me, why didn't you call me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scolding me, why didn't you call me
+directly? And I didn't want any special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly? And I didn't want any special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly? And I didn't want any special
+uh privileges like I wanted to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh privileges like I wanted to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh privileges like I wanted to go
+through the right channels like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the right channels like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the right channels like just
+because I'm a doctor I don't expect some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm a doctor I don't expect some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm a doctor I don't expect some
+entitlements. But anyway uh it turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitlements. But anyway uh it turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitlements. But anyway uh it turned
+out that I had what we call uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that I had what we call uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that I had what we call uh
+compartment syndrome. It's when the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment syndrome. It's when the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment syndrome. It's when the uh
+swelling after surgery got so severe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swelling after surgery got so severe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swelling after surgery got so severe
+that it cut off the blood supply uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it cut off the blood supply uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it cut off the blood supply uh to
+the leg and that is one of the feared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leg and that is one of the feared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leg and that is one of the feared
+complications after a bone operation. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications after a bone operation. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications after a bone operation. uh
+they should have been on top of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should have been on top of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should have been on top of this
+complication, but it took about five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication, but it took about five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication, but it took about five six
+hours before they picked it up. By the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours before they picked it up. By the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours before they picked it up. By the
+time I went to surgery, I've lost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I went to surgery, I've lost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I went to surgery, I've lost the
+muscle in the lateral compartment of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle in the lateral compartment of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle in the lateral compartment of my
+leg. So, they had to remove all the dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg. So, they had to remove all the dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg. So, they had to remove all the dead
+muscle. There was still too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle. There was still too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle. There was still too much
+swelling, so they couldn't close it. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swelling, so they couldn't close it. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swelling, so they couldn't close it. It
+took another five surgeries to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took another five surgeries to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took another five surgeries to be able
+to fix my leg. Originally, the plan was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix my leg. Originally, the plan was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix my leg. Originally, the plan was
+one surgery. I picked up an infection in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one surgery. I picked up an infection in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one surgery. I picked up an infection in
+the hospital. I developed a bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospital. I developed a bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospital. I developed a bone
+infection from shudamonus, one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection from shudamonus, one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection from shudamonus, one of the
+nastiest organisms, and was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nastiest organisms, and was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nastiest organisms, and was on
+antibiotics for four months. And I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics for four months. And I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics for four months. And I'll
+I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you
+my so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my so
+so there's my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leg. And that's pretty much my my story.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg. And that's pretty much my my story.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg. And that's pretty much my my story.
+Um the caveat is that my caregivers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the caveat is that my caregivers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the caveat is that my caregivers were
+actually good people. I met the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually good people. I met the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually good people. I met the the
+resident finally who showed up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident finally who showed up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident finally who showed up at the
+end of the day after my emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day after my emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day after my emergency
+fasiottomy and he was the nicest guy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fasiottomy and he was the nicest guy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fasiottomy and he was the nicest guy.
+The nurses who took care of me were al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The nurses who took care of me were al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The nurses who took care of me were al
+also hardworking nurses. They had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also hardworking nurses. They had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also hardworking nurses. They had no
+intentions to give me a compartment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentions to give me a compartment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentions to give me a compartment
+syndrome or surgical sight infection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome or surgical sight infection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome or surgical sight infection.
+But the system was designed to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the system was designed to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the system was designed to give me
+these complications. So this past week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these complications. So this past week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these complications. So this past week
+I've been on service in the intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been on service in the intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been on service in the intensive
+care unit. Every single day, one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care unit. Every single day, one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care unit. Every single day, one of my
+patients died in intensive care unit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients died in intensive care unit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients died in intensive care unit.
+And they were in their 80s to 90 year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they were in their 80s to 90 year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they were in their 80s to 90 year
+year old. And if you've been in the ICU,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old. And if you've been in the ICU,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old. And if you've been in the ICU,
+it's not the best place to die. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the best place to die. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the best place to die. And the
+reason that that happened is that no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that that happened is that no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that that happened is that no one
+had talked to them about advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had talked to them about advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had talked to them about advanced
+directives when they were still healthy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directives when they were still healthy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directives when they were still healthy.
+Again, this to me, this is a failure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, this to me, this is a failure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, this to me, this is a failure of
+the health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the health
+system. And I read all your homework.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. And I read all your homework.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. And I read all your homework.
+I'm going to discuss some of the stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to discuss some of the stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to discuss some of the stories
+that you've shared uh with me. Thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've shared uh with me. Thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've shared uh with me. Thank you
+very much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much.
+So these are some of the uh assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are some of the uh assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are some of the uh assignments
+that were submitted. So a student at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were submitted. So a student at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were submitted. So a student at MIT
+developed a wrist fracture which was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a wrist fracture which was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a wrist fracture which was not
+followed up properly and led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed up properly and led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed up properly and led to
+reconstructive surgery due to missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructive surgery due to missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructive surgery due to missed
+non-healing. There was a catastrophic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-healing. There was a catastrophic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-healing. There was a catastrophic
+infection of the hip um that was missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection of the hip um that was missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection of the hip um that was missed
+on a 15-year-old boy leading to a delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a 15-year-old boy leading to a delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a 15-year-old boy leading to a delay
+in treatment. There was an arrogant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in treatment. There was an arrogant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in treatment. There was an arrogant
+pediatrician at Children's Hospital who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pediatrician at Children's Hospital who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pediatrician at Children's Hospital who
+dismissed the parents concern about food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismissed the parents concern about food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismissed the parents concern about food
+allergy and he had to be convinced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allergy and he had to be convinced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allergy and he had to be convinced to
+run some tests. And of course, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run some tests. And of course, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run some tests. And of course, the
+parents were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents were
+right. A blood thinner was not started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. A blood thinner was not started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. A blood thinner was not started
+on a nursing home in Seattle because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a nursing home in Seattle because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a nursing home in Seattle because the
+facility forgot to get it approved by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility forgot to get it approved by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility forgot to get it approved by
+the primary caregiver, which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary caregiver, which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary caregiver, which was
+protocol in that hospital. A baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol in that hospital. A baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol in that hospital. A baby
+sister's brain injury was missed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister's brain injury was missed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister's brain injury was missed in
+Trinidad and Tobago. A patient died at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trinidad and Tobago. A patient died at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trinidad and Tobago. A patient died at
+MGH because a critical laboratory result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MGH because a critical laboratory result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MGH because a critical laboratory result
+was missed and this incident is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was missed and this incident is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was missed and this incident is still
+haunting the doctor who was involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haunting the doctor who was involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haunting the doctor who was involved in
+the care.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the care.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the care.
+During surgery in Uganda, a sulfa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+During surgery in Uganda, a sulfa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+During surgery in Uganda, a sulfa
+antibiotic was given to a patient who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic was given to a patient who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic was given to a patient who
+was allergic to it causing anaphilaxis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was allergic to it causing anaphilaxis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was allergic to it causing anaphilaxis.
+So anaphylaxis is a severe um allergic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So anaphylaxis is a severe um allergic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So anaphylaxis is a severe um allergic
+reaction that could kill someone. Worse,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that could kill someone. Worse,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that could kill someone. Worse,
+the patient was charged extra for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient was charged extra for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient was charged extra for the
+additional hospital stay as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional hospital stay as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional hospital stay as a result of
+the complication when in fact they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complication when in fact they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complication when in fact they
+should have known that this patient was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have known that this patient was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have known that this patient was
+allergic to that antibiotic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allergic to that antibiotic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allergic to that antibiotic.
+An elderly patient aspirated so food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An elderly patient aspirated so food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An elderly patient aspirated so food
+went into the lungs during anesthesia in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into the lungs during anesthesia in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into the lungs during anesthesia in
+Cameroon because she did not understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cameroon because she did not understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cameroon because she did not understand
+the instructions not to eat before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructions not to eat before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructions not to eat before
+surgery. There was a grandfather who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery. There was a grandfather who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery. There was a grandfather who
+picked up a stafylocal infection in a US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up a stafylocal infection in a US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up a stafylocal infection in a US
+hospital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital and
+died. A baby was given an adult dose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died. A baby was given an adult dose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died. A baby was given an adult dose of
+a malaria medication in Uganda and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a malaria medication in Uganda and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a malaria medication in Uganda and she
+developed liver complications from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed liver complications from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed liver complications from the
+overdose and died. A mother-in-law in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdose and died. A mother-in-law in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdose and died. A mother-in-law in
+Mexico had advanced breast cancer missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico had advanced breast cancer missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico had advanced breast cancer missed
+and even when it was discovered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even when it was discovered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even when it was discovered the
+patient in the family were not informed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient in the family were not informed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient in the family were not informed
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+diagnosis. A young healthy woman in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis. A young healthy woman in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis. A young healthy woman in
+Colombia developed a hospitalacquired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia developed a hospitalacquired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia developed a hospitalacquired
+infection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection and
+died. So as you can see this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died. So as you can see this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died. So as you can see this is not
+limited to one part of the world. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to one part of the world. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to one part of the world. uh
+medical errors abound everywhere and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical errors abound everywhere and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical errors abound everywhere and I
+would like to quote Don Burwick the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to quote Don Burwick the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to quote Don Burwick the the
+director of Medicare Medicaid and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of Medicare Medicaid and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of Medicare Medicaid and he
+says every system is perfectly designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says every system is perfectly designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says every system is perfectly designed
+to achieve the results that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve the results that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve the results that it
+gets. So how do we define quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets. So how do we define quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets. So how do we define quality of
+care in medicine? So according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care in medicine? So according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care in medicine? So according to the
+Institute of Medicine, quality of care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute of Medicine, quality of care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute of Medicine, quality of care
+is a degree to which health services for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a degree to which health services for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a degree to which health services for
+individuals and populations increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and populations increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and populations increase the
+likelihood of desired health outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of desired health outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of desired health outcomes
+and are consistent with current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are consistent with current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are consistent with current
+professional knowledge. There are six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional knowledge. There are six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional knowledge. There are six
+components of quality of care. Can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of quality of care. Can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of quality of care. Can
+anyone give me some of those six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone give me some of those six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone give me some of those six
+components? Any takers? What what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components? Any takers? What what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components? Any takers? What what are
+the main requirements for care to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main requirements for care to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main requirements for care to be
+of decent quality? David, efficiency. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decent quality? David, efficiency. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decent quality? David, efficiency. So
+efficiency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is
+one. Five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more. Okay. These are the six worthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. Okay. These are the six worthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. Okay. These are the six worthy
+aims of health care. It has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aims of health care. It has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aims of health care. It has to be
+safe. It has to be effective. There has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe. It has to be effective. There has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe. It has to be effective. There has
+to be evidence with what you do. It has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be evidence with what you do. It has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be evidence with what you do. It has
+to be patient centered. There has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be patient centered. There has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be patient centered. There has to be
+respect for the individual's values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect for the individual's values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect for the individual's values and
+choices. It has to be timely. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices. It has to be timely. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices. It has to be timely. There
+should be less waiting for both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be less waiting for both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be less waiting for both the
+patient as well as those who provide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient as well as those who provide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient as well as those who provide the
+care. And as David pointed out, it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care. And as David pointed out, it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care. And as David pointed out, it has
+to be efficient. There should not be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be efficient. There should not be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be efficient. There should not be a
+lot of waste uh involved with health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of waste uh involved with health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of waste uh involved with health
+care healthcare delivery. And lastly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care healthcare delivery. And lastly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care healthcare delivery. And lastly,
+and probably most importantly, it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably most importantly, it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably most importantly, it has to
+be equitable. There has to be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equitable. There has to be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equitable. There has to be no
+disparities in the provision of care,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparities in the provision of care,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparities in the provision of care,
+whether it's racial or urban, rural.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's racial or urban, rural.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's racial or urban, rural.
+In layman's terms, it means there should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In layman's terms, it means there should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In layman's terms, it means there should
+be no needless debts, no needless pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no needless debts, no needless pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no needless debts, no needless pain
+or suffering, no unwanted weights, no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or suffering, no unwanted weights, no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or suffering, no unwanted weights, no
+helplessness and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helplessness and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helplessness and no
+waste. This is some of the studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste. This is some of the studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste. This is some of the studies that
+have been done mostly in the developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been done mostly in the developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been done mostly in the developed
+world. Unfortunately, we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. Unfortunately, we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. Unfortunately, we don't have
+numbers from the developing countries.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers from the developing countries.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers from the developing countries.
+Um and the numbers in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the numbers in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the numbers in terms of the
+extent of medical injury per 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent of medical injury per 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent of medical injury per 100
+hospital admissions range between 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital admissions range between 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital admissions range between 10 to
+15%. And these are from chart reviews.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15%. And these are from chart reviews.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15%. And these are from chart reviews.
+Other people are saying that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Other people are saying that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Other people are saying that if you
+actually do observational studies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do observational studies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do observational studies the
+numbers are going to be higher. In the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are going to be higher. In the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are going to be higher. In the
+United States um we have about 1.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States um we have about 1.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States um we have about 1.7
+million hospitalacquired infections a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million hospitalacquired infections a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million hospitalacquired infections a
+year and hospitalacquired infections in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and hospitalacquired infections in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and hospitalacquired infections in
+addition to adverse drug events are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to adverse drug events are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to adverse drug events are the
+two main compon um components of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two main compon um components of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two main compon um components of uh
+medical injury and the institute of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical injury and the institute of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical injury and the institute of
+medicine as you know had estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine as you know had estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine as you know had estimated
+anywhere between 48,000 to 99,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere between 48,000 to 99,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere between 48,000 to 99,000
+preventable deaths as a result of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventable deaths as a result of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventable deaths as a result of being
+admitted to the hospital here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted to the hospital here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted to the hospital here in the
+United States.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States.
+So this is the big paradox of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the big paradox of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the big paradox of
+healthcare. You have very well-trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare. You have very well-trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare. You have very well-trained
+doctors, nurses, pharmacists, physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors, nurses, pharmacists, physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors, nurses, pharmacists, physical
+therapists and we know that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapists and we know that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapists and we know that they have
+altruistic motivations. And then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruistic motivations. And then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruistic motivations. And then we have
+all these advances in science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these advances in science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these advances in science and
+technology. But somehow we see all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. But somehow we see all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. But somehow we see all these
+shortfalls in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortfalls in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortfalls in
+quality. And some of you have seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality. And some of you have seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality. And some of you have seen this
+in the past comparing health care with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past comparing health care with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past comparing health care with
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+um dangerous industries such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dangerous industries such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dangerous industries such as the
+nuclear power plant, aviation industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power plant, aviation industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power plant, aviation industry
+and as you could see in this graph,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you could see in this graph,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you could see in this graph,
+healthc care is on the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthc care is on the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthc care is on the left side
+together with mountain climbing in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with mountain climbing in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with mountain climbing in terms
+of how dangerous it is. So when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how dangerous it is. So when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how dangerous it is. So when you get
+admitted the your chance of getting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted the your chance of getting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted the your chance of getting some
+injury is similar to mountain climbing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injury is similar to mountain climbing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injury is similar to mountain climbing.
+On the other side of the graph would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other side of the graph would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other side of the graph would be
+the ultraafe industries and you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultraafe industries and you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultraafe industries and you find
+their aviation industry which has always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their aviation industry which has always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their aviation industry which has always
+been compared to healthcare and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been compared to healthcare and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been compared to healthcare and the
+nuclear power plant industry. But people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power plant industry. But people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power plant industry. But people
+are always saying patients are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always saying patients are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always saying patients are not
+airplanes. Health care is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes. Health care is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes. Health care is much more
+complex than the aviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex than the aviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex than the aviation
+industry. For example, in healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry. For example, in healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry. For example, in healthcare
+anesthesia is the safest of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia is the safest of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia is the safest of all the
+different specialties. We've reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different specialties. We've reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different specialties. We've reduced
+death to one per 200,000 cases at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death to one per 200,000 cases at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death to one per 200,000 cases at least
+in the developed world. But even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the developed world. But even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the developed world. But even with
+those numbers, that is still 25 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers, that is still 25 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers, that is still 25 more
+times more dangerous than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more dangerous than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more dangerous than
+flying. People say again, healthc care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying. People say again, healthc care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying. People say again, healthc care
+is complex. You have more than 155,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is complex. You have more than 155,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is complex. You have more than 155,000
+possible diagnosis. You have more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible diagnosis. You have more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible diagnosis. You have more than
+7,800 possible interventions. So, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,800 possible interventions. So, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,800 possible interventions. So, it's
+difficult to do the right thing. But I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to do the right thing. But I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to do the right thing. But I
+could argue that industries of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could argue that industries of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could argue that industries of high
+intrinsic hazards such as nuclear power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic hazards such as nuclear power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic hazards such as nuclear power
+plant, aviation industry, they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant, aviation industry, they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant, aviation industry, they're also
+very complicated and yet they manage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated and yet they manage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated and yet they manage to
+be very safe. The main difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very safe. The main difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very safe. The main difference
+between healthcare and those other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between healthcare and those other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between healthcare and those other
+industries are in the organization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries are in the organization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries are in the organization and
+design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of
+service. In health care, the delivery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service. In health care, the delivery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service. In health care, the delivery of
+services is organized around guilds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services is organized around guilds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services is organized around guilds.
+There are the doctors, the nurses, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are the doctors, the nurses, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are the doctors, the nurses, the
+pharmacies and the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacies and the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacies and the different
+specialties. You have internal medicine,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialties. You have internal medicine,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialties. You have internal medicine,
+surgery, you have radiology and design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery, you have radiology and design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery, you have radiology and design
+that we see now is a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see now is a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see now is a result of
+historical, political and economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical, political and economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical, political and economic
+forces, not the analytical analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces, not the analytical analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces, not the analytical analytical
+consideration of how to achieve the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration of how to achieve the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration of how to achieve the best
+results. On the other hand, other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results. On the other hand, other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results. On the other hand, other
+high-risisk industries, they hire people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-risisk industries, they hire people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-risisk industries, they hire people
+who are focused on integrating new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are focused on integrating new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are focused on integrating new
+discoveries and disciplines into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries and disciplines into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries and disciplines into
+well-harmonized systems. They have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-harmonized systems. They have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-harmonized systems. They have
+distinct roles and uh for who for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct roles and uh for who for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct roles and uh for who for those
+whose responsibility is ensuring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose responsibility is ensuring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose responsibility is ensuring that
+pieces come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces come together
+well. The same people would be rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. The same people would be rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. The same people would be rigorous
+in identifying when the design is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in identifying when the design is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in identifying when the design is
+inadequate. They're constantly looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequate. They're constantly looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequate. They're constantly looking
+out for unanticipated outcomes. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for unanticipated outcomes. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for unanticipated outcomes. They
+actually are excited when they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are excited when they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are excited when they see
+errors because errors is an is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors because errors is an is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors because errors is an is an
+opportunity to improve the design. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to improve the design. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to improve the design. So
+they detect errors and they convert them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they detect errors and they convert them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they detect errors and they convert them
+into expertise and uh these are crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into expertise and uh these are crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into expertise and uh these are crucial
+to safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to safe
+operations. In healthcare quality when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. In healthcare quality when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. In healthcare quality when
+it occurs is due to the acts of near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it occurs is due to the acts of near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it occurs is due to the acts of near
+heroism of doctors and nurses. Uh we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroism of doctors and nurses. Uh we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroism of doctors and nurses. Uh we are
+expected to constantly make do and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to constantly make do and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to constantly make do and work
+around to get the job done. We fight the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to get the job done. We fight the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to get the job done. We fight the
+same battles every day, the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same battles every day, the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same battles every day, the same
+inefficiency and achieve little headway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency and achieve little headway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency and achieve little headway
+in making things better. And to quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in making things better. And to quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in making things better. And to quote
+Albert Einstein, and I saw this as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert Einstein, and I saw this as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert Einstein, and I saw this as one
+of the status updates of one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the status updates of one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the status updates of one of the
+students, the definition of insanity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students, the definition of insanity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students, the definition of insanity is
+continuing to do the same thing over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to do the same thing over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to do the same thing over and
+over again and expecting a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again and expecting a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again and expecting a different
+result. So somehow we're miraculously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result. So somehow we're miraculously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result. So somehow we're miraculously
+expecting for things to get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting for things to get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting for things to get better
+without us doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without us doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without us doing
+much. So as I mentioned earlier, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. So as I mentioned earlier, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. So as I mentioned earlier, there
+are two major components of adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two major components of adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two major components of adverse
+events in healthcare. Medication errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in healthcare. Medication errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in healthcare. Medication errors
+and hospitalacquired infections.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hospitalacquired infections.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hospitalacquired infections.
+So as regards hospitalacquired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as regards hospitalacquired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as regards hospitalacquired
+infections, 5 to 10% of patients would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections, 5 to 10% of patients would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections, 5 to 10% of patients would
+develop them when they get admitted. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop them when they get admitted. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop them when they get admitted. So
+they come in without those infections.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come in without those infections.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come in without those infections.
+They pick it up from from the uh either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They pick it up from from the uh either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They pick it up from from the uh either
+the their carers or from the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the their carers or from the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the their carers or from the environment
+in the hospital. And we know too that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hospital. And we know too that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hospital. And we know too that
+the risks have steadily increased over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risks have steadily increased over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risks have steadily increased over
+the recent decades. And we also know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recent decades. And we also know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recent decades. And we also know
+that a significant fraction of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a significant fraction of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a significant fraction of these
+hospitalacquired infections occur in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalacquired infections occur in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalacquired infections occur in
+clusters or outbreaks. meaning there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters or outbreaks. meaning there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters or outbreaks. meaning there is
+definitely a link with people uh passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a link with people uh passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a link with people uh passing
+it on from one patient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on from one patient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on from one patient to
+another. Hospitalacquired infections are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another. Hospitalacquired infections are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another. Hospitalacquired infections are
+not unfortunate inevitable consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unfortunate inevitable consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unfortunate inevitable consequences
+of medical procedures. Yes, David. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of medical procedures. Yes, David. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of medical procedures. Yes, David. So
+those are for the United States. Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are for the United States. Yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are for the United States. Yes,
+those are for the United States.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are for the United States.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are for the United States.
+Unfortunately, as I said, no one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unfortunately, as I said, no one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unfortunately, as I said, no one has
+even started. There's a group in Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even started. There's a group in Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even started. There's a group in Latin
+America who started doing this and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America who started doing this and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America who started doing this and we're
+hoping to bring them here in April to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping to bring them here in April to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping to bring them here in April to
+talk about adverse events in Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about adverse events in Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about adverse events in Latin
+America.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America.
+And to quote myself, our processes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And to quote myself, our processes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And to quote myself, our processes are
+designed to infect the patients who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to infect the patients who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to infect the patients who
+develop hospital-acquired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop hospital-acquired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop hospital-acquired
+infections. How about adverse drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections. How about adverse drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections. How about adverse drug
+events? So adverse drug events are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events? So adverse drug events are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events? So adverse drug events are
+unanticipated injury resulting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unanticipated injury resulting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unanticipated injury resulting from
+medication intervention. A study that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication intervention. A study that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication intervention. A study that
+was performed here in Boston at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was performed here in Boston at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was performed here in Boston at the top
+Harvard hospitals found that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard hospitals found that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard hospitals found that there are
+6.5 adverse drug events per 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.5 adverse drug events per 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.5 adverse drug events per 100
+admissions. 30% of these are serious.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admissions. 30% of these are serious.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admissions. 30% of these are serious.
+12% are life-threatening, 1% is fatal,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12% are life-threatening, 1% is fatal,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12% are life-threatening, 1% is fatal,
+and the the biggest news is that almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the biggest news is that almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the biggest news is that almost
+half of them are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of them are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of them are actually
+preventable. How about in clinics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventable. How about in clinics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventable. How about in clinics in
+ambulatory care? The numbers are roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambulatory care? The numbers are roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambulatory care? The numbers are roughly
+the same. 27 events per 100 patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same. 27 events per 100 patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same. 27 events per 100 patients
+seen in clinic. 13% of these adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in clinic. 13% of these adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in clinic. 13% of these adverse
+drug events are serious. And close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug events are serious. And close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug events are serious. And close to
+half of the serious adverse drug events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the serious adverse drug events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the serious adverse drug events
+were preventable. We knew them. We knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were preventable. We knew them. We knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were preventable. We knew them. We knew
+about the drug drug interactions. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the drug drug interactions. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the drug drug interactions. We
+knew they were allergic to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew they were allergic to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew they were allergic to the
+medications and still those medications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications and still those medications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications and still those medications
+were given to the patient. In the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were given to the patient. In the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were given to the patient. In the United
+States, there are about 8 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States, there are about 8 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States, there are about 8 million
+adverse drug events per year and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse drug events per year and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse drug events per year and that's
+about 38 adverse drug events per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 38 adverse drug events per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 38 adverse drug events per
+provider per year on average. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider per year on average. There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider per year on average. There are
+3 million preventable adverse drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 million preventable adverse drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 million preventable adverse drug
+events and half a million of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and half a million of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and half a million of those are
+life-threatening.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life-threatening.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life-threatening.
+In the last hour alone, there were 1,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the last hour alone, there were 1,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the last hour alone, there were 1,000
+adverse drug events here in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse drug events here in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse drug events here in the United
+States and 92 were hospitalized as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and 92 were hospitalized as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and 92 were hospitalized as a
+result of these adverse drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of these adverse drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of these adverse drug
+events. This is just showing you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events. This is just showing you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events. This is just showing you that
+money and resources are not the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and resources are not the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and resources are not the answer
+in terms of improving quality of health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of improving quality of health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of improving quality of health
+care. The United States actually leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care. The United States actually leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care. The United States actually leads
+the pack of developed countries in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pack of developed countries in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pack of developed countries in terms
+of preventable debts in health care at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of preventable debts in health care at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of preventable debts in health care at
+the top of the list there. Even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the list there. Even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the list there. Even though
+we spend the most money uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spend the most money uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spend the most money uh for
+healthcare, 16 to 17% of our GDP would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare, 16 to 17% of our GDP would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare, 16 to 17% of our GDP would
+go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to
+healthcare. And people say that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare. And people say that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare. And people say that if the
+airline industry tolerated the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline industry tolerated the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline industry tolerated the error
+rate that we see in the healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that we see in the healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that we see in the healthcare
+industry, there would be three jumbo jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry, there would be three jumbo jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry, there would be three jumbo jet
+crashes every two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashes every two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashes every two
+days. But what I'm describing to you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days. But what I'm describing to you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days. But what I'm describing to you now
+is the tip of the iceberg. Most errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the tip of the iceberg. Most errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the tip of the iceberg. Most errors
+actually do no harm. They are never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do no harm. They are never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do no harm. They are never
+recorded. They are never documented.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded. They are never documented.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded. They are never documented.
+Most of them are intercepted. And also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Most of them are intercepted. And also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Most of them are intercepted. And also
+you should consider the amazing ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should consider the amazing ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should consider the amazing ability
+of the body to heal and absorb the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the body to heal and absorb the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the body to heal and absorb the
+error. So for the most part, no one had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error. So for the most part, no one had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error. So for the most part, no one had
+no one talks about the error. You don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one talks about the error. You don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one talks about the error. You don't
+disclose it to the patient. No one else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclose it to the patient. No one else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclose it to the patient. No one else
+hears about it. And we hope that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hears about it. And we hope that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hears about it. And we hope that it's
+forgotten over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten over
+time. So why is preventable debt so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So why is preventable debt so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So why is preventable debt so
+rampant in healthcare? These are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rampant in healthcare? These are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rampant in healthcare? These are some of
+the reasons why. One, there is a lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons why. One, there is a lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons why. One, there is a lack of
+awareness of the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness of the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness of the magnitude of the
+problem. But it doesn't seem so like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. But it doesn't seem so like as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. But it doesn't seem so like as
+I said almost every one of you were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said almost every one of you were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said almost every one of you were able
+to submit to me a uh a personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to submit to me a uh a personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to submit to me a uh a personal
+experience or someone that they know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience or someone that they know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience or someone that they know who
+had a medical error. This preventable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a medical error. This preventable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a medical error. This preventable
+deaths are perceived as unusual events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaths are perceived as unusual events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaths are perceived as unusual events
+or outliers and most of the time and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or outliers and most of the time and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or outliers and most of the time and I
+have been guilty of this in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been guilty of this in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been guilty of this in the past
+poor outcomes from error have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor outcomes from error have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor outcomes from error have been
+blamed on complication of disease or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blamed on complication of disease or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blamed on complication of disease or
+inherent risk of the procedure and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent risk of the procedure and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent risk of the procedure and a
+good example is hospitalacquired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example is hospitalacquired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example is hospitalacquired
+infection. We never tell the patient,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection. We never tell the patient,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection. We never tell the patient,
+I'm sorry, we gave you some infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry, we gave you some infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry, we gave you some infection
+from a resistant bacteria. We always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a resistant bacteria. We always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a resistant bacteria. We always
+say, oh, you're you were very sick. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, oh, you're you were very sick. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, oh, you're you were very sick. You
+had this procedure. That's why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this procedure. That's why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this procedure. That's why you
+picked up this infection. And that's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up this infection. And that's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up this infection. And that's of
+course a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a
+lie. Other things that contribute to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie. Other things that contribute to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie. Other things that contribute to uh
+this particular problem is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular problem is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular problem is that the
+healthc care culture is not particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthc care culture is not particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthc care culture is not particularly
+conducive for error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+detection. In the health care field,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection. In the health care field,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection. In the health care field,
+mistakes are unacceptable. When a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes are unacceptable. When a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes are unacceptable. When a
+mistake happens, we think it's a failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake happens, we think it's a failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake happens, we think it's a failure
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+character. That doctor or that nurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character. That doctor or that nurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character. That doctor or that nurse
+wasn't careful enough or that doctor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't careful enough or that doctor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't careful enough or that doctor or
+that nurse didn't try hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nurse didn't try hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nurse didn't try hard
+enough. We rely on individuals not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough. We rely on individuals not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough. We rely on individuals not to
+commit errors rather than assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit errors rather than assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit errors rather than assume that
+they will. We think that if we train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will. We think that if we train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will. We think that if we train
+them properly and if we motivate them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them properly and if we motivate them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them properly and if we motivate them,
+they will have no mistakes. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will have no mistakes. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will have no mistakes. And this
+need for infallibility creates a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for infallibility creates a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for infallibility creates a strong
+pressure to cover up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure to cover up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure to cover up
+mistakes. One other thing which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes. One other thing which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes. One other thing which was
+mentioned by one of you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned by one of you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned by one of you in the
+assignment. There is no support at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment. There is no support at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment. There is no support at all
+in clinicians in place for clinicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clinicians in place for clinicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clinicians in place for clinicians
+who have committed errors. We sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have committed errors. We sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have committed errors. We sometimes
+hear about this in what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear about this in what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear about this in what we call
+mortality and morbidity meetings where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality and morbidity meetings where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality and morbidity meetings where
+we talk about some adverse events. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about some adverse events. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about some adverse events. Uh
+and there is some learning that occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is some learning that occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is some learning that occurs
+there but that learning is limited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but that learning is limited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but that learning is limited to
+that room. It's limited to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that room. It's limited to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that room. It's limited to the
+individuals who were involved in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals who were involved in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals who were involved in that
+mistake. They're not shared to future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake. They're not shared to future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake. They're not shared to future
+doctors or nurses so that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors or nurses so that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors or nurses so that they don't
+repeat those mistakes. And even those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat those mistakes. And even those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat those mistakes. And even those
+individuals tend to repeat the mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals tend to repeat the mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals tend to repeat the mistakes
+10 years down the line. So unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years down the line. So unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years down the line. So unless you
+have a system uh that would learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system uh that would learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system uh that would learn from
+these mistakes, we won't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mistakes, we won't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mistakes, we won't be able to
+prevent them from happening again. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent them from happening again. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent them from happening again. So
+these errors are repeated in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these errors are repeated in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these errors are repeated in other
+locations or later in time unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations or later in time unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations or later in time unless you
+capture it in a in a learning system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture it in a in a learning system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture it in a in a learning system.
+But as I have said earlier, medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But as I have said earlier, medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But as I have said earlier, medical
+errors are committed by competent caring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors are committed by competent caring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors are committed by competent caring
+people doing what other competent caring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing what other competent caring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing what other competent caring
+people would do. Quality problems occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would do. Quality problems occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would do. Quality problems occur
+not because of a failure of goodwill,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because of a failure of goodwill,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because of a failure of goodwill,
+knowledge, effort or resources devoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge, effort or resources devoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge, effort or resources devoted
+to healthcare but because of fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to healthcare but because of fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to healthcare but because of fund
+fundamental shortcomings in the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental shortcomings in the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental shortcomings in the ways
+care is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care is
+organized. What has what have how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized. What has what have how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized. What has what have how how
+have we approached um quality of care in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we approached um quality of care in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we approached um quality of care in
+the last century? So last century as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last century? So last century as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last century? So last century as
+doctors we did whatever we wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors we did whatever we wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors we did whatever we wanted to do
+in medicine. Um everything most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in medicine. Um everything most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in medicine. Um everything most of the
+time your practice is based on anecdotal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time your practice is based on anecdotal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time your practice is based on anecdotal
+experience and as a result there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and as a result there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and as a result there is
+substantial variations in the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial variations in the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial variations in the way we
+deliver care. If you have some urinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver care. If you have some urinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver care. If you have some urinary
+tract infection before you go to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract infection before you go to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract infection before you go to five
+different doctors they will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different doctors they will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different doctors they will give you
+five different opinions or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different opinions or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different opinions or five
+different antibiotics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different antibiotics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different antibiotics.
+The other thing too is one learns of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other thing too is one learns of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other thing too is one learns of new
+findings through conferences. There is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings through conferences. There is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings through conferences. There is
+no systematic way of translating what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no systematic way of translating what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no systematic way of translating what we
+call evidence-based medicine into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call evidence-based medicine into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call evidence-based medicine into
+practice. There were few guidelines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice. There were few guidelines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice. There were few guidelines and
+protocols in the 20th century. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols in the 20th century. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols in the 20th century. There's
+no routine measurement of processes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no routine measurement of processes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no routine measurement of processes and
+outcomes and there's no individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and there's no individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and there's no individual
+feedback for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+performance. Worse, there is no benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance. Worse, there is no benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance. Worse, there is no benefit
+for better performance and sometimes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for better performance and sometimes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for better performance and sometimes we
+even incentivize poor performance. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even incentivize poor performance. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even incentivize poor performance. So if
+you remember one of the stories where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember one of the stories where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember one of the stories where
+that patient got a an antibiotic that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that patient got a an antibiotic that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that patient got a an antibiotic that he
+was allergic to, he ended up staying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was allergic to, he ended up staying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was allergic to, he ended up staying
+longer in the hospital and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer in the hospital and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer in the hospital and he was
+charged more for staying in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged more for staying in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged more for staying in the in the
+hospital longer because of a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital longer because of a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital longer because of a mistake
+that was done. And the same is true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was done. And the same is true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was done. And the same is true in
+uh in healthcare last in in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in healthcare last in in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in healthcare last in in a in a
+system where you have fee for service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you have fee for service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you have fee for service
+where you could charge for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could charge for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could charge for every
+diagnostic test, for every procedure. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic test, for every procedure. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic test, for every procedure. If
+you develop a complication, they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you develop a complication, they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you develop a complication, they would
+have to do more tests. they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do more tests. they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do more tests. they would have
+to do more procedure and they charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do more procedure and they charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do more procedure and they charged
+the patient those uh those procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient those uh those procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient those uh those procedures
+and tests even though the mistake was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tests even though the mistake was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tests even though the mistake was um
+committed by the people who were caring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed by the people who were caring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed by the people who were caring
+for that patient and there's also little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that patient and there's also little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that patient and there's also little
+information available to the public of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information available to the public of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information available to the public of
+which hospital had the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which hospital had the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which hospital had the best
+quality. These are some of the barriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality. These are some of the barriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality. These are some of the barriers
+to quality improvement. Um and we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quality improvement. Um and we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quality improvement. Um and we see
+this not just in developed countries but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this not just in developed countries but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this not just in developed countries but
+this is also common in the developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also common in the developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also common in the developing
+world. You see old style control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. You see old style control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. You see old style control
+oriented management. The management team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented management. The management team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented management. The management team
+is focused more on finance and revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is focused more on finance and revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is focused more on finance and revenue
+rather than on improving operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than on improving operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than on improving operational
+processes. There is a strong sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. There is a strong sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. There is a strong sense of
+professional hierarchy and entitlement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional hierarchy and entitlement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional hierarchy and entitlement.
+And there's also a lack of integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's also a lack of integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's also a lack of integration
+of the health care system with what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the health care system with what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the health care system with what is
+available in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+community. Over the this semester,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community. Over the this semester,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community. Over the this semester,
+you're going to hear different quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to hear different quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to hear different quality
+improvement approaches. You're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement approaches. You're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement approaches. You're going to
+hear about checklist. You're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear about checklist. You're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear about checklist. You're going to
+hear about the lean or the Toyota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear about the lean or the Toyota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear about the lean or the Toyota
+production system as applied to health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production system as applied to health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production system as applied to health
+care. You will hear about positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care. You will hear about positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care. You will hear about positive
+devian. You will hear about six sigma.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devian. You will hear about six sigma.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devian. You will hear about six sigma.
+And you will hear about the plan do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you will hear about the plan do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you will hear about the plan do
+study act cycle from the institute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study act cycle from the institute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study act cycle from the institute for
+healthcare improvement. But for today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare improvement. But for today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare improvement. But for today's
+purpose, I'm just going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose, I'm just going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose, I'm just going to show you
+three slides on checklist which I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three slides on checklist which I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three slides on checklist which I find
+is the probably the simplest and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probably the simplest and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probably the simplest and the
+cheapest uh quality improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheapest uh quality improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheapest uh quality improvement
+approach. And let me direct you to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. And let me direct you to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. And let me direct you to this
+book by Atul Gawande. two of his team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book by Atul Gawande. two of his team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book by Atul Gawande. two of his team
+members are going to be here in April to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members are going to be here in April to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members are going to be here in April to
+talk about their projects of how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about their projects of how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about their projects of how to use
+checklist to improve health care in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklist to improve health care in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklist to improve health care in
+Africa. So checklist as you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa. So checklist as you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa. So checklist as you know uh
+reduce the variability and standardize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the variability and standardize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the variability and standardize
+the work process. Uh it democratizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work process. Uh it democratizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work process. Uh it democratizes
+knowledge. So now the same knowledge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge. So now the same knowledge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge. So now the same knowledge is
+available not just to the doctors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available not just to the doctors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available not just to the doctors but
+also to the nurses and other members of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to the nurses and other members of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to the nurses and other members of
+the team. The best thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team. The best thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team. The best thing about
+checklists is that they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklists is that they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklists is that they actually
+summarize evidence into explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize evidence into explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize evidence into explicit
+behaviors. Most of you have heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors. Most of you have heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors. Most of you have heard about
+this landmark study by Miller in 1956
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this landmark study by Miller in 1956
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this landmark study by Miller in 1956
+where he showed that humans can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he showed that humans can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he showed that humans can only
+retrieve seven plus or minus two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrieve seven plus or minus two pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrieve seven plus or minus two pieces
+of information from memory with relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information from memory with relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information from memory with relative
+accuracy. So we can't really expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy. So we can't really expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy. So we can't really expect
+doctors and nurses to be multitasking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors and nurses to be multitasking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors and nurses to be multitasking
+and being involved with very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being involved with very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being involved with very complex
+task tasks all at once after a 16-hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task tasks all at once after a 16-hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task tasks all at once after a 16-hour
+shift or after a 30-hour shift. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift or after a 30-hour shift. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift or after a 30-hour shift. So the
+memory we know increasingly becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory we know increasingly becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory we know increasingly becomes
+unreliable with complex procedures,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable with complex procedures,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable with complex procedures,
+stress and fatigue. And it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and fatigue. And it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and fatigue. And it also
+significantly decreases in accuracy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly decreases in accuracy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly decreases in accuracy and
+speed when you're managing three or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed when you're managing three or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed when you're managing three or more
+tasks simultaneously which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks simultaneously which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks simultaneously which is not
+uncommon among nurses and doctors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon among nurses and doctors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon among nurses and doctors and
+pharmacies and other um people who work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacies and other um people who work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacies and other um people who work
+in the healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the healthcare
+industry. So one of the checklist um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry. So one of the checklist um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry. So one of the checklist um
+example or project that I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or project that I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or project that I would like to
+discuss briefly is a um project to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss briefly is a um project to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss briefly is a um project to
+reduce what we call central line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce what we call central line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce what we call central line
+associated bloodstream infection. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated bloodstream infection. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated bloodstream infection. So
+central line is a tubing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central line is a tubing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central line is a tubing that is
+inserted into a large catheter so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted into a large catheter so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted into a large catheter so that
+if a patient needs a very uh critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a patient needs a very uh critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a patient needs a very uh critical
+medication, you're assured that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication, you're assured that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication, you're assured that it's
+going to go directly into the vessel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go directly into the vessel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go directly into the vessel and
+it won't be um displaced from a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't be um displaced from a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't be um displaced from a small
+vessel. So we do a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel. So we do a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel. So we do a lot of this
+especially in the intensive care unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the intensive care unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the intensive care unit
+and in the 20th century we see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the 20th century we see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the 20th century we see a lot of
+infected uh central lines leading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected uh central lines leading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected uh central lines leading to
+bloodstream infection and of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream infection and of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream infection and of all the
+different hospitalacquired infections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hospitalacquired infections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hospitalacquired infections
+this is the deadliest. This is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the deadliest. This is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the deadliest. This is the one
+that kills the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kills the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kills the most
+patients. What they found is that few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients. What they found is that few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients. What they found is that few
+things could actually completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could actually completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could actually completely
+eliminate central line infection. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate central line infection. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate central line infection. So
+this was study that this was a study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was study that this was a study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was study that this was a study
+that was started by Peter Pronovos at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was started by Peter Pronovos at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was started by Peter Pronovos at
+John's Hopkins um hospital and he came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John's Hopkins um hospital and he came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John's Hopkins um hospital and he came
+up with a protocol where he asked people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a protocol where he asked people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a protocol where he asked people
+who were going to place the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were going to place the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were going to place the central
+lines to wash your hands. Again very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines to wash your hands. Again very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines to wash your hands. Again very
+simple but not very well done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but not very well done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but not very well done in the
+hospital. Sterilize the procedure. Put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital. Sterilize the procedure. Put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital. Sterilize the procedure. Put
+drapes over the patient before you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drapes over the patient before you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drapes over the patient before you put
+it. Use a cap mask and sterile gown when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Use a cap mask and sterile gown when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Use a cap mask and sterile gown when
+you're going to insert one. use sterile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to insert one. use sterile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to insert one. use sterile
+gloves and put a sterile dressing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves and put a sterile dressing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves and put a sterile dressing over
+the the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the central
+line. And what they did to for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. And what they did to for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. And what they did to for this
+project is that they had a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is that they had a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is that they had a massive
+educational campaign. Um they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational campaign. Um they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational campaign. Um they put
+together a cart where it has all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a cart where it has all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a cart where it has all the
+things that you need before you insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you need before you insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you need before you insert
+the central line. So the the cap and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central line. So the the cap and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central line. So the the cap and the
+mask and the gowns are there. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask and the gowns are there. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask and the gowns are there. So you
+can't say that, oh, I forgot to to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say that, oh, I forgot to to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say that, oh, I forgot to to put
+them on because I didn't know where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on because I didn't know where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on because I didn't know where they
+were. They put a checklist in the cart.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were. They put a checklist in the cart.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were. They put a checklist in the cart.
+These are the things that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are the things that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are the things that you need to
+do. Make sure that you have this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. Make sure that you have this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. Make sure that you have this before
+you insert the central line. And every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you insert the central line. And every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you insert the central line. And every
+day the nurses were empowered to ask,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day the nurses were empowered to ask,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day the nurses were empowered to ask,
+can we pull out the central line? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we pull out the central line? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we pull out the central line? And
+the nurses too during the procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurses too during the procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurses too during the procedure
+could say, "Stop. I saw you. You this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say, "Stop. I saw you. You this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say, "Stop. I saw you. You this
+this is not a sterile procedure anymore.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a sterile procedure anymore.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a sterile procedure anymore.
+We have to abandon this because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have to abandon this because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have to abandon this because there's
+a good chance that if if you continue,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good chance that if if you continue,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good chance that if if you continue,
+the patient is going to develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient is going to develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient is going to develop a
+central line infection."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central line infection."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central line infection."
+And what they found was after they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what they found was after they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what they found was after they
+implemented the checklist, the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented the checklist, the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented the checklist, the central
+line infection uh was radically reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line infection uh was radically reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line infection uh was radically reduced
+to zero at John's Hopkins Hospital. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero at John's Hopkins Hospital. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero at John's Hopkins Hospital. So
+their next step was can we do this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their next step was can we do this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their next step was can we do this at
+scale? Can we do this in a whole state?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale? Can we do this in a whole state?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale? Can we do this in a whole state?
+So they tried to introduce this to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they tried to introduce this to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they tried to introduce this to the
+whole state of Michigan in 2004 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole state of Michigan in 2004 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole state of Michigan in 2004 and
+recruited 68 hospitals to participate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruited 68 hospitals to participate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruited 68 hospitals to participate in
+this very simple uh quality improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very simple uh quality improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very simple uh quality improvement
+project. And what they found is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. And what they found is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. And what they found is that
+during the last 6 months of the study,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the last 6 months of the study,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the last 6 months of the study,
+there was not a single central line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was not a single central line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was not a single central line
+infection in the 68 hospitals who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection in the 68 hospitals who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection in the 68 hospitals who
+participated in the project. They had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participated in the project. They had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participated in the project. They had
+more than 1,500 patients uh death deaths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 1,500 patients uh death deaths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 1,500 patients uh death deaths
+that were prevented. They averted more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were prevented. They averted more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were prevented. They averted more
+than 81,000 hospital stays with a cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 81,000 hospital stays with a cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 81,000 hospital stays with a cost
+reduction of $165
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+million. So the big question is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million. So the big question is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million. So the big question is is
+quality improvement feasible in resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement feasible in resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement feasible in resource
+poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor
+settings. What are some of the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings. What are some of the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings. What are some of the problems
+that we see in the developing world? We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in the developing world? We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in the developing world? We
+we know about lack of sufficient staff,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about lack of sufficient staff,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about lack of sufficient staff,
+absence of continuing education for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of continuing education for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of continuing education for the
+doctors, the nurses and other ancillary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors, the nurses and other ancillary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors, the nurses and other ancillary
+staff. You have poor physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff. You have poor physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff. You have poor physical
+facilities. you have long distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities. you have long distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities. you have long distances
+between health centers and there is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between health centers and there is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between health centers and there is also
+top-down management systems not just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top-down management systems not just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top-down management systems not just in
+the developed world but also in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developed world but also in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developed world but also in the
+developing country and some of you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing country and some of you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing country and some of you would
+argue that it's even more common there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that it's even more common there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that it's even more common there
+like I I practice medicine in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I I practice medicine in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I I practice medicine in in the
+Philippines and we have this legacies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines and we have this legacies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines and we have this legacies of
+colonialism you cannot argue with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonialism you cannot argue with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonialism you cannot argue with the
+attending doctor the the consultant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending doctor the the consultant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending doctor the the consultant
+doctor is God you don't say no to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor is God you don't say no to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor is God you don't say no to that
+you can never question him and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can never question him and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can never question him and the
+nurses are all fearful of the do doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurses are all fearful of the do doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurses are all fearful of the do doctors
+they cannot point without any mistakes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot point without any mistakes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot point without any mistakes.
+And I'm pretty sure that that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm pretty sure that that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm pretty sure that that's not a
+rare experience for the Philippines. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare experience for the Philippines. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare experience for the Philippines. I'm
+pretty sure that that's true. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure that that's true. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure that that's true. That's
+that's also uh common in New Zealand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also uh common in New Zealand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also uh common in New Zealand and
+we used to see it here a lot too in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to see it here a lot too in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to see it here a lot too in the
+United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States. I would argue to you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States. I would argue to you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States. I would argue to you that
+quality improvement is even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement is even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement is even more
+relevant in the developing world because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant in the developing world because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant in the developing world because
+with quality improvement, you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with quality improvement, you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with quality improvement, you could
+optimize resource allocation and use.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize resource allocation and use.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize resource allocation and use.
+You could also provide donors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could also provide donors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could also provide donors the
+confidence in the ways in which their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in the ways in which their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in the ways in which their
+money is being sent spent and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is being sent spent and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is being sent spent and you could
+argue that resources without improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that resources without improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that resources without improvement
+is only buying the same failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only buying the same failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only buying the same failed
+processes. There have been some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. There have been some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. There have been some examples
+of quality improvement in resource poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quality improvement in resource poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quality improvement in resource poor
+settings that have been published. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings that have been published. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings that have been published. They
+have varying degrees of failures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have varying degrees of failures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have varying degrees of failures and
+success. I'm hoping that we would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success. I'm hoping that we would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success. I'm hoping that we would see
+more and more of these publications. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more of these publications. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more of these publications. um
+there's not a whole lot out there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a whole lot out there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a whole lot out there and
+hopefully you guys are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you guys are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you guys are going to be
+involved with some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with some of
+these. For example, in Zambia, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. For example, in Zambia, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. For example, in Zambia, they
+tried to um enforce a hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to um enforce a hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to um enforce a hospital
+accreditation council uh that would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accreditation council uh that would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accreditation council uh that would look
+at the quality of care in the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the quality of care in the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the quality of care in the different
+hospitals and would certify them as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals and would certify them as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals and would certify them as good
+enough to to remain open. Which reminds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to to remain open. Which reminds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to to remain open. Which reminds
+me of a story in the Philippines. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me of a story in the Philippines. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me of a story in the Philippines. So,
+um, that's I'm getting sidetracked, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, that's I'm getting sidetracked, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, that's I'm getting sidetracked, but
+I have a friend who is a surgeon, and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a friend who is a surgeon, and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a friend who is a surgeon, and he
+saw this patient coming in with pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this patient coming in with pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this patient coming in with pain
+over the right upper quadrant of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the right upper quadrant of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the right upper quadrant of his
+abdomen. Um, and she was a middle-aged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abdomen. Um, and she was a middle-aged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abdomen. Um, and she was a middle-aged
+woman, uh, kind of fat. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman, uh, kind of fat. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman, uh, kind of fat. And the
+examination was very suggestive of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examination was very suggestive of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examination was very suggestive of
+infection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection of the
+gallbladder. And they told her that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallbladder. And they told her that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallbladder. And they told her that we
+think that this is a gallbladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this is a gallbladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this is a gallbladder
+infection. But the woman said, "I had my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection. But the woman said, "I had my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection. But the woman said, "I had my
+gallbladder removed a couple of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallbladder removed a couple of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallbladder removed a couple of years
+ago, and she showed the scar." Uh, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago, and she showed the scar." Uh, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago, and she showed the scar." Uh, and
+there's like a big scar there, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a big scar there, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a big scar there, which is
+typical of a gallbladder infection. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical of a gallbladder infection. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical of a gallbladder infection. And
+my my friend wasn't convinced. So, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my friend wasn't convinced. So, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my friend wasn't convinced. So, they
+sent her for an ultrasound. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent her for an ultrasound. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent her for an ultrasound. And the
+gallbladder was there. And upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallbladder was there. And upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallbladder was there. And upon
+investigation, it turned out that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation, it turned out that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation, it turned out that all
+they did in the other hospital was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did in the other hospital was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did in the other hospital was just
+to open her up and close her again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open her up and close her again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open her up and close her again and
+told her that her gallbladder has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told her that her gallbladder has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told her that her gallbladder has been
+removed and charge her for a gallbladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed and charge her for a gallbladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed and charge her for a gallbladder
+surgery. Again, that is an extreme case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery. Again, that is an extreme case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery. Again, that is an extreme case,
+but I could tell you those are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I could tell you those are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I could tell you those are not
+completely rare. Like I've heard horror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely rare. Like I've heard horror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely rare. Like I've heard horror
+stories in in in New Zealand where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories in in in New Zealand where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories in in in New Zealand where it
+has something to do with accreditation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something to do with accreditation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something to do with accreditation
+of the providers. one person post as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the providers. one person post as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the providers. one person post as an
+ENT surgeon when in fact he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ENT surgeon when in fact he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ENT surgeon when in fact he was a
+technician from the hospital he came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technician from the hospital he came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technician from the hospital he came
+from and he was performing surgeries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and he was performing surgeries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and he was performing surgeries and
+at one point he started suctioning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one point he started suctioning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one point he started suctioning the
+brain and the patient died in in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and the patient died in in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and the patient died in in in the
+operating room. So you need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating room. So you need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating room. So you need this
+accredititation boards to see what type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accredititation boards to see what type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accredititation boards to see what type
+of care is being provided, what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care is being provided, what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care is being provided, what type of
+people are being hired in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are being hired in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are being hired in these
+hospitals and they tried this in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals and they tried this in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals and they tried this in in in
+Zambia from 1997 to 2000 and it wasn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zambia from 1997 to 2000 and it wasn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zambia from 1997 to 2000 and it wasn't a
+full success. What they found was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full success. What they found was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full success. What they found was the
+accredititation council was tyied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accredititation council was tyied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accredititation council was tyied by the
+lack of legal st standing. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of legal st standing. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of legal st standing. The
+government was kind of indecisive on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government was kind of indecisive on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government was kind of indecisive on
+incentives and feedback. Uh there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives and feedback. Uh there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives and feedback. Uh there was
+also lack of sufficient funds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also lack of sufficient funds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also lack of sufficient funds to
+continue this accredititation council.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue this accredititation council.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue this accredititation council.
+The people who work there had a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The people who work there had a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The people who work there had a huge
+workload and there was a difficulty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workload and there was a difficulty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workload and there was a difficulty in
+retaining the surveyors who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaining the surveyors who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaining the surveyors who were
+performing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accreditation. Moving on, there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accreditation. Moving on, there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accreditation. Moving on, there was a
+study in Ecuador measuring compliance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in Ecuador measuring compliance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in Ecuador measuring compliance
+with maternal and child care quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maternal and child care quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maternal and child care quality
+standards. And what they did uh in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards. And what they did uh in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards. And what they did uh in for
+this particular quality improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular quality improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular quality improvement
+intervention is to uh introduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention is to uh introduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention is to uh introduce this
+intervention where they would do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention where they would do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention where they would do some
+educational campaign and then measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational campaign and then measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational campaign and then measure
+compliance with clinical standards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance with clinical standards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance with clinical standards and
+they were also going to survey patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were also going to survey patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were also going to survey patients
+as regards their satisfaction and looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as regards their satisfaction and looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as regards their satisfaction and looked
+at overall research utilization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at overall research utilization.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at overall research utilization.
+What they found was even when there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What they found was even when there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What they found was even when there was
+improved compliance with CL clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved compliance with CL clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved compliance with CL clinical
+standards, there was no difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards, there was no difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards, there was no difference
+between uh the control and intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh the control and intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh the control and intervention
+group when it uh comes to client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group when it uh comes to client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group when it uh comes to client
+satisfaction as uh as well as resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction as uh as well as resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction as uh as well as resource
+utilization. So they were a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization. So they were a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization. So they were a bit
+frustrated with the result of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated with the result of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated with the result of this
+particular intervention.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular intervention.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular intervention.
+This study was done in Zimbabwe and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This study was done in Zimbabwe and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This study was done in Zimbabwe and they
+tried to measure the interaction the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to measure the interaction the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to measure the interaction the uh
+relationship between the supervisors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the supervisors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the supervisors and
+the providers. So supervisors were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the providers. So supervisors were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the providers. So supervisors were
+district and municipal nursing officers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district and municipal nursing officers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district and municipal nursing officers
+who are responsible for guiding,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are responsible for guiding,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are responsible for guiding,
+assisting and uh motivating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisting and uh motivating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisting and uh motivating the
+healthcare providers and there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare providers and there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare providers and there were
+people who were observing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were observing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were observing these
+interactions. And what they found was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions. And what they found was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions. And what they found was
+that a lot of the supervisors were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of the supervisors were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of the supervisors were
+deficient in seeking input, problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficient in seeking input, problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficient in seeking input, problem
+solving and building on previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving and building on previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving and building on previous
+visits. But there were some success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits. But there were some success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits. But there were some success
+stories. For example, they tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories. For example, they tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories. For example, they tried to
+introduce the uh WH guidelines in in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the uh WH guidelines in in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the uh WH guidelines in in uh
+managing uh childhood illnesses, IMCI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing uh childhood illnesses, IMCI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing uh childhood illnesses, IMCI
+guidelines in Niger and they introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines in Niger and they introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines in Niger and they introduce a
+quality management to promote these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality management to promote these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality management to promote these
+guidelines and also they measured some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines and also they measured some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines and also they measured some
+health program indicators and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health program indicators and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health program indicators and what they
+found was the program was successful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was the program was successful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was the program was successful in
+Niger and it was still successful two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Niger and it was still successful two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Niger and it was still successful two
+two years down the line. there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years down the line. there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years down the line. there was
+continued practice of quality management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued practice of quality management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued practice of quality management
+by the healthcare providers and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the healthcare providers and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the healthcare providers and one of
+the bigger um success stories would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger um success stories would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger um success stories would be
+the Chilean quality assurance program uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chilean quality assurance program uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chilean quality assurance program uh
+the ministry of health there launched a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ministry of health there launched a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ministry of health there launched a
+nationwide quality assurance program uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationwide quality assurance program uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationwide quality assurance program uh
+20 years ago and in 1999 a team of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years ago and in 1999 a team of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years ago and in 1999 a team of
+international consultants in quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international consultants in quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international consultants in quality
+improvement went there looked at six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement went there looked at six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement went there looked at six
+areas and seven services and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and seven services and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and seven services and what they
+found was uh they they had good quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was uh they they had good quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was uh they they had good quality
+assurance uh program that was going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assurance uh program that was going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assurance uh program that was going on
+even 8 years later. So the program was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even 8 years later. So the program was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even 8 years later. So the program was
+successful in achieving sustainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in achieving sustainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in achieving sustainability
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+institutionalization. So one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutionalization. So one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutionalization. So one of the
+questions I gave to you for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I gave to you for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I gave to you for your
+homework is how do you decide how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework is how do you decide how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework is how do you decide how much
+resources to allocate the quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to allocate the quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to allocate the quality
+improvement in resource poor settings?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement in resource poor settings?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement in resource poor settings?
+And the answer as you all expected is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the answer as you all expected is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the answer as you all expected is
+going to be very complicated. But there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very complicated. But there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very complicated. But there
+are some guidelines and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some guidelines and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some guidelines and one of the
+approaches that have been proposed by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that have been proposed by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that have been proposed by uh
+an ethsist named Norm Daniels is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ethsist named Norm Daniels is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ethsist named Norm Daniels is
+accountability of reasonleness. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountability of reasonleness. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountability of reasonleness. So these
+are these are not algorithms. These are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are not algorithms. These are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are not algorithms. These are
+not actual methods but there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actual methods but there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actual methods but there are some
+rules in terms of how do you approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules in terms of how do you approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules in terms of how do you approach
+these questions. So accountability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions. So accountability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions. So accountability of
+reasonleness requires transparency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonleness requires transparency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonleness requires transparency in
+all the discussions. So everyone should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the discussions. So everyone should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the discussions. So everyone should
+know what's going on and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going on and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going on and how you
+allocate resources. All the stakeholders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate resources. All the stakeholders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate resources. All the stakeholders
+should be there. It shouldn't be just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be there. It shouldn't be just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be there. It shouldn't be just a
+few people deciding how much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few people deciding how much money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few people deciding how much money
+should go into which projects. And it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go into which projects. And it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go into which projects. And it
+has to employ evidence-based approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to employ evidence-based approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to employ evidence-based approach to
+weighing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighing the
+alternatives. It also mandates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives. It also mandates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives. It also mandates
+continuous monitoring and evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous monitoring and evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous monitoring and evaluation
+mechanisms to assess progress towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms to assess progress towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms to assess progress towards
+the set set targets. And you're allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set set targets. And you're allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set set targets. And you're allowed
+to revise or stop an intervention if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to revise or stop an intervention if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to revise or stop an intervention if the
+expected gains are not realized. Your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected gains are not realized. Your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected gains are not realized. Your
+decision should be revisable in light of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision should be revisable in light of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision should be revisable in light of
+better evidence and argument. Obviously,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better evidence and argument. Obviously,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better evidence and argument. Obviously,
+um there will be losers in rationing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there will be losers in rationing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there will be losers in rationing
+decisions. There will be people who will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions. There will be people who will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions. There will be people who will
+not get what they need, who will not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get what they need, who will not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get what they need, who will not get
+what they want. But what matters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want. But what matters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want. But what matters in
+accountability for reasonleness would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountability for reasonleness would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountability for reasonleness would be
+the grounds for establishing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grounds for establishing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grounds for establishing the
+priority and the methodologies used.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority and the methodologies used.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority and the methodologies used.
+Some of the methods that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of the methods that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of the methods that have been
+proposed include public hearings,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed include public hearings,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed include public hearings,
+testimonies from groups and individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testimonies from groups and individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testimonies from groups and individuals
+who are uh involved or who are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are uh involved or who are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are uh involved or who are going to
+be affected by those interventions as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be affected by those interventions as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be affected by those interventions as
+well as formation of focus groups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as formation of focus groups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as formation of focus groups and
+other investigative approaches. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other investigative approaches. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other investigative approaches. So
+obviously I don't have the entire hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously I don't have the entire hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously I don't have the entire hour
+to talk about this but I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about this but I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about this but I would like to
+like to direct you to this book just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to direct you to this book just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to direct you to this book just
+health by Norman Daniels who talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health by Norman Daniels who talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health by Norman Daniels who talk about
+uh accountability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reasonleness. Is there a role that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonleness. Is there a role that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonleness. Is there a role that
+information systems can play in quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+improvement? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement? The
+main objective of why we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main objective of why we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main objective of why we need
+information system in quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information system in quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information system in quality
+improvement there are actually several.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement there are actually several.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement there are actually several.
+The first is to link patient care with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The first is to link patient care with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The first is to link patient care with
+research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+education. Medical literature doubles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. Medical literature doubles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. Medical literature doubles
+every 19 years. And to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 19 years. And to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 19 years. And to be able to
+practice medicine, you need to know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice medicine, you need to know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice medicine, you need to know at
+least 2 million facts. So it's really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 2 million facts. So it's really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 2 million facts. So it's really uh
+tough to expect your doctor to know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough to expect your doctor to know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough to expect your doctor to know all
+the all the new things, all the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the new things, all the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the new things, all the new
+evidence that comes up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that comes up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that comes up in the
+literature. providers uh on average have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature. providers uh on average have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature. providers uh on average have
+a one question for every one to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one question for every one to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one question for every one to two
+patients and the average delay between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and the average delay between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and the average delay between
+evidence after it was published in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence after it was published in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence after it was published in a
+journal to practice changes about 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal to practice changes about 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal to practice changes about 5
+years. So there's a big lag time even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. So there's a big lag time even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. So there's a big lag time even
+after we've proven that one intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we've proven that one intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we've proven that one intervention
+is not effective and one intervention is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not effective and one intervention is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not effective and one intervention is
+actually beneficial to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually beneficial to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually beneficial to a certain
+disease.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease.
+Information systems also pro provide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information systems also pro provide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information systems also pro provide the
+interface between different providers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between different providers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between different providers
+who are caring for the same patient. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are caring for the same patient. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are caring for the same patient. So
+it facilitates coordination of care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it facilitates coordination of care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it facilitates coordination of care
+which is very important especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very important especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very important especially when
+you're managing chronic diseases such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're managing chronic diseases such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're managing chronic diseases such as
+hypertension, diabetes or HIV. Most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension, diabetes or HIV. Most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension, diabetes or HIV. Most
+importantly, information systems could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly, information systems could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly, information systems could
+standardize processes and could track uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardize processes and could track uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardize processes and could track uh
+clinical outcomes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical outcomes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical outcomes.
+There have been studies showing that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There have been studies showing that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There have been studies showing that uh
+information systems do um benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems do um benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems do um benefit
+quality improvement and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement and one of the
+original papers was published by Chudri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original papers was published by Chudri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original papers was published by Chudri
+who showed nicely that increase with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who showed nicely that increase with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who showed nicely that increase with
+information systems there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems there was an
+increased adherence to guideline based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased adherence to guideline based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased adherence to guideline based
+care enhanced surveillance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care enhanced surveillance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care enhanced surveillance and
+monitoring as well as decreased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring as well as decreased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring as well as decreased
+medication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication
+errors. We also have a huge number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors. We also have a huge number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors. We also have a huge number of
+studies looking at the VA system. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies looking at the VA system. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies looking at the VA system. So the
+VA system is in charge of providing care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA system is in charge of providing care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA system is in charge of providing care
+to veterans here in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to veterans here in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to veterans here in the United States
+and they were one of the uh front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were one of the uh front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were one of the uh front
+runners in terms of using uh electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runners in terms of using uh electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runners in terms of using uh electronic
+information systems and very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems and very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems and very good
+evidence in terms of improving process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence in terms of improving process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence in terms of improving process
+and outcome uh metrics in the care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outcome uh metrics in the care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outcome uh metrics in the care of
+the patients in in diabetes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients in in diabetes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients in in diabetes in
+preventive medicine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hypertension. In chronic disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension. In chronic disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension. In chronic disease
+management, you could use information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management, you could use information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management, you could use information
+systems to support patient education to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to support patient education to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to support patient education to
+improve management of results,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve management of results,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve management of results,
+especially the the critically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the the critically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the the critically uh
+abnormal results and it could facilitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal results and it could facilitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal results and it could facilitate
+population analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population analysis and
+queries. This is a study that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries. This is a study that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries. This is a study that was
+published four years ago in JAMAMA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published four years ago in JAMAMA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published four years ago in JAMAMA
+looking at the role of quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the role of quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the role of quality
+improvement including information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement including information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement including information
+systems in the care of diabetes. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in the care of diabetes. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in the care of diabetes. And
+although most of the projects did have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although most of the projects did have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although most of the projects did have
+some positive impact, the impact was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some positive impact, the impact was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some positive impact, the impact was
+very small. They're they're very modest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small. They're they're very modest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small. They're they're very modest
+as compared to the amount of resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as compared to the amount of resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as compared to the amount of resources
+that were put into those quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were put into those quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were put into those quality
+improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement
+projects. So the take-home point from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects. So the take-home point from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects. So the take-home point from
+that that paper in JAMA is that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that paper in JAMA is that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that paper in JAMA is that most
+quality improvement strategies including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement strategies including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement strategies including
+those invol involving information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those invol involving information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those invol involving information
+systems produce small to modest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems produce small to modest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems produce small to modest
+improvements in glycemic control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements in glycemic control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements in glycemic control of
+patients with diabetes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the main reason for that is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the main reason for that is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the main reason for that is you have
+to accompany information systems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accompany information systems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accompany information systems with
+infrastructural change with cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructural change with cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructural change with cultural
+transformation. The the facility the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation. The the facility the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation. The the facility the
+groups of people who work in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of people who work in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of people who work in that
+facility should be working together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility should be working together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility should be working together and
+always thinking of continuous quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always thinking of continuous quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always thinking of continuous quality
+improvement. So there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement. So there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement. So there's a lot of
+organizational uh factors that affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational uh factors that affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational uh factors that affect
+the implementation of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation of information
+systems and this will be discussed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and this will be discussed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and this will be discussed by
+the speakers over the next two months. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speakers over the next two months. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speakers over the next two months. I
+would like to direct you to this book by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to direct you to this book by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to direct you to this book by
+Lorenzi and Riley managing technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorenzi and Riley managing technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorenzi and Riley managing technological
+change organizational aspects of health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change organizational aspects of health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change organizational aspects of health
+informatics if you're serious about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informatics if you're serious about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informatics if you're serious about uh
+going into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into this
+field. So let me summarize now. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. So let me summarize now. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. So let me summarize now. The
+challenges in quality improvement, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges in quality improvement, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges in quality improvement, the
+gains are slow, small, and usually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains are slow, small, and usually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains are slow, small, and usually not
+widespread. Sustaining systems redesign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread. Sustaining systems redesign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread. Sustaining systems redesign
+is always elusive. It's it's a tough,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always elusive. It's it's a tough,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always elusive. It's it's a tough,
+very challenging objective. System
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very challenging objective. System
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very challenging objective. System
+changes really need to be aligned across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes really need to be aligned across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes really need to be aligned across
+disciplines and multiple levels. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and multiple levels. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and multiple levels. You
+can't you can't go to the department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you can't go to the department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you can't go to the department of
+medicine and say that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine and say that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine and say that you're going to
+have a quality improvement there. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a quality improvement there. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a quality improvement there. You
+can't go to the nurses and say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go to the nurses and say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go to the nurses and say that
+we're going to involve it in quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to involve it in quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to involve it in quality
+improvement because the projects will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement because the projects will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement because the projects will
+need to involve different specialties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to involve different specialties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to involve different specialties
+and different disciplines to be working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different disciplines to be working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different disciplines to be working
+together to have the ma the the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to have the ma the the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to have the ma the the maximum
+impact of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of your
+project. You need to integrate redesign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. You need to integrate redesign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. You need to integrate redesign
+efforts with other system features. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts with other system features. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts with other system features. And
+this is where information technology can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where information technology can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where information technology can
+play a huge role. And most importantly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a huge role. And most importantly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a huge role. And most importantly,
+you have to align the incentives too. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to align the incentives too. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to align the incentives too. If
+you're not aligning incentives, if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not aligning incentives, if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not aligning incentives, if there
+is no incentive to improve care, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no incentive to improve care, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no incentive to improve care, then
+you're you're not going to achieve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're not going to achieve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're not going to achieve the
+objectives that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+started. And it's working with people.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. And it's working with people.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. And it's working with people.
+You have to work with people well. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to work with people well. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to work with people well. You
+have to prepare and manage healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to prepare and manage healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to prepare and manage healthcare
+providers for change. You have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers for change. You have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers for change. You have to
+address issues on the confusion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address issues on the confusion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address issues on the confusion about
+role expectations. You have to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role expectations. You have to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role expectations. You have to address
+their discomfort with performance of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their discomfort with performance of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their discomfort with performance of new
+roles. You have to clarify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles. You have to clarify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles. You have to clarify the
+communication about who is accountable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication about who is accountable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication about who is accountable
+for the success of this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the success of this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the success of this particular
+project. And the the main problem too is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. And the the main problem too is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. And the the main problem too is
+that most of the time you impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of the time you impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of the time you impose
+additional burden on staff who already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional burden on staff who already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional burden on staff who already
+have heavy workloads. So unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heavy workloads. So unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heavy workloads. So unless you
+completely redesign their workflow, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely redesign their workflow, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely redesign their workflow, it's
+not going to happen. Unless you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to happen. Unless you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to happen. Unless you make
+them more efficient, adding new tasks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them more efficient, adding new tasks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them more efficient, adding new tasks to
+them, it's not going to work. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, it's not going to work. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, it's not going to work. You're
+adding layers of complexity and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding layers of complexity and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding layers of complexity and that's a
+recipe for even more uh errors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sustaining and spreading redesign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustaining and spreading redesign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustaining and spreading redesign
+efforts are difficult to sustain. Um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts are difficult to sustain. Um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts are difficult to sustain. Um you
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+really support this change and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really support this change and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really support this change and you have
+to warn them ahead of time that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to warn them ahead of time that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to warn them ahead of time that there
+would be failures. You may not achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be failures. You may not achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be failures. You may not achieve
+your objectives right away. You have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your objectives right away. You have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your objectives right away. You have to
+anticipate disappointments and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate disappointments and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate disappointments and have a
+plan B. You need to engage the staff all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan B. You need to engage the staff all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan B. You need to engage the staff all
+the time especially after the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time especially after the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time especially after the initial
+sub excitement has subsided and most in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub excitement has subsided and most in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub excitement has subsided and most in
+importantly you don't incentivize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly you don't incentivize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly you don't incentivize
+doctors alone you don't incentivize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors alone you don't incentivize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors alone you don't incentivize
+nurses you incentivize whole teams so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurses you incentivize whole teams so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurses you incentivize whole teams so
+that the entire team will have a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the entire team will have a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the entire team will have a shared
+goal of improving the quality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of improving the quality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of improving the quality of the
+care they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care they're
+delivering. So let's go back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering. So let's go back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering. So let's go back to that
+project that was started at John's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that was started at John's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that was started at John's
+Hopkins and then went on to involve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopkins and then went on to involve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopkins and then went on to involve the
+entire state of uh Michigan. So the dep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire state of uh Michigan. So the dep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire state of uh Michigan. So the dep
+department of health and human services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of health and human services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of health and human services
+here in the United States uh went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the United States uh went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the United States uh went
+forward and said that we are calling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and said that we are calling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and said that we are calling for
+a 50% national reduction in central line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 50% national reduction in central line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 50% national reduction in central line
+infection over the next three years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection over the next three years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection over the next three years and
+recruited all the more than 3,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruited all the more than 3,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruited all the more than 3,000
+hospitals here in the United States. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals here in the United States. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals here in the United States. But
+up to this point less than 20% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this point less than 20% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this point less than 20% of the
+hospitals have volunteered to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals have volunteered to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals have volunteered to
+participate in this project of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in this project of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in this project of the
+department of health and human services.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of health and human services.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of health and human services.
+And up to this point most of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And up to this point most of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And up to this point most of those
+participating hospitals have not reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating hospitals have not reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating hospitals have not reduced
+their infection rate. So, Peter Pronovos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their infection rate. So, Peter Pronovos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their infection rate. So, Peter Pronovos
+went back to the CEOs of those hospitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back to the CEOs of those hospitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back to the CEOs of those hospitals
+who were uh participating and they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were uh participating and they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were uh participating and they said
+that we didn't see your good result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't see your good result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't see your good result
+because our patients are sicker than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our patients are sicker than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our patients are sicker than
+your patients at John's Hopkins which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your patients at John's Hopkins which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your patients at John's Hopkins which is
+quite hard to uh to imagine and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite hard to uh to imagine and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite hard to uh to imagine and that the
+infections that we see in our hospitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections that we see in our hospitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections that we see in our hospitals
+are inevitable unlike your infections at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inevitable unlike your infections at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inevitable unlike your infections at
+John's Hopkins and we have competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John's Hopkins and we have competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John's Hopkins and we have competing
+priorities here. We have other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities here. We have other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities here. We have other things
+that we need resources for. So Peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need resources for. So Peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need resources for. So Peter
+Pronovas in his uh editorial uh said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pronovas in his uh editorial uh said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pronovas in his uh editorial uh said
+that if these lethal, expensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if these lethal, expensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if these lethal, expensive and
+preventable infections are not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventable infections are not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventable infections are not a
+priority, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority, what
+is? This is just a survey of how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is? This is just a survey of how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is? This is just a survey of how well
+hospitals here in the United States are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals here in the United States are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals here in the United States are
+um implementing evidence-based medicine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um implementing evidence-based medicine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um implementing evidence-based medicine.
+So these are different projects. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are different projects. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are different projects. We have
+evidence how to reduce pneumonia that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence how to reduce pneumonia that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence how to reduce pneumonia that's
+acquired in the hospital. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired in the hospital. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired in the hospital. We have
+evidence on how to reduce surgical sight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence on how to reduce surgical sight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence on how to reduce surgical sight
+infection or SSI which is what I had. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection or SSI which is what I had. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection or SSI which is what I had. We
+had evidence on um influenza vaccination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had evidence on um influenza vaccination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had evidence on um influenza vaccination
+and how that decreases um outbreaks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that decreases um outbreaks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that decreases um outbreaks in
+the hospitals. And of course we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospitals. And of course we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospitals. And of course we have
+lots and lots and lots of evidence with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots and lots of evidence with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots and lots of evidence with
+hand hygiene having the providers wash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand hygiene having the providers wash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand hygiene having the providers wash
+their hands before they uh see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands before they uh see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands before they uh see the
+patient. And this is where we stand. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient. And this is where we stand. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient. And this is where we stand. uh
+they surveyed more than 1,200 hospitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they surveyed more than 1,200 hospitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they surveyed more than 1,200 hospitals
+and the rate of implementation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rate of implementation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rate of implementation is
+anywhere between 30 to 35%. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hospitals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It it's not completely true that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It it's not completely true that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It it's not completely true that it's
+it's cost beneficial. So the way we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cost beneficial. So the way we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cost beneficial. So the way we have
+it here is that you get paid according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here is that you get paid according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here is that you get paid according
+to DRG for your hospital stay. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to DRG for your hospital stay. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to DRG for your hospital stay. But the
+doctors are not part of that. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors are not part of that. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors are not part of that. The
+doctor's fees are different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor's fees are different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor's fees are different from the
+hospital fee. The doctors can charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital fee. The doctors can charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital fee. The doctors can charge
+every day that they see a patient. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day that they see a patient. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day that they see a patient. So
+there is someone who would benefit if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is someone who would benefit if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is someone who would benefit if
+you don't reduce the hospitalacquired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't reduce the hospitalacquired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't reduce the hospitalacquired
+infections. And a lot of them are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections. And a lot of them are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections. And a lot of them are just
+not aware that this central line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not aware that this central line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not aware that this central line
+infections are completely preventable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections are completely preventable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections are completely preventable.
+Um so there's no huge benefit. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so there's no huge benefit. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so there's no huge benefit. It's not
+like we're saying that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're saying that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're saying that if you
+participate in this program we will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in this program we will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in this program we will give
+you a million dollars.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a million dollars.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a million dollars.
+Um clearly we need to improve the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um clearly we need to improve the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um clearly we need to improve the uh
+incentive uh the the system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive uh the the system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive uh the the system for
+reimbursement for example. So there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimbursement for example. So there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimbursement for example. So there
+there have been changes. Don Burwick is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been changes. Don Burwick is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been changes. Don Burwick is
+completely overhaul hauling Medicare as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely overhaul hauling Medicare as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely overhaul hauling Medicare as
+we speak. Uh now you can't charge for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we speak. Uh now you can't charge for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we speak. Uh now you can't charge for a
+central line infection anymore here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central line infection anymore here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central line infection anymore here in
+the United States. Um if they stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States. Um if they stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States. Um if they stay
+longer the Medicare will not pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer the Medicare will not pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer the Medicare will not pay you
+more. Um you can't charge for additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. Um you can't charge for additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. Um you can't charge for additional
+consultation. Now uh you get paid again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultation. Now uh you get paid again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultation. Now uh you get paid again
+as I said according to DRG which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said according to DRG which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said according to DRG which is the
+the condition that you got admitted for.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition that you got admitted for.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition that you got admitted for.
+So there are there are things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are there are things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are there are things that you
+can do to actually push for quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do to actually push for quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do to actually push for quality of
+care and unfortunately that has not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care and unfortunately that has not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care and unfortunately that has not been
+the case in a fee for service system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case in a fee for service system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case in a fee for service system and
+I know that in a lot of developing world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that in a lot of developing world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that in a lot of developing world
+most of the care that's being given is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the care that's being given is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the care that's being given is
+still fee for service. So there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still fee for service. So there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still fee for service. So there is some
+incentive to order tests to consult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to order tests to consult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to order tests to consult
+other specialties for a patient coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other specialties for a patient coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other specialties for a patient coming
+up with a simple problem because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a simple problem because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a simple problem because you
+know that you could charge these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you could charge these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you could charge these
+patients more money. You're not paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients more money. You're not paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients more money. You're not paying
+for the outcome. You're not paying more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the outcome. You're not paying more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the outcome. You're not paying more
+money if you had a good outcome and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if you had a good outcome and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if you had a good outcome and less
+money if the patient dies. You you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if the patient dies. You you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if the patient dies. You you pay
+every time a diagnostic test or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time a diagnostic test or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time a diagnostic test or an
+intervention is provided to the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention is provided to the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention is provided to the patient
+which is a complete mistake. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a complete mistake. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a complete mistake. Uh so
+Michael Porter is a big proponent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Porter is a big proponent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Porter is a big proponent of
+valuebased health care system where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuebased health care system where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuebased health care system where you
+pay according to the VA according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay according to the VA according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay according to the VA according to the
+quality of care that you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of care that you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of care that you that you
+get. So it's not really about reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get. So it's not really about reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get. So it's not really about reporting
+protocols, checklists and safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols, checklists and safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols, checklists and safe
+practices. It's about working together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices. It's about working together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices. It's about working together
+in a team and the team has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a team and the team has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a team and the team has to be
+multiddisciplinary and there has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiddisciplinary and there has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiddisciplinary and there has to be
+mut mutual respect between the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mut mutual respect between the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mut mutual respect between the different
+groups. So the lessons learned from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups. So the lessons learned from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups. So the lessons learned from the
+leafrog survey, the lessons learned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leafrog survey, the lessons learned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leafrog survey, the lessons learned by
+predonovas in trying to scale this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predonovas in trying to scale this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predonovas in trying to scale this
+quality improvement project. Old habits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement project. Old habits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement project. Old habits
+die hard. Doctors and managers are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die hard. Doctors and managers are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die hard. Doctors and managers are still
+the problem. And safety and quality are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem. And safety and quality are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem. And safety and quality are
+less about practices than about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less about practices than about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less about practices than about
+relationships. There are four essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships. There are four essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships. There are four essential
+elements of quality improvement. First,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of quality improvement. First,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of quality improvement. First,
+policy. It must explicitly recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy. It must explicitly recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy. It must explicitly recognize the
+importance of quality as system goal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of quality as system goal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of quality as system goal and
+remove any disincentive to quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove any disincentive to quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove any disincentive to quality
+leadership. The management team should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership. The management team should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership. The management team should
+provide a vision and strategy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a vision and strategy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a vision and strategy to
+transition from the way we are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the way we are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the way we are working
+now to the way we want to work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to the way we want to work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to the way we want to work in the
+future. Number three, you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future. Number three, you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future. Number three, you have to have
+the core values emphasizing teamwork and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core values emphasizing teamwork and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core values emphasizing teamwork and
+continuous quality improvement. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous quality improvement. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous quality improvement. And
+finally, there has to be resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally, there has to be resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally, there has to be resources
+allocated. There has to be delineation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated. There has to be delineation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated. There has to be delineation
+of responsibilities and accountability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of responsibilities and accountability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of responsibilities and accountability
+for oversight, coordination,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oversight, coordination,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oversight, coordination,
+implementation and evaluation. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation and evaluation. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation and evaluation. And that
+involves two things. The first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves two things. The first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves two things. The first is
+capacity building. You have to train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity building. You have to train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity building. You have to train
+your staff with the necessary knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your staff with the necessary knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your staff with the necessary knowledge
+and skills to carry out their quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and skills to carry out their quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and skills to carry out their quality
+improvement responsibilities and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement responsibilities and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement responsibilities and you
+need a good information system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a good information system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a good information system to
+measure processes and outcomes. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure processes and outcomes. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure processes and outcomes. So these
+are the revised rules for health care.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the revised rules for health care.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the revised rules for health care.
+Whereas before doctor autonomy drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas before doctor autonomy drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas before doctor autonomy drives
+care variability in the 21st century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care variability in the 21st century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care variability in the 21st century
+care should be customized according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care should be customized according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care should be customized according to
+patient and his or her preferences.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and his or her preferences.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and his or her preferences.
+Whereas before do no harm is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas before do no harm is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas before do no harm is an
+individual uh responsibility in the 21st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh responsibility in the 21st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh responsibility in the 21st
+century safety should be a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century safety should be a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century safety should be a system
+property. Whereas before the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. Whereas before the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. Whereas before the system
+reacts to errors in this century error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts to errors in this century error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts to errors in this century error
+should be anticipated. Whereas before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be anticipated. Whereas before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be anticipated. Whereas before
+cost reduction is the goal in the 21st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost reduction is the goal in the 21st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost reduction is the goal in the 21st
+century waste should be continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century waste should be continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century waste should be continuously
+sought and eliminated. And finally where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sought and eliminated. And finally where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sought and eliminated. And finally where
+whereas before professional roles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas before professional roles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas before professional roles are
+emphasized in this century the focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized in this century the focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized in this century the focus
+should be working as a team. In simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be working as a team. In simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be working as a team. In simple
+language set improvement goals. Study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language set improvement goals. Study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language set improvement goals. Study
+the work process. Design and test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work process. Design and test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work process. Design and test
+promising changes. Measure. continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promising changes. Measure. continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promising changes. Measure. continuously
+build skills in system-mindedness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build skills in system-mindedness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build skills in system-mindedness and
+finally involve everyone. And to quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally involve everyone. And to quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally involve everyone. And to quote
+Lucian Lee, one of the grandfathers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lucian Lee, one of the grandfathers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lucian Lee, one of the grandfathers of
+quality improvement, teamwork is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement, teamwork is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement, teamwork is a
+secret of every industry that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret of every industry that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret of every industry that has
+succeeded in becoming safe. And finally,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded in becoming safe. And finally,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded in becoming safe. And finally,
+Moren Bisano, who is the CEO of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moren Bisano, who is the CEO of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moren Bisano, who is the CEO of the
+Institute for Healthcare Improvement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute for Healthcare Improvement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute for Healthcare Improvement.
+Quality and safety are a multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quality and safety are a multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quality and safety are a multi
+multid-disciplinary sport. And with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multid-disciplinary sport. And with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multid-disciplinary sport. And with
+that, I would entertain any questions.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ok4qM1OzlPA.txt b/ok4qM1OzlPA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ba7c2c4b4c87012df4f9faa19e5973fb09203c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ok4qM1OzlPA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22179 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so we want to maximize time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so we want to maximize time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so we want to maximize time
+today um both to make sure that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um both to make sure that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um both to make sure that we're
+doing all of the uh all the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all of the uh all the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all of the uh all the all the
+presentations get good feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations get good feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations get good feedback
+um but also so you have time afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but also so you have time afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but also so you have time afterwards
+to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+so um if you haven't signed in yet come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um if you haven't signed in yet come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um if you haven't signed in yet come
+on down and sign up while I talk just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on down and sign up while I talk just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on down and sign up while I talk just
+get that out of the way really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that out of the way really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that out of the way really
+quick um schedule for today is we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick um schedule for today is we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick um schedule for today is we are
+going to probably be done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to probably be done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to probably be done with
+rehearsals by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsals by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsals by
+2:30 um after 2:30 we are going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2:30 um after 2:30 we are going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2:30 um after 2:30 we are going to have
+um Luke from open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Luke from open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Luke from open courseware
+interviewing teams and producers from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing teams and producers from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing teams and producers from
+teams about the class um so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams about the class um so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams about the class um so we're
+thinking about how many minutes per per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how many minutes per per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how many minutes per per
+team uh not too long 10 15 casual chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team uh not too long 10 15 casual chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team uh not too long 10 15 casual chat
+yeah casual chat um it's optional but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah casual chat um it's optional but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah casual chat um it's optional but I
+would appreciate it if if at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would appreciate it if if at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would appreciate it if if at least
+people who did production and scrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who did production and scrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who did production and scrum
+Master roles um would talk to him but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master roles um would talk to him but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master roles um would talk to him but it
+could be the entire team talking with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the entire team talking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the entire team talking with
+him and maybe one or two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and maybe one or two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and maybe one or two people
+dominating the conversation that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating the conversation that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating the conversation that's okay
+um the goal for this is for people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the goal for this is for people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the goal for this is for people who
+are looking at the open course Weare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at the open course Weare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at the open course Weare
+site um particularly teachers um who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site um particularly teachers um who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site um particularly teachers um who
+might want to use these materials in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to use these materials in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to use these materials in
+their classes to find out from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their classes to find out from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their classes to find out from the the
+student perspective what what students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student perspective what what students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student perspective what what students
+got out of the class um because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got out of the class um because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got out of the class um because it's
+kind of like student evaluations we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like student evaluations we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like student evaluations we're
+going to be out of the room for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be out of the room for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be out of the room for that
+period of time um so that means after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time um so that means after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time um so that means after
+2:30 we're out of the room Luke's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2:30 we're out of the room Luke's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2:30 we're out of the room Luke's doing
+interviews and your teams are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews and your teams are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews and your teams are doing
+whatever teamwork you need to do to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever teamwork you need to do to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever teamwork you need to do to get
+ready for um the demonstrations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for um the demonstrations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for um the demonstrations and
+presentations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations on
+Wednesday whatever you say to the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday whatever you say to the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday whatever you say to the camera
+we will not even get a chance to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will not even get a chance to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will not even get a chance to see it
+before we give you grades so you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we give you grades so you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we give you grades so you can you
+you you can wail on us if You' like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can wail on us if You' like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can wail on us if You' like
+please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please
+do um or at least please be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um or at least please be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um or at least please be
+honest let's try let's try for that um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest let's try let's try for that um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest let's try let's try for that um I
+should also note student evaluations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also note student evaluations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also note student evaluations are
+available online please fill those out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available online please fill those out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available online please fill those out
+um we're going to actually it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to actually it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to actually it's a great
+period of time from 3:00 to 4: in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time from 3:00 to 4: in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time from 3:00 to 4: in class
+today to just open up your browser and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to just open up your browser and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to just open up your browser and
+fill out your student evaluation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill out your student evaluation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill out your student evaluation right
+here and now so that you um get that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now so that you um get that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now so that you um get that out
+of the way and again those that feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way and again those that feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way and again those that feedback
+is going to be helpful for us it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be helpful for us it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be helpful for us it's going
+to change how we teach the course um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change how we teach the course um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change how we teach the course um in
+the next year we change it every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next year we change it every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next year we change it every year
+based on the feedback we get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the feedback we get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the feedback we get from
+students so topics you thought you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so topics you thought you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so topics you thought you
+wanted to hear more about topics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to hear more about topics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to hear more about topics you
+thought we covered too much whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought we covered too much whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought we covered too much whatever
+feedback you have for us uh do let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback you have for us uh do let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback you have for us uh do let us
+know um last little um announcement we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um last little um announcement we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um last little um announcement we
+have a guest here Lee uh from Odyssey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a guest here Lee uh from Odyssey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a guest here Lee uh from Odyssey
+magazine it's a kids science magazine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine it's a kids science magazine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine it's a kids science magazine
+for kids age 9 and 14 and um we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kids age 9 and 14 and um we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kids age 9 and 14 and um we're doing
+an addition devoted to gaming and um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an addition devoted to gaming and um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an addition devoted to gaming and um I'm
+running m game lab energ Gra leow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running m game lab energ Gra leow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running m game lab energ Gra leow to
+come and observe you guys as you rehear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and observe you guys as you rehear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and observe you guys as you rehear
+your presentations and I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your presentations and I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your presentations and I'm going to be
+taking some pictures and I might ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking some pictures and I might ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking some pictures and I might ask
+some questions um I have some photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions um I have some photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions um I have some photo
+releases I'm going to need you to sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases I'm going to need you to sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases I'm going to need you to sign
+if I use your photos so I'll put I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I use your photos so I'll put I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I use your photos so I'll put I'll
+pass this around the good news is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass this around the good news is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass this around the good news is if you
+don't want me to use a photo of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want me to use a photo of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want me to use a photo of view
+don't sign up um because I can't I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't sign up um because I can't I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't sign up um because I can't I can't
+use your picture without it so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your picture without it so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your picture without it so that's
+just an easy way to handle that um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an easy way to handle that um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an easy way to handle that um so
+I'll pass these just going to little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pass these just going to little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pass these just going to little
+piles of these around and if you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piles of these around and if you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piles of these around and if you would
+if you're willing to let me use your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're willing to let me use your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're willing to let me use your
+photograph um but what else okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph um but what else okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph um but what else okay all
+right so um for our our um order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um for our our um order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um for our our um order of
+presentations just for today not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations just for today not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations just for today not
+necessarily for Wednesday we'll figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily for Wednesday we'll figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily for Wednesday we'll figure
+out the actual order by the end of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the actual order by the end of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the actual order by the end of class
+today um we're going to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um we're going to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um we're going to start with
+Heatwave then hello waves then snap then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heatwave then hello waves then snap then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heatwave then hello waves then snap then
+saving Gora then color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving Gora then color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving Gora then color
+control um what we're asking you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control um what we're asking you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control um what we're asking you to do
+is come up plug in the computer that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is come up plug in the computer that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is come up plug in the computer that's
+going to be used to demonstrate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be used to demonstrate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be used to demonstrate your
+game and make sure your game works on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and make sure your game works on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and make sure your game works on
+this on the projector the display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the projector the display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the projector the display
+resolution the native display resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution the native display resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution the native display resolution
+is 1280 by 1024 if you're doing a 43 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1280 by 1024 if you're doing a 43 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1280 by 1024 if you're doing a 43 or
+1280 x 768 if you're doing widescreen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1280 x 768 if you're doing widescreen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1280 x 768 if you're doing widescreen um
+it shouldn't make a huge difference for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shouldn't make a huge difference for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shouldn't make a huge difference for
+your slides but that might be um um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your slides but that might be um um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your slides but that might be um um a
+problem for your game so make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for your game so make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for your game so make sure
+you're coming up doing a quick two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're coming up doing a quick two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're coming up doing a quick two or
+three minute check to make sure the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three minute check to make sure the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three minute check to make sure the game
+works afterwards plug in your um pres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works afterwards plug in your um pres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works afterwards plug in your um pres
+your your slide presentation and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your slide presentation and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your slide presentation and we'll
+just go step by step um one thing I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go step by step um one thing I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go step by step um one thing I'd
+like to know from each team is how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know from each team is how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know from each team is how many
+speakers do you think you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers do you think you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers do you think you're going to
+have how many main speakers do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have how many main speakers do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have how many main speakers do you have
+in your presentations so starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your presentations so starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your presentations so starting with
+Heatwave how many speakers do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one uh hell waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh hell waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh hell waves
+two snap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two snap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two snap
+two uh saving gor aora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh saving gor aora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh saving gor aora
+five and color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+control all right so um for heat waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control all right so um for heat waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control all right so um for heat waves
+hell waves snap and color control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell waves snap and color control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell waves snap and color control
+actually for all of you whoever's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for all of you whoever's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for all of you whoever's doing
+the most speaking strap this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most speaking strap this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most speaking strap this little
+thing on uh for everybody else when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on uh for everybody else when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on uh for everybody else when you
+speak make sure you are standing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak make sure you are standing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak make sure you are standing you
+know in the normal SP spot in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the normal SP spot in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the normal SP spot in front of
+this so that the microphone can capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that the microphone can capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that the microphone can capture
+you um if you have uh for for volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um if you have uh for for volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um if you have uh for for volume
+control it is over here hopefully you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control it is over here hopefully you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control it is over here hopefully you've
+used this before um it's set at about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used this before um it's set at about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used this before um it's set at about
+Midway um take a note of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Midway um take a note of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Midway um take a note of all the
+different settings you're using when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different settings you're using when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different settings you're using when
+you're Pro when you're plugging in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're Pro when you're plugging in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're Pro when you're plugging in your
+stuff to the projector so we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to the projector so we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to the projector so we can make
+things go fast on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go fast on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go fast on
+Wednesday um any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday um any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday um any
+questions all right take four more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right take four more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right take four more
+minutes in your teams to to get yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes in your teams to to get yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes in your teams to to get yourself
+ready and Heatwave um please come up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready and Heatwave um please come up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready and Heatwave um please come up at
+1:15 to plug in your game I think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1:15 to plug in your game I think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1:15 to plug in your game I think so
+nope um so time yourself with the clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope um so time yourself with the clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope um so time yourself with the clock
+um take note of your own time we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um take note of your own time we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um take note of your own time we're not
+in we're not enforcing time limit right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we're not enforcing time limit right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we're not enforcing time limit right
+now we're we're concentrating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're we're concentrating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're we're concentrating on
+content well hello uh my name is mar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content well hello uh my name is mar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content well hello uh my name is mar
+proit and today I'm representing team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proit and today I'm representing team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proit and today I'm representing team
+Heatwave uh we made a game about heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heatwave uh we made a game about heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heatwave uh we made a game about heat
+waves not surprisingly and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves not surprisingly and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves not surprisingly and these are the
+people on our team I'll talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on our team I'll talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on our team I'll talk a little
+bit more about that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about that in a
+minute so first of all our game was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so first of all our game was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so first of all our game was
+about heat waves and the main goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about heat waves and the main goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about heat waves and the main goal of
+our game was to educate Red Cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our game was to educate Red Cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our game was to educate Red Cross
+workers about what to do when a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers about what to do when a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers about what to do when a heat
+wave was upcoming or was currently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave was upcoming or was currently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave was upcoming or was currently in
+progress how do you prepare for it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress how do you prepare for it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress how do you prepare for it and
+also what do you do to deal with it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what do you do to deal with it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what do you do to deal with it and
+while we focused on these goals our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we focused on these goals our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we focused on these goals our
+design goals were more specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design goals were more specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design goals were more specifically
+usability play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I how did I get that far without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I how did I get that far without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I how did I get that far without
+somebody pointing that out to me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody pointing that out to me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody pointing that out to me you
+were intending to have something okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were intending to have something okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were intending to have something okay
+we're gonna start over if that's okay do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna start over if that's okay do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna start over if that's okay do
+you mind really didn't get that far in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mind really didn't get that far in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mind really didn't get that far in
+so it's okay um heat waves oh now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's okay um heat waves oh now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's okay um heat waves oh now I
+can't see the slides okay um heat waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see the slides okay um heat waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see the slides okay um heat waves
+this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our
+team Heat waves uh is a game to talk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team Heat waves uh is a game to talk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team Heat waves uh is a game to talk and
+explain to Red Cross workers what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to Red Cross workers what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to Red Cross workers what to do
+in order to both prepare for heat waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to both prepare for heat waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to both prepare for heat waves
+and also what to do once you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also what to do once you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also what to do once you're in a
+heat wave and that was the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat wave and that was the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat wave and that was the purpose of
+our game and while we had those goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our game and while we had those goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our game and while we had those goals
+for our game educationally our goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our game educationally our goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our game educationally our goals
+overall for the design process were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall for the design process were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall for the design process were
+playability usability and education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playability usability and education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playability usability and education
+usability was first because if the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability was first because if the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability was first because if the game
+isn't usable no one's going to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't usable no one's going to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't usable no one's going to use it
+same with playability if you can't play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same with playability if you can't play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same with playability if you can't play
+through the game then it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the game then it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the game then it's kind of
+useless and finally our our main goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless and finally our our main goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless and finally our our main goal
+was education because we really wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was education because we really wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was education because we really wanted
+with this game to serve a purpose which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this game to serve a purpose which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this game to serve a purpose which
+was to educate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to educate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to educate
+people for our design process we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for our design process we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for our design process we did the
+same process that most of the people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same process that most of the people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same process that most of the people in
+this class did we started off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class did we started off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class did we started off with
+brainstorming uh then we went into team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming uh then we went into team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming uh then we went into team
+formation responsibilities breakdown and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation responsibilities breakdown and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation responsibilities breakdown and
+then just constantly updating using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just constantly updating using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just constantly updating using
+Trello and different scrum features and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trello and different scrum features and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trello and different scrum features and
+I'm going to talk about all of these a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about all of these a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about all of these a
+little bit more depth so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more depth so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more depth so first of all
+brainstorming uh we started off right on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming uh we started off right on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming uh we started off right on
+the get-go drawing on the board what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the get-go drawing on the board what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the get-go drawing on the board what do
+we want this game to look like what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want this game to look like what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want this game to look like what are
+the going to be the main parts of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the going to be the main parts of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the going to be the main parts of it and
+we actually settled on a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually settled on a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually settled on a somewhat
+complicated design with the main screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated design with the main screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated design with the main screen
+a dialogue system and then kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dialogue system and then kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dialogue system and then kind of an
+options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options
+menu and once we had this we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu and once we had this we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu and once we had this we actually
+formed our team this is our team minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed our team this is our team minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed our team this is our team minus I
+don't think Joe's in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think Joe's in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think Joe's in this picture
+because he was sick that day uh and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was sick that day uh and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was sick that day uh and one
+thing you notice is we had a team of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you notice is we had a team of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you notice is we had a team of
+nine people so it was a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine people so it was a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine people so it was a lot of people
+doing a lot of stuff so we had to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of stuff so we had to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of stuff so we had to really
+deal with that and one way we dealt with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that and one way we dealt with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that and one way we dealt with
+that was using scrum uh we had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was using scrum uh we had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was using scrum uh we had a lot of
+emails but the way we manag that is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails but the way we manag that is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails but the way we manag that is we
+learned from previous times that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from previous times that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from previous times that if you
+have one giant email thread it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one giant email thread it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one giant email thread it gets
+overwhelming you don't see everything so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming you don't see everything so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming you don't see everything so
+we separated it had separated it had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we separated it had separated it had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we separated it had separated it had a
+couple different email threads based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different email threads based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different email threads based on
+different topics and subgroups and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different topics and subgroups and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different topics and subgroups and then
+also we updated our Trello and one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we updated our Trello and one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we updated our Trello and one thing
+we realized really quickly is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we realized really quickly is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we realized really quickly is that
+Trello is not so good for listing every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trello is not so good for listing every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trello is not so good for listing every
+single scrum so you kind of have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single scrum so you kind of have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single scrum so you kind of have to have
+a to-do a done and a working on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to-do a done and a working on right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to-do a done and a working on right
+now just for future reference and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just for future reference and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just for future reference and and
+that's kind of how we organized oursel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of how we organized oursel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of how we organized oursel
+later on and then uh just because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on and then uh just because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on and then uh just because it's
+scum it's an iterative process which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scum it's an iterative process which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scum it's an iterative process which is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+picture uh next we had a lot of group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh next we had a lot of group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh next we had a lot of group
+meetings and something we spent not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings and something we spent not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings and something we spent not as
+much time in class because we spent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time in class because we spent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time in class because we spent a
+lot of time outside of class um we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time outside of class um we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time outside of class um we had a
+bunch of meetings where we had snacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of meetings where we had snacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of meetings where we had snacks
+and we would all just sit around for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we would all just sit around for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we would all just sit around for
+like three four hours and work and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three four hours and work and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three four hours and work and those
+were really productive times for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really productive times for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really productive times for us
+because it was a time where we everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was a time where we everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was a time where we everyone
+who was there was really dedicated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was there was really dedicated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was there was really dedicated to
+fixing bug after bug issue after issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing bug after bug issue after issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing bug after bug issue after issue
+getting things done and they were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting things done and they were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting things done and they were really
+what made our game come together as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what made our game come together as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what made our game come together as much
+as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it
+did clicking um so Focus tests we ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did clicking um so Focus tests we ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did clicking um so Focus tests we ran
+four Focus tests and each of our Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Focus tests and each of our Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Focus tests and each of our Focus
+tests had a different theme so once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests had a different theme so once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests had a different theme so once we
+had our team together and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had our team together and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had our team together and we were
+building the game there was different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the game there was different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the game there was different
+things working at different times so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things working at different times so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things working at different times so for
+the first Focus test we had a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Focus test we had a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Focus test we had a low
+Fidelity prototype that was digital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fidelity prototype that was digital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fidelity prototype that was digital and
+it was a python uh game and we've tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a python uh game and we've tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a python uh game and we've tested
+concept I'll talk a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept I'll talk a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept I'll talk a little bit more
+about that in a second the second one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a second the second one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a second the second one we
+test did our initial unity game and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test did our initial unity game and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test did our initial unity game and we
+looked for overarching issues the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked for overarching issues the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked for overarching issues the third
+test we worked on visuals just how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test we worked on visuals just how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test we worked on visuals just how can
+we emotionally resonate with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we emotionally resonate with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we emotionally resonate with our
+audience and the fourth test was game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and the fourth test was game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and the fourth test was game
+balancing because at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing because at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing because at the end of the day
+uh once you have everything together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once you have everything together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once you have everything together
+it's really easy to ignore if the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really easy to ignore if the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really easy to ignore if the game
+is balanced or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is balanced or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is balanced or
+not so the first test we ran was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so the first test we ran was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so the first test we ran was a
+concept of General mechanics so as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of General mechanics so as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of General mechanics so as I
+said earlier our general focus was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier our general focus was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier our general focus was
+education it was our big goal and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education it was our big goal and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education it was our big goal and we
+wanted to make sure the type of game we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make sure the type of game we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make sure the type of game we
+were building could really convey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were building could really convey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were building could really convey
+information and teach the audience about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and teach the audience about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and teach the audience about
+something so if you any of you played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so if you any of you played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so if you any of you played
+our t uh python text game you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our t uh python text game you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our t uh python text game you would
+remember that you basically had a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that you basically had a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that you basically had a bunch
+of people you could choose to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people you could choose to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people you could choose to talk to
+and if you talk to them you could offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you talk to them you could offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you talk to them you could offer
+them water tell them to go inside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them water tell them to go inside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them water tell them to go inside and
+they'd either listen to you or ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd either listen to you or ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd either listen to you or ignore
+you and you just went that way in Loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you just went that way in Loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you just went that way in Loops
+until either everyone fainted or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until either everyone fainted or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until either everyone fainted or
+everyone went inside and what we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone went inside and what we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone went inside and what we learned
+from that was first of all it worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that was first of all it worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that was first of all it worked
+people were noticing okay I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were noticing okay I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were noticing okay I'm going to
+focus on the drunk guy I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the drunk guy I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the drunk guy I'm going to
+focus on the uh the older person try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the uh the older person try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the uh the older person try to
+get them water first cuz they faint more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them water first cuz they faint more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them water first cuz they faint more
+quickly and the other thing we noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and the other thing we noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and the other thing we noticed
+right away something we did to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away something we did to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away something we did to try to
+make this game more lively is we had fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this game more lively is we had fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this game more lively is we had fun
+dialogue so for example the the first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue so for example the the first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue so for example the the first uh
+quote up there was like a more factual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote up there was like a more factual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote up there was like a more factual
+drinking water even when you're not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking water even when you're not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking water even when you're not too
+thirsty is important in this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirsty is important in this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirsty is important in this type of
+heat that's a very true fact about heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat that's a very true fact about heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat that's a very true fact about heat
+wavs you're just supposed to drink more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavs you're just supposed to drink more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavs you're just supposed to drink more
+water than you need to uh and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water than you need to uh and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water than you need to uh and then the
+second one is just more fun trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is just more fun trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is just more fun trying to
+make it more lively hide your wife hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more lively hide your wife hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more lively hide your wife hide
+your kill it's Heatwave um so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your kill it's Heatwave um so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your kill it's Heatwave um so that's
+something we experimented with early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we experimented with early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we experimented with early on
+having funner dialogue to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having funner dialogue to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having funner dialogue to kind of
+increase the excit exciting of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the excit exciting of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the excit exciting of the game
+so the second Focus test we really were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second Focus test we really were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second Focus test we really were
+looking for overarching issues and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for overarching issues and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for overarching issues and we
+was our first uh unity-based game so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our first uh unity-based game so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our first uh unity-based game so we
+were working with issues with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working with issues with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working with issues with our
+dialogue system issues with how is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue system issues with how is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue system issues with how is the
+playability does this concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playability does this concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playability does this concept of
+interacting and thinking about education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting and thinking about education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting and thinking about education
+still work in the this Unity based game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still work in the this Unity based game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still work in the this Unity based game
+where it's less of like a oh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's less of like a oh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's less of like a oh there's
+just these old person or young person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just these old person or young person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just these old person or young person
+which one do I choose instead now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one do I choose instead now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one do I choose instead now you
+have like these figures and we tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like these figures and we tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like these figures and we tested
+this out a little bit we found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out a little bit we found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out a little bit we found the
+educational aspect was still coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational aspect was still coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational aspect was still coming
+through but we had a lot of playability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but we had a lot of playability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but we had a lot of playability
+and usability issues so we needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usability issues so we needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usability issues so we needed to
+majorly revamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+click um so then we got our Focus test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click um so then we got our Focus test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click um so then we got our Focus test
+three where we focused on the visuals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three where we focused on the visuals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three where we focused on the visuals so
+once we went through play test to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we went through play test to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we went through play test to we
+realized okay we can fix this a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized okay we can fix this a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized okay we can fix this a lot of
+this usability stuff and now we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this usability stuff and now we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this usability stuff and now we want to
+see can we make this game emotionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see can we make this game emotionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see can we make this game emotionally
+resonate with the players and make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonate with the players and make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonate with the players and make it
+feel like less of just kind of like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like less of just kind of like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like less of just kind of like I'm
+sitting there looking at this red screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there looking at this red screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there looking at this red screen
+and it's like ah uh so we had this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like ah uh so we had this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like ah uh so we had this and
+what we were looking to talk to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were looking to talk to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were looking to talk to people
+about was the different characters were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was the different characters were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was the different characters were
+they still prioritizing in this scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still prioritizing in this scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still prioritizing in this scene
+and it turns out they weren't because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out they weren't because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out they weren't because
+those labels didn't move with the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those labels didn't move with the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those labels didn't move with the people
+and even if the labels had moved people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even if the labels had moved people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even if the labels had moved people
+said the label were too small to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the label were too small to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the label were too small to read
+they were confusing really should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were confusing really should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were confusing really should just
+get rid of them and instead either add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of them and instead either add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of them and instead either add
+little icons or caricatures of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little icons or caricatures of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little icons or caricatures of different
+types of people in order to choose who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of people in order to choose who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of people in order to choose who
+to help so those were the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help so those were the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help so those were the kinds of
+questions we asked and we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we asked and we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we asked and we actually
+showed them a sample artwork of a redone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed them a sample artwork of a redone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed them a sample artwork of a redone
+homeless person drawing uh and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeless person drawing uh and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeless person drawing uh and people
+said that that was a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that that was a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that that was a lot more
+informative and that way we didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative and that way we didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative and that way we didn't have
+to have like little text that no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have like little text that no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have like little text that no one
+could read so Focus Test 2 was three was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could read so Focus Test 2 was three was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could read so Focus Test 2 was three was
+really about the visuals and we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about the visuals and we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about the visuals and we really
+redid a lot of our visuals based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redid a lot of our visuals based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redid a lot of our visuals based on
+that click sorry this mouse is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that click sorry this mouse is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that click sorry this mouse is a little
+nonresponsive uh finally Focus test four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonresponsive uh finally Focus test four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonresponsive uh finally Focus test four
+I think you all probably had one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you all probably had one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you all probably had one of
+these was just game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these was just game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these was just game
+balancing we the end condition of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing we the end condition of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing we the end condition of our
+game is basically when people faint uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is basically when people faint uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is basically when people faint uh
+how many people have fainted and if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people have fainted and if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people have fainted and if a
+certain number of people have fainted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of people have fainted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of people have fainted
+then we stop the game and the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we stop the game and the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we stop the game and the problems
+with that was that it was at first there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that was that it was at first there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that was that it was at first there
+was too many people and everybody was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too many people and everybody was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too many people and everybody was
+dying right away and then we instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying right away and then we instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying right away and then we instead
+ramped up the number of people and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramped up the number of people and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramped up the number of people and then
+there was an issue where you were fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an issue where you were fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an issue where you were fine
+you were fine you were fine and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were fine you were fine and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were fine you were fine and then
+suddenly everyone died on the fourth day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly everyone died on the fourth day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly everyone died on the fourth day
+because there were suddenly 100 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were suddenly 100 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were suddenly 100 people
+and you could not help them all uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could not help them all uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could not help them all uh so
+Focus test 4 really focused on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus test 4 really focused on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus test 4 really focused on that and
+trying to balance the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to balance the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to balance the game
+out um along this way along the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um along this way along the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um along this way along the way we
+made some bad choices um every team does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made some bad choices um every team does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made some bad choices um every team does
+and the main ones we made was uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the main ones we made was uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the main ones we made was uh we
+decided to depend on external code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to depend on external code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to depend on external code and
+while we thought it would allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we thought it would allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we thought it would allow us to
+make more complic kid game we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more complic kid game we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more complic kid game we didn't
+really foresee how much we would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really foresee how much we would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really foresee how much we would have to
+adjust ourselves around the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust ourselves around the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust ourselves around the external
+code you know it's a two-way street and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you know it's a two-way street and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you know it's a two-way street and
+so it kind of impeded our progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it kind of impeded our progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it kind of impeded our progress
+sometimes it was added a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it was added a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it was added a lot more
+complexity things that we weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity things that we weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity things that we weren't
+expecting uh and then the other thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting uh and then the other thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting uh and then the other thing we
+made a mistake on which I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake on which I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake on which I would like to
+emphasize is we focused on education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize is we focused on education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize is we focused on education
+which was a great thing to do but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a great thing to do but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a great thing to do but we
+forgot to focus on fun and one thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to focus on fun and one thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to focus on fun and one thing we
+did to compensate for it as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did to compensate for it as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did to compensate for it as I mentioned
+is add that dialogue that band enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is add that dialogue that band enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is add that dialogue that band enter
+that makes something that's kind of dull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes something that's kind of dull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes something that's kind of dull
+a little more interesting but even so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more interesting but even so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more interesting but even so I
+think one thing that if we went back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one thing that if we went back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one thing that if we went back and
+we did things differently we'd focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did things differently we'd focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did things differently we'd focus on
+fun as the number one priority along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun as the number one priority along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun as the number one priority along
+with playability usability and education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with playability usability and education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with playability usability and education
+so ours became a pretty standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ours became a pretty standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ours became a pretty standard
+learning game as we talked about them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning game as we talked about them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning game as we talked about them uh
+good choices we had a lot of group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good choices we had a lot of group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good choices we had a lot of group
+meetings with snacks great idea turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings with snacks great idea turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings with snacks great idea turns
+out people come if you have snacks just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out people come if you have snacks just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out people come if you have snacks just
+if you were wondering and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were wondering and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were wondering and then we
+prioritize so everybody prioritize but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritize so everybody prioritize but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritize so everybody prioritize but
+one thing we had to deal with because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing we had to deal with because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing we had to deal with because we
+had such a large team was not everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had such a large team was not everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had such a large team was not everyone
+was available at the same time so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was available at the same time so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was available at the same time so it was
+really prioritizing not only based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really prioritizing not only based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really prioritizing not only based on
+what needed to be done but even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what needed to be done but even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what needed to be done but even if
+something kind of had already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of had already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of had already been
+assigned who can actually work on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned who can actually work on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned who can actually work on this
+right now and get it done and like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and get it done and like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and get it done and like when
+are they going to get it done so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they going to get it done so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they going to get it done so we
+really worked with that and kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worked with that and kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worked with that and kept
+iterating and figuring out based on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating and figuring out based on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating and figuring out based on what
+needed to get done right now who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to get done right now who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to get done right now who is
+going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+cool uh so the game itself is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh so the game itself is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh so the game itself is uh
+composed of really three screens but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed of really three screens but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed of really three screens but a
+couple of them have subcomponents so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of them have subcomponents so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of them have subcomponents so the
+start screen with an instruction screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start screen with an instruction screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start screen with an instruction screen
+the main uh the main game which has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main uh the main game which has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main uh the main game which has the
+daytime screen and a newspaper scene in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daytime screen and a newspaper scene in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daytime screen and a newspaper scene in
+it which is like the end of each day you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is like the end of each day you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is like the end of each day you
+see that and then the end screen just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that and then the end screen just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that and then the end screen just so
+you can take a look at all these so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a look at all these so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a look at all these so
+originally this is our start screen uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally this is our start screen uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally this is our start screen uh a
+main feedback with that was it was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main feedback with that was it was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main feedback with that was it was not
+pretty and it was not informative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty and it was not informative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty and it was not informative so
+when we redid it we added an instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we redid it we added an instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we redid it we added an instruction
+screen which is actually still having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen which is actually still having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen which is actually still having a
+little bit of bugs with the readability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of bugs with the readability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of bugs with the readability
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+what we did was we added a way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was we added a way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was we added a way for
+players who didn't play the game before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players who didn't play the game before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players who didn't play the game before
+to find out what they actually needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out what they actually needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out what they actually needed to
+do and then the actual game the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and then the actual game the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and then the actual game the original
+we had I showed you on our Focus test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had I showed you on our Focus test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had I showed you on our Focus test
+two and then our Focus test three with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and then our Focus test three with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and then our Focus test three with
+the people moving but the labels not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people moving but the labels not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people moving but the labels not
+moving we really iterated the main game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving we really iterated the main game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving we really iterated the main game
+to make that as usable as possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that as usable as possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that as usable as possible and
+our final result well this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our final result well this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our final result well this is actually
+in progress so one thing we updated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in progress so one thing we updated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in progress so one thing we updated in
+progress that I almost forgot to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress that I almost forgot to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress that I almost forgot to mention
+was that that we saw in Focus test uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that that we saw in Focus test uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that that we saw in Focus test uh
+two and focus test three that visuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and focus test three that visuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and focus test three that visuals
+were really important and one thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really important and one thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really important and one thing we
+weren't displaying at all that was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't displaying at all that was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't displaying at all that was very
+educationally important that P Pablo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educationally important that P Pablo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educationally important that P Pablo
+actually mentioned was that as people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mentioned was that as people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mentioned was that as people
+like are about to faint they usually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are about to faint they usually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are about to faint they usually get
+sick if you see one who somebody who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick if you see one who somebody who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick if you see one who somebody who's
+bound to fate they'll like start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to fate they'll like start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to fate they'll like start
+sweating and turn red and all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweating and turn red and all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweating and turn red and all this stuff
+and in our game they just kind of killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in our game they just kind of killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in our game they just kind of killed
+over and died uh so we needed to wait to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and died uh so we needed to wait to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and died uh so we needed to wait to
+implement that but we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement that but we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement that but we couldn't
+necessarily like draw a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily like draw a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily like draw a million
+different character Arts so we decied Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different character Arts so we decied Ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different character Arts so we decied Ed
+on The Simple Solution was just to add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on The Simple Solution was just to add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on The Simple Solution was just to add a
+little uh that little circle like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh that little circle like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh that little circle like the
+thing above their heads you can all see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing above their heads you can all see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing above their heads you can all see
+it with the exclamation point and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with the exclamation point and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with the exclamation point and that
+was something we did in progress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something we did in progress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something we did in progress and
+finally we integrated that with a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we integrated that with a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we integrated that with a new
+character art and this is the final game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character art and this is the final game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character art and this is the final game
+I don't know what those squares are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what those squares are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what those squares are
+they're not in our game uh but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not in our game uh but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not in our game uh but you can
+see the people are a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the people are a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the people are a lot more
+descriptive I think that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive I think that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive I think that's pretty
+obviously that's an old person you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that's an old person you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that's an old person you know
+they have a walker um and we had to rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a walker um and we had to rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a walker um and we had to rely
+on these caricatures of people which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these caricatures of people which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these caricatures of people which
+uh really worked out in terms of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really worked out in terms of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really worked out in terms of like
+getting visual feedback when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting visual feedback when we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting visual feedback when we talked
+to people they were much more responsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people they were much more responsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people they were much more responsive
+to this than like labels or even like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this than like labels or even like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this than like labels or even like
+little symbols they really like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little symbols they really like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little symbols they really like the
+art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Mouse um and finally um not finally but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mouse um and finally um not finally but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mouse um and finally um not finally but
+the other part of our main game was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other part of our main game was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other part of our main game was the
+newspaper scene and initially we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper scene and initially we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper scene and initially we just
+had a lot of information displayed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot of information displayed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot of information displayed and
+no one actually read it because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one actually read it because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one actually read it because they
+didn't think they could do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think they could do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think they could do anything
+about it and they also just didn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and they also just didn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and they also just didn't like
+looking at it it was confusing so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it it was confusing so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it it was confusing so we we
+did that and so made it a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that and so made it a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that and so made it a little more
+visually appealing and something we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually appealing and something we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually appealing and something we did
+that I didn't mention on the M previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't mention on the M previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't mention on the M previous
+slide about the main scene is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide about the main scene is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide about the main scene is that we
+actually added more longer term options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually added more longer term options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually added more longer term options
+so this was more relevant as you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was more relevant as you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was more relevant as you were
+playing because if it was cooler on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing because if it was cooler on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing because if it was cooler on a
+day you could start installing umbrellas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you could start installing umbrellas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you could start installing umbrellas
+and then you would actually be like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would actually be like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would actually be like okay
+well it's actually 115 today so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's actually 115 today so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's actually 115 today so I'm not
+going to install any umbrellas I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to install any umbrellas I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to install any umbrellas I'm just
+going to try to give people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to give people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to give people
+water um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water um
+oopsies um and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oopsies um and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oopsies um and and then
+finally sorry this scrolled what just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally sorry this scrolled what just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally sorry this scrolled what just
+happened um what oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened um what oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened um what oh
+sorry sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry sorry
+guys uh so originally at the end of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys uh so originally at the end of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys uh so originally at the end of our
+game as you can see there was no end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game as you can see there was no end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game as you can see there was no end
+scene and that's kind of important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene and that's kind of important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene and that's kind of important so
+people really wanted feedback as to they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people really wanted feedback as to they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people really wanted feedback as to they
+didn't just want the game to restart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't just want the game to restart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't just want the game to restart
+they wanted to know how they did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to know how they did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to know how they did you
+know even if it's educational part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know even if it's educational part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know even if it's educational part of
+that fun that was something we obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fun that was something we obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fun that was something we obviously
+didn't focus on was just knowing oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't focus on was just knowing oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't focus on was just knowing oh I
+actually did pretty well this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did pretty well this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did pretty well this many
+people like I lasted this many days or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like I lasted this many days or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like I lasted this many days or
+this many people like went inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many people like went inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many people like went inside
+because of me and that's because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of me and that's because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of me and that's because we
+weren't focusing on fun we didn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't focusing on fun we didn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't focusing on fun we didn't even
+think about the importance of an end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the importance of an end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the importance of an end
+screen right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen right
+so when we redid it we added this end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we redid it we added this end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we redid it we added this end
+screen and it tells you how long you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and it tells you how long you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and it tells you how long you
+survived so 2 hours 5 days you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived so 2 hours 5 days you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived so 2 hours 5 days you can have
+a sense of how long could I keep it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of how long could I keep it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of how long could I keep it up
+and make sure everybody was working out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure everybody was working out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure everybody was working out
+well so that's our whole game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so that's our whole game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so that's our whole game and
+looking back at this whole process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking back at this whole process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking back at this whole process
+something we've discussed as a team that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we've discussed as a team that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we've discussed as a team that
+we would do differently is uh passion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would do differently is uh passion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would do differently is uh passion so
+one thing about heat waves we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing about heat waves we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing about heat waves we all
+thought initially oh it's such a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought initially oh it's such a cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought initially oh it's such a cool
+topic heat waves it gets hot and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic heat waves it gets hot and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic heat waves it gets hot and then we
+read about it and it was actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about it and it was actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about it and it was actually a
+surprisingly simple phenomenon it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly simple phenomenon it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly simple phenomenon it gets
+hot people drink water go inside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot people drink water go inside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot people drink water go inside and
+that's about it there's not really a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about it there's not really a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about it there's not really a lot
+of complexity to the issue and so a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complexity to the issue and so a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complexity to the issue and so a lot
+of us lost our passion very early on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us lost our passion very early on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us lost our passion very early on I
+think if we were going to do this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if we were going to do this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if we were going to do this again
+we'd somehow incorporate something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd somehow incorporate something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd somehow incorporate something in
+addition to the heat waves that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the heat waves that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the heat waves that would
+make us more passionate about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make us more passionate about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make us more passionate about the
+game and the other thing we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and the other thing we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and the other thing we do
+differently is accountability just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently is accountability just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently is accountability just
+making sure that you know with such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that you know with such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that you know with such a
+large team you have to really keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large team you have to really keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large team you have to really keep track
+of everyone doing everything we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everyone doing everything we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everyone doing everything we really
+focused on prioritizing who was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on prioritizing who was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on prioritizing who was like
+actually a time to give and making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a time to give and making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a time to give and making sure
+they got tasks done which it worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got tasks done which it worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got tasks done which it worked out
+really well but at the same time there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well but at the same time there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well but at the same time there
+were people who sometimes were kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were people who sometimes were kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were people who sometimes were kind of
+lost and didn't know where the game was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost and didn't know where the game was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost and didn't know where the game was
+going because we weren't always on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going because we weren't always on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going because we weren't always on the
+same page with such a large team you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same page with such a large team you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same page with such a large team you
+know nine people's a lot but it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nine people's a lot but it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nine people's a lot but it still
+worked out really well and I'd say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out really well and I'd say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out really well and I'd say that
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+everything oopsies not again we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything oopsies not again we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything oopsies not again we did
+pretty well with it and if we were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well with it and if we were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well with it and if we were going
+to do more Futures something we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do more Futures something we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do more Futures something we talked
+about was more long-term options people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was more long-term options people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was more long-term options people
+liked those they made it more fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked those they made it more fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked those they made it more fun
+because you had more of an optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you had more of an optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you had more of an optimization
+problem if you had more long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you had more long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you had more long-term
+choices those were kind of hard to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices those were kind of hard to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices those were kind of hard to think
+of because in heat waves there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of because in heat waves there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of because in heat waves there aren't
+that many like you can install an AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many like you can install an AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many like you can install an AC
+unit and then like maybe a water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit and then like maybe a water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit and then like maybe a water
+fountain but we're thinking maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fountain but we're thinking maybe we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fountain but we're thinking maybe we can
+make this a bigger scope game add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a bigger scope game add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a bigger scope game add
+multiple environments so you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple environments so you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple environments so you have more
+long-term options and really build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term options and really build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term options and really build up
+the complexity over time so this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity over time so this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity over time so this game
+can be more realistic of a community as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be more realistic of a community as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be more realistic of a community as
+a whole instead of a single environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole instead of a single environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole instead of a single environment
+and that's really what we wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really what we wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really what we wanted to do
+thank you so much are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much are there any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+cool so comments um about presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so comments um about presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so comments um about presentation
+um anybody out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there yeah so can you um load up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah so can you um load up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah so can you um load up your
+game and make sure your game works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and make sure your game works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and make sure your game works
+yeah I don't really know how somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't really know how somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't really know how somebody
+come down here from the team and do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down here from the team and do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down here from the team and do that
+you can answer questions while we so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can answer questions while we so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can answer questions while we so
+feedback on from from us then about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback on from from us then about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback on from from us then about um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+presentation um the main question I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation um the main question I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation um the main question I had
+like you covered a whole bunch of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you covered a whole bunch of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you covered a whole bunch of stuff
+which is which is really good um um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is really good um um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is really good um um the
+the things we were asking for what went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we were asking for what went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we were asking for what went
+right what went wrong um you did it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what went wrong um you did it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what went wrong um you did it in a
+different format but you got to it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different format but you got to it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different format but you got to it and
+that was fine that was good um the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was fine that was good um the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was fine that was good um the one
+thing I I'd L more information on if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I I'd L more information on if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I I'd L more information on if you
+can fit it is the external code issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fit it is the external code issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fit it is the external code issue
+specifically what was the external code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically what was the external code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically what was the external code
+why was it in there what did you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why was it in there what did you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why was it in there what did you think
+it was going to help you with and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was going to help you with and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was going to help you with and then
+what did it end up like just a little a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did it end up like just a little a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did it end up like just a little a
+couple lines of just details about more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple lines of just details about more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple lines of just details about more
+specific more specific yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific more specific yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific more specific yeah
+defitely and and and really like what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defitely and and and really like what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defitely and and and really like what is
+it giving you that basic unity wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it giving you that basic unity wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it giving you that basic unity wasn't
+giving you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you okay
+absolutely um let's see I like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely um let's see I like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely um let's see I like the
+structure uh as RI said you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh as RI said you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh as RI said you got to
+everything but actually the way how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but actually the way how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but actually the way how you
+structured it also works really well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured it also works really well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured it also works really well for
+all the points that you intended to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the points that you intended to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the points that you intended to hit
+um if we are following this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we are following this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we are following this particular
+order or presentation uh we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order or presentation uh we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order or presentation uh we're not
+necessarily we're going to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily we're going to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily we're going to figure out
+what the order is after we do them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the order is after we do them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the order is after we do them all
+whoever goes first will probably need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever goes first will probably need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever goes first will probably need to
+explain who Pablo is uh to the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain who Pablo is uh to the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain who Pablo is uh to the audience
+no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no
+it's not something that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something that you would
+necessarily have expected but whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have expected but whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have expected but whoever
+goes first on uh Wednesday if you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes first on uh Wednesday if you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes first on uh Wednesday if you talk
+about any of the clients you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any of the clients you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any of the clients you have to
+assume that the audience doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the audience doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the audience doesn't know
+who the clients are and different teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the clients are and different teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the clients are and different teams
+had different clients that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had different clients that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had different clients that they were
+talking to too so um so do just explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to too so um so do just explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to too so um so do just explain
+yeah we'll introduce basically we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll introduce basically we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll introduce basically we were
+making games about the topic but your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making games about the topic but your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making games about the topic but your
+specific topic to mention Pablo I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific topic to mention Pablo I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific topic to mention Pablo I should
+say who it is I shouldn't mention it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say who it is I shouldn't mention it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say who it is I shouldn't mention it
+directly yeah I just just just just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly yeah I just just just just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly yeah I just just just just just
+give him his name and who he is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give him his name and who he is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give him his name and who he is that
+will do wonders um I some something for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do wonders um I some something for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do wonders um I some something for
+anybody who's using Google uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who's using Google uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who's using Google uh
+presentations uh uh Google Slides or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations uh uh Google Slides or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations uh uh Google Slides or
+whatever I think is called I think the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I think is called I think the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I think is called I think the S
+button brings up your notes so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button brings up your notes so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button brings up your notes so if you
+have notes I wasn't sure if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have notes I wasn't sure if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have notes I wasn't sure if you were
+relying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying
+on I just wanted to be able to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I just wanted to be able to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I just wanted to be able to see the
+slides that's why I yeah yeah you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that's why I yeah yeah you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that's why I yeah yeah you also
+get a little preview slide so if you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little preview slide so if you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little preview slide so if you hit
+the S button you bring it up um Al it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S button you bring it up um Al it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S button you bring it up um Al it
+has it automatically brings up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it automatically brings up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it automatically brings up the
+Google Drive is using full screen click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Drive is using full screen click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Drive is using full screen click
+this to you know the to to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to you know the to to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to you know the to to make it
+disappear that's really distracting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear that's really distracting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear that's really distracting so
+whoever is using Google Drives make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever is using Google Drives make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever is using Google Drives make sure
+you do that and you may want to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that and you may want to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that and you may want to use the
+keyboard because the mouse was not it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard because the mouse was not it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard because the mouse was not it
+was it was flipping out yeah it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was flipping out yeah it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was flipping out yeah it was it
+was not I brought it for the actual game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not I brought it for the actual game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not I brought it for the actual game
+playay but we're not playing the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playay but we're not playing the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playay but we're not playing the game
+today right okay so recharge and um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today right okay so recharge and um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today right okay so recharge and um if
+it starts to give you that same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to give you that same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to give you that same problem
+for the slides at least you may want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the slides at least you may want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the slides at least you may want to
+just avoid yeah avoid using putting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just avoid yeah avoid using putting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just avoid yeah avoid using putting it
+in mirror mode too instead of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mirror mode too instead of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mirror mode too instead of two
+screens um at least give you full a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screens um at least give you full a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screens um at least give you full a full
+screen version of the slides um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen version of the slides um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen version of the slides um the
+speaker notes give you a very any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker notes give you a very any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker notes give you a very any
+version of the yeah it's very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the yeah it's very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the yeah it's very hard to
+see actually so mirroring your screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see actually so mirroring your screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see actually so mirroring your screen
+back and forth will also make it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth will also make it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth will also make it so that
+you don't ever have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't ever have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't ever have to do
+that I can email this actually at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can email this actually at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can email this actually at least
+these these notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these notes
+um at the beginning of your of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the beginning of your of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the beginning of your of your
+presentation if you can just uh when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation if you can just uh when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation if you can just uh when you
+introduce that your games about heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce that your games about heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce that your games about heat
+waves before you go into the the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves before you go into the the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves before you go into the the things
+that you did if you can just very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you did if you can just very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you did if you can just very
+briefly talk about what Red Cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly talk about what Red Cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly talk about what Red Cross
+workers have to do in heat waves yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers have to do in heat waves yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers have to do in heat waves yeah
+of course if if that's after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if if that's after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if if that's after you
+demonstrate your game then that may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate your game then that may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate your game then that may not
+be so necessary but uh just to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so necessary but uh just to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so necessary but uh just to give
+people and I just make sure that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and I just make sure that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and I just make sure that before
+you start talking about this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start talking about this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start talking about this is what
+your team did just give people an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team did just give people an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team did just give people an idea
+of these are this is what you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are this is what you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are this is what you're going
+to do in the game Y and you can you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in the game Y and you can you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in the game Y and you can you like
+you all have a choice of demoing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all have a choice of demoing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all have a choice of demoing the
+game before the presentation or after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game before the presentation or after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game before the presentation or after
+it's whatever works best for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's whatever works best for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's whatever works best for your
+presentation so if you're showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation so if you're showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation so if you're showing the
+game first you may not need to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game first you may not need to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game first you may not need to describe
+this but if you're showing the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but if you're showing the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but if you're showing the game
+after your talk then you definitely need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after your talk then you definitely need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after your talk then you definitely need
+to explain that um when you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain that um when you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain that um when you say
+overarching issues as a bullet point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overarching issues as a bullet point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overarching issues as a bullet point
+that tells me nothing uh it's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me nothing uh it's like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me nothing uh it's like you
+had a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a big
+issue but um then later on of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue but um then later on of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue but um then later on of course you
+went into detail and talked was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into detail and talked was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into detail and talked was about
+dialogue it was about learning and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue it was about learning and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue it was about learning and stuff
+like that I think at the first time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I think at the first time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I think at the first time you
+introduced the bullet point say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the bullet point say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the bullet point say
+overarching issues and you said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overarching issues and you said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overarching issues and you said you know
+such as di you know the dialog box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as di you know the dialog box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as di you know the dialog box and
+the learning very quickly just to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning very quickly just to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning very quickly just to just
+so that that that bullet point means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that that bullet point means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that that bullet point means
+something um Rick already mentioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um Rick already mentioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um Rick already mentioned the
+thing about external code um when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about external code um when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about external code um when you
+when you talked about you swap your art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you talked about you swap your art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you talked about you swap your art
+assets and you said talk we talked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and you said talk we talked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and you said talk we talked to
+people about the art did you mean play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people about the art did you mean play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people about the art did you mean play
+testers or did you mean your client or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testers or did you mean your client or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testers or did you mean your client or
+do you mean your team members right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you mean your team members right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you mean your team members right
+they're all people so which people yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all people so which people yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all people so which people yeah
+I'm assuming play testers based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming play testers based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming play testers based on the
+context but yeah um finally um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context but yeah um finally um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context but yeah um finally um this is
+has nothing to do with the presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with the presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with the presentation
+does the game still use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the game still use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the game still use
+Fahrenheit did we change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fahrenheit did we change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fahrenheit did we change
+that was question fenhe I don't think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was question fenhe I don't think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was question fenhe I don't think we
+have Chang the game it's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Chang the game it's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Chang the game it's still a
+Fahrenheit still a fhe okay uh change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fahrenheit still a fhe okay uh change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fahrenheit still a fhe okay uh change
+that today yeah you you a bit risky to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today yeah you you a bit risky to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today yeah you you a bit risky to
+change it at this point um you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it at this point um you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it at this point um you might
+want to list that on your um things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to list that on your um things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to list that on your um things to
+change in the future maybe just add that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the future maybe just add that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the future maybe just add that
+yeah that that's enough I wouldn't touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that that's enough I wouldn't touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that that's enough I wouldn't touch
+the code at this tou the code pleas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code at this tou the code pleas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code at this tou the code pleas
+don't touch the Cod yeah yeah just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't touch the Cod yeah yeah just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't touch the Cod yeah yeah just just
+just to acknowledge that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to acknowledge that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to acknowledge that you know
+because that was one one of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was one one of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was one one of the big
+pieces of feedback is that only the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of feedback is that only the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of feedback is that only the US
+uses Fen heit yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses Fen heit yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses Fen heit yeah
+yeah cool from you sir following Phil he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cool from you sir following Phil he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cool from you sir following Phil he
+got my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my
+sorry all right you got yep so so make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry all right you got yep so so make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry all right you got yep so so make
+sure it actually plays is it playing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it actually plays is it playing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it actually plays is it playing so
+you're going to demonstrate it uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to demonstrate it uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to demonstrate it uh in
+unity rather than as the web hosted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity rather than as the web hosted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity rather than as the web hosted
+version we might do the web hosted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version we might do the web hosted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version we might do the web hosted
+version but we Haven yet okay cool we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version but we Haven yet okay cool we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version but we Haven yet okay cool we're
+meeting at great but it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting at great but it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting at great but it looks like
+whatever you you're going to run it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you you're going to run it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you you're going to run it in
+it's going to work at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to work at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to work at that
+resolution and is there audio for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and is there audio for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and is there audio for it
+yeah there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+it'sing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'sing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'sing okay
+oh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there's
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+okay so so at least it's not muted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so at least it's not muted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so at least it's not muted
+yeah it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it looks like
+heartburn it looks like ate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartburn it looks like ate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartburn it looks like ate
+something all right thank you so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all right thank you so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all right thank you so much
+thank you thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you thank you for being first yeah I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thank you for being first yeah I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thank you for being first yeah I'll
+email you the uh the notes hello AES
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email you the uh the notes hello AES
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email you the uh the notes hello AES
+come on down okay so it's a little light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on down okay so it's a little light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on down okay so it's a little light
+on there but our game is hello waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there but our game is hello waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there but our game is hello waves
+it's a game about forecast based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a game about forecast based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a game about forecast based
+financing that we're developing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing that we're developing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing that we're developing for the
+Red Cross the idea of forecast based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red Cross the idea of forecast based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red Cross the idea of forecast based
+financing is using the idea of forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing is using the idea of forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing is using the idea of forecast
+about the future in order to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future in order to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future in order to make
+decisions that are more effective than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that are more effective than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that are more effective than
+just reacting to disasters when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reacting to disasters when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reacting to disasters when they
+happen so uh I'd like to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so uh I'd like to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so uh I'd like to show you a
+playthrough of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game should open up great and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game should open up great and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game should open up great and let me
+turn on the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh as said hello waves here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh as said hello waves here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh as said hello waves here are the
+instructions uh we would have done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions uh we would have done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions uh we would have done a
+tutorial if we had enough time but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial if we had enough time but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial if we had enough time but this
+gets the idea across uh and uh designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the idea across uh and uh designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the idea across uh and uh designing
+a a good tutorial that actually teaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a good tutorial that actually teaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a good tutorial that actually teaches
+the player well is kind of hard to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player well is kind of hard to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player well is kind of hard to do in
+a a logical flow so we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a logical flow so we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a logical flow so we have these
+instructions that explain how to play uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that explain how to play uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that explain how to play uh
+what the point of the game is and uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the point of the game is and uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the point of the game is and uh a
+couple of tips about how the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of tips about how the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of tips about how the game
+works so if we go into the play screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so if we go into the play screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so if we go into the play screen
+you can see something similar to uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see something similar to uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see something similar to uh what
+we showed you a couple weeks ago where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed you a couple weeks ago where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed you a couple weeks ago where
+you have all these different toys at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all these different toys at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all these different toys at
+their castles and as you go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their castles and as you go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their castles and as you go through the
+days you'll see a forecast of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days you'll see a forecast of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days you'll see a forecast of what the
+water level's going to be at over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water level's going to be at over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water level's going to be at over time
+and so you can see that right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can see that right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can see that right now
+they're Gathering candy the water level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Gathering candy the water level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Gathering candy the water level
+change this character is underwater and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this character is underwater and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this character is underwater and
+so he takes damage and so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he takes damage and so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he takes damage and so what you
+actually want to do is you want to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to do is you want to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to do is you want to move
+toys out of the water so that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toys out of the water so that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toys out of the water so that they don't
+get damaged however they can only move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get damaged however they can only move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get damaged however they can only move
+one Castle over at a time so because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Castle over at a time so because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Castle over at a time so because we
+didn't think ahead well enough we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think ahead well enough we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think ahead well enough we'll see
+that this truck will actually take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this truck will actually take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this truck will actually take
+damage on the next turn because he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage on the next turn because he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage on the next turn because he's
+underwater actually he ended up not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwater actually he ended up not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwater actually he ended up not
+underwater we got lucky there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwater we got lucky there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwater we got lucky there but
+theoretically he he would have and so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically he he would have and so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically he he would have and so as
+you go through it the end goal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through it the end goal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through it the end goal of the
+game is to build a castle uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is to build a castle uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is to build a castle uh and so
+every toy when they're home can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every toy when they're home can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every toy when they're home can either
+choose between Gathering candy to feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose between Gathering candy to feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose between Gathering candy to feed
+evacuated toys or building the castle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evacuated toys or building the castle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evacuated toys or building the castle to
+reach your end goal of the game and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach your end goal of the game and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach your end goal of the game and then
+the idea of the forecast is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of the forecast is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of the forecast is that you
+want to use the forecast in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use the forecast in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use the forecast in order to
+know how much candy you're going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much candy you're going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much candy you're going to need
+over the next couple days and to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next couple days and to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next couple days and to use it
+to know when you are going to need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know when you are going to need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know when you are going to need to
+evacuate various toys from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evacuate various toys from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evacuate various toys from their
+variously hided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+homes so back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes so back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes so back to the
+presentation Turn full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation Turn full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation Turn full
+screen so we had a couple of challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so we had a couple of challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so we had a couple of challenges
+in the design process the first and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the design process the first and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the design process the first and the
+major one is really that we were trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major one is really that we were trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major one is really that we were trying
+to teach about forecast-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach about forecast-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach about forecast-based
+financing which was a bit of an abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing which was a bit of an abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing which was a bit of an abstract
+topic it's a little different than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic it's a little different than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic it's a little different than just
+thinking long term because you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking long term because you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking long term because you have to
+use the idea of there's some information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the idea of there's some information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the idea of there's some information
+we know about the future that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about the future that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about the future that we want to
+use to make optimal decisions or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to make optimal decisions or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to make optimal decisions or at
+least decisions based on some idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least decisions based on some idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least decisions based on some idea of
+the risk that's out there but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk that's out there but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk that's out there but we also
+wanted to avoid things like just pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to avoid things like just pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to avoid things like just pushing
+a button to win where you have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a button to win where you have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a button to win where you have all the
+information you ever need and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you ever need and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you ever need and there's
+just one option that you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one option that you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one option that you know you're
+going to pick every time and the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick every time and the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick every time and the game
+has no thought whatsoever and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no thought whatsoever and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no thought whatsoever and we also
+needed to think about how we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to think about how we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to think about how we are going
+to communicate the forecast to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate the forecast to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate the forecast to the
+player so that they could then use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player so that they could then use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player so that they could then use that
+to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+decisions uh one of the problems that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions uh one of the problems that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions uh one of the problems that we
+also ran into related to this was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ran into related to this was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ran into related to this was that
+we focused a lot on the idea of forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we focused a lot on the idea of forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we focused a lot on the idea of forecast
+based financing as the topic and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based financing as the topic and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based financing as the topic and then
+tried to build a game built on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to build a game built on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to build a game built on top of
+that topic instead of building a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that topic instead of building a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that topic instead of building a game
+that use forecast based financing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that use forecast based financing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that use forecast based financing so
+that held us back a lot in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that held us back a lot in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that held us back a lot in the beginning
+when we were trying to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were trying to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were trying to come up with
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+we also had a really difficult initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also had a really difficult initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also had a really difficult initial
+targeted audience of policy makers 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted audience of policy makers 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted audience of policy makers 50
+60y old uh government officials or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60y old uh government officials or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60y old uh government officials or
+people at NOS who are going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at NOS who are going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at NOS who are going to be using
+forecast to make decisions of some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast to make decisions of some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast to make decisions of some sort
+and it was supposed to teach them about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was supposed to teach them about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was supposed to teach them about
+how they can use forecast to make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they can use forecast to make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they can use forecast to make these
+decisions except this was a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions except this was a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions except this was a really
+difficult audience because they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult audience because they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult audience because they don't
+generally play games and uh they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally play games and uh they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally play games and uh they don't
+have a lot of time to learn about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of time to learn about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of time to learn about this
+kind of thing and so we couldn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing and so we couldn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing and so we couldn't really
+expect to get them to sit down for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to get them to sit down for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to get them to sit down for a
+long period of time and play around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period of time and play around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period of time and play around with
+our game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our game
+in order to deal with these problems we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to deal with these problems we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to deal with these problems we
+came up with a couple Solutions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with a couple Solutions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with a couple Solutions the
+first thing was that we had no idea what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing was that we had no idea what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing was that we had no idea what
+kind of game would work or would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of game would work or would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of game would work or would make
+sense or anything like that so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense or anything like that so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense or anything like that so what we
+did is we just broke up into group into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is we just broke up into group into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is we just broke up into group into
+our team up into multiple groups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our team up into multiple groups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our team up into multiple groups and
+came up with a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with a bunch of different
+prototypes uh on paper we had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes uh on paper we had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes uh on paper we had two
+different prototypes one that focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different prototypes one that focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different prototypes one that focused on
+the idea of managing a city and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of managing a city and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of managing a city and its
+resources and its response to disasters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and its response to disasters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and its response to disasters
+versus focusing on individual people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus focusing on individual people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus focusing on individual people and
+how you're going to move them around to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you're going to move them around to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you're going to move them around to
+keep them safe from the disasters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them safe from the disasters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them safe from the disasters and
+then we went into a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we went into a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we went into a whole bunch of
+different digital prototypes one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different digital prototypes one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different digital prototypes one that
+was a text based game about managing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a text based game about managing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a text based game about managing a
+city we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city we
+had one that looked like this where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had one that looked like this where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had one that looked like this where you
+had two different cities and you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two different cities and you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two different cities and you were
+specifying what workers were going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying what workers were going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying what workers were going to do
+or when they would leave the city in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or when they would leave the city in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or when they would leave the city in
+order to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to stay
+safe and then we would take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe and then we would take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe and then we would take the
+different ideas that we were learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ideas that we were learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ideas that we were learning
+from both of these prototypes combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both of these prototypes combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both of these prototypes combine
+them together take things out and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together take things out and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together take things out and our
+final prototype actually uses ideas from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final prototype actually uses ideas from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final prototype actually uses ideas from
+all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of
+these another solution that uh we kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these another solution that uh we kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these another solution that uh we kind
+of got lucky with is when Pablo came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of got lucky with is when Pablo came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of got lucky with is when Pablo came to
+play our game he told us that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play our game he told us that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play our game he told us that we
+actually shouldn't focus on the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shouldn't focus on the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shouldn't focus on the policy
+makers because he wasn't confident that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers because he wasn't confident that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers because he wasn't confident that
+he could actually get them to play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could actually get them to play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could actually get them to play the
+game and so we switched our Target to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and so we switched our Target to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and so we switched our Target to
+being grade schoolers which is why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being grade schoolers which is why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being grade schoolers which is why you
+saw the sort of cutesy art with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the sort of cutesy art with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the sort of cutesy art with the
+beach and the toys this actually made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach and the toys this actually made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach and the toys this actually made it
+a lot easier for us because we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot easier for us because we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot easier for us because we could
+Target people who probably had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target people who probably had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target people who probably had some
+experience with games or at least wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with games or at least wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with games or at least wanted
+to do something fun and would uh be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something fun and would uh be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something fun and would uh be
+curious to learn about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topic so another um for our development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic so another um for our development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic so another um for our development
+process uh or I can just speak here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh or I can just speak here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh or I can just speak here
+right yeah you can speak right from okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah you can speak right from okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah you can speak right from okay
+so another uh big issue we uh another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another uh big issue we uh another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another uh big issue we uh another
+set of challenges that we ran into was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of challenges that we ran into was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of challenges that we ran into was
+through our development process and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our development process and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our development process and so
+um we had initially issues with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we had initially issues with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we had initially issues with
+communication and facilitation our team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and facilitation our team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and facilitation our team
+had a wide variety of like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a wide variety of like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a wide variety of like uh
+experiences and backgrounds somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and backgrounds somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and backgrounds somewhere
+hardcore Gamers some mostly mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore Gamers some mostly mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore Gamers some mostly mobile
+Gamers and so there were initially a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamers and so there were initially a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamers and so there were initially a lot
+of disagreements on what level of game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disagreements on what level of game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disagreements on what level of game
+uh we wanted to create and like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we wanted to create and like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we wanted to create and like what
+sort of game casual versus hardcore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of game casual versus hardcore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of game casual versus hardcore that
+we wanted to create and so we needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to create and so we needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to create and so we needed to
+overcome like challenges of facilitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome like challenges of facilitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome like challenges of facilitation
+and communication within our team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and communication within our team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and communication within our team
+another major challenge in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another major challenge in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another major challenge in our
+development process that we had to face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development process that we had to face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development process that we had to face
+came from our design issues where for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from our design issues where for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from our design issues where for a
+very long time we had kind of a vague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time we had kind of a vague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time we had kind of a vague
+vision of what to do we didn't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of what to do we didn't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of what to do we didn't know what
+kind of game we wanted to make and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of game we wanted to make and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of game we wanted to make and so we
+purposely tried to keep our game ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposely tried to keep our game ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposely tried to keep our game ideas
+vague as we built prototypes but then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague as we built prototypes but then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague as we built prototypes but then we
+ran into issues where um we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran into issues where um we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran into issues where um we would have
+Solutions but like no consensus on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions but like no consensus on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions but like no consensus on which
+solution was best and where we would um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution was best and where we would um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution was best and where we would um
+and where we went for long periods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where we went for long periods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where we went for long periods of
+time without having a clear direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time without having a clear direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time without having a clear direction of
+where we wanted our final game to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we wanted our final game to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we wanted our final game to
+be so um our solutions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so um our solutions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so um our solutions for
+uh the challenges proposed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the challenges proposed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the challenges proposed by the
+development were a team structure and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development were a team structure and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development were a team structure and so
+we structured our team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we structured our team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we structured our team
+Loosely uh into three sub teams a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loosely uh into three sub teams a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loosely uh into three sub teams a
+production sub team which would uh take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production sub team which would uh take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production sub team which would uh take
+care of uh production like the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of uh production like the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of uh production like the uh
+deliverables and making sure that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliverables and making sure that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliverables and making sure that all
+the uh game ideas are being uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh game ideas are being uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh game ideas are being uh
+communicate properly a technical team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate properly a technical team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate properly a technical team
+which um work primarily with the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um work primarily with the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um work primarily with the code
+and making sure the game got done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making sure the game got done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making sure the game got done and
+then a user experience team which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a user experience team which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a user experience team which
+handled art UI and uh sound and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handled art UI and uh sound and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handled art UI and uh sound and so we
+kept a flexible responsibility I uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept a flexible responsibility I uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept a flexible responsibility I uh we
+kept the responsibilities flexible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept the responsibilities flexible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept the responsibilities flexible so
+you know as team members got busy over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as team members got busy over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as team members got busy over
+the semester or as like changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester or as like changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester or as like changing
+conditions led to different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions led to different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions led to different people
+contributing um we kept UH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing um we kept UH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing um we kept UH
+responsibilities were able to easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities were able to easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities were able to easily
+flow between teams and team members and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow between teams and team members and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow between teams and team members and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+additionally another idea we uh started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally another idea we uh started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally another idea we uh started
+with in the beginning was the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in the beginning was the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in the beginning was the idea of
+sub team leaders um which are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub team leaders um which are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub team leaders um which are the two
+people marked with the L's but that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people marked with the L's but that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people marked with the L's but that was
+an idea we later abandoned in favor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea we later abandoned in favor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea we later abandoned in favor of
+just having a more flexible team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having a more flexible team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having a more flexible team
+structure or flat team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or flat team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or flat team
+structure um another solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um another solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um another solution for
+helping our development process was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping our development process was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping our development process was the
+use of good code practices and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of good code practices and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of good code practices and I I
+cannot emphasize enough that this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot emphasize enough that this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot emphasize enough that this really
+helps speed up our development because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps speed up our development because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps speed up our development because
+of we didn't run into trouble with code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we didn't run into trouble with code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we didn't run into trouble with code
+it was mostly with design so we used um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was mostly with design so we used um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was mostly with design so we used um
+we used dooman which is a JavaScript uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used dooman which is a JavaScript uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used dooman which is a JavaScript uh
+SC module system and basically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC module system and basically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC module system and basically it
+allowed our code to be interoperable we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed our code to be interoperable we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed our code to be interoperable we
+could write one module separately from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write one module separately from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write one module separately from
+another module so that solved a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another module so that solved a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another module so that solved a lot of
+issues with like dependencies or like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with like dependencies or like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with like dependencies or like um
+people working in parallel because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people working in parallel because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people working in parallel because it
+allowed people to you know work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed people to you know work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed people to you know work in
+parallel without overwriting each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel without overwriting each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel without overwriting each
+other's code code um we also used good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other's code code um we also used good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other's code code um we also used good
+code practice with State machines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code practice with State machines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code practice with State machines and
+MVC which is mod view control and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MVC which is mod view control and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MVC which is mod view control and so we
+had a very you know objectoriented code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a very you know objectoriented code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a very you know objectoriented code
+very modular and when we did need to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very modular and when we did need to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very modular and when we did need to you
+know uh change our code rip it all out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh change our code rip it all out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh change our code rip it all out
+and put it back in it actually didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it back in it actually didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it back in it actually didn't
+turn out to be too painful because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be too painful because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be too painful because we
+just had to switch a couple objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had to switch a couple objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had to switch a couple objects
+around um all right and then one final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um all right and then one final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um all right and then one final
+solution that we used for uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that we used for uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that we used for uh for
+our development processes were slack and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our development processes were slack and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our development processes were slack and
+scrum so slack is like a modernized IRC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrum so slack is like a modernized IRC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrum so slack is like a modernized IRC
+chat room and it's very featur rich it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat room and it's very featur rich it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat room and it's very featur rich it
+has a lot of Integrations with uh GitHub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of Integrations with uh GitHub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of Integrations with uh GitHub
+and Google Drive and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Google Drive and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Google Drive and things like that
+and so that sort of real-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that sort of real-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that sort of real-time
+communication actually made it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication actually made it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication actually made it so that
+we didn't really have to meet outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't really have to meet outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't really have to meet outside of
+class too often uh we if someone was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class too often uh we if someone was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class too often uh we if someone was
+working we would just email out saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working we would just email out saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working we would just email out saying
+we're I'm on the slack and then people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're I'm on the slack and then people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're I'm on the slack and then people
+could meet on the slack and it was full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could meet on the slack and it was full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could meet on the slack and it was full
+featured enough like we could send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featured enough like we could send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featured enough like we could send
+attachments and things like that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachments and things like that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachments and things like that that
+yeah most of our communication in Prison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah most of our communication in Prison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah most of our communication in Prison
+Communication could be done in class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communication could be done in class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communication could be done in class and
+in class we adopted a uh sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class we adopted a uh sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class we adopted a uh sort of like
+daily scrum format where uh we simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily scrum format where uh we simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily scrum format where uh we simply
+said what we had done since the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what we had done since the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what we had done since the previous
+class and what our goals were uh until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and what our goals were uh until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and what our goals were uh until
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+class yeah so in the end though we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class yeah so in the end though we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class yeah so in the end though we did
+have to cut some features um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um these features mainly were the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these features mainly were the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these features mainly were the idea
+of multip again m a tutorial or multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multip again m a tutorial or multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multip again m a tutorial or multiple
+levels uh simply because there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels uh simply because there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels uh simply because there would
+just be too much content that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be too much content that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be too much content that we would
+need to play test in order to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to play test in order to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to play test in order to make sure
+that it like was a consistent quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it like was a consistent quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it like was a consistent quality
+and like got our message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like got our message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like got our message
+across um and also trying to add more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across um and also trying to add more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across um and also trying to add more
+individuality to the uh to the toys that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuality to the uh to the toys that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuality to the uh to the toys that
+you saw um they have different Graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw um they have different Graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw um they have different Graphics
+but that's as much as we could do given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's as much as we could do given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's as much as we could do given
+the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+constraints and so kind of just bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and so kind of just bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and so kind of just bring it
+back um and our worst three worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um and our worst three worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um and our worst three worst
+decisions um where first we spent a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions um where first we spent a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions um where first we spent a lot
+of we did end up spending a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we did end up spending a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we did end up spending a lot of time
+on code and assets that never got used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on code and assets that never got used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on code and assets that never got used
+we maybe like used 10% of our final 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we maybe like used 10% of our final 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we maybe like used 10% of our final 10
+to 20% of our final work in our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20% of our final work in our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20% of our final work in our final
+project actually maybe that is a bit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project actually maybe that is a bit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project actually maybe that is a bit uh
+Overkill but um okay maybe 30% of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Overkill but um okay maybe 30% of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Overkill but um okay maybe 30% of our
+final uh code and Assets in our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final uh code and Assets in our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final uh code and Assets in our final
+project um this really was due to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um this really was due to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um this really was due to uh
+this second bad decision that we kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second bad decision that we kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second bad decision that we kept
+the game and its direction too vague for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game and its direction too vague for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game and its direction too vague for
+too long we always were holding out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long we always were holding out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long we always were holding out that
+oh maybe we'll be able to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe we'll be able to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe we'll be able to come up with a
+better game idea or maybe we'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better game idea or maybe we'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better game idea or maybe we'll find
+some magic solution to how we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some magic solution to how we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some magic solution to how we can make
+for forecast based financing into a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for forecast based financing into a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for forecast based financing into a game
+and because of this mindset we spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of this mindset we spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of this mindset we spent
+probably the first half of the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the first half of the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the first half of the project
+like just staying too vague and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just staying too vague and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just staying too vague and that
+hurt us in the end because we spent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt us in the end because we spent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt us in the end because we spent so
+much time going in all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time going in all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time going in all these different
+directions and really um really the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and really um really the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and really um really the uh
+decision that kind of capture those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision that kind of capture those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision that kind of capture those
+first two though is the fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two though is the fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two though is the fact that we
+tried to make a game on top of forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to make a game on top of forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to make a game on top of forecast
+based financing so we had forecast based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based financing so we had forecast based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based financing so we had forecast based
+financing and we were like how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing and we were like how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing and we were like how can we
+skin this as a game whereas once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin this as a game whereas once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin this as a game whereas once we
+switched that mindset and thought let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched that mindset and thought let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched that mindset and thought let's
+have a game and how can we put forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a game and how can we put forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a game and how can we put forecast
+based financing into it I think uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based financing into it I think uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based financing into it I think uh that
+was the moment that we then came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the moment that we then came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the moment that we then came
+together as a team and really started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together as a team and really started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together as a team and really started
+making the final game that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the final game that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the final game that we
+wanted so our best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted so our best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted so our best
+decision um yeah so uh one of our best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision um yeah so uh one of our best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision um yeah so uh one of our best
+decisions was that we chose good tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions was that we chose good tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions was that we chose good tools
+at the beginning which meant that as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning which meant that as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning which meant that as we
+went through all these different digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through all these different digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through all these different digital
+prototypes we actually didn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes we actually didn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes we actually didn't have to
+completely rewrite our game we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely rewrite our game we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely rewrite our game we could
+pull out the way that workers worked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out the way that workers worked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out the way that workers worked in
+one game we could pull out the view that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one game we could pull out the view that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one game we could pull out the view that
+we were using in another game and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were using in another game and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were using in another game and then
+we could just combine them together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just combine them together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just combine them together and
+that allowed us to move quickly whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed us to move quickly whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed us to move quickly whenever
+we were changing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were changing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were changing our
+prototype we also weren't afraid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype we also weren't afraid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype we also weren't afraid to
+trust each other uh both in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust each other uh both in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust each other uh both in terms of
+what everyone was working on but also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what everyone was working on but also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what everyone was working on but also in
+terms of the decisions that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the decisions that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the decisions that we were
+making and so when we said that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making and so when we said that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making and so when we said that we had
+to throw something out we all understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throw something out we all understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throw something out we all understood
+that it was for the best uh the good of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was for the best uh the good of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was for the best uh the good of
+the project and we we didn't have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project and we we didn't have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project and we we didn't have a lot
+of complaining or hurt feelings when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complaining or hurt feelings when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complaining or hurt feelings when
+something did didn't get put in or when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something did didn't get put in or when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something did didn't get put in or when
+we decided to throw out our assets or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided to throw out our assets or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided to throw out our assets or
+code and when we got to the end we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and when we got to the end we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and when we got to the end we had
+been through enough of sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been through enough of sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been through enough of sort of this
+vagueness that we were all kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagueness that we were all kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagueness that we were all kind of
+frustrated with it and we realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated with it and we realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated with it and we realized that
+we had an idea that we all liked and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had an idea that we all liked and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had an idea that we all liked and we
+really got on board with it and made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really got on board with it and made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really got on board with it and made it
+happen once we started working on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen once we started working on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen once we started working on our
+final idea and we saw that it worked uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final idea and we saw that it worked uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final idea and we saw that it worked uh
+basically every decision from that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every decision from that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every decision from that point
+on was how do we make this game better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on was how do we make this game better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on was how do we make this game better
+uh and we were all on board with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we were all on board with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we were all on board with that
+vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions anyone in the audience have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions anyone in the audience have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions anyone in the audience have
+feedback for them first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before yeah we'll have to make all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before yeah we'll have to make all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before yeah we'll have to make all of
+our slides darker yeah yellow and white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our slides darker yeah yellow and white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our slides darker yeah yellow and white
+yeah like the yellow and white on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like the yellow and white on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like the yellow and white on your
+on your early screen yeah I was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your early screen yeah I was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your early screen yeah I was doing
+this on I realiz that's the game not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on I realiz that's the game not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on I realiz that's the game not the
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+presentation wow it's also a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation wow it's also a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation wow it's also a little
+faded in the game itself it could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faded in the game itself it could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faded in the game itself it could be the
+display resolution you're using so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display resolution you're using so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display resolution you're using so after
+CL after we're done with everything try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL after we're done with everything try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL after we're done with everything try
+a different resolution see if it makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different resolution see if it makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different resolution see if it makes a
+difference um the music in the game demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference um the music in the game demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference um the music in the game demo
+was too high um it was overpowering your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too high um it was overpowering your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too high um it was overpowering your
+voice okay uh so you know I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice okay uh so you know I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice okay uh so you know I think you
+were almost hollering just to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were almost hollering just to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were almost hollering just to be able to
+be heard uh doesn't need to be that loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be heard uh doesn't need to be that loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be heard uh doesn't need to be that loud
+so you can just crank down the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just crank down the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just crank down the volume
+light on the computer or on the controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on the computer or on the controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on the computer or on the controls
+over there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there um
+something that I that I had a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I that I had a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I that I had a question
+for uh you don't have to answer it today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh you don't have to answer it today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh you don't have to answer it today
+um but you might want to put it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you might want to put it in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you might want to put it in your
+presentation was how long was the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation was how long was the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation was how long was the design
+of what you've what you eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you've what you eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you've what you eventually
+established on the table before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established on the table before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established on the table before you
+decided that this was the thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that this was the thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that this was the thing that you
+were going for right because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going for right because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going for right because I'm
+assuming it was one of your vague it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming it was one of your vague it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming it was one of your vague it
+came up during your vague idea phase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up during your vague idea phase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up during your vague idea phase and
+you're and you're implying that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're and you're implying that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're and you're implying that you were
+in that mode for too long but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that mode for too long but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that mode for too long but I don't
+know how long it was on the table or was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how long it was on the table or was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how long it was on the table or was
+it only something you figured out at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only something you figured out at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only something you figured out at the
+end of the vague idea phase um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the vague idea phase um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the vague idea phase um because
+you otherwise you wouldn't have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you otherwise you wouldn't have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you otherwise you wouldn't have been
+able to switch to this idea if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to switch to this idea if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to switch to this idea if it was
+not on the table in the birth place um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the table in the birth place um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the table in the birth place um
+so uh and how did you decide this was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh and how did you decide this was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh and how did you decide this was it
+that the sank hustle game was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sank hustle game was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sank hustle game was going to
+be it um I understand I think you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it um I understand I think you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it um I understand I think you you
+very clearly explained the benefits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clearly explained the benefits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clearly explained the benefits of
+deciding this was it but how did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding this was it but how did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding this was it but how did you
+come to that conclusion sure was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to that conclusion sure was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to that conclusion sure was uh
+that's stuff I wanted to hear more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's stuff I wanted to hear more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's stuff I wanted to hear more about
+but you don't have to answer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't have to answer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't have to answer it
+now yeah mod Soo um just a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah mod Soo um just a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah mod Soo um just a little bit of
+speci you mentioned you spent too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speci you mentioned you spent too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speci you mentioned you spent too long
+on that design phase I wonder how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that design phase I wonder how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that design phase I wonder how long
+that was okay yeah um you said Pablo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was okay yeah um you said Pablo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was okay yeah um you said Pablo
+switched your target audience for you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched your target audience for you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched your target audience for you um
+telling us whether that was because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us whether that was because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us whether that was because of
+the game that he saw or because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game that he saw or because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game that he saw or because of
+something else if you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else if you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else if you know that
+information throw it in there if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information throw it in there if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information throw it in there if you
+don't know that information that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that information that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that information that's fine
+um knowing why you you dropped the team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um knowing why you you dropped the team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um knowing why you you dropped the team
+lead you mentioned you you dropped it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead you mentioned you you dropped it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead you mentioned you you dropped it
+but you didn't exactly say why again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you didn't exactly say why again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you didn't exactly say why again
+really quick this is what it this is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quick this is what it this is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quick this is what it this is we
+weren't getting blah out of it or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't getting blah out of it or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't getting blah out of it or the
+flexibility was more whatever um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility was more whatever um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility was more whatever um and
+then yeah to oh um defining your terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah to oh um defining your terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah to oh um defining your terms
+you're saying things like casual versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying things like casual versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying things like casual versus
+hardcore give a little bit of definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore give a little bit of definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore give a little bit of definition
+of what you what you mean by that um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you what you mean by that um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you what you mean by that um it
+means different things for everybody so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means different things for everybody so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means different things for everybody so
+what is your what is your use of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is your what is your use of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is your what is your use of that
+yeah I think you specifically said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think you specifically said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think you specifically said
+hardcore and mobile uh but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore and mobile uh but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore and mobile uh but there are
+hardcore mobile players out there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore mobile players out there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore mobile players out there so
+this is this is like and Casual can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is like and Casual can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is like and Casual can be
+considered a version of Hardcore just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a version of Hardcore just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a version of Hardcore just in
+a different way so just be really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different way so just be really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different way so just be really just
+be a little bit more clear about because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit more clear about because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit more clear about because
+I think you're talking about the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you're talking about the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you're talking about the target
+a and the kind of players and the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and the kind of players and the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and the kind of players and the kind
+of games they might play so just be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of games they might play so just be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of games they might play so just be a
+little bit more more focused on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more more focused on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more more focused on what
+exactly you mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you mean by
+that um that's it for me yeah so just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that's it for me yeah so just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that's it for me yeah so just a
+techical observation young man is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techical observation young man is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techical observation young man is not
+really a module framework it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a module framework it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a module framework it's just a
+system to generate a project and it puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to generate a project and it puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to generate a project and it puts
+different Frameworks so yeah just check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Frameworks so yeah just check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Frameworks so yeah just check
+that so there terminology issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so there terminology issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so there terminology issue
+yeah clear clear clearly it worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah clear clear clearly it worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah clear clear clearly it worked out
+for your team so we're not saying right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your team so we're not saying right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your team so we're not saying right
+don't mention your man is clearly a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mention your man is clearly a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mention your man is clearly a good
+thing but just check your definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but just check your definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but just check your definition of
+what it of what it is because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it of what it is because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it of what it is because because
+it'll be more helpful for other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be more helpful for other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be more helpful for other people
+to understand what it is so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what it is so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what it is so that they
+can think about what they want to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about what they want to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about what they want to use it
+in the future oh actually so your demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future oh actually so your demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future oh actually so your demo
+you spent about three minutes doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spent about three minutes doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spent about three minutes doing it
+um we are going to have you have the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we are going to have you have the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we are going to have you have the a
+player from the aians play your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player from the aians play your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player from the aians play your your
+game live okay without do or without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game live okay without do or without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game live okay without do or without
+getting a lot of help you can talk over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a lot of help you can talk over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a lot of help you can talk over
+it you can after a while start helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can after a while start helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can after a while start helping
+them we need we want to see them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we need we want to see them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we need we want to see them at
+least just start playing it on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least just start playing it on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least just start playing it on their own
+to decide when you're going to put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide when you're going to put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide when you're going to put that
+demo in you could actually combine them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo in you could actually combine them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo in you could actually combine them
+both together if you do it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both together if you do it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both together if you do it at the
+beginning or end um but if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning or end um but if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning or end um but if you do that
+give give the player a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give give the player a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give give the player a little bit of
+time before you start talking okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time before you start talking okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time before you start talking okay
+sure this all I got great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks snap come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks snap come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks snap come on
+down all right hi everyone um I'm part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all right hi everyone um I'm part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all right hi everyone um I'm part
+of the snap team and this is Sabrina who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the snap team and this is Sabrina who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the snap team and this is Sabrina who
+will talk about the front end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about the front end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about the front end and
+aspects I'll talk about the backend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects I'll talk about the backend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects I'll talk about the backend
+aspects um so I think we actually wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects um so I think we actually wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects um so I think we actually wanted
+to start with the demo of the game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with the demo of the game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with the demo of the game and
+we'll do a real demo right now um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a real demo right now um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a real demo right now um so
+could everybody go to snap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could everybody go to snap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could everybody go to snap
+game.org you should uh turn on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game.org you should uh turn on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game.org you should uh turn on your
+volume as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume as
+well inter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see oh nice my screen's hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I will also play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game okay everybody ready who wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game okay everybody ready who wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game okay everybody ready who wants to
+play all right so the way this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play all right so the way this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play all right so the way this game
+works is I I'll explain it again in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is I I'll explain it again in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is I I'll explain it again in case
+anybody hasn't heard this before um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody hasn't heard this before um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody hasn't heard this before um
+we're going to give you a topic and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to give you a topic and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to give you a topic and then
+you're going to enter words related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to enter words related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to enter words related to
+that topic whenever you enter the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that topic whenever you enter the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that topic whenever you enter the same
+word that somebody else entered you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word that somebody else entered you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word that somebody else entered you'll
+get a point which we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+snap and the topic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithms and you can cheat by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and you can cheat by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and you can cheat by looking
+at my screen but please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't have no idea how I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing no what happened what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing no what happened what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing no what happened what
+happened oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops I think it's this resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably I did test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably I did test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably I did test
+this oh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry I never entered this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+words I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I can't
+scroll all right I think we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scroll all right I think we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scroll all right I think we're going to
+stop this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wow that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+impressive Justin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive Justin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive Justin
+one followed by Rodrigo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rachel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this is what you guys submitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+66 this is a very MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heavy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy all
+right domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right
+so that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game all right so the way we did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game all right so the way we did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game all right so the way we did this
+project was we split up into backend and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project was we split up into backend and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project was we split up into backend and
+front end teams from the very beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end teams from the very beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end teams from the very beginning
+uh this was a bit of a challenge for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this was a bit of a challenge for new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this was a bit of a challenge for new
+features because initially we both were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features because initially we both were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features because initially we both were
+really highly interdependent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really highly interdependent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really highly interdependent but
+eventually it became really nice because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it became really nice because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it became really nice because
+it was simpler to manage a front end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was simpler to manage a front end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was simpler to manage a front end and
+a backend team individually and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a backend team individually and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a backend team individually and they
+generally didn't need to talk to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally didn't need to talk to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally didn't need to talk to each
+other uh once the back end was off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ground um I think that structuring our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground um I think that structuring our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground um I think that structuring our
+team with more individual roles besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team with more individual roles besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team with more individual roles besides
+just having generally backend and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having generally backend and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having generally backend and
+frontend people would have been helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontend people would have been helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontend people would have been helpful
+uh UI design was something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh UI design was something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh UI design was something that we
+didn't think about early on enough and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think about early on enough and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think about early on enough and
+that's why the UI is not as polished as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the UI is not as polished as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the UI is not as polished as
+it could have been we could have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could have been we could have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could have been we could have had
+somebody just dedicated to taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody just dedicated to taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody just dedicated to taking
+information between the back end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information between the back end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information between the back end and
+front end say documenting the back end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end say documenting the back end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end say documenting the back end
+and making sure that everybody knew how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making sure that everybody knew how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making sure that everybody knew how
+it worked uh we also definitely had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it worked uh we also definitely had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it worked uh we also definitely had
+problems with paperwork which would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with paperwork which would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with paperwork which would have
+been would have been nice to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been would have been nice to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been would have been nice to have
+somebody who was really on top of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who was really on top of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who was really on top of that
+um and then the game design as well was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the game design as well was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the game design as well was
+something in addition to UI design we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in addition to UI design we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in addition to UI design we
+also could have had somebody just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also could have had somebody just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also could have had somebody just
+looking at the game and thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the game and thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the game and thinking about
+the core game Concepts things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core game Concepts things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core game Concepts things like
+scoring and what we're going to display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring and what we're going to display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring and what we're going to display
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+players we did a pretty good job with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players we did a pretty good job with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players we did a pretty good job with
+planning we used Asana and Asana worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning we used Asana and Asana worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning we used Asana and Asana worked
+really well for us it was quite flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well for us it was quite flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well for us it was quite flexible
+let us manage independent task lists for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us manage independent task lists for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us manage independent task lists for
+front end and backend which we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end and backend which we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end and backend which we think
+worked well all the way from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked well all the way from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked well all the way from the
+beginning to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end um so separating on the task list we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end um so separating on the task list we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end um so separating on the task list we
+liked TOA we liked uh our project had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked TOA we liked uh our project had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked TOA we liked uh our project had a
+lot of dependencies and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of dependencies and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of dependencies and this is
+something that scrum inherently had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that scrum inherently had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that scrum inherently had a
+problem with and our tools also had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with and our tools also had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with and our tools also had a
+problem with it was hard to know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with it was hard to know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with it was hard to know for
+example when a task on the front end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when a task on the front end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when a task on the front end and
+back end were dependent there wasn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back end were dependent there wasn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back end were dependent there wasn't a
+good way to encode that and see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to encode that and see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to encode that and see that the
+backend needed to get something done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backend needed to get something done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backend needed to get something done
+more quickly because the front end could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quickly because the front end could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quickly because the front end could
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+it uh we also had trouble just creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh we also had trouble just creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh we also had trouble just creating
+tasks I think that it there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks I think that it there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks I think that it there was a
+diffusion of responsibility as to who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of responsibility as to who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of responsibility as to who
+would be creating tasks and who would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be creating tasks and who would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be creating tasks and who would be
+assigning them once the task got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning them once the task got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning them once the task got
+assigned then it went pretty well but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned then it went pretty well but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned then it went pretty well but we
+had a trouble just getting all our tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a trouble just getting all our tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a trouble just getting all our tasks
+listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed
+out uh I think the the core of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh I think the the core of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh I think the the core of all these
+problems was really getting people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems was really getting people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems was really getting people
+invested in the project and making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in the project and making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in the project and making sure
+that they treated it as a priority and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they treated it as a priority and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they treated it as a priority and
+um really really spent some effort on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um want to talk about this sure so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um want to talk about this sure so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um want to talk about this sure so we
+also use slack uh for communicating as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use slack uh for communicating as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use slack uh for communicating as a
+team and uh I think it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team and uh I think it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team and uh I think it was really
+helpful I like the fact that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful I like the fact that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful I like the fact that we could
+have multiple channels so that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple channels so that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple channels so that people
+working mainly on the front end didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working mainly on the front end didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working mainly on the front end didn't
+really have to get all the communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to get all the communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to get all the communication
+going on with the back end and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with the back end and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with the back end and then we
+also had channels for arisana and GitHub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also had channels for arisana and GitHub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also had channels for arisana and GitHub
+so we could see what was going on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could see what was going on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could see what was going on with
+that um some problems though where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um some problems though where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um some problems though where I
+feel like people weren't as active as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like people weren't as active as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like people weren't as active as
+they could have been feel like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could have been feel like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could have been feel like maybe
+everyone should have downloaded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone should have downloaded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone should have downloaded the
+mobile app or at least you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile app or at least you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile app or at least you know uh
+signed up for notifications so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed up for notifications so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed up for notifications so that
+everyone was aware constantly what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was aware constantly what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was aware constantly what was
+going on and if someone mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and if someone mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and if someone mentioned
+mentioned them in a post they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned them in a post they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned them in a post they were
+quickly able to respond and get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly able to respond and get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly able to respond and get back to
+them and yeah that's the main thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and yeah that's the main thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and yeah that's the main thing that
+I think we could improve upon if we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we could improve upon if we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we could improve upon if we use
+this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+future yeah so going a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future yeah so going a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future yeah so going a little bit
+specifically into the back end what went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically into the back end what went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically into the back end what went
+right for us was definitely our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for us was definitely our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for us was definitely our
+technology uh we used nodejs as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh we used nodejs as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh we used nodejs as the
+server and uh socket. IO to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server and uh socket. IO to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server and uh socket. IO to do the
+two-way communication so that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-way communication so that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-way communication so that you could
+receive snaps from other players um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive snaps from other players um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive snaps from other players um and
+we deployed on Heroku all those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deployed on Heroku all those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deployed on Heroku all those three
+things worked really well we had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things worked really well we had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things worked really well we had no
+problems with them um and the design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with them um and the design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with them um and the design of
+the back end also went pretty well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back end also went pretty well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back end also went pretty well it's
+a pretty simple server to implement um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty simple server to implement um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty simple server to implement um
+and we did a good job of figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we did a good job of figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we did a good job of figuring out
+what it needed to support uh we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it needed to support uh we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it needed to support uh we didn't
+document as well as we could have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document as well as we could have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document as well as we could have in
+terms of what is the published API that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what is the published API that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what is the published API that
+the front end should be using so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front end should be using so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front end should be using so in
+socket.io you send all these events and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socket.io you send all these events and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socket.io you send all these events and
+the names and the formats of the events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the names and the formats of the events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the names and the formats of the events
+were not well documented Ed for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not well documented Ed for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not well documented Ed for a long
+time um there wasn't a lot that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um there wasn't a lot that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um there wasn't a lot that I would
+change on how the backend was structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change on how the backend was structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change on how the backend was structured
+and how it went but I think maybe we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it went but I think maybe we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it went but I think maybe we had
+too many people working on it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many people working on it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many people working on it for the
+small amount of work that it was and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of work that it was and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of work that it was and it
+would have helped if people more people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have helped if people more people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have helped if people more people
+had worked on the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had worked on the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had worked on the front
+end um that's part of also part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end um that's part of also part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end um that's part of also part of
+finalizing and freezing if we had just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finalizing and freezing if we had just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finalizing and freezing if we had just
+finalized and Frozen the back end then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finalized and Frozen the back end then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finalized and Frozen the back end then
+we could have stopped worrying about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have stopped worrying about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have stopped worrying about it
+and just moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just moved
+on uh networking was explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh networking was explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh networking was explicitly
+forbidden in the rules of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden in the rules of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden in the rules of the class
+which we did break and we intentionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we did break and we intentionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we did break and we intentionally
+broke it quite early on uh networking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke it quite early on uh networking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke it quite early on uh networking
+really didn't give us very many problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't give us very many problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't give us very many problems
+we had a couple Heroku issues where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a couple Heroku issues where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a couple Heroku issues where we
+had to quickly do a deploy or there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to quickly do a deploy or there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to quickly do a deploy or there was
+a bug such as the one you just saw um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bug such as the one you just saw um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bug such as the one you just saw um
+but those really we Heroku went really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those really we Heroku went really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those really we Heroku went really
+well for us and you could easily roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for us and you could easily roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for us and you could easily roll
+back um and Heroku gives you good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um and Heroku gives you good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um and Heroku gives you good
+documentation on what exactly what code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation on what exactly what code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation on what exactly what code
+exactly ran every single time um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly ran every single time um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly ran every single time um we
+actually have been deploying to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have been deploying to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have been deploying to the
+client and the client has been using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client and the client has been using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client and the client has been using
+this for a while now um these are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a while now um these are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a while now um these are some
+of the tests they've run and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tests they've run and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tests they've run and you can see
+that they're they're quite different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're they're quite different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're they're quite different in
+terms of how many teams there were how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how many teams there were how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how many teams there were how
+long they went um I'm not really sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long they went um I'm not really sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long they went um I'm not really sure
+what the really long games were like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the really long games were like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the really long games were like uh
+we still need to talk to Pablo about his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still need to talk to Pablo about his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still need to talk to Pablo about his
+feedback for those um but indeed there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback for those um but indeed there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback for those um but indeed there
+were words being submitted for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were words being submitted for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were words being submitted for those
+entire three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire three
+hours um and just to give you a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours um and just to give you a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours um and just to give you a sense
+I'd actually like to show one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd actually like to show one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd actually like to show one of these
+word clouds so these are much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word clouds so these are much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word clouds so these are much more
+serious topics than algorithms where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious topics than algorithms where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious topics than algorithms where
+actually like looking at the words will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like looking at the words will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like looking at the words will
+give you a sense of what people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of what people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of what people are
+thinking um about a topic that you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking um about a topic that you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking um about a topic that you care
+about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for
+example okay I think I'll just include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay I think I'll just include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay I think I'll just include
+screenshots of those because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenshots of those because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenshots of those because that
+doesn't work very well um so here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work very well um so here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work very well um so here the
+topic of this conference is zero poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of this conference is zero poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of this conference is zero poverty
+zero missions within a generation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero missions within a generation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero missions within a generation and
+you can see education seems to be a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see education seems to be a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see education seems to be a big
+theme in this conference um I can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme in this conference um I can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme in this conference um I can tell
+that just by looking at the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just by looking at the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just by looking at the word
+clouds um of several of them actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and a lot of our effort ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a lot of our effort ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a lot of our effort ended up
+being focused on the client as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being focused on the client as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being focused on the client as opposed
+to the class I think that's part of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the class I think that's part of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the class I think that's part of what
+made our paperwork fall behind is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made our paperwork fall behind is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made our paperwork fall behind is that
+I've been working a lot on supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been working a lot on supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been working a lot on supporting
+these runs that happened in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these runs that happened in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these runs that happened in the past
+four days um as opposed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four days um as opposed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four days um as opposed to the
+deliverables of the class because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliverables of the class because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliverables of the class because I
+thought that this was important um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that this was important um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that this was important um it's
+part of why we have snap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game.org uh developing the back end we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game.org uh developing the back end we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game.org uh developing the back end we
+were like really successful but I felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like really successful but I felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like really successful but I felt
+uh when it came to the front front end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when it came to the front front end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when it came to the front front end
+we struggled a little bit I think a main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we struggled a little bit I think a main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we struggled a little bit I think a main
+challenge was kind of you know the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge was kind of you know the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge was kind of you know the game
+is a game that was intentionally made to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a game that was intentionally made to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a game that was intentionally made to
+you know play person to person and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know play person to person and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know play person to person and have
+that communication and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that communication and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that communication and kind of
+representing that you know in a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing that you know in a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing that you know in a digital
+game was a big challenge that we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game was a big challenge that we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game was a big challenge that we had to
+do so in our first design we decided we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so in our first design we decided we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so in our first design we decided we
+were going to use phaser and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to use phaser and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to use phaser and look
+something like this and obviously phaser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this and obviously phaser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this and obviously phaser
+wasn't even really being used so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't even really being used so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't even really being used so what
+was the point so we dropped phaser and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the point so we dropped phaser and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the point so we dropped phaser and
+then we went to just using a bootstrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we went to just using a bootstrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we went to just using a bootstrap
+uh I think yeah here we're just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think yeah here we're just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think yeah here we're just using
+bootstrap and JavaScript to handle all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bootstrap and JavaScript to handle all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bootstrap and JavaScript to handle all
+the input from the users and then in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input from the users and then in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input from the users and then in our
+final design um with the as you saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final design um with the as you saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final design um with the as you saw the
+dots and the drawing we're using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and the drawing we're using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and the drawing we're using a
+JavaScript library called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2js so one went right was I think we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2js so one went right was I think we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2js so one went right was I think we had
+really good uh people to do UI design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good uh people to do UI design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good uh people to do UI design
+but we didn't really begin thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we didn't really begin thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we didn't really begin thinking
+about that until later and it took us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that until later and it took us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that until later and it took us a
+really long time to be able to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long time to be able to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long time to be able to represent
+the game in a really good way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game in a really good way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game in a really good way to the
+user there were a lot of challenges we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user there were a lot of challenges we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user there were a lot of challenges we
+faced in doing that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced in doing that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced in doing that so you
+know I will come back to this some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I will come back to this some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I will come back to this some of
+the first ideas that we had for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first ideas that we had for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first ideas that we had for how
+we're going to represent the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to represent the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to represent the information
+to the player was by using word cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the player was by using word cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the player was by using word cloud
+that we use on the back end but blurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use on the back end but blurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use on the back end but blurring
+out the words um until they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the words um until they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the words um until they actually
+submitted a word then we would display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted a word then we would display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted a word then we would display
+it but this is actually really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but this is actually really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but this is actually really really
+challenging and so we didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and so we didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and so we didn't want to
+spend our time doing something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend our time doing something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend our time doing something like that
+then we considered you know having some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we considered you know having some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we considered you know having some
+sort of line where you're racing against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of line where you're racing against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of line where you're racing against
+the other players to get to the top but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other players to get to the top but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other players to get to the top but
+this isn't entirely interesting so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't entirely interesting so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't entirely interesting so we
+considered including both of them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered including both of them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered including both of them but
+then again the word cloud we ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again the word cloud we ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again the word cloud we ended up
+deciding that that was too difficult so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding that that was too difficult so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding that that was too difficult so
+we came up with the idea of everyone's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we came up with the idea of everyone's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we came up with the idea of everyone's a
+DOT and your score would be represent by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOT and your score would be represent by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOT and your score would be represent by
+how big your dot is but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big your dot is but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big your dot is but if you're
+playing with 100 people this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with 100 people this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with 100 people this is just
+unreasonable and so then we finally came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable and so then we finally came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable and so then we finally came
+up with this last idea which is nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this last idea which is nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this last idea which is nearly
+complete um where your the height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete um where your the height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete um where your the height of
+your dot represents um where you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dot represents um where you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dot represents um where you are in
+relation to the max score and the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to the max score and the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to the max score and the lines
+are representing snap connections that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are representing snap connections that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are representing snap connections that
+are going on with the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going on with the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going on with the other
+players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+basically I think for future projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I think for future projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I think for future projects
+for the front end we definitely need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the front end we definitely need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the front end we definitely need to
+think about design sooner you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about design sooner you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about design sooner you know this
+process happened really slowly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process happened really slowly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process happened really slowly and
+really close to the end we were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really close to the end we were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really close to the end we were very
+focused on you know uh the functionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on you know uh the functionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on you know uh the functionality
+of our game and the mechanics and not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our game and the mechanics and not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our game and the mechanics and not a
+lot about you know the players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about you know the players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about you know the players
+interaction with the game it would been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the game it would been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the game it would been
+awesome if we did some prototyping early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome if we did some prototyping early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome if we did some prototyping early
+on cuz we had some other ideas and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cuz we had some other ideas and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cuz we had some other ideas and we
+just never put them into fruition and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just never put them into fruition and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just never put them into fruition and we
+never tested them out so it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never tested them out so it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never tested them out so it would have
+been interesting to make those and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been interesting to make those and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been interesting to make those and see
+what users thought of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yeah so I I think working with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so I I think working with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so I I think working with a
+large group was definitely difficult and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large group was definitely difficult and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large group was definitely difficult and
+splitting it up was a good idea but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting it up was a good idea but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting it up was a good idea but I
+think that having more responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that having more responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that having more responsibility
+and roles within those people would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and roles within those people would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and roles within those people would have
+been very helpful we also should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very helpful we also should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very helpful we also should have
+thought about design sooner I think also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about design sooner I think also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about design sooner I think also
+uh from mum's presentation the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from mum's presentation the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from mum's presentation the idea that
+we should have thought about the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should have thought about the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should have thought about the game
+and making it fun was something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making it fun was something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making it fun was something we
+should have focused on as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have focused on as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have focused on as opposed to
+just thinking about porting a game that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thinking about porting a game that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thinking about porting a game that
+we had seen uh we really should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had seen uh we really should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had seen uh we really should have
+focused on what makes this a fun game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on what makes this a fun game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on what makes this a fun game
+and what can we do to improve it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what can we do to improve it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what can we do to improve it because
+the the core game can be done very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the core game can be done very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the core game can be done very
+quickly and like within the first couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and like within the first couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and like within the first couple
+weeks we had the core concept done so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks we had the core concept done so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks we had the core concept done so I
+think we more quickly we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we more quickly we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we more quickly we could have
+figured out okay well what should Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out okay well what should Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out okay well what should Fe
+feed what feedback should we give to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed what feedback should we give to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed what feedback should we give to
+players uh how can we make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players uh how can we make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players uh how can we make it more
+competitive which I think makes it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive which I think makes it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive which I think makes it more
+interesting as a game as opposed to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting as a game as opposed to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting as a game as opposed to as a
+tool to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool to collect
+data uh that's all we have are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh that's all we have are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh that's all we have are there any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+anybody else from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else from the
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suggestions no okay okay well we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions no okay okay well we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions no okay okay well we got
+some you want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you want to go
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+um so um looking at the one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um looking at the one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um looking at the one thing I
+noticed was the the uh some of the there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed was the the uh some of the there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed was the the uh some of the there
+was a screen where you had the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a screen where you had the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a screen where you had the work
+didn't future that made no sense to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't future that made no sense to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't future that made no sense to me
+at all I stared at that slide for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all I stared at that slide for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all I stared at that slide for a
+while and then I heard what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and then I heard what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and then I heard what you were
+talking about and then I ah what worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and then I ah what worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and then I ah what worked
+what didn't what are we going to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what didn't what are we going to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what didn't what are we going to do in
+the future um I can see how you might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future um I can see how you might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future um I can see how you might do
+it because it kind of fits with the snap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it kind of fits with the snap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it kind of fits with the snap
+theme of having just a single word but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of having just a single word but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of having just a single word but
+wow that was that was really confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow that was that was really confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow that was that was really confusing
+oh that's why all the subheadings are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's why all the subheadings are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's why all the subheadings are in
+small letters yeah it took me a while to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small letters yeah it took me a while to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small letters yeah it took me a while to
+realize what was going I'm guessing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize what was going I'm guessing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize what was going I'm guessing that
+I don't know for sure definitely is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know for sure definitely is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know for sure definitely is that
+what you were going for not really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were going for not really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were going for not really just
+for consistency okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for consistency okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for consistency okay okay
+slightly more clarity would be helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more clarity would be helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more clarity would be helpful
+um you talked about the task diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you talked about the task diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you talked about the task diffusion
+having a hard time getting tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a hard time getting tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a hard time getting tasks
+assigned what was but you didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned what was but you didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned what was but you didn't really
+talk about you talk about dividing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about you talk about dividing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about you talk about dividing your
+team into groups you didn't really talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team into groups you didn't really talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team into groups you didn't really talk
+about what the structure was running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the structure was running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the structure was running
+those groups or anything and you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those groups or anything and you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those groups or anything and you didn't
+have any and that was what was going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any and that was what was going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any and that was what was going on
+but you might want to be maybe more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might want to be maybe more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might want to be maybe more
+exposive about that yeah like how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposive about that yeah like how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposive about that yeah like how did
+somebody take a task from as Santa yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody take a task from as Santa yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody take a task from as Santa yeah
+by the way like was there a process for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way like was there a process for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way like was there a process for
+that did that actually happen that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did that actually happen that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did that actually happen that way
+or was it an assign yeah was there one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or was it an assign yeah was there one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or was it an assign yeah was there one
+person generating tasks or did the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person generating tasks or did the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person generating tasks or did the group
+sort of generate tasks collectively that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of generate tasks collectively that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of generate tasks collectively that
+sort of thing I think that's most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing I think that's most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing I think that's most of
+what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I
+have um so uh first of all the the demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um so uh first of all the the demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um so uh first of all the the demo
+for the game probably is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the game probably is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the game probably is what we're
+going to have to do on the real day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to do on the real day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to do on the real day
+itself because it's such a large scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself because it's such a large scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself because it's such a large scale
+game so it's not going to be like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so it's not going to be like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so it's not going to be like two
+people playing the game so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people playing the game so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people playing the game so we can
+probably run the the demo pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably run the the demo pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably run the the demo pretty much
+the way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you
+did is that the way that they they do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is that the way that they they do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is that the way that they they do it
+when they when they run it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they when they run it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they when they run it um
+it depends so Pablo has been actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends so Pablo has been actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends so Pablo has been actually
+doing like a limited number of words um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing like a limited number of words um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing like a limited number of words um
+and only at the World Bank are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only at the World Bank are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only at the World Bank are they
+doing it like the way the way we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it like the way the way we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it like the way the way we're
+doing it where it's just like everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it where it's just like everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it where it's just like everybody
+submitting and that they haven't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitting and that they haven't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitting and that they haven't done
+yet that's actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet that's actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet that's actually this
+afternoon you you might want to um talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon you you might want to um talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon you you might want to um talk
+a little bit about the history of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about the history of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about the history of this
+game everyone in this room right now has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game everyone in this room right now has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game everyone in this room right now has
+played the original game absolutely yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played the original game absolutely yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played the original game absolutely yeah
+um similar to to some of the things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similar to to some of the things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similar to to some of the things I
+mean I have it why are all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I have it why are all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I have it why are all your
+subheading in small letters because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subheading in small letters because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subheading in small letters because it
+really really threw me um now maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really threw me um now maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really threw me um now maybe it
+was not intended but uh to make it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not intended but uh to make it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not intended but uh to make it look
+like your game snap but it actually does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your game snap but it actually does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your game snap but it actually does
+make it harder to read your your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it harder to read your your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it harder to read your your your
+slides all caps will be even easier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides all caps will be even easier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides all caps will be even easier than
+all small letters um when you there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all small letters um when you there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all small letters um when you there's
+one slide where you talk about adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one slide where you talk about adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one slide where you talk about adding
+roles for like specific like game design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles for like specific like game design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles for like specific like game design
+UI and everything but the hitting just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI and everything but the hitting just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI and everything but the hitting just
+says future right uh it's like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says future right uh it's like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says future right uh it's like the the
+big takeaway is more specific roles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big takeaway is more specific roles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big takeaway is more specific roles
+you'll see it yeah so that should be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it yeah so that should be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it yeah so that should be on
+your slide um um your slides move really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your slide um um your slides move really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your slide um um your slides move really
+fast uh on on average and some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast uh on on average and some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast uh on on average and some of your
+slides are more word heavy than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides are more word heavy than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides are more word heavy than others
+okay so for the ones that are word heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for the ones that are word heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for the ones that are word heavy
+leave them up a little longer or make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave them up a little longer or make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave them up a little longer or make
+them less wory um one or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them less wory um one or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them less wory um one or the other
+otherwise I'm trying to read everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'm trying to read everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'm trying to read everything
+and I can't even listen to what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can't even listen to what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can't even listen to what you're
+saying before the next SL changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying before the next SL changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying before the next SL changes
+yeah uh when you describe the mobile app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh when you describe the mobile app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh when you describe the mobile app
+I'm assuming you meant aana mobile app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming you meant aana mobile app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming you meant aana mobile app
+The Slap mobile yeah the slack mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Slap mobile yeah the slack mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Slap mobile yeah the slack mobile
+app okay yeah just just be specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app okay yeah just just be specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app okay yeah just just be specific
+because it wouldn't entirely clear what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it wouldn't entirely clear what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it wouldn't entirely clear what
+you meant by uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you meant by uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you meant by uh that
+um so uh yes put screenshots into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh yes put screenshots into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh yes put screenshots into your
+presentation instead of switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation instead of switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation instead of switching
+Windows just that just make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows just that just make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows just that just make things
+easier um there are maybe people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier um there are maybe people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier um there are maybe people in the
+audience who actually haven't used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience who actually haven't used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience who actually haven't used
+phaser or know what phaser is so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser or know what phaser is so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser or know what phaser is so when
+you say uh phaser clearly isn't doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say uh phaser clearly isn't doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say uh phaser clearly isn't doing
+anything useful well they don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything useful well they don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything useful well they don't know
+what phaser does so that so just explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what phaser does so that so just explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what phaser does so that so just explain
+phaser Sprite based game engine and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser Sprite based game engine and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser Sprite based game engine and we
+have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no
+Sprites yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprites yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprites yeah
+um uh two two points uh about the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh two two points uh about the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh two two points uh about the game
+itself uh first of all um how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself uh first of all um how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself uh first of all um how can you
+tell which dot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell which dot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell which dot is
+yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours
+one okay I I think because of a paral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay I I think because of a paral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay I I think because of a paral
+vision I really could not did not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision I really could not did not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision I really could not did not even
+notice that was a Green Dot yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that was a Green Dot yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that was a Green Dot yeah so
+maybe it's just my eyes or something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's just my eyes or something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's just my eyes or something but
+I just B I didn't see it either okay how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just B I didn't see it either okay how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just B I didn't see it either okay how
+how how how many people actually notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how how many people actually notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how how many people actually notice
+a Green Dot mine was so small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Green Dot mine was so small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Green Dot mine was so small
+okay there was a random Green Dot on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there was a random Green Dot on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there was a random Green Dot on the
+screen and I couldn't do anything to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and I couldn't do anything to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and I couldn't do anything to it
+so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I
+kept okay there is a Green Dot on screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept okay there is a Green Dot on screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept okay there is a Green Dot on screen
+it's really hard to see a Green Dot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to see a Green Dot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to see a Green Dot I
+there something about the way how human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something about the way how human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something about the way how human
+Vision Works uh on that yeah so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision Works uh on that yeah so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision Works uh on that yeah so I think
+it's also because the there are so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also because the there are so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also because the there are so many
+people yeah like we have we have never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yeah like we have we have never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yeah like we have we have never
+tested with more than five people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested with more than five people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested with more than five people and
+yeah there like a lot of dots on screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there like a lot of dots on screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there like a lot of dots on screen
+when there are I don't know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there are I don't know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there are I don't know how many
+people were in that game but like I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were in that game but like I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were in that game but like I I
+think it's it's cool that there is a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's it's cool that there is a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's it's cool that there is a DOT
+that is yours and that it has a meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is yours and that it has a meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is yours and that it has a meaning
+to it but just being aware that that dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it but just being aware that that dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it but just being aware that that dot
+even exists and it's different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even exists and it's different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even exists and it's different from the
+other dots is more challenging than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other dots is more challenging than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other dots is more challenging than you
+might have realized um and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have realized um and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have realized um and then uh
+finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally
+um one thing about the networking thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one thing about the networking thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one thing about the networking thing
+is actually really really neat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually really really neat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually really really neat that
+hiroku and node seems to have solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiroku and node seems to have solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiroku and node seems to have solved
+problems that we traditionally in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we traditionally in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we traditionally in this
+class have just like derailed entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class have just like derailed entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class have just like derailed entire
+teams so so it's possibly that you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams so so it's possibly that you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams so so it's possibly that you just
+got you have an awesome team yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you have an awesome team yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you have an awesome team yeah I
+think one thing I forgot to mention is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one thing I forgot to mention is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one thing I forgot to mention is
+that we have a lot of experience in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a lot of experience in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a lot of experience in all
+of these Technologies and so that helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these Technologies and so that helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these Technologies and so that helped
+yeah what what happens if somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what what happens if somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what what happens if somebody who
+doesn't know anything about nodejs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know anything about nodejs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know anything about nodejs or
+Hoku they're going to make a networking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hoku they're going to make a networking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hoku they're going to make a networking
+game I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I have no
+idea so you might want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so you might want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so you might want to talk about
+that okay okay um yeah mine um to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay okay um yeah mine um to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay okay um yeah mine um to to
+reiterate yeah client support versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterate yeah client support versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterate yeah client support versus
+class deliverables was a good was a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class deliverables was a good was a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class deliverables was a good was a a
+good point speak about more about the CL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point speak about more about the CL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point speak about more about the CL
+the client and what youve what you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client and what youve what you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client and what youve what you did
+for them and how what their role was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them and how what their role was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them and how what their role was on
+the team um it sounds like they they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team um it sounds like they they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team um it sounds like they they had
+a more active role um and dependencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more active role um and dependencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more active role um and dependencies
+when you talk about dependencies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you talk about dependencies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you talk about dependencies and
+scrum having difficulty with that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrum having difficulty with that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrum having difficulty with that um
+absolutely true what did you do to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely true what did you do to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely true what did you do to get
+past it explain that or if you didn't if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past it explain that or if you didn't if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past it explain that or if you didn't if
+you didn't do anything to get past it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't do anything to get past it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't do anything to get past it
+say that but say whatever it is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that but say whatever it is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that but say whatever it is that you
+rather than you do a lot of Bloss is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than you do a lot of Bloss is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than you do a lot of Bloss is
+does this but you don't go into the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this but you don't go into the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this but you don't go into the how
+so go a little bit into the how for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go a little bit into the how for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go a little bit into the how for that
+for at least that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least that
+point all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point all
+right thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we need a break or we good uh no let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a break or we good uh no let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a break or we good uh no let's
+just Hammer through them all right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Hammer through them all right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Hammer through them all right um
+saving gorag Gora saving gorag Gora come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving gorag Gora saving gorag Gora come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving gorag Gora saving gorag Gora come
+on down so we're the uh saving gorag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on down so we're the uh saving gorag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on down so we're the uh saving gorag
+Gora team us plus you know some devs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gora team us plus you know some devs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gora team us plus you know some devs in
+the audience um and I'm Liz and I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience um and I'm Liz and I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience um and I'm Liz and I'll be
+starting off starting you guys off um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting off starting you guys off um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting off starting you guys off um so
+a quick overview of our game's goals um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick overview of our game's goals um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick overview of our game's goals um
+coming into the project we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the project we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the project we wanted to
+inform players about Cher um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform players about Cher um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform players about Cher um and
+specifically the causes the symptoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the causes the symptoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the causes the symptoms and
+the prevention of the disease and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prevention of the disease and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prevention of the disease and our
+audience um we wanted to narrow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience um we wanted to narrow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience um we wanted to narrow that
+down really early um specifically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down really early um specifically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down really early um specifically we
+were more interested in targeting uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more interested in targeting uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more interested in targeting uh the
+younger age range of 8 to 13 um and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger age range of 8 to 13 um and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger age range of 8 to 13 um and we
+had specific uh issues with that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had specific uh issues with that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had specific uh issues with that which
+we'll talk about later on and mainly we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about later on and mainly we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about later on and mainly we
+wanted to have all these education goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to have all these education goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to have all these education goals
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um audience
+goals be be a part of the a fun game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals be be a part of the a fun game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals be be a part of the a fun game
+basically like we wanted our game to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like we wanted our game to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like we wanted our game to be
+fun not one of those educational games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun not one of those educational games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun not one of those educational games
+that you play and then you fall asleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you play and then you fall asleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you play and then you fall asleep
+and it's basically a poster um quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's basically a poster um quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's basically a poster um quick
+overview of like what the game ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of like what the game ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of like what the game ended up
+looking like this is saving gor Gora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like this is saving gor Gora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like this is saving gor Gora
+it's a children's game and you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a children's game and you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a children's game and you are
+visiting a village of of animals which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting a village of of animals which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting a village of of animals which
+is falling ill and as a player your goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is falling ill and as a player your goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is falling ill and as a player your goal
+is to help figure out what is causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to help figure out what is causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to help figure out what is causing
+the illness and trying to um defend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the illness and trying to um defend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the illness and trying to um defend a
+character in the game which we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in the game which we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in the game which we'll talk
+about now a big part of our game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now a big part of our game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now a big part of our game is
+narrative um which is why we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative um which is why we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative um which is why we're going to
+do the demo later because we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the demo later because we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the demo later because we want to
+ease you into the narrative without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease you into the narrative without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease you into the narrative without
+having you read all the text um everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having you read all the text um everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having you read all the text um everyone
+in goror is sick we have this monster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in goror is sick we have this monster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in goror is sick we have this monster
+that is being blamed for it he's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is being blamed for it he's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is being blamed for it he's totally
+a cool guy though and he wants you to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cool guy though and he wants you to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cool guy though and he wants you to um
+help you prove his innocence your Cojo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you prove his innocence your Cojo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you prove his innocence your Cojo
+you're a little bunny kid and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a little bunny kid and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a little bunny kid and you need
+to you know work with the town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know work with the town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know work with the town
+to proove to the town that it's not s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to proove to the town that it's not s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to proove to the town that it's not s
+that's making everybody sick it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's making everybody sick it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's making everybody sick it's
+actually Cola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Cola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Cola
+um basic game play is you're this you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basic game play is you're this you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basic game play is you're this you're
+the main character this is Cojo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main character this is Cojo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main character this is Cojo and
+you'll unlock mini games by exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll unlock mini games by exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll unlock mini games by exploring
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+map each Min game will give you a clue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map each Min game will give you a clue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map each Min game will give you a clue
+to prove um that Sal is innocent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove um that Sal is innocent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove um that Sal is innocent and
+your ultimate goal is to convince the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ultimate goal is to convince the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ultimate goal is to convince the
+mayor that s is a cool guy and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor that s is a cool guy and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor that s is a cool guy and he
+shouldn't be in that cage that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be in that cage that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be in that cage that you see
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+background so our first mini game um was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background so our first mini game um was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background so our first mini game um was
+about water filtration and the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about water filtration and the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about water filtration and the basis of
+the mini game is that friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mini game is that friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mini game is that friends and
+Neighbors in the village are bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neighbors in the village are bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neighbors in the village are bringing
+water to K's mom because they don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water to K's mom because they don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water to K's mom because they don't know
+whether it's safe to drink or not so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's safe to drink or not so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's safe to drink or not so um
+the goal of the game is to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of the game is to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of the game is to have the
+player decide whether um each water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player decide whether um each water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player decide whether um each water
+source is safe to drink from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source is safe to drink from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source is safe to drink from
+and along the process of developing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and along the process of developing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and along the process of developing that
+mini game we had to actually iterate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini game we had to actually iterate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini game we had to actually iterate
+over the physical design of the mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the physical design of the mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the physical design of the mini
+game quite a bit because our first idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game quite a bit because our first idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game quite a bit because our first idea
+was to make since it's water filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to make since it's water filtration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to make since it's water filtration
+we wanted to make it perhaps a facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to make it perhaps a facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to make it perhaps a facility
+but we realized that wasn't relatable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we realized that wasn't relatable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we realized that wasn't relatable
+wasn't culturally relevant to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't culturally relevant to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't culturally relevant to all the
+kids who would be playing this game so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids who would be playing this game so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids who would be playing this game so
+then we our final design ended up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we our final design ended up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we our final design ended up being
+outside of home as you can see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of home as you can see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of home as you can see in the
+background um so a couple other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background um so a couple other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background um so a couple other
+challenges we had first we had it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges we had first we had it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges we had first we had it
+working in real time where the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in real time where the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in real time where the player
+had to rush to get things done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to rush to get things done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to rush to get things done in the
+mini game but we thought that that took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini game but we thought that that took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini game but we thought that that took
+away from the overall purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the overall purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the overall purpose of
+teaching the kids so we made it a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the kids so we made it a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the kids so we made it a lot
+more relaxed a lot less time constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more relaxed a lot less time constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more relaxed a lot less time constrained
+and allowed the player to play at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allowed the player to play at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allowed the player to play at their
+own pace and lastly we we wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own pace and lastly we we wanted to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own pace and lastly we we wanted to make
+sure that the game was clear the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the game was clear the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the game was clear the game
+play was clear but we didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play was clear but we didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play was clear but we didn't want to
+make it too text Heavy um and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it too text Heavy um and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it too text Heavy um and we
+considered making a tutorial but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered making a tutorial but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered making a tutorial but we
+didn't have enough time to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have enough time to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have enough time to actually
+Implement that so we added some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement that so we added some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement that so we added some
+instruction text boxes on an overlay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction text boxes on an overlay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction text boxes on an overlay to
+just try to give the player a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to give the player a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to give the player a brief
+overview and then during the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview and then during the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview and then during the game
+they're also able to go back into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also able to go back into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also able to go back into these
+instructions and reread it so it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions and reread it so it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions and reread it so it becomes
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+clear okay so the next Min game is um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay so the next Min game is um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay so the next Min game is um a
+water collection game where Cojo the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water collection game where Cojo the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water collection game where Cojo the
+main player needs to help his friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main player needs to help his friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main player needs to help his friend
+find a safe water source since you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a safe water source since you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a safe water source since you have
+to go look for water and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go look for water and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go look for water and figure out
+where to drink or where to get it um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to drink or where to get it um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to drink or where to get it um he
+helped basically helps his friend choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped basically helps his friend choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped basically helps his friend choose
+where to get the water from um so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to get the water from um so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to get the water from um so there
+basically shows a village map and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically shows a village map and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically shows a village map and you
+would choose which place is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would choose which place is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would choose which place is on the
+village map you would want to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village map you would want to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village map you would want to get the
+water from um in terms of challenges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water from um in terms of challenges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water from um in terms of challenges and
+how I like how I started developing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I like how I started developing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I like how I started developing the
+game we wanted to make sure it was fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game we wanted to make sure it was fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game we wanted to make sure it was fail
+safe so that even if the player chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe so that even if the player chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe so that even if the player chose
+the wrong choice then they would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong choice then they would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong choice then they would get
+feedback say they would learn why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback say they would learn why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback say they would learn why that
+wasn't you know the right choice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't you know the right choice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't you know the right choice and
+then be able to continue playing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be able to continue playing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be able to continue playing the
+game until they made the right choice um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game until they made the right choice um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game until they made the right choice um
+originally we did have a ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally we did have a ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally we did have a ex
+um like you had to find where you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like you had to find where you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like you had to find where you would
+also excrete but we cut that feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also excrete but we cut that feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also excrete but we cut that feature
+pretty early on since we thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty early on since we thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty early on since we thought it was
+less crucial and we wanted to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less crucial and we wanted to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less crucial and we wanted to focus on
+water um and then other challenges were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water um and then other challenges were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water um and then other challenges were
+as Kevin said we had some like cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Kevin said we had some like cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Kevin said we had some like cultural
+issues in terms of design so we ramped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in terms of design so we ramped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in terms of design so we ramped
+our images um and also we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our images um and also we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our images um and also we wanted to
+provide more feedback to the player as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide more feedback to the player as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide more feedback to the player as
+they were playing so um I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were playing so um I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were playing so um I guess
+throughout our development process we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout our development process we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout our development process we
+added things like helper Texs and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added things like helper Texs and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added things like helper Texs and more
+explanations why you did or didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations why you did or didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations why you did or didn't do
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correctly our third mini game is focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly our third mini game is focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly our third mini game is focused
+around um understanding the symptoms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um understanding the symptoms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um understanding the symptoms of
+chalera and understanding how important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalera and understanding how important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalera and understanding how important
+it is to act early on these symptoms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to act early on these symptoms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to act early on these symptoms so
+uh in the game the doctor of the village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the game the doctor of the village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the game the doctor of the village
+Dr quazi is very busy and he can't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr quazi is very busy and he can't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr quazi is very busy and he can't go
+out into the Village um to help patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into the Village um to help patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into the Village um to help patients
+because he has so many patients that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he has so many patients that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he has so many patients that are
+coming to him already so he asked Cojo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to him already so he asked Cojo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to him already so he asked Cojo
+to go help him find sick patients to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go help him find sick patients to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go help him find sick patients to go
+talk to his friends and see if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to his friends and see if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to his friends and see if they have
+any of these symptoms tell them to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these symptoms tell them to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these symptoms tell them to come
+to the clinic so that they can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the clinic so that they can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the clinic so that they can get
+treated during the development of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated during the development of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated during the development of this
+game we initially started off with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game we initially started off with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game we initially started off with the
+idea that you'd be helping the doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you'd be helping the doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you'd be helping the doctor
+diagnosed patients at the hospital but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed patients at the hospital but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed patients at the hospital but
+then we realized that this would quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we realized that this would quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we realized that this would quickly
+turn into a quiz and wouldn't be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into a quiz and wouldn't be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into a quiz and wouldn't be as
+engaging or as fun and would essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging or as fun and would essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging or as fun and would essentially
+be the same as reading off from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as reading off from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as reading off from a
+pamphlet so we wanted to add more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pamphlet so we wanted to add more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pamphlet so we wanted to add more of a
+game aspect to it so we decided to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game aspect to it so we decided to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game aspect to it so we decided to make
+it such that you are going out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it such that you are going out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it such that you are going out and
+trying to find people and helping them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find people and helping them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find people and helping them
+um uh suggesting to them that they go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh suggesting to them that they go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh suggesting to them that they go to
+the doctor's office and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctor's office and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctor's office and then we
+another one of the cultural things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of the cultural things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of the cultural things that
+we ran into is we initially you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ran into is we initially you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ran into is we initially you're
+playing as a kid but we initially had it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing as a kid but we initially had it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing as a kid but we initially had it
+such that you're going around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you're going around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you're going around and
+talking to some of the adults and U as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to some of the adults and U as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to some of the adults and U as
+Pablo pointed out to us there's a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pablo pointed out to us there's a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pablo pointed out to us there's a much
+stricter social hierarchy in Ghana and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stricter social hierarchy in Ghana and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stricter social hierarchy in Ghana and
+um it might be seem appropriate that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it might be seem appropriate that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it might be seem appropriate that we
+are suggesting to kids that they demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are suggesting to kids that they demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are suggesting to kids that they demand
+that their parents go to the doctor's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their parents go to the doctor's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their parents go to the doctor's
+office because that's not something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office because that's not something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office because that's not something that
+would necessarily happen um in the Ghana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would necessarily happen um in the Ghana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would necessarily happen um in the Ghana
+social structure so we decided to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social structure so we decided to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social structure so we decided to change
+that around to you're talking to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that around to you're talking to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that around to you're talking to your
+friends who are the same age as you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends who are the same age as you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends who are the same age as you and
+then you're you're talking to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're you're talking to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're you're talking to your
+friends and having them go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and having them go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and having them go to the
+doctor's office some of the challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor's office some of the challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor's office some of the challenges
+we ran into since this is a uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ran into since this is a uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ran into since this is a uh very
+conversation based game um making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation based game um making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation based game um making sure
+that the dialogue UI was understandable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dialogue UI was understandable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dialogue UI was understandable
+and that you knew um when you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you knew um when you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you knew um when you had
+choices available to you to choose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices available to you to choose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices available to you to choose and
+when you were talking versus the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you were talking versus the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you were talking versus the other
+person was talking um this was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person was talking um this was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person was talking um this was something
+that we had to iterate over multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had to iterate over multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had to iterate over multiple
+times and finally um making sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and finally um making sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and finally um making sure that
+the dialogue was age appropriate since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dialogue was age appropriate since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dialogue was age appropriate since
+these kids don't speak English as their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kids don't speak English as their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kids don't speak English as their
+primary language and their children we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary language and their children we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary language and their children we
+wanted to make sure that the dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make sure that the dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make sure that the dialogue
+was simple enough for the children to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was simple enough for the children to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was simple enough for the children to
+understand understand but also still had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand understand but also still had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand understand but also still had
+the meaning behind it such that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning behind it such that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning behind it such that they
+realized what actions they were taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized what actions they were taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized what actions they were taking
+through their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through their
+dialogue okay and uh now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue okay and uh now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue okay and uh now we're going to
+start our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+demonstration so it starts out with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration so it starts out with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration so it starts out with the
+monster hiding and it asks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monster hiding and it asks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monster hiding and it asks like the
+monster is like why uh he's hiding from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monster is like why uh he's hiding from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monster is like why uh he's hiding from
+Cojo and cojo's like why are you hiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cojo and cojo's like why are you hiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cojo and cojo's like why are you hiding
+um and so you see like people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you see like people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you see like people are
+blaming him for everyone's sickness um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blaming him for everyone's sickness um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blaming him for everyone's sickness um
+and so you say you'll help and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you say you'll help and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you say you'll help and you know
+to talk to um but then when you bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to um but then when you bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to um but then when you bring
+him to the mayor he's locked up by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to the mayor he's locked up by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to the mayor he's locked up by the
+mayor and you're trying to convince the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor and you're trying to convince the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor and you're trying to convince the
+mayor that he's not the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor that he's not the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor that he's not the actual
+monster so you can see the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monster so you can see the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monster so you can see the beginning
+dialogue really sets up the scene for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue really sets up the scene for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue really sets up the scene for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+story and now as Cojo I'll say I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and now as Cojo I'll say I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and now as Cojo I'll say I don't
+know but I'll figure it out and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but I'll figure it out and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but I'll figure it out and so now
+that you're in the town you can explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're in the town you can explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're in the town you can explore
+the town and you can see you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town and you can see you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town and you can see you might be
+able to talk to some of the people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to talk to some of the people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to talk to some of the people um
+and so the people around town will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the people around town will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the people around town will give
+you things that will help you so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you things that will help you so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you things that will help you so this
+dog is giving you matches and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog is giving you matches and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog is giving you matches and you might
+figure out later oh well and now you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out later oh well and now you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out later oh well and now you see
+you have matches in your inventory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have matches in your inventory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have matches in your inventory and
+you might be able to use that later um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to use that later um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to use that later um
+so for example we can also click on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example we can also click on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example we can also click on the
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+buildings and now we realize that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and now we realize that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and now we realize that your
+friend is missing a bucket um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend is missing a bucket um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend is missing a bucket um so you
+tell him you'll go look for it and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell him you'll go look for it and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell him you'll go look for it and we
+see that oh the monkey has a bucket um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so then you can get the bucket from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so then you can get the bucket from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so then you can get the bucket from
+the monkey and then now you can go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monkey and then now you can go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monkey and then now you can go back
+and tell your friend oh you found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bucket and so this brings you to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket and so this brings you to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket and so this brings you to one of
+the mini games The Collection mini game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mini games The Collection mini game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mini games The Collection mini game
+and you can see you can drag the bowl to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see you can drag the bowl to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see you can drag the bowl to
+different different locations and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different locations and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different locations and you
+can also click on the locations to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also click on the locations to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also click on the locations to see
+what they're what they are you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're what they are you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're what they are you might say
+all right I'm done but oh it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'm done but oh it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'm done but oh it looks like
+this water spout is Rusty um so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this water spout is Rusty um so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this water spout is Rusty um so that's
+where the fail safe part comes in and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the fail safe part comes in and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the fail safe part comes in and if
+you eventually drag it to a good source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eventually drag it to a good source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eventually drag it to a good source
+of water they'll say thanks and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water they'll say thanks and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water they'll say thanks and you've
+also you've acquired a clue um so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you've acquired a clue um so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you've acquired a clue um so then
+the next mini game as Kevin was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next mini game as Kevin was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next mini game as Kevin was talking
+about is you have to purify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is you have to purify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is you have to purify
+water um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as you see there's a lot of help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you see there's a lot of help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you see there's a lot of help
+protects to help you get started and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protects to help you get started and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protects to help you get started and you
+can just drag the water and it says it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just drag the water and it says it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just drag the water and it says it's
+discolored so I think we'll have to boil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discolored so I think we'll have to boil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discolored so I think we'll have to boil
+it and eventually the the RO the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and eventually the the RO the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and eventually the the RO the game
+you have to um figure out what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to um figure out what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to um figure out what to do
+with all the water and collect enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the water and collect enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the water and collect enough
+water um and so I think we'll just cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water um and so I think we'll just cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water um and so I think we'll just cut
+that short since thr a little short on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that short since thr a little short on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that short since thr a little short on
+time and then we'll uh we'll show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then we'll uh we'll show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then we'll uh we'll show the
+rest of the game for the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the game for the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the game for the final
+presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah so in terms of like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so in terms of like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so in terms of like two
+technical challenges we ran into uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical challenges we ran into uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical challenges we ran into uh the
+first was like states with phaser uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first was like states with phaser uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first was like states with phaser uh
+obviously there are states with phaser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there are states with phaser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there are states with phaser
+and but we have to find a way to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but we have to find a way to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but we have to find a way to work
+around um keeping a lot of like player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um keeping a lot of like player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um keeping a lot of like player
+data in terms of like Clues and um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in terms of like Clues and um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in terms of like Clues and um like
+which games you had completed uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which games you had completed uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which games you had completed uh what
+dialogues you were on which dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogues you were on which dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogues you were on which dialogue
+should show up so that was something uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should show up so that was something uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should show up so that was something uh
+that was a little bit of a challenge but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a little bit of a challenge but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a little bit of a challenge but
+that we figured out um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we figured out um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we figured out um and then
+additionally balancing difficulty with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally balancing difficulty with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally balancing difficulty with
+accessibility so we kind of mitigated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility so we kind of mitigated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility so we kind of mitigated
+that by using things like helper text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by using things like helper text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by using things like helper text
+and um using like a hand cursor when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um using like a hand cursor when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um using like a hand cursor when
+you're allowed to click on things stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed to click on things stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed to click on things stuff
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that okay so uh one of the other biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so uh one of the other biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so uh one of the other biggest
+problems that we have or I would say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we have or I would say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we have or I would say the
+biggest problem we have uh is that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest problem we have uh is that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest problem we have uh is that our
+target audience and us are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target audience and us are completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target audience and us are completely
+two separate groups um we're targeting 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two separate groups um we're targeting 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two separate groups um we're targeting 8
+to 13 year olds in Ghana um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 13 year olds in Ghana um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 13 year olds in Ghana um you know
+we're college students in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're college students in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're college students in the United
+States there's complete different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States there's complete different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States there's complete different
+cultures and so we had to do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures and so we had to do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures and so we had to do a lot of
+research to make sure that our game was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research to make sure that our game was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research to make sure that our game was
+connecting to this audience um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting to this audience um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting to this audience um and I
+think we did a good job I think we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we did a good job I think we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we did a good job I think we could
+do a better job um we don't know we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a better job um we don't know we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a better job um we don't know we we
+didn't get to play test with the our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get to play test with the our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get to play test with the our
+target audience so unfortunately we um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target audience so unfortunately we um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target audience so unfortunately we um
+aren't 100% sure that this game is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't 100% sure that this game is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't 100% sure that this game is going
+to connect to these people um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect to these people um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect to these people um and
+another challenge is you know making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another challenge is you know making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another challenge is you know making
+meaningful again just because of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful again just because of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful again just because of C
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+it okay so things that went wrong um our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so things that went wrong um our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so things that went wrong um our
+communication was really good but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication was really good but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication was really good but we
+never sort of um talked about deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never sort of um talked about deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never sort of um talked about deadlines
+for things we would say oh we will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things we would say oh we will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things we would say oh we will will
+have this done by the end of the week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this done by the end of the week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this done by the end of the week
+but then you know somebody would me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you know somebody would me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you know somebody would me the
+art assets and it wouldn't be done sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art assets and it wouldn't be done sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art assets and it wouldn't be done sorry
+or um someone you know we would want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um someone you know we would want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um someone you know we would want to
+play test the game at a certain date and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play test the game at a certain date and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play test the game at a certain date and
+the there wasn't a running game at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there wasn't a running game at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there wasn't a running game at the
+time um so I think one of the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um so I think one of the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um so I think one of the one of the
+things that we had a problem with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we had a problem with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we had a problem with just
+making deadlines making sure people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making deadlines making sure people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making deadlines making sure people were
+doing things on on a timely man um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things on on a timely man um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things on on a timely man um and
+then we were having good communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we were having good communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we were having good communication
+just not constant communication uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not constant communication uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not constant communication uh we
+were using several tools but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using several tools but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using several tools but
+unfortunately um I think that's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately um I think that's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately um I think that's the next
+slide yeah we were using like Trello um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide yeah we were using like Trello um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide yeah we were using like Trello um
+meaning weekly uh we did use slack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning weekly uh we did use slack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning weekly uh we did use slack
+unfortunately not everyone was on slack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately not everyone was on slack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately not everyone was on slack
+not everyone was using Trello and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone was using Trello and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone was using Trello and not
+everyone was able to go to their weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was able to go to their weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was able to go to their weekly
+meetings and so sometimes you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings and so sometimes you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings and so sometimes you know we
+would communicate with 34s of the team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would communicate with 34s of the team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would communicate with 34s of the team
+but you know there would be two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know there would be two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know there would be two people
+that were completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outut um so things that went right uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outut um so things that went right uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outut um so things that went right uh we
+did separate our team into basically two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did separate our team into basically two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did separate our team into basically two
+different sub teams there were four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sub teams there were four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sub teams there were four
+people coding um and then we have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people coding um and then we have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people coding um and then we have like
+uh me and Liz were doing the art she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh me and Liz were doing the art she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh me and Liz were doing the art she was
+doing character art I was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing character art I was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing character art I was doing
+background art and assets or all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background art and assets or all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background art and assets or all the
+other assets um then we have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other assets um then we have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other assets um then we have like
+someone doing the narrative um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone doing the narrative um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone doing the narrative um and so
+just by separating the team it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by separating the team it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by separating the team it kind of
+make things a little easier you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things a little easier you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things a little easier you know you
+didn't have eight people touching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have eight people touching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have eight people touching the
+code and breaking things or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and breaking things or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and breaking things or you know
+five different people making this art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different people making this art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different people making this art
+for something and having completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something and having completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something and having completely
+different styles um we had a meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different styles um we had a meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different styles um we had a meeting
+every week pretty much um not everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week pretty much um not everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week pretty much um not everyone
+was always there but it was very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was always there but it was very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was always there but it was very useful
+to just get up to date on what everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just get up to date on what everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just get up to date on what everyone
+was using uh doing um and then something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was using uh doing um and then something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was using uh doing um and then something
+that we did early was just cut a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did early was just cut a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did early was just cut a few
+features like we cut a fourth Min game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features like we cut a fourth Min game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features like we cut a fourth Min game
+that was a picture matchmaking um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a picture matchmaking um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a picture matchmaking um it
+just didn't really make sense and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just didn't really make sense and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just didn't really make sense and so
+just completely cut it um just cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just completely cut it um just cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just completely cut it um just cutting
+things like from like the U exp or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like from like the U exp or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like from like the U exp or
+choosing where to to dispose of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing where to to dispose of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing where to to dispose of your
+waste uh something that we did early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste uh something that we did early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste uh something that we did early on
+that helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helped
+us okay and so then uh moving forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us okay and so then uh moving forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us okay and so then uh moving forward
+things that we would want to do is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we would want to do is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we would want to do is just
+test the game more um we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the game more um we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the game more um we would have
+loved to find a or someone familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved to find a or someone familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved to find a or someone familiar with
+our target audience or to play test with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our target audience or to play test with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our target audience or to play test with
+our target audience just to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our target audience just to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our target audience just to make the
+game better um then you know changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game better um then you know changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game better um then you know changing
+things like difficulty and make sure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like difficulty and make sure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like difficulty and make sure the
+game is culturally culturally relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is culturally culturally relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is culturally culturally relevant
+um I know like I I would want to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I know like I I would want to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I know like I I would want to play
+test more and then change some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test more and then change some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test more and then change some of the
+art assets that I don't think that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art assets that I don't think that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art assets that I don't think that are
+too great right now um and then even F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too great right now um and then even F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too great right now um and then even F
+going further just expanding the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going further just expanding the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going further just expanding the game
+and making it more interesting having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making it more interesting having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making it more interesting having
+more mini games um and having more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more mini games um and having more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more mini games um and having more uh
+like an interesting mystery rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an interesting mystery rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an interesting mystery rather than
+what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have
+now y That's All Right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks any questions put comments I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks any questions put comments I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks any questions put comments I
+didn't think so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think so okay
+um the the demo that you did mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the demo that you did mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the demo that you did mid
+presentation um you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation um you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation um you might want to
+rethink how you do that um again you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethink how you do that um again you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethink how you do that um again you're
+going to have somebody playing the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have somebody playing the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have somebody playing the game
+anyway maybe you can put some of that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway maybe you can put some of that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway maybe you can put some of that um
+some of that description while they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that description while they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that description while they're
+playing the game maybe you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the game maybe you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the game maybe you just
+demonstrate the the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate the the map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate the the map
+and say Here's a mini game and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say Here's a mini game and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say Here's a mini game and then
+you'll see these mini games in Play blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see these mini games in Play blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see these mini games in Play blah
+um or if what you're trying to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or if what you're trying to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or if what you're trying to do is
+just help us understand what the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just help us understand what the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just help us understand what the the
+games are just give us a screenshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games are just give us a screenshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games are just give us a screenshot
+that's probably enough um I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably enough um I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably enough um I don't I
+don't think we needed it when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we needed it when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we needed it when we were
+watching the presentation to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching the presentation to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching the presentation to understand
+what we were talking about I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were talking about I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were talking about I think you
+did a pretty good job with that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a pretty good job with that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a pretty good job with that when
+you're talking about individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about individual
+things um and then my big question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um and then my big question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um and then my big question was
+um what I'd like to know more is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I'd like to know more is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I'd like to know more is you
+mentioned the the the the big thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the the the the big thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the the the the big thing
+being you know the research you did for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being you know the research you did for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being you know the research you did for
+um cultural appropri what was it tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cultural appropri what was it tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cultural appropri what was it tell us
+what you did in the in the presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did in the in the presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did in the in the presentation
+like did like just maybe maybe even give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like did like just maybe maybe even give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like did like just maybe maybe even give
+it its own slide I think it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it its own slide I think it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it its own slide I think it's pretty
+important the the social hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the the social hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the the social hierarchy
+example was a very good specific example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was a very good specific example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was a very good specific example
+we need more of this yeah uh so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need more of this yeah uh so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need more of this yeah uh so what
+changes you actually had to make once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes you actually had to make once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes you actually had to make once
+you realize there was a problem and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize there was a problem and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize there was a problem and you
+know you've got it in this umbrella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've got it in this umbrella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've got it in this umbrella
+category of sort of cultural issues but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of sort of cultural issues but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of sort of cultural issues but
+the specific stuff is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific stuff is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific stuff is really
+cool that's that's it for me U Sor no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool that's that's it for me U Sor no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool that's that's it for me U Sor no I
+thinki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinki
+actually you might want to move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you might want to move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you might want to move the
+tools SL before what went wrong because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools SL before what went wrong because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools SL before what went wrong because
+of the way how the things worked out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way how the things worked out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way how the things worked out um
+you know just cover that first yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just cover that first yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just cover that first yeah um
+let's see uh the the water filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see uh the the water filtration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see uh the the water filtration
+back uh P picture when you say you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh P picture when you say you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh P picture when you say you can
+see it in the background no we can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in the background no we can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in the background no we can't see
+it in the background your background for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the background your background for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the background your background for
+that particular slide was totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular slide was totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular slide was totally
+invisible on this projector so uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible on this projector so uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible on this projector so uh uh
+increase the contrast on that image or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the contrast on that image or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the contrast on that image or
+actually put in as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put in as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put in as an
+inser um you two need to warm up before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inser um you two need to warm up before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inser um you two need to warm up before
+you present your voices get louder as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you present your voices get louder as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you present your voices get louder as
+you speak so practice outside or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you speak so practice outside or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you speak so practice outside or
+something warm it up and then you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something warm it up and then you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something warm it up and then you you
+are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more
+audible um and uh this is more of a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audible um and uh this is more of a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audible um and uh this is more of a game
+design thing there is a bucket right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design thing there is a bucket right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design thing there is a bucket right
+next to the well when while you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the well when while you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the well when while you are
+trying to find a bucket and every player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find a bucket and every player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find a bucket and every player
+is going to say why isn't that bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to say why isn't that bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to say why isn't that bucket
+just good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just good enough
+so stick stick a hole in the bucket or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stick stick a hole in the bucket or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stick stick a hole in the bucket or
+something I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I don't
+know what if it's the easiest way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what if it's the easiest way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what if it's the easiest way to
+solve that problem yeah that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that problem yeah that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that problem yeah that's pretty
+much all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much all I
+had okay thank you thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you all right last up col control all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right last up col control all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right last up col control all
+right hi everybody we're col control um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hi everybody we're col control um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hi everybody we're col control um
+we're going to make this really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make this really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make this really simple
+uh our game was about CER and it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our game was about CER and it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our game was about CER and it is a
+strategy game you have to sort of manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy game you have to sort of manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy game you have to sort of manage
+many villages and try to tell them what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many villages and try to tell them what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many villages and try to tell them what
+they should Implement in order to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should Implement in order to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should Implement in order to help
+uh prevent collar within their Village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh prevent collar within their Village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh prevent collar within their Village
+and so we're going to just go through uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to just go through uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to just go through uh
+what went right what went wrong what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what went right what went wrong what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what went right what went wrong what we
+learned and any future changes we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned and any future changes we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned and any future changes we would
+make so firstly what went right um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make so firstly what went right um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make so firstly what went right um the
+simp like first thing that we well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simp like first thing that we well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simp like first thing that we well what
+happened over the course of the class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened over the course of the class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened over the course of the class is
+we simplified the game and that was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we simplified the game and that was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we simplified the game and that was one
+of the best decisions we made that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the best decisions we made that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the best decisions we made that it
+was really hard to do adjusting scope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really hard to do adjusting scope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really hard to do adjusting scope is
+really challenging because there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really challenging because there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really challenging because there are a
+lot of things you want to have in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things you want to have in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things you want to have in your
+game you want to happen but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you want to happen but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you want to happen but when you
+realize you just can't do it it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize you just can't do it it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize you just can't do it it's like a
+load off your shoulders and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load off your shoulders and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load off your shoulders and you can
+really focus on the things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focus on the things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focus on the things that are
+important uh one of the things we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh one of the things we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh one of the things we did
+simplify is what the player can do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify is what the player can do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify is what the player can do they
+have less actions and we'll show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less actions and we'll show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less actions and we'll show that
+when I when we have some screenshots um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I when we have some screenshots um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I when we have some screenshots um
+but they're more meaningful uh what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're more meaningful uh what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're more meaningful uh what the
+player doing what the player is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player doing what the player is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player doing what the player is doing
+has a bigger effect on the game and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bigger effect on the game and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bigger effect on the game and so
+they don't feel like they're just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't feel like they're just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't feel like they're just kind
+of clicking buttons they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clicking buttons they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clicking buttons they're actually
+thinking they strategy in rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking they strategy in rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking they strategy in rather than
+just oh I need to like click these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just oh I need to like click these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just oh I need to like click these as
+fast as I can and it's also more fun for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as I can and it's also more fun for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as I can and it's also more fun for
+the player they don't have there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player they don't have there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player they don't have there's not
+too many there's just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many there's just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many there's just just
+enough uh the iteration was really one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh the iteration was really one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh the iteration was really one
+of another things that went really right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another things that went really right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another things that went really right
+it was the best experience in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the best experience in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the best experience in the class
+as a whole for changing the game is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole for changing the game is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole for changing the game is when
+you do that iteration it feels really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that iteration it feels really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that iteration it feels really
+good when you look back and you see like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good when you look back and you see like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good when you look back and you see like
+wow look how far our game has come look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow look how far our game has come look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow look how far our game has come look
+at the changes we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the changes we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the changes we've
+made and and comparing those really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and and comparing those really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and and comparing those really
+helps you realize like the choices we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you realize like the choices we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you realize like the choices we
+made are good or some of them are bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made are good or some of them are bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made are good or some of them are bad
+but most of them are good and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of them are good and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of them are good and we also
+had design meetings that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had design meetings that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had design meetings that were
+occasionally a struggle for everyone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally a struggle for everyone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally a struggle for everyone to
+attend but when they did they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend but when they did they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend but when they did they were
+really productive and really helped the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really productive and really helped the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really productive and really helped the
+the group know what was going on know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group know what was going on know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group know what was going on know
+what would had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would had to be
+done and lastly this the huge design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and lastly this the huge design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and lastly this the huge design
+change we did sort of halfway through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change we did sort of halfway through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change we did sort of halfway through
+the class uh halfway through the eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class uh halfway through the eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class uh halfway through the eight
+weeks we this is what it originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks we this is what it originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks we this is what it originally
+looked like when we had a full um a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like when we had a full um a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like when we had a full um a full
+digital prototype it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital prototype it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital prototype it was really
+confusing there were there were four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing there were there were four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing there were there were four
+Villages they had little bars over them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages they had little bars over them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages they had little bars over them
+people didn't know what that meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't know what that meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't know what that meant
+there's this text in the top corner of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this text in the top corner of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this text in the top corner of
+the screen that you can't read and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen that you can't read and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen that you can't read and you
+couldn't even read when it was full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't even read when it was full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't even read when it was full
+screen that told you your money and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen that told you your money and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen that told you your money and the
+population of each Village and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of each Village and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of each Village and then
+those two buttons that people weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two buttons that people weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two buttons that people weren't
+really sure were buttons so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sure were buttons so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sure were buttons so that was
+really difficult and um this is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really difficult and um this is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really difficult and um this is what it
+looks like now it's much clearer there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like now it's much clearer there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like now it's much clearer there's
+a nice bar at the top telling you your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice bar at the top telling you your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice bar at the top telling you your
+money your how many days and a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money your how many days and a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money your how many days and a nice
+little pause menu and then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pause menu and then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pause menu and then there are
+only four Villages they take up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four Villages they take up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four Villages they take up the
+whole screen it's very obvious that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole screen it's very obvious that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole screen it's very obvious that you
+want to click those and also there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to click those and also there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to click those and also there's a
+lot of indicators as to what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of indicators as to what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of indicators as to what's going on
+in each one like before you had to click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each one like before you had to click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each one like before you had to click
+on each Village and then up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each Village and then up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each Village and then up in the
+corner that text would change to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner that text would change to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner that text would change to tell
+you what's going on in that that Village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's going on in that that Village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's going on in that that Village
+and now you can see it just like it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you can see it just like it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you can see it just like it's a
+quick overview when you're watching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick overview when you're watching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick overview when you're watching and
+so you have the the population that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have the the population that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have the the population that's
+sick and that's not sick and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick and that's not sick and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick and that's not sick and the uh
+green bar is healthy and red is infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green bar is healthy and red is infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green bar is healthy and red is infected
+and then an arrow telling you the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an arrow telling you the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an arrow telling you the what
+the direction in which the infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction in which the infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction in which the infection
+rate is going whether it's uh going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is going whether it's uh going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is going whether it's uh going
+towards people get more people getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards people get more people getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards people get more people getting
+healthy or more people getting sick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy or more people getting sick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy or more people getting sick and
+then you also have those little circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you also have those little circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you also have those little circles
+beneath each locality or we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath each locality or we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath each locality or we call them
+localities it's a better term than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localities it's a better term than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localities it's a better term than
+Village we wanted it to be very neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village we wanted it to be very neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village we wanted it to be very neutral
+and that's what our clients told us we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what our clients told us we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what our clients told us we
+should use and So Below each locality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use and So Below each locality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use and So Below each locality
+are those four little bubbles that show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those four little bubbles that show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those four little bubbles that show
+what what you've implemented there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what you've implemented there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what you've implemented there and
+they they count down you might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they count down you might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they count down you might not be
+able to see it it's a little small on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see it it's a little small on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see it it's a little small on
+the screen but um they count down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen but um they count down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen but um they count down and
+become like less colored in or a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become like less colored in or a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become like less colored in or a little
+bit darker so you know how much longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit darker so you know how much longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit darker so you know how much longer
+it'll last and then for the menu of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll last and then for the menu of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll last and then for the menu of one
+when you clicked a village that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you clicked a village that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you clicked a village that's what
+it originally looked like and was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it originally looked like and was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it originally looked like and was really
+hard to read there were a lot of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to read there were a lot of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to read there were a lot of a lot
+of choices that you could do we had like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choices that you could do we had like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choices that you could do we had like
+eight I think is there which at first we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight I think is there which at first we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight I think is there which at first we
+were like yeah this is a strategy game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like yeah this is a strategy game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like yeah this is a strategy game
+it's going to be really hard there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be really hard there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be really hard there's
+going to be a lot of choices a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a lot of choices a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a lot of choices a lot of
+things you can do and this ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do and this ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do and this ended up
+being very poor choice and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being very poor choice and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being very poor choice and so this is
+what it looks like now where it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like now where it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like now where it's much
+clearer of first of all how to close it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer of first of all how to close it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer of first of all how to close it
+how to get back to the main screen also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get back to the main screen also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get back to the main screen also
+what you can do uh when you hover over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do uh when you hover over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do uh when you hover over
+something in the description box that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the description box that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the description box that
+its description pops up and if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its description pops up and if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its description pops up and if something
+had been if something's implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been if something's implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been if something's implemented
+which nothing is in this uh locality but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which nothing is in this uh locality but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which nothing is in this uh locality but
+if something was implemented uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something was implemented uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something was implemented uh that
+Circle would also be colored in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle would also be colored in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle would also be colored in and
+counting down to how long until uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting down to how long until uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting down to how long until uh you
+can implement it again so then uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can implement it again so then uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can implement it again so then uh what
+went wrong first thing was coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went wrong first thing was coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went wrong first thing was coding
+working together is really hard and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together is really hard and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together is really hard and you
+know we learned this over over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we learned this over over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we learned this over over the
+projects but so we thought okay we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects but so we thought okay we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects but so we thought okay we'll
+divide everything up we'll make it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide everything up we'll make it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide everything up we'll make it so
+everyone can work independently and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can work independently and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can work independently and make
+sure there aren't any like real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there aren't any like real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there aren't any like real
+dependencies that are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies that are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies that are going to be
+roadblocks but even doing that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roadblocks but even doing that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roadblocks but even doing that it's
+still hard when you have to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still hard when you have to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still hard when you have to bring
+everything back together and there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything back together and there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything back together and there were
+just inconsistencies people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just inconsistencies people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just inconsistencies people had
+different coding Styles and merging just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coding Styles and merging just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coding Styles and merging just
+took a lot longer than necess than like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a lot longer than necess than like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a lot longer than necess than like
+it should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should have
+taken uh motivation was also a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken uh motivation was also a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken uh motivation was also a really
+big problem at the beginning of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem at the beginning of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem at the beginning of this
+project people weren't really passionate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project people weren't really passionate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project people weren't really passionate
+about ker or making a game Bo CER and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ker or making a game Bo CER and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ker or making a game Bo CER and
+even as we came up with like designs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even as we came up with like designs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even as we came up with like designs and
+interesting choices and things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting choices and things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting choices and things we
+thought would be fun that passion just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought would be fun that passion just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought would be fun that passion just
+like didn't grow it was always just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like didn't grow it was always just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like didn't grow it was always just like
+I don't want to do this which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to do this which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to do this which is really
+hard I don't know how we could change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard I don't know how we could change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard I don't know how we could change
+that but uh also just the topic was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but uh also just the topic was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but uh also just the topic was
+really restrictive and you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really restrictive and you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really restrictive and you know it's
+it's something that probably that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that probably that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that probably that I'm
+guessing must happen a lot in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing must happen a lot in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing must happen a lot in the real
+world is sometimes you work on things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is sometimes you work on things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is sometimes you work on things
+you don't want to work on but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to work on but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to work on but you have
+to find a way to struggle through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a way to struggle through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a way to struggle through that
+so uh we also had crunch problems our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we also had crunch problems our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we also had crunch problems our
+team was just like a lot of crunches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team was just like a lot of crunches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team was just like a lot of crunches
+there isn't like constant work there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't like constant work there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't like constant work there was
+a lot of crunches and so we had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of crunches and so we had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of crunches and so we had a lot of
+crunching right before a play testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunching right before a play testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunching right before a play testing
+class we had a lot of crunching after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we had a lot of crunching after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we had a lot of crunching after
+Thanksgiving um before now and the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving um before now and the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving um before now and the work
+on the game was really like low priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the game was really like low priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the game was really like low priority
+because you know everyone has other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know everyone has other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know everyone has other
+classes that they need to do things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes that they need to do things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes that they need to do things for
+um so it's it is hard to tell people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's it is hard to tell people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's it is hard to tell people
+like no you need to do this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no you need to do this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no you need to do this because
+they're like well I you know I have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like well I you know I have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like well I you know I have I
+have a thesis project do like that's way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a thesis project do like that's way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a thesis project do like that's way
+more important than a project for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important than a project for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important than a project for this
+class um and another thing that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um and another thing that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um and another thing that happened
+sort of over time is that people weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of over time is that people weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of over time is that people weren't
+adhering to the communication we agreed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhering to the communication we agreed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhering to the communication we agreed
+on we said okay we'll do emails and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we said okay we'll do emails and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we said okay we'll do emails and
+we'll use getter which is uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use getter which is uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use getter which is uh sort of
+tied in with GitHub and then people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied in with GitHub and then people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied in with GitHub and then people
+weren't on the getter or they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't on the getter or they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't on the getter or they didn't
+reply to emails and so whenever you sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reply to emails and so whenever you sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reply to emails and so whenever you sent
+out a message it was like throwing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a message it was like throwing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a message it was like throwing it
+out into the ether and then hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into the ether and then hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into the ether and then hoping
+people resp respond which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people resp respond which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people resp respond which is really
+challenging and you know sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and you know sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and you know sometimes you
+forget to log on to getter or you forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget to log on to getter or you forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget to log on to getter or you forget
+to look at an email until later so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at an email until later so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at an email until later so it's
+difficult it's something that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult it's something that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult it's something that happens
+but it's a hard thing to deal with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a hard thing to deal with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a hard thing to deal with so
+then what we learned Within game design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we learned Within game design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we learned Within game design
+there's actually a lot we learned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a lot we learned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a lot we learned from
+this project um the biggest thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project um the biggest thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project um the biggest thing is
+that more complicated and more choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more complicated and more choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more complicated and more choices
+does not equal more fun it can and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not equal more fun it can and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not equal more fun it can and then
+if you're making a really big strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're making a really big strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're making a really big strategy
+game I like um civilization I could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I like um civilization I could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I like um civilization I could see
+where you'd want to have the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you'd want to have the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you'd want to have the ability to
+do a lot of things but in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of things but in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of things but in something
+simpler you you don't need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler you you don't need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler you you don't need to be able to
+do as many things but if those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as many things but if those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as many things but if those things
+have meaning which our choices now do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have meaning which our choices now do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have meaning which our choices now do
+it's a lot more fun and play testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot more fun and play testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot more fun and play testing
+revealed that a lot of people didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed that a lot of people didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed that a lot of people didn't
+like having so many choices they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having so many choices they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having so many choices they didn't
+know what to do there was that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to do there was that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to do there was that you know
+it was real time so there were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was real time so there were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was real time so there were like
+people were dying and they're like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were dying and they're like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were dying and they're like I
+lost the game you know before I even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost the game you know before I even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost the game you know before I even
+felt like I started um design is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like I started um design is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like I started um design is very
+restrictive you need to pay attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive you need to pay attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive you need to pay attention
+not only to what the client wants but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to what the client wants but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to what the client wants but
+also who you're making this for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also who you're making this for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also who you're making this for how
+accessible does it need to be uh who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible does it need to be uh who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible does it need to be uh who's
+the target audience and you also it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target audience and you also it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target audience and you also it's
+really hard as a designer to realize you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard as a designer to realize you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard as a designer to realize you
+need to put both the player and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put both the player and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put both the player and the
+client's needs before your own you as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client's needs before your own you as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client's needs before your own you as a
+designer know like I I have this Grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer know like I I have this Grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer know like I I have this Grand
+Vision of what our game should be but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision of what our game should be but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision of what our game should be but
+then play testers say we don't like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then play testers say we don't like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then play testers say we don't like your
+vision you need to change it it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision you need to change it it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision you need to change it it needs to
+do this and your clients say we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and your clients say we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and your clients say we don't
+like your vision either you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your vision either you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your vision either you need to
+change you need to do this and so doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you need to do this and so doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you need to do this and so doing
+that is very hard as a designer but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very hard as a designer but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very hard as a designer but you
+know we learned to do it and the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we learned to do it and the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we learned to do it and the game
+was better as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was better as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was better as a result of
+it uh some other things is none of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh some other things is none of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh some other things is none of us
+knew about anything about col when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew about anything about col when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew about anything about col when we
+started so we learned a lot about chera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so we learned a lot about chera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so we learned a lot about chera
+and it's surprising how easy it is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's surprising how easy it is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's surprising how easy it is if
+you just wash your hands it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just wash your hands it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just wash your hands it that's
+that's it so if you're get in Ghana just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so if you're get in Ghana just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so if you're get in Ghana just
+wash your hands guys and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wash your hands guys and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wash your hands guys and you know
+probably don't drink infected water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't drink infected water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't drink infected water
+sources but the big one is wash your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources but the big one is wash your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources but the big one is wash your
+hands and that also applies to a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands and that also applies to a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands and that also applies to a lot of
+other things and that's um Pablo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and that's um Pablo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and that's um Pablo
+actually ask us to emphasize the washing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ask us to emphasize the washing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ask us to emphasize the washing
+your hands cuz Ebola also so it benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands cuz Ebola also so it benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands cuz Ebola also so it benefits
+if people you know wash your hands it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people you know wash your hands it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people you know wash your hands it
+helps you so you don't catch other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you so you don't catch other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you so you don't catch other
+diseases and then about coding um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases and then about coding um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases and then about coding um is
+tweening and other animation apis make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweening and other animation apis make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweening and other animation apis make a
+game look more polished for little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game look more polished for little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game look more polished for little
+effort which is something we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort which is something we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort which is something we didn't
+really Implement till the end and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Implement till the end and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Implement till the end and then
+when we did we're like wow that looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did we're like wow that looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did we're like wow that looks a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+better and then future changes so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and then future changes so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and then future changes so for
+just uh within the game things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh within the game things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh within the game things that we
+never got to implement but we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never got to implement but we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never got to implement but we really
+would like to are subtle effects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to are subtle effects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to are subtle effects that
+would force people to change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would force people to change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would force people to change their
+strategy because sometimes it can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy because sometimes it can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy because sometimes it can get
+really easy and so we'd want to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy and so we'd want to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy and so we'd want to make it
+so people who quickly figured out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people who quickly figured out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people who quickly figured out a
+strategy and then wanted and um think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and then wanted and um think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and then wanted and um think
+like oh we can win is we wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh we can win is we wanted to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh we can win is we wanted to make
+something that you know their strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you know their strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you know their strategy
+doesn't work anymore so we originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work anymore so we originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work anymore so we originally
+had the idea of uh change in season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the idea of uh change in season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the idea of uh change in season
+which is something we would like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something we would like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something we would like to do
+but you know time constraints um or sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know time constraints um or sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know time constraints um or sort
+of like random events where uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like random events where uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like random events where uh you know
+there was like maybe not a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was like maybe not a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was like maybe not a change in
+season but there happened to be a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season but there happened to be a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season but there happened to be a really
+heavy rain one day so everything flooded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy rain one day so everything flooded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy rain one day so everything flooded
+so now like you know all the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now like you know all the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now like you know all the water
+sources are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources are more
+infected uh also multiple levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected uh also multiple levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected uh also multiple levels of
+difficulty we did like simplifying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty we did like simplifying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty we did like simplifying it
+but there are still some things we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are still some things we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are still some things we'd
+like to add at least one more action and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to add at least one more action and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to add at least one more action and
+maybe a few more Villages um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a few more Villages um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a few more Villages um and so
+that's something that we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that we would like to
+add if we had more time and also more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add if we had more time and also more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add if we had more time and also more
+advanced infection models uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced infection models uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced infection models uh you can
+talk about the infection models if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the infection models if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the infection models if you
+want but uh I guess yeah I'll chime in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but uh I guess yeah I'll chime in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but uh I guess yeah I'll chime in
+there it it turns out to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it it turns out to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it it turns out to be really
+really hard to balance like the spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to balance like the spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to balance like the spread
+of an infection a disease it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an infection a disease it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an infection a disease it's like
+almost impossible to make the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost impossible to make the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost impossible to make the game
+relatively simple at the beginning but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple at the beginning but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple at the beginning but
+then at the right level of difficulty at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the right level of difficulty at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the right level of difficulty at
+the end because the nature of infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end because the nature of infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end because the nature of infection
+is that it's exponential and that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's exponential and that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's exponential and that just
+like you change a parameter by nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you change a parameter by nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you change a parameter by nothing
+it just swings the whole thing over like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just swings the whole thing over like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just swings the whole thing over like
+it makes makes the game go from very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes makes the game go from very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes makes the game go from very
+easy to completely impossible and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to completely impossible and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to completely impossible and so
+that made it like really really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made it like really really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made it like really really hard to
+balance um if I had more time like if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance um if I had more time like if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance um if I had more time like if I
+had a few more weeks to work on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a few more weeks to work on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a few more weeks to work on it
+probably the thing I'd want to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the thing I'd want to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the thing I'd want to work on
+would be work on something more advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be work on something more advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be work on something more advanced
+like some more advanced mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some more advanced mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some more advanced mathematical
+models as opposed to just simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models as opposed to just simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models as opposed to just simple
+exponential model that we currently have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential model that we currently have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential model that we currently have
+because that could make game balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that could make game balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that could make game balancing
+much easier because I had a really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier because I had a really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier because I had a really hard
+time and balancing infection and lastly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and balancing infection and lastly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and balancing infection and lastly
+some things we changed for the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things we changed for the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things we changed for the class
+is we' wish that we had something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we' wish that we had something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we' wish that we had something that
+enforced the Sprint task list we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced the Sprint task list we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced the Sprint task list we
+submitted it every week but we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted it every week but we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted it every week but we were
+never held to actually doing what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never held to actually doing what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never held to actually doing what we
+said we were going to do so that it felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we were going to do so that it felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we were going to do so that it felt
+very just like just you know like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very just like just you know like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very just like just you know like oh
+it's something we have to do we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something we have to do we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something we have to do we have to
+say we'll do things this week in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we'll do things this week in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we'll do things this week in order
+to be working on the game so we wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be working on the game so we wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be working on the game so we wish
+there was something like the instructors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something like the instructors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something like the instructors
+asking like okay can we see your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking like okay can we see your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking like okay can we see your
+completed Sprint task list um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed Sprint task list um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed Sprint task list um the
+Restriction to the Red Cross topics was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Restriction to the Red Cross topics was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Restriction to the Red Cross topics was
+a huge constraint for the creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge constraint for the creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge constraint for the creative
+freedom especially for the last project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom especially for the last project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom especially for the last project
+so because a because all of us didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because a because all of us didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because a because all of us didn't
+really like the topic to begin with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like the topic to begin with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like the topic to begin with it
+it was a really long eight weeks and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a really long eight weeks and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a really long eight weeks and so
+we wish that we didn't have to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wish that we didn't have to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wish that we didn't have to do that
+but you know I understand for this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know I understand for this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know I understand for this this
+semester this class that was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester this class that was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester this class that was what
+happened and then um another thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and then um another thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and then um another thing is
+that we wouldn't work on an educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wouldn't work on an educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wouldn't work on an educational
+game regarding an unknown culture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game regarding an unknown culture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game regarding an unknown culture for
+the final project because it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final project because it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final project because it was just
+really hard to understand okay what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to understand okay what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to understand okay what do
+people in Ghana find normal what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Ghana find normal what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Ghana find normal what would
+they want in a game do they understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want in a game do they understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want in a game do they understand
+how this works it's something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works it's something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works it's something that's
+even hard because there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even hard because there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even hard because there are a lot of
+assumptions people who make who played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions people who make who played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions people who make who played
+games make about games that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games make about games that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games make about games that's really
+hard to get over and so doing that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get over and so doing that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get over and so doing that for
+the final project that also has to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final project that also has to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final project that also has to be an
+educational game that also has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational game that also has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational game that also has to be
+about K and it's just like there a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about K and it's just like there a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about K and it's just like there a lot
+of things piling up that made it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things piling up that made it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things piling up that made it really
+hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to
+do uh yeah so then any questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh yeah so then any questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh yeah so then any questions and
+we'll also show a demo of the game but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also show a demo of the game but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also show a demo of the game but
+if you guys want to ask any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys want to ask any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys want to ask any questions
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+first should we do demo first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first should we do demo first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first should we do demo first and then
+Dem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure um both both both on this screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure um both both both on this screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure um both both both on this screen
+and with some of the earlier teams um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with some of the earlier teams um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with some of the earlier teams um
+your many of you are using are running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your many of you are using are running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your many of you are using are running
+off Mac and you are using um a screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off Mac and you are using um a screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off Mac and you are using um a screen
+resolution that's better for your screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution that's better for your screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution that's better for your screen
+than for the projector so it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for the projector so it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for the projector so it's actually
+rescaling it to fit the projector uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescaling it to fit the projector uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescaling it to fit the projector uh
+which means actually uh every pixel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means actually uh every pixel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means actually uh every pixel that
+you're drawing on screen is actually too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're drawing on screen is actually too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're drawing on screen is actually too
+small for the projector and things get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small for the projector and things get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small for the projector and things get
+blurred out um in the screen resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurred out um in the screen resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurred out um in the screen resolution
+settings and system preferences you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and system preferences you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and system preferences you can
+actually select whether you are scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually select whether you are scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually select whether you are scaling
+it best for display or best for yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it best for display or best for yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it best for display or best for yeah
+optimize for either display okay or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize for either display okay or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize for either display okay or I
+guess in this case you are optimizing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in this case you are optimizing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in this case you are optimizing it
+for the display which resolution are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the display which resolution are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the display which resolution are you
+using it looks like you're using 1600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it looks like you're using 1600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it looks like you're using 1600
+what's the best one uh on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best one uh on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best one uh on the board
+right behind you there's a wide screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right behind you there's a wide screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right behind you there's a wide screen
+in a in a um 43 version so check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a um 43 version so check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a um 43 version so check that
+because you're losing a lot of visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're losing a lot of visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're losing a lot of visual
+detail um when you're SC scaling it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail um when you're SC scaling it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail um when you're SC scaling it like
+that it makes your games look worse that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it makes your games look worse that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it makes your games look worse that
+looks way better yeah and the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks way better yeah and the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks way better yeah and the color
+scheme is going to be better too yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme is going to be better too yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme is going to be better too yeah
+your colors do look better as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your colors do look better as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your colors do look better as a result
+okay cool um awesome so um we still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool um awesome so um we still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool um awesome so um we still have
+a little bit of things to iron out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of things to iron out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of things to iron out um
+but uh yeah so the idea of the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh yeah so the idea of the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh yeah so the idea of the game is
+that you manage these Villages col is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you manage these Villages col is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you manage these Villages col is
+spreading and you have to use various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading and you have to use various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading and you have to use various
+like prevention measures to stop it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like prevention measures to stop it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like prevention measures to stop it from
+spreading further um so when the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading further um so when the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading further um so when the game
+starts out there's just one Village uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts out there's just one Village uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts out there's just one Village uh
+people were having difficulty figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were having difficulty figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were having difficulty figuring
+out that you could actually click it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that you could actually click it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that you could actually click it so
+he made it like do like that so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made it like do like that so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made it like do like that so you know
+you could click it so you click it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could click it so you click it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could click it so you click it and
+then there's like various options that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's like various options that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's like various options that
+you can use to stop the spread of Chala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use to stop the spread of Chala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use to stop the spread of Chala
+so it's just the first Village so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just the first Village so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just the first Village so I just
+go with soap which is the cheapest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with soap which is the cheapest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with soap which is the cheapest
+option um and that usually stops I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option um and that usually stops I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option um and that usually stops I'll
+make it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it go
+faster so once you like the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so once you like the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so once you like the first
+Village is sort of a tutorial like once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village is sort of a tutorial like once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village is sort of a tutorial like once
+you figured out how everything works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figured out how everything works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figured out how everything works and
+you're able to stop the infection there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to stop the infection there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to stop the infection there
+and you cure it then a second village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you cure it then a second village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you cure it then a second village
+pops up and as the game goes on more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pops up and as the game goes on more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pops up and as the game goes on more
+Villages pop up up to a total of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages pop up up to a total of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages pop up up to a total of four
+Villages um basically at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages um basically at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages um basically at the beginning
+it's quite easy like you you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite easy like you you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite easy like you you can't
+really lose on the first Village unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lose on the first Village unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lose on the first Village unless
+you sit and stare at it and do nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sit and stare at it and do nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sit and stare at it and do nothing
+for like three minutes um so H but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like three minutes um so H but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like three minutes um so H but the
+second village comes up and now you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second village comes up and now you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second village comes up and now you sort
+of have to think about things and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have to think about things and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have to think about things and then
+you get an idea of how the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an idea of how the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an idea of how the game is
+actually played by the time the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually played by the time the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually played by the time the third
+Village comes up you really need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village comes up you really need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village comes up you really need a
+strategy or you're going to lose and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy or you're going to lose and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy or you're going to lose and the
+fourth Village like it just gets really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth Village like it just gets really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth Village like it just gets really
+really hard like you generally most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard like you generally most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard like you generally most
+people actually fail in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually fail in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually fail in the third
+Village don't make it to the fourth one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village don't make it to the fourth one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village don't make it to the fourth one
+but uh yeah I guess if you guys want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh yeah I guess if you guys want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh yeah I guess if you guys want to
+see more gamep playay sound so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more gamep playay sound so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more gamep playay sound so we don't
+have sound sound right now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sound sound right now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sound sound right now we're going
+to add that in today um so like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add that in today um so like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add that in today um so like the
+three different options basically like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different options basically like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different options basically like
+soap is a cheap allaround option cuz we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soap is a cheap allaround option cuz we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soap is a cheap allaround option cuz we
+want the takeway of the game is soap is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the takeway of the game is soap is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the takeway of the game is soap is
+overpowered um basically um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overpowered um basically um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overpowered um basically um and then
+sort of these two options distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of these two options distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of these two options distinguish
+themselves in that water containers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in that water containers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in that water containers are
+good for stopping infection from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for stopping infection from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for stopping infection from
+spreading but they don't cure anyone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading but they don't cure anyone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading but they don't cure anyone and
+electrolytes don't stop anything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolytes don't stop anything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolytes don't stop anything from
+spreading but they immediately cure just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading but they immediately cure just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading but they immediately cure just
+a percentage of the infected population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a percentage of the infected population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a percentage of the infected population
+um what we found is that like I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we found is that like I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we found is that like I thought
+electrolytes weren't actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolytes weren't actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolytes weren't actually going to
+be fun but then they are because at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fun but then they are because at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fun but then they are because at the
+end of the game when the infection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the game when the infection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the game when the infection is
+like all over the place and everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all over the place and everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all over the place and everyone's
+dying you just keep spamming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying you just keep spamming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying you just keep spamming
+electrolytes or like based on it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolytes or like based on it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolytes or like based on it has a
+cool down so you can't just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool down so you can't just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool down so you can't just keep
+spamming but you spam it as much as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spamming but you spam it as much as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spamming but you spam it as much as you
+can to desperately stay alive and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can to desperately stay alive and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can to desperately stay alive and I
+don't know how far to actually take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how far to actually take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how far to actually take this
+set that's that's fun for us I your live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that's that's fun for us I your live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that's that's fun for us I your live
+player is going to play it like on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is going to play it like on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is going to play it like on their
+own so they'll be figuring stuff out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own so they'll be figuring stuff out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own so they'll be figuring stuff out and
+again give them a couple minutes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again give them a couple minutes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again give them a couple minutes and
+then you can start talking if you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can start talking if you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can start talking if you'd like
+to talk over yeah um for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk over yeah um for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk over yeah um for the
+presentation itself when you start it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation itself when you start it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation itself when you start it
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+um we could use a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we could use a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we could use a little bit more
+context about what you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context about what you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context about what you're talking about
+you kind of just throw us into what went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of just throw us into what went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of just throw us into what went
+right one of the things that went right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one of the things that went right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one of the things that went right
+it's maybe telling us what you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's maybe telling us what you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's maybe telling us what you're going
+to talk about might be a way to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about might be a way to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about might be a way to give
+context for the full presentation would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context for the full presentation would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context for the full presentation would
+it be better to start like with starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be better to start like with starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be better to start like with starting
+with the game kind of give a better idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the game kind of give a better idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the game kind of give a better idea
+or even just that would be that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even just that would be that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even just that would be that would be
+that would be good um especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be good um especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be good um especially if
+you're talking over the game and talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking over the game and talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking over the game and talking
+about some of the design then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the design then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the design then we can
+kind of call back um another context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of call back um another context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of call back um another context
+related issue is you refer to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related issue is you refer to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related issue is you refer to your
+client yeah and you refer to the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client yeah and you refer to the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client yeah and you refer to the game
+but you don't and you refer to making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't and you refer to making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't and you refer to making a
+game about Cola but you don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game about Cola but you don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game about Cola but you don't actually
+explicitly State who your client is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly State who your client is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly State who your client is what
+your game is for what the goal you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game is for what the goal you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game is for what the goal you were
+trying to create your game for What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create your game for What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create your game for What
+specifically it was I mean you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically it was I mean you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically it was I mean you can
+gather it from Context but it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather it from Context but it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather it from Context but it's a nice
+thing to have up front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to have up front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to have up front
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+um so the the early slides um they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the the early slides um they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the the early slides um they're
+pretty wory both of you are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wory both of you are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wory both of you are actually
+really good speakers so I um I feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good speakers so I um I feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good speakers so I um I feel that
+you can get a lot of those points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a lot of those points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a lot of those points in
+your actual verbal you you did in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your actual verbal you you did in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your actual verbal you you did in fact
+get all those points across in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all those points across in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all those points across in your
+verbal things the slides don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbal things the slides don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbal things the slides don't need to
+also restate every single thing so stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also restate every single thing so stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also restate every single thing so stick
+to the sort of the the high level hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sort of the the high level hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sort of the the high level hits
+um but the way how you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the way how you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the way how you're actually
+presenting these points are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting these points are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting these points are coming
+across very clearly verbally and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across very clearly verbally and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across very clearly verbally and the
+words are kind of starting to distract a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are kind of starting to distract a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are kind of starting to distract a
+little bit Yeah like each one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit Yeah like each one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit Yeah like each one of those
+could have been just one slide plus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been just one slide plus an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been just one slide plus an
+image yeah yeah that and and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image yeah yeah that and and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image yeah yeah that and and that will
+that that that becomes a backdrop to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that becomes a backdrop to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that becomes a backdrop to the
+things that you're actually saying which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you're actually saying which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you're actually saying which
+are actually coming across quite clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually coming across quite clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually coming across quite clearly
+and you don't really need all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't really need all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't really need all of that
+additional visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional visual
+noise um especially when you have sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise um especially when you have sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise um especially when you have sub
+bullets like you have a hitting and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullets like you have a hitting and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullets like you have a hitting and then
+you have like tiny little sub bullets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like tiny little sub bullets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like tiny little sub bullets
+underneath those sub bullets just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath those sub bullets just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath those sub bullets just say
+them don't don't present them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them don't don't present them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them don't don't present them
+um the the image where of the selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the image where of the selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the image where of the selecting
+which upgrades you have for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which upgrades you have for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which upgrades you have for each
+locality uh right now you have like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality uh right now you have like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality uh right now you have like the
+blank uh rectangle with no mouse over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank uh rectangle with no mouse over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank uh rectangle with no mouse over
+Tex in it nothing is lit up um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tex in it nothing is lit up um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tex in it nothing is lit up um if you
+just replace that with a screenshot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just replace that with a screenshot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just replace that with a screenshot of
+Something's lit up something's not lit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Something's lit up something's not lit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Something's lit up something's not lit
+up up with the mouse over text it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up up with the mouse over text it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up up with the mouse over text it will
+be way more informative that one slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be way more informative that one slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be way more informative that one slide
+Lear um when you talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lear um when you talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lear um when you talk about the
+balancing uh the infection rate as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing uh the infection rate as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing uh the infection rate as a
+that's a really good detailed case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really good detailed case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really good detailed case
+example uh you know that that that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh you know that that that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh you know that that that I
+just want to call that out like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to call that out like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to call that out like that
+level of detail is NE because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of detail is NE because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of detail is NE because you're
+talking about really something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about really something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about really something very
+specific uh and other things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific uh and other things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific uh and other things that you
+can talk about about uh uh I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about about uh uh I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about about uh uh I'm trying to
+remember um the way how um you had set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um the way how um you had set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um the way how um you had set
+up a communication system of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a communication system of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a communication system of using
+emails and gter and this is what gter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails and gter and this is what gter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails and gter and this is what gter is
+but people wer responding anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people wer responding anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people wer responding anything that
+was good that was very specific that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good that was very specific that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good that was very specific that was
+like these are the things that uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these are the things that uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these are the things that uh this
+is the way how something specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way how something specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way how something specifically
+broke down and you know um can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke down and you know um can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke down and you know um can talk
+about how things eventually got resolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how things eventually got resolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how things eventually got resolved
+uh will be nice but maybe it didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will be nice but maybe it didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will be nice but maybe it didn't get
+resolved then you can say that too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved then you can say that too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved then you can say that too but
+but those those that level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those those that level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those those that level of
+specificity was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity was
+nice um one more uh specifically on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice um one more uh specifically on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice um one more uh specifically on the
+slides you talking about how you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides you talking about how you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides you talking about how you did
+iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration
+um and talked about how you made changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and talked about how you made changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and talked about how you made changes
+and you stayed very generic there having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you stayed very generic there having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you stayed very generic there having
+some actual specific examples would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some actual specific examples would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some actual specific examples would be
+really what I like to hear what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what I like to hear what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what I like to hear what are some
+things that you dropped what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you dropped what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you dropped what are some
+things that you had in the beginning but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you had in the beginning but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you had in the beginning but
+you changed a whole lot and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you changed a whole lot and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you changed a whole lot and they're
+still in your they're in your end game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in your they're in your end game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in your they're in your end game
+but we may not recognize it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we may not recognize it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we may not recognize it from the
+beginning game because it it got changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning game because it it got changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning game because it it got changed
+generated on but just even me a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated on but just even me a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated on but just even me a whole
+lot of examples just one or two specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of examples just one or two specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of examples just one or two specific
+ones to tie it back yeah so so if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones to tie it back yeah so so if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones to tie it back yeah so so if in
+that particular section you just added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular section you just added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular section you just added
+like here here has a specif specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here here has a specif specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here here has a specif specific
+feature that got changed in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature that got changed in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature that got changed in this
+particular way that that's great because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way that that's great because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way that that's great because
+because uh you clearly have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh you clearly have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh you clearly have that
+information you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you know
+yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's
+that okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank all right thank you all everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank all right thank you all everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank all right thank you all everyone
+sorry we ran a little bit late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we ran a little bit late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we ran a little bit late
+um but timing wise everything looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but timing wise everything looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but timing wise everything looks like
+it went out tech-wise it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went out tech-wise it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went out tech-wise it looks like
+we've got most of our stuff figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got most of our stuff figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got most of our stuff figured out
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+couple points of order um this did go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple points of order um this did go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple points of order um this did go
+long it's probably going to go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it's probably going to go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it's probably going to go about
+full two hours on Wednesday do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full two hours on Wednesday do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full two hours on Wednesday do you want
+to take a break Midway through would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a break Midway through would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a break Midway through would you
+like an intermission Midway through I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an intermission Midway through I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an intermission Midway through I'm
+seeing some NDS so we're going to put an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing some NDS so we're going to put an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing some NDS so we're going to put an
+intermission Midway through um lastly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermission Midway through um lastly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermission Midway through um lastly so
+um based on the number of speakers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um based on the number of speakers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um based on the number of speakers that
+we've got um I and the the topic matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got um I and the the topic matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got um I and the the topic matter
+that we're talking about I think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about I think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about I think what
+we're going to do is start with snap um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is start with snap um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is start with snap um
+because we'll get everybody have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we'll get everybody have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we'll get everybody have their
+computers out from the get-go and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers out from the get-go and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers out from the get-go and then
+we won't need that again afterwards so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't need that again afterwards so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't need that again afterwards so
+just take care of that right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take care of that right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take care of that right there
+you're going to have people playing live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have people playing live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have people playing live
+in the audience um then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the audience um then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the audience um then we're going to
+go to Hello so basically just swap Heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to Hello so basically just swap Heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to Hello so basically just swap Heat
+Wave and snap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wave and snap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wave and snap
+okay and swap yeah s gorgora and cola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and swap yeah s gorgora and cola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and swap yeah s gorgora and cola
+swap those too yeah yeah um and for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap those too yeah yeah um and for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap those too yeah yeah um and for that
+mainly because we're going to have lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly because we're going to have lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly because we're going to have lots
+of speakers at the end so that'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speakers at the end so that'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speakers at the end so that'll just
+make it so that you're doing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it so that you're doing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it so that you're doing all the
+moving around um color control are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around um color control are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around um color control are you
+and you're going to have two people for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to have two people for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to have two people for
+that so we're going to make sure we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we're going to make sure we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we're going to make sure we have
+two microphones for all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two microphones for all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two microphones for all that
+um we'll have the intermission right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll have the intermission right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll have the intermission right
+after Heatwave so that's about an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Heatwave so that's about an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Heatwave so that's about an hour
+and a half and then we'll have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half and then we'll have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half and then we'll have another
+hour um and then that's the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour um and then that's the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour um and then that's the end of the
+class on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on
+Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday
+um anything else that's order so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anything else that's order so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anything else that's order so that's
+order presentation right there yeah one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order presentation right there yeah one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order presentation right there yeah one
+two three four five there you go cool um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four five there you go cool um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four five there you go cool um
+trying to think if is there anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think if is there anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think if is there anything
+else that I should get to before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that I should get to before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that I should get to before we
+release you nope um student evaluations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release you nope um student evaluations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release you nope um student evaluations
+web.mit.edu student evaluations I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web.mit.edu student evaluations I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web.mit.edu student evaluations I'll
+write the UR stud should I'll write up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the UR stud should I'll write up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the UR stud should I'll write up
+the real URL right there please do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real URL right there please do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real URL right there please do that
+um in class today if you could thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in class today if you could thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in class today if you could thank you
+so much you're actually you're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much you're actually you're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much you're actually you're doing a
+really good job I really like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good job I really like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good job I really like these
+presentations I'm really excited to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations I'm really excited to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations I'm really excited to see
+what they're going to be like on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're going to be like on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're going to be like on um
+Wednesday and I was really happy to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and I was really happy to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and I was really happy to see
+working games today so Aces on you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working games today so Aces on you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working games today so Aces on you for
+that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pAuRZr0AHhI.txt b/pAuRZr0AHhI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e292e7bdd0cc4b6ffb7329815d255645bb9298b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pAuRZr0AHhI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2236 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: --
+
+All the things would be
+relevant, so here are some
+
+examples from a couple
+of lectures ago.
+
+And so here we're thinking about
+what happens when we add
+
+an inert gas.
+
+And remember, it's all about
+the partial pressure.
+
+So, you always have to ask
+yourself did the partial
+
+pressure change, and partial
+pressure's going to change if
+
+there's a change in volume.
+
+So, the secret in this problem
+is realizing that if inert gas
+
+is added, and the total pressure
+is kept constant,
+
+what had to have happened?
+
+Yup, the volume would have had
+to increase, and so the system
+
+is put at stress, and it
+responds in a way to minimize
+
+the stress.
+
+So it's going to respond in a
+way to go from fewer numbers
+
+of molecules to more
+molecules.
+
+So, on one side of the equation
+reactants there are
+
+three, and on products there
+are two, so it's going to
+
+shift toward reactants.
+
+All right.
+
+So today we're going to have
+another clicker competition,
+
+and because it is Halloween,
+this is the prize for the
+
+recitation that has the
+most correct answers.
+
+So, let's see how we do today.
+
+All right.
+
+So we're going to continue
+where we left off on
+
+Wednesday, and so these
+are your notes --
+
+I've added them to today's
+handout and they're also in
+
+the handout from
+the last class.
+
+And I want to make a note that
+it's a good idea to start this
+
+problem-set early.
+
+You don't know everything you
+need to know to do the
+
+problem-set, but you do know a
+number of them, so there's
+
+some questions on thermodynamics
+and
+
+equilibrium, and Le Chatelier's
+principle, you can
+
+do all those problems. So next
+week -- today we're going to
+
+talk about bases and buffers,
+and then we're going to move
+
+into acid-base titrations
+on Monday.
+
+And so, the problem-set looks
+like it's not that long, it's
+
+not that many questions, but the
+acid-base titrations have
+
+many parts, and each part
+is actually quite long.
+
+So it's a very deceptive
+problem-set.
+
+So don't be fooled by the total
+number of questions.
+
+All right, so we were talking
+about acid and water and base
+
+and water and p h, and so we're
+going to continue with
+
+base and water right now.
+
+So here we have a base in water,
+and so in this case,
+
+the water is acting
+as an acid.
+
+It's giving up a hydrogen ion
+or proton to the n h 3,
+
+causing it to form its
+conjugate, n h 4 plus, ammonia
+
+ion, and also hydroxide ion.
+
+So here we have a base in water,
+and when we're talking
+
+about a base in water, we're
+going to talk about base
+
+ionization constant, or k b.
+
+So at the end of last class
+we talked about the acid
+
+ionization constant, or k a, and
+when you're talking about
+
+bases, you're going to
+talk about k b's.
+
+So, k b, it's an equilibrium
+constant for this reaction of
+
+a base in water, and so it'll be
+equal to the products in h
+
+4 plus and hydroxide ion over
+the reactant, n h 3.
+
+The water is the solvent here,
+and since this is all pretty
+
+dilute, it's mostly pure and its
+concentration isn't going
+
+to change, so it's
+not included in
+
+that equilibrium constant.
+
+So we have a k b when we're
+talking about a base in water.
+
+And we were talking about a base
+in water, the equation
+
+should work that you
+have hydroxide ions
+
+on one side of it.
+
+So here, the k b is 1 .
+
+8 times 10 to the minus 5 at 25
+degrees, so that's a fairly
+
+small number.
+
+And so the small value tells us
+that only a little bit of
+
+the n h 3 is going to ionize
+when it's in solution.
+
+So only a little bit it's going
+to form n h 4 plus and
+
+hydroxide ions.
+
+So that's what that small
+number tells us.
+
+So that tells us that it's
+going to be a weak base.
+
+So a strong base is something
+that's going to react pretty
+
+much completely to go to
+hydroxide ion concentration.
+
+A weak base only ionizes
+a little bit in water.
+
+And you can tell about whether
+something's strong or weak by
+
+its k b value, or if it's
+an acid, it's k a
+
+value or p k a value.
+
+So here are some general ways
+to write these equations.
+
+We have a base in water and so
+the water's going to act as
+
+the acid, base is going to
+accept that proton or hydrogen
+
+ion forming a base, h plus,
+and hydroxide ion.
+
+So the base is just
+written as b.
+
+You could also write the base as
+a minus, something a minus
+
+in water going to h a
+plus hydroxide ion.
+
+So sometimes you might see that
+when you're talking about
+
+a conjugate base
+of a weak acid.
+
+So these are two expressions
+that you'll see that are
+
+fairly generic that expresses
+what happens when you have
+
+bases in water.
+
+Now remember, you know it's a
+base in water, you better have
+
+hydroxide ions on the other
+side, because a base in water
+
+is going to be forming hydroxide
+ions, and acid in
+
+water would be forming
+hydronium ions.
+
+So, a strong base, again, almost
+completely ionizes to o
+
+h when in water, and here we can
+know what's strong or weak
+
+by the k b, so the larger the
+k b the stronger the base.
+
+And like there is the p k a,
+there's also a term p k b.
+
+P k b is minus log of the k b.
+
+And the larger the p k b,
+the weaker the base.
+
+Now you won't see
+p k b very much.
+
+It's not used very much,
+most things are
+
+converted to a p k a.
+
+So you'll see p k a's quite a
+bit, and you will see p k a's
+
+if you take organic chemistry,
+if you take biochemistry, if
+
+you take biology, you'll be
+hearing a lot about p k a's as
+
+we go along.
+
+Not so much about p k
+a's, but p k b's.
+
+And so what I want you to do
+when you hear about p k a's,
+
+is remember that you've
+learned about it.
+
+Because I have been confronted
+by some of my colleagues who
+
+teach in advanced levels, and
+they said our students tell us
+
+that you never talked about p
+k a's in freshman chemistry.
+
+And I assure them that I did.
+
+So I'll be emphasizing this.
+
+And so I want to make sure that
+by the end of this unit
+
+you're really familiar with p k
+a's because you'll need them
+
+later on, and I want you to
+really impress my colleagues
+
+in later classes, and they'll
+say oh, that's a 511-1
+
+student, of course, they
+know what a p k a is.
+
+Even my six month old daughter
+who's over there, she's like
+
+what, people didn't know
+what a p k a is?
+
+You don't want to
+get her upset.
+
+OK.
+
+So all of these things are
+related with the acids and the
+
+bases, because for every acid it
+has a conjugate base, every
+
+base is a conjugate acid.
+
+And so, if you have a stronger
+acid, the stronger the acid,
+
+the weaker its conjugate base.
+
+And the stronger the base, the
+weaker its conjugate acid.
+
+And this becomes very important
+in doing these
+
+problems. So here's a
+little table that
+
+emphasizes that fact.
+
+So we talk about
+a strong acid.
+
+Most people are familiar with
+h c l, hydrochloric acid.
+
+So it's a very strong acid.
+
+And its conjugate base, c l
+minus, is not really a base,
+
+it's completely ineffectual
+as being a base.
+
+It doesn't really do
+anything at all.
+
+A strong acid really drives you
+all the way to hydronium
+
+ion concentrations.
+
+It doesn't go back the other
+way, it's not really
+
+equilibrium, it's just going
+to completion there.
+
+So the conjugate is really,
+really weak, basically not a
+
+base at all.
+
+Then we get into this middle
+range and here things that are
+
+moderately weak or very weak
+acids also have their
+
+conjugates in the weak range.
+
+But if you get to something
+that is a very strong base
+
+down here, its conjugate is
+going to be also ineffective
+
+as an acid.
+
+So if something is very strong,
+its conjugate is
+
+pretty much non-existent in
+those properties, but when you
+
+have weak-weak, then you can
+start talking about buffers,
+
+which we're going to get into
+later in today's class.
+
+OK.
+
+So let's prove that, in fact, it
+has to be true that there's
+
+a relationship between the
+conjugate acid and its
+
+conjugate base or conjugate base
+and its conjugate acid,
+
+that they both can't
+be strong.
+
+One has to be -- you have to
+be weak-weak, strong or
+
+ineffectual.
+
+All right, so let's look at
+the first one up here.
+
+So first let's look at what
+is this acting as?
+
+What is n h 3 acting
+as, an acid or a
+
+base in this equation?
+
+So it's acting as a base.
+
+And that means water is
+acting as an acid.
+
+The water gives up a proton or
+hydrogen ion to the n h 3
+
+forming the conjugate
+acid of that base.
+
+And then the conjugate base
+is the hydroxide ion.
+
+All right, so now let's write
+term for k, and so we're
+
+talking about a base in water,
+so we're talking about k b.
+
+So k b is going to equal what
+-- what do I put up here?
+
+Tell me one thing
+to put up there.
+
+Yup.
+
+OK, n h 4 plus, and hydroxide
+ion over n h 3.
+
+OK, so we don't have
+water in there.
+
+All right, so let's look
+at the next reaction.
+
+So what is n h 4
+plus acting as?
+
+It's acting as an acid here, so
+it's giving up its proton
+
+or hydrogen ion to the water,
+which is going to act as a
+
+base and accept that
+hydrogen atom.
+
+And when this gives up its
+hydrogen ion or proton, it
+
+forms its conjugate base, and
+the water is conjugate here,
+
+is an acid, hydronium ion.
+
+So we have our conjugate
+acid base pairs here.
+
+So now am I talking about
+a k a or a k b?
+
+I'm talking about a k a, so I'm
+talking about an acid in
+
+water, and we know this is an
+acid in water if we look at
+
+what's happening over here.
+
+So we have an acid in water,
+and so we'll put our
+
+concentration of hydronium
+ions and n h
+
+3 over n h 4 plus.
+
+So now we have k a's and k b's
+written for the conjugates,
+
+the conjugate acid of n
+h 3 and n h 3 itself.
+
+So now, we can think about what
+happens if we take these
+
+k's and we multiply
+them out together.
+
+All right, so we have a
+k a and we have a k b.
+
+All right, so we have a k a and
+a k b, so if we take our k
+
+a and times our k b, we're going
+to just multiply these
+
+out together.
+
+So I'll do this one first, k a
+-- just copy from above --
+
+times k b, hydroxide
+ion, over n h 3.
+
+And things are going to cancel
+out, and so I'm left with
+
+hydronium ion and
+hydroxide ion.
+
+What is this, when you
+have hydronium ion
+
+times hydroxide ion?
+
+What is that called?
+
+It's another k.
+
+K w.
+
+So we just showed that k
+a times k b equals k w.
+
+So we can take the logs of all
+our k terms here, and if we
+
+take the log of k a plus the log
+of k b equal the log of k
+
+w, or p k a plus p k b equals
+p k w equals 14.
+
+So there's this relationship
+with a conjugate acid and its
+
+base between its k
+a and its k b.
+
+So if one is really big, the
+other has to be small or they
+
+can both be sort of
+in the middle.
+
+But they're always going to add
+up in terms of the p k a
+
+and the p k b to 14.
+
+And the thing about these
+problems is if you're given a
+
+k a for an acid, you can
+calculate the k b for its
+
+conjugate base, and you'll be
+doing that a lot in titration
+
+problems that are coming up.
+
+All right, so there's this
+relationship between the
+
+strength of an acid and the
+strength of its conjugate
+
+base, and let's just think for
+a minute again about this
+
+concept of strong and weak,
+because this is really
+
+important for the next unit.
+
+So if we have a strong acid, h
+a, in water, it's going to go
+
+pretty much completely over
+to hydronium ion and the
+
+conjugate, and this conjugate
+is going to be really
+
+ineffective as a conjugate
+base, as a base at all.
+
+So it's going to really go
+all to that hydronium ion
+
+concentration.
+
+And so, in talking about a
+strong base, you don't really
+
+have to worry about an
+equilibrium situation.
+
+Just remember it goes pretty
+much to completion, and so you
+
+can do complete subtractions
+when you're doing this.
+
+And the same is true
+for a strong base.
+
+So, for a strong base, any b,
+in water, it's going all the
+
+way down, it's driving the
+reaction all the way over
+
+here, and you're forming, you
+can consider it that however
+
+much strong base you added
+is how much hydroxide
+
+ion you have here.
+
+How much strong acid you add is
+equal to how much hydronium
+
+ion concentration
+you have here.
+
+So however much of a strong
+acid or a strong base, you
+
+think they go all the way to
+completion, but for a weak
+
+acid we're going to have
+equilibrium, and so you'll
+
+have to set up equilibrium
+tables to figure out if you
+
+added this much weak base,
+how much did it ionize.
+
+So remember that -- people get
+worried about the strong acid,
+
+and you just assume it goes
+right to completion.
+
+And you can tell again by the
+k a's and the k b's what's
+
+going to be strong or not.
+
+And so our definition for strong
+acids is that you have
+
+a k a greater than one, strong
+base pretty much, the only
+
+problems you use, people are
+adding sodium hydroxide or
+
+potassium hydroxide, there are
+not a lot of options for
+
+strong bases.
+
+But for strong acids, people
+are always worrying about
+
+whether they've identified
+those correctly or not.
+
+OK.
+
+So let's look at this relative
+strength of acid problem and
+
+do an example here.
+
+So in this equation we have acid
+in a base going on one
+
+side, another different acid
+on the other side.
+
+So we can look at whether the
+reaction is favored toward
+
+this direction, toward the right
+or the left, depending
+
+on which acid is stronger.
+
+Will the reaction ride
+to the right or left.
+
+So if this acid is stronger,
+then it should drive the
+
+reaction this way.
+
+If this is the acid on the other
+side, if it's stronger,
+
+then you would expect to drive
+the reaction the other way.
+
+So we can take a look at that.
+
+So we can consider the k for the
+overall reaction, again,
+
+just products over
+reactants here.
+
+And we can also consider the
+reaction from just each acid
+
+alone in water.
+
+So we can consider it
+separately as well.
+
+So first we can take
+a look at one acid.
+
+So if we take a look at this
+acid alone in water, it'll
+
+form h 3 o plus and
+n h 3 minus.
+
+So when it gives up its hydrogen
+ion to the water and
+
+then it forms its conjugate
+over here.
+
+So now are we going to look
+at a k a or a k b?
+
+K a?
+
+So we're going to have our
+products over our reactants,
+
+and the number is quite large,
+20, for that k a.
+
+And now we can look at the
+other reaction as well.
+
+So we can look at this acid in
+water here and form your
+
+hydronium ion concentrations and
+your conjugates -- again,
+
+we're looking at that acid in
+water, so it's a k a, and we
+
+have our products
+over reactants.
+
+Now we have a number of 5 .
+
+6 times 10 to the minus 10.
+
+So, we can consider those two
+equations back together, and
+
+this time we're going to be
+subtracting the equations from
+
+each other to get our
+sum equation.
+
+And because we are subtracting,
+we're going to
+
+end up to dividing the
+equilibrium constants.
+
+So when we add the equilibrium
+constants together, we
+
+multiply things, and if we're
+subtracting we divide.
+
+So the k in this case is going
+to be equal to the k a of the
+
+first acid over the second acid,
+and you can prove this
+
+to yourself, you write up the
+k a here, and the k a here,
+
+and then some of your terms, the
+hydronium ions cancel, and
+
+you get the k overall
+equilibrium constant that we
+
+wrote in the beginning, again
+products over reactants.
+
+We know the value for k a for
+one acid, we know the value of
+
+k a for the other acid, and we
+can divide those to get the k
+
+for the overall reaction.
+
+And then you can tell me what
+that k means in terms of which
+
+is the stronger acid of the
+two, and which side of the
+
+equation does the reaction lie
+to, the right or the left?
+
+All right, let's give
+10 more seconds.
+
+Yup, people did pretty
+well on this.
+
+So you could have thought
+about it in terms of the
+
+overall k or of the
+individual k a's.
+
+So, the stronger acid is the
+one with the larger number.
+
+And h n o 3 had a number of 20,
+so that was pretty big, so
+
+that's a really strong acid.
+
+And because it's a strong acid,
+it'll lie to the right,
+
+so it's going to push toward
+products -- it's a strong
+
+acid, so it wants to
+disassociate a lot, so would
+
+push it that direction.
+
+And you can see that also in
+terms of the equilibrium.
+
+Overall equilibrium constant,
+if we go back to the slides
+
+for a minute.
+
+So this number overall, k, is
+also quite large, very large,
+
+so that means a lot more
+products than reactants at
+
+equilibrium.
+
+So again, those are what you can
+determine if you're given
+
+a table of k a values, which
+on the test you will get a
+
+table of k a values, you can
+tell me a lot about different
+
+reactions knowing that
+information about k a's.
+
+All right.
+
+So in this unit there are
+different types of acid base
+
+problems, and sometimes it feels
+for people like there's
+
+an infinite number of different
+types of acid base
+
+problems. But, in fact, there
+are really only five.
+
+And so one of the things I
+strongly recommend in this
+
+unit and working problems is
+figuring out which type of
+
+problem it is, and that will
+help you a lot in solving it.
+
+So you can either have a weak
+acid in water, a weak base in
+
+water, and sometimes you can be
+fooled and say oh, it's a
+
+salt and water problem, but
+a salt and water problem
+
+actually breaks down to a weak
+acid and water problem and a
+
+weak base and water problem.
+
+So it's really not a different
+kind of problem, and we'll see
+
+that in a few minutes.
+
+And you can have a strong acid
+in water and a strong base in
+
+water, and then you can have my
+good friend the buffer type
+
+of problem.
+
+So those are the type of
+problems and being able to
+
+recognize them is key to doing
+well in this unit.
+
+So let's work a problem in the
+first type of a weak acid in
+
+water problem.
+
+All right, so what's
+a weak acid?
+
+Well, vitamin C is
+a weak acid.
+
+And so sometimes when you're
+taking your vitamins you get a
+
+bad taste in your mouth.
+
+And if you did take a vitamin
+C tablet here, which is 500
+
+milligrams in this vitamin C
+tablet, and dissolved it in
+
+water -- this is not
+scientifically measured -- but
+
+dissolved it in water, so you
+would say taking your vitamin
+
+with a lot of water, and it was
+starting to dissolve and
+
+being pretty unpleasant, then
+we could calculate at
+
+equilibrium what kind of p h we
+would have in that mixture.
+
+Now, these vitamins, this
+Nature's Bounty, they do a
+
+really good job of isolating the
+vitamin, so it is pretty
+
+much impossible for
+it to dissolve.
+
+So they have a nice coating
+around it that's highly
+
+protective, at least at normal
+water p h's, so it doesn't
+
+really dissolve.
+
+And one year I thought I would
+do the actual experiment, we
+
+could talk about significant
+figures, but I could not get
+
+the tablet to dissolve --
+
+I heated it, I stirred it, I did
+everything at neutral p h,
+
+at room temperature.
+
+I want to do it at room
+temperature, it just didn't
+
+work, even the high temperature
+didn't work.
+
+So if you buy Nature's Bounty,
+it will not dissolve in the
+
+water that you're taking, so
+just for that little bit of
+
+information.
+
+But if you had, say, an inferior
+brand of vitamin C
+
+that readily, that didn't have a
+nice coating around it, then
+
+you could do this experiment.
+
+So let's take a look at that.
+
+So the first thing that we have
+to do is calculate the
+
+molarity of the acid
+that we've added.
+
+So here, just have to make sure
+that your units are going
+
+to be correct.
+
+So we have grams, we're
+converting it with a molecular
+
+weight to moles, and then we
+have the number of moles in
+
+the amount of water, and we can
+calculate the molarity of
+
+that solution.
+
+And one of the mistakes that
+people often make in doing
+
+these problems, they forget to
+do all of the conversions that
+
+are necessary, sometimes they
+stop at moles, and you're
+
+talking about concentrations
+here, so don't forget about
+
+your friend the volume.
+
+All right, so then you can
+write and equation, and I
+
+highly recommend that people do
+this on the test because it
+
+helps them figure out what type
+of problem it is and it
+
+voids people making
+silly mistakes.
+
+So if we're talking about an
+acid in water, you should make
+
+sure that your equation reflects
+an acid in water.
+
+If you have hydroxide ion on the
+other side, something is
+
+very wrong that's going on, and
+acid and water is going to
+
+be giving hydronium
+ion concentrations
+
+and a conjugate base.
+
+So then we can set up an
+equilibrium table here.
+
+We calculated the initial
+molarity.
+
+And in the beginning there's
+nothing over on this side, so
+
+we've just added our
+weak acid to water.
+
+And so then the change, there's
+going to be some
+
+amount of this that ionizes
+minus x, some amount of this
+
+that's formed, and some
+amount out of the
+
+conjugate that's formed.
+
+So we have 0.0284 minus
+x plus x plus x.
+
+Now we're talking about a weak
+acid in water, so what term am
+
+I going to want to use next?
+
+K a.
+
+So I'm going to want to
+use k a next -- k a
+
+value is here, 8 .
+
+0 times 10 to minus 5, we have
+products over our reactant
+
+here, and we have x squared
+over 0.0284 minus x.
+
+Now you can make an assumption
+when you're working on these
+
+problems and check it later.
+
+So you can make the assumption
+that x is really kind of small
+
+compared to this o.084, and you
+can just drop this x out
+
+of the term here.
+
+And then check later and see
+if that worked or not.
+
+So that makes the math easier,
+and so now we can just solve
+
+for x, and x comes out
+to be 0.00151.
+
+The really two significant
+figures, but we're going to
+
+carry an extra one for the
+moment, so they're just two
+
+figures right here, two
+significant figures here.
+
+Now we can check and see if x
+was really small, if that
+
+assumption worked right.
+
+So, is 0.0284 minus 0.00151
+really the same as 0.0248, and
+
+we let you make the assumption
+that it is, we say it's OK if
+
+it's less than 5%
+of the value.
+
+So, in this case, it's actually
+not, it's 5 .
+
+3, so that violates
+our policy.
+
+So it's more than 5%, so then
+you have to use the quadratic
+
+equation to solve the problem.
+
+I just want to note that this
+term, this percentage, can be
+
+called sometimes percent
+ionized or percent
+
+deprotonated, so that you're not
+thinking that's some kind
+
+of bizarre term if
+you see that.
+
+And if you use the quadratic
+equation, you get an answer of
+
+0.00147, again, that's really
+two significant figures.
+
+So it's not a whole lot
+different, actually, than the
+
+number you got making
+the approximation.
+
+So, once you know what x is,
+x is the hydronium ion
+
+concentration in this problem,
+and so we can plug that in, p
+
+h is minus log of this,
+so that's 2 .
+
+83.
+
+And so we had really two
+significant figures here, and
+
+so we are going to have two
+significant figures after the
+
+decimal point here.
+
+And if you haven't reviewed your
+sig fig rules and need
+
+more help if that seems wrong,
+then you should definitely
+
+review it before
+the next test.
+
+All right, so now we'll continue
+with today's lecture
+
+notes, and we're just going to
+continue right on and we're
+
+going to talk about weak bases,
+and well, we're start
+
+working on our way through,
+we're also going to try to get
+
+to buffers today.
+
+So, we've done a problem for
+a weak acid in water.
+
+So now let's talk about a weak
+base in water, and you can
+
+start us off.
+
+So in this problem we're given a
+molarity, so you didn't have
+
+to calculate that, and now you
+can help me fill out the table
+
+so we know what to do here.
+
+OK, let's just do
+10 more seconds.
+
+Very good.
+
+So you're going to be losing
+some of the amount -- some of
+
+the amount of the weak base
+you have in, it's going to
+
+ionize, and so then you'll be
+forming the conjugate acid
+
+plus x, and you're going to be
+forming hydroxide ions plus x.
+
+And so the one with the minus
+sign is important, and
+
+sometimes there will be 2's
+involved, and that depends on
+
+the stoichiometry
+of the reaction.
+
+All right, so we can use that
+information now and go on and
+
+look at -- actually you could
+leave that clicker question up
+
+for a minute, and we're going
+to talk about the k b.
+
+So the k b is going to be equal
+to our products, n h 4
+
+plus and our hydroxide ion
+concentration over n h 3.
+
+And so now I can fill in the
+values that you told me.
+
+So we have, on the top we're
+going to have x squared, on
+
+the bottom we're going
+to have 0.15 minus x.
+
+And now we can make an
+approximation here that x is
+
+going to be small compared to
+0.15, and so we can say that's
+
+just going to be equal to x
+squared over 0.15, and the k b
+
+value that was given was 1 .
+
+8 times 10 to the minus 5.
+
+So now we can solve for x using
+this approximation, and
+
+using this approximation
+x comes out to be 0 .
+
+00164, and we can look
+at whether that
+
+approximation was OK.
+
+So is this number less than 5%
+of 0.15, so we can say 0.00164
+
+over 0.15 times 100, and that
+comes out to be 1.1%, so
+
+that's OK, that's
+less than 5%.
+
+So that's good, we don't
+have to use the
+
+quadratic equation here.
+
+So now, we want to calculate
+the p h.
+
+So can I just plug that number
+for x into my p h equation?
+
+What is x?
+
+What is x equal to here?
+
+It's equal to two different
+things.
+
+What's one of them?
+
+Hydroxide ion concentration.
+
+So what we can do is
+calculate a p o h.
+
+So, p o h is minus log of the
+hydroxide ion concentration,
+
+or minus log of 0 .
+
+001647, and we really only have
+two significant figures
+
+here, and that is going
+to come out to 2 .
+
+79.
+
+And so, we would have two
+significant figures after the
+
+decimal point, because this
+number had two significant
+
+figures in it.
+
+But I'm not done.
+
+I've calculated p o h and
+the problem wanted p h.
+
+So how do I go from
+p o h to p h?
+
+14 minus, yup.
+
+So 14 .
+
+00 at room temperature
+minus 2 .
+
+79 is going to be equal to 11 .
+
+21.
+
+And so that makes sense.
+
+Now in doing these problems
+always consider, sometimes
+
+you're rushing and you get done
+you say OK, my p h is 2.
+
+But go back and think
+about the type of
+
+problem you're doing.
+
+It's a base in water problem.
+
+Would it make sense that the p
+h was 2 if it was a base in
+
+water problem?
+
+No.
+
+And so then you realize oh,
+I have to do another step.
+
+So that kind of thinking can
+save you a lot of points on
+
+the exam, to remember what it is
+you're trying to calculate
+
+and go back and make sure that
+your answer makes sense.
+
+And sometimes people run into
+weird math problems and some
+
+they'll write and say this p h
+should be above 7, it's 2, I
+
+don't know what I did wrong,
+clearly I did something wrong.
+
+I know that's wrong but I don't
+have time to figure out
+
+what I did wrong.
+
+That will get you points.
+
+So just recognizing that if
+something makes sense or not
+
+tells us you know what's going
+on, and sometimes math issues
+
+can get you into a place that
+you can't get out of quickly.
+
+So just thinking about whether
+the problem makes
+
+sense is a big step.
+
+All right.
+
+So now, we're going to talk
+about salt problems and I'm
+
+going to try to convince you
+that salts are actually the
+
+same as the weak acid and weak
+bases that we just did.
+
+So a salt is formed
+when you mix an
+
+acid and a base together.
+
+So, for example, if you have
+h c l and sodium hydroxide,
+
+you're going to get table salt
+and a c l and water.
+
+So the p h of a salt in water
+is not always neutral.
+
+Sometimes it's neutral,
+sometimes it's not neutral.
+
+Well, when would it
+not be neutral?
+
+Well, if a salt contained a
+conjugate acid of a weak base,
+
+then that conjugate
+acid is going to
+
+make it weakly acidic.
+
+Salts that contain things
+like iron 3
+
+plus also may be acidic.
+
+So when you're drinking water
+and you measure the p h of
+
+that water and it's not neutral,
+this could be part of
+
+the reason that there's some
+salt in the water, some
+
+different ions in the water.
+
+So a general rule from the
+periodic table group one and
+
+group two metals, so lithium,
+calcium, sodium, those are all
+
+going to be neutral in solution,
+so you can just
+
+remember that.
+
+And if a salt contains a
+conjugate base of a weak acid,
+
+then it'll form a
+basic solution.
+
+So it's all about whether the
+salt derived from a weak acid
+
+or a weak base that's going to
+give you a clue as whether
+
+it's an acid or a
+basic solution.
+
+If it derived, say, from a
+strong acid mixed with a
+
+strong base, then it's
+going to give you
+
+a salt that's neutral.
+
+So let's look at
+some examples.
+
+So here we have n h 4 c l.
+
+So we can break this down and
+think about where a salt like
+
+this would have come from.
+
+So it would have come from n h 4
+plus, and it would have come
+
+from c l minus.
+
+So n h 4 plus, let's think about
+where this came from.
+
+What is it?
+
+So, we want to ask the question
+is n h 4 plus a
+
+conjugate acid of a weak base?
+
+And what is its conjugate
+base?
+
+Well, it's conjugate
+base is n h 3.
+
+If you lose a hydrogen ion
+or proton from n h 4
+
+plus, you get n h 3.
+
+And so you're really asking,
+if that's a weak base, then
+
+its conjugate is also
+going to be weak.
+
+So you need to know about these
+guys to see what would
+
+happen if you have n h
+4 plus in solution.
+
+So how do you know about this.
+
+Well, you know about things
+being weak or strong based on
+
+their k a's and their k b's.
+
+So, is ammonia a weak base?
+
+It has a k b of 1 .
+
+8 times 10 to the minus 5, so
+yeah, that's a small number,
+
+so that's a weak base.
+
+And so it's actually in this
+table, so if you have
+
+something that's weak over here,
+then its conjugate is
+
+also going to be weak
+over there.
+
+These are totally
+lined up right.
+
+And so the conjugate over here
+is also going to be weak.
+
+And if you weren't really sure
+you could always look it up,
+
+so here you have ammonium ion
+and it has a k a of 5 .
+
+6 times 10 to the minus 10.
+
+Yup, that's a very small number,
+that is a weak acid.
+
+So yes, the conjugate is weak,
+the base is weak, and the
+
+conjugate acid of that weak
+base is also weak.
+
+So, n h 4 plus does have
+acidic properties.
+
+It's not a strong acid, it's a
+weak acid, but it will make
+
+things acidic.
+
+So this should be acidic.
+
+What about c l minus?
+
+Do you think it's going to do
+anything useful for you?
+
+Where do you think c
+l minus came from?
+
+From h c l.
+
+So we could ask again, is
+a c l minus a conjugate
+
+base of a weak acid.
+
+The acid is h c l, is
+that a weak acid?
+
+No.
+
+So we can look it up if you
+didn't remember it, 10 to the
+
+7, definitely not weak -- very,
+very, very strong acid,
+
+and if something is strong
+acid, its conjugate is
+
+ineffective as a base.
+
+So c l minus is ineffective as
+a base so it's going to be
+
+neutral here.
+
+So overall, you have something
+that's going to be acidic with
+
+something that's going
+to be neutral.
+
+So overall it'll be acidic.
+
+So this particular salt and
+water is going to be acidic
+
+because the things that were
+mixed together to get it, one
+
+of them included a weak base,
+and so that's going to form a
+
+weak conjugate acid, so it'll
+be acidic in solution.
+
+All right, so let's look
+at another one.
+
+I'm giving you the k a value in
+this problem, and knowing
+
+that particular k a value,
+tell me what you think is
+
+going to be true about this
+particular salt in solution,
+
+whether it'll be acidic,
+neutral, or basic.
+
+OK, 10 more seconds.
+
+So, some people were a little
+fooled by the information I
+
+gave you, so let's take
+a look at this.
+
+So if we go to my presentation
+here.
+
+So we can break this up into n
+a plus and c h 3 c o minus.
+
+N a plus, is that a conjugate
+acid of a weak base?
+
+Is that going to be acidic?
+
+What do we know about things in
+group one, a column of the
+
+periodic table.
+
+They're going to be neutral.
+
+Where do you think that this
+came from, n a plus, where
+
+might it have come from?
+
+It might have come from n a o h,
+that might have been a base
+
+that was added.
+
+So it's not going to do anything
+for you -- things in
+
+group one and group two are
+going to be neutral.
+
+All right, so we can ask
+the question about
+
+a c h 3 c o o minus.
+
+Is it a conjugate base
+of a weak acid?
+
+So then we can say is the acid
+that it came from a weak acid?
+
+Is its conjugate a weak acid?
+
+Well, how do we know
+about that?
+
+Well, we know about that from
+the k a value that I gave you.
+
+So is this a weak acid?
+
+Yes.
+
+So is its conjugate going
+to be a weak base?
+
+Yes.
+
+So, given that information
+we can say yes.
+
+So its conjugate acid
+is weak, so then it
+
+would be a weak base.
+
+So if it's a weak base then
+it'll be basic in solution,
+
+and we have something that's
+neutral plus basic, so overall
+
+you get basic.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's look at a general
+example now of this as well.
+
+So here we can talk about
+a general rule.
+
+So if you have compound
+x y, we can talk about
+
+x plus and y minus.
+
+And for x plus you're going
+to be asking about is it a
+
+conjugate acid of a weak base.
+
+For y minus you're going to be
+asking is it a conjugate base
+
+of a weak acid.
+
+So for the first part you're
+asking about if it's a
+
+conjugate acid, in the second
+half you're asking about if
+
+it's a conjugate base.
+
+So if something is a conjugate
+acid of a weak base, and
+
+that's yes -- if you know that's
+a weak base or you know
+
+that it's a weak acid, then it's
+going to be acidic, if
+
+it's not, it'll be neutral.
+
+Same thing is true over here.
+
+You might know about that
+something is a weak base, you
+
+might know that its conjugate
+is a weak acid, and if you
+
+have a conjugate base of
+something that's a weak acid,
+
+then it is a base.
+
+If it's a strong acid it would
+be ineffectual, but if it's a
+
+conjugate of a weak acid,
+it'll be basic.
+
+No, it's neutral.
+
+So overall, you can have
+three possibilities.
+
+Acidic plus neutral is acidic,
+basic plus neutral is basic,
+
+and neutral plus neutral
+is neutral.
+
+Now some people might come up
+with another option here.
+
+What other thing am I leaving
+off of this overall?
+
+Acidic plus basic.
+
+That's because I'm never going
+to ask you that when
+
+it comes to a salt.
+
+Because pretty much, salts are
+formed when you're doing a
+
+titration, and you're going to
+be either titrating a strong
+
+acid, a strong base, you're
+going to be titrating a weak
+
+acid with a strong base, or
+you're going to be titrating a
+
+strong acid with a weak base.
+
+You are never going to titrate
+a weak acid with a weak base.
+
+That would yield no interesting
+
+results of any kind.
+
+So you're not going to be
+forming salts that are
+
+conjugates of both
+those things.
+
+So, if you want to think about
+it that way that's fine, or
+
+you could just remember that
+that is not what I'm
+
+going to ask you.
+
+These are great little short
+answer questions on an exam,
+
+so if you're good at thinking
+about this, it'll definitely
+
+give you a couple of points
+on one of the exams.
+
+All right, so now and last, just
+a couple minutes, I just
+
+want to introduce very
+briefly buffers.
+
+So a buffer is something that
+maintains the p h of a
+
+solution, so it's going to
+buffer that solution.
+
+So if you add a little bit of
+strong acid or a little bit of
+
+strong base, it doesn't
+matter the p h is
+
+going to stay the same.
+
+So there are two kinds
+of buffers.
+
+You have an acid buffer, which
+is going to buffer/maintain
+
+the p h on the acidic
+side of neutral.
+
+And a basic buffer, which will
+maintain the p h on the basic
+
+end of the p h scale.
+
+So let me just give you a brief
+example of a buffer and
+
+just get you thinking
+about buffers.
+
+So here, in about a buffer
+problem you're going to mix an
+
+acid with its conjugate base.
+
+So, you have acetate, and then
+probably the acetate salt of
+
+the acetic acid.
+
+So over here, you have the
+acetic acid, on this side you
+
+have its conjugate base
+usually added in
+
+the form of a salt.
+
+And then you have
+an equilibrium.
+
+So, what's going to happen
+if you add a strong
+
+acid to this solution?
+
+If you add strong acid, if you
+add more h 3 o plus, what
+
+happens if you add more?
+
+What direction will the
+reaction shift?
+
+So you'll get the back reaction,
+it'll try to
+
+minimize that stress and move
+the other way, and it'll use
+
+up some of that acid and
+maintain the p h.
+
+Then you can think, so these
+amount of acid added is
+
+effectively removed and the
+p h stays the same.
+
+What about if you add
+a strong base?
+
+Well, that strong base will
+react with the acid, it will
+
+remove protons from this acid,
+or the hydrogen ion here,
+
+forming this water and
+its conjugate.
+
+So you'll make more of these
+and the p h will
+
+also stay the same.
+
+So the base is going to be
+removed by reacting.
+
+So they're effectively removed
+and the p h stays the same.
+
+So in this you have a weak
+acid, h a, it'll transfer
+
+protons to o h minus supplied
+by the strong base.
+
+The conjugate of that weak acid,
+which would be a weak
+
+base, is going to accept protons
+from any acid that is
+
+going to be supplied.
+
+So, in this way, you
+maintain the p h.
+
+And so I just to emphasize that
+in a buffer solution you
+
+have h a, acidic buffer
+solution, you have h a, and
+
+you have its conjugate.
+
+And if you only have one or the
+other, it's not going to
+
+make a good buffer.
+
+So, I want you to remember that
+in buffers you have both
+
+conjugates -- one alone
+is not going to work.
+
+And people forget this in the
+class, and so you can remember
+
+that for Halloween, your
+chemistry professor dressed up
+
+as a buffer to help you remember
+that in a buffer
+
+you're going to have both.
+
+You've got to have the conjugate
+acid base set,
+
+otherwise it will not buffer.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pUqA_iHLBWQ.txt b/pUqA_iHLBWQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..698e75a220033e97cfd9e0c1a3d19d56ae68d0ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pUqA_iHLBWQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10459 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's move on to the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's move on to the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's move on to the next lecture
+might have gotten a little bit of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have gotten a little bit of me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have gotten a little bit of me
+getting trapped here I really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting trapped here I really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting trapped here I really have to
+give a lot of credit to the people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a lot of credit to the people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a lot of credit to the people in
+the office of digital learning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the office of digital learning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the office of digital learning for
+making this entire thing possible so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this entire thing possible so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this entire thing possible so I'm
+really grateful to particularly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really grateful to particularly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really grateful to particularly to
+Elaine Mello who is at home running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elaine Mello who is at home running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elaine Mello who is at home running the
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+remotely right now this is a a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotely right now this is a a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotely right now this is a a lot of
+people at MIT are doing a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at MIT are doing a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at MIT are doing a tremendous
+amount to keep this place functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount to keep this place functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount to keep this place functioning
+and everyone really deserves a huge pat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone really deserves a huge pat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone really deserves a huge pat
+on the back all right so the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back all right so the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back all right so the lecture
+that I just completed a few moments ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just completed a few moments ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just completed a few moments ago
+we described I I described how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we described I I described how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we described I I described how to
+characterize the gauge invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the gauge invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the gauge invariant
+radiative degrees of freedom which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative degrees of freedom which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative degrees of freedom which we
+call gravitational radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call gravitational radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call gravitational radiation
+gravitational radiation we found at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational radiation we found at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational radiation we found at the
+end there's a formula that I will write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end there's a formula that I will write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end there's a formula that I will write
+down again a little bit later in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down again a little bit later in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down again a little bit later in this
+lecture but we essentially found that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but we essentially found that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but we essentially found that it
+looks like certain projections of a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like certain projections of a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like certain projections of a term
+that involves two time derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves two time derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves two time derivatives of
+the quadrupole moment of a source this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadrupole moment of a source this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadrupole moment of a source this
+has in recent years led to a well we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has in recent years led to a well we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has in recent years led to a well we've
+now been able to directly measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now been able to directly measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now been able to directly measure this
+form of radiation I'm wearing my Lisle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of radiation I'm wearing my Lisle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of radiation I'm wearing my Lisle
+hat in honor of the facility that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat in honor of the facility that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat in honor of the facility that first
+directly measured these things and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly measured these things and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly measured these things and we
+have inaugurated an entirely new field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inaugurated an entirely new field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inaugurated an entirely new field
+of observational astronomy based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of observational astronomy based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of observational astronomy based on
+being able to measure those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pretty exciting I hope though that a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty exciting I hope though that a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty exciting I hope though that a few
+people noticed how restricted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people noticed how restricted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people noticed how restricted the
+analysis that I did is I define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that I did is I define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that I did is I define
+gravitational waves only in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational waves only in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational waves only in the context
+of linearized theory on a flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linearized theory on a flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linearized theory on a flat
+background we haven't talked much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background we haven't talked much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background we haven't talked much about
+other solution to the Einstein field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other solution to the Einstein field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other solution to the Einstein field
+equations yet but you know it's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations yet but you know it's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations yet but you know it's coming
+and I hope you can appreciate that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope you can appreciate that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope you can appreciate that in
+fact our universe is not described by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact our universe is not described by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact our universe is not described by a
+flat background many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat background many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat background many many
+that we study it is only weakly curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we study it is only weakly curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we study it is only weakly curved
+away from a flat background so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from a flat background so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from a flat background so for
+instance our source system is accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance our source system is accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance our source system is accurately
+described as something that is weakly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as something that is weakly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as something that is weakly
+curved away from a flat background and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved away from a flat background and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved away from a flat background and
+in that context much of what I described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that context much of what I described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that context much of what I described
+carries over very cleanly and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries over very cleanly and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries over very cleanly and so you
+essentially have in that case you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially have in that case you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially have in that case you need
+to if you want to analyze things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if you want to analyze things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if you want to analyze things like
+gravitation waves propagating our solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation waves propagating our solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation waves propagating our solar
+system or through a galaxy which has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or through a galaxy which has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or through a galaxy which has a
+space-time metric that's also accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time metric that's also accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time metric that's also accurately
+described as flat space-time plus sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as flat space-time plus sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as flat space-time plus sort
+of a weak deviation away from it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a weak deviation away from it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a weak deviation away from it you can
+take into advantage of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into advantage of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into advantage of the fact that
+your gravitational wave tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gravitational wave tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gravitational wave tends to be
+something that's rapidly varying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's rapidly varying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's rapidly varying and
+your solar system your galaxy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solar system your galaxy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solar system your galaxy is
+something that has very slow time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has very slow time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has very slow time
+variation or it's even static okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation or it's even static okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation or it's even static okay so
+you can take advantage of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take advantage of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take advantage of the fact that
+there's these different time derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these different time derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these different time derivatives
+two separate terms that actually leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two separate terms that actually leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two separate terms that actually leads
+me naturally to what do we do if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me naturally to what do we do if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me naturally to what do we do if I want
+to describe the very realistic scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the very realistic scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the very realistic scenario
+of gravitational waves propagating not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gravitational waves propagating not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gravitational waves propagating not
+on a flat background but on some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a flat background but on some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a flat background but on some kind of
+a curved background perhaps they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curved background perhaps they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curved background perhaps they
+propagate near a black hole where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate near a black hole where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate near a black hole where
+space-time is very different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time is very different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time is very different from the
+space-time of special relativity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time of special relativity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time of special relativity but
+absolute need to describe them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute need to describe them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute need to describe them
+propagating across a large sector of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating across a large sector of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating across a large sector of our
+universe okay we haven't talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe okay we haven't talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe okay we haven't talked about
+cosmology yet but it's the subject in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology yet but it's the subject in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology yet but it's the subject in
+the next lecture I intend to record and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture I intend to record and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture I intend to record and
+the space-time that describes our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space-time that describes our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space-time that describes our
+universe on large large scales does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe on large large scales does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe on large large scales does not
+look like the metric of special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like the metric of special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like the metric of special
+relativity so how do I describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gravitational radiation GW is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational radiation GW is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational radiation GW is
+gravitational waves on a non flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational waves on a non flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational waves on a non flat
+background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+schematically you can imagine that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically you can imagine that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically you can imagine that in
+this case you're working with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you're working with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you're working with a
+space-time that can be broken into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time that can be broken into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time that can be broken into a
+background I'll put a little hat on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background I'll put a little hat on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background I'll put a little hat on it
+to say the distance my background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the distance my background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the distance my background
+space-time and then some kind of a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time and then some kind of a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time and then some kind of a wave
+field propagating on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this background to no longer going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this background to no longer going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this background to no longer going to be
+that of special relativity this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of special relativity this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of special relativity this could be
+something that varies in both with both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that varies in both with both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that varies in both with both
+space and time this will be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and time this will be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and time this will be something
+that in general is small in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in general is small in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in general is small in the sense
+that in most of the cases certainly all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in most of the cases certainly all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in most of the cases certainly all
+the cases we're gonna study in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases we're gonna study in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases we're gonna study in this
+class any term that involves an H times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class any term that involves an H times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class any term that involves an H times
+an H will be second order in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an H will be second order in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an H will be second order in a very
+small number and so we can discard it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number and so we can discard it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number and so we can discard it
+but it's still going to be challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still going to be challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still going to be challenging
+to figure out how I can even define what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how I can even define what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how I can even define what
+a wave means in this case one so to wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave means in this case one so to wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave means in this case one so to wrap
+your heads around that think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your heads around that think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your heads around that think about what
+a local measurement might do okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local measurement might do okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local measurement might do okay so
+suppose I am in some region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I am in some region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I am in some region of
+space-time so first of all if we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time so first of all if we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time so first of all if we had a
+parable that we looked at in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parable that we looked at in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parable that we looked at in our
+previous lecture where we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture where we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture where we looked at
+Judy's X in a spacetime that was flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Judy's X in a spacetime that was flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Judy's X in a spacetime that was flat
+plus a gravitational wave and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a gravitational wave and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a gravitational wave and of course
+2d6 are Judy's X and so we just found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d6 are Judy's X and so we just found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d6 are Judy's X and so we just found
+that they are unaccelerated relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are unaccelerated relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are unaccelerated relative to
+freefall frames that sort of is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freefall frames that sort of is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freefall frames that sort of is you know
+more or less defines what a Judy's ik is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less defines what a Judy's ik is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less defines what a Judy's ik is
+so it was not too surprising but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was not too surprising but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was not too surprising but we can
+then look at for example two relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look at for example two relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look at for example two relatively
+nearby Judy's X okay we can look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby Judy's X okay we can look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby Judy's X okay we can look at how
+their duties exhibit separation changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their duties exhibit separation changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their duties exhibit separation changes
+we can look at the behavior of light as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the behavior of light as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the behavior of light as
+it bounces back and forth something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bounces back and forth something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bounces back and forth something
+that's important to bear in mind is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important to bear in mind is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important to bear in mind is that
+when I make a measurement like that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I make a measurement like that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I make a measurement like that I
+measure this or some quantity that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this or some quantity that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this or some quantity that is
+derived from this the curvature tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from this the curvature tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from this the curvature tensor
+or an integrated light propagation time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we may know that the space-time metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may know that the space-time metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may know that the space-time metric
+has to vary conceptually different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to vary conceptually different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to vary conceptually different
+contributions to it it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions to it it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions to it it's got a
+background and it's got a wave how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and it's got a wave how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and it's got a wave how do we
+conceptually we might see how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually we might see how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually we might see how to
+separate them but how do we define some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate them but how do we define some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate them but how do we define some
+kind of a toolkit that allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a toolkit that allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a toolkit that allows us to
+separate how do we define the separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate how do we define the separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate how do we define the separation
+between background and waves put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between background and waves put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between background and waves put it
+another way suppose what you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way suppose what you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way suppose what you are
+sensitive to is space-time curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to is space-time curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to is space-time curvature
+okay suppose you are sensitive to things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay suppose you are sensitive to things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay suppose you are sensitive to things
+that depend on the Riemann tensor how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depend on the Riemann tensor how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depend on the Riemann tensor how do
+you know from your measurement that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from your measurement that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from your measurement that you
+are measuring the Riemann tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measuring the Riemann tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measuring the Riemann tensor
+associate the gravitation wave and not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate the gravitation wave and not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate the gravitation wave and not a
+Riemann tensor associate with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann tensor associate with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann tensor associate with the
+curvature assuming I searched it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature assuming I searched it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature assuming I searched it with
+your background that is an extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your background that is an extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your background that is an extremely
+important issue okay if all I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important issue okay if all I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important issue okay if all I can
+measure is this but I want to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure is this but I want to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure is this but I want to get this
+what is the trick that I use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the trick that I use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the trick that I use to
+distinguish between these two I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between these two I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between these two I call
+this a trick in my notes but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a trick in my notes but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a trick in my notes but I don't
+like that term actually this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that term actually this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that term actually this is not a
+trick okay this is a fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick okay this is a fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick okay this is a fundamentally
+important point when you are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point when you are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point when you are trying to
+measure some kind of a perturbation to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure some kind of a perturbation to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure some kind of a perturbation to a
+not just a space-time but to any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a space-time but to any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a space-time but to any kind of
+a field that you are studying any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field that you are studying any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field that you are studying any kind
+of quanta you're studying which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quanta you're studying which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quanta you're studying which is
+itself spatially and temporally varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself spatially and temporally varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself spatially and temporally varying
+what you need to do is take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to do is take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to do is take advantage of
+a separation of length and time scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I'm talking about general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm talking about general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm talking about general
+relativity and I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity and I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity and I'm talking about
+gravitational waves I am going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational waves I am going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational waves I am going to use
+the fact that a gravitational wave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that a gravitational wave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that a gravitational wave is
+oscillatory and as such it varies on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory and as such it varies on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory and as such it varies on a
+much smaller length and time scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller length and time scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller length and time scales
+there is a much smaller length and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a much smaller length and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a much smaller length and time
+scales then the background does okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales then the background does okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales then the background does okay
+it's useful to introduce an analogy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to introduce an analogy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to introduce an analogy here
+think about a water wave propagating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a water wave propagating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a water wave propagating on
+the ocean in almost all cases when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean in almost all cases when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean in almost all cases when you
+look at a water wave propagating in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a water wave propagating in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a water wave propagating in the
+ocean it's obvious what is the wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean it's obvious what is the wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean it's obvious what is the wave and
+what is the curvature in the ocean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the curvature in the ocean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the curvature in the ocean it's
+actually associated the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually associated the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually associated the fact that the
+earth is round okay so it is clear from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth is round okay so it is clear from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth is round okay so it is clear from
+the separation of both length scales and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation of both length scales and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation of both length scales and
+time scales clean clear how to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scales clean clear how to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scales clean clear how to separate
+wave from curvature of the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bending due to geological structures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending due to geological structures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending due to geological structures and
+things like that okay a component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that okay a component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that okay a component of the
+curvature of the ocean that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of the ocean that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of the ocean that has a
+curvature scale of safe 6,000 kilometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature scale of safe 6,000 kilometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature scale of safe 6,000 kilometers
+well that's just the fact that the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's just the fact that the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's just the fact that the earth
+is a sphere of radius of six thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sphere of radius of six thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sphere of radius of six thousand
+kilometers okay and so you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers okay and so you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers okay and so you can kind of
+see that but if you see something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that but if you see something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that but if you see something that
+is varying with a period of about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is varying with a period of about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is varying with a period of about a
+second it's got a wave length of a meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second it's got a wave length of a meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second it's got a wave length of a meter
+or two there's nothing to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two there's nothing to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two there's nothing to do with the
+curvature of the earth that's a wave we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of the earth that's a wave we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of the earth that's a wave we
+want to introduce a similar concept here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to introduce a similar concept here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to introduce a similar concept here
+and apply it to our general relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply it to our general relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply it to our general relativistic
+calculation so let's introduce two sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so let's introduce two sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so let's introduce two sets
+of length and time scales let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length and time scales let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length and time scales let's call
+them scales we will use in our analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so capital L and capital T these are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so capital L and capital T these are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so capital L and capital T these are my
+long length and time scales these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long length and time scales these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long length and time scales these
+describe the variation of my background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lambda in tau are my short scales they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda in tau are my short scales they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda in tau are my short scales they
+describe the wavelength and the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of gravitational waves so to put this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gravitational waves so to put this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gravitational waves so to put this in
+the context of the kind of measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of the kind of measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of the kind of measurements
+that LIGO makes the LIGO interferometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that LIGO makes the LIGO interferometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that LIGO makes the LIGO interferometer
+z' make measurements of behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z' make measurements of behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z' make measurements of behavior of
+light moving in the space-time near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light moving in the space-time near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light moving in the space-time near the
+earth now there is a component of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth now there is a component of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth now there is a component of that
+that varies on a scale that has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that varies on a scale that has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that varies on a scale that has to do
+with the curvature of space-time near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the curvature of space-time near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the curvature of space-time near
+the surface of the earth due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of the earth due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of the earth due to the
+Earth's mass distribution okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth's mass distribution okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth's mass distribution okay that
+occurs on so first of all that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs on so first of all that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs on so first of all that is
+practically static it does vary somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically static it does vary somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically static it does vary somewhat
+because of the motion of the Moon around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the motion of the Moon around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the motion of the Moon around
+the earth and because of the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth and because of the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth and because of the behavior of
+the fluid in the Earth's core there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid in the Earth's core there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid in the Earth's core there's
+small measurement small variations there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small measurement small variations there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small measurement small variations there
+which interestingly enough can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which interestingly enough can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which interestingly enough can be
+measured but those tend to occur on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured but those tend to occur on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured but those tend to occur on
+timescales on the order of hours at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timescales on the order of hours at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timescales on the order of hours at the
+shortest for the moon's orbit you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest for the moon's orbit you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest for the moon's orbit you know
+the pure moon goes around the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure moon goes around the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure moon goes around the time
+period of about a month the Earth's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of about a month the Earth's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of about a month the Earth's
+rotating it's turning on its axis and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating it's turning on its axis and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating it's turning on its axis and so
+at a particular point you're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular point you're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular point you're sort of
+tasting the gravitational field of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasting the gravitational field of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasting the gravitational field of the
+moon as it rotate as the Earth rotates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon as it rotate as the Earth rotates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon as it rotate as the Earth rotates
+under it and so your time thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under it and so your time thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under it and so your time thing here is
+on the order of hours to about a day the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of hours to about a day the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of hours to about a day the
+length scale associate with this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale associate with this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale associate with this you can
+calculate things like the Riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate things like the Riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate things like the Riemann
+curvature or tensor components near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature or tensor components near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature or tensor components near the
+surface of the earth that has the units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the earth that has the units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the earth that has the units
+of 1 over length squared so take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over length squared so take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over length squared so take the
+square root and inverse it that's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root and inverse it that's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root and inverse it that's gonna
+you're gonna find that this varies on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna find that this varies on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna find that this varies on a
+length scale that is thousands or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale that is thousands or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale that is thousands or I
+should probably work this out before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should probably work this out before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should probably work this out before I
+try quoting numbers but it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try quoting numbers but it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try quoting numbers but it's you know
+many many many many many kilometers tens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many many many kilometers tens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many many many kilometers tens
+of thousands or millions of kilometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thousands or millions of kilometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thousands or millions of kilometers
+tens of thousands probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of thousands probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of thousands probably
+my gravitational wave by contrast it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my gravitational wave by contrast it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my gravitational wave by contrast it's
+got wavelengths that are on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got wavelengths that are on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got wavelengths that are on the order of
+they are also on the order of thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are also on the order of thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are also on the order of thousands
+of kilometers but there is a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kilometers but there is a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kilometers but there is a time
+variation on them that for the log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation on them that for the log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation on them that for the log of
+detectors is on the order of seconds at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors is on the order of seconds at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors is on the order of seconds at
+most really tenth of a second at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most really tenth of a second at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most really tenth of a second at the
+current sensitivity of the detector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current sensitivity of the detector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current sensitivity of the detector is
+up to a sort of milliseconds way faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a sort of milliseconds way faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a sort of milliseconds way faster
+variation so by looking for pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so by looking for pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so by looking for pieces of
+what I can measure that very on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I can measure that very on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I can measure that very on these
+length scales and these time scales I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scales and these time scales I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scales and these time scales I
+can separate it from effects that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can separate it from effects that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can separate it from effects that are
+varying on these long timescales and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying on these long timescales and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying on these long timescales and
+long length scales so as I move forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long length scales so as I move forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long length scales so as I move forward
+in this lecture let me emphasize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture let me emphasize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture let me emphasize that
+some of the things I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things I'm going to
+introduce here are first of all they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce here are first of all they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce here are first of all they're
+a little bit more advanced you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more advanced you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more advanced you are
+certainly not responsible for knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not responsible for knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not responsible for knowing
+the gory details of how some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gory details of how some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gory details of how some of these
+tools I'm going to introduce are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools I'm going to introduce are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools I'm going to introduce are used
+all right so the point is once I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the point is once I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the point is once I've
+introduced these long scales and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced these long scales and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced these long scales and these
+short scales what we can then do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short scales what we can then do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short scales what we can then do is we
+can always remove the wave remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always remove the wave remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always remove the wave remove the
+oscillation by introducing an averaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation by introducing an averaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation by introducing an averaging
+procedure so if you imagine that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure so if you imagine that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure so if you imagine that you
+average over a time scale that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over a time scale that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over a time scale that is
+several times the wave I send me several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times the wave I send me several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times the wave I send me several
+times the period of the wave and over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the period of the wave and over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the period of the wave and over a
+length scale that is several times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale that is several times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale that is several times the
+wavelength of the wave these are taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the wave these are taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the wave these are taken
+to be shorter than the long scales but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be shorter than the long scales but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be shorter than the long scales but
+longer than the short scales and so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than the short scales and so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than the short scales and so when
+you do that well let me put it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that well let me put it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that well let me put it this way
+if I average so these angle brackets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I average so these angle brackets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I average so these angle brackets are
+what I'm going to define as my averaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to define as my averaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to define as my averaging
+procedure I will make this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure I will make this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure I will make this a little bit
+more quantitative in a moment on length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quantitative in a moment on length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quantitative in a moment on length
+scale L in time scale T the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale L in time scale T the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale L in time scale T the background
+basically doesn't change so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically doesn't change so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically doesn't change so when I
+average it I just get the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it I just get the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it I just get the background
+back on the other hand my wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on the other hand my wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on the other hand my wave
+oscillates a couple times so if I ask if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates a couple times so if I ask if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates a couple times so if I ask if
+I average something that oscillates over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I average something that oscillates over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I average something that oscillates over
+a couple of cycles I get zero so given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of cycles I get zero so given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of cycles I get zero so given
+what I can actually measure which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I can actually measure which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I can actually measure which is the
+space timer things relating to the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space timer things relating to the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space timer things relating to the space
+time this averaging procedure lets me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this averaging procedure lets me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this averaging procedure lets me
+pick out the background the radiation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick out the background the radiation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick out the background the radiation is
+then what I get when I subtract that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I get when I subtract that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I get when I subtract that
+average bit from the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so these are all things that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are all things that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are all things that as a
+theorist thinking about how someone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist thinking about how someone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist thinking about how someone's
+going to go in and actually measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go in and actually measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go in and actually measure
+properties of the gravitational wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the gravitational wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the gravitational wave
+these are tools I can use to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are tools I can use to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are tools I can use to separate
+one spatially and temporally varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one spatially and temporally varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one spatially and temporally varying
+quantity from another now here I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity from another now here I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity from another now here I'm gonna
+describe something it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe something it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe something it's a little bit
+more advanced than we need to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more advanced than we need to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more advanced than we need to get into
+but it's important to discuss how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's important to discuss how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's important to discuss how do you
+actually average a tensor like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually average a tensor like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually average a tensor like this
+that's a little bit tricky so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit tricky so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit tricky so the
+averaging was first made rigorous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging was first made rigorous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging was first made rigorous and
+there's been various various other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been various various other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been various various other
+mathematical formulations of this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical formulations of this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical formulations of this that
+it presented over the years but I liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it presented over the years but I liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it presented over the years but I liked
+this particular one because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular one because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular one because it's
+conceptually quite simple the first made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually quite simple the first made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually quite simple the first made
+rigorous by dieter Brill and James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous by dieter Brill and James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous by dieter Brill and James
+Hartle hartal is the author of a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hartle hartal is the author of a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hartle hartal is the author of a nice
+elementary textbook on general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary textbook on general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary textbook on general
+relativity in 1964 and the reference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity in 1964 and the reference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity in 1964 and the reference is
+given in the notes what you basically do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given in the notes what you basically do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given in the notes what you basically do
+is to define the average of a quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to define the average of a quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to define the average of a quantity
+like a spacetime metric you integrate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a spacetime metric you integrate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a spacetime metric you integrate it
+over some proper volume in space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some proper volume in space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some proper volume in space-time
+proper for volume with a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper for volume with a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper for volume with a particular
+weighting function okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighting function okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighting function okay so this is
+something that is defined such that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is defined such that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is defined such that if
+you integrate it over that same region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you get one and it's taken to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get one and it's taken to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get one and it's taken to be
+something that is sort of think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is sort of think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is sort of think of it as
+a Gaussian in all four space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Gaussian in all four space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Gaussian in all four space-time
+directions that is peaked around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions that is peaked around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions that is peaked around you
+know it's peaked at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's peaked at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's peaked at a particular
+location and it has a width of L in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and it has a width of L in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and it has a width of L in all
+directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L&T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we spent a lot of time talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spent a lot of time talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spent a lot of time talking about
+what makes a tensor a tensor and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes a tensor a tensor and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes a tensor a tensor and one of
+the things that we discussed was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we discussed was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we discussed was the
+fact that when I am working in in curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that when I am working in in curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that when I am working in in curved
+space-time and my basis objects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time and my basis objects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time and my basis objects are
+functions I can't really add a tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I can't really add a tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I can't really add a tensor
+here to a tensor there because they live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to a tensor there because they live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to a tensor there because they live
+in different tangent spaces okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different tangent spaces okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different tangent spaces okay that's
+a poorly defined operation an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poorly defined operation an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poorly defined operation an integral
+is nothing more than a sum on steroids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing more than a sum on steroids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing more than a sum on steroids
+so how is it that I am allowed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how is it that I am allowed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how is it that I am allowed to do
+this well the idea here is this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well the idea here is this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well the idea here is this is not
+exact okay when one does this you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact okay when one does this you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact okay when one does this you will
+find that what comes out your average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that what comes out your average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that what comes out your average
+tensor modulo Corrections or errors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor modulo Corrections or errors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor modulo Corrections or errors that
+are of order short length scale over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of order short length scale over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of order short length scale over
+long length scale okay it's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long length scale okay it's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long length scale okay it's the best
+you're gonna be able to do okay you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna be able to do okay you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna be able to do okay you're
+always gonna be a little bit off we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always gonna be a little bit off we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always gonna be a little bit off we need
+to find an average averaging procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find an average averaging procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find an average averaging procedure
+like this because by definition an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this because by definition an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this because by definition an
+average can't capture everything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average can't capture everything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average can't capture everything that's
+why you're averaging you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you're averaging you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you're averaging you're trying to
+actually throw away some piece of it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually throw away some piece of it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually throw away some piece of it so
+this allows us to define our tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allows us to define our tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allows us to define our tensor
+calculus in this averaged way in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus in this averaged way in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus in this averaged way in a very
+useful framework provided with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful framework provided with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful framework provided with you know
+we just need to be accept the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need to be accept the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need to be accept the fact that
+there's always going to be it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always going to be it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always going to be it really
+only makes sense in this regime where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only makes sense in this regime where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only makes sense in this regime where we
+can cleanly separate our length scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cleanly separate our length scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cleanly separate our length scales
+and our time scales I emphasize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our time scales I emphasize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our time scales I emphasize this
+because sometimes one does an analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes one does an analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes one does an analysis
+and one finds things are really weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one finds things are really weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one finds things are really weird
+going on it's often useful to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on it's often useful to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on it's often useful to sort of
+step back and say wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and say wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and say wait a minute
+I'm trying to describe gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to describe gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to describe gravitational
+waves in a particular regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves in a particular regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves in a particular regime
+I've actually gravitational waves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've actually gravitational waves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've actually gravitational waves and
+you sort of look at this and you realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of look at this and you realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of look at this and you realize
+you've pushed yourself into a regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've pushed yourself into a regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've pushed yourself into a regime
+where your perturbation is varying on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your perturbation is varying on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your perturbation is varying on
+the same time scales and length scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time scales and length scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time scales and length scales
+as your background and in fact your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your background and in fact your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your background and in fact your
+amplitude is no longer really small you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude is no longer really small you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude is no longer really small you
+sort of go oh crap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of go oh crap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of go oh crap
+what I've done here is I've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done here is I've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done here is I've actually
+pushed this beyond the regime in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed this beyond the regime in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed this beyond the regime in which
+the radiative approximation is valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiative approximation is valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiative approximation is valid
+okay so bear this in mind you're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so bear this in mind you're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so bear this in mind you're always
+sort of working they're always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of working they're always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of working they're always going to
+be working in this approximate of form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be working in this approximate of form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be working in this approximate of form
+suppose we have now done this we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have now done this we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have now done this we have
+separated length scales and so we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated length scales and so we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated length scales and so we now
+have cleanly and conceptually separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cleanly and conceptually separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cleanly and conceptually separated
+into background and perturbation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into background and perturbation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into background and perturbation okay
+now what I would like to do is just run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I would like to do is just run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I would like to do is just run
+through my exercise of computing the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through my exercise of computing the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through my exercise of computing the all
+the quantities that I need to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantities that I need to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantities that I need to do to
+describe radiation really all of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe radiation really all of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe radiation really all of my
+quantities that I need to do to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that I need to do to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that I need to do to solve
+the to develop and then solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to develop and then solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to develop and then solve the
+Einstein field equations and I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein field equations and I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein field equations and I'm gonna
+do so linearizing in h about this curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so linearizing in h about this curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so linearizing in h about this curved
+background rather than about the flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background rather than about the flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background rather than about the flat
+background so let's develop all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background so let's develop all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background so let's develop all of our
+space-time curvature tools all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time curvature tools all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time curvature tools all the
+various quantities linearizing in H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around G hat okay so I'm still doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around G hat okay so I'm still doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around G hat okay so I'm still doing
+linearized theory but I am NOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized theory but I am NOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized theory but I am NOT
+linearizing around a flat background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearizing around a flat background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearizing around a flat background
+anymore so to give you an idea I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so to give you an idea I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so to give you an idea I'm gonna
+do one what one term associate with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one what one term associate with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one what one term associate with this
+and a little bit of one term associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit of one term associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit of one term associate
+with this and a little bit of detail so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this and a little bit of detail so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this and a little bit of detail so
+you can just see what the complications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just see what the complications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just see what the complications
+end up looking like so first thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up looking like so first thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up looking like so first thing you
+might want to do is compute your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do is compute your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do is compute your
+connection so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection so
+go back to your definition that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to your definition that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to your definition that should
+be in your notes from a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in your notes from a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in your notes from a couple of
+lectures ago okay so you insert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago okay so you insert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago okay so you insert this
+here is the definition of the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the definition of the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the definition of the connection
+let's now insert this split so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now insert this split so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now insert this split so the
+inverse metric it's gonna have a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse metric it's gonna have a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse metric it's gonna have a form
+that looks very reminiscent to how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks very reminiscent to how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks very reminiscent to how we
+did the inverse metric in linearizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the inverse metric in linearizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the inverse metric in linearizing
+around a flat background exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a flat background exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a flat background exact same
+logic you just I am raising indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic you just I am raising indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic you just I am raising indices
+using the background so H alpha beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the background so H alpha beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the background so H alpha beta and
+the upstairs position is what I get when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upstairs position is what I get when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upstairs position is what I get when
+I raise using G hat and you get a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I raise using G hat and you get a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I raise using G hat and you get a minus
+sign again this is sort of like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign again this is sort of like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign again this is sort of like the the
+tensor equivalent of my name expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor equivalent of my name expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor equivalent of my name expansion
+of 1 over 1 plus Epsilon so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over 1 plus Epsilon so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over 1 plus Epsilon so I'm gonna
+get two terms so here's the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two terms so here's the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two terms so here's the first thing
+where I'm raising it up doing the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm raising it up doing the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm raising it up doing the D
+inverse metric this is going to split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse metric this is going to split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse metric this is going to split
+into two terms let me just write them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two terms let me just write them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two terms let me just write them
+all out for completeness here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's pause for just a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's pause for just a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's pause for just a second
+here so when I multiply all this out I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so when I multiply all this out I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so when I multiply all this out I'm
+gonna get one term that involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get one term that involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get one term that involves
+background inverse metric hitting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background inverse metric hitting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background inverse metric hitting all
+the derivatives of my background metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm gonna call I'm gonna call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna call I'm gonna call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna call I'm gonna call that
+Christoffel with a hat okay that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel with a hat okay that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel with a hat okay that is
+nothing more than the Christoffel symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than the Christoffel symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than the Christoffel symbol
+that you would have gotten if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have gotten if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have gotten if you were
+just working with the background metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're going to get another term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get another term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get another term that
+involves H alpha beta acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a Christoffel symbol with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Christoffel symbol with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Christoffel symbol with all the
+end scenes in the downstairs position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end scenes in the downstairs position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end scenes in the downstairs position
+and constructed from the background then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and constructed from the background then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and constructed from the background then
+you're gonna get another term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get another term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get another term that
+involves your background inverse hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves your background inverse hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves your background inverse hitting
+various derivatives of your wave of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various derivatives of your wave of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various derivatives of your wave of your
+probation around the background okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probation around the background okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probation around the background okay
+at this point oh and there'll be a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point oh and there'll be a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point oh and there'll be a term
+of order H squared which I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order H squared which I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order H squared which I'm going to
+discard at this point you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discard at this point you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discard at this point you just have to
+kind of stare at this for a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stare at this for a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stare at this for a little bit
+and when you do so you find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do so you find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do so you find out
+something of a miracle occurs you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of a miracle occurs you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of a miracle occurs you can
+write this as background plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as background plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as background plus a
+perturbation to the connection I shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation to the connection I shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation to the connection I shift
+to the / - the connection and this shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the / - the connection and this shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the / - the connection and this shift
+when you stare at and you organize all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you stare at and you organize all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you stare at and you organize all
+the terms that appear here this turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms that appear here this turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms that appear here this turns
+out this turns out to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something that is very reminiscent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is very reminiscent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is very reminiscent of
+the formula for the Christoffel symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for the Christoffel symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for the Christoffel symbols
+but only acting on the h's and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only acting on the h's and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only acting on the h's and using
+covariant derivatives rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivatives rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivatives rather than
+partial derivatives okay I don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives okay I don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives okay I don't have a
+good way to prove this other than to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to prove this other than to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to prove this other than to say
+you know what expand out all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what expand out all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what expand out all of these
+covariant derivatives and then compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivatives and then compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivatives and then compare
+these terms and this ends up being what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms and this ends up being what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms and this ends up being what
+you get when the smoke clears I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when the smoke clears I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when the smoke clears I go
+through this one in some detail because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this one in some detail because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this one in some detail because
+simplifications of this sort happen at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications of this sort happen at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications of this sort happen at
+every level as we move on well we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every level as we move on well we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every level as we move on well we're
+basically going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to do
+sort of brute-force expand things will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of brute-force expand things will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of brute-force expand things will
+find a term that looks like just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a term that looks like just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a term that looks like just the
+pure background piece and then there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure background piece and then there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure background piece and then there'll
+be a whole bunch of little bits of crap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a whole bunch of little bits of crap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a whole bunch of little bits of crap
+that are linear in the field H and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are linear in the field H and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are linear in the field H and you
+can gather them together and often write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can gather them together and often write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can gather them together and often write
+them in a form that's prettier kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a form that's prettier kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a form that's prettier kind of
+like this where it's just sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where it's just sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where it's just sort of the
+shift to the connection involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to the connection involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to the connection involving
+covariant derivatives there's no great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivatives there's no great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivatives there's no great
+algorithm for actually working all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for actually working all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for actually working all these
+guys out basically you just have a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys out basically you just have a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys out basically you just have a bit
+of Labor to do to put them together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me write out a couple of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write out a couple of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write out a couple of other
+examples of what follows from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see there's a point I want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see there's a point I want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see there's a point I want to get
+to in just a moment I'll go through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in just a moment I'll go through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in just a moment I'll go through that
+in a bit more detail okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit more detail okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit more detail okay
+so when I take my Christoffel and I work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I take my Christoffel and I work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I take my Christoffel and I work
+out my Riemann tensor I find a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out my Riemann tensor I find a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out my Riemann tensor I find a piece
+that looks just like Riemann computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks just like Riemann computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks just like Riemann computed
+slowly from the background and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly from the background and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly from the background and then I
+get a correction to it and to linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a correction to it and to linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a correction to it and to linear
+order in H this looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you work out okay hang on just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you work out okay hang on just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you work out okay hang on just a
+second so at this point we can now go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so at this point we can now go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so at this point we can now go
+ahead and start making things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and start making things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and start making things like the
+Ricci tensor and the Einstein tensor I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got slightly ahead of myself here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got slightly ahead of myself here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got slightly ahead of myself here
+because there's an important point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's an important point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's an important point to
+make at this point so now as we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make at this point so now as we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make at this point so now as we move
+forward if we're assuming Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward if we're assuming Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward if we're assuming Einstein's
+general relativity our curvature tensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity our curvature tensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity our curvature tensors
+end up coupling to the Einstein field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up coupling to the Einstein field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up coupling to the Einstein field
+equations couple things like the Ricci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations couple things like the Ricci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations couple things like the Ricci
+tensor and the Einstein tensor - the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor and the Einstein tensor - the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor and the Einstein tensor - the
+stress energy tensor accordingly I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress energy tensor accordingly I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress energy tensor accordingly I am
+going to make the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make the following
+simplification let's set the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification let's set the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification let's set the stress
+energy tensor equal to zero so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy tensor equal to zero so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy tensor equal to zero so the
+analysis which I'm going to do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis which I'm going to do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis which I'm going to do in the
+remaining the remaining time in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining the remaining time in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining the remaining time in this
+lecture it only describes vacuum regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture it only describes vacuum regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture it only describes vacuum regions
+of space-time one doesn't need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space-time one doesn't need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space-time one doesn't need to do
+this and I strongly strongly emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I strongly strongly emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I strongly strongly emphasize
+this doing so makes this lecture about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doing so makes this lecture about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doing so makes this lecture about
+1/3 as long as it would be if I did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 as long as it would be if I did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 as long as it would be if I did not
+assume this was equal to zero okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume this was equal to zero okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume this was equal to zero okay so
+this is slowly being introduced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is slowly being introduced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is slowly being introduced to
+simplify things and what this means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify things and what this means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify things and what this means is
+that I am essentially describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am essentially describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am essentially describing
+gravitational waves as I understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational waves as I understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational waves as I understand
+we're from their source unfortunately it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're from their source unfortunately it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're from their source unfortunately it
+does mean it complicates a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does mean it complicates a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does mean it complicates a little bit
+how they work in some cosmological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they work in some cosmological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they work in some cosmological
+spacetimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacetimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacetimes
+but it's still sufficient for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still sufficient for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still sufficient for me to
+introduce some of the key concepts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some of the key concepts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some of the key concepts that
+I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do
+um by assuming that team you knew is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by assuming that team you knew is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by assuming that team you knew is
+equal to zero what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero what I'm going to do is
+I'm essentially then assuming that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm essentially then assuming that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm essentially then assuming that the
+background is equal to zero to meet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is equal to zero to meet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is equal to zero to meet the
+background space-time arises from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background space-time arises from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background space-time arises from an
+Einstein tensor that is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein tensor that is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein tensor that is equal to zero
+and it's not hard to show that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not hard to show that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not hard to show that this
+corresponds to Ricci being equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to Ricci being equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to Ricci being equal to zero
+and of course then the Ricci scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course then the Ricci scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course then the Ricci scalar
+being equal to zero so as I move forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to zero so as I move forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to zero so as I move forward
+here my background Riemann tensor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my background Riemann tensor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my background Riemann tensor is
+nonzero but my background Ricci tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero but my background Ricci tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero but my background Ricci tensor
+will be equal to zero and I strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to zero and I strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to zero and I strongly
+emphasize that this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that this is just a
+simplification that I'm introducing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification that I'm introducing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification that I'm introducing in
+order to make today's analysis a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make today's analysis a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make today's analysis a little
+bit more tractable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so my background Ricci tensor is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my background Ricci tensor is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my background Ricci tensor is equal
+to zero let's compute the perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero let's compute the perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero let's compute the perturbation
+to my Ricci tensor this is what I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my Ricci tensor this is what I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my Ricci tensor this is what I get
+when I trace over indices 1 & 3 I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I trace over indices 1 & 3 I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I trace over indices 1 & 3 I will
+skip over much of the algebra that is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip over much of the algebra that is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip over much of the algebra that is in
+this but one one finds going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but one one finds going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but one one finds going through
+this sort of sea of various definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of sea of various definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of sea of various definitions
+is that what results is a delta R mu nu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what results is a delta R mu nu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what results is a delta R mu nu
+I will define this symbol in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will define this symbol in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will define this symbol in just a
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so couple of definitions this box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so couple of definitions this box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so couple of definitions this box
+operator I'm introduced here this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator I'm introduced here this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator I'm introduced here this is a
+covariant wave operator and the trace is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant wave operator and the trace is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant wave operator and the trace is
+what I get when I contract my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get when I contract my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get when I contract my
+perturbation H with the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation H with the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation H with the background
+metric okay so I just want to quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric okay so I just want to quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric okay so I just want to quickly
+emphasize that there is nothing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that there is nothing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that there is nothing very
+profound about what has gone into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound about what has gone into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound about what has gone into this
+okay this was all done by essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this was all done by essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this was all done by essentially
+just throwing together all the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just throwing together all the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just throwing together all the various
+definitions and linearizing and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions and linearizing and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions and linearizing and all the
+quantities that I care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what I would like to do now is take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to take my Ricci tensor in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take my Ricci tensor in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take my Ricci tensor in my
+Ricci scalar I will assemble them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ricci scalar I will assemble them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ricci scalar I will assemble them to
+make my on stein tensor and by requiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my on stein tensor and by requiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my on stein tensor and by requiring
+that that be equal to zero I will get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that be equal to zero I will get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that be equal to zero I will get an
+equation that describes radiation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that describes radiation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that describes radiation as
+it's propagating in this curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's propagating in this curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's propagating in this curved
+background but before I do this I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background but before I do this I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background but before I do this I want
+to just pause for a second here and note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just pause for a second here and note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just pause for a second here and note
+that I'm gonna get a mess when I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm gonna get a mess when I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm gonna get a mess when I do this
+okay you can already sort of see I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can already sort of see I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can already sort of see I've
+got some interesting structures here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some interesting structures here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some interesting structures here so
+here's a trace here's a trace here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a trace here's a trace here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a trace here's a trace here's a
+term that looks like a divergence here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that looks like a divergence here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that looks like a divergence here's
+a term that looks like a divergence when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term that looks like a divergence when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term that looks like a divergence when
+we were doing linearized theory on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were doing linearized theory on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were doing linearized theory on a
+flat background space-time we got rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat background space-time we got rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat background space-time we got rid of
+those degrees of freedom we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those degrees of freedom we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those degrees of freedom we sort of
+deduced that these were just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduced that these were just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduced that these were just kind of
+annoying for doing our analysis and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying for doing our analysis and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying for doing our analysis and by
+changing gauge we were able to rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing gauge we were able to rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing gauge we were able to rewrite
+the equations in a way that allowed us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations in a way that allowed us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations in a way that allowed us
+to get rid of them before I assemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of them before I assemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of them before I assemble
+this I want to explore what changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I want to explore what changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I want to explore what changing
+gauge means now that I'm working on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge means now that I'm working on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge means now that I'm working on a
+curved background so brief aside let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved background so brief aside let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved background so brief aside let's
+generalize our notion of a gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize our notion of a gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize our notion of a gauge
+transformation so what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so what I'm going to do
+is just as when I was linearizing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just as when I was linearizing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just as when I was linearizing around
+a flat background space-time I began by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat background space-time I began by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat background space-time I began by
+introducing an infinitesimal coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing an infinitesimal coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing an infinitesimal coordinate
+displacement and when I did this I then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and when I did this I then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and when I did this I then
+had a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a matrix that affected this coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix that affected this coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix that affected this coordinate
+transformation which looks like which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation which looks like which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation which looks like which
+looks like so just as when I whoop s--
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like so just as when I whoop s--
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like so just as when I whoop s--
+typo just as when I was doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around a flat background I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a flat background I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a flat background I'm going to
+assume that these elements tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that these elements tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that these elements tend to be
+small so let's apply this generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so let's apply this generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so let's apply this generalized
+gauge transformation to my metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something worth highlighting at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something worth highlighting at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something worth highlighting at this
+point my metric depends on space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point my metric depends on space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point my metric depends on space and
+time it's not flat so I have to build in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's not flat so I have to build in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's not flat so I have to build in
+the fact that it's a function of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's a function of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's a function of these
+coordinates so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pardon me just one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now I need to find the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I need to find the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I need to find the inverse
+metric nice to meet the inverse coronary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric nice to meet the inverse coronary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric nice to meet the inverse coronary
+transformation that will essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that will essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that will essentially
+give me the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the same thing
+flipping my indices around a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping my indices around a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping my indices around a little bit
+and introducing a minus sign and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and introducing a minus sign and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and introducing a minus sign and when I
+expand this out again bearing in mind I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this out again bearing in mind I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this out again bearing in mind I
+have to be careful about the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful about the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful about the coordinate
+that this is being evaluated at okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is being evaluated at okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is being evaluated at okay so
+I'm gonna get one term here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna get one term here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna get one term here that
+involves my chronic or Delta's hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves my chronic or Delta's hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves my chronic or Delta's hitting
+this guy again be careful with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy again be careful with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy again be careful with that
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I'm gonna get another term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm gonna get another term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm gonna get another term that
+involves and you get two terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves and you get two terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves and you get two terms that
+involve my derivative of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve my derivative of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve my derivative of my
+infinitesimal displacement hitting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal displacement hitting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal displacement hitting the
+background I'm gonna get terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background I'm gonna get terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background I'm gonna get terms that
+involve the Kronecker hitting my metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve the Kronecker hitting my metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve the Kronecker hitting my metric
+perturbation I'm gonna discard terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation I'm gonna discard terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation I'm gonna discard terms
+that are sort of quadratically small now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sort of quadratically small now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sort of quadratically small now
+here is where we need to be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is where we need to be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is where we need to be a little bit
+careful notice I have shifted this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful notice I have shifted this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful notice I have shifted this guy
+here I'm going to expand this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to expand this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to expand this with a
+Taylor expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a little higher so that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little higher so that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little higher so that it's not
+blocking my view okay that looks pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking my view okay that looks pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking my view okay that looks pretty
+gross we can clean it up though so I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross we can clean it up though so I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross we can clean it up though so I use
+the fact that for example looking at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that for example looking at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that for example looking at one
+of these terms this can be written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these terms this can be written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these terms this can be written as
+the covariant derivative of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariant derivative of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariant derivative of my
+infinitesimal displacement - a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal displacement - a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal displacement - a
+connection coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can gather together a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can gather together a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can gather together a whole bunch of
+terms and what you find something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and what you find something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and what you find something that
+looks remarkably similar to the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks remarkably similar to the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks remarkably similar to the form
+that we got by the way I may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got by the way I may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got by the way I may have
+forgotten to define that back here my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten to define that back here my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten to define that back here my
+sincere apologies those you following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sincere apologies those you following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sincere apologies those you following
+along at home my covary dreams with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along at home my covary dreams with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along at home my covary dreams with a
+hat mean this is a covariant derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat mean this is a covariant derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat mean this is a covariant derivative
+being taken with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being taken with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being taken with respect to the
+background space-time so just do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background space-time so just do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background space-time so just do your
+normal recipe for valuing a covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal recipe for valuing a covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal recipe for valuing a covariant
+derivative but compute all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative but compute all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative but compute all of your
+Christoffel using the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel using the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel using the background
+spacetime g hat carrying back over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacetime g hat carrying back over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacetime g hat carrying back over to
+here what I find is that doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I find is that doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I find is that doing this
+infinitesimal coordinate transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal coordinate transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal coordinate transformation
+it looks just like why did you do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks just like why did you do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks just like why did you do all
+these steps properly and this little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps properly and this little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps properly and this little bit
+of doing the Taylor expansion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing the Taylor expansion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing the Taylor expansion of the
+metric I speak from experience it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric I speak from experience it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric I speak from experience it's easy
+to overlook that bit this looks just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overlook that bit this looks just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overlook that bit this looks just
+like what we did when we applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we did when we applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we did when we applied
+International coordinate transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International coordinate transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International coordinate transformation
+to a perturbation around flat space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a perturbation around flat space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a perturbation around flat space-time
+and it tells us that there is a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it tells us that there is a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it tells us that there is a kind of
+gauge that can be applied to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge that can be applied to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge that can be applied to my
+gravitation waves around a curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation waves around a curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation waves around a curved
+background provided I promote my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives of the infinitesimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the infinitesimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the infinitesimal
+coordinate generator from partials to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate generator from partials to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate generator from partials to
+covariance so this defines if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance so this defines if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance so this defines if I
+introduce a generalized coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a generalized coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a generalized coordinate
+transformation this generalizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation this generalizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation this generalizes the
+notion of a gauge transformation when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a gauge transformation when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a gauge transformation when
+I'm examining things like radiation on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm examining things like radiation on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm examining things like radiation on a
+curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved
+background this is my generalized gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background this is my generalized gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background this is my generalized gauge
+transformation it will also prove useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for us to have a notion of a trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to have a notion of a trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to have a notion of a trace
+reversed perturbation so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed perturbation so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed perturbation so I'm gonna
+introduce an H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce an H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce an H bar
+you knew this will be my original H mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew this will be my original H mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew this will be my original H mu
+nu the perturbation around my curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nu the perturbation around my curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nu the perturbation around my curved
+background and I subtract off one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and I subtract off one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and I subtract off one half
+of the trace like so if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trace like so if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trace like so if you take the
+trace of this in the way that I defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of this in the way that I defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of this in the way that I defined
+earlier this will give you minus little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this will give you minus little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this will give you minus little
+H back so again I'm gonna at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H back so again I'm gonna at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H back so again I'm gonna at this point
+I'm gonna skip over a couple of lines in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna skip over a couple of lines in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna skip over a couple of lines in
+my lecture notes because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lecture notes because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lecture notes because they're
+straightforward but a little bit tedious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward but a little bit tedious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward but a little bit tedious
+what we're going to do is take my Ricci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is take my Ricci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is take my Ricci
+tensor my Ricci scalar my background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor my Ricci scalar my background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor my Ricci scalar my background
+space-time I'm gonna assemble my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time I'm gonna assemble my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time I'm gonna assemble my
+Einstein tensor associated with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein tensor associated with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein tensor associated with this
+metric perturbation but I'm gonna write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric perturbation but I'm gonna write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric perturbation but I'm gonna write
+it in terms of the trace reverse debt so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in terms of the trace reverse debt so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in terms of the trace reverse debt so
+let's write out Delta G mu nu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in terms of this guy so assembling all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of this guy so assembling all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of this guy so assembling all
+the pieces doing the algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so pardon while I just write all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so pardon while I just write all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so pardon while I just write all
+that junk out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that junk out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that junk out
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this again
+I hope reminds us of a step when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope reminds us of a step when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope reminds us of a step when we were
+doing perturbations around flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing perturbations around flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing perturbations around flat
+space-time we have all these terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time we have all these terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time we have all these terms that
+are sort of annoying divergences of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of annoying divergences of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of annoying divergences of that
+trace reverse metric perturbation and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace reverse metric perturbation and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace reverse metric perturbation and so
+a line or two of algebra will justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line or two of algebra will justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line or two of algebra will justify
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+I can change gauge I can find a gauge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can change gauge I can find a gauge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can change gauge I can find a gauge in
+which my perturbation has no divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which my perturbation has no divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which my perturbation has no divergence
+if I choose these generators such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I choose these generators such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I choose these generators such that
+they satisfy a wave equation in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they satisfy a wave equation in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they satisfy a wave equation in which
+the source is inter versions of my old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source is inter versions of my old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source is inter versions of my old
+metric perturbation let's suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric perturbation let's suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric perturbation let's suppose we
+have done this by the way we will call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done this by the way we will call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done this by the way we will call
+this generalized Lorentz gauge when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generalized Lorentz gauge when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generalized Lorentz gauge when you
+do this what you find is that your magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this what you find is that your magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this what you find is that your magic
+perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's governed by the following Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's governed by the following Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's governed by the following Einstein
+tensor if you imagine that this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor if you imagine that this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor if you imagine that this guy is
+propagating in vacuum what this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating in vacuum what this tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating in vacuum what this tells
+you is that the wave satisfies something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that the wave satisfies something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that the wave satisfies something
+that's similar to the flat space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's similar to the flat space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's similar to the flat space-time
+wave equation now the operators a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation now the operators a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation now the operators a little
+bit different because you have assembled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different because you have assembled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different because you have assembled
+it out of covariant derivatives and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out of covariant derivatives and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out of covariant derivatives and with
+a correction which shows that your wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a correction which shows that your wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a correction which shows that your wave
+is actually now coupling to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually now coupling to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually now coupling to the
+curvature of space-time so I have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of space-time so I have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of space-time so I have a few
+more notes about this it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more notes about this it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more notes about this it's not really
+important that we go through them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that we go through them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that we go through them in
+great detail here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great detail here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great detail here
+those of you who are interested they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are interested they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are interested they
+will certainly be made available through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will certainly be made available through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will certainly be made available through
+the website ah the key thing which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website ah the key thing which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website ah the key thing which I
+want to emphasize is essentially some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize is essentially some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize is essentially some of
+the key bits of an important piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key bits of an important piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key bits of an important piece of
+the technique which is that what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technique which is that what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technique which is that what we are
+doing is using we are linearizing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is using we are linearizing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is using we are linearizing around
+this flat background we have generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flat background we have generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flat background we have generalized
+our gauge transformation to allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our gauge transformation to allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our gauge transformation to allow us to
+simplify the mathematical structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify the mathematical structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify the mathematical structure of
+this equation and then what results is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and then what results is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and then what results is
+kind of an interesting correction to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an interesting correction to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an interesting correction to the
+usual wave equation that one sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual wave equation that one sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual wave equation that one sees
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so I also emphasize this is a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I also emphasize this is a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I also emphasize this is a somewhat
+more advanced topic okay so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more advanced topic okay so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more advanced topic okay so one of the
+reasons why I'm alighting over some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why I'm alighting over some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why I'm alighting over some of
+these details is they are somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these details is they are somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these details is they are somewhat
+tedious you don't need to know them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious you don't need to know them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious you don't need to know them in
+detail it's it's good to be familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail it's it's good to be familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail it's it's good to be familiar
+with them and disorder to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them and disorder to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them and disorder to be able to
+follow along Here I am going to post a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow along Here I am going to post a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow along Here I am going to post a
+couple of papers to the 89-62 website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of papers to the 89-62 website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of papers to the 89-62 website
+that lay out some of the foundations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lay out some of the foundations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lay out some of the foundations of
+this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff
+the key thing which I want to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing which I want to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing which I want to use this
+for is an important aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is an important aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is an important aspect of
+gravitational waves is that they carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational waves is that they carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational waves is that they carry
+energy okay I'll let your magnetic waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay I'll let your magnetic waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay I'll let your magnetic waves
+carry energy it shouldn't be a surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry energy it shouldn't be a surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry energy it shouldn't be a surprise
+if I have some kind of a source you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have some kind of a source you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have some kind of a source you know
+we're in a room right now there's light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in a room right now there's light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in a room right now there's light
+shining down on me the energy that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining down on me the energy that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining down on me the energy that is
+going on me it heats me slightly it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on me it heats me slightly it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on me it heats me slightly it is
+being drained from some power source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being drained from some power source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being drained from some power source
+somewhere else we're all familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else we're all familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else we're all familiar with
+the story for electromagnetic radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story for electromagnetic radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story for electromagnetic radiation
+for gravitational waves ascertaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gravitational waves ascertaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gravitational waves ascertaining
+what the energy content of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the energy content of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the energy content of the wave
+actually is is a little bit more subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is is a little bit more subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is is a little bit more subtle
+and indeed understanding that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed understanding that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed understanding that there is
+an unambiguous energy carried by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unambiguous energy carried by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unambiguous energy carried by these
+waves is something that was it occupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves is something that was it occupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves is something that was it occupied
+a lot of the foundations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the foundations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the foundations of
+gravitational wave theory for a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational wave theory for a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational wave theory for a couple
+of decades in part this is driven by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decades in part this is driven by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decades in part this is driven by the
+fact that these things are so hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that these things are so hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that these things are so hard to
+measure that it was difficult to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that it was difficult to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that it was difficult to know
+this is one of those things where if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of those things where if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of those things where if you
+could just go out and measure it even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just go out and measure it even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just go out and measure it even if
+your theory was a little bit uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your theory was a little bit uncertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your theory was a little bit uncertain
+you would say well god damn it it left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say well god damn it it left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say well god damn it it left
+an imprint on my detector here it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an imprint on my detector here it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an imprint on my detector here it must
+have carried energy and so you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have carried energy and so you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have carried energy and so you would
+know where you were going but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where you were going but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where you were going but because
+there were no measurements of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were no measurements of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were no measurements of these
+things for years and years and years no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for years and years and years no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for years and years and years no
+one quite knew sort of which direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quite knew sort of which direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quite knew sort of which direction
+to step in part of what makes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to step in part of what makes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to step in part of what makes this
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the fact that when we are in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that when we are in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that when we are in general
+relativity no matter what your space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity no matter what your space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity no matter what your space
+time is you can always go into a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is you can always go into a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is you can always go into a local
+Lorentz frame when you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorentz frame when you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorentz frame when you do that
+space-time is flat at a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+furthermore all the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore all the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore all the derivatives
+associate with it the first derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with it the first derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with it the first derivatives
+associate with it are zero so it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with it are zero so it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with it are zero so it's sort
+of you know how the hell can I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know how the hell can I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know how the hell can I have a
+field H a gravitational wave H that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field H a gravitational wave H that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field H a gravitational wave H that
+carries energy if I am free to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries energy if I am free to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries energy if I am free to change
+coordinates and make it equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and make it equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and make it equal to zero
+well there's a couple comments I'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a couple comments I'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a couple comments I'll make
+about that so in sort of the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so in sort of the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so in sort of the same way
+well let's back up for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's back up for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's back up for a moment
+we made an analogy earlier to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made an analogy earlier to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made an analogy earlier to the
+electromagnetic potential when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic potential when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic potential when I was
+describing gauge transformations so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing gauge transformations so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing gauge transformations so the
+metric is a quantity that is subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric is a quantity that is subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric is a quantity that is subject to
+gauge transformations but the Riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge transformations but the Riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge transformations but the Riemann
+curvature tensor when I linearize around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature tensor when I linearize around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature tensor when I linearize around
+a flat background I found that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat background I found that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat background I found that the
+Riemann curvature tensor was invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann curvature tensor was invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann curvature tensor was invariant
+to those transformations it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those transformations it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those transformations it's a little
+bit more complicated when I linearize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated when I linearize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated when I linearize
+around a a curved background but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a a curved background but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a a curved background but it
+still remains the case that I can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still remains the case that I can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still remains the case that I can never
+make my curvature go away it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my curvature go away it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my curvature go away it's
+reminiscent of the fact that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminiscent of the fact that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminiscent of the fact that I can
+choose a gauge that lets my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a gauge that lets my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a gauge that lets my
+electrostatic my electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic my electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic my electromagnetic
+potentials do any number of crazy-ass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials do any number of crazy-ass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials do any number of crazy-ass
+things I must be getting tired cuz I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I must be getting tired cuz I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I must be getting tired cuz I'm
+swearing a little bit more so I can let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swearing a little bit more so I can let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swearing a little bit more so I can let
+my electromagnetic potential do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my electromagnetic potential do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my electromagnetic potential do any
+sorts of crazy things but my fields are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of crazy things but my fields are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of crazy things but my fields are
+the quantities that ultimately carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantities that ultimately carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantities that ultimately carry
+energy okay they carry energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay they carry energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay they carry energy and
+momentum so in the same way the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so in the same way the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so in the same way the fact
+that I can get rid of the metric by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can get rid of the metric by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can get rid of the metric by
+going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into
+local Lorentz frame that shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Lorentz frame that shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Lorentz frame that shouldn't
+bother us too much that's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother us too much that's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother us too much that's kind of like
+going into a frame where it's going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into a frame where it's going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into a frame where it's going into
+a gauge where I just make my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gauge where I just make my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gauge where I just make my my
+potentials go away or make my potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials go away or make my potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials go away or make my potentials
+become static or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become static or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become static or something like that
+this is basically telling me that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically telling me that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically telling me that the
+energy must be something that is bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy must be something that is bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy must be something that is bound
+up in the curvature furthermore the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the curvature furthermore the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the curvature furthermore the fact
+that I can always sort of make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can always sort of make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can always sort of make things
+look flat at a particular point I must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look flat at a particular point I must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look flat at a particular point I must
+use non locality to actually pull out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use non locality to actually pull out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use non locality to actually pull out
+and understand the energy content it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand the energy content it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand the energy content it
+sort of means that in a very fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of means that in a very fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of means that in a very fundamental
+sense I am never going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense I am never going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense I am never going to be able to
+define in a completely gauge invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define in a completely gauge invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define in a completely gauge invariant
+way the notion of energy in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the notion of energy in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the notion of energy in a
+gravitational wave at an event in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational wave at an event in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational wave at an event in
+space-time I may actually come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time I may actually come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time I may actually come up with
+gauges in which there is some notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauges in which there is some notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauges in which there is some notion of
+an energy like quantity that's defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy like quantity that's defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy like quantity that's defined
+at a particular point it will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular point it will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular point it will not be
+gauge invariant though I am going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge invariant though I am going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge invariant though I am going to
+need to if I want to really rigorously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to if I want to really rigorously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to if I want to really rigorously
+define what the energy contantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what the energy contantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what the energy contantly
+gravitational wave is it's gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational wave is it's gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational wave is it's gonna have to
+be based on something where I'm a virgin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be based on something where I'm a virgin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be based on something where I'm a virgin
+over a region that is large compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a region that is large compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a region that is large compared to
+a wavelength but small compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wavelength but small compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wavelength but small compared to the
+scales associated with my background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so let me sketch for you how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me sketch for you how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me sketch for you how we can
+understand this and this will conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this and this will conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this and this will conclude
+with the derivation of a second quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the derivation of a second quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the derivation of a second quantity
+that is often called the quadrupole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is often called the quadrupole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is often called the quadrupole
+formula again turning to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula again turning to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula again turning to my
+electromagnetic analogy the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic analogy the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic analogy the energy
+content of all friends the content of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of all friends the content of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of all friends the content of
+the energy momentum carried by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy momentum carried by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy momentum carried by an
+electromagnetic wave is described by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave is described by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave is described by a
+pointing vector and the pointing vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing vector and the pointing vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing vector and the pointing vector
+looks like the e field times the B field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the e field times the B field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the e field times the B field
+it is quadratic in the field in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is quadratic in the field in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is quadratic in the field in a
+similar way we are going to expect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar way we are going to expect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar way we are going to expect the
+gravitational wave energy content to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational wave energy content to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational wave energy content to be
+something that is gonna be quadratic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is gonna be quadratic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is gonna be quadratic in
+a field so to do this properly we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field so to do this properly we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field so to do this properly we're
+going to need to think about how to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to think about how to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to think about how to go
+in to second order in our theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so second order in perturbations around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so second order in perturbations around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so second order in perturbations around
+the background so what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background so what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background so what I'm going to do
+is imagine that my space-time looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is imagine that my space-time looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is imagine that my space-time looks like
+some background plus some epsilon times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some background plus some epsilon times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some background plus some epsilon times
+H alpha beta H alpha beta is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H alpha beta H alpha beta is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H alpha beta H alpha beta is what we
+just spent the past hour or so computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+imagine that there is some additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that there is some additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that there is some additional
+term J alpha beta this epsilon that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term J alpha beta this epsilon that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term J alpha beta this epsilon that I've
+introduced here is just an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced here is just an order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced here is just an order
+counting parameter its value is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting parameter its value is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting parameter its value is actually
+one okay but what it does is it allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay but what it does is it allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay but what it does is it allows
+us to keep track of the order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to keep track of the order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to keep track of the order in
+perturbation theory to which I go so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory to which I go so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory to which I go so if
+the gravitational waves are typically on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravitational waves are typically on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravitational waves are typically on
+the order of say 10 to the minus 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of say 10 to the minus 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of say 10 to the minus 22
+here's my background curvature these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my background curvature these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my background curvature these
+terms are all in the order of one or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are all in the order of one or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are all in the order of one or so
+these are all in the order of ten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all in the order of ten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all in the order of ten to
+minus 22 or so these are all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 22 or so these are all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 22 or so these are all in the
+order of ten to minus 44 so what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of ten to minus 44 so what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of ten to minus 44 so what I want
+to do is run this through let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is run this through let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is run this through let's just
+focus on back on vacuum space x tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on back on vacuum space x tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on back on vacuum space x tonight
+now let's run this through the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's run this through the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's run this through the vacuum
+Einstein equation so let's expand G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein equation so let's expand G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein equation so let's expand G
+alpha beta so let's not have too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha beta so let's not have too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha beta so let's not have too much
+crosstalk between indices I'll call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosstalk between indices I'll call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosstalk between indices I'll call this
+G mu nu and I'm gonna require this me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G mu nu and I'm gonna require this me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G mu nu and I'm gonna require this me go
+to a vacuum so I'll set that equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a vacuum so I'll set that equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a vacuum so I'll set that equal to
+zero what I want to do is expand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what I want to do is expand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what I want to do is expand this
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+that's a tremendous amount of work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a tremendous amount of work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a tremendous amount of work but
+I'm gonna sketch for you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna sketch for you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna sketch for you what the
+highlights of this look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when I expand my on Stein tensor I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I expand my on Stein tensor I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I expand my on Stein tensor I'm
+gonna get one term that is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get one term that is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get one term that is basically
+just saying that my background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying that my background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying that my background
+space-time is a vacuum solution I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time is a vacuum solution I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time is a vacuum solution I'm
+going to get a term that looks like I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a term that looks like I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a term that looks like I'll
+call it G 1 alpha beta and this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it G 1 alpha beta and this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it G 1 alpha beta and this is going
+to depend on my first order perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend on my first order perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend on my first order perturbation
+and the background G 1 is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the background G 1 is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the background G 1 is basically the
+Delta G that I worked out in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G that I worked out in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G that I worked out in the first
+hour or so of this lecture I will get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour or so of this lecture I will get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour or so of this lecture I will get a
+another term that looks like the same G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term that looks like the same G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term that looks like the same G
+1 but in which my second order term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 but in which my second order term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 but in which my second order term is
+coming along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I get an additional term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I get an additional term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I get an additional term that
+results from nonlinear coupling of H to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from nonlinear coupling of H to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from nonlinear coupling of H to
+H I'll call that G to okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H I'll call that G to okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H I'll call that G to okay so I
+emphasize again this is just my ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize again this is just my ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize again this is just my ordinary
+Einstein equation this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein equation this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein equation this is basically
+telling me my background satisfies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me my background satisfies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me my background satisfies the
+my background is a vacuum solution this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my background is a vacuum solution this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my background is a vacuum solution this
+is the linear wave operator on a curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the linear wave operator on a curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the linear wave operator on a curved
+background that we just worked out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background that we just worked out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background that we just worked out in
+the first hour or so of this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first hour or so of this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first hour or so of this lecture
+this is that same linear operator but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that same linear operator but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that same linear operator but
+now applied to the second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now applied to the second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now applied to the second order
+perturbation and this is something new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation and this is something new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation and this is something new
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it is very messy it involves lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is very messy it involves lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is very messy it involves lots of
+terms that involve H hitting covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that involve H hitting covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that involve H hitting covariant
+derivatives of H covariance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of H covariance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of H covariance of the
+derivatives of H hitting each other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of H hitting each other okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of H hitting each other okay
+if you I will post a paper by Richard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you I will post a paper by Richard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you I will post a paper by Richard
+Isaacson that steps through this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaacson that steps through this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaacson that steps through this into
+some detail what we're going now do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some detail what we're going now do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some detail what we're going now do is
+we require the Einstein equation to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we require the Einstein equation to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we require the Einstein equation to hold
+order by order in other words at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order by order in other words at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order by order in other words at every
+order in epsilon this equation must work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in epsilon this equation must work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in epsilon this equation must work
+so at order epsilon to the zero or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at order epsilon to the zero or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at order epsilon to the zero or a
+four to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to one
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is what I just said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is what I just said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is what I just said the
+background is a vacuum solution grooving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is a vacuum solution grooving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is a vacuum solution grooving
+I'd order epsilon this is my wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd order epsilon this is my wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd order epsilon this is my wave
+equation on my curved background at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation on my curved background at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation on my curved background at
+water epsilon squared now something new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water epsilon squared now something new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water epsilon squared now something new
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that is interesting
+what we are seeing is that the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are seeing is that the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are seeing is that the terms
+which involve quadratic things with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involve quadratic things with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involve quadratic things with the
+linear perturbation things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear perturbation things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear perturbation things that are
+quadratic in H are acting as the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in H are acting as the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in H are acting as the source
+to the wave equation that governs J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try to make some headway on this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make some headway on this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make some headway on this let's
+go back to our separation of length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to our separation of length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to our separation of length and
+time scales so let's define Delta jmu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scales so let's define Delta jmu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scales so let's define Delta jmu
+new to be JMU new - what I get when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new to be JMU new - what I get when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new to be JMU new - what I get when I
+average JMU new on an intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average JMU new on an intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average JMU new on an intermediate
+length scale so lambda I'll remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale so lambda I'll remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale so lambda I'll remind you
+that lambda and tau is sort of coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lambda and tau is sort of coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lambda and tau is sort of coming
+along for the ride here this is my GW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along for the ride here this is my GW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along for the ride here this is my GW
+short scale l is my background long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short scale l is my background long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short scale l is my background long
+scale and so what I'm going to do is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and so what I'm going to do is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and so what I'm going to do is say
+I'm gonna take my JMU new can only know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna take my JMU new can only know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna take my JMU new can only know
+too much about it quite yet um and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about it quite yet um and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about it quite yet um and I I
+do know that by definition my H only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know that by definition my H only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know that by definition my H only
+varies on the short scale okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies on the short scale okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies on the short scale okay so I'm
+gonna take I'm gonna do this averaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take I'm gonna do this averaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take I'm gonna do this averaging
+procedure here pardon me that's an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure here pardon me that's an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure here pardon me that's an error
+and so my L is my intermediate averaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so my L is my intermediate averaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so my L is my intermediate averaging
+scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to average things on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to average things on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to average things on the
+intermediate scale L here and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate scale L here and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate scale L here and so this
+will be something that only varies on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be something that only varies on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be something that only varies on
+the short scale lambda this I will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short scale lambda this I will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short scale lambda this I will take
+out everything that varies on the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out everything that varies on the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out everything that varies on the short
+scale this only varies on the long scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L so this is interesting okay by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L so this is interesting okay by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L so this is interesting okay by now
+doing this let's regroup my metric so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this let's regroup my metric so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this let's regroup my metric so
+this guy I'm gonna first sorry folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy I'm gonna first sorry folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy I'm gonna first sorry folks
+getting a little tired here are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a little tired here are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a little tired here are all the
+terms that vary on the long scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that vary on the long scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that vary on the long scale and
+here are all the terms it vary on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are all the terms it vary on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are all the terms it vary on my
+short scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay with this idea then I am now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with this idea then I am now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with this idea then I am now so
+it's kind of interesting is what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of interesting is what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of interesting is what we see
+is that there's a piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's a piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's a piece of the
+second-order perturbation that has kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order perturbation that has kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order perturbation that has kind
+of become a correction to the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of become a correction to the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of become a correction to the background
+okay so when I take my perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when I take my perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when I take my perturbation
+theory to the next order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory to the next order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory to the next order
+there's no reason so at linear order we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason so at linear order we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason so at linear order we
+define the linear order perturbation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the linear order perturbation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the linear order perturbation as
+being only the bit that varies on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being only the bit that varies on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being only the bit that varies on the
+short scale but there is no reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short scale but there is no reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short scale but there is no reason why
+it has to remain the case that it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to remain the case that it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to remain the case that it only
+varies on the short scale when I go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies on the short scale when I go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies on the short scale when I go to
+the next order and any bit that does in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next order and any bit that does in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next order and any bit that does in
+fact vary on the long scale you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact vary on the long scale you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact vary on the long scale you know
+bearing in mind that the way we do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing in mind that the way we do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing in mind that the way we do our
+measurements is we separate things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements is we separate things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements is we separate things in
+length and time scales it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and time scales it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and time scales it's going to
+look to us like a correction to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to us like a correction to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to us like a correction to the
+background so with that in mind let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background so with that in mind let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background so with that in mind let's
+revisit this second-order term in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit this second-order term in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit this second-order term in the
+Einstein equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here is my second order mine Stein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is my second order mine Stein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is my second order mine Stein
+equation you should just assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you should just assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you should just assume that
+these also depend on the background I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these also depend on the background I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these also depend on the background I'm
+not gonna write that out explicitly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna write that out explicitly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna write that out explicitly what
+I would like to do now is let's apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to do now is let's apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to do now is let's apply
+this averaging to this equation so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this averaging to this equation so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this averaging to this equation so the
+average of this guy equals the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of this guy equals the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of this guy equals the average
+of this guy does this get us anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this guy does this get us anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this guy does this get us anywhere
+well it definitely gets us somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it definitely gets us somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it definitely gets us somewhere
+with this cuz this is a linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this cuz this is a linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this cuz this is a linear operator
+okay so when I go and I should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when I go and I should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when I go and I should be a
+little bit careful there a useful trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit careful there a useful trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit careful there a useful trick
+which I forgot to state my apologies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I forgot to state my apologies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I forgot to state my apologies and
+this trick is worked out in the paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trick is worked out in the paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trick is worked out in the paper by
+Isaacson that I'm going to post is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaacson that I'm going to post is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaacson that I'm going to post is that
+whenever you take the average of second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you take the average of second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you take the average of second
+derivatives of various kinds of fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is equal to second derivatives of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is equal to second derivatives of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is equal to second derivatives of the
+average of that field plus Corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of that field plus Corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of that field plus Corrections
+that scale as the square of the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scale as the square of the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scale as the square of the short
+length scale divided by the long length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale divided by the long length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale divided by the long length
+scale so what that tells me is that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so what that tells me is that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so what that tells me is that at
+least up to these Corrections which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least up to these Corrections which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least up to these Corrections which the
+separation of length scales by default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of length scales by default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of length scales by default
+is assuming as a small number I can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is assuming as a small number I can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is assuming as a small number I can take
+my averaging operator inside here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I can't do that trick on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can't do that trick on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can't do that trick on the right
+hand side I've not written out with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side I've not written out with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side I've not written out with this
+equation actually looks like here it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation actually looks like here it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation actually looks like here it's a
+non linear operator so it's gonna be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non linear operator so it's gonna be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non linear operator so it's gonna be a
+lot Messer but this is something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot Messer but this is something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot Messer but this is something that's
+linear in Jack and so as long as I bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in Jack and so as long as I bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in Jack and so as long as I bear
+in mind that I incur a small error by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that I incur a small error by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that I incur a small error by
+taking various bite by sort of taking my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking various bite by sort of taking my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking various bite by sort of taking my
+averaging operation inside inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging operation inside inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging operation inside inside the
+differential operator this is telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential operator this is telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential operator this is telling me
+that the wave equation I started my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wave equation I started my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wave equation I started my
+Einstein equation applied to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein equation applied to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein equation applied to this
+operator here is set by quantity that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator here is set by quantity that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator here is set by quantity that I
+have there on the right hand side now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there on the right hand side now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there on the right hand side now
+remember my background is itself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my background is itself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my background is itself a
+vacuum solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since my background is a vacuum solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since my background is a vacuum solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since my background is a vacuum solution
+I can rewrite this whole thing as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can rewrite this whole thing as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can rewrite this whole thing as the
+Einstein tensor on my background metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein tensor on my background metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein tensor on my background metric
+plus my averaged quadratic correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is going to be equal to the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be equal to the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be equal to the average
+of that second-order piece this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that second-order piece this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that second-order piece this is just
+the Einstein field equation with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Einstein field equation with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Einstein field equation with a
+strange source if you look at this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange source if you look at this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange source if you look at this let's
+make the following definition I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the following definition I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the following definition I'm going
+to define a stress energy tensor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a stress energy tensor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a stress energy tensor for
+gravitational waves as minus 1 over 8 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational waves as minus 1 over 8 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational waves as minus 1 over 8 pi
+G times the average of this operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what this is now telling me is that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is now telling me is that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is now telling me is that as
+my gravitational wave propagates through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my gravitational wave propagates through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my gravitational wave propagates through
+space-time it carries it generates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time it carries it generates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time it carries it generates a
+stress energy that changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress energy that changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress energy that changes the
+background in an amount that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background in an amount that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background in an amount that is
+quadratic in the waves amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now to get the details of what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to get the details of what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to get the details of what that
+operator actually is I have a formula or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator actually is I have a formula or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator actually is I have a formula or
+two in my notes that will be scanned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in my notes that will be scanned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in my notes that will be scanned and
+made available I want to cut the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made available I want to cut the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made available I want to cut the sort of
+the punchline of this the derivation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the punchline of this the derivation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the punchline of this the derivation of
+this is given in a paper by by Richard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is given in a paper by by Richard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is given in a paper by by Richard
+Isaacson that I will be posting to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaacson that I will be posting to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaacson that I will be posting to the
+course website so expand out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course website so expand out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course website so expand out this
+operator place in this the transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator place in this the transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator place in this the transverse
+traceless field and what you find filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traceless field and what you find filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traceless field and what you find filled
+with the Chamber's traceless field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Chamber's traceless field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Chamber's traceless field that
+sort of simplifies a few things and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of simplifies a few things and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of simplifies a few things and you
+get this remarkably simple result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the angle brackets I'll remind you they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle brackets I'll remind you they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle brackets I'll remind you they
+tell you that this quantity is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that this quantity is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that this quantity is only
+defined under the ages of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined under the ages of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined under the ages of a particular
+averaging operation that aside what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging operation that aside what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging operation that aside what we
+now have is a quantity that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have is a quantity that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have is a quantity that tells us
+about how gravitational waves carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how gravitational waves carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how gravitational waves carry
+energy and momentum away from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and momentum away from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and momentum away from their
+sources this is known as the Isaacson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources this is known as the Isaacson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources this is known as the Isaacson
+stress energy tensor let me comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress energy tensor let me comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress energy tensor let me comment
+especially for students who work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for students who work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for students who work on
+things related to gravitational waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things related to gravitational waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things related to gravitational waves
+you will encounter many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will encounter many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will encounter many different
+notions of how to compute the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions of how to compute the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions of how to compute the energy
+things like energy and angular mentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like energy and angular mentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like energy and angular mentum
+and things like that they're carried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that they're carried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that they're carried
+from a radiating source of gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a radiating source of gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a radiating source of gravitational
+waves there's wonderful discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves there's wonderful discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves there's wonderful discussion of
+this point in a textbook by placin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point in a textbook by placin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point in a textbook by placin and
+will it's just entitled gravity I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it's just entitled gravity I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it's just entitled gravity I
+believe the Isaacson stress sensor has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the Isaacson stress sensor has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the Isaacson stress sensor has
+the virtue that it is it makes it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virtue that it is it makes it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virtue that it is it makes it very
+clear that the waves are so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that the waves are so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that the waves are so it's a
+tensor it is makes it very clear that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor it is makes it very clear that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor it is makes it very clear that it
+arises out of sort of quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises out of sort of quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises out of sort of quadratic
+derivatives of the wave field and it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the wave field and it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the wave field and it's I
+I really enjoy going through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really enjoy going through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really enjoy going through this
+derivation because you can see the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation because you can see the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation because you can see the way
+in which a term that is you know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which a term that is you know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which a term that is you know at
+least at the schematic level you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least at the schematic level you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least at the schematic level you can see
+the way in which the second-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which the second-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which the second-order
+contribution to the Einstein tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the Einstein tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the Einstein tensor
+leads to a source that modifies your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a source that modifies your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a source that modifies your
+background space-time that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background space-time that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background space-time that's exactly
+what a stress energy tensor is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a stress energy tensor is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a stress energy tensor is supposed
+to do for certain practical applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do for certain practical applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do for certain practical applications
+it turns out to be a little bit hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out to be a little bit hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out to be a little bit hard to
+work with and so you'll see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with and so you'll see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with and so you'll see this
+discussed in some detail and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in some detail and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in some detail and some of the
+more advanced textbooks happy to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more advanced textbooks happy to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more advanced textbooks happy to discuss
+this with students who are interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with students who are interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with students who are interested
+for our purposes this is not of concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our purposes this is not of concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our purposes this is not of concern
+let me just conclude this lecture by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just conclude this lecture by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just conclude this lecture by
+evaluating this for the solution that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating this for the solution that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating this for the solution that we
+worked out so let us imagine that we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out so let us imagine that we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out so let us imagine that we go
+into a nearly flat region where those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a nearly flat region where those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a nearly flat region where those
+covariant derivatives become simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivatives become simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivatives become simple and
+let's just compute one piece of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just compute one piece of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just compute one piece of this
+stress energy tensor so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress energy tensor so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress energy tensor so let's look at
+the energy flux in a nearly flat region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what I'm going to compute is the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to compute is the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to compute is the zero
+zero piece of this which defines how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero piece of this which defines how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero piece of this which defines how
+power flows through space-time so doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power flows through space-time so doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power flows through space-time so doing
+this in this region basically is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this region basically is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this region basically is going
+to look like the time derivative of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like the time derivative of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like the time derivative of my
+wave field contracted onto itself let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave field contracted onto itself let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave field contracted onto itself let's
+get the total amount of energy that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the total amount of energy that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the total amount of energy that is
+flowing through a large sphere by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through a large sphere by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through a large sphere by
+evaluating T zero zero integrated over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating T zero zero integrated over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating T zero zero integrated over a
+large sphere of radius R and for my H I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sphere of radius R and for my H I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sphere of radius R and for my H I
+J I will plug in that quadrupole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J I will plug in that quadrupole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J I will plug in that quadrupole
+amplitude that I derived in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude that I derived in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude that I derived in the previous
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+/ dots to note D by DT okay so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ dots to note D by DT okay so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ dots to note D by DT okay so if you're
+interested in doing this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in doing this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in doing this integral
+yourself it's actually not that hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself it's actually not that hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself it's actually not that hard and
+it's a pretty it's a salubrious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty it's a salubrious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty it's a salubrious
+exercises put it that way so I'll remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises put it that way so I'll remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises put it that way so I'll remind
+you that this projection tensor is built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that this projection tensor is built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that this projection tensor is built
+from both from the vectors that describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both from the vectors that describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both from the vectors that describe
+the direction of propagation and a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of propagation and a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of propagation and a few
+useful tools to know about so should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful tools to know about so should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful tools to know about so should you
+choose to work this guy out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's worth knowing that if I integrate n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth knowing that if I integrate n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth knowing that if I integrate n
+I and J over the sphere this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and J over the sphere this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and J over the sphere this can be
+written in terms of just sines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in terms of just sines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in terms of just sines and
+cosines these are basically Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines these are basically Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines these are basically Direction
+signs are Direction cosines I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs are Direction cosines I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs are Direction cosines I get a
+simple result that depends only on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple result that depends only on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple result that depends only on the
+innocent value of the indices I and J by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent value of the indices I and J by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent value of the indices I and J by
+this I get zero and any odd power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I get zero and any odd power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I get zero and any odd power of the
+ends multiplied together when integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends multiplied together when integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends multiplied together when integrated
+over the sphere will give me zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the sphere will give me zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the sphere will give me zero and
+one more is necessary if you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more is necessary if you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more is necessary if you want to do
+this integral you integrate four of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral you integrate four of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral you integrate four of
+these buggers multiplied together you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these buggers multiplied together you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these buggers multiplied together you
+get this object totally symmetrized on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this object totally symmetrized on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this object totally symmetrized on
+the indices IJ K you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh throw it all together take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh throw it all together take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh throw it all together take the
+derivatives note that the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives note that the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives note that the only thing
+that depends on time is that quadrupole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on time is that quadrupole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on time is that quadrupole
+moment and what you wind up with is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and what you wind up with is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and what you wind up with is this
+remarkably simple result oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the result that also is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the result that also is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the result that also is known as
+the quadrupole formula it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadrupole formula it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadrupole formula it's worth
+comparing this to the dipole formula you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing this to the dipole formula you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing this to the dipole formula you
+get in electrodynamics so the dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in electrodynamics so the dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in electrodynamics so the dipole
+formula that describes the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that describes the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that describes the leading
+electromagnetic the leading power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic the leading power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic the leading power and
+electromagnetic radiation that comes off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic radiation that comes off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic radiation that comes off
+of a source looks like what you get when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a source looks like what you get when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a source looks like what you get when
+you multiply two derivatives of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply two derivatives of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply two derivatives of the
+dipole moment with each other okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment with each other okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment with each other okay the
+leading radiation in gravity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading radiation in gravity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading radiation in gravity is
+quadrupolar and so rather than being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrupolar and so rather than being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrupolar and so rather than being
+second derivatives you have to take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives you have to take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives you have to take one
+more derivative out of this thing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more derivative out of this thing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more derivative out of this thing there
+are three three time Dru's of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three three time Dru's of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three three time Dru's of a
+quadrupole moment leading to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrupole moment leading to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrupole moment leading to this
+formula so this result was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so this result was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so this result was actually
+originally derived by Albert Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally derived by Albert Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally derived by Albert Einstein
+it's one of the first calculations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the first calculations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the first calculations that
+he did he actually did it twice he first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did he actually did it twice he first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did he actually did it twice he first
+derived something kind of like this in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived something kind of like this in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived something kind of like this in I
+believe 1916 and it was totally wrong he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe 1916 and it was totally wrong he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe 1916 and it was totally wrong he
+just basically made a huge mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically made a huge mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically made a huge mistake
+but then he did it more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then he did it more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then he did it more or less
+correctly in 1918 so he got this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly in 1918 so he got this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly in 1918 so he got this right
+it was a small at the small error he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a small at the small error he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a small at the small error he was
+off by a factor of two which it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by a factor of two which it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by a factor of two which it's a
+simple algebra mistake it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple algebra mistake it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple algebra mistake it's actually
+really enjoyable to sort of count up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoyable to sort of count up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoyable to sort of count up the
+number of minor errors that Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of minor errors that Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of minor errors that Einstein
+made in some of these works it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in some of these works it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in some of these works it just
+makes you feel a little bit better about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you feel a little bit better about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you feel a little bit better about
+yourself so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so anyway
+Einstein got this essentially right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein got this essentially right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein got this essentially right and
+then it was hugely controversial for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it was hugely controversial for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it was hugely controversial for
+quite a few decades after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few decades after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few decades after that
+essentially going back to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially going back to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially going back to these
+conceptual issues which I began this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual issues which I began this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual issues which I began this
+lecture as people just grappled with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture as people just grappled with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture as people just grappled with the
+idea of what does it mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what does it mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what does it mean for
+gravitational radiation to carry energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational radiation to carry energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational radiation to carry energy
+in the first place given that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place given that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place given that I can
+always go into a freely falling frame it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always go into a freely falling frame it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always go into a freely falling frame it
+took a little while for those concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a little while for those concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a little while for those concepts
+to really solidify once they did though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really solidify once they did though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really solidify once they did though
+we were off to the races and it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were off to the races and it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were off to the races and it's worth
+noting that if I take this formula and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noting that if I take this formula and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noting that if I take this formula and I
+apply it to a binary system I'd I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to a binary system I'd I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to a binary system I'd I
+imagine I have two stars that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I have two stars that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I have two stars that are
+orbiting each other I can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiting each other I can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiting each other I can compute the
+quadrupole moment and the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrupole moment and the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrupole moment and the time
+derivative the quadrupole moment I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the quadrupole moment I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the quadrupole moment I can
+compute the rate at which power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the rate at which power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the rate at which power is
+leaving these systems now a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving these systems now a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving these systems now a somewhat
+more complicated variant of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated variant of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated variant of this
+calculation well if so let me back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation well if so let me back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation well if so let me back
+so you go ahead and you do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you go ahead and you do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you go ahead and you do that you
+compute this for two stars that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this for two stars that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this for two stars that are
+orbiting each other you will do this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiting each other you will do this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiting each other you will do this on
+a future problem set what you find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a future problem set what you find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a future problem set what you find is
+that gravitational radiation carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gravitational radiation carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gravitational radiation carries
+energy and angular momentum away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and angular momentum away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and angular momentum away from
+this system and it caused them to fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system and it caused them to fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system and it caused them to fall
+towards one another which causes their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards one another which causes their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards one another which causes their
+orbital frequency to evolve in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital frequency to evolve in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital frequency to evolve in a very
+predictable fashion that wha that arises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable fashion that wha that arises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable fashion that wha that arises
+- very good approximation directly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- very good approximation directly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- very good approximation directly from
+this this formula there are Corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this formula there are Corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this formula there are Corrections
+that people have worked out over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have worked out over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have worked out over the
+years but what you get just doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years but what you get just doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years but what you get just doing this
+quadrupole formula applied to two stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrupole formula applied to two stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrupole formula applied to two stars
+orbiting each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiting each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiting each other
+describes this chirp signal that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes this chirp signal that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes this chirp signal that I have
+on my hat - very good accuracy and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my hat - very good accuracy and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my hat - very good accuracy and this
+is pretty much exactly what the LIGO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty much exactly what the LIGO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty much exactly what the LIGO
+detectors measure these days they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors measure these days they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors measure these days they
+measure the evolution of systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the evolution of systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the evolution of systems that
+are evolving under the ages of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are evolving under the ages of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are evolving under the ages of this
+formula all right so that is all we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula all right so that is all we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula all right so that is all we are
+going to say about gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say about gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say about gravitational
+radiation and eight 962 this term as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and eight 962 this term as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and eight 962 this term as we
+sort of figure out the way things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of figure out the way things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of figure out the way things are
+going to proceed moving forward I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to proceed moving forward I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to proceed moving forward I will
+make myself available to answer some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make myself available to answer some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make myself available to answer some
+questions about this I do want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this I do want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this I do want to
+emphasize as I conclude this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize as I conclude this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize as I conclude this lecture
+that many of these topics are fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many of these topics are fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many of these topics are fairly
+advanced I don't expect you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced I don't expect you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced I don't expect you to be
+familiar with them but I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with them but I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with them but I hope you
+understood the punchline of this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the punchline of this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the punchline of this and I
+expect you to be able to apply some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to be able to apply some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to be able to apply some of
+these formulas that arise at the end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these formulas that arise at the end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these formulas that arise at the end and
+I will conclude this lecture here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/phbw9r1iUDI.txt b/phbw9r1iUDI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f43b72dcd9df17477f525107527e92203e9153b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/phbw9r1iUDI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a creative common license. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative common license. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative common license. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
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+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
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+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu. So, uh, welcome back. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu. So, uh, welcome back. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu. So, uh, welcome back. So,
+we're now moving to a new chapter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now moving to a new chapter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now moving to a new chapter which
+is going to have a little more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have a little more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have a little more of a
+statistical flavor when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical flavor when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical flavor when it comes to
+designing methods, right? Because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing methods, right? Because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing methods, right? Because if you
+think about it, okay, some of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it, okay, some of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it, okay, some of you have
+probably attempted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably attempted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably attempted
+uh problem number two in the problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problem number two in the problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problem number two in the problem set
+and you realize that uh maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you realize that uh maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you realize that uh maximum
+likelihood estimators does not give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimators does not give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimators does not give you
+super trivial estimators, right? I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super trivial estimators, right? I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super trivial estimators, right? I mean
+when you have an n theta theta then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have an n theta theta then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have an n theta theta then you
+know the thing you get is not something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the thing you get is not something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the thing you get is not something
+you could have guessed before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have guessed before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have guessed before you
+actually attempted to solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually attempted to solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually attempted to solve that
+problem. And so in a way we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. And so in a way we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. And so in a way we've seen
+already sophisticated methods. However
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already sophisticated methods. However
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already sophisticated methods. However
+in many instances the maximum likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many instances the maximum likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many instances the maximum likelihood
+estimator was just an average and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator was just an average and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator was just an average and in a
+way even if we had this confirmation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way even if we had this confirmation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way even if we had this confirmation for
+maximum likelihood that indeed that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood that indeed that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood that indeed that was
+the estimator that maximum likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimator that maximum likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimator that maximum likelihood
+would spit out and that our intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would spit out and that our intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would spit out and that our intuition
+was therefore pretty good. most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was therefore pretty good. most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was therefore pretty good. most of the
+statistical analysis or use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical analysis or use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical analysis or use of the
+central limit theorems all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorems all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorems all these things
+actually did not come in the building of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did not come in the building of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did not come in the building of
+the estimator in the design of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimator in the design of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimator in the design of the
+estimator but really in the analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator but really in the analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator but really in the analysis of
+the estimator and you could say well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimator and you could say well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimator and you could say well you
+know if I know already that the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I know already that the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I know already that the best
+estimator is the average I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is the average I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is the average I'm just going
+to use the average I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the average I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the average I don't have to
+basically quantify how good it is I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically quantify how good it is I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically quantify how good it is I just
+know it's the best I can do when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's the best I can do when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's the best I can do when we're
+going to talk about tests and uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about tests and uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about tests and uh we're
+going to talk about uh uh parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about uh uh parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about uh uh parametric
+hypothesis testing so you should view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis testing so you should view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis testing so you should view
+this sense as parametric means well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense as parametric means well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense as parametric means well it's
+about a parameter like we did before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a parameter like we did before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a parameter like we did before and
+hypothesis testing is on the same level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis testing is on the same level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis testing is on the same level
+as estimation and on the same level as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as estimation and on the same level as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as estimation and on the same level as
+estimator will be the word test. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator will be the word test. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator will be the word test. Okay.
+And when we're going to devise a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when we're going to devise a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when we're going to devise a test
+we're going to actually need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to actually need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to actually need to
+understand random fluctuations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand random fluctuations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand random fluctuations that
+arise from the central limit theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise from the central limit theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise from the central limit theorem
+better. Okay. It's not just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. Okay. It's not just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. Okay. It's not just going to be
+in the analysis. It's also going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the analysis. It's also going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the analysis. It's also going to be
+in the design. And everything we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the design. And everything we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the design. And everything we've been
+doing before in understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing before in understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing before in understanding the
+behavior of an estimator is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of an estimator is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of an estimator is actually
+going to come in and be extremely useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come in and be extremely useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come in and be extremely useful
+in the actual design of tests.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the actual design of tests.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the actual design of tests.
+Okay. So, uh as an example, I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh as an example, I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh as an example, I want to
+talk to you about some real data. Uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you about some real data. Uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you about some real data. Uh I
+will uh I will not study this data, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh I will not study this data, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh I will not study this data, but
+this data actually exists. Uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data actually exists. Uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data actually exists. Uh you can
+find it on R. And uh so it's the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it on R. And uh so it's the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it on R. And uh so it's the data
+from the so-called credit union cherry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the so-called credit union cherry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the so-called credit union cherry
+blossom run which is a 10 mile race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blossom run which is a 10 mile race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blossom run which is a 10 mile race
+takes place every year in DC. Seems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place every year in DC. Seems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place every year in DC. Seems that
+some of the years are pretty nice. 2009
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the years are pretty nice. 2009
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the years are pretty nice. 2009
+there were about 15,000 participants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were about 15,000 participants.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were about 15,000 participants.
+Pretty big race. And the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pretty big race. And the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pretty big race. And the average
+learning time was 103 uh.5 minutes. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning time was 103 uh.5 minutes. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning time was 103 uh.5 minutes. All
+right. So uh uh about an hour and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So uh uh about an hour and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So uh uh about an hour and a half
+or a little bit more. And so you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a little bit more. And so you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a little bit more. And so you can ask
+the following question. Right? This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following question. Right? This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following question. Right? This is
+actual data. Right? 103.5 actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual data. Right? 103.5 actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual data. Right? 103.5 actually
+average the running time for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the running time for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the running time for all of
+15,000. Now, this in practice might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15,000. Now, this in practice might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15,000. Now, this in practice might not
+be something very suitable and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something very suitable and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something very suitable and you might
+want to just sample a few runners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just sample a few runners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just sample a few runners and
+try to understand how they're behaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand how they're behaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand how they're behaving
+every year without having to collect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year without having to collect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year without having to collect the
+entire data set. And so, you could ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire data set. And so, you could ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire data set. And so, you could ask
+the question, well, let's say my budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question, well, let's say my budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question, well, let's say my budget
+is to ask for maybe 10 runners what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to ask for maybe 10 runners what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to ask for maybe 10 runners what the
+running time was. Uh, I still want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time was. Uh, I still want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time was. Uh, I still want to be
+able to determine whether they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to determine whether they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to determine whether they were
+running faster in 2012 than in 2009. Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running faster in 2012 than in 2009. Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running faster in 2012 than in 2009. Why
+do I put 2012 and not 2016? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I put 2012 and not 2016? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I put 2012 and not 2016? Well,
+because the data set for 2012 is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the data set for 2012 is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the data set for 2012 is also
+available. And uh so if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available. And uh so if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available. And uh so if you were
+interested and you know how to use R uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and you know how to use R uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and you know how to use R uh
+just go and have fun with it. So um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go and have fun with it. So um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go and have fun with it. So um so
+to answer this question, what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer this question, what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer this question, what we do is
+we select n runners, right? So n is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we select n runners, right? So n is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we select n runners, right? So n is a
+moderate number that's more manageable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate number that's more manageable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate number that's more manageable
+than 15,000 from the 2012 race at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 15,000 from the 2012 race at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 15,000 from the 2012 race at
+random. That's where the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random. That's where the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random. That's where the random variable
+is going to come from, right? That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to come from, right? That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to come from, right? That's
+where we actually inject randomness in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we actually inject randomness in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we actually inject randomness in
+our problem. And uh we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem. And uh we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem. And uh we're going to
+denote these guys by we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote these guys by we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote these guys by we're going to
+denote so remember this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote so remember this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote so remember this is an
+experiment. So really in a way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. So really in a way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. So really in a way the
+runners are the omegas and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runners are the omegas and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runners are the omegas and I'm
+interested in measurements on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in measurements on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in measurements on those
+guys. So this is how I have a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys. So this is how I have a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys. So this is how I have a random
+variable and this random variable here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and this random variable here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and this random variable here
+is measuring their running time. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measuring their running time. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measuring their running time. Okay,
+if you look at the data set you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the data set you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the data set you have all
+sorts of random variables you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of random variables you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of random variables you could
+measure about those random runners.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure about those random runners.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure about those random runners.
+Country of origin, I don't know, height,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Country of origin, I don't know, height,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Country of origin, I don't know, height,
+age, a bunch of things. Okay, here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age, a bunch of things. Okay, here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age, a bunch of things. Okay, here the
+RAM variable of interest being uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM variable of interest being uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM variable of interest being uh uh the
+running time. Okay, everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time. Okay, everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time. Okay, everybody
+understands what the process is? Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands what the process is? Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands what the process is? Okay,
+so now I'm going to have to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm going to have to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm going to have to make some
+modeling assumptions. And here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling assumptions. And here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling assumptions. And here I'm
+actually pretty lucky. I actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty lucky. I actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty lucky. I actually have
+all the data from a past year. I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data from a past year. I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data from a past year. I mean,
+this is not data from 2012, which I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not data from 2012, which I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not data from 2012, which I also
+have, but I don't use. But I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, but I don't use. But I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, but I don't use. But I can
+actually use past data to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use past data to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use past data to try to
+understand what distribution do I have,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what distribution do I have,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what distribution do I have,
+right? I mean, after all, running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I mean, after all, running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I mean, after all, running time
+is going to be rounded to something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be rounded to something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be rounded to something.
+Maybe I can think of it as discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I can think of it as discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I can think of it as discrete
+random variable. Uh maybe I can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable. Uh maybe I can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable. Uh maybe I can think of
+it as the exponential random variable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as the exponential random variable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as the exponential random variable.
+Those are positive numbers. I can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are positive numbers. I can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are positive numbers. I can think
+I mean there's many kind of running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there's many kind of running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there's many kind of running
+times that could come up to mind. Many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that could come up to mind. Many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that could come up to mind. Many
+kind of distributions I could think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of distributions I could think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of distributions I could think of
+for this modeling part. But uh turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this modeling part. But uh turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this modeling part. But uh turns out
+that if you actually plot the histogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you actually plot the histogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you actually plot the histogram
+of those running times for all 15,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those running times for all 15,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those running times for all 15,000
+runners in 29, you actually are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runners in 29, you actually are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runners in 29, you actually are pretty
+happy to see that it really looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to see that it really looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to see that it really looks like a
+bell-shaped curve. We suggest that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell-shaped curve. We suggest that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell-shaped curve. We suggest that this
+should be a Gaussian. So what you go uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a Gaussian. So what you go uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a Gaussian. So what you go uh
+on to do is you estimate the mean uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to do is you estimate the mean uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to do is you estimate the mean uh uh
+from past observations which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from past observations which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from past observations which was
+actually 103.5 as we said you estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 103.5 as we said you estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 103.5 as we said you estimate
+the variance which was uh 37
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance which was uh 37
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance which was uh 37
+373 and uh you just try to superimpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+373 and uh you just try to superimpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+373 and uh you just try to superimpose
+the curve with this one uh which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve with this one uh which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve with this one uh which is a
+Gaussian PDF uh with mean one of 3.5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian PDF uh with mean one of 3.5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian PDF uh with mean one of 3.5 and
+variance 373 and you see that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance 373 and you see that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance 373 and you see that they
+actually look very much alike and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look very much alike and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look very much alike and so
+here you're pretty comfortable to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're pretty comfortable to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're pretty comfortable to say
+that the running time actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the running time actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the running time actually is
+Gaussian distribution right so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian distribution right so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian distribution right so now I
+know that the x1 to xn I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the x1 to xn I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the x1 to xn I'm going to say
+they're gaussian okay I still need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gaussian okay I still need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gaussian okay I still need to
+specify two parameters so what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify two parameters so what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify two parameters so what I want to
+know is is the distribution the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is is the distribution the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is is the distribution the same
+from past years right so I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from past years right so I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from past years right so I want to know
+if the random variable that I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the random variable that I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the random variable that I'm looking
+for if I say pick one say x1 does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if I say pick one say x1 does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if I say pick one say x1 does it
+have the same distribution in 2012 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same distribution in 2012 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same distribution in 2012 that
+it did in 20 uh 2009 okay and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did in 20 uh 2009 okay and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did in 20 uh 2009 okay and so the
+question is is X1 has a Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is X1 has a Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is X1 has a Gaussian
+distribution with mean at 103.5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with mean at 103.5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with mean at 103.5 and
+variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+373. Is that clear? Okay. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+373. Is that clear? Okay. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+373. Is that clear? Okay. So this
+question that calls for a yes no answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that calls for a yes no answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that calls for a yes no answer
+is a hypothesis testing problem. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hypothesis testing problem. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hypothesis testing problem. I'm
+testing a hypothesis and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing a hypothesis and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing a hypothesis and this is the
+basis of basically all of datadriven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of basically all of datadriven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of basically all of datadriven
+scientific inquiry. You just ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific inquiry. You just ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific inquiry. You just ask
+questions. You formulate a scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. You formulate a scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. You formulate a scientific
+hypothesis. Knocking down this gene is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis. Knocking down this gene is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis. Knocking down this gene is
+going to cure melanoma.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cure melanoma.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cure melanoma.
+Is this true? I'm going to collect I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is this true? I'm going to collect I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is this true? I'm going to collect I'm
+going to try I'm going to observe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try I'm going to observe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try I'm going to observe some
+patients on which they knock down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients on which they knock down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients on which they knock down this
+gene. I'm going to collect some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene. I'm going to collect some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene. I'm going to collect some
+measurements and I'm going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and I'm going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and I'm going to try to
+answer this yes no uh uh answer this yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this yes no uh uh answer this yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this yes no uh uh answer this yes
+no question. Okay, it's different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no question. Okay, it's different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no question. Okay, it's different from
+the question what is the mean of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question what is the mean of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question what is the mean of uh the
+mean running time for this year. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean running time for this year. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean running time for this year. Okay,
+so uh u so this hypothesis testing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh u so this hypothesis testing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh u so this hypothesis testing is
+testing if this hypothesis is true. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing if this hypothesis is true. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing if this hypothesis is true. The
+hypothesis in mathematical terms, I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis in mathematical terms, I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis in mathematical terms, I mean
+in in in in common English, we just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in common English, we just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in common English, we just said
+was the running time were runners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the running time were runners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the running time were runners
+running faster, right? Anybody could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running faster, right? Anybody could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running faster, right? Anybody could
+formulate this hypothesis. Now, you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate this hypothesis. Now, you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate this hypothesis. Now, you go
+to a statistician and he's like, oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a statistician and he's like, oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a statistician and he's like, oh,
+what you're really asking me is, is X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're really asking me is, is X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're really asking me is, is X1
+normally has a Gaussian distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally has a Gaussian distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally has a Gaussian distribution
+with mean less than 103.5 and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mean less than 103.5 and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mean less than 103.5 and variance
+373, right? That's really the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+373, right? That's really the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+373, right? That's really the question
+that you ask in statistical terms. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you ask in statistical terms. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you ask in statistical terms. And
+so if you're asking if this was the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're asking if this was the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're asking if this was the same
+as before, there's many ways it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before, there's many ways it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before, there's many ways it could
+not be the same as before. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the same as before. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the same as before. There's
+basically three ways it could not be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically three ways it could not be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically three ways it could not be the
+same as before. It could be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as before. It could be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as before. It could be the case
+that X1 is not equal to one uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X1 is not equal to one uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X1 is not equal to one uh in
+expectation to one of 3.5. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation to one of 3.5. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation to one of 3.5. So the
+expectation has changed or the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation has changed or the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation has changed or the variance
+has changed or the distribution has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed or the distribution has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed or the distribution has
+changed. I mean, who knows? Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed. I mean, who knows? Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed. I mean, who knows? Maybe
+runners are now just you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runners are now just you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runners are now just you know all
+running holding their hands and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running holding their hands and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running holding their hands and it's
+like now a point mass at one given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now a point mass at one given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now a point mass at one given
+point. Okay, so you never know how what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Okay, so you never know how what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Okay, so you never know how what
+could that have changed. Now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that have changed. Now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that have changed. Now of course
+if you allow for any change you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you allow for any change you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you allow for any change you will
+find change and so what you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find change and so what you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find change and so what you have to do
+is to factor in as much knowledge as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to factor in as much knowledge as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to factor in as much knowledge as you
+can make as many modeling assumptions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make as many modeling assumptions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make as many modeling assumptions so
+that you can let the data speak about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can let the data speak about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can let the data speak about
+your particular question. Here your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your particular question. Here your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your particular question. Here your
+particular question is are they running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular question is are they running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular question is are they running
+faster? So you're only really asking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster? So you're only really asking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster? So you're only really asking a
+question about the expectation. you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the expectation. you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the expectation. you
+really want to know if the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to know if the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to know if the expectation
+has changed. So, as far as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed. So, as far as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed. So, as far as you're
+concerned, you're happy to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned, you're happy to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned, you're happy to make the
+assumption that the rest has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the rest has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the rest has been
+unchanged. Okay? And so, this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged. Okay? And so, this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged. Okay? And so, this is the
+question we're asking. Is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we're asking. Is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we're asking. Is the
+expectation now less than 103.5? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation now less than 103.5? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation now less than 103.5? Because
+you specifically asked whether runners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you specifically asked whether runners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you specifically asked whether runners
+were going faster this year, right? They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going faster this year, right? They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going faster this year, right? They
+tend to go faster uh rather than slower.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to go faster uh rather than slower.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to go faster uh rather than slower.
+All right? Okay. So, this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? Okay. So, this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? Okay. So, this is the
+question we're asking in mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we're asking in mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we're asking in mathematical
+terms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms.
+So of course when I did that I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So of course when I did that I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So of course when I did that I need to
+basically fix the rest and fixing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically fix the rest and fixing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically fix the rest and fixing the
+rest is actually part of the modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is actually part of the modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is actually part of the modeling
+assumptions. So I fix my variance to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions. So I fix my variance to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions. So I fix my variance to be
+373. Okay I assume that the variance has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+373. Okay I assume that the variance has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+373. Okay I assume that the variance has
+not changed between 2009 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changed between 2009 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changed between 2009 and
+2012. Now this is an assumption. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012. Now this is an assumption. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012. Now this is an assumption. It
+turns out it it's wrong. So if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it it's wrong. So if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it it's wrong. So if you look
+at the data from 2012 this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the data from 2012 this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the data from 2012 this is not the
+correct assumption but I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct assumption but I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct assumption but I'm just going to
+make it right now for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it right now for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it right now for the sake of
+argument.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument.
+Okay, if uh and also the fact that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, if uh and also the fact that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, if uh and also the fact that it's
+Gaussian. Now, this is going to be hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian. Now, this is going to be hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian. Now, this is going to be hard
+to violate, right? I mean, where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to violate, right? I mean, where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to violate, right? I mean, where does
+this bell-shaped curve come from? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bell-shaped curve come from? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bell-shaped curve come from? Well,
+it's just natural when you just measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just natural when you just measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just natural when you just measure
+a bunch of things. The central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of things. The central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of things. The central limit
+theorem appears in the small things of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem appears in the small things of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem appears in the small things of
+nature. I mean, you know, that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature. I mean, you know, that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature. I mean, you know, that's how
+that's the bedtime story you get about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the bedtime story you get about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the bedtime story you get about
+the central limit theorem. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central limit theorem. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central limit theorem. And that's
+why the bell-shaped curve is everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the bell-shaped curve is everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the bell-shaped curve is everywhere
+in nature. It's the sum of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature. It's the sum of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature. It's the sum of little
+independent things that are going on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent things that are going on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent things that are going on.
+And this Gaussian assumption, even if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this Gaussian assumption, even if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this Gaussian assumption, even if I
+wanted to relax it, there's not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to relax it, there's not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to relax it, there's not much
+else I can do. And it is pretty robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I can do. And it is pretty robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I can do. And it is pretty robust
+across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the
+years. All right. So the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. All right. So the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. All right. So the only thing that
+we did not fix is the expectation of X1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did not fix is the expectation of X1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did not fix is the expectation of X1,
+which now I want to know what it is. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now I want to know what it is. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now I want to know what it is. And
+since I don't know what it is, I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I don't know what it is, I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I don't know what it is, I'm going
+to call it mu and it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it mu and it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it mu and it's going to be a
+variable of interest. All right? So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable of interest. All right? So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable of interest. All right? So it's
+just a number mu. Whatever this is, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a number mu. Whatever this is, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a number mu. Whatever this is, I
+can try to estimate it maybe using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to estimate it maybe using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to estimate it maybe using
+maximum likelihood estimation probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood estimation probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood estimation probably
+using the average because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the average because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the average because this is
+Gaussian and we know that the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian and we know that the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian and we know that the maximum
+likelihood estimator for Gaussian is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimator for Gaussian is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimator for Gaussian is the
+just the average. And uh now we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the average. And uh now we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the average. And uh now we only
+want to test if mu is equal to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to test if mu is equal to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to test if mu is equal to one of
+3.5 like it was in uh 2009 or on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 like it was in uh 2009 or on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 like it was in uh 2009 or on the
+contrary if mu is not equal to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrary if mu is not equal to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrary if mu is not equal to one of
+3.5 and more specifically if mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 and more specifically if mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 and more specifically if mu is
+actually strictly less than one of 3.5.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually strictly less than one of 3.5.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually strictly less than one of 3.5.
+That's the question you asked. Now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the question you asked. Now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the question you asked. Now why
+am I writing mu equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I writing mu equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I writing mu equal to
+103.5 and not and uh or is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5 and not and uh or is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5 and not and uh or is less than
+103.5 rather than equal to one of 3.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5 rather than equal to one of 3.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5 rather than equal to one of 3.5
+not versus not equal to one of 3.5 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not versus not equal to one of 3.5 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not versus not equal to one of 3.5 is
+because since you ask me a more precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because since you ask me a more precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because since you ask me a more precise
+question I'm going to be able to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm going to be able to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm going to be able to give
+you a more precise answer and so if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a more precise answer and so if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a more precise answer and so if your
+question is very specific are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is very specific are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is very specific are they
+running faster I'm going to factor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running faster I'm going to factor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running faster I'm going to factor that
+in the fact what I write if you just ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fact what I write if you just ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fact what I write if you just ask
+me is it the same I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is it the same I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is it the same I'm going to have to
+write or is it different than one 3.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write or is it different than one 3.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write or is it different than one 3.5
+and that's less information about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's less information about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's less information about what
+you're looking for.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for.
+Okay. So by making the modeling all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So by making the modeling all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So by making the modeling all this
+modeling assumptions the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling assumptions the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling assumptions the fact that the
+variance isn't changed the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance isn't changed the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance isn't changed the fact that
+it's still Gaussian I've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still Gaussian I've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still Gaussian I've actually
+reduced the number of and I put numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced the number of and I put numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced the number of and I put numbers
+in in in in quotes because this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in quotes because this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in quotes because this is still
+an infinite of them but I'm I'm limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite of them but I'm I'm limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite of them but I'm I'm limiting
+the number of of ways the hypothesis can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of of ways the hypothesis can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of of ways the hypothesis can
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+violated. the number of ways the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated. the number of ways the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated. the number of ways the number
+of possible alternative realities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possible alternative realities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possible alternative realities for
+this hypothesis. All right, for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hypothesis. All right, for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hypothesis. All right, for example,
+I'm saying there's no way mu can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying there's no way mu can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying there's no way mu can be
+larger than one or 3.5. I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than one or 3.5. I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than one or 3.5. I've already
+factored that in. Okay, it could be, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factored that in. Okay, it could be, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factored that in. Okay, it could be, but
+I'm actually just going to say that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually just going to say that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually just going to say that if
+it's larger, all I'm going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's larger, all I'm going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's larger, all I'm going to be able to
+tell you is that it's not smaller. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you is that it's not smaller. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you is that it's not smaller. I'm
+not going to be able to tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be able to tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be able to tell you that
+it's actually not uh that it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not uh that it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not uh that it's actually
+larger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger.
+Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So and the only way it can be rejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and the only way it can be rejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and the only way it can be rejected
+now the only way I can reject my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the only way I can reject my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the only way I can reject my
+hypothesis is if X has belongs to a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is if X has belongs to a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is if X has belongs to a very
+specific uh family of distributions. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific uh family of distributions. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific uh family of distributions. If
+it has a distribution which is Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a distribution which is Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a distribution which is Gaussian
+with mean mu and variance 373 for mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mean mu and variance 373 for mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mean mu and variance 373 for mu
+which is less than one of 3.5. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than one of 3.5. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than one of 3.5. All
+right. So we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically was
+x1. So that's the reality x1 follows n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1. So that's the reality x1 follows n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1. So that's the reality x1 follows n
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+103.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+373. Okay. And this is everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+373. Okay. And this is everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+373. Okay. And this is everything
+else right. So for example here is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else right. So for example here is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else right. So for example here is X
+follows some exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows some exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows some exponential
+uh I don't know point uh point one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know point uh point one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know point uh point one okay
+this is just another distribution here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just another distribution here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just another distribution here
+those are all the possible distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all the possible distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all the possible distributions
+what we said is we said okay first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we said is we said okay first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we said is we said okay first of
+all let's just keep only those Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all let's just keep only those Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all let's just keep only those Gaussian
+distributions right and second we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions right and second we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions right and second we said
+well let's look only at the among those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look only at the among those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look only at the among those
+Gaussian distributions let's only look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian distributions let's only look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian distributions let's only look
+at those that have well maybe this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those that have well maybe this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those that have well maybe this one
+should be at the boundary say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be at the boundary say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be at the boundary say uh
+Let's only look at the Gaussians here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's only look at the Gaussians here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's only look at the Gaussians here.
+So this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this guy
+here are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are all the
+Gaussians with mean meu and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussians with mean meu and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussians with mean meu and variance
+373 for mu less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+373 for mu less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+373 for mu less than
+103.5. Okay. So when you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5. Okay. So when you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5. Okay. So when you're going to
+give me data, I'm going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me data, I'm going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me data, I'm going to be able to
+say, well, am I this guy or am I one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, well, am I this guy or am I one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, well, am I this guy or am I one of
+those guys rather than searching through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys rather than searching through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys rather than searching through
+everything? And the more you search, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything? And the more you search, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything? And the more you search, the
+easier for you is to find something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for you is to find something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for you is to find something that
+fits better the data, right? And so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits better the data, right? And so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits better the data, right? And so if I
+allow everything possible, then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow everything possible, then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow everything possible, then there's
+going to be something that just by pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be something that just by pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be something that just by pure
+randomness is actually going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness is actually going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness is actually going to look
+better for the data. Okay? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for the data. Okay? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for the data. Okay? So
+um right, so for example, if I draw 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right, so for example, if I draw 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right, so for example, if I draw 10
+random variables, right? If n is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables, right? If n is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables, right? If n is equal
+to 10 then and let's say they take 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 then and let's say they take 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 then and let's say they take 10
+different values then it's actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values then it's actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values then it's actually more
+likely that those guys come from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that those guys come from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that those guys come from a
+discrete distribution that takes each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete distribution that takes each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete distribution that takes each of
+these values with probability one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values with probability one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values with probability one over
+10 than actually some Gaussian random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 than actually some Gaussian random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 than actually some Gaussian random
+variable right it would be perfect I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable right it would be perfect I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable right it would be perfect I can
+actually explain it if the 10 numbers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually explain it if the 10 numbers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually explain it if the 10 numbers I
+got were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got were
+say 90 let's say I collect three 90 95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 90 let's say I collect three 90 95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 90 let's say I collect three 90 95
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+102 then the most likely distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+102 then the most likely distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+102 then the most likely distribution
+for those guys is the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those guys is the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those guys is the discrete
+distribution that takes three values 91
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that takes three values 91
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that takes three values 91
+with probability 1/3 95 with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability 1/3 95 with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability 1/3 95 with probability
+1/3 and 102 with probability uh 102 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 and 102 with probability uh 102 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 and 102 with probability uh 102 with
+probability 1/3 right that's definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1/3 right that's definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1/3 right that's definitely
+the most likely distribution for this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most likely distribution for this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most likely distribution for this so
+if I allowed this I would say oh no this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I allowed this I would say oh no this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I allowed this I would say oh no this
+is not distributed according to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not distributed according to that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not distributed according to that is
+distributed according to this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed according to this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed according to this very
+specific distribution which is somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific distribution which is somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific distribution which is somewhere
+in the realm of all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the realm of all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the realm of all possible
+distributions Okay. So now we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions Okay. So now we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions Okay. So now we're just
+going to try to carve out all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to carve out all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to carve out all this stuff
+by making our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making our
+assumptions. Okay. So here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions. Okay. So here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions. Okay. So here in this
+particular example, just like make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example, just like make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example, just like make a
+mental note that what we're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental note that what we're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental note that what we're doing is
+that I actually a little birdie told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I actually a little birdie told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I actually a little birdie told me
+that the reference number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reference number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reference number is
+103.5. Okay, that was the thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5. Okay, that was the thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5. Okay, that was the thing I'm
+actually looking for. In practice, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looking for. In practice, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looking for. In practice, it's
+actually seldom the case that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually seldom the case that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually seldom the case that you have
+this reference for yourself to think of,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reference for yourself to think of,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reference for yourself to think of,
+right? Maybe Here I just happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Maybe Here I just happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Maybe Here I just happened to
+have a full data set of all the runners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a full data set of all the runners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a full data set of all the runners
+of 2009. But if I really just asked you,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2009. But if I really just asked you,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2009. But if I really just asked you,
+I said, "Were runners faster uh uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said, "Were runners faster uh uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said, "Were runners faster uh uh in
+2012 than in 2009? Here's $10 to perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 than in 2009? Here's $10 to perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 than in 2009? Here's $10 to perform
+your statistical analysis." What you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your statistical analysis." What you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your statistical analysis." What you're
+probably going to do is call maybe 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to do is call maybe 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to do is call maybe 10
+runners from 2012, maybe 15 runners from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runners from 2012, maybe 15 runners from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runners from 2012, maybe 15 runners from
+2009, ask them and try to compare their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009, ask them and try to compare their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009, ask them and try to compare their
+mean. There's no standard reference. you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean. There's no standard reference. you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean. There's no standard reference. you
+would not be able to come up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be able to come up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be able to come up with this
+103.5 because this data maybe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5 because this data maybe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5 because this data maybe is
+expensive to get or something. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to get or something. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to get or something. Okay, so
+this is really more the standard case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really more the standard case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really more the standard case.
+All right, where you really compare two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, where you really compare two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, where you really compare two
+things with each other, but there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with each other, but there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with each other, but there's no
+like actual ground truth number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actual ground truth number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actual ground truth number that
+you're comparing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're comparing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're comparing it
+to. Okay, so we'll come back to that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. Okay, so we'll come back to that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. Okay, so we'll come back to that in
+a second. I'll tell you what the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second. I'll tell you what the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second. I'll tell you what the other
+example looks like. So let's just stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example looks like. So let's just stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example looks like. So let's just stick
+to this example. I tell you it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this example. I tell you it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this example. I tell you it's one of
+3.5. Okay, let's try to have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5. Okay, let's try to have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5. Okay, let's try to have our
+intuition work the same way. We said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition work the same way. We said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition work the same way. We said,
+well, you know, taking averages worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, you know, taking averages worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, you know, taking averages worked
+well. The average should tell me of over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. The average should tell me of over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. The average should tell me of over
+this 10 guys uh should tell me what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 10 guys uh should tell me what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 10 guys uh should tell me what the
+average should be, what the the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average should be, what the the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average should be, what the the mean
+should be. So, I could just say, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be. So, I could just say, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be. So, I could just say, well,
+Xbar is going to be close to the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xbar is going to be close to the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xbar is going to be close to the true
+mean by the law of large number. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by the law of large number. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by the law of large number. So I'm
+going to decide whether xbar uh is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to decide whether xbar uh is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to decide whether xbar uh is less
+than one of 3.5 and conclude that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one of 3.5 and conclude that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one of 3.5 and conclude that in
+this case indeed mu is less than one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case indeed mu is less than one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case indeed mu is less than one of
+3.5 because those two quantities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 because those two quantities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 because those two quantities are
+close right I could do that the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close right I could do that the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close right I could do that the problem
+is that this could go pretty wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this could go pretty wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this could go pretty wrong
+because if n is small then I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if n is small then I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if n is small then I know that
+xn bar is not equal to mu. I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn bar is not equal to mu. I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn bar is not equal to mu. I know that
+XNB bar is close to mu but also know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XNB bar is close to mu but also know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XNB bar is close to mu but also know
+that there's pretty high chances that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's pretty high chances that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's pretty high chances that
+it's not equal to mu. In particular, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not equal to mu. In particular, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not equal to mu. In particular, I
+know it's going to be somewhere at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's going to be somewhere at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's going to be somewhere at one
+over root n away from mu, right? One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over root n away from mu, right? One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over root n away from mu, right? One
+over root n being the root end coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over root n being the root end coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over root n being the root end coming
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what? CLT, right? That's the root end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? CLT, right? That's the root end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? CLT, right? That's the root end
+that comes from CLT. CLT tells us I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from CLT. CLT tells us I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from CLT. CLT tells us I mean
+you know in blunt words CLT tells me I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in blunt words CLT tells me I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in blunt words CLT tells me I'm
+at the mean is at distance one over root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the mean is at distance one over root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the mean is at distance one over root
+n from the expectation pretty much right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n from the expectation pretty much right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n from the expectation pretty much right
+that's what it's telling so one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it's telling so one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it's telling so one over
+root n you know if I'm at uh if I'm at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root n you know if I'm at uh if I'm at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root n you know if I'm at uh if I'm at
+if I have 10 uh people in there one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have 10 uh people in there one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have 10 uh people in there one over
+root 10 is not a huge number right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root 10 is not a huge number right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root 10 is not a huge number right it's
+like oneird pretty much okay so oneird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oneird pretty much okay so oneird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oneird pretty much okay so oneird
+103.5 if the the true mean was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5 if the the true mean was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5 if the the true mean was actually
+103.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.4
+4 but my average was telling me it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 but my average was telling me it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 but my average was telling me it's
+103.4 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.4 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.4 +
+1/3 I would actually come to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 I would actually come to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 I would actually come to two
+different conclusions right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conclusions right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conclusions right so we
+know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so let's say that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's say that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's say that uh
+mu is equal to 103.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is equal to 103.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is equal to 103.4
+four. Okay, so that's uh you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four. Okay, so that's uh you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four. Okay, so that's uh you're not
+supposed to know this, right? That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to know this, right? That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to know this, right? That's the
+truth. Hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+truth. Okay, now I have n is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth. Okay, now I have n is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth. Okay, now I have n is equal to
+10. So I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10. So I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10. So I know that
+xar n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+103.4 is something of the order of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.4 is something of the order of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.4 is something of the order of one
+over 10, which is of the order of say 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 10, which is of the order of say 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 10, which is of the order of say 1
+point uh uh uh.3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh uh uh.3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh uh uh.3.
+Okay. Okay. So here this is all pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So here this is all pen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So here this is all pen
+wavy. Okay. But that's what the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavy. Okay. But that's what the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavy. Okay. But that's what the central
+limit theorem tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem tells
+me. What it means is that I can have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. What it means is that I can have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. What it means is that I can have it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that
+xbar n is actually equal to sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xbar n is actually equal to sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xbar n is actually equal to sorry
+103.4 is actually equal to 103.4 4 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.4 is actually equal to 103.4 4 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.4 is actually equal to 103.4 4 +
+0.3 which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+103.7 which means that while the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.7 which means that while the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.7 which means that while the truth
+is that mu is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that mu is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that mu is less than
+103.5 then I would conclude that mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5 then I would conclude that mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5 then I would conclude that mu is
+larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than
+103.5 okay and that's because I have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5 okay and that's because I have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5 okay and that's because I have not
+been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very
+cautious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautious
+Okay. So what we want to do is to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what we want to do is to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what we want to do is to have a
+little buffer to account for the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little buffer to account for the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little buffer to account for the fact
+that XN bar is not a precise value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that XN bar is not a precise value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that XN bar is not a precise value for
+the true mu something that's one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true mu something that's one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true mu something that's one over
+root n away from mu. And so what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root n away from mu. And so what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root n away from mu. And so what we want
+is the better hubistic that says well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the better hubistic that says well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the better hubistic that says well if
+I want to conclude that I'm less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to conclude that I'm less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to conclude that I'm less than
+103.5 maybe I need to have 103 less be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5 maybe I need to have 103 less be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5 maybe I need to have 103 less be
+less than 103.5 minus a little buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 103.5 minus a little buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 103.5 minus a little buffer
+that goes to zero as my sample size goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes to zero as my sample size goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes to zero as my sample size goes
+to infinity. And actually that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity. And actually that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity. And actually that's what
+the law of large number tells me. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of large number tells me. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of large number tells me. But
+the central limit theorem actually tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central limit theorem actually tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central limit theorem actually tells
+me that this should be true. Something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that this should be true. Something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that this should be true. Something
+that goes to zero as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes to zero as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes to zero as n goes to infinity
+at the rate one over root n. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rate one over root n. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rate one over root n. Right?
+That's basically what the central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's basically what the central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's basically what the central limit
+theorem tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem tells
+me. So to make this intuition more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. So to make this intuition more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. So to make this intuition more uh
+precise, we need to understand those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise, we need to understand those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise, we need to understand those
+fluctuations. We need to actually put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations. We need to actually put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations. We need to actually put in
+something that's more precise than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's more precise than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's more precise than this
+like little wiggles here. Okay? we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like little wiggles here. Okay? we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like little wiggles here. Okay? we need
+to actually have the central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually have the central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually have the central limit
+theorem come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in. So here's the example of comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. So here's the example of comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. So here's the example of comparing
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+groups. So um pharmaceutical companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups. So um pharmaceutical companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups. So um pharmaceutical companies
+use hypothesis testing to test if a drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use hypothesis testing to test if a drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use hypothesis testing to test if a drug
+is efficient, right? That's what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is efficient, right? That's what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is efficient, right? That's what they
+do. They want to know does my new drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. They want to know does my new drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. They want to know does my new drug
+work? And that's what the Federal Drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work? And that's what the Federal Drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work? And that's what the Federal Drug
+Administration office is doing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration office is doing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration office is doing on the
+daily basis. They ask for extremely well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily basis. They ask for extremely well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily basis. They ask for extremely well
+uh uh uh um regulated clinical trials on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh um regulated clinical trials on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh um regulated clinical trials on
+thousand people and check you know does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people and check you know does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people and check you know does
+this drug make a difference? Did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drug make a difference? Did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drug make a difference? Did
+everybody die? Does it make no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody die? Does it make no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody die? Does it make no
+difference? Uh should people pay 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference? Uh should people pay 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference? Uh should people pay 200
+bucks for a pill of sugar? Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks for a pill of sugar? Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks for a pill of sugar? Right? So
+that's what people are actually asking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what people are actually asking.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what people are actually asking.
+So to do so of course there's no ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to do so of course there's no ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to do so of course there's no ground
+truth about so there's actually sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth about so there's actually sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth about so there's actually sorry
+there's a placebo effect. So it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a placebo effect. So it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a placebo effect. So it's not
+like actually giving a drug that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actually giving a drug that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actually giving a drug that does
+not work is going to have no effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not work is going to have no effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not work is going to have no effect on
+patients. It will have a small effect,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients. It will have a small effect,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients. It will have a small effect,
+but it's very hard to quantify. We know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very hard to quantify. We know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very hard to quantify. We know
+that it's there, but we don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's there, but we don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's there, but we don't know what
+it is. And so rather than saying, oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is. And so rather than saying, oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is. And so rather than saying, oh,
+the ground truth is no improvement, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground truth is no improvement, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground truth is no improvement, the
+ground truth is the placebo effect, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground truth is the placebo effect, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground truth is the placebo effect, and
+we need to measure what the placebo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to measure what the placebo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to measure what the placebo
+effect is. Right? So, uh, what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is. Right? So, uh, what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is. Right? So, uh, what we're
+going to do is we're going to split our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to split our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to split our
+patients into two groups. And there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients into two groups. And there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients into two groups. And there's
+going to be what's called the test group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be what's called the test group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be what's called the test group
+and a control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a control
+group. So the word test here is used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group. So the word test here is used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group. So the word test here is used in
+a different way than hypothesis testing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different way than hypothesis testing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different way than hypothesis testing.
+So we'll just call it typically the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll just call it typically the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll just call it typically the drug
+group. All right. And so uh I will refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group. All right. And so uh I will refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group. All right. And so uh I will refer
+to mute drug in this for this guy. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mute drug in this for this guy. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mute drug in this for this guy. Okay.
+So now this let's say this is a cuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now this let's say this is a cuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now this let's say this is a cuff
+syrup. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syrup. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syrup. Okay.
+And when you have a cuff syrup, what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when you have a cuff syrup, what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when you have a cuff syrup, what you
+want to measure, let's say the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure, let's say the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure, let's say the way you
+measure the uh efficacy of a drug syrup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the uh efficacy of a drug syrup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the uh efficacy of a drug syrup
+of a of a cuff syrup is to number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a cuff syrup is to number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a cuff syrup is to number
+measure how many times you cuff per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure how many times you cuff per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure how many times you cuff per
+minute. Okay? And so if I define new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. Okay? And so if I define new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. Okay? And so if I define new
+control the number of uh uh expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the number of uh uh expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the number of uh uh expectations
+per hour per hour not let's say not per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per hour per hour not let's say not per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per hour per hour not let's say not per
+minute but per hour. So I have just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but per hour. So I have just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but per hour. So I have just the
+expected number, right? This is a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number, right? This is a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number, right? This is a number
+I don't know because I don't have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know because I don't have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know because I don't have access
+to the entire population of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the entire population of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the entire population of people who
+will ever take this uh cuff syrup. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ever take this uh cuff syrup. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ever take this uh cuff syrup. And
+so I will call it new control for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will call it new control for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will call it new control for the
+control group. So those are the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group. So those are the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group. So those are the people
+who've been actually given just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've been actually given just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've been actually given just like
+sugar like maple syrup. And uh new drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar like maple syrup. And uh new drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar like maple syrup. And uh new drug
+are those people who are given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those people who are given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those people who are given the
+actual syrup. Okay. And you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual syrup. Okay. And you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual syrup. Okay. And you can imagine
+that maybe maple syrup will have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe maple syrup will have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe maple syrup will have an
+effect on expectations per uh hour just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on expectations per uh hour just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on expectations per uh hour just
+because well you know it's just sweet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well you know it's just sweet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well you know it's just sweet
+and it helps. Okay. And so we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it helps. Okay. And so we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it helps. Okay. And so we don't know
+what this effect is going to be. We just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this effect is going to be. We just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this effect is going to be. We just
+want to measure if the drug is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure if the drug is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure if the drug is actually
+having just a better impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having just a better impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having just a better impact on
+expectations per hour uh than the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations per hour uh than the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations per hour uh than the uh the
+the just pure maple syrup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the just pure maple syrup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the just pure maple syrup.
+Okay. So what we want to know is if mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what we want to know is if mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what we want to know is if mu
+drug is less than mu control that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug is less than mu control that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug is less than mu control that would
+be enough if we had access to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be enough if we had access to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be enough if we had access to all the
+populations that will ever take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations that will ever take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations that will ever take the
+syrup for all ages then we would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syrup for all ages then we would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syrup for all ages then we would just
+measure did this have an impact and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure did this have an impact and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure did this have an impact and even
+if it's a slightly ever so small impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a slightly ever so small impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a slightly ever so small impact
+then it's good to release this uh cup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's good to release this uh cup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's good to release this uh cup
+syrup assuming that it has no side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syrup assuming that it has no side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syrup assuming that it has no side
+effects or anything like this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects or anything like this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects or anything like this because
+it's just better than maple syrup. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just better than maple syrup. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just better than maple syrup. Okay,
+the problem is that we don't have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that we don't have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that we don't have access
+to this and we're going to have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this and we're going to have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this and we're going to have to make
+this decision based on samples that give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decision based on samples that give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decision based on samples that give
+me imprecise knowledge about new drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me imprecise knowledge about new drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me imprecise knowledge about new drug
+and new uh control. So in this case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and new uh control. So in this case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and new uh control. So in this case,
+unlike the first case where we compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the first case where we compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the first case where we compared
+an unknown expected value to a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unknown expected value to a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unknown expected value to a fixed
+number which was 103.5, here we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which was 103.5, here we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which was 103.5, here we're just
+comparing two unknown numbers with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing two unknown numbers with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing two unknown numbers with each
+other. Okay, so there's two sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. Okay, so there's two sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. Okay, so there's two sources of
+randomness trying to estimate the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness trying to estimate the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness trying to estimate the first
+one and trying to estimate the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and trying to estimate the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and trying to estimate the second
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+Okay. All right. Before I move on, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. Before I move on, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. Before I move on, I
+just wanted to tell you uh I apologize.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to tell you uh I apologize.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to tell you uh I apologize.
+One of the graders was not able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the graders was not able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the graders was not able to
+finish grading his problem sets for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish grading his problem sets for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish grading his problem sets for
+today. So for those of you who are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. So for those of you who are here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. So for those of you who are here
+uh just to pick up their homework, feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just to pick up their homework, feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just to pick up their homework, feel
+free to leave now. Even if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to leave now. Even if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to leave now. Even if you have a
+name tag, I will pretend I did not read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name tag, I will pretend I did not read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name tag, I will pretend I did not read
+it. All right. Uh okay. So uh I'm sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. All right. Uh okay. So uh I'm sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. All right. Uh okay. So uh I'm sorry.
+We'll you'll get it on Tuesday. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll you'll get it on Tuesday. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll you'll get it on Tuesday. Uh and
+this will not happen again. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will not happen again. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will not happen again. All right.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+um okay. So for the clinical trials now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay. So for the clinical trials now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay. So for the clinical trials now
+I'm going to collect information. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to collect information. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to collect information. I'm
+going to collect data from the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to collect data from the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to collect data from the control
+group and I'm going to collect data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and I'm going to collect data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and I'm going to collect data from
+the test group. All right. So my control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test group. All right. So my control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test group. All right. So my control
+group here uh I don't have to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group here uh I don't have to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group here uh I don't have to collect
+the same number of people in the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number of people in the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number of people in the control
+group than in the drug group. Actually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group than in the drug group. Actually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group than in the drug group. Actually,
+for cough syrup, maybe it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cough syrup, maybe it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cough syrup, maybe it's not that
+important. But you can imagine that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. But you can imagine that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. But you can imagine that if
+you think you have the cure to a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you have the cure to a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you have the cure to a really
+annoying disease, it's actually hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying disease, it's actually hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying disease, it's actually hard to
+tell half of the people you will get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell half of the people you will get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell half of the people you will get a
+pill of nothing. Okay, people tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pill of nothing. Okay, people tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pill of nothing. Okay, people tend to
+want to try the drug. They're desperate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try the drug. They're desperate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try the drug. They're desperate.
+And so you have to have this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you have to have this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you have to have this sort of
+imbalance between who's getting the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance between who's getting the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance between who's getting the drug
+and who's not getting the drug. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who's not getting the drug. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who's not getting the drug. Okay, so
+it's not and you know, people have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not and you know, people have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not and you know, people have to
+qualify for the clinical trials. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualify for the clinical trials. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualify for the clinical trials. There's
+lots of fluctuations that affect what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of fluctuations that affect what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of fluctuations that affect what
+the final numbers of people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final numbers of people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final numbers of people who are
+actually going to get the drug and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to get the drug and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to get the drug and are
+going to get the control is going to be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the control is going to be.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the control is going to be.
+And so it's not easy for you to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it's not easy for you to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it's not easy for you to make
+those two numbers equal. You'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two numbers equal. You'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two numbers equal. You'd like to
+have those numbers equal if you can, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those numbers equal if you can, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those numbers equal if you can, but
+uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not
+necessarily. Uh so, and by the way, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily. Uh so, and by the way, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily. Uh so, and by the way, this
+is all part of some uh statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all part of some uh statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all part of some uh statistical
+science called design of experiments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science called design of experiments.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science called design of experiments.
+And in particular, well, you know, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in particular, well, you know, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in particular, well, you know, you
+can imagine that if one of the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that if one of the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that if one of the series
+had higher variance, you would want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had higher variance, you would want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had higher variance, you would want to
+collect more people in this group than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect more people in this group than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect more people in this group than
+the other group. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Yeah, that's on purpose. I'll come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's on purpose. I'll come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's on purpose. I'll come to
+that in a second. All right. So, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a second. All right. So, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a second. All right. So, um,
+right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+basically, we're going to make it, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically, we're going to make it, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically, we're going to make it, if
+your answer is, is this true? We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your answer is, is this true? We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your answer is, is this true? We're
+going to make it as hard as possible,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make it as hard as possible,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make it as hard as possible,
+but no harder for you to say yes to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no harder for you to say yes to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no harder for you to say yes to this
+answer because well, we'll see why.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer because well, we'll see why.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer because well, we'll see why.
+Okay, so uh um Okay, so now we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so uh um Okay, so now we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so uh um Okay, so now we have two
+uh set of datas, the x's and the y's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set of datas, the x's and the y's.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set of datas, the x's and the y's.
+The x's are the ones for the drug and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The x's are the ones for the drug and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The x's are the ones for the drug and
+the y's are the data that I collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y's are the data that I collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y's are the data that I collected
+from the people who were just given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the people who were just given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the people who were just given a
+placebo. Okay? And so they're all iid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placebo. Okay? And so they're all iid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placebo. Okay? And so they're all iid
+random variables. And here since it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables. And here since it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables. And here since it's a
+number of expectations, I'm making a,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of expectations, I'm making a,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of expectations, I'm making a,
+you know, blunt uh uh modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, blunt uh uh modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, blunt uh uh modeling
+assumption. I'm just going to say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption. I'm just going to say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption. I'm just going to say it's
+one and it's characterized only by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it's characterized only by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it's characterized only by the
+mean mu drug or the mean mu control.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean mu drug or the mean mu control.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean mu drug or the mean mu control.
+Okay, I've just made an assumption here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I've just made an assumption here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I've just made an assumption here.
+Could be something different, but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could be something different, but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could be something different, but let's
+say it's a distribution. So now what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a distribution. So now what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a distribution. So now what I
+want to know is to test whether mu drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know is to test whether mu drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know is to test whether mu drug
+is less than mu control. We said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than mu control. We said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than mu control. We said that
+already but the way we said it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already but the way we said it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already but the way we said it before
+was not as mathematical as it is now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not as mathematical as it is now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not as mathematical as it is now.
+Now we're actually making a test on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we're actually making a test on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we're actually making a test on the
+parameters of qual distribution whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of qual distribution whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of qual distribution whereas
+before we're just making test on like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we're just making test on like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we're just making test on like
+expected numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected numbers.
+Okay. So the huristic again if we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the huristic again if we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the huristic again if we try to
+apply the huristic now rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the huristic now rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the huristic now rather than
+comparing new xbar drug to some fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing new xbar drug to some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing new xbar drug to some fixed
+number I'm actually comparing xar drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I'm actually comparing xar drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I'm actually comparing xar drug
+to some control. But now here I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some control. But now here I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some control. But now here I need to
+have something that accounts for not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that accounts for not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that accounts for not
+only the fluctuations of XAR drug but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the fluctuations of XAR drug but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the fluctuations of XAR drug but
+also for the fluctuations of XAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for the fluctuations of XAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for the fluctuations of XAR
+control. Okay. And so now I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control. Okay. And so now I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control. Okay. And so now I need
+something that goes to zero when all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that goes to zero when all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that goes to zero when all
+those two things go to infinity. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things go to infinity. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things go to infinity. And
+typically it should go to zero with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it should go to zero with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it should go to zero with one
+over square root of n drug and one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of n drug and one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of n drug and one over
+square root of n control. Okay, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n control. Okay, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n control. Okay, that's
+what the central limit theorem for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the central limit theorem for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the central limit theorem for both
+xar drug and xar control. Two central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar drug and xar control. Two central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar drug and xar control. Two central
+limit theorems are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorems are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorems are actually
+telling. Okay. And then we can conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling. Okay. And then we can conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling. Okay. And then we can conclude
+that this happens. And as you said this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this happens. And as you said this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this happens. And as you said this,
+we're trying to make it a bit harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to make it a bit harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to make it a bit harder to
+conclude this because let's face it, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude this because let's face it, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude this because let's face it, if
+we were actually using the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were actually using the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were actually using the simple
+huristic, right? So let's assume now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huristic, right? So let's assume now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huristic, right? So let's assume now
+that we have for simplicity, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have for simplicity, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have for simplicity, right? So
+let me assume that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have so I can rewrite Xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so I can rewrite Xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so I can rewrite Xar
+drug less than XAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug less than XAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug less than XAR
+control minus the that goes to zero. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control minus the that goes to zero. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control minus the that goes to zero. I
+can write it as XAR drug minus XAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+control less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control less than
+uh something negative. Okay, this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something negative. Okay, this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something negative. Okay, this little
+something. Okay, so now let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Okay, so now let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Okay, so now let's look at
+those guys. This is the difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys. This is the difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys. This is the difference of
+two random variables from the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two random variables from the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two random variables from the central
+limit theorem. They should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem. They should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem. They should be
+approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately
+uh Gaussian each. And they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Gaussian each. And they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Gaussian each. And they're actually
+we're going to think of them as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to think of them as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to think of them as being
+independent, right? There's no reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent, right? There's no reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent, right? There's no reason
+why the people in the control group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the people in the control group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the people in the control group
+should have any effect on what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have any effect on what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have any effect on what's
+happening to the people in the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to the people in the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to the people in the test
+group. Those people probably don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group. Those people probably don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group. Those people probably don't even
+know each other. And so when I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know each other. And so when I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know each other. And so when I look at
+this, this should look like some me n0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, this should look like some me n0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, this should look like some me n0
+with some mean and some variance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some mean and some variance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some mean and some variance that
+say I don't know what it is. Okay, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I don't know what it is. Okay, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I don't know what it is. Okay, the
+the mean I actually know it's mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean I actually know it's mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean I actually know it's mu
+drug minus mu control. Okay, so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug minus mu control. Okay, so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug minus mu control. Okay, so if I
+were to plot the PDF of this guy, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to plot the PDF of this guy, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to plot the PDF of this guy, it
+would look like this. I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like this. I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like this. I would have
+something which is centered at m drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is centered at m drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is centered at m drug
+minus mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu
+control and would look like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and would look like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and would look like this.
+Okay. Now let's say that mu drug is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now let's say that mu drug is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now let's say that mu drug is
+actually equal to m control that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to m control that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to m control that you
+know this pharmaceutical company is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this pharmaceutical company is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this pharmaceutical company is a
+huge scam and they really are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge scam and they really are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge scam and they really are trying to
+sell bottled maple syrup uh bottled corn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell bottled maple syrup uh bottled corn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell bottled maple syrup uh bottled corn
+syrup for $200 a pop. Okay. So this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syrup for $200 a pop. Okay. So this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syrup for $200 a pop. Okay. So this is a
+huge scam and the true things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge scam and the true things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge scam and the true things are
+actually equal to zero. So this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to zero. So this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to zero. So this thing is
+really centered about zero. Okay. Now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really centered about zero. Okay. Now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really centered about zero. Okay. Now if
+we were not to do this then basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were not to do this then basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were not to do this then basically
+half of the time I would actually come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the time I would actually come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the time I would actually come
+up with a distribution that's above this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a distribution that's above this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a distribution that's above this
+value and half of the time I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and half of the time I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and half of the time I would have
+something that's below this value which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's below this value which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's below this value which
+would mean that half of the scams would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean that half of the scams would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean that half of the scams would
+actually go through FDA if I did not do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go through FDA if I did not do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go through FDA if I did not do
+this. So what I'm trying to do is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So what I'm trying to do is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So what I'm trying to do is to say
+well okay you have to be here so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay you have to be here so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay you have to be here so that
+there's actually a very low probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a very low probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a very low probability
+that just by chance you end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just by chance you end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just by chance you end up being
+here. Okay? And we'll make all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay? And we'll make all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay? And we'll make all the
+statements extremely precise later on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements extremely precise later on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements extremely precise later on.
+But I think the drug thing makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I think the drug thing makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I think the drug thing makes it
+interesting to see why you're making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to see why you're making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to see why you're making it
+hard because you don't want to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard because you don't want to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard because you don't want to allow
+people to sell things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to sell things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to sell things like
+that. Okay. So let's just uh before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. So let's just uh before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. So let's just uh before we
+go more into the statistical thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go more into the statistical thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go more into the statistical thinking
+associated to test, let's just see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to test, let's just see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to test, let's just see how
+we would do this quantification, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would do this quantification, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would do this quantification, right?
+I mean after all this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean after all this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean after all this is what we
+probably are the most comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably are the most comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably are the most comfortable with
+at this point. So uh let's just make um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point. So uh let's just make um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point. So uh let's just make um
+let's just uh try to understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just uh try to understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just uh try to understand this
+thing. And I'm going to make the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. And I'm going to make the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. And I'm going to make the uh
+statistitian's favorite uh uh test which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistitian's favorite uh uh test which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistitian's favorite uh uh test which
+is the thing that obviously you do at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thing that obviously you do at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thing that obviously you do at
+home all the time every time you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home all the time every time you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home all the time every time you get a
+new quarter is testing whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new quarter is testing whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new quarter is testing whether it's a
+fair coin or not. All right. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair coin or not. All right. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair coin or not. All right. So this
+test of course exists only in textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test of course exists only in textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test of course exists only in textbooks
+and uh and I actually did not write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and I actually did not write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and I actually did not write this
+slide. I was lazy to just replace all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide. I was lazy to just replace all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide. I was lazy to just replace all
+this stuff by uh the I don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff by uh the I don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff by uh the I don't know the
+cherry blossom run. Uh so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry blossom run. Uh so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry blossom run. Uh so you have a
+coin now you have 80 observations uh x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin now you have 80 observations uh x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin now you have 80 observations uh x1
+to x80. So n is equal to 80.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x80. So n is equal to 80.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x80. So n is equal to 80.
+I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1
+xn iid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn iid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn iid
+vernally p and I want to know if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vernally p and I want to know if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vernally p and I want to know if I have
+a fair coin. So in mathematical language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair coin. So in mathematical language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair coin. So in mathematical language
+I want to know if P is equal to 1/2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know if P is equal to 1/2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know if P is equal to 1/2 and
+in this case it's kind of hard to say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's kind of hard to say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's kind of hard to say uh
+sorry let's say uh this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry let's say uh this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry let's say uh this is just the
+heads okay and a bias coin well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads okay and a bias coin well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads okay and a bias coin well you know
+maybe you would potentially be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you would potentially be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you would potentially be
+interested whether it's biased one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested whether it's biased one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested whether it's biased one
+direction or the other but you know not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or the other but you know not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or the other but you know not
+being a fair coin is already somewhat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a fair coin is already somewhat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a fair coin is already somewhat of
+a discovery okay and so you just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discovery okay and so you just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discovery okay and so you just want to
+know whether P is equal to 1/2 or P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether P is equal to 1/2 or P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether P is equal to 1/2 or P is
+not equal to 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to 1/2
+Okay. Now, if I were to apply the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, if I were to apply the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, if I were to apply the very
+naive first example for to not reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive first example for to not reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive first example for to not reject
+this hypothesis, if I run this thing 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hypothesis, if I run this thing 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hypothesis, if I run this thing 100
+times, 80 times, I would need to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times, 80 times, I would need to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times, 80 times, I would need to see
+exactly 40 heads and 40 tails. Now, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 40 heads and 40 tails. Now, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 40 heads and 40 tails. Now, this
+is very unlikely to happen exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very unlikely to happen exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very unlikely to happen exactly.
+Okay, you're going to have close to 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you're going to have close to 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you're going to have close to 40
+heads and close to 40 tails, but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and close to 40 tails, but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and close to 40 tails, but how
+close should you those things be? Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close should you those things be? Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close should you those things be? Okay.
+And so the little something is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the little something is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the little something is going to
+be quantified by exactly this. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quantified by exactly this. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quantified by exactly this. Okay. So
+now here, let's say that my experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here, let's say that my experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here, let's say that my experiment
+gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave
+me 54. Did I do uh well, let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me 54. Did I do uh well, let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me 54. Did I do uh well, let's say
+heads? Yeah, that's 54.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads? Yeah, that's 54.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads? Yeah, that's 54.
+Yeah, heads. Which means that my XN bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, heads. Which means that my XN bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, heads. Which means that my XN bar
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+54 over 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54 over 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54 over 80
+which is 68. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 68. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 68. All
+right. All right. So I have this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. All right. So I have this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. All right. So I have this uh this
+estimator looks pretty large, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator looks pretty large, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator looks pretty large, right?
+It's pretty it's much larger than 0.5.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's pretty it's much larger than 0.5.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's pretty it's much larger than 0.5.
+So it does look like I mean my mom would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it does look like I mean my mom would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it does look like I mean my mom would
+certainly conclude that this is a biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly conclude that this is a biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly conclude that this is a biased
+coin for sure because she thinks I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin for sure because she thinks I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin for sure because she thinks I'm
+tricky. All right. So the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky. All right. So the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky. All right. So the question is
+can this be due to chance? Right? Can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this be due to chance? Right? Can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this be due to chance? Right? Can
+this be due to chance alone? Like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be due to chance alone? Like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be due to chance alone? Like what
+is the likelihood that a fair coin would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the likelihood that a fair coin would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the likelihood that a fair coin would
+actually end up being 54 times on heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually end up being 54 times on heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually end up being 54 times on heads
+rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than
+40? Okay. And so what we do is we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40? Okay. And so what we do is we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40? Okay. And so what we do is we say
+okay I need to understand what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I need to understand what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I need to understand what is the
+distribution of the number of times it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the number of times it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the number of times it
+comes on heads and this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes on heads and this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes on heads and this is going to be
+binomial but it's a little annoying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial but it's a little annoying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial but it's a little annoying to
+play with. So we're going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with. So we're going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with. So we're going to use the
+central limit theorem that tells me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem that tells me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem that tells me that
+uh xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh xn
+bar minus p divided by square root of p1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar minus p divided by square root of p1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar minus p divided by square root of p1
+minus p is approximately distributed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus p is approximately distributed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus p is approximately distributed as
+an n01. And here since n is equal to 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an n01. And here since n is equal to 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an n01. And here since n is equal to 80
+I'm pretty safe that this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pretty safe that this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pretty safe that this is actually
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+work. Okay. Okay. So now let's just be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Okay. Okay. So now let's just be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Okay. Okay. So now let's just be a
+little more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more um
+um and I can actually use Slutzky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I can actually use Slutzky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I can actually use Slutzky
+here and put XN bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. Okay. Slutsky tells me that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay. Slutsky tells me that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay. Slutsky tells me that this
+is okay to do. All right. So now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay to do. All right. So now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay to do. All right. So now I'm
+actually going to compute this. So here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to compute this. So here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to compute this. So here
+I know this this is square root of 80.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know this this is square root of 80.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know this this is square root of 80.
+This is uh 68. What is this value here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is uh 68. What is this value here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is uh 68. What is this value here?
+We'll talk about it. Well, we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll talk about it. Well, we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll talk about it. Well, we're trying
+to understand what happens if it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what happens if it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what happens if it is a
+fair coin, right? So, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair coin, right? So, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair coin, right? So, if
+fair, then P is equal to 0.5, right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair, then P is equal to 0.5, right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair, then P is equal to 0.5, right? So,
+what I want to know is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to know is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to know is what is the
+likelihood that a fair coin would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood that a fair coin would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood that a fair coin would give
+me 68? Let me finish. All right. So, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me 68? Let me finish. All right. So, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me 68? Let me finish. All right. So, if
+what is the likelihood that a fair coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the likelihood that a fair coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the likelihood that a fair coin
+will allow me to do this? So, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow me to do this? So, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow me to do this? So, I'm
+actually allowed to plug in P to be 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually allowed to plug in P to be 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually allowed to plug in P to be 0.5
+here. Now your question is why do I not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Now your question is why do I not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Now your question is why do I not
+plug in P to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in P to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in P to be
+0.5 but you can all right I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 but you can all right I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 but you can all right I just want to
+make you plug in P at one specific point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you plug in P at one specific point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you plug in P at one specific point
+but you're absolutely right what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're absolutely right what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're absolutely right what you
+should you can look at is right so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you can look at is right so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you can look at is right so okay
+let's forget about your question for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's forget about your question for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's forget about your question for one
+second so now I'm going to have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so now I'm going to have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so now I'm going to have to look
+at XN bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at XN bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at XN bar
+minus.5 divided by XN bar 1 - XN bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus.5 divided by XN bar 1 - XN bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus.5 divided by XN bar 1 - XN bar
+then this thing is approximately a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thing is approximately a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thing is approximately a
+Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+01 if the coin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fair otherwise I'm going to have a mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair otherwise I'm going to have a mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair otherwise I'm going to have a mean
+which is not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not zero
+here right if the coin is something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right if the coin is something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right if the coin is something else
+whatever I I get here right so if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I I get here right so if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I I get here right so if my
+coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin
+if let's just write it for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second actually let's let's uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second actually let's let's uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second actually let's let's uh let's
+answer your question first is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question first is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question first is going to
+be easy. Well, I'm not sure. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, let's do it. So, what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, let's do it. So, what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, let's do it. So, what is the
+distribution of this if P? So, that's P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this if P? So, that's P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this if P? So, that's P
+is equal to 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh.5. Okay. Now, if P is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh.5. Okay. Now, if P is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh.5. Okay. Now, if P is equal to
+6, then this thing is just well I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6, then this thing is just well I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6, then this thing is just well I know
+that this is equal to<unk> of N X N bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is equal to<unk> of N X N bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is equal to<unk> of N X N bar
+minus 0.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0.6
+6 / x n bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 / x n bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 / x n bar
+uh 1 - x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 - x n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 - x n
+bar square root plus well now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar square root plus well now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar square root plus well now the
+difference so square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so square root of
+n 0.6 - 0.5 divided by square root of xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 0.6 - 0.5 divided by square root of xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 0.6 - 0.5 divided by square root of xn
+bar 1 - xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar 1 - xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar 1 - xn
+bar right now if p is equal to 2.6 six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar right now if p is equal to 2.6 six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar right now if p is equal to 2.6 six
+then this guy is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this guy is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this guy is n
+01 but this guy is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 but this guy is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 but this guy is something
+different right this guy is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right this guy is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right this guy is just a
+number that depends on square root of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that depends on square root of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that depends on square root of n
+it's actually pretty large so if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually pretty large so if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually pretty large so if I'm
+actually if I want to use the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if I want to use the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if I want to use the fact that
+this guy has a normal distribution I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy has a normal distribution I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy has a normal distribution I
+need to plug in the true value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to plug in the true value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to plug in the true value
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+now the implicit question that I got was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the implicit question that I got was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the implicit question that I got was
+the following it says Well, if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following it says Well, if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following it says Well, if you know
+what P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what P
+is, then what's actually true is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, then what's actually true is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, then what's actually true is also
+this. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. If
+P is equal to.5, then not since I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is equal to.5, then not since I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is equal to.5, then not since I know
+that root N XN bar minus P divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that root N XN bar minus P divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that root N XN bar minus P divided by
+square root of P 1 minus P is some N01.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of P 1 minus P is some N01.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of P 1 minus P is some N01.
+It's also true that square root of n x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's also true that square root of n x n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's also true that square root of n x n
+bar minus 0.5 divided by square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar minus 0.5 divided by square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar minus 0.5 divided by square root of
+0.5 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 one
+minus.5 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus.5 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus.5 is
+n01 right I know what p is I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 right I know what p is I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 right I know what p is I'm just
+going to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make it
+appear okay and so what's actually nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear okay and so what's actually nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear okay and so what's actually nice
+about this particular uh bernley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this particular uh bernley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this particular uh bernley
+experiments is that I can check if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments is that I can check if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments is that I can check if my
+assumption is validated by checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is validated by checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is validated by checking
+whether whether I'm actually so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether whether I'm actually so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether whether I'm actually so what I'm
+going to do right now is now to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do right now is now to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do right now is now to check
+whether this is likely to be a Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is likely to be a Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is likely to be a Gaussian
+or not right and there's two ways I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not right and there's two ways I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not right and there's two ways I can
+violate it by violating the mean but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate it by violating the mean but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate it by violating the mean but
+also by violating the variance and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also by violating the variance and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also by violating the variance and here
+what I did in the first case I said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did in the first case I said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did in the first case I said well
+I'm not allowing you to check whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not allowing you to check whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not allowing you to check whether
+you violated the variance I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you violated the variance I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you violated the variance I'm just
+plugging whatever variance you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging whatever variance you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging whatever variance you're
+getting whereas here I'm saying well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting whereas here I'm saying well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting whereas here I'm saying well
+there's two ways you can validate it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two ways you can validate it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two ways you can validate it and
+uh I'm just going to factor everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm just going to factor everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm just going to factor everything
+in okay so now I can plug in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so now I can plug in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so now I can plug in in this
+number so this is square root so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so this is square root so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so this is square root so this is
+80 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 this is
+68 so I can compute all this stuff I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 so I can compute all this stuff I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 so I can compute all this stuff I can
+compute all this stuff here as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute all this stuff here as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute all this stuff here as well and
+uh what I get in this case if I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I get in this case if I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I get in this case if I put the
+x and bar one I get 3.45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+45. Okay. And now I claim that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45. Okay. And now I claim that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45. Okay. And now I claim that this
+makes it reasonable to reject the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it reasonable to reject the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it reasonable to reject the
+hypothesis that P is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that P is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that P is equal
+to.5. Can somebody tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why? Yeah, three is pretty big. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why? Yeah, three is pretty big. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why? Yeah, three is pretty big. So it's
+very unlikely. So right so this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unlikely. So right so this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unlikely. So right so this number
+that I should see should look like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I should see should look like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I should see should look like the
+number I would get if I asked a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I would get if I asked a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I would get if I asked a computer
+to draw one random Gaussian for me right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw one random Gaussian for me right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw one random Gaussian for me right
+this number when I draw one random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number when I draw one random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number when I draw one random
+Gaussian is actually a number with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian is actually a number with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian is actually a number with
+99.9% this number will be betweeng3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.9% this number will be betweeng3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.9% this number will be betweeng3 and
+three with 78% it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three with 78% it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three with 78% it's going to be
+betweengative -2 and two okay so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betweengative -2 and two okay so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betweengative -2 and two okay so those
+are actually between with 70% % is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually between with 70% % is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually between with 70% % is
+basically uh 68% is between minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh 68% is between minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh 68% is between minus one
+and one and with like 90% is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one and with like 90% is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one and with like 90% is between
+minus2 and two. So getting a 3.45 when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus2 and two. So getting a 3.45 when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus2 and two. So getting a 3.45 when
+you do this is extremely unlikely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this is extremely unlikely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this is extremely unlikely to
+happen which means that you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen which means that you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen which means that you would have
+to be extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be extremely
+unlucky for this to ever happen. Now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky for this to ever happen. Now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky for this to ever happen. Now it
+can happen right? It could be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen right? It could be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen right? It could be the case
+that you flip 100 80 coins and 80 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you flip 100 80 coins and 80 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you flip 100 80 coins and 80 of
+them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are
+heads. With what probability does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads. With what probability does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads. With what probability does this
+happen?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one over two to the 80, right? Which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over two to the 80, right? Which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over two to the 80, right? Which is
+probably uh probably better off playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably uh probably better off playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably uh probably better off playing
+uh uh the lottery with this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the lottery with this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the lottery with this kind of
+odds, right? I mean, this is just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds, right? I mean, this is just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds, right? I mean, this is just not
+going to happen, but it might happen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen, but it might happen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen, but it might happen.
+So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we
+cannot remove completely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot remove completely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot remove completely the
+uncertainty, right? It's still possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty, right? It's still possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty, right? It's still possible
+that this is due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is due to
+noise, but we're just trying to make all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise, but we're just trying to make all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise, but we're just trying to make all
+the cases that are very unlikely go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases that are very unlikely go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases that are very unlikely go
+away. Okay? And so now I claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. Okay? And so now I claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. Okay? And so now I claim that
+3.45 is very unlikely for a Gaussian. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.45 is very unlikely for a Gaussian. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.45 is very unlikely for a Gaussian. So
+if I were to draw the PDF of a Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to draw the PDF of a Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to draw the PDF of a Gaussian
+of a standard Gaussian, right? So N01,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a standard Gaussian, right? So N01,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a standard Gaussian, right? So N01,
+right? So that's PDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N01 3.73 is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N01 3.73 is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N01 3.73 is basically
+here. Okay. So it's just like too far in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay. So it's just like too far in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay. So it's just like too far in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+tails. Understood?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails. Understood?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails. Understood?
+Now I cannot say that the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I cannot say that the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I cannot say that the probability
+that the Gaussian is equal to 373 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Gaussian is equal to 373 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Gaussian is equal to 373 is
+small right I just cannot say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right I just cannot say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right I just cannot say that
+because it's zero and it's also zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's zero and it's also zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's zero and it's also zero for
+the probability that it's zero even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that it's zero even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that it's zero even
+though the most likely values are around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the most likely values are around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the most likely values are around
+zero right it's the continuous random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right it's the continuous random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right it's the continuous random
+variable so it's it's going to take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so it's it's going to take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so it's it's going to take any
+probability any value you give me it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability any value you give me it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability any value you give me it's
+going to happen with probability zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen with probability zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen with probability zero so
+what we're going to say is well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to say is well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to say is well the
+fluctuations are larger than this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations are larger than this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations are larger than this number
+the probability that I get anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that I get anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that I get anything
+worse than this is actually extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than this is actually extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than this is actually extremely
+small, right? Anything worse than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small, right? Anything worse than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small, right? Anything worse than this
+is just like farther than 3.73 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just like farther than 3.73 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just like farther than 3.73 and this
+is going to be what we control. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be what we control. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be what we control. All
+right, so in this case, I claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, so in this case, I claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, so in this case, I claim that
+it's quite reasonable to reject the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite reasonable to reject the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite reasonable to reject the
+hypothesis. Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis. Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis. Is
+everybody okay with this? Everybody find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody okay with this? Everybody find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody okay with this? Everybody find
+this shocking or everybody has no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shocking or everybody has no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shocking or everybody has no idea
+what's going on. You have any questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on. You have any questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on. You have any questions?
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feels like number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3.45.4 that makes it seem that less like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, that's
+correct. Um, and you're right. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct. Um, and you're right. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct. Um, and you're right. You
+should prefer. So, okay, I didn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should prefer. So, okay, I didn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should prefer. So, okay, I didn't want
+to plug in the P everywhere, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plug in the P everywhere, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plug in the P everywhere, but you
+should plug in it everywhere you can.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should plug in it everywhere you can.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should plug in it everywhere you can.
+That's for sure. Okay, so let's agree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's for sure. Okay, so let's agree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's for sure. Okay, so let's agree on
+that. And that's true that it makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And that's true that it makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And that's true that it makes the
+number a little bigger. Did you compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a little bigger. Did you compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a little bigger. Did you compute
+how much you would get we would get if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you would get we would get if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you would get we would get if
+we put 0.5 there? Right? I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put 0.5 there? Right? I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put 0.5 there? Right? I mean it's
+probably easy, right? Well, I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably easy, right? Well, I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably easy, right? Well, I don't know
+what square root of 80 is. Can somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what square root of 80 is. Can somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what square root of 80 is. Can somebody
+compute quickly what uh uh I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute quickly what uh uh I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute quickly what uh uh I'm not
+asking you to do it, but like what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to do it, but like what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to do it, but like what I
+want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is
+uh 2 *<unk>
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2 *<unk>
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2 *<unk>
+80 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh8
+what? 3.22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? 3.22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? 3.22
+22. Okay, I can make the same cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22. Okay, I can make the same cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22. Okay, I can make the same cartoon
+picture with 3.22 and uh I would be But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture with 3.22 and uh I would be But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture with 3.22 and uh I would be But
+you're right. This is definitely more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right. This is definitely more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right. This is definitely more
+accurate and I should have done this. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate and I should have done this. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate and I should have done this. I
+didn't want to just get the confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to just get the confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to just get the confused
+message. Okay. All right. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message. Okay. All right. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message. Okay. All right. So,
+uh now here's a second example that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now here's a second example that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now here's a second example that you
+can think of. So, now I have 30 times. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of. So, now I have 30 times. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of. So, now I have 30 times. I
+I toss it 30 times. still in the realm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I toss it 30 times. still in the realm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I toss it 30 times. still in the realm
+of uh of the uh um central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of the uh um central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of the uh um central limit
+theorem. I get 13 heads rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. I get 13 heads rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. I get 13 heads rather than
+uh uh 15. So I'm actually much closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh 15. So I'm actually much closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh 15. So I'm actually much closer to
+being exactly at half. So let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being exactly at half. So let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being exactly at half. So let's see if
+this is actually going to give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually going to give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually going to give me a
+plausible value. And what I get is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible value. And what I get is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible value. And what I get is that
+uh uh so I get 33 in average. If the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so I get 33 in average. If the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so I get 33 in average. If the
+true was uh 0.5 uh I would get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true was uh 0.5 uh I would get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true was uh 0.5 uh I would get something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+77 and uh now I claim that 77 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+77 and uh now I claim that 77 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+77 and uh now I claim that 77 is a
+plausible realization for some standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible realization for some standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible realization for some standard
+Gaussian. Okay. Now 77 is going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian. Okay. Now 77 is going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian. Okay. Now 77 is going to look
+like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. So that could very well be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So that could very well be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So that could very well be
+something that just comes because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that just comes because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that just comes because of
+randomness. And again, if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness. And again, if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness. And again, if you think
+about it, if I told you you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it, if I told you you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it, if I told you you were
+expecting 15, you saw 13, you're happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting 15, you saw 13, you're happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting 15, you saw 13, you're happy
+to put that on the account of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put that on the account of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put that on the account of
+randomness. Now, of course, the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness. Now, of course, the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness. Now, of course, the question
+is going to be where do I draw the line,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be where do I draw the line,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be where do I draw the line,
+right? Is 12 the right number? Is 11 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Is 12 the right number? Is 11 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Is 12 the right number? Is 11 is
+10? What is it? And so, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10? What is it? And so, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10? What is it? And so, we're going to
+have what we're going to do. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what we're going to do. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what we're going to do. So,
+basically, the answer is it's whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically, the answer is it's whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically, the answer is it's whatever
+you want to be. The problem is it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be. The problem is it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be. The problem is it's hard
+to think on the scale, right? What does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think on the scale, right? What does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think on the scale, right? What does
+it mean to think on the scale? If I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean to think on the scale? If I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean to think on the scale? If I can
+think on this scale, I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on this scale, I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on this scale, I'm going to have
+to think on the scale of 80 of them. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think on the scale of 80 of them. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think on the scale of 80 of them. I'm
+going to have to think on the scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to think on the scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to think on the scale of
+like running a 100 uh flip coin uh coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like running a 100 uh flip coin uh coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like running a 100 uh flip coin uh coin
+flips. And so this scale is moving. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips. And so this scale is moving. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips. And so this scale is moving. It's
+a moving target all the time. Every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moving target all the time. Every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moving target all the time. Every time
+you have a new problem, you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a new problem, you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a new problem, you have to have
+a new scale in mind. And it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new scale in mind. And it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new scale in mind. And it's very
+difficult. The purpose of statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. The purpose of statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. The purpose of statistical
+analysis and in particular this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and in particular this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and in particular this process
+that contain that takes your Xbar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contain that takes your Xbar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contain that takes your Xbar and
+turns it into something that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns it into something that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns it into something that should be
+standard Gaussian allows you to map the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Gaussian allows you to map the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Gaussian allows you to map the
+value of Xbar into a scale that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Xbar into a scale that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Xbar into a scale that is the
+standard scale of the Gaussian. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard scale of the Gaussian. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard scale of the Gaussian. All
+right. Now all you need to have in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Now all you need to have in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Now all you need to have in mind
+is what is a large number or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is a large number or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is a large number or an
+unusually large number for a Gaussian.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusually large number for a Gaussian.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusually large number for a Gaussian.
+That's all you need to know, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's all you need to know, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's all you need to know, right?
+So here by the way 77 is not this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here by the way 77 is not this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here by the way 77 is not this one
+because it was actually negative.77
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was actually negative.77
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was actually negative.77
+uh so the other one should so it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the other one should so it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the other one should so it's this
+one. Okay. So I can be on the right or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay. So I can be on the right or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay. So I can be on the right or I
+can be on the left uh but they are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be on the left uh but they are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be on the left uh but they are still
+plausible of zero but they are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible of zero but they are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible of zero but they are still
+plausible. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible. All right.
+So understood like you could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So understood like you could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So understood like you could actually
+have in mind all the values that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind all the values that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind all the values that are
+plausible for a Gaussian and those that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible for a Gaussian and those that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible for a Gaussian and those that
+are not plausible and draw the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not plausible and draw the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not plausible and draw the line
+based on what you think is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what you think is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what you think is the right
+number. So how large should a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So how large should a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So how large should a positive
+value of a Gaussian to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a Gaussian to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a Gaussian to become
+unreasonable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable for
+you? Is it one? Is it 1.5? Is it two?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you? Is it one? Is it 1.5? Is it two?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you? Is it one? Is it 1.5? Is it two?
+Stop me when I get there. Is it 2.5? Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stop me when I get there. Is it 2.5? Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stop me when I get there. Is it 2.5? Is
+it three?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it three?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it three?
+What?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So this is not Beijian statistics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So this is not Beijian statistics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So this is not Beijian statistics.
+So there's no such thing as a prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's no such thing as a prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's no such thing as a prior
+right now. We'll get there. you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now. We'll get there. you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now. We'll get there. you'll have
+your uh moment uh during one one short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh moment uh during one one short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh moment uh during one one short
+chapter. uh but uh the the right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter. uh but uh the the right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter. uh but uh the the right so
+there's no prior here right it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no prior here right it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no prior here right it's really
+a matter of what do you think is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of what do you think is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of what do you think is a
+Gaussian large or not it's not a matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian large or not it's not a matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian large or not it's not a matter
+of coins it's not a matter of anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coins it's not a matter of anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coins it's not a matter of anything
+now I've just reduced it to just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've just reduced it to just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've just reduced it to just one
+question so forget about everything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so forget about everything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so forget about everything we
+just said and I'm asking you when do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said and I'm asking you when do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said and I'm asking you when do you
+decide that a Gaussian is too large to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide that a Gaussian is too large to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide that a Gaussian is too large to
+be a reasonable a number is too large to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a reasonable a number is too large to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a reasonable a number is too large to
+be reasonably drawn from a Gaussian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reasonably drawn from a Gaussian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reasonably drawn from a Gaussian and
+this number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is
+two or 1.96 six and that's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or 1.96 six and that's basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or 1.96 six and that's basically the
+number that you get from this quintile.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that you get from this quintile.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that you get from this quintile.
+We've seen the 1.96 before, right? It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've seen the 1.96 before, right? It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've seen the 1.96 before, right? It's
+actually Q alpha over two for alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Q alpha over two for alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Q alpha over two for alpha is
+equal to 5%. That's a quentile of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 5%. That's a quentile of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 5%. That's a quentile of a
+Gaussian. So actually what we do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian. So actually what we do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian. So actually what we do is we
+map it again. So we're not the Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map it again. So we're not the Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map it again. So we're not the Gaussian
+and then we map it again into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we map it again into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we map it again into some
+probabilities which is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities which is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities which is the probability
+of being farther than this thing. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being farther than this thing. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being farther than this thing. And
+now probability as we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now probability as we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now probability as we can think
+probability is something that quantifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is something that quantifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is something that quantifies
+my error. And the question is how what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my error. And the question is how what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my error. And the question is how what
+percentage of error am I willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of error am I willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of error am I willing to
+tolerate? And if I tell you 5% that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerate? And if I tell you 5% that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerate? And if I tell you 5% that's
+something you can really envision. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can really envision. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can really envision. What
+it means is that if I were to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means is that if I were to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means is that if I were to do this
+test a million times 5% of the time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test a million times 5% of the time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test a million times 5% of the time I
+would expose myself to making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expose myself to making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expose myself to making a
+mistake. All right? That's all it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake. All right? That's all it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake. All right? That's all it would
+say. If you said well I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say. If you said well I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say. If you said well I don't want to
+account for uh uh 11 for 5%. Maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for uh uh 11 for 5%. Maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for uh uh 11 for 5%. Maybe I
+want 1%. then you have to move from 1.96
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want 1%. then you have to move from 1.96
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want 1%. then you have to move from 1.96
+to 2.5 and then if you say I want 0.01%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2.5 and then if you say I want 0.01%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2.5 and then if you say I want 0.01%
+then you have to move to an even larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to move to an even larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to move to an even larger
+number. So it depends but stating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So it depends but stating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So it depends but stating this
+number 1% 5% 10% is much easier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 1% 5% 10% is much easier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 1% 5% 10% is much easier than
+stating the numbers uh 1.96 2.5 etc. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating the numbers uh 1.96 2.5 etc. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating the numbers uh 1.96 2.5 etc. So
+we're just putting everything back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just putting everything back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just putting everything back on
+the scale. All right. So here is uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale. All right. So here is uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale. All right. So here is uh to
+conclude this again as we said does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude this again as we said does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude this again as we said does not
+suggest that the coin isn't fair. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that the coin isn't fair. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that the coin isn't fair. Now,
+it might be that the coin isn't fair. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be that the coin isn't fair. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be that the coin isn't fair. We
+just don't have enough evidence to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have enough evidence to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have enough evidence to say
+that. And that goes back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And that goes back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And that goes back to your
+question about why are we siding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about why are we siding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about why are we siding
+with the fact that we're making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that we're making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that we're making it
+harder to conclude that the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to conclude that the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to conclude that the the the
+runners were faster. And this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runners were faster. And this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runners were faster. And this is the
+same thing. We're making it harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing. We're making it harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing. We're making it harder to
+conclude that the coin is biased because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the coin is biased because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the coin is biased because
+there is a status quo. And we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a status quo. And we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a status quo. And we're trying
+to see if we have evidence against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if we have evidence against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if we have evidence against the
+status quo. The status quo for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status quo. The status quo for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status quo. The status quo for the
+runners is they run they ran the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runners is they run they ran the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runners is they run they ran the same
+speed. The status quo for the coin can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed. The status quo for the coin can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed. The status quo for the coin can
+probably all agree is that the coin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably all agree is that the coin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably all agree is that the coin is
+fair. The status quo for a drug I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair. The status quo for a drug I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair. The status quo for a drug I mean
+again unless you prove me that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again unless you prove me that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again unless you prove me that you're
+actually not a scammer is that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not a scammer is that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not a scammer is that you're
+actually the status quo is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the status quo is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the status quo is that this is
+maple syrup. There's nothing in there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maple syrup. There's nothing in there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maple syrup. There's nothing in there.
+Why would not you? I mean if I let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why would not you? I mean if I let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why would not you? I mean if I let you
+get away with it, you would put maple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away with it, you would put maple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away with it, you would put maple
+syrup. It's just corn syrup is cheaper,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syrup. It's just corn syrup is cheaper,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syrup. It's just corn syrup is cheaper,
+right? Okay. So now let's move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. So now let's move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. So now let's move on to
+math. All right. So uh when I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math. All right. So uh when I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math. All right. So uh when I start
+doing mathematics, I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing mathematics, I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing mathematics, I'm going to have to
+talk about random variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about random variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about random variables and
+statistical models. And uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical models. And uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical models. And uh
+here there's actually a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's actually a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's actually a very simple
+thing which is that it actually goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is that it actually goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is that it actually goes
+back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this
+picture which is a test is really asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture which is a test is really asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture which is a test is really asking
+me if I'm on one side of if my if my um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I'm on one side of if my if my um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I'm on one side of if my if my um
+uh parameter is in some region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh parameter is in some region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh parameter is in some region of the
+parameter set or another region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter set or another region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter set or another region of the
+parameter set. Right? Yes. No. And so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter set. Right? Yes. No. And so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter set. Right? Yes. No. And so uh
+what I'm going to be given is a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to be given is a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to be given is a sample
+x1 xn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 xn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 xn.
+I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model and again those can be braces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and again those can be braces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and again those can be braces
+depending on the day. Uh and so now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the day. Uh and so now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the day. Uh and so now I'm
+going to give myself theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give myself theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give myself theta
+1 and theta 2 sorry theta 0 and theta 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and theta 2 sorry theta 0 and theta 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and theta 2 sorry theta 0 and theta 1
+to disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subset. Okay. So I have my right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset. Okay. So I have my right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset. Okay. So I have my right. So
+capital theta here is the space in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital theta here is the space in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital theta here is the space in which
+my parameter can live. to make two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parameter can live. to make two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parameter can live. to make two
+disjint subsets. I could just split this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjint subsets. I could just split this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjint subsets. I could just split this
+guy in half, right? But I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in half, right? But I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in half, right? But I'm actually
+going to make myself I'm gonna say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make myself I'm gonna say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make myself I'm gonna say,
+well, maybe it's this guy and this guy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, maybe it's this guy and this guy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, maybe it's this guy and this guy.
+Okay, so this is theta 0 and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is theta 0 and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is theta 0 and this is
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+1. What it means when I split those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. What it means when I split those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. What it means when I split those two
+guys, I'm actually in test I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys, I'm actually in test I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys, I'm actually in test I'm actually
+going to focus only on theta 0 or theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus only on theta 0 or theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus only on theta 0 or theta
+1. And so it means that a priori I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. And so it means that a priori I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. And so it means that a priori I've
+already removed all the possibilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already removed all the possibilities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already removed all the possibilities of
+theta being in this region. What does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta being in this region. What does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta being in this region. What does it
+mean? This go back to the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean? This go back to the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean? This go back to the example of
+uh runners. This region here for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh runners. This region here for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh runners. This region here for the for
+the cherry blossom run is the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cherry blossom run is the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cherry blossom run is the set of
+parameters where mu was larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters where mu was larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters where mu was larger than
+103.5. Right? We removed that. We didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5. Right? We removed that. We didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5. Right? We removed that. We didn't
+even consider this possibility. We said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even consider this possibility. We said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even consider this possibility. We said
+either it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's
+less sorry that's mu equal to 103.5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less sorry that's mu equal to 103.5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less sorry that's mu equal to 103.5 and
+this was mu less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was mu less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was mu less than
+103.5. Okay. But these guys were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5. Okay. But these guys were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5. Okay. But these guys were
+like if it happens it happens. I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if it happens it happens. I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if it happens it happens. I'm not
+making any statement about that case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making any statement about that case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making any statement about that case.
+All right. So now I take those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now I take those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now I take those two
+subsets and now I'm going to give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets and now I'm going to give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets and now I'm going to give them
+two different names because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different names because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different names because they're
+going to have an asymmetric role.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have an asymmetric role.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have an asymmetric role.
+H0 is the null hypothesis and H1 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H0 is the null hypothesis and H1 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H0 is the null hypothesis and H1 is the
+alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hypothesis. H0 is the status quo.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis. H0 is the status quo.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis. H0 is the status quo.
+H1 is what is considered typically as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 is what is considered typically as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 is what is considered typically as
+scientific discovery. So if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific discovery. So if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific discovery. So if you're a
+regulator, you're going to push towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator, you're going to push towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator, you're going to push towards
+H0. If you're a scientist, you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H0. If you're a scientist, you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H0. If you're a scientist, you're going
+to push towards H1. If you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push towards H1. If you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push towards H1. If you're a
+pharmaceutical company, you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical company, you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical company, you're going to
+push towards H1. Okay? And so depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push towards H1. Okay? And so depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push towards H1. Okay? And so depending
+on whether you want to be conservative,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether you want to be conservative,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether you want to be conservative,
+oh, I can find evidence in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh, I can find evidence in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh, I can find evidence in a lot of
+data. As soon as you give me three data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. As soon as you give me three data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. As soon as you give me three data
+points, I'm going to be able to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points, I'm going to be able to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points, I'm going to be able to find
+evidence. That means I'm going to tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence. That means I'm going to tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence. That means I'm going to tend
+to say, oh, it's H1. But if you say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say, oh, it's H1. But if you say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say, oh, it's H1. But if you say,
+"Oh, you need a lot of data before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Oh, you need a lot of data before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Oh, you need a lot of data before you
+can actually move away from the status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually move away from the status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually move away from the status
+quo." That's H0. Okay? So, think of H0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quo." That's H0. Okay? So, think of H0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quo." That's H0. Okay? So, think of H0
+as being status quo. H1 being some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being status quo. H1 being some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being status quo. H1 being some
+discovery that goes against the status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery that goes against the status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery that goes against the status
+quo. All right? So, if we believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quo. All right? So, if we believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quo. All right? So, if we believe that
+the true data is either in one of those,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true data is either in one of those,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true data is either in one of those,
+what we say is we want to test H0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we say is we want to test H0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we say is we want to test H0
+against H1. Okay? This is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against H1. Okay? This is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against H1. Okay? This is actually
+wording. So remember because this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wording. So remember because this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wording. So remember because this is how
+your questions are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your questions are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your questions are going to be
+formulated and this is how you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated and this is how you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated and this is how you want to
+probably communicate as a statistician.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably communicate as a statistician.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably communicate as a statistician.
+So you're going to say I have the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're going to say I have the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're going to say I have the null
+and I have an alternative. I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have an alternative. I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have an alternative. I want to
+test H0 against H1. I want to test the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test H0 against H1. I want to test the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test H0 against H1. I want to test the
+null hypothesis against the alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null hypothesis against the alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null hypothesis against the alternative
+hypothesis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis.
+Okay. Now the two hypothesis I forgot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now the two hypothesis I forgot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now the two hypothesis I forgot to
+say are actually this. H0 is that theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say are actually this. H0 is that theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say are actually this. H0 is that theta
+belongs to theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to theta
+0 and H1 is that theta belongs to theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and H1 is that theta belongs to theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and H1 is that theta belongs to theta
+1. Okay. So here for example theta was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. Okay. So here for example theta was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. Okay. So here for example theta was
+mu and that was mu equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and that was mu equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and that was mu equal to
+103.5 and this was mu less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5 and this was mu less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5 and this was mu less than
+103.5. Okay. So typically they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5. Okay. So typically they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5. Okay. So typically they're not
+going to look like thetas and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like thetas and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like thetas and things
+like that. They're going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. They're going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. They're going to look like
+very simple things where you take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple things where you take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple things where you take your
+usual notation for your usual parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual notation for your usual parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual notation for your usual parameter
+and you just say in mathematical terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just say in mathematical terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just say in mathematical terms
+what relationship they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what relationship they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what relationship they should be
+satisfying. Right? For example, in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying. Right? For example, in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying. Right? For example, in the
+drug example that would be mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug example that would be mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug example that would be mu
+drug is equal to mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug is equal to mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug is equal to mu
+control and here that would be mu drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and here that would be mu drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and here that would be mu drug
+is less than mu control. Right? the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than mu control. Right? the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than mu control. Right? the
+number of expectations is less than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of expectations is less than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of expectations is less than uh
+for people who take the drug for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who take the drug for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who take the drug for the
+cough syrup is less than the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cough syrup is less than the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cough syrup is less than the number of
+expectations of people who take the corn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of people who take the corn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of people who take the corn
+syrup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syrup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syrup.
+Okay. So now what we want to do is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now what we want to do is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now what we want to do is so
+we've set up our statistical hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've set up our statistical hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've set up our statistical hypothesis
+or we set up our hypothesis testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we set up our hypothesis testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we set up our hypothesis testing
+problem. Sorry, you're a scientist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Sorry, you're a scientist.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Sorry, you're a scientist.
+You've set up your problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've set up your problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've set up your problem.
+Now, what you're going to do is collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what you're going to do is collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what you're going to do is collect
+data and what you're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and what you're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and what you're going to try to
+find on this data is evidence against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find on this data is evidence against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find on this data is evidence against
+H0. And the alternative is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H0. And the alternative is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H0. And the alternative is going to
+guide you into which direction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide you into which direction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide you into which direction you
+should be looking for evidence against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be looking for evidence against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be looking for evidence against
+this guy. All right? And so, of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy. All right? And so, of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy. All right? And so, of course,
+the narrower the alternative, the easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrower the alternative, the easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrower the alternative, the easier
+it is for you because you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is for you because you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is for you because you just have to
+look in one possible candidate, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in one possible candidate, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in one possible candidate, right?
+But typically, you know, H1 is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But typically, you know, H1 is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But typically, you know, H1 is a big
+group like less than. Nobody tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group like less than. Nobody tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group like less than. Nobody tells you
+it's either one 0 point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either one 0 point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either one 0 point
+103.5 or 103. People tell you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5 or 103. People tell you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5 or 103. People tell you it's
+either 103.5 or less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either 103.5 or less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either 103.5 or less than
+103.5. Okay. And so what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5. Okay. And so what we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5. Okay. And so what we want to do
+is to decide whether we reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to decide whether we reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to decide whether we reject
+H0. So we look for evidence against H0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H0. So we look for evidence against H0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H0. So we look for evidence against H0
+in the data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So as I said this guys uh H0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So as I said this guys uh H0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So as I said this guys uh H0 and
+H1 do not play a symmetric role. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 do not play a symmetric role. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 do not play a symmetric role. It's
+very important to know which one you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to know which one you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to know which one you're
+going to place as H0 and which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to place as H0 and which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to place as H0 and which one
+you're going to place at H1 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to place at H1 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to place at H1 because
+you're going to always favor in case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to always favor in case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to always favor in case of
+sort of, you know, if it's a close call,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of, you know, if it's a close call,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of, you know, if it's a close call,
+you're always going to side with H0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always going to side with H0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always going to side with H0.
+Okay? So, you have to be careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So, you have to be careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So, you have to be careful about
+this. You have to keep that in mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. You have to keep that in mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. You have to keep that in mind that
+if it's a close call, if data does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a close call, if data does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a close call, if data does not
+have carry a lot of evidence, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have carry a lot of evidence, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have carry a lot of evidence, you're
+going to side with H0. And so, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to side with H0. And so, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to side with H0. And so, you're
+actually never saying that H0 is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually never saying that H0 is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually never saying that H0 is true.
+You're just saying I did not find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're just saying I did not find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're just saying I did not find
+evidence against H0. So you don't say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence against H0. So you don't say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence against H0. So you don't say I
+accepted H0. You say I failed to reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted H0. You say I failed to reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted H0. You say I failed to reject
+H0. Okay. And so one of the thing is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H0. Okay. And so one of the thing is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H0. Okay. And so one of the thing is uh
+that you want to keep in mind when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to keep in mind when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to keep in mind when
+you're doing this is this innocent until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this is this innocent until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this is this innocent until
+uh proven guilty. So uh if you come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh proven guilty. So uh if you come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh proven guilty. So uh if you come from
+a country like America, uh there's such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a country like America, uh there's such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a country like America, uh there's such
+a thing. And uh in particular, lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing. And uh in particular, lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing. And uh in particular, lack of
+evidence does not mean that you are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence does not mean that you are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence does not mean that you are not
+guilty. Right? OJ Simpson was found not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty. Right? OJ Simpson was found not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty. Right? OJ Simpson was found not
+guilty. it was not found innocent. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty. it was not found innocent. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty. it was not found innocent. Okay.
+And so this is basically what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is basically what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is basically what happens is
+like you know the prosecutor brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know the prosecutor brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know the prosecutor brings
+their evidence and then you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their evidence and then you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their evidence and then you know the
+jury has to decide whether they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jury has to decide whether they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jury has to decide whether they were
+convinced that this person was a uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that this person was a uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that this person was a uh uh
+uh I don't know was uh uh guilty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know was uh uh guilty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know was uh uh guilty of
+anything. And the question is do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. And the question is do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. And the question is do you
+have enough evidence? But if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough evidence? But if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough evidence? But if you don't
+have evidence, it's not the burden of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have evidence, it's not the burden of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have evidence, it's not the burden of
+the defender to prove that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defender to prove that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defender to prove that they're
+innocent. Nobody's proving they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent. Nobody's proving they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent. Nobody's proving they're
+innocent, right? Sometimes it helps, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent, right? Sometimes it helps, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent, right? Sometimes it helps, but
+you just have to make sure that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to make sure that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to make sure that there's
+not enough evidence against you. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough evidence against you. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough evidence against you. Okay?
+And that's basically what it's doing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's basically what it's doing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's basically what it's doing.
+You're H0 until proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H1. So, how are we going to do this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1. So, how are we going to do this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1. So, how are we going to do this?
+Well, as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, as I
+said, the role of estimators in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, the role of estimators in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, the role of estimators in
+hypothesis testing is played by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis testing is played by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis testing is played by
+something called tests. And a test is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called tests. And a test is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called tests. And a test is a
+statistic. Can somebody remind me what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic. Can somebody remind me what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic. Can somebody remind me what a
+statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic
+is?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Yeah, that's actually just uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah, that's actually just uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah, that's actually just uh one
+step more. So it's a it's a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step more. So it's a it's a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step more. So it's a it's a function of
+the observations and we require it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations and we require it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations and we require it to be
+measurable. And as a rule of thumb,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable. And as a rule of thumb,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable. And as a rule of thumb,
+measurable means if I give you data, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable means if I give you data, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable means if I give you data, you
+can actually compute it. Okay? If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually compute it. Okay? If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually compute it. Okay? If you
+don't see a soup or an in, you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see a soup or an in, you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see a soup or an in, you don't
+have to think about it, right? And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about it, right? And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about it, right? And so
+um and so Oh, uh yeah. And so what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so Oh, uh yeah. And so what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so Oh, uh yeah. And so what we do
+is we just have this test but now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we just have this test but now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we just have this test but now I'm
+actually asking only from this guy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually asking only from this guy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually asking only from this guy this
+test a yes no answer which I can code as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test a yes no answer which I can code as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test a yes no answer which I can code as
+zero or one right so as a rule of thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or one right so as a rule of thumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or one right so as a rule of thumb
+you say that well the test is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say that well the test is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say that well the test is equal to
+zero then h0 the test is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then h0 the test is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then h0 the test is equal to one
+then h1 and as we said is that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then h1 and as we said is that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then h1 and as we said is that if the
+test is equal to zero it doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is equal to zero it doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is equal to zero it doesn't mean
+that h0 is true it means that I fail to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that h0 is true it means that I fail to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that h0 is true it means that I fail to
+reject h0 and if the test is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject h0 and if the test is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject h0 and if the test is equal to
+one I reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I reject
+h0 okay so I have two possibilities case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 okay so I have two possibilities case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 okay so I have two possibilities case
+I look at my data I turn it into a yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at my data I turn it into a yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at my data I turn it into a yes
+no answer and the yes no answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no answer and the yes no answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no answer and the yes no answer is
+really H0 or H1 okay which one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really H0 or H1 okay which one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really H0 or H1 okay which one is the
+most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically all right so in the coin flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all right so in the coin flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all right so in the coin flip
+example our test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example our test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example our test
+statistic well our test statistic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic well our test statistic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic well our test statistic is
+actually something that takes value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually something that takes value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually something that takes value
+01 and anything any function that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and anything any function that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and anything any function that takes
+value 01 is an indicator function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value 01 is an indicator function okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value 01 is an indicator function okay
+so So an indicator function is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so So an indicator function is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so So an indicator function is just a
+function. So there's many ways you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So there's many ways you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So there's many ways you can
+write it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I'm going so it's a one with a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going so it's a one with a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going so it's a one with a double
+bar. If you aren't comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar. If you aren't comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar. If you aren't comfortable with
+this, you're totally it's totally okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, you're totally it's totally okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, you're totally it's totally okay
+to write I of something like I of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write I of something like I of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write I of something like I of
+A. Okay. And that's what so a here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. Okay. And that's what so a here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. Okay. And that's what so a here is a
+statement like an inequality, an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement like an inequality, an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement like an inequality, an
+equality, some you know mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality, some you know mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality, some you know mathematical
+statement. Okay. Or not mathematical I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement. Okay. Or not mathematical I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement. Okay. Or not mathematical I
+mean a can be you know my grandma is 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a can be you know my grandma is 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a can be you know my grandma is 20
+years old. Okay. And so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old. Okay. And so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old. Okay. And so this is
+basically one if a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one if a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one if a is
+true and zero if a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and zero if a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and zero if a is
+false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false.
+Okay, that's the way you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's the way you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's the way you want to think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So just this function takes only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just this function takes only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just this function takes only two
+values and that's it. And it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and that's it. And it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and that's it. And it
+basically it's just so right. So here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's just so right. So here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's just so right. So here
+here is the example that we had. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the example that we had. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the example that we had. We
+looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at
+whether the standardized XN bar, the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the standardized XN bar, the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the standardized XN bar, the one
+that actually is approximately n01 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually is approximately n01 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually is approximately n01 was
+larger than something in absolute value,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than something in absolute value,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than something in absolute value,
+either very large or very small but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either very large or very small but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either very large or very small but
+negative. Okay, so we wanted to know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. Okay, so we wanted to know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. Okay, so we wanted to know if
+I'm going back to this picture, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going back to this picture, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going back to this picture, we
+wanted to know if this guy was either to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know if this guy was either to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know if this guy was either to
+the left of this of something or to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of this of something or to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of this of something or to the
+right of something, right? Was it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of something, right? Was it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of something, right? Was it in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions?
+Now this thing here uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this thing here uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this thing here uh this
+indicator I can view this as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator I can view this as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator I can view this as a function
+of xar. What it does it really splits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xar. What it does it really splits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xar. What it does it really splits
+the possible values of x bar which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible values of x bar which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible values of x bar which is
+just a real number right in in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a real number right in in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a real number right in in two
+groups. The groups on which they lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups. The groups on which they lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups. The groups on which they lead to
+a value which is one and the groups on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value which is one and the groups on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value which is one and the groups on
+which they lead to a value which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they lead to a value which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they lead to a value which is
+zero. Right? So what it does is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Right? So what it does is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Right? So what it does is that I
+can actually think of it as the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually think of it as the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually think of it as the real
+line xbar and there's basically some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line xbar and there's basically some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line xbar and there's basically some
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+here where the val I'm going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where the val I'm going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where the val I'm going to get a
+one maybe I'm going to get a zero here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one maybe I'm going to get a zero here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one maybe I'm going to get a zero here
+maybe I'm going to get a one a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'm going to get a one a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'm going to get a one a zero
+maybe I'm going to get a one I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'm going to get a one I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'm going to get a one I'm just
+splitting all possible values of xbar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting all possible values of xbar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting all possible values of xbar
+and I see whether they spit out the pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I see whether they spit out the pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I see whether they spit out the pi
+which is zero or which is one now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is zero or which is one now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is zero or which is one now in
+this case it's not clear right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it's not clear right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it's not clear right I mean
+the function is very nonlinear it's x XR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is very nonlinear it's x XR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is very nonlinear it's x XR
+minus.5 / XR 1 - X bar. If we put the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus.5 / XR 1 - X bar. If we put the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus.5 / XR 1 - X bar. If we put the P
+in the denominator, that would be clear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the denominator, that would be clear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the denominator, that would be clear.
+That would just be exactly something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That would just be exactly something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That would just be exactly something
+that looks like this. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this. If
+XAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XAR
+what the function would be like this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the function would be like this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the function would be like this it
+would be one if it's smaller than some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one if it's smaller than some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one if it's smaller than some
+value less than zero if it's uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value less than zero if it's uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value less than zero if it's uh in
+between two values and then one again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two values and then one again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two values and then one again.
+Right? So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S. Okay? So it starts at uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. Okay? So it starts at uh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. Okay? So it starts at uh so this is
+one right this is one and this is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right this is one and this is zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right this is one and this is zero.
+So if xar is too small or if x bar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if xar is too small or if x bar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if xar is too small or if x bar is
+too large then I'm getting a value one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too large then I'm getting a value one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too large then I'm getting a value one
+uh but if it's uh somewhere in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but if it's uh somewhere in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but if it's uh somewhere in between
+I'm getting a value zero. Now if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting a value zero. Now if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting a value zero. Now if I have
+this weird function it's not clear how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weird function it's not clear how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weird function it's not clear how
+this happens. Okay, I have a I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens. Okay, I have a I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens. Okay, I have a I mean
+right so the picture here that I get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the picture here that I get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the picture here that I get is
+that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I
+have a weird nonlinear function right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a weird nonlinear function right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a weird nonlinear function right so
+that's xar that's square root of n xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's xar that's square root of n xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's xar that's square root of n xar
+n.5 /<unk> of xar n 1 - xar n right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.5 /<unk> of xar n 1 - xar n right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.5 /<unk> of xar n 1 - xar n right
+that's this function a priori I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this function a priori I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this function a priori I have no
+idea what this function looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what this function looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what this function looks
+like I mean okay I can can probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean okay I can can probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean okay I can can probably
+analyze this function but let's pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze this function but let's pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze this function but let's pretend
+and we don't know. So it's like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't know. So it's like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't know. So it's like some
+crazy stuff like this. And all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy stuff like this. And all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy stuff like this. And all I'm
+asking is whether in absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is whether in absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is whether in absolute
+value it's either it's larger than C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it's either it's larger than C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it's either it's larger than C.
+Which means that is this function larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which means that is this function larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which means that is this function larger
+than C or less than minus C. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than C or less than minus C. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than C or less than minus C. So the
+values on which I'm going to say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values on which I'm going to say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values on which I'm going to say one
+this the in the intervals on which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the in the intervals on which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the in the intervals on which I'm
+going to say one are this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say one are this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say one are this
+guy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy this
+guy and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and this
+guy okay and everybody else everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy okay and everybody else everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy okay and everybody else everywhere
+else I'm saying zero everybody agrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I'm saying zero everybody agrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I'm saying zero everybody agrees
+with this is what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this is what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this is what I'm
+doing now of course it's probably easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now of course it's probably easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now of course it's probably easier
+for you to just package it into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to just package it into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to just package it into this
+nice thing that's just either larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing that's just either larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing that's just either larger
+than C and absolute value of less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than C and absolute value of less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than C and absolute value of less than
+C. You don't want to have to plot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. You don't want to have to plot this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. You don't want to have to plot this
+function. In practice, you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. In practice, you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. In practice, you don't have
+to. Now, this is where I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. Now, this is where I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. Now, this is where I'm actually
+claiming. So, here I actually define to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming. So, here I actually define to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming. So, here I actually define to
+you a test and I promised starting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a test and I promised starting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a test and I promised starting this
+lecture by saying, "Oh, now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture by saying, "Oh, now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture by saying, "Oh, now we're going
+to do something better than computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something better than computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something better than computing
+averages." Now, I'm telling you, we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages." Now, I'm telling you, we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages." Now, I'm telling you, we'll
+just compute an average. And the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just compute an average. And the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just compute an average. And the thing
+is the test is not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the test is not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the test is not just the
+specification of this Xbar. It's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of this Xbar. It's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of this Xbar. It's also
+the specification of this constant C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specification of this constant C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specification of this constant C.
+All right? And the constant C was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? And the constant C was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? And the constant C was
+exactly where our you know belief about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where our you know belief about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where our you know belief about
+what a large value for a Gaussian is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a large value for a Gaussian is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a large value for a Gaussian is.
+That's exactly where it came in. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's exactly where it came in. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's exactly where it came in. So this
+choice of C is basically a threshold at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of C is basically a threshold at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of C is basically a threshold at
+which we decide above this threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we decide above this threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we decide above this threshold
+this is unlikely to come from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is unlikely to come from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is unlikely to come from a
+Gaussian. Below this threshold we decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian. Below this threshold we decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian. Below this threshold we decide
+that it's likely to come from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's likely to come from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's likely to come from a
+Gaussian. So we have to choose what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian. So we have to choose what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian. So we have to choose what this
+threshold is based on what we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold is based on what we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold is based on what we think
+likely means.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely means.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely means.
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All
+right. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So,
+uh, uh, uh, just a little bit more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, uh, uh, just a little bit more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, uh, uh, just a little bit more of
+those, uh, of those things. So, now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those, uh, of those things. So, now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those, uh, of those things. So, now
+we're going to have to characterize what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to characterize what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to characterize what
+makes a good test, right? Because think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a good test, right? Because think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a good test, right? Because think
+of, um, well, I'll come back to it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of, um, well, I'll come back to it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of, um, well, I'll come back to it in a
+second, but, uh, you know, you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second, but, uh, you know, you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second, but, uh, you know, you could
+have a test that says reject all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a test that says reject all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a test that says reject all the
+time, and that's going to be a bad test,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, and that's going to be a bad test,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, and that's going to be a bad test,
+right? The FDA is not implementing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The FDA is not implementing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The FDA is not implementing a
+test that says yes, all drugs work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that says yes, all drugs work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that says yes, all drugs work.
+Let's just go to Aruba. Okay? So like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's just go to Aruba. Okay? So like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's just go to Aruba. Okay? So like
+people are trying to have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are trying to have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are trying to have something that
+try to works all the time. Now FDA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to works all the time. Now FDA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to works all the time. Now FDA is
+not either saying let's just say that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not either saying let's just say that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not either saying let's just say that no
+drugs work and let's go to Aruba. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs work and let's go to Aruba. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs work and let's go to Aruba. All
+right. They just try to say the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. They just try to say the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. They just try to say the right
+thing as often as possible. And so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as often as possible. And so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as often as possible. And so we're
+going to have to measure this. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to measure this. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to measure this. So the
+things that are associated to a test are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are associated to a test are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are associated to a test are
+the rejection region. And if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rejection region. And if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rejection region. And if you look at
+this X in EN such that P of X is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this X in EN such that P of X is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this X in EN such that P of X is equal
+to one. This is exactly this guy that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one. This is exactly this guy that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one. This is exactly this guy that I
+drew.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew.
+the values of the sample. So here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of the sample. So here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of the sample. So here I
+summarize the values of the sample into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the values of the sample into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the values of the sample into
+their average. But the values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their average. But the values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their average. But the values of the
+sample that I collect that we will lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample that I collect that we will lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample that I collect that we will lead
+to a test that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a test that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a test that says
+one. All right. So this is the rejection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. All right. So this is the rejection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. All right. So this is the rejection
+region. If I collect a data point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region. If I collect a data point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region. If I collect a data point
+technically I have right. So I have e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically I have right. So I have e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically I have right. So I have e to
+the n which is a a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n which is a a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n which is a a big
+space like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space like
+this. Right? So that's e to the n. Think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Right? So that's e to the n. Think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Right? So that's e to the n. Think
+of it as being the space of xn bars. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as being the space of xn bars. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as being the space of xn bars. And
+I have a function that takes only value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a function that takes only value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a function that takes only value
+zero or one. So I can decompose it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or one. So I can decompose it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or one. So I can decompose it into
+this part where it takes value zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part where it takes value zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part where it takes value zero and
+the part where it takes value one. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part where it takes value one. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part where it takes value one. And
+those can be super complicated, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those can be super complicated, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those can be super complicated, right?
+Can have things like this. I can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can have things like this. I can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can have things like this. I can have
+some weird little islands uh where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weird little islands uh where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weird little islands uh where it
+takes value one. I can have some islands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes value one. I can have some islands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes value one. I can have some islands
+where it takes value zero. I can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it takes value zero. I can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it takes value zero. I can have
+some weird stuff going on. But I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weird stuff going on. But I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weird stuff going on. But I can
+always partition into the value where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always partition into the value where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always partition into the value where it
+takes value zero and the value where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes value zero and the value where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes value zero and the value where it
+takes value one. and the value where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes value one. and the value where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes value one. and the value where it
+takes one if this is if S is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes one if this is if S is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes one if this is if S is equal to
+one this is called the rejection region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is called the rejection region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is called the rejection region
+of S.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of S.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of S.
+Okay, so that's just this the samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's just this the samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's just this the samples
+that would lead me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would lead me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would lead me to
+rejecting and notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting and notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting and notice
+that this is the indicator of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the indicator of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the indicator of the
+rejection region, right? The test is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejection region, right? The test is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejection region, right? The test is the
+indicator of the rejection region.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of the rejection region.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of the rejection region.
+So there's two ways you can make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's two ways you can make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's two ways you can make an
+error when there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error when there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error when there's a
+test. Either the truth is in H0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test. Either the truth is in H0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test. Either the truth is in H0 and
+you're saying actually it's H1 or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying actually it's H1 or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying actually it's H1 or the
+truth is in H1 and you say it's H0. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is in H1 and you say it's H0. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is in H1 and you say it's H0. And
+that's how we build in the asymmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we build in the asymmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we build in the asymmetry
+between H0 and H1 is that we control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between H0 and H1 is that we control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between H0 and H1 is that we control
+only one of the two errors and we hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of the two errors and we hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of the two errors and we hope
+for the best for the second one. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the best for the second one. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the best for the second one. So the
+type one error is the one that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one error is the one that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one error is the one that says
+well if it is actually the status quo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if it is actually the status quo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if it is actually the status quo
+but I claim that there's a discovery if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I claim that there's a discovery if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I claim that there's a discovery if
+it's actually H0 but I claim that I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually H0 but I claim that I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually H0 but I claim that I'm in
+H1 that I commit a type one error. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 that I commit a type one error. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 that I commit a type one error. Okay.
+And so the probability of type one error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the probability of type one error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the probability of type one error
+is this function alpha of S which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this function alpha of S which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this function alpha of S which is
+just the probability of saying that S is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the probability of saying that S is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the probability of saying that S is
+equal to one when theta is in H0. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one when theta is in H0. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one when theta is in H0. Now
+the problem is that this is not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that this is not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that this is not just a
+number because theta is just like moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number because theta is just like moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number because theta is just like moving
+all over h0 right there's many values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over h0 right there's many values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over h0 right there's many values
+that theta can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theta can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theta can
+be right so theta is somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here oh I erased it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so right so for simplicity we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right so for simplicity we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right so for simplicity we're going
+to think of theta as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu and 103 3.5. Okay. And so I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and 103 3.5. Okay. And so I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and 103 3.5. Okay. And so I know that
+this is theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is theta
+1 and this was just this point here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and this was just this point here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and this was just this point here was
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0. Okay, agreed? This is what the cherry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. Okay, agreed? This is what the cherry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. Okay, agreed? This is what the cherry
+blossom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blossom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blossom
+run. Now here in this case it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run. Now here in this case it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run. Now here in this case it's actually
+easy. my function. I need to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy. my function. I need to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy. my function. I need to compute
+this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function
+alphab which is maps uh theta in theta 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphab which is maps uh theta in theta 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphab which is maps uh theta in theta 0
+to p theta of s= 1. So that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to p theta of s= 1. So that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to p theta of s= 1. So that's the
+probability that I reject when theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that I reject when theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that I reject when theta is
+in h0. Then there's only one of them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in h0. Then there's only one of them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in h0. Then there's only one of them to
+compute because theta can only take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute because theta can only take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute because theta can only take this
+one value. So this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one value. So this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one value. So this is really
+103.5. Okay. So that's the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5. Okay. So that's the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5. Okay. So that's the probability
+that reject when the true mean was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reject when the true mean was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reject when the true mean was
+103.5. Now if I was testing whether If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5. Now if I was testing whether If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5. Now if I was testing whether If
+h0 was this entire guy here, all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 was this entire guy here, all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 was this entire guy here, all the
+values larger than 103.5, then I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values larger than 103.5, then I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values larger than 103.5, then I would
+have to compute this val this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to compute this val this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to compute this val this function
+for all possible values of data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all possible values of data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all possible values of data in
+there. And guess what? The worst case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And guess what? The worst case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And guess what? The worst case is
+when it's going to be here because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's going to be here because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's going to be here because it's
+so close to the alternative that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so close to the alternative that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so close to the alternative that it's
+that's where I'm making the most error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I'm making the most error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I'm making the most error
+possible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible.
+And then uh there's the type two error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then uh there's the type two error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then uh there's the type two error
+which is defined basically in the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined basically in the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined basically in the you
+know symmetrical way is the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know symmetrical way is the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know symmetrical way is the function
+that maps theta to the probability. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maps theta to the probability. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maps theta to the probability. So
+that's the probability of type two error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the probability of type two error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the probability of type two error
+is the probability that I fail to reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that I fail to reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that I fail to reject
+H0 right size is equal to zero. I fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H0 right size is equal to zero. I fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H0 right size is equal to zero. I fail
+to reject H0 but that's for theta that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reject H0 but that's for theta that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reject H0 but that's for theta that
+actually came from H1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually came from H1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually came from H1.
+Okay, so in this example, let's clear if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so in this example, let's clear if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so in this example, let's clear if
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+here, like if the true mean was 100, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, like if the true mean was 100, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, like if the true mean was 100, I'm
+looking at the probability that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the probability that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the probability that it's the
+true mean is actually 100 and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true mean is actually 100 and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true mean is actually 100 and I'm
+actually saying it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually saying it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually saying it was
+103.5 or it's not less than 3.5. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5 or it's not less than 3.5. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+103.5 or it's not less than 3.5. Yeah.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, it's just it means it's a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's just it means it's a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's just it means it's a function
+that maps theta 0 to R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maps theta 0 to R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maps theta 0 to R.
+You've seen functions, right? Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've seen functions, right? Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've seen functions, right? Okay. So
+that's just the way you write. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the way you write. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the way you write. So you
+typically write something like so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically write something like so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically write something like so that
+means that's a function f that goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that's a function f that goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that's a function f that goes from
+say r to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say r to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say r to
+r and that maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and that maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and that maps
+x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to
+x^2. Okay. So here I'm just saying I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2. Okay. So here I'm just saying I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2. Okay. So here I'm just saying I
+don't have to consider all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to consider all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to consider all possible
+values. I'm only considering the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. I'm only considering the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. I'm only considering the values
+on theta 0. the value that it takes. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on theta 0. the value that it takes. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on theta 0. the value that it takes. I
+put r actually I could restrict myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put r actually I could restrict myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put r actually I could restrict myself
+to the interval 01 because those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the interval 01 because those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the interval 01 because those are
+probabilities. So it's just telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities. So it's just telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities. So it's just telling me
+where my function comes from and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my function comes from and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my function comes from and where
+my function goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my function goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my function goes
+to. And uh beta is a function, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. And uh beta is a function, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. And uh beta is a function, right? So
+beta s of theta is just the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta s of theta is just the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta s of theta is just the probability
+that theta is s theta that theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theta is s theta that theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theta is s theta that theta is
+equal to one. And I could define that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one. And I could define that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one. And I could define that
+for all thetas. Sorry that is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all thetas. Sorry that is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all thetas. Sorry that is equal to
+zero in this case. And I could define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in this case. And I could define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in this case. And I could define
+that for all thetas, but the only ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all thetas, but the only ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all thetas, but the only ones
+that lead to an error are the thetas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead to an error are the thetas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead to an error are the thetas
+that are in H1. Otherwise, I mean, I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in H1. Otherwise, I mean, I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in H1. Otherwise, I mean, I can
+define this function. It's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this function. It's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this function. It's just not
+going to correspond to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to correspond to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to correspond to an
+error.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error.
+Okay. And the power of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the power of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the power of a
+test is the smallest. So the power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is the smallest. So the power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is the smallest. So the power is
+basically one minus an error. One minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one minus an error. One minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one minus an error. One minus
+the probability of an error. So it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of an error. So it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of an error. So it's the
+probability of making a correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of making a correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of making a correct
+decision. Okay? So it's the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision. Okay? So it's the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision. Okay? So it's the probability
+of making a correct decision under H1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making a correct decision under H1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making a correct decision under H1.
+That's what the power is. But again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what the power is. But again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what the power is. But again,
+this could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be a
+function, right? Because there's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, right? Because there's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, right? Because there's many
+ways I can be in H1 if H1 is an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I can be in H1 if H1 is an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I can be in H1 if H1 is an entire
+set of of numbers. For example, all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of of numbers. For example, all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of of numbers. For example, all the
+numbers that are less than 103.5. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are less than 103.5. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are less than 103.5. And so
+what I'm doing here when I define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing here when I define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing here when I define the
+power of a test, I'm looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of a test, I'm looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of a test, I'm looking at the
+smallest possible of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest possible of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest possible of those
+values. Okay? So I'm looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. Okay? So I'm looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. Okay? So I'm looking at this
+function one minus. Okay? So I maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function one minus. Okay? So I maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function one minus. Okay? So I maybe I
+should actually expand a little more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should actually expand a little more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should actually expand a little more on
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Okay.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+beta pi of theta is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta pi of theta is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta pi of theta is the probability
+under theta that s is equal to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under theta that s is equal to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under theta that s is equal to zero.
+Right? That's the probability for theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That's the probability for theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That's the probability for theta
+in H1 in sorry in theta 1 which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in H1 in sorry in theta 1 which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in H1 in sorry in theta 1 which means
+under the alternative that they fail to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the alternative that they fail to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the alternative that they fail to
+reject and I really should because theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject and I really should because theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject and I really should because theta
+was actually in theta 1. Okay. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually in theta 1. Okay. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually in theta 1. Okay. So this
+thing here is the probability of type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is the probability of type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is the probability of type
+two error. Now this is one minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two error. Now this is one minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two error. Now this is one minus the
+probability that I did reject and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that I did reject and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that I did reject and I
+should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have
+rejected. Right? is just the law of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected. Right? is just the law of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected. Right? is just the law of the
+complement because if s is not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement because if s is not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement because if s is not equal to
+zero then it's equal to one. So now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then it's equal to one. So now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then it's equal to one. So now if I
+rearrange this it tells me that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange this it tells me that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange this it tells me that the
+probability that s is equal to 1 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that s is equal to 1 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that s is equal to 1 this is
+actually 1 minus beta s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 1 minus beta s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 1 minus beta s of
+theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta.
+Okay, so that's true for all thetas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's true for all thetas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's true for all thetas in
+theta 1. And what I'm saying is well, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta 1. And what I'm saying is well, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta 1. And what I'm saying is well, so
+this is now a good thing, right? This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now a good thing, right? This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now a good thing, right? This
+number being large is a good thing. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number being large is a good thing. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number being large is a good thing. It
+means I should have rejected and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I should have rejected and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I should have rejected and I
+rejected. I want this to happen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected. I want this to happen with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected. I want this to happen with
+large probability. And so what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large probability. And so what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large probability. And so what I'm going
+to look at is the most conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at is the most conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at is the most conservative
+choice of this number, right? rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of this number, right? rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of this number, right? rather
+than being super optimistic and say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than being super optimistic and say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than being super optimistic and say oh
+but indeed if theta was actually equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but indeed if theta was actually equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but indeed if theta was actually equal
+to zero then I'm always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero then I'm always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero then I'm always going to
+conclude that uh I mean if mu is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that uh I mean if mu is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that uh I mean if mu is equal
+to zero everybody runs in zero seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero everybody runs in zero seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero everybody runs in zero seconds
+then I should definitely uh with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I should definitely uh with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I should definitely uh with high
+probability I'm actually g I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I'm actually g I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I'm actually g I'm going to
+make no mistake but really I should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make no mistake but really I should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make no mistake but really I should look
+at the worst possible case okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the worst possible case okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the worst possible case okay and so
+what I'm looking at is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm looking at is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm looking at is basically the
+smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest
+value it can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on theta
+1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+power of s power of test s. Okay, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of s power of test s. Okay, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of s power of test s. Okay, that's
+the smallest possible value it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest possible value it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest possible value it can
+take. All right, so I'm sorry this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take. All right, so I'm sorry this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take. All right, so I'm sorry this is a
+lot of definitions that you have to sink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of definitions that you have to sink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of definitions that you have to sink
+in and it's not super pleasant, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and it's not super pleasant, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and it's not super pleasant, but
+that's what testing is. There's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what testing is. There's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what testing is. There's a lot of
+jargon. Those are actually fairly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jargon. Those are actually fairly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jargon. Those are actually fairly simple
+things. Just maybe you should like get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Just maybe you should like get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Just maybe you should like get a
+sheet for yourself and say these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet for yourself and say these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet for yourself and say these are the
+new terms that I learned. What is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new terms that I learned. What is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new terms that I learned. What is there
+to test rejection region probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test rejection region probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test rejection region probability of
+type one error probability of type two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one error probability of type two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one error probability of type two
+error and power. Just make sure you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and power. Just make sure you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and power. Just make sure you know
+what those guys Oh, and uh null and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those guys Oh, and uh null and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those guys Oh, and uh null and
+alternative hypothesis. Okay. And once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative hypothesis. Okay. And once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative hypothesis. Okay. And once
+you know all these things, you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all these things, you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all these things, you know what
+I'm talking about. You know what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about. You know what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about. You know what I'm
+referring to. And this is just jargon,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to. And this is just jargon,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to. And this is just jargon,
+but in the end, those are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the end, those are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the end, those are just
+probabilities. I mean those are natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities. I mean those are natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities. I mean those are natural
+quantities just for some reason people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities just for some reason people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities just for some reason people
+have been used to using different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been used to using different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been used to using different
+terminology. So uh just to illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology. So uh just to illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology. So uh just to illustrate
+what type when do I make a type one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type when do I make a type one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type when do I make a type one
+error and when do I not make a type one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and when do I not make a type one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and when do I not make a type one
+error uh so I make a type one error if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error uh so I make a type one error if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error uh so I make a type one error if
+h0 is true and I reject H0. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 is true and I reject H0. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 is true and I reject H0. Right? So
+the off diagonal blocks are when I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the off diagonal blocks are when I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the off diagonal blocks are when I make
+an error when the when I'm on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error when the when I'm on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error when the when I'm on the
+diagonal terms H1 is true and I reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal terms H1 is true and I reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal terms H1 is true and I reject
+H0. That's a correct decision. When H0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H0. That's a correct decision. When H0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H0. That's a correct decision. When H0
+is true and I fail to reject H0, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true and I fail to reject H0, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true and I fail to reject H0, that's
+also the correct decision to make. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the correct decision to make. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the correct decision to make. So I
+only make decision errors when I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only make decision errors when I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only make decision errors when I'm in
+one of the green blocks, sorry, in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the green blocks, sorry, in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the green blocks, sorry, in the
+red blocks and one block is the privile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red blocks and one block is the privile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red blocks and one block is the privile
+is the type one error and one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the type one error and one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the type one error and one other
+block is the type two error. That's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block is the type two error. That's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block is the type two error. That's all
+it means. Okay. So you just have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means. Okay. So you just have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means. Okay. So you just have to know
+which one we called one. I mean we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one we called one. I mean we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one we called one. I mean we could
+have this of course was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this of course was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this of course was pretty
+um pretty uh I mean this was chosen in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pretty uh I mean this was chosen in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pretty uh I mean this was chosen in a
+pretty uh uh ad hoc way. So to conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty uh uh ad hoc way. So to conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty uh uh ad hoc way. So to conclude
+this lecture, let me ask you a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture, let me ask you a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture, let me ask you a few
+questions. In a in a US court, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. In a in a US court, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. In a in a US court, the
+defendant is uh found either uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defendant is uh found either uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defendant is uh found either uh say
+let's let's just say for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's just say for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's just say for the sake of
+discussion innocent or guilty, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion innocent or guilty, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion innocent or guilty, right?
+It's really guilty or not guilty, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's really guilty or not guilty, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's really guilty or not guilty, but
+let's say innocent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say innocent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say innocent or
+guilty. When does the jury make a pro a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty. When does the jury make a pro a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty. When does the jury make a pro a
+type one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+error? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's
+guilty and he's innocent, right? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty and he's innocent, right? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty and he's innocent, right? The
+status quo, everybody's innocent until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status quo, everybody's innocent until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status quo, everybody's innocent until
+proven guilty. So that's our H0 is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven guilty. So that's our H0 is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven guilty. So that's our H0 is that
+the person is innocent. And so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person is innocent. And so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person is innocent. And so that
+means that H0 is innocent. And so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that H0 is innocent. And so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that H0 is innocent. And so we're
+looking at the probability of type one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the probability of type one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the probability of type one
+error. So that's when we reject the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error. So that's when we reject the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error. So that's when we reject the fact
+that it's innocent. So we conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's innocent. So we conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's innocent. So we conclude that
+this person is guilty. Okay? So type one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person is guilty. Okay? So type one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person is guilty. Okay? So type one
+error is when this person is innocent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is when this person is innocent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is when this person is innocent
+and we conclude is guilty. What is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we conclude is guilty. What is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we conclude is guilty. What is the
+type two error?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+letting a guilty person go three, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting a guilty person go three, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting a guilty person go three, which
+actually according to Constitution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually according to Constitution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually according to Constitution is
+the the better of the two. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the better of the two. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the better of the two. All right.
+So, what we're going to try to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what we're going to try to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what we're going to try to do is to
+control the first one and hope for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the first one and hope for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the first one and hope for the
+best for the second one. How could the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best for the second one. How could the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best for the second one. How could the
+jury make sure that they make no type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jury make sure that they make no type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jury make sure that they make no type
+one error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ever? All always let the guy go free,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever? All always let the guy go free,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever? All always let the guy go free,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+What is the effect on the type two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the effect on the type two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the effect on the type two
+error?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, it's the worst possible, right? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's the worst possible, right? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's the worst possible, right? I
+mean, basically for every guy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, basically for every guy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, basically for every guy that's
+guilty, you let them go. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty, you let them go. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty, you let them go. That's the
+worst you could do. Okay. And same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst you could do. Okay. And same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst you could do. Okay. And same
+thing, right? How can the jury make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, right? How can the jury make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, right? How can the jury make sure
+that there's no type two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no type two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no type two
+error? Always convict. What is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error? Always convict. What is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error? Always convict. What is the
+effect on the American budget? What is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on the American budget? What is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on the American budget? What is
+the effect on the type one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+error? Right? So the effect is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error? Right? So the effect is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error? Right? So the effect is that uh
+basically the type one error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the type one error is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the type one error is
+maximized. So there's this trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized. So there's this trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized. So there's this trade-off
+between type one and type two error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between type one and type two error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between type one and type two error
+that's inherent and that's why we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's inherent and that's why we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's inherent and that's why we have
+this sort of multiobjective thing. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of multiobjective thing. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of multiobjective thing. We're
+trying to minimize two things at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to minimize two things at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to minimize two things at the
+same time and I could find many ad hoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time and I could find many ad hoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time and I could find many ad hoc
+ways right so if you've taken any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways right so if you've taken any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways right so if you've taken any
+optimization trying to optimize two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization trying to optimize two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization trying to optimize two
+things when one is going up while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when one is going up while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when one is going up while the
+other one is going down the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is going down the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is going down the only thing
+you can do is make ad hoc heristuristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is make ad hoc heristuristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is make ad hoc heristuristics
+maybe you try to minimize the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you try to minimize the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you try to minimize the sum of
+those two guys maybe you try to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two guys maybe you try to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two guys maybe you try to minimize
+one/ird of the first guy the first guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one/ird of the first guy the first guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one/ird of the first guy the first guy
+plus twothird of the second guy maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus twothird of the second guy maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus twothird of the second guy maybe
+you try to minimize the first guy plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to minimize the first guy plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to minimize the first guy plus
+the square of the second guy you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the second guy you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the second guy you can
+think of many ways but none of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of many ways but none of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of many ways but none of them is
+more justified than the other however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more justified than the other however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more justified than the other however
+For statistical hypothesis testing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For statistical hypothesis testing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For statistical hypothesis testing,
+there's one that's very well justified,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one that's very well justified,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one that's very well justified,
+which is just constrain your type one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just constrain your type one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just constrain your type one
+error to be the smallest to be at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error to be the smallest to be at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error to be the smallest to be at a
+level that you find you deem acceptable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that you find you deem acceptable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that you find you deem acceptable.
+5%. I want to let go of at most 5%,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5%. I want to let go of at most 5%,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5%. I want to let go of at most 5%,
+sorry, I want to convict at most 5% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry, I want to convict at most 5% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry, I want to convict at most 5% of
+innocent people. That's what I deem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent people. That's what I deem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent people. That's what I deem
+reasonable. And based on that, I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable. And based on that, I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable. And based on that, I'm going
+to try to convict as many people as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to convict as many people as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to convict as many people as I
+can. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can. All
+right. So that's the called the name and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So that's the called the name and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So that's the called the name and
+Pearson paradigm and we'll talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearson paradigm and we'll talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearson paradigm and we'll talk about it
+uh next time. All right. Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qRkAq_G_9cs.txt b/qRkAq_G_9cs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..adaffc9941945cca3b64c7a9cedd1eaceb9da6bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qRkAq_G_9cs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,549 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+GREG HUTKO: Welcome
+back to the 14.01
+
+problem-solving videos.
+
+Today we're going to work on
+Fall 2010 Problem Set 4,
+
+Problem Number 3.
+
+And this problem is really
+going to take
+
+us through two scenarios.
+
+We're dealing with producer
+decisions.
+
+So now instead of dealing with
+utilities, we're going to be
+
+working with cost functions.
+
+And we're going to
+first go through
+
+the short-run scenario.
+
+And then we're going to talk
+about the long-run scenario
+
+and the implications of
+both of these cases.
+
+Problem Number 3 says, suppose
+the process of producing corn
+
+on a farm is described by the
+function q equals 8k to the
+
+1/3 times quantity L minus 40
+raised to the 2/3, where q is
+
+the number of units of corn
+produced, k is the number of
+
+machine hours used, and
+L is the number of
+
+person-hours of labor.
+
+In addition to capital and
+labor, the farmer needs to pay
+
+a $15 transportation fee to
+deliver corn to downtown.
+
+So the cost can be written as
+total cost equals 15 times the
+
+quantity produced plus the
+rental cost of capital plus
+
+the wage rate times the
+quantity of labor.
+
+Part A says, suppose in the
+short-run the machine hours
+
+rented are fixed at k equals 8,
+and its rental rate equals
+
+64, and the wage
+rate equals 16.
+
+Derive the short-run total cost
+and the average costs as
+
+a function of output level q.
+
+So to start off this problem,
+we're going to start by
+
+working with the short-run
+scenario.
+
+And typically, the only
+difference between the
+
+short-run scenario and the
+long-run scenario in economics
+
+problems is that in the
+short-run, the amount of
+
+capital that a firm can use
+is going to be fixed.
+
+It means that because machines
+are a fixed cost in the
+
+short-run, you can't actually
+change how many machines or
+
+how often you use
+the machines.
+
+So we're going to set that equal
+to 8 for this scenario.
+
+And we also know that each hour
+that we use this machine
+
+is going to cost us 64.
+
+And we know that for each hour
+that we're using labor, it's
+
+going to cost us 16.
+
+We also know that in addition to
+the cost of the capital and
+
+the cost of the labor, which
+is represented in our total
+
+cost function here, for each
+unit q that we produce, we
+
+have to transport
+it to market.
+
+So we also have this 15 times
+q added into our total cost
+
+function, which is something
+that we might not always see
+
+in all of our cost functions.
+
+So let's start off by solving
+for the total cost function.
+
+And to do this, the first thing
+that we're going to do
+
+is we're going to plug in to our
+production function here
+
+what we know the capital
+is fixed at.
+
+And we're going to solve for
+labor, or L, in terms of q.
+
+So plugging in for k
+we're going to be
+
+left with this equation.
+
+And from here, we can solve
+for L in terms of q.
+
+And this is going to be useful
+for us because what we're
+
+going to do is we're going to
+take this L and we're going to
+
+plug it into the total cost
+function, so that our cost
+
+function is no longer in terms
+of k and L. But it's only
+
+going to be in terms of q.
+
+So isolating L in this equation,
+we're going to have
+
+that L equals 40 plus q/16
+raised to the 3/2.
+
+So now let's go to our
+total cost function.
+
+We're going to plug
+in for k and r.
+
+So we know that r is
+64 and k is 8.
+
+We're going to plug
+in for w 16.
+
+And now for L we're going to
+plug in what we solved for
+
+using our production function.
+
+So from this equation when we do
+the algebraic manipulation,
+
+we're going to get the total
+cost function in
+
+terms of only q.
+
+And solving out for this, we
+find that the total cost--
+
+and I'm going to denote that
+this is in the short-run with
+
+the capital fixed by a little
+sr as a subscript.
+
+The total cost is going to be
+equal to 1,152 plus 15q plus
+
+16 times quantity q/16
+raised to the 3/2.
+
+Now to find the average cost,
+all the average cost is it's
+
+the total cost divided by q.
+
+So it's per unit, how much on
+average does the producer have
+
+to spend to actually
+produce one unit?
+
+So to find the average cost,
+we're going to divide this
+
+whole thing through by q.
+
+And we're going to find the
+average cost in the short-run
+
+is going to be equal to 1,152
+divided by q plus 15 divided
+
+by q/16 raised to the 1/2.
+
+In part B, what we're going to
+do is we're going to take the
+
+total cost function, we're
+going to plug in a fixed
+
+quantity, and we're going to
+find, what is the actual
+
+amount of money that a producer
+would have to pay to
+
+produce a fixed quantity?
+
+Part B says, suppose
+the farm wants to
+
+produce 64 units of corn.
+
+Based on the answer to
+part A, what is the
+
+total short-run cost?
+
+So using our solution from part
+A, all you have to do now
+
+for part B is you're going to
+plug in for q the number 64.
+
+So for part B, plugging in for
+q, you're going to find that
+
+the total cost in the
+short-run is going
+
+to be equal to 2,240.
+
+Now the more interesting part
+of this problem is what
+
+actually happens when instead
+of having to fix the capital
+
+at 8, what happens when the
+producer can change the amount
+
+of capital that they're
+producing?
+
+Part D says, in the long-run,
+the farm can change its
+
+capital level by minimizing
+the cost subject to the
+
+production function, derive the
+cost-minimizing demands
+
+for k and L as a function of
+output q, the wage rates w,
+
+and the rental rates
+of machine r.
+
+So now we're going to go back
+to a similar problem like we
+
+saw with consumer theory where
+we saw the marginal rate of
+
+substitution had to be equal
+to the price ratio.
+
+In this case, we're going to
+use something called the
+
+marginal rate of technical
+substitution.
+
+Simply put, the marginal rate of
+technical substitution asks
+
+us, how many machines or how
+many people would we be
+
+willing to basically lay off
+for one additional machine?
+
+And we call that the marginal
+product of capital, or how
+
+much we're actually getting
+from each unit of capital,
+
+divided by the marginal
+product of labor.
+
+We're going to set that equal
+to the price of the capital
+
+and the price of the labor.
+
+To find these marginal products
+of capital and the
+
+margin marginal product of
+labor, what we're going to do
+
+is we're going to take the
+derivative of our production
+
+function with respect to q, or
+with respect to k, and with
+
+respect to L. And when we do
+that, we find that the
+
+marginal product of capital
+is going to be equal to.
+
+And we can also solve for the
+marginal product of labor.
+
+And we're simply going to divide
+here and we can find
+
+that L minus 40 over 2k
+is going to equal r/w.
+
+And finally, the last thing
+we're going to do here is
+
+we're going to solve for the
+amount of labor and the amount
+
+of capital rented in terms
+of the other variables.
+
+We're going to plug this back
+into our production function
+
+that we have over here in
+the middle of the board.
+
+And then we can solve for how
+much capital and how much
+
+labor is demanded in terms
+of w and in terms of r.
+
+So I'll go through this process
+first for solving for
+
+the demand function
+for capital.
+
+To start off, we're going to get
+this equation in terms of
+
+L. So we have that L is equal
+to 2rk over w plus 40.
+
+And then we're going to take
+this L and we're going to plug
+
+it back into our production
+function.
+
+And when we do this, we're going
+to have that 8k to the
+
+1/3 times quantity 2rk over
+w raised to the 2/3.
+
+And now we're just going to
+solve through for rk.
+
+And when we solve through for k,
+we're going to find that k
+
+equals q/8 w over 2r
+raised to the 2/3.
+
+This is our conditional
+demand for capital.
+
+And we call it the conditional
+demand because it's dependent
+
+on the price that we're going
+to pay for labor, the price
+
+that we're going to pay for
+labor, the price we're going
+
+to pay for capital, and
+the quantity that
+
+we're going to produce.
+
+Now to do this same process
+only solving for the
+
+conditional demand for labor,
+you're going to go back to
+
+this equation right here.
+
+And instead of solving through
+for L, you're going to solve
+
+through for k.
+
+And when you solve through for
+k, you're going to find that k
+
+equals quantity L minus
+40 times w over 2r.
+
+You're going to take this k,
+just like we did for labor
+
+you're going to plug it back
+into the production function.
+
+And you can solve
+through for the
+
+conditional demand for labor.
+
+And when you do that, you're
+going to find that labor is
+
+just going to equal q/8 times
+quantity 2rw raised to
+
+the 1/3 plus 40.
+
+So again, to summarize this
+problem, we started off with
+
+the short-run scenario.
+
+And what we found with the
+short-run scenario, we were
+
+able to plug-in for the capital
+that was fixed at 8.
+
+We were able to find the
+total cost and the
+
+average cost functions.
+
+Given a fixed quantity that
+they wanted to produce, we
+
+solved for the total cost
+in the short-run.
+
+And then finally we said, let's
+let the producer change
+
+how much capital they
+are actually using.
+
+And let's figure out based on
+letting the wage rate and the
+
+rental rate of capital change,
+let's get a conditional demand
+
+that lets those variables change
+that would let us then
+
+solve for the amount of capital
+and the amount of
+
+labor that would be needed
+to produce a
+
+certain amount of quantity.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qaj4u42XZLg.txt b/qaj4u42XZLg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c4053ebe30856941720b86d3591a8245e3e19057
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qaj4u42XZLg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1931 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have this integral and with dough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this integral and with dough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this integral and with dough
+here actually with with the counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually with with the counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually with with the counter
+gamma equal to c1 this contour over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma equal to c1 this contour over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma equal to c1 this contour over here
+and the constant C equal to 1 to c1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the constant C equal to 1 to c1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the constant C equal to 1 to c1 and
+the constant C equal to 1 this side that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant C equal to 1 this side that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant C equal to 1 this side that
+we have defined size of you is infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have defined size of you is infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have defined size of you is infants
+fact the airy function of you a I of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the airy function of you a I of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the airy function of you a I of you
+I is not I think I make them to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is not I think I make them to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is not I think I make them to make
+that mistake I doesn't go like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mistake I doesn't go like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mistake I doesn't go like a
+subscript it's a I like the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript it's a I like the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript it's a I like the first two
+letters of the name so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters of the name so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters of the name so that's the
+function a I of U of U and now you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a I of U of U and now you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a I of U of U and now you could
+ask well what is the other solution now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask well what is the other solution now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask well what is the other solution now
+in fact this diagram suggests to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this diagram suggests to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this diagram suggests to you
+that there's other solutions because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's other solutions because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's other solutions because you
+could take other contours and make other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take other contours and make other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take other contours and make other
+solutions in fact years there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions in fact years there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions in fact years there are other
+ways for example if you did a counter I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have a color other kaalia if you did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a color other kaalia if you did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a color other kaalia if you did a
+contour like this yellow and yellow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour like this yellow and yellow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour like this yellow and yellow this
+is not the same solution it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the same solution it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the same solution it is a
+solution because of the general argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because of the general argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because of the general argument
+and because the endpoints are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because the endpoints are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because the endpoints are in this
+regions where things vanish at infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions where things vanish at infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions where things vanish at infinity
+so the yellow thing is another solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the yellow thing is another solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the yellow thing is another solution
+of the differential equation so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the differential equation so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the differential equation so the
+other every function is defined actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other every function is defined actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other every function is defined actually
+with this this other counter it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this this other counter it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this this other counter it's
+defined by taking the yellow counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by taking the yellow counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by taking the yellow counter
+like this this is gonna be called C to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this this is gonna be called C to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this this is gonna be called C to a
+contour like that it just comes parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour like that it just comes parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour like that it just comes parallel
+to this one and then goes down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this one and then goes down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this one and then goes down and
+actually in order to have a nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in order to have a nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in order to have a nicely
+define the function one chooses for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the function one chooses for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the function one chooses for the
+function be I of you the following minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function be I of you the following minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function be I of you the following minus
+I times the integral over the contour C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I times the integral over the contour C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I times the integral over the contour C
+one of the same integrand so I will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the same integrand so I will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the same integrand so I will not
+copy it always the same integrand plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy it always the same integrand plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy it always the same integrand plus
+2i times the integral over the contour C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2i times the integral over the contour C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2i times the integral over the contour C
+two of the same thing so the BI function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the same thing so the BI function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the same thing so the BI function
+it's a little unusual in that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little unusual in that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little unusual in that it has
+kind of a little bit of the AI function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a little bit of the AI function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a little bit of the AI function
+because you also integrate over c1 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you also integrate over c1 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you also integrate over c1 but
+you integrate as well over c2 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate as well over c2 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate as well over c2 that
+warranty is that actually this secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warranty is that actually this secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warranty is that actually this secondary
+function behaves similar to AI for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function behaves similar to AI for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function behaves similar to AI for
+negative U and while a I goes to 0 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative U and while a I goes to 0 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative U and while a I goes to 0 for
+positive you this one will diverge there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive you this one will diverge there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive you this one will diverge there
+are expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll give you an integral the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you an integral the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you an integral the two
+integrals that are famous are 8i of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals that are famous are 8i of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals that are famous are 8i of u
+equals 1 over pi integral from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 over pi integral from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 over pi integral from 0 to
+infinity the K cosine K cubed over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity the K cosine K cubed over 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity the K cosine K cubed over 3
+plus K U and for bi of u 1 over pi this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K U and for bi of u 1 over pi this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K U and for bi of u 1 over pi this
+is a little longer integral from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little longer integral from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little longer integral from 0 to
+infinity as well DK and you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity as well DK and you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity as well DK and you have an
+exponential of minus K cube over 3 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of minus K cube over 3 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of minus K cube over 3 plus
+K u plus the sine of K cubed over 3 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K U and that's it it's kind of funny one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K U and that's it it's kind of funny one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K U and that's it it's kind of funny one
+is that close and one is the side and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that close and one is the side and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that close and one is the side and it
+has this extra different factors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this extra different factors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this extra different factors so
+these are your two functions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are your two functions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are your two functions and the
+relevance to our wkb problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance to our wkb problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance to our wkb problem is that
+they're necessary to connect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're necessary to connect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're necessary to connect the
+solutions as we will see but we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions as we will see but we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions as we will see but we need a
+little more about these functions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more about these functions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more about these functions we
+need to know there are synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know there are synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know there are synthetic
+behaviors now they're functions like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors now they're functions like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors now they're functions like the
+exponential function that has a Taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function that has a Taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function that has a Taylor
+series e to the Z 1 plus Z plus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series e to the Z 1 plus Z plus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series e to the Z 1 plus Z plus Z
+squared over 2 and it's valid wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2 and it's valid wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2 and it's valid wherever
+these angles the argument of Z is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these angles the argument of Z is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these angles the argument of Z is that's
+always the same asymptotic expansion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the same asymptotic expansion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the same asymptotic expansion or
+the same Taylor series for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Taylor series for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Taylor series for this
+functions like the airy function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like the airy function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like the airy function for
+some arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arguments
+of you there's one form to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you there's one form to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you there's one form to the
+asymptotic expansion and for some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic expansion and for some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic expansion and for some other
+arguments there is another form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments there is another form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments there is another form that
+sometimes called the Stokes phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the Stokes phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the Stokes phenomena
+and for example the expansion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for example the expansion for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for example the expansion for
+positive U is going to be a decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive U is going to be a decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive U is going to be a decaying
+exponential here but for negative u it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential here but for negative u it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential here but for negative u it
+will be a Silla Tory so it's not like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a Silla Tory so it's not like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a Silla Tory so it's not like a
+simple function of exponential function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple function of exponential function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple function of exponential function
+has a nice simple expansion everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a nice simple expansion everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a nice simple expansion everywhere
+it just varies so one needs to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just varies so one needs to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just varies so one needs to calculate
+this asymptotic expansions and I'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this asymptotic expansions and I'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this asymptotic expansions and I'll make
+a small comment about it how you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small comment about it how you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small comment about it how you go
+about it the nice thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it the nice thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it the nice thing about this
+formulas is that they allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas is that they allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas is that they allow you to
+understand things intuitively and derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand things intuitively and derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand things intuitively and derive
+things yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things yourself
+here you see the two airy functions they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see the two airy functions they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see the two airy functions they
+make sense the other thing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense the other thing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense the other thing that is
+possible to do with this contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to do with this contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to do with this contour
+representations is to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations is to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations is to find the
+asymptotic expansions of these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic expansions of these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic expansions of these functions
+and they don't require major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't require major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't require major
+mathematical work it's kind of nice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical work it's kind of nice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical work it's kind of nice so
+let's think a little about one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think a little about one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think a little about one example
+if you have the airy function a I of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the airy function a I of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the airy function a I of U
+that is of the form integral one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is of the form integral one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is of the form integral one over
+well it begins like VK over 2 pi the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it begins like VK over 2 pi the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it begins like VK over 2 pi the
+integral over contour c1 maybe should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over contour c1 maybe should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over contour c1 maybe should
+have done them curly curly c1 would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done them curly curly c1 would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done them curly curly c1 would have
+been clear e to the I K cubed over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been clear e to the I K cubed over 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been clear e to the I K cubed over 3
+plus K u that is your integral and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K u that is your integral and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K u that is your integral and this
+is the face of integration face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now in order to find the asymptotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in order to find the asymptotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in order to find the asymptotic
+expansion for this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion for this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion for this thing
+we'll use a stationary phase condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use a stationary phase condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use a stationary phase condition
+so the integral is dominated by those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the integral is dominated by those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the integral is dominated by those
+places where the face is stationary so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where the face is stationary so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where the face is stationary so
+the Phi prime of K is K squared plus U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Phi prime of K is K squared plus U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Phi prime of K is K squared plus U
+and we want this to be equal to zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want this to be equal to zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want this to be equal to zero so
+take for example u+ suppose you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for example u+ suppose you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for example u+ suppose you want to
+find the behaviour of the airy function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the behaviour of the airy function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the behaviour of the airy function
+on the right of the axes well this says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right of the axes well this says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right of the axes well this says
+K squared is equal to u so K squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K squared is equal to u so K squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K squared is equal to u so K squared is
+equal to minus u and that's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus u and that's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus u and that's the right
+hand side is negative because U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is negative because U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is negative because U is
+positive and therefore K the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and therefore K the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and therefore K the points
+where this is so for k equal plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is so for k equal plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is so for k equal plus minus
+I square root of U so where are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I square root of U so where are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I square root of U so where are those
+points in the K plane there here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the K plane there here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the K plane there here and
+there and that's those are the places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that's those are the places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that's those are the places
+where you get stationary phase so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get stationary phase so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get stationary phase so what
+can you do you're supposed to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do you're supposed to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do you're supposed to do the
+integral over this red line c1 well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over this red line c1 well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over this red line c1 well as
+we argued this can be lifted and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we argued this can be lifted and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we argued this can be lifted and we can
+make the integral pass through here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can now do this integral over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now do this integral over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now do this integral over here
+is the same integral that you had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this line we can say that K is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this line we can say that K is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this line we can say that K is equal
+to I square root of u plus some extra K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I square root of u plus some extra K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I square root of u plus some extra K
+tilde we say here is I square root of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde we say here is I square root of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde we say here is I square root of u
+for you positive there is this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you positive there is this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you positive there is this other
+place but that we cannot bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place but that we cannot bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place but that we cannot bring the
+counter down here because in this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter down here because in this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter down here because in this region
+the endpoints still contribute so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endpoints still contribute so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endpoints still contribute so we
+cannot shift the contour down but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot shift the contour down but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot shift the contour down but we can
+shift it up so we have to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift it up so we have to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift it up so we have to do this
+integral so what what happens you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so what what happens you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so what what happens you can
+evaluate that phase Phi of K under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate that phase Phi of K under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate that phase Phi of K under this
+conditions it is a stationary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions it is a stationary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions it is a stationary phase
+point this one so the answer is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this one so the answer is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this one so the answer is going to
+have a part independent of K tilde a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a part independent of K tilde a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a part independent of K tilde a
+linear part with respect to K tilde that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear part with respect to K tilde that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear part with respect to K tilde that
+will vanish because at this point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will vanish because at this point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will vanish because at this point the
+face is stationary and then a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is stationary and then a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is stationary and then a quadratic
+part with respect to K tilde so the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part with respect to K tilde so the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part with respect to K tilde so the face
+Phi of K which is K cubed over 3 plus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi of K which is K cubed over 3 plus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi of K which is K cubed over 3 plus K
+u when you substitute this K here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u when you substitute this K here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u when you substitute this K here is
+going to give you an answer and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you an answer and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you an answer and the
+answer is gonna be 2 over 3 I u to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is gonna be 2 over 3 I u to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is gonna be 2 over 3 I u to the
+three-halves plus I square root of u K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-halves plus I square root of u K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-halves plus I square root of u K
+squared tilde plus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared tilde plus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared tilde plus K
+that cubed over three that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cubed over three that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cubed over three that's what you
+get from the face you say well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the face you say well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the face you say well that's
+pretty nice because now our integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nice because now our integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nice because now our integral
+side has become the integral DK tilde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side has become the integral DK tilde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side has become the integral DK tilde
+over two pi so you pass from K to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two pi so you pass from K to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two pi so you pass from K to K
+tilde variable e to the minus 2/3 u to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde variable e to the minus 2/3 u to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde variable e to the minus 2/3 u to
+the three-halves that is because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-halves that is because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-halves that is because you
+have I times Phi of K so you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I times Phi of K so you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I times Phi of K so you must
+multiply by I here then - square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by I here then - square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by I here then - square root of
+u K squared then plus K cube ok till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u K squared then plus K cube ok till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u K squared then plus K cube ok till
+this of course yes I this should be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course yes I this should be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course yes I this should be like
+that yes okay so now what happens if u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes okay so now what happens if u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes okay so now what happens if u
+is large enough this quantity over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large enough this quantity over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large enough this quantity over here
+is going to mean that this integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to mean that this integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to mean that this integral is
+highly suppressed over K tilde is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly suppressed over K tilde is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly suppressed over K tilde is a
+Gaussian with that very narrow peak and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian with that very narrow peak and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian with that very narrow peak and
+therefore we can ignore this term this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we can ignore this term this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we can ignore this term this
+term is a constant so what do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is a constant so what do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is a constant so what do we get
+from here we get 1 over 2 pi from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here we get 1 over 2 pi from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here we get 1 over 2 pi from the
+beginning this exponential e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning this exponential e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning this exponential e to the
+minus 2 over 3 u to the three-halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three-halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-halves
+and then from this Gaussian we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from this Gaussian we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from this Gaussian we get
+square root of pi over square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of pi over square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of pi over square root of
+square root of u so it's u to the 1/4 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of u so it's u to the 1/4 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of u so it's u to the 1/4 so
+I think I got it all correct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I got it all correct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I got it all correct and
+therefore the function a I of you goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the function a I of you goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the function a I of you goes
+like or it's proportional to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like or it's proportional to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like or it's proportional to this
+decaying exponential very fast decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying exponential very fast decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying exponential very fast decaying
+expansion 1 over 2 1 over square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion 1 over 2 1 over square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion 1 over 2 1 over square root of
+pi 1 over u to the 1/4 e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi 1 over u to the 1/4 e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi 1 over u to the 1/4 e to the minus
+2/3 u to the three-halves and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 u to the three-halves and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 u to the three-halves and this is
+when u is greater than 0 and in fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when u is greater than 0 and in fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when u is greater than 0 and in fact you
+much greater than 1 positive and large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is shows you the power of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is shows you the power of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is shows you the power of this
+methods this is a very powerful result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods this is a very powerful result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods this is a very powerful result
+and this is what we're gonna need pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what we're gonna need pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what we're gonna need pretty
+much now in order to do us our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much now in order to do us our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much now in order to do us our
+asymptotical solutions and the matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotical solutions and the matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotical solutions and the matching
+of wkb there is an extra term or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wkb there is an extra term or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wkb there is an extra term or an
+extra case you can consider what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra case you can consider what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra case you can consider what happens
+to this integral when u is negative when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this integral when u is negative when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this integral when u is negative when
+u is negative there's two real roots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is negative there's two real roots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is negative there's two real roots and
+the stationary points occur on the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stationary points occur on the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stationary points occur on the real
+line the interval is therefore a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the interval is therefore a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the interval is therefore a little
+more straightforward you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more straightforward you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more straightforward you don't have to
+even move it and we have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even move it and we have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even move it and we have another
+expansion therefore which is a I of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion therefore which is a I of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion therefore which is a I of you
+it's actually equal to 1 over square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually equal to 1 over square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually equal to 1 over square
+root of pi 1 over u length length of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of pi 1 over u length length of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of pi 1 over u length length of U
+to the 1/4 cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1/4 cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1/4 cosine of
+2/3 length of you to the three-halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 length of you to the three-halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 length of you to the three-halves
+minus pi over 4 this is for you less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi over 4 this is for you less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi over 4 this is for you less
+than 0 so the airy function becomes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 so the airy function becomes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 so the airy function becomes an
+oscillatory function on the left so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory function on the left so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory function on the left so how
+does this Airy function really look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we have the true airy function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behaves like this it's a decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves like this it's a decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves like this it's a decaying
+exponential for u+ and then a decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential for u+ and then a decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential for u+ and then a decaying
+oscillatory function for you- for you-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory function for you- for you-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory function for you- for you-
+it decays eventually the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it decays eventually the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it decays eventually the frequency
+becomes faster and faster and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes faster and faster and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes faster and faster and that's
+your error function aii of you here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your error function aii of you here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your error function aii of you here is
+you your asymptotic expansions the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you your asymptotic expansions the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you your asymptotic expansions the ones
+that we found up there for you greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found up there for you greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found up there for you greater
+than 1 match this very nicely but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 match this very nicely but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 match this very nicely but
+eventually they blow up so they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they blow up so they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they blow up so they're a
+little wrong and they actually match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little wrong and they actually match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little wrong and they actually match
+here quite ok but here they go and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here quite ok but here they go and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here quite ok but here they go and also
+blow up because of this factor so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow up because of this factor so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow up because of this factor so they
+both blow up but they're both quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both blow up but they're both quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both blow up but they're both quite
+wrong in this area which you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in this area which you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in this area which you would
+expect them to be wrong these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect them to be wrong these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect them to be wrong these are the
+regions where these two asymptotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions where these two asymptotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions where these two asymptotic
+expansions make no sense they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions make no sense they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions make no sense they were
+calculated on the hypothesis that U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated on the hypothesis that U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated on the hypothesis that U is
+much bigger than 1 or much less than 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than 1 or much less than 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than 1 or much less than 1
+minus 1 and therefore you get everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and therefore you get everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and therefore you get everything
+under control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under control
+except this area so now let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except this area so now let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except this area so now let's do the
+real work of wkb that was our goal from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real work of wkb that was our goal from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real work of wkb that was our goal from
+the beginning so that's what we will try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning so that's what we will try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning so that's what we will try
+to do now
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qsFzIv3PHz8.txt b/qsFzIv3PHz8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0839ddcaf1b2eaac90f4fdd5c8c812b06876ce27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qsFzIv3PHz8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mmit.edu. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. Okay.
+I was trying to look at your face and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was trying to look at your face and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was trying to look at your face and
+say whether you all hate me or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say whether you all hate me or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say whether you all hate me or
+not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not.
+Uh and I was say uh I said I was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and I was say uh I said I was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and I was say uh I said I was going
+to send a email yesterday and say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send a email yesterday and say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send a email yesterday and say uh
+this is time for your evaluation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is time for your evaluation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is time for your evaluation and
+then I realize if I sent to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I realize if I sent to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I realize if I sent to you
+yesterday I probably get the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday I probably get the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday I probably get the worst
+evaluation. Right? So, I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation. Right? So, I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation. Right? So, I just wanted to
+remind you I'm going to send you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you I'm going to send you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you I'm going to send you an
+email uh uh you need to do the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email uh uh you need to do the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email uh uh you need to do the uh
+evaluation and uh uh sometimes I was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation and uh uh sometimes I was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation and uh uh sometimes I was the
+other day I was telling my wife I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day I was telling my wife I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day I was telling my wife I said
+that because we always listen to this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we always listen to this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we always listen to this uh
+say car talk I don't know how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say car talk I don't know how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say car talk I don't know how many of
+it's a it's a very interesting uh radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a very interesting uh radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a very interesting uh radio
+talk right so so they at the end they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk right so so they at the end they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk right so so they at the end they
+always say we squander an hour with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say we squander an hour with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say we squander an hour with with
+with me and I say you go under semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me and I say you go under semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me and I say you go under semester
+with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me
+hopefully.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully.
+Uh okay. So uh we have three more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay. So uh we have three more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay. So uh we have three more
+lectures and uh uh this is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and uh uh this is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and uh uh this is not going to
+be review of the past. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be review of the past. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be review of the past. We're going to
+continue pushing and see how how much we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue pushing and see how how much we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue pushing and see how how much we
+can stuff there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stuff there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stuff there.
+uh what we talked in the last lecture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we talked in the last lecture uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we talked in the last lecture uh
+the uh say we focus on the pin junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh say we focus on the pin junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh say we focus on the pin junction
+and then from pin junction solar shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from pin junction solar shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from pin junction solar shell
+in fact is um uh very lateral is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact is um uh very lateral is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact is um uh very lateral is just
+say you got a carriage generation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you got a carriage generation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you got a carriage generation by
+photons which goes opposite to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons which goes opposite to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons which goes opposite to the uh
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+bias and then say we mentioned the shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias and then say we mentioned the shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias and then say we mentioned the shock
+quiser limit uh where uh the the the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiser limit uh where uh the the the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiser limit uh where uh the the the key
+is that the shley Kaiser uh in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the shley Kaiser uh in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the shley Kaiser uh in fact I
+just had a uh program manager call for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had a uh program manager call for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had a uh program manager call for
+two hours in the morning on the PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hours in the morning on the PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hours in the morning on the PV
+project that we have and the so the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that we have and the so the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that we have and the so the uh
+shock requiser is assuming there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock requiser is assuming there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock requiser is assuming there's no
+other re combination other than radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other re combination other than radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other re combination other than radio
+recombination and under for photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination and under for photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination and under for photons
+immediate uh say when the electron holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate uh say when the electron holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate uh say when the electron holes
+are not at equilibrium the there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not at equilibrium the there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not at equilibrium the there's a
+difference in the firming level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the firming level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the firming level of the
+electrons and holes and the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and holes and the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and holes and the photon
+emitted that has uh like they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted that has uh like they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted that has uh like they have a
+chemical potential right the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential right the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential right the chemical
+potential is the uh difference of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is the uh difference of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is the uh difference of the
+quasi firming levels so I was uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi firming levels so I was uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi firming levels so I was uh uh
+presenting some of the f uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting some of the f uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting some of the f uh
+understanding I had uh at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding I had uh at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding I had uh at the end of
+last lecture say this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture say this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture say this is a very
+interesting thinking from the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thinking from the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thinking from the entropy
+perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective
+And so uh uh with that uh uh we pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so uh uh with that uh uh we pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so uh uh with that uh uh we pretty
+much finished uh in terms of uh what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much finished uh in terms of uh what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much finished uh in terms of uh what I
+want to do a parallel treatment. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a parallel treatment. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a parallel treatment. Right?
+If you think about uh we talked about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you think about uh we talked about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you think about uh we talked about uh
+molecules, we talked about electrons, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules, we talked about electrons, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules, we talked about electrons, we
+talked about phonons, we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about phonons, we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about phonons, we talked about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+photons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and
+often we use uh uh we can trade them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we use uh uh we can trade them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we use uh uh we can trade them
+more or less parallel because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less parallel because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less parallel because they are
+dilute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilute
+particles and uh they have wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and uh they have wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and uh they have wave
+characteristics and then say the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and then say the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and then say the uh the
+way that we've been dealing with this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we've been dealing with this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we've been dealing with this is
+we talked about the energy level that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the energy level that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the energy level that's
+the due to the wavel and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the due to the wavel and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the due to the wavel and the
+quantization of say energy due to wavel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization of say energy due to wavel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization of say energy due to wavel
+uh um matters and then um uh uh we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um matters and then um uh uh we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um matters and then um uh uh we uh
+see eventually so at a single interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see eventually so at a single interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see eventually so at a single interface
+or multiple interface you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or multiple interface you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or multiple interface you have
+interference you have reflection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference you have reflection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference you have reflection and
+that's mathematically if you approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's mathematically if you approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's mathematically if you approximate
+interface as zero thickness you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface as zero thickness you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface as zero thickness you know
+that is always smaller and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is always smaller and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is always smaller and the uh
+wavelengths right so this is a what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths right so this is a what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths right so this is a what the
+chapter five uh was about and from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter five uh was about and from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter five uh was about and from there
+you you could calculate transmission so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you could calculate transmission so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you could calculate transmission so
+those those were description under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those were description under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those were description under the
+wave picture then we move on to say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave picture then we move on to say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave picture then we move on to say uh
+really uh the transition from that wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh the transition from that wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh the transition from that wave
+if the wave uh the coherence is lost I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the wave uh the coherence is lost I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the wave uh the coherence is lost I
+don't need to consider the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to consider the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to consider the phase
+information of those waves I just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of those waves I just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of those waves I just need
+to consider trajectory of those waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider trajectory of those waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider trajectory of those waves
+and that's say where uh is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's say where uh is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's say where uh is completely
+treating as a particle right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating as a particle right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating as a particle right so if you
+think about quantum mechanics what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about quantum mechanics what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about quantum mechanics what
+Einstein uh say introduc is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein uh say introduc is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein uh say introduc is the
+granularity of waves of photons photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granularity of waves of photons photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granularity of waves of photons photons
+electromagnetic wave are granular waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave are granular waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave are granular waves
+so it's a particle and wave duality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a particle and wave duality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a particle and wave duality and
+the way that we've been treating is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we've been treating is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we've been treating is okay
+we first treat this as a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we first treat this as a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we first treat this as a wave
+propagation and then eventually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation and then eventually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation and then eventually we
+completely neglected the way we we trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely neglected the way we we trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely neglected the way we we trade
+them as a particle. We don't carry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as a particle. We don't carry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as a particle. We don't carry the
+face anymore, right? So, so there um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face anymore, right? So, so there um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face anymore, right? So, so there um uh
+this is from the transport uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from the transport uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from the transport uh uh
+perspective and then we went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and then we went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and then we went to the
+borsma equation and uh using borsma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borsma equation and uh using borsma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borsma equation and uh using borsma
+equation we derived hopefully you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we derived hopefully you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we derived hopefully you have
+seen uh that all the diffusion equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen uh that all the diffusion equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen uh that all the diffusion equations
+or drift diffusion equations uh in bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or drift diffusion equations uh in bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or drift diffusion equations uh in bulk
+materials and then when you have uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and then when you have uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and then when you have uh uh
+say boundaries where uh the boundary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say boundaries where uh the boundary uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say boundaries where uh the boundary uh
+create some scatter pattern of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create some scatter pattern of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create some scatter pattern of those
+particles. Just like when you go uh play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles. Just like when you go uh play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles. Just like when you go uh play
+uh say a pool and then your particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say a pool and then your particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say a pool and then your particle
+your ball hits the boundary get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ball hits the boundary get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ball hits the boundary get
+reflection right could be uh the some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection right could be uh the some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection right could be uh the some
+for most of those transport turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of those transport turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of those transport turns out
+there's diffused reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's diffused reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's diffused reflection
+uh that uh create additional impedance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that uh create additional impedance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that uh create additional impedance
+for the uh uh carrier flow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh uh carrier flow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh uh carrier flow.
+So and uh then say the chapter 8 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and uh then say the chapter 8 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and uh then say the chapter 8 was
+trying to wrap the idea that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to wrap the idea that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to wrap the idea that say
+microscopically when you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopically when you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopically when you think about
+energy conversion is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy conversion is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy conversion is really the
+transformation of one type of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of one type of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of one type of energy
+carrier energy into another type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier energy into another type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier energy into another type of
+energy. Right? So that's the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. Right? So that's the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. Right? So that's the interaction
+the scattering the absorption the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattering the absorption the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattering the absorption the
+excitation of energy carrier. But then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation of energy carrier. But then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation of energy carrier. But then
+at the same time you have the loss you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time you have the loss you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time you have the loss you
+have the transport. So, so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the transport. So, so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the transport. So, so you want to
+design a good heat engine, right? Your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a good heat engine, right? Your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a good heat engine, right? Your
+thermodynamics has to be right. Say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics has to be right. Say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics has to be right. Say that
+scattering. We have energy conservation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering. We have energy conservation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering. We have energy conservation,
+we have momentum conservation. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have momentum conservation. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have momentum conservation. You can
+think that as your thermodynamics has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that as your thermodynamics has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that as your thermodynamics has to
+be right. And then your transport has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right. And then your transport has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right. And then your transport has to
+be right. Right? That's the I say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right. Right? That's the I say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right. Right? That's the I say that's
+the left hand side of the board's man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side of the board's man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side of the board's man
+equation. And I warn you that say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. And I warn you that say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. And I warn you that say I
+couldn't do liquid. Right? So uh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do liquid. Right? So uh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do liquid. Right? So uh if I
+think about electron fon photon those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about electron fon photon those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about electron fon photon those
+are waves periodic boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are waves periodic boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are waves periodic boundary condition
+and modes and uh so with that the dilute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modes and uh so with that the dilute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modes and uh so with that the dilute
+particle approximation is valid and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle approximation is valid and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle approximation is valid and uh
+uh to deal with so the next we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to deal with so the next we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to deal with so the next we're going
+to talk about liquids and uh uh I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about liquids and uh uh I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about liquids and uh uh I will
+spend a very little time on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a very little time on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a very little time on the
+transport in bulk liquids and in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport in bulk liquids and in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport in bulk liquids and in fact I
+I think when I look at the literature I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think when I look at the literature I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think when I look at the literature I
+think we don't really even understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we don't really even understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we don't really even understand
+well transporting bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well transporting bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well transporting bulk
+liquids and it becomes much harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids and it becomes much harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids and it becomes much harder
+because liquid as well as amus material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because liquid as well as amus material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because liquid as well as amus material
+you go to amafus silicon right you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to amafus silicon right you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to amafus silicon right you lose
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+periodicity right crystals is idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity right crystals is idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity right crystals is idea
+because when you say give a structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you say give a structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you say give a structure
+you only have one arrangement perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have one arrangement perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have one arrangement perfect
+crystal periodic right but when you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal periodic right but when you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal periodic right but when you say
+amus where the atom can be anywhere, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amus where the atom can be anywhere, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amus where the atom can be anywhere, you
+got zenience of arrangement. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got zenience of arrangement. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got zenience of arrangement. So that
+makes the picture much harder and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the picture much harder and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the picture much harder and the
+liquid. So so liquid in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid. So so liquid in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid. So so liquid in fact the
+difference between a morphus material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a morphus material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a morphus material
+and liquid is very small. And if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and liquid is very small. And if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and liquid is very small. And if you
+think about glass, right, you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about glass, right, you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about glass, right, you would
+typically think this as a solid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically think this as a solid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically think this as a solid.
+But the glass if you look at the say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the glass if you look at the say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the glass if you look at the say uh
+people doing uh uh studying this uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing uh uh studying this uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing uh uh studying this uh say
+glossy face and they have real logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glossy face and they have real logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glossy face and they have real logical
+properties okay they ch they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties okay they ch they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties okay they ch they could
+change all right and so um so for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change all right and so um so for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change all right and so um so for uh
+what we I'll first give a very brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we I'll first give a very brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we I'll first give a very brief
+recount of the bulk what I saw uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recount of the bulk what I saw uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recount of the bulk what I saw uh say
+bulk properties and how people try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk properties and how people try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk properties and how people try to
+treat it and Then quickly this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat it and Then quickly this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat it and Then quickly this field
+went to computerized so computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to computerized so computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to computerized so computer
+simulations and then uh I'll discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations and then uh I'll discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations and then uh I'll discuss
+more on the interfaces right in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on the interfaces right in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on the interfaces right in fact
+that's probably most interesting if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably most interesting if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably most interesting if you
+deal with transport uh related to liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with transport uh related to liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with transport uh related to liquid
+right say how the uh liquid interact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right say how the uh liquid interact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right say how the uh liquid interact uh
+with solid at the interface and say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with solid at the interface and say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with solid at the interface and say uh
+um so including the electrical double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so including the electrical double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so including the electrical double
+layers and the solid solid interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and the solid solid interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and the solid solid interaction
+when we have say this say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have say this say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have say this say
+interfaces. So uh that's chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces. So uh that's chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces. So uh that's chapter
+nine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and we're talking about liquids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we're talking about liquids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we're talking about liquids and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+interfaces and uh um I mentioned that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces and uh um I mentioned that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces and uh um I mentioned that uh
+say the if you look at the for liquid um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the if you look at the for liquid um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the if you look at the for liquid um
+uh say what are the historic approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say what are the historic approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say what are the historic approaches
+is people trying to deal with liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is people trying to deal with liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is people trying to deal with liquid
+right uh say one of one approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh say one of one approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh say one of one approach
+is trying to modify the boardsman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to modify the boardsman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to modify the boardsman
+equation right boards my equation uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right boards my equation uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right boards my equation uh is
+um say a dilute particle right so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say a dilute particle right so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say a dilute particle right so when
+you have a more concentrated high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a more concentrated high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a more concentrated high
+pressure gas for example the particle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure gas for example the particle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure gas for example the particle is
+a lot longer very dilute so uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot longer very dilute so uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot longer very dilute so uh you have
+the approach modify boards by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation right and uh I'll briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right and uh I'll briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right and uh I'll briefly
+mention two particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution distribution
+function and the corresponding ansc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the corresponding ansc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the corresponding ansc
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And then the other approach is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then the other approach is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then the other approach is uh
+uh really uh starting with Einstein is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really uh starting with Einstein is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really uh starting with Einstein is
+the Browning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion and that eventually developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and that eventually developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and that eventually developed
+into the linear response theory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So those were the uh uh say um uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those were the uh uh say um uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those were the uh uh say um uh some
+of the directions and eventually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the directions and eventually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the directions and eventually this
+one uh uh didn't pan out very is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh uh didn't pan out very is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh uh didn't pan out very is not
+very fruitful boards by equation trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fruitful boards by equation trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fruitful boards by equation trying
+to modify Okay. And uh uh uh so most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify Okay. And uh uh uh so most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify Okay. And uh uh uh so most of
+those studies now is based on computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those studies now is based on computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those studies now is based on computer
+simulation and uh linear response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and uh linear response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and uh linear response
+theory. So let's uh uh really give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. So let's uh uh really give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. So let's uh uh really give a
+very brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brief
+uh picture of a bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liquid, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid, right?
+And uh uh one of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh uh one of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh uh one of the um
+u variable a very of the function we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u variable a very of the function we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u variable a very of the function we use
+often to characterize uh liquid uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often to characterize uh liquid uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often to characterize uh liquid uh is
+the radio distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function which actually can be measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which actually can be measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which actually can be measured
+uh using tools like a neutron scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using tools like a neutron scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using tools like a neutron scattering
+tool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the definition is okay I have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the definition is okay I have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the definition is okay I have so
+this is trying to measure what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is trying to measure what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is trying to measure what's the
+order of the atoms uh say uh if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the atoms uh say uh if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the atoms uh say uh if I take
+any of the atom as the center how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the atom as the center how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the atom as the center how the
+surrounding atoms are distributed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding atoms are distributed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding atoms are distributed on
+around this atom right and so the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this atom right and so the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this atom right and so the radial
+distribution function uh is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function uh is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function uh is uh
+4 pi uh this is the um say the really 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 pi uh this is the um say the really 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 pi uh this is the um say the really 4
+pi r² dr r is gives you the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi r² dr r is gives you the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi r² dr r is gives you the volume
+around the r and this n is the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the r and this n is the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the r and this n is the average
+density of the uh atoms and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the uh atoms and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the uh atoms and this is the
+radial distribution. So basically if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial distribution. So basically if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial distribution. So basically if you
+look at the in this uh radius r from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the in this uh radius r from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the in this uh radius r from the
+uh atom I'm looking at and the thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh atom I'm looking at and the thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh atom I'm looking at and the thickness
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+dr right so how many mo say atoms I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr right so how many mo say atoms I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr right so how many mo say atoms I have
+uh in this small shell of volume so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this small shell of volume so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this small shell of volume so this
+is uh the definition for the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the definition for the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the definition for the radial
+distribution functions the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution functions the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution functions the number of
+atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in R and R +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R and R +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R and R +
+DR,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DR,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DR,
+right? And if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And if you think about the
+difference between uh uh liquid and gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between uh uh liquid and gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between uh uh liquid and gas
+and the crystals, typically the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the crystals, typically the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the crystals, typically the radial
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function. So in a crystal if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So in a crystal if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So in a crystal if I look at
+the atom this is center the next atom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom this is center the next atom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom this is center the next atom is
+some distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distance
+away right the next layer and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away right the next layer and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away right the next layer and then the
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+layer it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer it's
+periodic right so you continue uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic right so you continue uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic right so you continue uh that's
+the crystal uh periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal uh periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal uh periodic
+arrangement and if you look at the uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement and if you look at the uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement and if you look at the uh so
+if this is a g as a function of r and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is a g as a function of r and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is a g as a function of r and r
+Right? And if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And if you look at the
+gas and the gas is a uh pretty much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and the gas is a uh pretty much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and the gas is a uh pretty much like
+a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uniform
+distribution and so there's no really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and so there's no really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and so there's no really
+no structure in the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no structure in the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no structure in the distribution
+function and then you look at the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then you look at the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then you look at the liquid
+liquid is say uh if I take a atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid is say uh if I take a atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid is say uh if I take a atom
+immediately surrounding there say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately surrounding there say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately surrounding there say
+because of the mutual influence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the mutual influence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the mutual influence of the
+atom atoms. So there is a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom atoms. So there is a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom atoms. So there is a little bit of
+structure and the away from it there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and the away from it there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and the away from it there's
+no correlation because the atoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no correlation because the atoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no correlation because the atoms are
+moving pretty randomly. So uh the way uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving pretty randomly. So uh the way uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving pretty randomly. So uh the way uh
+I can uh the typical distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can uh the typical distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can uh the typical distribution
+function of this is dying off after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of this is dying off after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of this is dying off after a
+few uh layers of atoms surrounding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few uh layers of atoms surrounding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few uh layers of atoms surrounding this
+spec any of this specific atom. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec any of this specific atom. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec any of this specific atom. Okay. So
+what's the use if you do uh the uh um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the use if you do uh the uh um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the use if you do uh the uh um uh
+uh use the distribution function right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use the distribution function right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use the distribution function right
+say the uh radio distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the uh radio distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the uh radio distribution function
+for example I can calculate uh if I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I can calculate uh if I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I can calculate uh if I know
+the potential interaction between uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential interaction between uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential interaction between uh two
+atoms so if I know the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so if I know the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so if I know the potential
+interaction between two atom then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between two atom then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between two atom then I can
+calculate using the radio distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate using the radio distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate using the radio distribution
+function what's the total potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what's the total potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what's the total potential
+energy G in the system is 0 to infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy G in the system is 0 to infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy G in the system is 0 to infinite
+integration 4 pi r² and uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration 4 pi r² and uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration 4 pi r² and uh this is a
+potential interaction between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh atoms and uh n grr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh atoms and uh n grr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh atoms and uh n grr
+dr okay right and uh uh uh if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr okay right and uh uh uh if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr okay right and uh uh uh if you go
+back to the thermodynamics Right. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the thermodynamics Right. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the thermodynamics Right. In
+chapter four we consider say different u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter four we consider say different u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter four we consider say different u
+partition function microcononical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function microcononical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function microcononical system
+canonical system ground canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical system ground canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical system ground canonical
+system. Right? If you write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Right? If you write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Right? If you write down the
+potential energy and you have kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy and you have kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy and you have kinetic
+energy, you have potential energy, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy, you have potential energy, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy, you have potential energy, you
+can actually write down the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually write down the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually write down the uh uh
+distribution functions and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution functions and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution functions and from
+distribution function you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function you can calculate
+the corresponding thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding thermodynamic
+potential like in a colonical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential like in a colonical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential like in a colonical system
+it's the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the uh uh
+fretome free energy there and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fretome free energy there and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fretome free energy there and in
+microcon is entropy. So once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcon is entropy. So once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcon is entropy. So once you have
+this thermodynamic functions you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thermodynamic functions you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thermodynamic functions you can uh
+say derive all the thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say derive all the thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say derive all the thermodynamic
+property of the system like the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the system like the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the system like the equation
+of states right. So um one uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states right. So um one uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states right. So um one uh one
+interesting uh um uh case was the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh um uh case was the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh um uh case was the uh
+equation of states. So if you do uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of states. So if you do uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of states. So if you do uh for
+example if you say wander this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you say wander this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you say wander this is the
+famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wonder potential right. If we take a v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder potential right. If we take a v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder potential right. If we take a v
+one potential fi r the small phi r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one potential fi r the small phi r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one potential fi r the small phi r
+is four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is four
+epsilon and uh sigma / r 12th power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon and uh sigma / r 12th power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon and uh sigma / r 12th power
+sigma / r 6 power one ras potential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma / r 6 power one ras potential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma / r 6 power one ras potential and
+then let's suppose I have this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's suppose I have this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's suppose I have this sort of
+the uh radio distribution function as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh radio distribution function as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh radio distribution function as a
+step function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in right the radial distribution is step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right the radial distribution is step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right the radial distribution is step
+is zero so it's basically here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero so it's basically here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero so it's basically here I'm
+drawing this way but uh what I uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing this way but uh what I uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing this way but uh what I uh say
+this step is just here this is my d so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step is just here this is my d so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step is just here this is my d so
+within zero to d this uh distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within zero to d this uh distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within zero to d this uh distribution
+function is zero so this is when r less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is zero so this is when r less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is zero so this is when r less
+than d right you can't have atoms get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than d right you can't have atoms get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than d right you can't have atoms get a
+close than D because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close than D because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close than D because that's the
+territory of the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory of the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory of the specific
+atom and uh uh when uh R is larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and uh uh when uh R is larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and uh uh when uh R is larger than
+one uh than D let's say this is a one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh than D let's say this is a one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh than D let's say this is a one uh
+so it lost the structure completely once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it lost the structure completely once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it lost the structure completely once
+is getting out of this region right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting out of this region right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting out of this region right so
+if you take this two functions you plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take this two functions you plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take this two functions you plug
+in and what you find out is your fn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and what you find out is your fn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and what you find out is your fn is
+uh this The total potential of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this The total potential of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this The total potential of the
+system is a n² over v the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is a n² over v the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is a n² over v the
+volume and uh and using this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and uh and using this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and uh and using this uh
+potential energy and kinetic energy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy and kinetic energy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy and kinetic energy you
+go reconstruct the partition function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go reconstruct the partition function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go reconstruct the partition function
+and from partition function you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from partition function you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from partition function you get the
+equation of states and the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of states and the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of states and the equation of
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation of states you have is P equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of states you have is P equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of states you have is P equals
+uh N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh N
+KBT and V - B N minus uh A N² over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT and V - B N minus uh A N² over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT and V - B N minus uh A N² over
+V² and B is the volume of individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecule one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecule. So this is the uh equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule. So this is the uh equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule. So this is the uh equation of
+states that's slightly different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that's slightly different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that's slightly different from
+the ideal gas law. PV equals say ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal gas law. PV equals say ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal gas law. PV equals say ideal
+gas is a PV equals NRT, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas is a PV equals NRT, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas is a PV equals NRT, right?
+And this is the one equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the one equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the one equation of
+states right one it come from the wand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states right one it come from the wand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states right one it come from the wand
+potential and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wonder equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states and it has a very important uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and it has a very important uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and it has a very important uh
+say historical uh importance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say historical uh importance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say historical uh importance.
+And in fact I say uh if you go to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in fact I say uh if you go to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in fact I say uh if you go to check
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+probably the nor price one the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the nor price one the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the nor price one the first one
+in physics was in I think is the x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in physics was in I think is the x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in physics was in I think is the x-ray
+and the first one in chem probably was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first one in chem probably was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first one in chem probably was
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay and uh why because if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh why because if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh why because if you look at
+the idea gas law is p * v equals n rt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea gas law is p * v equals n rt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea gas law is p * v equals n rt
+right and uh but the vand equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh but the vand equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh but the vand equation of
+states is actually giving you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states is actually giving you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states is actually giving you the
+liquid. Okay. So you plot the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid. Okay. So you plot the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid. Okay. So you plot the equation
+of states. So this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states. So this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states. So this is the
+uh uh for the vandor gas it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this one equation of states.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one equation of states.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one equation of states.
+And uh uh it turns out you when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh uh it turns out you when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh uh it turns out you when you take
+a horizontal line this area equal this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a horizontal line this area equal this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a horizontal line this area equal this
+area that's where the horizontal line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that's where the horizontal line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that's where the horizontal line
+should be and this is the uh liquid this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be and this is the uh liquid this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be and this is the uh liquid this
+is the gas and in between. So if you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gas and in between. So if you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gas and in between. So if you for
+different uh temperature you plot it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh temperature you plot it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh temperature you plot it in
+between you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you
+have the vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the vapor
+dome right? So you look at the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dome right? So you look at the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dome right? So you look at the uh
+steam characteristics you have in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam characteristics you have in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam characteristics you have in this
+region you have mixtures of liquid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you have mixtures of liquid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you have mixtures of liquid and
+steam right and uh this is the steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam right and uh this is the steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam right and uh this is the steam
+region liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region liquid
+region and uh uh turns out this one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and uh uh turns out this one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and uh uh turns out this one you
+can in between let's say this is a b c B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in between let's say this is a b c B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in between let's say this is a b c B
+and B does B to C this region is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B does B to C this region is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B does B to C this region is
+impossible and in this region you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible and in this region you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible and in this region you don't
+have a homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a homogeneous
+uh uh states uh you decompose so you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh states uh you decompose so you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh states uh you decompose so you got
+a mixture you got uh not one phase you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mixture you got uh not one phase you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mixture you got uh not one phase you
+get say uh water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get say uh water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get say uh water and
+steam and uh in this is the subcool you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam and uh in this is the subcool you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam and uh in this is the subcool you
+can potentially have super heat and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can potentially have super heat and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can potentially have super heat and uh
+in If you train B say thermodynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in If you train B say thermodynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in If you train B say thermodynamically
+it's absolutely unstable. So you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's absolutely unstable. So you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's absolutely unstable. So you got the
+say mixtures and of course normally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say mixtures and of course normally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say mixtures and of course normally we
+always get this mixtures uh say in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get this mixtures uh say in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get this mixtures uh say in the
+whole uh from a to d region right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole uh from a to d region right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole uh from a to d region right. So
+the importance of the uh vand equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of the uh vand equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of the uh vand equation
+it really give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really give you
+characteristics of from liquid to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of from liquid to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of from liquid to the uh
+vapor phase historically very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor phase historically very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor phase historically very
+important. So that's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. So that's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. So that's the uh
+thermodynamics part.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics part.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics part.
+and uh uh from uh uh the uh kinaticus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part. So that's a transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. So that's a transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. So that's a transport
+right. So if you think about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So if you think about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So if you think about uh
+the Borsman equation and the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Borsman equation and the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Borsman equation and the assumption
+we have in the BSMA equation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the BSMA equation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the BSMA equation is the
+molecular kills right the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular kills right the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular kills right the distribution
+function at the end we say we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at the end we say we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at the end we say we can use
+one particle in the system the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particle in the system the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particle in the system the one
+particle distribution function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle distribution function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle distribution function to
+represent the distribution of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the distribution of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the distribution of all
+particles. So uh if I write down a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles. So uh if I write down a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles. So uh if I write down a two
+particle distribution function. So at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle distribution function. So at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle distribution function. So at
+time t one particle has a position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t one particle has a position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t one particle has a position and
+momentum RP and second particle has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum RP and second particle has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum RP and second particle has a
+position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and
+momentum R2P2 that's the two particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum R2P2 that's the two particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum R2P2 that's the two particle
+distribution right and the Bsman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right and the Bsman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right and the Bsman
+distribution uh say equation is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh say equation is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh say equation is based on
+the molecular chaos assumption means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular chaos assumption means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular chaos assumption means
+this is independent of each other the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is independent of each other the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is independent of each other the T
+R P and times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R P and times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R P and times
+T R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T R2
+P2 right that's a molecular chaos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 right that's a molecular chaos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 right that's a molecular chaos
+assumption and because of this and the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and because of this and the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and because of this and the n
+particle is just a product of n uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is just a product of n uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is just a product of n uh say
+uh of all those distribution function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of all those distribution function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of all those distribution function to
+the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth
+power and uh the uh uh correction so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and uh the uh uh correction so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and uh the uh uh correction so at
+the beginning uh there were effort until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning uh there were effort until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning uh there were effort until
+60s Okay, people trying to do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s Okay, people trying to do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s Okay, people trying to do uh
+correction to this uh uh molecular chaos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to this uh uh molecular chaos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to this uh uh molecular chaos
+assumption and one of this is uh due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+onscere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onscere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onscere and
+t r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t r
+p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and
+r2 p2 2 equals uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r2 p2 2 equals uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r2 p2 2 equals uh
+FT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FT
+RP FT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RP FT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RP FT
+R2 P2 but say uh there is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 P2 but say uh there is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 P2 but say uh there is a function
+here add a function to prevent for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here add a function to prevent for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here add a function to prevent for
+example the two molecules or two atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the two molecules or two atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the two molecules or two atoms
+occupy the same location at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy the same location at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy the same location at the same
+time right so you can use that hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right so you can use that hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right so you can use that hot
+sphere so here is the function represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere so here is the function represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere so here is the function represent
+the distance of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance of the two
+molecules. And with this uh uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules. And with this uh uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules. And with this uh uh kind of
+uh uh partial distribution function, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh partial distribution function, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh partial distribution function, you
+go back to the derivation you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the derivation you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the derivation you start with
+the uh say Louvo equation and uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh say Louvo equation and uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh say Louvo equation and uh when
+you simplify to two particle and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simplify to two particle and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simplify to two particle and you
+look at your scattering term you derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your scattering term you derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your scattering term you derive
+set of equations uh for the uh for f as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of equations uh for the uh for f as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of equations uh for the uh for f as
+well as for g. So this are the so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as for g. So this are the so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as for g. So this are the so there
+what I want to say I didn't write in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to say I didn't write in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to say I didn't write in
+fact I didn't even write in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I didn't even write in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I didn't even write in the book
+it's very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very complicated
+equations but say there were effort and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but say there were effort and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but say there were effort and
+in fact there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there are some
+solutions to the unscope sol equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the unscope sol equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the unscope sol equation
+but say it was found that the unscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say it was found that the unscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say it was found that the unscope
+equation you can you still you can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you can you still you can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you can you still you can do a
+little bit denser liquid uh fluids not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit denser liquid uh fluids not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit denser liquid uh fluids not
+liquid you still liquid is very dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid you still liquid is very dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid you still liquid is very dense
+and you can do a denser Yes, but say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do a denser Yes, but say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do a denser Yes, but say uh
+the range cannot be extended very far.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range cannot be extended very far.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range cannot be extended very far.
+So because the equation gets very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So because the equation gets very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So because the equation gets very
+complicated and this road of extending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and this road of extending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and this road of extending
+the morsman equation was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morsman equation was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morsman equation was not
+successful pretty much abandon abandoned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful pretty much abandon abandoned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful pretty much abandon abandoned
+uh after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after
+1960s. So the other direction came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s. So the other direction came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s. So the other direction came from
+Einstein and Einstein uh did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein and Einstein uh did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein and Einstein uh did the
+Browning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion and that was his uh PhD thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and that was his uh PhD thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and that was his uh PhD thesis
+right he wrote this was at the patent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he wrote this was at the patent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he wrote this was at the patent uh
+office and they publish all these papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and they publish all these papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and they publish all these papers
+in 1905
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1905
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1905
+uh the relativity uh say photoelectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the relativity uh say photoelectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the relativity uh say photoelectric
+effect and the uh brownie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and the uh brownie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and the uh brownie
+emotion and uh so this were uh one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion and uh so this were uh one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion and uh so this were uh one year
+publications so uh at the time he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publications so uh at the time he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publications so uh at the time he didn't
+even know there were browning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know there were browning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know there were browning
+experiment but he know a few facts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but he know a few facts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but he know a few facts and
+he know that if you have so so what his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he know that if you have so so what his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he know that if you have so so what his
+purpose was trying to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose was trying to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose was trying to determine
+what's the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the size of
+molecules? Okay. And uh uh and he know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules? Okay. And uh uh and he know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules? Okay. And uh uh and he know
+that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+so he was doing more gdunkin right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was doing more gdunkin right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was doing more gdunkin right
+thinking experiment. Say, okay, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking experiment. Say, okay, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking experiment. Say, okay, if you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+particles, right, big molecules in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles, right, big molecules in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles, right, big molecules in a
+solvent, right? You put the milk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent, right? You put the milk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent, right? You put the milk in
+water and uh uh one thing he know was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and uh uh one thing he know was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and uh uh one thing he know was
+there is ideal gas law type for those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is ideal gas law type for those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is ideal gas law type for those uh
+uh solute molecules in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solute molecules in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solute molecules in the
+solvent and this is osmotic pressure. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent and this is osmotic pressure. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent and this is osmotic pressure. He
+knew osmotic pressure and so the osmotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew osmotic pressure and so the osmotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew osmotic pressure and so the osmotic
+pressure P is the same as ideal gas N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure P is the same as ideal gas N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure P is the same as ideal gas N
+RT. N is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT. N is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT. N is the
+uh uh say number density of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh say number density of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh say number density of this
+molecules in the say the solid molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in the say the solid molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in the say the solid molecule
+in the solvent. So that's one thing he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the solvent. So that's one thing he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the solvent. So that's one thing he
+knew and the second thing he knew was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew and the second thing he knew was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew and the second thing he knew was
+fluid mechanics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid mechanics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid mechanics.
+Okay. And uh Einstein uh know that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And uh Einstein uh know that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And uh Einstein uh know that when
+you have a particle, right? And in flu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a particle, right? And in flu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a particle, right? And in flu
+flow, you have of course this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow, you have of course this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow, you have of course this is a very
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+particle and they stra when a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and they stra when a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and they stra when a particle
+moves in the liquid there's drag flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves in the liquid there's drag flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves in the liquid there's drag flow
+drag effect. Right? So the drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+force, does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force, does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force, does anybody
+remember the drag force? Pi mu d.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the drag force? Pi mu d.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the drag force? Pi mu d.
+Okay, 6 pi mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, 6 pi mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, 6 pi mu
+d. Well, is it d or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d. Well, is it d or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d. Well, is it d or
+r? Okay, I have 3 pi mu, right? So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r? Okay, I have 3 pi mu, right? So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r? Okay, I have 3 pi mu, right? So it
+should be r, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, R times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity stocks
+formula and he use this to construct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and he use this to construct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and he use this to construct the
+uh what's the diffusion mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the diffusion mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the diffusion mass
+flux okay so uh the uh uh so you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux okay so uh the uh uh so you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux okay so uh the uh uh so you can do
+this by say okay I have osmotic pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by say okay I have osmotic pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by say okay I have osmotic pressure
+if I have a concentration gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a concentration gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a concentration gradient
+I have a pressure gradient right so n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a pressure gradient right so n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a pressure gradient right so n is
+the concentration so if I look at the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration so if I look at the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration so if I look at the if
+let's say there is a in the x direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say there is a in the x direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say there is a in the x direction
+there's concentration gradient you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's concentration gradient you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's concentration gradient you take
+a control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a control
+volume and you do your uh uh pressure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and you do your uh uh pressure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and you do your uh uh pressure so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pxus p x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dx Right? And that should say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx Right? And that should say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx Right? And that should say this
+pressure at the steady state should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure at the steady state should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure at the steady state should
+balance the drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance the drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance the drag
+force on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on the
+particle in the in the say due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in the in the say due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in the in the say due to the
+osmotic pressure the uh particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osmotic pressure the uh particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osmotic pressure the uh particles are
+moving and the uh say the resistance on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and the uh say the resistance on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and the uh say the resistance on
+this particle is due to the stocks flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particle is due to the stocks flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particle is due to the stocks flow
+drag force. So what you have here is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag force. So what you have here is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag force. So what you have here is uh
+times let's say here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times let's say here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times let's say here this is the
+pressure times cross-section let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure times cross-section let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure times cross-section let's say
+here is your cross-section we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is your cross-section we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is your cross-section we're
+considering and minus 3 pi mu d I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering and minus 3 pi mu d I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering and minus 3 pi mu d I don't
+use r and u times the lambber of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use r and u times the lambber of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use r and u times the lambber of
+particle in this volume that gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in this volume that gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in this volume that gives me
+steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady
+state right pressurdriven force and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right pressurdriven force and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right pressurdriven force and the
+uh I say uh resistance due to the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I say uh resistance due to the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I say uh resistance due to the flow
+and if you uh write into differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you uh write into differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you uh write into differential
+form what you have because say AC times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form what you have because say AC times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form what you have because say AC times
+eventually dx gives me volume da da d d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually dx gives me volume da da d d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually dx gives me volume da da d d
+d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
+d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
+d gives me another n so I will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What you get out of this is n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What you get out of this is n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What you get out of this is n *
+u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+equ=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ=
+1/3 pi d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 pi d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 pi d
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+dp dx and dp dx we you say convert into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dp dx and dp dx we you say convert into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dp dx and dp dx we you say convert into
+using the uh uh say osmatic pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the uh uh say osmatic pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the uh uh say osmatic pressure
+relation we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation we have
+KVT and 3 pi D mu and dn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KVT and 3 pi D mu and dn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KVT and 3 pi D mu and dn
+dx. So this is the flux right? If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. So this is the flux right? If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. So this is the flux right? If you
+look at this lumber density times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this lumber density times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this lumber density times
+velocity gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity gives you the
+flux meter squared the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux meter squared the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux meter squared the number of
+particles per meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles per meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles per meter
+squared right. So uh the uh what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right. So uh the uh what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right. So uh the uh what we have
+here essentially if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here essentially if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here essentially if you think about the
+fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed
+law right this is your um j flux equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law right this is your um j flux equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law right this is your um j flux equals
+mass d a d n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass d a d n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass d a d n
+dx that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diffusivity and uh uh say here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity and uh uh say here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity and uh uh say here the
+diffusivity is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity is related
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+viscosity diameter right so uh so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity diameter right so uh so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity diameter right so uh so from
+here you can say the diffusivity is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can say the diffusivity is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can say the diffusivity is a
+kbt and 3 pi d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu so from here Einstein say you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu so from here Einstein say you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu so from here Einstein say you can do
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+experiment you drop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you drop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you drop a
+milk you measure diffusivity time it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milk you measure diffusivity time it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milk you measure diffusivity time it and
+you can visibly see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? You know the viscosity. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? You know the viscosity. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? You know the viscosity. This is
+the viscosity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viscosity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viscosity of the
+liquid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid.
+Right? You know that you know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? You know that you know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? You know that you know that you
+you know what's the diameter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's the diameter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's the diameter of the
+molecule. So uh uh it's very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule. So uh uh it's very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule. So uh uh it's very simple
+right and um so that's why this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and um so that's why this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and um so that's why this is the
+called the Einstein relation. You recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Einstein relation. You recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Einstein relation. You recall
+in when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when we talk about
+semiconductors the semiconductor has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors the semiconductor has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors the semiconductor has a
+diffusivity and the mobility has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity and the mobility has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity and the mobility has a
+relation and here is diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and here is diffusivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and here is diffusivity
+viscosity viscosity is also so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity viscosity is also so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity viscosity is also so in the
+term mobility is like a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term mobility is like a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term mobility is like a inverse
+mobility right and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility right and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility right and this is a
+diffusion is diffusion process right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is diffusion process right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is diffusion process right so
+diffusion is due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is due to
+fluctuation viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation viscosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation viscosity
+is a sort of friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort of friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort of friction
+dissipation. Right? So this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation. Right? So this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation. Right? So this is one
+example of the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the more
+generalized say fluctuation dissipation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized say fluctuation dissipation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized say fluctuation dissipation
+theorem. Here we have fluctuation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. Here we have fluctuation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. Here we have fluctuation here
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+dissipation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation.
+Right? Okay. So that was Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Okay. So that was Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Okay. So that was Einstein
+treatment and in fact Einstein later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and in fact Einstein later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and in fact Einstein later on
+uh solve the other way. So if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solve the other way. So if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solve the other way. So if you do
+nanofluids you go to read the Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanofluids you go to read the Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanofluids you go to read the Einstein
+paper he actually solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper he actually solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper he actually solve
+uh say this is one way to do this and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say this is one way to do this and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say this is one way to do this and he
+say okay you can also add lanop those he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay you can also add lanop those he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay you can also add lanop those he
+didn't call nanop particle those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't call nanop particle those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't call nanop particle those
+molecules and you measure viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and you measure viscosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and you measure viscosity
+increase so what's the viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so what's the viscosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so what's the viscosity
+increase to the base fluid viscosity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase to the base fluid viscosity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase to the base fluid viscosity and
+from there he has another way to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there he has another way to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there he has another way to do the
+same problem so for that problem He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem so for that problem He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem so for that problem He
+actually has to solve really he you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has to solve really he you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has to solve really he you go
+to say he actually solve the viscos the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say he actually solve the viscos the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say he actually solve the viscos the
+flow problem around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles. So you you uh you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles. So you you uh you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles. So you you uh you can see
+he's a fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a fluid
+mechanician. We didn't go to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanician. We didn't go to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanician. We didn't go to the other
+research fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanics. Okay. So that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics. Okay. So that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics. Okay. So that was the
+starting point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point.
+There was a very small book on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was a very small book on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was a very small book on the
+Einstein work in this area on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein work in this area on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein work in this area on the
+brownie motion and very cheap $10 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownie motion and very cheap $10 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownie motion and very cheap $10 you
+can go to you should go to get take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to you should go to get take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to you should go to get take a
+look at it and uh so uh from here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it and uh so uh from here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it and uh so uh from here uh
+there was say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was say the
+generalization so Einstein have the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization so Einstein have the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization so Einstein have the uh
+say the general general the less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the general general the less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the general general the less
+generalization is due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization is due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization is due to
+lengian equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And non equation is a stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And non equation is a stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And non equation is a stochastic
+equation. Just say okay is F=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. Just say okay is F=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. Just say okay is F=
+MA and uh uh but say the driving force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MA and uh uh but say the driving force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MA and uh uh but say the driving force
+for uh is due to random thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh is due to random thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh is due to random thermal
+fluctuation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation.
+So if you write the uh if you have say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you write the uh if you have say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you write the uh if you have say a
+particle in the liquid and surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in the liquid and surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in the liquid and surrounding
+fluids give a kick right. Okay. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids give a kick right. Okay. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids give a kick right. Okay. And then
+this say is say the uh you have then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this say is say the uh you have then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this say is say the uh you have then the
+acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration
+mA the d velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dt and the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt and the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt and the force
+acting on the molecule or atom or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the molecule or atom or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the molecule or atom or
+particle right when it start moving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle right when it start moving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle right when it start moving you
+always have a drag force. So the drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have a drag force. So the drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have a drag force. So the drag
+force is always there and drag force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is always there and drag force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is always there and drag force is
+proportional to velocity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to velocity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to velocity.
+So uh you write uh into okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh you write uh into okay you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh you write uh into okay you can
+write into normalized to mass but say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write into normalized to mass but say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write into normalized to mass but say
+it's proportional to velocity. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's proportional to velocity. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's proportional to velocity. So you
+can do a vector here put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a vector here put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a vector here put a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+right so there's always drag force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's always drag force and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's always drag force and
+then you have a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a random
+random kicking force right random force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random kicking force right random force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random kicking force right random force
+that fluctuating. So that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fluctuating. So that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fluctuating. So that's the
+uh random say uh driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh random say uh driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh random say uh driving
+force here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+random and there's some basic relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and there's some basic relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and there's some basic relation
+because this random force so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this random force so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this random force so the the
+average is zero itself is zero and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is zero itself is zero and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is zero itself is zero and uh uh
+this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random
+force is not related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is not related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is not related to
+r. So if you do your time average they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r. So if you do your time average they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r. So if you do your time average they
+are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also
+zero but the uh the driving force itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but the uh the driving force itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but the uh the driving force itself
+of course is related to temperature. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is related to temperature. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is related to temperature. So
+if uh uh if you say here is a uh say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh uh if you say here is a uh say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh uh if you say here is a uh say the
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+r at the time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r at the time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r at the time uh
+s and this is a it's say uh the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and this is a it's say uh the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and this is a it's say uh the typical
+long equation assume this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long equation assume this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long equation assume this is
+instantaneous. So there's no memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous. So there's no memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous. So there's no memory and
+uh here what we have is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here what we have is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here what we have is um
+um 2 m e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 2 m e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 2 m e
+kbt and delta t. Delta t just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kbt and delta t. Delta t just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kbt and delta t. Delta t just say
+instantaneous and this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous and this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous and this random
+fluctuation is related to temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation is related to temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation is related to temperature
+and also related to how large is the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also related to how large is the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also related to how large is the um
+uh is the uh dissipation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the uh dissipation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the uh dissipation
+here. Okay. So this is the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay. So this is the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay. So this is the long
+equation and uh solving this is long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and uh solving this is long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and uh solving this is long
+equation because this is random. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because this is random. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because this is random. So
+actually could be uh uh pretty you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually could be uh uh pretty you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually could be uh uh pretty you go to
+rigorous mass way there there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous mass way there there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous mass way there there are many
+different ways to solve this random you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to solve this random you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to solve this random you
+can do your spectral analysis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do your spectral analysis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do your spectral analysis for
+example um but say uh in the uh book I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um but say uh in the uh book I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um but say uh in the uh book I'm
+not going to present going through every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to present going through every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to present going through every
+step we have a very nonrigous way just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we have a very nonrigous way just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we have a very nonrigous way just
+to say uh I multiply both sides because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say uh I multiply both sides because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say uh I multiply both sides because
+this one dudt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one dudt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one dudt
+t du dt can be written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t du dt can be written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t du dt can be written as
+ddt d r dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ddt d r dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ddt d r dt
+right. So if I multiply both sides by r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So if I multiply both sides by r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So if I multiply both sides by r
+and uh uh you go uh uh take the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh you go uh uh take the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh you go uh uh take the time
+average and this term actually drop out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and this term actually drop out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and this term actually drop out.
+So you get a regular equation. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you get a regular equation. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you get a regular equation. You can
+solve ordinary differential equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve ordinary differential equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve ordinary differential equation.
+Solve you can solve for the radius the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solve you can solve for the radius the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solve you can solve for the radius the
+deviation of the radius of the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of the radius of the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of the radius of the particle
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+t=0. So here I'm going to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t=0. So here I'm going to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t=0. So here I'm going to give you the
+results.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results.
+So if you do the radius of this R square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you do the radius of this R square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you do the radius of this R square
+right this is the if you put a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the if you put a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the if you put a particle
+here after some time where it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here after some time where it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here after some time where it's going to
+be right and this is the random walk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right and this is the random walk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right and this is the random walk and
+the radius is uh six uh KBT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius is uh six uh KBT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius is uh six uh KBT
+uh M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh M
+IDA and T - one /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDA and T - one /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDA and T - one /
+IDA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDA and
+plus ea exponential minus e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus ea exponential minus e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus ea exponential minus e
+t. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. So
+um so this is the uh solution for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is the uh solution for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is the uh solution for the uh
+the uh distance from the origin due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh distance from the origin due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh distance from the origin due to
+the random walk of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random walk of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random walk of this
+particle and you you notice there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and you you notice there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and you you notice there is
+this uh long time this term drops out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh long time this term drops out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh long time this term drops out
+right. So the diffusion the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So the diffusion the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So the diffusion the distance
+because this is a uh uh related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a uh uh related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a uh uh related to
+diffusivity. So the distance will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity. So the distance will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity. So the distance will be
+really diffusivity times the time square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really diffusivity times the time square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really diffusivity times the time square
+root. That's the order of magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root. That's the order of magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root. That's the order of magnitude of
+the diffusion. This is when you solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion. This is when you solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion. This is when you solve
+the fial law of heat conduction. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fial law of heat conduction. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fial law of heat conduction. You
+know the diffusion of heat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the diffusion of heat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the diffusion of heat is
+diffusivity times time square root.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity times time square root.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity times time square root.
+Right? So this is the longtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So this is the longtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So this is the longtime
+behavior of the browning motion. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the browning motion. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the browning motion. So the
+heat conduction all this diffusion is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat conduction all this diffusion is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat conduction all this diffusion is a
+random walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk
+process and uh uh recently there if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and uh uh recently there if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and uh uh recently there if you
+check the literature there actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the literature there actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the literature there actually a
+lot of people doing still doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people doing still doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people doing still doing the
+browning motion experiment and uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browning motion experiment and uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browning motion experiment and uh some
+people uh uh say we did experiment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh uh say we did experiment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh uh say we did experiment we
+say the initial time the initial term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the initial time the initial term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the initial time the initial term
+also that's the uh uh transend at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that's the uh uh transend at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that's the uh uh transend at the
+start of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of the
+kicking so Uh one interesting comment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicking so Uh one interesting comment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicking so Uh one interesting comment I
+have here is uh uh if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is uh uh if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is uh uh if you look at the
+brownie motion look at the velocity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownie motion look at the velocity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownie motion look at the velocity here
+right uh forget about this you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh forget about this you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh forget about this you see the
+velocity will be exponential decay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity will be exponential decay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity will be exponential decay right
+because this is the velocity t this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the velocity t this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the velocity t this is
+velocity if you saw velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity if you saw velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity if you saw velocity is
+exponential decay after it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay after it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay after it's getting
+quickening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickening
+right so uh and uh since all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh and uh since all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh and uh since all this
+relation come from related to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation come from related to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation come from related to that
+exponential decay. But turns out this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay. But turns out this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay. But turns out this is
+wrong.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong.
+Okay. And uh the reason for uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And uh the reason for uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And uh the reason for uh this is
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+is in this long equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in this long equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in this long equation
+uh there is also say when your molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is also say when your molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is also say when your molecule
+get a kick right. So they so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a kick right. So they so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a kick right. So they so here we
+have you have you use the stock theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have you use the stock theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have you use the stock theorem
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+stock but when a when a particle start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock but when a when a particle start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock but when a when a particle start
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+zero right this is a static state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right this is a static state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right this is a static state
+solution and when a particle start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and when a particle start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and when a particle start from
+zero stationary you get a kick you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero stationary you get a kick you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero stationary you get a kick you get a
+transient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient
+solution and that transient term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and that transient term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and that transient term
+uh was significant if so if you add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was significant if so if you add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was significant if so if you add the
+transient term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient term
+into here. So there should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here. So there should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here. So there should be a
+additional transient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term this stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this stocks
+force and that transient term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and that transient term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and that transient term is
+integral. So it depends on the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. So it depends on the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. So it depends on the previous
+time. So this equation actually become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So this equation actually become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So this equation actually become
+uh say a integral equation differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say a integral equation differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say a integral equation differential
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+equation and if you solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and if you solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and if you solve this
+differential integral equation you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential integral equation you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential integral equation you don't
+get the exponential decay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the exponential decay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the exponential decay for
+velocity you get uh power law for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity you get uh power law for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity you get uh power law for the
+velocity so if you solve velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so if you solve velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so if you solve velocity is
+actually if you solve this transient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you solve this transient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you solve this transient is
+t I remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t I remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t I remember is
+1.5 three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 three
+hs so it's a very slow decay exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hs so it's a very slow decay exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hs so it's a very slow decay exponential
+and power are very different right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and power are very different right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and power are very different right
+exponential is very fast power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is very fast power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is very fast power is
+slow so that's the memory effect out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so that's the memory effect out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so that's the memory effect out of
+the uh uh borisma equation uh no the out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh borisma equation uh no the out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh borisma equation uh no the out
+of the uh laner equation and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh laner equation and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh laner equation and I was
+interested in this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this because
+uh uh uh so the first the the discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh so the first the the discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh so the first the the discovery
+of this memory effect right was by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this memory effect right was by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this memory effect right was by
+computer. So in 1950 or 1960
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer. So in 1950 or 1960
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer. So in 1950 or 1960
+uh uh when uh people started doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh when uh people started doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh when uh people started doing the
+computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer
+simulation molecular simplest molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation molecular simplest molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation molecular simplest molecular
+dynamics they find this is not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics they find this is not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics they find this is not the case
+velocity autocorrelation. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity autocorrelation. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity autocorrelation. So you
+typically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you
+calculate turns out later on uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate turns out later on uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate turns out later on uh when we
+saw we go to uh linear response theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw we go to uh linear response theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw we go to uh linear response theory
+you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diffusivity. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity. So
+diffusivity is related to velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity is related to velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity is related to velocity
+autocorrelation. So is t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation. So is t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation. So is t
+u0 dt. So that's a velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u0 dt. So that's a velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u0 dt. So that's a velocity
+autocorrelation function. Right? So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation function. Right? So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation function. Right? So you
+can see if it's a exponential if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see if it's a exponential if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see if it's a exponential if it's a
+a power decay you would expect this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power decay you would expect this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power decay you would expect this is
+very different right was Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different right was Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different right was Einstein
+relation original relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation original relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation original relation between
+diffusivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity and
+mobility wrong or not right it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility wrong or not right it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility wrong or not right it turns out
+even though he didn't include even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though he didn't include even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though he didn't include even
+though he has a exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though he has a exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though he has a exponential
+decay but the auto correlation at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay but the auto correlation at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay but the auto correlation at the
+end the result is same so he was lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the result is same so he was lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the result is same so he was lucky
+Okay, the between the fluctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the between the fluctuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the between the fluctuation
+dissipation relation still valid even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation relation still valid even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation relation still valid even
+the decay function is very different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decay function is very different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decay function is very different and
+this was later proven there was a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was later proven there was a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was later proven there was a paper
+uh later proven uh mathematically by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh later proven uh mathematically by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh later proven uh mathematically by
+solving integral differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving integral differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving integral differential equation
+see this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is still
+valid okay so I was interested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid okay so I was interested in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid okay so I was interested in this
+problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because
+uh for long period people are doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for long period people are doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for long period people are doing this
+nanofluids they add nanofluids in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanofluids they add nanofluids in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanofluids they add nanofluids in
+uh uh liquid they say there's higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh liquid they say there's higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh liquid they say there's higher
+thermal conductivity and their serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conductivity and their serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conductivity and their serious
+say uh their browning motion right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh their browning motion right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh their browning motion right
+whether it's a browning motion effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a browning motion effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a browning motion effect
+and browning motion if you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and browning motion if you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and browning motion if you do this
+exponential decay it drops very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay it drops very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay it drops very very
+rapid and you go to say do all the auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid and you go to say do all the auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid and you go to say do all the auto
+magnet is about five six order magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet is about five six order magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet is about five six order magnet
+too small to actually contribute to heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small to actually contribute to heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small to actually contribute to heat
+conduction then there are other uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction then there are other uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction then there are other uh uh uh
+uh people And at the same time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people And at the same time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people And at the same time we
+actually also found the paper we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also found the paper we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also found the paper we thought
+say that's say oh this is a much slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's say oh this is a much slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's say oh this is a much slower
+decay okay and because it's a power law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay okay and because it's a power law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay okay and because it's a power law
+and that may be explaining uh the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that may be explaining uh the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that may be explaining uh the uh uh
+say the the thermal connectivity is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the the thermal connectivity is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the the thermal connectivity is not
+exponential and then we went further and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and then we went further and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and then we went further and
+they say okay it turns out the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say okay it turns out the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say okay it turns out the people
+prove at least for viscosity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove at least for viscosity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove at least for viscosity and
+diffusivity right that's a fluid flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity right that's a fluid flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity right that's a fluid flow
+problem is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is still
+valid. So then the question is for heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid. So then the question is for heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid. So then the question is for heat
+transfer for energy is that valid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer for energy is that valid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer for energy is that valid or
+not? It's unanswered question. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not? It's unanswered question. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not? It's unanswered question. Okay.
+Later on we did experiment we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Later on we did experiment we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Later on we did experiment we don't
+think it's a brown emotion but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a brown emotion but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a brown emotion but
+mathematically that's still one thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically that's still one thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically that's still one thing in
+my mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mind
+is what's the what what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the what what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the what what is the
+autocorrelation function for heat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation function for heat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation function for heat and
+how they decay in a browning uh uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they decay in a browning uh uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they decay in a browning uh uh say
+fluids when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids when you
+consider this uh uh time retardation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this uh uh time retardation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this uh uh time retardation the
+memory effect what people call memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory effect what people call memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory effect what people call memory
+effect because they uh it takes time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect because they uh it takes time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect because they uh it takes time for
+the stocks flow to kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stocks flow to kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stocks flow to kick
+Okay. So, uh that's all I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh that's all I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh that's all I'm going to
+talk about for the bulk fluids, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about for the bulk fluids, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about for the bulk fluids, right?
+And I think there are actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think there are actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think there are actually really
+lot say very poor understanding on even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot say very poor understanding on even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot say very poor understanding on even
+the basics of transport in liquid and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basics of transport in liquid and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basics of transport in liquid and uh
+there uh there some uh potential to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh there some uh potential to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh there some uh potential to do
+good research in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good research in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good research in this
+area. And next what we're moving on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area. And next what we're moving on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area. And next what we're moving on is
+going to talk about the uh interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the uh interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the uh interfaces
+and uh uh so the what's important is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh so the what's important is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh so the what's important is to
+understand the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the potential
+interaction and uh so what let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and uh so what let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and uh so what let's look at
+the forces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potentials. And of course we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials. And of course we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials. And of course we know
+force is the gradient of potential. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is the gradient of potential. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is the gradient of potential. So
+if I know the potential I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know the potential I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know the potential I know the
+force and uh the uh what we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and uh the uh what we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and uh the uh what we're looking
+at is more longer range potential. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is more longer range potential. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is more longer range potential. So
+due to the charge we're not looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the charge we're not looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the charge we're not looking at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+coalent force between that's typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalent force between that's typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalent force between that's typically
+connect the uh atoms to form molecules.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the uh atoms to form molecules.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the uh atoms to form molecules.
+Right? So when we look at the longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So when we look at the longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So when we look at the longer
+range potential due to charge, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range potential due to charge, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range potential due to charge, you can
+always start the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basic. So uh let's do uh of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic. So uh let's do uh of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic. So uh let's do uh of course the
+most basic is a coolum force right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most basic is a coolum force right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most basic is a coolum force right
+coolum interaction will have a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolum interaction will have a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolum interaction will have a positive
+charge or negative charge. I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge or negative charge. I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge or negative charge. I have this
+is Q1. This is Q2. And the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Q1. This is Q2. And the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Q1. This is Q2. And the uh
+potential is Q1 Q2 and 4 pi epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is Q1 Q2 and 4 pi epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is Q1 Q2 and 4 pi epsilon
+R. R is the separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R. R is the separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R. R is the separation
+uh uh between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh between the
+two. Here is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Here is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Here is the uh
+R. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R. Okay.
+And uh you can use the basic coolum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh you can use the basic coolum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh you can use the basic coolum
+potential to construct all other forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to construct all other forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to construct all other forces
+that due to elect say this charge origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that due to elect say this charge origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that due to elect say this charge origin
+due to this colum origin here and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to this colum origin here and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to this colum origin here and uh so
+for example I want to understand what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I want to understand what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I want to understand what's
+the potential between uh say a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential between uh say a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential between uh say a single
+charge Q and a dipole. A dipole is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge Q and a dipole. A dipole is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge Q and a dipole. A dipole is a
+positive negative charge very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive negative charge very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive negative charge very close to
+each other. Right? So I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. Right? So I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. Right? So I'm going to have
+a dipole here and positive negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dipole here and positive negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dipole here and positive negative
+charge and here is mass q here is plus q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and here is mass q here is plus q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and here is mass q here is plus q
+and uh uh this is um say let's say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh this is um say let's say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh this is um say let's say here
+is a and the distance of the dipole here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a and the distance of the dipole here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a and the distance of the dipole here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+d and uh the separation the dipole this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and uh the separation the dipole this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and uh the separation the dipole this
+d is much smaller than the radius uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d is much smaller than the radius uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d is much smaller than the radius uh the
+separation between q and the dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between q and the dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between q and the dipole
+That's R. R is larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's R. R is larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's R. R is larger than
+D,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D,
+right? So you could then just sum up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So you could then just sum up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So you could then just sum up all
+those uh coolum potential, right? What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh coolum potential, right? What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh coolum potential, right? What's
+my potential here is uh the potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my potential here is uh the potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my potential here is uh the potential is
+equal to Q let's say to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Q let's say to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Q let's say to this
+Q or to this Q here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q or to this Q here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q or to this Q here and
+uh this is a B this is C. So if I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a B this is C. So if I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a B this is C. So if I write
+the uh 4 pi epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh 4 pi epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh 4 pi epsilon
+ab to the negative charge plus this q to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ab to the negative charge plus this q to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ab to the negative charge plus this q to
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+charge 4 pi epsilon to uh say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge 4 pi epsilon to uh say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge 4 pi epsilon to uh say uh
+ab. So you just write the distance down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ab. So you just write the distance down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ab. So you just write the distance down
+and do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do your
+math right using the fact that the uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math right using the fact that the uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math right using the fact that the uh so
+uh here if I do the AB for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here if I do the AB for example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here if I do the AB for example uh
+is rus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rus
+uh d / 2 cossine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh d / 2 cossine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh d / 2 cossine
+theta squar uh plus d sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta squar uh plus d sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta squar uh plus d sin
+uh theta d / 2 squar. So that's my uh se
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh theta d / 2 squar. So that's my uh se
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh theta d / 2 squar. So that's my uh se
+the orientation of this dipole. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orientation of this dipole. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orientation of this dipole. This is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+theta right d. So it's a half d that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta right d. So it's a half d that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta right d. So it's a half d that's
+this distance time sin theta that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance time sin theta that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance time sin theta that's this
+one and minus that's because on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and minus that's because on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and minus that's because on this
+side and uh that's the distance ab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and uh that's the distance ab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and uh that's the distance ab
+uh uh the hypotenuse of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the hypotenuse of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the hypotenuse of the right
+triangle where I'm I'm writing down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle where I'm I'm writing down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle where I'm I'm writing down and
+similarly you can write a and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly you can write a and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly you can write a and then you
+use the fact that r is much larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fact that r is much larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fact that r is much larger than
+d you linearize it and what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d you linearize it and what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d you linearize it and what you have
+Here I have get a um mass Q beta is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here I have get a um mass Q beta is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here I have get a um mass Q beta is a
+dipole moment cosine theta and 4 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment cosine theta and 4 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment cosine theta and 4 pi
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+r² where say beta is the dip is q *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r² where say beta is the dip is q *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r² where say beta is the dip is q *
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+right so now or uh uh this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now or uh uh this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now or uh uh this is my
+potential originally for a single you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential originally for a single you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential originally for a single you I
+can say for two point charge I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say for two point charge I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say for two point charge I have the
+potential is over 1 / r. So the force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is over 1 / r. So the force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is over 1 / r. So the force is
+1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 /
+r². Right? Now if I look at the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r². Right? Now if I look at the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r². Right? Now if I look at the point
+charge and dipole the potential is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and dipole the potential is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and dipole the potential is over
+R square and the force is over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R square and the force is over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R square and the force is over R
+cubic right because you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic right because you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic right because you want to know
+what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+relations and uh uh as another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example I want to find out what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I want to find out what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I want to find out what's the
+force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+interaction between two solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between two solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between two solid
+surfaces right why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces right why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces right why
+interested in that because I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that because I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that because I want to say
+if I put the particles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put the particles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put the particles in
+liquid what's the wonder attraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid what's the wonder attraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid what's the wonder attraction
+force whether I can keep this fluids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force whether I can keep this fluids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force whether I can keep this fluids
+stable or not right if they glue onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable or not right if they glue onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable or not right if they glue onto
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+other you you you have the eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you you you have the eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you you you have the eventually
+sedimentation right how I can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation right how I can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation right how I can make a
+stable colloid you need to know those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable colloid you need to know those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable colloid you need to know those
+forces right so uh I have constru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces right so uh I have constru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces right so uh I have constru
+constructed using the simple coolum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed using the simple coolum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed using the simple coolum
+potential between a point say a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential between a point say a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential between a point say a point
+charge and dipole. I can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and dipole. I can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and dipole. I can look at the
+next what I have two say when I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next what I have two say when I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next what I have two say when I look at
+the dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dipole. So if you look at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole. So if you look at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole. So if you look at two
+dipoles due to the coolum interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles due to the coolum interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles due to the coolum interaction
+because you have uh the dipole has say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have uh the dipole has say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have uh the dipole has say
+positive negative each one has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive negative each one has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive negative each one has a
+positive negative you interact with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive negative you interact with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive negative you interact with the
+other one right you got a four term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one right you got a four term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one right you got a four term
+summation and you add up all those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation and you add up all those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation and you add up all those four
+terms and you find out that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and you find out that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and you find out that your
+potential for dipole dipole due to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for dipole dipole due to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for dipole dipole due to this
+is R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+right that's the uh say uh when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the uh say uh when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the uh say uh when we talk
+about one's potential right this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one's potential right this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one's potential right this is the
+uh attractive part and then say when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh attractive part and then say when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh attractive part and then say when
+they get very close you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get very close you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get very close you got the
+repulsive part here we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive part here we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive part here we're talking about
+the attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attractive
+part okay and with this you can so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay and with this you can so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay and with this you can so this
+is two isolated dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two isolated dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two isolated dipole
+Now with this dipole you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now with this dipole you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now with this dipole you can go
+construct if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct if I have a
+dipole right and I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solid what's the force what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid what's the force what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid what's the force what's the
+attraction between this dipole and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between this dipole and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between this dipole and the
+solid the solid itself I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid the solid itself I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid the solid itself I'm going to
+consider not say a solid that's made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider not say a solid that's made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider not say a solid that's made of
+uh not I say not a single point charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not I say not a single point charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not I say not a single point charge
+solid I say it's a neutral each atom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid I say it's a neutral each atom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid I say it's a neutral each atom is
+neutral then I can approximate the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral then I can approximate the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral then I can approximate the atom
+itself as a dipole right so I have say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself as a dipole right so I have say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself as a dipole right so I have say
+really each point I have dipole I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really each point I have dipole I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really each point I have dipole I'm
+going to sum up the force interaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sum up the force interaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sum up the force interaction of
+this dipole with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dipole with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dipole with all the
+dipoles in the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles in the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles in the solid
+so if you do that so here I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do that so here I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do that so here I have the
+distance d and uh uh let's Say here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance d and uh uh let's Say here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance d and uh uh let's Say here I
+have my coordinate X and because the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my coordinate X and because the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my coordinate X and because the X
+ais symmetry right so I can consider at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ais symmetry right so I can consider at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ais symmetry right so I can consider at
+the any X I do a say ren I integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the any X I do a say ren I integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the any X I do a say ren I integrate
+over uh say uh uh infinite right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh say uh uh infinite right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh say uh uh infinite right if I
+consider at any x radial direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider at any x radial direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider at any x radial direction so
+this is like I have a cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like I have a cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like I have a cylindrical
+coordinate and uh I can write the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and uh I can write the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and uh I can write the uh
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+interaction you turn this dipole and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction you turn this dipole and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction you turn this dipole and the
+ring here as because say the distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring here as because say the distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring here as because say the distance is
+six power. So the distance here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six power. So the distance here if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six power. So the distance here if I
+look at this point and this is a r right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this point and this is a r right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this point and this is a r right
+here I have d + x. So I have d +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have d + x. So I have d +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have d + x. So I have d +
+x² +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² +
+r² and uh 6 power. So this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r² and uh 6 power. So this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r² and uh 6 power. So this is my
+distance and then say I have the lambert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and then say I have the lambert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and then say I have the lambert
+density of this dipole atoms and 2 pi r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of this dipole atoms and 2 pi r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of this dipole atoms and 2 pi r
+that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how
+many I have in this uh and then times dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many I have in this uh and then times dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many I have in this uh and then times dx
+right so that's a volume and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's a volume and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's a volume and so
+dx and then I integrate the x is 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx and then I integrate the x is 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx and then I integrate the x is 0 to
+infinite this is my origin 0 to infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite this is my origin 0 to infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite this is my origin 0 to infinite
+that's x r i zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's x r i zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's x r i zero to
+infinite. That's the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite. That's the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite. That's the all the
+solid,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid,
+right? So you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So you do
+that, what do you get? You do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, what do you get? You do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, what do you get? You do your
+integration, you'll get the uh uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration, you'll get the uh uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration, you'll get the uh uh this
+is a pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pi
+c and 6 d cubic. So d is the separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and 6 d cubic. So d is the separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and 6 d cubic. So d is the separation
+between this dipole and the wall uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this dipole and the wall uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this dipole and the wall uh and
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+solid right and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid right and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid right and that's a
+potential if I do once I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential if I do once I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential if I do once I have the
+potential I take derivative so the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential I take derivative so the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential I take derivative so the force
+is d4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is d4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is d4
+power okay now if you go to check in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power okay now if you go to check in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power okay now if you go to check in the
+book I give example because people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I give example because people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I give example because people say
+do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have
+sleep when I have a liquid flow on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep when I have a liquid flow on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep when I have a liquid flow on a
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+surface.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface.
+Right? So I use this I okay that that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So I use this I okay that that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So I use this I okay that that um
+represent my own opinion. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent my own opinion. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent my own opinion. I think
+there's no slip in the normal condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no slip in the normal condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no slip in the normal condition
+because I'm just say when I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm just say when I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm just say when I have this
+dipole what's the bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole what's the bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole what's the bonding
+force and then I look at the say I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and then I look at the say I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and then I look at the say I have
+the atoms and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms and what's the
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+barrier on the surface and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier on the surface and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier on the surface and the question
+is that whether I have enough sheer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that whether I have enough sheer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that whether I have enough sheer
+force to move over those potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force to move over those potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force to move over those potential
+barriers right so I guess my point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers right so I guess my point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers right so I guess my point is
+you can take that whether you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take that whether you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take that whether you you can
+criticize it But say the point is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize it But say the point is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize it But say the point is you
+can develop your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can develop your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can develop your
+own argument and then say you let others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own argument and then say you let others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own argument and then say you let others
+shoot you down and say where is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot you down and say where is wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot you down and say where is wrong
+here right and of course say you say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and of course say you say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and of course say you say if
+you have very large shear you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have very large shear you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have very large shear you may have
+it but say practical situation I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but say practical situation I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but say practical situation I don't
+think there is a sleep between liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there is a sleep between liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there is a sleep between liquid
+and solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface Okay. So this is a one dipole to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface Okay. So this is a one dipole to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface Okay. So this is a one dipole to
+a solid. And now I can do the same if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solid. And now I can do the same if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solid. And now I can do the same if I
+have two piece of solid, right? Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two piece of solid, right? Two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two piece of solid, right? Two
+parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plates. So we have two parallel plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates. So we have two parallel plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates. So we have two parallel plates
+separated by D. And if both sides are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by D. And if both sides are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by D. And if both sides are
+diples and again you integrate now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diples and again you integrate now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diples and again you integrate now you
+already integrate one side you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already integrate one side you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already integrate one side you just
+integrate uh this other side also. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate uh this other side also. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate uh this other side also. In
+that case what you have is five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case what you have is five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case what you have is five
+= a 12 uh pi d² and this a is a pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= a 12 uh pi d² and this a is a pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= a 12 uh pi d² and this a is a pi
+square and n1 * n_sub_2. The m1 and2 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and n1 * n_sub_2. The m1 and2 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and n1 * n_sub_2. The m1 and2 are
+the uh number densities on both sides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh number densities on both sides.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh number densities on both sides.
+And this a is called a hammer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant. How many of you have heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. How many of you have heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. How many of you have heard of
+hammer con? Right? That's where it come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer con? Right? That's where it come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer con? Right? That's where it come
+from. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from. Okay.
+And uh uh so uh now this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh uh so uh now this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh uh so uh now this is the
+potential. So what's the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential. So what's the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential. So what's the force
+interaction between two parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between two parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between two parallel
+plates force? That's d² uh d cubit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates force? That's d² uh d cubit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates force? That's d² uh d cubit
+right. For two atoms you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. For two atoms you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. For two atoms you do
+d6 potential d7 force and for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d6 potential d7 force and for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d6 potential d7 force and for two
+parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel
+surfaces is uh say d cubic and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces is uh say d cubic and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces is uh say d cubic and you can
+do spheres also different geometry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do spheres also different geometry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do spheres also different geometry and
+in fact you read books people have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you read books people have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you read books people have done
+all those so for different surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those so for different surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those so for different surface
+there's corresponding that integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's corresponding that integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's corresponding that integration
+give you a different uh hammer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a different uh hammer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a different uh hammer
+constant and by the way so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and by the way so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and by the way so this was
+considered This is classical. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered This is classical. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered This is classical. There's
+nothing really uh complicated, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing really uh complicated, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing really uh complicated, right?
+You can do that. You go back and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can do that. You go back and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can do that. You go back and you
+redo it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo it
+yourself. But say uh that was in uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. But say uh that was in uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. But say uh that was in uh I
+think it was in 1940s or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was in 1940s or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was in 1940s or
+1950s. The same problem was put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s. The same problem was put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s. The same problem was put a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+spin and this was a suggestion by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin and this was a suggestion by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin and this was a suggestion by
+Maxbornne to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxbornne to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxbornne to
+Casemir. Kasmir again, right? So we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Casemir. Kasmir again, right? So we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Casemir. Kasmir again, right? So we say
+kasmir did this size effect on thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kasmir did this size effect on thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kasmir did this size effect on thermal
+conductivity and ca say max suggest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and ca say max suggest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and ca say max suggest to
+say kasmir said this wonder force can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say kasmir said this wonder force can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say kasmir said this wonder force can be
+understood also as a zero point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood also as a zero point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood also as a zero point
+energy. So what say then Kasmmer went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. So what say then Kasmmer went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. So what say then Kasmmer went
+back what he did is okay if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back what he did is okay if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back what he did is okay if you have
+this is the other way to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the other way to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the other way to look at this
+force and in this case is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and in this case is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and in this case is no longer
+electrostatics here is electrostatic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatics here is electrostatic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatics here is electrostatic is
+coolum force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolum force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolum force
+right but say this other way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but say this other way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but say this other way to
+understand is like the mode the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is like the mode the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is like the mode the energy
+of electromagnetic waves stay in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electromagnetic waves stay in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electromagnetic waves stay in this
+gap right and So this is the modes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap right and So this is the modes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap right and So this is the modes and
+there are many other modes right of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many other modes right of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many other modes right of if
+you think about the perfect reflecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the perfect reflecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the perfect reflecting
+surfaces as you move closer and closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces as you move closer and closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces as you move closer and closer
+there are more moles excluded excluded.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more moles excluded excluded.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more moles excluded excluded.
+So the energy in this cavity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the energy in this cavity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the energy in this cavity is
+smaller right. So energy when if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller right. So energy when if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller right. So energy when if you
+know the energy again you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the energy again you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the energy again you take a
+derivative of this energy you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this energy you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this energy you get the
+force and this mode is 0 point because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and this mode is 0 point because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and this mode is 0 point because
+1/2 h new that's the energy that's 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 h new that's the energy that's 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 h new that's the energy that's 0
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the
+cavity and it's the other interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity and it's the other interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity and it's the other interpretation
+for the wand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wand
+force. So uh let's now give it a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force. So uh let's now give it a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force. So uh let's now give it a quantum
+picture. It's it's important because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. It's it's important because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. It's it's important because uh
+now if you look at the a lot of work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look at the a lot of work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look at the a lot of work on
+cosmir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmir
+force and uh but this one of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and uh but this one of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and uh but this one of course is
+electrostatics. So this picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatics. So this picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatics. So this picture is
+electrostatics. This is more the mod is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatics. This is more the mod is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatics. This is more the mod is
+more getting into the dynamics right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more getting into the dynamics right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more getting into the dynamics right. So
+later on there are further development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on there are further development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on there are further development
+just to say uh by uh uh lifesize uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say uh by uh uh lifesize uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say uh by uh uh lifesize uh this
+is London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is London
+Lifes and he develop a theory based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lifes and he develop a theory based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lifes and he develop a theory based on
+just electromagnetic wave you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just electromagnetic wave you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just electromagnetic wave you calculate
+the say you really calculate using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the say you really calculate using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the say you really calculate using
+dialectric functions of medium one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric functions of medium one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric functions of medium one two
+three. So what we have here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. So what we have here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. So what we have here is
+electrostatic limit. But if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic limit. But if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic limit. But if you do
+electronamics you can have generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronamics you can have generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronamics you can have generalized
+theory and the generalized theory it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and the generalized theory it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and the generalized theory it
+turns out depends on the dialectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out depends on the dialectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out depends on the dialectric
+concept of epsilon 2. Here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of epsilon 2. Here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of epsilon 2. Here we are
+talking about one versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about one versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about one versus
+attractive. This two actually if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive. This two actually if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive. This two actually if you
+have another media right media in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another media right media in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another media right media in
+between you can actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you can actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you can actually have a
+repulsive the two surface can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive the two surface can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive the two surface can actually
+get uh repel each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh repel each other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh repel each other.
+uh so some people are trying to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so some people are trying to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so some people are trying to develop
+that in MIT campus a lot of faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in MIT campus a lot of faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in MIT campus a lot of faculty
+several faculty Steve Johnson and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several faculty Steve Johnson and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several faculty Steve Johnson and uh uh
+I think uh uh Carter Maharan Carter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think uh uh Carter Maharan Carter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think uh uh Carter Maharan Carter and
+and several people are working on this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and several people are working on this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and several people are working on this.
+So the idea is can you develop a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is can you develop a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is can you develop a surface
+there's no friction right uh uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no friction right uh uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no friction right uh uh if you
+can repel those uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can repel those uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can repel those uh uh uh
+self-repelling okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-repelling okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-repelling okay
+so with this we have talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with this we have talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with this we have talked about the
+attractive forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive forces
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+uh like I say if I want to look at I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like I say if I want to look at I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like I say if I want to look at I put
+this flu a particle in fluids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flu a particle in fluids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flu a particle in fluids
+And uh attractive force if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh attractive force if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh attractive force if there are
+only attractive force they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only attractive force they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only attractive force they will
+elomerate and the sediment right and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elomerate and the sediment right and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elomerate and the sediment right and how
+you you need a a repulsive force to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you need a a repulsive force to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you need a a repulsive force to
+maintain them if you want to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain them if you want to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain them if you want to have a
+equilibrium you can have keep this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium you can have keep this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium you can have keep this at
+certain distance so uh in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain distance so uh in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain distance so uh in the next
+lecture we're talking about that but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we're talking about that but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we're talking about that but I
+want to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go back
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+solar cell. I want to show you a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell. I want to show you a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell. I want to show you a few
+slides on solar cell. I didn't have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides on solar cell. I didn't have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides on solar cell. I didn't have time
+last lecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, uh I didn't qu show any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh I didn't qu show any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh I didn't qu show any of
+this uh uh say graphs last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh uh say graphs last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh uh say graphs last time we
+talked about basic principle. So here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about basic principle. So here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about basic principle. So here is
+a a shortly quaiser limit calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a shortly quaiser limit calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a shortly quaiser limit calculation
+for the maximum efficiency of a solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the maximum efficiency of a solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the maximum efficiency of a solar
+cell and depends on the band gap of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and depends on the band gap of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and depends on the band gap of the
+material. So here you can say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. So here you can say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. So here you can say this is
+say is a concentration right if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is a concentration right if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is a concentration right if there's
+no optic concentration uh you get the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no optic concentration uh you get the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no optic concentration uh you get the uh
+here you can say uh this is about 1.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can say uh this is about 1.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can say uh this is about 1.4
+four that's the pig and the pig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four that's the pig and the pig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four that's the pig and the pig
+efficiency is about 23 20 there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is about 23 20 there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is about 23 20 there that
+depends on what kind of spectrum you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what kind of spectrum you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what kind of spectrum you
+take right and original shock say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take right and original shock say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take right and original shock say about
+28 and uh there this is about 31 32 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 and uh there this is about 31 32 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 and uh there this is about 31 32 and
+so this was a paper by Henry so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was a paper by Henry so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was a paper by Henry so this is
+about go massite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about go massite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about go massite
+bangak and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bangak and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bangak and 1
+uh uh is about see this is here that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh is about see this is here that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh is about see this is here that's a
+silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon
+And so silicon got mass like in uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so silicon got mass like in uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so silicon got mass like in uh the
+good bang gap range and here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good bang gap range and here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good bang gap range and here is the
+efficiency. If you concentrate the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency. If you concentrate the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency. If you concentrate the sun
+thousand times by concentration you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times by concentration you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times by concentration you
+generate say more photons. If you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate say more photons. If you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate say more photons. If you look
+at then you have uh say uh larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at then you have uh say uh larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at then you have uh say uh larger
+uh open circuit voltage and also higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh open circuit voltage and also higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh open circuit voltage and also higher
+short circuit current. So you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short circuit current. So you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short circuit current. So you get a
+higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficiency and that's a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and that's a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and that's a single
+junction and uh here was a uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction and uh here was a uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction and uh here was a uh some
+historical and it's a old one you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical and it's a old one you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical and it's a old one you can
+say and uh uh the silicon the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and uh uh the silicon the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and uh uh the silicon the best
+Christian silicon that's this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christian silicon that's this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christian silicon that's this line
+here and uh uh I actually visit Martin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh uh I actually visit Martin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh uh I actually visit Martin's
+uh the the group before they say they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the group before they say they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the group before they say they
+have about 26%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about 26%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about 26%
+efficiency. Okay. And so it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency. Okay. And so it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency. Okay. And so it's actually
+let me say this is single junction cell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say this is single junction cell.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say this is single junction cell.
+Single junction cell the best chocolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Single junction cell the best chocolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Single junction cell the best chocolate
+quiser uh uh say you're about 30 31%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiser uh uh say you're about 30 31%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiser uh uh say you're about 30 31%
+right. So that's actually getting pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So that's actually getting pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So that's actually getting pretty
+close. And uh uh what's uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close. And uh uh what's uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close. And uh uh what's uh uh uh
+interesting uh here is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh here is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh here is the uh
+multi-junction cell and multi-junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-junction cell and multi-junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-junction cell and multi-junction
+cell uh now is about the 41 42%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell uh now is about the 41 42%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell uh now is about the 41 42%
+uh efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh efficiency
+and uh 43. Yeah. Huh. 43. Okay. 43. they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh 43. Yeah. Huh. 43. Okay. 43. they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh 43. Yeah. Huh. 43. Okay. 43. they
+split the uh that's a by wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the uh that's a by wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the uh that's a by wavelength
+splitting into different cells is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting into different cells is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting into different cells is
+another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one
+is one okay and uh uh but see the uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one okay and uh uh but see the uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one okay and uh uh but see the uh I
+think here I see this open this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think here I see this open this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think here I see this open this one is
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+catelite right that's the first solar uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catelite right that's the first solar uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catelite right that's the first solar uh
+uh it's lower efficiency it's a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's lower efficiency it's a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's lower efficiency it's a direct
+gap solar cell and the First solar uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap solar cell and the First solar uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap solar cell and the First solar uh
+cadmium telerite uh you almost get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadmium telerite uh you almost get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadmium telerite uh you almost get the
+worst in the world but they are most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst in the world but they are most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst in the world but they are most
+profitable company uh because catamu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable company uh because catamu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable company uh because catamu is
+a is a poison it's toxic environmentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a poison it's toxic environmentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a poison it's toxic environmentally
+and you go to Japan they had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go to Japan they had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go to Japan they had an
+environmental disaster in the 60 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental disaster in the 60 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental disaster in the 60 they
+never pic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never pic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never pic
+uh but first solar uh uh they use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but first solar uh uh they use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but first solar uh uh they use the
+same film their their film is few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same film their their film is few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same film their their film is few
+microns because of optical absorb option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns because of optical absorb option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns because of optical absorb option
+is good direct gap and they are selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good direct gap and they are selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good direct gap and they are selling
+about 10 uh 11% 10 to 11% efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 uh 11% 10 to 11% efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 uh 11% 10 to 11% efficiency
+right the silicon sale is selling about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the silicon sale is selling about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the silicon sale is selling about
+anywhere this is lab efficient that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere this is lab efficient that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere this is lab efficient that's
+the best efficiency silicon sale is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best efficiency silicon sale is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best efficiency silicon sale is
+sending anywhere between 15 18% or 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending anywhere between 15 18% or 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending anywhere between 15 18% or 20%
+efficiency so at the end is a cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so at the end is a cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so at the end is a cost
+because they are most profitable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are most profitable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are most profitable because
+silicon is about three few years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon is about three few years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon is about three few years ago
+right $3 so now is This curve a cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right $3 so now is This curve a cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right $3 so now is This curve a cost
+curve is very dropping very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is very dropping very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is very dropping very
+fast and uh uh lot of work is done on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and uh uh lot of work is done on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and uh uh lot of work is done on
+the uh uh polymer solar cell right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh polymer solar cell right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh polymer solar cell right and
+that's you see the history there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you see the history there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you see the history there and
+this there is should be I don't the die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there is should be I don't the die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there is should be I don't the die
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+cell right this open circle that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell right this open circle that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell right this open circle that's the
+die cell and that's about uh uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die cell and that's about uh uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die cell and that's about uh uh it
+should be around around 11% Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be around around 11% Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be around around 11% Michael
+Grattle and uh uh but say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grattle and uh uh but say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grattle and uh uh but say uh
+eventually which one is going to win uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually which one is going to win uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually which one is going to win uh
+which one go first get the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one go first get the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one go first get the great
+priority great priority means say can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority great priority means say can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority great priority means say can
+you compete with uh the coals natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compete with uh the coals natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compete with uh the coals natural
+gas right that's the it's a cost very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas right that's the it's a cost very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas right that's the it's a cost very
+cost sensitive multi-junction cells is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost sensitive multi-junction cells is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost sensitive multi-junction cells is
+trying to use different spectrum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to use different spectrum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to use different spectrum of the
+wave equivalence and it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equivalence and it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equivalence and it's actually
+really uh quite ingenious in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh quite ingenious in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh quite ingenious in the sense
+you have wider gap semiconductor on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have wider gap semiconductor on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have wider gap semiconductor on top
+so the red light doesn't say get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the red light doesn't say get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the red light doesn't say get
+absorbed go to lex sale on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed go to lex sale on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed go to lex sale on the bottom
+but say uh you have to connect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say uh you have to connect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say uh you have to connect them
+correctly each cell have to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly each cell have to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly each cell have to generate
+because you're not putting the cell in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not putting the cell in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not putting the cell in
+series right the top cell generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series right the top cell generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series right the top cell generates
+certain current that go to le cell so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain current that go to le cell so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain current that go to le cell so
+this the current has to match and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the current has to match and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the current has to match and also
+uh typically when people collect Fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh typically when people collect Fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh typically when people collect Fact
+they do a quantum tunneling tunneling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do a quantum tunneling tunneling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do a quantum tunneling tunneling
+junction uh to collect them. So uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction uh to collect them. So uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction uh to collect them. So uh if
+you make a infinite junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a infinite junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a infinite junction
+uh they practically people down is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they practically people down is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they practically people down is three
+junctions because when you grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junctions because when you grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junctions because when you grow
+different materials they become very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different materials they become very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different materials they become very
+crappy and once material become become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy and once material become become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy and once material become become
+crappy doesn't work recombination too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy doesn't work recombination too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy doesn't work recombination too
+fast right so but theoretically if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast right so but theoretically if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast right so but theoretically if you
+do uh uh infinite junction you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh uh infinite junction you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh uh infinite junction you can get
+around 86%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficiency that's the and recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency that's the and recombination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency that's the and recombination
+we already mentioned. So this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already mentioned. So this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already mentioned. So this is where
+uh the uh uh silicon is very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh uh silicon is very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh uh silicon is very good
+abundant this optic absorption that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant this optic absorption that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant this optic absorption that's
+really not good. That's the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not good. That's the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not good. That's the problem
+right. So that's the where the cost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So that's the where the cost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So that's the where the cost you
+need to thicker one to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to thicker one to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to thicker one to get the
+absorption up and that's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption up and that's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption up and that's related to
+materials pure because you have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials pure because you have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials pure because you have to use
+very pure materials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So uh this is the uh single crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh this is the uh single crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh this is the uh single crystal and
+poly crystine. If you go out you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly crystine. If you go out you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly crystine. If you go out you look at
+this that's your say whether you pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's your say whether you pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's your say whether you pretend
+you're expert whether you have a poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're expert whether you have a poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're expert whether you have a poly
+crystine. Look at this colorful that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystine. Look at this colorful that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystine. Look at this colorful that's
+poly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly.
+Okay that looks like a more mono
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cryst. And uh uh and then people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryst. And uh uh and then people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryst. And uh uh and then people are
+trying to do uh sinfilm uh for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do uh sinfilm uh for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do uh sinfilm uh for example a
+maf silicon but maf silicon the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maf silicon but maf silicon the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maf silicon but maf silicon the problem
+is the mobility charge do not travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mobility charge do not travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mobility charge do not travel
+very well. So even though you can use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well. So even though you can use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well. So even though you can use a
+500 nanometer maf silicon it's still too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 nanometer maf silicon it's still too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 nanometer maf silicon it's still too
+thick for electrons holes. Okay. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick for electrons holes. Okay. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick for electrons holes. Okay. So you
+want to uh so you want to make it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh so you want to make it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh so you want to make it even
+thinner and uh once you get a very thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner and uh once you get a very thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner and uh once you get a very thin
+optical absorption is also a problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical absorption is also a problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical absorption is also a problem and
+here is people actually trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is people actually trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is people actually trying to make
+uh uh say uh you can see here you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh say uh you can see here you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh say uh you can see here you have a
+maf silicon that's a widest band gap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maf silicon that's a widest band gap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maf silicon that's a widest band gap and
+then you have micro crystalline silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have micro crystalline silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have micro crystalline silicon
+or you can have silicon germanmanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can have silicon germanmanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can have silicon germanmanium
+chiff band gap so that you can do multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chiff band gap so that you can do multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chiff band gap so that you can do multi
+junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction
+cells. Uh this is a a polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells. Uh this is a a polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells. Uh this is a a polymer
+polymer unlike the typical pin junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer unlike the typical pin junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer unlike the typical pin junction
+where you got a potential uh uh so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you got a potential uh uh so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you got a potential uh uh so in
+fact that the potential is not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the potential is not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the potential is not that
+important just by diffusion is fine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important just by diffusion is fine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important just by diffusion is fine the
+concentration gradient and uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient and uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient and uh uh the
+polymer problem. So is a is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer problem. So is a is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer problem. So is a is say
+molecules molecular ch you excite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules molecular ch you excite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules molecular ch you excite the
+electron hole. The problem is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron hole. The problem is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron hole. The problem is the
+electron hole they bound to each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron hole they bound to each other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron hole they bound to each other.
+So they actually have a lower energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they actually have a lower energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they actually have a lower energy.
+That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a
+ton. And uh uh what you want is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton. And uh uh what you want is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton. And uh uh what you want is to
+extract them out. Electron go one side,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract them out. Electron go one side,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract them out. Electron go one side,
+hole go to the other side. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole go to the other side. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole go to the other side. But the
+exiton if they bond to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exiton if they bond to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exiton if they bond to each other and
+eventually they die, they release heat,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they die, they release heat,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they die, they release heat,
+you're doomed, right? So is that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doomed, right? So is that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doomed, right? So is that first
+you need to separate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to separate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to separate the
+acetone and then get onto uh uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetone and then get onto uh uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetone and then get onto uh uh say
+polymer again the conductivity is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer again the conductivity is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer again the conductivity is not
+good. So people are doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. So people are doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. So people are doing this
+threedimensional right one is a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional right one is a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional right one is a whole
+conductor the other is electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor the other is electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor the other is electron
+conductor that's bulk junction solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor that's bulk junction solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor that's bulk junction solar
+cells even though it's when you say bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells even though it's when you say bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells even though it's when you say bulk
+junction it means just a penetrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction it means just a penetrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction it means just a penetrating
+junctions P and N type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+materials and they they they are also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and they they they are also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and they they they are also uh
+uh you have to make it very thin and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to make it very thin and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to make it very thin and uh
+grat cell electrochemical cell uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grat cell electrochemical cell uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grat cell electrochemical cell uh this
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+um uh they using the uh really molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh they using the uh really molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh they using the uh really molecules
+say they die as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they die as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they die as the
+synthesizer and uh it's a monol layer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizer and uh it's a monol layer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizer and uh it's a monol layer.
+So they call them every nanop particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they call them every nanop particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they call them every nanop particle
+with this monollayer to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this monollayer to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this monollayer to increase
+absorption. Again you get the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption. Again you get the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption. Again you get the electron
+hole the acetone and uh once you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole the acetone and uh once you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole the acetone and uh once you get
+that because it's a monol layer uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it's a monol layer uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it's a monol layer uh so
+you generate electron hole and they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generate electron hole and they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generate electron hole and they go
+one goes to the solid that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one goes to the solid that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one goes to the solid that's the
+titanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium
+oxide so titanium oxide is in cosmetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so titanium oxide is in cosmetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so titanium oxide is in cosmetics
+so it's pretty cheap and the whole go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's pretty cheap and the whole go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's pretty cheap and the whole go to
+the liquid so the liquid oxidize liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid so the liquid oxidize liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid so the liquid oxidize liquid
+and diffuse to the electrode so so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and diffuse to the electrode so so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and diffuse to the electrode so so uh
+and reduced and so so so this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reduced and so so so this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reduced and so so so this is where
+because it's a liquid it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a liquid it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a liquid it's not very
+reliable and uh uh the reliability is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable and uh uh the reliability is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable and uh uh the reliability is a
+big problem and so people say this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem and so people say this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem and so people say this could
+be cheap but so far nobody has been able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cheap but so far nobody has been able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cheap but so far nobody has been able
+to commercialize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to commercialize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to commercialize
+them okay so that's where people trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so that's where people trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so that's where people trying
+to do okay some I so here is a first gen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do okay some I so here is a first gen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do okay some I so here is a first gen
+uh siliccomb base thin film base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh siliccomb base thin film base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh siliccomb base thin film base
+whatever third you can try to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever third you can try to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever third you can try to get a
+lower efficiency. Uh say higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower efficiency. Uh say higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower efficiency. Uh say higher
+efficient, no cost. That's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient, no cost. That's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient, no cost. That's a lot of
+people working on this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people working on this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people working on this.
+Okay, stop here. And just a reminder,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, stop here. And just a reminder,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, stop here. And just a reminder,
+I'll send you an email now. You can win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll send you an email now. You can win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll send you an email now. You can win
+all your angry Okay.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qxaBDDib9_A.txt b/qxaBDDib9_A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52c4f7be2b25763b5178d5c1cc898600a12a7380
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qxaBDDib9_A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3469 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: As the question said,
+where are we as far as
+
+the text goes.
+
+We're just going to
+start Chapter 2
+
+today, Poisson processes.
+
+I want to spend about five
+minutes reviewing a little bit
+
+about convergence, the things
+we said last time,
+
+and then move on.
+
+There's a big break in the
+course, at this point between
+
+Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 in the
+sense that Chapter 1 is very
+
+abstract, a little
+theoretical.
+
+It's dealing with probability
+theory in general and the most
+
+general theorems in probability
+stated in very
+
+simple and elementary form.
+
+But still, we're essentially
+not dealing with
+
+applications at all.
+
+We're dealing with very, very
+abstract things in Chapter 1.
+
+Chapter 2 is just the reverse.
+
+A Poisson process is the
+most concrete thing
+
+you can think of.
+
+People use that as a model
+for almost everything.
+
+Whether it's a reasonable
+model or
+
+not is another question.
+
+But people use it as
+a model constantly.
+
+And everything about
+it is simple.
+
+For a Poisson process, you can
+almost characterize it as
+
+saying everything you could
+think of about a Poisson
+
+process is either true or
+it's obviously false.
+
+And when you get to
+that point, you
+
+understand Poisson processes.
+
+And you can go on to other
+things and never have to
+
+really think about them
+very hard again.
+
+Because at that point, you
+really understand them.
+
+OK.
+
+So let's go on and review
+things a little bit.
+
+What's convergence and how does
+it affect sequences of
+
+IID random variables?
+
+Convergence is more
+general than
+
+just IID random variables.
+
+But it applies to any sequence
+of random variables.
+
+And the definition is that a
+sequence of random variables
+
+converges in distribution to
+another random variable z, if
+
+the limit, as n goes to
+infinity, of the distribution
+
+function of zn converges to the
+
+distribution function of z.
+
+For this definition to make
+sense, it doesn't matter what
+
+z is. z can be outside of
+the sample space even.
+
+The only thing we're interested
+in is this
+
+particular distribution
+function.
+
+So what we're really saying is
+a sequence of distributions
+
+converges to another
+distribution function if in
+
+fact this limit occurs at every
+point where f of z is
+
+continuous.
+
+In other words, if f of z is
+discontinuous someplace, we
+
+had an example of that where
+we're looking at the law of
+
+large numbers and the
+distribution function.
+
+Looked at in the right way
+was a step function.
+
+It wasn't continuous
+at the step.
+
+And therefore, you can't expect
+anything to be said
+
+about that.
+
+So the typical example of
+convergence in distribution is
+
+the central limit theorem which
+says, if x1, x2 are IID,
+
+they have a variance
+sigma squared.
+
+And if s sub n the sum of these
+random variables is a
+
+sum of x1 to xn, then zn
+is the normalized sum.
+
+In other words, you
+take this sum.
+
+You subtract off
+the mean of it.
+
+And I think in the reproduction
+of these slides
+
+that you have, I think that
+n, right there was--
+
+here we go.
+
+That's the other y.
+
+I think that n was left off.
+
+If that n wasn't left off,
+another n was left off.
+
+It's obviously needed there.
+
+This is a normalized random
+variable because the variance
+
+of sn and of sn minus nx bar is
+just sigma squared times n.
+
+Because they're any of these
+random variables.
+
+So we're dividing by the
+standard deviation.
+
+So this is a random variable
+for each n which has a
+
+standard deviation
+1 and mean 0.
+
+So it's normalized.
+
+And it converges in distribution
+to a Gaussian
+
+random variable of mean 0 and
+standard deviation 1.
+
+This notation here is
+sort of standard.
+
+And we'll use it at
+various times.
+
+It means a Gaussian distribution
+with mean 0 and
+
+variance 1.
+
+So for an example of that, if
+x1, x2, so forth, are IID with
+
+mean expected value of x and the
+sum here, then sn over n
+
+converges in distribution to
+the deterministic random
+
+variable x bar.
+
+That's a nice example of this.
+
+So we have two examples of
+convergence and distribution.
+
+And that's what that says.
+
+So next, a sequence of random
+variables converges in
+
+probability.
+
+When we start talking about
+convergence in probability,
+
+there's another idea which we
+are going to bring in, mostly
+
+in Chapter 4 when we get
+to it, which is called
+
+convergence with
+probability 1.
+
+Don't confuse those two
+things because they're
+
+very different ideas.
+
+Because people confuse them,
+many people call convergence
+
+with probability 1 almost sure
+convergence or almost
+
+everywhere convergence.
+
+I don't like that notation.
+
+So I'll stay with the notation
+with probability 1.
+
+But it means something very
+different than converging in
+
+probability.
+
+So the definition is that a
+set of random variables
+
+converges in probability to some
+other random variable if
+
+this limit holds true.
+
+And you remember that diagram
+we showed you last time.
+
+Let me just quickly redraw it.
+
+Have this set of distribution
+functions.
+
+Here's the mean here,
+x bar, limits,
+
+plus and minus epsilon.
+
+And this sequence of random
+variables has to come in down
+
+here and go out up there.
+
+This distance here and the
+distance there gets very small
+
+and goes to 0 as n
+gets very large.
+
+And that's the meaning
+of what this says.
+
+So if you don't remember that
+diagram, go look at it in the
+
+lecture notes last time or in
+the text where it's explained
+
+in a lot more detail.
+
+So the typical example of that
+is the weak law of large
+
+numbers of x1, blah, blah,
+blah, are IID with mean,
+
+expected value of x.
+
+Remember now that we say that
+a random variable has a mean
+
+if the expected value of the
+absolute value of x is finite.
+
+It's not enough to have things
+which have a distribution
+
+function which is badly behaved
+for very big x, and
+
+badly behaved for very small
+x, and the two of them
+
+cancelled out.
+
+That doesn't work.
+
+That doesn't mean
+you have a mean.
+
+You need the expected value
+as the absolute
+
+value of x to be finite.
+
+Now, the weak law of large
+numbers says that the random
+
+variables sn over n, in other
+words, the sample average, in
+
+fact converges to the
+deterministic
+
+random variable x bar.
+
+And that convergence is
+convergence in probability.
+
+Which means it's this kind
+of convergence here.
+
+Which means that it's going
+to a distribution
+
+which is a step function.
+
+There's a very big difference
+between a distribution which
+
+is a step function and a
+distribution which is
+
+something like a Gaussian
+random variable.
+
+And what the big difference is
+is that the random variables
+
+that are converging to each
+other, if a bunch of random
+
+variables are all converging to
+a constant, then they all
+
+have to be very close
+to each other.
+
+And that's the property you're
+really interested in in
+
+convergence in probability.
+
+So convergence in mean square,
+finally, last definition which
+
+is easy to deal with.
+
+If a sequence of random
+variables converges in the
+
+mean square to another random
+variable, if this limit of the
+
+expected value, of the
+difference between the two
+
+random variables squared, goes
+to 0, this n gets big.
+
+That's what we had with the weak
+law of large numbers if
+
+you assume that the random
+variables each had a variance.
+
+So on to something new.
+
+On to Poisson processes.
+
+We first have to explain what
+an arrival process is.
+
+And then we can get into
+Poisson processes.
+
+Because arrival processes are
+a very broad class of
+
+stochastic processes, in fact
+discrete stochastic processes.
+
+But they have this property of
+being characterized by things
+
+happening at various random
+instance of time as opposed to
+
+a noise waveform or something
+of that sort.
+
+So an arrival process is a
+sequence of increasing random
+
+variables, 0 less than
+s1, less than s2.
+
+What's it mean for a random
+variable s1 to be less than a
+
+random variable s2?
+
+It means exactly the
+same thing as it
+
+means for real numbers.
+
+s1 is less than s2 if the random
+variable s2 minus s1 is
+
+a positive random variable,
+namely if it only takes on
+
+non-negative values for all
+omega in the sample space or
+
+for all omega except for some
+peculiar set of probability 0.
+
+The differences in these arrival
+epochs, why do I call
+
+them arrival epochs?
+
+Why do other people call
+them arrival epochs?
+
+Because time is something which
+gets used so often here
+
+that it gets confusing.
+
+So it's nice to call one thing
+epochs instead of time.
+
+And then you know what you're
+talking about a little better.
+
+The difference is s sub i minus
+s sub i minus 1 for all
+
+i greater than or equal to 2
+here, with x1 equal to s1.
+
+These are called interarrival
+times and the si are called
+
+arrival epochs.
+
+The picture here really
+shows it all.
+
+Here we have a sequence of
+arrival instance, which is
+
+where these arrivals occur.
+
+By definition, x1 is the time at
+which is the first arrival
+
+occurs, x2 is the difference
+between the time when the
+
+second arrival occurs and
+the first arrival
+
+occurs, and so forth.
+
+n of t is the number of arrivals
+that have occurred up
+
+until time t.
+
+Which is, if we draw a staircase
+function for each of
+
+these arrivals, n of t
+is just the value of
+
+that staircase function.
+
+In other words, the counting
+process, the
+
+arrival counting process--
+
+here's another typo in the
+notes that you've got.
+
+It calls it Poisson
+counting process.
+
+It should be arrival
+counting process.
+
+What this staircase function
+is is in fact
+
+the counting process.
+
+It says how many arrivals
+there have been
+
+up until time t.
+
+And every once in a while,
+that jumps up by 1.
+
+So it keeps increasing by
+1 at various times.
+
+So that's the arrival
+counting process.
+
+The important thing to get out
+of this is if you understand
+
+everything about these random
+variables, then you understand
+
+everything about these
+random variables.
+
+And then you understand
+everything about
+
+these random variables.
+
+There's a countable number of
+these random variables.
+
+There's a countable number of
+these random variables.
+
+There's an unaccountably
+infinite number of these
+
+random variables.
+
+In other words, for every
+t, n of t is a
+
+different random variable.
+
+I mean, it tends to be the
+same for relatively large
+
+intervals of t sometimes.
+
+But this is a different random
+variable for each value of t.
+
+So let's proceed with that.
+
+A sample path or sample function
+of the process is a
+
+sequence of sample values.
+
+That's the same as we
+have everywhere.
+
+You look at a sample point
+of the process.
+
+Sample point of the whole
+probability space maps into
+
+this sequence of random
+variables, s1,
+
+s2, s3, and so forth.
+
+If you know what the sample
+value is of each one of these
+
+random variables, then in fact,
+you can draw this step
+
+function here.
+
+If you know the value, the
+sample value, of each one of
+
+these, in the same way,
+you can again
+
+draw this step function.
+
+And if you know what the
+subfunction is, the step
+
+function in fact is the sample
+value of n of t.
+
+Now, there's one thing a
+little peculiar here.
+
+Each sample path corresponds
+to a
+
+particular staircase function.
+
+And the process can be viewed
+as the ensemble with joint
+
+probability distributions of
+such staircase functions.
+
+Now, what does all that
+gobbledygook mean?
+
+Very, very often in probability
+
+theory, we draw pictures.
+
+And these pictures are pictures
+of what happens to
+
+random variables.
+
+And there's a cheat
+in all of that.
+
+And the cheat here is that in
+fact, this step function here
+
+is just a generic
+step function.
+
+These points at which changes
+occur are generic values at
+
+which changes occur.
+
+And we're representing those
+values as random variables.
+
+When you represent these as
+random variables, this whole
+
+function here, namely n
+of t itself, becomes--
+
+if you have a particular set
+of values for each one of
+
+these, then you have a
+particular staircase function.
+
+With that particular staircase
+function, you have a
+
+particular sample
+path for n of t.
+
+In other words, a sample path
+for any set of these random
+
+variables-- the arrival epochs,
+or the interarrival
+
+intervals, or n of
+t for each t--
+
+all of these are equivalent
+to each other.
+
+For this reason, when we talk
+about arrival processes, it's
+
+a little different than
+what we usually do.
+
+Because usually, we say a random
+process is a sequence
+
+or an uncountable number
+of random variables.
+
+Here, just because we can
+describe it in three different
+
+ways, this same stochastic
+process gets described either
+
+as a sequence of interarrival
+intervals, or as a sequence of
+
+arrival epochs, or as a
+countable number these n of t
+
+random variables.
+
+And from now on, we make no
+distinction between any of
+
+these things.
+
+We will, every once in while,
+have to remind ourselves what
+
+these pictures mean because
+they look very simple.
+
+They look like the pictures
+of functions that
+
+you're used to drawing.
+
+But they don't really
+mean the same thing.
+
+Because this picture is drawing
+a generic sample path.
+
+For that generic sample path,
+you have a set of sample
+
+values for the Xs, a sample path
+for the arrival epochs, a
+
+sample set of values
+for n of t.
+
+And when we draw the picture
+calling these random
+
+variables, we really
+mean the set of
+
+all such step functions.
+
+And we just automatically use
+all those properties and those
+
+relationships.
+
+So it's not quite as simple as
+what it appears to be, but
+
+it's almost as simple.
+
+You can also see that any sample
+path can be specified
+
+by the sample values n of t for
+all t, by si for all i, or
+
+by xi for all i.
+
+So that essentially, an arrival
+process is specified
+
+by any one of these things.
+
+That's exactly what
+I just said.
+
+The major relation we need to
+relate the counting process to
+
+the arrival process, well,
+there's one relationship here,
+
+which is perhaps the simplest
+relationship.
+
+But this relationship is a nice
+relationship to say what
+
+n of t is if you know
+what s sub n is.
+
+It's not quite so nice if you
+know what n of t is to figure
+
+what s sub n is.
+
+I mean, the information is
+tucked into the statement, but
+
+it's tucked in a more convenient
+way into this
+
+statement down here.
+
+This statement, I can see it
+now after many years of
+
+dealing with it.
+
+I'm sure that you can
+see it if you stare
+
+at it for five minutes.
+
+You will keep forgetting
+the intuitive picture
+
+that goes with it.
+
+So I suggest that this is one
+of the rare things in this
+
+course that you just
+ought to remember.
+
+And then once you remember
+it, you can always figure
+
+out why it's true.
+
+Here's the reason
+why it's true.
+
+If s sub n is equal to tau for
+some tau less than or equal to
+
+t, then n of tau has
+to be equal to n.
+
+If s sub n is equal to tau,
+here's the picture here,
+
+except there's not a tau here.
+
+If s sub 2 is equal to
+tau, then n of 2--
+
+these are right continuous,
+so n of 2 is equal to 2.
+
+And therefore, n of tau is less
+than or equal to n of t.
+
+So that's the whole
+reason down there.
+
+You can turn this
+argument around.
+
+You can start out with n of t is
+greater than or equal to n.
+
+It means n of t is equal
+to some particular n.
+
+And turn the argument
+upside down.
+
+And you get the same argument.
+
+So this tells you
+what this is.
+
+This tells you what this is.
+
+If you do this for every n and
+every t, then you do this for
+
+every n and every t.
+
+It's a very bizarre statement
+because usually when you have
+
+relationships between functions,
+you don't have the
+
+Ns and the Ts switching
+around.
+
+And in this case, the
+n is the subscript.
+
+That's the thing which says
+which random variable you're
+
+talking about.
+
+And over here, t is the thing
+which says what random
+
+variable you're talking about.
+
+So it's peculiar
+in that sense.
+
+It's a statement which
+requires a
+
+little bit of thought.
+
+I apologize for dwelling
+on it because once you
+
+see it, it's obvious.
+
+But many of these obvious
+things are not obvious.
+
+What we're going to do as we
+move on is we're going to talk
+
+about these arrival processes in
+any of these three ways we
+
+choose to talk about them.
+
+And we're going to go back
+and forth between them.
+
+And with Poisson processes,
+that's particularly easy.
+
+We can't do a whole lot more
+with arrival processes.
+
+They're just too complicated.
+
+I mean, arrival processes
+involve almost any kind of
+
+thing where things happen at
+various points in time.
+
+So we simplify it to something
+called a renewal process.
+
+Renewal processes are the
+topic of Chapter 4.
+
+When you get to Chapter 4, you
+will perhaps say that renewal
+
+processes are too complicated
+to talk about also.
+
+I hope after we finish Chapter
+4, you won't believe that it's
+
+too complicated to talk about.
+
+But these are fairly complicated
+processes.
+
+But even here, it's an arrival
+process where the interarrival
+
+intervals are independent and
+identically distributed.
+
+Finally, a Poisson process is
+a renewal process for which
+
+each x sub i has an exponential
+distribution.
+
+Each interarrival has to have
+the same distribution because
+
+since it's a renewal process,
+these are all IID.
+
+And we let this distribution
+function X be the generic
+
+random variable.
+
+And this is talking about
+the distribution
+
+function of all of them.
+
+I don't know whether that 1
+minus is in the slides I
+
+passed out.
+
+There's one kind of
+error like that.
+
+And I'm not sure where it is.
+
+So anyway, lambda is some fixed
+parameter called the
+
+rate of the Poisson process.
+
+So for each lambda greater than
+0, you have a Poisson
+
+process where each of these
+interarrival intervals are
+
+exponential random variables
+of rate lambda.
+
+So that defines a
+Poisson process.
+
+So we can all go home now
+because we now know everything
+
+about Poisson processes
+in principle.
+
+Everything we're going to say
+from now on comes from this
+
+one simple statement here that
+these interarrival intervals
+
+are exponential.
+
+There's something very, very
+special about this exponential
+
+distribution.
+
+And that's what makes Poisson
+processes so very special.
+
+And that special thing is this
+memoryless property.
+
+A random variable is memoryless
+if it's positive.
+
+And for all real t greater than
+0 and x greater than 0,
+
+the probability that x is
+greater than t plus x is equal
+
+to the probability that x is
+greater than t times the
+
+probability that x is
+greater than x.
+
+If you plug that in, then the
+statement is the same whether
+
+you're dealing with densities,
+or PMFs, or
+
+distribution function.
+
+You get the same product
+relationship in each case.
+
+Since the interarrival interval
+is exponential, the
+
+probability that a random
+variable x is greater than
+
+some particular value x is equal
+to e to the minus lambda
+
+x for x greater than zero.
+
+This you'll recognize, not as a
+distribution function but as
+
+the complementary distribution
+function.
+
+It's the probability that
+X is greater than x.
+
+So it's the complementary
+distribution function
+
+evaluated at the value of x.
+
+This is an exponential
+which is going down.
+
+So these random variables
+have a probability
+
+density which is this.
+
+This is f sub x of X. And they
+have a distribution function
+
+which is this.
+
+And they have a complementary
+distribution
+
+function which is this.
+
+Now, this is f of c.
+
+This is f.
+
+So there's nothing
+much to them.
+
+And now there's a theorem
+which says that a random
+
+variable is memoryless if and
+only if it is exponential.
+
+We just showed here that an
+exponential random variable is
+
+memoryless.
+
+To show it the other way
+is almost obvious.
+
+You take this definition here.
+
+You take the logarithm of
+each of these sides.
+
+When you get the logarithm of
+this, it says the logarithm of
+
+the probability x is greater
+than p plus x is the logarithm
+
+of this plus the logarithm
+of this.
+
+What we have to show to get an
+exponential is that this
+
+logarithm is linear
+in its argument t.
+
+Now, if you have this is equal
+to the sum of this and this
+
+for all t and x, it's sort
+of says it's linear.
+
+There's an exercise, I think
+it's Exercise 2.4, which shows
+
+that you have to be a
+little bit careful.
+
+Or at least as it points
+out, very, very picky
+
+mathematicians have to be a
+little bit careful with that.
+
+And you can worry about that
+or not as you choose.
+
+So that's the theorem.
+
+That's why Poisson processes
+are special.
+
+And that's why we can
+do all the things
+
+we can do with them.
+
+The reason why we call it
+memoryless is more apparent if
+
+we use conditional
+probabilities.
+
+With conditional probabilities,
+the probability
+
+that the random variable X is
+greater than t plus x, given
+
+that it's greater than t, is
+equal to the probability that
+
+X is greater than x.
+
+If people in a checkout line
+have exponential service times
+
+and you've waited 15 minutes for
+the person in front, what
+
+is his or her remaining service
+time, assuming the
+
+service time is exponential?
+
+What's the answer?
+
+You've waited 15 minutes.
+
+Your original service time is
+exponential with rate lambda.
+
+What's the remaining
+service time?
+
+Well, the answer is
+it's exponential.
+
+That's this memoryless
+property.
+
+It's called memoryless because
+the random variable doesn't
+
+remember how long it
+hasn't happened.
+
+So you can think of an
+exponential random variable as
+
+something which takes
+place in time.
+
+And in each instant of time, it
+might or might not happen.
+
+And if it hasn't happened yet,
+there's still the same
+
+probability in every remaining
+increment that it's going to
+
+happen then.
+
+So you haven't gained anything
+and you haven't lost anything
+
+by having to wait this long.
+
+Here's an interesting question
+which you can tie yourself in
+
+knots for a little bit.
+
+Has your time waiting
+been wasted?
+
+Namely the time you still have
+to wait is exponential with
+
+the same rate as
+it was before.
+
+So the expected amount of time
+you have to wait is still the
+
+same as when you got into line
+15 minutes ago with this one
+
+very slow person in
+front of you.
+
+So have you wasting your time?
+
+Well, you haven't
+gained anything.
+
+But you haven't really wasted
+your time either.
+
+Because if you have to get
+served in that line, then at
+
+some point, you're going to
+have to go in that line.
+
+And you might look for a time
+when the line is very short.
+
+You might be lucky and find
+a time when the line is
+
+completely empty.
+
+And then you start getting
+served right away.
+
+But if you ignore those issues,
+then in fact, in a
+
+sense, you have wasted
+your time.
+
+Another more interesting
+question then is why do you
+
+move to another line if somebody
+takes a long time?
+
+All of you have had
+this experience.
+
+You're in a supermarket.
+
+Or you're at an airplane counter
+or any of the places
+
+where you have to wait
+for service.
+
+There's somebody, one person in
+front of you, who has been
+
+there forever.
+
+And it seems as if they're going
+to stay there forever.
+
+You notice another line
+that only has one
+
+person being served.
+
+And most of us, especially very
+impatient people like me,
+
+I'm going to walk over and
+get into that other line.
+
+And the question is, is that
+rational or isn't it rational?
+
+If the service times are
+
+exponential, it is not rational.
+
+It doesn't make any difference
+whether I stay where I am or
+
+go to the other line.
+
+If the service times are fixed
+duration, namely suppose every
+
+service time takes 10 minutes
+and I've waited for a long
+
+time, is it rational for me
+to move to the other line?
+
+Absolutely not because I'm
+almost at the end of that 10
+
+minutes now.
+
+And I'm about to be served.
+
+So why do we move?
+
+Is it just psychology, that
+we're very impatient?
+
+I don't think so.
+
+I think it's because we have all
+seen that an awful lot of
+
+lines, particularly airline
+reservation lines, and if your
+
+plane doesn't fly or something,
+and you're trying
+
+to get rescheduled, or any of
+these things, the service time
+
+is worse than Poisson in the
+sense that if you've waited
+
+for 10 minutes, your expected
+remaining waiting time is
+
+greater than it was before
+you started waiting.
+
+The longer you wait, the longer
+your expected remaining
+
+waiting time is.
+
+And that's called a heavy-tailed
+distribution.
+
+What most of us have noticed, I
+think, in our lives is that
+
+an awful lot of waiting lines
+that human beings wait in are
+
+in fact heavy-tailed.
+
+So that in fact is part of the
+reason why we move if somebody
+
+takes a long time.
+
+It's interesting to see
+how the brain works.
+
+Because I'm sure that none
+of you have ever really
+
+rationally analyzed this
+question of why you move.
+
+Have you?
+
+I mean, I have because
+I teach probability
+
+courses all the time.
+
+But I don't think anyone who
+doesn't teach probability
+
+courses would be crazy enough
+to waste their time on a
+
+question like this.
+
+But your brain automatically
+figures that out.
+
+I mean, your brain is smart
+enough to know that if you've
+
+waited for a long time, you're
+probably going to have to wait
+
+for an even longer time.
+
+And it makes sense to move to
+another line where your
+
+waiting time is probably
+going to be shorter.
+
+So you're pretty smart if you
+don't think about it too much.
+
+Here's an interesting theorem
+now that makes use of this
+
+memoryless property.
+
+This is Theorem 2.2.1
+in the text.
+
+It's not stated terribly
+well there.
+
+And I'll tell you why
+in a little bit.
+
+It's not stated too badly.
+
+I mean, it's stated correctly.
+
+But it's just a little hard to
+understand what it says.
+
+If you have a Poisson process
+of rate lambda and you're
+
+looking at any given time
+t, here's t down here.
+
+You're looking at the
+process of time t.
+
+The interval z--
+
+here's the interval z here--
+
+from t until the next arrival
+has distribution e to the
+
+minus lambda z.
+
+And it has this distribution
+for all real numbers
+
+greater than 0.
+
+The random variable Z is
+independent of n of t.
+
+In other words, this random
+variable here is independent
+
+of how many arrivals there
+have been at time t.
+
+And given this, it's independent
+of s sub n, which
+
+is the time at which the
+last arrival occurred.
+
+Namely, here's n
+of t equals 2.
+
+Here's s of 2 at time tau.
+
+So given both n of t and s sub
+2 in this case, or s sub n of
+
+t as we might call it, and
+that's what gets confusing.
+
+And I'll talk about
+that later.
+
+Given those two things, the
+number n of arrivals in 0t--
+
+well, I got off.
+
+The random variable Z is
+independent of n of t.
+
+And given n of t, Z is
+independent of all of these
+
+arrival epochs up
+until time t.
+
+And it's also independent of
+n of t for all values of
+
+tau up until t.
+
+That's what the theorem
+states.
+
+What the theorem states is that
+this memoryless property
+
+that we've just stated for
+random variables is really a
+
+property of the Poisson
+process.
+
+When we say that if a random
+variable, it's a little hard
+
+to see why would anyone was
+calling it memoryless.
+
+When you state it for a Poisson
+process, it's very
+
+obvious why we want to
+call it memoryless.
+
+It says that this time here from
+t, from any arbitrary t,
+
+until the next arrival occurs,
+that this is independent of
+
+all this junk that happens
+before or up to time t.
+
+That's what the theorem says.
+
+Here's a sort of a
+half proof of it.
+
+There's a careful proof
+in the notes.
+
+The statement in the notes
+is not that careful,
+
+but the proof is.
+
+And the proof is drawn
+out perhaps too much.
+
+You can find your comfort level
+between this and the
+
+much longer version
+in the notes.
+
+You might understand
+it well from this.
+
+Given n of t is equal to 2 in
+this case, and in general,
+
+given that n of t is equal to
+any constant n, and given that
+
+s sub 2 where this 2 is equal to
+that 2, given that s sub 2
+
+is equal to tau, then x3, this
+value here, the interarrival
+
+arrival time from this previous
+arrival before t to
+
+the next arrival after t, namely
+x3, is the thing which
+
+bridges across this time that
+we selected, t. t is not a
+
+random thing.
+
+t is just something you're
+interested in.
+
+I want to catch a plane at 7
+o'clock tomorrow evening.
+
+t then is 7 o'clock
+tomorrow evening.
+
+What's the time from the last
+plane that went out to New
+
+York until the next plane that's
+going out to New York?
+
+If the planes are so screwed
+up that the schedule means
+
+nothing, then they're just
+flying out whenever
+
+they can fly out.
+
+That's the meaning
+of this x3 here.
+
+That says that x3, in fact,
+has to be bigger
+
+than t minus tau.
+
+If we're given that n of t is
+equal to 2 and that the time
+
+of the previous arrival is at
+tau, we're given that there
+
+haven't been any arrivals
+between the last arrival
+
+before t and t.
+
+That's what we're given.
+
+This was the last arrival before
+t by the assumption
+
+we've made.
+
+So we're assuming there's
+nothing in this interval.
+
+And then we're asking what is
+the remaining time until x3 is
+
+all finished.
+
+And that's the random variable
+that we call Z. So Z is x3
+
+minus t minus tau.
+
+The complementary distribution
+function of Z conditional on
+
+both n and on s, this n here
+and this s here is then
+
+exponential with e to
+the minus lambda Z.
+
+Now, if I know that this is
+exponential, what can I say
+
+about the random variable
+Z itself?
+
+Well, there's an easy way to
+find the distribution of Z
+
+when you know Z conditional
+onto other things.
+
+You take what the distribution
+is conditional on, each value
+
+of n and s.
+
+You then multiply that by the
+probability that n and s have
+
+those particular values.
+
+And then you integrate.
+
+Now, we can look at this and
+say we don't have to go
+
+through all of that.
+
+And in fact, we won't know what
+the distribution of n is.
+
+And we certainly won't know what
+the distribution of this
+
+previous arrival is for
+quite a long time.
+
+Why don't we need
+to know that?
+
+Well, because we know that
+whatever n of t is and
+
+whatever s sub n of t is doesn't
+make any difference.
+
+The distribution of Z is
+still the same thing.
+
+So we know this has to be the
+unconditional distribution
+
+function of Z also even without
+knowing anything about
+
+n or knowing about s.
+
+And that means that the
+complementary distribution
+
+function of Z is equal to e to
+the minus lambda Z also.
+
+So that's sort of a proof if you
+want to be really picky.
+
+And I would suggest you
+try to be picky.
+
+When you read the notes, try to
+understand why one has to
+
+say a little more than
+one says here.
+
+Because that's the
+way you really
+
+understand these things.
+
+But this really gives you
+the idea of the proof.
+
+And it's pretty close
+to a complete proof.
+
+This is saying what
+we just said.
+
+The conditional distribution
+of Z doesn't vary with the
+
+conditioning values.
+
+n of t equals n.
+
+And s sub n equals tau.
+
+So Z is statistically
+independent of n of t and s
+
+sub n of t.
+
+You should look at the text
+again, as I said, for more
+
+careful proof of that.
+
+What is this random variable
+s sub n of t?
+
+It's clear from the picture
+what it is.
+
+s sub n of t is the last
+arrival before
+
+we're at time t.
+
+That's what it is in
+the picture here.
+
+How do you define a random
+variable like that?
+
+There's a temptation to
+do it the following
+
+way which is incorrect.
+
+There's a temptation to say,
+well, conditional on n of t,
+
+suppose n of t is equal to n.
+
+Let me then find the
+distribution of s sub n.
+
+And that's not the right
+way to do it.
+
+Because s sub n of t and n
+of t are certainly not
+
+independent.
+
+n of t tells you what random
+variable you want to look at.
+
+How do you define a random
+variable in terms of a mapping
+
+from the sample space omega onto
+the set of real numbers?
+
+So what you do here is you look
+at a sample point omega.
+
+It maps into this random
+variable n of t, the sample
+
+value of that at omega,
+that's sum value n.
+
+And then you map that same
+sample point into--
+
+now, you know which random
+variable it is
+
+you're looking at.
+
+You take that same omega and
+map it into sub time tau.
+
+So that's what we mean
+by s sub n of t.
+
+If your mind glazes over at
+that, don't worry about it.
+
+Think about it a
+little bit now.
+
+Come back and think
+about it later.
+
+Every time I don't think about
+this for two weeks, my mind
+
+glazes over when I look at it.
+
+And I have to think very hard
+about what this very peculiar
+
+looking random variable is.
+
+When I have a random variable
+where I have a sequence of
+
+random variables, and I have a
+random variable which is a
+
+random selection among those
+random variables, it's a very
+
+complicated animal.
+
+And that's what this is.
+
+But we've just said
+what it is.
+
+So you can think about
+it as you go.
+
+The theorem essentially
+extends the idea of
+
+memorylessness to the entire
+Poisson process.
+
+In other words, this says that
+a Poisson process is
+
+memoryless.
+
+You look at a particular
+time t.
+
+And the time until the next
+arrival is independent of
+
+everything that's going
+before that.
+
+Starting at any time tau,
+yeah, well, subsequent
+
+interrarrival times are
+independent of Z
+
+and also of the past.
+
+I'm waving my hands
+a little bit here.
+
+But in fact, what I'm
+saying is right.
+
+We have these interarrival
+intervals that we know are
+
+independent.
+
+The interarrival intervals which
+have occurred completely
+
+before time t are independent of
+this random variable Z. The
+
+next interarrival interval after
+Z is independent of all
+
+the interarrival intervals
+before that.
+
+And those interarrival intervals
+before that are
+
+determined by the counting
+process up until time t.
+
+So the counting process
+corresponds to this
+
+corresponding interarrival
+process.
+
+It's n of t prime minus n of t
+for t prime greater than t.
+
+In other words, we now want to
+look at a counting process
+
+which starts at time t and
+follows whatever it has to
+
+follow from this original
+counting process.
+
+And what we're saying is this
+first arrival and this process
+
+starting at time t is
+independent of everything that
+
+went before.
+
+And every subsequent
+interarrival time after that
+
+is independent of everything
+before time t.
+
+So this says that the process n
+of t prime minus n of t as a
+
+process nt prime.
+
+This is a counting process nt
+prime defined for t prime
+
+greater than t.
+
+So for fixed t, we now have
+something which we can view
+
+over variable t prime as
+a counting process.
+
+It's a Poisson process shifted
+to start at time t, ie, for
+
+each t prime, n of t prime minus
+the n of t has the same
+
+distribution as n of
+t prime minus t.
+
+Same for joint distributions.
+
+In other words, this
+random variable Z
+
+is exponential again.
+
+And all the future interarrival
+times are
+
+exponential.
+
+So it's defined in exactly the
+same way as the original
+
+random process is.
+
+So it's statistically
+the same process.
+
+Which says two things
+about it.
+
+Everything is the same.
+
+And everything is independent.
+
+We will call that stationary.
+
+Everything is the same.
+
+And independent, everything
+is independent.
+
+And then we'll try to sort out
+how things can be the same but
+
+also be independent.
+
+Oh, we already know that.
+
+We have two IID random
+variables, x1 and x2.
+
+They're IID.
+
+They're independent and
+identically distributed.
+
+Identity distributed means
+that in one sense,
+
+they are the same.
+
+But they're also independent
+of each other.
+
+So the random variables are
+defined in the same way.
+
+And in that sense, they're
+stationary.
+
+But they're independent of each
+other by the definition
+
+of independence.
+
+So our new process is
+independent of the old process
+
+in the interval 0 up to t.
+
+When we're talking about Poisson
+processes and also
+
+arrival processes, we always
+talk about intervals which are
+
+open on the left and closed
+on the right.
+
+That's completely arbitrary.
+
+But if you don't make one
+convention or the other, you
+
+could make them closed on the
+left and open on the right,
+
+and that would be
+consistent also.
+
+But nobody does.
+
+And it would be much
+more confusing.
+
+So it's much easier to make
+things closed on the right.
+
+So we're up to stationary and
+independent increments.
+
+Well, we're not up to there.
+
+We're almost finished
+with that.
+
+We've virtually already said
+that increments are stationary
+
+and independent.
+
+And an increment is just a piece
+of a Poisson process.
+
+That's an increment,
+a piece of it.
+
+So a counting process has the
+stationary increment property
+
+if n of t prime minus n of t has
+the same distribution as n
+
+of t prime minus t for all
+t prime greater than t
+
+greater than 0.
+
+In other words, you look at
+this counting process.
+
+Goes up.
+
+Then you start at some
+particular value of t.
+
+Let me draw a picture of that.
+
+Make it a little clearer.
+
+And the new Poisson process
+starts at this value and goes
+
+up from there.
+
+So this thing here is
+what we call n of t
+
+prime minus n of t.
+
+Because here's n of t.
+
+Here's t prime out here for
+any value out here.
+
+And we're looking at the number
+of arrivals up until
+
+time t prime.
+
+And what we're talking about,
+when we're talking about n of
+
+t prime minus n of t, we're
+talking about what happens in
+
+this region here.
+
+And we're saying that this is
+a Poisson process again.
+
+And now in a minute, we're going
+to say that this Poisson
+
+process is independent of what
+happened up until time t.
+
+But Poisson processes have this
+
+stationary increment property.
+
+And a counting process has the
+independent increment property
+
+if for every sequence of times,
+t1, t2, up to t sub n.
+
+The random variables n of t1 and
+tilde of t1, t2, we didn't
+
+talk about that.
+
+But I think it's defined
+on one of those slides.
+
+n of t and t prime is defined as
+n of t prime minus n of t.
+
+So n of t and t prime is really
+the number of arrivals
+
+that have occurred from
+t up until t prime--
+
+open on t, closed on t prime.
+
+So a counting process has the
+independent increment property
+
+if for every finite set of
+times, these random variables
+
+here are independent.
+
+The number of arrivals in the
+first increment, number of
+
+arrivals in the second
+increment, number of arrivals
+
+in the third increment, no
+matter how you choose t1, t2,
+
+up to t sub n, what happens here
+is independent of what
+
+happens here, is independent
+of what happens
+
+here, and so forth.
+
+It's not only that
+what happens in
+
+Las Vegas stays there.
+
+It's that what happens in
+Boston stays there, what
+
+happens in Philadelphia stays
+there, and so forth.
+
+What happens anywhere
+stays anywhere.
+
+It never gets out of there.
+
+That's what we mean by
+independence in this case.
+
+So it's a strong statement.
+
+But we've essentially said that
+Poisson processes have
+
+that property.
+
+So this property implies is the
+number of arrivals in each
+
+of the set of non-overlapping
+intervals are independent
+
+random variables.
+
+For a Poisson process, we've
+seen that the number of
+
+arrivals in t sub i minus 1 to t
+sub i is independent of this
+
+whole set of random
+variables here.
+
+Now, remember that when we're
+talking about multiple random
+
+variables, we say that multiple
+random variables are
+
+independent.
+
+It's not enough to be pairwise
+independent.
+
+They all have to
+be independent.
+
+But this thing we've just said
+says that this is independent
+
+of all of these things.
+
+If this is independent of all of
+these things, and then the
+
+next interval n of ti, ti plus
+1, is independent of
+
+everything in the past, and so
+forth all the way up, then all
+
+of those random variables are
+statistically independent of
+
+each other.
+
+So in fact, we're saying more
+than pairwise statistical
+
+independence.
+
+If you're panicking about
+these minor differences
+
+between pairwise independence
+and real independence, don't
+
+worry about it too much.
+
+Because the situations
+where that happens
+
+are relatively rare.
+
+They don't happen
+all the time.
+
+But they do happen
+occasionally.
+
+So you should be aware of it.
+
+You shouldn't get in
+a panic about it.
+
+Because normally, you don't
+have to worry about it.
+
+In other words, when you're
+taking a quiz, don't worry
+
+about any of the fine points.
+
+Figure out roughly how
+to do the problems.
+
+Do them more or less.
+
+And then come back and deal with
+the fine points later.
+
+Don't spend the whole quiz time
+wrapped up on one little
+
+fine point and not get
+to anything else.
+
+One of the important things to
+learn in understanding a
+
+subject like this is to figure
+out what are the fine points,
+
+what are the important points.
+
+How do you tell whether
+something is important in a
+
+particular context.
+
+And that just takes intuition.
+
+That takes some intuition from
+working with these processes.
+
+And you pick that
+up as you go.
+
+But anyway, we wind up now
+with the statement that
+
+Poisson processes have
+stationary and independent
+
+increments.
+
+Which means that what happens
+in each interval is
+
+independent of what happens
+in each other interval.
+
+So we're done with that until
+we get to alternate
+
+definitions of a Poisson
+process.
+
+And we now want to deal with
+the Erlang and the Poisson
+
+distributions, which are just
+very plug and chug kinds of
+
+things to a certain extent.
+
+For a Poisson process of rate
+lambda, the density function
+
+of arrival epoch s2, s2 is
+the sum of x1 plus x2.
+
+x1 is an exponential random
+variable of rate lambda.
+
+x2 is an independent random
+variable of rate lambda.
+
+How do you find the probability
+density function
+
+as a sum of two independent
+random variables, which both
+
+have a density?
+
+You convolve them.
+
+That's something that you've
+known ever since you studied
+
+any kind of linear systems, or
+from any probability, or
+
+anything else.
+
+Convolution is the way to
+solve this problem.
+
+When you convolve these
+two random variables,
+
+here I've done it.
+
+You get lambda squared t times
+e to the minus lambda t.
+
+This kind of form here with an
+e to the minus lambda t, and
+
+with a t, or t squared, or so
+forth, is a particularly easy
+
+form to integrate.
+
+So we just do this
+again and again.
+
+And when we do it again and
+again, we find out that the
+
+density function as a sum of n
+of these random variables, you
+
+keep picking up an extra lambda
+every time you convolve
+
+in another exponential
+random variable.
+
+You pick up an extra factor of
+t whenever you do this again.
+
+This stays the same
+as it does here.
+
+And strangely enough, this n
+minus 1 factorial appears down
+
+here when you start integrating
+something with
+
+some power of t in it.
+
+So when you integrate this,
+this is what you get.
+
+And it's called the
+Erlang density.
+
+Any questions about this?
+
+Or any questions
+about anything?
+
+I'm getting hoarse.
+
+I need questions.
+
+[LAUGHS]
+
+There's nothing much to
+worry about there.
+
+But now, we want to stop and
+smell the roses while doing
+
+all this computation.
+
+Let's do this a slightly
+different way.
+
+The joint density of x1 up to
+x sub n is lambda x1 times e
+
+to the minus lambda x1, times
+lambda x2, times e to the
+
+minus lambda x2, and so forth.
+
+So excuse me.
+
+The probability density of an
+exponential random variable is
+
+lambda times e to the
+minus lambda x.
+
+So the joint density is lambda
+e to the minus lambda x1.
+
+I told you I was
+getting hoarse.
+
+And my mind is getting hoarse.
+
+So you better start asking
+some questions or I will
+
+evolve into meaningless
+chatter.
+
+And this is just lambda to the
+n times e to the minus lambda
+
+times the summation of x sub
+i from i equals 1 to n.
+
+Now, that's sort of interesting
+because this joint
+
+density is just this
+simple-minded thing.
+
+You can write it as lambda to
+the n times e to the minus
+
+lambda s sub n, where
+s sub n is the
+
+time of the n-th arrival.
+
+This says that the joint
+distribution of all of these
+
+interarrival times only
+depends on when the
+
+last one comes in.
+
+And you can transform that to a
+joint density on each of the
+
+arrival epochs as lambda to
+the n times e to the minus
+
+lambda s sub n.
+
+Is this obvious to everyone?
+
+You're lying.
+
+If you're not shaking your
+head, you're lying.
+
+Because it's not
+obvious at all.
+
+What we're doing here, it's sort
+of obvious if you look at
+
+the picture.
+
+It's not obvious when you
+do the mathematics.
+
+What the picture says
+is-- let me see if I
+
+find the picture again.
+
+OK.
+
+Here's the picture up here.
+
+We're looking at these
+interarrival intervals.
+
+I think it'll be clearer if
+I draw it a different way.
+
+There we go.
+
+Let's just draw this
+in a line.
+
+Here's 0.
+
+Here's s1.
+
+Here's s2.
+
+Here's s3.
+
+And here's s4.
+
+And here's x1.
+
+Here's x2.
+
+Here's x3.
+
+And here's x4.
+
+Now, what we're talking about,
+we can go from the density of
+
+each of these intervals to the
+density of each of these sums
+
+in a fairly straightforward
+way.
+
+If you write this all out as a
+density, what you find is that
+
+in making a transformation
+from the density of these
+
+interarrival intervals to the
+density of these, what you're
+
+essentially doing is taking this
+density and multiplying
+
+it by a matrix.
+
+And the matrix is a diagonal
+matrix, is an
+
+upper triangular matrix.
+
+Because this depends
+only on this.
+
+This depends only on
+this and this.
+
+This depends only on
+this and this.
+
+This depends only on
+each of these.
+
+So it's a triangular matrix with
+terms on the diagonal.
+
+And when you look at a matrix
+like that, the terms on the
+
+diagonal are 1s because what's
+getting added each time is 1
+
+times a new variable.
+
+So we have a matrix with 1s on
+the main diagonal and other
+
+stuff above that.
+
+And what that means is that
+when you make this
+
+transformation in densities,
+the determinant of
+
+that matrix is 1.
+
+And the value that you then
+get when you go from the
+
+density of these to the density
+of these, it's a
+
+uniform density again.
+
+So in fact, it has to
+look like what we
+
+said it looks like.
+
+So I was kidding you there.
+
+It's not so obvious how to
+do that although it looks
+
+reasonable.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm sorry.
+
+Is it also valid to make an
+argument based on symmetry?
+
+PROFESSOR: It will be later.
+
+The symmetry is not
+clear here yet.
+
+I mean, the symmetry isn't
+clear because you're
+
+starting at time 0.
+
+And because you're starting
+at time 0, you don't have
+
+symmetry here yet.
+
+If we started at time 0 and we
+ended at some time t, we could
+
+try to claim there is some
+kind of symmetry between
+
+everything that happened
+in the middle.
+
+And we'll try to
+do that later.
+
+But at the moment, we would get
+into even more trouble if
+
+we try to do it by symmetry.
+
+But anyway, what this is saying
+is that this joint
+
+density is really--
+
+if you know where this point is,
+the joint density of all
+
+of these things remains the same
+no matter how you move
+
+these things around.
+
+If I move s1 around a little
+bit, it means that x1 gets a
+
+little smaller, x2 gets
+a little bit bigger.
+
+And if you look at the joint
+density there, the joint
+
+density stays absolutely the
+same because you have e to the
+
+minus lambda x1 times e to
+the minus lambda x2.
+
+And the sum of the two for a
+fixed value here is the same
+
+as it was before.
+
+So you can move all of these
+things around in any
+
+way you want to.
+
+And the joint density depends
+only on the last one.
+
+And that's a very strange
+property and it's a very
+
+interesting property.
+
+And it sort of is the same as
+this independent increment
+
+property that we've been
+talking about.
+
+But we'll see why that
+is in just a minute.
+
+But anyway, once we have that
+property, we can then
+
+integrate this over the volume
+of s1, s2, s3, and s4, over
+
+that volume which has the
+property that it stops at that
+
+one particular point there.
+
+And we do that integration
+subject to the fact that s3
+
+has to be less than or equal to
+s4, s2 has to be less than
+
+or equal to s3, and
+so forth down.
+
+When you do that integration,
+you get exactly the same thing
+
+as you got before when you
+did the integration.
+
+The integration that you did
+before was essentially doing
+
+this, if you look at what
+you did before.
+
+You were taking lambda times e
+to the minus lambda x times
+
+lambda times t minus x.
+
+And the x doesn't make
+any difference here.
+
+The x cancels out.
+
+That's exactly what's
+going on.
+
+And if you do it in terms of s1
+and s2, the s1 cancels out.
+
+The s1 is the same as x here.
+
+So there is that cancellation
+here.
+
+And therefore, this Erlang
+density is just a marginal
+
+distribution of a very
+interesting joint
+
+distribution, which depends
+only on the last term.
+
+So next, we have a theorem
+which says for a Poisson
+
+process, the PMF for n of t, the
+Probability Mass Function,
+
+is the Poisson PMF.
+
+It sounds like I'm not really
+saying anything because what
+
+else would it be?
+
+Because you've always heard that
+the Poisson PMF is this
+
+particular function here.
+
+Well, in fact, there's
+some reason for that.
+
+And in fact, if we want to say
+that a Poisson process is
+
+defined in terms of these
+exponential interarrival
+
+times, then we have to
+show that this is
+
+consistent with that.
+
+The way I'll prove that
+here, this is a
+
+little more than a PF.
+
+Maybe we should say it's a
+P-R-O-F. Leave out the double
+
+O because it's not
+quite complete.
+
+But what we want to do is to
+calculate the probability that
+
+the n plus first arrival occurs
+sometime between t and
+
+t plus delta.
+
+And we'll do it in two
+different ways.
+
+And one way involves the
+probability mass function for
+
+the Poisson.
+
+The other way involves
+the Erlang density.
+
+And since we already know the
+Erlang density, we can use
+
+that to get the PMF
+for n of t.
+
+So using the Erlang density,
+the probability that the n
+
+plus first arrival falls in
+this little tiny interval
+
+here, we're thinking of
+delta as being small.
+
+And we're going to let
+delta approach 0.
+
+It's going to be the density
+of the n plus first arrival
+
+times delta plus o of delta.
+
+o of delta is something that
+goes to 0 as delta increases
+
+faster than delta does.
+
+It's something which has the
+property that o of delta
+
+divided by delta goes to
+0 as delta gets large.
+
+So this is just saying that this
+is approximately equal to
+
+the density of the n plus
+first arrival times this
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+here.
+
+The density stays essentially
+constant over
+
+a very small delta.
+
+It's a continuous density.
+
+Next, we use the independent
+increment property, which says
+
+that the probability that t is
+less than sn plus 1, is less
+
+than or equal to t plus delta,
+is the PMF that n of t is
+
+equal to n at the beginning is
+the interval, and then that in
+
+the middle of the interval,
+there's exactly one arrival.
+
+And the probabilities of exactly
+one arrival, is just
+
+lambda delta plus o of delta.
+
+Namely, that's because of the
+
+independent increment property.
+
+What's this o of delta
+doing out here?
+
+Why isn't this exactly
+equal to this?
+
+And why do I need
+something else?
+
+What am I leaving out
+of this equation?
+
+The probability that
+our arrival comes--
+
+here's t.
+
+Here's t plus delta.
+
+I'm talking about something
+happening here.
+
+At this point, n of t is here.
+
+And I'm finding the probability
+that n of t plus
+
+delta is equal to n of
+t plus 1 essentially.
+
+I'm looking for the probability
+of there being one
+
+arrival in this interval here.
+
+So what's the matter
+with that equation?
+
+This is the probability that
+the n plus first arrival
+
+occurs somewhere in this
+interval here.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that last term
+then the probability that
+
+there's not anymore other
+parameter standards as well?
+
+PROFESSOR: It doesn't
+include-- yes.
+
+This last term which I had to
+add is in fact the negligible
+
+term that at time n of t, there
+is less than n arrivals.
+
+And then I get 2 arrivals in
+this little interval delta.
+
+So that's why I need
+that extra term.
+
+But anyway, when I relate these
+two terms, I get the
+
+probability mass function of n
+of t is equal to the Erlang
+
+density at t, where
+the n plus first
+
+arrival divided by lambda.
+
+And that's what that
+term is there.
+
+So that gives us the
+Poisson PMF.
+
+Interesting observation about
+this, it's a function
+
+only of lambda t.
+
+It's not a function of lambda
+or t separately.
+
+It's a function only of the
+two of them together.
+
+It has to be that.
+
+Because you can use scaling
+arguments on this.
+
+If you have a Poisson process
+of rate lambda and I measure
+
+things in millimeters instead
+of centimeters,
+
+what's going to happen?
+
+My rate is going to change
+by a factor of 10.
+
+My values of t are going to
+change by a factor of 10.
+
+This is a probability
+mass function.
+
+That has to stay the same.
+
+So this has to be a function
+only of the product lambda t
+
+because of scaling
+argument here.
+
+Now, the other thing here, and
+this is interesting because if
+
+you look at n of t, the number
+of arrivals up until time t is
+
+the sum of the number of
+arrivals up until some shorter
+
+time t1 plus the number of
+arrivals between t1 and t.
+
+We know that the number
+of arrivals up
+
+until time t1 is Poisson.
+
+The number of arrivals between
+t1 and t is Poisson.
+
+Those two values are independent
+of each other.
+
+I can choose t1 in the middle
+to be anything I
+
+want to make it.
+
+And this says that the sum of
+two Poisson random variables
+
+has to be Poisson.
+
+Now, I'm very lazy.
+
+And I've gone through life
+without ever convolving this
+
+PMF to find out that in fact
+the sum of 2 Poisson random
+
+variables is in fact
+Poisson itself.
+
+Because I actually believe the
+argument I just went through.
+
+If you're skeptical, you will
+probably want to actually do
+
+the digital convolution to
+show that the sum of two
+
+independent Poisson random
+variables is in fact Poisson.
+
+And it extends to any [? tay ?]
+disjoint interval.
+
+So the same argument says that
+any sum of Poisson random
+
+variables is Poisson.
+
+I do want to get through any
+alternate definitions of a
+
+Poisson process because
+that makes a natural
+
+stopping point here.
+
+Question-- is it true that any
+arrival process for which n of
+
+t has a Poisson probability
+mass function for a given
+
+lambda and for all
+t is a Poisson
+
+process of rate lambda?
+
+In other words, that's a
+pretty strong property.
+
+It says I found the probability
+mass functions for
+
+n of t at every value of t.
+
+Does that describe a process?
+
+Well, you see the
+answer there.
+
+As usual, marginal PMFs,
+distribution functions don't
+
+specify a process because they
+don't specify the joint
+
+probabilities.
+
+But here, we've just pointed
+out that these joint
+
+probabilities are
+all independent.
+
+You can take a set of
+probability mass functions for
+
+this interval, this interval,
+this interval, this interval,
+
+and so forth.
+
+And for any set of t1, t2, and
+so forth up, we know that the
+
+number of arrivals in zero to
+t1, the number of arrivals in
+
+t1 to t2, and so forth all the
+way up are all independent
+
+random variables.
+
+And therefore, when we know the
+Poisson probability mass
+
+function, we really also know,
+and we've also shown, that
+
+these random variables are
+independent of each other.
+
+We have the joint PMF for any
+sum of these random variables.
+
+So in fact, in this particular
+case, it's enough to know what
+
+the probability mass function
+is at each time t plus the
+
+fact that we have this
+
+independent increment property.
+
+And we need the stationary
+increment property, too, to
+
+know that these values are
+the same at each t.
+
+So the theorem is that if an
+arrival process has the
+
+stationary and independent
+increment properties, and if n
+
+of t has the Poisson PMF for
+given lambda and all t greater
+
+than 0, then the process itself
+has to be Poisson.
+
+VHW stands for Violently
+Hand Waving.
+
+So that's even a little
+worse than a PF.
+
+Says the stationary and
+independent increment
+
+properties show that the joint
+distribution of arrivals over
+
+any given set of disjoint
+intervals is that
+
+of a Poisson process.
+
+And clearly that's enough.
+
+And it almost is.
+
+And you should read the proof in
+the notes which does just a
+
+little more than that to make
+this an actual proof.
+
+OK.
+
+I think I'll stop there.
+
+And we will talk a little
+bit about the Bernoulli
+
+process next time.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rKquepVheyM.txt b/rKquepVheyM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6095ecaf85f10cabe49a779f0b80ee94105ee21e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rKquepVheyM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6945 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's start with uh where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's start with uh where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's start with uh where we
+were. We were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were. We were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were. We were talking
+about exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+growth in populations. And we said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in populations. And we said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in populations. And we said we
+could describe this as 1 / n dn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could describe this as 1 / n dn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could describe this as 1 / n dn
+dt equals some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt equals some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt equals some
+uh growth rate r which in and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh growth rate r which in and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh growth rate r which in and in this
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about let me ask that as a question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about let me ask that as a question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about let me ask that as a question.
+What as a model for population growth?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What as a model for population growth?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What as a model for population growth?
+What's wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this? What does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? What does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? What does this
+project? This is n and this is time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There's no there's no stopping it. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no there's no stopping it. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no there's no stopping it. It's
+just I mean we we'd be knee deep in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I mean we we'd be knee deep in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I mean we we'd be knee deep in in
+everything. um if if populations grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. um if if populations grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. um if if populations grew
+according to this model. All right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this model. All right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this model. All right?
+Because it just goes off into infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because it just goes off into infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because it just goes off into infinity
+in terms of density. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of density. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of density. So
+uh we know that this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we know that this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we know that this is this is
+inadequate. In fact, some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequate. In fact, some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequate. In fact, some people
+describe the entire field of population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the entire field of population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the entire field of population
+ecology as a field that's trying to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology as a field that's trying to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology as a field that's trying to uh
+determine why real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine why real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine why real
+populations can't grow according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations can't grow according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations can't grow according to this
+model. In other words, the whole field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. In other words, the whole field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. In other words, the whole field
+is trying to understand what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to understand what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to understand what the
+mechanisms are in populations that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms are in populations that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms are in populations that um
+limit their growth so they don't grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit their growth so they don't grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit their growth so they don't grow
+exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially
+forever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, so in this case, this is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so in this case, this is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so in this case, this is really a
+maximum growth rate. We could call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum growth rate. We could call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum growth rate. We could call that
+R max. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R max. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R max. Um
+and and in this case, it's a constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in this case, it's a constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in this case, it's a constant.
+So when we're talking about exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we're talking about exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we're talking about exponential
+growth, the growth rate um per unit time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth, the growth rate um per unit time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth, the growth rate um per unit time
+is is the maximum growth rate that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the maximum growth rate that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the maximum growth rate that that
+population is capable of under those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is capable of under those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is capable of under those
+conditions. Um and it's a constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. Um and it's a constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. Um and it's a constant.
+So if we want to plot it this way, 1 / n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we want to plot it this way, 1 / n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we want to plot it this way, 1 / n
+dn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dn
+dt as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt as a function of
+n is constant. It doesn't change as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is constant. It doesn't change as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is constant. It doesn't change as
+density changes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density changes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density changes.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+so now we're going to take a historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to take a historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to take a historical
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. Back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1920s, two fellows named Pearl and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Reed wanted to model human population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reed wanted to model human population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reed wanted to model human population
+growth. and they looked at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth. and they looked at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth. and they looked at this
+exponential growth equation and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth equation and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth equation and they
+said, "Well, there's got to be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Well, there's got to be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Well, there's got to be something
+wrong with that. We can't just apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with that. We can't just apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with that. We can't just apply
+that to humans." Although, if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to humans." Although, if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to humans." Although, if they
+plotted as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted as a function of
+time, and this is humans in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, and this is humans in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, and this is humans in the
+US from 1800 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US from 1800 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US from 1800 to
+1900, and this is the human population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900, and this is the human population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900, and this is the human population
+size.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If they plotted this on this curve, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If they plotted this on this curve, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If they plotted this on this curve, they
+got something that looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. So it kind of looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So it kind of looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So it kind of looked like
+exponential growth. Um, but when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth. Um, but when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth. Um, but when they
+went in and actually looked at one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went in and actually looked at one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went in and actually looked at one one
+overn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overn
+uh, okay, which would be the slope along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, okay, which would be the slope along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, okay, which would be the slope along
+here, they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, they found
+that it looks something like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In other words, the actual growth rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, the actual growth rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, the actual growth rate
+of the population was decreasing as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the population was decreasing as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the population was decreasing as the
+number of humans increased. And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of humans increased. And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of humans increased. And this is
+called a density dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+response. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so if we look at this this remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so if we look at this this remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so if we look at this this remember
+from last time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time that
+r is equal to the birth rate minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r is equal to the birth rate minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r is equal to the birth rate minus the
+death rate right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate right so
+oops so we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so we can look at
+uh this is just a a a simple cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is just a a a simple cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is just a a a simple cartoon
+drawing of what's going on here density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing of what's going on here density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing of what's going on here density
+dependent facula factors regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent facula factors regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent facula factors regulate
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+um size And so if we plot one overn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um size And so if we plot one overn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um size And so if we plot one overn
+uh as either a birth rate or a death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as either a birth rate or a death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as either a birth rate or a death
+rate uh as a function of population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate uh as a function of population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate uh as a function of population
+density when you have uh density depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density when you have uh density depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density when you have uh density depend
+the really one the one that's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really one the one that's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really one the one that's really the
+most important here is looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important here is looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important here is looking at this
+one that that death rate increases as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that that death rate increases as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that that death rate increases as
+population increases and birth rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population increases and birth rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population increases and birth rate
+decreases. And you have a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases. And you have a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases. And you have a an
+intersection here where where birth rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection here where where birth rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection here where where birth rate
+and death rate are equal and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and death rate are equal and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and death rate are equal and your
+population is going to stabilize there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is going to stabilize there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is going to stabilize there
+where there'll be no change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there'll be no change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there'll be no change in
+population growth. And this this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth. And this this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth. And this this these
+density dependent birth rates and death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density dependent birth rates and death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density dependent birth rates and death
+rates u introduce a stabilizing factor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates u introduce a stabilizing factor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates u introduce a stabilizing factor.
+As n increases, r decreases in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As n increases, r decreases in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As n increases, r decreases in the
+population. And that's what brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population. And that's what brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population. And that's what brings
+population back into some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population back into some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population back into some sort of
+equilibrium. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium. Okay.
+So, all right, forget that. Um, so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, all right, forget that. Um, so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, all right, forget that. Um, so let's
+go back over to Pearl and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back over to Pearl and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back over to Pearl and
+Reed. We're going to stay on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reed. We're going to stay on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reed. We're going to stay on the board
+for a while.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while.
+Um so the question is how do we modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the question is how do we modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the question is how do we modify
+that equation our simple exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation our simple exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation our simple exponential
+growth equation so that it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth equation so that it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth equation so that it more
+realistically describes real populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistically describes real populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistically describes real populations
+that can't grow um totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't grow um totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't grow um totally
+unconstrained.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained.
+And so what Pearl and Reed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did, how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modify the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+growth? So want we want here's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth? So want we want here's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth? So want we want here's what we
+want the characteristics to be of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the characteristics to be of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the characteristics to be of this
+equation. We want 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. We want 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. We want 1 /
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+dn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dn
+dt to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt to go to
+zero as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as n
+gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+large. And we want it to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large. And we want it to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large. And we want it to go
+to our max, the maximum growth rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our max, the maximum growth rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our max, the maximum growth rate
+when n approaches zero. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n approaches zero. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n approaches zero. In other words,
+at really really low population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at really really low population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at really really low population
+densities, you can effectively have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities, you can effectively have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities, you can effectively have
+exponential growth because nothing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth because nothing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth because nothing's
+limiting yet. Um, but when uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting yet. Um, but when uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting yet. Um, but when uh and the
+density gets very very large, you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density gets very very large, you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density gets very very large, you want
+this growth rate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this growth rate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this growth rate to
+uh go to zero. So they came up um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go to zero. So they came up um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go to zero. So they came up um so
+let's plot this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's plot this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's plot this is
+n this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is
+t and here's our exponential growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and here's our exponential growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and here's our exponential growth
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+and they came up with a function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they came up with a function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they came up with a function that
+looks like this. Um so this would be 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n and to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and to describe
+this they had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation and this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this is called the
+logistic. IC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation for reasons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for reasons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for reasons that are
+historically obscure. Uh, logistic. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically obscure. Uh, logistic. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically obscure. Uh, logistic. This
+is a a French term that has something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a French term that has something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a French term that has something to
+do with anybody know who speaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with anybody know who speaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with anybody know who speaks
+French. I think it has to do with mil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French. I think it has to do with mil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French. I think it has to do with mil
+something military. I I don't know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something military. I I don't know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something military. I I don't know.
+Anyway, I've never been able to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyway, I've never been able to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyway, I've never been able to figure
+out why they called this logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out why they called this logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out why they called this logistic
+equation, but doesn't matter what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation, but doesn't matter what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation, but doesn't matter what it's
+called. Um this is what it is. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called. Um this is what it is. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called. Um this is what it is. And
+um K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the is the
+carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capacity of the environment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's the maximum number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+organisms where the population levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms where the population levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms where the population levels
+off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off.
+Okay. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right.
+So, let's look at this. Let's replplot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's look at this. Let's replplot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's look at this. Let's replplot
+this uh because it's easier to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh because it's easier to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh because it's easier to analyze
+the features.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features.
+This is we're going to plot plot 1 / n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is we're going to plot plot 1 / n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is we're going to plot plot 1 / n
+dn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dt as a function of n. If we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt as a function of n. If we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt as a function of n. If we want to
+rewrite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the
+equation 1 / n dn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 1 / n dn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 1 / n dn
+dt equals r max, we're just rearranging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt equals r max, we're just rearranging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt equals r max, we're just rearranging
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+equation to make it easier to visualize.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now we have a line and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now we have a line and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now we have a line and we can
+put that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curve such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve such
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+K is the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is the X
+intercept. And what's this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly. So you can see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+features over here in this plot, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features over here in this plot, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features over here in this plot, right?
+Um so as this goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero or or as as n gets very large 1 / n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or or as as n gets very large 1 / n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or or as as n gets very large 1 / n
+dn dt goes to zero and when n is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dn dt goes to zero and when n is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dn dt goes to zero and when n is very
+small 1 / n dnd dt is near r max you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small 1 / n dnd dt is near r max you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small 1 / n dnd dt is near r max you're
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+growing you're you're over here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing you're you're over here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing you're you're over here where
+the exponential growth curve and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential growth curve and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential growth curve and the
+logistic curve are essentially the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic curve are essentially the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic curve are essentially the same
+thing. Yep. Do I have something wrong?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, very good. Very good. Very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, very good. Very good. Very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, very good. Very good. Very
+good. Thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you. Absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Absolutely
+right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+Okay. So, and the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, and the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, and the slope
+here is going to be min - r max over k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So here we have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So here we have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So here we have a nice
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+response. Okay, let's analyze some fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. Okay, let's analyze some fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. Okay, let's analyze some fe
+some more features of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just looking
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+exponential and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+logistic. Just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic. Just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic. Just to
+summarize, 1 / n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize, 1 / n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize, 1 / n
+dn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dn
+dt as a function of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if we just look at dnd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we just look at dnd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we just look at dnd
+dt as a function of n for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt as a function of n for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt as a function of n for
+exponential we already said that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential we already said that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential we already said that this is
+a flat line right uh it's a constant but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat line right uh it's a constant but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat line right uh it's a constant but
+the actual change in numbers as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual change in numbers as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual change in numbers as a
+function of time is a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time is a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time is a straight
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+whereas for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas for the
+logistic one over n dn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic one over n dn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic one over n dn
+dt as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt as a function of
+n. What does this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like? We just did it, so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? We just did it, so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? We just did it, so we're
+summarizing here. But here's one that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing here. But here's one that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing here. But here's one that I
+want you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to think
+about. What does dndt look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like as a function of n if something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as a function of n if something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as a function of n if something's
+growing according to the logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing according to the logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing according to the logistic
+equation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H like
+this. Yeah, there you go. Like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. It's the because there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. It's the because there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. It's the because there's an
+inflection point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflection point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflection point
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+Right. So, this is what's sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So, this is what's sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So, this is what's sometimes
+called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+optimum yield.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And believe it or not, this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And believe it or not, this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And believe it or not, this this this
+model was actually used in fisheries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model was actually used in fisheries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model was actually used in fisheries
+conservation uh for years. Now we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation uh for years. Now we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation uh for years. Now we know
+that it's just so much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just so much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just so much more complicated
+than that uh that you can't just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that uh that you can't just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that uh that you can't just simply
+model this. But but one could argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model this. But but one could argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model this. But but one could argue that
+if you're managing a population that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're managing a population that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're managing a population that you
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+harvest that you try to keep them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest that you try to keep them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest that you try to keep them at
+this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the
+density at which dndt the production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density at which dndt the production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density at which dndt the production of
+organisms uh is maximal. So you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms uh is maximal. So you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms uh is maximal. So you try to
+to maintain a population there at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain a population there at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain a population there at that
+point. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+features of the logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation assume is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation assume is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation assume is that it
+assumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instantaneous feedback.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the density on growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate. In other words, it says in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. In other words, it says in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. In other words, it says in a
+population of a certain density, the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of a certain density, the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of a certain density, the the
+result in terms of offspring will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in terms of offspring will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in terms of offspring will be
+instantaneous. And we know that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous. And we know that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous. And we know that in
+in we know that's not true. Um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we know that's not true. Um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we know that's not true. Um so this
+is a oversimplification. Even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a oversimplification. Even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a oversimplification. Even in the
+simplest organisms, even in microbes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest organisms, even in microbes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest organisms, even in microbes in
+a culture, say you suddenly starve them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a culture, say you suddenly starve them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a culture, say you suddenly starve them
+of some substrate that they're using, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some substrate that they're using, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some substrate that they're using, it
+takes a while for their biochemistry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a while for their biochemistry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a while for their biochemistry to
+readjust before that. They might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readjust before that. They might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readjust before that. They might have
+one generation that's still at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one generation that's still at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one generation that's still at the same
+growth rate as it was before before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate as it was before before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate as it was before before the
+biochemistry readjusts and and says,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry readjusts and and says,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry readjusts and and says,
+"Whoa, we can't keep going at this rate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Whoa, we can't keep going at this rate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Whoa, we can't keep going at this rate.
+Um slow down." And then for higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um slow down." And then for higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um slow down." And then for higher
+organisms you might have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms you might have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms you might have a whole
+generation before that sets in plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation before that sets in plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation before that sets in plants
+that make seeds etc. So so we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make seeds etc. So so we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make seeds etc. So so we know that
+there's a problem here. So people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem here. So people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem here. So people have
+tried uh to introduce time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried uh to introduce time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried uh to introduce time
+lags into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation and we don't have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we don't have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we don't have time
+uh I mean there's lots of really neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean there's lots of really neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean there's lots of really neat
+things you can do with this. If this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do with this. If this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do with this. If this was
+an advanced ecology course, you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advanced ecology course, you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advanced ecology course, you'd be
+modeling it on your computers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling it on your computers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling it on your computers and
+putting time lags in and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting time lags in and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting time lags in and see what
+happens and all that kind of stuff. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and all that kind of stuff. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and all that kind of stuff. So
+we don't have time to do any of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have time to do any of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have time to do any of that
+other than I I I show you this just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than I I I show you this just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than I I I show you this just as
+more uh a way I want you to learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh a way I want you to learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh a way I want you to learn how
+population ecologists think not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population ecologists think not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population ecologists think not you know
+that this is actually the the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is actually the the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is actually the the most
+important model that ever existed. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important model that ever existed. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important model that ever existed. So
+how do we introduce time lags into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we introduce time lags into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we introduce time lags into the
+logistic? Well the simplest way is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic? Well the simplest way is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic? Well the simplest way is to
+introduce time. So we're going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce time. So we're going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce time. So we're going to say
+dn at some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dn at some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dn at some time
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dt. Just let me just make sure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt. Just let me just make sure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt. Just let me just make sure that's
+not ambiguous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um the n at some time tdt is equal to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the n at some time tdt is equal to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the n at some time tdt is equal to r
+max time n at that time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max time n at that time t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max time n at that time t
+time k minus n subt minus toao. In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time k minus n subt minus toao. In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time k minus n subt minus toao. In other
+words, the density at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, the density at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, the density at some
+time toao hours or days or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time toao hours or days or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time toao hours or days or whatever
+earlier than t um divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier than t um divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier than t um divided by
+k. So what this says is that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. So what this says is that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. So what this says is that that that
+the the growth rate of the population is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the growth rate of the population is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the growth rate of the population is
+a function of the density a a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the density a a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the density a a little bit
+earlier or some some amount earlier uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier or some some amount earlier uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier or some some amount earlier uh
+than the time at which you're measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the time at which you're measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the time at which you're measuring
+the growth rate. So, so t or toao is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth rate. So, so t or toao is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth rate. So, so t or toao is is
+the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between sensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+change in growth rate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+um so let's look at what that means in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's look at what that means in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's look at what that means in
+terms of this brings us to a another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this brings us to a another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this brings us to a another
+level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of
+complexity. Um so let's look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity. Um so let's look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity. Um so let's look at some
+possibilities here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities here.
+So with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lag we have our logistic equation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag we have our logistic equation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag we have our logistic equation right
+that the population just reaches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the population just reaches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the population just reaches the
+carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying
+capacity and levels off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and levels off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and levels off
+um with a very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leg. And of course, you'd have to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg. And of course, you'd have to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg. And of course, you'd have to play
+with this to to understand what what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this to to understand what what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this to to understand what what I
+mean by short and long and medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by short and long and medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by short and long and medium
+because it's all that you have to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all that you have to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all that you have to change
+all all the different parameters. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all the different parameters. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all the different parameters. Um,
+but if you have a short leg, what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a short leg, what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a short leg, what you
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is an actual overshoot of the carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an actual overshoot of the carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an actual overshoot of the carrying
+capacity in the near term because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity in the near term because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity in the near term because the
+population hasn't hasn't the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population hasn't hasn't the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population hasn't hasn't the feedback
+hasn't kicked in. Uh, but then it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't kicked in. Uh, but then it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't kicked in. Uh, but then it will
+come back and it will level off at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and it will level off at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and it will level off at the
+carrying capacity. If you have a medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lag, you often see something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag, you often see something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag, you often see something like this
+where you get a couple of oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get a couple of oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get a couple of oscillations
+in here, but it levels off at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here, but it levels off at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here, but it levels off at the same
+carrying capacity. and a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leg, you can end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg, you can end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg, you can end
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with behavior that ultimately ends up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with behavior that ultimately ends up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with behavior that ultimately ends up in
+the population crashing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we don't have time to to to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we don't have time to to to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we don't have time to to to analyze
+this, but at the end of the lecture, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, but at the end of the lecture, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, but at the end of the lecture, I'm
+going to come back to why this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to why this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to why this is so
+important uh in terms of of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh in terms of of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh in terms of of human
+population growth. And for those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth. And for those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth. And for those of you
+who are interested in complex systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are interested in complex systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are interested in complex systems
+and chaos theory, um the the logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chaos theory, um the the logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chaos theory, um the the logistic
+equation in in its discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in in its discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in in its discrete
+form actually will go chaotic in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form actually will go chaotic in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form actually will go chaotic in for
+certain parameter values. And for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain parameter values. And for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain parameter values. And for a long
+time, if for those of you who don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, if for those of you who don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, if for those of you who don't know
+what I'm talking about, just ignore me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm talking about, just ignore me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm talking about, just ignore me.
+And for those who are interested, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for those who are interested, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for those who are interested, uh
+I'll just spend a minute on it. For a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just spend a minute on it. For a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just spend a minute on it. For a
+long time, ecologists um chaos chaos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time, ecologists um chaos chaos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time, ecologists um chaos chaos
+theory, this equation goes into a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory, this equation goes into a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory, this equation goes into a state
+of of sort of chaotic um oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of sort of chaotic um oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of sort of chaotic um oscillations
+and um but that are can be described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um but that are can be described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um but that are can be described
+mathematically. And for a long time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically. And for a long time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically. And for a long time,
+ecologists kept looking at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologists kept looking at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologists kept looking at uh
+populations trying to see whether indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations trying to see whether indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations trying to see whether indeed
+they were growing according to to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were growing according to to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were growing according to to this
+chaos theory. And and it hasn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos theory. And and it hasn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos theory. And and it hasn't really
+developed into anything. But it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed into anything. But it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed into anything. But it was
+interesting. It was one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. It was one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. It was one of the first
+when chaos theory first uh started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when chaos theory first uh started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when chaos theory first uh started
+coming to light. This equation was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to light. This equation was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to light. This equation was one
+of the first that people started looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first that people started looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first that people started looking
+into coincidentally. Um but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into coincidentally. Um but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into coincidentally. Um but it doesn't
+just because an equation has certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because an equation has certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because an equation has certain
+properties it doesn't mean that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties it doesn't mean that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties it doesn't mean that the
+thing it's trying to model has those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's trying to model has those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's trying to model has those
+properties. So that was a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. So that was a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. So that was a really
+interesting uh development.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh development.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh development.
+Okay. So let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back to Pearl and Reed. Where did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Pearl and Reed. Where did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Pearl and Reed. Where did they
+go? Oh, they're up there. Okay. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go? Oh, they're up there. Okay. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go? Oh, they're up there. Okay. So this
+was all a digression from So Pearl and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all a digression from So Pearl and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all a digression from So Pearl and
+Reed. were looking at the the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reed. were looking at the the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reed. were looking at the the human
+population data uh and trying to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population data uh and trying to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population data uh and trying to model
+it and they they showed that they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they they showed that they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they they showed that they had
+this density dependent response. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this density dependent response. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this density dependent response. They
+developed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed this
+equation in order to describe it. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in order to describe it. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in order to describe it. So,
+and then they they they looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they they they looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they they they looked at the
+data again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data again
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ah using this graphical formulation. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah using this graphical formulation. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah using this graphical formulation. So,
+let's look at that. And we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at that. And we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at that. And we're just going
+to use the graphic method because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the graphic method because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the graphic method because it's
+easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to
+illustrate. And now we're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate. And now we're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate. And now we're looking at the
+human population in the US.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is uh 1 / n dn d t and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is uh 1 / n dn d t and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is uh 1 / n dn d t and this is
+n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+millions. And so they had some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions. And so they had some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions. And so they had some data
+points that they put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that they put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that they put on
+here. This is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This is uh
+18 the 1800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+1810. So they they had data points for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1810. So they they had data points for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1810. So they they had data points for
+different intervals and their last point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different intervals and their last point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different intervals and their last point
+here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was
+1900 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900 to
+1910 an average of the population size.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1910 an average of the population size.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1910 an average of the population size.
+Uh and so they projected down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and so they projected down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and so they projected down
+here there were 100 million people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then. So they said, so they asked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then. So they said, so they asked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then. So they said, so they asked the
+question, okay, we're modeling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, okay, we're modeling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, okay, we're modeling this
+population. We're saying it grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population. We're saying it grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population. We're saying it grows
+according to the logistic equation. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the logistic equation. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the logistic equation. We
+can predict what's the carrying capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can predict what's the carrying capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can predict what's the carrying capacity
+of the United States for humans by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the United States for humans by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the United States for humans by
+simply doing a regression through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and and seeing where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and and seeing where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and and seeing where it
+intercepts. So that should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercepts. So that should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercepts. So that should be the
+carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying
+capacity. Um and they predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we'd have 197
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+million when we reached the carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million when we reached the carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million when we reached the carrying
+capacity and that was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and that was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and that was in the
+year 2030.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year 2030.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year 2030.
+So that was the prediction of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that was the prediction of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that was the prediction of their
+model back in the 1920s that the US the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model back in the 1920s that the US the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model back in the 1920s that the US the
+carrying capacity of the US for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying capacity of the US for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying capacity of the US for for
+humans was 197 million and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans was 197 million and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans was 197 million and that that
+would be reached in 2030.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be reached in 2030.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be reached in 2030.
+Well, they missed it by a lot. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, they missed it by a lot. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, they missed it by a lot. Um so
+let's look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some
+data which is not surprising.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, here's some
+1965 we reached 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+million way before 2030. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million way before 2030. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million way before 2030. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 250
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+million and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and
+205 actually today at 10:45 this morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+205 actually today at 10:45 this morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+205 actually today at 10:45 this morning
+uh because I looked it up in my trusty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because I looked it up in my trusty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because I looked it up in my trusty
+population clock on the web. We had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population clock on the web. We had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population clock on the web. We had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+238 million people.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+238 million people.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+238 million people.
+Uh this is also done by modeling. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is also done by modeling. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is also done by modeling. We're
+not counting the people one at a time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not counting the people one at a time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not counting the people one at a time.
+But but this this website is is keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but this this website is is keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but this this website is is keeping
+track based on various models. And in 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track based on various models. And in 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track based on various models. And in 20
+based on the models that we have today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the models that we have today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the models that we have today
+in 2030 we should have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2030 we should have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2030 we should have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+million but these models are based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million but these models are based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million but these models are based on
+something you know entirely much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know entirely much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know entirely much more
+complex now than this simple logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex now than this simple logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex now than this simple logistic
+equation. So okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So okay
+um but the contrib contribution of Pearl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the contrib contribution of Pearl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the contrib contribution of Pearl
+and Reed was to begin to get people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Reed was to begin to get people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Reed was to begin to get people to
+start thinking about the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about the feedback
+mechanisms um in how to model population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms um in how to model population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms um in how to model population
+growth and and think about the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and and think about the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and and think about the feedback
+mechanisms in that modeling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms in that modeling.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms in that modeling.
+So, here's Oh, just the you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, here's Oh, just the you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, here's Oh, just the you don't have
+this in your handout. Uh, but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in your handout. Uh, but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in your handout. Uh, but it's not
+important. I mean, it's not on the web,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. I mean, it's not on the web,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. I mean, it's not on the web,
+but but if you if you if you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but if you if you if you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but if you if you if you care about
+it, there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, there's this
+uh the website that keeps track keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the website that keeps track keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the website that keeps track keeps
+keeps track of the human population in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps track of the human population in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps track of the human population in
+the US. So, here's that total population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US. So, here's that total population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US. So, here's that total population
+number that I got this morning at 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that I got this morning at 10.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that I got this morning at 10.
+Oh, it's 10:14 and 17 seconds uh off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, it's 10:14 and 17 seconds uh off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, it's 10:14 and 17 seconds uh off the
+web. And these are just some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web. And these are just some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web. And these are just some interesting
+statistics for the US. And and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics for the US. And and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics for the US. And and I have
+them for the last three years. one birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for the last three years. one birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for the last three years. one birth
+every eight seconds, one death every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every eight seconds, one death every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every eight seconds, one death every
+third 13 seconds, one net uh migrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third 13 seconds, one net uh migrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third 13 seconds, one net uh migrant
+every 26 seconds, and net gain of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 26 seconds, and net gain of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 26 seconds, and net gain of one
+person every 12 seconds. Uh so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person every 12 seconds. Uh so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person every 12 seconds. Uh so they're
+keeping close track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping close track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping close track
+here. Uh okay. All right. So now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh okay. All right. So now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh okay. All right. So now now
+we're going to move on to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to move on to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to move on to to
+to global population growth. Humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to global population growth. Humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to global population growth. Humans
+humans on the earth. the whole the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans on the earth. the whole the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans on the earth. the whole the whole
+shoot and match. And um there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot and match. And um there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot and match. And um there's this
+wonderful book for anyone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful book for anyone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful book for anyone who's
+interested um by Joel Cohen called How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested um by Joel Cohen called How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested um by Joel Cohen called How
+Many People Can the Earth Support? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Many People Can the Earth Support? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Many People Can the Earth Support? And
+it's it's a great book for MIT students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a great book for MIT students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a great book for MIT students
+because it's a wonderfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a wonderfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a wonderfully
+uh nerdly account. I I love I love I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nerdly account. I I love I love I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nerdly account. I I love I love I'm a
+nerd so I can say that. Um I'm a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerd so I can say that. Um I'm a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerd so I can say that. Um I'm a total
+nerd. So, but it it's a it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerd. So, but it it's a it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerd. So, but it it's a it's just a
+wonderful account analysis of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful account analysis of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful account analysis of how you
+analyze human population growth and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze human population growth and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze human population growth and at
+the same time looking at looking at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time looking at looking at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time looking at looking at at
+at the phenomenon in a in a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the phenomenon in a in a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the phenomenon in a in a totally
+objective, you know, way. He's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective, you know, way. He's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective, you know, way. He's a
+theoretical ecologist. So, so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical ecologist. So, so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical ecologist. So, so this this
+this is in your textbook, but it's from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in your textbook, but it's from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in your textbook, but it's from
+from this book, and it shows from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this book, and it shows from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this book, and it shows from uh
+10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000
+BC up to here we are today, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC up to here we are today, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC up to here we are today, the
+population on Earth in billions. And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population on Earth in billions. And um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population on Earth in billions. And um
+this is back in the hunter gatherer era.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is back in the hunter gatherer era.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is back in the hunter gatherer era.
+We had four million people. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We had four million people. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We had four million people. And then
+this was a a small revolution at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a a small revolution at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a a small revolution at the
+time. The introduction of agriculture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. The introduction of agriculture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. The introduction of agriculture
+and domestication of animals uh allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and domestication of animals uh allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and domestication of animals uh allowed
+for higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for higher
+um higher birth rates. And so we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um higher birth rates. And so we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um higher birth rates. And so we had a
+little blip went up to seven million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little blip went up to seven million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little blip went up to seven million
+here. And then for a long time there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And then for a long time there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And then for a long time there was
+just no change on in human population on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just no change on in human population on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just no change on in human population on
+Earth. Uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh here you start to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I'm not sure what started this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not sure what started this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not sure what started this
+uprise. Maybe when we see the next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uprise. Maybe when we see the next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uprise. Maybe when we see the next slide
+we'll see. No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see. No.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see. No.
+Oh no. I'm not sure what started that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh no. I'm not sure what started that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh no. I'm not sure what started that.
+I'll have to look into that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have to look into that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have to look into that.
+um this this maybe just the accumulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this maybe just the accumulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this maybe just the accumulation
+of people that you can't see on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people that you can't see on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people that you can't see on this
+scale. Um here's the bubanic plague, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale. Um here's the bubanic plague, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale. Um here's the bubanic plague, a
+decrease. Here's the the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease. Here's the the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease. Here's the the beginning of
+the industrial revolution um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industrial revolution um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industrial revolution um and the
+introduction of modern medicine which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of modern medicine which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of modern medicine which uh
+introduced red greatly reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced red greatly reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced red greatly reduced
+mortality. So you see this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality. So you see this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality. So you see this this
+incredible and here's fossil fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible and here's fossil fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible and here's fossil fuel
+incredible increase in um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible increase in um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible increase in um in the
+population of humans on Earth. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of humans on Earth. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of humans on Earth. So if you
+look at this curve, you think, "Oh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this curve, you think, "Oh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this curve, you think, "Oh my
+god, you know, we're in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god, you know, we're in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god, you know, we're in the middle of
+this incredible exponential increase."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incredible exponential increase."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incredible exponential increase."
+And the the the the reality is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the the the the reality is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the the the the reality is this
+doesn't fit at all an exponential model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fit at all an exponential model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fit at all an exponential model
+at all. I mean, if you tried to fit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all. I mean, if you tried to fit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all. I mean, if you tried to fit that
+to our simple expon exponential, it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our simple expon exponential, it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our simple expon exponential, it it
+does not fit. And we're going to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not fit. And we're going to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not fit. And we're going to explain
+what's happening here in a minute. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening here in a minute. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening here in a minute. Uh
+but so here we are at six billion people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so here we are at six billion people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so here we are at six billion people
+in we hit six billion in 1999. And here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we hit six billion in 1999. And here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we hit six billion in 1999. And here
+we are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are.
+um uh with a steady increase. I just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh with a steady increase. I just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh with a steady increase. I just got
+the last three years. This sort of marks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last three years. This sort of marks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last three years. This sort of marks
+the the lectures that I'm given in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lectures that I'm given in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lectures that I'm given in this
+class. Every year I check in and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Every year I check in and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Every year I check in and see
+where we are. Um it's kind of a living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are. Um it's kind of a living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are. Um it's kind of a living
+document. And we're now projected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document. And we're now projected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document. And we're now projected to
+reach nine billion in level off. When I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach nine billion in level off. When I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach nine billion in level off. When I
+first started teaching about human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first started teaching about human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first started teaching about human
+population growth, the projections were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth, the projections were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth, the projections were
+at 12 billion. So, and that and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 12 billion. So, and that and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 12 billion. So, and that and I'm not
+that old. Uh so the this this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that old. Uh so the this this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that old. Uh so the this this number
+keeps changing and luckily it's changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps changing and luckily it's changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps changing and luckily it's changing
+in the right direction. We keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right direction. We keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right direction. We keep
+predicting now fewer and fewer humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting now fewer and fewer humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting now fewer and fewer humans
+before it will level off. But it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it will level off. But it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it will level off. But it's still
+three billion more humans than we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three billion more humans than we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three billion more humans than we have
+now. Uh and many people think now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. Uh and many people think now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. Uh and many people think now we're
+already beyond the carrying capacity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already beyond the carrying capacity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already beyond the carrying capacity of
+the Earth. So I'm not saying not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth. So I'm not saying not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth. So I'm not saying not to
+worry. I'm just saying at least it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry. I'm just saying at least it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry. I'm just saying at least it's
+going in the right direction. So, so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the right direction. So, so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the right direction. So, so in
+in Cohen's book, he analyzes this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Cohen's book, he analyzes this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Cohen's book, he analyzes this the
+sort of the history of humans on earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the history of humans on earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the history of humans on earth
+as having three four major evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as having three four major evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as having three four major evolutionary
+uh changes uh where you had a change a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh changes uh where you had a change a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh changes uh where you had a change a
+dramatic change in population growth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic change in population growth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic change in population growth.
+you have local agriculture in 8,000 BC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have local agriculture in 8,000 BC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have local agriculture in 8,000 BC
+and the doubling time uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the doubling time uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the doubling time uh of the
+population before and after those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population before and after those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population before and after those
+those evolutions went from what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those evolutions went from what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those evolutions went from what he
+estimates to be 40,000 to 300,000 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates to be 40,000 to 300,000 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates to be 40,000 to 300,000 years
+for a population to double down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a population to double down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a population to double down to
+thousand to 3,000 years for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand to 3,000 years for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand to 3,000 years for the
+population to double. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population to double. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population to double. In other words,
+this is an incredibly faster growth rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an incredibly faster growth rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an incredibly faster growth rate
+than than this because this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than this because this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than this because this is in
+doubling times. And then with global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling times. And then with global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling times. And then with global
+agriculture in the 1700s, um again, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture in the 1700s, um again, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture in the 1700s, um again, you
+had a a shortening of the doubling time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a a shortening of the doubling time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a a shortening of the doubling time
+of the population. And then in the 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the population. And then in the 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the population. And then in the 50s
+with the introduction of of a real uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the introduction of of a real uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the introduction of of a real uh
+public health um across the world uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public health um across the world uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public health um across the world uh
+another reduction and and luckily in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reduction and and luckily in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reduction and and luckily in the
+70s with the introduction of fertility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s with the introduction of fertility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s with the introduction of fertility
+control at least in the developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control at least in the developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control at least in the developed
+countries is the first time you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries is the first time you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries is the first time you you
+actually see a shift. Okay, we've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see a shift. Okay, we've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see a shift. Okay, we've gone
+from growing faster and faster and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from growing faster and faster and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from growing faster and faster and
+faster to actually grow growing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster to actually grow growing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster to actually grow growing more
+slowly. the doubling time is extending.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly. the doubling time is extending.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly. the doubling time is extending.
+So, the good news is that we're not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the good news is that we're not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the good news is that we're not in
+some kind of, you know, runaway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of, you know, runaway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of, you know, runaway
+population growth that is just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth that is just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth that is just going to
+continue forever. Uh, we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue forever. Uh, we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue forever. Uh, we've already
+peaked out as a globe. Um, and and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaked out as a globe. Um, and and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaked out as a globe. Um, and and we
+are going to level off in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to level off in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to level off in terms of
+humans. And the big question, the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans. And the big question, the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans. And the big question, the real
+big question is when we level off, will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big question is when we level off, will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big question is when we level off, will
+we be above the carrying capacity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we be above the carrying capacity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we be above the carrying capacity of the
+earth? Will we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth? Will we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth? Will we
+be have we overshot K? Um, and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be have we overshot K? Um, and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be have we overshot K? Um, and we don't
+know it yet because these feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it yet because these feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it yet because these feedback
+mechanisms haven't come back. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms haven't come back. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms haven't come back. So, so
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+uh let's now analyze this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's now analyze this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's now analyze this a little bit
+more before we we look at it in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more before we we look at it in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more before we we look at it in that
+context. um because this is a important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context. um because this is a important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context. um because this is a important
+thing. First of all, before we do that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. First of all, before we do that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. First of all, before we do that,
+I want to remind you this that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to remind you this that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to remind you this that all of
+these lectures are tied together because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lectures are tied together because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lectures are tied together because
+remember this from from lecture 20 when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this from from lecture 20 when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this from from lecture 20 when
+we were talking about biogeeochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about biogeeochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about biogeeochemical
+cycles and we we here's here's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles and we we here's here's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles and we we here's here's the same
+population size in billions on Earth,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population size in billions on Earth,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population size in billions on Earth,
+the brown curve. It's smoothed over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brown curve. It's smoothed over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brown curve. It's smoothed over and
+these are the greenhouse gases,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the greenhouse gases,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the greenhouse gases,
+concentrations of greenhouse gases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of greenhouse gases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of greenhouse gases in
+the atmosphere. This is the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere. This is the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere. This is the human
+footprint. Um this is how we've changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint. Um this is how we've changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint. Um this is how we've changed
+the metabolism of the earth um by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metabolism of the earth um by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metabolism of the earth um by by
+this explosive growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this explosive growth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this explosive growth of
+humans. Okay. Um and one more slide just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans. Okay. Um and one more slide just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans. Okay. Um and one more slide just
+showing you that this is uh just another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you that this is uh just another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you that this is uh just another
+way to look at it showing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to look at it showing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to look at it showing that the
+growth of the global population has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of the global population has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of the global population has
+peaked. Uh this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaked. Uh this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaked. Uh this shows
+you incur. So over here uh each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you incur. So over here uh each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you incur. So over here uh each of these
+is a the population in billions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a the population in billions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a the population in billions and
+basically shows you the number of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically shows you the number of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically shows you the number of years
+necessary to add a billion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to add a billion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to add a billion.
+Um and you can see that it's taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and you can see that it's taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and you can see that it's taking
+longer and longer to add a billion. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and longer to add a billion. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and longer to add a billion. You
+can see that this is there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this is there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this is there's an
+inflection point here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflection point here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflection point here.
+So what get using the the the tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what get using the the the tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what get using the the the tools that
+we've developed to analyze populations,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've developed to analyze populations,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've developed to analyze populations,
+let's look at what's why these this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at what's why these this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at what's why these this this
+growth is leveling off. What caused the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth is leveling off. What caused the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth is leveling off. What caused the
+growth to begin with and why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth to begin with and why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth to begin with and why it's
+leveling off. Um and the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveling off. Um and the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveling off. Um and the important
+really important feature here is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important feature here is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important feature here is what's
+called a demographic transition. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a demographic transition. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a demographic transition. This is
+what we're going through um on the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going through um on the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going through um on the earth
+right now in terms of human population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in terms of human population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in terms of human population
+growth. And the way we we look at this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth. And the way we we look at this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth. And the way we we look at this,
+these are we're plotting birth rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are we're plotting birth rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are we're plotting birth rate
+here, which is the the pink one, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, which is the the pink one, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, which is the the pink one, and
+death rate here, which is the the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate here, which is the the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate here, which is the the green
+one. And when birth rates and death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And when birth rates and death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And when birth rates and death
+rates are both uniformly high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are both uniformly high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are both uniformly high
+um which is the way it was back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is the way it was back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is the way it was back in the
+early days uh when we didn't have mo we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days uh when we didn't have mo we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days uh when we didn't have mo we
+didn't have fertility control and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have fertility control and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have fertility control and we
+didn't have modern medicine so you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have modern medicine so you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have modern medicine so you had a
+lot of babies and a lot of people dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of babies and a lot of people dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of babies and a lot of people dying
+uh and growth rate and so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and growth rate and so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and growth rate and so this is this
+is the total population so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total population so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total population so you don't
+have uh much population growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh much population growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh much population growth
+Then what happens? You get to the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then what happens? You get to the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then what happens? You get to the you
+get to a place where you have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a place where you have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a place where you have a very
+high birth rate. Birth rate continues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high birth rate. Birth rate continues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high birth rate. Birth rate continues to
+stay high. But with the introduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay high. But with the introduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay high. But with the introduction of
+public health and modern medicine, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public health and modern medicine, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public health and modern medicine, we
+were able to to keep people alive a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to to keep people alive a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to to keep people alive a lot
+longer. Um and and that that came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer. Um and and that that came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer. Um and and that that came in
+advance of fertility control. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance of fertility control. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance of fertility control. So what
+happens when these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when these two
+curves deviate from one another? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves deviate from one another? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves deviate from one another? You
+have explosive growth. And that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have explosive growth. And that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have explosive growth. And that's what
+that's what this big exponential shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this big exponential shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this big exponential shoot
+is. But then if you then reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. But then if you then reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. But then if you then reduce the
+birth rates through fertility control uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth rates through fertility control uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth rates through fertility control uh
+to match the death rates, you then have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match the death rates, you then have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match the death rates, you then have
+low birth rates and low death rates,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low birth rates and low death rates,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low birth rates and low death rates,
+then you have uh no population growth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have uh no population growth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have uh no population growth.
+Okay. So it's it's it's very simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So it's it's it's very simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So it's it's it's very simple and
+intuitive, but I don't think that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive, but I don't think that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive, but I don't think that when
+you understand what what's going on, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand what what's going on, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand what what's going on, but
+I don't think most people really um h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think most people really um h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think most people really um h
+have come to the to the the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come to the to the the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come to the to the the point of
+thinking about it like that. And where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it like that. And where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it like that. And where
+we are on earth today is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are on earth today is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are on earth today is that the
+developing the developed countries have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the developed countries have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the developed countries have
+gone through their demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through their demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through their demographic
+transition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um I mean and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I mean and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I mean and and you
+can you have a sense of that just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you have a sense of that just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you have a sense of that just from
+looking at family size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at family size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at family size
+uh in these countries. So if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in these countries. So if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in these countries. So if we look
+at this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sweden as an example of a developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden as an example of a developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden as an example of a developed
+country.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um and this was 1800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and this was 1800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and this was 1800
+And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is
+2000. You see something like this. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000. You see something like this. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000. You see something like this. I
+mean this is just a a approximation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is just a a approximation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is just a a approximation but
+um the birth rate and this is the death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the birth rate and this is the death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the birth rate and this is the death
+rate and the population growth rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and the population growth rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and the population growth rate
+looks something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. The population's leveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. The population's leveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. The population's leveled
+off. Whereas if you look at a country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. Whereas if you look at a country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. Whereas if you look at a country
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Egypt over this same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frame and you can get these these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and you can get these these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and you can get these these uh
+curves off the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves off the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves off the web
+easily. Uh it looks something like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have a high birth rate and death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a high birth rate and death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a high birth rate and death
+rate has gone down, but they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate has gone down, but they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate has gone down, but they're not
+matching each other at all. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching each other at all. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching each other at all. So,
+population looks something like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population looks something like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population looks something like this.
+Hasn't even begun to level off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hasn't even begun to level off.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hasn't even begun to level off.
+So, so the real trick is um in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so the real trick is um in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so the real trick is um in terms of
+of trying to level off at some place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to level off at some place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to level off at some place
+lower than that 9 billion uh is is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than that 9 billion uh is is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than that 9 billion uh is is to
+get the uh birth rates in the developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the uh birth rates in the developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the uh birth rates in the developing
+countries uh to drop as fast as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh to drop as fast as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh to drop as fast as we can
+and that will determine the level at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will determine the level at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will determine the level at
+which humans will will will level off on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which humans will will will level off on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which humans will will will level off on
+Earth. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth. Okay.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+so let's just briefly talk. Let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just briefly talk. Let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just briefly talk. Let me go
+back over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back over
+here and let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and let's talk about
+this carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capacity. And this is basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity. And this is basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity. And this is basically what
+Joel Cohen's book is about where he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joel Cohen's book is about where he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joel Cohen's book is about where he says
+how many people can the earth support.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people can the earth support.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people can the earth support.
+He's asking what's the carrying capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's asking what's the carrying capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's asking what's the carrying capacity
+of the earth for humans? And uh, here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earth for humans? And uh, here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earth for humans? And uh, here
+are the possibilities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And of course, I'm simplifying the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course, I'm simplifying the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course, I'm simplifying the most
+complex system that we know into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex system that we know into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex system that we know into a
+simple two-dimensional graph. Uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple two-dimensional graph. Uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple two-dimensional graph. Uh but
+it's a I think it's a good way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a I think it's a good way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a I think it's a good way to think
+about it. Um here's the way we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. Um here's the way we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. Um here's the way we've been
+living on Earth. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living on Earth. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living on Earth. And
+um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is we have been growing like this. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have been growing like this. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have been growing like this. Okay.
+Uh granted we're we're starting to level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh granted we're we're starting to level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh granted we're we're starting to level
+off but we've been growing like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off but we've been growing like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off but we've been growing like this and
+what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assuming is that the carrying capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming is that the carrying capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming is that the carrying capacity
+will grow with us. Okay, it doesn't m we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will grow with us. Okay, it doesn't m we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will grow with us. Okay, it doesn't m we
+can we can handle as many humans as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can handle as many humans as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can handle as many humans as we
+want to put because we we we smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put because we we we smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put because we we we smart
+people um with technology can increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um with technology can increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um with technology can increase
+the carrying capacity. You know, if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carrying capacity. You know, if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carrying capacity. You know, if the
+if we don't have enough grain, we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't have enough grain, we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't have enough grain, we'll
+genetically engineer it to make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically engineer it to make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically engineer it to make more
+grain. you know, if we don't we we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain. you know, if we don't we we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain. you know, if we don't we we can
+we can fix it. We can fix it. So, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can fix it. We can fix it. So, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can fix it. We can fix it. So, let's
+just go with the flow. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go with the flow. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go with the flow. Um, and
+indeed,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technology has greatly increased the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology has greatly increased the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology has greatly increased the
+carrying capacity of the earth for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying capacity of the earth for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying capacity of the earth for
+humans. There's no doubt about it. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans. There's no doubt about it. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans. There's no doubt about it. But
+there's there's got to be a limit. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's got to be a limit. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's got to be a limit. So,
+is this the model that we want to go go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this the model that we want to go go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this the model that we want to go go
+by? Um, and some people argue, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by? Um, and some people argue, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by? Um, and some people argue, you know,
+so the climate, you know, warms, we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the climate, you know, warms, we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the climate, you know, warms, we'll
+fix that with technology. We we can fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that with technology. We we can fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that with technology. We we can fix
+any of this with technology. And if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of this with technology. And if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of this with technology. And if all
+if if things get really bad, we'll go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if things get really bad, we'll go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if things get really bad, we'll go to
+Mars. We'll terraform Mars. Uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mars. We'll terraform Mars. Uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mars. We'll terraform Mars. Uh we'll
+we'll colonize planets. And I I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll colonize planets. And I I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll colonize planets. And I I I don't
+that's not that far-fetched. So why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not that far-fetched. So why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not that far-fetched. So why do
+we why should we worry about all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we why should we worry about all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we why should we worry about all these
+humans on the Earth? We'll just figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans on the Earth? We'll just figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans on the Earth? We'll just figure
+out, you know, we'll go out and find new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, you know, we'll go out and find new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, you know, we'll go out and find new
+places. Uh so that's one model. Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places. Uh so that's one model. Another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places. Uh so that's one model. Another
+model is that we're going to do this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is that we're going to do this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is that we're going to do this.
+Here's the optimistic what I call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's the optimistic what I call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's the optimistic what I call the
+optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model. Well, I guess you I guess this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. Well, I guess you I guess this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. Well, I guess you I guess this is
+the the supra optimistic model. Um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the supra optimistic model. Um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the supra optimistic model. Um this
+one assumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one assumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one assumes
+that it'll it'll do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it'll it'll do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it'll it'll do something like
+this that we may overshoot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that we may overshoot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that we may overshoot.
+Um but then and then birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rates. And if you want to, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates. And if you want to, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates. And if you want to, you can
+easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily
+um describe a scenario that says that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um describe a scenario that says that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um describe a scenario that says that we
+have overshot that all of these that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have overshot that all of these that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have overshot that all of these that
+this whole environmental movement, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole environmental movement, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole environmental movement, the
+the the the the measurement of toxins in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the measurement of toxins in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the measurement of toxins in
+our environment, the global change, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our environment, the global change, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our environment, the global change, all
+of that is really overshooting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is really overshooting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is really overshooting the
+carrying capacity. Um and and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying capacity. Um and and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying capacity. Um and and we
+wouldn't be worrying about things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be worrying about things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be worrying about things that
+we're worrying about if we hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're worrying about if we hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're worrying about if we hadn't
+overshot it. uh but that if we get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshot it. uh but that if we get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshot it. uh but that if we get our
+act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act
+together, we won't have eroded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, we won't have eroded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, we won't have eroded the
+earth's natural um systems so much that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth's natural um systems so much that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth's natural um systems so much that
+we can't come back to a stable level.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't come back to a stable level.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't come back to a stable level.
+And then of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pessimistic scenario is that that indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimistic scenario is that that indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimistic scenario is that that indeed
+we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overshot and we've overshot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshot and we've overshot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshot and we've overshot so
+much that we have over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that we have over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that we have over
+um we have eroded the carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have eroded the carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have eroded the carrying
+capacity and that we will level off at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and that we will level off at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and that we will level off at
+some level that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some level that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some level that
+is that that that the earth will no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that that the earth will no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that that the earth will no
+longer be able to support the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer be able to support the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer be able to support the level of
+humans that it can even support now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans that it can even support now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans that it can even support now.
+that we will have degraded we have lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will have degraded we have lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will have degraded we have lost
+so much top soil um that a and modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much top soil um that a and modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much top soil um that a and modern
+agriculture won't be able to to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture won't be able to to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture won't be able to to to to
+overcome that uh that our water will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome that uh that our water will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome that uh that our water will be
+polluted that the climate will change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polluted that the climate will change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polluted that the climate will change so
+dramatically you know the fisheries will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically you know the fisheries will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically you know the fisheries will
+be eliminated yada yada yada um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be eliminated yada yada yada um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be eliminated yada yada yada um I
+shouldn't say yada yada yada those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say yada yada yada those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say yada yada yada those are
+catastrophic things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic things
+erase that from the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase that from the tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase that from the tape
+Every once in a while I remember I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every once in a while I remember I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every once in a while I remember I'm I'm
+being taped. Um because so those are bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being taped. Um because so those are bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being taped. Um because so those are bad
+things. Not not not not to be yada yada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Not not not not to be yada yada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Not not not not to be yada yada
+yada.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yada.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yada.
+Uh so anyway, this is the this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so anyway, this is the this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so anyway, this is the this is what
+some people are worried about that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are worried about that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are worried about that we
+are indeed right now in your lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are indeed right now in your lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are indeed right now in your lifetime
+and in fact mostly in your lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact mostly in your lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact mostly in your lifetime
+you're inheriting this. Um notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're inheriting this. Um notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're inheriting this. Um notice the
+time frames on this graph. I mean, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time frames on this graph. I mean, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time frames on this graph. I mean, it's
+really it's really uh Whoops. Oops. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's really uh Whoops. Oops. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's really uh Whoops. Oops. I
+mean, it's this is this is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, it's this is this is just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, it's this is this is just this
+little snippet of time in the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little snippet of time in the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little snippet of time in the history of
+of life on Earth where all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life on Earth where all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life on Earth where all these
+dramatic things are happening. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic things are happening. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic things are happening. Um, and
+we just happen to be living in it. Uh, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just happen to be living in it. Uh, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just happen to be living in it. Uh, I
+just think if you were living back here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think if you were living back here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think if you were living back here,
+I mean, you know, thousands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, you know, thousands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, you know, thousands and
+thousands of years went by and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of years went by and nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of years went by and nothing
+changed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed.
+Okay, so we don't have any answers, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we don't have any answers, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we don't have any answers, but
+this is a way to think about it and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a way to think about it and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a way to think about it and a
+lot of people are putting a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people are putting a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people are putting a lot of
+energy into um modeling these systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy into um modeling these systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy into um modeling these systems
+and trying to figure out where we are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to figure out where we are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to figure out where we are on
+these various trajectories. So the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various trajectories. So the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various trajectories. So the next
+two lectures, Professor Martin PZ, who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lectures, Professor Martin PZ, who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lectures, Professor Martin PZ, who's
+a professor in civil environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a professor in civil environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a professor in civil environmental
+engineering and a and a microbiologist,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and a and a microbiologist,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and a and a microbiologist,
+is going to come and talk to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to come and talk to you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to come and talk to you about
+uh again it's population ecology. He'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again it's population ecology. He'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again it's population ecology. He'll
+talk to you about population genetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you about population genetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you about population genetics
+and some really exciting work that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some really exciting work that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some really exciting work that's
+going on in the field now in um in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the field now in um in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the field now in um in um
+using genomics to decipher evolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using genomics to decipher evolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using genomics to decipher evolution and
+and population biology. And then I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and population biology. And then I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and population biology. And then I'll be
+back with some really neat really neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with some really neat really neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with some really neat really neat
+DVD clips.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD clips.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD clips.
+So come back.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rMv2rDiOTsI.txt b/rMv2rDiOTsI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..87418b9ff5336826ef3edac6a93b9c27c492d692
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rMv2rDiOTsI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome to recitation today's problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome to recitation today's problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome to recitation today's problem
+is about change of basis it says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about change of basis it says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about change of basis it says the
+vector space of polynomials in X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space of polynomials in X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space of polynomials in X of
+degree up to two has the bases one X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree up to two has the bases one X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree up to two has the bases one X and
+x squared that's the obvious bases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared that's the obvious bases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared that's the obvious bases that
+you would write for that space vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would write for that space vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would write for that space vector
+space but today we're going to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but today we're going to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but today we're going to consider
+another basis w1 w2 and w3 and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another basis w1 w2 and w3 and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another basis w1 w2 and w3 and we don't
+know what w1 w2 and w3 are explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what w1 w2 and w3 are explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what w1 w2 and w3 are explicitly
+what we know is that their values at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know is that their values at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know is that their values at x
+equals minus 1 0 & 1 are given by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus 1 0 & 1 are given by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus 1 0 & 1 are given by this
+this table here so there are 1 0 0 0 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table here so there are 1 0 0 0 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table here so there are 1 0 0 0 1 0
+and 0 0 1 we're asked to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 0 1 we're asked to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 0 1 we're asked to do the
+following we're asked to express this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we're asked to express this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we're asked to express this
+polynomial so Y of X is minus X plus 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial so Y of X is minus X plus 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial so Y of X is minus X plus 5
+in this basis w1 w2 w3 we're asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this basis w1 w2 w3 we're asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this basis w1 w2 w3 we're asked to
+find the change of basis matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the change of basis matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the change of basis matrices
+between these two bases 1 X x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two bases 1 X x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two bases 1 X x squared
+and w1 w2 w3 and finally we're asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w1 w2 w3 and finally we're asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w1 w2 w3 and finally we're asked to
+find the matrix of taking derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the matrix of taking derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the matrix of taking derivatives
+which is a linear map on this space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a linear map on this space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a linear map on this space in
+both of these bases and let me give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these bases and let me give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these bases and let me give you
+an extra level of challenge which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra level of challenge which is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra level of challenge which is to
+try to do as much of this as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do as much of this as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do as much of this as possible
+without explicitly finding w1 w2 and w3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without explicitly finding w1 w2 and w3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without explicitly finding w1 w2 and w3
+I'll let you think about the problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you think about the problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you think about the problem and
+then you can come back and compare your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can come back and compare your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can come back and compare your
+solution with mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back so to start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back so to start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back so to start with a
+problem a we need to find we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a we need to find we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a we need to find we need to
+find coefficients alpha beta and gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that Y of X is expressed through with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that Y of X is expressed through with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that Y of X is expressed through with
+this coefficients in this new basis w1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coefficients in this new basis w1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coefficients in this new basis w1
+w2 and w3 now one way to do that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w2 and w3 now one way to do that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w2 and w3 now one way to do that would
+be to look at this well look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to look at this well look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to look at this well look at this
+table of values explicitly find w1 w2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of values explicitly find w1 w2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of values explicitly find w1 w2
+and w3 so a quadratic polynomial is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w3 so a quadratic polynomial is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w3 so a quadratic polynomial is all
+the information we need about it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information we need about it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information we need about it is in
+three values in values at three points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three values in values at three points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three values in values at three points
+so say W 1 is a 1 plus B times X plus C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so say W 1 is a 1 plus B times X plus C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so say W 1 is a 1 plus B times X plus C
+times x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x squared
+find a B and C find w1 w2 w3 explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a B and C find w1 w2 w3 explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a B and C find w1 w2 w3 explicitly
+and then go back to this system and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go back to this system and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go back to this system and try
+to find it and try to find alpha beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find it and try to find alpha beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find it and try to find alpha beta
+and gamma however there is a trick let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gamma however there is a trick let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gamma however there is a trick let's
+try to do let's try to see if we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do let's try to see if we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do let's try to see if we can do
+it without finding w1 w2 and w3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it without finding w1 w2 and w3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it without finding w1 w2 and w3
+explicitly so let me try to see what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly so let me try to see what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly so let me try to see what are
+the values of y at these points so Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of y at these points so Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of y at these points so Y is
+minus X plus 5 so the values are 6 5 & 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X plus 5 so the values are 6 5 & 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X plus 5 so the values are 6 5 & 4
+and let me instead of considering this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me instead of considering this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me instead of considering this
+says this equation let me evaluate it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says this equation let me evaluate it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says this equation let me evaluate it at
+X is minus 1 X is 0 and X is 1 what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is minus 1 X is 0 and X is 1 what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is minus 1 X is 0 and X is 1 what I
+get through this is that W it what at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through this is that W it what at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through this is that W it what at
+minus 1 actually let me write this I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 actually let me write this I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 actually let me write this I get
+it W at minus 1 which is a number equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it W at minus 1 which is a number equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it W at minus 1 which is a number equals
+alpha times w1 at minus 1 which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha times w1 at minus 1 which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha times w1 at minus 1 which is a
+number plus beta times w2 at minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number plus beta times w2 at minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number plus beta times w2 at minus 1
+gamma x w3 at minus one and similarly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma x w3 at minus one and similarly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma x w3 at minus one and similarly at
+zero and similarly at one and now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and similarly at one and now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and similarly at one and now let me
+think of this as a linear system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as a linear system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as a linear system that
+has unknowns alpha beta and gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has unknowns alpha beta and gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has unknowns alpha beta and gamma
+coefficients these values here at minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients these values here at minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients these values here at minus
+1 0 & 1 and the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 & 1 and the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 & 1 and the right hand side
+well what's written here on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's written here on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's written here on the left
+hand side y at minus 1 y at 0 and y at 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side y at minus 1 y at 0 and y at 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side y at minus 1 y at 0 and y at 1
+if you write this in a matrix and read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write this in a matrix and read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write this in a matrix and read
+off coefficients from there you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off coefficients from there you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off coefficients from there you get the
+following system so this is the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following system so this is the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following system so this is the matrix
+of the system read off from here these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system read off from here these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system read off from here these
+are the unknowns and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the unknowns and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the unknowns and these are the
+values of the right hand side and I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the right hand side and I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the right hand side and I hope
+you'll agree that this is a very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll agree that this is a very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll agree that this is a very easy
+system to solve we just get alpha 6 Vera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to solve we just get alpha 6 Vera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to solve we just get alpha 6 Vera
+is 5 and gamma is 4 so the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5 and gamma is 4 so the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5 and gamma is 4 so the solution to
+the first part is y equals 6 w 1 + 5 w 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part is y equals 6 w 1 + 5 w 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part is y equals 6 w 1 + 5 w 2
+plus 4 W 3 and let's notice another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 4 W 3 and let's notice another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 4 W 3 and let's notice another
+thing no matter what with what values we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing no matter what with what values we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing no matter what with what values we
+put here this matrix is always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put here this matrix is always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put here this matrix is always going to
+stay the same it's only the right-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay the same it's only the right-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay the same it's only the right-hand
+side is going to change so if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is going to change so if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is going to change so if we're
+given any other polynomial now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given any other polynomial now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given any other polynomial now to
+express in a basis W 1 W 2 and W 3 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express in a basis W 1 W 2 and W 3 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express in a basis W 1 W 2 and W 3 we
+don't have to do anything we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do anything we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do anything we don't have
+to do any computations what we do is go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do any computations what we do is go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do any computations what we do is go
+back to our table at the beginning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our table at the beginning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our table at the beginning and
+just read off let's go back to the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read off let's go back to the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read off let's go back to the table
+and just read off this values so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just read off this values so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just read off this values so in this
+case Y is 6 times W 1 5 times W 2 and 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Y is 6 times W 1 5 times W 2 and 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Y is 6 times W 1 5 times W 2 and 3
+times W 3 and that's already a hint to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times W 3 and that's already a hint to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times W 3 and that's already a hint to
+solving the B part which is find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the B part which is find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the B part which is find the
+change of basis matrices between 1 X x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of basis matrices between 1 X x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of basis matrices between 1 X x
+squared and W 1 W 2 W 3 change of basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and W 1 W 2 W 3 change of basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and W 1 W 2 W 3 change of basis
+matrices means expressing one basis in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices means expressing one basis in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices means expressing one basis in
+terms of another so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of another so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of another so
+the part of the problem we will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the problem we will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the problem we will have to
+express 1 X and x squared in terms of W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express 1 X and x squared in terms of W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express 1 X and x squared in terms of W
+1 W 2 and W 3 so let's just find their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 W 2 and W 3 so let's just find their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 W 2 and W 3 so let's just find their
+values at these three points one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values at these three points one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values at these three points one is a
+constant it just takes value 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it just takes value 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it just takes value 1
+everywhere X takes value minus 1 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere X takes value minus 1 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere X takes value minus 1 at
+minus 1 0 at 0 and 1 at 1 and x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 0 at 0 and 1 at 1 and x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 0 at 0 and 1 at 1 and x squared
+takes values 1 0 and 1 at minus 1 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes values 1 0 and 1 at minus 1 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes values 1 0 and 1 at minus 1 0 and
+1 and from this we can already conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and from this we can already conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and from this we can already conclude
+the Part B here we can conclude that 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Part B here we can conclude that 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Part B here we can conclude that 1
+equals W 1 plus W 2 plus W 3 that x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals W 1 plus W 2 plus W 3 that x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals W 1 plus W 2 plus W 3 that x
+equals minus W 1 plus W 3 and at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus W 1 plus W 3 and at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus W 1 plus W 3 and at x
+squared equals W 1 plus W 3 and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared equals W 1 plus W 3 and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared equals W 1 plus W 3 and from
+this we can immediately write one change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we can immediately write one change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we can immediately write one change
+of basis matrix namely since we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basis matrix namely since we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basis matrix namely since we know how
+to express one X and x squared in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express one X and x squared in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express one X and x squared in terms
+of W 1 W 2 and W 3 we can just copy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of W 1 W 2 and W 3 we can just copy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of W 1 W 2 and W 3 we can just copy this
+information over to this matrix getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information over to this matrix getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information over to this matrix getting
+1 1 1 minus 1 0 1 and 1 0 1 so which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 1 minus 1 0 1 and 1 0 1 so which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 1 minus 1 0 1 and 1 0 1 so which
+matrix is this this is a matrix so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is this this is a matrix so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is this this is a matrix so we
+have 1 X and x squared expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 X and x squared expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 X and x squared expressed in
+terms of W 1 W 2 and W 3 so if we feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of W 1 W 2 and W 3 so if we feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of W 1 W 2 and W 3 so if we feed
+this matrix something expressed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix something expressed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix something expressed in the
+basis 1 X and x squared say a B and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis 1 X and x squared say a B and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis 1 X and x squared say a B and C
+what it's going to throw out is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's going to throw out is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's going to throw out is the same
+polynomial expressed in this basis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial expressed in this basis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial expressed in this basis here
+W 1 W 2 and W 3 so I'm going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W 1 W 2 and W 3 so I'm going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W 1 W 2 and W 3 so I'm going to just
+write the decision a matrix of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the decision a matrix of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the decision a matrix of this
+basis change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay how do we get the other one well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do we get the other one well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do we get the other one well
+very easy we know it's just the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy we know it's just the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy we know it's just the inverse
+of a so this is going to be the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a so this is going to be the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a so this is going to be the matrix
+that takes something written in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes something written in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes something written in this
+basis and transfers it to the spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and transfers it to the spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and transfers it to the spaces
+I'm not going to calculate the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to calculate the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to calculate the inverse
+of a matrix in front of you instead I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix in front of you instead I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix in front of you instead I'm
+going to consult my Oracle sorry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consult my Oracle sorry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consult my Oracle sorry about
+it and my Oracle says that the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and my Oracle says that the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and my Oracle says that the inverse
+should be 0 1 0 minus 1/2 0 1/2 and 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be 0 1 0 minus 1/2 0 1/2 and 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be 0 1 0 minus 1/2 0 1/2 and 1/2
+minus 1 1/2 and that solves the B part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 1/2 and that solves the B part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 1/2 and that solves the B part
+let's go on to the C part the C part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on to the C part the C part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on to the C part the C part
+required us to find the matrix of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required us to find the matrix of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required us to find the matrix of taking
+derivatives which is a linear map on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives which is a linear map on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives which is a linear map on the
+space in the space of polynomials in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in the space of polynomials in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in the space of polynomials in
+both of these bases so let's first do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these bases so let's first do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these bases so let's first do
+the 1 X x squared basis because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 X x squared basis because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 X x squared basis because that
+one's easier I'm going to call it D X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to work in bases 1x x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to work in bases 1x x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to work in bases 1x x squared
+and what I want to what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I want to what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I want to what I want to
+express is the transformation of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express is the transformation of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express is the transformation of taking
+derivatives so here I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so here I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so here I'm going to write
+the vector 2 which taking derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector 2 which taking derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector 2 which taking derivatives
+Maps the polynomial 1 which is 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps the polynomial 1 which is 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps the polynomial 1 which is 0 and
+that's this expressed in the basis 1 X x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this expressed in the basis 1 X x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this expressed in the basis 1 X x
+squared the second comb I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared the second comb I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared the second comb I'm going to
+write X Prime the the vector 2 which DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write X Prime the the vector 2 which DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write X Prime the the vector 2 which DX
+sent the vector X and that's equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent the vector X and that's equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent the vector X and that's equal to 1
+which expressed in this basis is 1 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which expressed in this basis is 1 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which expressed in this basis is 1 0 0
+and here I'm going to write x 2 plus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'm going to write x 2 plus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'm going to write x 2 plus x
+squared prime which is 2 X which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared prime which is 2 X which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared prime which is 2 X which
+expressed in this basis is just this ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in this basis is just this ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in this basis is just this ok
+that one was easy for the other one well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one was easy for the other one well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one was easy for the other one well
+we could call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could call
+QA w1 w2 w3 explicitly take their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QA w1 w2 w3 explicitly take their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QA w1 w2 w3 explicitly take their
+derivatives go back to the table and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives go back to the table and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives go back to the table and try
+to find and repeat the procedure that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find and repeat the procedure that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find and repeat the procedure that we
+did already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did already
+so expressing these derivatives in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so expressing these derivatives in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so expressing these derivatives in terms
+of w1 w2 w3 and that's a lot of work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w1 w2 w3 and that's a lot of work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w1 w2 w3 and that's a lot of work but
+we pretty much already did most of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pretty much already did most of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pretty much already did most of this
+work so we know how to take derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so we know how to take derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so we know how to take derivatives
+in this basis and we know how to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this basis and we know how to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this basis and we know how to go
+between these two bases so if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two bases so if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two bases so if we want to
+take a derivative of something written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a derivative of something written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a derivative of something written
+in the basis w1 w2 w3 well let's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write this something in bases 1x x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this something in bases 1x x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this something in bases 1x x
+squared then let's take a derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared then let's take a derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared then let's take a derivative of
+it and then let's write it back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then let's write it back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then let's write it back in the
+original basis that we want so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original basis that we want so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original basis that we want so it's
+multiplication of 3 matrices we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of 3 matrices we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of 3 matrices we have all
+three matrix multiplication is easy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three matrix multiplication is easy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three matrix multiplication is easy and
+my Oracle again says that this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Oracle again says that this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Oracle again says that this should be
+minus 3 over 2 2 minus 1 over 2 minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 over 2 2 minus 1 over 2 minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 over 2 2 minus 1 over 2 minus 1
+over 2 0 1 over 2 and 1 over 2 minus 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 0 1 over 2 and 1 over 2 minus 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 0 1 over 2 and 1 over 2 minus 2 3
+over 2 and that solves the problem now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 and that solves the problem now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 and that solves the problem now
+one thing that I would want to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that I would want to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that I would want to discuss
+in the end is how did you do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end is how did you do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end is how did you do with
+respect to my challenge which was let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to my challenge which was let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to my challenge which was let's
+try to do as much of it as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do as much of it as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do as much of it as possible
+without finding w1 w2 and w3 explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without finding w1 w2 and w3 explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without finding w1 w2 and w3 explicitly
+and it seems like we did really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems like we did really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems like we did really well
+there's nowhere on the board written W 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nowhere on the board written W 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nowhere on the board written W 1
+equals w2 equals and W 3 equals but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals w2 equals and W 3 equals but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals w2 equals and W 3 equals but is
+it really so it's not we calculated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really so it's not we calculated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really so it's not we calculated the
+matrix of a inverse here and what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of a inverse here and what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of a inverse here and what this
+really means is that W 1 W 2 and W 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really means is that W 1 W 2 and W 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really means is that W 1 W 2 and W 3
+written in the basis 1 X and x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the basis 1 X and x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the basis 1 X and x squared
+are as follows W 1 is minus 1/2 X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are as follows W 1 is minus 1/2 X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are as follows W 1 is minus 1/2 X plus
+1/2 x squared W 2 is 1 minus x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 x squared W 2 is 1 minus x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 x squared W 2 is 1 minus x squared
+and W 3 is 1/2 X plus 1/2 x squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and W 3 is 1/2 X plus 1/2 x squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and W 3 is 1/2 X plus 1/2 x squared so
+you can check your work with the help of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check your work with the help of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check your work with the help of
+this matrix in case you did find W 1 W 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix in case you did find W 1 W 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix in case you did find W 1 W 2
+and W 3 explicitly and that's all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and W 3 explicitly and that's all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and W 3 explicitly and that's all I
+wanted to say today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rNoeRFC17fQ.txt b/rNoeRFC17fQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0676ceaa09125df6a98ac03c8f49b71f380a86eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rNoeRFC17fQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1883 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+No one could figure out what a math lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No one could figure out what a math lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No one could figure out what a math lab
+was. Uh, isn't a laboratory have Erland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. Uh, isn't a laboratory have Erland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. Uh, isn't a laboratory have Erland
+Meyer flasks and things? Where are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meyer flasks and things? Where are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meyer flasks and things? Where are the
+flasks? Where's the equipment in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flasks? Where's the equipment in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flasks? Where's the equipment in a in
+mathematics? My contention is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics? My contention is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics? My contention is that this
+lab uh follows the scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method. Students take many courses. Most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method. Students take many courses. Most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method. Students take many courses. Most
+of them have a set syllabus. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have a set syllabus. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have a set syllabus. It's
+organized. It goes from a beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized. It goes from a beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized. It goes from a beginning
+through definitions and theorems to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through definitions and theorems to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through definitions and theorems to an
+end. They're asked to solve problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. They're asked to solve problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. They're asked to solve problems
+which are well posed and have a have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are well posed and have a have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are well posed and have a have an
+expected answer. This course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected answer. This course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected answer. This course is
+completely different because here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different because here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different because here the
+questions are not well posed. They have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are not well posed. They have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are not well posed. They have
+to decide what part of this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide what part of this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide what part of this question
+they're going to focus on. They have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to focus on. They have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to focus on. They have to
+decide where the exciting mathematics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide where the exciting mathematics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide where the exciting mathematics is
+going to be. It's actually very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be. It's actually very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be. It's actually very hard to
+get beyond the smooth outer shell of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get beyond the smooth outer shell of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get beyond the smooth outer shell of a
+problem. We rarely give ourselves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. We rarely give ourselves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. We rarely give ourselves a
+specific target and aim only at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific target and aim only at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific target and aim only at that
+target. It's very easy just to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target. It's very easy just to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target. It's very easy just to you know
+write down the statement of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the statement of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the statement of the problem
+and some equations that you know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some equations that you know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some equations that you know which
+are relevant and then just sit and stare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relevant and then just sit and stare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relevant and then just sit and stare
+at them for a while and think what next.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them for a while and think what next.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them for a while and think what next.
+We look at a general area and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We look at a general area and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We look at a general area and try to
+find the weak points, find the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the weak points, find the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the weak points, find the points
+that we can make progress in. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can make progress in. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can make progress in. There's a
+skill to turning something over in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill to turning something over in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill to turning something over in your
+head until you find the point of entry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head until you find the point of entry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head until you find the point of entry.
+And I think that's one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think that's one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think that's one of the things
+that the class is designed to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the class is designed to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the class is designed to teach
+here. We go through the scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We go through the scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We go through the scientific
+process. We look at some mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. We look at some mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. We look at some mathematical
+situation. We frame a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. We frame a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. We frame a
+hypothesis. Hypothesis might be called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis. Hypothesis might be called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis. Hypothesis might be called a
+conjecture in mathematics. And then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture in mathematics. And then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture in mathematics. And then we
+test the hypothesis. We test it by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the hypothesis. We test it by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the hypothesis. We test it by doing
+numerical experiments and so on. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical experiments and so on. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical experiments and so on. But the
+ultimate uh verification of a hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate uh verification of a hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate uh verification of a hypothesis
+is a proof. So this course is unique in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a proof. So this course is unique in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a proof. So this course is unique in
+that it doesn't have any syllabus per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't have any syllabus per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't have any syllabus per
+se. There's no body of material that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+se. There's no body of material that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+se. There's no body of material that I
+hope students will come away with. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope students will come away with. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope students will come away with. I
+hope they come away with an experience.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope they come away with an experience.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope they come away with an experience.
+I want them to have some sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want them to have some sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want them to have some sense of the
+frustration and the challenge and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustration and the challenge and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustration and the challenge and the
+excitement of doing mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement of doing mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement of doing mathematical
+research. I know a lot of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research. I know a lot of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research. I know a lot of people are
+terrified of doing it. You know, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrified of doing it. You know, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrified of doing it. You know, it's
+pretty much original research for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much original research for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much original research for most
+of these problems. Like you came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these problems. Like you came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these problems. Like you came up with
+this cool thing and you get to tell this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cool thing and you get to tell this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cool thing and you get to tell this
+whole group of interested people,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole group of interested people,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole group of interested people,
+sensibly interested people sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensibly interested people sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensibly interested people sort of what
+you did.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did.
+The involvement of the class is 27. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The involvement of the class is 27. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The involvement of the class is 27. So
+everything in the class is threes and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the class is threes and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the class is threes and we
+each get three groups of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each get three groups of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each get three groups of three
+undergrads each work on three projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrads each work on three projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrads each work on three projects
+over the course of the term. They will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the term. They will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the term. They will
+open the box uh do some experiments,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the box uh do some experiments,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the box uh do some experiments,
+maybe do some computer simulations,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe do some computer simulations,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe do some computer simulations,
+think about the question. Um maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the question. Um maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the question. Um maybe
+they'll do some literature search. After
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll do some literature search. After
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll do some literature search. After
+a few weeks, they have enough material.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few weeks, they have enough material.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few weeks, they have enough material.
+They start to write a paper. And then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They start to write a paper. And then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They start to write a paper. And then I
+ask them to come into my office here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them to come into my office here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them to come into my office here
+with their advisor and tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their advisor and tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their advisor and tell me what
+they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've
+discovered briefly, a 10-minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered briefly, a 10-minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered briefly, a 10-minute
+presentation of what they've discovered.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of what they've discovered.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of what they've discovered.
+And I have their first draft in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I have their first draft in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I have their first draft in front of
+me. I've read it. So, it gives me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. I've read it. So, it gives me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. I've read it. So, it gives me an
+opportunity and their adviser an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and their adviser an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and their adviser an
+opportunity to comment on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to comment on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to comment on the
+mathematics, make suggestions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics, make suggestions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics, make suggestions for
+directions they might go next, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions they might go next, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions they might go next, and
+comment on the writing, comment on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on the writing, comment on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on the writing, comment on the
+presentation. It's a small opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation. It's a small opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation. It's a small opportunity
+to make midcourse correction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make midcourse correction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make midcourse correction.
+Those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those
+debriefings I think are very valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debriefings I think are very valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debriefings I think are very valuable
+for a number of reasons. Being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of reasons. Being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of reasons. Being able to
+give feedback on the writing in person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give feedback on the writing in person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give feedback on the writing in person
+is valuable because when you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is valuable because when you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is valuable because when you give
+in-person feedback then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-person feedback then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-person feedback then you can
+emphasize what's most important. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize what's most important. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize what's most important. Then
+they give a presentation to the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give a presentation to the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give a presentation to the entire
+class, a lecture of the sort that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, a lecture of the sort that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, a lecture of the sort that you
+would see in a mathematical conference.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see in a mathematical conference.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see in a mathematical conference.
+Each of these projects is a three-week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each of these projects is a three-week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each of these projects is a three-week
+process for them in which they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for them in which they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for them in which they're
+supposed to learn about a new problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to learn about a new problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to learn about a new problem
+that's probably completely unfamiliar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably completely unfamiliar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably completely unfamiliar to
+them. Uh which involves learning some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Uh which involves learning some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Uh which involves learning some
+new math and then try and say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new math and then try and say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new math and then try and say something
+about the problem that is create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the problem that is create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the problem that is create
+something new. 3 weeks is a very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new. 3 weeks is a very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new. 3 weeks is a very short
+time to go about that process. Most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to go about that process. Most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to go about that process. Most
+mathematicians take at least a semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians take at least a semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians take at least a semester
+and they know something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they know something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they know something about the
+problem beforehand but sometimes many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem beforehand but sometimes many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem beforehand but sometimes many
+years. You're working on not only your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. You're working on not only your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. You're working on not only your
+analytic skills but your presentation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic skills but your presentation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic skills but your presentation,
+you know, communication skills. Um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, communication skills. Um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, communication skills. Um how
+do you connect with your audience? How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you connect with your audience? How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you connect with your audience? How
+do you explain a concept perhaps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you explain a concept perhaps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you explain a concept perhaps that
+some of our peers are not familiar with?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our peers are not familiar with?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our peers are not familiar with?
+What makes a good problem for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What makes a good problem for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What makes a good problem for this
+class? The best thing about a project is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class? The best thing about a project is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class? The best thing about a project is
+if it can go off in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it can go off in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it can go off in different
+directions. That's the way mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions. That's the way mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions. That's the way mathematical
+research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research
+works. Take a prime number like five or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. Take a prime number like five or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. Take a prime number like five or
+seven and look at its reciprocal. 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and look at its reciprocal. 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and look at its reciprocal. 1
+over3, 1 over five. If you expand it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over3, 1 over five. If you expand it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over3, 1 over five. If you expand it out
+as a decimal, uh, you're likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a decimal, uh, you're likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a decimal, uh, you're likely to
+notice some patterns. A fraction has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice some patterns. A fraction has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice some patterns. A fraction has a
+repeating decimal expansion. 1 over3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating decimal expansion. 1 over3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating decimal expansion. 1 over3 is
+333 repeating. The decimal expansion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+333 repeating. The decimal expansion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+333 repeating. The decimal expansion of
+11th is 0909.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th is 0909.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th is 0909.
+And sometimes you'll get longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And sometimes you'll get longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And sometimes you'll get longer
+repeating strings of numbers. How many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating strings of numbers. How many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating strings of numbers. How many
+digits are there before the decimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits are there before the decimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits are there before the decimal
+expansion repeats itself? Can you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion repeats itself? Can you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion repeats itself? Can you make
+any conjectures about that string of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any conjectures about that string of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any conjectures about that string of
+repeating numbers? If I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating numbers? If I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating numbers? If I give you a
+random prime, maybe a prime with 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random prime, maybe a prime with 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random prime, maybe a prime with 20
+digits in it, a big prime, some random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits in it, a big prime, some random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits in it, a big prime, some random
+prime, what's the likelihood that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime, what's the likelihood that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime, what's the likelihood that the
+decimal expansion of its reciprocal will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal expansion of its reciprocal will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal expansion of its reciprocal will
+have period exactly p minus one? And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have period exactly p minus one? And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have period exactly p minus one? And so
+the students take this open-ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students take this open-ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students take this open-ended
+question in whatever direction seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in whatever direction seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in whatever direction seems
+like it's likely to be fruitful to them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's likely to be fruitful to them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's likely to be fruitful to them.
+This is much closer to the experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is much closer to the experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is much closer to the experience of
+doing research in mathematics than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing research in mathematics than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing research in mathematics than
+anything they see in a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything they see in a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything they see in a standard
+class. In this course in particular, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. In this course in particular, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. In this course in particular, the
+students come from many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students come from many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students come from many different
+backgrounds with many different levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds with many different levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds with many different levels
+of preparation. Some teams will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of preparation. Some teams will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of preparation. Some teams will be very
+sophisticated, know a lot of higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated, know a lot of higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated, know a lot of higher
+mathematics and apply those tools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and apply those tools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and apply those tools to
+understand the math that they see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the math that they see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the math that they see that
+the regularities that they see in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regularities that they see in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regularities that they see in these
+projects. Some teams will take the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects. Some teams will take the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects. Some teams will take the same
+project but they won't have as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project but they won't have as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project but they won't have as much
+background. They may have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background. They may have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background. They may have a lot of
+computational skills and they'll do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational skills and they'll do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational skills and they'll do an
+extensive computer simulation and learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive computer simulation and learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive computer simulation and learn
+from that. Some teams won't be strong in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that. Some teams won't be strong in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that. Some teams won't be strong in
+either dimension and they'll find their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either dimension and they'll find their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either dimension and they'll find their
+own set of things to study in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own set of things to study in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own set of things to study in these
+projects. This is quite remarkable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects. This is quite remarkable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects. This is quite remarkable to
+look at what different student teams do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what different student teams do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what different student teams do
+to the same project and see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same project and see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same project and see the
+diversity of results that come out. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of results that come out. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of results that come out. It's
+very encouraging somehow that students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very encouraging somehow that students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very encouraging somehow that students
+of of many different levels and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of many different levels and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of many different levels and many
+different interests will find uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different interests will find uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different interests will find uh
+interesting and exciting things in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and exciting things in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and exciting things in these
+projects. Taking projects in your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects. Taking projects in your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects. Taking projects in your own
+direction is something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is something that we
+definitely learned how to do. I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely learned how to do. I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely learned how to do. I feel
+like there's infinite many directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's infinite many directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's infinite many directions
+you can go, but we have to know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go, but we have to know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go, but we have to know like
+what's a good ending point for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a good ending point for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a good ending point for each of
+them. how to kind of like just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. how to kind of like just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. how to kind of like just be
+confident in like whatever direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident in like whatever direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident in like whatever direction
+we're going is another thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going is another thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going is another thing that we
+learned.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned.
+So each semester this class is staffed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So each semester this class is staffed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So each semester this class is staffed
+with a professor, a posttock and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a professor, a posttock and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a professor, a posttock and a
+graduate student. This combination seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student. This combination seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student. This combination seems
+to work very well. Their role in this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work very well. Their role in this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work very well. Their role in this is
+to help students overcome obstacles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help students overcome obstacles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help students overcome obstacles that
+they might have. Help them understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might have. Help them understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might have. Help them understand
+what mathematical research is about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mathematical research is about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mathematical research is about.
+help them overcome the frustrations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them overcome the frustrations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them overcome the frustrations that
+go along with this and reassure them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along with this and reassure them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along with this and reassure them
+that the instructor has had the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the instructor has had the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the instructor has had the same
+experience himself that there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience himself that there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience himself that there can be
+weeks that go by when no visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks that go by when no visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks that go by when no visible
+progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress
+happens. It's important not to point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. It's important not to point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. It's important not to point the
+students too much in one direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students too much in one direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students too much in one direction
+because the whole point of the course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole point of the course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole point of the course is
+for students to discover mathematics on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for students to discover mathematics on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for students to discover mathematics on
+their own. In meeting with these groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own. In meeting with these groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own. In meeting with these groups
+of students, I think of it as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of students, I think of it as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of students, I think of it as like
+meeting with a graduate student. I sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting with a graduate student. I sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting with a graduate student. I sit
+and think as clearly as I can about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think as clearly as I can about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think as clearly as I can about the
+problem that they're working on. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that they're working on. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that they're working on. I'm
+honest about it. I don't uh pretend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest about it. I don't uh pretend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest about it. I don't uh pretend to
+be dumber than I am. I do what I can to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dumber than I am. I do what I can to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dumber than I am. I do what I can to
+help them. So being sincere about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them. So being sincere about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them. So being sincere about
+helping them to make progress is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping them to make progress is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping them to make progress is part of
+the game. There's a very subtle thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game. There's a very subtle thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game. There's a very subtle thing
+that the people leading the course have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the people leading the course have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the people leading the course have
+to do. They have to be both encouraging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. They have to be both encouraging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. They have to be both encouraging
+and avoid blind alleys but also let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and avoid blind alleys but also let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and avoid blind alleys but also let the
+students find their own way. I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students find their own way. I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students find their own way. I would
+love to see this style of mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to see this style of mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to see this style of mathematics
+subject flourish and grow across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject flourish and grow across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject flourish and grow across the
+country because I think that it fills a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country because I think that it fills a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country because I think that it fills a
+need. So often our students see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need. So often our students see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need. So often our students see
+mathematics as something which is cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics as something which is cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics as something which is cut
+and dried and it seems like it was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dried and it seems like it was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dried and it seems like it was all
+done long ago and this is the one course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done long ago and this is the one course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done long ago and this is the one course
+where our students see mathematics as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where our students see mathematics as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where our students see mathematics as a
+living thing that they can contribute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living thing that they can contribute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living thing that they can contribute to
+and they really understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they really understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they really understand how
+mathematics evolves. This is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics evolves. This is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics evolves. This is a great
+class and it's so much fun watching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and it's so much fun watching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and it's so much fun watching the
+students learn and improve and play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students learn and improve and play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students learn and improve and play with
+the math and present it to each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math and present it to each other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math and present it to each other.
+It's a great class. It's my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a great class. It's my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a great class. It's my favorite
+course to teach. You get to engage with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to teach. You get to engage with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to teach. You get to engage with
+students really closely. You get to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students really closely. You get to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students really closely. You get to know
+them well and see them change and grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well and see them change and grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well and see them change and grow
+in the course of the semester. I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course of the semester. I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course of the semester. I hope
+that they take away something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they take away something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they take away something
+um of the flavor of doing math research.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the flavor of doing math research.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the flavor of doing math research.
+Once you feel you've made a worthwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once you feel you've made a worthwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once you feel you've made a worthwhile
+insight, you become more dedicated. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight, you become more dedicated. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight, you become more dedicated. It's
+like this is what I do now. This course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is what I do now. This course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is what I do now. This course
+is unlike any other course that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unlike any other course that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unlike any other course that these
+students have ever seen uh because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have ever seen uh because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have ever seen uh because it's
+so uh the the goals are so experiential.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the the goals are so experiential.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the the goals are so experiential.
+Uh and so uh one student said, "This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and so uh one student said, "This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and so uh one student said, "This
+course is kind of strange, but it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is kind of strange, but it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is kind of strange, but it comes
+together and it works.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rUqqquitfMQ.txt b/rUqqquitfMQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7590fee46d08204b8e0dcddb613f8a733131b07a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rUqqquitfMQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5507 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+today I'm going to talk about human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm going to talk about human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm going to talk about human
+robot collaboration how can we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot collaboration how can we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot collaboration how can we make
+robots that can work together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots that can work together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots that can work together with
+people just as if they were another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just as if they were another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just as if they were another
+person and try to achieve this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and try to achieve this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and try to achieve this kind of
+fluid dynamic that people have when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid dynamic that people have when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid dynamic that people have when they
+were together these are my human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were together these are my human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were together these are my human
+collaborators this work is done by a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborators this work is done by a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborators this work is done by a lot
+of clever students and postdocs so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clever students and postdocs so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clever students and postdocs so we're
+a really exciting exciting time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really exciting exciting time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really exciting exciting time in
+robotics because robots are becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics because robots are becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics because robots are becoming
+more and more capable and they're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more capable and they're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more capable and they're able
+to operate in unstructured environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to operate in unstructured environments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to operate in unstructured environments
+Ross gave a great talk about Atlas doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ross gave a great talk about Atlas doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ross gave a great talk about Atlas doing
+things like driving a car and opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like driving a car and opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like driving a car and opening
+doors this is another robot that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors this is another robot that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors this is another robot that I've
+worked with the robotic forklift it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with the robotic forklift it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with the robotic forklift it can
+drive around autonomously in warehouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive around autonomously in warehouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive around autonomously in warehouse
+environments it can detect where pallets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments it can detect where pallets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments it can detect where pallets
+are track people pick things up put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are track people pick things up put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are track people pick things up put
+things down and it's designed to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things down and it's designed to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things down and it's designed to do this
+in collaboration with people who also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in collaboration with people who also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in collaboration with people who also
+share the environment there's robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the environment there's robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the environment there's robots
+that can assemble IKEA furniture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can assemble IKEA furniture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can assemble IKEA furniture this
+was Ross nipper and Daniella ruse at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Ross nipper and Daniella ruse at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Ross nipper and Daniella ruse at MIT
+the I worked with to do this so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I worked with to do this so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I worked with to do this so they
+made this team of robots I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this team of robots I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this team of robots I can
+autonomously assemble tables and chairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomously assemble tables and chairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomously assemble tables and chairs
+that are produced by IKEA and what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are produced by IKEA and what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are produced by IKEA and what would
+be nice is if people can work with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice is if people can work with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice is if people can work with these
+robots sometimes they encounter failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots sometimes they encounter failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots sometimes they encounter failures
+and the person might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the person might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the person might be able to
+intervene in a way that enables the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene in a way that enables the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene in a way that enables the
+robot to recover from failure and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot to recover from failure and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot to recover from failure and kind
+of the dream is robots that operate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dream is robots that operate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dream is robots that operate in
+household environments so this is my son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household environments so this is my son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household environments so this is my son
+when he was I think was about nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was I think was about nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was I think was about nine
+months old when we shot this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months old when we shot this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months old when we shot this picture
+with the pr2 you really like to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pr2 you really like to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pr2 you really like to imagine
+a robot rows you the robot from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a robot rows you the robot from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a robot rows you the robot from the
+Jetsons it lives in your house with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jetsons it lives in your house with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jetsons it lives in your house with you
+and helps you in all kinds of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helps you in all kinds of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helps you in all kinds of ways
+anything from doing the laundry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from doing the laundry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from doing the laundry to
+cleaning up your room emptying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning up your room emptying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning up your room emptying the
+dishwasher helping you cook even this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dishwasher helping you cook even this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dishwasher helping you cook even this
+could have applications for people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have applications for people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have applications for people in
+all aspects of life elders people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all aspects of life elders people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all aspects of life elders people who
+are disabled or even people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are disabled or even people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are disabled or even people who are
+really busy and don't feel like doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really busy and don't feel like doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really busy and don't feel like doing
+all those quarters in their house so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those quarters in their house so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those quarters in their house so
+Mike the aim of my research program is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike the aim of my research program is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike the aim of my research program is
+to enable humans and robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enable humans and robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enable humans and robots
+to collaborate together on complex tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collaborate together on complex tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collaborate together on complex tasks
+and I'm going to talk about it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to talk about it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to talk about it sort of
+the three big problems that I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three big problems that I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three big problems that I think we
+need to solve to make this happen so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve to make this happen so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve to make this happen so the
+first problem is that you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first problem is that you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first problem is that you need to be
+able to have a robot that can robustly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have a robot that can robustly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have a robot that can robustly
+perform actions in real-world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform actions in real-world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform actions in real-world
+environments and we're seeing more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments and we're seeing more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments and we're seeing more and
+more progress in this area but this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more progress in this area but this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more progress in this area but this if
+you the house is kind of like this grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the house is kind of like this grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the house is kind of like this grand
+challenge and no John was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge and no John was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge and no John was talking about
+honey all these edge cases so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honey all these edge cases so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honey all these edge cases so I'm going
+to talk about an approach that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about an approach that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about an approach that we're
+taking to try to increase the robustness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking to try to increase the robustness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking to try to increase the robustness
+and also the diversity of actions that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the diversity of actions that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the diversity of actions that a
+robot can take in a real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot can take in a real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot can take in a real world
+environment by taking an instance based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment by taking an instance based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment by taking an instance based
+approach next you need robots that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach next you need robots that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach next you need robots that can
+carry out complex sequences of actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out complex sequences of actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out complex sequences of actions
+so they need to be able to plan in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they need to be able to plan in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they need to be able to plan in
+really really large combinatorial state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really large combinatorial state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really large combinatorial state
+action spaces there might be hundreds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action spaces there might be hundreds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action spaces there might be hundreds or
+thousands of objects in a home that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of objects in a home that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of objects in a home that a
+robot might need to manipulate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot might need to manipulate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot might need to manipulate and
+depending on whether the person is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether the person is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether the person is doing
+laundry are they cooking broccoli or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundry are they cooking broccoli or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundry are they cooking broccoli or are
+they making dessert you know the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they making dessert you know the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they making dessert you know the set of
+objects that are relevant that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that are relevant that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that are relevant that are
+useful that the robot needs to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful that the robot needs to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful that the robot needs to worry
+about in order to help the person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in order to help the person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in order to help the person is
+wildly different so we need new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wildly different so we need new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wildly different so we need new
+algorithms for planning in this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms for planning in this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms for planning in this really
+large state action space and finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large state action space and finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large state action space and finally the
+robot needs to be able to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot needs to be able to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot needs to be able to figure out
+what people wants in the first place so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people wants in the first place so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people wants in the first place so
+people communicate using language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people communicate using language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people communicate using language
+gesture but also just by walking around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture but also just by walking around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture but also just by walking around
+the environment and and doing things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment and and doing things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment and and doing things you
+can infer something about what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can infer something about what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can infer something about what their
+intentions are and critically when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentions are and critically when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentions are and critically when
+people communicate with other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people communicate with other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people communicate with other people
+it's not an open-loop kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an open-loop kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an open-loop kind of
+communication it's not like you send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication it's not like you send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication it's not like you send a
+message and then close your eyes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and then close your eyes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and then close your eyes and
+hope for the best people when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for the best people when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for the best people when they're
+talking with other people engage in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with other people engage in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with other people engage in a
+closed-loop dialogue there's feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed-loop dialogue there's feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed-loop dialogue there's feedback
+going on in both directions that acts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in both directions that acts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in both directions that acts to
+detect and reduce errors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect and reduce errors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect and reduce errors in the
+communication and this is a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and this is a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and this is a critical
+thing for robots to exploit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for robots to exploit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for robots to exploit because
+robots have a lot more problems than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots have a lot more problems than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots have a lot more problems than
+people do in terms of perceiving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do in terms of perceiving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do in terms of perceiving the
+environments and acting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments and acting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments and acting in the
+environment so it's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so it's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so it's really important
+that we establish some kind of feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we establish some kind of feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we establish some kind of feedback
+loop between the human and the robot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop between the human and the robot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop between the human and the robot so
+that the robot can infer what the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the robot can infer what the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the robot can infer what the person
+wants and carry out helpful actions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants and carry out helpful actions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants and carry out helpful actions so
+the three parts of the talk are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three parts of the talk are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three parts of the talk are going to
+be about each of these three things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about each of these three things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about each of these three things so
+this is my dad's pantry in a home and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my dad's pantry in a home and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my dad's pantry in a home and
+it's you know kind of like John's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know kind of like John's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know kind of like John's
+pictures of the Google car you know most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of the Google car you know most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of the Google car you know most
+robots can't pick up most objects most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots can't pick up most objects most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots can't pick up most objects most
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+time it's really hard to imagine a robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's really hard to imagine a robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's really hard to imagine a robot
+doing anything with a scene like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything with a scene like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything with a scene like this
+one there was just the Amazon picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there was just the Amazon picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there was just the Amazon picking
+challenge and the team that won used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge and the team that won used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge and the team that won used a
+vacuum cleaner not a gripper to pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum cleaner not a gripper to pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum cleaner not a gripper to pick up
+the objects they literally sucked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects they literally sucked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects they literally sucked the
+the things up in the in the gripper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things up in the in the gripper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things up in the in the gripper and
+you know turn the vacuum cleaner off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know turn the vacuum cleaner off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know turn the vacuum cleaner off to
+put things down and this in the Amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put things down and this in the Amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put things down and this in the Amazon
+this is the Amazon challenge had much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Amazon challenge had much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Amazon challenge had much
+much sparser stuff on the shelves you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much sparser stuff on the shelves you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much sparser stuff on the shelves you
+know we'd really like to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'd really like to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'd really like to be able to do
+things like this and the vision and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this and the vision and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this and the vision and what
+we're doing now I'm really gonna focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing now I'm really gonna focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing now I'm really gonna focus
+on a sub-problem which is object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a sub-problem which is object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a sub-problem which is object
+delivery so from my perspective I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery so from my perspective I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery so from my perspective I think
+a really important core sort of baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really important core sort of baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really important core sort of baseline
+capability for a manipulator robot is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability for a manipulator robot is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability for a manipulator robot is to
+be able to pick something up and move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to pick something up and move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to pick something up and move it
+somewhere else we'd obviously love a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else we'd obviously love a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else we'd obviously love a lot
+more things Ross was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more things Ross was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more things Ross was talking about
+buttoning shirts in the car you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttoning shirts in the car you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttoning shirts in the car you know and
+you can you can go on you know all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can go on you know all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can go on you know all the
+things you might want your robot to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you might want your robot to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you might want your robot to do
+but at least we'd like to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least we'd like to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least we'd like to be able to do
+picking place pick it up and put it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking place pick it up and put it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking place pick it up and put it down
+so maybe you're in a factory delivering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you're in a factory delivering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you're in a factory delivering
+tools or maybe you're in the kitchen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools or maybe you're in the kitchen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools or maybe you're in the kitchen
+delivering stuff like ingredients or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering stuff like ingredients or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering stuff like ingredients or
+cooking utensils so to do pick in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking utensils so to do pick in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking utensils so to do pick in place
+in response to natural language commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to natural language commands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to natural language commands
+so let's say hand me the knife or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say hand me the knife or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say hand me the knife or
+something you need to know a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you need to know a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you need to know a few things
+about the object first of all you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the object first of all you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the object first of all you need
+to be able to know what it is if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to know what it is if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to know what it is if they
+said hand me the ruler you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hand me the ruler you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hand me the ruler you need to be
+able to know whether or not this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to know whether or not this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to know whether or not this object
+is a ruler so some kind of label that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ruler so some kind of label that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ruler so some kind of label that
+can hook up to some kind of language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hook up to some kind of language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hook up to some kind of language
+model second you have to be you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model second you have to be you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model second you have to be you have to
+know where the object is in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the object is in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the object is in the world
+because you're gonna actually move your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're gonna actually move your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're gonna actually move your
+gripper through during your object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gripper through during your object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gripper through during your object and
+yourself through 3d space in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself through 3d space in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself through 3d space in order to
+find that object so here I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that object so here I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that object so here I'm going to
+highlight the pixels of the address but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the pixels of the address but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the pixels of the address but
+you have to register those pixels into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to register those pixels into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to register those pixels into
+some kind of coordinate system that lets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of coordinate system that lets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of coordinate system that lets
+you move your gripper over to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move your gripper over to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move your gripper over to that
+object and then third you have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then third you have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then third you have to know
+where on that object are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where on that object are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where on that object are you going to
+put your gripper so in the case of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your gripper so in the case of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your gripper so in the case of this
+ruler it's pretty heavy and it's got its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler it's pretty heavy and it's got its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler it's pretty heavy and it's got its
+this funny shape that doesn't have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this funny shape that doesn't have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this funny shape that doesn't have very
+good friction so for our robot the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good friction so for our robot the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good friction so for our robot the best
+place to pick it up is in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to pick it up is in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to pick it up is in the middle of
+the object and there might be more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object and there might be more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object and there might be more than
+one good place and and you know it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good place and and you know it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good place and and you know it might
+depend on the gripper and what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the gripper and what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the gripper and what you know
+different objects might have complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different objects might have complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different objects might have complex
+things going on the change where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on the change where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on the change where the
+right place is to pick it up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right place is to pick it up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right place is to pick it up so
+conventional approaches to this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional approaches to this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional approaches to this problem
+of following the two general categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of following the two general categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of following the two general categories
+the first category the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first category the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first category the
+the first a sort of high-level approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first a sort of high-level approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first a sort of high-level approach
+is what I'm gonna call category based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I'm gonna call category based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I'm gonna call category based
+grasping this is the dream so the dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasping this is the dream so the dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasping this is the dream so the dream
+is that you walk up to your robot you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you walk up to your robot you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you walk up to your robot you
+handed an object that you've never that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed an object that you've never that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed an object that you've never that
+it's never seen before and the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never seen before and the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never seen before and the robot
+infers all three of those things what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infers all three of those things what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infers all three of those things what it
+is where it is and where to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where it is and where to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where it is and where to put the
+gripper and there's been and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gripper and there's been and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gripper and there's been and there's a
+line of work that does it so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of work that does it so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of work that does it so this is one
+paper from assets are sexina and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper from assets are sexina and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper from assets are sexina and there's
+that there's a bunch of others the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a bunch of others the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a bunch of others the
+problem is that it doesn't work well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that it doesn't work well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that it doesn't work well
+enough we are not at the accuracy rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough we are not at the accuracy rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough we are not at the accuracy rates
+that sort of John was was alluding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of John was was alluding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of John was was alluding to
+that we need for driving so that so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need for driving so that so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need for driving so that so in
+Ashutosh is paper I think they got 70 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ashutosh is paper I think they got 70 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ashutosh is paper I think they got 70 or
+80 percent pick success rate on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 percent pick success rate on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 percent pick success rate on their
+particular test set at doing category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular test set at doing category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular test set at doing category
+based grasping and you're gonna I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based grasping and you're gonna I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based grasping and you're gonna I think
+that you're going to have to expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to have to expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to have to expect that
+to fall if you actually give it a wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fall if you actually give it a wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fall if you actually give it a wider
+way of applix and the home and even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of applix and the home and even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of applix and the home and even if
+it doesn't fall 80 percent it means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't fall 80 percent it means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't fall 80 percent it means it's
+dropping things it's 20 percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping things it's 20 percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping things it's 20 percent of the
+time and that's not so good the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and that's not so good the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and that's not so good the second
+approach is instance based craft Springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is instance based craft Springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is instance based craft Springs
+so I was talking to Eric's uttereth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was talking to Eric's uttereth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was talking to Eric's uttereth in
+my department who does machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my department who does machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my department who does machine learning
+and he said instant recognition is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said instant recognition is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said instant recognition is a
+solved problem in computer vision so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved problem in computer vision so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved problem in computer vision so
+instant recognition is I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant recognition is I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant recognition is I give you a
+training set of the slide flipper of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set of the slide flipper of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set of the slide flipper of
+lots of images of it and then your job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of images of it and then your job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of images of it and then your job
+given a new picture is to say it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a new picture is to say it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a new picture is to say it's the
+draw a little box around the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a little box around the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a little box around the slide
+flipper this is considered a solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipper this is considered a solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipper this is considered a solved
+problem in computer vision there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in computer vision there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in computer vision there's a
+data set and corpus and the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set and corpus and the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set and corpus and the performance
+maxed out and people have stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxed out and people have stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxed out and people have stopped
+working on it and a lot of the work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it and a lot of the work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it and a lot of the work in
+robotics uses this kind of approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics uses this kind of approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics uses this kind of approach
+rushman we're talking about you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rushman we're talking about you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rushman we're talking about you have
+some kind of geometric model that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of geometric model that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of geometric model that's the
+instance based model these models can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance based model these models can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance based model these models can
+take a lot of different forms they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a lot of different forms they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a lot of different forms they could
+be an image or a 3d model or whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an image or a 3d model or whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an image or a 3d model or whatever it
+is the problem is where do you get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the problem is where do you get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the problem is where do you get that
+model so if I am in my house and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so if I am in my house and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so if I am in my house and there
+is you know thousands of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know thousands of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know thousands of different
+objects you're not going to have the 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects you're not going to have the 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects you're not going to have the 3d
+model most likely for the object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model most likely for the object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model most likely for the object that
+you want to pick up right now for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to pick up right now for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to pick up right now for the
+person so there's this sort of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so there's this sort of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so there's this sort of data
+graph but they if you do have the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but they if you do have the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but they if you do have the model
+it can be really really accurate because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be really really accurate because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be really really accurate because
+you can know a lot about the object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can know a lot about the object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can know a lot about the object that
+you're trying to pick up so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to pick up so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to pick up so the
+contribution of our approach is to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of our approach is to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of our approach is to try
+to bridge these two by enabling a robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bridge these two by enabling a robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bridge these two by enabling a robot
+to take to get the accuracy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take to get the accuracy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take to get the accuracy of the
+instance based approach by autonomously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance based approach by autonomously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance based approach by autonomously
+collecting its own data that it needs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting its own data that it needs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting its own data that it needs in
+order to robustly manipulate objects so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to robustly manipulate objects so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to robustly manipulate objects so
+we're going to get the accuracy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get the accuracy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get the accuracy of
+instance based approach and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance based approach and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance based approach and the
+generality of category at the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality of category at the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality of category at the cost of
+rope not human time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope not human time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope not human time but
+robot time to build this model so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot time to build this model so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot time to build this model so here's
+what it looks like on our Baxter it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like on our Baxter it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like on our Baxter it's
+it's gonna make a point cloud this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna make a point cloud this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna make a point cloud this is
+showing a a kind of it's got a one pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing a a kind of it's got a one pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing a a kind of it's got a one pixel
+connect and it's in its gripper so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect and it's in its gripper so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect and it's in its gripper so
+you're seeing it doing a sort of raster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing it doing a sort of raster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing it doing a sort of raster
+scan is to sped up to get a point cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan is to sped up to get a point cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan is to sped up to get a point cloud
+now it's taking images of the object so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's taking images of the object so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's taking images of the object so
+it's got an RGB camera and it's wrist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got an RGB camera and it's wrist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got an RGB camera and it's wrist
+it's taking pictures of the object from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's taking pictures of the object from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's taking pictures of the object from
+lots of different perspectives so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different perspectives so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different perspectives so the
+data looks like this we segment out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data looks like this we segment out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data looks like this we segment out the
+object from the background you get lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object from the background you get lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object from the background you get lots
+and lots and lots of images you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots and lots of images you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots and lots of images you do
+completely standard computer vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely standard computer vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely standard computer vision
+stuff sift and Cainan to make a detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff sift and Cainan to make a detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff sift and Cainan to make a detector
+out of this data you can get a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this data you can get a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this data you can get a point
+cloud this is what the point cloud looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud this is what the point cloud looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud this is what the point cloud looks
+like at one centimeter resolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at one centimeter resolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at one centimeter resolution and
+after we do this we're able to pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we do this we're able to pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we do this we're able to pick up
+lots of stuff so this is showing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of stuff so this is showing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of stuff so this is showing our
+robot these two objects localizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot these two objects localizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot these two objects localizing the
+object and picking things up gonna pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and picking things up gonna pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and picking things up gonna pick
+up the egg and that's an practice epipen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the egg and that's an practice epipen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the egg and that's an practice epipen
+there's a little shake to make sure it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little shake to make sure it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little shake to make sure it's
+got a good grasp now this works on a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a good grasp now this works on a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a good grasp now this works on a lot
+of objects so let's see how it does on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects so let's see how it does on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects so let's see how it does on
+the ruler so the way that the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ruler so the way that the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ruler so the way that the system is
+working is it's using the point cloud to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working is it's using the point cloud to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working is it's using the point cloud to
+infer where to grasp the object but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer where to grasp the object but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer where to grasp the object but we
+don't really have a model of physics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have a model of physics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have a model of physics or
+friction or slippage so it infers a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction or slippage so it infers a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction or slippage so it infers a
+grasp near the end because it fits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp near the end because it fits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp near the end because it fits in
+the gripper it kind of looks like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gripper it kind of looks like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gripper it kind of looks like it's
+going to work and it does fit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work and it does fit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work and it does fit in the
+gripper but when we go and do that shake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gripper but when we go and do that shake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gripper but when we go and do that shake
+what's gonna happen is it's gonna pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's gonna happen is it's gonna pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's gonna happen is it's gonna pop
+right out of the gripper because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out of the gripper because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out of the gripper because it's
+it's got this both of little friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got this both of little friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got this both of little friction
+there goes and and falls out so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there goes and and falls out so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there goes and and falls out so that's
+bad right we don't really like it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad right we don't really like it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad right we don't really like it when
+our robots drop things so so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our robots drop things so so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our robots drop things so so before
+training what happens is it falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training what happens is it falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training what happens is it falls
+either gripper in the case of the ruler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either gripper in the case of the ruler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either gripper in the case of the ruler
+there's sort of physics going on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of physics going on right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of physics going on right
+things are slipping out and maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are slipping out and maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are slipping out and maybe we
+should be doing physical reasoning or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be doing physical reasoning or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be doing physical reasoning or I
+think we should be doing it as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we should be doing it as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we should be doing it as good
+maybe about that but we're not doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe about that but we're not doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe about that but we're not doing it
+right now and there's lots of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and there's lots of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and there's lots of reasons
+things could fail so another problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could fail so another problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could fail so another problematic
+objects this is one of those salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects this is one of those salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects this is one of those salt
+shakers it's got black handles are great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shakers it's got black handles are great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shakers it's got black handles are great
+for our robot to pick up but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our robot to pick up but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our robot to pick up but they're
+black so they absorb the IR light so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black so they absorb the IR light so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black so they absorb the IR light so we
+can't see them so we can't figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see them so we can't figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see them so we can't figure out
+that we're supposed to grab there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're supposed to grab there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're supposed to grab there that
+round bulb looks awesome it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round bulb looks awesome it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round bulb looks awesome it's
+transparent though so you get all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent though so you get all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent though so you get all these
+weird and reflection so the robot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird and reflection so the robot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird and reflection so the robot so
+there are inference algorithm is like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are inference algorithm is like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are inference algorithm is like oh
+that ball that's what we should pick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ball that's what we should pick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ball that's what we should pick it
+up it doesn't fit in the gripper so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it doesn't fit in the gripper so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it doesn't fit in the gripper so
+it'll very often slip out of the grip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll very often slip out of the grip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll very often slip out of the grip
+so what our approach to to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what our approach to to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what our approach to to solve this
+problem is is we're going to let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is is we're going to let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is is we're going to let the
+robot practice so we have I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot practice so we have I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot practice so we have I'm not going
+to go through the algorithm but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through the algorithm but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through the algorithm but we have
+this and iron bandit algorithm that tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and iron bandit algorithm that tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and iron bandit algorithm that tell
+lets systematically decide where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets systematically decide where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets systematically decide where we
+should pick objects up you can give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should pick objects up you can give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should pick objects up you can give it a
+prior on where you think good graphs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior on where you think good graphs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior on where you think good graphs are
+and you can use whatever information you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use whatever information you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use whatever information you
+want in that prior and you know if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in that prior and you know if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in that prior and you know if if
+the prior was perfect this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prior was perfect this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prior was perfect this would be
+boring it would just all it would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring it would just all it would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring it would just all it would just
+work the first time and like would go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the first time and like would go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the first time and like would go on
+but if the prior is wrong for any reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the prior is wrong for any reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the prior is wrong for any reason
+the robot will be able detect it and fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot will be able detect it and fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot will be able detect it and fix
+things up and learn where the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up and learn where the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up and learn where the most
+reliable places are to pick up those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable places are to pick up those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable places are to pick up those
+objects so here's an example of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so here's an example of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so here's an example of what
+happens when we use this algorithm we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we use this algorithm we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we use this algorithm we
+practice picking up the ruler I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice picking up the ruler I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice picking up the ruler I forget
+how many times I had a maybe 20 on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many times I had a maybe 20 on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many times I had a maybe 20 on this
+particular object one of the risks on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular object one of the risks on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular object one of the risks on
+the algorithm is we type is it decides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm is we type is it decides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm is we type is it decides
+when to stop so we go maximum 50 picks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when to stop so we go maximum 50 picks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when to stop so we go maximum 50 picks
+but we might stop after three if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we might stop after three if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we might stop after three if all
+three of them work so that you can go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them work so that you can go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them work so that you can go on
+to the next object to Train so here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next object to Train so here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next object to Train so here it
+picks it up in the middle and does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks it up in the middle and does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks it up in the middle and does a
+nice shake okay so what we're doing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice shake okay so what we're doing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice shake okay so what we're doing now
+is scaling up this whole thing so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is scaling up this whole thing so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is scaling up this whole thing so this
+is showing our robot practicing on lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is showing our robot practicing on lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is showing our robot practicing on lots
+and lots of different objects a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of different objects a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of different objects a lot of
+them are toys my son likes to watch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are toys my son likes to watch this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are toys my son likes to watch this
+video because he likes to see the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video because he likes to see the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video because he likes to see the robot
+playing with all of his toys and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with all of his toys and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with all of his toys and I think
+plane is actually I mean it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is actually I mean it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is actually I mean it's one of
+those loaded cognitive science words but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those loaded cognitive science words but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those loaded cognitive science words but
+I think that's that's an interesting way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's that's an interesting way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's that's an interesting way
+to think about what the robots actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what the robots actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what the robots actually
+doing right now it's doing little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing right now it's doing little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing right now it's doing little
+experiments trying to pick up these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments trying to pick up these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments trying to pick up these
+objects in different places and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in different places and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in different places and
+recording where it works and where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording where it works and where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording where it works and where it
+doesn't work so this is sort of showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work so this is sort of showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work so this is sort of showing
+sixteen thirty to one in each hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixteen thirty to one in each hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixteen thirty to one in each hand
+objects being done in our initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects being done in our initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects being done in our initial
+evaluation and at the end of this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation and at the end of this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation and at the end of this we
+would it basically it works so at the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it basically it works so at the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it basically it works so at the at
+four this is sort of all the objects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four this is sort of all the objects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four this is sort of all the objects in
+our in our test set and before learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our in our test set and before learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our in our test set and before learning
+we were able to do with with the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to do with with the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to do with with the sort of
+proposal system which uses the steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal system which uses the steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal system which uses the steps
+information we get about 50 percent pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we get about 50 percent pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we get about 50 percent pick
+success rate after learning and we go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success rate after learning and we go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success rate after learning and we go up
+to 75 percent on the other really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 75 percent on the other really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 75 percent on the other really cool
+thing is that this is this is a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that this is this is a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that this is this is a sort of
+bimodal distribution so it doesn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bimodal distribution so it doesn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bimodal distribution so it doesn't say
+75 percent is like the this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 percent is like the this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 percent is like the this is what
+you're going to get a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get a lot of these
+objects worked eight nine out of ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects worked eight nine out of ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects worked eight nine out of ten
+ten to ten times it goes from worst to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten to ten times it goes from worst to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten to ten times it goes from worst to
+best so the good stuff is all over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best so the good stuff is all over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best so the good stuff is all over there
+and the hard stuff is all over there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hard stuff is all over there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hard stuff is all over there a
+lot of other objects were really hard so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other objects were really hard so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other objects were really hard so
+that garlic press I think we picked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that garlic press I think we picked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that garlic press I think we picked it
+up one time it's really really heavy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up one time it's really really heavy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up one time it's really really heavy so
+it slips out a lot the gyro bowl thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it slips out a lot the gyro bowl thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it slips out a lot the gyro bowl thing
+and it has a lot of reflection so we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a lot of reflection so we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a lot of reflection so we had
+trouble localizing it accurately so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble localizing it accurately so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble localizing it accurately so we
+picked it up very few times I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked it up very few times I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked it up very few times I think
+everything from about the EpiPen over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from about the EpiPen over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from about the EpiPen over
+was eight out of ten or better so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was eight out of ten or better so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was eight out of ten or better so not
+only you know so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only you know so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only you know so there's a lot of
+objects that we can pick up and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that we can pick up and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that we can pick up and we can
+know which ones we can pick up and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which ones we can pick up and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which ones we can pick up and which
+ones we can we are right now take taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we can we are right now take taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we can we are right now take taking
+an aggressively instance-based approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aggressively instance-based approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aggressively instance-based approach
+and the reason that we're doing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that we're doing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that we're doing that is
+I think it's there's something magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's there's something magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's there's something magic
+when the robot actually picks something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the robot actually picks something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the robot actually picks something
+up so what I was so where I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so what I was so where I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so what I was so where I wanted to
+start is let's cheat and every way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start is let's cheat and every way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start is let's cheat and every way we
+can let's completely make a model that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can let's completely make a model that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can let's completely make a model that's
+totally specific to this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally specific to this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally specific to this particular
+object but the next steps that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but the next steps that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but the next steps that we're
+doing is to try to scale up this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is to try to scale up this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is to try to scale up this whole
+thing and then start to think about more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then start to think about more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then start to think about more
+general models to sort of go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general models to sort of go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general models to sort of go back to
+that dream of category based recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dream of category based recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dream of category based recognition
+so if you look at computer vision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at computer vision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at computer vision and
+success stories one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success stories one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success stories one of the things that
+makes a lot of the sort of algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a lot of the sort of algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a lot of the sort of algorithm
+successful is datasets and the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful is datasets and the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful is datasets and the size of
+those data sets is immense a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data sets is immense a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data sets is immense a lot of the
+computer vision dataset toko DB from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer vision dataset toko DB from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer vision dataset toko DB from
+Microsoft have millions of images which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft have millions of images which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft have millions of images which
+are labeled with where the object is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are labeled with where the object is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are labeled with where the object is but
+most of those images are taken by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of those images are taken by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of those images are taken by a
+human photographer right on your cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human photographer right on your cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human photographer right on your cell
+phone or uploaded to Flickr or wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone or uploaded to Flickr or wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone or uploaded to Flickr or wherever
+they got them they're not and you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got them they're not and you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got them they're not and you get to
+see each object once maybe you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see each object once maybe you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see each object once maybe you see it
+twice more in perspective that a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice more in perspective that a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice more in perspective that a human
+carefully chose you don't get to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully chose you don't get to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully chose you don't get to play
+with it you don't get to manipulate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it you don't get to manipulate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it you don't get to manipulate it
+in robotics the there's some datasets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in robotics the there's some datasets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in robotics the there's some datasets of
+object instances the largest ones have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object instances the largest ones have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object instances the largest ones have a
+few hundred of objects so computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few hundred of objects so computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few hundred of objects so computer
+vision people that I've talked to who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision people that I've talked to who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision people that I've talked to who
+think this is like they laugh at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is like they laugh at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is like they laugh at it
+because it's just so much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just so much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just so much smaller
+compared to the data sets that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the data sets that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the data sets that you're
+that we're working with I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're working with I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're working with I think it's
+also so much smaller than what a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so much smaller than what a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so much smaller than what a human
+child gets to put to to play with over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child gets to put to to play with over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child gets to put to to play with over
+the course of going from zero to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of going from zero to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of going from zero to two
+years old which is I guess my son became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old which is I guess my son became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old which is I guess my son became
+a mobile manipulator around one and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mobile manipulator around one and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mobile manipulator around one and a
+half or so and I'm not sure exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half or so and I'm not sure exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half or so and I'm not sure exactly one
+so one of my goals is to scale up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of my goals is to scale up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of my goals is to scale up this
+whole thing to sort of change this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing to sort of change this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing to sort of change this data
+equation to be more in our favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to be more in our favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to be more in our favor
+so there's about 300 of these this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's about 300 of these this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's about 300 of these this is
+the Baxter robot there's about 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Baxter robot there's about 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Baxter robot there's about 300
+that rethink robotics rod Brooks are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rethink robotics rod Brooks are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rethink robotics rod Brooks are we
+talking about rod Brooks in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about rod Brooks in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about rod Brooks in the previous
+talk I founded this company rethink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk I founded this company rethink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk I founded this company rethink
+robotics they've sold about 300 of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics they've sold about 300 of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics they've sold about 300 of them
+to the robotics from research community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the robotics from research community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the robotics from research community
+that's a very high penetration rate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very high penetration rate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very high penetration rate in
+robotics research everybody has a Baxter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics research everybody has a Baxter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics research everybody has a Baxter
+or a friend with a Baxter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a friend with a Baxter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a friend with a Baxter
+so we're starting something which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're starting something which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're starting something which we're
+calling the million object challenge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling the million object challenge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling the million object challenge and
+the goal is to enlist all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is to enlist all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is to enlist all of those
+Baxter's which are sitting around doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baxter's which are sitting around doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baxter's which are sitting around doing
+nothing a lot of the time to change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing a lot of the time to change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing a lot of the time to change this
+data equation so what we're what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data equation so what we're what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data equation so what we're what we're
+doing is trying to try to get everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is trying to try to get everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is trying to try to get everybody
+to scan objects for us so we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scan objects for us so we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scan objects for us so we can get
+models perceptual models visual models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models perceptual models visual models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models perceptual models visual models
+and also manipulation experiences with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also manipulation experiences with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also manipulation experiences with
+these objects to try to train new and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects to try to train new and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects to try to train new and
+better category models and you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better category models and you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better category models and you know I
+think even existing algorithms may work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think even existing algorithms may work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think even existing algorithms may work
+way better simply because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way better simply because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way better simply because they have
+better data but I think it also opens up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better data but I think it also opens up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better data but I think it also opens up
+the door to thinking about better models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door to thinking about better models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door to thinking about better models
+that we maybe couldn't even think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we maybe couldn't even think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we maybe couldn't even think about
+before because we just didn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before because we just didn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before because we just didn't have the
+data to play with them so where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to play with them so where we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to play with them so where we are
+right now is we've installed our stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is we've installed our stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is we've installed our stack
+at MIT on daniel larusso's baxter that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT on daniel larusso's baxter that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT on daniel larusso's baxter that's
+this one and we went down to Yale a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and we went down to Yale a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and we went down to Yale a
+couple of weeks ago to scaz his lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of weeks ago to scaz his lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of weeks ago to scaz his lab and
+we have our software on there Baxter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our software on there Baxter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our software on there Baxter
+we're going to rethink tomorrow they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to rethink tomorrow they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to rethink tomorrow they're
+going to give us three Baxter's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us three Baxter's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us three Baxter's that
+we're going to play with and install
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to play with and install
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to play with and install
+there and I have a verbal yes from WPI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I have a verbal yes from WPI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I have a verbal yes from WPI
+and a few other people who have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few other people who have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few other people who have been
+like pitches at RSS so like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pitches at RSS so like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pitches at RSS so like a lot of
+people said they were interested I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people said they were interested I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people said they were interested I know
+what they'll actually translate to robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they'll actually translate to robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they'll actually translate to robot
+time and our goal is to get about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and our goal is to get about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and our goal is to get about
+500,000 objects between these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500,000 objects between these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500,000 objects between these three
+sites for size I guess if WPI gets on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites for size I guess if WPI gets on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites for size I guess if WPI gets on
+board for size including us so we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board for size including us so we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board for size including us so we think
+Yale MIT and us and then do like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yale MIT and us and then do like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yale MIT and us and then do like a
+larger press release about the project's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger press release about the project's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger press release about the project's
+advertised it pushed all all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertised it pushed all all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertised it pushed all all of our
+friends with Baxter's to help us scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends with Baxter's to help us scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends with Baxter's to help us scan
+and then have yearly scan a Thon's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then have yearly scan a Thon's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then have yearly scan a Thon's where
+you download the latest software and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you download the latest software and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you download the latest software and
+then spend a couple of days scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then spend a couple of days scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then spend a couple of days scanning
+objects for the for the glory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects for the for the glory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects for the for the glory of
+robotics or something and and really try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics or something and and really try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics or something and and really try
+to change this data equation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change this data equation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change this data equation for the
+butter so we can manipulate lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butter so we can manipulate lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butter so we can manipulate lots of
+things okay so that's our that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so that's our that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so that's our that's sort of
+our plan for making robots I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plan for making robots I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plan for making robots I can
+robustly perform actions in real-world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustly perform actions in real-world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustly perform actions in real-world
+environments where generally I imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments where generally I imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments where generally I imagine
+like a mobile robot walking around your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mobile robot walking around your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mobile robot walking around your
+house at night and scanning stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house at night and scanning stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house at night and scanning stuff
+completely autonomously taking these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely autonomously taking these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely autonomously taking these
+pictures building these models hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures building these models hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures building these models hopefully
+not breaking too much of your stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not breaking too much of your stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not breaking too much of your stuff
+and and and not only learning about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and not only learning about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and not only learning about your
+particular house and the things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular house and the things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular house and the things that are
+in it but also collecting data that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it but also collecting data that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it but also collecting data that will
+enable other robots to perform better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable other robots to perform better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable other robots to perform better
+over time all right so that's our attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time all right so that's our attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time all right so that's our attack
+on making robots robustly perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on making robots robustly perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on making robots robustly perform
+actions in real-world environments so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions in real-world environments so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions in real-world environments so
+the next problem that we that I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next problem that we that I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next problem that we that I think is
+important for language understanding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for language understanding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for language understanding and
+human robot collaboration is making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human robot collaboration is making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human robot collaboration is making
+robots that carry out complex sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots that carry out complex sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots that carry out complex sequences
+of actions so for example this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actions so for example this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actions so for example this is sort
+of this pantry again there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this pantry again there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this pantry again there's there's
+might be hundreds or thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be hundreds or thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be hundreds or thousands of
+objects at the robot it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects at the robot it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects at the robot it could
+potentially manipulate and it might need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially manipulate and it might need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially manipulate and it might need
+to do a sequence of ten or twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a sequence of ten or twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a sequence of ten or twenty
+manipulations in order to solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations in order to solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations in order to solve a
+problem such as clean up the kitchen or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem such as clean up the kitchen or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem such as clean up the kitchen or
+put away the groceries for work that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put away the groceries for work that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put away the groceries for work that I
+had done in the past on the forklift you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done in the past on the forklift you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done in the past on the forklift you
+know a lot of the the commands that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of the the commands that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of the the commands that we
+studied and thought about were sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied and thought about were sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied and thought about were sort of
+the level of abstraction of put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of abstraction of put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of abstraction of put the
+pallet on the truck but one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallet on the truck but one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallet on the truck but one of our
+annotators we could a lot of data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotators we could a lot of data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotators we could a lot of data on
+Amazon Mechanical Turk and one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon Mechanical Turk and one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon Mechanical Turk and one of our
+annotators gave us this problem I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotators gave us this problem I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotators gave us this problem I never
+forgot which was how it was an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot which was how it was an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot which was how it was an actual
+forklift operator who worked in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forklift operator who worked in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forklift operator who worked in a
+warehouse and he said if you pay me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse and he said if you pay me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse and he said if you pay me
+extra money I'll tell you how to pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra money I'll tell you how to pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra money I'll tell you how to pick up
+a dime a dime like a little coin with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dime a dime like a little coin with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dime a dime like a little coin with a
+forklift here's the instructions that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forklift here's the instructions that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forklift here's the instructions that he
+eventually without making us pay him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually without making us pay him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually without making us pay him
+gave us for how to solve this problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us for how to solve this problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us for how to solve this problem so
+it was raised two forks twelve inches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was raised two forks twelve inches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was raised two forks twelve inches
+lining in front of the dime tilt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lining in front of the dime tilt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lining in front of the dime tilt it
+forward drive a little bit over you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward drive a little bit over you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward drive a little bit over you
+lower the fork on top of the dime put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the fork on top of the dime put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the fork on top of the dime put it
+in reverse and travel backward the dime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reverse and travel backward the dime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reverse and travel backward the dime
+kind of flips up backwards on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of flips up backwards on top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of flips up backwards on top of the
+fork you can immediately you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork you can immediately you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork you can immediately you don't need
+to know how to drive a forklift but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to drive a forklift but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to drive a forklift but like
+you can kind of see how that would work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of see how that would work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of see how that would work
+and like you know if you didn't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like you know if you didn't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like you know if you didn't know how
+to drive a forklift you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive a forklift you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive a forklift you can kind of
+follow those instructions and and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow those instructions and and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow those instructions and and have
+it happen but I knew that our system if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happen but I knew that our system if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happen but I knew that our system if
+we gave it these commands there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave it these commands there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave it these commands there's no way
+that it would work it would completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would work it would completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would work it would completely
+fall apart and the reason that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall apart and the reason that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall apart and the reason that it would
+fall apart is that we gave the robot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall apart is that we gave the robot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall apart is that we gave the robot a
+model of actions at a different level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of actions at a different level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of actions at a different level of
+abstraction than this language is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction than this language is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction than this language is using
+we gave it a very high level of abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave it a very high level of abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave it a very high level of abstract
+actions like picking stuff up and moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions like picking stuff up and moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions like picking stuff up and moving
+moving into particular locations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving into particular locations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving into particular locations and
+moving things down and if we gave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving things down and if we gave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving things down and if we gave it
+these low-level actions of like raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these low-level actions of like raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these low-level actions of like raising
+the forks 12 inches the search steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forks 12 inches the search steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forks 12 inches the search steps
+that would be required to find a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be required to find a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be required to find a high
+level thing like put the pallet on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level thing like put the pallet on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level thing like put the pallet on the
+truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck
+we'd be prohibitively expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd be prohibitively expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd be prohibitively expensive
+and I think if we want to have human but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think if we want to have human but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think if we want to have human but
+the thing is people don't like to stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is people don't like to stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is people don't like to stick
+at any fixed level of abstraction people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any fixed level of abstraction people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any fixed level of abstraction people
+move up and down the tree freely they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up and down the tree freely they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up and down the tree freely they
+give very high-level mid-level low level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give very high-level mid-level low level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give very high-level mid-level low level
+commands so I think we need new planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands so I think we need new planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands so I think we need new planning
+algorithms that support this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that support this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that support this kind of
+thing so to think about this we decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so to think about this we decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so to think about this we decided
+to look at a version of the problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at a version of the problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at a version of the problem in
+simulation and the simulation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and the simulation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and the simulation the
+simulator that we chose is a game called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator that we chose is a game called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator that we chose is a game called
+minecraft five minutes okay so it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minecraft five minutes okay so it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minecraft five minutes okay so it's sort
+of this this is a picture from a from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this is a picture from a from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this is a picture from a from a
+Minecraft world and we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft world and we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft world and we're trying to
+figure out new planning algorithm so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out new planning algorithm so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out new planning algorithm so the
+problem here is that the agent needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here is that the agent needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here is that the agent needs to
+cross the trench so he needs to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the trench so he needs to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the trench so he needs to make a
+bridge to get across the trench so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge to get across the trench so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge to get across the trench so it's
+got some blocks that it can manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some blocks that it can manipulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some blocks that it can manipulate
+and you have this combinatorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have this combinatorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have this combinatorial
+explosion of where the blocks can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion of where the blocks can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion of where the blocks can go
+right they can go anywhere so a naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they can go anywhere so a naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they can go anywhere so a naive
+algorithm will spend a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm will spend a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm will spend a lot of time
+putting the blocks everywhere which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the blocks everywhere which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the blocks everywhere which
+doesn't really make progress towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really make progress towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really make progress towards
+solving the problem whereas what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the problem whereas what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the problem whereas what you
+really need to do is kind of focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to do is kind of focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to do is kind of focus on
+putting these blocks actually in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting these blocks actually in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting these blocks actually in the
+trench in order to solve the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trench in order to solve the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trench in order to solve the problem of
+course a different day you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a different day you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a different day you might be
+asked to make a tower or make a castle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to make a tower or make a castle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to make a tower or make a castle
+or make a staircase and then these might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or make a staircase and then these might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or make a staircase and then these might
+be good things to do so you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good things to do so you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good things to do so you don't want
+to just throw out those actions you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just throw out those actions you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just throw out those actions you want
+to have them both and and and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have them both and and and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have them both and and and figure out
+what to do based on your high level goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do based on your high level goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do based on your high level goal
+so we have some work about learning how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have some work about learning how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have some work about learning how
+to do this so we have an agent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this so we have an agent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this so we have an agent that
+practices solving small Minecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices solving small Minecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices solving small Minecraft
+problems and then learns how to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and then learns how to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and then learns how to solve
+bigger problems in from experience the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger problems in from experience the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger problems in from experience the
+sort of showing chance transferring this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of showing chance transferring this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of showing chance transferring this
+from small problems to big problems in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from small problems to big problems in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from small problems to big problems in a
+decision theoretic framework an MDP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision theoretic framework an MDP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision theoretic framework an MDP
+framework and we've just released a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework and we've just released a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework and we've just released a
+couple of weeks ago a mod for Minecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of weeks ago a mod for Minecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of weeks ago a mod for Minecraft
+the game called burlap crap burlap is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game called burlap crap burlap is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game called burlap crap burlap is
+our reinforcement learning and planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reinforcement learning and planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reinforcement learning and planning
+framework that James McGlashan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that James McGlashan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that James McGlashan and
+Michael Lippmann developed in Java so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Lippmann developed in Java so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Lippmann developed in Java so
+you can run burlap inside the Minecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run burlap inside the Minecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run burlap inside the Minecraft
+JVM get the state of the real Minecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JVM get the state of the real Minecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JVM get the state of the real Minecraft
+world make small toy problems if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world make small toy problems if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world make small toy problems if you
+want or let your agent go in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want or let your agent go in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want or let your agent go in the in the
+real thing and kind of explore the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real thing and kind of explore the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real thing and kind of explore the whole
+space of possible Minecraft spaces if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of possible Minecraft spaces if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of possible Minecraft spaces if
+you're interested in that simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in that simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in that simulation
+okay I'm almost out of time so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm almost out of time so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm almost out of time so I'm not
+going to go too much into your robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go too much into your robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go too much into your robots
+coordinating with people but maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinating with people but maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinating with people but maybe I
+will show some of the videos about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show some of the videos about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show some of the videos about this
+work the the idea is that a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the the idea is that a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the the idea is that a lot of the
+previous work and language understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous work and language understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous work and language understanding
+shows people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows people
+deserve works in batch mode so the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve works in batch mode so the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve works in batch mode so the robot
+does something the person says something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something the person says something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something the person says something
+the robot thinks for a long time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot thinks for a long time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot thinks for a long time and
+then the robot does something hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the robot does something hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the robot does something hopefully
+the right thing and as I said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing and as I said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing and as I said before
+this is not how people will work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not how people will work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not how people will work so
+we're working on new models that enable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working on new models that enable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working on new models that enable
+the robot this is a graphical model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot this is a graphical model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot this is a graphical model that
+shows sort of how talking about the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows sort of how talking about the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows sort of how talking about the car
+what happens it incrementally interprets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens it incrementally interprets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens it incrementally interprets
+language and gesture updating at very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and gesture updating at very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and gesture updating at very
+high frequencies so this is showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies so this is showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies so this is showing the
+belief about which objects the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief about which objects the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief about which objects the person
+wants updating from their language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants updating from their language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants updating from their language and
+gesture in an animated kind of way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture in an animated kind of way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture in an animated kind of way right
+like it's updating at 14 Hertz so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's updating at 14 Hertz so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's updating at 14 Hertz so the
+idea is that the robot has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that the robot has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that the robot has the
+information and this is the sewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and this is the sewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and this is the sewing
+language I would like a bowl both bowls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language I would like a bowl both bowls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language I would like a bowl both bowls
+go up that one he points and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up that one he points and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up that one he points and then the
+one that he's pointing at goes up so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that he's pointing at goes up so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that he's pointing at goes up so the
+robot knows very very quickly every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot knows very very quickly every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot knows very very quickly every time
+we get a new word from the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a new word from the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a new word from the future
+condition every time we get a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition every time we get a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition every time we get a new
+observation from the gesture system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation from the gesture system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation from the gesture system we
+update our belief and just just a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update our belief and just just a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update our belief and just just a couple
+of weeks ago we have so our first pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weeks ago we have so our first pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weeks ago we have so our first pilot
+results showing that we can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results showing that we can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results showing that we can use this
+information to enable the robot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to enable the robot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to enable the robot to
+produce real-time feedback that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce real-time feedback that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce real-time feedback that
+increases the human's accuracy at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the human's accuracy at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the human's accuracy at
+getting the robot so select the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the robot so select the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the robot so select the right
+objects okay this is some quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects okay this is some quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects okay this is some quantitative
+is also skipping okay so that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also skipping okay so that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also skipping okay so that's sort of
+the three main thrusts that are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three main thrusts that are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three main thrusts that are working
+that are that I'm working on in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that I'm working on in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that I'm working on in my
+research group trying to make robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research group trying to make robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research group trying to make robots
+that can robustly perform actions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can robustly perform actions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can robustly perform actions in
+real-world environments thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-world environments thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-world environments thinking about
+planning and really large state action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning and really large state action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning and really large state action
+spaces that result when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces that result when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces that result when you have a
+capable and powerful robot and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable and powerful robot and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable and powerful robot and then
+thinking about how you can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how you can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how you can make the
+robot coordinate with people so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot coordinate with people so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot coordinate with people so that
+they can figure out what to do in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can figure out what to do in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can figure out what to do in these
+really large state action spaces thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large state action spaces thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large state action spaces thank
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rXwgo-9xZDo.txt b/rXwgo-9xZDo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe49217ec41a92ba9932d6f1faaca12d91633ebd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rXwgo-9xZDo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9896 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's get started uh I'm a little under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started uh I'm a little under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started uh I'm a little under
+the weather today so uh but don't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather today so uh but don't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather today so uh but don't take
+my lack of enthusiasm my my slower style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lack of enthusiasm my my slower style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lack of enthusiasm my my slower style
+today for a lack of enthusiasm about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today for a lack of enthusiasm about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today for a lack of enthusiasm about the
+topic because today we're going to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic because today we're going to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic because today we're going to cover
+one of my very favorite topics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my very favorite topics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my very favorite topics in
+economics and the one I've bue a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and the one I've bue a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and the one I've bue a lot of
+my life just studying which is social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life just studying which is social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life just studying which is social
+insurance um so today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance um so today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance um so today we're going to
+we're going to start back where we ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start back where we ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start back where we ended
+we're going to ask we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to ask we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to ask we're going to start
+back where we ended the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back where we ended the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back where we ended the last lecture
+remember the last lecture we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the last lecture we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the last lecture we talked
+about information imperfections we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about information imperfections we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about information imperfections we
+talked about uncertainty and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about uncertainty and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about uncertainty and then we
+talked about how why people would want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how why people would want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how why people would want
+insurance and why people do spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and why people do spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and why people do spend
+trillions of dollars or insurance but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillions of dollars or insurance but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillions of dollars or insurance but we
+also mentioned the government also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mentioned the government also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mentioned the government also
+spends trillions of dollars or insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends trillions of dollars or insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends trillions of dollars or insurance
+and we asked why and the answer lies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we asked why and the answer lies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we asked why and the answer lies in
+the problem of asymmetric information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of asymmetric information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of asymmetric information
+now in the used car market example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the used car market example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the used car market example I
+covered last time buyers know more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered last time buyers know more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered last time buyers know more about
+the car they're selling I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car they're selling I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car they're selling I'm sorry
+sellers know more about the car they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sellers know more about the car they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sellers know more about the car they're
+selling than buyers know and that led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling than buyers know and that led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling than buyers know and that led
+that asymmetric information led the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that asymmetric information led the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that asymmetric information led the
+market to potentially collapse Insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market to potentially collapse Insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market to potentially collapse Insurance
+markets is the opposite here the buyers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets is the opposite here the buyers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets is the opposite here the buyers
+know more than the seller does but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more than the seller does but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more than the seller does but the
+problem is the same so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is the same so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is the same so for example
+suppose you want to start a new health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you want to start a new health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you want to start a new health
+insurance company for MIT graduates MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance company for MIT graduates MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance company for MIT graduates MIT
+graduates need health insurance uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates need health insurance uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates need health insurance uh so
+you want to start a new company you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to start a new company you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to start a new company you
+figured these are pretty pretty healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured these are pretty pretty healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured these are pretty pretty healthy
+people health insurance will be cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people health insurance will be cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people health insurance will be cheap
+indeed you figure you have data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed you figure you have data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed you figure you have data that
+says there's 100 that out of a class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says there's 100 that out of a class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says there's 100 that out of a class of
+100 graduates let's say you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 graduates let's say you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 graduates let's say you're going to
+sell the 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell the 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell the 100
+graduates 90 of them are very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates 90 of them are very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates 90 of them are very careful
+people and they the only risk once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and they the only risk once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and they the only risk once again
+like last time I was getting hit by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like last time I was getting hit by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like last time I was getting hit by a
+car and for those 90 PE or for those 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and for those 90 PE or for those 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and for those 90 PE or for those 90
+people there's a 10% chance that they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there's a 10% chance that they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there's a 10% chance that they'll
+have a $10,000 bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a $10,000 bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a $10,000 bill
+and a 90% chance that they'll have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 90% chance that they'll have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 90% chance that they'll have no
+cost that's the expected cost for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost that's the expected cost for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost that's the expected cost for those
+people for those careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for those careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for those careful
+people now for the less careful people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people now for the less careful people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people now for the less careful people
+or we often refer to as the sicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we often refer to as the sicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we often refer to as the sicker
+people um uh let's do this with sickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um uh let's do this with sickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um uh let's do this with sickness
+let's not do this with with car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not do this with with car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not do this with with car
+accidents let's just say there's illness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents let's just say there's illness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents let's just say there's illness
+you can get health we'll call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get health we'll call these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get health we'll call these
+healthy people the healthy types H have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy people the healthy types H have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy people the healthy types H have
+a 10% chance of getting this sickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 10% chance of getting this sickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 10% chance of getting this sickness
+and 9% chance of nothing happening the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 9% chance of nothing happening the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 9% chance of nothing happening the
+sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people the um and that's uh and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the um and that's uh and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the um and that's uh and then you
+know the remaining 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the remaining 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the remaining 10
+people the remaining 10 people out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the remaining 10 people out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the remaining 10 people out of
+the 100 have a 50% chance of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100 have a 50% chance of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100 have a 50% chance of getting
+sick and incurring a 10K Bill and a 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick and incurring a 10K Bill and a 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick and incurring a 10K Bill and a 50%
+chance of nothing and that's the sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of nothing and that's the sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of nothing and that's the sick
+people okay this is all data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay this is all data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay this is all data you
+know this is data given to you that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is data given to you that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is data given to you that is
+statistically accurate it's a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically accurate it's a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically accurate it's a separate
+issue about what about when you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue about what about when you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue about what about when you don't
+know the information we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the information we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the information we'll come back to
+that but for now M you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but for now M you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but for now M you know this
+information okay so what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay so what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay so what you do is you
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+look I then know the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I then know the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I then know the expected value of
+buying Insurance to MIT students when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying Insurance to MIT students when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying Insurance to MIT students when I
+sell to those 100 people my expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell to those 100 people my expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell to those 100 people my expected
+cost if I sell this 100 people my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost if I sell this 100 people my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost if I sell this 100 people my
+expected cost is what well my expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected cost is what well my expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected cost is what well my expected
+cost for the healthy people is a th a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost for the healthy people is a th a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost for the healthy people is a th a
+10% chance of 10,000 I expect to cost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% chance of 10,000 I expect to cost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% chance of 10,000 I expect to cost a
+th000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000
+for the healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the healthy
+people and my expected and they are 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and my expected and they are 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and my expected and they are 90%
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+population okay so a th expect to cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population okay so a th expect to cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population okay so a th expect to cost
+health people they're 90% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health people they're 90% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health people they're 90% of the
+population and for the sick people an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and for the sick people an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and for the sick people an
+expected cost of $5,000 because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected cost of $5,000 because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected cost of $5,000 because they
+might get sick 50% of the time and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get sick 50% of the time and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get sick 50% of the time and that
+happens 10% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens 10% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens 10% of the
+time so by statistical simple statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so by statistical simple statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so by statistical simple statistics
+my expected cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is400 so I expect that when I sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is400 so I expect that when I sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is400 so I expect that when I sell
+insurance I will pay out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance I will pay out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance I will pay out
+$1,400 okay so I say well if I sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,400 okay so I say well if I sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,400 okay so I say well if I sell
+insurance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance for
+$1,500 as long as people a little risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,500 as long as people a little risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,500 as long as people a little risk
+averse they want to buy it right $1,400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse they want to buy it right $1,400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse they want to buy it right $1,400
+everyone want to buy as long as they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone want to buy as long as they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone want to buy as long as they're
+not risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not risk
+loving if I I charge $1,500 then then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving if I I charge $1,500 then then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving if I I charge $1,500 then then at
+least the risk unless unless you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the risk unless unless you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the risk unless unless you a
+little risk averse they'll buy it and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little risk averse they'll buy it and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little risk averse they'll buy it and I
+can make a profit so I roll in I sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a profit so I roll in I sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a profit so I roll in I sell
+insurance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance for
+$1,500 and I make a tidy profit I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,500 and I make a tidy profit I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,500 and I make a tidy profit I think
+of $100 on 100 people each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of $100 on 100 people each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of $100 on 100 people each
+$10,000 why am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10,000 why am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10,000 why am I
+wrong why do I not in fact make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong why do I not in fact make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong why do I not in fact make that
+profit why in fact might I lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit why in fact might I lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit why in fact might I lose
+money why is that math wrong why if why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money why is that math wrong why if why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money why is that math wrong why if why
+IFI were for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IFI were for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IFI were for
+$1,500 might I in fact lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+yeah purchase yeah because I assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah purchase yeah because I assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah purchase yeah because I assumed
+everyone buys it but I don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone buys it but I don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone buys it but I don't have the
+power to make everyone buy it so who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to make everyone buy it so who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to make everyone buy it so who's
+actually going to buy it well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to buy it well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to buy it well let's
+think about that all the sick guys if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that all the sick guys if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that all the sick guys if I
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+$1,500 this is an incredible deal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,500 this is an incredible deal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,500 this is an incredible deal for
+the sick guys right the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sick guys right the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sick guys right the expected value
+of the insurance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the insurance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the insurance is
+$5,000 and I'm charging the, 1500 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5,000 and I'm charging the, 1500 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5,000 and I'm charging the, 1500 and
+the risk of Earth so they're like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk of Earth so they're like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk of Earth so they're like this
+is a great deal what about the healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great deal what about the healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great deal what about the healthy
+guys well the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys well the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys well the expected value of
+insurance them is a th and I'm char of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance them is a th and I'm char of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance them is a th and I'm char of
+1500 so unless their risk premium is 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 so unless their risk premium is 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 so unless their risk premium is 500
+or more they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more they won't
+buy so let's let's imagine some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy so let's let's imagine some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy so let's let's imagine some
+distribution of risk premiums out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of risk premiums out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of risk premiums out there
+in the population and let's imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the population and let's imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the population and let's imagine that
+it's such that um only half the healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such that um only half the healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such that um only half the healthy
+guys decide to buy when I charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys decide to buy when I charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys decide to buy when I charge
+1500 I that half number is just a made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 I that half number is just a made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 I that half number is just a made
+up but there's some distribution of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but there's some distribution of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but there's some distribution of risk
+aversion some the guys are super risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion some the guys are super risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion some the guys are super risk
+averse they'll easily they'll happily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse they'll easily they'll happily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse they'll easily they'll happily
+buy 1500 some aren't very risk averse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy 1500 some aren't very risk averse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy 1500 some aren't very risk averse
+they won't buy A5 00 let's say half buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't buy A5 00 let's say half buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't buy A5 00 let's say half buy
+so now what do I pay out at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what do I pay out at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what do I pay out at the end of
+the year what do I pay out well to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year what do I pay out well to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year what do I pay out well to my
+sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick
+people to my 96 people I pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to my 96 people I pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to my 96 people I pay
+out uh to my to my 96 people I pay out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh to my to my 96 people I pay out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh to my to my 96 people I pay out
+on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average
+$45,000 okay I pay it on average uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$45,000 okay I pay it on average uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$45,000 okay I pay it on average uh
+uh uh I'm sorry for my 9 sick for my 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I'm sorry for my 9 sick for my 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I'm sorry for my 9 sick for my 10
+sick people I paid on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick people I paid on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick people I paid on average
+$5,000 okay that that's why I pay my 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5,000 okay that that's why I pay my 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5,000 okay that that's why I pay my 10
+sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick
+people that's my expected payout what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that's my expected payout what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that's my expected payout what if
+my healthy people I said only only 45 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my healthy people I said only only 45 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my healthy people I said only only 45 of
+the healthy people choose to buy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the healthy people choose to buy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the healthy people choose to buy right
+so for those people I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for those people I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for those people I have a
+45 times a $1,000 payout in expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 times a $1,000 payout in expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 times a $1,000 payout in expectation
+so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+payout uh my payout is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$95,000 okay for $ 45 ,000 people okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$95,000 okay for $ 45 ,000 people okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$95,000 okay for $ 45 ,000 people okay
+for 45 people but what's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 45 people but what's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 45 people but what's my
+revenues well how many people have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues well how many people have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues well how many people have I
+sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold
+to 60 people 10 sick and 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 60 people 10 sick and 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 60 people 10 sick and 50
+healthy I'm sorry I i' I've sold to 55
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy I'm sorry I i' I've sold to 55
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy I'm sorry I i' I've sold to 55
+people 10 sick and 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people 10 sick and 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people 10 sick and 45
+healthy okay what's 55 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy okay what's 55 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy okay what's 55 time
+150 well 55 time 150 is only 82 thou is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 well 55 time 150 is only 82 thou is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 well 55 time 150 is only 82 thou is
+only 82250
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I have paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have paid
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+$95,000 but I've only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$95,000 but I've only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$95,000 but I've only
+collected a little more than $82,000 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected a little more than $82,000 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected a little more than $82,000 so
+I lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I lose
+money therefore I don't offer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money therefore I don't offer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money therefore I don't offer the
+insurance this is the flip of the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance this is the flip of the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance this is the flip of the car
+example in the car example because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the car example because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the car example because I
+don't know what's a what's a lemon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what's a what's a lemon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what's a what's a lemon and
+what's not a lemon I don't buy the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not a lemon I don't buy the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not a lemon I don't buy the car
+here because I'm not sure who's sick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because I'm not sure who's sick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because I'm not sure who's sick and
+who's not if I offer at that price I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's not if I offer at that price I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's not if I offer at that price I'm
+going to lose money someone off someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose money someone off someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose money someone off someone
+offer it now you might say to me well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer it now you might say to me well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer it now you might say to me well
+that's because you were dumb you chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because you were dumb you chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because you were dumb you chose
+too low too low a price what if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too low too low a price what if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too low too low a price what if I just
+rais the price to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rais the price to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rais the price to
+$2,000 maybe that'll solve my problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2,000 maybe that'll solve my problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2,000 maybe that'll solve my problem
+well at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at
+$2,000 I make a lot more money per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2,000 I make a lot more money per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2,000 I make a lot more money per
+person but what else happens at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$2,000 fewer Health even fewer healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2,000 fewer Health even fewer healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2,000 fewer Health even fewer healthy
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+buy so if at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy so if at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy so if at
+$2,000 only 10 healthy people buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2,000 only 10 healthy people buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2,000 only 10 healthy people buy
+instead of 45 I I'll still lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 45 I I'll still lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 45 I I'll still lose
+money the point is this problem of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money the point is this problem of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money the point is this problem of what
+we call adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+selection adverse selection which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection adverse selection which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection adverse selection which is
+only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the
+people on whom you're going to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on whom you're going to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on whom you're going to lose
+money want to buy screws up Insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money want to buy screws up Insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money want to buy screws up Insurance
+markets once again let me be clear on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets once again let me be clear on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets once again let me be clear on
+this since only the people for whom it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this since only the people for whom it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this since only the people for whom it's
+a good deal want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good deal want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good deal want to
+buy and you lose money on the people for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and you lose money on the people for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and you lose money on the people for
+it's a good deal you make money people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good deal you make money people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good deal you make money people
+it's a bad deal right it's a bad deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bad deal right it's a bad deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bad deal right it's a bad deal
+for the healthy if you charge more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the healthy if you charge more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the healthy if you charge more than
+a thousand it's a bad deal for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand it's a bad deal for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand it's a bad deal for them
+you're making money on them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making money on them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making money on them so
+essentially what's Insurance doing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what's Insurance doing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what's Insurance doing it's
+taking money from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking money from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking money from the
+healthy exter healthy to cover your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy exter healthy to cover your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy exter healthy to cover your
+costs on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs on the
+sick that only works if the healthy will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick that only works if the healthy will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick that only works if the healthy will
+play If The Healthy won't play it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play If The Healthy won't play it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play If The Healthy won't play it
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+work okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so what happens in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what happens in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what happens in the real world
+well if there's five possible outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if there's five possible outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if there's five possible outcomes
+here five possible outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here five possible outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here five possible outcomes
+okay outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay outcome
+one outcome one is the one good outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one outcome one is the one good outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one outcome one is the one good outcome
+which is the health people are so risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the health people are so risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the health people are so risk
+averse enough of them buy so if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse enough of them buy so if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse enough of them buy so if there's
+enough risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough risk
+averse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+healthy then you can make this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy then you can make this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy then you can make this work
+right if more if if something like 70 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if more if if something like 70 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if more if if something like 70 of
+the 95 90 healthy people buy I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 95 90 healthy people buy I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 95 90 healthy people buy I don't
+know I forget what the crossover point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I forget what the crossover point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I forget what the crossover point
+is we should add that to the not SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we should add that to the not SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we should add that to the not SP
+there's an error in the notes just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an error in the notes just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an error in the notes just say
+45 not 50 and we should add what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 not 50 and we should add what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 not 50 and we should add what the
+crossover point is I don't can't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover point is I don't can't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover point is I don't can't do it
+in my head but there's some crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my head but there's some crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my head but there's some crossover
+point where if enough healthy people buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where if enough healthy people buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where if enough healthy people buy
+I will make money at $1,500 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will make money at $1,500 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will make money at $1,500 or
+$2,000 so the first outcome is it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2,000 so the first outcome is it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2,000 so the first outcome is it all
+works out yes there's average selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out yes there's average selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out yes there's average selection
+but it's not so bad because the healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not so bad because the healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not so bad because the healthy
+are very risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very risk
+averse that's outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse that's outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse that's outcome
+one outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one outcome
+two is the market collapses the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is the market collapses the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is the market collapses the market
+fails why do the market fail because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails why do the market fail because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails why do the market fail because
+because at any price the adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at any price the adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at any price the adverse
+election is so bad I can't make money I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election is so bad I can't make money I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election is so bad I can't make money I
+never get enough profitable healthy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get enough profitable healthy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get enough profitable healthy to
+cover my unprofitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover my unprofitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover my unprofitable
+sick so the market fails that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick so the market fails that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick so the market fails that's the
+second possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second possible
+outcome there's a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome there's a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome there's a third
+outcome I could just sell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sick let's say I rolled in and I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick let's say I rolled in and I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick let's say I rolled in and I said
+I've got insurance for MIT graduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got insurance for MIT graduates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got insurance for MIT graduates
+it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$5,500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5,500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5,500
+well at that point as long as the sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at that point as long as the sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at that point as long as the sick
+are somewhat risk averse they'll buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are somewhat risk averse they'll buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are somewhat risk averse they'll buy
+it or if they're $5,100 if they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or if they're $5,100 if they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or if they're $5,100 if they're all
+risk averse they'll buy it and I'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk averse they'll buy it and I'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk averse they'll buy it and I'll make
+some money so I could just sell the sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money so I could just sell the sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money so I could just sell the sick
+people at that high price no Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at that high price no Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at that high price no Health
+people want the health people want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want the health people want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want the health people want it
+great go for it I'm happy to have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great go for it I'm happy to have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great go for it I'm happy to have them
+but that's just icing I then make money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just icing I then make money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just icing I then make money
+on the sick as long as I set the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sick as long as I set the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sick as long as I set the price
+above 5,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 5,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 5,000
+so that's another thing I could do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another thing I could do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another thing I could do I
+could just have a health insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just have a health insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just have a health insurance
+policy for the sick priced at the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy for the sick priced at the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy for the sick priced at the price
+for the sick and I know the healthy just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sick and I know the healthy just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sick and I know the healthy just
+won't take it or if they do it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't take it or if they do it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't take it or if they do it's only
+icing okay a fourth thing I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do is I could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discriminate I could say I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate I could say I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate I could say I'm going to
+sell insurance at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell insurance at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell insurance at
+$1,500 I'm G to test you when you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,500 I'm G to test you when you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,500 I'm G to test you when you come
+in if I find you're sick I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if I find you're sick I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if I find you're sick I'm not going
+to sell to you if I find you're healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell to you if I find you're healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell to you if I find you're healthy
+I'm going to sell to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to sell to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to sell to you
+turns out totally legal until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out totally legal until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out totally legal until the
+Affordable Care Act passed so for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affordable Care Act passed so for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affordable Care Act passed so for most
+of my life insurers were totally legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my life insurers were totally legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my life insurers were totally legal
+to say if you're sick I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say if you're sick I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say if you're sick I'm not going to
+sell you insurance or if you get sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell you insurance or if you get sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell you insurance or if you get sick
+I'm going to drop you from insurance as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to drop you from insurance as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to drop you from insurance as
+I hope you can see that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you can see that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you can see that sort of
+undercuts the whole idea of insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercuts the whole idea of insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercuts the whole idea of insurance
+well your insurance is to get healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well your insurance is to get healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well your insurance is to get healthy
+people to cross upside sick people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to cross upside sick people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to cross upside sick people and
+you drop people as soon as they're sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you drop people as soon as they're sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you drop people as soon as they're sick
+then it doesn't really provide insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it doesn't really provide insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it doesn't really provide insurance
+so insurers were totally free to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so insurers were totally free to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so insurers were totally free to do that
+before the Affordable Care Act pass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the Affordable Care Act pass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the Affordable Care Act pass and
+I'll talk more about that the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk more about that the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk more about that the last
+lecture okay finally there's a clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture okay finally there's a clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture okay finally there's a clever
+solution which I don't the math is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which I don't the math is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which I don't the math is hard
+so I'm just give the intuition which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just give the intuition which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just give the intuition which is
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+sell different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+products that is what I can do is I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that is what I can do is I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that is what I can do is I can
+sell two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell two
+products comprehensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products comprehensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products comprehensive
+insurance for $5,500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance for $5,500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance for $5,500
+and crappy insurance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crappy insurance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crappy insurance for
+$1,500 as long as the sick people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,500 as long as the sick people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,500 as long as the sick people don't
+want the crappy Insurance then what have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the crappy Insurance then what have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the crappy Insurance then what have
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+done I've solved the asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I've solved the asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I've solved the asymmetric
+information Problem by getting people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Problem by getting people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Problem by getting people to
+reveal their underlying health remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal their underlying health remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal their underlying health remember
+my problem is I don't know who's sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my problem is I don't know who's sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my problem is I don't know who's sick
+and who's healthy I know the Aggregates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who's healthy I know the Aggregates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who's healthy I know the Aggregates
+but I don't who's sick and who's healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't who's sick and who's healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't who's sick and who's healthy
+if people had sick and healthy stamped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people had sick and healthy stamped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people had sick and healthy stamped
+on their forehead I'd be done but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their forehead I'd be done but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their forehead I'd be done but I
+don't know that but if I offer a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that but if I offer a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that but if I offer a very
+good product that's expensive and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good product that's expensive and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good product that's expensive and a
+shitty product that's cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shitty product that's cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shitty product that's cheap
+people will tell me their type by what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will tell me their type by what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will tell me their type by what
+they buy the health people will buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they buy the health people will buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they buy the health people will buy the
+crappy product sick people buy the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy product sick people buy the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy product sick people buy the the
+other product and I'll make money on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other product and I'll make money on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other product and I'll make money on
+both so that's another thing I do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both so that's another thing I do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both so that's another thing I do have
+have you ever heard of an HMO that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever heard of an HMO that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever heard of an HMO that's
+what an HMO is okay basically that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an HMO is okay basically that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an HMO is okay basically that's
+what we've done with health insurance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done with health insurance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done with health insurance in
+America to try to deal with this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America to try to deal with this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America to try to deal with this problem
+has created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has created
+less high quality insurance for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less high quality insurance for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less high quality insurance for the
+healthiest people that they can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthiest people that they can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthiest people that they can buy
+cheaply okay so that's another thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaply okay so that's another thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaply okay so that's another thing we
+can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do
+okay here's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's the key
+Point all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point all of
+these are market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are market
+failures all of them you may say I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures all of them you may say I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures all of them you may say I know
+that's a market failure but why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a market failure but why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a market failure but why is it
+market failure if you just sell to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market failure if you just sell to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market failure if you just sell to the
+sick why is that a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure
+yeah L some people yeah there are trades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah L some people yeah there are trades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah L some people yeah there are trades
+that with perfect information I would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with perfect information I would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with perfect information I would be
+happy to make and they would be happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to make and they would be happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to make and they would be happy to
+make them not being made so long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them not being made so long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them not being made so long as
+imperfect information information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect information information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect information information
+asymmetry leads to trades not being made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry leads to trades not being made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry leads to trades not being made
+that most both make both sides better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most both make both sides better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most both make both sides better
+off then that's a market failure so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off then that's a market failure so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off then that's a market failure so the
+sick it's a market failure likewise if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick it's a market failure likewise if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick it's a market failure likewise if I
+discriminate that's a market failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate that's a market failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate that's a market failure
+because there's sick people who would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's sick people who would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's sick people who would
+happily pay me $50 $200 for insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily pay me $50 $200 for insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily pay me $50 $200 for insurance
+but I don't know they are so I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know they are so I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know they are so I can't
+sell them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell them at
+50200 finally even selling different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50200 finally even selling different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50200 finally even selling different
+products is still a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products is still a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products is still a market
+failure the reason is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure the reason is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure the reason is because
+what you can see from the insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see from the insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see from the insurance
+model we set up last time is a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we set up last time is a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we set up last time is a typical
+risk averse consumer wants complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk averse consumer wants complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk averse consumer wants complete
+insurance they don't want partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance they don't want partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance they don't want partial
+insurance they want to basically make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance they want to basically make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance they want to basically make
+sure that their consumption is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that their consumption is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that their consumption is the same
+no matter if they get hit by a car or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter if they get hit by a car or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter if they get hit by a car or
+not and partial Insurance isn't as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and partial Insurance isn't as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and partial Insurance isn't as good
+because once again the extra they keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once again the extra they keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once again the extra they keep
+doesn't compensate for how much they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't compensate for how much they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't compensate for how much they
+lose they hit by the car so incomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose they hit by the car so incomplete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose they hit by the car so incomplete
+insurance is also a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance is also a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance is also a market
+failure so the point is unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure so the point is unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure so the point is unless you
+enough risk vers healthy the market will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough risk vers healthy the market will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough risk vers healthy the market will
+not deliver the welfare maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not deliver the welfare maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not deliver the welfare maximizing
+outcome okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so now once again as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so now once again as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so now once again as I said
+the principle that I teach in my classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle that I teach in my classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle that I teach in my classes
+is the market knows best until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the market knows best until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the market knows best until the
+market fails and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market fails and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market fails and then there's a
+potential role for the government but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential role for the government but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential role for the government but
+it's only a potential role for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a potential role for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a potential role for the
+government and the reason it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and the reason it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and the reason it's
+especially confusing here is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially confusing here is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially confusing here is there's
+many different ways the government could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different ways the government could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different ways the government could
+come in and solve this problem and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and solve this problem and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and solve this problem and in
+fact governments around the world do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact governments around the world do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact governments around the world do
+this in three different ways they solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in three different ways they solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in three different ways they solve
+this problem three different ways the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem three different ways the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem three different ways the
+first way so what about Government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Solutions the first way government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions the first way government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions the first way government
+solved this problem is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subsidies let's go back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidies let's go back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidies let's go back to our
+example what if I said to everyone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what if I said to everyone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what if I said to everyone who's
+an MIT graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MIT graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MIT graduate
+I will give you $500 if you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will give you $500 if you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will give you $500 if you buy
+insurance then the original product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance then the original product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance then the original product
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+work because the $1,500 I would charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because the $1,500 I would charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because the $1,500 I would charge
+them like let's say I the government say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like let's say I the government say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like let's say I the government say
+I'll give $500 well the F the insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give $500 well the F the insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give $500 well the F the insurance
+I'm offering $1,500 so it's then a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm offering $1,500 so it's then a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm offering $1,500 so it's then a good
+deal for both sides so they both buy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal for both sides so they both buy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal for both sides so they both buy it
+so in substance one way to combat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in substance one way to combat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in substance one way to combat
+average selection is through price if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average selection is through price if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average selection is through price if
+you make it cheap enough the healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make it cheap enough the healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make it cheap enough the healthy
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+buy so subsidies just naturally offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy so subsidies just naturally offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy so subsidies just naturally offset
+selection if I get a $500 subsidy in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection if I get a $500 subsidy in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection if I get a $500 subsidy in my
+previous example it's a good deal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous example it's a good deal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous example it's a good deal for
+everyone and everyone buys and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone and everyone buys and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone and everyone buys and we get
+solution one we get this one everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution one we get this one everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution one we get this one everyone
+buys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buys
+okay that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's one
+option indeed we use that option A Lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option indeed we use that option A Lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option indeed we use that option A Lot
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+US in the US we massively subsidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US in the US we massively subsidize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US in the US we massively subsidize
+Private health insurance how do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Private health insurance how do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Private health insurance how do we do
+that well one way we do it is through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well one way we do it is through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well one way we do it is through
+our tax code here here's a interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tax code here here's a interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tax code here here's a interesting
+feature of tax code if MIT pays me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of tax code if MIT pays me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of tax code if MIT pays me in
+wages I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages I get
+taxed I'm not giving away too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxed I'm not giving away too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxed I'm not giving away too much
+private information say if you add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private information say if you add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private information say if you add up
+the tax rate I pay to Massachusetts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax rate I pay to Massachusetts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax rate I pay to Massachusetts and
+to the federal government my tax rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the federal government my tax rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the federal government my tax rate
+approach is 50% so I get to keep about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is 50% so I get to keep about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is 50% so I get to keep about
+half of what I make okay but if MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of what I make okay but if MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of what I make okay but if MIT
+gives me health insurance it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me health insurance it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me health insurance it's not
+taxed so if MIT says to me John do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxed so if MIT says to me John do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxed so if MIT says to me John do you
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+$1,000 in health insurance or $1,000 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 in health insurance or $1,000 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 in health insurance or $1,000 in
+wages I say wait a second if you give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages I say wait a second if you give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages I say wait a second if you give me
+,000 in wages I get to buy $500 worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+,000 in wages I get to buy $500 worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+,000 in wages I get to buy $500 worth of
+goods you give me $1,000 worth of health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods you give me $1,000 worth of health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods you give me $1,000 worth of health
+insurance I get $1,000 worth of health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance I get $1,000 worth of health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance I get $1,000 worth of health
+insurance I'll take the health insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance I'll take the health insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance I'll take the health insurance
+and that is partly why most people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is partly why most people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is partly why most people in
+America get their health insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America get their health insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America get their health insurance
+through their employer we bribe them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through their employer we bribe them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through their employer we bribe them to
+we bribe them to by taxing their wages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bribe them to by taxing their wages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bribe them to by taxing their wages
+but not taxing their health insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not taxing their health insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not taxing their health insurance
+that's a massive subsidy that cost us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a massive subsidy that cost us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a massive subsidy that cost us
+government $300 billion doll every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government $300 billion doll every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government $300 billion doll every
+single year big money that we're paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single year big money that we're paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single year big money that we're paying
+to bribe people to buy private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bribe people to buy private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bribe people to buy private
+insurance okay so that's one example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance okay so that's one example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance okay so that's one example of
+how a government could come in and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a government could come in and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a government could come in and try
+to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this
+problem a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a second
+example is through a mandate any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is through a mandate any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is through a mandate any of you
+followed Health Care policy debates when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed Health Care policy debates when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed Health Care policy debates when
+you were younger remember this term of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were younger remember this term of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were younger remember this term of
+the Mandate it was a big centerpiece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mandate it was a big centerpiece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mandate it was a big centerpiece of
+the debate over the Affordable Care Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debate over the Affordable Care Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debate over the Affordable Care Act
+which is what if I just say everyone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what if I just say everyone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what if I just say everyone has
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+buy I say healthy sick alike you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy I say healthy sick alike you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy I say healthy sick alike you have to
+buy then basically I get this outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy then basically I get this outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy then basically I get this outcome
+again because I force everyone to buy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because I force everyone to buy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because I force everyone to buy so
+I know what the price is remember I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what the price is remember I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what the price is remember I know
+an aggregate the price should be I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aggregate the price should be I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aggregate the price should be I just
+don't know who's going to buy and who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know who's going to buy and who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know who's going to buy and who's
+not so I force everyone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so I force everyone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so I force everyone to
+buy everyone comes in and and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy everyone comes in and and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy everyone comes in and and I know
+what price to set okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what price to set okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what price to set okay
+now you might think well gee that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might think well gee that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might think well gee that seems
+like a way better option than option one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a way better option than option one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a way better option than option one
+option one costs the government a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option one costs the government a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option one costs the government a ton of
+money option two cost the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money option two cost the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money option two cost the government
+nothing other than just say buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing other than just say buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing other than just say buy
+insurance but in fact who gets upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance but in fact who gets upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance but in fact who gets upset
+when there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a
+mandate which particular group is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandate which particular group is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandate which particular group is is
+most upset when you mandate health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+insurance the healthy who are not super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance the healthy who are not super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance the healthy who are not super
+risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+ofe they are getting hit they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofe they are getting hit they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofe they are getting hit they didn't
+want to buy insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to buy insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to buy insurance
+at500 you're forced them to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at500 you're forced them to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at500 you're forced them to do something
+they didn't want to do that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't want to do that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't want to do that's
+politically very challenging as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically very challenging as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically very challenging as we
+learned with the Affordable Care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned with the Affordable Care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned with the Affordable Care
+Act okay which is that it's politically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act okay which is that it's politically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act okay which is that it's politically
+very challenging to force people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very challenging to force people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very challenging to force people do
+something they don't want to do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they don't want to do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they don't want to do in the
+American political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American political
+system so in some sense you can give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so in some sense you can give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so in some sense you can give a
+mandate at sort of implicitly forcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandate at sort of implicitly forcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandate at sort of implicitly forcing
+the health to subsidize the sick that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the health to subsidize the sick that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the health to subsidize the sick that's
+great because it gets the government out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great because it gets the government out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great because it gets the government out
+of the way but it's essentially pissing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way but it's essentially pissing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way but it's essentially pissing
+off the healthy non-risk averse people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the healthy non-risk averse people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the healthy non-risk averse people
+and believe me during the Affordable Car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and believe me during the Affordable Car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and believe me during the Affordable Car
+Act debate every single one of them sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act debate every single one of them sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act debate every single one of them sent
+me an email okay people did not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an email okay people did not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an email okay people did not like
+that feature uh of the Mandate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feature uh of the Mandate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feature uh of the Mandate in the
+Affordable Care Act and eventually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affordable Care Act and eventually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affordable Care Act and eventually the
+Mandate went away for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mandate went away for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mandate went away for that
+reason okay we but we have mandates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason okay we but we have mandates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason okay we but we have mandates
+they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not
+new okay for example the oldest program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new okay for example the oldest program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new okay for example the oldest program
+of this type in the country is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this type in the country is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this type in the country is called
+Workers Compensation Insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workers Compensation Insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workers Compensation Insurance
+that's a program that ensures you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a program that ensures you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a program that ensures you you
+get hurt at work that's been a mandated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get hurt at work that's been a mandated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get hurt at work that's been a mandated
+benefit of employers since the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of employers since the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of employers since the early
+20th century no one's protesting workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century no one's protesting workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century no one's protesting workers
+comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp
+mandates in Most states you're mandated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandates in Most states you're mandated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandates in Most states you're mandated
+to buy auto insurance people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy auto insurance people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy auto insurance people don't
+protest that they about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protest that they about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protest that they about how
+expensive auto insurance is people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive auto insurance is people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive auto insurance is people don't
+protest it so interestingly mandates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protest it so interestingly mandates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protest it so interestingly mandates are
+not A New Concept brought up by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not A New Concept brought up by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not A New Concept brought up by the
+Affordable Care Act it was just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affordable Care Act it was just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affordable Care Act it was just this
+application they got people very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+upset the final option for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset the final option for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset the final option for the
+government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+is you can just provide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can just provide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can just provide the
+insurance cut off the middleman say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance cut off the middleman say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance cut off the middleman say
+sorry John we're just going to have gov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry John we're just going to have gov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry John we're just going to have gov
+care it's going to be whatever it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care it's going to be whatever it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care it's going to be whatever it's
+going to be and if we lose money we lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and if we lose money we lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and if we lose money we lose
+money because we're the government we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money because we're the government we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money because we're the government we
+don't need to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to break
+even we're just going to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even we're just going to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even we're just going to provide
+it obviously you can combine it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it obviously you can combine it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it obviously you can combine it with
+subsidies you say provide it we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidies you say provide it we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidies you say provide it we're going
+to subsidize so everyone's in or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subsidize so everyone's in or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subsidize so everyone's in or you
+just provide it and make it free this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just provide it and make it free this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just provide it and make it free this is
+what most countries do most countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what most countries do most countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what most countries do most countries
+say we have a national health insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have a national health insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have a national health insurance
+system it's free take Canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's free take Canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's free take Canada
+when you're born you're entitled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're born you're entitled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're born you're entitled to
+national health insurance it's free you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national health insurance it's free you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national health insurance it's free you
+just go there's no ad selection because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go there's no ad selection because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go there's no ad selection because
+it's free when stuff's free there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's free when stuff's free there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's free when stuff's free there's no
+aers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aers
+selection okay so that's another way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection okay so that's another way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection okay so that's another way you
+could do is have the government just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do is have the government just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do is have the government just
+provide it indeed that's what most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide it indeed that's what most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide it indeed that's what most of
+the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+does okay questions about any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+yeah uh private insurers at all no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh private insurers at all no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh private insurers at all no
+mandate tell private insurers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandate tell private insurers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandate tell private insurers because
+when you mandate you're giving them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you mandate you're giving them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you mandate you're giving them more
+customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know government Health thing back then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know government Health thing back then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know government Health thing back then
+like some private insurance because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some private insurance because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some private insurance because what
+the government did is they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government did is they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government did is they wanted to
+make a trade they said we'll mandate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a trade they said we'll mandate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a trade they said we'll mandate
+insurance but you need to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance but you need to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance but you need to stop
+discriminating that was the trade was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating that was the trade was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating that was the trade was
+they're saying you're discriminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saying you're discriminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saying you're discriminating
+because of adverse selection here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of adverse selection here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of adverse selection here's the
+deal we're going to offer you stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal we're going to offer you stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal we're going to offer you stop
+discriminating and we'll end your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating and we'll end your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating and we'll end your
+adverse selection some people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse selection some people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse selection some people would
+rather discriminate and they're upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather discriminate and they're upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather discriminate and they're upset
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+it okay good question now the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay good question now the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay good question now the bottom
+line is this all sounds pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is this all sounds pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is this all sounds pretty good
+we've got a problem we've identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a problem we've identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a problem we've identified
+potential Solutions most governments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential Solutions most governments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential Solutions most governments of
+the world are using some combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world are using some combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world are using some combination
+Solutions what's the problem well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions what's the problem well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions what's the problem well the
+problem is that there's another asmsc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that there's another asmsc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that there's another asmsc
+information problem which poses a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information problem which poses a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information problem which poses a a
+fundamental tradeoff and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental tradeoff and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental tradeoff and that's what we
+call the fundamental social insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tradeoff and that other problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff and that other problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff and that other problem that
+other a information problem is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other a information problem is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other a information problem is what we
+call moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hazard the other asymmetric information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard the other asymmetric information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard the other asymmetric information
+is what we call moral hazard that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we call moral hazard that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we call moral hazard that's
+basically the adverse behavior that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the adverse behavior that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the adverse behavior that is
+encouraged by uring against an adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged by uring against an adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged by uring against an adverse
+event when you Ure against an adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event when you Ure against an adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event when you Ure against an adverse
+event you can cause adverse Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event you can cause adverse Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event you can cause adverse Behavior
+so basically for example if families buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically for example if families buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically for example if families buy
+fire insurance for their homes they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire insurance for their homes they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire insurance for their homes they may
+be less likely to have a fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less likely to have a fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less likely to have a fire
+extinguisher in the house they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguisher in the house they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguisher in the house they don't
+need it because their house is insured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it because their house is insured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it because their house is insured
+if it burns down if people have health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it burns down if people have health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it burns down if people have health
+insurance maybe they're less worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance maybe they're less worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance maybe they're less worried
+about taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about taking
+precautions okay I'm not feeling so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precautions okay I'm not feeling so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precautions okay I'm not feeling so well
+today I de thought I'd come in with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I de thought I'd come in with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I de thought I'd come in with a
+mask be okay but if I have health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask be okay but if I have health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask be okay but if I have health
+insurance maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance maybe I
+wouldn't you know so basically maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't you know so basically maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't you know so basically maybe
+there's risk people take and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's risk people take and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's risk people take and then
+also take another example one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also take another example one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also take another example one of the
+biggest Insurance programs in America is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest Insurance programs in America is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest Insurance programs in America is
+unemployment insurance insurance you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment insurance insurance you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment insurance insurance you get
+if you lose your job well if we insure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you lose your job well if we insure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you lose your job well if we insure
+you for the money you lose when you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for the money you lose when you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for the money you lose when you lose
+your job what's the incentive to search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your job what's the incentive to search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your job what's the incentive to search
+for a new job remember Leisure is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a new job remember Leisure is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a new job remember Leisure is a
+normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+good these are all forms of moral hazard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good these are all forms of moral hazard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good these are all forms of moral hazard
+and the best and most fun examples come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best and most fun examples come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best and most fun examples come
+in the context of workers compensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of workers compensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of workers compensation
+which I already mentioned already that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I already mentioned already that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I already mentioned already that's
+a $60 billion a year program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a $60 billion a year program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a $60 billion a year program that
+ensures people for injuries that are job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensures people for injuries that are job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensures people for injuries that are job
+related the problem is now you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related the problem is now you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related the problem is now you might
+think well that sounds like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well that sounds like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well that sounds like really
+sensible Insurance the problem is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible Insurance the problem is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible Insurance the problem is a lot
+of these problems are actually hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these problems are actually hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these problems are actually hard to
+diagnose and hard to figure out their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose and hard to figure out their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose and hard to figure out their
+job related if someone is at a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job related if someone is at a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job related if someone is at a machine
+you watch them saw their arm off that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watch them saw their arm off that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watch them saw their arm off that's
+pretty easy if someone says I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy if someone says I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy if someone says I've been
+driving all day and I have back pain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving all day and I have back pain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving all day and I have back pain and
+I can't stand up that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't stand up that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't stand up that's
+harder most of claims for workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder most of claims for workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder most of claims for workers
+compensation today are mostly pain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation today are mostly pain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation today are mostly pain and
+mental health those are hard things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental health those are hard things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental health those are hard things to
+evaluate as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate as a result
+um and then on top of that workers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then on top of that workers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then on top of that workers so
+you've got two problems workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got two problems workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got two problems workers
+compensation one is it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation one is it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation one is it's hard to
+evaluate if people are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate if people are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate if people are really
+injured the other is if they are injured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injured the other is if they are injured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injured the other is if they are injured
+they get a pretty attractive benefit if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get a pretty attractive benefit if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get a pretty attractive benefit if
+you miss work and get Workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you miss work and get Workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you miss work and get Workers
+Comp you get 75% of the wages you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comp you get 75% of the wages you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comp you get 75% of the wages you would
+have gotten if you worked so you can sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten if you worked so you can sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten if you worked so you can sit
+at home and get 75 remember Leisure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home and get 75 remember Leisure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home and get 75 remember Leisure is
+normal people would rather not work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal people would rather not work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal people would rather not work so
+you can work or sit at home with 75% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work or sit at home with 75% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work or sit at home with 75% of
+your Wes but it's better than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Wes but it's better than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Wes but it's better than that
+because your wages are taxed and workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your wages are taxed and workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your wages are taxed and workers
+comp Isn't So for a typical worker after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp Isn't So for a typical worker after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp Isn't So for a typical worker after
+tax their workers comp amounts to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax their workers comp amounts to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax their workers comp amounts to about
+90% of what they take home working so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% of what they take home working so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% of what they take home working so
+you got a program which says look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a program which says look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a program which says look
+Leisure is a normal good I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leisure is a normal good I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leisure is a normal good I'm going to
+pay you roughly 90% of what you'd earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay you roughly 90% of what you'd earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay you roughly 90% of what you'd earn
+at work all you have to do is pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at work all you have to do is pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at work all you have to do is pretend
+you're hurt that's a clear incentive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hurt that's a clear incentive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hurt that's a clear incentive for
+moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral
+hazard okay so basically the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard okay so basically the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard okay so basically the idea is
+that there might be moral hazard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might be moral hazard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might be moral hazard is
+something like workers comp and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like workers comp and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like workers comp and there's
+been a large really fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a large really fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a large really fascinating
+literature this tried to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature this tried to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature this tried to measure
+that sometimes there's fun examples my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes there's fun examples my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes there's fun examples my
+favorite example was the woman who in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite example was the woman who in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite example was the woman who in in
+what state what state I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what state what state I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what state what state I'm talking about
+bad behavior what state am I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad behavior what state am I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad behavior what state am I talk about
+Florida right come on so there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida right come on so there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida right come on so there was a
+woman in Florida who was at her desk uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman in Florida who was at her desk uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman in Florida who was at her desk uh
+while she was at her desk a sprinkler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while she was at her desk a sprinkler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while she was at her desk a sprinkler
+had fell out of the ceiling and landed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had fell out of the ceiling and landed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had fell out of the ceiling and landed
+on her desk and shocked her she looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on her desk and shocked her she looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on her desk and shocked her she looked
+around bonked herself on the head with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around bonked herself on the head with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around bonked herself on the head with a
+sprinkler desk with with the sprinkler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinkler desk with with the sprinkler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinkler desk with with the sprinkler
+piece and claim workers comp but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and claim workers comp but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and claim workers comp but of
+course you know the reason I'm telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know the reason I'm telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know the reason I'm telling
+the story is All on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story is All on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story is All on
+camera okay have any guys ever heard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera okay have any guys ever heard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera okay have any guys ever heard to
+show Wicked Tuna it's about tuna fishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show Wicked Tuna it's about tuna fishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show Wicked Tuna it's about tuna fishing
+out of gloss about a guy wrestles these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of gloss about a guy wrestles these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of gloss about a guy wrestles these
+thousand two ton Tunas onto his boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand two ton Tunas onto his boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand two ton Tunas onto his boat
+turns out the whole time I was on Wicked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the whole time I was on Wicked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the whole time I was on Wicked
+Tuna he was collecting workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuna he was collecting workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuna he was collecting workers
+compensation because he couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation because he couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation because he couldn't
+work okay there are lots of fun really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay there are lots of fun really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay there are lots of fun really
+fun examples but we care about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun examples but we care about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun examples but we care about an
+economics is not stories we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics is not stories we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics is not stories we care about
+facts and how do we test in empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts and how do we test in empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts and how do we test in empirical
+economics whether moral hazards a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics whether moral hazards a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics whether moral hazards a real
+problem but well the way we do it is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but well the way we do it is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but well the way we do it is we
+say it turns out that what you get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it turns out that what you get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it turns out that what you get from
+workers comp varies across different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers comp varies across different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers comp varies across different
+states and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and over
+time so let's say I'm in one state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so let's say I'm in one state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so let's say I'm in one state
+Andrew's in another state Andrew State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew's in another state Andrew State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew's in another state Andrew State
+randomly raises the benefits now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly raises the benefits now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly raises the benefits now there's
+no reason Andrew should be more injury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason Andrew should be more injury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason Andrew should be more injury
+prone just because the state rais the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prone just because the state rais the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prone just because the state rais the
+benefits but if Andrew becomes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits but if Andrew becomes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits but if Andrew becomes more
+likely to be injured when the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be injured when the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be injured when the state
+raises its benefits clearly that's moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises its benefits clearly that's moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises its benefits clearly that's moral
+hazard because there's no other reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard because there's no other reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard because there's no other reason
+why just because the state rais benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why just because the state rais benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why just because the state rais benefits
+Andrew should be more injury prone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew should be more injury prone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew should be more injury prone and
+the evidence that is incredibly powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence that is incredibly powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence that is incredibly powerful
+we talked about the elasticities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the elasticities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the elasticities the
+evidence is that for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence is that for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence is that for every
+10% that benefits go up people Miss 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% that benefits go up people Miss 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% that benefits go up people Miss 10
+to 20% more work an elasticity of one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20% more work an elasticity of one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20% more work an elasticity of one to
+two people are very responsive to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people are very responsive to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people are very responsive to these
+benefits and that's C evidence of moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits and that's C evidence of moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits and that's C evidence of moral
+hazard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard
+okay um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so
+moral hazard exists but we might ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral hazard exists but we might ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral hazard exists but we might ask
+look so what's the problem okay every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so what's the problem okay every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so what's the problem okay every
+selection I explained the problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection I explained the problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection I explained the problem the
+market collapses that's pretty bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market collapses that's pretty bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market collapses that's pretty bad
+collapse we know is a bad word that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse we know is a bad word that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse we know is a bad word that's
+bad what about moral hazard why is it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad what about moral hazard why is it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad what about moral hazard why is it so
+bad well it's bad for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad well it's bad for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad well it's bad for two
+reasons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons the
+first is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is you
+remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove
+productive labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive labor
+Supply let's just do some quick math to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply let's just do some quick math to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply let's just do some quick math to
+show why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show why this is
+imagine that an individual is choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that an individual is choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that an individual is choosing
+between staying at home is choosing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between staying at home is choosing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between staying at home is choosing for
+the for the marginal hour do I stay at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the marginal hour do I stay at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the marginal hour do I stay at
+home or do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home or do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home or do I
+work well we know the way they'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well we know the way they'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well we know the way they'll make
+that decision is they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision is they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision is they will
+maximize their utility over consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize their utility over consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize their utility over consumption
+and Leisure subject to some budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Leisure subject to some budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Leisure subject to some budget
+constraint and we know that this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and we know that this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and we know that this will
+yield the first order condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield the first order condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield the first order condition that
+du DL or the margin utility of leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du DL or the margin utility of leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du DL or the margin utility of leisure
+equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the
+wage that will be the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage that will be the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage that will be the equilibrium
+condition why because it's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition why because it's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition why because it's where
+marginal benefits equal marginal costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal benefits equal marginal costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal benefits equal marginal costs
+what's the marginal benefit of staying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the marginal benefit of staying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the marginal benefit of staying
+home how much happier it makes you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home how much happier it makes you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home how much happier it makes you the
+Marg utility of leisure what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marg utility of leisure what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marg utility of leisure what's the
+marginal cost of staying at home you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost of staying at home you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost of staying at home you
+give up your wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up your wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up your wage
+W so an efficient market this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so an efficient market this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so an efficient market this is a very
+important Insight by the way many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Insight by the way many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Insight by the way many people
+talk about work as a virtue that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about work as a virtue that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about work as a virtue that is
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+work is not a virtue okay people should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is not a virtue okay people should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is not a virtue okay people should
+only work until this condition is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only work until this condition is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only work until this condition is true
+if you're someone who reallying hates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're someone who reallying hates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're someone who reallying hates
+work because you're really disabled it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because you're really disabled it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because you're really disabled it's
+awful you shouldn't work it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful you shouldn't work it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful you shouldn't work it's not like
+God has said we must work okay the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God has said we must work okay the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God has said we must work okay the right
+the optimal social conditions people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal social conditions people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal social conditions people
+should work until this condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should work until this condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should work until this condition is
+true which means no one should work all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true which means no one should work all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true which means no one should work all
+the time that can't be true 24 hours a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time that can't be true 24 hours a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time that can't be true 24 hours a
+day for everyone at some point you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day for everyone at some point you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day for everyone at some point you got
+to sleep and some people should work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sleep and some people should work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sleep and some people should work
+less or more than others okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less or more than others okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less or more than others okay that's
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+optimal okay now imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal okay now imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal okay now imagine
+that um and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and we
+know that the wage in a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the wage in a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the wage in a perfectly
+competitive labor market equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive labor market equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive labor market equals the
+marginal revenue product of labor we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue product of labor we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue product of labor we
+know that's where the wage comes from in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's where the wage comes from in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's where the wage comes from in
+a perfectly competitive labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfectly competitive labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfectly competitive labor
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+okay so basically think of this from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically think of this from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically think of this from the
+from the employer perspective from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the employer perspective from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the employer perspective from the
+employer perspective I take Leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer perspective I take Leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer perspective I take Leisure
+until the Val Leisure equals the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the Val Leisure equals the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the Val Leisure equals the value
+of what i' produce at work okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what i' produce at work okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what i' produce at work okay so
+basically what we want in society want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we want in society want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we want in society want
+people trading off the value of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trading off the value of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trading off the value of what
+they produce at work versus how much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they produce at work versus how much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they produce at work versus how much the
+value they get from sitting at home but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value they get from sitting at home but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value they get from sitting at home but
+now suppose I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose I tell
+you that for every hour you sit at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that for every hour you sit at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that for every hour you sit at home
+you also get an amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also get an amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also get an amount
+G well now if I sit at home what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G well now if I sit at home what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G well now if I sit at home what do I
+get I get du DL plus G and I set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I get du DL plus G and I set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I get du DL plus G and I set that
+equal to the marginal revenue product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the marginal revenue product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the marginal revenue product of
+labor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor so
+DL plus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DL plus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DL plus G
+I said equal the margin product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said equal the margin product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said equal the margin product of
+labor let's think for a second about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor let's think for a second about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor let's think for a second about
+what this does to my leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this does to my leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this does to my leisure
+decision this means I set my margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision this means I set my margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision this means I set my margin
+utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of
+leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure
+above I'm sorry I set margin utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above I'm sorry I set margin utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above I'm sorry I set margin utility
+leure below my marginal product because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leure below my marginal product because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leure below my marginal product because
+G's positive I set my margin ility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G's positive I set my margin ility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G's positive I set my margin ility of
+leisure equal to mrpl minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure equal to mrpl minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure equal to mrpl minus
+G does that imply more Leisure or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G does that imply more Leisure or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G does that imply more Leisure or less
+Leisure than what we know is a efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leisure than what we know is a efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leisure than what we know is a efficient
+we know efficient is DL equals mrpl if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know efficient is DL equals mrpl if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know efficient is DL equals mrpl if
+DL plus g equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DL plus g equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DL plus g equals
+mrpl am I supplying more Leisure or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrpl am I supplying more Leisure or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrpl am I supplying more Leisure or less
+Leisure than the efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leisure than the efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leisure than the efficient
+outcome we know this yeah go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead more because remember as Leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead more because remember as Leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead more because remember as Leisure
+goes up Margin utility goes down we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up Margin utility goes down we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up Margin utility goes down we know
+we want Mar since G is positive to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want Mar since G is positive to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want Mar since G is positive to keep
+it equ PL DL has to go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it equ PL DL has to go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it equ PL DL has to go down
+doodl goes down by taking more Leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doodl goes down by taking more Leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doodl goes down by taking more Leisure
+so by offering this benefit I've created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by offering this benefit I've created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by offering this benefit I've created
+inefficiency I'm C to take more Leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency I'm C to take more Leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency I'm C to take more Leisure
+than is optimal the optimal Leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than is optimal the optimal Leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than is optimal the optimal Leisure
+would be DL equal mrpl but I'm making DL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be DL equal mrpl but I'm making DL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be DL equal mrpl but I'm making DL
+equal to mrpl minus G so I'm causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to mrpl minus G so I'm causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to mrpl minus G so I'm causing
+them to take too much leisure in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to take too much leisure in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to take too much leisure in other
+words I'm getting in the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I'm getting in the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I'm getting in the way of
+productive trades there's a productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive trades there's a productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive trades there's a productive
+trade to be made here which is I work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade to be made here which is I work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade to be made here which is I work
+you pay me but now I'm like it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay me but now I'm like it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay me but now I'm like it I'm
+not going to work because I get G so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to work because I get G so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to work because I get G so
+that's a productive trade that goes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a productive trade that goes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a productive trade that goes away
+because of moral hazard and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of moral hazard and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of moral hazard and that's why
+we care that's a dead weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care that's a dead weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care that's a dead weight
+loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss
+okay there's a second there's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a second there's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a second there's a second
+problem which is sort of minor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is sort of minor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is sort of minor but
+important but which to remember which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but which to remember which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but which to remember which is
+that how do we pay for social insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do we pay for social insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do we pay for social insurance
+programs by taxing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs by taxing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs by taxing
+workers the less people work the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers the less people work the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers the less people work the more
+taxes we have to raise on everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes we have to raise on everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes we have to raise on everybody else
+so it means higher tax rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because if we're shrinking the base of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we're shrinking the base of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we're shrinking the base of
+workers but we got to pay for all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers but we got to pay for all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers but we got to pay for all these
+workers sitting at home that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers sitting at home that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers sitting at home that means
+higher tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher tax
+rates and we'll talk later about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and we'll talk later about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and we'll talk later about why
+higher tax rates cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher tax rates cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher tax rates cause
+inefficiency so this leads us to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency so this leads us to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency so this leads us to the
+fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+tradeoff with social insurance on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff with social insurance on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff with social insurance on the
+one hand unless the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand unless the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand unless the government
+intervenes there will be a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervenes there will be a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervenes there will be a market
+collapse unless you get condition one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse unless you get condition one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse unless you get condition one
+and we have lots of evidence condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have lots of evidence condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have lots of evidence condition
+one has in met in most markets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has in met in most markets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has in met in most markets the
+market will collapse and that is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market will collapse and that is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market will collapse and that is bad
+that's a welfare loss on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a welfare loss on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a welfare loss on the other hand
+by providing that insurance we create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by providing that insurance we create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by providing that insurance we create an
+offsetting welfare loss which people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsetting welfare loss which people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsetting welfare loss which people
+don't work as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't work as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't work as
+hard what does that mean well that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard what does that mean well that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard what does that mean well that has a
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+implication which is we should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication which is we should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication which is we should have
+social insurance but it shouldn't be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social insurance but it shouldn't be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social insurance but it shouldn't be too
+generous clearly the right answer is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous clearly the right answer is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous clearly the right answer is not
+zero social insurance unless moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero social insurance unless moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero social insurance unless moral
+hazard is like deadly I mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard is like deadly I mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard is like deadly I mean you know
+this is just you're losing some product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just you're losing some product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just you're losing some product
+this one people starve if they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one people starve if they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one people starve if they don't
+have insurance so clearly want some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have insurance so clearly want some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have insurance so clearly want some
+insurance but if we have too much we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance but if we have too much we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance but if we have too much we
+might encourage people to sit at home so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might encourage people to sit at home so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might encourage people to sit at home so
+the ideas we want in between want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas we want in between want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas we want in between want a
+tradeoff want enough insurance we won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff want enough insurance we won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff want enough insurance we won
+starve but not so much that we cause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starve but not so much that we cause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starve but not so much that we cause a
+lot of moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of moral
+hazard okay and to see that let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard okay and to see that let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard okay and to see that let's talk
+about the largest social insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the largest social insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the largest social insurance
+program in America which is the Social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program in America which is the Social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program in America which is the Social
+Security program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a number of social insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a number of social insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a number of social insurance
+programs in America I mentioned workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs in America I mentioned workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs in America I mentioned workers
+compensation if you get H at work I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation if you get H at work I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation if you get H at work I
+mentioned unemployment insurance if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned unemployment insurance if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned unemployment insurance if you
+lose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose your
+job our biggest aggregate social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job our biggest aggregate social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job our biggest aggregate social
+programs are for healthcare I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs are for healthcare I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs are for healthcare I'll talk
+about them in the last lecture they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them in the last lecture they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them in the last lecture they're
+called Medicare and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Medicare and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Medicare and
+Medicaid okay but the single biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicaid okay but the single biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicaid okay but the single biggest
+program of social insurance at about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program of social insurance at about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program of social insurance at about
+$800 billion a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$800 billion a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$800 billion a year
+is social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is social
+security Social Security is insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security Social Security is insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security Social Security is insurance
+against the income loss that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the income loss that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the income loss that comes from
+retirement soci is insurance against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement soci is insurance against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement soci is insurance against the
+income loss of retirement it's ensuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income loss of retirement it's ensuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income loss of retirement it's ensuring
+you to make sure that once you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to make sure that once you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to make sure that once you're
+retired you have enough money and don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired you have enough money and don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired you have enough money and don't
+starve let's talk about how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starve let's talk about how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starve let's talk about how it works
+here's how Social Security works first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how Social Security works first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how Social Security works first
+when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you
+retire you get a check from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retire you get a check from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retire you get a check from the
+government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+you get a check from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a check from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a check from the
+government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+okay that check is a function of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that check is a function of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that check is a function of how
+much you made before you retired that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you made before you retired that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you made before you retired that
+check is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is
+Progressive what does that mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progressive what does that mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progressive what does that mean that
+means that if you're very poor you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if you're very poor you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if you're very poor you get a
+check that's almost as much as you made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that's almost as much as you made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that's almost as much as you made
+before you retired if you're rich you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you retired if you're rich you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you retired if you're rich you
+get a check that's about 30% of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a check that's about 30% of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a check that's about 30% of what you
+made before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made before you
+retired so you get a check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired so you get a check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired so you get a check that
+basically depends on how much you made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically depends on how much you made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically depends on how much you made
+before you retire but in a Progressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you retire but in a Progressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you retire but in a Progressive
+Way the more you made before you retire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way the more you made before you retire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way the more you made before you retire
+the less you get back from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less you get back from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less you get back from the
+government everybody gets something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government everybody gets something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government everybody gets something
+everyone gets at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone gets at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone gets at least
+30% but there's a range 30 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% but there's a range 30 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% but there's a range 30 to
+90 actually I'm wrong it's at least 15%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 actually I'm wrong it's at least 15%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 actually I'm wrong it's at least 15%
+there's a range 15 to 90 over which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a range 15 to 90 over which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a range 15 to 90 over which of
+VAR so Bill Gates will get Social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VAR so Bill Gates will get Social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VAR so Bill Gates will get Social
+Security start to keep picking on Bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security start to keep picking on Bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security start to keep picking on Bill
+he'll get Social Security but only get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll get Social Security but only get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll get Social Security but only get
+15% of his previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% of his previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% of his previous
+wages uh or or or you know subit to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages uh or or or you know subit to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages uh or or or you know subit to a
+cap so even less okay you get this check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap so even less okay you get this check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap so even less okay you get this check
+until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you
+die it's what's called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die it's what's called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die it's what's called an
+annuity this is an important term not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuity this is an important term not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuity this is an important term not a
+lot of people know financially Savvy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people know financially Savvy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people know financially Savvy
+people an annuity is the opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people an annuity is the opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people an annuity is the opposite of
+life insurance we all know life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life insurance we all know life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life insurance we all know life
+insurance life insurance is I pay money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance life insurance is I pay money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance life insurance is I pay money
+while I'm alive and when I die my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I'm alive and when I die my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I'm alive and when I die my
+descendants get a check a new is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants get a check a new is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants get a check a new is the
+opposite a new is I pay money now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite a new is I pay money now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite a new is I pay money now they
+send me a check as long as I'm alive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send me a check as long as I'm alive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send me a check as long as I'm alive and
+then it ends when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it ends when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it ends when I
+die so if I want to Nei tize my wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die so if I want to Nei tize my wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die so if I want to Nei tize my wealth
+what i is I'd walk into a broker's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i is I'd walk into a broker's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i is I'd walk into a broker's
+office I'd say here's my money I'm give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office I'd say here's my money I'm give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office I'd say here's my money I'm give
+it all to you now and you're gonna send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all to you now and you're gonna send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all to you now and you're gonna send
+me a check until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a check until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a check until I
+die why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die why is this
+appealing it's appealing because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing it's appealing because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing it's appealing because we
+don't know when we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know when we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know when we'll
+die and as a result savings for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die and as a result savings for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die and as a result savings for
+retirement is very imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement is very imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement is very imperfect
+definitionally you will always save if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitionally you will always save if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitionally you will always save if
+you you just use saving for retirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you just use saving for retirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you just use saving for retirement
+always save either too much or too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always save either too much or too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always save either too much or too
+little if you live longer than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little if you live longer than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little if you live longer than you
+thought you'll save too little if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you'll save too little if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you'll save too little if you
+die sooner than you thought you'll save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die sooner than you thought you'll save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die sooner than you thought you'll save
+too much now if you care about your kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much now if you care about your kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much now if you care about your kids
+that's a different thing but let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different thing but let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different thing but let's let's
+talk about a childless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a childless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a childless
+person okay so basically the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person okay so basically the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person okay so basically the point is
+savings isn't perfect because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings isn't perfect because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings isn't perfect because you don't
+know when you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you're going to
+die annuities are insurance against that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die annuities are insurance against that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die annuities are insurance against that
+uncertainty think about it just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty think about it just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty think about it just like
+health insurance insures you against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance insures you against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance insures you against the
+medical bill a UI isure you gu how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical bill a UI isure you gu how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical bill a UI isure you gu how long
+you're going to live you turn out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to live you turn out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to live you turn out to
+live a long time then your nity will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live a long time then your nity will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live a long time then your nity will
+turn out to be a good deal youve paid an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be a good deal youve paid an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be a good deal youve paid an
+AM and you get a check forever if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AM and you get a check forever if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AM and you get a check forever if you
+turn out to live only short time rity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to live only short time rity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to live only short time rity
+would be a bad deal just like with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a bad deal just like with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a bad deal just like with
+health insurance Health if you turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance Health if you turn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance Health if you turn out
+to be healthy health insurance is a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be healthy health insurance is a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be healthy health insurance is a bad
+deal turn out to be sick it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal turn out to be sick it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal turn out to be sick it's a good
+deal but you still want it because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal but you still want it because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal but you still want it because you
+want to smooth your consumption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to smooth your consumption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to smooth your consumption and
+that's what annuities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what annuities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what annuities
+do okay now that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay now that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay now that is the
+benefit of Social Security that we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of Social Security that we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of Social Security that we make
+sure sure that people have enough money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure sure that people have enough money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure sure that people have enough money
+till they die they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till they die they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till they die they don't
+unave that they don't unave and end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unave that they don't unave and end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unave that they don't unave and end up
+without enough money because they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without enough money because they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without enough money because they didn't
+think they're going to live that long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're going to live that long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're going to live that long
+they live a long time and suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they live a long time and suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they live a long time and suddenly
+they're they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're they're
+impoverished okay indeed one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impoverished okay indeed one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impoverished okay indeed one of the
+reason we set up Social Security was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we set up Social Security was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we set up Social Security was
+because there'd be all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there'd be all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there'd be all these
+impoverished people especially after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impoverished people especially after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impoverished people especially after the
+Great Depression the main motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great Depression the main motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great Depression the main motivation
+social SEC is the Great Depression wiped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social SEC is the Great Depression wiped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social SEC is the Great Depression wiped
+out a bunch of people's savings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a bunch of people's savings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a bunch of people's savings and
+we're worried they wouldn't have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're worried they wouldn't have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're worried they wouldn't have enough
+money to live till till their death so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to live till till their death so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to live till till their death so
+we set up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set up this
+program on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program on the other
+hand there's a moral hazard element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand there's a moral hazard element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand there's a moral hazard element of
+social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+security which is remember how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security which is remember how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security which is remember how do you
+qualify for Social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualify for Social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualify for Social
+Security by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security by
+retiring retirement is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retiring retirement is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retiring retirement is a
+choice Leisure is normal people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice Leisure is normal people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice Leisure is normal people would
+like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be
+retired so the more generous we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired so the more generous we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired so the more generous we make
+Social Security the earlier you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Security the earlier you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Security the earlier you'll
+retire because basically we're saying go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retire because basically we're saying go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retire because basically we're saying go
+back to go back to the math over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to go back to the math over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to go back to the math over
+here think about this not as a period by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here think about this not as a period by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here think about this not as a period by
+period decision but a year-by-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period decision but a year-by-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period decision but a year-by-year
+decision this year do I want to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision this year do I want to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision this year do I want to work
+well this year I think gee how much do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this year I think gee how much do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this year I think gee how much do I
+value Leisure if I sit at home versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Leisure if I sit at home versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Leisure if I sit at home versus
+how much will I make this year as aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much will I make this year as aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much will I make this year as aside
+should I work or not well now I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I work or not well now I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I work or not well now I'm gonna
+be more likely to quit because if I quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more likely to quit because if I quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more likely to quit because if I quit
+I Get Money I get if I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Get Money I get if I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Get Money I get if I don't
+work so I've essentially put a thumb on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so I've essentially put a thumb on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so I've essentially put a thumb on
+the scale for quitting I've put a thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale for quitting I've put a thumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale for quitting I've put a thumb
+on the scale for retirement so the moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the scale for retirement so the moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the scale for retirement so the moral
+hazard aspect of Social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard aspect of Social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard aspect of Social
+Security is it causes increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security is it causes increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security is it causes increased
+retirement why is that bad well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement why is that bad well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement why is that bad well because
+old workers are productive not that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old workers are productive not that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old workers are productive not that they
+shouldn't retire but they should only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't retire but they should only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't retire but they should only
+retire when this condition is true not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retire when this condition is true not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retire when this condition is true not
+when this condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this condition is
+true okay they're retiring too early and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true okay they're retiring too early and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true okay they're retiring too early and
+in fact there's tons of evidence from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's tons of evidence from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's tons of evidence from
+very well crafted studies that social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well crafted studies that social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well crafted studies that social
+security has a huge impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security has a huge impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security has a huge impact on
+retirement okay there's a really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement okay there's a really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement okay there's a really cool
+and basically the way they study this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically the way they study this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically the way they study this
+offit is by looking at the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offit is by looking at the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offit is by looking at the fact that
+social security has have certain ages at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social security has have certain ages at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social security has have certain ages at
+which you a minimum age and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you a minimum age and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you a minimum age and when you
+lower that minimum age all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower that minimum age all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower that minimum age all of a sudden
+everyone retires earlier and you raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone retires earlier and you raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone retires earlier and you raise
+people retire later in Germany the minim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people retire later in Germany the minim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people retire later in Germany the minim
+age was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age was
+60 and the average reement age was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 and the average reement age was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 and the average reement age was
+58 cou people retire early because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+58 cou people retire early because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+58 cou people retire early because they
+have their own money they raised to 65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own money they raised to 65
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own money they raised to 65
+within five years the average retirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within five years the average retirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within five years the average retirement
+age in the whole country of Germany was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age in the whole country of Germany was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age in the whole country of Germany was
+63 think about that within five years an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 think about that within five years an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 think about that within five years an
+entire country change went retired by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire country change went retired by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire country change went retired by
+five years pretty phenomenal okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years pretty phenomenal okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years pretty phenomenal okay that
+illustrates the power of moral hazard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates the power of moral hazard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates the power of moral hazard
+illustrates the power and that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates the power and that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates the power and that says
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+tradeoff so basically the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff so basically the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff so basically the question is
+how do you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think about this
+tradeoff well you write down an economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff well you write down an economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff well you write down an economic
+model and you talk about the benefits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and you talk about the benefits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and you talk about the benefits of
+insuring against longevity and the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insuring against longevity and the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insuring against longevity and the cost
+of early retirement you come out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of early retirement you come out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of early retirement you come out with
+some optimal social security number this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some optimal social security number this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some optimal social security number this
+isn't what we do here we'll do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't what we do here we'll do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't what we do here we'll do that in
+1441 if you want to follow up that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1441 if you want to follow up that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1441 if you want to follow up that's in
+1441 write down a model we put both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1441 write down a model we put both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1441 write down a model we put both
+these things in one model and optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in one model and optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in one model and optimize
+and you get some optimal level of Social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get some optimal level of Social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get some optimal level of Social
+Security turns out it's probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security turns out it's probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security turns out it's probably not
+that far from where we are social SEC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far from where we are social SEC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far from where we are social SEC
+average replaces about 45% of people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average replaces about 45% of people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average replaces about 45% of people's
+wages across everyone that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages across everyone that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages across everyone that's probably
+not a terrible number given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a terrible number given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a terrible number given this
+tradeoff okay but the problem is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff okay but the problem is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff okay but the problem is this is
+a much bigger issue in Europe than is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much bigger issue in Europe than is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much bigger issue in Europe than is in
+the US because of a seemingly harmless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US because of a seemingly harmless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US because of a seemingly harmless
+little tweak in the way we do social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tweak in the way we do social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tweak in the way we do social
+security versus the way you do social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security versus the way you do social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security versus the way you do social
+security so social care is an age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security so social care is an age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security so social care is an age of
+early retirement the earliest of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early retirement the earliest of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early retirement the earliest of which
+you can get your benefits so the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get your benefits so the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get your benefits so the way it
+works in Social care in the US is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in Social care in the US is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in Social care in the US is as
+soon as you're 62 you can start getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you're 62 you can start getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you're 62 you can start getting
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+check but if you wait till 63 we'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check but if you wait till 63 we'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check but if you wait till 63 we'll give
+you a bigger check why because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a bigger check why because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a bigger check why because you're
+going to get it for a fewer years your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get it for a fewer years your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get it for a fewer years your
+death dat's the same see like at 62
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death dat's the same see like at 62
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death dat's the same see like at 62
+you're going to die to 162 to 100 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to die to 162 to 100 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to die to 162 to 100 and we
+give you X if you get 63 to 100 we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you X if you get 63 to 100 we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you X if you get 63 to 100 we're
+going to give you X plus a little bit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you X plus a little bit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you X plus a little bit to
+give you the same total by age 100 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the same total by age 100 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the same total by age 100 so we
+basically have what we call in Social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have what we call in Social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have what we call in Social
+Security an Actuarial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adjustment we basically look the longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment we basically look the longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment we basically look the longer
+you work the more money will let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work the more money will let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work the more money will let you
+keep because you're going to get fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep because you're going to get fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep because you're going to get fewer
+years of benefits it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of benefits it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of benefits it's a
+trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the the issue is getting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the issue is getting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the issue is getting this
+actual adjustment right can strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual adjustment right can strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual adjustment right can strongly
+impact people's works decisions so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact people's works decisions so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact people's works decisions so let's
+say Let's do an example let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Let's do an example let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Let's do an example let's say you
+earn y percent per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn y percent per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn y percent per
+year and Social Security replaces K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and Social Security replaces K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and Social Security replaces K
+percent of that remember I said an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of that remember I said an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of that remember I said an
+average social security rep about 45% so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average social security rep about 45% so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average social security rep about 45% so
+K would be 0.45 or 45% in the US so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K would be 0.45 or 45% in the US so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K would be 0.45 or 45% in the US so
+Social Security replace about 45% and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Security replace about 45% and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Security replace about 45% and
+ignore the fact that rich people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the fact that rich people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the fact that rich people and
+poor people are different Imagine One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor people are different Imagine One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor people are different Imagine One
+representative person that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative person that
+representative person earns Y and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative person earns Y and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative person earns Y and when
+they retired they're going to get K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they retired they're going to get K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they retired they're going to get K
+times Y where K is a number less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Y where K is a number less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Y where K is a number less than
+one and let's imagine that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and let's imagine that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and let's imagine that you're going
+to live until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+80 live till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 live till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 live till
+80 and you're deciding should I retire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 and you're deciding should I retire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 and you're deciding should I retire
+at age 62 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at age 62 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at age 62 or
+not should I 62 or work till 63 well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not should I 62 or work till 63 well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not should I 62 or work till 63 well if
+I retire 62 what do I get from Social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I retire 62 what do I get from Social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I retire 62 what do I get from Social
+Security well I get the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security well I get the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security well I get the present
+discounted value remember I got to pdv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted value remember I got to pdv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted value remember I got to pdv
+it because the money's coming in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because the money's coming in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because the money's coming in the
+future okay of getting 18 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future okay of getting 18 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future okay of getting 18 years
+of K * y i retired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K * y i retired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K * y i retired
+62 I get it for 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+62 I get it for 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+62 I get it for 18
+years and it's going to be in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and it's going to be in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and it's going to be in the future
+so I got to pdv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I got to pdv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I got to pdv
+it if I work till 63 what do I get if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if I work till 63 what do I get if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if I work till 63 what do I get if I
+work till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work till
+63 well then I get y I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 well then I get y I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 well then I get y I get the
+pdv of Y this year plus 17 * k time y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdv of Y this year plus 17 * k time y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdv of Y this year plus 17 * k time y
+because I get it for one fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I get it for one fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I get it for one fewer
+year so what's the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so what's the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so what's the difference between
+these two the difference these two is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two the difference these two is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two the difference these two is 1
+minus K *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K *
+y That's the difference between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y That's the difference between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y That's the difference between these
+two if you work one more year you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if you work one more year you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if you work one more year you get
+one minus K * y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus K * y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus K * y
+more this is the questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this is the questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this is the questions about
+that why is this important because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why is this important because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why is this important because this
+k term effectively is a tax think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k term effectively is a tax think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k term effectively is a tax think about
+it if I work one more year without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if I work one more year without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if I work one more year without
+Social Security what do I get why if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Security what do I get why if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Security what do I get why if I
+work one M with Social Security I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work one M with Social Security I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work one M with Social Security I get
+one minus K times y why is that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus K times y why is that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus K times y why is that because
+I'm giving up the money I could have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm giving up the money I could have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm giving up the money I could have had
+by sitting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sitting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sitting at
+home and my decision is always sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and my decision is always sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and my decision is always sitting
+home versus working so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home versus working so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home versus working so it's a
+tradeoff the bigger K is Imagine K was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff the bigger K is Imagine K was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff the bigger K is Imagine K was
+100% imagine K was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% imagine K was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% imagine K was
+one and Leisure is normal when anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and Leisure is normal when anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and Leisure is normal when anyone
+work past 62 no why' you work past 62
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work past 62 no why' you work past 62
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work past 62 no why' you work past 62
+you get the same thing if K is one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the same thing if K is one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the same thing if K is one that
+means if I work I get Y and if I'm home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I work I get Y and if I'm home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I work I get Y and if I'm home
+I get Y and leure is normal why would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get Y and leure is normal why would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get Y and leure is normal why would I
+ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever
+work so the bigger K is the bigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so the bigger K is the bigger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so the bigger K is the bigger the
+moral hazard is the less is that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral hazard is the less is that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral hazard is the less is that of
+there is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is to
+work okay so what do we do in the US to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay so what do we do in the US to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay so what do we do in the US to
+offset that we have a simple what I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset that we have a simple what I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset that we have a simple what I call
+Actuarial adjustment which is we say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actuarial adjustment which is we say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actuarial adjustment which is we say if
+you work till 63 we're gonna give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work till 63 we're gonna give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work till 63 we're gonna give you an
+extra bonus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra bonus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra bonus
+we're going to give you y + 7 * K * y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to give you y + 7 * K * y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to give you y + 7 * K * y
+time 1.06
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 1.06
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 1.06
+7 we're going to give you more and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 we're going to give you more and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 we're going to give you more and that
+1.06 7 is calculated so that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.06 7 is calculated so that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.06 7 is calculated so that you're
+indifferent so the average person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent so the average person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent so the average person is
+indifferent yes they give up K but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent yes they give up K but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent yes they give up K but they
+get more per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more per
+month and it's calculates the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and it's calculates the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and it's calculates the average
+person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is
+indifferent okay so roughly speaking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent okay so roughly speaking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent okay so roughly speaking in
+the US when you're deciding to retire 62
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US when you're deciding to retire 62
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US when you're deciding to retire 62
+or 63 Social Security shouldn't affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 63 Social Security shouldn't affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 63 Social Security shouldn't affect
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+decision it's basically pretty neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision it's basically pretty neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision it's basically pretty neutral
+now let's go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go to the
+Netherlands in the Netherlands two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands in the Netherlands two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands in the Netherlands two
+things are different K instead of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are different K instead of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are different K instead of being
+0.5 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.9 B the second thing different they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.9 B the second thing different they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.9 B the second thing different they
+don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have
+this so in the Netherlands your decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so in the Netherlands your decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so in the Netherlands your decision
+is do I work age 55 is early retirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do I work age 55 is early retirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do I work age 55 is early retirement
+age your decision is do I work till age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age your decision is do I work till age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age your decision is do I work till age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get
+y do do I work my 56th year and get y or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y do do I work my 56th year and get y or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y do do I work my 56th year and get y or
+do I stay at home and get K * Y which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I stay at home and get K * Y which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I stay at home and get K * Y which is
+90% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% of
+why okay people understand that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why okay people understand that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why okay people understand that that's
+your decision but it's even worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your decision but it's even worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your decision but it's even worse than
+that because how does the Netherlands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because how does the Netherlands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because how does the Netherlands
+pay for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for this
+program by taxing workers taxes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program by taxing workers taxes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program by taxing workers taxes you
+don't pay if you don't work so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pay if you don't work so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pay if you don't work so if you
+work you get why but you lose almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you get why but you lose almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you get why but you lose almost
+half it in taxes so you get half y if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half it in taxes so you get half y if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half it in taxes so you get half y if
+you don't work you get 90% of why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't work you get 90% of why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't work you get 90% of why you
+make money by not working even MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money by not working even MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money by not working even MIT
+students might find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students might find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students might find that
+attractive as a result literally no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive as a result literally no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive as a result literally no one
+works past age 55 in these countries we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works past age 55 in these countries we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works past age 55 in these countries we
+essentially made it not in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially made it not in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially made it not in their
+financial interest some people go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial interest some people go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial interest some people go back
+to work off the books and sort of jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work off the books and sort of jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work off the books and sort of jobs
+that aren't recorded so they can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't recorded so they can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't recorded so they can make
+some money but that's why I see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money but that's why I see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money but that's why I see all
+these old people sitting around cafes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these old people sitting around cafes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these old people sitting around cafes in
+Europe having a great old time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe having a great old time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe having a great old time in the
+middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the
+day because basically there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day because basically there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day because basically there's no
+Financial benefit to working we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial benefit to working we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial benefit to working we're
+essentially making you IND different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially making you IND different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially making you IND different
+even working and nonworking once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even working and nonworking once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even working and nonworking once you've
+reach the retirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the retirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the retirement
+age so that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age so that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age so that is an
+example of moral hazard that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of moral hazard that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of moral hazard that's an
+example setting the benefits too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example setting the benefits too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example setting the benefits too
+large so that the moral hazard benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so that the moral hazard benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so that the moral hazard benefits
+the the moral hazard cost is enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the moral hazard cost is enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the moral hazard cost is enormous
+rela to potential smoothing if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rela to potential smoothing if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rela to potential smoothing if the
+Netherlands for example lower than 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands for example lower than 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands for example lower than 90%
+or even just introduce a factor like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even just introduce a factor like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even just introduce a factor like
+this that would offset things a lot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that would offset things a lot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that would offset things a lot so
+the point is this is sort of a wonky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is this is sort of a wonky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is this is sort of a wonky
+discussion but the point is this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion but the point is this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion but the point is this shows
+you how the little wonky numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how the little wonky numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how the little wonky numbers that
+policy makers fight about all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy makers fight about all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy makers fight about all the time
+could have a fundamental impact on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a fundamental impact on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a fundamental impact on the
+way an entire economy functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way an entire economy functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way an entire economy functions
+literally by setting K to 0.9 and by not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally by setting K to 0.9 and by not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally by setting K to 0.9 and by not
+having this Actuarial adjustment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this Actuarial adjustment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this Actuarial adjustment the
+Netherland essentially taken every old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherland essentially taken every old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherland essentially taken every old
+person out of the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person out of the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person out of the labor
+force that's a pretty fundamental change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that's a pretty fundamental change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that's a pretty fundamental change
+and that's something that policy makers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's something that policy makers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's something that policy makers
+that's why I love policymaking that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I love policymaking that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I love policymaking that's
+what policymakers need to think about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what policymakers need to think about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what policymakers need to think about is
+essentially what are the unintended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what are the unintended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what are the unintended
+consequences what I started the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences what I started the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences what I started the semester
+with I want to ensure people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I want to ensure people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I want to ensure people in
+Netherlands if they can't work anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands if they can't work anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands if they can't work anymore
+but I don't want to take every old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't want to take every old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't want to take every old
+person out of the labor force and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person out of the labor force and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person out of the labor force and that's
+what they end up doing okay that's all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they end up doing okay that's all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they end up doing okay that's all I
+got for today um hope you guys had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got for today um hope you guys had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got for today um hope you guys had a
+good Thanksgiving and we'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Thanksgiving and we'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Thanksgiving and we'll come back
+Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sXHck0ZjWmw.txt b/sXHck0ZjWmw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b4a78f6fc0041f39d8c448895fb87ac167bb6a5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sXHck0ZjWmw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6883 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mmit.edu. There. Okay. So let me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. There. Okay. So let me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. There. Okay. So let me uh
+review a lot of where we've been. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review a lot of where we've been. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review a lot of where we've been. We
+found we got a secular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found we got a secular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found we got a secular
+equation and the secular equation said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the secular equation said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the secular equation said
+okay we have this GF matrix and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have this GF matrix and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have this GF matrix and we want
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+transformation that diagonalizes it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And since this is not a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And since this is not a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And since this is not a symmetric
+matrix, this is not a unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix, this is not a unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix, this is not a unitary
+transformation. It's a similarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation. It's a similarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation. It's a similarity
+transformation. We need to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation. We need to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation. We need to find the
+matrix which diagonalizes this and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which diagonalizes this and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which diagonalizes this and it's
+not going to be one where L dagger is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be one where L dagger is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be one where L dagger is
+equal to L inverse. Okay, so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to L inverse. Okay, so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to L inverse. Okay, so this is the
+condition. But we also wanted to uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh be sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be sure that
+L that that we have a representation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L that that we have a representation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L that that we have a representation the
+Q representation which is uh has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q representation which is uh has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q representation which is uh has no
+cross terms or everything is separable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross terms or everything is separable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross terms or everything is separable.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2T was the uh product of the uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T was the uh product of the uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T was the uh product of the uh uh uh
+mass weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass weighted
+velocities and the transformation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities and the transformation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities and the transformation to the
+uh internal coordinate velocities is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh internal coordinate velocities is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh internal coordinate velocities is
+given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we chose to define this as uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we chose to define this as uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we chose to define this as uh the
+inverse of the G matrix. And so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of the G matrix. And so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of the G matrix. And so that's
+just a definition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then we defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we defined
+uh the transformation that takes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the transformation that takes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the transformation that takes you
+from S to Q the normal coordinates as L.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from S to Q the normal coordinates as L.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from S to Q the normal coordinates as L.
+And so we want to be sure that that L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we want to be sure that that L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we want to be sure that that L is
+the same L as we have here. And so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same L as we have here. And so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same L as we have here. And so now
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+Q L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q L
+dagger G minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger G minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger G minus one
+L Q dot. Okay. And so from this we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L Q dot. Okay. And so from this we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L Q dot. Okay. And so from this we get a
+requirement well and we want 2T to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement well and we want 2T to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement well and we want 2T to be
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q. So that requires this L dagger G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q. So that requires this L dagger G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q. So that requires this L dagger G
+minus one L to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one L to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one L to be equal to
+one the unit matrix. So that's one. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the unit matrix. So that's one. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the unit matrix. So that's one. So
+this is the secular equation. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the secular equation. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the secular equation. This is a
+consequence of requiring L to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of requiring L to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of requiring L to be the
+transformation from the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from the internal
+coordinates to the normal coordinates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates to the normal coordinates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates to the normal coordinates.
+And the third point of concern is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the third point of concern is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the third point of concern is we
+wanted the potential energy also to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the potential energy also to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the potential energy also to be
+expressed in separable form. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in separable form. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in separable form. And we
+defined the potential energy or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the potential energy or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the potential energy or we
+defined the F matrix to have this form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the F matrix to have this form.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the F matrix to have this form.
+And again we use the transformation now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again we use the transformation now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again we use the transformation now
+from S to Q. And so we have L dagger F L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q. And we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q. And we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q. And we want
+2T 2V to have the form uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T 2V to have the form uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T 2V to have the form uh
+Q lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q. And uh so that requires that lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q. And uh so that requires that lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q. And uh so that requires that lambda
+equal l dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l. So this is uh the solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l. So this is uh the solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l. So this is uh the solution of the
+secular equation. These are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secular equation. These are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secular equation. These are the two
+consequences of defining uh the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of defining uh the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of defining uh the normal
+coordinates in terms of the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in terms of the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in terms of the internal
+coordinates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates.
+So we manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those and we showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and we showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and we showed that
+uh this and this are consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this and this are consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this and this are consistent with
+that or all three of these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or all three of these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or all three of these things are
+internally consistent. So we're happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally consistent. So we're happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally consistent. So we're happy
+and we then move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we then move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we then move
+on. Okay. So then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Okay. So then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Okay. So then we
+began dealing with the S vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began dealing with the S vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began dealing with the S vector
+uh method. And the purpose of that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh method. And the purpose of that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh method. And the purpose of that is to
+actually uh work out what the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh work out what the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh work out what the internal
+displacements are, impose constraints,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements are, impose constraints,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements are, impose constraints,
+and work out what the G matrix is. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work out what the G matrix is. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work out what the G matrix is. And
+so up until this point, we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so up until this point, we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so up until this point, we're just
+dealing with formal stuff. And now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with formal stuff. And now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with formal stuff. And now we're
+going to begin begin to actually work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to begin begin to actually work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to begin begin to actually work
+derive the results that enable us to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the results that enable us to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the results that enable us to do
+calculations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh well but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well but we
+write the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the internal
+displacements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements
+ST as a sum over atoms of little ST
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ST as a sum over atoms of little ST
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ST as a sum over atoms of little ST
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row
+alpha. So we want to find these special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha. So we want to find these special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha. So we want to find these special
+vectors which uh enable us to take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors which uh enable us to take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors which uh enable us to take an
+arbitrary displacement and relate it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary displacement and relate it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary displacement and relate it to
+uh how that uh affects the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how that uh affects the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how that uh affects the internal
+displacement. And we say that s t alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement. And we say that s t alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement. And we say that s t alpha
+uh is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction of maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+st and uh the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st and uh the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st and uh the magnitude
+ST alpha has a magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh equal to the change in ST
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equal to the change in ST
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equal to the change in ST
+uh that results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that results
+when we make a unit displacement of atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we make a unit displacement of atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we make a unit displacement of atom
+A in the optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A in the optimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A in the optimum
+direction. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So
+uh these are vectors that tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are vectors that tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are vectors that tell the
+effectiveness of displacements. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectiveness of displacements. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectiveness of displacements. If we
+choose displacement of unity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose displacement of unity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose displacement of unity in the
+optimum direction uh we we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum direction uh we we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum direction uh we we get the
+magnitude of ST. Uh and so so uh uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of ST. Uh and so so uh uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of ST. Uh and so so uh uh this
+definition provides us with the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition provides us with the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition provides us with the ability
+to impose constraints and to derive neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. Okay.
+Um so we're going to show how to impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so we're going to show how to impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so we're going to show how to impose
+constraints. We're going to discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints. We're going to discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints. We're going to discuss the
+echart condition and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echart condition and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echart condition and we're going
+to derive this result that G the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive this result that G the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive this result that G the matrix
+elements of G are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given in terms
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+masses and ST alpha dot S T prime alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and ST alpha dot S T prime alpha.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and ST alpha dot S T prime alpha.
+And this is where we re really start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is where we re really start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is where we re really start to
+make money because you know once we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money because you know once we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money because you know once we can
+figure out how to uh define these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to uh define these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to uh define these
+subject to the constraints that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to the constraints that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to the constraints that there's
+no overall translation of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no overall translation of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no overall translation of the molecule
+and no rotation then we can set up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no rotation then we can set up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no rotation then we can set up the
+matrix and we we're off to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and we we're off to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and we we're off to the
+races. Okay. So let me try to uh uh show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races. Okay. So let me try to uh uh show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races. Okay. So let me try to uh uh show
+how we do this. Okay. Here we again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we do this. Okay. Here we again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we do this. Okay. Here we again
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write the definition uh and now we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the definition uh and now we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the definition uh and now we want
+to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider
+uh the constraint that there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the constraint that there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the constraint that there is no
+overall translation of the molecule.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall translation of the molecule.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall translation of the molecule.
+So we would represent rigid translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we would represent rigid translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we would represent rigid translation
+of the molecule as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule as
+uh um this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um this vector
+one vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 all equal to the same vector. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 all equal to the same vector. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 all equal to the same vector. So if
+all of the atoms are translated the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the atoms are translated the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the atoms are translated the same
+amount in the same direction that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount in the same direction that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount in the same direction that's the
+rigid translation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid translation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid translation.
+And that's something we want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's something we want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's something we want to have
+zero projection on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero projection on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero projection on
+this. We want to define uh internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. We want to define uh internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. We want to define uh internal
+displacements where there is no overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements where there is no overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements where there is no overall
+displacement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So immediately we can write ST
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So immediately we can write ST
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So immediately we can write ST
+uh for this uh displacement to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this uh displacement to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this uh displacement to be equal
+to epsilon vector dotted into the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to epsilon vector dotted into the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to epsilon vector dotted into the sum
+over alpha of the ST
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over alpha of the ST
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over alpha of the ST
+alphas. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas. And we
+want a rigid translation to have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a rigid translation to have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a rigid translation to have no
+projection on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection on
+this. So that's gives us the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So that's gives us the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So that's gives us the first
+condition. The sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition. The sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition. The sum over
+alpha of little s t alpha is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha of little s t alpha is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha of little s t alpha is going to be
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero. That's wonderful. And that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. That's wonderful. And that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. That's wonderful. And that's a
+vector equation. So it's really three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector equation. So it's really three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector equation. So it's really three
+equations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um motions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um motions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um motions
+uh I mean suppose we have a molecule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean suppose we have a molecule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean suppose we have a molecule and
+we're interested in uh a veilance angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in uh a veilance angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in uh a veilance angle
+stretch then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch then this
+sum is going to so the STS that would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is going to so the STS that would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is going to so the STS that would go
+into the veilance stretch would be only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the veilance stretch would be only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the veilance stretch would be only
+uh the ST for atom atom one and atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the ST for atom atom one and atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the ST for atom atom one and atom
+two. So this is a an equation then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So this is a an equation then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So this is a an equation then that
+controls only two that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls only two that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls only two that that
+uh expresses only two of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh expresses only two of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh expresses only two of these things
+and it's a wonderful uh way of imposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a wonderful uh way of imposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a wonderful uh way of imposing
+constraints. If on the other hand we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints. If on the other hand we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints. If on the other hand we
+have you know something like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know something like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know something like this one
+two three a bend we would like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three a bend we would like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three a bend we would like to be
+able to constrain the molecu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to constrain the molecu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to constrain the molecu
+uh build a um internal displacement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh build a um internal displacement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh build a um internal displacement for
+for the bend where atoms one two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the bend where atoms one two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the bend where atoms one two and
+three don't have an overall displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three don't have an overall displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three don't have an overall displacement
+and so it's now only three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's now only three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's now only three of these
+things. So we might have a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So we might have a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So we might have a huge
+molecule but by focusing on internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule but by focusing on internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule but by focusing on internal
+displacements that are uh stretches bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements that are uh stretches bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements that are uh stretches bond
+stretches bends or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches bends or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches bends or
+torsions which is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torsions which is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torsions which is pretty much
+everything. Uh one has constraints of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. Uh one has constraints of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. Uh one has constraints of
+two, three or four of these things. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, three or four of these things. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, three or four of these things. And
+we also know you know how to build them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know you know how to build them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know you know how to build them
+because we know that we we want to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that we we want to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that we we want to build
+the the internal coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the internal coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the internal coordinate
+displacements that that uh we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements that that uh we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements that that uh we want to
+choose the ST alphas to that give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the ST alphas to that give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the ST alphas to that give the
+maximum change in the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum change in the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum change in the internal
+coordinate we care about. So the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate we care about. So the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate we care about. So the first
+constraint equation is this one and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint equation is this one and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint equation is this one and it's
+wonderful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful.
+rotation is trickier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation is trickier.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation is trickier.
+Uh and it's actually a very subtle point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and it's actually a very subtle point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and it's actually a very subtle point
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+um how do we decide for a polyatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do we decide for a polyatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do we decide for a polyatomic
+molecule what's a vibration and what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule what's a vibration and what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule what's a vibration and what's a
+rotation? we have to make I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation? we have to make I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation? we have to make I mean
+there's both of these come you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's both of these come you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's both of these come you know when
+we solve the shredding equation we clamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solve the shredding equation we clamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solve the shredding equation we clamp
+the nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei
+uh and we define a potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we define a potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we define a potential energy
+surface and then we try to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and then we try to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and then we try to describe
+what's going to be the motion on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be the motion on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be the motion on this
+surface and we'd like to be able to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and we'd like to be able to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and we'd like to be able to have
+a separation between vibration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separation between vibration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separation between vibration and
+rotation which is analogous to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation which is analogous to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation which is analogous to what we
+had for diatomic molecules where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had for diatomic molecules where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had for diatomic molecules where there's
+no ambiguity at all. But for for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no ambiguity at all. But for for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no ambiguity at all. But for for a
+polyatomic molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecule
+uh what is a rotation uh is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is a rotation uh is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is a rotation uh is not a
+trivial thing. You have to you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial thing. You have to you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial thing. You have to you have to
+make a definition. Um and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a definition. Um and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a definition. Um and uh the
+definition it's as long as we're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition it's as long as we're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition it's as long as we're dealing
+with infinite decimal motions uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with infinite decimal motions uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with infinite decimal motions uh it's
+not a big deal. It's not complicated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a big deal. It's not complicated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a big deal. It's not complicated.
+But if one has very large amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if one has very large amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if one has very large amplitude
+motions uh like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions uh like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions uh like this
+uh what how do we decide how to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what how do we decide how to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what how do we decide how to keep the
+the molecule fixed axis how do we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule fixed axis how do we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule fixed axis how do we define
+a molecule fixed axis system in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule fixed axis system in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule fixed axis system in which
+rotation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimized. It would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized. It would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized. It would be
+a a tempting thing to say okay we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a tempting thing to say okay we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a tempting thing to say okay we have a
+convenient criterion for the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient criterion for the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient criterion for the principal
+axis system. The inert the moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis system. The inert the moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis system. The inert the moment of
+inertia tensor is diagonal. And so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia tensor is diagonal. And so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia tensor is diagonal. And so we
+can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine
+uh even for a large amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even for a large amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even for a large amplitude
+motion defining the body fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion defining the body fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion defining the body fixed
+coordinate system uh instantaneously at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system uh instantaneously at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system uh instantaneously at
+every point in the motion so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point in the motion so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point in the motion so that the
+inertial tensor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial tensor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial tensor is
+diagonal. This is mathematically simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal. This is mathematically simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal. This is mathematically simple
+enough to do and that would be a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to do and that would be a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to do and that would be a unique
+way of defining rotation. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of defining rotation. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of defining rotation. But the
+problem would be then the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem would be then the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem would be then the uh the
+inertial the body fixed axis system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial the body fixed axis system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial the body fixed axis system
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+be rotating in an oscilly way at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rotating in an oscilly way at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rotating in an oscilly way at
+vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational
+frequencies and uh that results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and uh that results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and uh that results in
+corololis and uh centrifugal forces on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corololis and uh centrifugal forces on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corololis and uh centrifugal forces on
+the atoms which are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms which are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms which are very
+large and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and uh
+would result in enormous problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would result in enormous problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would result in enormous problems in
+trying to describe the the energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to describe the the energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to describe the the energy levels
+with an effective Hamiltonian. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an effective Hamiltonian. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an effective Hamiltonian. So we
+don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do
+that. We have a different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. We have a different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. We have a different way of
+defining what we mean by the body fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining what we mean by the body fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining what we mean by the body fixed
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+system. And it's it's one where we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. And it's it's one where we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. And it's it's one where we use
+what's called the Echart condition. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the Echart condition. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the Echart condition. And
+I don't really understand the echart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't really understand the echart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't really understand the echart
+condition as well as I'd like to because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition as well as I'd like to because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition as well as I'd like to because
+generally we always talk about small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally we always talk about small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally we always talk about small
+amplitudes and for small amplitudes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes and for small amplitudes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes and for small amplitudes it's
+always possible to make an approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always possible to make an approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always possible to make an approximation
+uh which is that the instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is that the instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is that the instantaneous
+positions of the atoms are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of the atoms are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of the atoms are essentially
+the same as the equilibrium positions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the equilibrium positions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the equilibrium positions.
+But the whole point is what do we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the whole point is what do we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the whole point is what do we really
+choose? So but anyway the echart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose? So but anyway the echart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose? So but anyway the echart
+condition uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um is one where we minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is one where we minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is one where we minimize the
+non-inertial uh uh effects of uh large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inertial uh uh effects of uh large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inertial uh uh effects of uh large
+amplitude motions and uh um where do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude motions and uh um where do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude motions and uh um where do I
+write this down?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we
+uh I mean when the molecule is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean when the molecule is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean when the molecule is moving
+it's really complicated to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really complicated to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really complicated to talk about
+what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the
+uh what is the body fixed coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is the body fixed coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is the body fixed coordinate
+system. But it's never complicated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. But it's never complicated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. But it's never complicated to
+say okay at some time we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay at some time we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay at some time we had the
+molecule fixed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule fixed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule fixed in
+space and and so we have the coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and and so we have the coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and and so we have the coordinates
+at equilibrium of each of the atoms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium of each of the atoms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium of each of the atoms in
+the laboratory frame and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory frame and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory frame and that's going to
+be our point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our point of
+reference. So we we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference. So we we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference. So we we know
+uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at
+equilibrium we have the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we have the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we have the set of
+laboratory coordinates relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory coordinates relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory coordinates relative to the
+center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of
+mass. And now let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. And now let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. And now let's talk
+about a. So here we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a. So here we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a. So here we have uh
+u the center of mass and here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u the center of mass and here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u the center of mass and here we have
+atom one and uh or atom alpha and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom one and uh or atom alpha and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom one and uh or atom alpha and here's
+a uh motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh motion
+u perpendicular. So this is a rotation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So st alpha is is in that direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So st alpha is is in that direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So st alpha is is in that direction and
+uh uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh this is
+our alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our alpha
+equilibrium. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium. And
+so we want to describe rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to describe rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to describe rotations
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+uh we want first we want to uh uh define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want first we want to uh uh define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want first we want to uh uh define
+what a rotation would be and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a rotation would be and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a rotation would be and then we
+want to impose a constraint that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to impose a constraint that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to impose a constraint that says
+okay we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotate. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the and this is really hard and I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and this is really hard and I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and this is really hard and I I'm
+sorry if you know I'm a little less in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if you know I'm a little less in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if you know I'm a little less in
+control than usual because every time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control than usual because every time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control than usual because every time I
+do this I have to learn this and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this I have to learn this and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this I have to learn this and uh I
+hope I'm helping a little bit. So uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope I'm helping a little bit. So uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope I'm helping a little bit. So uh we
+would like to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to write the
+uh what the displacement is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the displacement is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the displacement is that
+corresponds to a rotation by d omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a rotation by d omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a rotation by d omega
+alpha. So here we have uh a displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha. So here we have uh a displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha. So here we have uh a displacement
+in this plane. There is a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this plane. There is a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this plane. There is a rotation
+perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular
+uh rotation about an axis perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rotation about an axis perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rotation about an axis perpendicular
+to that plane. This is the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that plane. This is the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that plane. This is the thing that
+we're describing and that is then r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're describing and that is then r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're describing and that is then r
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+equilibrium plus st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium plus st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium plus st
+alpha. So this is uh the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha. So this is uh the displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha. So this is uh the displacement
+that the rotation that we want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rotation that we want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rotation that we want to make
+uh go away. And so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go away. And so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go away. And so we
+define that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define that
+uh r alpha e cross st alpha is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh r alpha e cross st alpha is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh r alpha e cross st alpha is equal to
+z. That's the economic condition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+uh if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we
+uh if we choose our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we choose our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we choose our
+uh well that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well that's the
+constraint. So okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint. So okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint. So okay so
+now we'll move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the the G matrix. We want to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the G matrix. We want to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the G matrix. We want to be able
+to find a way of expressing the G matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a way of expressing the G matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a way of expressing the G matrix
+in terms of things that we can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of things that we can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of things that we can figure
+out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out.
+And we recall that we could write the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we recall that we could write the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we recall that we could write the G
+matrix. Well, we defined the G matrix as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. Well, we defined the G matrix as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. Well, we defined the G matrix as
+D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+dagger. And we could also write the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger. And we could also write the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger. And we could also write the G
+matrix as B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix as B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix as B
+MUS1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dagger and D was B MUS1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this means g tt prime is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means g tt prime is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means g tt prime is going to be
+a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum
+of b t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of b t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of b t
+i mus one i i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mus one i i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mus one i i i
+b i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b i i
+i that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i that t
+prime and that's the same thing as b uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and that's the same thing as b uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and that's the same thing as b uh
+t prime i are but it's real. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So this is
+uh what an element of the G matrix would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what an element of the G matrix would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what an element of the G matrix would
+be in terms of the masses which we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in terms of the masses which we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in terms of the masses which we know
+and the B's which we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the B's which we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the B's which we need to
+know. Okay. But we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. Okay. But we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. Okay. But we also
+had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+SI is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI is equal to
+S. So this transformation tells us how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. So this transformation tells us how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. So this transformation tells us how
+the cartisian displacements are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartisian displacements are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartisian displacements are related
+to the internal coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the internal coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the internal coordinate
+displacements. We're building up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements. We're building up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements. We're building up a
+method of calculating the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of calculating the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of calculating the internal
+coordinate displacements in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate displacements in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate displacements in terms of the
+st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st
+alphas. And uh so if this is true, well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas. And uh so if this is true, well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas. And uh so if this is true, well
+then sum over i of dt t i x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sum over i of dt t i x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sum over i of dt t i x
+i is s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i is s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i is s
+t. Now this looks like a power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. Now this looks like a power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. Now this looks like a power series
+expansion. The first term in the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion. The first term in the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion. The first term in the power
+series remember if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series remember if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series remember if
+uh uh the zero in in these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the zero in in these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the zero in in these are
+displacements. So we don't have a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements. So we don't have a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements. So we don't have a zero
+term. The first term is just uh uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. The first term is just uh uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. The first term is just uh uh a
+derivative times the displacement. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative times the displacement. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative times the displacement. And
+so we realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we realize that
+BTI is just the partial of ST with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTI is just the partial of ST with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTI is just the partial of ST with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SI. But we also had the definitions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI. But we also had the definitions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI. But we also had the definitions of
+ST
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ST
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ST
+alpha. ST
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha. ST
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha. ST
+alpha was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha was the
+gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ST partial of S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ST partial of S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ST partial of S
+D s alpha X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um X plus those three terms. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have the same symbols appearing here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same symbols appearing here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same symbols appearing here and
+here. And so it is a straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And so it is a straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And so it is a straightforward
+matter to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh s t alpha dotted s t prime alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh s t alpha dotted s t prime alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh s t alpha dotted s t prime alpha is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+uh bt i b uh t prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bt i b uh t prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bt i b uh t prime
+i. And so we're going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i. And so we're going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i. And so we're going to be able to
+uh take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take these
+uh these two things that appear here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these two things that appear here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these two things that appear here and
+use that to write g as t prime is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that to write g as t prime is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that to write g as t prime is equal
+to sum alpha 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sum alpha 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sum alpha 1 to
+n of 1 / m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of 1 / m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of 1 / m
+alpha s t alpha dot st prime alpha. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha s t alpha dot st prime alpha. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha s t alpha dot st prime alpha. So
+this is a really important result that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really important result that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really important result that
+if we can work out the S's, we can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can work out the S's, we can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can work out the S's, we can work
+out the G's. Yes. Can I just back up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the G's. Yes. Can I just back up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the G's. Yes. Can I just back up and
+ask you a question about the card? Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you a question about the card? Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you a question about the card? Yes.
+So that equation says that for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that equation says that for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that equation says that for every
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+coordinate cumulatively all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate cumulatively all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate cumulatively all of the
+interactions between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between the
+individual displacements and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual displacements and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual displacements and the
+rotation axis has to be zero. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation axis has to be zero. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation axis has to be zero. That's
+right. That we can have bends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. That we can have bends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. That we can have bends
+but we have to arrange for the bends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have to arrange for the bends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have to arrange for the bends to
+be such that it's not like this. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be such that it's not like this. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be such that it's not like this. But
+that means for for every for every mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means for for every for every mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means for for every for every mode
+that you have that condition. It's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have that condition. It's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have that condition. It's not a
+cumulative condition for all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulative condition for all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulative condition for all of the
+modes. for every so you choose let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes. for every so you choose let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes. for every so you choose let's say
+we're talking about when you say mode I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about when you say mode I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about when you say mode I
+want to be careful for every internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be careful for every internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be careful for every internal
+coordinate but we're only interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate but we're only interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate but we're only interested in
+the specific classes of internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific classes of internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific classes of internal
+coordinates stretches single bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates stretches single bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates stretches single bond
+stretches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches
+and uh bends and torsions but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh bends and torsions but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh bends and torsions but this
+condition is enforced for each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is enforced for each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is enforced for each one
+independently not for all of them as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently not for all of them as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently not for all of them as a
+whole that's correct so for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole that's correct so for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole that's correct so for every
+internal displacement that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal displacement that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal displacement that you're
+considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering
+uh and that each one has its own eart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that each one has its own eart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that each one has its own eart
+condition. That's right. And so and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition. That's right. And so and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition. That's right. And so and the
+echart condition then imposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echart condition then imposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echart condition then imposes
+constraints on either two, three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on either two, three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on either two, three or four
+atoms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms.
+And so, you know, it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, you know, it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, you know, it's a little bit
+counterintuitive because you have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive because you have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive because you have a big
+molecule and you're doing stuff and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and you're doing stuff and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and you're doing stuff and uh
+um you're moving individual atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're moving individual atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're moving individual atoms and
+you're not asking anything about what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not asking anything about what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not asking anything about what is
+the the result of changing I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the result of changing I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the result of changing I mean you
+you're going to move the center of mass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to move the center of mass.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to move the center of mass.
+But what what I'm getting at is suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But what what I'm getting at is suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But what what I'm getting at is suppose
+you know we have we're considering atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have we're considering atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have we're considering atoms
+one and two and we move this we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two and we move this we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two and we move this we're not
+interested in how does that bond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in how does that bond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in how does that bond the
+change of the other bond how is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the other bond how is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the other bond how is that
+affected that comes in later that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected that comes in later that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected that comes in later that you
+know we have the f matrix which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have the f matrix which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have the f matrix which is
+expressed in terms of derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of derivatives
+uh uh of the potential with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh of the potential with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh of the potential with respect to
+the internal coordinates but we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal coordinates but we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal coordinates but we have a
+little bit of vector analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of vector analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of vector analysis
+where we're trying to determine uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're trying to determine uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're trying to determine uh what
+the uh mass and geometry uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh mass and geometry uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh mass and geometry uh
+contributions are and so it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions are and so it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions are and so it's two
+separate uh ledgers that we're playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate uh ledgers that we're playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate uh ledgers that we're playing
+with. But so but that example that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. But so but that example that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. But so but that example that you
+brought is exactly why I asked in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought is exactly why I asked in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought is exactly why I asked in other
+words if you move atoms one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if you move atoms one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if you move atoms one and two
+you're going to move the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to move the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to move the center of mass
+and that is part of the eart condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is part of the eart condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is part of the eart condition
+for some other internal coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some other internal coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some other internal coordinates
+somewhere else in the molecule. So is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else in the molecule. So is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else in the molecule. So is
+moving the center of mass by changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the center of mass by changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the center of mass by changing
+internal coordinate that affects atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal coordinate that affects atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal coordinate that affects atoms
+one two not going to violate conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two not going to violate conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two not going to violate conditions
+for atoms three and four even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for atoms three and four even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for atoms three and four even though
+that condition is only enforced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that condition is only enforced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that condition is only enforced
+separately for each of the individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately for each of the individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately for each of the individuals
+and not collectively. I think the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not collectively. I think the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not collectively. I think the answer
+is yes but I I have to admit that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes but I I have to admit that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes but I I have to admit that this
+is the as soon as I hear the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the as soon as I hear the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the as soon as I hear the words
+echart condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echart condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echart condition
+I admit that it's beyond me. I I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I admit that it's beyond me. I I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I admit that it's beyond me. I I really
+you know I say yes I can talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I say yes I can talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I say yes I can talk about it
+but in terms of imposing the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of imposing the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of imposing the condition
+I'm not so happy about that. Uh but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not so happy about that. Uh but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not so happy about that. Uh but you
+know the the these constraints in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the these constraints in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the these constraints in terms
+of the internal coordinates here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the internal coordinates here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the internal coordinates here uh
+these are displacements of atoms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are displacements of atoms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are displacements of atoms.
+There's no mass waiting here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no mass waiting here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no mass waiting here.
+uh and so we are requiring that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so we are requiring that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so we are requiring that we
+displace without uh rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace without uh rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace without uh rigid
+translation but the definitions of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation but the definitions of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation but the definitions of these
+are alpha e that depends on the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are alpha e that depends on the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are alpha e that depends on the position
+center right uh so what it's saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center right uh so what it's saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center right uh so what it's saying is
+that every internal coordinate that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every internal coordinate that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every internal coordinate that we
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+involves no rotation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves no rotation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves no rotation of the
+participating atoms relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating atoms relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating atoms relative to the
+center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we're we're making displacements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're we're making displacements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're we're making displacements of
+the atoms that we've specified in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms that we've specified in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms that we've specified in the
+internal coordinate and uh so their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal coordinate and uh so their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal coordinate and uh so their
+contribution to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the uh
+um the location of the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the location of the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the location of the center of mass
+and the the ax the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the ax the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the ax the the
+uh the axis system. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the axis system. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the axis system. uh
+um there is no there's no translation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is no there's no translation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is no there's no translation of
+those atoms. There's no rotation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those atoms. There's no rotation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those atoms. There's no rotation of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+atoms and it's neat because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and it's neat because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and it's neat because there's no
+masses involved.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses involved.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses involved.
+It's just displacements. And so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just displacements. And so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just displacements. And so it's a
+few atoms and it's vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few atoms and it's vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few atoms and it's vector
+analysis. And then we bring the masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. And then we bring the masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. And then we bring the masses
+in when we we talk about the G matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when we we talk about the G matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when we we talk about the G matrix.
+And so I mean you've got to admire this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I mean you've got to admire this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I mean you've got to admire this
+analysis, but I I must say that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis, but I I must say that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis, but I I must say that it's not
+something that I have internalized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I have internalized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I have internalized and
+you guys are going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are going to have to
+internalize it if you're ever going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize it if you're ever going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize it if you're ever going to
+use do anything with large motions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use do anything with large motions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use do anything with large motions and
+molecules. Okay. So we have now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules. Okay. So we have now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules. Okay. So we have now uh
+obtained the u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained the u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained the u
+uh the equation that enables us to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the equation that enables us to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the equation that enables us to write
+down the G matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the G matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the G matrix.
+And so now we have to actually begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now we have to actually begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now we have to actually begin
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff. So let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. So let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. So let's uh
+um let's look at the various examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's look at the various examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's look at the various examples of
+the the kinds of internal coordinates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the kinds of internal coordinates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the kinds of internal coordinates.
+We have to solve the problem once for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have to solve the problem once for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have to solve the problem once for
+each class of internal coordinates. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each class of internal coordinates. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each class of internal coordinates. So
+let's start with the easiest one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with the easiest one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with the easiest one.
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+have an internal coordinate that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an internal coordinate that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an internal coordinate that's a
+stretch. So, atom one, atom two. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch. So, atom one, atom two. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch. So, atom one, atom two. And we
+know just by looking at this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just by looking at this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just by looking at this picture
+that the uh ST1 and ST2 are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh ST1 and ST2 are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh ST1 and ST2 are going to be
+in the direction parallel to the bond.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction parallel to the bond.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction parallel to the bond.
+We the STS are the motions that increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We the STS are the motions that increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We the STS are the motions that increase
+the uh internal coordinate by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh internal coordinate by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh internal coordinate by the
+maximum amount and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum amount and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum amount and
+so ST1 is like that. ST2 is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ST1 is like that. ST2 is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ST1 is like that. ST2 is like
+that. And the magnitude of this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And the magnitude of this is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And the magnitude of this is is
+also effect is related to a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also effect is related to a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also effect is related to a unit
+displacement in that optimum direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement in that optimum direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement in that optimum direction
+which means that this these are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that this these are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that this these are going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+uh simply related to the unit vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh simply related to the unit vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh simply related to the unit vector.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we know that
+uh ST1 magnitude is one, ST 2 magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ST1 magnitude is one, ST 2 magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ST1 magnitude is one, ST 2 magnitude
+is also one because we always uh uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also one because we always uh uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also one because we always uh uh we
+say okay we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay we're going to take
+displacement of the atom in the optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of the atom in the optimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of the atom in the optimum
+direction and uh by unity if if row one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and uh by unity if if row one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and uh by unity if if row one
+has magnitude one and it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has magnitude one and it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has magnitude one and it's in the
+optimum direction then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum direction then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum direction then
+ST1 is going to be just one. Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ST1 is going to be just one. Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ST1 is going to be just one. Okay. And
+so then the vector S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the vector S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the vector S
+t1 that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 that is
+uh a vector pointing this direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a vector pointing this direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a vector pointing this direction and
+so that would be unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be unit
+vector E21 and that's equal to minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector E21 and that's equal to minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector E21 and that's equal to minus the
+unit vector 12 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector 12 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector 12 and
+ST 2 is uh that's a unit vector of E12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ST 2 is uh that's a unit vector of E12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ST 2 is uh that's a unit vector of E12
+or minus E to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ST for the set of displacements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ST for the set of displacements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ST for the set of displacements that
+corresponds to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to uh
+a uh veilance bond stretch is just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh veilance bond stretch is just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh veilance bond stretch is just going
+to be equal to E21 dotted into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to E21 dotted into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to E21 dotted into
+row 1 minus row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row 1 minus row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row 1 minus row
+two. This is a displacement of atom one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. This is a displacement of atom one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. This is a displacement of atom one
+by unity to the left. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by unity to the left. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by unity to the left. This is
+displacement of atom two by unity to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of atom two by unity to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of atom two by unity to the
+right. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that's how we define uh an internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's how we define uh an internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's how we define uh an internal
+coordinate. And now we have to ask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate. And now we have to ask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate. And now we have to ask is
+the constraint are the constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint are the constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint are the constraints
+satisfied. So s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied. So s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied. So s
+t alpha sum over alpha has to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t alpha sum over alpha has to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t alpha sum over alpha has to be equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+zero. And you can see that it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. And you can see that it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. And you can see that it's going to
+be satisfied because they're defined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be satisfied because they're defined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be satisfied because they're defined the
+two sts are defined as minus each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sts are defined as minus each other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sts are defined as minus each other.
+So uh that's certainly true. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh that's certainly true. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh that's certainly true. And then
+there's the question of uh the rotation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the question of uh the rotation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the question of uh the rotation.
+This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is
+harder. So, let's draw. So, this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder. So, let's draw. So, this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder. So, let's draw. So, this is the
+center of mass. Here's one. Here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass. Here's one. Here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass. Here's one. Here's
+two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+And so, this is uh R1 E. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, this is uh R1 E. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, this is uh R1 E. This is
+R2E. And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2E. And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2E. And this is
+R12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R12
+E. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. Okay.
+Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so
+R12 E is just by vector analysis R uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R12 E is just by vector analysis R uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R12 E is just by vector analysis R uh
+2 E - R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So but now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So but now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So but now uh
+yes you drew the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you drew the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you drew the center of mass
+somewhere else because this bond stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else because this bond stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else because this bond stretch
+could be happening in a larger molecule.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be happening in a larger molecule.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be happening in a larger molecule.
+Yes. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Yes.
+So uh I mean you always want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh I mean you always want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh I mean you always want to
+uh define the center of mass uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh define the center of mass uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh define the center of mass uh
+somewhere other than the two particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere other than the two particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere other than the two particles
+that you're dealing with. Okay? I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're dealing with. Okay? I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're dealing with. Okay? I mean
+it could be here but uh okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this thing
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is in a direction parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E12 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E12 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E12 and
+uh so Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and uh we want to have no rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh we want to have no rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh we want to have no rotation
+and uh so R12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+E12 has to be equal to zero. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E12 has to be equal to zero. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E12 has to be equal to zero. Okay. So
+what did I you know why did I write all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I you know why did I write all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I you know why did I write all
+this stuff on the board? Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff on the board? Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff on the board? Uh the
+constraint equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint equation
+is 0 has to be equal to the sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 has to be equal to the sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 has to be equal to the sum over
+alpha of r alpha e do s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha of r alpha e do s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha of r alpha e do s
+alpha. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we know that ST alpha is either minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we know that ST alpha is either minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we know that ST alpha is either minus
+E12 or plus E12 for depending on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E12 or plus E12 for depending on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E12 or plus E12 for depending on which
+and so you end up getting that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you end up getting that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you end up getting that the uh
+that this quantity is equal to uh R 2 E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this quantity is equal to uh R 2 E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this quantity is equal to uh R 2 E
+- R1 E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+E12. Okay, so that's that's the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E12. Okay, so that's that's the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E12. Okay, so that's that's the reason
+we the constraint equation was reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we the constraint equation was reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we the constraint equation was reduced
+to this and so we have a unit vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this and so we have a unit vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this and so we have a unit vector in
+the one two direction. we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one two direction. we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one two direction. we have a
+difference in the the two coordinates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the the two coordinates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the the two coordinates of
+the two and and that's also parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two and and that's also parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two and and that's also parallel to
+E12 a vector product of two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E12 a vector product of two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E12 a vector product of two things
+parallel to each other is zero and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to each other is zero and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to each other is zero and so
+this imposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this imposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this imposition
+uh this this choice of these things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this choice of these things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this choice of these things in
+this way satisfies the two constraints.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way satisfies the two constraints.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way satisfies the two constraints.
+Okay. Now let's try to deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now let's try to deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now let's try to deal with the
+nightmare which is angled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bends. So now we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atoms and so here is an angle phi and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and so here is an angle phi and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and so here is an angle phi and uh
+we want to choose our displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to choose our displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to choose our displacement
+vectors in a way that uh that maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in a way that uh that maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in a way that uh that maximize
+the change in phi. And so clearly one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in phi. And so clearly one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in phi. And so clearly one of
+them is like this and one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is like this and one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is like this and one of them is
+like this and one of them is somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and one of them is somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and one of them is somewhere
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that. Okay. So let's call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. So let's call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. So let's call this
+one three and two. So this is S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one three and two. So this is S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one three and two. So this is S
+T1, S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1, S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1, S
+T2 and that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 and that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 and that one
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ST3. Okay. So when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ST3. Okay. So when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ST3. Okay. So when
+we go a unit displacement in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go a unit displacement in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go a unit displacement in this
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+uh we can and this is R 31. This is r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can and this is R 31. This is r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can and this is R 31. This is r
+32. Uh we can calculate how does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32. Uh we can calculate how does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32. Uh we can calculate how does this
+increase. So this is delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase. So this is delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase. So this is delta
+phi or it's delta five for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi or it's delta five for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi or it's delta five for this
+contribution. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution. And so
+tangent of delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of delta
+phi is equal to uh so that's that angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi is equal to uh so that's that angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi is equal to uh so that's that angle
+and so that's going to be 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's going to be 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's going to be 1 over
+r31 but this is small displacement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r31 but this is small displacement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r31 but this is small displacement so
+delta phi is equal to 1 / r31. Looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta phi is equal to 1 / r31. Looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta phi is equal to 1 / r31. Looking
+at my notes did I do that right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um well not quite right. This should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um well not quite right. This should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um well not quite right. This should
+have been the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ST1. Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have
+uh we've chosen the optimum uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we've chosen the optimum uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we've chosen the optimum uh
+direction. We we have a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. We we have a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. We we have a relationship
+that says okay this unit vector uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says okay this unit vector uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says okay this unit vector uh uh
+this displacement in the optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this displacement in the optimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this displacement in the optimum
+direction changes uh the bend angle by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction changes uh the bend angle by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction changes uh the bend angle by
+that much. And now we have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much. And now we have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much. And now we have to figure out
+well what is this D? This is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what is this D? This is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what is this D? This is a vector
+and we have to find out uh where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to find out uh where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to find out uh where it's
+pointing. And so how do we do that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if we want a vector pointing in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we want a vector pointing in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we want a vector pointing in that
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S
+t1 we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use okay so we have a vector here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use okay so we have a vector here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use okay so we have a vector here
+uh a unit vector pointing along here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a unit vector pointing along here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a unit vector pointing along here and
+we have this uh and uh um we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this uh and uh um we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this uh and uh um we want to
+um we want a vector which is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we want a vector which is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we want a vector which is in the
+plane and perpendicular to this. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we're uh how do we get the the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're uh how do we get the the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're uh how do we get the the plane
+of the molecule? Well, or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule? Well, or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule? Well, or something
+that's perpendicular to the plane? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perpendicular to the plane? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perpendicular to the plane? Well,
+we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do
+E31 cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E32. Okay, that's a vector that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E32. Okay, that's a vector that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E32. Okay, that's a vector that's
+perpendicular to the plane of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the plane of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the plane of the
+molecule. And now we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule. And now we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule. And now we have something
+that's perpendicular to the plane of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perpendicular to the plane of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perpendicular to the plane of the
+molecule and some and that is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and some and that is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and some and that is also
+perpendicular to this direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to this direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to this direction and
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+this. And so but now we have to ask well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And so but now we have to ask well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And so but now we have to ask well
+what about uh you know u the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about uh you know u the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about uh you know u the magnitude
+um if we have a a crossroduct of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we have a a crossroduct of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we have a a crossroduct of two
+unit vectors well if we have a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vectors well if we have a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vectors well if we have a cross
+productduct of two vectors that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productduct of two vectors that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productduct of two vectors that's going
+to be a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a b
+sin abs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um phi the equilibrium value here. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um phi the equilibrium value here. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um phi the equilibrium value here. And
+so this then provides the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this then provides the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this then provides the direction of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and so this is a vector crossroduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so this is a vector crossroduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so this is a vector crossroduct
+and we want to manipulate that into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to manipulate that into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to manipulate that into a
+simpler form or a form uh that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler form or a form uh that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler form or a form uh that we're
+going to use. And so E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+st is going to be and this you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st is going to be and this you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st is going to be and this you know you
+just have to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E32 minus E31.E31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E32 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E32 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E32 over
+sin five. So that's just the rules for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin five. So that's just the rules for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin five. So that's just the rules for a
+vector triple product. And now what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector triple product. And now what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector triple product. And now what is
+this? Well, this one is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? Well, this one is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? Well, this one is just
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+phi because it's these two unit vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi because it's these two unit vectors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi because it's these two unit vectors.
+dotproduct of two vectors is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct of two vectors is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct of two vectors is the
+magnitudes both one times cosine and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes both one times cosine and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes both one times cosine and so
+this is just cosine phi this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just cosine phi this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just cosine phi this is
+one and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so we have
+cos five minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I'm missing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm missing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm missing something
+e 31 was here so we have cossine 5 e31 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 31 was here so we have cossine 5 e31 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 31 was here so we have cossine 5 e31 1
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+e32 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e32 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e32 over
+sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin
+5. So we can work out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5. So we can work out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5. So we can work out the
+um the magnitudes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the magnitudes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the magnitudes of
+uh each of these displacement vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh each of these displacement vectors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh each of these displacement vectors.
+These are the easier ones. This is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are the easier ones. This is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are the easier ones. This is more
+complicated. But what one does is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. But what one does is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. But what one does is say
+okay we get these and we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we get these and we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we get these and we use the
+constraints to get this one. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints to get this one. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints to get this one. So you
+don't do the vector analysis for this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do the vector analysis for this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do the vector analysis for this.
+You just say okay you define this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You just say okay you define this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You just say okay you define this by
+satisfying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying the
+the no translation and no rotation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no translation and no rotation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no translation and no rotation to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+this. So that's that's it. uh each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So that's that's it. uh each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So that's that's it. uh each of
+the uh cases is more complicated, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh cases is more complicated, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh cases is more complicated, but
+you can work out then uh what um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work out then uh what um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work out then uh what um what
+these little vectors are and then you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little vectors are and then you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little vectors are and then you uh
+you use this equation for working out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use this equation for working out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use this equation for working out
+the G matrix. But now Wilson, Deius, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G matrix. But now Wilson, Deius, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G matrix. But now Wilson, Deius, and
+Cross and uh Deius have done this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross and uh Deius have done this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross and uh Deius have done this all
+for you. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you. And
+so uh you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um look in their appendix. And so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um look in their appendix. And so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um look in their appendix. And so we're
+now on page seven of the notes and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on page seven of the notes and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on page seven of the notes and we're
+also nearly done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider so we want a gmatrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider so we want a gmatrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider so we want a gmatrix
+uh and the gmatrix has diagonal and off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the gmatrix has diagonal and off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the gmatrix has diagonal and off
+diagonal elements so we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements so we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements so we have two
+different kinds of internal coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of internal coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of internal coordinates
+and we uh we could work out all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we uh we could work out all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we uh we could work out all of these
+s's but instead uh Wilson thesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s's but instead uh Wilson thesis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s's but instead uh Wilson thesis and
+cross have done the necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross have done the necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross have done the necessary
+calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+So we want this quantity alpha 1 to n 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we want this quantity alpha 1 to n 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we want this quantity alpha 1 to n 1
+/ m alpha s t alpha cross st prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ m alpha s t alpha cross st prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ m alpha s t alpha cross st prime
+alpha. We want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that doesn't look right. Is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that doesn't look right. Is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that doesn't look right. Is it a
+cross productd?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross productd?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross productd?
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so then there are diagrams in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so then there are diagrams in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so then there are diagrams in the
+table and these diagrams are fantastic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and these diagrams are fantastic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and these diagrams are fantastic.
+So you have a diagram uh that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. And so here's two and here's one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And so here's two and here's one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And so here's two and here's one.
+And when you have two circles around an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when you have two circles around an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when you have two circles around an
+atom then that corresponds to a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom then that corresponds to a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom then that corresponds to a diagonal
+stretch stretch interaction between in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch stretch interaction between in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch stretch interaction between in
+other a diagonal element between for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other a diagonal element between for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other a diagonal element between for the
+uh stretch between one and two um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stretch between one and two um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stretch between one and two um and
+that's denoted in the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's denoted in the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's denoted in the table
+by RR meaning stretch stretch and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by RR meaning stretch stretch and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by RR meaning stretch stretch and two
+meaning the number of atoms involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the number of atoms involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the number of atoms involved
+uh that are common to both T and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are common to both T and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are common to both T and T
+prime. time and so then you look under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime. time and so then you look under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime. time and so then you look under
+that and you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you get the
+uh uh what uh this element is. So then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh what uh this element is. So then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh what uh this element is. So then
+there's simple bends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so here is a diagonal bend bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here is a diagonal bend bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here is a diagonal bend bend
+interaction. We have uh we have one atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction. We have uh we have one atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction. We have uh we have one atom
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no that's stretch that's a stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no that's stretch that's a stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no that's stretch that's a stretch
+stretch that's an off diagonal stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch that's an off diagonal stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch that's an off diagonal stretch
+stretch because so this says we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch because so this says we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch because so this says we have a
+stretch here was a stretch but one atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch here was a stretch but one atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch here was a stretch but one atom
+in common that is denoted uh and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in common that is denoted uh and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in common that is denoted uh and that's
+not in the notes it's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the notes it's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the notes it's wrong
+G1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R Right? That's where the prime went.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Right? That's where the prime went.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Right? That's where the prime went.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and
+then suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then suppose we
+have a diagram like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and this would be for a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this would be for a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this would be for a diagonal
+ben bend. So we have G three because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ben bend. So we have G three because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ben bend. So we have G three because
+there's three atoms in common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three atoms in common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three atoms in common
+and fi fi implying bent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fi fi implying bent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fi fi implying bent and
+bent and so there is there are diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bent and so there is there are diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bent and so there is there are diagrams
+and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are
+symbols and uh you go to the table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols and uh you go to the table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols and uh you go to the table and
+you get what you want but there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get what you want but there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get what you want but there's also
+additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+notational problems you find suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notational problems you find suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notational problems you find suppose you
+have g2 rr R the one that you use most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have g2 rr R the one that you use most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have g2 rr R the one that you use most
+that's written as 1 / mu it's mu1 + mu2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's written as 1 / mu it's mu1 + mu2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's written as 1 / mu it's mu1 + mu2
+but mu alpha is just 1 / m alpha so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mu alpha is just 1 / m alpha so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mu alpha is just 1 / m alpha so
+that's a notation the uh you see things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a notation the uh you see things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a notation the uh you see things
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ci and sfi those are obvious those are s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ci and sfi those are obvious those are s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ci and sfi those are obvious those are s
+and cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine
+uh and uh what other notations do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh what other notations do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh what other notations do we get
+um Okay. And so the distances are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Okay. And so the distances are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Okay. And so the distances are also
+defined as the inverses, right? So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the inverses, right? So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the inverses, right? So uh
+the only way to learn uh how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way to learn uh how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way to learn uh how to do this
+is to actually go through an you owe me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to actually go through an you owe me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to actually go through an you owe me
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+problem, right? You there's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, right? You there's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, right? You there's a problem
+that was due today. uh and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was due today. uh and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was due today. uh and we need to
+come up with a an example where you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a an example where you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a an example where you will
+use uh the notation to describe set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh the notation to describe set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh the notation to describe set up
+the G matrix for a problem and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G matrix for a problem and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G matrix for a problem and let's
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+just use cis acetylene which is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use cis acetylene which is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use cis acetylene which is what is
+actually uh sort of diagrammed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh sort of diagrammed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh sort of diagrammed in the
+notes although there's some problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes although there's some problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes although there's some problems in
+the notes and so cis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes and so cis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes and so cis
+s1 h cch the H. And so I suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s1 h cch the H. And so I suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s1 h cch the H. And so I suggest that
+you set up the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set up the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set up the G
+matrix for cis acetylene. And we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix for cis acetylene. And we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix for cis acetylene. And we should
+stop now.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/szy8tLyFS-Q.txt b/szy8tLyFS-Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b5a84d5245449b4a486a341a7174f582398dac0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/szy8tLyFS-Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+i'm gonna get started this is um lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna get started this is um lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna get started this is um lecture
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+14 of them 14 13. um the lecture today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 of them 14 13. um the lecture today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 of them 14 13. um the lecture today
+is about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about um
+attention okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention okay
+good um so why we end this class in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um so why we end this class in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um so why we end this class in this
+class we talked a lot about preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we talked a lot about preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we talked a lot about preferences
+so far think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far think about like
+uh purpose of describing in economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh purpose of describing in economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh purpose of describing in economics
+what do people want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do people want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do people want
+what makes them happy in one way or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes them happy in one way or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes them happy in one way or the
+other we talked about time preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other we talked about time preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other we talked about time preferences
+risk preferences and social preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk preferences and social preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk preferences and social preferences
+time preferences how do people make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time preferences how do people make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time preferences how do people make
+choices over time risk preferences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices over time risk preferences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices over time risk preferences are
+how do people deal with risky situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do people deal with risky situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do people deal with risky situations
+when some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when some
+things are uncertain and others are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are uncertain and others are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are uncertain and others are more
+certain um or like sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain um or like sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain um or like sometimes
+good things happen sometimes not and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things happen sometimes not and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things happen sometimes not and we
+don't and there's a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't and there's a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't and there's a probability
+distribution over those events and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over those events and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over those events and how
+does that affect how you make choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that affect how you make choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that affect how you make choices
+and social preferences is what we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social preferences is what we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social preferences is what we talked
+about during the last few weeks which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about during the last few weeks which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about during the last few weeks which is
+uh how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you
+how does the presence of others affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the presence of others affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the presence of others affect
+our choices how much do we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our choices how much do we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our choices how much do we care about
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+uh and do we decide or make choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and do we decide or make choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and do we decide or make choices
+differently if others are involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently if others are involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently if others are involved
+so now we should have done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we should have done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we should have done with
+preferences it would have been something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences it would have been something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences it would have been something
+saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like
+we know uh we have no models to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know uh we have no models to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know uh we have no models to think of
+ways to think about like what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to think about like what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to think about like what makes
+people happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people happy
+uh the second part when you try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the second part when you try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the second part when you try to make
+decisions is like when you look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions is like when you look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions is like when you look at your
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+like what are prices like what are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what are prices like what are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what are prices like what are what
+what do we know about others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about others
+what are our beliefs and what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are our beliefs and what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are our beliefs and what do we
+attend to and how do we learn we get new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend to and how do we learn we get new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend to and how do we learn we get new
+information so what information do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so what information do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so what information do we
+have and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and like
+what information do we attend to and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what information do we attend to and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what information do we attend to and how
+to be learned when we get new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be learned when we get new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be learned when we get new
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+given to us and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to us and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to us and so um
+we're gonna talk first about attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk first about attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk first about attention
+in this lecture and then uh during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture and then uh during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture and then uh during the
+next couple of times we're gonna talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next couple of times we're gonna talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next couple of times we're gonna talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um uh beliefs and um uh learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh beliefs and um uh learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh beliefs and um uh learning
+so what we're gonna do today is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're gonna do today is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're gonna do today is we're
+gonna talk about three broad issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about three broad issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about three broad issues
+one is i'm gonna provide you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is i'm gonna provide you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is i'm gonna provide you some
+motivating evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating evidence
+about um attention he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um attention he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um attention he
+had a little bit on this on lectures one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a little bit on this on lectures one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a little bit on this on lectures one
+and two but i wanted to remind you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two but i wanted to remind you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two but i wanted to remind you of
+that a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit
+then we're going to talk about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to talk about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to talk about two
+specific papers one is a pretty famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific papers one is a pretty famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific papers one is a pretty famous
+paper by brush chitty and co-authors on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by brush chitty and co-authors on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by brush chitty and co-authors on
+any attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any attention to
+taxes and then we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes and then we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes and then we're going to talk about
+a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second
+paper which is a learning by noticing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper which is a learning by noticing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper which is a learning by noticing in
+particular we're going to ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we're going to ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we're going to ask the
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+of like how is it possible that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like how is it possible that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like how is it possible that people
+do not attend to things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not attend to things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not attend to things that are
+important in their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in their lives
+but you might sort of say well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might sort of say well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might sort of say well if
+attention is limited that's all good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention is limited that's all good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention is limited that's all good but
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+we should sort of expect that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should sort of expect that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should sort of expect that people
+attend to really important stuff so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend to really important stuff so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend to really important stuff so like
+uh some sort of rational inattention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some sort of rational inattention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some sort of rational inattention
+models would say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models would say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models would say well
+it might well be that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might well be that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might well be that people are
+inattentive in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inattentive in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inattentive in some ways
+but really um uh it can't be a possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really um uh it can't be a possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really um uh it can't be a possibly
+that the welfare losses from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the welfare losses from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the welfare losses from an
+attention or large because if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention or large because if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention or large because if they were
+large if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large if there's
+things that people missed and they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people missed and they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people missed and they would
+pay attention to those things and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to those things and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to those things and sort
+of shift their attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shift their attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shift their attention
+optimally the learning by noticing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimally the learning by noticing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimally the learning by noticing
+keeper is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeper is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeper is um
+sort of one theory at least potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one theory at least potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one theory at least potentially
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+addresses this question the way this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses this question the way this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses this question the way this um
+these movie perception uh tests uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these movie perception uh tests uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these movie perception uh tests uh
+workers essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers essentially
+they look for what's called uh change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look for what's called uh change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look for what's called uh change
+blindness so the way this works is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness so the way this works is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness so the way this works is like
+often there's like one actor which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there's like one actor which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there's like one actor which is
+like this guy here that i think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this guy here that i think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this guy here that i think you can
+see probably right now um there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see probably right now um there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see probably right now um there's like
+some guy who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guy who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guy who
+uh does some activity if you're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does some activity if you're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does some activity if you're supposed
+to watch the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch the guy
+and and then there's like a second scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then there's like a second scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then there's like a second scene
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in some ways where the person does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways where the person does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways where the person does
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+in this case uh the guy um sorry where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case uh the guy um sorry where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case uh the guy um sorry where
+is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he
+uh the guy is taking a phone call and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the guy is taking a phone call and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the guy is taking a phone call and so
+what happens then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens then
+is um uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um uh sorry
+this is essentially then this guy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially then this guy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially then this guy that
+you see here then that takes a phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here then that takes a phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here then that takes a phone
+call is a different person uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call is a different person uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call is a different person uh
+all together and so that's called like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together and so that's called like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together and so that's called like
+change blindness where essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change blindness where essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change blindness where essentially
+people then tend to not notice at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people then tend to not notice at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people then tend to not notice at all
+that now there's like two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now there's like two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now there's like two different
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+um in a scene there's other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a scene there's other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a scene there's other types of
+experiments that do this as well or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that do this as well or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that do this as well or like
+one version of that would be like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one version of that would be like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one version of that would be like people
+go to like a bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to like a bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to like a bank
+there's a bank teller and this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bank teller and this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bank teller and this is like
+all sort of psychic experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of psychic experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of psychic experiments
+there's a bank teller um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bank teller um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bank teller um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the other guy so like you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the other guy so like you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the other guy so like you see
+this guy he looks actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy he looks actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy he looks actually very
+different to the other guy that you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different to the other guy that you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different to the other guy that you had
+seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before
+so people go to the bank there's a bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people go to the bank there's a bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people go to the bank there's a bank
+teller the banks tell us oh yeah i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teller the banks tell us oh yeah i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teller the banks tell us oh yeah i'll
+have to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to just
+get something from the back and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something from the back and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something from the back and then
+another person shows up who's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person shows up who's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person shows up who's like a
+totally different person often looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different person often looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different person often looks
+very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different
+sometimes wears different things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes wears different things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes wears different things and
+people just don't notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just don't notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just don't notice
+um at all and that's sort of the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at all and that's sort of the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at all and that's sort of the type of
+experiment is called um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is called um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is called um
+change blindness um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change blindness um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change blindness um
+i've already shown you sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've already shown you sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've already shown you sort of the
+gorilla test before i'm going to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorilla test before i'm going to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorilla test before i'm going to not
+play it again because you know i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it again because you know i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it again because you know i've
+already seen it but essentially it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen it but essentially it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen it but essentially it's the
+same where like people are asked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same where like people are asked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same where like people are asked like
+pay attention to how many passes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to how many passes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to how many passes people
+um play in like a basketball game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um play in like a basketball game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um play in like a basketball game and
+then there's a guy who's like in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a guy who's like in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a guy who's like in a
+gorilla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorilla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorilla
+suit who um uh shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit who um uh shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit who um uh shows up
+and sort of like walks through the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of like walks through the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of like walks through the whole
+screen and many people just miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and many people just miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and many people just miss
+the suit now what's going on here um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suit now what's going on here um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suit now what's going on here um so
+then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's
+so there's a large number of these types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a large number of these types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a large number of these types
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+experiments they're called um uh change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments they're called um uh change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments they're called um uh change
+blindness or inattention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness or inattention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness or inattention
+um experiments and um there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um experiments and um there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um experiments and um there's another
+version of that which is uh it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that which is uh it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that which is uh it's called
+the dichotic listening experiments this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dichotic listening experiments this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dichotic listening experiments this
+going back to broadband um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to broadband um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to broadband um
+1958. they're essentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1958. they're essentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1958. they're essentially um
+uh looks something like this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looks something like this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looks something like this where
+there's like people who are headphones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like people who are headphones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like people who are headphones
+with messages there's a uh uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with messages there's a uh uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with messages there's a uh uh on the
+on one hand it's like an hour left uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one hand it's like an hour left uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one hand it's like an hour left uh
+they're supposed to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to be like
+ignored inputs and on the other end are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored inputs and on the other end are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored inputs and on the other end are
+supposed to be attended inputs so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be attended inputs so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be attended inputs so the
+person in the experiment is asked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in the experiment is asked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in the experiment is asked like
+only listen to stuff that's i guess in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only listen to stuff that's i guess in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only listen to stuff that's i guess in
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+left ear these are like the attended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left ear these are like the attended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left ear these are like the attended
+inputs i'm going to ask you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs i'm going to ask you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs i'm going to ask you some
+questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+that and then what you're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then what you're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then what you're supposed to
+then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do
+is oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what can you sell are you still stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is bad okay so let me um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bad okay so let me um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bad okay so let me um uh
+one second i'm gonna unshare my screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second i'm gonna unshare my screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second i'm gonna unshare my screen
+um exactly um give me a second so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um exactly um give me a second so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um exactly um give me a second so the
+way this works is like you would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this works is like you would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this works is like you would see
+um uh you would have a headphones on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you would have a headphones on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you would have a headphones on
+and you have like um uh on one end you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have like um uh on one end you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have like um uh on one end you
+hear like uh inputs that you supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear like uh inputs that you supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear like uh inputs that you supposed to
+attend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend to
+on the other here you hear inputs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other here you hear inputs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other here you hear inputs that
+you're not supposed to attend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not supposed to attend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not supposed to attend to
+and then um and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um and then um
+uh usually then you'll do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh usually then you'll do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh usually then you'll do you get
+explicit um instructions to attend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit um instructions to attend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit um instructions to attend to
+the message in one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message in one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message in one year
+and then ask later about message in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ask later about message in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ask later about message in the
+other year people can't remember it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other year people can't remember it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other year people can't remember it
+and then uh what these experiments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh what these experiments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh what these experiments and
+often are then when asked to keep a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often are then when asked to keep a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often are then when asked to keep a
+number in the head people remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the head people remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the head people remember the
+played message much less so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played message much less so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played message much less so essentially
+uh what this sort of shows is that a i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what this sort of shows is that a i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what this sort of shows is that a i
+guess like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess like people
+are pretty good at sort of shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty good at sort of shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty good at sort of shifting
+attention in some way but attention is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention in some way but attention is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention in some way but attention is
+limited in the ex to the extent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited in the ex to the extent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited in the ex to the extent that
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+when you're also supposed to attend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're also supposed to attend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're also supposed to attend to
+something else at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else at the same time
+it's essentially like too much going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially like too much going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially like too much going on
+and it's really hard for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really hard for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really hard for you to
+to remember everything and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember everything and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember everything and so
+um that sort of tells us to some degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that sort of tells us to some degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that sort of tells us to some degree
+it tells us a i guess attention is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells us a i guess attention is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells us a i guess attention is
+limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited
+we tend to focus when instructed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tend to focus when instructed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tend to focus when instructed at
+least we tend to focus on stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least we tend to focus on stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least we tend to focus on stuff that's
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+right so like in the broadband
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like in the broadband
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like in the broadband
+experiment if i tell you listen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment if i tell you listen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment if i tell you listen to the
+stuff on the right here you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on the right here you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on the right here you actually
+focus your attention to the stuff on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus your attention to the stuff on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus your attention to the stuff on the
+right ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ear
+you miss the stuff on the left here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you miss the stuff on the left here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you miss the stuff on the left here so
+you can sort of direct your attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of direct your attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of direct your attention to
+stuff that you think is important or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you think is important or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you think is important or
+like you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you've been
+instructed to focus on so that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructed to focus on so that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructed to focus on so that kind of
+works um but at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works um but at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works um but at the same time
+attention is limited in the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention is limited in the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention is limited in the sense of
+like you can actually not remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can actually not remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can actually not remember
+what's in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the other
+ear because you didn't attempt to so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ear because you didn't attempt to so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ear because you didn't attempt to so in
+some sense it's not like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense it's not like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense it's not like you
+automatically remember stuff you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically remember stuff you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically remember stuff you have to
+pay attention to things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to things
+and then at the same time like when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the same time like when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the same time like when we
+now exogenously reduce people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now exogenously reduce people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now exogenously reduce people's
+attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+by um telling people to keep a number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um telling people to keep a number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um telling people to keep a number in
+the head it was distracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head it was distracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head it was distracting
+them in some way people uh are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in some way people uh are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in some way people uh are much
+worse at like even playing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse at like even playing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse at like even playing like
+the played message the message that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the played message the message that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the played message the message that
+you're supposed to remember and surely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to remember and surely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to remember and surely
+they don't remember the other message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't remember the other message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't remember the other message
+either okay so then uh in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either okay so then uh in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either okay so then uh in addition
+um which i already alluded to attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which i already alluded to attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which i already alluded to attention
+is limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is limited
+um uh there might be different factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh there might be different factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh there might be different factors
+that might affect people's attention so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might affect people's attention so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might affect people's attention so
+what what factors might be important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what factors might be important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what factors might be important for
+attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+it could be like your physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be like your physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be like your physical
+environment in some ways it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in some ways it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in some ways it could be
+like it's really hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's really hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's really hot
+it could be it's really cold it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be it's really cold it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be it's really cold it could be
+um other sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other sort of like
+threats in the room so like if somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threats in the room so like if somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threats in the room so like if somebody
+you know if you're um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're um
+in uh in some place where like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in some place where like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in some place where like you know
+you're worried that there will be wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worried that there will be wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worried that there will be wild
+animals coming anytime soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals coming anytime soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals coming anytime soon
+your physical environment could be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your physical environment could be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your physical environment could be um
+really important could be really loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important could be really loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important could be really loud
+there's some distractions could be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some distractions could be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some distractions could be like
+you know social media it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know social media it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know social media it could be
+uh other stuff that you're just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other stuff that you're just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other stuff that you're just trying
+to do at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do at the same time
+maybe you're trying to like solve some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're trying to like solve some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're trying to like solve some
+problems right now maybe you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems right now maybe you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems right now maybe you're trying
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+prepare for some for example i had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare for some for example i had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare for some for example i had a
+phone call like just before our class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone call like just before our class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone call like just before our class
+and i was also like trying to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was also like trying to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was also like trying to think
+about like what to do in class and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like what to do in class and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like what to do in class and it's
+just really distracting to have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really distracting to have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really distracting to have like
+other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things
+thinking about at the same time uh could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about at the same time uh could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about at the same time uh could
+be worries about others your own or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worries about others your own or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worries about others your own or
+others well-being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others well-being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others well-being
+um it could be asleep or what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it could be asleep or what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it could be asleep or what people
+would say already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say already
+like people's physical environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people's physical environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people's physical environment
+um we're going to talk about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to talk about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to talk about some of
+this in the poverty lecture so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the poverty lecture so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the poverty lecture so they're
+in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular
+like um one thing that poverty tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um one thing that poverty tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um one thing that poverty tends to
+come along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along with
+is sort of a bunch of different uh ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a bunch of different uh ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a bunch of different uh ways
+of in addition to obviously not having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in addition to obviously not having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in addition to obviously not having
+money and many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and many other
+decorations uh poverty tends to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decorations uh poverty tends to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decorations uh poverty tends to come
+along with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with like
+lots of other um uh factors that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other um uh factors that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other um uh factors that might
+use people's uh attention and that's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use people's uh attention and that's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use people's uh attention and that's to
+do with like sleep it's to do with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with like sleep it's to do with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with like sleep it's to do with like
+exposure to noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to noise
+uh it's coming with like worries about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's coming with like worries about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's coming with like worries about
+people's health and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's health and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's health and so on and so forth
+there's some question about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some question about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some question about like
+practice like can you actually practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice like can you actually practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice like can you actually practice
+attention and there's some people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and there's some people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and there's some people who
+would argue at least in education maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue at least in education maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue at least in education maybe
+at younger ages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at younger ages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at younger ages
+suppose you like sit kids down and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you like sit kids down and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you like sit kids down and have
+them like practice just focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like practice just focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like practice just focusing on
+tasks like multiplications or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks like multiplications or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks like multiplications or whatever
+any math problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any math problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any math problems
+some of this some people would argue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this some people would argue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this some people would argue in
+addition to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to just
+um helping people um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um helping people um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um helping people um uh
+learn math like actually sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn math like actually sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn math like actually sort of like
+the the numbers and so on and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the numbers and so on and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the numbers and so on and how to
+multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply
+you might also actually just help uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might also actually just help uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might also actually just help uh
+students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+uh learn how to focus and how to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh learn how to focus and how to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh learn how to focus and how to pay
+attention carefully to things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention carefully to things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention carefully to things
+one particular like particularly sustain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular like particularly sustain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular like particularly sustain
+attention and not get distracted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and not get distracted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and not get distracted by
+by other things other distractions by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by other things other distractions by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by other things other distractions by
+the way also are like temptations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way also are like temptations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way also are like temptations for
+example so if i put like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so if i put like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so if i put like a
+delicious chocolate cake in front of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicious chocolate cake in front of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicious chocolate cake in front of you
+and have you and if you're really hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have you and if you're really hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have you and if you're really hungry
+that might be actually really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be actually really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be actually really hard to
+pay attention to whatever else you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to whatever else you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to whatever else you're
+doing just because that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing just because that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing just because that's really
+distracting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting um
+to you okay and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you okay and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you okay and so um
+we're gonna for now uh uh keep uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna for now uh uh keep uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna for now uh uh keep uh
+sort of think about like attention being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think about like attention being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think about like attention being
+fixed we're going to get back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed we're going to get back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed we're going to get back to the
+issue of attention being valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of attention being valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of attention being valuable
+and potentially being depleted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potentially being depleted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potentially being depleted by
+issues such as poverty at the end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues such as poverty at the end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues such as poverty at the end and
+the very last lecture but for now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last lecture but for now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last lecture but for now we're
+going to look at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at like
+think about like attention is is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like attention is is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like attention is is fixed
+but limited and now we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but limited and now we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but limited and now we're going to look
+at like what are the consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at like what are the consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at like what are the consequences
+of that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that okay
+so then one question you might ask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then one question you might ask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then one question you might ask is
+like well you know this listening task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well you know this listening task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well you know this listening task
+that i just showed you or like whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i just showed you or like whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i just showed you or like whether
+like a monkey walks through like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a monkey walks through like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a monkey walks through like some
+video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video
+or the like it's kind of like a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the like it's kind of like a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the like it's kind of like a pretty
+low stake situation who really cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low stake situation who really cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low stake situation who really cares
+and so the one chicago view of economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the one chicago view of economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the one chicago view of economics
+would be to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to say well
+these are just low stakes situations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just low stakes situations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just low stakes situations but
+you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um
+once uh stakes are really high then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once uh stakes are really high then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once uh stakes are really high then
+people will surely pay attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will surely pay attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will surely pay attention
+so there's a number of different papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a number of different papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a number of different papers
+let's look at this this issue but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this this issue but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this this issue but one
+um um quite nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um quite nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um quite nice
+example here is um from the stock market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here is um from the stock market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here is um from the stock market
+um and sort of arguably an event of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and sort of arguably an event of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and sort of arguably an event of like
+high economic importance because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high economic importance because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high economic importance because people
+make a lot of money uh potentially from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of money uh potentially from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of money uh potentially from
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+so this is very nice paper by hubermann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is very nice paper by hubermann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is very nice paper by hubermann
+and reaga from 2001
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reaga from 2001
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reaga from 2001
+which has um uh uh it's essentially like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has um uh uh it's essentially like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has um uh uh it's essentially like
+an event study and a case study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an event study and a case study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an event study and a case study
+of like um a stock market development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like um a stock market development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like um a stock market development of
+a company called andrea met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company called andrea met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company called andrea met
+and this company in 1997
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this company in 1997
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this company in 1997
+on october november has very positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on october november has very positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on october november has very positive
+early results and a cure for cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early results and a cure for cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early results and a cure for cancer
+now for any of these types of companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for any of these types of companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for any of these types of companies
+like having like new cures and used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having like new cures and used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having like new cures and used to
+do for medications the vaccines are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for medications the vaccines are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for medications the vaccines are like
+are like hugely valuable because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like hugely valuable because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like hugely valuable because you
+know they can sell a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they can sell a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they can sell a lot of
+their product in the future which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their product in the future which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their product in the future which means
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+positive news about that means um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive news about that means um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive news about that means um you
+know you'll have lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you'll have lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you'll have lots
+at least with high probability of higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least with high probability of higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least with high probability of higher
+probability um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability um
+uh large profits in the future and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh large profits in the future and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh large profits in the future and to
+the extent the stock market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent the stock market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent the stock market
+uh is an indication of that the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is an indication of that the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is an indication of that the stock
+market uh you might expect the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market uh you might expect the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market uh you might expect the stock
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+to go up now then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go up now then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go up now then
+november 28th the journal nature which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+november 28th the journal nature which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+november 28th the journal nature which
+is very highly prominent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very highly prominent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very highly prominent
+prominent scientific journal features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent scientific journal features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent scientific journal features
+these news very prominently and the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these news very prominently and the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these news very prominently and the new
+york times in fact reports on it on page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+york times in fact reports on it on page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+york times in fact reports on it on page
+828 which is you know very much in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+828 which is you know very much in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+828 which is you know very much in the
+back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the
+paper and um in may on may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and um in may on may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and um in may on may
+3rd this is like a whole like six months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3rd this is like a whole like six months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3rd this is like a whole like six months
+later the new york times again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the new york times again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the new york times again
+features essentially the same story as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features essentially the same story as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features essentially the same story as
+on november 28th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on november 28th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on november 28th
+on the front page okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the front page okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the front page okay now
+um then on november 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then on november 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then on november 12
+1998 the wall street journal front page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 the wall street journal front page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 the wall street journal front page
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+reports about a failed replication right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports about a failed replication right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports about a failed replication right
+so essentially sort of to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially sort of to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially sort of to say well
+there's a promising new uh early result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a promising new uh early result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a promising new uh early result
+these early results are often like small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these early results are often like small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these early results are often like small
+samples and it's not quite clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and it's not quite clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and it's not quite clear that
+replicate really with like larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate really with like larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate really with like larger
+samples and so on is this really like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and so on is this really like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and so on is this really like a
+good cure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good cure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good cure
+and so you kind of want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you kind of want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you kind of want to have
+replications and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replications and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replications and really
+only if you're able to replicate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if you're able to replicate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if you're able to replicate your
+results uh is this actually something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results uh is this actually something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results uh is this actually something
+that's useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useful and
+that you can make money off now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can make money off now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can make money off now um
+now what happened to the entrement stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happened to the entrement stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happened to the entrement stock
+prices and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and so
+the first question you might sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first question you might sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first question you might sort of say
+is well in a world of full attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well in a world of full attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well in a world of full attention
+with unlimited arbitrage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with unlimited arbitrage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with unlimited arbitrage
+as in like if people took full advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in like if people took full advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in like if people took full advantage
+of like the news and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the news and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the news and
+reacted perfectly what would we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacted perfectly what would we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacted perfectly what would we expect
+and second in reality what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second in reality what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second in reality what
+what did actually happen so so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did actually happen so so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did actually happen so so let's
+first ask the the first question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ask the the first question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ask the the first question about
+uh with full attention what would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with full attention what would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with full attention what would we
+expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i guess there's a bit of a question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess there's a bit of a question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess there's a bit of a question what
+happens in the first one there's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the first one there's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the first one there's a bit
+of a question is there insider trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a question is there insider trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a question is there insider trading
+or who gets the news in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or who gets the news in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or who gets the news in the first
+place so one thing you might say is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so one thing you might say is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so one thing you might say is well
+maybe the first one only the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the first one only the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the first one only the company
+knows and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows and sort of
+uh uh maybe that's not public knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh maybe that's not public knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh maybe that's not public knowledge
+and then if there's insider trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if there's insider trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if there's insider trading
+maybe the stock market might go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the stock market might go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the stock market might go up
+but surely like in number two if nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but surely like in number two if nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but surely like in number two if nature
+prominently features that there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominently features that there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominently features that there's going
+to be a bunch of traders a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a bunch of traders a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a bunch of traders a bunch of
+people who like invest in this company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who like invest in this company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who like invest in this company
+or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+if they pay attention they should really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they pay attention they should really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they pay attention they should really
+know what's going on and they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going on and they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going on and they should
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+uh the stock market should go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the stock market should go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the stock market should go up
+conditional on that on the november 28
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on that on the november 28
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on that on the november 28
+news you know on may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news you know on may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news you know on may
+3rd there's really no news here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3rd there's really no news here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3rd there's really no news here right
+there's it sounded like we knew this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's it sounded like we knew this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's it sounded like we knew this
+before if everybody was paying attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if everybody was paying attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if everybody was paying attention
+before carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before carefully
+the stock market should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock market should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock market should have
+incorporated the news is out sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated the news is out sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated the news is out sort of
+like traders know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like traders know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like traders know
+like um you should buy this or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um you should buy this or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um you should buy this or like
+stocks like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks like uh
+this company is going to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this company is going to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this company is going to be more
+profitable so stocks should go up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable so stocks should go up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable so stocks should go up so
+really you should expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you should expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you should expect
+um if there's full attention you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if there's full attention you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if there's full attention you expect
+nothing to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to happen
+in on may 3rd 98 and then if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on may 3rd 98 and then if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on may 3rd 98 and then if there's a
+failed replication well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed replication well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed replication well
+to the extent that like this means like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the extent that like this means like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the extent that like this means like
+this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um
+uh this cancer cue is like entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this cancer cue is like entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this cancer cue is like entirely
+useless uh the stock market should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless uh the stock market should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless uh the stock market should
+essentially just go down to where it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just go down to where it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just go down to where it was
+um um before now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um before now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um before now
+um but what about in in in reality so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what about in in in reality so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what about in in in reality so
+let me actually just show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me actually just show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me actually just show you
+um so here's sort of the the reality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's sort of the the reality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's sort of the the reality of
+this so here's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so here's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so here's um
+there's not even like sort of there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not even like sort of there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not even like sort of there's a
+the previous event's not in here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous event's not in here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous event's not in here but
+like so here's this is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so here's this is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so here's this is essentially
+the first story that comes out you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first story that comes out you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first story that comes out you see a
+little bit of like an increase here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of like an increase here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of like an increase here
+but actually quite a bit in relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually quite a bit in relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually quite a bit in relative
+terms by something like you know five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms by something like you know five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms by something like you know five
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+it seems like people just didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like people just didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like people just didn't really
+quite notice what was going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite notice what was going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite notice what was going on
+and there's also no trend upwards it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also no trend upwards it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also no trend upwards it's
+not like the news is spreading across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like the news is spreading across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like the news is spreading across
+people and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and so on
+and then there's like a huge um jump now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's like a huge um jump now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's like a huge um jump now
+in the new york times like right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the new york times like right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the new york times like right so this
+is essentially here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially here the
+it's in the new york times but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the new york times but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the new york times but in the
+back of the journal here up here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the journal here up here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the journal here up here it's
+essentially the new york times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the new york times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the new york times
+the front page and suddenly lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front page and suddenly lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front page and suddenly lots of
+people pay attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pay attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pay attention
+uh to news that's actually not news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to news that's actually not news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to news that's actually not news
+because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know
+uh that was already in the new york
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that was already in the new york
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that was already in the new york
+times before to the extent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times before to the extent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times before to the extent that
+everybody pays attention if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody pays attention if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody pays attention if there's
+unlimited attention and unlimited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited attention and unlimited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited attention and unlimited
+arbitrage we should essentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrage we should essentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrage we should essentially uh
+expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect
+new effects um whatsoever so we see like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new effects um whatsoever so we see like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new effects um whatsoever so we see like
+a huge spike in the stock market price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge spike in the stock market price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge spike in the stock market price
+you know maybe the stock market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe the stock market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe the stock market
+overacted a bit and went down a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overacted a bit and went down a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overacted a bit and went down a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+but then um what we see here is then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then um what we see here is then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then um what we see here is then the
+negative effect of like the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative effect of like the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative effect of like the field
+replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication
+notice that here the stock market is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that here the stock market is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that here the stock market is
+still quite a bit high the price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still quite a bit high the price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still quite a bit high the price is
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+quite a bit higher maybe twice as high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit higher maybe twice as high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit higher maybe twice as high
+about like 20 compared to like 10 as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like 20 compared to like 10 as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like 20 compared to like 10 as it
+was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was before
+uh you know it's a little bit hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it's a little bit hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it's a little bit hard to
+interpret that because it could just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that because it could just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that because it could just be
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um you know maybe there's still a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know maybe there's still a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know maybe there's still a chance
+that the cure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cure
+uh might work out maybe there's other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might work out maybe there's other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might work out maybe there's other
+news about the company in the meantime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news about the company in the meantime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news about the company in the meantime
+that are positive and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are positive and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are positive and so on
+but the key part here is like the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key part here is like the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key part here is like the fact
+that the stock market went up here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the stock market went up here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the stock market went up here on
+may 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may 4th
+um 1998 really is sort of saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 1998 really is sort of saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 1998 really is sort of saying like
+there's lots of this is lots of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of this is lots of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of this is lots of it's
+news for lots of people and really it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news for lots of people and really it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news for lots of people and really it
+shouldn't be news um there shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be news um there shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be news um there shouldn't be
+any reaction because essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any reaction because essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any reaction because essentially
+it's old news as you would say in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's old news as you would say in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's old news as you would say in the
+sense of like people in 1997
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like people in 1997
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like people in 1997
+uh uh in november 28 already reported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in november 28 already reported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in november 28 already reported
+all of that is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that is that um
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um and there's lots of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um and there's lots of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um and there's lots of examples
+of these kind of things but essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kind of things but essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kind of things but essentially
+um some of this is like in attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of this is like in attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of this is like in attention
+some of it is also like confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it is also like confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it is also like confusion
+i don't know if any of you have heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if any of you have heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if any of you have heard of
+what happened to the zoom um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened to the zoom um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened to the zoom um uh
+zoom stock market price uh stock price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so essentially um i don't know if any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially um i don't know if any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially um i don't know if any of
+you have heard of this story so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have heard of this story so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have heard of this story so
+essentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh
+zoom uh there's a company zoom which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom uh there's a company zoom which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom uh there's a company zoom which is
+the the company that we're using right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the company that we're using right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the company that we're using right
+now to record this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to record this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to record this video
+uh the stock market price of zoom has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the stock market price of zoom has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the stock market price of zoom has
+gone up a lot during the last like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone up a lot during the last like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone up a lot during the last like three
+months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months
+rightly so because zoom now has you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightly so because zoom now has you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightly so because zoom now has you know
+assumes profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes profits
+has gone up a lot for example mit now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gone up a lot for example mit now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gone up a lot for example mit now
+has like a corporate license of zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like a corporate license of zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like a corporate license of zoom
+which essentially means like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially means like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially means like
+uh thousands of people now are using or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thousands of people now are using or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thousands of people now are using or
+can use zoom and that's an expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use zoom and that's an expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use zoom and that's an expensive
+thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do
+it turns out there's um uh another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out there's um uh another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out there's um uh another
+company that's also called zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that's also called zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that's also called zoom
+um except for that it's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um except for that it's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um except for that it's a different
+company and has nothing to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and has nothing to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and has nothing to do with the
+actual zoom technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual zoom technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual zoom technology
+it turns out that the zoom stock market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the zoom stock market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the zoom stock market
+price for this other company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for this other company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for this other company
+went up a lot as well the ticker for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up a lot as well the ticker for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up a lot as well the ticker for
+that company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that company
+is actually uh as z-o-o-m so like zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually uh as z-o-o-m so like zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually uh as z-o-o-m so like zoom
+um as opposed to like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as opposed to like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as opposed to like the
+actual zoom company that we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual zoom company that we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual zoom company that we're using
+right now their ticker is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now their ticker is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now their ticker is like
+zm and so um at some point actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zm and so um at some point actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zm and so um at some point actually the
+trading for that other company was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading for that other company was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading for that other company was
+halted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halted
+presumably because people are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably because people are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably because people are very
+confused and they were not really paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused and they were not really paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused and they were not really paying
+close attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close attention to
+what is the right ticker what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the right ticker what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the right ticker what's the
+right company that they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right company that they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right company that they're actually
+buying they thought they were buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying they thought they were buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying they thought they were buying
+zoom like the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom like the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom like the actual
+online video conferencing company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online video conferencing company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online video conferencing company
+well in fact they were just buying some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact they were just buying some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact they were just buying some
+other company that's actually not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other company that's actually not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other company that's actually not even
+doing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything
+um anymore so there's lots of um stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anymore so there's lots of um stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anymore so there's lots of um stories
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um people uh being inattentive even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people uh being inattentive even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people uh being inattentive even in
+situations when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations when
+uh stakes are really really high now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stakes are really really high now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stakes are really really high now
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say well how do we now measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say well how do we now measure
+so now in some sense we have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now in some sense we have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now in some sense we have sort of
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+um some evidence here that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some evidence here that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some evidence here that people are
+and sometimes somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes somewhat
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes somewhat
+informal evidence that people are
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+ align:start position:0%
+informal evidence that people are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal evidence that people are
+inattentive now how would you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inattentive now how would you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inattentive now how would you measure
+the impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impacts
+of inattention um overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you wanted to sort of just measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to sort of just measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to sort of just measure
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demonstrate that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demonstrate that people are
+inattentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inattentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inattentive
+in addition to what i've just shown you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to what i've just shown you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to what i've just shown you
+what might you do how might you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might you do how might you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might you do how might you do that
+if there's some information that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's some information that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's some information that they
+usually get in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually get in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually get in the world
+and they should have uh one example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they should have uh one example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they should have uh one example that
+we're going to discuss is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to discuss is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to discuss is like
+essentially prices or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially prices or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially prices or
+taxes and now if you want to demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes and now if you want to demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes and now if you want to demonstrate
+that people are actually missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are actually missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are actually missing
+those prices or taxes what you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those prices or taxes what you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those prices or taxes what you can do is
+now you can make it very salient you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can make it very salient you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can make it very salient you
+make it really apparent to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it really apparent to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it really apparent to people
+and then you can look at like when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can look at like when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can look at like when you
+look at changes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at changes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at changes um
+in uh and prices or the change of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh and prices or the change of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh and prices or the change of like
+making things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making things uh
+from non-ceiling to sailing how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from non-ceiling to sailing how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from non-ceiling to sailing how do
+people react now they maybe make for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people react now they maybe make for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people react now they maybe make for
+example taxes very silly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example taxes very silly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example taxes very silly and
+what happens to people's demand um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to people's demand um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to people's demand um for
+certain products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain products
+and uh if then sort of making salience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if then sort of making salience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if then sort of making salience
+changes people's behavior that then sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes people's behavior that then sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes people's behavior that then sort
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of identifies
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying inattention so if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying inattention so if you just
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't have access to certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't have access to certain
+information in some sense that's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in some sense that's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in some sense that's less
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because that just means like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because that just means like
+well i don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i don't have the
+i'm not that the information is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not that the information is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not that the information is really
+available to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to me
+but in some ways i could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some ways i could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some ways i could make
+information that's really very salient i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's really very salient i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's really very salient i
+could make it i essentially could sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make it i essentially could sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make it i essentially could sort
+of reduce the salience as you say of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reduce the salience as you say of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reduce the salience as you say of
+certain types of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain types of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain types of information
+again information that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again information that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again information that should be
+available to them uh for example like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to them uh for example like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to them uh for example like
+suppose i do like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose i do like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose i do like uh
+sales if i'm trying to sort of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales if i'm trying to sort of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales if i'm trying to sort of as a
+company sell sell things you go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company sell sell things you go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company sell sell things you go to a
+store and usually sales are made very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and usually sales are made very
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and usually sales are made very
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient to people
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient to people
+now you could essentially just change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could essentially just change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could essentially just change
+the prices without making these sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices without making these sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices without making these sales
+very salient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very salient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very salient
+and then you could look at like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you could look at like how
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you could look at like how
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentive are people to that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentive are people to that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a way that sort of in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a way that sort of in some
+ways less natural right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways less natural right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways less natural right because
+uh when people are in a way what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when people are in a way what we want
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when people are in a way what we want
+to demonstrate is that in real
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+ align:start position:0%
+to demonstrate is that in real
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demonstrate is that in real
+people's real lives um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's real lives um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's real lives um there's
+information available to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information available to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information available to them
+and they're not really paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not really paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not really paying
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently much attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently much attention
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it so if you can then sort of change
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it so if you can then sort of change
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some ways and so demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some ways and so demonstrate
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+now they are changing the behavior that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they are changing the behavior that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they are changing the behavior that
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+must mean that previously they had been
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+like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+mis-optimizing if instead you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mis-optimizing if instead you did
+something like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like um
+if you sort of reduce people's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sort of reduce people's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sort of reduce people's um
+uh the salience of certain types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the salience of certain types of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the salience of certain types of
+information that's in a way
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+ align:start position:0%
+information that's in a way
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+somewhat less interesting because it
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+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat less interesting because it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat less interesting because it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of say well um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of say well um uh
+it doesn't really mean that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really mean that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+inattentive to start with it's more like
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+you're hiding something from people and
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+you're hiding something from people and
+now they can't find it that's in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they can't find it that's in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they can't find it that's in some
+way somewhat less interesting but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way somewhat less interesting but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way somewhat less interesting but i
+think in principle you'd also exactly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in principle you'd also exactly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in principle you'd also exactly as
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say
+um uh identify inattention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh identify inattention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh identify inattention
+so um uh there's a few sort of type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um uh there's a few sort of type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um uh there's a few sort of type of
+things that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people
+have done and there's um to be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done and there's um to be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done and there's um to be clear
+there's often like a pretty fine line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's often like a pretty fine line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's often like a pretty fine line
+between attention and memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between attention and memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between attention and memory
+so one thing we could do is and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing we could do is and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing we could do is and this is
+what maya was saying previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what maya was saying previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what maya was saying previously
+you could make certain features like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make certain features like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make certain features like
+taxes very salient that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes very salient that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes very salient that's what we're
+gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna
+look at next um in addition you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at next um in addition you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at next um in addition you can sort
+of like um provide some information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like um provide some information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like um provide some information
+when the correct response is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the correct response is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the correct response is known
+already that's when i talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already that's when i talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already that's when i talk about
+afterwards it's the study by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards it's the study by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards it's the study by
+uh hanaidab so that's kind of like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hanaidab so that's kind of like when
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hanaidab so that's kind of like when
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+ align:start position:0%
+people have certain types of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have certain types of information
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+ align:start position:0%
+already
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+already
+but then sort of providing that
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+ align:start position:0%
+but then sort of providing that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then sort of providing that
+information again or giving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information again or giving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information again or giving that
+information in some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in some sort of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in some sort of
+concise form and sort of essentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concise form and sort of essentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concise form and sort of essentially uh
+notifying people of the fact that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notifying people of the fact that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notifying people of the fact that this
+information could be or should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information could be or should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information could be or should be
+um important and when we now see people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um important and when we now see people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um important and when we now see people
+react to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to it
+then that doesn't mean that like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that doesn't mean that like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that doesn't mean that like that
+must mean that before they were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must mean that before they were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must mean that before they were like
+inattentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inattentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inattentive
+another thing that people have done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that people have done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that people have done a
+lot is like reminders reminders often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot is like reminders reminders often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot is like reminders reminders often
+are sort of like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of like um
+uh you can think of these as like memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can think of these as like memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can think of these as like memory
+issues and people just forget things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and people just forget things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and people just forget things
+but in some sense memory issues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some sense memory issues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some sense memory issues and
+attention issues are very closely linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention issues are very closely linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention issues are very closely linked
+doesn't like if you forget something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't like if you forget something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't like if you forget something
+then you don't pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't pay attention to
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+so if i remind you of something now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i remind you of something now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i remind you of something now
+you're paying attention to like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're paying attention to like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're paying attention to like for
+example your savings or like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example your savings or like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example your savings or like your
+medical appearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical appearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical appearance
+like you should take certain drugs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you should take certain drugs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you should take certain drugs and
+so on uh there's a number of studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on uh there's a number of studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on uh there's a number of studies
+that essentially provide reminders to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially provide reminders to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially provide reminders to
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+uh and if these reminders have effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if these reminders have effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if these reminders have effects
+you know then that must mean that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know then that must mean that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know then that must mean that people
+were not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not at
+paying attention to those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to those kinds of
+things often presumably because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things often presumably because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things often presumably because of
+memory problems they just forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory problems they just forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory problems they just forget
+sometimes okay so now um let me sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes okay so now um let me sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes okay so now um let me sort of
+start with a very simple model um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a very simple model um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a very simple model um
+to help us sort of understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us sort of understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us sort of understand the
+results from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from uh
+the chatty at our paper it's very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chatty at our paper it's very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chatty at our paper it's very simple
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and very sort of just a sketch but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very sort of just a sketch but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very sort of just a sketch but i
+think it's actually helpful to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's actually helpful to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's actually helpful to sort of
+see what people are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what people are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what people are doing
+so consider a good with a value of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consider a good with a value of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consider a good with a value of v
+inclusive of the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive of the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive of the price
+which has is the sum of two components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has is the sum of two components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has is the sum of two components
+the components are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components are
+little b and o so there's a visible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little b and o so there's a visible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little b and o so there's a visible and
+salient component v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient component v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient component v
+and there's an opaque component o okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's an opaque component o okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's an opaque component o okay
+and so um if you're now inattentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um if you're now inattentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um if you're now inattentive
+the consumer or inattentive consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer or inattentive consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer or inattentive consumer
+perceived the value instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived the value instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived the value instead of
+perceiving the true value v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceiving the true value v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceiving the true value v
+the consumer perceives the value b hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer perceives the value b hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer perceives the value b hat
+which is um little d which is like a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um little d which is like a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um little d which is like a c
+alien component so even if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alien component so even if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alien component so even if you're
+inattentive the assumption is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inattentive the assumption is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inattentive the assumption is like
+the salient part of the good you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the salient part of the good you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the salient part of the good you always
+see for example what color is the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for example what color is the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for example what color is the word
+or the light you always pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the light you always pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the light you always pay
+let's see that and in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see that and in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see that and in addition
+the opaque component the stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opaque component the stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opaque component the stuff that's
+not salient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not salient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not salient
+you're only going to pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only going to pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only going to pay attention to
+with a fraction of one minus theta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fraction of one minus theta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fraction of one minus theta so
+the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of
+in a tension so theta is our inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a tension so theta is our inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a tension so theta is our inner
+tension parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension parameter
+and see that sort of measures how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that sort of measures how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that sort of measures how much
+are you paying attention to stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you paying attention to stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you paying attention to stuff that's
+not particularly salient so for theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not particularly salient so for theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not particularly salient so for theta
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+you're back to the cases before for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're back to the cases before for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're back to the cases before for
+theta equals zero v hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals zero v hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals zero v hat
+equals v um which is essentially just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals v um which is essentially just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals v um which is essentially just a
+standard case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard case
+if theta were like one so theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if theta were like one so theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if theta were like one so theta is
+supposed to be between zero and one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be between zero and one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be between zero and one if
+theta is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is one
+then essentially you're not paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then essentially you're not paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then essentially you're not paying
+attention at all to the opaque component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention at all to the opaque component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention at all to the opaque component
+uh and anywhere in between essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and anywhere in between essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and anywhere in between essentially
+then uh you're paying only partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh you're paying only partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh you're paying only partial
+attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+to the opaque component so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the opaque component so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the opaque component so the
+interpretation is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation is like
+each individual essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each individual essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each individual essentially
+sees the beat so he sees o to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees the beat so he sees o to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees the beat so he sees o to some
+degree but process it only partially to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree but process it only partially to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree but process it only partially to
+the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree
+of of theta of course whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of theta of course whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of theta of course whether you
+actually see it or not processes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see it or not processes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see it or not processes or
+whether you sort of miss it entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you sort of miss it entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you sort of miss it entirely
+it's in some sense like a philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in some sense like a philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in some sense like a philosophical
+question but think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but think about like
+everybody has at least in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has at least in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has at least in principle
+access to the component oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the component oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the component oh
+but um um they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um um they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um um they only
+process it and pay attention to it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it and pay attention to it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it and pay attention to it only
+um uh to some degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to some degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to some degree
+uh okay so um teddy now applies this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so um teddy now applies this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so um teddy now applies this
+model essentially to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model essentially to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model essentially to
+uh taxes so one very interesting feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taxes so one very interesting feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taxes so one very interesting feature
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+about some taxes is the fact that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some taxes is the fact that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some taxes is the fact that like
+sales tax is only added at the register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales tax is only added at the register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales tax is only added at the register
+right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you
+in some at least in most cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some at least in most cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some at least in most cases
+you would like um shop um and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like um shop um and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like um shop um and then in
+in the store and then the sales tax only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the store and then the sales tax only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the store and then the sales tax only
+at the end once you actually go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end once you actually go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end once you actually go to the
+store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+um will be um uh added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um will be um uh added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um will be um uh added
+now um people are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um people are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um people are not
+people know when you ask people directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know when you ask people directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know when you ask people directly
+what is the sales tax in your state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the sales tax in your state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the sales tax in your state
+people actually on average pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually on average pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually on average pretty good
+at knowing this so it's not like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at knowing this so it's not like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at knowing this so it's not like people
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+know that there's a sales tax but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there's a sales tax but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there's a sales tax but um
+they might just forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might just forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might just forget
+um that there are sales taxes um uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that there are sales taxes um uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that there are sales taxes um uh uh
+for goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for goods
+so now what you can do now is like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what you can do now is like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what you can do now is like um
+you can compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compare
+the demand response to uh sales tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand response to uh sales tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand response to uh sales tax
+changes versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes versus
+um uh the demand response to other price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the demand response to other price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the demand response to other price
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+right so like if you see prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like if you see prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like if you see prices
+fluctuating um in a store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating um in a store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating um in a store
+over time or across goods um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time or across goods um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time or across goods um
+presumably everybody sees those price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably everybody sees those price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably everybody sees those price
+changes uh overall if these are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh overall if these are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh overall if these are like
+uh price changes that are not related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh price changes that are not related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh price changes that are not related to
+sales taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales taxes
+the reason being like once you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason being like once you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason being like once you're in the
+store you're going to look at prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store you're going to look at prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store you're going to look at prices
+you're going to see is the price high or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see is the price high or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see is the price high or
+low even before you go to the register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low even before you go to the register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low even before you go to the register
+so presumably you see the price tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so presumably you see the price tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so presumably you see the price tag
+pretty much most of the time in contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much most of the time in contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much most of the time in contrast
+when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at
+sales tax changes if the sales taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales tax changes if the sales taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales tax changes if the sales taxes
+goes up for some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up for some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up for some reason
+or if there's a sales tax or some items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if there's a sales tax or some items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if there's a sales tax or some items
+versus others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus others
+you might just miss that by at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might just miss that by at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might just miss that by at the time
+when you're sort of choosing the good on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're sort of choosing the good on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're sort of choosing the good on
+before you go to the register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you go to the register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you go to the register
+and when you once you're then at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you once you're then at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you once you're then at the
+register you might sort of not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register you might sort of not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register you might sort of not even
+notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice
+um that you have paid the sales tax or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you have paid the sales tax or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you have paid the sales tax or
+you might be surprised and just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be surprised and just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be surprised and just don't
+change your behavior anymore um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your behavior anymore um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your behavior anymore um
+but at least notice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least notice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least notice it
+so now what what do chattyadal do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what what do chattyadal do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what what do chattyadal do they
+have data on the demand for items in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have data on the demand for items in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have data on the demand for items in a
+grocery store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery store
+and um they have essentially the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um they have essentially the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um they have essentially the demand
+d of the hat remember the hat is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d of the hat remember the hat is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d of the hat remember the hat is the
+function of the perceived value which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the perceived value which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the perceived value which i
+showed you here before let me go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you here before let me go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you here before let me go back
+for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second
+so you see if you had here is like v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see if you had here is like v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see if you had here is like v
+which is the ceiling component plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the ceiling component plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the ceiling component plus one
+minus theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus theta
+times o is the opaque component so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times o is the opaque component so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times o is the opaque component so that
+the demand for goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand for goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand for goods
+uh depends on the perceived value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depends on the perceived value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depends on the perceived value of the
+hatch that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatch that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatch that people have
+and uh there's a visible part as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's a visible part as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's a visible part as the
+value v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value v
+which is inclusive of the price right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is inclusive of the price right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is inclusive of the price right so
+when you look at like when you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at like when you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at like when you're in
+a store you look at the code you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a store you look at the code you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a store you look at the code you see the
+good you see whether you like it you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you see whether you like it you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you see whether you like it you see
+the brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brand
+you see the color and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the color and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the color and so on and so forth
+you also see the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also see the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also see the price
+right so like the the valuation that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like the the valuation that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like the the valuation that you
+give that's or the value b that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that's or the value b that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that's or the value b that you
+draw from that is essentially coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw from that is essentially coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw from that is essentially coming
+like how much they want to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how much they want to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how much they want to have this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+minus kind of like the the price that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus kind of like the the price that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus kind of like the the price that
+you see um which goes into the visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see um which goes into the visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see um which goes into the visible
+part of the evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the evaluation
+and then there's a less visible part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a less visible part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a less visible part
+which is just stuff that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just stuff that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just stuff that's essentially
+hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden
+and there's a bunch of different parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a bunch of different parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a bunch of different parts
+to that that you might not pay attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that that you might not pay attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that that you might not pay attention
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um which would be like ingredients or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which would be like ingredients or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which would be like ingredients or
+the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like
+or is it like organic or not and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it like organic or not and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it like organic or not and like
+but in particular the sales tax right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular the sales tax right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular the sales tax right so
+like when you think about evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you think about evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you think about evaluation
+um you would have to like essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you would have to like essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you would have to like essentially
+however much you like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however much you like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however much you like the
+the good you have to sort of um subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good you have to sort of um subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good you have to sort of um subtract
+the sales tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sales tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sales tax
+because you have to sort of pay taxes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to sort of pay taxes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to sort of pay taxes on
+that good and that's sort of less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good and that's sort of less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good and that's sort of less
+visible to some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible to some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible to some people
+um so you might sort of not pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you might sort of not pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you might sort of not pay
+attention to it so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to it so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to it so in this case
+um it'll be um v hat is like b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it'll be um v hat is like b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it'll be um v hat is like b
+now the visible component plus one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the visible component plus one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the visible component plus one minus
+theta times o that's just what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta times o that's just what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta times o that's just what i'm
+repeating what i showed you before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating what i showed you before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating what i showed you before
+and that equals v minus one minus theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that equals v minus one minus theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that equals v minus one minus theta
+times uh tp which is the sales tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh tp which is the sales tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh tp which is the sales tax
+and now until the extent that people pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now until the extent that people pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now until the extent that people pay
+attention to theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to theta
+uh the sales tax might matter uh more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sales tax might matter uh more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sales tax might matter uh more or
+less okay there might be other sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less okay there might be other sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less okay there might be other sort of
+opaque components that are unobservable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opaque components that are unobservable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opaque components that are unobservable
+both to the experimenter but also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both to the experimenter but also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both to the experimenter but also the
+person we can abstract from that so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we can abstract from that so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we can abstract from that so for
+now we can essentially say the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can essentially say the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can essentially say the last
+visible part is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible part is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible part is only
+the state tax okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state tax okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state tax okay
+any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now um and this is sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um and this is sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um and this is sort of like
+so now essentially what this gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now essentially what this gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now essentially what this gives us
+now now we can essentially try to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now we can essentially try to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now we can essentially try to see
+um if we have sort of this um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we have sort of this um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we have sort of this um uh
+uh how can we identify this parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how can we identify this parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how can we identify this parameter
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+by making things very um salient and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making things very um salient and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making things very um salient and so
+the idea is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is now
+to um make the tax fully salient let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um make the tax fully salient let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um make the tax fully salient let me
+show you how this looks like in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how this looks like in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how this looks like in practice
+here's some math but i'll go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some math but i'll go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some math but i'll go back to
+this in a second let me just show you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a second let me just show you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a second let me just show you um
+uh what this looks like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what this looks like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what this looks like in the
+experiment so the idea in the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so the idea in the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so the idea in the experiment
+is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say
+um you see on the lower part here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you see on the lower part here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you see on the lower part here you
+see like a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like a normal
+um uh price so you see an original price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh price so you see an original price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh price so you see an original price
+stack here this is what the price tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack here this is what the price tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack here this is what the price tag
+usually would look like so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually would look like so this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually would look like so this would be
+an item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an item
+i guess this is like brushes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess this is like brushes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess this is like brushes uh
+this item would cost like 5.79
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this item would cost like 5.79
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this item would cost like 5.79
+usually and then what they did in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually and then what they did in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually and then what they did in the
+experiment they essentially added a tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment they essentially added a tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment they essentially added a tag
+where they said now here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they said now here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they said now here
+579 plus sales tax is 622
+
+ align:start position:0%
+579 plus sales tax is 622
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+579 plus sales tax is 622
+and now we make it like entirely salient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we make it like entirely salient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we make it like entirely salient
+that uh there's a sales tax and we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh there's a sales tax and we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh there's a sales tax and we make
+the true price um very salient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true price um very salient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true price um very salient
+okay and now the question is like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now the question is like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now the question is like if you
+do that if we if we go from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that if we if we go from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that if we if we go from like
+um uh theta being like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh theta being like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh theta being like
+for example say 5.5 you only like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example say 5.5 you only like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example say 5.5 you only like
+partially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially um
+uh observe the sales tax if you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh observe the sales tax if you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh observe the sales tax if you go from
+that to making the sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to making the sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to making the sales
+tax fully salient what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax fully salient what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax fully salient what happens to
+people's uh demand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's uh demand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's uh demand and
+can you infer from that theta what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you infer from that theta what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you infer from that theta what
+demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand
+what theta is actually look like so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what theta is actually look like so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what theta is actually look like so let
+me sort of go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me sort of go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me sort of go back to this
+so essentially what we're trying to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what we're trying to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what we're trying to look
+at we're trying to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at we're trying to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at we're trying to look at
+a change in demand when theta falls to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change in demand when theta falls to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change in demand when theta falls to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+why does theta fall to zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does theta fall to zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does theta fall to zero the
+assumption here is that whatever theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption here is that whatever theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption here is that whatever theta
+people have before so you might sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have before so you might sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have before so you might sort of
+partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially
+or even uh not at all theta might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even uh not at all theta might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even uh not at all theta might be
+like 0.5 or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 0.5 or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 0.5 or one
+or whatever for people but now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever for people but now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever for people but now the
+intervention that i just showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention that i just showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention that i just showed you
+brings theta down to zero right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings theta down to zero right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings theta down to zero right because
+now i make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i make
+it's fully salient to people what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fully salient to people what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fully salient to people what the
+sales tax is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales tax is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales tax is
+so the question is like now um can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is like now um can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is like now um can we
+have an expression for the change in log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an expression for the change in log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an expression for the change in log
+demand when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand when
+theta falls from when theta falls from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta falls from when theta falls from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta falls from when theta falls from
+whatever is before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is before
+down to zero so now what we have is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero so now what we have is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero so now what we have is the
+change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in
+um in log demand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in log demand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in log demand is
+the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the
+the demand that we had before this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand that we had before this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand that we had before this is
+what i showed you before this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i showed you before this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i showed you before this was
+essentially demand as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially demand as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially demand as a function of
+b remember what i showed you here before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b remember what i showed you here before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b remember what i showed you here before
+give me one second i'll go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me one second i'll go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me one second i'll go back
+so what i showed you here demand is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i showed you here demand is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i showed you here demand is like
+function of v hat and v hat is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of v hat and v hat is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of v hat and v hat is this
+animal here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal here it's
+v minus one minus theta times t p um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v minus one minus theta times t p um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v minus one minus theta times t p um
+now the question is like what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is like what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is like what happens to
+demand when uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand when uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand when uh
+or log demand here forget about the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or log demand here forget about the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or log demand here forget about the log
+that's not that interesting that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not that interesting that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not that interesting that's just
+for math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for math
+uh so here's the demand as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here's the demand as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here's the demand as a function of
+what it was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was before
+and here's demand when i now make um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's demand when i now make um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's demand when i now make um
+things very salient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things very salient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things very salient
+right so now here in this case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now here in this case here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now here in this case here
+theta equals zero and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals zero and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals zero and here
+um a theta is whatever it had been for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a theta is whatever it had been for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a theta is whatever it had been for
+now when you have this expression what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you have this expression what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you have this expression what
+you can do is you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is you can sort of
+um uh linearize that sort of take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh linearize that sort of take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh linearize that sort of take the
+derivative and sort of say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and sort of say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and sort of say um
+what is this difference well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this difference well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this difference well there's
+differences and you can sort of do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and you can sort of do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and you can sort of do the
+math that's essentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that's essentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that's essentially um
+a theta times a t p and then here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theta times a t p and then here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theta times a t p and then here this
+is derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is derivative
+with respect to theta and um what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to theta and um what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to theta and um what this
+gives you essentially is that the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you essentially is that the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you essentially is that the change
+in log demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in log demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in log demand
+is a function of a theta a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of a theta a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of a theta a function of
+tau which is like the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau which is like the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau which is like the tax
+and eta which is the um uh price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eta which is the um uh price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eta which is the um uh price
+elasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity
+so essentially that's to say is like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially that's to say is like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially that's to say is like if
+we have now an intervention where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have now an intervention where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have now an intervention where we can
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+how does demand or log demand change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does demand or log demand change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does demand or log demand change
+when we do this intervention assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do this intervention assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do this intervention assuming
+that this intervention brings theta from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this intervention brings theta from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this intervention brings theta from
+whatever was it was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever was it was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever was it was before
+down to zero we can look at like now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero we can look at like now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero we can look at like now
+what happens to demand that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to demand that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to demand that's
+delta log demand here that sort of lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta log demand here that sort of lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta log demand here that sort of lists
+the definition and we can have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition and we can have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition and we can have that
+that's an expression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an expression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an expression of
+we can relate that to theta uh to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can relate that to theta uh to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can relate that to theta uh to t
+which is like the tax as it is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like the tax as it is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like the tax as it is that's
+something like seven percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like seven percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like seven percent
+um and then eta which is the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then eta which is the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then eta which is the price
+elasticity of demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of demand
+so that is to say if we have this change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is to say if we have this change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is to say if we have this change
+in demand that we observe from changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in demand that we observe from changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in demand that we observe from changing
+theta down to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta down to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta down to zero
+and if we had the um the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we had the um the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we had the um the price
+elasticity from like just other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity from like just other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity from like just other
+variation in prices that we see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in prices that we see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in prices that we see in the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+and if you have t which is just how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have t which is just how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have t which is just how much
+the tax is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax is
+that would allow us to identify uh theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would allow us to identify uh theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would allow us to identify uh theta
+and that's kind of like what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of like what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of like what the
+experiment is trying to do so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is trying to do so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is trying to do so that
+implies essentially so we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies essentially so we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies essentially so we can just
+rearrange this we can just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange this we can just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange this we can just say
+theta is i'm just sort of rearranging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is i'm just sort of rearranging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is i'm just sort of rearranging
+things as minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as minus
+the change in log demand from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in log demand from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in log demand from this
+intervention divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention divided by
+t times the price elasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t times the price elasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t times the price elasticity
+okay and that is just to say essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that is just to say essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that is just to say essentially
+what we're trying to see is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to see is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to see is like
+intuitively that's just to say is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively that's just to say is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively that's just to say is like
+once we make things very salient going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we make things very salient going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we make things very salient going
+from like things not being sailing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like things not being sailing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like things not being sailing to
+start with to making things very salient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with to making things very salient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with to making things very salient
+how much does demand change uh uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much does demand change uh uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much does demand change uh uh there
+and then we can look at like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can look at like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can look at like well
+um for um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for um so
+in this case i guess uh this is like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case i guess uh this is like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case i guess uh this is like um
+the taxes made very salient and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taxes made very salient and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taxes made very salient and then we
+can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at
+like well how does this compare to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well how does this compare to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well how does this compare to other
+changes in prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in prices
+uh assuming that essentially people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assuming that essentially people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assuming that essentially people are
+paying attention to prices anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to prices anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to prices anyway
+so if you look at like um uh things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at like um uh things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at like um uh things
+becoming more expensive by like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming more expensive by like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming more expensive by like one
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+how much are people changing their um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much are people changing their um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much are people changing their um
+behavior there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior there
+and now we have to sort of take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have to sort of take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have to sort of take into
+account that like um what's being made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account that like um what's being made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account that like um what's being made
+salient here is the tax t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient here is the tax t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient here is the tax t
+and sort of from backing out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of from backing out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of from backing out the
+relative changes in demand for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative changes in demand for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative changes in demand for like
+usual price changes versus making things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual price changes versus making things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual price changes versus making things
+silly and we can now try to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly and we can now try to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly and we can now try to measure
+uh theta as like how much did they pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh theta as like how much did they pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh theta as like how much did they pay
+attention uh before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention uh before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention uh before
+so one way to say this is like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way to say this is like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way to say this is like for
+example if we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we make
+things very salient and the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things very salient and the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things very salient and the change in
+log demand did not there's no change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log demand did not there's no change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log demand did not there's no change in
+log demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log demand
+what does that imply for for for theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that imply for for for theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that imply for for for theta
+what we learned from that suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we learned from that suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we learned from that suppose the
+change here and demand is zero people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change here and demand is zero people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change here and demand is zero people
+did not change the demand at all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not change the demand at all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not change the demand at all and
+make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things
+very salient versus what it was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very salient versus what it was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very salient versus what it was before
+so or predictably if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so or predictably if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so or predictably if
+if theta equals zero here then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if theta equals zero here then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if theta equals zero here then um
+these two expressions are the same which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two expressions are the same which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two expressions are the same which
+essentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh
+means that this thing here is also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this thing here is also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this thing here is also going
+to be zero so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero so essentially
+to the extent that our intervention um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the extent that our intervention um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the extent that our intervention um
+changes large or induces large changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes large or induces large changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes large or induces large changes
+in demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in demand
+that must mean that essentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must mean that essentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must mean that essentially um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people were people were very attentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were people were very attentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were people were very attentive
+to start with essentially if i'm making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with essentially if i'm making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with essentially if i'm making
+the prices very saline and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices very saline and nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices very saline and nothing
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+well that means like um people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that means like um people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that means like um people were
+already paying attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already paying attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already paying attention
+um before now in the maximum case if i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before now in the maximum case if i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before now in the maximum case if i'm
+sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like
+if people were paying no attention to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people were paying no attention to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people were paying no attention to uh
+to prices as before um what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prices as before um what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prices as before um what would happen
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+well in that case i guess oops sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in that case i guess oops sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in that case i guess oops sorry
+in that case um theta would be one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case um theta would be one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case um theta would be one so
+essentially it would just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it would just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it would just be
+going from uh we'd look at like what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from uh we'd look at like what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from uh we'd look at like what's
+the demand or change in demand from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand or change in demand from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand or change in demand from
+going like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going like
+uh v minus tp to v which essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh v minus tp to v which essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh v minus tp to v which essentially
+just a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a change in
+tp um so that would be essentially say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tp um so that would be essentially say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tp um so that would be essentially say
+if the tax was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the tax was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the tax was like
+um uh uh seven percent now we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh seven percent now we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh seven percent now we just have
+to look at like what is the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at like what is the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at like what is the equivalent
+effect of like a seven percent increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of like a seven percent increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of like a seven percent increase
+in uh and the price um which is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh and the price um which is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh and the price um which is exactly
+what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have
+um here so essentially just to summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here so essentially just to summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here so essentially just to summarize
+and i think the math is in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think the math is in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think the math is in some sense
+not that interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that interesting
+but essentially to summarize it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially to summarize it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially to summarize it's like
+the larger our reaction is to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger our reaction is to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger our reaction is to this
+intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention
+um the more inattentive most people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the more inattentive most people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the more inattentive most people have
+been before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been before
+uh because of the inattentive to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because of the inattentive to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because of the inattentive to start
+with um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um uh
+uh they react more to making things more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they react more to making things more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they react more to making things more
+salient so let me sort of show you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient so let me sort of show you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient so let me sort of show you um
+what this looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this looks like
+in practice um again like the goal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice um again like the goal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice um again like the goal here
+is to estimate the change in demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to estimate the change in demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to estimate the change in demand for
+making taxes fully salient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making taxes fully salient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making taxes fully salient
+again here's the original attack and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here's the original attack and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here's the original attack and
+here's like the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's like the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's like the sort of the
+experimental tag it's very very sealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental tag it's very very sealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental tag it's very very sealing
+very very clear and very hard to miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very clear and very hard to miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very clear and very hard to miss
+for people and the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people and the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people and the assumption
+essentially is that people pay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is that people pay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is that people pay now
+full attention to this new tag um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full attention to this new tag um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full attention to this new tag um they
+have like a three-week period in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a three-week period in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a three-week period in which
+this is like an experiment in california
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like an experiment in california
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like an experiment in california
+they have a three-week period in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a three-week period in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a three-week period in which
+they modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they modify
+um uh price tags of certain items so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh price tags of certain items so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh price tags of certain items so
+they devote essentially at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they devote essentially at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they devote essentially at different
+stores they pick one store and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores they pick one store and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores they pick one store and then
+essentially they modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially they modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially they modify
+the price tag only of a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price tag only of a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price tag only of a subset of
+randomized goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized goods
+and they make the afters um uh tax price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they make the afters um uh tax price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they make the afters um uh tax price
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh salient in addition to the pre uh tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh salient in addition to the pre uh tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh salient in addition to the pre uh tax
+price right the pre-tax price is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price right the pre-tax price is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price right the pre-tax price is already
+very salient here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very salient here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very salient here
+in addition they make the um after tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition they make the um after tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition they make the um after tax
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+um very salient and now they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very salient and now they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very salient and now they're going to
+do what's called like a triple dip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what's called like a triple dip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what's called like a triple dip
+estimate which is a sometimes a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate which is a sometimes a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate which is a sometimes a very
+funky uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funky uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funky uh
+or a fancy word or just and say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a fancy word or just and say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a fancy word or just and say what
+we're going to do is we compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we compare the
+sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales
+um uh uh or like the demand during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh or like the demand during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh or like the demand during the
+treatment periods to like the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment periods to like the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment periods to like the following
+so there's a treatment period we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a treatment period we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a treatment period we can
+compare how much of certain goods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare how much of certain goods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare how much of certain goods that
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+been treated how much uh do the sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been treated how much uh do the sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been treated how much uh do the sales
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+compared to like the previous week sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to like the previous week sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to like the previous week sales
+for the same items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same items
+second we're gonna compare them to sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second we're gonna compare them to sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second we're gonna compare them to sales
+for items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for items
+in which the tax was not made salient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the tax was not made salient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the tax was not made salient so
+there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some
+goods in the store for which the tax was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods in the store for which the tax was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods in the store for which the tax was
+not made salient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not made salient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not made salient
+and then finally there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally there's going to be
+like control stores right so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like control stores right so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like control stores right so we're going
+to look at essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at essentially
+in the stores that receive the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the stores that receive the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the stores that receive the treatment
+or in the store that receives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the store that receives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the store that receives the
+treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+what happens to the goods that receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the goods that receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the goods that receive
+the treatment compared to the goods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment compared to the goods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment compared to the goods that
+don't receive the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't receive the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't receive the treatment
+we compare that to like demand before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compare that to like demand before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compare that to like demand before
+the treatment was enacted for both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment was enacted for both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment was enacted for both of
+those types of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of uh
+goods essentially what's the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods essentially what's the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods essentially what's the relative
+change in uh demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in uh demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in uh demand for
+the treated versus the non-treated items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treated versus the non-treated items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treated versus the non-treated items
+before versus after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before versus after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before versus after
+so that's essentially what people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's essentially what people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's essentially what people would
+call like a different diff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call like a different diff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call like a different diff like
+difference and differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and differences
+and in addition to that we compare that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition to that we compare that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition to that we compare that
+difference and differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and differences
+to the same difference in differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same difference in differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same difference in differences in
+the control stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control stores
+let me show you exactly what this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you exactly what this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you exactly what this looks
+like so this is a bit of a messy table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so this is a bit of a messy table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so this is a bit of a messy table
+or like a table with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like a table with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like a table with a lot of
+information but it's in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but it's in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but it's in fact
+quite simple so what we have here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite simple so what we have here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite simple so what we have here is
+like at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at the top
+is a treatment store and at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a treatment store and at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a treatment store and at the bottom
+there's like some control source so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like some control source so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like some control source so the
+control stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control stores
+nothing has been changed so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing has been changed so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing has been changed so there's no
+experiment there's no additional tags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment there's no additional tags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment there's no additional tags
+and so on being added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on being added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on being added
+in the treatment source there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the treatment source there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the treatment source there's going to
+be control categories and treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be control categories and treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be control categories and treated
+categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+notice that they didn't fully randomize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that they didn't fully randomize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that they didn't fully randomize
+all the goods so it's not like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the goods so it's not like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the goods so it's not like if
+there's one brush next to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one brush next to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one brush next to another
+one brush has like taxes which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one brush has like taxes which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one brush has like taxes which is not
+presumably because it's like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably because it's like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably because it's like they're
+trying to minimize spillovers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to minimize spillovers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to minimize spillovers and
+sunsets if you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunsets if you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunsets if you only
+uh make this tax dealing for one good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make this tax dealing for one good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make this tax dealing for one good
+that's next to another good people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's next to another good people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's next to another good people get
+very confused because they're like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very confused because they're like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very confused because they're like well
+why does this one have like taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this one have like taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this one have like taxes
+um made salient and then the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um made salient and then the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um made salient and then the other one
+not so now this is like across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so now this is like across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so now this is like across
+categories where people maybe only pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories where people maybe only pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories where people maybe only pay
+attention to certain goods in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to certain goods in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to certain goods in certain
+categories to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories to start with
+so what we're seeing here is now here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're seeing here is now here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're seeing here is now here
+these are like the control categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are like the control categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are like the control categories
+and the treated categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the treated categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the treated categories
+and we can look at what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can look at what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can look at what's called the
+difference in differences we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in differences we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in differences we can look at
+the change in demand in the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in demand in the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in demand in the treatment
+source we're going to look at is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source we're going to look at is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source we're going to look at is like
+essentially the change in demand in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the change in demand in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the change in demand in the
+control categories and the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control categories and the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control categories and the treatment
+categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+so what we see here is like we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we see here is like we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we see here is like we can
+compare always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare always
+the uh how much is sold in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh how much is sold in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh how much is sold in the
+experimental period which is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental period which is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental period which is like this
+row here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row here
+compared to our baseline and what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to our baseline and what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to our baseline and what we see
+is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially
+uh demand in the control categories was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh demand in the control categories was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh demand in the control categories was
+going up a little bit by 0.84 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up a little bit by 0.84 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up a little bit by 0.84 that's
+just because of seasonalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of seasonalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of seasonalities
+maybe people like were just buying more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe people like were just buying more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe people like were just buying more
+anyway for whatever reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway for whatever reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway for whatever reason
+and in the treated categories uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the treated categories uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the treated categories uh over
+the same period comparing essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same period comparing essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same period comparing essentially
+the experimental period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental period
+to the baseline period a demand went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the baseline period a demand went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the baseline period a demand went
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+so now the difference in differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the difference in differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the difference in differences
+estimate is essentially the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate is essentially the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate is essentially the change in
+demand in the treatment stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand in the treatment stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand in the treatment stores
+comparing the treated categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the treated categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the treated categories
+compared to the control categories which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the control categories which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the control categories which
+is just the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the difference between
+this column and this column which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column and this column which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column and this column which is
+minus uh 2.14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh 2.14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh 2.14
+units okay so that's essentially how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units okay so that's essentially how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units okay so that's essentially how
+much did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much did
+the demand change before versus after in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand change before versus after in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand change before versus after in
+the treated categories compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treated categories compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treated categories compared to the
+same change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same change in the
+control categories okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control categories okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control categories okay so that's
+essentially like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like a
+difference and differences um estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and differences um estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and differences um estimator
+now they also have the control scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they also have the control scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they also have the control scores
+why why would we want the control scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why would we want the control scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why would we want the control scores
+as well why is that helpful to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well why is that helpful to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well why is that helpful to have
+proposed like that included like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed like that included like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed like that included like
+sunscreen and now it's getting like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunscreen and now it's getting like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunscreen and now it's getting like
+warmer it's really like hot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmer it's really like hot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmer it's really like hot and
+everybody wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody wasn't
+out advice like sunscreen then you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out advice like sunscreen then you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out advice like sunscreen then you see
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+people's demand or the control cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's demand or the control cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's demand or the control cutting
+whereas the treatment kind of goes up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the treatment kind of goes up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the treatment kind of goes up by
+a lot or goes down by a lot for whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot or goes down by a lot for whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot or goes down by a lot for whatever
+reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+i suppose it's like you know umbrellas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i suppose it's like you know umbrellas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i suppose it's like you know umbrellas
+and one week was really like rainy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one week was really like rainy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one week was really like rainy and
+the other one was not rainy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one was not rainy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one was not rainy
+and we see now essentially sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see now essentially sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see now essentially sort of
+seasonal or other sort of differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasonal or other sort of differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasonal or other sort of differences
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+uh in some of the categories that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some of the categories that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some of the categories that would
+even if it's randomized it could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's randomized it could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's randomized it could just
+happen to be in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be in the case
+so uh that would not have to do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that would not have to do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that would not have to do anything
+with the sales tax being sailing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sales tax being sailing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sales tax being sailing and
+that's just sort of by chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just sort of by chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just sort of by chance
+so now it's very nice to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's very nice to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's very nice to have some
+control stores where we can look at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control stores where we can look at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control stores where we can look at like
+the same difference in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same difference in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same difference in different
+estimates and something think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates and something think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates and something think of the
+control scores in some sense like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control scores in some sense like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control scores in some sense like a
+placebo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placebo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placebo
+we can do the same things there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do the same things there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do the same things there's going
+to be the control categories and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the control categories and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the control categories and the
+treated categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated categories
+notice to be very clear in the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice to be very clear in the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice to be very clear in the control
+stores the treated categories do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores the treated categories do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores the treated categories do not
+receive any actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive any actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive any actual
+treatment so we can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment so we can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment so we can do the same
+difference and differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and differences
+and what we see here is now that um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we see here is now that um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we see here is now that um uh
+there's essentially no difference here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's essentially no difference here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's essentially no difference here
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+you know the managing the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the managing the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the managing the control
+categories went up a little bit um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories went up a little bit um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories went up a little bit um for
+whatever reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever reason
+in the treated and this is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the treated and this is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the treated and this is a little bit
+smaller than in this other store this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than in this other store this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than in this other store this
+difference is not statistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is not statistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is not statistically
+significant but anyway the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant but anyway the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant but anyway the control
+categories go up a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories go up a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories go up a little bit
+the tweeted categories grow also up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tweeted categories grow also up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tweeted categories grow also up a
+little bit when you do this difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit when you do this difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit when you do this difference
+in differences estimate you will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in differences estimate you will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in differences estimate you will find
+essentially no difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially no difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially no difference
+like in the control categories there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the control categories there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the control categories there's
+no change in the treated categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no change in the treated categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no change in the treated categories
+uh compared to the baseline compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh compared to the baseline compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh compared to the baseline compared to
+the control category so difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control category so difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control category so difference in
+difference estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference estimate
+and the control categories essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the control categories essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the control categories essentially
+is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+and now what you can do is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what you can do is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what you can do is essentially
+is the difference in differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the difference in differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the difference in differences
+estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+you can compare you cannot subtract this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compare you cannot subtract this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compare you cannot subtract this
+number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here
+minus this number here which gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this number here which gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this number here which gives you
+the triple diff uh estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triple diff uh estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triple diff uh estimate
+um which essentially is the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which essentially is the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which essentially is the relative
+change of treatment versus control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of treatment versus control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of treatment versus control
+before and after and treatment versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and after and treatment versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and after and treatment versus
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+um stores it's a little bit sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stores it's a little bit sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stores it's a little bit sort of like
+lots of differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of differences
+in your head but i think i hope this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your head but i think i hope this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your head but i think i hope this
+comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison
+from the table makes it clear any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the table makes it clear any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the table makes it clear any
+questions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the
+on the estimate of the procedure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the estimate of the procedure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the estimate of the procedure that
+they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what we see here now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we see here now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we see here now is
+essentially now making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially now making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially now making these
+taxes salient in the treated categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes salient in the treated categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes salient in the treated categories
+in the treatment stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the treatment stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the treatment stores
+makes uh reduces demand right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes uh reduces demand right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes uh reduces demand right because
+essentially demand goes down why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially demand goes down why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially demand goes down why does
+good demand go down well like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good demand go down well like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good demand go down well like the
+perceived price that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived price that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived price that people
+face has now gone up um and now they buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face has now gone up um and now they buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face has now gone up um and now they buy
+less of these goods presumably because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less of these goods presumably because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less of these goods presumably because
+before they were not paying attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they were not paying attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they were not paying attention
+now the price goes up and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the price goes up and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the price goes up and now
+essentially um demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um demand
+falls as it should because now things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls as it should because now things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls as it should because now things
+are more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more expensive
+now and this is here the results the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and this is here the results the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and this is here the results the
+average quantity sold decreases by 2.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average quantity sold decreases by 2.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average quantity sold decreases by 2.2
+units this is units of the goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units this is units of the goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units this is units of the goods
+relative to baseline level of 25 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to baseline level of 25 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to baseline level of 25 that's
+an 8.8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 8.8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 8.8
+uh decline and now we can sort of use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decline and now we can sort of use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decline and now we can sort of use
+our formula and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our formula and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our formula and sort of
+compute the degree of inattention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the degree of inattention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the degree of inattention
+essentially now we can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially now we can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially now we can sort of
+say okay now we know um you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay now we know um you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay now we know um you know what
+the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax
+so we know what the tax was the tax was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know what the tax was the tax was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know what the tax was the tax was
+like a 7.375
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a 7.375
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a 7.375
+percent we can estimate the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent we can estimate the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent we can estimate the price
+elasticity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity uh
+in some other ways essentially we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some other ways essentially we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some other ways essentially we can
+say what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what happens if
+prices go up by one percent uh for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices go up by one percent uh for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices go up by one percent uh for other
+reasons what if the salem component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons what if the salem component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons what if the salem component
+that's already sailing goes up this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already sailing goes up this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already sailing goes up this is
+week by week um variation across stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week by week um variation across stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week by week um variation across stores
+so if the price prices go up um what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the price prices go up um what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the price prices go up um what's
+the price elasticity and the estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price elasticity and the estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price elasticity and the estimate of
+those price elasticity is also given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those price elasticity is also given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those price elasticity is also given
+from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other
+variation that's 1.59 and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation that's 1.59 and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation that's 1.59 and now we
+essentially back out theta essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially back out theta essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially back out theta essentially
+what we're trying to ask is like we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to ask is like we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to ask is like we have
+a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change in
+2.2 units that is making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2 units that is making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2 units that is making
+uh uh prices salient now the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh prices salient now the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh prices salient now the question is
+like well how large of a change is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well how large of a change is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well how large of a change is it
+relative to a change in prices of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to a change in prices of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to a change in prices of like
+um one percent two percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one percent two percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one percent two percent
+and so on um we know that essentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on um we know that essentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on um we know that essentially um
+the price elasticity is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price elasticity is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price elasticity is like
+1.59 so we can essentially just back out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.59 so we can essentially just back out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.59 so we can essentially just back out
+uh theta and so what we get from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh theta and so what we get from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh theta and so what we get from this
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+now is that theta is about like 0.75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that theta is about like 0.75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that theta is about like 0.75
+which says that consumers react to price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that consumers react to price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that consumers react to price
+changes due to sales tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes due to sales tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes due to sales tax
+changes only a quarter as much as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes only a quarter as much as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes only a quarter as much as to
+other price teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other price teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other price teams
+so essentially consumers are are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially consumers are are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially consumers are are very
+inattentive in fact the sales uh taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inattentive in fact the sales uh taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inattentive in fact the sales uh taxes
+those sales tax changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sales tax changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sales tax changes
+uh in fact they only sort of proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in fact they only sort of proceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in fact they only sort of proceed
+like a quarter as much um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a quarter as much um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a quarter as much um
+as any other price changes um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as any other price changes um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as any other price changes um in the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+okay and that's what it says you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's what it says you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's what it says you know
+that's really saying like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really saying like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really saying like a lot of
+people really seem to be missing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people really seem to be missing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people really seem to be missing these
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+that are not you and now if you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not you and now if you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not you and now if you make
+them clean people change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them clean people change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them clean people change their
+behavior they must have been inattentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior they must have been inattentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior they must have been inattentive
+um to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to start with
+um in addition to that kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in addition to that kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in addition to that kind of uh
+evidence uh chattyadol also have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence uh chattyadol also have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence uh chattyadol also have some
+evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+on uh using non-experimental variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh using non-experimental variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh using non-experimental variation
+and in some sense you could sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some sense you could sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some sense you could sort of say
+the evidence that i just showed you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence that i just showed you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence that i just showed you from
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+from the store is a little bit weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the store is a little bit weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the store is a little bit weird
+because in some sense you see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in some sense you see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in some sense you see these
+different tags and maybe the tags like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tags and maybe the tags like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tags and maybe the tags like
+uh raise attention to the price even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh raise attention to the price even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh raise attention to the price even
+regardless of the tax and sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the tax and sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the tax and sort of you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+it's a little bit weird in some ways so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit weird in some ways so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit weird in some ways so
+it's quite nice to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite nice to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite nice to have some
+complimentary evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary evidence
+of like a non-experimental um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a non-experimental um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a non-experimental um
+panel data variation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel data variation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel data variation um
+and so what they do is they look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what they do is they look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what they do is they look at
+beer consumption and it turns out beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer consumption and it turns out beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer consumption and it turns out beer
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+tobacco and other types of goods have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tobacco and other types of goods have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tobacco and other types of goods have um
+two types of taxes levied on them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of taxes levied on them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of taxes levied on them they
+have like an excise tax which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like an excise tax which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like an excise tax which is
+included in the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the price
+this is highly salient during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is highly salient during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is highly salient during the
+choice of process because essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of process because essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of process because essentially
+it's in the price already so if like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the price already so if like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the price already so if like
+taxes go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes go up
+essentially the price goes up and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the price goes up and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the price goes up and people
+will notice if they pay attention or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will notice if they pay attention or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will notice if they pay attention or
+since they pay attention to prices since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they pay attention to prices since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they pay attention to prices since
+they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like
+uh uh in the price tag already and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in the price tag already and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in the price tag already and then
+there's a sales tax this is the tax that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sales tax this is the tax that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sales tax this is the tax that
+we were just talking about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were just talking about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were just talking about before
+that's essentially very opaque during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially very opaque during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially very opaque during
+the choice process as we just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice process as we just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice process as we just sort of
+showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed
+and now we can look at like variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can look at like variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can look at like variation
+across states and over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across states and over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across states and over time
+of like changes in excise taxes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like changes in excise taxes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like changes in excise taxes and
+sales taxes and we can look at how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales taxes and we can look at how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales taxes and we can look at how much
+do people react to excise taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people react to excise taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people react to excise taxes
+relative to how much people react to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to how much people react to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to how much people react to
+sales taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales taxes
+and that relative reaction will tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that relative reaction will tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that relative reaction will tell us
+again something about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again something about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again something about um
+theta and what um teddy i'll find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and what um teddy i'll find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and what um teddy i'll find in
+here is a table um for that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a table um for that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a table um for that is
+essentially when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially when you look at
+changes in excise taxes this is a tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in excise taxes this is a tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in excise taxes this is a tax
+that's very salient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very salient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very salient
+uh the price elasticity or like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the price elasticity or like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the price elasticity or like the the
+yeah the lcd is above like 0.8 to 0.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the lcd is above like 0.8 to 0.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the lcd is above like 0.8 to 0.9
+so essentially um when the the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially um when the the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially um when the the price
+goes up by one percent uh people react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up by one percent uh people react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up by one percent uh people react
+by about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by about like
+um almost like one percent in contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um almost like one percent in contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um almost like one percent in contrast
+and there's some differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some differences
+in like um estimates but once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like um estimates but once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like um estimates but once you
+control for things properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for things properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for things properly
+people essentially do not react to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people essentially do not react to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people essentially do not react to the
+sales tax at all maybe a little bit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales tax at all maybe a little bit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales tax at all maybe a little bit but
+overall the number is like very very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall the number is like very very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall the number is like very very low
+and now essentially the ratio of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now essentially the ratio of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now essentially the ratio of these
+types of reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of reaction
+tells you how uh attempted people are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you how uh attempted people are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you how uh attempted people are so
+essentially if you sort of divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you sort of divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you sort of divide
+um say for example if you took like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say for example if you took like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say for example if you took like the
+column number three if you divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column number three if you divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column number three if you divide
+.003 by 0.86 and you have to do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.003 by 0.86 and you have to do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.003 by 0.86 and you have to do a little
+bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of
+additional math that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional math that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional math that's sort of
+uninteresting you essentially will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninteresting you essentially will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninteresting you essentially will get
+a result that essentially people do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result that essentially people do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result that essentially people do not
+pay attention to sales taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to sales taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to sales taxes
+they're one minus theta is eventually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're one minus theta is eventually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're one minus theta is eventually uh
+close to zero but differently the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to zero but differently the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to zero but differently the degree
+of inattention is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inattention is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inattention is almost
+one theta is almost uh one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one theta is almost uh one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one theta is almost uh one so
+essentially people do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially people do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially people do not
+pay attention to these types of taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to these types of taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to these types of taxes
+uh inattention is almost complete so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inattention is almost complete so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inattention is almost complete so the
+substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial
+consumer and attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer and attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer and attention to
+non-transparent taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-transparent taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-transparent taxes
+so what i showed you so far is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i showed you so far is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i showed you so far is um
+essentially existence of inattention it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially existence of inattention it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially existence of inattention it
+doesn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say
+why people aren't attentive it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people aren't attentive it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people aren't attentive it could be
+like people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people are
+just can't do the math in their head it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't do the math in their head it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't do the math in their head it
+could be like people don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be like people don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be like people don't want to
+bother with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother with it
+they sort of say well it's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of say well it's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of say well it's kind of like
+a small change so why do we really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small change so why do we really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small change so why do we really care
+it could be that people are like buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that people are like buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that people are like buy
+alcohol half of the time are drunk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol half of the time are drunk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol half of the time are drunk and
+they don't pay any attention they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't pay any attention they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't pay any attention they should
+have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no
+um um modeling in any way of like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um modeling in any way of like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um modeling in any way of like why
+are people doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people doing this
+this is just saying like it shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just saying like it shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just saying like it shows the
+existence of inattention in those kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of inattention in those kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of inattention in those kinds
+of consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consumer
+choices it doesn't say why people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices it doesn't say why people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices it doesn't say why people are
+inattentive and you might sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inattentive and you might sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inattentive and you might sort of say
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+well seven percent of a tax is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well seven percent of a tax is kind of a
+small distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small distortion
+so like it might be actually optimal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like it might be actually optimal to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like it might be actually optimal to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to miss that which you know is a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to miss that which you know is a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable approach
+it is probably quite a bit of money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is probably quite a bit of money and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is probably quite a bit of money and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of distortion if you think
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of distortion if you think
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you actually
+uh seven percent is not nothing but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh seven percent is not nothing but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh seven percent is not nothing but you
+know if you like um have a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you like um have a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you like um have a lot of money
+anyway you might as well just not pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway you might as well just not pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway you might as well just not pay
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+any attention to that stuff and if that
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+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+um helps you pay attention to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um helps you pay attention to other
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um helps you pay attention to other
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+notice that even then that sort of shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that even then that sort of shows
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that even then that sort of shows
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like the existence of inattention
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like the existence of inattention
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a bit of a question kind of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a bit of a question kind of
+like how important is inattention and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how important is inattention and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how important is inattention and
+this actually gets me to the next point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually gets me to the next point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually gets me to the next point
+um which is a question of like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is a question of like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is a question of like why
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we care about an attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we care about an attention to
+taxes why why is that important or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes why why is that important or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes why why is that important or
+interesting potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting potentially
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question exactly is like who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question exactly is like who's
+paying attention who's not paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention who's not paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention who's not paying
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and then who's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and then who's sort of like
+distorting the behavior potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorting the behavior potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorting the behavior potentially
+there's lots of interesting issues about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of interesting issues about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of interesting issues about
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+heterogeneity and like who's paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity and like who's paying
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity and like who's paying
+attention like but we'll get let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention like but we'll get let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention like but we'll get let me
+talk about this in a second um let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this in a second um let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this in a second um let me
+let me ask differently like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask differently like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask differently like
+why is it that some taxes the excise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that some taxes the excise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that some taxes the excise
+taxes are very salient and why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes are very salient and why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes are very salient and why is it
+that other taxes are not salient like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other taxes are not salient like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other taxes are not salient like
+what do you think about like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think about like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think about like uh
+that is that an accident or why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that an accident or why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that an accident or why is it
+that the taxes for alcohol and tobacco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the taxes for alcohol and tobacco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the taxes for alcohol and tobacco
+etc are like very salient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc are like very salient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc are like very salient
+and why is it that other taxes for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is it that other taxes for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is it that other taxes for like
+shampoo or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shampoo or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shampoo or whatever
+are actually not saline so one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually not saline so one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually not saline so one uh
+there's sort of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of two
+bro or this several objectives if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bro or this several objectives if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bro or this several objectives if you
+took a public economics left you took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a public economics left you took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a public economics left you took
+john gruber's class but also if you took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john gruber's class but also if you took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john gruber's class but also if you took
+like 1401 or 1403
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1401 or 1403
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1401 or 1403
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why the government levies
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why the government levies
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes is one big reason is to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes is one big reason is to generate
+revenue right the government needs money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue right the government needs money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue right the government needs money
+somehow we need to tax people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow we need to tax people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow we need to tax people
+and issues of course is that if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and issues of course is that if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and issues of course is that if you if
+you levy taxes on some goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you levy taxes on some goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you levy taxes on some goods
+um versus others uh that can distort uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um versus others uh that can distort uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um versus others uh that can distort uh
+consumer choices and there's essentially
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+ align:start position:0%
+consumer choices and there's essentially
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer choices and there's essentially
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+um some theorems about like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some theorems about like some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some theorems about like some
+considerations about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations about like
+which goods should you um tax and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goods should you um tax and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goods should you um tax and
+ideally you would tax goods that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally you would tax goods that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally you would tax goods that people
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+ align:start position:0%
+are consuming
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway essentially what you want is like
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+people make sure so essentially when you
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+ align:start position:0%
+people make sure so essentially when you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have taxes in some goods but
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have taxes in some goods but
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in others
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people have different price
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people have different price
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities on some goods versus others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities on some goods versus others
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you increase the good
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you increase the good
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one good um or all goods by like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one good um or all goods by like a
+certain amount um if people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount um if people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount um if people have
+different price elasticities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different price elasticities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different price elasticities
+um then you might sort of distort their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you might sort of distort their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you might sort of distort their
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+right so if you increase um if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you increase um if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you increase um if you start
+taxing one thing and not another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxing one thing and not another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxing one thing and not another
+people might sort of shift to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might sort of shift to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might sort of shift to the other
+good um and we don't want that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um and we don't want that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um and we don't want that because
+presumably people are already uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably people are already uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably people are already uh
+optimizing to to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing to to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing to to start with
+now if people are inelastic to certain
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+ align:start position:0%
+now if people are inelastic to certain
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if people are inelastic to certain
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+ align:start position:0%
+goods if like people
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods if like people
+need certain goods anyway and they buy
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+ align:start position:0%
+need certain goods anyway and they buy
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+need certain goods anyway and they buy
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+them anyway if they're inelastic
+ 
+
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+them anyway if they're inelastic
+essentially there's a public goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially there's a public goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially there's a public goods
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+
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+public economics would tell you or like
+ 
+
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+public economics would tell you or like
+some theories
+
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+some theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some theories
+will tell you you should tax these goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you you should tax these goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you you should tax these goods
+uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more
+now distortion when people are so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now distortion when people are so the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+now distortion when people are so the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortions are lower if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortions are lower if people
+um don't fully react to taxes it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um don't fully react to taxes it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um don't fully react to taxes it could
+be for example if you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for example if you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for example if you started
+taxing bread for example while people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxing bread for example while people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxing bread for example while people
+everybody or certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody or certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody or certain
+goods were like or potatoes where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods were like or potatoes where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods were like or potatoes where
+everybody needs to buy these goods
+
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+everybody needs to buy these goods
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody needs to buy these goods
+anyway because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway because
+people need to eat well then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they would be very very low people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be very very low people would
+ 
+
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+they would be very very low people would
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+
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+be very at least these goods would be
+ 
+
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+be very at least these goods would be
+very inelastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very inelastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very inelastic
+now and that's because they need those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and that's because they need those
+ 
+
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+now and that's because they need those
+things not because they're inattentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things not because they're inattentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things not because they're inattentive
+but just because they need these types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just because they need these types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just because they need these types
+of goods now there's obviously like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goods now there's obviously like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goods now there's obviously like
+issues with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with like
+um uh uh uh poverty or we don't wanna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh uh poverty or we don't wanna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh uh poverty or we don't wanna
+attack the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack the poor
+too much uh but in general they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much uh but in general they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much uh but in general they kind of
+want to tax things that are inelastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tax things that are inelastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tax things that are inelastic
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+in a way if people are inattentive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way if people are inattentive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way if people are inattentive to
+the taxes in a way that's great because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taxes in a way that's great because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taxes in a way that's great because
+now they're not distorting the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're not distorting the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're not distorting the behavior
+we can still get money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can still get money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can still get money
+from them so in some sense actually some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them so in some sense actually some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them so in some sense actually some
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+inattention for that purpose might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inattention for that purpose might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inattention for that purpose might be
+actually good because now people are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually good because now people are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually good because now people are not
+distorting their behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorting their behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorting their behavior
+uh by um looking at those prices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by um looking at those prices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by um looking at those prices and
+so being inattentive in some ways is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so being inattentive in some ways is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so being inattentive in some ways is
+good but exactly as maya was saying was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but exactly as maya was saying was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but exactly as maya was saying was
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+for some goods and these are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some goods and these are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some goods and these are you know
+often uh labeled as like sin goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh labeled as like sin goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh labeled as like sin goods
+like where there's either externalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where there's either externalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where there's either externalities
+or internalities for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or internalities for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or internalities for example if you
+think about like tobacco or alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like tobacco or alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like tobacco or alcohol
+their externalities tobacco for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their externalities tobacco for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their externalities tobacco for example
+second-hand smoking is bad for others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-hand smoking is bad for others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-hand smoking is bad for others
+for alcohol there's often externalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for alcohol there's often externalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for alcohol there's often externalities
+in terms of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like
+uh drunk driving or violence or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh drunk driving or violence or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh drunk driving or violence or the like
+so the government wants to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the government wants to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the government wants to sort of
+increase the price of alcohol because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the price of alcohol because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the price of alcohol because
+when people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people are
+making choices of how much to alcohol to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making choices of how much to alcohol to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making choices of how much to alcohol to
+buy they might not take into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy they might not take into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy they might not take into account
+the effect of alcohol on others by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of alcohol on others by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of alcohol on others by
+internalities i mean like people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalities i mean like people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalities i mean like people might
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+necessarily take into account the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily take into account the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily take into account the effect
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+alcohol or tobacco on themselves this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol or tobacco on themselves this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol or tobacco on themselves this is
+what we discussed previously this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we discussed previously this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we discussed previously this could
+be because of present bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be because of present bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be because of present bias
+this could be because of um a biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be because of um a biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be because of um a biased
+belief so the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief so the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief so the like
+essentially people might sort of hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially people might sort of hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially people might sort of hurt
+their future selves and the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their future selves and the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their future selves and the government
+might sort of say well let's increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might sort of say well let's increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might sort of say well let's increase
+taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes
+uh because they're future selves people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because they're future selves people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because they're future selves people
+might like that that might be a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might like that that might be a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might like that that might be a way of
+helping people for instance deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people for instance deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people for instance deal with
+self-control problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems
+so here peop the government explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here peop the government explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here peop the government explicitly
+wants consumers to react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants consumers to react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants consumers to react
+to their taxes the point is not to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their taxes the point is not to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their taxes the point is not to make
+money from people and in fact sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from people and in fact sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from people and in fact sometimes
+you're worried about making too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worried about making too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worried about making too much
+money from people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from people
+the point here is really to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point here is really to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point here is really to change
+behavior to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior to reduce
+the behavior that are being taxed so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior that are being taxed so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior that are being taxed so you
+want to make such taxes particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make such taxes particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make such taxes particularly
+salient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient
+i mean i look at sort of the taxes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i look at sort of the taxes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i look at sort of the taxes on
+alcohol versus the taxes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol versus the taxes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol versus the taxes on
+uh some of the excise taxes versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of the excise taxes versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of the excise taxes versus the
+sales taxes the excise taxes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales taxes the excise taxes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales taxes the excise taxes are
+precisely salient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely salient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely salient
+um because we want people to to to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because we want people to to to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because we want people to to to um
+react to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to it
+or the sales taxes are not of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the sales taxes are not of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the sales taxes are not of course
+there's variation across places but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's variation across places but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's variation across places but it's
+not an accident that we see this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an accident that we see this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an accident that we see this in the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+the way that it is now one thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that it is now one thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that it is now one thing that's
+quite interesting now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interesting now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interesting now
+is um and i think jose was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um and i think jose was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um and i think jose was
+william was saying that it's like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+william was saying that it's like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+william was saying that it's like when
+consumers are heterogeneous then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are heterogeneous then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are heterogeneous then
+there's a lot of quite interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of quite interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of quite interesting
+issues for example if you have like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues for example if you have like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues for example if you have like the
+poor pay more or less attention compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor pay more or less attention compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor pay more or less attention compared
+to the rich or if only like a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rich or if only like a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rich or if only like a subset of
+people pay attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pay attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pay attention
+uh to those goods then in a way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to those goods then in a way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to those goods then in a way you
+would sort of find that the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of find that the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of find that the average
+elasticity is still quite low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity is still quite low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity is still quite low
+but some people are actually distorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some people are actually distorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some people are actually distorting
+the behavior quite a bit and others do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior quite a bit and others do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior quite a bit and others do
+not and and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and and you know
+um that that gets relatively quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that gets relatively quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that gets relatively quickly
+um quite complicated um and you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quite complicated um and you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quite complicated um and you know you
+could sort of then get into situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of then get into situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of then get into situations
+where you make some people a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you make some people a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you make some people a lot
+worse off and some people better off for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off and some people better off for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off and some people better off for
+making something salient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making something salient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making something salient
+versus not any questions on all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so then um we get to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then um we get to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then um we get to the next
+question and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and this is
+getting a little bit of the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a little bit of the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a little bit of the question
+that was asked previously about can an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was asked previously about can an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was asked previously about can an
+attention or attention have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention or attention have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention or attention have
+large effects and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large effects and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large effects and so you know
+on the one hand you might sort of say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand you might sort of say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand you might sort of say uh
+well you know people's choices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know people's choices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know people's choices for
+example consumption patterns or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example consumption patterns or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example consumption patterns or
+distortion distorted to limit attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion distorted to limit attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion distorted to limit attention
+but you know you might sort of ask well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you might sort of ask well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you might sort of ask well
+uh you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know if
+it's really true that like people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really true that like people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really true that like people's
+consumption patterns have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption patterns have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption patterns have really
+distorted that much if i'm like so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted that much if i'm like so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted that much if i'm like so much
+worse off by like not paying attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off by like not paying attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off by like not paying attention
+to things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things
+well eventually i'm gonna notice this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well eventually i'm gonna notice this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well eventually i'm gonna notice this
+somebody's gonna tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's gonna tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's gonna tell me
+uh or like um uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or like um uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or like um uh you know
+in a way like i noticed myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way like i noticed myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way like i noticed myself
+eventually that like i'm doing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually that like i'm doing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually that like i'm doing things
+really worse compared to my friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worse compared to my friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worse compared to my friends and
+eventually if things are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually if things are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually if things are really
+uh uh distorted like a lot i might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh distorted like a lot i might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh distorted like a lot i might
+um i might sort of pay attention to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i might sort of pay attention to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i might sort of pay attention to it
+so that the underlying idea is that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the underlying idea is that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the underlying idea is that like
+uh potentially people are um rationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh potentially people are um rationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh potentially people are um rationally
+inattentive in the sense of saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inattentive in the sense of saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inattentive in the sense of saying like
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+people's attention is limited in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's attention is limited in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's attention is limited in some
+ways but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but um
+uh it's only um it's optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's only um it's optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's only um it's optimal
+for people to pay attention to things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to pay attention to things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to pay attention to things
+that are really important and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really important and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really important and they're
+the underlying question is like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying question is like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying question is like what
+is sailing into people and how do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sailing into people and how do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sailing into people and how do people
+decide what to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what to focus on
+and when people pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when people pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when people pay attention to
+important things anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things anyway um
+if they uh if they have to and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they uh if they have to and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they uh if they have to and so then
+the question is like well how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is like well how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is like well how is it
+impossible that inattention could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible that inattention could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible that inattention could have
+like large effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like large effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like large effects
+uh anyway and so if the next paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anyway and so if the next paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anyway and so if the next paper is
+like a good example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good example of that
+and here's like a very intuitive example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's like a very intuitive example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's like a very intuitive example
+of why that might be so consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why that might be so consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why that might be so consider the
+following situation you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following situation you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following situation you might
+you you have been getting headaches you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have been getting headaches you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have been getting headaches you
+go to the doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the doctor
+and the doctor asks you like whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the doctor asks you like whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the doctor asks you like whether it
+gets worse after eating certain foods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets worse after eating certain foods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets worse after eating certain foods
+and so what are you gonna say well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what are you gonna say well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what are you gonna say well the
+answer will probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer will probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer will probably
+be like um um uh i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like um um uh i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like um um uh i don't know
+and why is that like why why might i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that like why why might i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that like why why might i
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+not even know the answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even know the answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even know the answer to that
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+an underlying theory in your in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an underlying theory in your in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an underlying theory in your in your
+mind of like why you might be getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind of like why you might be getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind of like why you might be getting
+headaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headaches
+and you know you might just not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you might just not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you might just not have a
+theory that it's related to your food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that it's related to your food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that it's related to your food
+consumption so you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption so you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption so you like
+well you have lots of data in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you have lots of data in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you have lots of data in front of
+you you eat every day you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you eat every day you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you eat every day you get
+headaches and some days and not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headaches and some days and not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headaches and some days and not in
+others you could truly pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others you could truly pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others you could truly pay attention to
+it if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you wanted to
+but it's not even like a theory in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not even like a theory in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not even like a theory in your
+mind so like you might even like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so like you might even like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so like you might even like
+encode the relevant information if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode the relevant information if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode the relevant information if you
+don't expect to have food allergies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect to have food allergies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect to have food allergies or
+like gluten or allergy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gluten or allergy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gluten or allergy
+like if you don't expect that to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you don't expect that to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you don't expect that to be a
+likely cause then you're never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely cause then you're never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely cause then you're never going to
+actually pay attention and you get like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pay attention and you get like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pay attention and you get like
+infinite amounts of data on like every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite amounts of data on like every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite amounts of data on like every
+day and headaches and food consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and headaches and food consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and headaches and food consumption
+but you're never going to notice because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're never going to notice because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're never going to notice because
+you don't have a theory in your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a theory in your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a theory in your mind
+that that might be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that might be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that might be the case
+now um and so there's a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um and so there's a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um and so there's a relationship
+between attention memory you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between attention memory you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between attention memory you only
+remember or pay attention to stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember or pay attention to stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember or pay attention to stuff that
+actually are theories of yours and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are theories of yours and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are theories of yours and then
+you only remember those things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only remember those things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only remember those things that you
+actually paid attention to in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually paid attention to in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually paid attention to in the first
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+and so selective attention that may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so selective attention that may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so selective attention that may have
+persistent effects on what we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent effects on what we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent effects on what we learn
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+you can have like unlimited amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have like unlimited amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have like unlimited amounts of
+information in front of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in front of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in front of you
+and you will never learn because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will never learn because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will never learn because you
+never just had it on your radar that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never just had it on your radar that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never just had it on your radar that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+information is actually relevant for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is actually relevant for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is actually relevant for the
+issue at hand and josh schwartzen has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue at hand and josh schwartzen has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue at hand and josh schwartzen has a
+very nice sort of model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice sort of model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice sort of model that
+illustrates that another example is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates that another example is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates that another example is like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh from medicine it's um many women died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from medicine it's um many women died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from medicine it's um many women died
+from childbed fever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from childbed fever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from childbed fever
+at hospitals in the mid-19th century the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at hospitals in the mid-19th century the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at hospitals in the mid-19th century the
+popular theories were like bad smells at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular theories were like bad smells at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular theories were like bad smells at
+the hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospital
+presence of male doctors uh the modesty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of male doctors uh the modesty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of male doctors uh the modesty
+of mothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mothers
+that's of course um nonsense um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of course um nonsense um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of course um nonsense um
+and the true explanation is germs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the true explanation is germs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the true explanation is germs
+doctors didn't wash their hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors didn't wash their hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors didn't wash their hands
+and again like in some sense that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again like in some sense that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again like in some sense that's not
+a tricky thing to figure out if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tricky thing to figure out if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tricky thing to figure out if you have
+the idea if you have the hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea if you have the hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea if you have the hypothesis
+those with the idea that this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those with the idea that this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those with the idea that this could be
+important and presumably some doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and presumably some doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and presumably some doctors
+were washing their hands anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were washing their hands anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were washing their hands anyway
+sometimes or not and they would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes or not and they would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes or not and they would have a
+lot fewer depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot fewer depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot fewer depth
+but nobody was noticing because he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nobody was noticing because he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nobody was noticing because he had
+just nobody was paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just nobody was paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just nobody was paying
+attention so once you have sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention so once you have sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention so once you have sort of the
+right theory in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right theory in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right theory in mind
+then you can test it and then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can test it and then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can test it and then of course
+you can gather the right information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can gather the right information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can gather the right information and
+pay attention to the right information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to the right information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to the right information
+uh uh and or now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and or now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and or now um
+sort of the basic model from uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the basic model from uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the basic model from uh and
+trustworth's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trustworth's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trustworth's
+beliefs today um matter for what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs today um matter for what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs today um matter for what is
+being attended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being attended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being attended to
+today which then affect people's beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which then affect people's beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which then affect people's beliefs
+tomorrow and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow and now
+um if you if you if you don't attend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you if you if you don't attend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you if you if you don't attend
+to the right things if your model of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right things if your model of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right things if your model of the
+world is the wrong model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is the wrong model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is the wrong model
+you might never learn to attend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might never learn to attend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might never learn to attend to
+important aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important aspects
+of the world and so then forecasts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world and so then forecasts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world and so then forecasts and
+beliefs may be biased and persistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs may be biased and persistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs may be biased and persistently
+biased in a systematic fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased in a systematic fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased in a systematic fashion
+and you might persistently misreact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might persistently misreact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might persistently misreact and
+misattribute causes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misattribute causes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misattribute causes to
+unimportant variables uh because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimportant variables uh because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimportant variables uh because you
+have never even uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have never even uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have never even uh
+considered the idea of the correct model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the idea of the correct model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the idea of the correct model
+of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world
+and so now the people i'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now the people i'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now the people i'm going to show
+you is sort of an example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is sort of an example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is sort of an example of that
+this is um seaweed farming in indonesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um seaweed farming in indonesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um seaweed farming in indonesia
+which is not immediately obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not immediately obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not immediately obvious
+why that's related but i'll show you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's related but i'll show you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's related but i'll show you in
+a second so this is what seaweed farming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second so this is what seaweed farming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second so this is what seaweed farming
+uh uh looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh looks like
+uh i'll do this relatively briefly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'll do this relatively briefly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'll do this relatively briefly but
+essentially it's like add some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's like add some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's like add some uh
+beaches you can like grow seaweeds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaches you can like grow seaweeds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaches you can like grow seaweeds in
+like these roads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these roads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these roads
+um and you see these round things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you see these round things here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you see these round things here
+um which are essentially pods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which are essentially pods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which are essentially pods
+and so um the many factors are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um the many factors are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um the many factors are important
+in seaweed farming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in seaweed farming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in seaweed farming
+essentially sorry these pods which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially sorry these pods which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially sorry these pods which
+essentially these round things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially these round things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially these round things that you
+see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here
+they're essentially grown in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're essentially grown in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're essentially grown in different
+lines and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and so
+if you're seaweed farmers what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're seaweed farmers what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're seaweed farmers what's really
+important is like line spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is like line spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is like line spacing
+or potentially important is lime spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or potentially important is lime spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or potentially important is lime spacing
+pot spacing and pot size how we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot spacing and pot size how we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot spacing and pot size how we got
+these pods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pods
+now how does how does seaweed farming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how does how does seaweed farming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how does how does seaweed farming
+actually work i've never done seaweed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work i've never done seaweed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work i've never done seaweed
+farming myself but apparently this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming myself but apparently this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming myself but apparently this is
+how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works
+so farmers use what's called the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so farmers use what's called the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so farmers use what's called the bottom
+method which is they drive wooden stakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which is they drive wooden stakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which is they drive wooden stakes
+in shallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in shallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in shallow
+uh bottom near shore and they attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bottom near shore and they attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bottom near shore and they attach
+lines to these sticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines to these sticks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines to these sticks
+and then they take raw seaweed from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they take raw seaweed from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they take raw seaweed from the
+last harvest and cut it into pots either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last harvest and cut it into pots either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last harvest and cut it into pots either
+like these kind of brownish things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these kind of brownish things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these kind of brownish things
+and the pods are planted by attaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pods are planted by attaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pods are planted by attaching
+them at a given interval on the lines in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at a given interval on the lines in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at a given interval on the lines in
+the sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sea
+and at low tides uh farmers uh attend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at low tides uh farmers uh attend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at low tides uh farmers uh attend
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh the plots and sort of the seaweed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the plots and sort of the seaweed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the plots and sort of the seaweed is
+then harvested after 30 to 40 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then harvested after 30 to 40 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then harvested after 30 to 40 um
+days and so now many of the dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and so now many of the dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and so now many of the dimensions
+couldn't matter the pot size the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't matter the pot size the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't matter the pot size the
+distance between the lines the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the lines the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the lines the distance
+between parts timing and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between parts timing and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between parts timing and so on
+one nice thing about seaweed is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nice thing about seaweed is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nice thing about seaweed is there's
+many different parts you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different parts you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different parts you can actually
+try and learn and estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and learn and estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and learn and estimate
+the importance of these factors over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of these factors over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of these factors over
+time if only you paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if only you paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if only you paid
+attention okay but the question is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention okay but the question is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention okay but the question is kind
+of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like
+uh which which of these factors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which which of these factors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which which of these factors are
+important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and
+um are people paying attention to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are people paying attention to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are people paying attention to those
+factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors
+um so let me um and so what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me um and so what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me um and so what the
+experiment now is doing is there's lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment now is doing is there's lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment now is doing is there's lots
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh farmers in the experiment they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh farmers in the experiment they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh farmers in the experiment they're
+quite experienced they've been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite experienced they've been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite experienced they've been doing
+this for a long time 18 years of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a long time 18 years of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a long time 18 years of uh
+farming many of them are the vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming many of them are the vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming many of them are the vast
+majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority
+so these are people who should really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are people who should really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are people who should really um
+know what they're doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they're doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they're doing uh
+in their cd farming experience and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their cd farming experience and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their cd farming experience and so um
+the enumerators went to visit these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enumerators went to visit these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enumerators went to visit these
+farmers and to measure them document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers and to measure them document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers and to measure them document
+their farming methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their farming methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their farming methods
+and when you ask them about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you ask them about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you ask them about their
+current pod size and you just ask them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current pod size and you just ask them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current pod size and you just ask them
+how big are your pods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big are your pods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big are your pods
+people just don't know um the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just don't know um the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just don't know um the answer to
+they also don't know the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also don't know the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also don't know the answer to
+what's the optimal part size when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the optimal part size when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the optimal part size when you
+just ask them how big are your parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask them how big are your parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask them how big are your parts
+when you plant them they don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you plant them they don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you plant them they don't know
+when you ask them what's the best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you ask them what's the best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you ask them what's the best way to
+do it they don't know importantly they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it they don't know importantly they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it they don't know importantly they
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+uh exactly the answer to other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exactly the answer to other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exactly the answer to other questions
+you know the length of the typical line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the length of the typical line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the length of the typical line
+you know the distance between the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the distance between the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the distance between the lines
+and they also have very clear ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also have very clear ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also have very clear ideas of
+what's optimal um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's optimal um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's optimal um
+to do so but they seem to essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so but they seem to essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so but they seem to essentially
+neglect the part-sized dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect the part-sized dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect the part-sized dimension
+entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely
+when they're thinking about what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're thinking about what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're thinking about what to do
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+in the experimental trial now um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the experimental trial now um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the experimental trial now um they
+did essentially different treatments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did essentially different treatments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did essentially different treatments
+and the treatments were essentially such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the treatments were essentially such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the treatments were essentially such
+that farmers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that farmers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that farmers were
+provided experimental variation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided experimental variation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided experimental variation in
+the different pot sizes and essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different pot sizes and essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different pot sizes and essentially
+induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced
+to experiment with part sizes um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to experiment with part sizes um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to experiment with part sizes um and
+in some um cases farmers were just left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some um cases farmers were just left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some um cases farmers were just left
+on their own they were just induced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their own they were just induced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their own they were just induced to
+do this experiment and the question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this experiment and the question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this experiment and the question was
+like now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now
+both farmers learned from their own in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both farmers learned from their own in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both farmers learned from their own in
+this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment
+and then in addition um they also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in addition um they also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in addition um they also have
+like an information condition where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an information condition where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an information condition where they
+then sort of summarize that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sort of summarize that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sort of summarize that information
+to the farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the farmers
+uh in addition so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in addition so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in addition so um
+so the question is now um once farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is now um once farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is now um once farmers
+are induced to experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are induced to experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are induced to experiment
+you surely would think that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you surely would think that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you surely would think that people
+farmers would learn now that they given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers would learn now that they given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers would learn now that they given
+all the information that they need and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information that they need and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information that they need and
+like here's the different pot sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here's the different pot sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here's the different pot sizes
+here's the different profits that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the different profits that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the different profits that you
+get from the different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the different um
+types of pods now they might sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of pods now they might sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of pods now they might sort of
+learn uh on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn uh on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn uh on their own
+but you know if you don't attempt to pod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know if you don't attempt to pod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know if you don't attempt to pod
+size in the first place if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size in the first place if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size in the first place if you think
+it's kind of like irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like irrelevant
+anyway even if you have induced to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway even if you have induced to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway even if you have induced to do
+the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment
+you're not gonna learn um uh at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna learn um uh at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna learn um uh at all
+and so then they did essentially these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then they did essentially these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then they did essentially these
+follow-up surveys i'm gonna just skip um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-up surveys i'm gonna just skip um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-up surveys i'm gonna just skip um
+so now what they do is they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what they do is they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what they do is they also
+do like an information provision where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like an information provision where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like an information provision where
+they essentially tell farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they essentially tell farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they essentially tell farmers
+um that the the weighting they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the the weighting they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the the weighting they were
+doing with everybody but in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with everybody but in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with everybody but in addition
+they also provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also provided
+information and did some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and did some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and did some simple
+calculations on like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations on like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations on like
+which is the best um uh uh combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the best um uh uh combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the best um uh uh combination
+of part size and distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of part size and distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of part size and distance
+notice that farmers are liberated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that farmers are liberated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that farmers are liberated
+they're able to do this on their own but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to do this on their own but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to do this on their own but
+the experiment was sort of like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment was sort of like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment was sort of like just
+providing this information to farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing this information to farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing this information to farmers
+explicitly with a recommendation about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly with a recommendation about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly with a recommendation about
+like what's the pod weight and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's the pod weight and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's the pod weight and what is
+the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal
+um distance and so now what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um distance and so now what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um distance and so now what the
+experiment finds is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment finds is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment finds is
+um large uh gains from the uh changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um large uh gains from the uh changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um large uh gains from the uh changing
+the farming methodology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farming methodology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farming methodology
+um and sort of the trial participation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and sort of the trial participation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and sort of the trial participation
+itself only has an insignificant effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself only has an insignificant effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself only has an insignificant effect
+that's to say in addition then summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to say in addition then summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to say in addition then summarize
+data for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for people
+has much larger effect essentially sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has much larger effect essentially sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has much larger effect essentially sort
+of like uh focusing people's attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like uh focusing people's attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like uh focusing people's attention
+to things that they should be already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things that they should be already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things that they should be already
+know uh changes their farming behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh changes their farming behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh changes their farming behavior
+a lot essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot essentially
+evidence that people were not paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that people were not paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that people were not paying
+attention in the first place even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention in the first place even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention in the first place even if you
+make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them
+uh participate in a trial where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh participate in a trial where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh participate in a trial where they
+should have really or could have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have really or could have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have really or could have at
+least learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things on their own um there's large uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on their own um there's large uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on their own um there's large uh
+impacts of the trial if the data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts of the trial if the data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts of the trial if the data from
+the trial is presented to farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trial is presented to farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trial is presented to farmers
+um there's no impact of the trial on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's no impact of the trial on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's no impact of the trial on
+dimensions that farmers had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions that farmers had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions that farmers had already
+noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed
+previously presumably because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously presumably because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously presumably because they're
+already paying attention um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already paying attention um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already paying attention um
+uh and we're optimizing um so now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we're optimizing um so now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we're optimizing um so now what
+do we learn from this and let me quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we learn from this and let me quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we learn from this and let me quickly
+sort of summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of summarize
+uh and let you go so we have systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and let you go so we have systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and let you go so we have systematic
+learning failures even though all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning failures even though all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning failures even though all
+information was available so farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information was available so farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information was available so farmers
+simply did not pay attention because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply did not pay attention because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply did not pay attention because
+they didn't think that part size was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't think that part size was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't think that part size was
+relevant in any way in their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant in any way in their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant in any way in their lives
+now and that's sort of a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and that's sort of a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and that's sort of a potential
+explanation why people might not pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation why people might not pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation why people might not pay
+attention even to important information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention even to important information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention even to important information
+because if your model of the world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if your model of the world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if your model of the world is
+just wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrong
+why would you even think that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would you even think that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would you even think that this is
+important and the problem here is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and the problem here is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and the problem here is then
+like there's never an opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's never an opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's never an opportunity to
+actually learn you never even collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learn you never even collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learn you never even collect
+information that might reject your model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that might reject your model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that might reject your model
+because you're convinced that your model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're convinced that your model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're convinced that your model
+is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right
+uh in the first place and so then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the first place and so then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the first place and so then you
+know lack of attention might generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know lack of attention might generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know lack of attention might generate
+arbitrarily large welfare losses you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily large welfare losses you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily large welfare losses you can
+really screw up big time for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really screw up big time for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really screw up big time for a long time
+uh and never really change your behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and never really change your behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and never really change your behavior
+because essentially you never learn you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially you never learn you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially you never learn you
+never even pay attention to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never even pay attention to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never even pay attention to any
+information that might have available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that might have available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that might have available
+that says your model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says your model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says your model
+is is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/t-HiowRQjgE.txt b/t-HiowRQjgE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b6752649f54221cf20fc72571e3f261cb9cfbeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t-HiowRQjgE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1035 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay this is a course which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay this is a course which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay this is a course which
+looks at the interplay between a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at the interplay between a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at the interplay between a set of
+perennial philosophical issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perennial philosophical issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perennial philosophical issues
+concerning our moral Behavior why we act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning our moral Behavior why we act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning our moral Behavior why we act
+the way we do when we do what we ought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we do when we do what we ought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we do when we do what we ought
+to do or when we do what we think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do or when we do what we think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do or when we do what we think we
+ought to do or when we fail to do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to do or when we fail to do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to do or when we fail to do what
+we think we ought to do so looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think we ought to do so looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think we ought to do so looking at
+the relation between the philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between the philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between the philosophical
+theories of that and a rapidly growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories of that and a rapidly growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories of that and a rapidly growing
+empirical body of work coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical body of work coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical body of work coming from
+psychology and from empirical economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and from empirical economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and from empirical economics
+and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from
+Neuroscience um to see how much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience um to see how much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience um to see how much the
+empirical Sciences Can Shed how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical Sciences Can Shed how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical Sciences Can Shed how much
+light the empir iCal Sciences Can Shed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light the empir iCal Sciences Can Shed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light the empir iCal Sciences Can Shed
+on those philosophical concerns and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those philosophical concerns and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those philosophical concerns and to
+see perhaps how much the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see perhaps how much the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see perhaps how much the traditional
+philosophical concerns can help guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical concerns can help guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical concerns can help guide
+the direction of the Empirical research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the Empirical research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the Empirical research
+so uh this is a course which starts by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is a course which starts by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is a course which starts by
+looking at one of the age-old issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at one of the age-old issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at one of the age-old issues
+which is the issue between egoism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the issue between egoism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the issue between egoism and
+altruism the extent to which we Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruism the extent to which we Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruism the extent to which we Act
+egoistically and the extent to which on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egoistically and the extent to which on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egoistically and the extent to which on
+the other hand we do things for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand we do things for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand we do things for the
+benefit of others or maybe to hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of others or maybe to hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of others or maybe to hurt
+others even at cost to ourselves so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others even at cost to ourselves so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others even at cost to ourselves so this
+is an issue which philosophically has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an issue which philosophically has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an issue which philosophically has
+been discussed for a very long time goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been discussed for a very long time goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been discussed for a very long time goes
+back at least to Plato and which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at least to Plato and which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at least to Plato and which has
+been the subject of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the subject of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the subject of a lot of
+experimental research in recent years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental research in recent years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental research in recent years
+last 15 or so years um one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 15 or so years um one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 15 or so years um one of the
+interesting things that's been found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things that's been found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things that's been found
+there is that people are not entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that people are not entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that people are not entirely
+egoistically motivated they're prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egoistically motivated they're prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egoistically motivated they're prepared
+to spend their own money money they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend their own money money they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend their own money money they've
+just won in a game or um other resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just won in a game or um other resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just won in a game or um other resources
+they have in order to do a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have in order to do a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have in order to do a number of
+things one of those things they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one of those things they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one of those things they're
+prepared to do is actually to punish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to do is actually to punish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to do is actually to punish
+people who they think of themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who they think of themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who they think of themselves
+behav badly so already you start to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behav badly so already you start to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behav badly so already you start to see
+even in very simple games that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in very simple games that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in very simple games that are
+played you start to see the beginnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played you start to see the beginnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played you start to see the beginnings
+of a certain kind of moral motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain kind of moral motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain kind of moral motivation
+coming in not always the one we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in not always the one we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in not always the one we were
+expecting but um one whereby people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting but um one whereby people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting but um one whereby people are
+primarily motivated to punish other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily motivated to punish other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily motivated to punish other
+people they think are not themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they think are not themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they think are not themselves
+behaving morally so that really sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaving morally so that really sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaving morally so that really sort of
+sets the the uh tenor for the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the the uh tenor for the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the the uh tenor for the course
+which is to keep looking at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to keep looking at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to keep looking at those
+traditional questions and how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional questions and how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional questions and how the
+empirical work Bears on them so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical work Bears on them so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical work Bears on them so from
+there we go on to look issues of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go on to look issues of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go on to look issues of which
+states it is that move us so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states it is that move us so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states it is that move us so many
+philosophers have thought that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers have thought that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers have thought that's going
+to be just beliefs and desires but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be just beliefs and desires but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be just beliefs and desires but we
+look to see whether there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see whether there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see whether there are other
+states which might be important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states which might be important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states which might be important so
+whether there are kind of ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there are kind of ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there are kind of ideas of
+commitments or um resolutions which by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments or um resolutions which by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments or um resolutions which by
+which people are motivated even if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people are motivated even if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people are motivated even if there
+are not beliefs and desires that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not beliefs and desires that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not beliefs and desires that are
+moving them at the time um and from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving them at the time um and from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving them at the time um and from that
+we look at issues of strength of Will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at issues of strength of Will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at issues of strength of Will
+and weakness of will it's a big and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weakness of will it's a big and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weakness of will it's a big and very
+interesting literature there on um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting literature there on um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting literature there on um how
+Temptation works and how we can resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temptation works and how we can resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temptation works and how we can resist
+temptation from that we look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptation from that we look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptation from that we look at some
+extreme cases of that we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme cases of that we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme cases of that we look at the
+addiction literature and the extent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addiction literature and the extent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addiction literature and the extent to
+which addiction can still be seen as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which addiction can still be seen as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which addiction can still be seen as a
+kind of properly motivated Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of properly motivated Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of properly motivated Behavior
+rather than just the sort of automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than just the sort of automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than just the sort of automatic
+Behavior which some people sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior which some people sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior which some people sometimes
+think of addiction as being and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of addiction as being and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of addiction as being and from
+that into issues of Free Will and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into issues of Free Will and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into issues of Free Will and
+determinism again so perennial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinism again so perennial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinism again so perennial
+philosophical issues which have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical issues which have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical issues which have been
+discussed for many at least a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed for many at least a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed for many at least a couple of
+th years and um again we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th years and um again we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th years and um again we're looking at
+the ways which contemporary empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways which contemporary empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways which contemporary empirical
+findings Can Shed light on those on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings Can Shed light on those on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings Can Shed light on those on
+those uh traditional philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh traditional philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh traditional philosophical
+questions from there we move on to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions from there we move on to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions from there we move on to look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+self-deception um how you could know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-deception um how you could know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-deception um how you could know
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+yourself and then on to what in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and then on to what in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and then on to what in some
+ways is the core of the course namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways is the core of the course namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways is the core of the course namely
+the explicitly moral motivation so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explicitly moral motivation so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explicitly moral motivation so we're
+looking at what it is that makes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what it is that makes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what it is that makes people
+behave well why they they don't behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave well why they they don't behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave well why they they don't behave
+badly extent to which that in turn can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly extent to which that in turn can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly extent to which that in turn can
+be understood as an egoistic thing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be understood as an egoistic thing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be understood as an egoistic thing or
+extent to which it's working in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent to which it's working in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent to which it's working in some
+other way and uh this is an area where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way and uh this is an area where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way and uh this is an area where
+there's been an explosion of Empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been an explosion of Empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been an explosion of Empirical
+research in the last 15 or 20 years um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in the last 15 or 20 years um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in the last 15 or 20 years um
+especially in the last 10 years from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the last 10 years from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the last 10 years from a
+wide range of fields from social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide range of fields from social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide range of fields from social
+psychology through experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology through experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology through experimental
+economics through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics through
+neuroscience and all this ties in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience and all this ties in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience and all this ties in with
+those traditional philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those traditional philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those traditional philosophical
+questions so the aim is to see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so the aim is to see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so the aim is to see if we can
+integrate those as much as we can given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate those as much as we can given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate those as much as we can given
+the state of the Empirical research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the Empirical research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the Empirical research
+there's awful lot we don't know and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's awful lot we don't know and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's awful lot we don't know and so
+awful lot of open questions are left but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot of open questions are left but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot of open questions are left but
+I think it's we're already at the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's we're already at the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's we're already at the point
+where we can really shed some real light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can really shed some real light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can really shed some real light
+on some of the philosophical questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of the philosophical questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of the philosophical questions
+by looking at that empirical work and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at that empirical work and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at that empirical work and I
+think hopefully we can shed light on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think hopefully we can shed light on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think hopefully we can shed light on the
+empirical work and suggests ways for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical work and suggests ways for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical work and suggests ways for the
+empirical work to go in the light of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical work to go in the light of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical work to go in the light of
+some of the more traditional moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the more traditional moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the more traditional moral
+political philosophical concerns
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tbsYFzmk_24.txt b/tbsYFzmk_24.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..02748bf9145fd00ed790766e9c2a2716d0b7f25a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tbsYFzmk_24.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2775 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So let's
+go ahead and start
+
+Lecture 6, which is
+all about strategy.
+
+And we're going to try
+to be numerical about it
+
+because numbers
+make us feel smart.
+
+So strategy is a nebulous thing.
+
+It can't be easily defined,
+and very many people
+
+spend all day talking
+about it without giving
+
+any statistics or
+numerical results.
+
+Which I think is quite a
+shame because, especially
+
+in this Battlecode,
+we can actually
+
+do computations and say, OK,
+if I build this many of x,
+
+I can build this many of y.
+
+And we can get to some
+pretty interesting results.
+
+I'm going to start out by
+just having a seat here,
+
+and I'm going to talk about
+some sort of general stuff.
+
+And then we'll move straight
+into numerical strategy, which
+
+I've got here on the
+right of the view screen.
+
+And you can see, like,
+I've implemented Battlecode
+
+in Mathematica to
+a limited extent
+
+for the express purpose of
+showing graphs like these.
+
+So we'll get to those.
+
+Let's talk about
+Battlecode a little bit.
+
+The way I see it
+is that strategy
+
+can be expressed as having
+a triangle aspect to it
+
+because you're basically
+picking between a technology
+
+route, an econ route,
+and a military route.
+
+And then among military, I like
+to try to draw another line.
+
+And you can sort of imagine this
+triangle as being on a plane.
+
+This is on a plane that's like
+perpendicular to this line,
+
+indicating that you can
+sort of be in any of them.
+
+I could have drawn it
+as a triangular prism,
+
+but I chose not to.
+
+So then this
+triangle, you can have
+
+a defensive military
+strategy, or you
+
+can have an offensive one.
+
+Offensive is spelled that way.
+
+And I also like to populate
+this map with even more things
+
+to make it less clear
+what's going on.
+
+So I'm going to put
+over here large map,
+
+and I'm going to put
+over down here small map.
+
+Because if you're
+on a small map,
+
+you want to have more
+military, at least early on.
+
+I mean, this is
+all time-changing.
+
+So you could describe a
+strategy in time as being like,
+
+OK, first, I'm going to
+do a lot of military,
+
+and then I'm going
+to get some econ,
+
+and then I'm going to get tech.
+
+So like that's a strategy,
+though it looks pretty weird.
+
+That looks pretty weird, and
+it's crossing out my small map.
+
+Anyway, so small
+map, it is really
+
+another way of saying
+it's far to the enemy base
+
+or it's close.
+
+So on a small map, you can
+get right to the enemy base.
+
+You got to be prepared if
+they've got a rush strategy.
+
+Maybe what you ought to
+do instead of saying,
+
+OK, I'm going to use
+the map size, is do
+
+sort of a heuristic.
+
+Because you could
+imagine this map--
+
+I'm going to do
+example maps here--
+
+and this map
+currently identical.
+
+Now let's make them different.
+
+This one's got
+like tons of mines,
+
+and this one has a
+little bit of mines.
+
+Obviously, they're different.
+
+I mean, if the headquarters
+are here and here in these two
+
+maps, well, this one is
+effectively a small map,
+
+and this one is
+effectively a large map.
+
+So here's a suggestion.
+
+It's not very expensive to
+sense mines at location.
+
+It costs 10 in the
+MethodCosts.txt file.
+
+So you could consider
+saying, all right,
+
+I'm this headquarters.
+
+For the first couple
+of rounds, I'm
+
+going to compute the sum of
+the number of mines between me
+
+and the enemy in sort of a
+volume looking like that.
+
+And so I'm just going
+to compute this number,
+
+just going to total it all up.
+
+If the map is, say, 50 by
+50, then how many tiles
+
+do you need to count?
+
+Well, say you make it 4
+wide, just for halibut.
+
+And then down in
+this direction, I
+
+guess it would end up
+being sort of like 50.
+
+So you'd have about 200
+tiles to look at times 10.
+
+That's going to be 10
+bytecodes per sense tile,
+
+and so you've only got 2,000.
+
+You can do that
+easily in one turn
+
+because the bytecode
+limit is 10,000.
+
+So then you could very
+quickly get an estimate
+
+of how easy or difficult
+it is to get to your enemy
+
+right off there.
+
+And so then you
+could find your spot,
+
+say, OK, I'm here or
+here on my Tech Tree.
+
+The system doesn't have to
+be incredibly complicated.
+
+So let's delete
+some of this mess
+
+that I've made
+here so that I can
+
+make some notes
+about the differences
+
+between defensive and
+offensive strategy.
+
+Later on, we're going to
+see the number of units
+
+that you can get if you're
+pushing for an early advantage,
+
+and that's going to
+sort of tie into this.
+
+So there's a time
+aspect, where you're
+
+saying, if you're defending,
+you have a number of advantages.
+
+One is that you can have
+additional units up at the time
+
+when the enemy arrives.
+
+Another is that the
+pathing is much easier
+
+because you don't
+have to go anywhere.
+
+You can establish a
+better concave in theory
+
+because the enemy might
+have to defuse mines.
+
+It's worth noting
+here that, of course,
+
+you're not guaranteed
+this advantage
+
+because the enemy
+knows where you are.
+
+You're sort of around
+your headquarters.
+
+I mean, it's generally true that
+if you can recognize the enemy
+
+is around his headquarters,
+so he's all sort of
+
+clumped up here.
+
+Well, it's pretty easy
+for you to say, all right,
+
+I'm going to stay at a
+distance r from that enemy,
+
+and I'm just going to
+sort of group up there.
+
+And as soon as everybody is
+within a distance r and not
+
+farther than a distance
+this other letter,
+
+then I know that I'm in a good
+position to attack all at once.
+
+And so if the enemy's just sort
+of hiding there in its hole,
+
+then that's also a vulnerability
+as well as an advantage.
+
+So you could imagine that case.
+
+And you could also
+imagine the case
+
+where there's a ton of mines,
+and so the minefield is
+
+like this giant, thick
+thing, which is filled.
+
+And so you're
+defending over here.
+
+And yeah, you're defending here,
+and the enemy's coming at you.
+
+And they kind of
+have to go in a line
+
+because it's such
+a big mine field,
+
+so you can just
+sort surround them.
+
+Yeah, I meant to do that
+outlining on purpose.
+
+Oh, my goodness.
+
+Who can use Microsoft Paint?
+
+I certainly can.
+
+Let's see here.
+
+So yeah, there's
+this concave issue.
+
+And then there's
+another issue that you
+
+can have the base take hits.
+
+So your base has 500 hit points.
+
+So you can use that
+as a sort of buffer
+
+to try to protect your robot.
+
+It's a very good idea,
+but it would spread out
+
+the damage a little bit.
+
+So in the event of
+an emergency, it
+
+could be superior to being
+farther from your base.
+
+Also consider that it's
+easier to heal your robots
+
+because you're going to have
+this area sort of established.
+
+You're going to know
+where things are.
+
+You're going to have a safe
+path to the nearest medbay
+
+that you might build.
+
+And later on we're going to
+look at the effects of building
+
+medbay versus other things.
+
+It's going to be really good.
+
+So these are just sort of
+a first look at things.
+
+There's some other
+stuff in here,
+
+like about tactical withdrawal.
+
+When do you realize that
+everything's gone to shit,
+
+and you've got to back out?
+
+What's the value of preserving
+your units versus the penalty
+
+of having them not in combat?
+
+They're in transit
+between wherever they are
+
+and the medical bays
+that you've built.
+
+Because you could easily
+imagine filling the whole
+
+map with medical bays just
+to reduce that transit time.
+
+And would that be worth
+it compared to just not
+
+having them go to medbay
+or only engaging in battles
+
+within a certain
+range of the medbay?
+
+So you might actually
+be retreating to a range
+
+rather than directly
+to the thing itself.
+
+These are things
+that you'll probably
+
+end up thinking about
+if you haven't already.
+
+Let's jump straight
+into some simulations.
+
+So what I've done
+in this model--
+
+let me zoom in just
+a little bit-- is
+
+I've got a system where
+you can build bots.
+
+Bots will die if you have
+less than zero resources.
+
+You can build generators,
+as you can see here.
+
+I mean, I'm not expecting
+you to read this.
+
+But just showing you the
+parts that are in the model
+
+so that when you look
+at the model results,
+
+you can see for yourself whether
+you think they're realistic.
+
+So you can build generators.
+
+And as in the game,
+the generators
+
+will provide you an additional
+10 resources per turn.
+
+And the cost of
+building a generator
+
+is 20 times the
+number of encampments
+
+that are currently built.
+
+And here's plus 1 for
+the additional one
+
+that you're building.
+
+Same thing applies
+for suppliers.
+
+It's got the same build cost.
+
+But instead, it's advantage
+is that the spawn time then
+
+becomes this number.
+
+Note that this is different
+from what it was in Lecture 1.
+
+In Lecture 1, the spawn
+time was 10-- it was this.
+
+It was 10 times 0.95 to the
+power of supplier number,
+
+where supplier number is the
+number of suppliers you have.
+
+That's what it used to be.
+
+But it's been switched
+to this number
+
+in order to make it slightly
+worse, because it was too good.
+
+This and the other changes have
+been updated on the Battlecode
+
+data sheet that I
+made that you might
+
+remember from the website.
+
+So if you're using that,
+make sure that you've
+
+updated recently.
+
+And when you download
+it, hit F5 or Refresh,
+
+because it has the same
+file name as before.
+
+So your computer might
+not download it again
+
+unless you specifically
+tell it to.
+
+That's just something
+to worry about.
+
+Because it's terrible to be
+on a bad version of the specs
+
+because then you
+think I'm wrong,
+
+and that's just very, very
+hard to handle for me.
+
+So here's your spawn time here.
+
+So that's what your
+suppliers are doing for you.
+
+And so I've made this model that
+tries to build these things,
+
+tries to build robots, and
+it kills the excess ones.
+
+So we're trying to reach
+a large number of robots.
+
+to Zoom out just
+a little bit here.
+
+So you can see here that
+we've got power over time,
+
+and this is for 500 rounds.
+
+I've got it so
+that you can change
+
+the length of the simulation.
+
+And we're going to see quite
+a number of simulations
+
+here today.
+
+So you could see here
+that, at first, you
+
+start out with no power.
+
+I don't know if this is 100%
+realistic because I think
+
+in the game you might actually
+start out with full power
+
+to begin with.
+
+But that's a transient effect.
+
+I wouldn't really
+worry about it.
+
+We're physicists here.
+
+We talk about
+orders of magnitude.
+
+Yes.
+
+So you could see here that
+initially your power decays
+
+upward to some
+relatively stable value.
+
+But it begins to decrease
+as you build robots,
+
+because as the number of
+robots increases over time,
+
+the upkeep is increasing.
+
+And so you're decaying downward
+to stable values as you go.
+
+And then it becomes a
+stable number of robots
+
+as they are produced, and then
+they also run out of energy.
+
+So I've also plotted down
+here the maximum number
+
+of robots that are achieved
+within a simulation.
+
+So this shows that you hit
+40 robots at round 391.
+
+We're going to end up
+looking at this quantity
+
+and trying to see how
+we can make the most
+
+robots at the
+shortest round number.
+
+Or how we can have a trade-off
+between maybe getting
+
+the most robots
+at an early number
+
+or getting more robots
+at a later number, which
+
+would embody the
+difference between a rush
+
+strategy and an econ strategy.
+
+I've also plotted
+the spawn time so
+
+that you can see how
+the effect of suppliers
+
+is changing how long it
+takes for robots to spawn.
+
+In this example, there
+aren't any suppliers,
+
+so the spawn time is flat.
+
+So let's change the
+example a little bit.
+
+I'm going to zoom
+out just a tiny bit,
+
+making everything illegible,
+so that you can see also
+
+the inputs to this
+function that I've made.
+
+And so I'm going to make it
+so that the bytecode usage is
+
+5,000.
+
+And what effect
+should that have?
+
+It should decrease the number
+of robots that we can sustain.
+
+And sure enough, we see
+that when we run it,
+
+the maximum number we hit is
+now 27 robots at round 261.
+
+So we've hit there sooner,
+but it's a smaller number.
+
+It's just worse in every way.
+
+You want to save bytecodes.
+
+So let's go back
+to that example.
+
+Now, generator built
+rounds and supplier
+
+built rounds is the number of
+rounds between every time it
+
+will attempt to build a
+generator or a supplier.
+
+This is the basic version
+that I started with.
+
+So let's start by building
+generators every 10 rounds.
+
+This is assuming that there
+are enough generators around
+
+for us to build on.
+
+So you can see here that the
+first generator is built around
+
+here.
+
+There's a tiny dip, and
+here's another and another.
+
+But the generator
+doesn't actually
+
+kick in and start to take
+effect until 50 turns later
+
+because there's a capture delay,
+and it doesn't do anything
+
+while it's being captured.
+
+Then once these are
+captured, the amount of power
+
+you have skyrockets.
+
+So this was the
+previous maximum of 200.
+
+And now we're up to 2,000
+power in just 500 rounds.
+
+This shows that you can really
+amplify your economy rapidly.
+
+You'll notice here that
+the sawtooth behavior
+
+is becoming increasingly severe.
+
+This is because each
+one of these motions
+
+downward indicates the purchase
+of yet another generator, which
+
+costs more than the last.
+
+Because as I mentioned
+before, the cost
+
+of capturing an encampment is 20
+times the number of encampments
+
+you have already.
+
+So that's going to
+linearly increase.
+
+You could see that it's
+recovering faster and faster
+
+though because, as
+has been mentioned,
+
+the generators do produce
+10 energy per turn.
+
+So here we can see that
+it's not hitting any limit
+
+to the number of robots
+that can be built.
+
+And if we extend the
+simulation out to 2,000 rounds,
+
+we can see that it just
+continues on as it was before,
+
+and the number of
+robots is unlimited.
+
+So if you do find a map that
+has a whole lot of encampments
+
+to capture-- and we
+haven't specified
+
+that there's a maximum
+number of encampments
+
+as far as I know--
+then you could end up
+
+just continuing to
+build these things.
+
+And then it doesn't matter
+how terrible your micro is
+
+or how terrible your tech
+is because you'll just
+
+overwhelm the enemy.
+
+Hey, look, at round
+1991, what a good year.
+
+That's pretty special.
+
+So let's go back
+down to 500 where
+
+we can see what's going on,
+and let's change generator
+
+built rounds to 1.
+
+So now we're going to try to
+build a generator every round.
+
+But look at here.
+
+These red dots indicating
+the completion of generators
+
+are non-uniformly spaced.
+
+That seems to
+indicate that it's not
+
+able to build
+generators every turn.
+
+That's because there's
+not enough power.
+
+You can see here that the
+power is as close to 0
+
+as it possibly can
+without destroying robots
+
+from bringing it down
+to negative values.
+
+So you can see here
+that you can now
+
+get to have more robots than
+you otherwise would have.
+
+No, that's not true.
+
+You can't have any more
+robots because we're still
+
+limited by the rate at which
+they're being produced.
+
+They're only being produced
+one every 10 rounds,
+
+and that's really cramping
+our style, as it were.
+
+So let's increase this
+back up to a million
+
+so that it's not building
+any more generators.
+
+Let's try building
+just suppliers.
+
+So let's build a
+supplier every 10 rounds.
+
+As you can see here,
+here's the money
+
+being expended on suppliers.
+
+And pretty soon, even
+before round 100,
+
+we start hitting a point where
+the number of robots we have,
+
+which is accelerating over
+time as the spawn time
+
+is decreasing, the
+number of robots going up
+
+is preventing us from
+getting enough power
+
+to continue building suppliers.
+
+So we're actually capped.
+
+This behavior, where the
+power goes down and crashes,
+
+is going to really hurt our
+ability to play the game.
+
+It becomes exacerbated the
+faster you build suppliers.
+
+Because you see here, I built
+these suppliers, and then,
+
+bingo.
+
+I've only built a total
+of-- let's see here,
+
+supplier number, I've built
+a total of eight suppliers
+
+within the first, I don't
+know, this looks like 40 turns.
+
+And now I'm not going
+to be able to build
+
+anything else for
+the whole game,
+
+because the next encampment
+that I buy would cost 8 times 20
+
+is 160, plus 20 for the next
+one, is going to be 180.
+
+I simply can't afford
+that if my power is never
+
+exceeding 170 over here.
+
+So that's pretty much going
+to be a crippling blow.
+
+So maybe, as my player, I
+need to do one of two things.
+
+One, maybe I should build
+suppliers and generators.
+
+Two, I could notice that
+maybe the enemy has killed
+
+a bunch of my generators, but I
+still have suppliers left over.
+
+Have you thought about that?
+
+Maybe some of your
+suppliers will
+
+have to destroy
+themselves to make room
+
+for more power generation.
+
+It could be something that
+happens to you less than not
+
+ever, or which is to say
+more often than not ever.
+
+So let's make it 10 and 10.
+
+So we're trying to
+do some of each.
+
+Well, it's not really working.
+
+It's like building some,
+and then the others
+
+because one of them is taking
+precedence over the first.
+
+Maybe we'll try building these
+every 20 and these every 10.
+
+Well, now it's
+building some of each.
+
+This is not so bad.
+
+So now we're getting
+to 76 robots at 496.
+
+Our power is going up,
+but we're not so much
+
+wasting it as we were before.
+
+And we can see that the spawn
+time has gone all the way down
+
+to half.
+
+Now, this does assume
+that none of your robots
+
+are being destroyed.
+
+If you're actively
+losing robots,
+
+it makes perfect sense
+to build only suppliers
+
+because, at that point,
+you can clump up your units
+
+and lose them, which
+will give you the money
+
+to continue building units.
+
+It's only when you've favored
+suppliers and then not attacked
+
+that you're wasting
+your effort and time.
+
+So this is something that I
+saw in some of the scrimmage
+
+matches that I've
+been looking at,
+
+because we devs have access to
+all kinds of secret information
+
+about you, including
+the performance
+
+of your players in
+scrimmage matches.
+
+And so I've been downloading
+these maps and looking at them.
+
+And in these
+matches, I've tended
+
+to see that, a lot
+of times, we're
+
+favoring suppliers
+but not attacking.
+
+Other times, we're
+favoring suppliers,
+
+and we're just sending
+our units one by one
+
+to be killed by the enemy blob.
+
+I think that's also sub-optimal.
+
+But at the same
+time, we have seen
+
+quite a few good strategies.
+
+I've seen some great
+pathing, and I've
+
+seen some great
+solving for the map.
+
+I think that there's a
+lot to be done there.
+
+And I have confidence
+that we're going
+
+to see a lot of great matches
+in the sprint tournament.
+
+So let's go back to the
+model here and look again
+
+at maybe getting a build order.
+
+So here, the build
+order I'm defining as,
+
+what order do you get
+suppliers and generators?
+
+This way of doing it, as you
+see I've implemented it here,
+
+is kind of inefficient,
+because whichever
+
+one goes first is
+just whichever one
+
+hit the round
+counter or something.
+
+So here I re-implement the
+whole system with an explicit
+
+build order.
+
+So I can say, all right,
+please give me a bunch of 2,
+
+and then give me 2 and then
+1 in alternating turns.
+
+So you can see here-- it's
+not working very well--
+
+2 is my number for
+the supplier, and 1
+
+is my indicator
+for the generator.
+
+So here we do five 2's, and then
+we alternate 2 and 1 forever.
+
+So there are the five 2's, and
+then we've got a 2, 1, and a 2,
+
+and a 1.
+
+Well, that's not very good
+because we still crash,
+
+and we only hit a
+maximum of 57 robots.
+
+So let's consider reducing
+this number of 2's.
+
+Well, that's much better.
+
+So now we've gotten up
+to 87 robots around 495.
+
+Now, if you've
+been keeping track
+
+in your mind of which
+number of robots
+
+we've hit at which
+round, congratulations.
+
+You're much better
+at that than me.
+
+Later on, I'm going
+to be showing plots
+
+so that we don't have to
+memorize how many robots we
+
+have at what round.
+
+But for the sake
+of illustration,
+
+it's pretty useful to be
+able to say, all right, if I
+
+add one more supplier here,
+how does that help me?
+
+Well, if you look
+very carefully,
+
+it's going to shift your
+early number of robots up,
+
+and it's probably going to
+shift your late number of robots
+
+down.
+
+That's the way it's
+changing the shape.
+
+So you can see here that
+that's a very subtle change.
+
+Let's change it so that we're
+only building suppliers,
+
+and then we're only
+building generators.
+
+So there we've built a
+few suppliers, and then
+
+a lot of generators.
+
+That's 62 robots.
+
+We can keep changing it and try.
+
+Here's a few more suppliers.
+
+Well, look at that.
+
+We never got the chance to
+build any generators because we
+
+ran out of energy when we
+were building suppliers.
+
+This is the same issue
+that we were seeing before.
+
+So let's explore the
+space automatically.
+
+This is kind of weird.
+
+What I'm going to
+show you is a plot
+
+of the peak number
+of robots that you've
+
+gotten during the simulation
+versus the number of rounds.
+
+And what I'm going
+to do is I'm going
+
+to sort of move along the
+space in some line, which
+
+is going to be an automatic
+search for these various things
+
+that we're looking for.
+
+So yeah, so where do you
+want to be on this graph?
+
+You want to be up
+here at the upper left
+
+because that means that
+you're getting a lot of robots
+
+at a small number of rounds.
+
+This is the phenomenon
+that we were seeing before,
+
+where going from
+1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8--
+
+you could see that it's skipping
+some numbers because they would
+
+have written over one another.
+
+Yeah, I'll show it
+with all the numbers.
+
+Well, that's odd.
+
+It changed shape.
+
+Ba, ba da, ba, ba,
+ba, ba, ba, ba.
+
+Well, let's go with it.
+
+So this example is-- did I
+define the explicit system?
+
+This is the explicit
+system here.
+
+Did I set that?
+
+And then did I define it?
+
+Well, all right,
+that's how it is.
+
+So this system is showing
+you from 0 up to 15
+
+for every time it's
+trying a longer
+
+or a shorter system of
+building the suppliers.
+
+So if it says 0,
+it means it just
+
+goes straight into generators.
+
+And if it says a
+higher number, then it
+
+has built that many suppliers
+before it goes into generators.
+
+So you could see,
+yeah, so that's there.
+
+And the numbers sort of
+start to overlap one another,
+
+so I made this little function
+that gets rid of the numbers
+
+if they're too close
+to another number.
+
+And that changed the way
+it looked quite a bit.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] 2,000 at the bottom
+if you take that [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+I see, I see.
+
+It was going out to 2,000.
+
+Thank you, thank you.
+
+So let's make this, yeah,
+let's make this just to 1,000.
+
+Strategy exploration is there.
+
+Simplified exploration is here.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So there are the numbers.
+
+And this phenomenon is the thing
+that we've been seeing before,
+
+that as you have more and
+more suppliers to begin with,
+
+it's OK up to a
+point, at which you
+
+can't build any more robots.
+
+And you hit a limit because
+you've run out of power.
+
+OK.
+
+That's what we've
+seen, seen it 100 ways.
+
+That's good.
+
+Let's switch to a mix of things.
+
+So instead of doing
+all one, we do a mix
+
+so that we're alternating
+one and the other.
+
+So in this example,
+we're starting
+
+with i numbers of
+suppliers, and then we're
+
+going to follow it
+up with alternating
+
+generators and suppliers.
+
+And you can see
+here that the best
+
+result seems to be something.
+
+I mean, you really
+can't decide just
+
+based on this graph because
+these are maximum points.
+
+And if this is 8,
+is that a better way
+
+to operate for a rush strategy?
+
+Well, here's a way of
+addressing that question.
+
+Here I've plotted
+the number of robots
+
+versus the round for this 0.
+
+And you can see here
+that it's always
+
+above the other
+peak robot counts.
+
+So that indicates that
+it's definitively better
+
+to start building generators
+before you start building
+
+suppliers, at least if you're
+aiming for the peak robot
+
+condition.
+
+You're trying to get the
+greatest number of robots.
+
+So there you go.
+
+It's better always to use zero.
+
+And here if we compare
+different strategies,
+
+we can see them
+on the same space.
+
+And one is obviously better.
+
+This one above here that's new
+is much better than the one
+
+we had before.
+
+It gets us more robots
+at the same round number.
+
+And again, we're trying
+to get to the upper left
+
+of this graph.
+
+This strategy consists
+of building a generator,
+
+and then building
+a supplier i times.
+
+So we'll do that set i
+times, and then we'll
+
+go into building 1, 2, 2.
+
+So then we'll be building
+a generator for every two
+
+suppliers.
+
+And we could see that this
+is much better at any point.
+
+So that's pretty interesting.
+
+That is pretty interesting.
+
+Because then we
+can say, all right,
+
+I've played around with this.
+
+Maybe it's better to have three.
+
+Is that even better?
+
+We'll see, we'll see.
+
+That changes the
+shape a little bit.
+
+So that gives me a bit of an
+improvement in this region.
+
+So if we really want to have
+the most robots at this round,
+
+possibly the best way to
+do it is to start here.
+
+And I know that these are
+all pretty obscure-looking,
+
+so I'm going to just skip
+straight on down to over here,
+
+where we can look at
+the effect of a rush.
+
+And we can see it
+very concretely
+
+that, in this example, we've
+got the first guy in blue.
+
+He's building only
+generators for 40 rounds,
+
+and then he's going to
+start building suppliers.
+
+So there you can see blue
+is building only generators,
+
+and then he starts
+building suppliers.
+
+And his robot production
+rate increases.
+
+Here in red, the red guy is
+starting by building suppliers.
+
+And so you can see he caps out
+at 41 suppliers, or 41 robots
+
+for a moment, and then
+he's back to oscillating.
+
+So he's got a military advantage
+in this window starting
+
+from round 100 going up to
+round 300, where, for a time,
+
+he's going to
+outnumber the enemy.
+
+And his goal is to
+win during this time.
+
+So if you outnumber the
+enemy starting at round 100
+
+and going to 300, here's
+what you have to do.
+
+You have to get to the enemy
+and start shooting at him.
+
+So if the map is
+really, really big,
+
+like if the map
+is 100, size 100,
+
+you don't have the
+pickax upgrade.
+
+So you're going to be defusing
+mines at 12 rounds per mine.
+
+If you've got 50 mines
+in the way and 12 each,
+
+there's no way that
+you're going to get there.
+
+Because it's going to
+take you 500 rounds just
+
+to get to the enemy,
+and you'll never
+
+actually get to start shooting.
+
+But if you can find a
+straight path to your enemy,
+
+even if the map
+is 50 units long,
+
+you can get there and start
+capitalizing on your unit
+
+advantage before his
+econ play kicks in.
+
+So there you go, a
+very concrete example
+
+of the effects of rushing
+or playing an econ.
+
+At the same time,
+you could definitely
+
+imagine intermediate strategies.
+
+So here I'm just going
+to go ahead and plot
+
+a third strategy, which
+maybe I'll make in green.
+
+And maybe this strategy
+is a mix of the two.
+
+So instead of starting with just
+generators or just suppliers,
+
+we'll do a combination of
+generators and suppliers.
+
+Now look at that.
+
+That's pretty interesting.
+
+Let's extend the simulation
+length to 800 rounds,
+
+and we'll be able
+to see the effects.
+
+So now we see that the green
+player does almost as well
+
+as the red player.
+
+It's almost indistinguishable
+at this distance.
+
+And given the
+defensive advantage
+
+we talked about earlier, it may
+be enough for the green player
+
+to hold off.
+
+He'll still be able to
+smash the red player.
+
+And he's still got an
+advantage over the blue player
+
+without being that
+much at a disadvantage.
+
+That is to say that the
+green advantage lasts
+
+until about round 600.
+
+Let's zoom in a little bit
+so that we can see round 600
+
+and try to assess how much
+better the green player is
+
+than the blue player.
+
+So here, once again,
+green is building
+
+alternating generators
+and suppliers.
+
+And he has an
+advantage over blue
+
+starting at about round 100
+and going to about round 450.
+
+That's a pretty big
+round and that's
+
+a pretty big advantage
+for a pretty long time.
+
+It's only at that time that
+blue begins to take off
+
+and gets a serious advantage.
+
+So you can see here that there's
+a pretty significant difference
+
+between different
+strategies and that you
+
+can achieve a significant
+difference of units.
+
+But how many different
+differences of units
+
+are important to start
+really making a difference?
+
+I mean, if you have 10
+units versus their 11,
+
+how good is that?
+
+Is that a lot?
+
+Is it a little?
+
+It doesn't seem like very much.
+
+Well, to answer
+that question, I've
+
+made yet another simulation.
+
+Because why not do a simulation?
+
+Simulations are fun.
+
+So here's a look at it.
+
+And what I've made here is
+sort of a very basic simulator
+
+that works in the following way.
+
+I'm going to zoom
+in a little bit.
+
+So this is some
+combat, and I'm going
+
+to simulate the combat
+between 10 and 11 units.
+
+I'm going to do it
+a couple of times.
+
+I'll start out doing
+it slowly, so I'm
+
+decreasing the
+compute time here.
+
+So there's 11 units
+on the bottom,
+
+and these are their hit points.
+
+And there are 10
+units on the top.
+
+I'm going to do it once again.
+
+I'm going to start
+with 10 and 10.
+
+This is team A on top
+and team B on bottom.
+
+As you can see here,
+that when there
+
+are the same number of
+units, they all lose
+
+hit points at the same
+rate, and they all
+
+die at the same time, at
+least in my simulation.
+
+When there's an advantage,
+that extra robot that you have
+
+can start dealing additional
+damage to his robots.
+
+And so that advantage becomes
+more significant over time.
+
+So if we have 100
+units versus 101 units,
+
+then we'll be here all day.
+
+But the point is
+that you'll end up
+
+seeing a more and
+more significant
+
+difference between the two.
+
+That didn't seem to work
+quite right, did it?
+
+But perhaps it did.
+
+It may just have the
+exact same result.
+
+I'd be quite curious.
+
+Well, in any case,
+we're going to go back
+
+to the example we
+were showing before.
+
+What I'm going to do is I'm
+going to say, OK, when you have
+
+10 versus 11, the 11 team
+ends up with four units left.
+
+And two of them are very low
+hit points, but two of them
+
+have a lot of the
+points remaining.
+
+So we can start to define two
+quantities, the robot kill
+
+ratio and the HP kill ratio.
+
+So the robot kill ratio is
+to say I put in 11 units,
+
+and I got out four
+of mine remaining.
+
+So 11 is the bottom.
+
+I got four remaining,
+so that cost me seven.
+
+But in the process
+of costing me seven,
+
+I was able to take
+out 10 enemy units.
+
+So that's 10 divided
+by 7, and if we
+
+make it numerical with
+a decimal point there,
+
+we see that number.
+
+Question.
+
+Yeah, how [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+So I'm actually
+modeling the combat
+
+by distributing
+the attack evenly
+
+from one side and the other.
+
+And then any remaining units
+will have the opportunity
+
+to deal more damage
+to the enemy team.
+
+So I don't know exactly
+how accurate it is.
+
+And if you can manage to
+maintain a tight choke point,
+
+then you can trade
+evenly with your enemy.
+
+But that's the best you can
+do if you're outnumbered.
+
+If you have the advantage
+and you surround the enemy,
+
+then you could do
+even better than this.
+
+This is something like a middle
+ground between those two cases.
+
+Good question.
+
+If you want to see the
+actual way that it works,
+
+learn Mathematica and read
+the code that's right here.
+
+So we see here that there's
+the robot kill ratio.
+
+That's pretty good.
+
+We came to the fight with
+10% additional units,
+
+and we end up getting 40%
+more value out of our units
+
+that we lost.
+
+On a hit point basis, we didn't
+get that much of an advantage.
+
+Bringing a 10% advantage got
+us 6% hit point advantage
+
+on how many hit points we were
+able to lose versus the enemy.
+
+So let's look at
+a lot of results.
+
+So here on the left,
+I made a table.
+
+So I've just done the simulation
+for 20 units versus i units,
+
+where i goes from 21 to 30.
+
+So you can see the force ratio
+that I'm bringing to the table.
+
+Here I'm imagining that I
+have more than the enemy.
+
+But of course, you can
+just invert these numbers
+
+and get the reverse case.
+
+The force ratio I'm bringing is
+5% extra, 10% extra, and so on,
+
+and that achieves
+these unit kill ratios.
+
+You can see here I've
+capped it out at 20,000
+
+so that it doesn't
+display the infinity sign.
+
+Because here, once you have more
+than 1/3 more than the enemy,
+
+you don't lose any units
+at all during combat.
+
+That's according to the
+simulation that I've set up.
+
+A pretty amazing
+result if you ask me.
+
+So you can see here that the
+unit kill ratio magnifies quite
+
+intensely.
+
+The hit point kill ratio
+doesn't magnify that intensely.
+
+So here, 5% force ratio gets
+you about 20% unit kill.
+
+10% gets you 40%.
+
+15% gets you 80% extra.
+
+And then once you get
+up higher, it just
+
+ramps up more from there.
+
+So it shows that even it's
+a fight of five versus four,
+
+it's probably a very bad
+idea to engage the enemy.
+
+Because you're not going to be
+able to kill any of their units
+
+before they kill all of yours,
+which means that all of theirs
+
+can sort of head
+back to a medbay,
+
+get healed up, and then
+be back to the fight.
+
+It's worth mentioning here
+that the medbay can end up
+
+being as productive
+as your headquarters.
+
+So let's go back up to where
+I've talked about the medbay.
+
+Let's talk about it here.
+
+So let's talk about the
+production abilities
+
+of your various capabilities.
+
+You've got your
+headquarters, which
+
+is making units at
+40 hit points each.
+
+And let's say that it produces
+them every 10 rounds, or maybe
+
+every 5 rounds at best if
+you've got a lot of suppliers.
+
+So this is your
+headquarters building units.
+
+So it's building hit
+points every turn.
+
+So it's building from four
+to eight hit points per turn.
+
+Well, that's not too bad.
+
+That's building four to
+eight hit points per turn.
+
+But what about everything else?
+
+A medbay can heal two
+hit points for every
+
+of the adjacent units.
+
+So that there, right there--
+if you can multiply correctly--
+
+it's 16 hit points per turn.
+
+That's so many.
+
+That's the value of two
+headquarters right there,
+
+even considering headquarters
+at full supplier capacity.
+
+That just shows that even
+if you're using medbays
+
+incorrectly or doing it wrong in
+the various ways that you can,
+
+you'll still be doing a much
+better job than a headquarters
+
+alone.
+
+I mean, that's ignoring
+the fact that there
+
+are other things at play here.
+
+Like you have to
+have injured units
+
+in order to produce
+hit points in a medbay.
+
+But it's certainly
+worth mentioning
+
+that even this basic
+analysis shows what it is.
+
+Very clear.
+
+Now, what's the killing
+ability of artillery?
+
+It's been said that
+they're overpowered.
+
+Or that they're quite strong,
+and they're definitely
+
+worth using.
+
+But is the killing power
+of an artillery worth
+
+it compared to the
+healing power of a medbay?
+
+Purely from a
+numerical standpoint,
+
+you can see here that the
+best the artillery can do
+
+is to deal 40 damage to
+its target and 20 damage
+
+to each of eight targets
+adjacent for a total of 200,
+
+if I did that math correctly.
+
+And it does that every 20 turns,
+which is its attack delay.
+
+So that gives us 10
+hit points per turn.
+
+Look at that.
+
+Oftentimes, 10 less than 16.
+
+True.
+
+It's even going to tell me that.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Well, what a big surprise.
+
+So you can make the
+decision for yourself.
+
+And of course, each
+one has its own uses,
+
+because the artillery
+is not always
+
+going to be able to
+deal 10 hit points.
+
+Medbay's not always going
+to be able to heal units.
+
+Maybe it's too far
+from the headquarters
+
+to be a real defensive asset.
+
+Maybe not.
+
+There are a lot of
+considerations to include.
+
+But doing a
+calculation like this
+
+can certainly help you out
+in making your decisions.
+
+For example, I mean,
+I think it's worth
+
+doing the following check.
+
+Check if there's an
+encampment near your base.
+
+If there is, go ahead
+and make it a medbay.
+
+If it's not that
+near, maybe it's
+
+better to make it artillery.
+
+Like if it's adjacent, you
+probably want a medbay.
+
+But if it's not
+close, the medbay
+
+becomes less and less valuable.
+
+Whereas if it's in
+still artillery range,
+
+maybe it's still worth having.
+
+It's the kind of question-- this
+is the kind of trade-off you
+
+could make, and you could
+just hard-code it in.
+
+If it's more than a
+distance 16, distance
+
+squared 16, then go
+ahead, do it this way.
+
+Otherwise, do it that way.
+
+Very simple way of
+addressing the problem.
+
+So let's go back down
+and let's talk more
+
+about encounters of units.
+
+So let's continue with this
+unit kill ratio results table.
+
+So we're here.
+
+And you know, it's kind of
+hard to look at numbers.
+
+Oftentimes when people
+have a lot of numbers,
+
+especially in a
+table, they plot it.
+
+So here I've got a plot.
+
+Doesn't mean that much.
+
+Let's do a list plot
+so we've got points.
+
+And so we're asking the
+question-- here is the input.
+
+Is that the input?
+
+No, the input, it
+goes up to 1.3.
+
+Yeah, the input is here.
+
+So this is having 5% advantage,
+10% advantage, and so on.
+
+And the question is,
+how many hit points
+
+is that worth for you?
+
+What hit point advantage
+does that get you?
+
+And so we could do a best
+fit for these results.
+
+So in Mathematica that would
+look like-- find a fit.
+
+You put the data in.
+
+You put the
+expression ax plus b,
+
+where a and b are
+the parameters,
+
+and x is the
+variable in question.
+
+And this is your fit
+rule, and then you
+
+can just apply that
+to the expression.
+
+And in one line--
+we'll have a plot.
+
+So we'll plot this
+thing, mess that it is.
+
+Well, OK, why don't
+we just call it here.
+
+The line is this, so we're
+finding the best fit line here.
+
+And x goes from-- I
+don't know-- 0 to 1.5,
+
+and that ought to do it for us.
+
+We'll plot that line, and
+we'll plot these points.
+
+So we'll call it
+points equals that,
+
+and we'll show the line
+together with the points.
+
+And we'll also be able
+show other things.
+
+PlotStyle Red.
+
+We'll make the line red
+because that's real style.
+
+That's real style.
+
+That almost worked.
+
+There you go.
+
+So there's a line.
+
+What line is that?
+
+It's the line where-- the line.
+
+Please tell me the line.
+
+It's 0.69.
+
+So there you go.
+
+The slope here is 0.69.
+
+I mean, of course,
+this is probably not
+
+valid down at these low numbers.
+
+But the point is that for
+every additional 1% or one unit
+
+that you add, that's going to be
+an extra 0.7 units that you're
+
+going to damage of your enemy.
+
+And it's sort of fairly
+linear between 1 and 5.
+
+Let's see if we really
+dominate the enemy how
+
+the results will
+sort of stack up.
+
+So here it's simulating
+a whole bunch of combat,
+
+and it's going really slowly.
+
+Why is it going slowly?
+
+Well, because I put in
+like that delay thing
+
+so that you could see
+what was going on.
+
+So I'm going to
+change the delay to 0
+
+and scroll right on back
+down, giving everybody
+
+in the room nausea.
+
+There's also a bunch
+of print statements.
+
+So we're seeing like 200
+print statements, which
+
+was to print the dynamic
+results of the match
+
+so that you could see them
+fighting, sort of seeing
+
+numbers decrease on a board,
+which is a lot like combat
+
+in the eyes of a nerd.
+
+So then we can see here
+a bunch of force ratios.
+
+And here in this example,
+we see that we're
+
+maxing out at a certain number.
+
+So according to the way that
+I've set up this simulation,
+
+beyond a force
+ratio of 2, you're
+
+not getting any
+additional advantage
+
+out of your additional
+troops because they just
+
+can't find a place to stand.
+
+In reality, when you have four
+versus one or eight versus one,
+
+there's a place for
+all of your eight guys
+
+to stand around all of
+their one poor little guy.
+
+But if you have a
+large number of units,
+
+it may be less realistic
+to assume that there's
+
+that much room available
+for them to double
+
+team, or quadruple team, or
+eight-tuple team the enemy.
+
+So you could see here that
+these are some results.
+
+And now if we plot
+them again, we
+
+see that we sort of hit the
+ceiling right over here,
+
+and so the line sort
+of is totally destroyed
+
+and comes out wrong.
+
+Let's go up to 3 so we
+see how bad-looking it is.
+
+And this is just
+yet another example
+
+of how doing a best
+fit line to something
+
+is not the right answer
+100% of the time.
+
+It's the right answer
+99.99% of the time.
+
+Or basically use the r squared
+number to see if it's-- no,
+
+I'm just kidding.
+
+That's not genuine statistics.
+
+And most of you are
+probably poo-pooing the idea
+
+that I even considered for
+a moment or a nanosecond
+
+including the two words
+in the same sentence.
+
+So that's a sort of
+summary of these issues.
+
+Like what force ratio
+gets you what unit or hit
+
+point kill ratio?
+
+You can see here a big takeaway
+lesson that just 25% more units
+
+or just 30% more
+units than the enemy
+
+can make a giant difference.
+
+And you should never engage
+when you're outnumbered,
+
+unless you're right
+next to the headquarters
+
+and there's no choice.
+
+I strongly recommend
+that you consider
+
+the little micro-tricks,
+trying to get
+
+your units into the
+right place, withdrawing
+
+when it's a good idea.
+
+Remember that if you're
+retreating from the enemy
+
+and the enemy is
+adjacent to you,
+
+that means you can take
+damage every turn while you're
+
+retreating.
+
+So in this game, retreating
+is definitely not
+
+encouraged for that reason.
+
+What you need is
+like allied units
+
+to sort of distract the enemy
+while your injured ones are
+
+going to heal.
+
+Or you need to have your
+medbays close enough
+
+that you can
+survive the retreat.
+
+Because the way the
+game works is, you move,
+
+and then you deal attack damage.
+
+So if you retreat
+from your enemy,
+
+you're not adjacent to him
+anymore after you've moved.
+
+And then he moves toward
+you and deals damage.
+
+And then you retreat, and
+you don't deal damage.
+
+And he moves toward
+you and deals damage.
+
+And it's just a
+very bad situation.
+
+I've been in it myself.
+
+It was very painful to watch.
+
+So with that, I mean,
+I think that's going
+
+to be all that I've
+got for you today,
+
+even though it's slightly early
+on the days I've gone over.
+
+And so I recommend that
+you just sort of sit
+
+here, enjoy yourselves,
+ask me questions.
+
+And when the Bubble tea
+arrives, the deputies
+
+will spring into action.
+
+So thank you very much
+for coming to Lecture 6.
+
+I guess I should explain what's
+going on in the next lectures.
+
+Next lecture is going to be
+an exciting guest lecture,
+
+where we've got one of the
+developers of Battlecode
+
+who's been remote and
+who was the winner
+
+of Battlecode last year,
+fun gamers, on that team.
+
+He's coming here to talk about
+various important things.
+
+I forgot what he's--
+oh, my goodness.
+
+What a terrible
+plug for his talk.
+
+It was going to be about-- no,
+that wasn't a helpful comment.
+
+That was just talking.
+
+Yeah, he's going to talk about,
+I think, emergent complexity
+
+and like really awesome
+tricks that you learn
+
+if you do Battlecode N years,
+where N is a large number.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tfY40mAOzn8.txt b/tfY40mAOzn8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab7f208fc1d89d57c030ba98565e18517aaff262
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tfY40mAOzn8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6394 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today we are going to talk about heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we are going to talk about heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we are going to talk about heat
+engines so what's a heat engine a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines so what's a heat engine a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines so what's a heat engine a heat
+engine is any machine that takes heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine is any machine that takes heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine is any machine that takes heat
+and turns it into work so an engine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turns it into work so an engine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turns it into work so an engine is
+something that does mechanical work a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that does mechanical work a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that does mechanical work a
+heat engine is a engine that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat engine is a engine that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat engine is a engine that that is
+runs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs on
+heat and as we'll see no machine can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and as we'll see no machine can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and as we'll see no machine can
+turn heat into work with 100% efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn heat into work with 100% efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn heat into work with 100% efficiency
+that would violate the second law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would violate the second law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would violate the second law of
+Thermodynamics but we try to engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermodynamics but we try to engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermodynamics but we try to engineer
+our systems to do it as well as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our systems to do it as well as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our systems to do it as well as we can
+so here's sort of the most obvious case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's sort of the most obvious case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's sort of the most obvious case
+of a heat engine um in our day-to-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a heat engine um in our day-to-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a heat engine um in our day-to-day
+lives and especially if you live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives and especially if you live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives and especially if you live in
+Texas right now is uh that of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas right now is uh that of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas right now is uh that of power
+plants so power plants take some fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants so power plants take some fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants so power plants take some fuel
+resource coal oil gas or nuclear and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource coal oil gas or nuclear and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource coal oil gas or nuclear and you
+burn that to create heat and then use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn that to create heat and then use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn that to create heat and then use
+that heat to make mechanical work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heat to make mechanical work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heat to make mechanical work so
+this this picture in the upper left here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this picture in the upper left here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this picture in the upper left here
+is the Mystic generating plant just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Mystic generating plant just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Mystic generating plant just a
+couple miles from where I am that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple miles from where I am that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple miles from where I am that is a
+combined cycle natural gas power plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined cycle natural gas power plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined cycle natural gas power plant
+that provides much of the electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provides much of the electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provides much of the electricity
+that runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MIT and over here is some pictures of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and over here is some pictures of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and over here is some pictures of a
+I think this may be a coal or maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this may be a coal or maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this may be a coal or maybe a
+nuclear plant um it doesn't matter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear plant um it doesn't matter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear plant um it doesn't matter the
+point is I want to show you the cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is I want to show you the cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is I want to show you the cooling
+towers which we'll come back to a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towers which we'll come back to a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towers which we'll come back to a little
+bit later so those cooling towers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit later so those cooling towers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit later so those cooling towers have
+to do with Cooling and heat engines run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with Cooling and heat engines run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with Cooling and heat engines run
+on heat so Heating and Cooling are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on heat so Heating and Cooling are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on heat so Heating and Cooling are
+somehow important here another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow important here another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow important here another example
+of a heat engine this is where the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a heat engine this is where the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a heat engine this is where the field
+All Began actually is with steam engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All Began actually is with steam engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All Began actually is with steam engines
+so steam locomotive takes a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so steam locomotive takes a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so steam locomotive takes a heat
+resource you burn coal and you turn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource you burn coal and you turn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource you burn coal and you turn that
+heat into steam and then the steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat into steam and then the steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat into steam and then the steam
+doesn't work for you on a piston so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work for you on a piston so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work for you on a piston so
+that's a little bit more of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit more of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit more of an
+oldfashioned example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldfashioned example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldfashioned example
+here's a more contemporary example a jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a more contemporary example a jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a more contemporary example a jet
+engine you have you burn amount of fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine you have you burn amount of fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine you have you burn amount of fuel
+it creates heat you use that heat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it creates heat you use that heat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it creates heat you use that heat and
+how you use that efficiently um is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you use that efficiently um is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you use that efficiently um is the
+engineering of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering of the
+thing so that's another example of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so that's another example of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so that's another example of heat
+engine here's one which is familiar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine here's one which is familiar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine here's one which is familiar to
+all of us an internal combusted engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us an internal combusted engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us an internal combusted engine
+we we burn something that creates heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we burn something that creates heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we burn something that creates heat
+and that heat energy is partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that heat energy is partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that heat energy is partially
+transformed into work as the Pistons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed into work as the Pistons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed into work as the Pistons
+work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the
+crankshaft and uh here's here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crankshaft and uh here's here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crankshaft and uh here's here's one
+which is maybe a little bit less obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is maybe a little bit less obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is maybe a little bit less obvious
+but it's definitely a heat engine it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's definitely a heat engine it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's definitely a heat engine it's
+the hurricane which harnesses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hurricane which harnesses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hurricane which harnesses a
+temperature difference between sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference between sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference between sea
+surface and the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the upper
+atmosphere and um creates mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and um creates mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and um creates mechanical
+work so these are all examples of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so these are all examples of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so these are all examples of heat
+engines all right so those are those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines all right so those are those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines all right so those are those are
+real world examples now what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world examples now what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world examples now what we're going
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+is um do this in a little more abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um do this in a little more abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um do this in a little more abstract
+so let's see here back to the board here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see here back to the board here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see here back to the board here
+you guys can see the board right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah
+okay all right so we've seen some real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so we've seen some real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so we've seen some real
+heat engines now we're going to abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat engines now we're going to abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat engines now we're going to abstract
+this a little bit heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+abstracted so this is uh the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracted so this is uh the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracted so this is uh the way that
+heat engines are represented in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat engines are represented in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat engines are represented in a
+textbook or in a class like this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook or in a class like this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook or in a class like this you
+have some cyclic machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normally with a circle with an arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally with a circle with an arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally with a circle with an arrow
+here's what it means to be a cylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what it means to be a cylic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what it means to be a cylic
+machine it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine it
+returns to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+after each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cycle all right so now already we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle all right so now already we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle all right so now already we have
+we have some thermal words there that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some thermal words there that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some thermal words there that we
+know state so there's State functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know state so there's State functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know state so there's State functions
+involved and this machine returns to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and this machine returns to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and this machine returns to the
+same state after each fun cycle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same state after each fun cycle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same state after each fun cycle so
+here's here's another abstraction we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's another abstraction we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's another abstraction we're
+going to have thermal reservoirs we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have thermal reservoirs we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have thermal reservoirs we're
+going to have some high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some high temperature
+Reservoir and we're going to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir and we're going to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir and we're going to have some
+low temperature Reservoir te hot T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low temperature Reservoir te hot T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low temperature Reservoir te hot T
+cold so these are called thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reservoirs and they are maintained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at T hot and T cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+throughout so this is an abstraction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout so this is an abstraction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout so this is an abstraction in
+reality nothing is maintain the same to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality nothing is maintain the same to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality nothing is maintain the same to
+arbitrary Precision for all time but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary Precision for all time but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary Precision for all time but um
+you can achieve this through engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can achieve this through engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can achieve this through engineering
+so for instance you could have a Boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance you could have a Boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance you could have a Boiling
+Pot of water that's a thermal Reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pot of water that's a thermal Reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pot of water that's a thermal Reservoir
+you know what temperature it's at 100 C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what temperature it's at 100 C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what temperature it's at 100 C
+because it's boiling and as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's boiling and as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's boiling and as long as you
+keep enough water in it and keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep enough water in it and keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep enough water in it and keep the
+heat there right you know it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat there right you know it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat there right you know it's going to
+be a regulated temperature another good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a regulated temperature another good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a regulated temperature another good
+thermal Reservoir is a is an inlet of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal Reservoir is a is an inlet of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal Reservoir is a is an inlet of an
+ocean and and that describes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean and and that describes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean and and that describes a lot of
+why power plants are cited where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why power plants are cited where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why power plants are cited where they
+are so we have thermal reservoirs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so we have thermal reservoirs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so we have thermal reservoirs and
+then there are some terms we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are some terms we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are some terms we
+have total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have total
+work total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work total
+heat work in heat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat work in heat in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat work in heat in
+work out heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out and Ada so total work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and Ada so total work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and Ada so total work
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inout work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inout work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inout work and
+heat okay so tracking flows of of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat okay so tracking flows of of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat okay so tracking flows of of energy
+across the system's boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the system's boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the system's boundaries
+throughout the cycle and then there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the cycle and then there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the cycle and then there's an
+important term here efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ada is defined as the total work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada is defined as the total work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada is defined as the total work that
+the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+does on the surroundings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the reason I put this in green and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I put this in green and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I put this in green and
+circled it is because for today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circled it is because for today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circled it is because for today's
+lecture and today's lecture only we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and today's lecture only we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and today's lecture only we're
+going to have some confusion over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some confusion over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some confusion over the
+sign of work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heat because we have defined for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat because we have defined for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat because we have defined for this
+class work is work done on a system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class work is work done on a system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class work is work done on a system so
+positive work increases the energy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive work increases the energy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive work increases the energy of a
+system but if you're engineering an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but if you're engineering an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but if you're engineering an
+engine you probably want to flip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine you probably want to flip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine you probably want to flip the
+sign because you want to keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign because you want to keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign because you want to keep track of
+work that the system does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that the system does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that the system does
+on something on the electric power grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on something on the electric power grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on something on the electric power grid
+say or um on the road and your car to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say or um on the road and your car to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say or um on the road and your car to
+push you down the road or what have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push you down the road or what have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push you down the road or what have you
+so there's going to be a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's going to be a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's going to be a little bit of
+confusion there it can be it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion there it can be it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion there it can be it can be
+managed so that's abstracted heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed so that's abstracted heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed so that's abstracted heat
+engines so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines so here is
+a typical representation of a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical representation of a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical representation of a heat
+engine you have a high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine you have a high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine you have a high temperature
+Reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have this engine which operates with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this engine which operates with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this engine which operates with
+efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+Ada the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada the engine
+receives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives
+heat Q in from the high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat Q in from the high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat Q in from the high temperature
+Reservoir and it dumps Q heat Q out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir and it dumps Q heat Q out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir and it dumps Q heat Q out to
+the low temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low temperature
+Reservoir so heat received heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir so heat received heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir so heat received heat
+rejected and each cycle it performs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some amount of work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount of work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount of work on the
+surroundings and I ordered new pens I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings and I ordered new pens I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings and I ordered new pens I
+haven't come yet so I'm sort of fading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't come yet so I'm sort of fading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't come yet so I'm sort of fading
+here but let me switch to purple so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but let me switch to purple so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but let me switch to purple so
+typical representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this would be like this the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be like this the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be like this the heat
+engine we're just learning terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine we're just learning terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine we're just learning terminology
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+right with efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operating between t hot and T cold so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating between t hot and T cold so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating between t hot and T cold so
+that's what the engineers will say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the engineers will say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the engineers will say to
+you we have this heat engine it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we have this heat engine it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we have this heat engine it's got
+efficiency and it operates between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and it operates between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and it operates between these
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+temperatures in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cycle q n is absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T
+hot Q out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rejected at T C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected at T C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected at T C and
+workout is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout is
+performed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed okay
+quiz what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz what
+is Q in minus work out minus Q out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Q in minus work out minus Q out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Q in minus work out minus Q out
+somebody what is that zero zero it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody what is that zero zero it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody what is that zero zero it's
+zero because this is a cyclic engine it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because this is a cyclic engine it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because this is a cyclic engine it
+returns to the same state every cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to the same state every cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to the same state every cycle
+that means every state function has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means every state function has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means every state function has to
+return to its starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to its starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to its starting
+point energy is a state function so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point energy is a state function so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point energy is a state function so the
+energy of the system cannot change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the system cannot change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the system cannot change
+around each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around each
+cycle so again coming back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle so again coming back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle so again coming back to our
+bookkeeping this here Q in minus workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping this here Q in minus workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping this here Q in minus workout
+through out this is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through out this is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through out this is the energy
+change this equals Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this equals Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this equals Delta
+U which has to be zero because all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U which has to be zero because all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U which has to be zero because all the
+state functions return to their starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state functions return to their starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state functions return to their starting
+point okay so let's um go back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so let's um go back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so let's um go back to our
+slides here just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fun so here's some real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun so here's some real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun so here's some real
+engines for um for the thermal power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines for um for the thermal power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines for um for the thermal power
+plant say somebody tell me where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant say somebody tell me where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant say somebody tell me where where
+would I find t t hot where would I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I find t t hot where would I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I find t t hot where would I find
+the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high
+temperature does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know the burning temperature of the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the burning temperature of the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the burning temperature of the fuel
+the burning temperature of the fuel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the burning temperature of the fuel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the burning temperature of the fuel and
+and actually these combined cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually these combined cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually these combined cycle
+natural gas plants their first cycle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas plants their first cycle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas plants their first cycle is
+is a is a jet actually it's very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is a jet actually it's very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is a jet actually it's very similar
+to a jet so the The Burning uh region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a jet so the The Burning uh region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a jet so the The Burning uh region
+is going to look something like this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look something like this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look something like this you
+have you have a a region where the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have a a region where the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have a a region where the fuel
+is burned and that's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is burned and that's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is burned and that's going to be the
+highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest
+temperature um you know inside of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature um you know inside of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature um you know inside of of
+these units Now where's the cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these units Now where's the cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these units Now where's the cold
+temperature where's T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold the
+water that's a good guess in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that's a good guess in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that's a good guess in this case
+it's actually wrong and I put this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually wrong and I put this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually wrong and I put this up
+here as a trick here because it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as a trick here because it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as a trick here because it's kind
+of it's kind of cool um the water here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's kind of cool um the water here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's kind of cool um the water here
+is cold we're in the harbor so that'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cold we're in the harbor so that'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cold we're in the harbor so that'd be
+a good resource but the water is pumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good resource but the water is pumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good resource but the water is pumped
+up into these evaporative cooling units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into these evaporative cooling units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into these evaporative cooling units
+these these this thing here which as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these this thing here which as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these this thing here which as far
+as you can tell just a building on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can tell just a building on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can tell just a building on
+stilts you don't know what that is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stilts you don't know what that is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stilts you don't know what that is but
+I've been there on on a tour it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been there on on a tour it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been there on on a tour it's very
+cool these have the same function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool these have the same function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool these have the same function of
+these as these as these cooling towers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as these as these cooling towers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as these as these cooling towers
+do and they evaporatively cool the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and they evaporatively cool the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and they evaporatively cool the
+um uh the the water down below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the the water down below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the the water down below the
+temperature of the inlet so they're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the inlet so they're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the inlet so they're able
+to lower t subc a little bit that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lower t subc a little bit that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lower t subc a little bit that way
+and that turns out to be important um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that turns out to be important um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that turns out to be important um to
+do that for the efficiency of the plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that for the efficiency of the plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that for the efficiency of the plant
+but yeah you're basically right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah you're basically right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah you're basically right this is
+the reason these plants are on the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason these plants are on the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason these plants are on the water
+the reason for it and it's because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for it and it's because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for it and it's because it's
+a nice big reservoir of cold so for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice big reservoir of cold so for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice big reservoir of cold so for a
+steam locomotive they don't carry around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam locomotive they don't carry around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam locomotive they don't carry around
+cold reservoirs with them so their cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold reservoirs with them so their cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold reservoirs with them so their cold
+would be just the ambient um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be just the ambient um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be just the ambient um in
+Hurricane tup hot is the the warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hurricane tup hot is the the warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hurricane tup hot is the the warm
+surface currents that fuel hurricanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface currents that fuel hurricanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface currents that fuel hurricanes
+and tup cold is the upper atmosphere the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tup cold is the upper atmosphere the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tup cold is the upper atmosphere the
+top of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of this
+engine and internal combusted engine T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and internal combusted engine T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and internal combusted engine T
+of cold is your tailpipe so it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cold is your tailpipe so it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cold is your tailpipe so it's pretty
+much ambient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neat and as we'll see uh the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat and as we'll see uh the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat and as we'll see uh the actual
+numerical value of T sub hot and T sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical value of T sub hot and T sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical value of T sub hot and T sub
+cold is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold is really
+important to determining the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to determining the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to determining the efficiency
+of the engine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the engine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the engine okay
+so let's calculate a c process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay work and heat are process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+thermodynamics doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+describe Thermo doesn't describe real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe Thermo doesn't describe real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe Thermo doesn't describe real
+world processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world processes
+so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we
+describe a hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+system remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system remains
+in equilibrium at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times and this is weird and and it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and this is weird and and it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and this is weird and and it is it
+is just weird it's a weird thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just weird it's a weird thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just weird it's a weird thing to
+do um so but if we do this weird thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um so but if we do this weird thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um so but if we do this weird thing
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+use State variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+use equations of state if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+available if we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them but here's something to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mind in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind in
+practice such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cycle would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle would
+take infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so when you are Venture capitalists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so when you are Venture capitalists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so when you are Venture capitalists
+and you have somebody coming pitching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have somebody coming pitching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have somebody coming pitching
+you too good to be to Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you too good to be to Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you too good to be to Energy
+Technologies um normally you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies um normally you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies um normally you're going to
+think back to 302 and try to poke holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think back to 302 and try to poke holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think back to 302 and try to poke holes
+in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their
+argument and here's one uh hole you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and here's one uh hole you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and here's one uh hole you
+might find which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find which
+is power is work divided by cycle period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as you approach this ideal of being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you approach this ideal of being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you approach this ideal of being in
+equilibrium at all times you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at all times you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at all times you have to
+slow your cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow your cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow your cycle
+down as you slow your cycle down your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as you slow your cycle down your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as you slow your cycle down your
+cycle period goes up and the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle period goes up and the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle period goes up and the actual
+power you get out of your unit goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power you get out of your unit goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power you get out of your unit goes to
+zero so even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so even if you
+could design and build an ideal heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could design and build an ideal heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could design and build an ideal heat
+engine no one would buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine no one would buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine no one would buy
+no buy it because um it might be maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no buy it because um it might be maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no buy it because um it might be maximum
+efficient but you get no power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient but you get no power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient but you get no power
+out and this comes up again and again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and this comes up again and again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and this comes up again and again so
+I'm glad that you've seen this now all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm glad that you've seen this now all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm glad that you've seen this now all
+right let's talk about one ideal cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's talk about one ideal cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's talk about one ideal cycle
+let's talk about the most famous One the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the most famous One the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the most famous One the
+caros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cycle with an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gas there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas there are many
+Cycles you could calculate reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles you could calculate reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles you could calculate reversible
+Cycles you can calculate for an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles you can calculate for an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles you can calculate for an ideal
+gas Carno is just one of them but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas Carno is just one of them but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas Carno is just one of them but it's
+this a famous one so so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a famous one so so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a famous one so so that's what
+we're going to do so here's the Carno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do so here's the Carno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do so here's the Carno
+cycle you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you
+start with isothermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expansion at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion at
+T hot let's draw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T hot let's draw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T hot let's draw that
+now while I'm drawing this um there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now while I'm drawing this um there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now while I'm drawing this um there was
+a point on Piaza about about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point on Piaza about about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point on Piaza about about this
+um that I think I replied to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that I think I replied to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that I think I replied to this
+morning for an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning for an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning for an ideal
+gas we're going to tell you you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas we're going to tell you you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas we're going to tell you you don't
+have to know this we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know this we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know this we're just going to
+tell you that the energy is depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that the energy is depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that the energy is depending
+only on the temperature the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on the temperature the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on the temperature the energy is
+depending only on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending only on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending only on the
+temperature so isothermal processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so isothermal processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so isothermal processes
+don't change the energy of an ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change the energy of an ideal gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change the energy of an ideal gas
+so if the gas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the gas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the gas is
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+expanding it's doing work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding it's doing work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding it's doing work on the
+surroundings does it have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings does it have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings does it have to be
+receiving heat from the surroundings or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving heat from the surroundings or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving heat from the surroundings or
+does it have to be heating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surroundings it's a question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you receiving heat has to be receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you receiving heat has to be receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you receiving heat has to be receiving
+heat has to be receiving heat because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat has to be receiving heat because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat has to be receiving heat because
+it's it's losing energy in the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's losing energy in the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's losing energy in the form of
+work so it must be gaining energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so it must be gaining energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so it must be gaining energy in the
+form of heat okay so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of heat okay so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of heat okay so we're going to
+start at one here and we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at one here and we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at one here and we're going to go
+down to here's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to here's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to here's a different
+color one here and we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color one here and we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color one here and we're going to go
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to two so this is step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one we're starting at a smaller volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're starting at a smaller volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're starting at a smaller volume
+and we're expanding to a higher volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're expanding to a higher volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're expanding to a higher volume
+isothermally this dash line is the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermally this dash line is the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermally this dash line is the T
+subh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isotherm okay step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotherm okay step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotherm okay step
+two adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expansion to TC so now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion to TC so now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion to TC so now we're going to
+expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and this dotted line is a t subc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isotherm all right step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three isothermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compression at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression at
+TC that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and then step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four step
+four which is adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compression back to the starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression back to the starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression back to the starting point
+back to point one so here here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to point one so here here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to point one so here here's my
+arrow going around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow going around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow going around this
+way good all right here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way good all right here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way good all right here's a
+note the area enclosed by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cycle the work total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the work total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the work total
+is area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enclosed right that's the integral the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed right that's the integral the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed right that's the integral the
+integral DV with p is the area enclosed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral DV with p is the area enclosed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral DV with p is the area enclosed
+by the cycle so if you have a cycle on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the cycle so if you have a cycle on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the cycle so if you have a cycle on a
+PV plane you can already figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV plane you can already figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV plane you can already figure out the
+work done geometrically okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done geometrically okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done geometrically okay this is
+true for any cycle not just car up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for any cycle not just car up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for any cycle not just car up
+all right so let's analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isms isotherms pval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nrt P DV plus v DP equals what zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nrt P DV plus v DP equals what zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nrt P DV plus v DP equals what zero if
+it's isothermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's isothermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's isothermal
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+DV equals minus V over p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV equals minus V over p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV equals minus V over p
+DP equal -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP equal -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP equal -
+nrt p^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nrt p^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nrt p^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DP okay so P DV equals minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP okay so P DV equals minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP okay so P DV equals minus
+nrt over P the^ 1 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DP all right so that was useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP all right so that was useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP all right so that was useful
+right so the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the integral
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work equals the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work equals the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work equals the integral
+DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP
+nrt over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nrt over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nrt over
+P equals 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P equals 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P equals 12
+nrt natural log P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nrt natural log P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nrt natural log P
+final or a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+initial which by again using equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial which by again using equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial which by again using equation of
+State equals nrt natural log V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State equals nrt natural log V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State equals nrt natural log V
+initial over V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial over V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial over V
+final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final
+okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+useful let's do a sanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expansion does work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion does work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion does work
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surroundings V final larger the in V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings V final larger the in V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings V final larger the in V
+initial means V initial over V final is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial means V initial over V final is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial means V initial over V final is
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+one which means log V initial over V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which means log V initial over V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which means log V initial over V
+final is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final is less than
+zero that means the system loses energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that means the system loses energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that means the system loses energy
+okay good check out so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good check out so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good check out so this is the
+expression for isotherm for an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for isotherm for an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for isotherm for an ideal
+gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um isotherms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continued for ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gas internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+only du = n c of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT we're not going to derive this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT we're not going to derive this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT we're not going to derive this in
+this class that actually gets kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class that actually gets kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class that actually gets kind of
+beyond the scope of the class but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the scope of the class but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the scope of the class but we'll
+use it from time to time this is single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it from time to time this is single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it from time to time this is single
+variable calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+makes things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things
+easier and I just want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier and I just want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier and I just want to make sure
+foral gas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+only for an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for an ideal
+gas and only for an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and only for an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and only for an ideal
+gas so what this means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so what this means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so what this means is
+Du at fixed T equals zero du for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Du at fixed T equals zero du for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Du at fixed T equals zero du for an
+isothermal process equals zero and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal process equals zero and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal process equals zero and what
+that means is DQ Q = minus D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is DQ Q = minus D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is DQ Q = minus D
+work or Q = minus work and this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or Q = minus work and this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or Q = minus work and this again
+gets to the point that was on Patza this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to the point that was on Patza this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to the point that was on Patza this
+morning and it's a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning and it's a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning and it's a useful
+expression when calculating properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression when calculating properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression when calculating properties
+of heat engines okay now we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heat engines okay now we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heat engines okay now we'll talk
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Adat adabat is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adat adabat is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adat adabat is a
+process with no heating across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boundary so we know that D work equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so we know that D work equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so we know that D work equals
+minus P DV as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usual this also has to equal the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual this also has to equal the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual this also has to equal the change
+in energy which is's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy which is's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy which is's no
+heating how do we calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay for ideal gas and only for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for ideal gas and only for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for ideal gas and only for the
+ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal
+gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+du equals see D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du equals see D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du equals see D
+work plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work plus
+DQ but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ but that's
+zero equal minus P DV equals the thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero equal minus P DV equals the thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero equal minus P DV equals the thing I
+gave you on the previous page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you on the previous page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you on the previous page
+ncv DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so single variable calculus we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so single variable calculus we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so single variable calculus we can
+easily integrate that sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily integrate that sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily integrate that sorry
+work equals n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work equals n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work equals n
+CV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV
+T final minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+initial so that becomes simple for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial so that becomes simple for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial so that becomes simple for an
+ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an ideal
+gas adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curves are described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T
+V gamus 1 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant or in other words P final over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant or in other words P final over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant or in other words P final over
+P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+initial equals V initial over V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial equals V initial over V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial equals V initial over V
+final the power of gamma where gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final the power of gamma where gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final the power of gamma where gamma
+equals the heat capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the heat capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the heat capacity
+ratio now um we're not going to spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio now um we're not going to spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio now um we're not going to spend a
+lot of time on this in o2o so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time on this in o2o so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time on this in o2o so I'm just
+giving you equations these are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you equations these are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you equations these are uh
+derived well in Wikipedia you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived well in Wikipedia you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived well in Wikipedia you don't need
+to go to the textbook but they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the textbook but they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the textbook but they're also
+described well um inof chapter 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described well um inof chapter 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described well um inof chapter 4 and
+we'll come back to it in lectures six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to it in lectures six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to it in lectures six
+and seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again because today's lecture is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because today's lecture is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because today's lecture is a
+little bit of a detour from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a detour from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a detour from the
+mainstream of o2o we're going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream of o2o we're going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream of o2o we're going to just
+give you some Expressions so that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some Expressions so that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some Expressions so that you're
+familiar with them this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with them this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with them this is not a
+mechanical engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering
+class question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adiabats are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steeper than isotherms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why so let's see let me find my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so let's see let me find my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so let's see let me find my
+plot here's a plot right so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot here's a plot right so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot here's a plot right so here
+adiabats which are sections four and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabats which are sections four and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabats which are sections four and two
+they're steeper than the isotherms which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're steeper than the isotherms which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're steeper than the isotherms which
+are sections 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right
+mathematically it's because gamma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically it's because gamma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically it's because gamma is
+greater the grma is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater the grma is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater the grma is greater than
+one so if this were one you'd have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if this were one you'd have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if this were one you'd have the
+same curvature as isotherms but gamma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same curvature as isotherms but gamma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same curvature as isotherms but gamma is
+greater than one for reasons we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one for reasons we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one for reasons we
+discussed last lecture because CP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed last lecture because CP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed last lecture because CP is
+bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than
+CV all right so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV all right so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV all right so those are
+some properties of ad that add it all up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we're going to have work we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to have work we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to have work we're
+going to have heat and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have heat and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have heat and we're going to
+have the different segments so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the different segments so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the different segments so for
+segment one segment one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment one segment one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment one segment one was
+isothermal we calculated the work it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal we calculated the work it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal we calculated the work it was
+NR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NR
+temperature log V1 over V2 using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature log V1 over V2 using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature log V1 over V2 using the
+notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation
+of the cycle that that we set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cycle that that we set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cycle that that we set up
+before okay so this is an isothermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay so this is an isothermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay so this is an isothermal
+process there is the work somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process there is the work somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process there is the work somebody
+what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heat would be negative of the work right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat would be negative of the work right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat would be negative of the work right
+negative of the work exactly NR t hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the work exactly NR t hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the work exactly NR t hot
+log V1 over V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log V1 over V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log V1 over V2
+good isothermal process ideal Gas Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good isothermal process ideal Gas Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good isothermal process ideal Gas Energy
+doesn't change so work and heat have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change so work and heat have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change so work and heat have to
+be equal and opposite good okay two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal and opposite good okay two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal and opposite good okay two the
+work here was the change of energy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work here was the change of energy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work here was the change of energy which
+was n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was n
+CV T cold minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV T cold minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV T cold minus t
+hot what was what was heat for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Adat zero zero right tic all right three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adat zero zero right tic all right three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adat zero zero right tic all right three
+three and four are going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four are going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four are going to be the
+mirror images of one and two so three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror images of one and two so three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror images of one and two so three
+the work is NR T sub cold Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work is NR T sub cold Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work is NR T sub cold Now
+log V3 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log V3 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log V3 over
+V4 and of course the heat is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V4 and of course the heat is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V4 and of course the heat is going to be
+the opposite of that minus NR T sub cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite of that minus NR T sub cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite of that minus NR T sub cold
+log V3 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log V3 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log V3 over
+V4 and the final leg which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V4 and the final leg which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V4 and the final leg which is an
+adabat this is going to be n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adabat this is going to be n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adabat this is going to be n
+CV t hot minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cold so that's a table of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold so that's a table of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold so that's a table of the
+contributions to heat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions to heat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions to heat and
+work and then using this table we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and then using this table we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and then using this table we're
+going to calculate the Cho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to calculate the Cho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to calculate the Cho
+efficiency so I actually wish I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so I actually wish I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so I actually wish I
+had I'll bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had I'll bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had I'll bring it
+back I throw that scrap of paper on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back I throw that scrap of paper on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back I throw that scrap of paper on the
+floor and put it up here let's calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and put it up here let's calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and put it up here let's calculate
+the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculating the I put this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the I put this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the I put this in
+parenthesis because we're really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis because we're really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis because we're really just
+calculating the efficiency happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the efficiency happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the efficiency happens to be
+for a Carno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cycle calculating the Carno efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle calculating the Carno efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle calculating the Carno efficiency
+work total the total amount of work the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work total the total amount of work the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work total the total amount of work the
+thing does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+negative of all of these added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of all of these added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of all of these added
+up it's negative of all of these added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's negative of all of these added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's negative of all of these added
+up and you see that step two and step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and you see that step two and step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and you see that step two and step
+four are going to cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four are going to cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four are going to cancel
+exactly so it's the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so it's the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so it's the difference between
+step one and step three so here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one and step three so here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one and step three so here we go
+it's going to be this minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be this minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be this minus
+NR t h log V1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V2 plus NR T of cold log V3 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 plus NR T of cold log V3 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 plus NR T of cold log V3 over
+V4 okay so that's the total work total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V4 okay so that's the total work total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V4 okay so that's the total work total
+work done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+engine by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+engine what about the heat in how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine what about the heat in how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine what about the heat in how much
+how much thermal resource how much fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much thermal resource how much fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much thermal resource how much fuel
+did you burn to run this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's that going to be that's the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that going to be that's the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that going to be that's the heat
+received at the high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isotherm okay that's the input that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotherm okay that's the input that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotherm okay that's the input that's
+the thermal resource that you used so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal resource that you used so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal resource that you used so
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+NR t h V1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V2 heat absorbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subh okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subh okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subh okay so the
+efficiency equals the total work the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency equals the total work the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency equals the total work the
+thing does over q n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing does over q n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing does over q n
+equals 1 + T cold over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 + T cold over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 + T cold over t
+hot log V3 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot log V3 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot log V3 over
+V4 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V4 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V4 over
+log V1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2
+Now using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adabat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adabat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adabat
+TV to the gamma minus one equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV to the gamma minus one equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV to the gamma minus one equals
+constant you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+show that V3 over V4 equals V1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that V3 over V4 equals V1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that V3 over V4 equals V1 over
+V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2
+inverse and we'll come back to that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and we'll come back to that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and we'll come back to that and
+it's just three or four lines of algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just three or four lines of algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just three or four lines of algebra
+if we have time we'll come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have time we'll come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have time we'll come back to that
+but if we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we use
+that we get the caral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficiency equals 1 - t T cold over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency equals 1 - t T cold over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency equals 1 - t T cold over t
+hot so after all that um some steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot so after all that um some steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot so after all that um some steps
+which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we
+skipped we have a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression okay
+so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you
+are running a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are running a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are running a power
+plant do you want what can you do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant do you want what can you do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant do you want what can you do to
+improve the theoretical limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the theoretical limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the theoretical limiting
+efficiency of your plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of your plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of your plant
+you can increase tea hot and decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can increase tea hot and decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can increase tea hot and decrease
+tea cold yeah increase tea hot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tea cold yeah increase tea hot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tea cold yeah increase tea hot and
+decrease te cold so a lot of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease te cold so a lot of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease te cold so a lot of engineering
+decisions which you will see if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions which you will see if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions which you will see if you go
+studying thermal engines and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying thermal engines and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying thermal engines and you could
+we could talk about jet engines we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could talk about jet engines we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could talk about jet engines we could
+talk about power plants let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about power plants let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about power plants let's talk about
+power plants a lot of um engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants a lot of um engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants a lot of um engineering
+decisions which you see come down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions which you see come down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions which you see come down to
+trying to increase te hot and decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to increase te hot and decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to increase te hot and decrease
+te
+
+ align:start position:0%
+te
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+te
+cold once you understand this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold once you understand this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold once you understand this is the
+theoretical limit um a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical limit um a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical limit um a lot of the
+designs make a lot of sense because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs make a lot of sense because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs make a lot of sense because you
+see what the engineers are trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the engineers are trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the engineers are trying to do
+increasing te Hot For example you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing te Hot For example you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing te Hot For example you could
+do by using super critical water in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do by using super critical water in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do by using super critical water in your
+working cycle allowing you to burn your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working cycle allowing you to burn your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working cycle allowing you to burn your
+fuel at a higher temperature there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel at a higher temperature there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel at a higher temperature there's a
+lot of material Innovation that's needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of material Innovation that's needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of material Innovation that's needed
+in order to enable that because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to enable that because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to enable that because you're
+increasing the high temperature of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the high temperature of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the high temperature of a
+high temperature part of the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature part of the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature part of the system and
+um and we know that that that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we know that that that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we know that that that you need
+really Advanced Alloys and Ceramics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Advanced Alloys and Ceramics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Advanced Alloys and Ceramics and
+thermal barrial layers and such to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal barrial layers and such to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal barrial layers and such to do
+that and then a lot of other engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then a lot of other engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then a lot of other engineering
+decisions you see are around decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions you see are around decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions you see are around decreasing
+too cold and so that's where for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too cold and so that's where for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too cold and so that's where for example
+the cooling towers come in when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cooling towers come in when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cooling towers come in when
+especially when you have a power plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you have a power plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you have a power plant
+which is in the middle of let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the middle of let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the middle of let's say the
+Prairie and there's no ocean nearby you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prairie and there's no ocean nearby you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prairie and there's no ocean nearby you
+don't have a really convenient cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a really convenient cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a really convenient cold
+resource so you build evaporative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource so you build evaporative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource so you build evaporative
+cooling towers to try to get a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling towers to try to get a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling towers to try to get a lower
+piece of cold so for example here um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of cold so for example here um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of cold so for example here um the
+combined cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined cycle
+uh Power Plant the Mystic Generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Power Plant the Mystic Generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Power Plant the Mystic Generating
+Station I looked it up very typical of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Station I looked it up very typical of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Station I looked it up very typical of G
+General Electric combined cycle units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Electric combined cycle units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Electric combined cycle units
+the inlet temperature is 1400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inlet temperature is 1400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inlet temperature is 1400
+C so most of your Metals um melt at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so most of your Metals um melt at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so most of your Metals um melt at this
+temperature so you've got to have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so you've got to have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so you've got to have really
+special materials uh at the endet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special materials uh at the endet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special materials uh at the endet and
+then the heat rejected is at 15c that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the heat rejected is at 15c that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the heat rejected is at 15c that's
+what the website said so I I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the website said so I I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the website said so I I don't know
+if that's representative of the water or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's representative of the water or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's representative of the water or
+what probably what you get in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what probably what you get in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what probably what you get in these
+cooling units I'm not sure so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling units I'm not sure so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling units I'm not sure so if you
+plug these numbers in caral efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug these numbers in caral efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug these numbers in caral efficiency
+you find that the theoretical limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that the theoretical limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that the theoretical limit is
+82% and the actual efficiency of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+82% and the actual efficiency of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+82% and the actual efficiency of these
+is is close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is close to
+60% so that's really remarkable it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60% so that's really remarkable it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60% so that's really remarkable it's
+really really good this this um tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really good this this um tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really good this this um tells
+you a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a lot
+about about uh the state of technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about uh the state of technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about uh the state of technology
+for natural gas combined cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for natural gas combined cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for natural gas combined cycle
+plants all right I want to I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants all right I want to I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants all right I want to I want to
+come back to some math here to round us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to some math here to round us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to some math here to round us
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so that was kind of neat but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that was kind of neat but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that was kind of neat but now
+we're going to head back towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to head back towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to head back towards
+materials let's consider heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transfers caros cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we're going to consider a less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to consider a less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to consider a less
+efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cycle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+burns the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burns the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burns the
+same quantity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fuel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel so
+ideal and realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's consider the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absorbed and the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+released okay so heat absorbs is uh qn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released okay so heat absorbs is uh qn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released okay so heat absorbs is uh qn
+we just wrote this down NR T sub hot uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just wrote this down NR T sub hot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just wrote this down NR T sub hot uh
+log this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log this just
+let lowercase V equals V2 over V1 just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let lowercase V equals V2 over V1 just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let lowercase V equals V2 over V1 just
+uh to keep the writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to keep the writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to keep the writing
+simple so that's the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so that's the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so that's the heat
+absorbed and the heat released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is we'll call this Q out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'll call this Q out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'll call this Q out
+Carell equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carell equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carell equals
+nrt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nrt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nrt
+called log lower case v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called log lower case v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called log lower case v
+now that was just copying results from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that was just copying results from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that was just copying results from
+the previous slides less efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slides less efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slides less efficient
+engine if it burns the same quantity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine if it burns the same quantity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine if it burns the same quantity of
+fuel it takes the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heat that was how we set up the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat that was how we set up the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat that was how we set up the problem
+it burns the same quantity of fuel you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it burns the same quantity of fuel you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it burns the same quantity of fuel you
+burn fuel you give us a certain amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn fuel you give us a certain amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn fuel you give us a certain amount
+of heat but if it's going to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heat but if it's going to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heat but if it's going to be less
+efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat
+rejects how is that going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compare to the kot case is it going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare to the kot case is it going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare to the kot case is it going to
+be greater than the caral case or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than the caral case or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than the caral case or is it
+going to be less than the caral case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less than the caral case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less than the caral case
+keeping in mind that Delta u = q in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping in mind that Delta u = q in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping in mind that Delta u = q in
+minus work out minus Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out so this has to be zero Q is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so this has to be zero Q is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so this has to be zero Q is the
+same it's a less efficient engine so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same it's a less efficient engine so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same it's a less efficient engine so it
+does less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does less
+work so it has to reject more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heat so a less efficient cycle burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so a less efficient cycle burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so a less efficient cycle burning
+on the same quantity of fuel rejects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same quantity of fuel rejects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same quantity of fuel rejects
+more heat that's the way to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more heat that's the way to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more heat that's the way to talk about
+this it rejects more heat at the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature kind of makes sense right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature kind of makes sense right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature kind of makes sense right
+it's losing energy that it could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's losing energy that it could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's losing energy that it could you
+know a better cycle could could use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a better cycle could could use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a better cycle could could use uh
+could exploit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could exploit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could exploit as
+work and here's where we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and here's where we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and here's where we get to
+something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which
+um puts us on the road to the second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um puts us on the road to the second law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um puts us on the road to the second law
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+thermo we're going to consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermo we're going to consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermo we're going to consider this
+quantity Delta Q over T and for now just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity Delta Q over T and for now just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity Delta Q over T and for now just
+bear with me because this is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear with me because this is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear with me because this is probably
+seeming random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the notation here the integral sign with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation here the integral sign with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation here the integral sign with
+a circle in the middle means we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle in the middle means we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle in the middle means we're going
+to integrate that around the cycle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate that around the cycle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate that around the cycle so
+for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carau this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carau this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carau this thing
+is DQ over T equals NR T sub hot over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is DQ over T equals NR T sub hot over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is DQ over T equals NR T sub hot over
+log lowercase V over T sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log lowercase V over T sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log lowercase V over T sub
+hot minus NR T sub cold this log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot minus NR T sub cold this log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot minus NR T sub cold this log
+lowercase V over T sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cold so this funny thing just happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold so this funny thing just happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold so this funny thing just happens to
+be zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carau for less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficient less efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient less efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient less efficient
+cycle DQ / T equals NR t subot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle DQ / T equals NR t subot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle DQ / T equals NR t subot
+log v/ T sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log v/ T sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log v/ T sub
+hot minus Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot minus Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot minus Q
+out T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out T
+sub so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but this
+term is bigger than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is bigger than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is bigger than this
+term so that means the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so that means the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so that means the overall
+line is negative right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is negative right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is negative right this is
+because Q out is greater than Q out car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out so this is where I want to live it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so this is where I want to live it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so this is where I want to live it
+leave it today because we will soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this is
+related to entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Generation by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation by a
+non ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+and DQ over T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+related to the change of a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the change of a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the change of a state
+function yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yes
+so what we're going to see in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to see in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to see in the next
+lecture or two is that a caros cycle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture or two is that a caros cycle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture or two is that a caros cycle or
+more generally any reversible process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally any reversible process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally any reversible process is
+one which leaves the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unchanged and we'll see that a less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged and we'll see that a less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged and we'll see that a less
+efficient cycle or any irreversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient cycle or any irreversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient cycle or any irreversible
+cycle is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is one
+which well the sign will make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which well the sign will make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which well the sign will make sense
+increases the entropy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the entropy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the entropy of the
+surroundings or you could say increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings or you could say increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings or you could say increases
+the entropy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy of the
+universe all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe all
+right so now that's how the uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now that's how the uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now that's how the uh our
+detour into heat engines ends it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detour into heat engines ends it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detour into heat engines ends it's
+1051 um I hope that this lecture gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1051 um I hope that this lecture gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1051 um I hope that this lecture gives
+you some recognition of the role of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some recognition of the role of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some recognition of the role of heat
+engines some insight into how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines some insight into how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines some insight into how they're
+engineered why they're engineered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered why they're engineered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered why they're engineered the
+way they are um some equations which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they are um some equations which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they are um some equations which you
+can use in later classes especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use in later classes especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use in later classes especially in
+in things like course 2 and course 16 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in things like course 2 and course 16 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in things like course 2 and course 16 um
+but with respect to our class this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with respect to our class this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with respect to our class this slide
+here is is really the most important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is really the most important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is really the most important one
+because we've taken this detour in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've taken this detour in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've taken this detour in order
+to justify the importance of this funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to justify the importance of this funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to justify the importance of this funny
+thing DQ overt which goes to the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing DQ overt which goes to the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing DQ overt which goes to the heart
+of of the second law which is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the second law which is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the second law which is what we're
+going to start on next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tpW8g8nbanM.txt b/tpW8g8nbanM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f911530aeac85c5aeabd3fc22cf4356d0cefcdbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tpW8g8nbanM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17427 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're starting this sort of new unit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting this sort of new unit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting this sort of new unit for
+the class so the first main unit we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class so the first main unit we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class so the first main unit we had
+we had a kind of warm-up unit of a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a kind of warm-up unit of a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a kind of warm-up unit of a kind
+of 19th century Legacy as you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 19th century Legacy as you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 19th century Legacy as you probably
+remember and then we spent a good chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and then we spent a good chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and then we spent a good chunk
+of time right up until the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time right up until the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time right up until the previous
+class session on looking at physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class session on looking at physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class session on looking at physics
+really during the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really during the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really during the first
+20 or 30 years or so of of the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 or 30 years or so of of the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 or 30 years or so of of the 20th
+century the real focus on what were um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century the real focus on what were um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century the real focus on what were um
+some of the kind of approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the kind of approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the kind of approaches
+conceptually and uh intellectually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually and uh intellectually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually and uh intellectually that
+uh physicists in many parts of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh physicists in many parts of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh physicists in many parts of the world
+were using to try to make sense of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using to try to make sense of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using to try to make sense of of
+nature uh and that got kind of bound up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature uh and that got kind of bound up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature uh and that got kind of bound up
+with what we now call the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we now call the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we now call the sort of
+origins of modern physics relative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins of modern physics relative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins of modern physics relative in
+quantum theory in particular we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory in particular we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory in particular we were
+also looking at the the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also looking at the the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also looking at the the kinds of
+Institutions what kinds of settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institutions what kinds of settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institutions what kinds of settings
+where were many of those investigations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where were many of those investigations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where were many of those investigations
+uh taking place in uh and so for so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taking place in uh and so for so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taking place in uh and so for so with
+today's class and for the next several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's class and for the next several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's class and for the next several
+to come we're now looking in at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come we're now looking in at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come we're now looking in at the next
+main unit which is when physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main unit which is when physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main unit which is when physics and
+physicists start start interacting much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists start start interacting much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists start start interacting much
+more directly with statecraft with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more directly with statecraft with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more directly with statecraft with with
+formal overt politics with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal overt politics with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal overt politics with with
+governments uh nation state governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments uh nation state governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments uh nation state governments
+and even international relations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even international relations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even international relations and
+that as we'll see brings up a new host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we'll see brings up a new host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we'll see brings up a new host
+of questions intellectual challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions intellectual challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions intellectual challenges
+institutional relationships and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional relationships and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional relationships and all that
+for physicists uh throughout what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for physicists uh throughout what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for physicists uh throughout what we'll
+mostly focus on throughout various parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly focus on throughout various parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly focus on throughout various parts
+of Europe and then the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Europe and then the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Europe and then the United States
+although there's lots to be said about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there's lots to be said about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there's lots to be said about
+other parts of the world too and and I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of the world too and and I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of the world too and and I'd
+be glad to talk about that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be glad to talk about that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be glad to talk about that if you have
+questions so today we're launching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so today we're launching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so today we're launching the
+sort of next main unit of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of next main unit of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of next main unit of physics
+physicists in the state meaning through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists in the state meaning through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists in the state meaning through
+governments I'm going to start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments I'm going to start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments I'm going to start by
+looking actually at developments in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking actually at developments in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking actually at developments in
+Germany where so much of that work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany where so much of that work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany where so much of that work on
+what we now call Modern physics had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we now call Modern physics had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we now call Modern physics had
+unfolded so that's our that's our job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolded so that's our that's our job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolded so that's our that's our job
+for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today
+we have as usual three main parts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have as usual three main parts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have as usual three main parts for
+the class we're going to kind of recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class we're going to kind of recap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class we're going to kind of recap
+or revisit some material that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or revisit some material that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or revisit some material that we
+actually looked rather briefly at a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looked rather briefly at a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looked rather briefly at a few
+sessions ago when we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions ago when we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions ago when we were talking about
+Einstein and the general theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein and the general theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein and the general theory of
+relativity and this movement that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity and this movement that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity and this movement that was
+called Deutsche physique uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Deutsche physique uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Deutsche physique uh which is
+usually translated into English as Aryan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually translated into English as Aryan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually translated into English as Aryan
+physics a literal translation be German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics a literal translation be German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics a literal translation be German
+but it really meant this kind of race or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it really meant this kind of race or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it really meant this kind of race or
+racially based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racially based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racially based
+um notion of what a proper approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um notion of what a proper approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um notion of what a proper approach to
+physics would be um so we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics would be um so we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics would be um so we'll talk about
+Deutsche physique then we'll pivot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deutsche physique then we'll pivot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deutsche physique then we'll pivot and
+talk for quite for a good chunk of today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk for quite for a good chunk of today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk for quite for a good chunk of today
+about some developments in in nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some developments in in nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some developments in in nuclear
+physics which was quite quite new in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics which was quite quite new in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics which was quite quite new in
+this period and in particular the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period and in particular the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period and in particular the ideas
+about nuclear fission and as you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nuclear fission and as you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nuclear fission and as you see
+there uh again optional lecture notes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh again optional lecture notes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh again optional lecture notes on
+the course canvas site to dig into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course canvas site to dig into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course canvas site to dig into some
+of that a bit more I'll go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that a bit more I'll go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that a bit more I'll go through
+quickly some things but there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly some things but there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly some things but there's some
+more details in the optional notes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more details in the optional notes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more details in the optional notes and
+the last part for today is uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last part for today is uh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last part for today is uh really
+looking at that sort of the Collision or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at that sort of the Collision or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at that sort of the Collision or
+the union of these first two topics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of these first two topics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of these first two topics and
+we'll look at how did Verna Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at how did Verna Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at how did Verna Heisenberg
+himself and many of his immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself and many of his immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself and many of his immediate
+colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues
+who stayed within Germany uh after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who stayed within Germany uh after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who stayed within Germany uh after the
+rise of Hitler what was what did Nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise of Hitler what was what did Nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise of Hitler what was what did Nuclear
+Physics mean for them and what did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Physics mean for them and what did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Physics mean for them and what did they
+think they were doing uh as they worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they were doing uh as they worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they were doing uh as they worked
+very very hard during the War years on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very hard during the War years on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very hard during the War years on
+topics related to nuclear physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics related to nuclear physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics related to nuclear physics and
+nuclear fission so that's we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear fission so that's we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear fission so that's we're going to
+talk about today and then on Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today and then on Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today and then on Wednesday
+we'll turn and look at some developments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll turn and look at some developments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll turn and look at some developments
+from uh in in Britain and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh in in Britain and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh in in Britain and then
+especially the United States around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the United States around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the United States around
+similar time scans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar time scans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar time scans
+okay so this is just a reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just a reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just a reminder
+something we talked a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we talked a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we talked a little bit about
+when we when we talk about general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we when we talk about general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we when we talk about general
+relativity as early as the spring of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity as early as the spring of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity as early as the spring of
+1920 I believe the very first rally was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920 I believe the very first rally was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920 I believe the very first rally was
+April or so of 1920. several political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April or so of 1920. several political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April or so of 1920. several political
+opportunists within Germany took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunists within Germany took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunists within Germany took
+advantage of the fact that Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the fact that Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the fact that Einstein
+himself as well as his general theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself as well as his general theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself as well as his general theory of
+relativity had become kind of overnight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity had become kind of overnight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity had become kind of overnight
+Sensations Einstein was everywhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensations Einstein was everywhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensations Einstein was everywhere in
+the news after the dramatic Eclipse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news after the dramatic Eclipse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news after the dramatic Eclipse
+Expedition results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expedition results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expedition results
+he was uh heralded around the world as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was uh heralded around the world as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was uh heralded around the world as
+this amazing genius who had toppled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amazing genius who had toppled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amazing genius who had toppled
+Isaac Newton's physics and so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaac Newton's physics and so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaac Newton's physics and so some
+opportunists within uh kind of War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunists within uh kind of War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunists within uh kind of War
+ravaged Germany took advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ravaged Germany took advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ravaged Germany took advantage of
+Einstein's Fame to sort of get their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's Fame to sort of get their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's Fame to sort of get their own
+message out their message was not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message out their message was not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message out their message was not really
+about physics so they used physics or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about physics so they used physics or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about physics so they used physics or or
+the debates about some ideas in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debates about some ideas in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debates about some ideas in physics
+to Stage what was really ultimately a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Stage what was really ultimately a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Stage what was really ultimately a
+kind of political uh political movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of political uh political movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of political uh political movement
+so they began staging anti-relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they began staging anti-relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they began staging anti-relativity
+rallies in places like sports Arenas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rallies in places like sports Arenas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rallies in places like sports Arenas and
+Opera Houses music halls and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera Houses music halls and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera Houses music halls and so on
+and the the kind of public face the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the kind of public face the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the kind of public face the
+faces that we that we uh that were most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces that we that we uh that were most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces that we that we uh that were most
+often sort of headlining these events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often sort of headlining these events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often sort of headlining these events
+were these two German Nobel laureates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were these two German Nobel laureates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were these two German Nobel laureates in
+physics both experimental physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics both experimental physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics both experimental physicists
+Johannes Stark and Philipp Lenard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannes Stark and Philipp Lenard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannes Stark and Philipp Lenard and
+again there's all kinds of ironies here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's all kinds of ironies here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's all kinds of ironies here
+star could actually invited Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star could actually invited Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star could actually invited Einstein
+back in 1907 to write a review article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in 1907 to write a review article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in 1907 to write a review article
+on Einstein's own work because Stark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Einstein's own work because Stark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Einstein's own work because Stark
+thought it was interesting but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was interesting but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was interesting but not
+getting sufficient attention Philip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting sufficient attention Philip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting sufficient attention Philip
+Leonard uh won his own Nobel Prize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard uh won his own Nobel Prize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard uh won his own Nobel Prize in
+1905 for Leonard's experiments on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1905 for Leonard's experiments on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1905 for Leonard's experiments on the
+photoelectric effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect
+which of course triggered Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course triggered Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course triggered Einstein's
+imagination directly these folks had all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination directly these folks had all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination directly these folks had all
+kinds of kind of physics interests in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of kind of physics interests in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of kind of physics interests in
+common in the early years of the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in the early years of the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in the early years of the 20th
+century but by the 1920s they had really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century but by the 1920s they had really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century but by the 1920s they had really
+come quite far apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come quite far apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come quite far apart
+so the rhetoric of what became known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rhetoric of what became known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rhetoric of what became known as
+the Deutsche physique or Aryan physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Deutsche physique or Aryan physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Deutsche physique or Aryan physics
+movement was out of the top match let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement was out of the top match let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement was out of the top match let's
+say the man of action in their in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the man of action in their in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the man of action in their in their
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+that Newton and Galileo and Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Newton and Galileo and Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Newton and Galileo and Michael
+Faraday according to people like Philip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday according to people like Philip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday according to people like Philip
+Leonard had all been Arie they'd all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard had all been Arie they'd all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard had all been Arie they'd all
+been of this what what Leonard and Stark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been of this what what Leonard and Stark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been of this what what Leonard and Stark
+considered the kind of uh purest uh kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the kind of uh purest uh kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the kind of uh purest uh kind
+of racial stock that they were uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of racial stock that they were uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of racial stock that they were uh just
+like the the kinds of people the Nazis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the kinds of people the Nazis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the kinds of people the Nazis
+wanted to for the Elevate according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to for the Elevate according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to for the Elevate according to
+Leonard even though those Newton and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard even though those Newton and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard even though those Newton and
+Galileo and pharity themselves would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galileo and pharity themselves would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galileo and pharity themselves would
+certainly not have recognized that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not have recognized that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not have recognized that as
+such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such
+and they are Leonard argued that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are Leonard argued that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are Leonard argued that these
+people unlike people like Einstein these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people unlike people like Einstein these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people unlike people like Einstein these
+older Heroes of physics uh had partaken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older Heroes of physics uh had partaken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older Heroes of physics uh had partaken
+in the same kind of uh active Man of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same kind of uh active Man of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same kind of uh active Man of
+Action kind of spirit as as Adolf Hitler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Action kind of spirit as as Adolf Hitler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Action kind of spirit as as Adolf Hitler
+himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself
+really quite striking you go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite striking you go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite striking you go back and
+read some of this material and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read some of this material and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read some of this material and as I
+mentioned in the previous time in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in the previous time in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in the previous time in one of
+Leonard's books from the uh 1940s he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard's books from the uh 1940s he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard's books from the uh 1940s he
+would include these portraits of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would include these portraits of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would include these portraits of people
+like Isaac Newton shown here to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Isaac Newton shown here to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Isaac Newton shown here to try to
+make the the point that these people did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the the point that these people did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the the point that these people did
+not have so-called Jewish features that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have so-called Jewish features that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have so-called Jewish features that
+the even literally the shape of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even literally the shape of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even literally the shape of their
+face their nose and these things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face their nose and these things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face their nose and these things uh
+proved according to Leonard that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved according to Leonard that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved according to Leonard that they
+were of sort of appropriate pure racial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were of sort of appropriate pure racial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were of sort of appropriate pure racial
+stock unlike uh the people that Leonard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock unlike uh the people that Leonard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock unlike uh the people that Leonard
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+was denigrating so so vehemently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was denigrating so so vehemently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was denigrating so so vehemently
+so the group began on a fringes this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the group began on a fringes this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the group began on a fringes this was
+really a fringe effort starting in 1920
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a fringe effort starting in 1920
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a fringe effort starting in 1920
+but just a little over a decade later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just a little over a decade later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just a little over a decade later
+they had moved squarely into the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had moved squarely into the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had moved squarely into the center
+within Germany especially after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within Germany especially after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within Germany especially after the
+Nazis achieved power in January of 1933
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis achieved power in January of 1933
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis achieved power in January of 1933
+again as you may know Adolf Hitler was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as you may know Adolf Hitler was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as you may know Adolf Hitler was
+elected chancellor of Germany uh in late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected chancellor of Germany uh in late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected chancellor of Germany uh in late
+January of 33 and the entire Nazi party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January of 33 and the entire Nazi party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January of 33 and the entire Nazi party
+then began to kind of take over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then began to kind of take over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then began to kind of take over
+or or you know be put in charge of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or you know be put in charge of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or you know be put in charge of a
+series of of uh of German government uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of of uh of German government uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of of uh of German government uh
+Ministries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ministries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ministries
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and so in particular uh they took over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in particular uh they took over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in particular uh they took over
+things like the education ministry as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the education ministry as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the education ministry as
+you may remember from early in class in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may remember from early in class in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may remember from early in class in
+Germany in particular especially after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany in particular especially after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany in particular especially after
+there was a single unified Germany there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a single unified Germany there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a single unified Germany there
+was one sort of federal level government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one sort of federal level government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one sort of federal level government
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+um Ministry that would Place professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Ministry that would Place professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Ministry that would Place professors
+in basically every open slot within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in basically every open slot within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in basically every open slot within this
+kind of state-run University system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of state-run University system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of state-run University system
+so so the adherence of Deutsche physique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the adherence of Deutsche physique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the adherence of Deutsche physique
+who had begun as early as 1920 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had begun as early as 1920 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had begun as early as 1920 was
+certainly basically in charge of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly basically in charge of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly basically in charge of things
+like every single professorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like every single professorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like every single professorial
+appointment in all the universities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointment in all the universities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointment in all the universities in
+Germany of course must be beyond that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany of course must be beyond that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany of course must be beyond that as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+so Hitler's elected in 1930 in January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Hitler's elected in 1930 in January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Hitler's elected in 1930 in January
+of 1933 by April of that year very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1933 by April of that year very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1933 by April of that year very
+quickly the Nazis had begun to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the Nazis had begun to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the Nazis had begun to implement
+so-called Civil Service laws these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Civil Service laws these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Civil Service laws these were
+basically race-based uh requirements for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically race-based uh requirements for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically race-based uh requirements for
+people to hold government positions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to hold government positions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to hold government positions and
+this included things like University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this included things like University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this included things like University
+faculty there were state-run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty there were state-run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty there were state-run
+universities so the so-called Civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities so the so-called Civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities so the so-called Civil
+Service laws which forbid people of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Service laws which forbid people of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Service laws which forbid people of
+non-aryan descent like Jews and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-aryan descent like Jews and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-aryan descent like Jews and others
+from holding government jobs this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from holding government jobs this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from holding government jobs this
+trigger this starts to trigger a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger this starts to trigger a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger this starts to trigger a very
+very uh rapid Exodus of Scholars out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh rapid Exodus of Scholars out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh rapid Exodus of Scholars out of
+Germany either they were fired or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany either they were fired or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany either they were fired or they
+were not personally fired but but were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not personally fired but but were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not personally fired but but were
+concerned about the direction things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about the direction things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about the direction things
+were heading of their left and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were heading of their left and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were heading of their left and kind of
+protest over the way their colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protest over the way their colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protest over the way their colleagues
+and students were treated uh and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and students were treated uh and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and students were treated uh and so this
+triggers about a hundred physicists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggers about a hundred physicists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggers about a hundred physicists and
+mathematicians who leave Germany pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians who leave Germany pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians who leave Germany pretty
+quickly uh in starting in around 1933
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh in starting in around 1933
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh in starting in around 1933
+and many of them head toward both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of them head toward both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of them head toward both
+Britain and United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain and United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain and United States
+they move some of them move permanently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they move some of them move permanently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they move some of them move permanently
+some of them move from the duration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them move from the duration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them move from the duration of
+the war and then and then relocate back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war and then and then relocate back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war and then and then relocate back
+to Germany but many of them never went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Germany but many of them never went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Germany but many of them never went
+back so most famously Einstein himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so most famously Einstein himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so most famously Einstein himself
+left Germany renounced his um position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left Germany renounced his um position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left Germany renounced his um position
+with oppression Academy sciences and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with oppression Academy sciences and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with oppression Academy sciences and he
+moved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to
+um The Institute for advanced study in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um The Institute for advanced study in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um The Institute for advanced study in
+Princeton New Jersey in fact he was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton New Jersey in fact he was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton New Jersey in fact he was the
+first faculty member hired there The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first faculty member hired there The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first faculty member hired there The
+Institute itself was was brand new so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute itself was was brand new so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute itself was was brand new so
+Einstein moves to the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein moves to the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein moves to the United States
+everyone schroedinger who's not Jewish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone schroedinger who's not Jewish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone schroedinger who's not Jewish
+but nonetheless was was very concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nonetheless was was very concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nonetheless was was very concerned
+very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly
+at the direction of these so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the direction of these so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the direction of these so-called
+Civil Service laws he resigned his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civil Service laws he resigned his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civil Service laws he resigned his
+position in Berlin he moved to Oxford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in Berlin he moved to Oxford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in Berlin he moved to Oxford
+and then settled in in Dublin for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then settled in in Dublin for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then settled in in Dublin for the
+duration of the war I mean nerder who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of the war I mean nerder who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of the war I mean nerder who
+was an immensely influential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an immensely influential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an immensely influential
+mathematical physicist from gertingen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physicist from gertingen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physicist from gertingen
+she left Germany and she was hired at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she left Germany and she was hired at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she left Germany and she was hired at
+Bryn Mawr at Women's College in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bryn Mawr at Women's College in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bryn Mawr at Women's College in
+Pennsylvania Max Bourne also left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania Max Bourne also left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania Max Bourne also left
+gertingen he went first to Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gertingen he went first to Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gertingen he went first to Cambridge
+then to Edinburgh for the duration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to Edinburgh for the duration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to Edinburgh for the duration of
+the war younger Scholars like Hans beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war younger Scholars like Hans beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war younger Scholars like Hans beta
+left positions in Germany and he moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left positions in Germany and he moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left positions in Germany and he moved
+to Cornell and was had a very very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Cornell and was had a very very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Cornell and was had a very very long
+long long career at Cornell uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long career at Cornell uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long career at Cornell uh he
+arrived at Cornell around 1935 and he um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at Cornell around 1935 and he um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at Cornell around 1935 and he um
+stayed there he was a professor there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed there he was a professor there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed there he was a professor there
+for maybe 60 or even more than 60 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for maybe 60 or even more than 60 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for maybe 60 or even more than 60 years
+he had enormously long career James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had enormously long career James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had enormously long career James
+Franck moved to University of Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franck moved to University of Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franck moved to University of Chicago
+Felix blocked to Stanford Vicki weiskov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Felix blocked to Stanford Vicki weiskov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Felix blocked to Stanford Vicki weiskov
+eventually makes his way to MIT first by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually makes his way to MIT first by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually makes his way to MIT first by
+way of Rochester and so on it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of Rochester and so on it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of Rochester and so on it's
+literally a hundred of these cases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a hundred of these cases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a hundred of these cases that
+have been well documented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been well documented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been well documented
+and what's really important to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's really important to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's really important to keep in
+mind is that these were by no means easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is that these were by no means easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is that these were by no means easy
+transitions for some they were pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions for some they were pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions for some they were pretty
+easy Einstein was welcomed immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy Einstein was welcomed immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy Einstein was welcomed immediately
+at The Institute for advanced study it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at The Institute for advanced study it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at The Institute for advanced study it
+was a great Boon for that new Young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great Boon for that new Young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great Boon for that new Young
+Institute but many of these other folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute but many of these other folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute but many of these other folks
+who were neither so famous as Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were neither so famous as Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were neither so famous as Einstein
+nor entering such brand new institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor entering such brand new institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor entering such brand new institutions
+for many of these other folks it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many of these other folks it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many of these other folks it was
+actually not an easy an easy move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not an easy an easy move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not an easy an easy move the
+United States itself like many parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States itself like many parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States itself like many parts of
+the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+not just in Europe or North America was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just in Europe or North America was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just in Europe or North America was
+deep into a Great Depression this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep into a Great Depression this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep into a Great Depression this was
+already several years in so there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already several years in so there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already several years in so there were
+many us-based scholars in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many us-based scholars in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many us-based scholars in this case
+looking for University positions as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for University positions as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for University positions as well
+as all kinds of jobs unemployment was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as all kinds of jobs unemployment was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as all kinds of jobs unemployment was
+was rampant throughout the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was rampant throughout the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was rampant throughout the United States
+but even beyond that there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even beyond that there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even beyond that there was an
+entrenched to invite Again by now well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrenched to invite Again by now well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrenched to invite Again by now well
+documented anti-Semitism and throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented anti-Semitism and throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented anti-Semitism and throughout
+many many U.S universities including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many U.S universities including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many U.S universities including
+um sometimes most rapidly among the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes most rapidly among the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes most rapidly among the most
+elite universities the ivy league and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elite universities the ivy league and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elite universities the ivy league and
+others like that so that sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others like that so that sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others like that so that sometimes it's
+actually hard to place these people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hard to place these people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hard to place these people uh
+who were extremely eminent and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were extremely eminent and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were extremely eminent and and uh
+and already decorated in their fields uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and already decorated in their fields uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and already decorated in their fields uh
+but many U.S universities uh boxed or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many U.S universities uh boxed or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many U.S universities uh boxed or or
+dragged their feet an example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragged their feet an example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragged their feet an example of that
+involves Robert Oppenheimer someone will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves Robert Oppenheimer someone will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves Robert Oppenheimer someone will
+be talking quite a lot about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking quite a lot about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking quite a lot about in the
+coming lectures Oppenheimer was born in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming lectures Oppenheimer was born in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming lectures Oppenheimer was born in
+New York City he wasn't someone who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City he wasn't someone who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City he wasn't someone who had
+to flee Germany but he when he was hired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flee Germany but he when he was hired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flee Germany but he when he was hired
+at Berkeley in 1929 before the the rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Berkeley in 1929 before the the rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Berkeley in 1929 before the the rise
+of Nazis uh the department had had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Nazis uh the department had had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Nazis uh the department had had to
+work extra hard to get him hired in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work extra hard to get him hired in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work extra hard to get him hired in a
+department that already had something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department that already had something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department that already had something
+like 60 faculty a huge Department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 60 faculty a huge Department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 60 faculty a huge Department
+because the department already had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the department already had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the department already had one
+other person of Jewish background in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person of Jewish background in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person of Jewish background in the
+department and so the department chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and so the department chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and so the department chair
+had to fight against the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to fight against the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to fight against the notion of
+having quote unquote too many Jews in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having quote unquote too many Jews in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having quote unquote too many Jews in a
+huge Department by hiring this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge Department by hiring this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge Department by hiring this second
+one it and that was even before you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it and that was even before you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it and that was even before you have
+this uh kind of Exodus uh with the rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh kind of Exodus uh with the rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh kind of Exodus uh with the rise
+of the Nazis likewise at Dartmouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Nazis likewise at Dartmouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Nazis likewise at Dartmouth
+College is my own alma mater so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College is my own alma mater so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College is my own alma mater so I'm not
+picking on a stranger here again and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking on a stranger here again and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking on a stranger here again and it
+wants these sort of outflow began in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants these sort of outflow began in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants these sort of outflow began in the
+early 30s correspondence has turned up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 30s correspondence has turned up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 30s correspondence has turned up
+that they were perfectly happy to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were perfectly happy to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were perfectly happy to bring
+in a refugee faculty candidate as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a refugee faculty candidate as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a refugee faculty candidate as long
+as a candidate quote shouldn't seem too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a candidate quote shouldn't seem too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a candidate quote shouldn't seem too
+Jewish so uh there was a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish so uh there was a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish so uh there was a kind of
+entrenched anti-Semitism among even very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrenched anti-Semitism among even very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrenched anti-Semitism among even very
+very elite or especially very elite U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very elite or especially very elite U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very elite or especially very elite U.S
+universities and that compounded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and that compounded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and that compounded the
+difficulties of placing some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties of placing some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties of placing some of these
+people who many of whom had to flee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who many of whom had to flee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who many of whom had to flee
+under very dire circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under very dire circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under very dire circumstances
+okay that's for the people who who uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's for the people who who uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's for the people who who uh
+who did leave uh after the rise of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did leave uh after the rise of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did leave uh after the rise of the
+Nazis what about some who stayed behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis what about some who stayed behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis what about some who stayed behind
+So within Germany especially once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So within Germany especially once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So within Germany especially once you
+know the Nazis had taken over Nazi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Nazis had taken over Nazi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Nazis had taken over Nazi
+officials which included the German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officials which included the German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officials which included the German
+education Ministry and Beyond began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education Ministry and Beyond began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education Ministry and Beyond began
+criticizing physicists who were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticizing physicists who were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticizing physicists who were not
+themselves of Jewish background but who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves of Jewish background but who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves of Jewish background but who
+seemed to demonstrate what at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to demonstrate what at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to demonstrate what at least the
+Nazi officials considered insufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazi officials considered insufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazi officials considered insufficient
+loyalty to the regime and one way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loyalty to the regime and one way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loyalty to the regime and one way that
+these folks supposedly demonstrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these folks supposedly demonstrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these folks supposedly demonstrated
+insufficient loyalty was that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insufficient loyalty was that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insufficient loyalty was that they
+continue to teach what was by that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to teach what was by that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to teach what was by that time
+branded so-called Jewish physics which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branded so-called Jewish physics which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branded so-called Jewish physics which
+meant physics either by people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant physics either by people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant physics either by people who were
+of Jewish background like relativity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Jewish background like relativity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Jewish background like relativity or
+physics that struck some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that struck some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that struck some of these
+Deutsche physique acolytes like Stark or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deutsche physique acolytes like Stark or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deutsche physique acolytes like Stark or
+Leonard as being somehow too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard as being somehow too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard as being somehow too
+mathematical too abstract to remove from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical too abstract to remove from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical too abstract to remove from
+kind of proper forms of reasoning often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of proper forms of reasoning often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of proper forms of reasoning often
+it was actually just more crude was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was actually just more crude was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was actually just more crude was that
+was that work done by someone who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that work done by someone who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that work done by someone who was
+Jewish then it's Jewish physics often it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish then it's Jewish physics often it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish then it's Jewish physics often it
+was just a simple conflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a simple conflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a simple conflation
+this reached its real apogee the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reached its real apogee the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reached its real apogee the real
+highlight or the highest point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight or the highest point of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight or the highest point of this
+kind of um uh attack occurred in 1937 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um uh attack occurred in 1937 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um uh attack occurred in 1937 so
+several years uh into the regime when in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several years uh into the regime when in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several years uh into the regime when in
+fact the the sort of acolytes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the the sort of acolytes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the the sort of acolytes of
+Deutsche physique who now were uh had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deutsche physique who now were uh had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deutsche physique who now were uh had
+the ear of the German education Ministry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ear of the German education Ministry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ear of the German education Ministry
+they managed to block the appointment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they managed to block the appointment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they managed to block the appointment of
+Vera Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vera Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vera Heisenberg
+who everyone within Germany and Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who everyone within Germany and Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who everyone within Germany and Beyond
+Germany had just simply assumed would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany had just simply assumed would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany had just simply assumed would be
+appointed who would get a big promotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointed who would get a big promotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointed who would get a big promotion
+when his own main Mentor retired as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when his own main Mentor retired as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when his own main Mentor retired as you
+may remember from some lectures on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may remember from some lectures on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may remember from some lectures on
+so-called old quantum theory a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called old quantum theory a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called old quantum theory a few
+sessions ago Arnold Summerfield was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions ago Arnold Summerfield was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions ago Arnold Summerfield was the
+kind of head Professor the ordinarius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of head Professor the ordinarius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of head Professor the ordinarius
+professor in Munich for theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor in Munich for theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor in Munich for theoretical
+physics he trained an enormous number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics he trained an enormous number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics he trained an enormous number of
+gifted disciples including Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifted disciples including Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifted disciples including Heisenberg
+just a huge list and by this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a huge list and by this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a huge list and by this point
+Heisenberg was clearly summerfell's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg was clearly summerfell's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg was clearly summerfell's most
+famous most accomplished student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous most accomplished student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous most accomplished student
+Heisenberg had already received the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg had already received the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg had already received the
+Nobel Prize by this point for his work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize by this point for his work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize by this point for his work
+on quantum theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on quantum theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on quantum theory
+summerfeld retired after a long career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summerfeld retired after a long career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summerfeld retired after a long career
+and everyone just assumed including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone just assumed including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone just assumed including
+Heisenberg himself that the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg himself that the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg himself that the central
+Ministry would simply Point Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ministry would simply Point Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ministry would simply Point Heisenberg
+as the successor instead the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the successor instead the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the successor instead the the
+Deutsche physique kind of ideologues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deutsche physique kind of ideologues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deutsche physique kind of ideologues
+organized a press campaign against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized a press campaign against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized a press campaign against
+Heisenberg labeling him what was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg labeling him what was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg labeling him what was called
+a white Jew and again that was their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a white Jew and again that was their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a white Jew and again that was their
+term he said then we know he's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term he said then we know he's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term he said then we know he's not
+personally of Jewish background but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally of Jewish background but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally of Jewish background but he
+behaves in too friendly a manner in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves in too friendly a manner in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves in too friendly a manner in
+their Reckoning he was too supportive of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Reckoning he was too supportive of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Reckoning he was too supportive of
+things like Jewish physics because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Jewish physics because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Jewish physics because he
+kept teaching relativity for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept teaching relativity for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept teaching relativity for example in
+his classes so they labeled him a white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his classes so they labeled him a white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his classes so they labeled him a white
+Jew and began a real kind of a press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jew and began a real kind of a press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jew and began a real kind of a press
+smear campaign in the gestapo-controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smear campaign in the gestapo-controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smear campaign in the gestapo-controlled
+Press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Press
+things could really have gotten worse in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could really have gotten worse in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could really have gotten worse in
+fact there was a real concern that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there was a real concern that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there was a real concern that
+Heisenberg himself might have been sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg himself might have been sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg himself might have been sent
+off to a concentration camp or or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to a concentration camp or or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to a concentration camp or or or
+certainly could have had could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly could have had could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly could have had could have
+faced much worse treatment than only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced much worse treatment than only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced much worse treatment than only
+being denied a promotion and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being denied a promotion and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being denied a promotion and what
+finally uh stopped the attack was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally uh stopped the attack was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally uh stopped the attack was it
+Heisenberg's mother interceded directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg's mother interceded directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg's mother interceded directly
+with a close family friend who happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a close family friend who happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a close family friend who happened
+to be the mother of Heinrich Himmler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the mother of Heinrich Himmler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the mother of Heinrich Himmler
+himmler's shown here in the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himmler's shown here in the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himmler's shown here in the circle
+Himmler by that point was the chief of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Himmler by that point was the chief of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Himmler by that point was the chief of
+the SS one of these paramilitary Nazi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SS one of these paramilitary Nazi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SS one of these paramilitary Nazi
+forces here's Himmler with with Hitler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces here's Himmler with with Hitler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces here's Himmler with with Hitler
+and other Nazi officials just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other Nazi officials just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other Nazi officials just a few
+years before they kind of took over so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years before they kind of took over so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years before they kind of took over so
+it was really kind of an accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really kind of an accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really kind of an accident
+of who knows who Heisenberg's mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of who knows who Heisenberg's mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of who knows who Heisenberg's mother
+calling up the mother of Himmler because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling up the mother of Himmler because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling up the mother of Himmler because
+they they had known each other when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they had known each other when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they had known each other when they
+were each younger and basically said can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were each younger and basically said can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were each younger and basically said can
+our boys get along it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our boys get along it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our boys get along it's quite
+extraordinary it took that level of kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary it took that level of kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary it took that level of kind
+of back back room negotiations uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of back back room negotiations uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of back back room negotiations uh to
+make sure that not worse happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that not worse happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that not worse happened to
+Heisenberg than only getting uh passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg than only getting uh passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg than only getting uh passed
+over for a fantasy promotion okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over for a fantasy promotion okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over for a fantasy promotion okay
+so that's usually seen as the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's usually seen as the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's usually seen as the kind of
+apogee of the power of this Deutsche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apogee of the power of this Deutsche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apogee of the power of this Deutsche
+physique movement within Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physique movement within Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physique movement within Germany
+obviously the Nazis weren't done in 1937
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the Nazis weren't done in 1937
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the Nazis weren't done in 1937
+as I'm sure you know the war dragged on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm sure you know the war dragged on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm sure you know the war dragged on
+uh until 1945.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh until 1945.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh until 1945.
+um but this was really the high point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this was really the high point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this was really the high point of
+this kind of power of Deutsche physique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of power of Deutsche physique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of power of Deutsche physique
+um so neither the Nazis went away but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so neither the Nazis went away but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so neither the Nazis went away but
+this notion of having a kind of racially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of having a kind of racially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of having a kind of racially
+Pure or sort of ideological tests for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pure or sort of ideological tests for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pure or sort of ideological tests for
+physics that begins to wane uh very soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that begins to wane uh very soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that begins to wane uh very soon
+after this very dramatic Showdown over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this very dramatic Showdown over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this very dramatic Showdown over
+Heisenberg's promotion and in fact what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg's promotion and in fact what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg's promotion and in fact what
+many historians have come to conclude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many historians have come to conclude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many historians have come to conclude is
+that the regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the regime
+the Nazis in power said we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nazis in power said we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nazis in power said we actually
+could have real uses for all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have real uses for all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have real uses for all these
+physicists uh at least the ones who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists uh at least the ones who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists uh at least the ones who
+weren't of Jewish background that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't of Jewish background that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't of Jewish background that
+physics might not be only associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics might not be only associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics might not be only associated
+with kind of philosophy or ideology or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with kind of philosophy or ideology or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with kind of philosophy or ideology or
+kind of political talking points but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of political talking points but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of political talking points but
+there was something stirring which got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something stirring which got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something stirring which got
+even to the highest levels of the Nazi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to the highest levels of the Nazi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to the highest levels of the Nazi
+party by the late 1930s that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party by the late 1930s that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party by the late 1930s that maybe
+physics and physicists could be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and physicists could be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and physicists could be useful
+could be manifestly useful to Nazi aims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be manifestly useful to Nazi aims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be manifestly useful to Nazi aims
+and not merely something to be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not merely something to be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not merely something to be kind of
+policed as a kind of thought police and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policed as a kind of thought police and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policed as a kind of thought police and
+what had changed really was summed up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what had changed really was summed up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what had changed really was summed up in
+two words Nuclear Physics so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two words Nuclear Physics so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two words Nuclear Physics so let me
+pause there we're gonna have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause there we're gonna have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause there we're gonna have some
+questions and discussion and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and discussion and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and discussion and then we'll
+look at some of the work in nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some of the work in nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some of the work in nuclear
+physics they were that they were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics they were that they were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics they were that they were talking
+about any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+had anyone heard that story before about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had anyone heard that story before about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had anyone heard that story before about
+Heisenberg and his mother and himra's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg and his mother and himra's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg and his mother and himra's
+mother I just find that astonishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother I just find that astonishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother I just find that astonishing
+talk about small world Networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+I'm happy to press on we got a lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to press on we got a lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to press on we got a lot of uh
+juicy stuff we can talk about uh for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juicy stuff we can talk about uh for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juicy stuff we can talk about uh for for
+nuclear physics but if any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear physics but if any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear physics but if any questions
+come about Deutsche physique of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come about Deutsche physique of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come about Deutsche physique of course
+um chime it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um chime it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um chime it
+but if if not I think I'll I'll press on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if if not I think I'll I'll press on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if if not I think I'll I'll press on
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+Obi did you have a question was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obi did you have a question was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obi did you have a question was it
+oh okay okay uh yeah if only somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay okay uh yeah if only somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay okay uh yeah if only somebody
+called Hitler's body exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Hitler's body exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Hitler's body exactly
+can you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you imagine
+Gary says if all these remarkable as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gary says if all these remarkable as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gary says if all these remarkable as a
+state in Germany what would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in Germany what would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in Germany what would have been
+the results of War yeah Gary thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of War yeah Gary thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of War yeah Gary thank you
+in fact we'll be coming to that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we'll be coming to that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we'll be coming to that that
+sort of a it sets up much of the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a it sets up much of the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a it sets up much of the rest of
+today's class uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's class uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's class uh
+see loses have only been accepted an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see loses have only been accepted an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see loses have only been accepted an
+article meeting Hitler not Heisman so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article meeting Hitler not Heisman so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article meeting Hitler not Heisman so
+some of you may know Hitler was himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may know Hitler was himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may know Hitler was himself
+a kind of um aspiring painter as a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of um aspiring painter as a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of um aspiring painter as a young
+person uh and he felt slights at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person uh and he felt slights at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person uh and he felt slights at every
+turn including that he was never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn including that he was never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn including that he was never
+admitted to the to his sort of Hope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted to the to his sort of Hope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted to the to his sort of Hope for
+art school the world was out to get him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art school the world was out to get him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art school the world was out to get him
+as far as he was concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as he was concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as he was concerned
+um Alex asked a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Alex asked a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Alex asked a very interesting
+question why did Heisenberg stay behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question why did Heisenberg stay behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question why did Heisenberg stay behind
+very good and again we'll we'll talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good and again we'll we'll talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good and again we'll we'll talk a
+bit about that or that will come up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about that or that will come up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about that or that will come up in
+some of the themes in the next part but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the themes in the next part but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the themes in the next part but
+as a preview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a preview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a preview
+it's important to clarify Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to clarify Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to clarify Heisenberg
+never ever joined the Nazi party he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ever joined the Nazi party he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ever joined the Nazi party he
+never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never
+expressed anything like a clear sympathy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed anything like a clear sympathy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed anything like a clear sympathy
+with the most kind of vile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the most kind of vile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the most kind of vile
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+parts of the Nazi world view it so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the Nazi world view it so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the Nazi world view it so I
+want to be very clear on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be very clear on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be very clear on the other hand
+he would Heisenberg was very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would Heisenberg was very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would Heisenberg was very very
+patriotic he was someone who who had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patriotic he was someone who who had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patriotic he was someone who who had a
+deep deep pride in a longer view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep deep pride in a longer view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep deep pride in a longer view of
+German learning and German culture again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German learning and German culture again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German learning and German culture again
+we'll come to that actually pretty soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come to that actually pretty soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come to that actually pretty soon
+so he was a patriotic German and not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was a patriotic German and not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was a patriotic German and not a
+Nazi and he believed as many of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazi and he believed as many of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazi and he believed as many of his
+colleagues did many many German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues did many many German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues did many many German
+scientists stayed behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists stayed behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists stayed behind
+he believed that the knots he hoped in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he believed that the knots he hoped in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he believed that the knots he hoped in
+the early years he believed that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early years he believed that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early years he believed that this
+would be a temporary aberration that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a temporary aberration that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a temporary aberration that the
+Nazis were so counter to what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis were so counter to what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis were so counter to what what
+Heisenberg himself considered the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg himself considered the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg himself considered the kind
+of highest points of German learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of highest points of German learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of highest points of German learning and
+German philosophy and German culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German philosophy and German culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German philosophy and German culture
+that this would be a temporary kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this would be a temporary kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this would be a temporary kind of
+fever the fever would break the Nazis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fever the fever would break the Nazis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fever the fever would break the Nazis
+would would be run out of town soon he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would be run out of town soon he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would be run out of town soon he
+hoped or believed and therefore there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped or believed and therefore there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped or believed and therefore there
+should be some kind of intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be some kind of intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be some kind of intellectual
+leaders who stayed behind to rebuild so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders who stayed behind to rebuild so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders who stayed behind to rebuild so
+he thought there'd be a need for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought there'd be a need for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought there'd be a need for many
+many smart devoted Germans who weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many smart devoted Germans who weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many smart devoted Germans who weren't
+Nazis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis
+but who are proud of the kind of longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who are proud of the kind of longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who are proud of the kind of longer
+Heritage of German learning and culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heritage of German learning and culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heritage of German learning and culture
+think about all the composers and The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all the composers and The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all the composers and The
+Poets and they had this long list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poets and they had this long list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poets and they had this long list of
+which they were you know very very proud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they were you know very very proud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they were you know very very proud
+so they thought they thought that they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they thought they thought that they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they thought they thought that they'd
+have to stick around because this Nazi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stick around because this Nazi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stick around because this Nazi
+thing was going to go away soon they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was going to go away soon they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was going to go away soon they
+hoped and then Germany would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped and then Germany would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped and then Germany would have to
+rebuild uh and that was and so it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuild uh and that was and so it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuild uh and that was and so it was a
+kind of patriotism rather than than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of patriotism rather than than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of patriotism rather than than
+Nazism per se but that became you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazism per se but that became you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazism per se but that became you know
+for many other people who who did leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many other people who who did leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many other people who who did leave
+Germany either because they felt they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany either because they felt they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany either because they felt they
+really had to for personal safety or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really had to for personal safety or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really had to for personal safety or
+people like Schrodinger who were critics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Schrodinger who were critics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Schrodinger who were critics
+of the regime but were not in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the regime but were not in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the regime but were not in the same
+kind of personal Danger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of personal Danger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of personal Danger
+that kind of argument didn't you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of argument didn't you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of argument didn't you know
+didn't convince everyone obviously not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't convince everyone obviously not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't convince everyone obviously not
+everyone thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone thought
+um this thought that some people thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this thought that some people thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this thought that some people thought
+Heisenberg was kind of fooling himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg was kind of fooling himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg was kind of fooling himself
+or the people like Heisenberg who chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the people like Heisenberg who chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the people like Heisenberg who chose
+to stay so it was not at all obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay so it was not at all obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay so it was not at all obvious
+that this was you know even at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was you know even at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was you know even at the time
+this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the
+um the the best course of action or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the best course of action or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the best course of action or the
+or the morally uh appropriate one but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the morally uh appropriate one but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the morally uh appropriate one but it
+was tricky so the short the shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was tricky so the short the shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was tricky so the short the shorter
+version is Heisenberg was deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version is Heisenberg was deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version is Heisenberg was deeply
+patriotic uh and and not a Nazi and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patriotic uh and and not a Nazi and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patriotic uh and and not a Nazi and he
+he hoped he could help kind of rebuild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hoped he could help kind of rebuild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hoped he could help kind of rebuild
+the the country he loved so much and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the country he loved so much and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the country he loved so much and he
+hoped it would come soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped it would come soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped it would come soon
+that's a good question any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question any other
+questions on that it's actually a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on that it's actually a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on that it's actually a great
+segue to the next part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's let's press it on let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's let's press it on let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's let's press it on let's see
+what else what what might have helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else what what might have helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else what what might have helped
+convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+even the Ardent Nazis that there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the Ardent Nazis that there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the Ardent Nazis that there were
+other reasons to think about physics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reasons to think about physics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reasons to think about physics in
+new ways so I'm going to step back a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ways so I'm going to step back a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ways so I'm going to step back a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+and uh look at some of the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh look at some of the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh look at some of the kind of
+conceptual developments and experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual developments and experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual developments and experimental
+developments that have been going on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments that have been going on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments that have been going on uh
+really just in remarkable synchrony with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just in remarkable synchrony with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just in remarkable synchrony with
+with uh the Deutsche physique movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh the Deutsche physique movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh the Deutsche physique movement
+and the rise of the Nazis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rise of the Nazis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rise of the Nazis
+so throughout the late 20s and into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so throughout the late 20s and into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so throughout the late 20s and into the
+early 30s several research groups really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 30s several research groups really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 30s several research groups really
+throughout certainly throughout Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout certainly throughout Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout certainly throughout Europe
+and and Beyond we're working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Beyond we're working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Beyond we're working on
+um they were working on radioactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they were working on radioactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they were working on radioactivity
+that dated back to the 1890s but the but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dated back to the 1890s but the but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dated back to the 1890s but the but
+this group by this point about 20 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group by this point about 20 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group by this point about 20 or
+almost almost 30 years in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost almost 30 years in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost almost 30 years in
+began to suspect that there was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to suspect that there was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to suspect that there was more
+going on within Atomic nuclei than only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on within Atomic nuclei than only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on within Atomic nuclei than only
+protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons
+that there might be actually a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might be actually a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might be actually a whole
+second kind of particle Within These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second kind of particle Within These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second kind of particle Within These
+nuclei and again to us this sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and again to us this sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and again to us this sounds like
+no duh how do they know that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no duh how do they know that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no duh how do they know that we know
+that because they work so hard to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because they work so hard to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because they work so hard to figure
+this out they thought there could be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out they thought there could be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out they thought there could be an
+electrically neutral particle whose Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically neutral particle whose Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically neutral particle whose Mass
+was at least pretty close to that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at least pretty close to that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at least pretty close to that of the
+proton but would not respond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton but would not respond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton but would not respond to the
+electromagnetic um it would not respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic um it would not respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic um it would not respond
+to Electric attractions or Republicans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Electric attractions or Republicans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Electric attractions or Republicans
+the way a proton does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way a proton does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way a proton does
+uh and they had all kinds of reasons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they had all kinds of reasons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they had all kinds of reasons for
+for thinking along these lines among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thinking along these lines among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thinking along these lines among the
+real kind of world leaders on that topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real kind of world leaders on that topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real kind of world leaders on that topic
+was a husband and wife team or wife and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a husband and wife team or wife and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a husband and wife team or wife and
+husband team Iran and Frederick giulio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband team Iran and Frederick giulio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband team Iran and Frederick giulio
+Curie iren Curie was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curie iren Curie was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curie iren Curie was one of the
+daughters of Marie and Pierre Curie so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters of Marie and Pierre Curie so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters of Marie and Pierre Curie so
+she entered the family business uh she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she entered the family business uh she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she entered the family business uh she
+married Frederick who is also a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married Frederick who is also a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married Frederick who is also a nuclear
+scientist and they uh also set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist and they uh also set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist and they uh also set up a
+world-class laboratory in Paris really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world-class laboratory in Paris really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world-class laboratory in Paris really
+kind of taking the mantle from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of taking the mantle from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of taking the mantle from from
+Marie and Pierre and one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marie and Pierre and one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marie and Pierre and one of the things
+that they were especially Adept at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were especially Adept at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were especially Adept at
+studying was something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying was something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying was something called
+um in artificial radioactivity it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in artificial radioactivity it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in artificial radioactivity it really
+meant induced radioactivity so Marie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant induced radioactivity so Marie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant induced radioactivity so Marie
+Curie and Pierre and members of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curie and Pierre and members of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curie and Pierre and members of their
+generation even younger folks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation even younger folks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation even younger folks like
+Rutherford they've been excited about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford they've been excited about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford they've been excited about uh
+natural emitters substances that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural emitters substances that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural emitters substances that were
+art that were radioactive without you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art that were radioactive without you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art that were radioactive without you
+having to do anything to them they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do anything to them they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do anything to them they would
+emit these radiations alpha particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit these radiations alpha particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit these radiations alpha particles
+beta particles gamma rays uh sort of on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta particles gamma rays uh sort of on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta particles gamma rays uh sort of on
+their own because of some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own because of some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own because of some kind of
+natural radioactive Properties by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural radioactive Properties by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural radioactive Properties by this
+next Generation literally Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Generation literally Next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Generation literally Next
+Generation meaning the daughter Iran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation meaning the daughter Iran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation meaning the daughter Iran
+uh and and Frederick they were wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and Frederick they were wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and Frederick they were wondering
+could they actually create radioactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could they actually create radioactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could they actually create radioactivity
+or induce it by taking materials that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or induce it by taking materials that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or induce it by taking materials that
+were not on their own radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not on their own radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not on their own radioactive
+irradiating them having a radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiating them having a radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiating them having a radioactive
+Source bombard them with radiations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source bombard them with radiations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source bombard them with radiations
+alpha particles beta particles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles beta particles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles beta particles or
+whatever and have that new Target that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and have that new Target that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and have that new Target that
+they had shown this stuff onto could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had shown this stuff onto could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had shown this stuff onto could
+that then become radioactive as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then become radioactive as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then become radioactive as well
+that became known as artificial it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that became known as artificial it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that became known as artificial it
+really means induced radioactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really means induced radioactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really means induced radioactivity
+uh and that and this became sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that and this became sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that and this became sort of the
+next big Frontier for trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next big Frontier for trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next big Frontier for trying to
+understand radioactivity in general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand radioactivity in general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand radioactivity in general and
+by means of that trying to get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by means of that trying to get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by means of that trying to get more
+clarity on the structure of atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarity on the structure of atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarity on the structure of atoms and
+nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei
+and so and as you see uh Iran and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and as you see uh Iran and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and as you see uh Iran and
+Frederick shared that in 1935 Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frederick shared that in 1935 Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frederick shared that in 1935 Nobel
+Prize in chemistry for their work they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize in chemistry for their work they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize in chemistry for their work they
+really had already become world leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really had already become world leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really had already become world leaders
+in that right just a little bit before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that right just a little bit before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that right just a little bit before
+they they won the prize and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they won the prize and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they won the prize and they're
+already very clearly at the kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already very clearly at the kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already very clearly at the kind of the
+top of the game in that field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the game in that field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the game in that field
+one of their colleagues James Chadwick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of their colleagues James Chadwick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of their colleagues James Chadwick
+who's in Britain uh followed up on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's in Britain uh followed up on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's in Britain uh followed up on one
+of their suggestions and in fact he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their suggestions and in fact he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their suggestions and in fact he
+basically redid an experiment that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically redid an experiment that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically redid an experiment that the
+Julio curies had done almost exactly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julio curies had done almost exactly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julio curies had done almost exactly but
+he thought they weren't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought they weren't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought they weren't quite
+interpreting it quite right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting it quite right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting it quite right so you
+wanted to zoom in on this so Chadwick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to zoom in on this so Chadwick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to zoom in on this so Chadwick
+had been a student of Ernest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been a student of Ernest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been a student of Ernest
+Rutherford's at Manchester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford's at Manchester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford's at Manchester
+and by this point was himself now a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by this point was himself now a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by this point was himself now a more
+senior researcher at the Cavendish back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior researcher at the Cavendish back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior researcher at the Cavendish back
+in Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Cambridge
+so this again really was an experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this again really was an experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this again really was an experimental
+design uh almost entirely coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design uh almost entirely coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design uh almost entirely coming from
+Iran and Frederica but Chadwick gave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iran and Frederica but Chadwick gave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iran and Frederica but Chadwick gave it
+a little tweak to try to clarify some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little tweak to try to clarify some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little tweak to try to clarify some
+things the idea was to take one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the idea was to take one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the idea was to take one of these
+natural radioactive sources in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural radioactive sources in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural radioactive sources in this case
+polonium that's what we what we called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polonium that's what we what we called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polonium that's what we what we called
+an alpha emitter so all on its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alpha emitter so all on its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alpha emitter so all on its own
+polonium will be radioactive and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polonium will be radioactive and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polonium will be radioactive and its
+form of emission uh is alpha particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of emission uh is alpha particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of emission uh is alpha particles
+so then they would Shine the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then they would Shine the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then they would Shine the alpha
+particles onto a a target a block of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles onto a a target a block of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles onto a a target a block of
+beryllium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beryllium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beryllium
+and then some different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some different kind of
+radiation will come out they've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation will come out they've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation will come out they've now
+induced radioactivity beryllium on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced radioactivity beryllium on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced radioactivity beryllium on its
+own was not radioactive they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own was not radioactive they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own was not radioactive they could
+induce a radioactive kind of uh response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce a radioactive kind of uh response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce a radioactive kind of uh response
+by radiating it with alpha particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by radiating it with alpha particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by radiating it with alpha particles
+some as yet unknown stuff came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some as yet unknown stuff came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some as yet unknown stuff came out
+bigger than Chadwick's idea was to shine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than Chadwick's idea was to shine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than Chadwick's idea was to shine
+that onto uh paraffin wax a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that onto uh paraffin wax a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that onto uh paraffin wax a very
+hydrogen-rich substance very uh each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen-rich substance very uh each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen-rich substance very uh each
+each atom which is very very lightweight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each atom which is very very lightweight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each atom which is very very lightweight
+and then protons came out and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then protons came out and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then protons came out and then it
+could measure basically the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could measure basically the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could measure basically the kind of
+stopping power of this protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power of this protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power of this protons
+so what what Chadwick clarified which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what Chadwick clarified which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what Chadwick clarified which uh
+the one of the few times that Iran and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the few times that Iran and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the few times that Iran and
+Frederick jolio Curie had not kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frederick jolio Curie had not kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frederick jolio Curie had not kind of
+just nailed it the first time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just nailed it the first time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just nailed it the first time so
+Chadwick came in and clarified with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chadwick came in and clarified with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chadwick came in and clarified with this
+unknown radiation the the stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown radiation the the stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown radiation the the stuff that
+came flying out upon irradiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came flying out upon irradiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came flying out upon irradiating
+beryllium with alpha particles was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beryllium with alpha particles was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beryllium with alpha particles was this
+long suspected neutral particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long suspected neutral particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long suspected neutral particle
+electrically neutral with a mass pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically neutral with a mass pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically neutral with a mass pretty
+close to that of protons so the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to that of protons so the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to that of protons so the way that
+Chadwick makes made sense of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chadwick makes made sense of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chadwick makes made sense of this
+reaction was that there were alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction was that there were alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction was that there were alpha
+particles coming out from the polonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles coming out from the polonium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles coming out from the polonium
+encountering the beryllium that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountering the beryllium that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountering the beryllium that would
+convert into a a stable carbon atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert into a a stable carbon atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert into a a stable carbon atom and
+have this unknown radiation being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this unknown radiation being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this unknown radiation being a
+neutron and again this is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron and again this is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron and again this is probably
+familiar notation for you the lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar notation for you the lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar notation for you the lower the
+subscript number here is What's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript number here is What's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript number here is What's called
+the atomic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic number
+that just counts the number of protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just counts the number of protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just counts the number of protons
+the placement of any of these items on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the placement of any of these items on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the placement of any of these items on
+the periodic table is determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table is determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table is determined by the
+number of protons in the nucleus and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of protons in the nucleus and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of protons in the nucleus and the
+superscript the raised number is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript the raised number is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript the raised number is the
+atomic mass so how many basically proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic mass so how many basically proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic mass so how many basically proton
+masses Worth to that item weigh so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses Worth to that item weigh so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses Worth to that item weigh so an
+alpha particle is has two units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particle is has two units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particle is has two units of
+electric charge twice the charge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge twice the charge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge twice the charge of the
+proton but is four times as heavy as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton but is four times as heavy as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton but is four times as heavy as a
+proton beryllium carbon so on so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton beryllium carbon so on so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton beryllium carbon so on so the
+neutron would have had no electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron would have had no electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron would have had no electric
+charge it had zero times the charge of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge it had zero times the charge of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge it had zero times the charge of a
+proton but had about the same mass as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton but had about the same mass as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton but had about the same mass as a
+proton and that's what Chadwick finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and that's what Chadwick finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and that's what Chadwick finally
+clarified in part because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarified in part because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarified in part because of the
+paraffin here he was able to not the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraffin here he was able to not the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraffin here he was able to not the the
+to have the the the particles of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the the the particles of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the the the particles of this
+unknown radiation Collide basically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown radiation Collide basically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown radiation Collide basically have
+two body collisions with a very proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two body collisions with a very proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two body collisions with a very proton
+Rich Targets in the paraffin and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich Targets in the paraffin and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich Targets in the paraffin and then it
+could measure the energy with which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could measure the energy with which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could measure the energy with which the
+protons came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons came out
+with a kind of stopping power uh much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a kind of stopping power uh much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a kind of stopping power uh much
+like we saw say Leonard do for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we saw say Leonard do for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we saw say Leonard do for for the
+photoelectric effect so with that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect so with that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect so with that he
+could infer that each individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could infer that each individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could infer that each individual
+particle coming out here had an ass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle coming out here had an ass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle coming out here had an ass
+pretty similar to that of the protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar to that of the protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar to that of the protons
+because of the recoil pattern and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the recoil pattern and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the recoil pattern and that's
+when the first kind of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the first kind of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the first kind of really
+compelling empirical evidence for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling empirical evidence for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling empirical evidence for this
+new thing in the nucleus called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing in the nucleus called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing in the nucleus called the
+neutron that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron that really
+um was was introduced and so Chadwick's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was was introduced and so Chadwick's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was was introduced and so Chadwick's
+work was also recognized very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work was also recognized very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work was also recognized very very
+quickly so in the year that the Julio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so in the year that the Julio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so in the year that the Julio
+curies shared the Nobel Prize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curies shared the Nobel Prize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curies shared the Nobel Prize in
+chemistry Chadwick won that same year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry Chadwick won that same year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry Chadwick won that same year
+the Nobel Prize in physics this was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel Prize in physics this was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel Prize in physics this was this
+was capturing people's attention right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was capturing people's attention right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was capturing people's attention right
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+among those people whose attention it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among those people whose attention it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among those people whose attention it
+captured right away was Enrico Ferry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured right away was Enrico Ferry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured right away was Enrico Ferry and
+other at this point still pretty young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other at this point still pretty young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other at this point still pretty young
+full professor in Rome Fermi was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full professor in Rome Fermi was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full professor in Rome Fermi was was
+very eager to get the Rome group kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very eager to get the Rome group kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very eager to get the Rome group kind of
+on the map everyone was was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the map everyone was was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the map everyone was was kind of
+jealous of of Paris and the Cav Edition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jealous of of Paris and the Cav Edition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jealous of of Paris and the Cav Edition
+some of these other centers of research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these other centers of research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these other centers of research
+and family thought it was time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and family thought it was time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and family thought it was time to get
+his group really up to the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his group really up to the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his group really up to the same kind of
+quality so Fermi had just only recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality so Fermi had just only recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality so Fermi had just only recently
+been made a full professor and given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made a full professor and given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made a full professor and given a
+kind of research lab well-funded group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of research lab well-funded group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of research lab well-funded group
+in in Rhode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Rhode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Rhode
+and he realized that neutrons unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he realized that neutrons unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he realized that neutrons unlike
+alpha particles because the neutrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles because the neutrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles because the neutrons are
+electrically neutral they might be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically neutral they might be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically neutral they might be able
+to do even more effective induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do even more effective induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do even more effective induced
+radioactive reactions because you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive reactions because you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive reactions because you're not
+going to have a kind of electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a kind of electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a kind of electrostatic
+repulsion of the alpha particle with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion of the alpha particle with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion of the alpha particle with its
+positive charge some rep getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge some rep getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge some rep getting
+repelled by the Target it's trying to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repelled by the Target it's trying to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repelled by the Target it's trying to to
+strike like the positive charge nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike like the positive charge nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike like the positive charge nucleus
+of a Target substance so the neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Target substance so the neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Target substance so the neutron
+since it had no electric charge for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it had no electric charge for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it had no electric charge for me
+realized could maybe be an even better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized could maybe be an even better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized could maybe be an even better
+inducer of these nuclear reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducer of these nuclear reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducer of these nuclear reactions
+because it can somehow get perhaps even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can somehow get perhaps even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can somehow get perhaps even
+closer into the action so to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer into the action so to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer into the action so to speak
+without suffering that coulomb repulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without suffering that coulomb repulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without suffering that coulomb repulsion
+so he and his group were very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he and his group were very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he and his group were very very
+methodical and they basically tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodical and they basically tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodical and they basically tried to
+get purified Elemental sources of almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get purified Elemental sources of almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get purified Elemental sources of almost
+every single element on the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single element on the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single element on the periodic
+table starting practically with hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table starting practically with hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table starting practically with hydrogen
+helium starting very very early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium starting very very early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium starting very very early on
+certainly really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly really
+marching just one by one up all every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marching just one by one up all every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marching just one by one up all every
+single known chemical element or as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single known chemical element or as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single known chemical element or as many
+of them as they could they got to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them as they could they got to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them as they could they got to the
+very end of the known chart they got up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end of the known chart they got up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end of the known chart they got up
+to uranium which was at the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uranium which was at the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uranium which was at the time the
+heaviest known most massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaviest known most massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaviest known most massive
+element on the periodic table the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element on the periodic table the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element on the periodic table the one
+with the largest number of protons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the largest number of protons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the largest number of protons in
+its nucleus atomic number 92.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its nucleus atomic number 92.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its nucleus atomic number 92.
+and they would do the same trick they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would do the same trick they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would do the same trick they
+would irradiate purified samples of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would irradiate purified samples of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would irradiate purified samples of each
+of these elements including uranium with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these elements including uranium with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these elements including uranium with
+a source of neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a source of neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a source of neutrons
+and they would and they would often not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would and they would often not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would and they would often not
+every every time but often they would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every time but often they would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every time but often they would be
+able to induce radioactivity much as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to induce radioactivity much as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to induce radioactivity much as the
+Julio curies had been doing and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julio curies had been doing and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julio curies had been doing and they
+could measure the response with Geiger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could measure the response with Geiger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could measure the response with Geiger
+counters and all the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counters and all the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counters and all the rest
+what Fermi found was they got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Fermi found was they got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Fermi found was they got a
+specially strong reaction rates they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specially strong reaction rates they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specially strong reaction rates they
+would really get this uranium to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really get this uranium to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really get this uranium to start
+acting like a radioactive material when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting like a radioactive material when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting like a radioactive material when
+Fermi placed a block of tariff in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi placed a block of tariff in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi placed a block of tariff in this
+this lightweight wax between the neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lightweight wax between the neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lightweight wax between the neutron
+and the uranium Target so now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uranium Target so now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uranium Target so now with
+Chadwick the paraffin was to kind of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chadwick the paraffin was to kind of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chadwick the paraffin was to kind of to
+interact with the uh the new Transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the uh the new Transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the uh the new Transit
+came flying out after the neutrons had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came flying out after the neutrons had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came flying out after the neutrons had
+already uh come from a Target now Ferry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already uh come from a Target now Ferry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already uh come from a Target now Ferry
+places the paraffin wax between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places the paraffin wax between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places the paraffin wax between the
+source of neutrons and in this case say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of neutrons and in this case say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of neutrons and in this case say
+the uranium Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uranium Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uranium Target
+so what the Rhone group assumed they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the Rhone group assumed they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the Rhone group assumed they
+were measuring and you can see this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were measuring and you can see this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were measuring and you can see this in
+this very one of the whole series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very one of the whole series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very one of the whole series of
+papers if they published this one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers if they published this one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers if they published this one by
+Fermi himself others had had about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi himself others had had about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi himself others had had about five
+or six co-authors they thought they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six co-authors they thought they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six co-authors they thought they
+actually had made new elements they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had made new elements they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had made new elements they
+thought they had gone beyond the then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they had gone beyond the then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they had gone beyond the then
+highest known atomic number as you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest known atomic number as you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest known atomic number as you see
+that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here
+is paper in nature was the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is paper in nature was the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is paper in nature was the possible
+production of elements of atomic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of elements of atomic number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of elements of atomic number
+higher than 92 meaning atomic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than 92 meaning atomic number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than 92 meaning atomic number
+Beyond uranium so they thought what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond uranium so they thought what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond uranium so they thought what they
+were doing was it was taking a uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing was it was taking a uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing was it was taking a uranium
+uh Target so each atom which had 92
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Target so each atom which had 92
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Target so each atom which had 92
+protons a total mass of 238
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons a total mass of 238
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons a total mass of 238
+they would irradiate it with neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would irradiate it with neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would irradiate it with neutrons
+and the the uranium Target would would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the uranium Target would would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the uranium Target would would
+do what was would soon be called Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what was would soon be called Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what was would soon be called Neutron
+capture so to absorb that incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture so to absorb that incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture so to absorb that incoming
+Neutron so what happens then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron so what happens then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron so what happens then
+the atomic number has not changed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic number has not changed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic number has not changed right
+this has zero proton units so the 92
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has zero proton units so the 92
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has zero proton units so the 92
+plus 0 remains 92. you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0 remains 92. you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0 remains 92. you still have
+uranium there but the actual mass has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium there but the actual mass has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium there but the actual mass has
+increased by one unit so Neutron capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased by one unit so Neutron capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased by one unit so Neutron capture
+does not change the chemical identity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change the chemical identity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change the chemical identity of
+the target it's still uranium still has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target it's still uranium still has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target it's still uranium still has
+only 92 protons and the nucleus but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 92 protons and the nucleus but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 92 protons and the nucleus but you
+change it to a different isotope same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it to a different isotope same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it to a different isotope same
+number of protons different total atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of protons different total atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of protons different total atomic
+mass in this case one more Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass in this case one more Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass in this case one more Neutron
+and then after some time the neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after some time the neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after some time the neutron
+that had been absorbed would itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been absorbed would itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been absorbed would itself
+undergo a radioactive decay a so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo a radioactive decay a so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo a radioactive decay a so-called
+beta decay with a neutron would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta decay with a neutron would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta decay with a neutron would
+transform into a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform into a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform into a proton
+sorry transform into a proton and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry transform into a proton and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry transform into a proton and then a
+Beta Ray an electron would come flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta Ray an electron would come flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta Ray an electron would come flying
+out it was actually Fermi who who built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it was actually Fermi who who built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it was actually Fermi who who built
+upon Suggestions by people like those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon Suggestions by people like those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon Suggestions by people like those
+kingpali saying that actually has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kingpali saying that actually has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kingpali saying that actually has to be
+more than just a beta Decay to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just a beta Decay to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just a beta Decay to get the
+sort of energy momentum to balance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of energy momentum to balance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of energy momentum to balance to
+work out so uh an electron and some as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out so uh an electron and some as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out so uh an electron and some as
+yet unseen extra particle that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet unseen extra particle that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet unseen extra particle that they
+eventually called the neutrino now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually called the neutrino now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually called the neutrino now we
+call an anti-neutrino stuff comes flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call an anti-neutrino stuff comes flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call an anti-neutrino stuff comes flying
+out the the main thing is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the the main thing is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the the main thing is that the
+neutron transformed into a proton so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron transformed into a proton so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron transformed into a proton so now
+inside that nucleus you have 92 plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that nucleus you have 92 plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that nucleus you have 92 plus one
+protons you've actually perhaps possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons you've actually perhaps possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons you've actually perhaps possibly
+made an element that's chemically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made an element that's chemically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made an element that's chemically
+distinct femuranium you've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct femuranium you've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct femuranium you've actually
+pushed it up one place on the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed it up one place on the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed it up one place on the periodic
+table because now it seems to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table because now it seems to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table because now it seems to have a
+total of 93 protons and yet since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of 93 protons and yet since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of 93 protons and yet since the
+proton and neutron have basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and neutron have basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and neutron have basically the
+same mass the atomic mass stays the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mass the atomic mass stays the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mass the atomic mass stays the same
+so the idea was Fermi and his group were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea was Fermi and his group were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea was Fermi and his group were
+convinced they had conducted Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced they had conducted Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced they had conducted Neutron
+capture followed by Beta Decay they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture followed by Beta Decay they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture followed by Beta Decay they
+thought they had produced the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they had produced the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they had produced the first
+transuranic element this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transuranic element this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transuranic element this would
+eventually be called neptunium just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually be called neptunium just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually be called neptunium just like
+in the solar system the planet Neptune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the solar system the planet Neptune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the solar system the planet Neptune
+is the first planet Beyond Uranus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first planet Beyond Uranus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first planet Beyond Uranus this
+will be the first element Beyond uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the first element Beyond uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the first element Beyond uranium
+I actually got to see these materials uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually got to see these materials uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually got to see these materials uh
+the most the last trip I was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most the last trip I was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most the last trip I was able to
+make before the pandemic although I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make before the pandemic although I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make before the pandemic although I
+didn't know at the time I actually was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know at the time I actually was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know at the time I actually was
+in Rome for a few days a glorious few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Rome for a few days a glorious few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Rome for a few days a glorious few
+days this past January not quite a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days this past January not quite a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days this past January not quite a year
+ago and I got to see in this brand new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and I got to see in this brand new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and I got to see in this brand new
+family museum on the very site of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family museum on the very site of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family museum on the very site of his
+laboratory there's now a museum that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory there's now a museum that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory there's now a museum that uh
+in principles open to the public though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principles open to the public though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principles open to the public though
+it's sealed up now I'm sure and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sealed up now I'm sure and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sealed up now I'm sure and this was
+the actual lead-lined case in which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual lead-lined case in which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual lead-lined case in which they
+had their radioactive sources this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had their radioactive sources this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had their radioactive sources this is
+the block of paraffin that family used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block of paraffin that family used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block of paraffin that family used
+it's like I couldn't believe it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I couldn't believe it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I couldn't believe it was
+right there I've been reading about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there I've been reading about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there I've been reading about this
+thing since I was a kid and here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing since I was a kid and here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing since I was a kid and here are
+some of the examples of these purified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the examples of these purified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the examples of these purified
+elements the targets that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements the targets that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements the targets that they would
+irradiate with the with the neutron uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiate with the with the neutron uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiate with the with the neutron uh
+with the neutrons that had gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the neutrons that had gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the neutrons that had gone through
+the paraffin wax and here this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paraffin wax and here this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paraffin wax and here this is what
+happens you start filming in the streets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you start filming in the streets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you start filming in the streets
+of Rome uh you get pulled over by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Rome uh you get pulled over by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Rome uh you get pulled over by the
+police so I was actually there working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police so I was actually there working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police so I was actually there working
+on a documentary with Nova about Fermi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a documentary with Nova about Fermi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a documentary with Nova about Fermi
+and neutrons and neutrinos and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neutrons and neutrinos and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neutrons and neutrinos and the
+police didn't realize we had all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police didn't realize we had all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police didn't realize we had all the
+proper paperwork here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper paperwork here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper paperwork here's
+um Rosemary Cafferty the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Rosemary Cafferty the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Rosemary Cafferty the production
+assistant saying no no nice police
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant saying no no nice police
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant saying no no nice police
+officers we do have the permits anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officers we do have the permits anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officers we do have the permits anyway
+so I got to see lots of things in Rome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I got to see lots of things in Rome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I got to see lots of things in Rome
+including fermi's actual experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including fermi's actual experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including fermi's actual experiments
+that was pretty awesome okay so fermi's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was pretty awesome okay so fermi's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was pretty awesome okay so fermi's
+work actually triggered a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work actually triggered a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work actually triggered a lot of
+reactions in the human realm and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions in the human realm and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions in the human realm and not
+only in the nuclear realm so this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in the nuclear realm so this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in the nuclear realm so this work
+was again seen as just unbelievably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was again seen as just unbelievably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was again seen as just unbelievably
+interesting and important he starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and important he starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and important he starts
+publishing this in 1934 the main body of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing this in 1934 the main body of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing this in 1934 the main body of
+work comes out throughout 1935. by 1938
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work comes out throughout 1935. by 1938
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work comes out throughout 1935. by 1938
+he again this work had been recognized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he again this work had been recognized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he again this work had been recognized
+as worthy of the Nobel Prize here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as worthy of the Nobel Prize here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as worthy of the Nobel Prize here's
+family getting permission and it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family getting permission and it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family getting permission and it could
+be winning winning the Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be winning winning the Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be winning winning the Nobel Prize
+receiving it from the king of Sweden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving it from the king of Sweden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving it from the king of Sweden
+December of 1938 just three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December of 1938 just three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December of 1938 just three or four
+years after starting that whole series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after starting that whole series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after starting that whole series
+of Investigations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Investigations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Investigations
+now that timing's pretty remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that timing's pretty remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that timing's pretty remarkable
+as again many of you probably know Italy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as again many of you probably know Italy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as again many of you probably know Italy
+by this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this point
+since the 20s have been ruled by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the 20s have been ruled by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the 20s have been ruled by a
+fascist dictator self-pronounced fascist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascist dictator self-pronounced fascist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascist dictator self-pronounced fascist
+dictator of Benito Mussolini Mussolini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator of Benito Mussolini Mussolini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator of Benito Mussolini Mussolini
+was not in the earliest days as rabidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not in the earliest days as rabidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not in the earliest days as rabidly
+anti-semitic as he would become but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-semitic as he would become but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-semitic as he would become but
+after Hitler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Hitler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Hitler
+attained power in Germany Hitler and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attained power in Germany Hitler and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attained power in Germany Hitler and
+Mussolini made a series of kind of pacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mussolini made a series of kind of pacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mussolini made a series of kind of pacts
+and Mussolini's policies began mirroring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mussolini's policies began mirroring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mussolini's policies began mirroring
+or getting much closer to those of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or getting much closer to those of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or getting much closer to those of the
+overt anti-Semitism and so-called racial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overt anti-Semitism and so-called racial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overt anti-Semitism and so-called racial
+purity of the Nazis so by the early and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity of the Nazis so by the early and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity of the Nazis so by the early and
+mid 1930s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid 1930s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid 1930s
+Mussolini's regime in Italy was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mussolini's regime in Italy was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mussolini's regime in Italy was was
+becoming as dangerous for people of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming as dangerous for people of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming as dangerous for people of
+Jewish background as Hitler's was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish background as Hitler's was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish background as Hitler's was in
+Germany that mattered a great deal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany that mattered a great deal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany that mattered a great deal to
+Fermi feremy himself was not Jewish but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi feremy himself was not Jewish but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi feremy himself was not Jewish but
+his wife Laura was from a Jewish Family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wife Laura was from a Jewish Family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wife Laura was from a Jewish Family
+and even though Fermi was this big fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though Fermi was this big fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though Fermi was this big fancy
+professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor
+getting lots and lots of support from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting lots and lots of support from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting lots and lots of support from
+the central government for his research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central government for his research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central government for his research
+it was becoming more and more clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was becoming more and more clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was becoming more and more clear that
+this was no this was not going to remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was no this was not going to remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was no this was not going to remain
+um a kind of easy existence for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a kind of easy existence for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a kind of easy existence for them
+with a Jewish member of the family as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Jewish member of the family as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Jewish member of the family as
+Mussolini began aligning policies more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mussolini began aligning policies more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mussolini began aligning policies more
+and more closely with those of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more closely with those of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more closely with those of uh the
+Nazis so what family arranged uh upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis so what family arranged uh upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis so what family arranged uh upon
+learning that he would receive the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that he would receive the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that he would receive the Nobel
+Prize was that his entire family's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize was that his entire family's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize was that his entire family's
+immediate family could travel with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate family could travel with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate family could travel with him
+to Stockholm to win the prize and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Stockholm to win the prize and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Stockholm to win the prize and they
+basically snuck out so Mussolini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically snuck out so Mussolini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically snuck out so Mussolini
+couldn't help but let Fermi leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't help but let Fermi leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't help but let Fermi leave the
+country for Italy's Grandeur it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country for Italy's Grandeur it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country for Italy's Grandeur it was
+important to let Fermi receive the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to let Fermi receive the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to let Fermi receive the Nobel
+Prize and then basically behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize and then basically behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize and then basically behind
+Mussolini's back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mussolini's back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mussolini's back
+Fermi had arranged in secret to have his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi had arranged in secret to have his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi had arranged in secret to have his
+immediate family skip town to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate family skip town to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate family skip town to leave
+almost directly from Stockholm get on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost directly from Stockholm get on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost directly from Stockholm get on a
+steamboat out of I think the UK and sail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steamboat out of I think the UK and sail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steamboat out of I think the UK and sail
+right to New York City it's a lot like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to New York City it's a lot like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to New York City it's a lot like
+if you've seen the famous movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've seen the famous movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've seen the famous movie
+um The Sound of Music it's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know uh ceremony full of fanfare and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh ceremony full of fanfare and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh ceremony full of fanfare and
+and just escaped uh and so Fermi and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just escaped uh and so Fermi and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just escaped uh and so Fermi and his
+immediate family moved and resettled for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate family moved and resettled for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate family moved and resettled for
+a time in New York City so the the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time in New York City so the the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time in New York City so the the this
+is a reminder of the timing we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reminder of the timing we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reminder of the timing we have this
+exciting new work in nuclear physics new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting new work in nuclear physics new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting new work in nuclear physics new
+particles found new way new kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles found new way new kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles found new way new kinds of
+nuclear Transformations the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear Transformations the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear Transformations the world
+scientists are are getting very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists are are getting very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists are are getting very very
+excited about this at just the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about this at just the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about this at just the moment
+when fascists are taking over uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when fascists are taking over uh many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when fascists are taking over uh many
+many parts within Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now it turns out other groups were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out other groups were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out other groups were
+actively working on exactly these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively working on exactly these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively working on exactly these kinds
+of nuclear Transformations after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclear Transformations after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclear Transformations after all
+Fermi won the Nobel Prize partly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi won the Nobel Prize partly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi won the Nobel Prize partly because
+everyone many many people in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone many many people in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone many many people in the field
+agreed this was really really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed this was really really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed this was really really kind of
+hot stuff this is important stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot stuff this is important stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot stuff this is important stuff
+so many groups working on either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many groups working on either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many groups working on either
+replicating fermi's series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating fermi's series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating fermi's series of
+experiments with his Neutron capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with his Neutron capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with his Neutron capture
+we're trying to uh irradiate other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to uh irradiate other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to uh irradiate other
+sources find other Isotopes and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources find other Isotopes and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources find other Isotopes and and
+possibly even new elements and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly even new elements and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly even new elements and one of
+the most active in this group was a team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most active in this group was a team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most active in this group was a team
+based in Berlin what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based in Berlin what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based in Berlin what's really
+interesting about this Berlin group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this Berlin group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this Berlin group is
+that they were explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were explicitly
+multi-disciplinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-disciplinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-disciplinary
+even more so certainly more so than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more so certainly more so than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more so certainly more so than
+fermi's group even arguably more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermi's group even arguably more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermi's group even arguably more than
+the Julio koreas or similar at least to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Julio koreas or similar at least to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Julio koreas or similar at least to
+them so the group included a theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so the group included a theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so the group included a theoretical
+physicist Lisa meitner as well as two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist Lisa meitner as well as two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist Lisa meitner as well as two
+very accomplished nuclear chemists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accomplished nuclear chemists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accomplished nuclear chemists
+ottohan and Fred Strassman and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ottohan and Fred Strassman and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ottohan and Fred Strassman and for
+today's readings I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's readings I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's readings I I
+we have a little an excerpt that's drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a little an excerpt that's drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a little an excerpt that's drawn
+from this really quite amazing biography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this really quite amazing biography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this really quite amazing biography
+of mightner by Ruth lewinside again for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mightner by Ruth lewinside again for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mightner by Ruth lewinside again for
+those of you might be interested I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you might be interested I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you might be interested I I
+can't recommend this book highly enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't recommend this book highly enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't recommend this book highly enough
+I just think this book is is gripping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just think this book is is gripping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just think this book is is gripping
+and moving and beautifully uh written uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moving and beautifully uh written uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moving and beautifully uh written uh
+science biography of Meisner so uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science biography of Meisner so uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science biography of Meisner so uh I
+couldn't assign the whole book but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't assign the whole book but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't assign the whole book but I do
+encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you
+um to read even more from from Simon's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to read even more from from Simon's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to read even more from from Simon's
+biography uh if if you have the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biography uh if if you have the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biography uh if if you have the time
+there's a little taste of an article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little taste of an article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little taste of an article
+that Ruth wrote with some colleagues in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ruth wrote with some colleagues in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ruth wrote with some colleagues in
+physics today and then a kind of short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics today and then a kind of short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics today and then a kind of short
+piece inspired by her book by the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece inspired by her book by the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece inspired by her book by the very
+talented science writer uh Maria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented science writer uh Maria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented science writer uh Maria
+bookover but I think there's sort of no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookover but I think there's sort of no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookover but I think there's sort of no
+substitute for for this biography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for for this biography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for for this biography
+might or I think is just endlessly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might or I think is just endlessly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might or I think is just endlessly
+fascinating so what we learn from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating so what we learn from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating so what we learn from from
+uh science biography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh science biography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh science biography
+Miner Lisa meitner grew up in a Jewish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miner Lisa meitner grew up in a Jewish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miner Lisa meitner grew up in a Jewish
+Family in Austria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Family in Austria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Family in Austria
+and she was therefore only allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she was therefore only allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she was therefore only allowed to
+attend formal school until age 14. at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend formal school until age 14. at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend formal school until age 14. at
+that point the rules that the late years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point the rules that the late years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point the rules that the late years
+of the hopsberg Empire girls couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hopsberg Empire girls couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hopsberg Empire girls couldn't
+even finish high school they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even finish high school they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even finish high school they weren't
+allowed to finish high school they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to finish high school they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to finish high school they could
+go to school through age 14.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to school through age 14.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to school through age 14.
+uh and during uh mitner's kind of later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and during uh mitner's kind of later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and during uh mitner's kind of later
+teenage years there was a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenage years there was a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenage years there was a series of
+reforms because State you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reforms because State you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reforms because State you know a
+nationwide reforms within Austria that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationwide reforms within Austria that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationwide reforms within Austria that
+actually relaxed those rules so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually relaxed those rules so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually relaxed those rules so then
+mightner rushed through all the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mightner rushed through all the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mightner rushed through all the years
+she'd missed of the remaining years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she'd missed of the remaining years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she'd missed of the remaining years of
+what would have been a standard High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have been a standard High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have been a standard High
+School curriculum mostly through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School curriculum mostly through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School curriculum mostly through
+self-study she finished high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-study she finished high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-study she finished high school
+effectively in a few months and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively in a few months and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively in a few months and then
+even more astonishing past the entrance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more astonishing past the entrance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more astonishing past the entrance
+exam to study Physics at the at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam to study Physics at the at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam to study Physics at the at the very
+elite University of Vienna which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elite University of Vienna which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elite University of Vienna which
+otherwise would never have been allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise would never have been allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise would never have been allowed
+to her until these reforms had come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her until these reforms had come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her until these reforms had come in
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+so uh she then studied very hard and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh she then studied very hard and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh she then studied very hard and she
+was among the first women anywhere to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was among the first women anywhere to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was among the first women anywhere to
+earn not just an undergraduate degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn not just an undergraduate degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn not just an undergraduate degree
+but actually a full PhD in physics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually a full PhD in physics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually a full PhD in physics uh
+she earned her PhD in 1905 and then she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she earned her PhD in 1905 and then she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she earned her PhD in 1905 and then she
+very quickly began to collaborate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly began to collaborate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly began to collaborate with
+Otto Han in Berlin she had a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Otto Han in Berlin she had a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Otto Han in Berlin she had a few
+short-term uh kind of fellowships and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term uh kind of fellowships and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term uh kind of fellowships and
+then uh eventually was hired sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh eventually was hired sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh eventually was hired sort of
+hired uh in Berlin uh she was allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired uh in Berlin uh she was allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired uh in Berlin uh she was allowed to
+work with him Han was glad to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with him Han was glad to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with him Han was glad to work with
+her but she was only allowed to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her but she was only allowed to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her but she was only allowed to go into
+the basement of this institute in Berlin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basement of this institute in Berlin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basement of this institute in Berlin
+because women were literally not allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because women were literally not allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because women were literally not allowed
+into the main Institute not just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the main Institute not just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the main Institute not just that
+there weren't like women's restrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there weren't like women's restrooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there weren't like women's restrooms
+they weren't allowed on the first second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't allowed on the first second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't allowed on the first second
+third floor so Han to accommodate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third floor so Han to accommodate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third floor so Han to accommodate this
+very very brilliant co uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very brilliant co uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very brilliant co uh you know
+collaborator colleague agreed to work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborator colleague agreed to work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborator colleague agreed to work in
+what was essentially a kind of shop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was essentially a kind of shop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was essentially a kind of shop a
+kind of woodworking shop in the basement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of woodworking shop in the basement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of woodworking shop in the basement
+of the otherwise very fancy Institute in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the otherwise very fancy Institute in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the otherwise very fancy Institute in
+Berlin and that's how the collaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin and that's how the collaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin and that's how the collaboration
+started minor as a young and upcoming uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started minor as a young and upcoming uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started minor as a young and upcoming uh
+theoretical physicist uh and Han as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical physicist uh and Han as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical physicist uh and Han as an
+accomplished chemist and here they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished chemist and here they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished chemist and here they are
+many years later working uh in in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years later working uh in in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years later working uh in in their
+lab together in the later 30s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab together in the later 30s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab together in the later 30s
+so what happens is in 1933 what Hitler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is in 1933 what Hitler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is in 1933 what Hitler
+uh is elected and the so-called Civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is elected and the so-called Civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is elected and the so-called Civil
+Service law is going to effect by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Service law is going to effect by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Service law is going to effect by that
+spring people who are of Jewish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring people who are of Jewish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring people who are of Jewish
+background and German citizens could no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and German citizens could no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and German citizens could no
+longer hold university positions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer hold university positions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer hold university positions or
+other government jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other government jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other government jobs
+uh Lisa might know is not a German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Lisa might know is not a German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Lisa might know is not a German
+citizen she was an Austrian so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen she was an Austrian so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen she was an Austrian so it's
+quite astonishing that she was Jewish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite astonishing that she was Jewish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite astonishing that she was Jewish
+everyone knew she was Jewish and she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone knew she was Jewish and she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone knew she was Jewish and she was
+able to keep her job because according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to keep her job because according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to keep her job because according
+to these new laws they didn't apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these new laws they didn't apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these new laws they didn't apply to
+her they applied to German citizens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her they applied to German citizens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her they applied to German citizens of
+Jewish background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish background
+that changed in the spring of 1938 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changed in the spring of 1938 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changed in the spring of 1938 or
+beginning in the spring of 38 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning in the spring of 38 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning in the spring of 38 because
+again as some of you may know uh by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as some of you may know uh by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as some of you may know uh by that
+point there was what is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there was what is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there was what is called the
+onschloofs which is when not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcomed it but in any case Austria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcomed it but in any case Austria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcomed it but in any case Austria
+became sort of absorbed within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became sort of absorbed within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became sort of absorbed within the
+German the Nazi Reich so now Austria and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German the Nazi Reich so now Austria and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German the Nazi Reich so now Austria and
+therefore austrians were subject to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore austrians were subject to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore austrians were subject to the
+kind of German laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of German laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of German laws
+including these so-called Civil Service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including these so-called Civil Service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including these so-called Civil Service
+lawsuits anti-jewish employment laws so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawsuits anti-jewish employment laws so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawsuits anti-jewish employment laws so
+only in in late spring early summer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in in late spring early summer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in in late spring early summer in
+1938 rather than spring of 1933 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1938 rather than spring of 1933 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1938 rather than spring of 1933 was
+mightner no longer entitled uh according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mightner no longer entitled uh according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mightner no longer entitled uh according
+to these new laws to keep her job so she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these new laws to keep her job so she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these new laws to keep her job so she
+actually had to flee in a hurry several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had to flee in a hurry several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had to flee in a hurry several
+years after this kind of Exodus had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after this kind of Exodus had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after this kind of Exodus had
+begun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begun
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so mightner actually got a temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mightner actually got a temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mightner actually got a temporary
+position in Stockholm she was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in Stockholm she was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in Stockholm she was able to
+flee to to uh to Sweden and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flee to to uh to Sweden and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flee to to uh to Sweden and in the
+meantime hodden Strassman in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meantime hodden Strassman in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meantime hodden Strassman in their
+Berlin laboratory continued these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin laboratory continued these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin laboratory continued these
+Neutron bombardment experiments again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron bombardment experiments again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron bombardment experiments again
+doing just like what the family group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing just like what the family group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing just like what the family group
+had gotten so famous for they redid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gotten so famous for they redid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gotten so famous for they redid
+fermi's experiments multiple times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermi's experiments multiple times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermi's experiments multiple times
+even to the day at which family was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to the day at which family was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to the day at which family was
+literally shaking the king's hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally shaking the king's hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally shaking the king's hand and
+receiving his Nobel Prize right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving his Nobel Prize right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving his Nobel Prize right
+throughout the month of December
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the month of December
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the month of December
+but unlike Ferry and unlike the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but unlike Ferry and unlike the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but unlike Ferry and unlike the Nobel
+committee Han and Strassman concluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee Han and Strassman concluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee Han and Strassman concluded
+that neither family nor are they in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neither family nor are they in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neither family nor are they in
+their own lab had actually produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own lab had actually produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own lab had actually produced
+these elements Beyond uranium so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements Beyond uranium so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements Beyond uranium so
+literally while family was receiving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally while family was receiving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally while family was receiving the
+prize for having made transuranic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize for having made transuranic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize for having made transuranic
+elements Hahn and Strassman convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements Hahn and Strassman convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements Hahn and Strassman convinced
+themselves that no he didn't and neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves that no he didn't and neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves that no he didn't and neither
+had they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had they
+so this is an example of a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example of a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example of a periodic
+table from um 1938 you can see it ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table from um 1938 you can see it ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table from um 1938 you can see it ends
+at uranium so whereas uh Fermi and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uranium so whereas uh Fermi and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uranium so whereas uh Fermi and the
+Nobel committee and all the experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel committee and all the experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel committee and all the experts
+nearly all the experts uh there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly all the experts uh there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly all the experts uh there are a
+few detractors but nearly all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few detractors but nearly all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few detractors but nearly all the
+experts had assumed that Fermi had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts had assumed that Fermi had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts had assumed that Fermi had
+nudged uh you know these these nuclei up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudged uh you know these these nuclei up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudged uh you know these these nuclei up
+by one or maybe two places here Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one or maybe two places here Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one or maybe two places here Beyond
+uranium what Hahn and Strassman kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium what Hahn and Strassman kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium what Hahn and Strassman kind of
+grudgingly conclude uh using their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grudgingly conclude uh using their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grudgingly conclude uh using their
+chemists knowledge not their not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists knowledge not their not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists knowledge not their not the
+notion as physicists as in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion as physicists as in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion as physicists as in fact the
+uranium Target had been split it hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium Target had been split it hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium Target had been split it hadn't
+been nudged to One Step a large or One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been nudged to One Step a large or One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been nudged to One Step a large or One
+Step Beyond Uranium on the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step Beyond Uranium on the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step Beyond Uranium on the periodic
+table it actually broke into two much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table it actually broke into two much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table it actually broke into two much
+smaller pieces uh Midway down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller pieces uh Midway down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller pieces uh Midway down the
+periodic table into for example a barium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table into for example a barium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table into for example a barium
+fragment and a Krypton fragment where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment and a Krypton fragment where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment and a Krypton fragment where
+again the the atomic number would add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the the atomic number would add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the the atomic number would add up
+you had 92 protons to start you have 92
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had 92 protons to start you have 92
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had 92 protons to start you have 92
+protons at the end but not by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons at the end but not by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons at the end but not by having
+made one slightly larger blob of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made one slightly larger blob of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made one slightly larger blob of say
+neptunium or some transient but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neptunium or some transient but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neptunium or some transient but in fact
+by splitting that initial Target nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by splitting that initial Target nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by splitting that initial Target nucleus
+into two much smaller pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two much smaller pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two much smaller pieces
+uh and they and they uh wrote this up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they and they uh wrote this up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they and they uh wrote this up in
+December it was published almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December it was published almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December it was published almost
+immediately in uh some impression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately in uh some impression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately in uh some impression
+academy uh Publications in January of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academy uh Publications in January of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academy uh Publications in January of
+1939 and they conclude this with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1939 and they conclude this with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1939 and they conclude this with this
+very famous uh closing that say as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous uh closing that say as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous uh closing that say as
+chemists we must actually say the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists we must actually say the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists we must actually say the new
+particles that result of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that result of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that result of the the
+products after this reaction behave like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products after this reaction behave like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products after this reaction behave like
+uh do not behave like radium but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do not behave like radium but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do not behave like radium but in fact
+like barium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like barium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like barium
+it was it looks like they really had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it looks like they really had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it looks like they really had
+been knocked all the way down here not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been knocked all the way down here not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been knocked all the way down here not
+uh in the vicinity of uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the vicinity of uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the vicinity of uranium
+so as chemists we say we found barium as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as chemists we say we found barium as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as chemists we say we found barium as
+nuclear physicists we cannot make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear physicists we cannot make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear physicists we cannot make this
+conclusion which is in conflict with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion which is in conflict with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion which is in conflict with all
+experience in nuclear physics there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in nuclear physics there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in nuclear physics there's no
+known nuclear transformation to date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known nuclear transformation to date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known nuclear transformation to date
+after 40 Years of studying such things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 40 Years of studying such things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 40 Years of studying such things
+in which they've been that large leap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which they've been that large leap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which they've been that large leap
+either up or down the periodic table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either up or down the periodic table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either up or down the periodic table and
+I talk a bit more about this uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk a bit more about this uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk a bit more about this uh in the
+in the optional lecture notes All the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the optional lecture notes All the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the optional lecture notes All the
+known Transformations alpha decay would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known Transformations alpha decay would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known Transformations alpha decay would
+knock you down two places beta Decay not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock you down two places beta Decay not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock you down two places beta Decay not
+bring you up you would be moving one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring you up you would be moving one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring you up you would be moving one or
+two places in your immediate vicinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two places in your immediate vicinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two places in your immediate vicinity
+not sort of halfway down the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sort of halfway down the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sort of halfway down the table
+so while she was now on the run she had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while she was now on the run she had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while she was now on the run she had
+just just arrived at a kind of temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just arrived at a kind of temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just arrived at a kind of temporary
+position in Stockholm mitner received an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in Stockholm mitner received an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in Stockholm mitner received an
+update from ottohan about these latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update from ottohan about these latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update from ottohan about these latest
+experiments in indicating the presence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in indicating the presence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in indicating the presence
+of barium which again to emphasize Han
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of barium which again to emphasize Han
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of barium which again to emphasize Han
+and Strassman as chemists knew how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Strassman as chemists knew how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Strassman as chemists knew how to do
+proper chemical analyzes to test for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper chemical analyzes to test for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper chemical analyzes to test for
+barium and they and they were more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barium and they and they were more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barium and they and they were more and
+more convinced that's what was there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more convinced that's what was there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more convinced that's what was there so
+meitner gets the update from Han
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meitner gets the update from Han
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meitner gets the update from Han
+she has a little break with her nephew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has a little break with her nephew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has a little break with her nephew
+another theoretical physicist Otto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another theoretical physicist Otto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another theoretical physicist Otto
+Robert Frisch she often went just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Frisch she often went just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Frisch she often went just by
+Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert
+uh Frisch was uh actually at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Frisch was uh actually at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Frisch was uh actually at this point
+a postdoc in Copenhagen so he's also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a postdoc in Copenhagen so he's also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a postdoc in Copenhagen so he's also in
+Scandinavia he was able to come see his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scandinavia he was able to come see his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scandinavia he was able to come see his
+aunt uh they had a few days together uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aunt uh they had a few days together uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aunt uh they had a few days together uh
+outside of Stockholm in a little ski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of Stockholm in a little ski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of Stockholm in a little ski
+vacation called cross-country skiing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation called cross-country skiing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation called cross-country skiing and
+it's wild there that uh that Meiner had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's wild there that uh that Meiner had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's wild there that uh that Meiner had
+just received his letter from Han Frisch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just received his letter from Han Frisch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just received his letter from Han Frisch
+comes and they spend the day talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes and they spend the day talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes and they spend the day talking
+about how Han and strassman's results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how Han and strassman's results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how Han and strassman's results
+could possibly be true and while away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly be true and while away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly be true and while away
+from any kind of workspace well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any kind of workspace well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any kind of workspace well
+literally spending the day out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally spending the day out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally spending the day out in the
+woods snow-covered woods they work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woods snow-covered woods they work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woods snow-covered woods they work out
+the first ever physical model of nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first ever physical model of nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first ever physical model of nuclear
+fissions quite extraordinary again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissions quite extraordinary again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissions quite extraordinary again
+there's plenty more in the optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's plenty more in the optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's plenty more in the optional
+notes uh to spell this out in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes uh to spell this out in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes uh to spell this out in more
+detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+they began to argue or they convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they began to argue or they convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they began to argue or they convince
+themselves that slow neutrons were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves that slow neutrons were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves that slow neutrons were the
+key that remember a family was Finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key that remember a family was Finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key that remember a family was Finding
+increased reaction rates when he put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased reaction rates when he put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased reaction rates when he put
+that block of paraffin that wax between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block of paraffin that wax between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block of paraffin that wax between
+the neutrons and the target uranium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrons and the target uranium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrons and the target uranium and
+they argue that that must mean because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they argue that that must mean because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they argue that that must mean because
+the paraffin was slowing down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paraffin was slowing down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paraffin was slowing down the
+neutrons there'd be enough scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons there'd be enough scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons there'd be enough scattering
+and recoil that the neutrons that made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recoil that the neutrons that made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recoil that the neutrons that made
+it through the paraffin would have lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through the paraffin would have lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through the paraffin would have lost
+a significant amount of energy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a significant amount of energy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a significant amount of energy from
+having scattered off an objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having scattered off an objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having scattered off an objective
+comparable size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable size
+and so they should be slowed down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they should be slowed down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they should be slowed down by
+their travel through that moderator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their travel through that moderator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their travel through that moderator
+through that system that material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that system that material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that system that material that
+would slow down their kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would slow down their kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would slow down their kinetic energy
+and then mitner and Frisch unlike Fermi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then mitner and Frisch unlike Fermi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then mitner and Frisch unlike Fermi
+at first migrant first realized well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first migrant first realized well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first migrant first realized well if
+the momentum of these uh neutrons has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum of these uh neutrons has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum of these uh neutrons has
+been reduced then the quantum-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been reduced then the quantum-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been reduced then the quantum-like
+behavior should have been exaggerated if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior should have been exaggerated if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior should have been exaggerated if
+you go back to the debris wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back to the debris wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back to the debris wavelength
+remember we saw this inherent waviness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we saw this inherent waviness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we saw this inherent waviness
+uh associated associated Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh associated associated Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh associated associated Quantum
+mechanically with any solid matter it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically with any solid matter it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically with any solid matter it's
+proportion of the Planck's constant but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of the Planck's constant but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of the Planck's constant but
+inversely proportional to the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversely proportional to the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversely proportional to the momentum
+so if the neutrons are being slowed down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the neutrons are being slowed down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the neutrons are being slowed down
+through say that paraffin wax then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through say that paraffin wax then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through say that paraffin wax then the
+velocity would be small the waviness the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity would be small the waviness the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity would be small the waviness the
+characteristic size of this Quantum wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic size of this Quantum wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic size of this Quantum wave
+would be enhanced so maybe even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be enhanced so maybe even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be enhanced so maybe even though
+this uranium nucleus is nearly 240 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uranium nucleus is nearly 240 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uranium nucleus is nearly 240 times
+bigger than a more massive than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than a more massive than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than a more massive than the
+inbound Neutron if that neutron have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inbound Neutron if that neutron have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inbound Neutron if that neutron have
+been slowed so it's Quantum properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been slowed so it's Quantum properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been slowed so it's Quantum properties
+have been stretched the quantum this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been stretched the quantum this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been stretched the quantum this so
+to speak the wavelength might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak the wavelength might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak the wavelength might be
+comparable in size to this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable in size to this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable in size to this entire
+uranium Target maybe you could set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium Target maybe you could set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium Target maybe you could set the
+entire Target wobbling coherent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire Target wobbling coherent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire Target wobbling coherent you
+could get a kind of coherent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get a kind of coherent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get a kind of coherent or
+Collective response to the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collective response to the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collective response to the single
+bombardment by the incoming Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombardment by the incoming Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombardment by the incoming Neutron
+and they begin again working out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they begin again working out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they begin again working out this
+kind of picture that this Neutron might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of picture that this Neutron might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of picture that this Neutron might
+be like a kind of liquid drop that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like a kind of liquid drop that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like a kind of liquid drop that was a
+model that Niels Bohr himself had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that Niels Bohr himself had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that Niels Bohr himself had been
+working out for a while this kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out for a while this kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out for a while this kind of uh
+barely stable uh equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely stable uh equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely stable uh equilibrium
+between a kind of surface tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a kind of surface tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a kind of surface tension
+keeping it together and a volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping it together and a volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping it together and a volume
+pressure uh that would uh work it to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure uh that would uh work it to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure uh that would uh work it to in
+work against the surface tension and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work against the surface tension and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work against the surface tension and
+that might be just a a balancing point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be just a a balancing point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be just a a balancing point
+when you get to very large nuclei like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get to very large nuclei like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get to very large nuclei like
+uranium so once this kind of stretched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium so once this kind of stretched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium so once this kind of stretched
+out slowed Neutron encounters the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out slowed Neutron encounters the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out slowed Neutron encounters the
+nucleus it gets at the whole drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus it gets at the whole drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus it gets at the whole drop
+wobbling and in fact you could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wobbling and in fact you could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wobbling and in fact you could actually
+have this sort of thin neck appear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this sort of thin neck appear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this sort of thin neck appear and
+then finally because this is now a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally because this is now a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally because this is now a very
+dense pack of positively charged protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense pack of positively charged protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense pack of positively charged protons
+this is a separate density packed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a separate density packed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a separate density packed uh
+region of positive protons they can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of positive protons they can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of positive protons they can now
+repel each other maybe this neck will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repel each other maybe this neck will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repel each other maybe this neck will
+will rupture and you'll actually get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will rupture and you'll actually get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will rupture and you'll actually get two
+smaller pieces so maybe the one large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller pieces so maybe the one large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller pieces so maybe the one large
+nucleus could split in two because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus could split in two because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus could split in two because it
+was hit by a slow moving Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hit by a slow moving Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hit by a slow moving Neutron
+they go on again this part is done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go on again this part is done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go on again this part is done in
+much more detail in the notes I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more detail in the notes I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more detail in the notes I'll just
+go quickly here still on the ski holiday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go quickly here still on the ski holiday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go quickly here still on the ski holiday
+while basically on a bench or leaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while basically on a bench or leaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while basically on a bench or leaning
+against a tree they try to to wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a tree they try to to wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a tree they try to to wonder
+would this work could they get a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this work could they get a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this work could they get a kind of
+order of magnitude estimate of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude estimate of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude estimate of this kind
+of um process and they realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um process and they realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um process and they realized
+that the energy scale the rough energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy scale the rough energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy scale the rough energies
+involved if this uh splitting of uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved if this uh splitting of uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved if this uh splitting of uranium
+nucleus were to hold we they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus were to hold we they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus were to hold we they could
+estimate by the kind of coulomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate by the kind of coulomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate by the kind of coulomb
+repulsion of all the pieces all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion of all the pieces all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion of all the pieces all the
+protons within that nucleus they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons within that nucleus they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons within that nucleus they have
+about a hundred protons 92 so order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a hundred protons 92 so order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a hundred protons 92 so order
+magnitude about 100 protons each with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude about 100 protons each with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude about 100 protons each with
+unit charge and they're packed within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit charge and they're packed within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit charge and they're packed within a
+very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small
+um uh volume the average nuclear radii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh volume the average nuclear radii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh volume the average nuclear radii
+They Knew by this point was in the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They Knew by this point was in the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They Knew by this point was in the order
+of um a hundredth of an angstrom uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um a hundredth of an angstrom uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um a hundredth of an angstrom uh and
+so on the order of oh no excuse me uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the order of oh no excuse me uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the order of oh no excuse me uh uh
+ten thousand of an actions around 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten thousand of an actions around 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten thousand of an actions around 10 to
+the minus 12 centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 12 centimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 12 centimeters
+meanwhile the kind of typical energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile the kind of typical energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile the kind of typical energy
+scales for chemical reactions is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales for chemical reactions is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales for chemical reactions is where
+you're basically moving one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically moving one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically moving one or two
+electrons across distances of an atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons across distances of an atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons across distances of an atomic
+size not a nuclear size so if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size not a nuclear size so if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size not a nuclear size so if you take
+the ratio of the kind of typical energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the kind of typical energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the kind of typical energy
+scales that seem to be involved in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales that seem to be involved in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales that seem to be involved in these
+nuclear Transformations compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear Transformations compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear Transformations compared to
+typical energy scales for chemical ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical energy scales for chemical ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical energy scales for chemical ones
+the nuclear one should be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear one should be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear one should be about
+a hundred million times larger energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred million times larger energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred million times larger energies
+just from this kind of uh how many uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from this kind of uh how many uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from this kind of uh how many uh
+charges can you are you moving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges can you are you moving around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges can you are you moving around
+and what kind of volume it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what kind of volume it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what kind of volume it's very very
+kind of order of magnitude rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of order of magnitude rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of order of magnitude rough
+estimate that they're doing literally on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that they're doing literally on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that they're doing literally on
+on a bench well taking a break from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a bench well taking a break from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a bench well taking a break from
+skiing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skiing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skiing
+meanwhile after splitting apart if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile after splitting apart if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile after splitting apart if this
+really were to happen you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really were to happen you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really were to happen you have two
+roughly equal pieces of what had once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly equal pieces of what had once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly equal pieces of what had once
+been a single uh nucleus each piece will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a single uh nucleus each piece will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a single uh nucleus each piece will
+carry as they go through and I replicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry as they go through and I replicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry as they go through and I replicate
+that algebra in the Prime in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that algebra in the Prime in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that algebra in the Prime in the in the
+notes each piece following splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes each piece following splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes each piece following splitting
+would carry about one third of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would carry about one third of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would carry about one third of that
+starting energy so this nuclear energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting energy so this nuclear energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting energy so this nuclear energy
+of the starting uh blob of roughly 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the starting uh blob of roughly 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the starting uh blob of roughly 100
+charged particles after splitting each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particles after splitting each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particles after splitting each
+piece would only carry about a third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece would only carry about a third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece would only carry about a third of
+that so you have two pieces you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you have two pieces you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you have two pieces you have one
+third of that kind of raw energy still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of that kind of raw energy still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of that kind of raw energy still
+to account for and that would be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for and that would be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for and that would be this
+energy released every time a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy released every time a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy released every time a single
+large unstable nucleus undergoes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large unstable nucleus undergoes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large unstable nucleus undergoes the
+splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting
+so you have one third of this enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have one third of this enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have one third of this enormous
+energy scale sort of available or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy scale sort of available or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy scale sort of available or
+released every time they estimate every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released every time they estimate every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released every time they estimate every
+time a single nucleus is split in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a single nucleus is split in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a single nucleus is split in this
+in this fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this fashion
+it turns out that estimate is consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that estimate is consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that estimate is consistent
+with people who then fill this in within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people who then fill this in within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people who then fill this in within
+a few months with a different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few months with a different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few months with a different way of
+estimating the energy scales not based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the energy scales not based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the energy scales not based
+on a kind of classical coulomb repulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a kind of classical coulomb repulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a kind of classical coulomb repulsion
+how many protons over here are repelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many protons over here are repelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many protons over here are repelling
+how many protons over there but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many protons over there but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many protons over there but actually
+based on equals mc squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on equals mc squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on equals mc squared
+that the total mass of the uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the total mass of the uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the total mass of the uranium
+nucleus before it splits is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus before it splits is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus before it splits is actually
+great uh is actually sorry less than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh is actually sorry less than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh is actually sorry less than uh
+the mass of the barium and the Krypton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the barium and the Krypton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the barium and the Krypton
+there's a binding energy left over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a binding energy left over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a binding energy left over
+negative binding uh and that actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative binding uh and that actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative binding uh and that actually is
+what's released uh when when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's released uh when when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's released uh when when this
+initial thing splits and that release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial thing splits and that release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial thing splits and that release
+times c squared gives you again exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times c squared gives you again exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times c squared gives you again exact
+same kind of estimate as you get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of estimate as you get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of estimate as you get from
+this classical kind of electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this classical kind of electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this classical kind of electrostatic
+repulsion that was worked out in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion that was worked out in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion that was worked out in detail
+by Bohr himself with another colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Bohr himself with another colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Bohr himself with another colleague
+so Frisch returns to boys Institute in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Frisch returns to boys Institute in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Frisch returns to boys Institute in
+late December he tells Bohr all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late December he tells Bohr all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late December he tells Bohr all about
+this board was very excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this board was very excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this board was very excited about
+nuclear physics about this point fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear physics about this point fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear physics about this point fresh
+was Bohr's postdoc Frisch tells him all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Bohr's postdoc Frisch tells him all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Bohr's postdoc Frisch tells him all
+about Miners and Frisch's ideas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Miners and Frisch's ideas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Miners and Frisch's ideas that
+maybe this big nucleus is just barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this big nucleus is just barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this big nucleus is just barely
+stable and could actually split apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and could actually split apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and could actually split apart
+into two small pieces he asks more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two small pieces he asks more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two small pieces he asks more to
+keep it to himself he and Mike are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it to himself he and Mike are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it to himself he and Mike are going
+to keep working on it and maybe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep working on it and maybe even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep working on it and maybe even
+perform some laboratory tests and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform some laboratory tests and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform some laboratory tests and so on
+which in fact Frisch did wind up doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in fact Frisch did wind up doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in fact Frisch did wind up doing
+meanwhile Bohr was set to leave almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile Bohr was set to leave almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile Bohr was set to leave almost
+practically the next day very soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically the next day very soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically the next day very soon
+afterwards to sail uh to the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards to sail uh to the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards to sail uh to the United
+States he was scheduled to spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States he was scheduled to spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States he was scheduled to spend a
+sabbatical at Princeton Princeton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sabbatical at Princeton Princeton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sabbatical at Princeton Princeton
+University right near the institute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University right near the institute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University right near the institute for
+advanced study so he does that he sails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced study so he does that he sails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced study so he does that he sails
+to New York he's actually met at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to New York he's actually met at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to New York he's actually met at the
+docks in New York City by Enrico Fermi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+docks in New York City by Enrico Fermi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+docks in New York City by Enrico Fermi
+who had just fled he had just left uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had just fled he had just left uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had just fled he had just left uh um
+by way of his Nobel Prize ceremony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by way of his Nobel Prize ceremony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by way of his Nobel Prize ceremony
+younger uh folks like Sam gauchment whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger uh folks like Sam gauchment whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger uh folks like Sam gauchment whom
+we heard about before we'll hear more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we heard about before we'll hear more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we heard about before we'll hear more
+about soon the ouchman had also fled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about soon the ouchman had also fled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about soon the ouchman had also fled the
+Netherlands and had moved to the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands and had moved to the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands and had moved to the United
+States some years before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States some years before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States some years before
+but where it basically gets off the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where it basically gets off the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where it basically gets off the boat
+and tells them you won't believe what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tells them you won't believe what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tells them you won't believe what
+I've just learned nuclear efficient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just learned nuclear efficient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just learned nuclear efficient is
+possible so even though Frisch had asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so even though Frisch had asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so even though Frisch had asked
+him to keep it quiet Bohr basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to keep it quiet Bohr basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to keep it quiet Bohr basically
+can't help himself because he's spilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't help himself because he's spilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't help himself because he's spilling
+the beans to his physics colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beans to his physics colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beans to his physics colleagues
+practically on the docks as soon as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically on the docks as soon as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically on the docks as soon as he
+arrives in New York City then he gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives in New York City then he gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives in New York City then he gets to
+Prince and he tells other Emma Gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prince and he tells other Emma Gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prince and he tells other Emma Gray
+physicists like vigner Albert Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists like vigner Albert Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists like vigner Albert Einstein
+John Wheeler who's an American physicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Wheeler who's an American physicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Wheeler who's an American physicist
+but had done his own postdoc with war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but had done his own postdoc with war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but had done his own postdoc with war
+some years earlier they knew each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some years earlier they knew each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some years earlier they knew each other
+very well within days several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well within days several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well within days several
+Laboratories up and down the east coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories up and down the east coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories up and down the east coast
+and actually verified this reaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually verified this reaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually verified this reaction and
+for them it was easy because they knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them it was easy because they knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them it was easy because they knew
+what to look for the the hard part was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to look for the the hard part was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to look for the the hard part was
+having these chemists like Han and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these chemists like Han and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these chemists like Han and
+Strassman really do the kind of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strassman really do the kind of chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strassman really do the kind of chemical
+assays to find barium once you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assays to find barium once you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assays to find barium once you know to
+look for barium then even physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for barium then even physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for barium then even physicists
+with some chemists help could verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some chemists help could verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some chemists help could verify
+that the some of the fission products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the some of the fission products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the some of the fission products
+were in fact barium way down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in fact barium way down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in fact barium way down the
+periodic table not things near uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table not things near uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table not things near uranium
+so during that sabbatical boar then kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so during that sabbatical boar then kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so during that sabbatical boar then kept
+working with uh with wheeler and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with uh with wheeler and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with uh with wheeler and they
+worked out a more detailed quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out a more detailed quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out a more detailed quantitative
+analysis building very directly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis building very directly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis building very directly on
+Miners and Frisch's work by this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miners and Frisch's work by this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miners and Frisch's work by this point
+might know fishes had published a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know fishes had published a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know fishes had published a few
+very short letters about their work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short letters about their work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short letters about their work that
+are duly cited by by wheeler and boar uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are duly cited by by wheeler and boar uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are duly cited by by wheeler and boar uh
+and they work out a kind of lengthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they work out a kind of lengthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they work out a kind of lengthy
+detailed quantitative theory of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed quantitative theory of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed quantitative theory of this
+nuclear fission in fact building again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear fission in fact building again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear fission in fact building again
+much on micro's work it's bore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much on micro's work it's bore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much on micro's work it's bore and
+Wheeler who finally uh conclude that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wheeler who finally uh conclude that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wheeler who finally uh conclude that the
+fissionable the most unstable isotope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissionable the most unstable isotope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissionable the most unstable isotope of
+uranium is not the most common kind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium is not the most common kind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium is not the most common kind you
+find in the ground that's u-238 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in the ground that's u-238 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in the ground that's u-238 the
+fissionable one the one that's most easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissionable one the one that's most easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissionable one the one that's most easy
+to undergo this kind of splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to undergo this kind of splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to undergo this kind of splitting
+reaction has a couple fewer neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction has a couple fewer neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction has a couple fewer neutrons
+than the common one u-235 what's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the common one u-235 what's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the common one u-235 what's kind of
+chilling or stunning to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chilling or stunning to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chilling or stunning to me
+their article was published in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their article was published in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their article was published in the
+physical view literally on the same day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical view literally on the same day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical view literally on the same day
+that the Nazis invaded Poland which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Nazis invaded Poland which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Nazis invaded Poland which was
+a final kind of trigger for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a final kind of trigger for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a final kind of trigger for the for the
+start of the overt fighting of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of the overt fighting of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of the overt fighting of the
+second world war again we see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war again we see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war again we see this
+Collision of these of these time scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision of these of these time scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision of these of these time scales
+so everyone in physics everyone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everyone in physics everyone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everyone in physics everyone in
+physics knew immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics knew immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics knew immediately
+the nuclear fission would could lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear fission would could lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear fission would could lead to
+bombs this is an enormous release of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombs this is an enormous release of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombs this is an enormous release of
+energy each time a single nucleus split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy each time a single nucleus split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy each time a single nucleus split
+the energy scales were nothing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy scales were nothing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy scales were nothing like
+typical chemical scales chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical chemical scales chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical chemical scales chemical
+reaction scales so everyone knows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction scales so everyone knows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction scales so everyone knows that
+and then their second thought was oh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then their second thought was oh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then their second thought was oh the
+Germans must know this too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans must know this too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans must know this too
+after all fission had been identified in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all fission had been identified in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all fission had been identified in
+the Berlin laboratory and as we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Berlin laboratory and as we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Berlin laboratory and as we were
+just saying a few minutes ago although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying a few minutes ago although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying a few minutes ago although
+many researchers fled Nazi Germany it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many researchers fled Nazi Germany it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many researchers fled Nazi Germany it
+still retained some of the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still retained some of the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still retained some of the world's
+leading experts in nuclear physics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading experts in nuclear physics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading experts in nuclear physics or
+nuclear science more broadly Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear science more broadly Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear science more broadly Heisenberg
+as we said had stayed behind ottohan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we said had stayed behind ottohan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we said had stayed behind ottohan
+Hans Geiger back to the geiger counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hans Geiger back to the geiger counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hans Geiger back to the geiger counter
+Walter bota box plot Maxwell and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walter bota box plot Maxwell and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walter bota box plot Maxwell and the
+long listings folks and we're still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long listings folks and we're still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long listings folks and we're still in
+Germany let alone uh at the Forefront of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany let alone uh at the Forefront of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany let alone uh at the Forefront of
+laboratory tests of these things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory tests of these things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory tests of these things so
+again just to give a sense of how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just to give a sense of how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just to give a sense of how how
+rapidly these things were all kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly these things were all kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly these things were all kind of
+colliding uh the the conceptual work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding uh the the conceptual work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding uh the the conceptual work
+the laboratory work around these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory work around these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory work around these new
+kinds of nuclear Transformations and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of nuclear Transformations and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of nuclear Transformations and uh
+the headlong rush into a a World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headlong rush into a a World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headlong rush into a a World
+spanning War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning War
+so I mentioned the onslose where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mentioned the onslose where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mentioned the onslose where the
+Nazis basically absorb um uh Austria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis basically absorb um uh Austria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis basically absorb um uh Austria
+that was uh in March of 38 by December
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was uh in March of 38 by December
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was uh in March of 38 by December
+38 we have these developments of Han and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 we have these developments of Han and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 we have these developments of Han and
+Strassman identifying barium bite your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strassman identifying barium bite your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strassman identifying barium bite your
+fish working out the first real physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish working out the first real physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish working out the first real physical
+explanation who arrived in New York City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation who arrived in New York City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation who arrived in New York City
+that spring the Nazis and occupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spring the Nazis and occupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spring the Nazis and occupied
+Czechoslovakia and Poland is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Czechoslovakia and Poland is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Czechoslovakia and Poland is what
+finally triggers the uh announcements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally triggers the uh announcements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally triggers the uh announcements
+the Declarations of War by many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Declarations of War by many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Declarations of War by many other
+countries So within days of the invasion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries So within days of the invasion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries So within days of the invasion
+of Poland Britain France Australia New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Poland Britain France Australia New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Poland Britain France Australia New
+Zealand and Canada notably not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zealand and Canada notably not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zealand and Canada notably not the
+United States but many of these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States but many of these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States but many of these other
+countries explicitly declare war against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries explicitly declare war against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries explicitly declare war against
+Germany the Soviet Union invades Poland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany the Soviet Union invades Poland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany the Soviet Union invades Poland
+soon after that this is all happening at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after that this is all happening at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after that this is all happening at
+essentially the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same time
+what's also happening is that in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's also happening is that in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's also happening is that in many
+many of these countries on multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these countries on multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these countries on multiple
+sides multiple fronts of what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides multiple fronts of what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides multiple fronts of what would
+become the actual warring parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the actual warring parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the actual warring parties
+physicists are Consulting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists are Consulting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists are Consulting with
+government officials to say there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government officials to say there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government officials to say there could
+be a vastly new type of weapon based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a vastly new type of weapon based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a vastly new type of weapon based on
+these nuclear transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nuclear transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nuclear transformations
+so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just
+a handful of these again happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a handful of these again happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a handful of these again happening in
+with kind of lightning speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with kind of lightning speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with kind of lightning speed
+as we now know as early as April 1939
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we now know as early as April 1939
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we now know as early as April 1939
+barely four months after the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely four months after the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely four months after the very first
+indication from hot and Strassman that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication from hot and Strassman that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication from hot and Strassman that
+nuclear fission could happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear fission could happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear fission could happen
+the German Reich Ministry of Education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the German Reich Ministry of Education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the German Reich Ministry of Education
+starts holding secret meetings on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts holding secret meetings on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts holding secret meetings on
+Military applications of nuclear fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Military applications of nuclear fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Military applications of nuclear fission
+meaning weapons they could make they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning weapons they could make they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning weapons they could make they
+were being to be briefed about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being to be briefed about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being to be briefed about the
+possibility of nuclear bombs and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of nuclear bombs and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of nuclear bombs and they
+and they began Banning the export of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they began Banning the export of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they began Banning the export of
+uranium they figure they need a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium they figure they need a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium they figure they need a lot of
+this fissionable material that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fissionable material that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fissionable material that same
+month it was much less well known uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month it was much less well known uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month it was much less well known uh
+there are stories of Now by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are stories of Now by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are stories of Now by now
+documented it quite clearly the Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented it quite clearly the Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented it quite clearly the Japanese
+government began its own secret nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government began its own secret nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government began its own secret nuclear
+weapons project it was codenamed knee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons project it was codenamed knee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons project it was codenamed knee
+I'm not sure what that stands for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure what that stands for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure what that stands for this
+unlike the German one was was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the German one was was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the German one was was really
+underfunded it was not seen as a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underfunded it was not seen as a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underfunded it was not seen as a high
+priority for the current war in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority for the current war in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority for the current war in fact
+what it turned out to be mostly was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it turned out to be mostly was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it turned out to be mostly was a
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+way for senior physicists to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for senior physicists to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for senior physicists to keep
+younger physicists out of direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger physicists out of direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger physicists out of direct
+fighting it was kind of like a you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting it was kind of like a you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting it was kind of like a you could
+instead of being drafted you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being drafted you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being drafted you could do
+some research is more or less how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some research is more or less how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some research is more or less how it
+functioned but there was a formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioned but there was a formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioned but there was a formal
+Japanese nuclear weapons project uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese nuclear weapons project uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese nuclear weapons project uh
+founded as early as April 1939
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded as early as April 1939
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded as early as April 1939
+very soon after that Britain starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soon after that Britain starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soon after that Britain starts
+considering uh nuclear weapons and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering uh nuclear weapons and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering uh nuclear weapons and they
+begin ramping up especially after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin ramping up especially after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin ramping up especially after
+um Robert Frisch who then had moved uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Robert Frisch who then had moved uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Robert Frisch who then had moved uh
+what's what's the Nazis took over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the Nazis took over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the Nazis took over
+Denmark he was no longer safe there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denmark he was no longer safe there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denmark he was no longer safe there so
+he resettled in uh in Britain as did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he resettled in uh in Britain as did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he resettled in uh in Britain as did
+Rudolph pyros who had to leave Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rudolph pyros who had to leave Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rudolph pyros who had to leave Germany
+they compiled a top secret memo to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they compiled a top secret memo to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they compiled a top secret memo to the
+British government again saying not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British government again saying not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British government again saying not only
+are nuclear weapons possible but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nuclear weapons possible but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nuclear weapons possible but you
+only need a little bit compared a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need a little bit compared a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need a little bit compared a little
+bit of this fissionable this rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of this fissionable this rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of this fissionable this rare
+isotope of uranium they actually as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope of uranium they actually as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope of uranium they actually as we
+now know underestimated how little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know underestimated how little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know underestimated how little uh
+your fissionable uranium you'd need so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fissionable uranium you'd need so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fissionable uranium you'd need so
+it looked even closer to being feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looked even closer to being feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looked even closer to being feasible
+and convinced the British government to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convinced the British government to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convinced the British government to
+start uh real efforts and at that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start uh real efforts and at that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start uh real efforts and at that same
+time in the Soviet Union another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the Soviet Union another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the Soviet Union another
+physicist Igor krachandov starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist Igor krachandov starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist Igor krachandov starts
+informing Sovereign government Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informing Sovereign government Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informing Sovereign government Soviet
+the government about uh nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government about uh nuclear weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government about uh nuclear weapons
+and so on much like in Japan in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on much like in Japan in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on much like in Japan in the
+Soviet Union we now know this was a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet Union we now know this was a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet Union we now know this was a low
+priority at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority at first
+but nonetheless it was a formal project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nonetheless it was a formal project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nonetheless it was a formal project
+and then again perhaps it was famously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again perhaps it was famously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again perhaps it was famously
+in the United States Einstein himself uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States Einstein himself uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States Einstein himself uh
+really signed a letter he didn't compose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really signed a letter he didn't compose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really signed a letter he didn't compose
+this letter some of his immigrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this letter some of his immigrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this letter some of his immigrate
+friends and colleagues in physics wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and colleagues in physics wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and colleagues in physics wrote
+the letter in hopes that Einstein would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letter in hopes that Einstein would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letter in hopes that Einstein would
+sign it and he did they convinced him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign it and he did they convinced him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign it and he did they convinced him to
+he wrote a letter directly to President
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote a letter directly to President
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote a letter directly to President
+Franklin Roosevelt by this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin Roosevelt by this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin Roosevelt by this point
+Einstein was such a worldwide celebrity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein was such a worldwide celebrity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein was such a worldwide celebrity
+they they had channels to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they had channels to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they had channels to get this
+literally into the hands of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally into the hands of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally into the hands of the
+president of the United States and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of the United States and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of the United States and you
+can see that the letter here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the letter here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the letter here you can
+Google it find the text um where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google it find the text um where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google it find the text um where
+Einstein basically says I've recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein basically says I've recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein basically says I've recently
+come to learn this nuclear fission thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to learn this nuclear fission thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to learn this nuclear fission thing
+is possible I've also learned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is possible I've also learned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is possible I've also learned that
+Germany is now uh kind of hoarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany is now uh kind of hoarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany is now uh kind of hoarding
+uranium this could be a very serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium this could be a very serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium this could be a very serious
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+all these folks recognize very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these folks recognize very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these folks recognize very quickly
+that nuclear Vision could have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nuclear Vision could have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nuclear Vision could have very
+immediate worldly effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate worldly effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate worldly effects
+so I see Obi asked do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I see Obi asked do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I see Obi asked do they
+um how do they contain the heat of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do they contain the heat of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do they contain the heat of a
+reaction oh we asked about the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction oh we asked about the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction oh we asked about the nuclear
+fission good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's important to recognize is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's important to recognize is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's important to recognize is that
+his very earliest experiments we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his very earliest experiments we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his very earliest experiments we're
+never leading to anything like what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never leading to anything like what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never leading to anything like what we
+would Now call a chain reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Now call a chain reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Now call a chain reaction
+we'll talk more about this action in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about this action in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about this action in the
+next class so they were never getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class so they were never getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class so they were never getting
+unlimited numbers of nuclei to undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited numbers of nuclei to undergo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited numbers of nuclei to undergo
+fission thank goodness uh they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission thank goodness uh they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission thank goodness uh they would
+have blown up the laboratory so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have blown up the laboratory so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have blown up the laboratory so there
+the the heat released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the heat released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the heat released
+when one or two or three a small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one or two or three a small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one or two or three a small number
+of nuclei fission was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclei fission was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclei fission was
+um not remarkable if they had if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not remarkable if they had if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not remarkable if they had if they
+had expected that they could have maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had expected that they could have maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had expected that they could have maybe
+instrumented their laboratory to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumented their laboratory to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumented their laboratory to just
+barely maybe measured but I bet it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely maybe measured but I bet it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely maybe measured but I bet it was
+not even measurable given the fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even measurable given the fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even measurable given the fission
+rates they were encountering we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates they were encountering we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates they were encountering we'll see
+of course soon that that no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course soon that that no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course soon that that no longer
+becomes true when when these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes true when when these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes true when when these uh
+reactions get get Scaled up but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions get get Scaled up but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions get get Scaled up but that's
+more we'll talk more about that um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we'll talk more about that um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we'll talk more about that um in
+Wednesday's class Yaba asks why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday's class Yaba asks why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday's class Yaba asks why did
+Chadwick win the Nobel Prize for physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chadwick win the Nobel Prize for physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chadwick win the Nobel Prize for physics
+as opposed to chemistry ah good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to chemistry ah good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to chemistry ah good
+in the reading by Crawford Simon Walker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reading by Crawford Simon Walker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reading by Crawford Simon Walker
+that if one reason it might it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if one reason it might it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if one reason it might it was
+denied the Nobel Prize was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denied the Nobel Prize was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denied the Nobel Prize was that
+radioactive was considered a chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive was considered a chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive was considered a chemistry
+project yeah but thanks it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project yeah but thanks it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project yeah but thanks it's a great
+point so I think the reason that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I think the reason that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I think the reason that um that
+Chadwick won the Nobel Prize in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chadwick won the Nobel Prize in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chadwick won the Nobel Prize in physics
+was because he was identifying a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because he was identifying a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because he was identifying a new
+physical particle I mean what he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical particle I mean what he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical particle I mean what he was
+credited with the reason they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credited with the reason they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credited with the reason they thought
+this work was so important was not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work was so important was not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work was so important was not that
+he'd not only that he was dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd not only that he was dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd not only that he was dealing with
+radioactivity which was actually winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity which was actually winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity which was actually winning
+prizes both in physics and in chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes both in physics and in chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes both in physics and in chemistry
+Marie curie's first prize was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marie curie's first prize was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marie curie's first prize was actually
+in physics and then in chemistry or vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in physics and then in chemistry or vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in physics and then in chemistry or vice
+versa she went up winning it both but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa she went up winning it both but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa she went up winning it both but
+for Chadwick it was actually identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Chadwick it was actually identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Chadwick it was actually identifying
+a new physical particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new physical particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new physical particle
+um which I think was then kind of seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which I think was then kind of seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which I think was then kind of seen
+as as a kind of physics domain more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as a kind of physics domain more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as a kind of physics domain more or
+less as opposed to the kind of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less as opposed to the kind of chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less as opposed to the kind of chemical
+transmutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmutations
+um or the transitions in the identities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or the transitions in the identities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or the transitions in the identities
+of chemical elements like what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemical elements like what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemical elements like what the
+jealous were doing and they indeed won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jealous were doing and they indeed won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jealous were doing and they indeed won
+the prize in chemistry here but I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prize in chemistry here but I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prize in chemistry here but I mean
+your your the question points to a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your the question points to a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your the question points to a is a
+good one it points to a larger theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one it points to a larger theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one it points to a larger theme
+there was an awfully fuzzy line then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an awfully fuzzy line then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an awfully fuzzy line then as
+now but especially then what would count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but especially then what would count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but especially then what would count
+as chemistry versus physics often could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as chemistry versus physics often could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as chemistry versus physics often could
+become kind of political I mean in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become kind of political I mean in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become kind of political I mean in the
+sense that the the very small circle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the the very small circle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the the very small circle of
+uh members of the royal Swedish Academy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh members of the royal Swedish Academy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh members of the royal Swedish Academy
+of Sciences that decided these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Sciences that decided these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Sciences that decided these things
+they could frankly push one way or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could frankly push one way or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could frankly push one way or the
+other based on other motives did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other based on other motives did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other based on other motives did they
+not want to give a prize to one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to give a prize to one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to give a prize to one person
+or often a representative of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or often a representative of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or often a representative of some
+country we get very nationalistic they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country we get very nationalistic they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country we get very nationalistic they
+don't honor this country do under that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't honor this country do under that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't honor this country do under that
+they could frankly kind of bend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could frankly kind of bend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could frankly kind of bend the
+rules or move that move that boundary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules or move that move that boundary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules or move that move that boundary to
+suit many kinds of purposes so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit many kinds of purposes so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit many kinds of purposes so it was
+not there were clear criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there were clear criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there were clear criteria
+separating say what would count as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating say what would count as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating say what would count as a
+physics prize versus chemistry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics prize versus chemistry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics prize versus chemistry and
+there's a lot of evidence including from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of evidence including from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of evidence including from
+the first author of that article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first author of that article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first author of that article
+Elizabeth Crawford was really immersed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth Crawford was really immersed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth Crawford was really immersed
+in the Nobel Prize archives for for much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Nobel Prize archives for for much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Nobel Prize archives for for much
+of her careers much as we learned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her careers much as we learned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her careers much as we learned from
+from Crawford's work so it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Crawford's work so it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Crawford's work so it's a good
+point but I think for Chad what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but I think for Chad what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but I think for Chad what the
+argument would have been he found a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument would have been he found a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument would have been he found a new
+kind of piece of matter a new piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of piece of matter a new piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of piece of matter a new piece of
+Nature and that I think struck them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature and that I think struck them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature and that I think struck them as
+being more like the other physics prizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more like the other physics prizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more like the other physics prizes
+very good other other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good other other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good other other questions about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+any of the of the nucleophysics concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the of the nucleophysics concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the of the nucleophysics concepts
+or again this kind of amazing we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or again this kind of amazing we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or again this kind of amazing we might
+call it a tight coupling between events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a tight coupling between events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a tight coupling between events
+in various Laboratories and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various Laboratories and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various Laboratories and kind of
+physicist networks who's writing to whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist networks who's writing to whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist networks who's writing to whom
+who's taking the steamer ship to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's taking the steamer ship to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's taking the steamer ship to where
+uh with these kind of worldly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with these kind of worldly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with these kind of worldly
+geopolitical shifts it's an amazing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geopolitical shifts it's an amazing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geopolitical shifts it's an amazing uh
+conjunction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do we know if Eisen ever spoke with FDR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know if Eisen ever spoke with FDR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know if Eisen ever spoke with FDR
+Ed he did not thank you Gary so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed he did not thank you Gary so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed he did not thank you Gary so in fact
+there was a bit of a delay FDR didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a bit of a delay FDR didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a bit of a delay FDR didn't
+actually receive the letter for a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually receive the letter for a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually receive the letter for a couple
+weeks he did read it we know it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks he did read it we know it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks he did read it we know it was
+handed to him literally in the Oval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed to him literally in the Oval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed to him literally in the Oval
+Office and he read it uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Office and he read it uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Office and he read it uh what's
+important though is that the the myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important though is that the the myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important though is that the the myth
+that Einstein sort of invented the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Einstein sort of invented the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Einstein sort of invented the
+Manhattan Project with this letter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan Project with this letter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan Project with this letter that
+is just crazy crazy dramatically um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just crazy crazy dramatically um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just crazy crazy dramatically um
+overblown Einstein signed letter either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overblown Einstein signed letter either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overblown Einstein signed letter either
+right he signed it he thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he signed it he thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he signed it he thought it was
+important and he was glad to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and he was glad to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and he was glad to have some
+intermediary get his FDR where it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary get his FDR where it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary get his FDR where it was
+delayed and had almost no impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed and had almost no impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed and had almost no impact
+uh and so we'll talk more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so we'll talk more about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so we'll talk more about this
+actually in Wednesday's class uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in Wednesday's class uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in Wednesday's class uh there
+was a little kind of study group that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little kind of study group that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little kind of study group that
+was put together a few months after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was put together a few months after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was put together a few months after
+Einstein's letter was received not or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's letter was received not or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's letter was received not or
+certainly not only because of Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not only because of Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not only because of Einstein's
+letter by that point other science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter by that point other science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter by that point other science
+advisors had the ear of of Roosevelt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisors had the ear of of Roosevelt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisors had the ear of of Roosevelt and
+said this really does look like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this really does look like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this really does look like it's
+worth paying attention to the British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth paying attention to the British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth paying attention to the British
+were already now much more engaged as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were already now much more engaged as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were already now much more engaged as
+well that the fresh spirals memo so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that the fresh spirals memo so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that the fresh spirals memo so
+there were many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many
+reasons for the U.S federal government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for the U.S federal government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for the U.S federal government
+to begin paying a little attention we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin paying a little attention we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin paying a little attention we'll
+see they paid actually a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they paid actually a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they paid actually a little
+attention to questions about uranium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to questions about uranium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to questions about uranium and
+uh fission and weapons uh around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fission and weapons uh around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fission and weapons uh around the
+time of Einstein's letter but not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of Einstein's letter but not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of Einstein's letter but not only
+because of my size letter and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of my size letter and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of my size letter and then we'll
+see in some more detail on Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in some more detail on Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in some more detail on Wednesday
+that the real kind of ramp up came only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the real kind of ramp up came only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the real kind of ramp up came only
+quite a bit with quite a bit more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit with quite a bit more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit with quite a bit more of a
+delay so Einstein never spoke directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay so Einstein never spoke directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay so Einstein never spoke directly
+with FDR about this and he never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with FDR about this and he never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with FDR about this and he never
+followed up he wrote he signed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed up he wrote he signed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed up he wrote he signed the
+letter and then you know and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter and then you know and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter and then you know and that was
+that so the the the the the notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the the the the the notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the the the the the notion that
+Einstein kind of jumps through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein kind of jumps through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein kind of jumps through the
+Manhattan Project which one can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan Project which one can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan Project which one can still
+find with uh with what I'll call Lazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find with uh with what I'll call Lazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find with uh with what I'll call Lazy
+Googling uh that's really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Googling uh that's really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Googling uh that's really kind of
+totally out of proportion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally out of proportion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally out of proportion
+good any other questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good any other questions on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good any other questions on that
+now there's one last part I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's one last part I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's one last part I want to talk
+about today something is very juicy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today something is very juicy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today something is very juicy uh
+let's let's launch into that and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's launch into that and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's launch into that and then uh
+some more time for discussion as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more time for discussion as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more time for discussion as well
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's talk about Aviana Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about Aviana Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about Aviana Heisenberg
+and what's going on within for those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's going on within for those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's going on within for those who
+say within Germany uh with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say within Germany uh with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say within Germany uh with this
+constellation of events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constellation of events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constellation of events
+so by September of 1939 right around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by September of 1939 right around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by September of 1939 right around the
+the start of the over the overt start of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start of the over the overt start of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start of the over the overt start of
+the second World War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second World War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second World War
+the German art Army Ordinance office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the German art Army Ordinance office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the German art Army Ordinance office
+took over the uh Kaiser Wilhelm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took over the uh Kaiser Wilhelm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took over the uh Kaiser Wilhelm
+Institute for physique this really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute for physique this really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute for physique this really quite
+beautiful funky building uh in Berlin or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful funky building uh in Berlin or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful funky building uh in Berlin or
+just in the outskirts a bit brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the outskirts a bit brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the outskirts a bit brilliant
+dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar
+uh exactly to coordinate research on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exactly to coordinate research on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exactly to coordinate research on
+nuclear fission they've been briefed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear fission they've been briefed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear fission they've been briefed
+they've had these secret briefings since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've had these secret briefings since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've had these secret briefings since
+that spring fission's a thing it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spring fission's a thing it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spring fission's a thing it could
+lead to weapons so the Army took over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to weapons so the Army took over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to weapons so the Army took over
+the physics Institute took over control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics Institute took over control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics Institute took over control
+of it a little while later Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it a little while later Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it a little while later Heisenberg
+was actually placed in charge of it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually placed in charge of it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually placed in charge of it so
+Heisenberg from the very early uh days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg from the very early uh days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg from the very early uh days
+became a member of what was called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a member of what was called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a member of what was called the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+which is a uranium Club the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a uranium Club the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a uranium Club the little
+informal group of nuclear physicists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal group of nuclear physicists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal group of nuclear physicists and
+chemists who were working on fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists who were working on fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists who were working on fission
+trying to learn more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to learn more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to learn more
+Heisenberg personally advised the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg personally advised the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg personally advised the
+military multiple times about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military multiple times about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military multiple times about
+possibilities of nuclear fission both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities of nuclear fission both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities of nuclear fission both
+for weapons this could lead to explosive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for weapons this could lead to explosive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for weapons this could lead to explosive
+release of of explosive power in a bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release of of explosive power in a bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release of of explosive power in a bomb
+but also for civilian power generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also for civilian power generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also for civilian power generation
+what we now call reactors and again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we now call reactors and again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we now call reactors and again this
+has been shown now in in a lot of detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been shown now in in a lot of detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been shown now in in a lot of detail
+that Heisenberg and other from the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Heisenberg and other from the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Heisenberg and other from the small
+circle of colleagues were were actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of colleagues were were actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of colleagues were were actively
+advising the Army Ordinance uh from as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advising the Army Ordinance uh from as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advising the Army Ordinance uh from as
+early as 39 40.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early as 39 40.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early as 39 40.
+and I'd say within a few years then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd say within a few years then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd say within a few years then
+Heisman himself was put in charge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisman himself was put in charge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisman himself was put in charge of the
+entire nuclear effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire nuclear effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire nuclear effort
+at the same time Heisman was sent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time Heisman was sent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time Heisman was sent on
+these diplomatic missions throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diplomatic missions throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diplomatic missions throughout
+neutral countries or especially occupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral countries or especially occupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral countries or especially occupied
+countries including for example Denmark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries including for example Denmark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries including for example Denmark
+uh and now this is right on the heels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and now this is right on the heels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and now this is right on the heels
+there's only two years or three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two years or three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two years or three years
+after he had been uh you know denied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he had been uh you know denied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he had been uh you know denied
+this promotion by the Deutsche physique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this promotion by the Deutsche physique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this promotion by the Deutsche physique
+because you can see how rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can see how rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can see how rapidly
+Heisenberg's Star had risen yet again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg's Star had risen yet again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg's Star had risen yet again uh
+among uh leading German government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among uh leading German government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among uh leading German government
+officials by 1939 40 he was seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officials by 1939 40 he was seen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officials by 1939 40 he was seen as
+actually quite useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite useful
+in the context of nuclear fission so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of nuclear fission so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of nuclear fission so
+what he would do is go basically go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he would do is go basically go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he would do is go basically go on
+on diplomatic missions to basically be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on diplomatic missions to basically be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on diplomatic missions to basically be
+the the one of the public faces of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the one of the public faces of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the one of the public faces of the
+German government not to Proclaim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German government not to Proclaim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German government not to Proclaim
+pro-nazi slogans but rather to show off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro-nazi slogans but rather to show off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro-nazi slogans but rather to show off
+the kind of grandness of of German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of grandness of of German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of grandness of of German
+accomplishments in Higher Learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishments in Higher Learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishments in Higher Learning
+here's this very young Nobel Laureate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this very young Nobel Laureate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this very young Nobel Laureate
+who knows about you know the atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows about you know the atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows about you know the atom and
+these mysterious things so we give these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mysterious things so we give these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mysterious things so we give these
+very well attended public lectures uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well attended public lectures uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well attended public lectures uh
+usually in places that the Nazis had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in places that the Nazis had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in places that the Nazis had
+just taken over and occupied and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taken over and occupied and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taken over and occupied and
+sometimes in neutral countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in neutral countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in neutral countries
+uh he as I say to many colleagues who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he as I say to many colleagues who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he as I say to many colleagues who
+heard him College had known him for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard him College had known him for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard him College had known him for for
+years he sounded ex he often sounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years he sounded ex he often sounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years he sounded ex he often sounded
+explicitly nationalistic he was never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly nationalistic he was never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly nationalistic he was never
+spouting the kind of most most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouting the kind of most most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouting the kind of most most
+considered grotesque or most obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered grotesque or most obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered grotesque or most obvious
+Nazi kind of speaking points but he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazi kind of speaking points but he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazi kind of speaking points but he was
+certainly proudly German and at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly proudly German and at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly proudly German and at some
+points even seemed to suggest at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points even seemed to suggest at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points even seemed to suggest at least
+to some of these colleagues heard him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of these colleagues heard him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of these colleagues heard him
+that maybe it would be good thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe it would be good thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe it would be good thing if
+Germany ruled all of Europe not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany ruled all of Europe not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany ruled all of Europe not the
+Nazis but if Germany really extended its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis but if Germany really extended its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis but if Germany really extended its
+rule because after all this was the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule because after all this was the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule because after all this was the high
+point of European culture and learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of European culture and learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of European culture and learning
+this is what inspires this play's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what inspires this play's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what inspires this play's
+amazing play Copenhagen which hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing play Copenhagen which hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing play Copenhagen which hopefully
+some of you um are familiar with there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you um are familiar with there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you um are familiar with there's
+a link on the canvas site you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a link on the canvas site you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a link on the canvas site you can
+actually watch for free through the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually watch for free through the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually watch for free through the MIT
+library site a really quite beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library site a really quite beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library site a really quite beautiful
+BBC production of films production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BBC production of films production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BBC production of films production of
+this play Copenhagen by Michael frame uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this play Copenhagen by Michael frame uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this play Copenhagen by Michael frame uh
+it stars Daniel Craig who plays young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stars Daniel Craig who plays young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stars Daniel Craig who plays young
+Heisenberg uh the same actor would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg uh the same actor would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg uh the same actor would that
+go on to play James Bonds really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to play James Bonds really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to play James Bonds really
+high-end production so this play is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-end production so this play is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-end production so this play is
+really fascinating I encourage you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fascinating I encourage you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fascinating I encourage you to
+watch the film or read the play and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the film or read the play and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the film or read the play and it
+swirls around one of these real-life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirls around one of these real-life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirls around one of these real-life
+visits where Heisenberg was sent on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits where Heisenberg was sent on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits where Heisenberg was sent on one
+of these diplomatic missions in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these diplomatic missions in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these diplomatic missions in this
+case to Copenhagen very soon after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case to Copenhagen very soon after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case to Copenhagen very soon after the
+Nazis had occupied uh Denmark so while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis had occupied uh Denmark so while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis had occupied uh Denmark so while
+he's in Copenhagen getting his fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's in Copenhagen getting his fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's in Copenhagen getting his fancy
+lectures he visits with his own uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures he visits with his own uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures he visits with his own uh you
+know Mentor almost kind of father figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Mentor almost kind of father figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Mentor almost kind of father figure
+Niels Bohr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Niels Bohr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Niels Bohr
+now they were afraid that by this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they were afraid that by this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they were afraid that by this point
+Bohr's house might have been bugged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bohr's house might have been bugged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bohr's house might have been bugged
+might have recording devices placed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have recording devices placed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have recording devices placed in
+it by the Nazis Bohr was well known to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by the Nazis Bohr was well known to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by the Nazis Bohr was well known to
+be not at all sympathetic to the Nazis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not at all sympathetic to the Nazis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not at all sympathetic to the Nazis
+and so Boren Heisenberg take these long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Boren Heisenberg take these long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Boren Heisenberg take these long
+strolls as they always used to do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strolls as they always used to do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strolls as they always used to do in the
+gardens near Bohr's house away from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gardens near Bohr's house away from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gardens near Bohr's house away from any
+sort of inside microphones and and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of inside microphones and and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of inside microphones and and what
+the play does I think just beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the play does I think just beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the play does I think just beautifully
+very evocatively is try to reimagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very evocatively is try to reimagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very evocatively is try to reimagine
+scenarios of what they possibly could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios of what they possibly could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios of what they possibly could
+have talked about away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have talked about away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have talked about away from the
+microphones sometimes with Margaret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphones sometimes with Margaret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphones sometimes with Margaret
+Deborah who we know was almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deborah who we know was almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deborah who we know was almost always
+part of Boar's kind of conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of Boar's kind of conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of Boar's kind of conversation
+scientific political and otherwise so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific political and otherwise so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific political and otherwise so
+the play has these three characters uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the play has these three characters uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the play has these three characters uh
+Margaret Deborah Niels Bohr and Werner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Margaret Deborah Niels Bohr and Werner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Margaret Deborah Niels Bohr and Werner
+Heisenberg what does what do they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg what does what do they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg what does what do they think
+is going on with the world what do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on with the world what do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on with the world what do they
+think the scientist's responsibility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the scientist's responsibility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the scientist's responsibility is
+and so on it's a marvelous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on it's a marvelous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on it's a marvelous
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we know that Heisenberg advised the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that Heisenberg advised the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that Heisenberg advised the
+German military authorities and multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German military authorities and multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German military authorities and multiple
+times actually the nuclear bombs were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times actually the nuclear bombs were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times actually the nuclear bombs were
+possible but probably not during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but probably not during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but probably not during the
+present war and that was as much because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present war and that was as much because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present war and that was as much because
+it looked like the Germans would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looked like the Germans would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looked like the Germans would just
+win very quickly this was the period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win very quickly this was the period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win very quickly this was the period of
+what was called the Blitzkrieg the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was called the Blitzkrieg the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was called the Blitzkrieg the sort
+of lightning War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lightning War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lightning War
+where everyone expected Germany would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everyone expected Germany would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everyone expected Germany would
+win right away they invaded Poland on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win right away they invaded Poland on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win right away they invaded Poland on
+September 1st 1939 everything everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September 1st 1939 everything everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September 1st 1939 everything everyone
+figured the war would be over within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured the war would be over within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured the war would be over within a
+year or two because it was started going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or two because it was started going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or two because it was started going
+so well very few uh the Nazis suffered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well very few uh the Nazis suffered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well very few uh the Nazis suffered
+very few setbacks militarily uh once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few setbacks militarily uh once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few setbacks militarily uh once
+open uh Warfare had started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open uh Warfare had started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open uh Warfare had started
+but the authorities nonetheless saw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the authorities nonetheless saw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the authorities nonetheless saw a
+future promise for this kind of weapon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future promise for this kind of weapon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future promise for this kind of weapon
+they were imagining remember a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were imagining remember a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were imagining remember a
+Thousand-Year Reich they were had a Long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thousand-Year Reich they were had a Long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thousand-Year Reich they were had a Long
+View and so they continued to fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+View and so they continued to fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+View and so they continued to fund
+Heisenberg's effort and also to things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg's effort and also to things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg's effort and also to things
+like seize the uh the Belgian Congo the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like seize the uh the Belgian Congo the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like seize the uh the Belgian Congo the
+so-called Belgian Congo the territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Belgian Congo the territory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Belgian Congo the territory
+within central Africa that was known to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within central Africa that was known to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within central Africa that was known to
+be very rich in uranium ore uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very rich in uranium ore uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very rich in uranium ore uh and so
+they wanted to get more raw uranium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to get more raw uranium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to get more raw uranium and
+fund Heisenberg's efforts and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund Heisenberg's efforts and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund Heisenberg's efforts and eventually
+install him to the head of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install him to the head of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install him to the head of uh the
+cosfield Health Institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosfield Health Institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosfield Health Institute
+members of Heisenberg's team then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of Heisenberg's team then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of Heisenberg's team then of
+this group began working on what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group began working on what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group began working on what would
+it take to to scale up these nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it take to to scale up these nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it take to to scale up these nuclear
+fission reactions one member of altered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission reactions one member of altered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission reactions one member of altered
+bota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bota
+estimated that the moderate the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated that the moderate the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated that the moderate the material
+to slow down the neutrons like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slow down the neutrons like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slow down the neutrons like the
+paraffin wax in the early experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraffin wax in the early experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraffin wax in the early experiments
+that to do that with carbon or graphite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to do that with carbon or graphite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to do that with carbon or graphite
+you'd need kind of ultra pure carbon any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd need kind of ultra pure carbon any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd need kind of ultra pure carbon any
+any impurities would absorb neutrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any impurities would absorb neutrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any impurities would absorb neutrons and
+not slow them down if you absorb the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not slow them down if you absorb the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not slow them down if you absorb the
+neutrons you stop the fission reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons you stop the fission reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons you stop the fission reactions
+they stop a chain reaction so both as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stop a chain reaction so both as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stop a chain reaction so both as we
+now know overestimated how hard it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know overestimated how hard it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know overestimated how hard it would
+be to do this with carbon so he advised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to do this with carbon so he advised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to do this with carbon so he advised
+instead that they turned to heavy water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead that they turned to heavy water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead that they turned to heavy water
+water that's made not with ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that's made not with ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that's made not with ordinary
+hydrogen but with um deuterium with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen but with um deuterium with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen but with um deuterium with with
+hydrogen atoms that have extra neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms that have extra neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms that have extra neutrons
+in the nuclei so you have what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nuclei so you have what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nuclei so you have what's called
+heavy water there's this kind of amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy water there's this kind of amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy water there's this kind of amazing
+Commando raid to blow up a heavy water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commando raid to blow up a heavy water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commando raid to blow up a heavy water
+plant in Norway that the Nazis wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant in Norway that the Nazis wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant in Norway that the Nazis wanted to
+because they wanted to steal large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they wanted to steal large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they wanted to steal large
+amounts of heavy water literally like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of heavy water literally like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of heavy water literally like
+parachuting in a cover of night crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachuting in a cover of night crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachuting in a cover of night crazy
+crazy stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy stuff
+meanwhile Heisenberg began on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile Heisenberg began on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile Heisenberg began on the
+theoretical side to estimate how much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical side to estimate how much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical side to estimate how much of
+this fissionable isotope u235 would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fissionable isotope u235 would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fissionable isotope u235 would that
+need to have a runaway explosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have a runaway explosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have a runaway explosion
+so-called critical mass and he actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called critical mass and he actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called critical mass and he actually
+overestimated by a factor about 10 how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimated by a factor about 10 how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimated by a factor about 10 how
+much you'd need uh at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you'd need uh at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you'd need uh at the same time
+though in in ignorance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though in in ignorance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though in in ignorance of the
+underestimate uh by this fresh spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimate uh by this fresh spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimate uh by this fresh spiral
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+so as the war dragged on the bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as the war dragged on the bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as the war dragged on the bomb
+project gets lower and lower priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project gets lower and lower priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project gets lower and lower priority
+within Germany at first because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within Germany at first because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within Germany at first because they
+figured they'll just win by conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured they'll just win by conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured they'll just win by conventional
+means and uh and later as the war begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and uh and later as the war begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and uh and later as the war begins
+to really bog down and the Nazis do get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really bog down and the Nazis do get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really bog down and the Nazis do get
+turned back militarily at various points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned back militarily at various points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned back militarily at various points
+then the Reich needs to actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Reich needs to actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Reich needs to actually uh
+direct resources to these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct resources to these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct resources to these sort of
+short-term immediate military priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term immediate military priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term immediate military priority
+so it's a low priority at first because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a low priority at first because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a low priority at first because
+it looks like the Win It remains a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like the Win It remains a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like the Win It remains a low
+priority later because they have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority later because they have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority later because they have other
+short-term priorities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term priorities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term priorities
+so the physicist Sam gauchment who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the physicist Sam gauchment who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the physicist Sam gauchment who
+helped introduce the notion of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped introduce the notion of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped introduce the notion of quantum
+spin he had emigrated from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin he had emigrated from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin he had emigrated from the
+Netherlands actually in the late 20s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands actually in the late 20s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands actually in the late 20s
+well before the rise of Nazism his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before the rise of Nazism his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before the rise of Nazism his
+family stayed behind and in fact they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family stayed behind and in fact they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family stayed behind and in fact they
+later perished now she's a Jewish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later perished now she's a Jewish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later perished now she's a Jewish
+background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background
+uh he led the Allied reconnaissance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he led the Allied reconnaissance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he led the Allied reconnaissance
+missions inside Germany to learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions inside Germany to learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions inside Germany to learn about
+this German uh the Nazi nuclear effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this German uh the Nazi nuclear effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this German uh the Nazi nuclear effort
+and to literally kidnap German nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to literally kidnap German nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to literally kidnap German nuclear
+scientists before they could um flee to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists before they could um flee to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists before they could um flee to
+either the Soviets or anywhere else this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the Soviets or anywhere else this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the Soviets or anywhere else this
+happening before the end of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening before the end of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening before the end of the second
+world war there's other crazy stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war there's other crazy stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war there's other crazy stories
+that a pro-baseball player named Mo Berg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a pro-baseball player named Mo Berg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a pro-baseball player named Mo Berg
+this really happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really happened
+was uh was basically drafted into what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh was basically drafted into what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh was basically drafted into what
+would become the CIA it was the office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would become the CIA it was the office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would become the CIA it was the office
+of strategic services at the time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strategic services at the time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strategic services at the time in the
+United States he spoke German he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States he spoke German he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States he spoke German he was
+sent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent to
+um neutral countries near Germany like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um neutral countries near Germany like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um neutral countries near Germany like
+Switzerland to listen to these public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland to listen to these public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland to listen to these public
+lectures by Heisenberg with the baseball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures by Heisenberg with the baseball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures by Heisenberg with the baseball
+player was armed with a pistol he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player was armed with a pistol he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player was armed with a pistol he was
+basically a amateur spy and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a amateur spy and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a amateur spy and if it
+sounded like the Nazi bomb project was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded like the Nazi bomb project was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded like the Nazi bomb project was
+getting too advanced Baird was ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting too advanced Baird was ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting too advanced Baird was ordered
+to assassinate Heisenberg he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assassinate Heisenberg he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assassinate Heisenberg he didn't
+because it didn't sound like they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it didn't sound like they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it didn't sound like they were
+that close and these amazing pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that close and these amazing pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that close and these amazing pretty
+ridiculous or crazy stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous or crazy stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous or crazy stories
+meanwhile the all those Mission uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile the all those Mission uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile the all those Mission uh is
+successful they gather enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful they gather enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful they gather enormous
+documentation from the German efforts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation from the German efforts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation from the German efforts
+and they also captured 10 German nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also captured 10 German nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also captured 10 German nuclear
+scientists in the spring even before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists in the spring even before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists in the spring even before
+Germany formally surrenders they capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany formally surrenders they capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany formally surrenders they capture
+them as basically prisoners of war and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as basically prisoners of war and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as basically prisoners of war and
+they fared them out of the country to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fared them out of the country to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fared them out of the country to
+farm Hall this quite lovely Country Home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm Hall this quite lovely Country Home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm Hall this quite lovely Country Home
+Country House in rural England not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Country House in rural England not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Country House in rural England not too
+far from Cambridge University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from Cambridge University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from Cambridge University
+this is called operation Epsilon once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called operation Epsilon once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called operation Epsilon once
+again the house was bugged the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the house was bugged the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the house was bugged the
+conversations were constantly audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations were constantly audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations were constantly audio
+taped uh transcribed and translated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taped uh transcribed and translated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taped uh transcribed and translated and
+you have an excerpt in the reader I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an excerpt in the reader I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an excerpt in the reader I'll
+let you read through here let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you read through here let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you read through here let me just
+say very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say very quickly
+that I'm running late on time uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm running late on time uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm running late on time uh the
+first reaction upon hearing that nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reaction upon hearing that nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reaction upon hearing that nuclear
+weapons had been made and had actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons had been made and had actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons had been made and had actually
+been used in this case against the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used in this case against the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used in this case against the city
+of Hiroshima by the the American forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Hiroshima by the the American forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Hiroshima by the the American forces
+the first reaction is utter disbelief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first reaction is utter disbelief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first reaction is utter disbelief
+Heisenberg couldn't believe it anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg couldn't believe it anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg couldn't believe it anyone
+let alone the sort of bumbling Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let alone the sort of bumbling Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let alone the sort of bumbling Americans
+could possibly have gotten so far along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly have gotten so far along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly have gotten so far along
+in this project which his own group had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this project which his own group had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this project which his own group had
+made only halting progress on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made only halting progress on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made only halting progress on
+a little while later as the transcript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little while later as the transcript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little while later as the transcript
+reveals it's a different physicist Carl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals it's a different physicist Carl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals it's a different physicist Carl
+Friedrich from weitsucker who says well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friedrich from weitsucker who says well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friedrich from weitsucker who says well
+we didn't make a bomb because we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't make a bomb because we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't make a bomb because we didn't
+want to we didn't do it as he says on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to we didn't do it as he says on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to we didn't do it as he says on
+principle if we'd wanted Germany to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle if we'd wanted Germany to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle if we'd wanted Germany to win
+the war we would have succeeded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war we would have succeeded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war we would have succeeded and
+heisbrick then says Ah I was convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heisbrick then says Ah I was convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heisbrick then says Ah I was convinced
+of the possibility of making a reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the possibility of making a reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the possibility of making a reactor
+not not for power not as a weapon but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not for power not as a weapon but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not for power not as a weapon but I
+never thought we'd make a bomb and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never thought we'd make a bomb and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never thought we'd make a bomb and at
+the bottom of my heart I was really glad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of my heart I was really glad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of my heart I was really glad
+it would be a reactor and not a bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be a reactor and not a bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be a reactor and not a bomb
+they began making trying to make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they began making trying to make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they began making trying to make sense
+of what's happening so quickly around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's happening so quickly around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's happening so quickly around
+them again just to go quickly here sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them again just to go quickly here sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them again just to go quickly here sorry
+for the I'll post the slides because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the I'll post the slides because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the I'll post the slides because you
+can see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see them
+the idea that Heisenberg had actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that Heisenberg had actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that Heisenberg had actually
+purposefully resisted Hitler by dragging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposefully resisted Hitler by dragging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposefully resisted Hitler by dragging
+his feet by slowing the project it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his feet by slowing the project it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his feet by slowing the project it was
+not a position that Heisenberg himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a position that Heisenberg himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a position that Heisenberg himself
+ever articulated but other people began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever articulated but other people began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever articulated but other people began
+saying it on his behalf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it on his behalf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it on his behalf
+Heisenberg said we'd worked hard on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg said we'd worked hard on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg said we'd worked hard on
+reactors which was true he just chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors which was true he just chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors which was true he just chose
+not to emphasize they'd also had ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to emphasize they'd also had ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to emphasize they'd also had ideas
+about weapons but other people speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about weapons but other people speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about weapons but other people speaking
+in some sense on behalf of Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense on behalf of Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense on behalf of Heisenberg
+put together a story that Heisenberg had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together a story that Heisenberg had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together a story that Heisenberg had
+purposefully dragged his feet so as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposefully dragged his feet so as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposefully dragged his feet so as to
+uh deny Hitler a nuclear weapon and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deny Hitler a nuclear weapon and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deny Hitler a nuclear weapon and we
+have this amazing correspondence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this amazing correspondence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this amazing correspondence of
+Heisenberg writing privately to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg writing privately to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg writing privately to these
+journalists saying you got it all wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalists saying you got it all wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalists saying you got it all wrong
+here's an example I would not want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example I would not want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example I would not want this
+remark to be misunderstood by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark to be misunderstood by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark to be misunderstood by saying
+that I myself engaged in resistance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I myself engaged in resistance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I myself engaged in resistance to
+Hitler and so I'll stop there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitler and so I'll stop there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitler and so I'll stop there I
+apologize for running a bit long I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize for running a bit long I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize for running a bit long I have
+time for a few questions I'd be glad to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for a few questions I'd be glad to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for a few questions I'd be glad to
+stay on longer if people would like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay on longer if people would like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay on longer if people would like if
+of course feel free to head off your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course feel free to head off your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course feel free to head off your
+other classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes
+um and again the slides are on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again the slides are on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again the slides are on the uh
+the canvas site so anyway here's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canvas site so anyway here's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canvas site so anyway here's part of
+again this kind of unsteady mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this kind of unsteady mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this kind of unsteady mixture of
+really cutting-edge Nuclear Physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cutting-edge Nuclear Physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cutting-edge Nuclear Physics
+unfolding in real time uh with this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding in real time uh with this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding in real time uh with this kind
+of really fast changing series of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really fast changing series of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really fast changing series of uh of
+political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political
+um kind of military and bureaucratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of military and bureaucratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of military and bureaucratic
+Maneuvers all getting wrapped up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maneuvers all getting wrapped up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maneuvers all getting wrapped up
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+any questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I encourage you go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I encourage you go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I encourage you go back to the
+operation Epsilon excerpts we do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation Epsilon excerpts we do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation Epsilon excerpts we do have
+the extra of the actual Farm Hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra of the actual Farm Hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra of the actual Farm Hall
+transcripts which I put on the canvas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcripts which I put on the canvas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcripts which I put on the canvas
+site including that the the fateful day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site including that the the fateful day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site including that the the fateful day
+of August 6th their reactions to the BBC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of August 6th their reactions to the BBC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of August 6th their reactions to the BBC
+reports of the bombing of Hiroshima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports of the bombing of Hiroshima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports of the bombing of Hiroshima
+and lots lots more to talk about that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots lots more to talk about that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots lots more to talk about that as
+well we'll see some hints of this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll see some hints of this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll see some hints of this in the
+documentary film we can talk more in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary film we can talk more in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary film we can talk more in our
+informal discussion uh next week in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal discussion uh next week in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal discussion uh next week in the
+meantime we'll pick up this story then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meantime we'll pick up this story then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meantime we'll pick up this story then
+on Wednesday with what does some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Wednesday with what does some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Wednesday with what does some of the
+physicists outside of Germany do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists outside of Germany do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists outside of Germany do with
+the same set of ideas about nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same set of ideas about nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same set of ideas about nuclear
+fission and weapons prospects so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission and weapons prospects so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission and weapons prospects so we'll
+talk more about Allied efforts during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about Allied efforts during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about Allied efforts during
+the second World War uh on Wednesday so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second World War uh on Wednesday so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second World War uh on Wednesday so
+sorry for running long uh stay well good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for running long uh stay well good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for running long uh stay well good
+luck with paper two and I'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck with paper two and I'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck with paper two and I'll see you
+soon bye everyone
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/u-HHY1ylhHY.txt b/u-HHY1ylhHY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..469a5ccaa8ed296461be0e08bbf4cf8cb1dc9ddb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/u-HHY1ylhHY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13931 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mmit.edu. All right, today is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. All right, today is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. All right, today is all
+about the predecessor problem, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the predecessor problem, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the predecessor problem, which is
+a problem we've certainly talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem we've certainly talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem we've certainly talked about
+implicitly. Say binary search trees. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly. Say binary search trees. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly. Say binary search trees. You
+want to be able to insert and delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to insert and delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to insert and delete
+into a set and compute the predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a set and compute the predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a set and compute the predecessor
+and successor of any given key. So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and successor of any given key. So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and successor of any given key. So uh
+maybe uh define that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formally and this is our our not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally and this is our our not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally and this is our our not really
+our first but it is an example of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first but it is an example of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first but it is an example of an
+integer data structure and uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer data structure and uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer data structure and uh for
+whatever reason I don't brand hashing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever reason I don't brand hashing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever reason I don't brand hashing as
+an integer data structure just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer data structure just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer data structure just because
+it's its own beast. Um but in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's its own beast. Um but in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's its own beast. Um but in particular
+today I need to be a little more formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I need to be a little more formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I need to be a little more formal
+about the models of computation we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the models of computation we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the models of computation we're
+allowing or I want to be uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing or I want to be uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing or I want to be uh in
+particular because in the predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular because in the predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular because in the predecessor
+problem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert
+delete predecessor successor there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete predecessor successor there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete predecessor successor there are
+actually lower bounds that say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lower bounds that say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lower bounds that say you
+cannot do better than such and such with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do better than such and such with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do better than such and such with
+hashing there aren't really any lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing there aren't really any lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing there aren't really any lower
+bounds because you can do everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds because you can do everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds because you can do everything in
+constant time with high probability so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time with high probability so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time with high probability so I
+mean there are maybe some lower bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there are maybe some lower bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there are maybe some lower bounds
+on deterministic hashing that's harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on deterministic hashing that's harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on deterministic hashing that's harder
+but if you allow randomization there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you allow randomization there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you allow randomization there's
+no real lower bounds whereas predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no real lower bounds whereas predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no real lower bounds whereas predecessor
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is and in general predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and in general predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and in general predecessor
+problem key thing I want to highlight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem key thing I want to highlight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem key thing I want to highlight is
+that uh we're maintaining here a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we're maintaining here a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we're maintaining here a set of
+s uh the set is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+of n elements elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh which live in some universe. U just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which live in some universe. U just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which live in some universe. U just
+like last time when you insert you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like last time when you insert you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like last time when you insert you can
+insert an arbitrary element of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert an arbitrary element of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert an arbitrary element of the
+universe that probably shouldn't be an S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe that probably shouldn't be an S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe that probably shouldn't be an S
+or it'll get thrown away. Uh but the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it'll get thrown away. Uh but the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it'll get thrown away. Uh but the key
+thing is that predecessor and successor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that predecessor and successor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that predecessor and successor
+operate not just on the elements in in S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate not just on the elements in in S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate not just on the elements in in S
+but you can give it any key. It doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can give it any key. It doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can give it any key. It doesn't
+have to be in there and it will find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be in there and it will find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be in there and it will find the
+previous key that is in S or the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous key that is in S or the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous key that is in S or the next
+key that is in S. So predecessor is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key that is in S. So predecessor is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key that is in S. So predecessor is the
+largest key that is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest key that is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest key that is less than or equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+X that's in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set and successor is the smallest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and successor is the smallest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and successor is the smallest that
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+larger of course if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one. Okay. So those are the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay. So those are the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay. So those are the kinds of
+operations we want to do. Now we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations we want to do. Now we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations we want to do. Now we know
+how to do all of this in login time. No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do all of this in login time. No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do all of this in login time. No
+problem with binary search trees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with binary search trees.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with binary search trees.
+in the comparison model. But I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the comparison model. But I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the comparison model. But I want to
+introduce two more say realistic models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce two more say realistic models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce two more say realistic models
+of of computers uh that ignore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of computers uh that ignore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of computers uh that ignore the
+memory hierarchy but think about regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory hierarchy but think about regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory hierarchy but think about regular
+RAM machines, random access machines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM machines, random access machines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM machines, random access machines and
+what uh they can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh they can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh they can really
+do and it's a model we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and it's a model we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and it's a model we're going to be
+working in for the next I think five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in for the next I think five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in for the next I think five
+lectures. So important to set the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures. So important to set the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures. So important to set the stage
+right. So these are models for integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So these are models for integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So these are models for integer
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structures. Uh in general we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures. Uh in general we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures. Uh in general we have a
+unifying principle which is the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unifying principle which is the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unifying principle which is the or
+unifying concept which is a word of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unifying concept which is a word of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unifying concept which is a word of
+information, a word of data, a word of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information, a word of data, a word of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information, a word of data, a word of
+memory. It's used all over the place. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory. It's used all over the place. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory. It's used all over the place. A
+word of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word of
+input, a word is the machine theoretic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input, a word is the machine theoretic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input, a word is the machine theoretic
+sense, not like the linguistic sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, not like the linguistic sense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, not like the linguistic sense.
+It's going to be a w bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be a w bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be a w bit
+integer. And so this defines a universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer. And so this defines a universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer. And so this defines a universe
+which is I'm going to assume they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I'm going to assume they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I'm going to assume they're all
+unsigned integers. So this is 2 to the w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsigned integers. So this is 2 to the w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsigned integers. So this is 2 to the w
+minus 1. Those are all the unsigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1. Those are all the unsigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1. Those are all the unsigned
+integers you can represent with w bits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers you can represent with w bits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers you can represent with w bits.
+We'll also call this number 2 the w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll also call this number 2 the w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll also call this number 2 the w
+little u. That is the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little u. That is the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little u. That is the size of the
+universe which is capital u. Uh, so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe which is capital u. Uh, so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe which is capital u. Uh, so this
+matches notation from last time, but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches notation from last time, but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches notation from last time, but I'm
+really highlighting how many bits we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really highlighting how many bits we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really highlighting how many bits we
+have, just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, just
+W. Now, uh, here's where things get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W. Now, uh, here's where things get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W. Now, uh, here's where things get
+interesting. I'm going to get to a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. I'm going to get to a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. I'm going to get to a model
+called a word RAM, which is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a word RAM, which is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a word RAM, which is what you
+might expect, uh, more or less. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect, uh, more or less. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect, uh, more or less. But
+before I get there, I want to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I get there, I want to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I get there, I want to define
+something called a trans dichotmus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a trans dichotmus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a trans dichotmus
+RAM. Tough word to spell. Just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM. Tough word to spell. Just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM. Tough word to spell. Just means
+bridging a dichotomy, bridging two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridging a dichotomy, bridging two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridging a dichotomy, bridging two
+worlds, if you will.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds, if you will.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds, if you will.
+RAM is random access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM is random access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM is random access
+machine. I've certainly mentioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine. I've certainly mentioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine. I've certainly mentioned the
+word RAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word RAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word RAM
+before, but now we're going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, but now we're going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, but now we're going to get a
+little more precise about it. So, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more precise about it. So, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more precise about it. So, in
+general, in a RAM, the memory is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, in a RAM, the memory is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, in a RAM, the memory is an
+array, and you can do random access into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array, and you can do random access into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array, and you can do random access into
+the array, but now we're going to say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array, but now we're going to say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array, but now we're going to say uh
+the cells of the memory, each slot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells of the memory, each slot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells of the memory, each slot in
+that array is a word. Everything's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that array is a word. Everything's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that array is a word. Everything's going
+to be a word. Every input if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a word. Every input if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a word. Every input if you want
+all these X's are going to be words.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these X's are going to be words.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these X's are going to be words.
+Everything will be a word and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything will be a word and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything will be a word and in
+particular this the things in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this the things in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this the things in your
+memory are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory are
+words. Let's say you have s of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. Let's say you have s of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. Let's say you have s of them
+that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your
+spacebound. Uh in general a transdicomus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacebound. Uh in general a transdicomus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacebound. Uh in general a transdicomus
+RAM you can do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM you can do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM you can do any
+operation that reads and writes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that reads and writes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that reads and writes
+uh a constant number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+words in memory and in particular you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in memory and in particular you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in memory and in particular you
+can do random access into that memory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do random access into that memory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do random access into that memory.
+uh but in particular we use words to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in particular we use words to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in particular we use words to
+uh serve as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointers. Here's my memory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+words. Each of them is w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. Each of them is w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. Each of them is w
+bits s of them from I guess zero to s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits s of them from I guess zero to s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits s of them from I guess zero to s
+minus one. And if you have like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. And if you have like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. And if you have like the
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+uh three here that is can be used as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three here that is can be used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three here that is can be used as a
+pointer to the third slot of memory one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to the third slot of memory one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to the third slot of memory one
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+three you can use numbers as indexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you can use numbers as indexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you can use numbers as indexes
+into memory so that's what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into memory so that's what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into memory so that's what I mean by
+word surface pointers so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word surface pointers so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word surface pointers so in particular
+you can implement a pointer machine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can implement a pointer machine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can implement a pointer machine uh
+which no surprise but for this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which no surprise but for this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which no surprise but for this to
+work we need a lower bound on w this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we need a lower bound on w this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we need a lower bound on w this
+implies w has to be at least log of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies w has to be at least log of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies w has to be at least log of the
+spacebound. Otherwise, you just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacebound. Otherwise, you just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacebound. Otherwise, you just can't
+index your whole memory. Right? If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index your whole memory. Right? If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index your whole memory. Right? If
+you've got sus one things, this 2 wus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got sus one things, this 2 wus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got sus one things, this 2 wus
+one better be at least sus one. So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one better be at least sus one. So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one better be at least sus one. So, we
+get this lower bound. So, in particular,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this lower bound. So, in particular,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this lower bound. So, in particular,
+uh presumably s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh presumably s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh presumably s
+is at least your problem size n. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least your problem size n. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least your problem size n. If
+you're trying to maintain n items,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to maintain n items,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to maintain n items,
+you've got to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to store
+them. So w is at least log n. Now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So w is at least log n. Now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So w is at least log n. Now this
+relation is essentially a statement uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation is essentially a statement uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation is essentially a statement uh
+bridging two worlds namely you have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridging two worlds namely you have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridging two worlds namely you have on
+the one hand your model of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one hand your model of computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one hand your model of computation
+which is has a particular word size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is has a particular word size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is has a particular word size and
+in reality we think of that as being 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality we think of that as being 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality we think of that as being 32
+or 64 or maybe 128. Some fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 64 or maybe 128. Some fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 64 or maybe 128. Some fancy
+operations on on Intel machines you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on on Intel machines you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on on Intel machines you can
+do 128 bit or so. Uh and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do 128 bit or so. Uh and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do 128 bit or so. Uh and then there's
+your problem size which we think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem size which we think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem size which we think of as
+an input. Now, this is relating the two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input. Now, this is relating the two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input. Now, this is relating the two.
+It's a little weird. I guess you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a little weird. I guess you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a little weird. I guess you could
+say it's just a limitation for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's just a limitation for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's just a limitation for a given
+CPU. There's only certain problems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPU. There's only certain problems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPU. There's only certain problems you
+can solve. Uh, but it theoretically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve. Uh, but it theoretically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve. Uh, but it theoretically it
+makes a lot of sense to relate these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a lot of sense to relate these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a lot of sense to relate these two
+because if you want to if you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you want to if you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you want to if you're in a
+RAM and you've got to be able to index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM and you've got to be able to index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM and you've got to be able to index
+your data, you need at least that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data, you need at least that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data, you need at least that many
+bits just to be able to talk about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits just to be able to talk about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits just to be able to talk about all
+those things. And so, the claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things. And so, the claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things. And so, the claim is
+basically your machines machines will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically your machines machines will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically your machines machines will
+grow to accommodate memory size. As
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow to accommodate memory size. As
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow to accommodate memory size. As
+memory size grows, you'll need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory size grows, you'll need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory size grows, you'll need more
+bits. Now, in reality, I mean, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits. Now, in reality, I mean, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits. Now, in reality, I mean, there's
+only about two of the 256
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about two of the 256
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about two of the 256
+um what do you call them? Particles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do you call them? Particles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do you call them? Particles in
+the known universe. Uh so, word size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the known universe. Uh so, word size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the known universe. Uh so, word size
+probably won't get that much bigger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably won't get that much bigger.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably won't get that much bigger.
+Beyond 256 should be okay. But, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond 256 should be okay. But, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond 256 should be okay. But, uh
+theoretically, this is a nice way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically, this is a nice way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically, this is a nice way to
+formalize this claim that word sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize this claim that word sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize this claim that word sizes
+don't need to get too big unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to get too big unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to get too big unless
+memories get gigantic. So, it may seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories get gigantic. So, it may seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories get gigantic. So, it may seem
+weird at first, but it's very natural.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird at first, but it's very natural.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird at first, but it's very natural.
+And all real world machines have big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And all real world machines have big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And all real world machines have big
+enough words to accommodate that. Word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough words to accommodate that. Word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough words to accommodate that. Word
+size could be bigger and that will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size could be bigger and that will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size could be bigger and that will give
+you essentially more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you essentially more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you essentially more
+parallelism. But uh should be at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism. But uh should be at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism. But uh should be at least
+that big. All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big. All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big. All right,
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proitizing. Then the that's the trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proitizing. Then the that's the trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proitizing. Then the that's the trans
+dichotmus RAM the end. Uh and the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotmus RAM the end. Uh and the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotmus RAM the end. Uh and the word
+ram is a specific version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ram is a specific version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ram is a specific version of the
+transdichomus ram.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where you restrict the operations to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you restrict the operations to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you restrict the operations to C
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operations. These are sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. These are sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. These are sort of the
+standard there are instructions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard there are instructions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard there are instructions on
+basically all computers uh except I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all computers uh except I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all computers uh except I mean
+a few risk architectures don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few risk architectures don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few risk architectures don't have
+multiplication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and
+division but everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division but everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division but everything
+else on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything. So these are the operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. So these are the operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. So these are the operators
+unless I missed one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless I missed one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless I missed one in
+C. Uh they're all in Python and pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. Uh they're all in Python and pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. Uh they're all in Python and pick
+your most languages. Got integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your most languages. Got integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your most languages. Got integer
+arithmetic and including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic and including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic and including
+mod. You've got bitwise and bitwise or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod. You've got bitwise and bitwise or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod. You've got bitwise and bitwise or
+bitwise exor, bitwise negation and shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitwise exor, bitwise negation and shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitwise exor, bitwise negation and shift
+left and shift right. Okay, these we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and shift right. Okay, these we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and shift right. Okay, these we all
+view as taking constant time. They take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view as taking constant time. They take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view as taking constant time. They take
+uh one or uh one or two uh integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one or uh one or two uh integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one or uh one or two uh integer
+inputs, words as inputs. They compute an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs, words as inputs. They compute an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs, words as inputs. They compute an
+answer. They write out another word. Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. They write out another word. Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. They write out another word. Of
+course, you can al there's also random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, you can al there's also random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, you can al there's also random
+access array dreference, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access array dreference, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access array dreference, I
+guess. Uh which you can Yeah. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess. Uh which you can Yeah. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess. Uh which you can Yeah. So that's
+the word RAM you restrict to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word RAM you restrict to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word RAM you restrict to these
+operations. Whereas transdichomus RAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. Whereas transdichomus RAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. Whereas transdichomus RAM
+you can do weird things as long as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do weird things as long as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do weird things as long as they
+only involve a constant number of words.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only involve a constant number of words.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only involve a constant number of words.
+Word RAM it's a regular thing. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Word RAM it's a regular thing. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Word RAM it's a regular thing. So this
+is basically the standard model that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the standard model that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the standard model that all
+integer data structures use pretty much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer data structures use pretty much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer data structures use pretty much.
+If they don't use this model, they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If they don't use this model, they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If they don't use this model, they have
+to say so. Otherwise, this model has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say so. Otherwise, this model has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say so. Otherwise, this model has
+become accepted as the normal one. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become accepted as the normal one. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become accepted as the normal one. It
+took several years before people realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took several years before people realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took several years before people realize
+that's a good model, good enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good model, good enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good model, good enough to
+capture pretty much everything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture pretty much everything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture pretty much everything we
+want. Okay. The cool thing about word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. Okay. The cool thing about word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. Okay. The cool thing about word
+RAM is it lets you do things on W bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM is it lets you do things on W bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM is it lets you do things on W bits
+in parallel. You can take the end of W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel. You can take the end of W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel. You can take the end of W
+bits pair-wise all at once. So you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits pair-wise all at once. So you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits pair-wise all at once. So you get
+some speed up but it's a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some speed up but it's a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some speed up but it's a natural
+generalization of something like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of something like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of something like the
+comparison model. Comparison model I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison model. Comparison model I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison model. Comparison model I
+guess I didn't write those more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I didn't write those more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I didn't write those more
+operations less than greater than and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations less than greater than and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations less than greater than and so
+on. You can compare things two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. You can compare things two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. You can compare things two numbers
+in constant time get a boolean output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in constant time get a boolean output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in constant time get a boolean output
+via say subtraction and computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via say subtraction and computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via say subtraction and computing the
+sign.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign.
+Uh and you think of comparisons taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and you think of comparisons taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and you think of comparisons taking
+constant time. So why not all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time. So why not all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time. So why not all of these
+things? Cool. One more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things? Cool. One more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things? Cool. One more
+model, there's kind of a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model, there's kind of a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model, there's kind of a weird
+one. It's called cell probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. It's called cell probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. It's called cell probe
+model which is we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is we just
+count the number of memory reads and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the number of memory reads and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the number of memory reads and
+writes that we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh to solve a data structure query like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to solve a data structure query like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to solve a data structure query like
+you you're looking at predecessor I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're looking at predecessor I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're looking at predecessor I just
+want to know how much of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know how much of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know how much of the data
+structure do I have to read in in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure do I have to read in in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure do I have to read in in order
+to be able to answer the predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to answer the predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to answer the predecessor
+problem how much do I have write out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem how much do I have write out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem how much do I have write out to
+do an insertion whatever. Um and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an insertion whatever. Um and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an insertion whatever. Um and so in
+this model computation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model computation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model computation is
+free and this is kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and this is kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and this is kind of like
+the external memory model and the cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external memory model and the cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external memory model and the cache
+oblivious models there we're measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious models there we're measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious models there we're measuring
+how many block reads and writes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many block reads and writes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many block reads and writes there
+are here blocks are actually our words.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here blocks are actually our words.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here blocks are actually our words.
+So there is a bit of a relation except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there is a bit of a relation except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there is a bit of a relation except
+there's no real you can either think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real you can either think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real you can either think of
+there's being no cache here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's being no cache here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's being no cache here because
+you're just reading in a constant number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just reading in a constant number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just reading in a constant number
+of words doing something spitting stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of words doing something spitting stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of words doing something spitting stuff
+out or in the cell model you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or in the cell model you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or in the cell model you could
+imagine there being an infinite cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine there being an infinite cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine there being an infinite cache
+for this operation but no cache from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this operation but no cache from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this operation but no cache from
+operation to operation it's just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation to operation it's just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation to operation it's just how
+much do I have to read in information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much do I have to read in information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much do I have to read in information
+theoretically to solve a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically to solve a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically to solve a particular
+predecessor problem we'll deal with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor problem we'll deal with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor problem we'll deal with this
+a lot in a couple of lectures not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot in a couple of lectures not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot in a couple of lectures not quite
+yet uh this model is just used for lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet uh this model is just used for lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet uh this model is just used for lower
+bounds it's not a realistic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds it's not a realistic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds it's not a realistic model
+because you have to pay for computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to pay for computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to pay for computation
+in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real
+world. But if you can prove that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. But if you can prove that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. But if you can prove that you
+need to read at least a certain number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to read at least a certain number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to read at least a certain number
+of words, then of course you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of words, then of course you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of words, then of course you have to do
+at least that many operations. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least that many operations. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least that many operations. So it's
+nice for lower bounds. In general, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice for lower bounds. In general, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice for lower bounds. In general, we
+have this sort of hierarchy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this sort of hierarchy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this sort of hierarchy of
+models where this is the most powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models where this is the most powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models where this is the most powerful
+strongest and below cell probe we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest and below cell probe we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest and below cell probe we have
+word RAM or sorry trans dichotmus RAM.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RAM then just to fit it in context what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM then just to fit it in context what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM then just to fit it in context what
+we've been doing below that is pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing below that is pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing below that is pointer
+machine and below that would be binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and below that would be binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and below that would be binary
+search tree mentioned before pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree mentioned before pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree mentioned before pointer
+machine is more powerful than binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is more powerful than binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is more powerful than binary
+search tree and of course we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree and of course we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree and of course we can
+implement a pointer machine on a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a pointer machine on a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a pointer machine on a word
+ram so we have these relations there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ram so we have these relations there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ram so we have these relations there are
+of course other models but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course other models but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course other models but this is a
+quick picture of models we've seen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now we have this notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now we have this notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now we have this notion of a
+word. Uh in the predecessor problem,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word. Uh in the predecessor problem,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word. Uh in the predecessor problem,
+these elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements are
+words. They're wbit integers. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. They're wbit integers. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. They're wbit integers. The
+universe is defined. And we want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is defined. And we want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is defined. And we want to be
+able to insert, delete, predecessor, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to insert, delete, predecessor, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to insert, delete, predecessor, and
+successor over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor over
+words. So that's the our challenge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh for context of I mean in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for context of I mean in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for context of I mean in in the
+binary search tree model we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree model we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree model we know the
+answer to this problem is theta login in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this problem is theta login in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this problem is theta login in
+general any comparisonbased data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general any comparisonbased data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general any comparisonbased data
+structure you need theta login in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you need theta login in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you need theta login in the
+worst case it's an easy lower bound uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case it's an easy lower bound uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case it's an easy lower bound uh
+but we're going to do better on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to do better on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to do better on these
+other models on the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other models on the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other models on the word
+ram so here some results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+First data structure is called Venom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First data structure is called Venom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First data structure is called Venom
+DOS. You might guess it is by Venom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOS. You might guess it is by Venom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOS. You might guess it is by Venom
+Nabois, Peter. Uh it actually has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nabois, Peter. Uh it actually has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nabois, Peter. Uh it actually has a
+couple other authors in some versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple other authors in some versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple other authors in some versions of
+the papers which makes a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the papers which makes a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the papers which makes a little bit
+confusing but for whatever reason the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing but for whatever reason the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing but for whatever reason the
+data structure is just named Venom DOS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure is just named Venom DOS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure is just named Venom DOS
+and it achieves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+log w per operation. I think I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log w per operation. I think I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log w per operation. I think I'll
+rewrite this. This is log log u per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this. This is log log u per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this. This is log log u per
+operation. But it requires u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. But it requires u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. But it requires u
+space. So think of u space as being like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. So think of u space as being like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. So think of u space as being like
+for every item in the universe I store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every item in the universe I store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every item in the universe I store
+yes or no is it in the set. So that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or no is it in the set. So that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or no is it in the set. So that's a
+lot of space unless n and n and u are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of space unless n and n and u are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of space unless n and n and u are
+not too different. Uh but we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too different. Uh but we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too different. Uh but we can do
+better. Um but the cool thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. Um but the cool thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. Um but the cool thing is the
+running time this is really fast log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time this is really fast log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time this is really fast log log
+u if you think about for example I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u if you think about for example I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u if you think about for example I don't
+know universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know universe
+being polomial and n or even if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being polomial and n or even if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being polomial and n or even if the
+universe is something like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is something like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is something like you know
+polinomial and n is the same as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and n is the same as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and n is the same as like
+this right 2 to the c log n uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right 2 to the c log n uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right 2 to the c log n uh you can
+go crazy and say log to the c power so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go crazy and say log to the c power so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go crazy and say log to the c power so
+like 2 to the log to the fifth power all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 2 to the log to the fifth power all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 2 to the log to the fifth power all
+those things you take log twice uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things you take log twice uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things you take log twice uh then
+log log u uh becomes theta log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log u uh becomes theta log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log u uh becomes theta log log
+n. So as long as your word size is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So as long as your word size is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So as long as your word size is not
+insane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insane
+uh you you're getting log n uh is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you're getting log n uh is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you're getting log n uh is not
+insanely large you're getting log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insanely large you're getting log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insanely large you're getting log n
+performance. So in general when uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance. So in general when uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance. So in general when uh
+what's it w is order log is poly log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n then we're getting this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then we're getting this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then we're getting this kind of
+performance and I think in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and I think in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and I think in most
+computers w is poly logarithmic we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers w is poly logarithmic we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers w is poly logarithmic we said
+it has to be at least log it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be at least log it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be at least log it's also
+generally not so much bigger than log so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally not so much bigger than log so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally not so much bigger than log so
+log square is probably fine for most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log square is probably fine for most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log square is probably fine for most of
+the time unless you have a really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time unless you have a really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time unless you have a really small
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+problem. Okay, so cool. But the space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Okay, so cool. But the space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Okay, so cool. But the space is
+giant. So how do we do better than that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant. So how do we do better than that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant. So how do we do better than that?
+Well, um there's a couple answers. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, um there's a couple answers. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, um there's a couple answers. One
+is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+achieve log W with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve log W with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve log W with high
+probability and order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and order and
+space with a slight tweak. Basically,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space with a slight tweak. Basically,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space with a slight tweak. Basically,
+you combine Ben & Deus plus uh hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you combine Ben & Deus plus uh hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you combine Ben & Deus plus uh hashing
+and you get that. I don't actually know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get that. I don't actually know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get that. I don't actually know
+what the reference is for this result.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the reference is for this result.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the reference is for this result.
+It's kind it's been an exercise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind it's been an exercise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind it's been an exercise in
+various courses and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various courses and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various courses and so
+on. Uh I can talk more about that later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Uh I can talk more about that later.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Uh I can talk more about that later.
+Then alternatively there's another data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then alternatively there's another data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then alternatively there's another data
+structure which in many ways is simpler.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which in many ways is simpler.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which in many ways is simpler.
+It really embraces hashing. It's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It really embraces hashing. It's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It really embraces hashing. It's called
+yfast trees and achieves the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yfast trees and achieves the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yfast trees and achieves the same
+bounds. So log w high probability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds. So log w high probability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds. So log w high probability and
+linear space. It's basically just a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear space. It's basically just a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear space. It's basically just a hash
+table uh with some cleverness. So we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table uh with some cleverness. So we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table uh with some cleverness. So we'll
+get there even though it's simpler.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there even though it's simpler.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there even though it's simpler.
+We're going to start with this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to start with this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to start with this structure
+and then it it was historically this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it it was historically this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it it was historically this is
+the way it happened. Venom DOS then why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it happened. Venom DOS then why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it happened. Venom DOS then why
+faster research are by Willard um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster research are by Willard um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster research are by Willard um and
+it'll be kind of a nice finale.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be kind of a nice finale.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be kind of a nice finale.
+So if we take the oh sorry there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we take the oh sorry there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we take the oh sorry there's
+another data structure I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another data structure I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another data structure I want to talk
+about which is designed for the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which is designed for the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which is designed for the case
+when w is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when w is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when w is very
+large closer much bigger than poly log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large closer much bigger than poly log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large closer much bigger than poly log n
+in that case uh is something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case uh is something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case uh is something called
+fusion trees and you can achieve log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion trees and you can achieve log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion trees and you can achieve log
+base w of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base w of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base w of n
+uh I guess with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess with high
+probability and linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and linear
+space the Original fusion trees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the Original fusion trees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the Original fusion trees are
+static and you could just do log based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static and you could just do log based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static and you could just do log based
+WN deterministic queries. Uh but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WN deterministic queries. Uh but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WN deterministic queries. Uh but there's
+a new later version that's dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new later version that's dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new later version that's dynamic
+achieves this uh using hashing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves this uh using hashing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves this uh using hashing for
+updates. Um insertions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates. Um insertions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates. Um insertions and
+deletions. Cool. So this is a almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletions. Cool. So this is a almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletions. Cool. So this is a almost
+upside down. It's obviously always an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down. It's obviously always an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down. It's obviously always an
+improvement over n log base w of event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement over n log base w of event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement over n log base w of event
+of event or sorry always an improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of event or sorry always an improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of event or sorry always an improvement
+over just log base 2 of n. But it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over just log base 2 of n. But it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over just log base 2 of n. But it's
+sometimes better and sometimes worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes better and sometimes worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes better and sometimes worse
+than log w. In fact, kind of makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than log w. In fact, kind of makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than log w. In fact, kind of makes sense
+to take the min of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the min of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the min of
+them. When w is small, you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. When w is small, you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. When w is small, you want to use
+log w. When w is big, you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log w. When w is big, you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log w. When w is big, you want to use
+log base w of n. They're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base w of n. They're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base w of n. They're going to
+balance out. When w is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh root two to the root log n something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh root two to the root log n something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh root two to the root log n something
+like that. Uh the easy thing is uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Uh the easy thing is uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Uh the easy thing is uh when
+when these balance out is when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these balance out is when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these balance out is when they're
+equal and that will be when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and that will be when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and that will be when
+uh this is log n / log w. So when log w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is log n / log w. So when log w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is log n / log w. So when log w
+equals log n / log w. Let's do that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals log n / log w. Let's do that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals log n / log w. Let's do that over
+here. Log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Log
+w log n over log w.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w log n over log w.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w log n over log w.
+uh then this is like saying log 2 w= log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then this is like saying log 2 w= log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then this is like saying log 2 w= log
+n or log w is root log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n or log w is root log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n or log w is root log
+n. So I was right w is 2 to the root log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So I was right w is 2 to the root log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So I was right w is 2 to the root log
+n which is a weird quantity but the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which is a weird quantity but the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which is a weird quantity but the easy
+thing to think about is this one log w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to think about is this one log w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to think about is this one log w
+is root log n and in that case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is root log n and in that case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is root log n and in that case the
+running time you get is uh root log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n. So it's always at most this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So it's always at most this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So it's always at most this and the
+the worst case is when these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case is when these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case is when these things are
+balanced and then the min of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced and then the min of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced and then the min of these two
+or these two are the same and they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or these two are the same and they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or these two are the same and they both
+achieve root log n. But if w is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve root log n. But if w is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve root log n. But if w is smaller
+or larger than this threshold these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or larger than this threshold these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or larger than this threshold these
+structures will be even better than root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures will be even better than root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures will be even better than root
+login. But in particular it's a nice way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login. But in particular it's a nice way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login. But in particular it's a nice way
+to think about oh we're doing sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about oh we're doing sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about oh we're doing sort of a
+square factor better than binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square factor better than binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square factor better than binary search
+trees and we can do this high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and we can do this high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and we can do this high
+probability in linear space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+cool. Turns out it's also pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. Turns out it's also pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. Turns out it's also pretty much
+optimal. And that's not at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obvious and wasn't known for many years.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+so there's a cell probe lowerbound. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a cell probe lowerbound. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a cell probe lowerbound. So
+these are all on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all on the
+uh in the word RAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the word RAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the word RAM
+model. All these results. The first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. All these results. The first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. All these results. The first one
+actually kind of works in the pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of works in the pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of works in the pointer
+machine. I can I'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine. I can I'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine. I can I'll talk about that
+later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This lower bound's a little bit messy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This lower bound's a little bit messy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This lower bound's a little bit messy uh
+to state. The bound is slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to state. The bound is slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to state. The bound is slightly more
+complicated than than what we've seen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than than what we've seen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than than what we've seen.
+But I'm going to restrict to a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I'm going to restrict to a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I'm going to restrict to a special
+situation which is if you have n poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation which is if you have n poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation which is if you have n poly
+log and space. So this is a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and space. So this is a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and space. So this is a lower bound
+on static predecessor. All you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on static predecessor. All you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on static predecessor. All you need to
+do is solve predecessor and successor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is solve predecessor and successor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is solve predecessor and successor or
+even just predecessor. There's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just predecessor. There's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just predecessor. There's no
+inserts and deletes. In that case, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts and deletes. In that case, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts and deletes. In that case, if
+you use lots of space like space, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use lots of space like space, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use lots of space like space, of
+course, you do constant time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, you do constant time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, you do constant time for
+everything, right? you just store all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything, right? you just store all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything, right? you just store all
+the answers. Um, but if you want space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers. Um, but if you want space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers. Um, but if you want space
+that's not much bigger than n, uh, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not much bigger than n, uh, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not much bigger than n, uh, in
+particular, if you wanted to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, if you wanted to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, if you wanted to be able to
+do updates in poly log, you this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do updates in poly log, you this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do updates in poly log, you this is the
+most space you could ever hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most space you could ever hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most space you could ever hope to
+achieve. So assuming that, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve. So assuming that, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve. So assuming that, which is
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+reasonable, there's a bound of the min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable, there's a bound of the min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable, there's a bound of the min
+of two things log base w of n, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two things log base w of n, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two things log base w of n, which is
+fusion trees and roughly log w, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion trees and roughly log w, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion trees and roughly log w, which is
+found underus, but it's slightly smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found underus, but it's slightly smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found underus, but it's slightly smaller
+than that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh yeah pretty weird. Let me tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yeah pretty weird. Let me tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yeah pretty weird. Let me tell you
+the consequences a little easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences a little easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences a little easier to
+think about. Ben & Deas is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about. Ben & Deas is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about. Ben & Deas is going to be
+optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal
+uh for the kind of the cases we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the kind of the cases we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the kind of the cases we care
+about which is when W is poly log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which is when W is poly log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which is when W is poly log
+n sorry yeah poly log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sorry yeah poly log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sorry yeah poly log
+n and fusion trees are optimal when w is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and fusion trees are optimal when w is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and fusion trees are optimal when w is
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square root log n log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Okay.
+Um a little messy. So there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um a little messy. So there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um a little messy. So there's this
+there's this divided by log of log w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this divided by log of log w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this divided by log of log w
+over log n. If if uh if w is poly log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over log n. If if uh if w is poly log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over log n. If if uh if w is poly log n
+then this is just order log log n and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is just order log log n and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is just order log log n and so
+this cancels this becomes constant. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cancels this becomes constant. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cancels this becomes constant. So
+in these situations which are the ones I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these situations which are the ones I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these situations which are the ones I
+mentioned over here w is poly log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned over here w is poly log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned over here w is poly log n
+which is when we get log n performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is when we get log n performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is when we get log n performance
+and that's kind of the case we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of the case we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of the case we care
+about. Venom Venom DeBoss is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. Venom Venom DeBoss is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. Venom Venom DeBoss is the best
+thing to do. Turns out this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do. Turns out this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do. Turns out this is actually
+the right answer. Uh you can do slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer. Uh you can do slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer. Uh you can do slightly
+better. Uh it's almost an exercise. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. Uh it's almost an exercise. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. Uh it's almost an exercise. You
+can tweak venomous and get this slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tweak venomous and get this slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tweak venomous and get this slight
+improvement, but most word sizes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement, but most word sizes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement, but most word sizes it
+really doesn't matter. You're not saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't matter. You're not saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't matter. You're not saving
+much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much.
+Um cool. So other than that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um cool. So other than that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um cool. So other than that little
+factor, these are the right answers. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor, these are the right answers. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor, these are the right answers. You
+have to know about venom dubb. You have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know about venom dubb. You have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know about venom dubb. You have
+to know about fusion trees. And so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about fusion trees. And so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about fusion trees. And so this
+lecture is about van deose. Next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is about van deose. Next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is about van deose. Next lecture
+is about fusion trees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about fusion trees.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about fusion trees.
+Uh this result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this result is
+from 2006 and 7. So pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recent. So let's uh let's start manus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh yeah, let's let's dive into it. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yeah, let's let's dive into it. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yeah, let's let's dive into it. I
+I'll talk about history a little later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about history a little later.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about history a little later.
+Um the central idea I guess if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the central idea I guess if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the central idea I guess if you
+wanted to sum up venom deose in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to sum up venom deose in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to sum up venom deose in an
+equation which is something we very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is something we very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is something we very
+rarely get to do in algorithms is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely get to do in algorithms is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely get to do in algorithms is to
+think about this recurrence t of u t of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this recurrence t of u t of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this recurrence t of u t of
+square root of u plus order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of u plus order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of u plus order
+one. What does this solve to log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u right? Just think of think of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u right? Just think of think of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u right? Just think of think of taking
+logs. This is the same as T of W = T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs. This is the same as T of W = T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs. This is the same as T of W = T of
+W / 2 plus order 1. W is the word size.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W / 2 plus order 1. W is the word size.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W / 2 plus order 1. W is the word size.
+And so this is log W. Same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is log W. Same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is log W. Same
+thing. If we could achieve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. If we could achieve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. If we could achieve this
+recurrence, then boom, we get our bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence, then boom, we get our bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence, then boom, we get our bound
+of log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of log
+W. So how do we do it? We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W. So how do we do it? We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W. So how do we do it? We
+split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe
+into root u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters
+each of size root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u. Okay. So if here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u. Okay. So if here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u. Okay. So if here's our
+universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I just split every square roo of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just split every square roo of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just split every square roo of u
+items. So each of these is root u long.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items. So each of these is root u long.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items. So each of these is root u long.
+The number of them is square root of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The number of them is square root of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The number of them is square root of u
+and then somehow I want to recurse on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then somehow I want to recurse on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then somehow I want to recurse on
+each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these
+clusters and I only get to recurse in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters and I only get to recurse in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters and I only get to recurse in
+one of them. So pretty simple idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh, yeah. So, I'll talk about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, yeah. So, I'll talk about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, yeah. So, I'll talk about how to
+actually do that recursion in a moment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that recursion in a moment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that recursion in a moment.
+Before I get there, I want to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Before I get there, I want to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Before I get there, I want to define a
+sort of hierarchical coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hierarchical coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hierarchical coordinate
+system. This is a new way of phrasing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. This is a new way of phrasing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. This is a new way of phrasing it
+for me, so hope you like it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me, so hope you like it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me, so hope you like it.
+If we have a word X, I want to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we have a word X, I want to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we have a word X, I want to write it
+as two coordinates, C and I. I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two coordinates, C and I. I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two coordinates, C and I. I'm going
+to use angle brackets so it doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use angle brackets so it doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use angle brackets so it doesn't get
+too confusing. C is which cluster you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too confusing. C is which cluster you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too confusing. C is which cluster you're
+in. So this is cluster 0, cluster 1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. So this is cluster 0, cluster 1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. So this is cluster 0, cluster 1,
+cluster 2, cluster 3. I is your index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster 2, cluster 3. I is your index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster 2, cluster 3. I is your index
+within the cluster. So this is 0 1 2 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the cluster. So this is 0 1 2 3 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the cluster. So this is 0 1 2 3 4
+5 up to root U minus one within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 up to root U minus one within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 up to root U minus one within this
+cluster. Then 0 1 2 3 4 5 up to root U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster. Then 0 1 2 3 4 5 up to root U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster. Then 0 1 2 3 4 5 up to root U
+minus one within this cluster. So those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one within this cluster. So those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one within this cluster. So those
+are the the I is your index uh within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the the I is your index uh within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the the I is your index uh within
+the cluster like this and C is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cluster like this and C is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cluster like this and C is which
+cluster you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster you are
+in. Okay, pretty simple and there's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. Okay, pretty simple and there's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. Okay, pretty simple and there's easy
+arithmetic to do this. C is X integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic to do this. C is X integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic to do this. C is X integer
+divide root U and I is X integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide root U and I is X integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide root U and I is X integer
+modu. I use Python notation here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modu. I use Python notation here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modu. I use Python notation here.
+Um, so fine. I think you all know this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so fine. I think you all know this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so fine. I think you all know this.
+Pretty simple. And if I gave you C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pretty simple. And if I gave you C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pretty simple. And if I gave you C and
+I, you could reconstruct X by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I, you could reconstruct X by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I, you could reconstruct X by just
+saying, oh, well, that's C * root U plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying, oh, well, that's C * root U plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying, oh, well, that's C * root U plus
+I. So in constant time, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I. So in constant time, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I. So in constant time, you can
+decompose a number into its two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose a number into its two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose a number into its two
+coordinates. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. That's the
+point. Uh, in fact, it's much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Uh, in fact, it's much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Uh, in fact, it's much easier
+than this. You don't even have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this. You don't even have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this. You don't even have to do
+division if you think of everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division if you think of everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division if you think of everything in
+binary, which computers tend to do. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary, which computers tend to do. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary, which computers tend to do. So
+the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perspective is that X is it's a word. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective is that X is it's a word. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective is that X is it's a word. So
+it's a bunch of bits, right? 0 one one 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bunch of bits, right? 0 one one 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bunch of bits, right? 0 one one 0
+1 0 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 0 1
+whatever. Divide that bit sequence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. Divide that bit sequence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. Divide that bit sequence in
+half and this then this part is C. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and this then this part is C. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and this then this part is C. This
+part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is
+I. And if you assume that uh w is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I. And if you assume that uh w is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I. And if you assume that uh w is a
+power of two, these two are identical.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of two, these two are identical.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of two, these two are identical.
+If they're not a power of two, I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If they're not a power of two, I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If they're not a power of two, I mean
+you've got to round a little bit here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to round a little bit here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to round a little bit here.
+Doesn't it doesn't matter, but uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doesn't it doesn't matter, but uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doesn't it doesn't matter, but uh you
+can use this definition instead of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this definition instead of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this definition instead of this
+one either way. So in this case, c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one either way. So in this case, c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one either way. So in this case, c is
+boy. Um x shifted right w over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy. Um x shifted right w over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy. Um x shifted right w over two
+basically. So this is this is w over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically. So this is this is w over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically. So this is this is w over
+two w over two whole thing is w bits. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two w over two whole thing is w bits. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two w over two whole thing is w bits. Uh
+so if I shift right I get rid of the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I shift right I get rid of the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I shift right I get rid of the low
+order bits. Uh, if I want I, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order bits. Uh, if I want I, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order bits. Uh, if I want I, it's
+slightly more annoying, but I can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more annoying, but I can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more annoying, but I can do it
+as a an and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a an and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a an and with
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um one shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one shifted
+left w over two minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left w over two minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left w over two minus
+one. That's the that's probably how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. That's the that's probably how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. That's the that's probably how you
+do it in C. I don't know if you're used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in C. I don't know if you're used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in C. I don't know if you're used
+to this, but if I take a one bit, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this, but if I take a one bit, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this, but if I take a one bit, I
+shift it over to here and I subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift it over to here and I subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift it over to here and I subtract
+one, then I get a whole bunch of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, then I get a whole bunch of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, then I get a whole bunch of one
+bits. And then you take you mask with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits. And then you take you mask with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits. And then you take you mask with
+that bit pattern. So I'm masking with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bit pattern. So I'm masking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bit pattern. So I'm masking with
+one one one. Then I'll just get the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one one. Then I'll just get the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one one. Then I'll just get the low
+order bits. And computers do these super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order bits. And computers do these super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order bits. And computers do these super
+fast, way faster than integer division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast, way faster than integer division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast, way faster than integer division
+because I mean this is just like routing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I mean this is just like routing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I mean this is just like routing
+bits around. So this is easy to do on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits around. So this is easy to do on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits around. So this is easy to do on a
+typical CPU. And this will be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical CPU. And this will be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical CPU. And this will be much
+faster than this code even though looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than this code even though looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than this code even though looks
+like more operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more operations
+typically. All right. So fine point is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically. All right. So fine point is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically. All right. So fine point is I
+can decompose X into C and I. Of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decompose X into C and I. Of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decompose X into C and I. Of course
+I can also do the reverse. uh this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also do the reverse. uh this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also do the reverse. uh this would
+be C shifted left W over two or with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I okay it's a slight diversion now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay it's a slight diversion now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay it's a slight diversion now I can
+tell you the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the actual
+recursion and then talk about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion and then talk about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion and then talk about how to
+maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain
+it so we're going to define a recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so we're going to define a recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so we're going to define a recursive
+uh venom to boa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh venom to boa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh venom to boa
+structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of
+size U and word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size U and word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size U and word
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W. And what it's going to look like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W. And what it's going to look like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W. And what it's going to look like is
+we have a bunch of clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh each of size square roo of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u. Okay. So this represents the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u. Okay. So this represents the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u. Okay. So this represents the first
+root u items. This represents the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root u items. This represents the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root u items. This represents the next
+root u items. This represents the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root u items. This represents the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root u items. This represents the last
+root UU items so on. So that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root UU items so on. So that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root UU items so on. So that's the
+obvious recursion from this. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious recursion from this. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious recursion from this. So this is
+going to be a vandom B structure of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a vandom B structure of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a vandom B structure of size
+root UU. And then we also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root UU. And then we also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root UU. And then we also have a
+structure up top which is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure up top which is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure up top which is called the
+summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary
+structure. And the idea is it represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. And the idea is it represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. And the idea is it represents
+for each of these clusters is there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these clusters is there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these clusters is there is
+the cluster empty or not? Does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cluster empty or not? Does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cluster empty or not? Does this
+cluster have anybody any items in it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster have anybody any items in it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster have anybody any items in it?
+Yes or no. If yes, then that the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes or no. If yes, then that the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes or no. If yes, then that the name of
+this cluster is in the summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cluster is in the summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cluster is in the summary
+structure. So notice by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. So notice by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. So notice by this
+hierarchical decomposition, the cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical decomposition, the cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical decomposition, the cluster
+number and the index are valid names of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and the index are valid names of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and the index are valid names of
+items within these substructures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items within these substructures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items within these substructures.
+Basically, we're going to use the the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically, we're going to use the the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically, we're going to use the the I
+part to talk about things within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part to talk about things within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part to talk about things within the
+clusters and we're going to use the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters and we're going to use the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters and we're going to use the C
+part to talk about things within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part to talk about things within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part to talk about things within the
+summary structure. They're both numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary structure. They're both numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary structure. They're both numbers
+between 0 and root U minus one. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and root U minus one. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and root U minus one. And so
+we get this perspective. All right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this perspective. All right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this perspective. All right. So
+formally uh or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally uh or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally uh or some
+notation cluster I so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation cluster I so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation cluster I so we're going to
+have an array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an array of
+clusters is ven and above thing of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters is ven and above thing of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters is ven and above thing of size
+uh square root u and word size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh square root u and word size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh square root u and word size
+uh w over two. This is slightly weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh w over two. This is slightly weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh w over two. This is slightly weird
+because uh the machine of course its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the machine of course its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the machine of course its
+word size remains w. It doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word size remains w. It doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word size remains w. It doesn't get
+smaller as you recurse. We're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller as you recurse. We're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller as you recurse. We're not going
+to try to, you know, spread the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to, you know, spread the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to, you know, spread the
+parallelism around or whatever. Uh, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism around or whatever. Uh, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism around or whatever. Uh, so
+but this is just a notational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is just a notational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is just a notational
+convenience. I want to say the word size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience. I want to say the word size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience. I want to say the word size
+goes conceptually goes down to W over2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes conceptually goes down to W over2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes conceptually goes down to W over2
+so that this definition still makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this definition still makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this definition still makes
+sense because as as I look at a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because as as I look at a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because as as I look at a smaller
+part of the word in order to divide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the word in order to divide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the word in order to divide it
+in half, I have to shift right by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half, I have to shift right by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half, I have to shift right by a
+smaller amount. So that's the W that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller amount. So that's the W that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller amount. So that's the W that I'm
+passing into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing into the
+structure. Okay. And then v dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. Okay. And then v dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. Okay. And then v dot
+summary is uh the same thing. It's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary is uh the same thing. It's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary is uh the same thing. It's also
+a venadivose thing of size root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a venadivose thing of size root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a venadivose thing of size root
+u. Then the one other clever idea which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u. Then the one other clever idea which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u. Then the one other clever idea which
+makes all of this work is that we store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes all of this work is that we store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes all of this work is that we store
+the minimum element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v.mmin and we do not store it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v.mmin and we do not store it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v.mmin and we do not store it
+recursively.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So there's also one item here size one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's also one item here size one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's also one item here size one
+which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the
+min. It's just stored off to the side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min. It's just stored off to the side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min. It's just stored off to the side.
+It doesn't live in these structures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It doesn't live in these structures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It doesn't live in these structures.
+Every other item lives down here. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every other item lives down here. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every other item lives down here. And
+furthermore, if one of these is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore, if one of these is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore, if one of these is not
+empty, there's also a corresponding item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty, there's also a corresponding item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty, there's also a corresponding item
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+here. This turns out to be crucial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This turns out to be crucial to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This turns out to be crucial to
+make uh ven and deos work. And then v do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh ven and deos work. And then v do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh ven and deos work. And then v do
+max we also need but it can be stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max we also need but it can be stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max we also need but it can be stored
+recursively. So just think of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively. So just think of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively. So just think of it as a
+copy of whatever the maximum element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of whatever the maximum element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of whatever the maximum element
+is. Okay. So in constant time we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Okay. So in constant time we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Okay. So in constant time we can
+compute the min and compute the max.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the min and compute the max.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the min and compute the max.
+That's good. But then I claim also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's good. But then I claim also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's good. But then I claim also in
+log w time log u time we can do insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log w time log u time we can do insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log w time log u time we can do insert
+delete predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+successor. So let's do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this data structure. I mean, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data structure. I mean, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data structure. I mean, the
+solution is both simple and a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is both simple and a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is both simple and a little bit
+subtle. And so, this will be one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle. And so, this will be one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle. And so, this will be one of the
+few times I'm going to write explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times I'm going to write explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times I'm going to write explicit
+pseudo code say exactly how to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo code say exactly how to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo code say exactly how to maintain
+this data structure. It's short code,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data structure. It's short code,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data structure. It's short code,
+which is good. Each each algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good. Each each algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good. Each each algorithm is
+only a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few
+lines, but every line matters. And so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines, but every line matters. And so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines, but every line matters. And so I
+want to write them down so I can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write them down so I can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write them down so I can talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them. And with this new hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And with this new hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And with this new hierarchical
+notation, I think it's even easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation, I think it's even easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation, I think it's even easier to
+write these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write these
+down. See how see how I do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So we'll start with the successor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we'll start with the successor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we'll start with the successor
+code. Predecessor is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetric. Uh and it basically has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric. Uh and it basically has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric. Uh and it basically has two
+cases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases.
+uh but there's a special case in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there's a special case in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there's a special case in the
+beginning which is if the thing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning which is if the thing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning which is if the thing you're
+querying happens to be less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+querying happens to be less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+querying happens to be less than the
+minimum of the whole thing then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of the whole thing then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of the whole thing then of
+course the minimum is the successor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the minimum is the successor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the minimum is the successor.
+This has to be done specially because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This has to be done specially because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This has to be done specially because
+the min is not stored recursively and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the min is not stored recursively and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the min is not stored recursively and so
+you've got to check for the min every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to check for the min every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to check for the min every
+single level of the recursion. Okay, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single level of the recursion. Okay, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single level of the recursion. Okay, but
+that's just constant time. No big deal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just constant time. No big deal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just constant time. No big deal.
+Then the interesting things is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the interesting things is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the interesting things is that we
+have recursions in both sides in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have recursions in both sides in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have recursions in both sides in both
+both cases but only one. The key is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cases but only one. The key is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cases but only one. The key is we
+want this recurrence t of u is 1 * t of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this recurrence t of u is 1 * t of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this recurrence t of u is 1 * t of
+root u plus order 1. That gives us log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root u plus order 1. That gives us log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root u plus order 1. That gives us log
+log u. If there was a two here, we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log u. If there was a two here, we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log u. If there was a two here, we would
+get log u which is no good. We want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get log u which is no good. We want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get log u which is no good. We want the
+one. So in one case we call successor on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So in one case we call successor on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So in one case we call successor on
+a cluster. In the other case we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cluster. In the other case we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cluster. In the other case we call
+successor on the summary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor on the summary uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor on the summary uh
+structure. But we don't want to do both.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. But we don't want to do both.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. But we don't want to do both.
+Okay. So let's just think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's just think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's just think about
+intuitively what's going on. uh we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively what's going on. uh we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively what's going on. uh we've
+got this guess I can do it in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this guess I can do it in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this guess I can do it in the same
+picture got this summary and a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture got this summary and a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture got this summary and a bunch of
+clusters and let's say you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters and let's say you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters and let's say you want to
+compute what's the successor of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute what's the successor of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute what's the successor of this
+item so by via this transformation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item so by via this transformation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item so by via this transformation we
+compute which cluster it lives in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute which cluster it lives in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute which cluster it lives in and
+where it is within the cluster that's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is within the cluster that's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is within the cluster that's I
+so item here now it could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so item here now it could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so item here now it could be the
+successor is inside the same cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor is inside the same cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor is inside the same cluster
+maybe there's an item right there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's an item right there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's an item right there okay
+then I want to recurse in here or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want to recurse in here or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want to recurse in here or it
+could be it's in some future cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be it's in some future cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be it's in some future cluster
+Okay. So in that case, okay, well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in that case, okay, well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in that case, okay, well let's
+first let's do the first case. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's do the first case. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's do the first case. Uh
+if basically we are less than the max of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if basically we are less than the max of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if basically we are less than the max of
+our own cluster, that means the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own cluster, that means the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own cluster, that means the the
+answer is in there, right? Figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is in there, right? Figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is in there, right? Figure out
+what the max is in this structure. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the max is in this structure. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the max is in this structure. The
+rightmost act item in S that's inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost act item in S that's inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost act item in S that's inside
+this cluster C, this is C. uh if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cluster C, this is C. uh if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cluster C, this is C. uh if our
+index is less than the max's index then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is less than the max's index then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is less than the max's index then
+if we recurse in here we will find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we recurse in here we will find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we recurse in here we will find an
+answer. If we're bigger than the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. If we're bigger than the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. If we're bigger than the max
+then we won't find an answer down here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we won't find an answer down here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we won't find an answer down here.
+We have to recurse somewhere else. So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have to recurse somewhere else. So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have to recurse somewhere else. So uh
+that's what we do. If we're less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we do. If we're less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we do. If we're less than
+the max, then we just recursively find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max, then we just recursively find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max, then we just recursively find
+the successor of our index within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the successor of our index within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the successor of our index within
+cluster C. And then the answer we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster C. And then the answer we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster C. And then the answer we have
+to add on the C in front because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add on the C in front because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add on the C in front because
+successor within this cluster will only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor within this cluster will only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor within this cluster will only
+give a name or give an index within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a name or give an index within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a name or give an index within the
+cluster. Then we have to prepend the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster. Then we have to prepend the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster. Then we have to prepend the C
+part to give a global name. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part to give a global name. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part to give a global name. Okay, so
+that's case one. Very easy. Uh the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's case one. Very easy. Uh the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's case one. Very easy. Uh the other
+case is where we're slightly clever some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is where we're slightly clever some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is where we're slightly clever some
+sense. we say okay uh well if if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. we say okay uh well if if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. we say okay uh well if if there's
+no successor within the cluster maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no successor within the cluster maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no successor within the cluster maybe
+it's in the next cluster of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the next cluster of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the next cluster of course that
+one might be empty in which case it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might be empty in which case it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might be empty in which case it's in
+the next cluster but that one might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next cluster but that one might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next cluster but that one might be
+empty so look at the next cluster we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty so look at the next cluster we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty so look at the next cluster we
+need to find what is the next non-mpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find what is the next non-mpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find what is the next non-mpt
+cluster for that we use the summary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster for that we use the summary uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster for that we use the summary uh
+structure so we go up to position C here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so we go up to position C here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so we go up to position C here
+we say okay what is the next non-mpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say okay what is the next non-mpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say okay what is the next non-mpy
+structure after C because we know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure after C because we know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure after C because we know it's
+whatever that's going to be where our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that's going to be where our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that's going to be where our
+answer lives for successor so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer lives for successor so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer lives for successor so that's
+going to give us basically a pointer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us basically a pointer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us basically a pointer to
+one of these structures C prime which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these structures C prime which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these structures C prime which uh
+all these guys are empty and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these guys are empty and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these guys are empty and so there's
+no successor in there. The successor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no successor in there. The successor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no successor in there. The successor is
+then the min in the structure. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the min in the structure. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the min in the structure. So that's
+all we do. compute the successor of C in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we do. compute the successor of C in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we do. compute the successor of C in
+the summary structure and then in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summary structure and then in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summary structure and then in that
+cluster C prime find the min which takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster C prime find the min which takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster C prime find the min which takes
+constant time and then do C prime uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time and then do C prime uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time and then do C prime uh
+prepend C prime to that to get a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepend C prime to that to get a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepend C prime to that to get a global
+name and that's our successor yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and that's our successor yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and that's our successor yeah
+question could you repeat why is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question could you repeat why is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question could you repeat why is not
+recursive because looking at this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive because looking at this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive because looking at this it
+looks like all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like all of the
+smaller trees have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller trees have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller trees have
+ah okay Sorry. Um question is why is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay Sorry. Um question is why is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay Sorry. Um question is why is the
+minimum not recursive? The answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum not recursive? The answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum not recursive? The answer to
+that question is not yet clear. It'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question is not yet clear. It'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question is not yet clear. It'll
+have to do with insertion but I think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with insertion but I think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with insertion but I think uh
+what exactly this means I maybe didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly this means I maybe didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly this means I maybe didn't
+state carefully enough. Uh every venom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state carefully enough. Uh every venom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state carefully enough. Uh every venom
+structure has a min stores a min and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure has a min stores a min and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure has a min stores a min and
+that in that sense this is done sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that sense this is done sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that sense this is done sounds
+funny not sort of recursively but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny not sort of recursively but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny not sort of recursively but
+everyone stores it. The point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone stores it. The point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone stores it. The point is that
+this item doesn't get put into one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this item doesn't get put into one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this item doesn't get put into one of
+these clusters recursively, just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these clusters recursively, just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these clusters recursively, just the
+item. But each of these has its own min,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item. But each of these has its own min,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item. But each of these has its own min,
+which is then not stored at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is then not stored at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is then not stored at the next
+level down. And each of those has its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level down. And each of those has its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level down. And each of those has its
+own min, which is not stored at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own min, which is not stored at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own min, which is not stored at the next
+level down. Think of this as kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level down. Think of this as kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level down. Think of this as kind of
+like a little buffer. The first time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little buffer. The first time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little buffer. The first time I
+insert into the structure, I just stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert into the structure, I just stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert into the structure, I just stick
+it in the min. I don't touch anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the min. I don't touch anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the min. I don't touch anything
+else afterward. Well, you'll see when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else afterward. Well, you'll see when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else afterward. Well, you'll see when we
+get to the insertion algorithm, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the insertion algorithm, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the insertion algorithm, but
+things it sort of slows things down from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it sort of slows things down from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it sort of slows things down from
+trickling. So, so is that the so putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickling. So, so is that the so putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickling. So, so is that the so putting
+that is double what prevents from sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is double what prevents from sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is double what prevents from sort
+of that will prevent the insertion from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that will prevent the insertion from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that will prevent the insertion from
+doing two recursions instead of one. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing two recursions instead of one. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing two recursions instead of one. So
+we'll see that in a moment. This point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that in a moment. This point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that in a moment. This point
+just successor is is very clear. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just successor is is very clear. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just successor is is very clear. This
+would work whether the min is stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work whether the min is stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work whether the min is stored
+recursively or not. But we do need we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively or not. But we do need we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively or not. But we do need we
+need to know what the min is of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know what the min is of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know what the min is of every
+structure. We need to know the max of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. We need to know the max of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. We need to know the max of
+every structure that at that point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every structure that at that point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every structure that at that point I
+mean at this point you could just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean at this point you could just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean at this point you could just say
+that min and max could be copies. No big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that min and max could be copies. No big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that min and max could be copies. No big
+deal. And we'd be happy. And of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal. And we'd be happy. And of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal. And we'd be happy. And of course
+predecessor does the same thing. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor does the same thing. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor does the same thing. Okay.
+So the slight cleverness here is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the slight cleverness here is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the slight cleverness here is that we
+use the min here. This could have been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the min here. This could have been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the min here. This could have been a
+successor operation with minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor operation with minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor operation with minus infinity
+as the query, but uh that would be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the query, but uh that would be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the query, but uh that would be two
+recursions. We can only afford one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursions. We can only afford one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursions. We can only afford one.
+Fortunately, it's the min item that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortunately, it's the min item that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortunately, it's the min item that we
+need. So, we're done with successor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need. So, we're done with successor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need. So, we're done with successor.
+That was the easy case or the easy one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was the easy case or the easy one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was the easy case or the easy one.
+Insert is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insert is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insert is slightly
+harder. Delete is just slightly messier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder. Delete is just slightly messier.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder. Delete is just slightly messier.
+It's basically the same as insert.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So insert. Let me write the code again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, insertion also has two main cases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, insertion also has two main cases.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, insertion also has two main cases.
+There's this case and the other case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's this case and the other case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's this case and the other case.
+There's no else here. This happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no else here. This happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no else here. This happens in
+both cases. And then there's some just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cases. And then there's some just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cases. And then there's some just
+annoying little details at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying little details at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying little details at the beginning
+just like over here we had to check for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like over here we had to check for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like over here we had to check for
+the min specially here we've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the min specially here we've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the min specially here we've got to
+update the min and max and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update the min and max and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update the min and max and there's a
+special case which I haven't mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case which I haven't mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case which I haven't mentioned
+yet uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet uh
+v.mmin will be uh special case is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v.mmin will be uh special case is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v.mmin will be uh special case is it
+will be this value none if the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be this value none if the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be this value none if the whole
+structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is
+empty. So this is another way to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty. So this is another way to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty. So this is another way to tell
+whether a structure or the obvious way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a structure or the obvious way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a structure or the obvious way
+to tell whether a structure is empty. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell whether a structure is empty. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell whether a structure is empty. It
+has no min because if there's any items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no min because if there's any items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no min because if there's any items
+in there, there's going to be one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there, there's going to be one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there, there's going to be one in the
+min slot. So first thing we do is check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min slot. So first thing we do is check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min slot. So first thing we do is check
+is our structure empty. If it's empty,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our structure empty. If it's empty,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our structure empty. If it's empty,
+uh the min and the max become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the min and the max become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the min and the max become the
+inserted item. We're done. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted item. We're done. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted item. We're done. So that's
+easy case. We do not store it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy case. We do not store it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy case. We do not store it
+recursively in any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively in any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively in any of
+the in here. That's what this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in here. That's what this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in here. That's what this means that
+uh this element does not get stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this element does not get stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this element does not get stored in
+any of the clusters. If it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the clusters. If it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the clusters. If it's not the
+very first item or it's not the min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first item or it's not the min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first item or it's not the min
+item, then we're going to recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item, then we're going to recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item, then we're going to recursively
+insert it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert it into a
+cluster. So we always insert uh if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster. So we always insert uh if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster. So we always insert uh if we
+have X in cluster C, we always insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X in cluster C, we always insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X in cluster C, we always insert
+index I into cluster C. That's except if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index I into cluster C. That's except if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index I into cluster C. That's except if
+it's uh the min. Okay. Now it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh the min. Okay. Now it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh the min. Okay. Now it could be
+where a structure is non-MP. There is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a structure is non-MP. There is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a structure is non-MP. There is a
+min item there, but we are less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min item there, but we are less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min item there, but we are less than the
+min. In that case where the new min, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min. In that case where the new min, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min. In that case where the new min, we
+just swap those and now we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just swap those and now we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just swap those and now we have to
+recursively insert the old min into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively insert the old min into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively insert the old min into the
+rest of the structure. So that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the structure. So that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the structure. So that's a
+simple case. Then we also have to update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case. Then we also have to update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case. Then we also have to update
+VMAX just in the obvious way. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VMAX just in the obvious way. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VMAX just in the obvious way. This is
+the easy way to maintain V domax and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy way to maintain V domax and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy way to maintain V domax and
+variant that is the maximum item. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant that is the maximum item. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant that is the maximum item. Okay.
+Now we have the two cases. Um I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we have the two cases. Um I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we have the two cases. Um I mean
+this is really the obvious thing to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really the obvious thing to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really the obvious thing to get
+to do insertion. We have to update the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do insertion. We have to update the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do insertion. We have to update the
+summary structure. Meaning if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary structure. Meaning if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary structure. Meaning if the
+cluster that we are inserting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster that we are inserting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster that we are inserting into
+cluster C is empty that means it was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster C is empty that means it was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster C is empty that means it was not
+yet in the summary structure. We need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet in the summary structure. We need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet in the summary structure. We need to
+put it in there. So we just insert C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in there. So we just insert C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in there. So we just insert C
+into V. summary. Pretty obvious. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into V. summary. Pretty obvious. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into V. summary. Pretty obvious. And in
+all cases, we insert our item into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cases, we insert our item into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cases, we insert our item into
+cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster
+C. This looks bad, however, because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. This looks bad, however, because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. This looks bad, however, because
+there's two recursions in some cases. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two recursions in some cases. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two recursions in some cases. If
+this if doesn't hold, it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if doesn't hold, it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if doesn't hold, it's one
+recursion. Everything's fine. So, if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion. Everything's fine. So, if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion. Everything's fine. So, if the
+cluster was already in use, great. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster was already in use, great. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster was already in use, great. Uh,
+this is one recursion. This is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one recursion. This is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one recursion. This is constant
+work. We're done. The worry is uh if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. We're done. The worry is uh if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. We're done. The worry is uh if the
+cluster was empty before, then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster was empty before, then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster was empty before, then this
+insertion is a whole recursion. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion is a whole recursion. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion is a whole recursion. That's
+uh that's scary because we can't afford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's scary because we can't afford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's scary because we can't afford
+a second recursion. But it's all okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second recursion. But it's all okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second recursion. But it's all okay
+because if we do this recursion, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we do this recursion, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we do this recursion, that
+means that this cluster was empty, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this cluster was empty, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this cluster was empty, which
+means in this recursion, we fall into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in this recursion, we fall into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in this recursion, we fall into
+this very first case, right? That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very first case, right? That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very first case, right? That
+structure its min is none. That's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure its min is none. That's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure its min is none. That's what
+we just checked for. If it's none, we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just checked for. If it's none, we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just checked for. If it's none, we do
+constant work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant work and
+stop. So everything's okay. We're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop. So everything's okay. We're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop. So everything's okay. We're only
+if we recurse in the summary structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we recurse in the summary structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we recurse in the summary structure
+we will this recursion will be a shallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will this recursion will be a shallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will this recursion will be a shallow
+recursion just does one thing. You could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion just does one thing. You could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion just does one thing. You could
+of course you could actually put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you could actually put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you could actually put this
+code into the else case if you preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code into the else case if you preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code into the else case if you preferred
+or sorry into this if case and make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry into this if case and make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry into this if case and make this
+an else case. That's another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an else case. That's another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an else case. That's another way to
+write the code but this will be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the code but this will be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the code but this will be a very
+short recursion. So either you just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short recursion. So either you just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short recursion. So either you just do
+this recursion which could be expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recursion which could be expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recursion which could be expensive
+or you just do this one in which case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you just do this one in which case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you just do this one in which case we
+know this one is cheap. If this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this one is cheap. If this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this one is cheap. If this happens
+we know this will take constant time. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this will take constant time. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this will take constant time. So
+in both cases we get this recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases we get this recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases we get this recursion
+square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of
+u plus constant and so we get log u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+insertion. Uh do you want to see delete?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion. Uh do you want to see delete?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion. Uh do you want to see delete?
+I mean it's basically the same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's basically the same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's basically the same thing.
+It's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's in the
+notes. Uh same I mean you do the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes. Uh same I mean you do the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes. Uh same I mean you do the obvious
+thing which is you delete in the cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is you delete in the cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is you delete in the cluster
+and then if it became empty you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if it became empty you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if it became empty you also
+have to delete in the summary structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to delete in the summary structure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to delete in the summary structure.
+Uh so there's again a chance that you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so there's again a chance that you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so there's again a chance that you do
+two recursions but uh okay I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two recursions but uh okay I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two recursions but uh okay I'm talking
+about it maybe I'll write a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it maybe I'll write a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it maybe I'll write a little bit
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+code I think I won't write all the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code I think I won't write all the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code I think I won't write all the code
+though just the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff. So if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delete then basically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete then basically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete then basically we
+delete in cluster C index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and then
+if the cluster be has become empty as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the cluster be has become empty as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the cluster be has become empty as a
+result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that then we have to delete cluster C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then we have to delete cluster C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then we have to delete cluster C
+from the summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the summary
+structure so so that our predecessor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so so that our predecessor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so so that our predecessor and
+successor queries actually still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work. Okay, so that's the bulk of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Okay, so that's the bulk of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Okay, so that's the bulk of the
+code. I mean that's where the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code. I mean that's where the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code. I mean that's where the action
+happens. And the worry would be in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. And the worry would be in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. And the worry would be in this
+if case we're doing two recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if case we're doing two recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if case we're doing two recursive
+deletes. Uh the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletes. Uh the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletes. Uh the claim
+is if we do this second delete which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we do this second delete which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we do this second delete which is
+potentially expensive. This one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially expensive. This one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially expensive. This one was
+really cheap. The claim is that emptying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cheap. The claim is that emptying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cheap. The claim is that emptying
+a venom debose structure takes constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a venom debose structure takes constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a venom debose structure takes constant
+time. Like if you're deleting the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Like if you're deleting the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Like if you're deleting the last
+element, why? Because when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element, why? Because when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element, why? Because when you're
+deleting the last element, it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting the last element, it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting the last element, it's in the
+min right here. There's nothing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min right here. There's nothing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min right here. There's nothing.
+Everything below it, all the recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything below it, all the recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything below it, all the recursive
+structures will be empty if there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures will be empty if there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures will be empty if there's only
+one item because it will be right here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one item because it will be right here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one item because it will be right here.
+You can check that from the insertion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can check that from the insertion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can check that from the insertion.
+If it was empty, all we did was change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it was empty, all we did was change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it was empty, all we did was change
+v.mmin and v domax. So the inverse,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v.mmin and v domax. So the inverse,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v.mmin and v domax. So the inverse,
+which I won't write here, is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I won't write here, is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I won't write here, is just to
+clear out v.mmin and v.max. So if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear out v.mmin and v.max. So if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear out v.mmin and v.max. So if this
+ends up happening, this only took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up happening, this only took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up happening, this only took
+constant time. Uh you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time. Uh you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time. Uh you don't have to
+recurse when you're deleting the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse when you're deleting the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse when you're deleting the last
+item. So in either case, you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item. So in either case, you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item. So in either case, you're really
+only doing one deep recursion. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only doing one deep recursion. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only doing one deep recursion. So you
+get the same recurrence and you get log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same recurrence and you get log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same recurrence and you get log
+u. So for the details, check out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u. So for the details, check out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u. So for the details, check out the
+notes. I want to go to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes. I want to go to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes. I want to go to other
+perspectives of venom dus. Um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives of venom dus. Um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives of venom dus. Um this is
+one way to think about it and amusingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to think about it and amusingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to think about it and amusingly
+and this is probably the most taught way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is probably the most taught way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is probably the most taught way
+to uh do venom dbos. in CLRS described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh do venom dbos. in CLRS described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh do venom dbos. in CLRS described
+this way because in 2001 when I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way because in 2001 when I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way because in 2001 when I first
+came here I presented venom debose like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came here I presented venom debose like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came here I presented venom debose like
+this in the undergrad algorithms class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the undergrad algorithms class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the undergrad algorithms class
+uh with more details you guys are grads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with more details you guys are grads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with more details you guys are grads
+so I did it like three times faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I did it like three times faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I did it like three times faster than
+I would in 6046 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would in 6046 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would in 6046 but
+um and then so now it's in textbooks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then so now it's in textbooks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then so now it's in textbooks and
+whatnot but this is not how Venom DOS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot but this is not how Venom DOS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot but this is not how Venom DOS
+presented this data structure just out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented this data structure just out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented this data structure just out
+of historical interest this is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of historical interest this is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of historical interest this is a way
+that I believe was invented by Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I believe was invented by Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I believe was invented by Michael
+Bender and Martin Fch Colton who are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bender and Martin Fch Colton who are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bender and Martin Fch Colton who are the
+co-author authors on catch briefs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-author authors on catch briefs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-author authors on catch briefs and
+around 2001 they were looking at lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 2001 they were looking at lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 2001 they were looking at lots of
+old data structures and simplifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old data structures and simplifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old data structures and simplifying
+them. And I think this is a very clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And I think this is a very clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And I think this is a very clean
+simple way to think about venom dubbis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way to think about venom dubbis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way to think about venom dubbis.
+But I want to tell you the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I want to tell you the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I want to tell you the other way
+which is the way it originally appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the way it originally appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the way it originally appeared
+in uh their papers. It's actually three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh their papers. It's actually three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh their papers. It's actually three
+papers about by vanoasis about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers about by vanoasis about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers about by vanoasis about this
+structure. Most many papers appear twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. Most many papers appear twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. Most many papers appear twice
+once in a conference once in a journal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in a conference once in a journal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in a conference once in a journal.
+This one there's three relevant papers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one there's three relevant papers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one there's three relevant papers.
+There's conference version journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's conference version journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's conference version journal
+version. The only weird thing there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version. The only weird thing there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version. The only weird thing there is
+that the conference version has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the conference version has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the conference version has one
+author, Venom DBO. The journal version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author, Venom DBO. The journal version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author, Venom DBO. The journal version
+has three authors, Venom, Nabois, Kas,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has three authors, Venom, Nabois, Kas,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has three authors, Venom, Nabois, Kas,
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Zilstra. Um, and they're acknowledged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zilstra. Um, and they're acknowledged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zilstra. Um, and they're acknowledged in
+the conference version. So, I guess they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conference version. So, I guess they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conference version. So, I guess they
+they helped even more. In particular,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they helped even more. In particular,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they helped even more. In particular,
+they I think implemented this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I think implemented this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I think implemented this data
+structure for the first time. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for the first time. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for the first time. It's a
+really easy data structure to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy data structure to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy data structure to implement
+and very fast. Uh, then there's a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very fast. Uh, then there's a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very fast. Uh, then there's a third
+paper by Vandenuzz only in a journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Vandenuzz only in a journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Vandenuzz only in a journal
+which improves the space a little bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which improves the space a little bit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which improves the space a little bit.
+So, we'll see. a little bit what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we'll see. a little bit what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we'll see. a little bit what that's
+about. But what I like about both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. But what I like about both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. But what I like about both of
+these papers is they offer an a simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these papers is they offer an a simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these papers is they offer an a simpler
+way to get this to get log log u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get this to get log log u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get this to get log log u
+successor predecessor. Let's not worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor predecessor. Let's not worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor predecessor. Let's not worry
+about insertions and deletions for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about insertions and deletions for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about insertions and deletions for a
+little bit and take uh what I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and take uh what I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and take uh what I'll call
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+simple tree view.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, uh, going to draw a picture. 0 1 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.
+Okay, this is what we call a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector. Meaning here's item zero, item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. Meaning here's item zero, item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. Meaning here's item zero, item
+one, item two, and here is U minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, item two, and here is U minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, item two, and here is U minus one.
+And I'll put a one if that element is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll put a one if that element is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll put a one if that element is in
+my set and a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my set and a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my set and a zero
+otherwise. Okay, so one is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise. Okay, so one is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise. Okay, so one is in the
+set. Uh nine I think is in the set. 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. Uh nine I think is in the set. 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. Uh nine I think is in the set. 10
+and 15 are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 15 are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 15 are in the
+set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set.
+Um I kind of want to maintain this. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I kind of want to maintain this. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I kind of want to maintain this. This
+is of course easy to maintain by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course easy to maintain by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course easy to maintain by
+insertions and deletions. I just flip a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions and deletions. I just flip a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions and deletions. I just flip a
+bit on or off. But I want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on or off. But I want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on or off. But I want to be able to
+do successor queries. And if I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do successor queries. And if I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do successor queries. And if I want the
+successor of say this zero, finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor of say this zero, finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor of say this zero, finding the
+next one, I don't want to have to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one, I don't want to have to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one, I don't want to have to walk
+down. That would take order U time. Very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. That would take order U time. Very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. That would take order U time. Very
+bad. So, obvious thing to do is build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad. So, obvious thing to do is build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad. So, obvious thing to do is build a
+tree on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing. And I'm going to put in here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. And I'm going to put in here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. And I'm going to put in here uh
+the ore of the two children. Every node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ore of the two children. Every node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ore of the two children. Every node
+will store the ore of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+children. Okay. And then keep building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children. Okay. And then keep building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children. Okay. And then keep building
+the tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, now we have a binary tree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, now we have a binary tree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, now we have a binary tree with
+bits bits on the vertices. And I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits bits on the vertices. And I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits bits on the vertices. And I claim
+if I want to compute the successor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to compute the successor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to compute the successor of
+this item, I can do it in a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this item, I can do it in a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this item, I can do it in a pretty
+natural way in log log u time. So keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way in log log u time. So keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way in log log u time. So keep
+in mind this height here is w, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind this height here is w, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind this height here is w, right?
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u. So I need to achieve log w. So of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u. So I need to achieve log w. So of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u. So I need to achieve log w. So of
+course you could try just walking down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you could try just walking down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you could try just walking down
+this tree or walking up and then back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree or walking up and then back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree or walking up and then back
+down. That would take order w time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. That would take order w time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. That would take order w time.
+That's like the obvious BST approach. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's like the obvious BST approach. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's like the obvious BST approach. I
+want to do log w. So how do I do it? I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do log w. So how do I do it? I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do log w. So how do I do it? I'm
+going to binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to binary
+search on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search on the
+height. How could I binary search on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height. How could I binary search on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height. How could I binary search on the
+height? Well, if you look at what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height? Well, if you look at what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height? Well, if you look at what I
+really like to do in some sense, if I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to do in some sense, if I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to do in some sense, if I if
+I look at the path of this node to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at the path of this node to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at the path of this node to the
+root, where's my red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root, where's my red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root, where's my red
+chuck? So, here's the path to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+root. Okay, these bits are saying, is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root. Okay, these bits are saying, is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root. Okay, these bits are saying, is
+there anybody down here? Right? That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anybody down here? Right? That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anybody down here? Right? That's
+that's what the ore gives you. So, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the ore gives you. So, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the ore gives you. So, it's
+like the summary structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the summary structure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the summary structure.
+uh if I want to search for this guy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I want to search for this guy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I want to search for this guy,
+well um if if I walked up eventually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um if if I walked up eventually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um if if I walked up eventually I
+find a one and that's when I find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a one and that's when I find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a one and that's when I find the
+first nearby element. Now in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first nearby element. Now in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first nearby element. Now in this case
+it's not the successor I find it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the successor I find it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the successor I find it's
+really the predecessor I found. When you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the predecessor I found. When you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the predecessor I found. When you
+get to the first one the transition from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the first one the transition from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the first one the transition from
+0 to one you look at your sibling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to one you look at your sibling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to one you look at your sibling the
+other child of that one and down in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other child of that one and down in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other child of that one and down in this
+subree there will be either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subree there will be either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subree there will be either the
+predecessor or the successor. In this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor or the successor. In this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor or the successor. In this
+case we got the predecessor because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we got the predecessor because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we got the predecessor because it
+was to the left. We take the max element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to the left. We take the max element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to the left. We take the max element
+in there and that's the predecessor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and that's the predecessor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and that's the predecessor of
+this item. If instead we had found this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this item. If instead we had found this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this item. If instead we had found this
+was our first one, then we look over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our first one, then we look over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our first one, then we look over
+here, take the min, there's of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, take the min, there's of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, take the min, there's of course
+nothing here, but uh in that situation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing here, but uh in that situation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing here, but uh in that situation,
+the min over there would be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the min over there would be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the min over there would be our
+successor. So we can't guarantee which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor. So we can't guarantee which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor. So we can't guarantee which
+one we find, but we will find either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we find, but we will find either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we find, but we will find either the
+predecessor or the successor if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor or the successor if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor or the successor if we could
+find the first transition from 0 to one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the first transition from 0 to one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the first transition from 0 to one.
+And we can do that via binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can do that via binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can do that via binary search
+because this string is monotone. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this string is monotone. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this string is monotone. It's a
+whole bunch of zeros for a while and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of zeros for a while and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of zeros for a while and
+then once you hit a one it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once you hit a one it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once you hit a one it's going to
+continue to be one because those are or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be one because those are or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be one because those are or
+we keep that one will propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep that one will propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep that one will propagate
+up. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is the new idea for to get log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the new idea for to get log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the new idea for to get log
+log u predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log u predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log u predecessor
+successor is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor is to
+uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say any roottole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say any roottole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say any roottole
+path is monotone. It's zero for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is monotone. It's zero for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is monotone. It's zero for a while
+and then it becomes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forever. So we should be able to binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever. So we should be able to binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever. So we should be able to binary
+search for the 0ero to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transition and it either looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and it either looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and it either looks like this
+or it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it looks like
+this. So our query was somewhere down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So our query was somewhere down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So our query was somewhere down
+here in the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the zero
+part. I'm assuming that our query is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. I'm assuming that our query is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. I'm assuming that our query is not
+a one otherwise it's an immediate 0 to1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one otherwise it's an immediate 0 to1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one otherwise it's an immediate 0 to1
+transition. That's a special case. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition. That's a special case. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition. That's a special case. It's
+easy to deal with. And then there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to deal with. And then there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to deal with. And then there's the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+tree, the other the sibling of X, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree, the other the sibling of X, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree, the other the sibling of X, the
+other child of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other child of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other child of the
+one. And in this case, we want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And in this case, we want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And in this case, we want to take
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+min and that will give us our successor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min and that will give us our successor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min and that will give us our successor
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X. And in this case, we want to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. And in this case, we want to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. And in this case, we want to take the
+max over here and that will give us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max over here and that will give us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max over here and that will give us the
+predecessor of X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So as long as we have min and max of sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as long as we have min and max of sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as long as we have min and max of sub
+trees, this is constant time. We find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees, this is constant time. We find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees, this is constant time. We find
+either the predecessor or the successor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the predecessor or the successor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the predecessor or the successor.
+Now how do I get the other one? Pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now how do I get the other one? Pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now how do I get the other one? Pretty
+easy. Just store a linked list of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy. Just store a linked list of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy. Just store a linked list of all
+the items in order. So I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the items in order. So I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the items in order. So I'm going to
+store a pointer from this one to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a pointer from this one to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a pointer from this one to this
+one and vice versa and this one to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and vice versa and this one to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and vice versa and this one to this
+one. This is actually really easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. This is actually really easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. This is actually really easy to
+maintain uh because when you insert if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain uh because when you insert if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain uh because when you insert if
+you when you insert if you can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you insert if you can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you insert if you can compute
+the predecessor and the successor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predecessor and the successor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predecessor and the successor you
+can just stick it in the link list.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just stick it in the link list.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just stick it in the link list.
+That's really easy. We know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's really easy. We know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's really easy. We know how to do
+that in constant time. So once you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in constant time. So once you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in constant time. So once you do
+this it's enough to find one of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's enough to find one of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's enough to find one of them as
+long as you know which one it is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you know which one it is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you know which one it is because
+then you just follow a pointer either a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just follow a pointer either a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just follow a pointer either a
+forward or a backward pointer you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward or a backward pointer you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward or a backward pointer you get
+the other one. So whichever one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one. So whichever one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one. So whichever one you
+wanted you find both predecessor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you find both predecessor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you find both predecessor and
+successor at the cost of finding either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor at the cost of finding either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor at the cost of finding either
+one. So that's a cute little trick.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So that's a cute little trick.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So that's a cute little trick.
+uh this is hard to maintain dynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is hard to maintain dynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is hard to maintain dynamically
+at the moment but uh this is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment but uh this is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment but uh this is I think
+where the venose structure came from.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the venose structure came from.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the venose structure came from.
+It's nice to think about it in the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's nice to think about it in the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's nice to think about it in the tree
+view. Now let me so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view. Now let me so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view. Now let me so we get
+uh we get log u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we get log u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we get log u
+uh predecessor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+successor. I should say what this relies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor. I should say what this relies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor. I should say what this relies
+on is the ability to binary search on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is the ability to binary search on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is the ability to binary search on
+any route to node path. Now there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any route to node path. Now there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any route to node path. Now there aren't
+enough pointers to do that. Uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough pointers to do that. Uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough pointers to do that. Uh so you
+have a choice either you realize oh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a choice either you realize oh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a choice either you realize oh this
+is a bunch of bits in a complete binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bunch of bits in a complete binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bunch of bits in a complete binary
+tree. So uh I can store them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. So uh I can store them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. So uh I can store them
+sequentially in array and given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially in array and given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially in array and given a
+particular uh node position in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh node position in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh node position in that
+array. I can compute what is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array. I can compute what is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array. I can compute what is the second
+ancestor or the fourth ancestor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor or the fourth ancestor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor or the fourth ancestor or
+whatever in constant time. I just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever in constant time. I just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever in constant time. I just do
+some arithmetic and I can compute from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arithmetic and I can compute from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arithmetic and I can compute from
+here where to go to there. It's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where to go to there. It's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where to go to there. It's like the
+heap regular old heaps but a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap regular old heaps but a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap regular old heaps but a little bit
+embellished because you have to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embellished because you have to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embellished because you have to divide
+by a larger power of two not just one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a larger power of two not just one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a larger power of two not just one of
+them. So that's one way to do it. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So that's one way to do it. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So that's one way to do it. Uh so
+in a in a RAM that all works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a RAM that all works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a RAM that all works
+fine. When Venom Devos wrote this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. When Venom Devos wrote this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. When Venom Devos wrote this paper
+though, the RAM didn't kind of existed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though, the RAM didn't kind of existed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though, the RAM didn't kind of existed.
+It just wasn't as well developed then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It just wasn't as well developed then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It just wasn't as well developed then
+and the hot thing at the time was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hot thing at the time was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hot thing at the time was the
+pointer machine and their data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer machine and their data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer machine and their data structure
+I guess at that point they called it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess at that point they called it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess at that point they called it the
+Pascal machine more or less. uh Pascal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pascal machine more or less. uh Pascal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pascal machine more or less. uh Pascal
+does have arrays and the funny thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have arrays and the funny thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have arrays and the funny thing is
+they venom bus does use arrays but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they venom bus does use arrays but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they venom bus does use arrays but
+mostly it's pointers and you can get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly it's pointers and you can get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly it's pointers and you can get rid
+of the arrays from their structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the arrays from their structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the arrays from their structure and
+essentially in the end venibus as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially in the end venibus as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially in the end venibus as
+presented like this is in a pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented like this is in a pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented like this is in a pointer
+machine let me tell you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine let me tell you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine let me tell you a little bit
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+venomous which I'll call stratified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venomous which I'll call stratified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venomous which I'll call stratified
+trees. That's what he called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees. That's what he called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees. That's what he called
+it. It's basically this tree structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It's basically this tree structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It's basically this tree structure
+with a lot more pointers. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot more pointers. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot more pointers. So in
+particular uh each leaf or every node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh each leaf or every node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh each leaf or every node
+actually let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's say
+stores a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores a
+pointer to the 2 to the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ancestor where i 01 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor where i 01 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor where i 01 up
+to w I guess no log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to w I guess no log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to w I guess no log log
+w because there's a two to the here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w because there's a two to the here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w because there's a two to the here. So
+once you get I mean so I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get I mean so I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get I mean so I mean the
+ancestor immediately above me, two steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor immediately above me, two steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor immediately above me, two steps
+above me, four steps above me, eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above me, four steps above me, eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above me, four steps above me, eight
+steps above me. That's what I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps above me. That's what I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps above me. That's what I really
+need to do this binary search. The first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do this binary search. The first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do this binary search. The first
+thing I need is halfway up. And then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I need is halfway up. And then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I need is halfway up. And then if
+I have to go down, I'm going to need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to go down, I'm going to need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to go down, I'm going to need a
+quarter of the way up. And if I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of the way up. And if I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of the way up. And if I have to
+go down, I want an eighth of the way up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down, I want an eighth of the way up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down, I want an eighth of the way up.
+Whenever I go up from if I decide, oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whenever I go up from if I decide, oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whenever I go up from if I decide, oh,
+there's this is a zero. I've got to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this is a zero. I've got to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this is a zero. I've got to go
+above here. Then I do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above here. Then I do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above here. Then I do the same thing
+from here. I want to go halfway up from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here. I want to go halfway up from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here. I want to go halfway up from
+here from this node. So as long as every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from this node. So as long as every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from this node. So as long as every
+node knows how to go up and by any power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node knows how to go up and by any power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node knows how to go up and by any power
+of two, we're golden. We can do binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two, we're golden. We can do binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two, we're golden. We can do binary
+search. Uh the trouble with this is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search. Uh the trouble with this is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search. Uh the trouble with this is it
+increases space. This is u log w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases space. This is u log w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases space. This is u log w
+space which is a little bit bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which is a little bit bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which is a little bit bigger than
+u and the original venom deose paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and the original venom deose paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and the original venom deose paper
+conference and journal version achieves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference and journal version achieves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference and journal version achieves
+this bound not you. Little historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bound not you. Little historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bound not you. Little historical
+fun fact I don't uh not terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun fact I don't uh not terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun fact I don't uh not terribly
+wellnown. Um cool. So that's stratified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trees. Um I need to say anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees. Um I need to say anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees. Um I need to say anything
+else. All right. Stratified trees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. All right. Stratified trees.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. All right. Stratified trees.
+Right. At this point we have fast search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. At this point we have fast search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. At this point we have fast search
+but slow update. Let me tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but slow update. Let me tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but slow update. Let me tell you about
+updates in a second. Yeah. Question. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates in a second. Yeah. Question. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates in a second. Yeah. Question. Um
+so once you do the binary search and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you do the binary search and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you do the binary search and
+find the first one, how do you find how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the first one, how do you find how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the first one, how do you find how
+do you walk back down? Oh, uh I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you walk back down? Oh, uh I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you walk back down? Oh, uh I didn't
+mention but also every node stores min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention but also every node stores min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention but also every node stores min
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+max. So that lets me do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max. So that lets me do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max. So that lets me do the
+teleportation back down. Every node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleportation back down. Every node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleportation back down. Every node
+knows the min and the max of its subree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the min and the max of its subree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the min and the max of its subree.
+Right. One more thing. Uh I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. One more thing. Uh I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. One more thing. Uh I was
+forgetting here. I say this is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting here. I say this is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting here. I say this is a lot of
+pointers to store. You can't store them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers to store. You can't store them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers to store. You can't store them
+all in one node. Um and in the Venom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in one node. Um and in the Venom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in one node. Um and in the Venom
+Devos paper, it's stored in an array,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Devos paper, it's stored in an array,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Devos paper, it's stored in an array,
+but it doesn't really need that it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't really need that it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't really need that it's an
+array. it could just as well be a linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array. it could just as well be a linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array. it could just as well be a linked
+list and that's how you get pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and that's how you get pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and that's how you get pointer
+machine. So this could be a linked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine. So this could be a linked list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine. So this could be a linked list
+and then this whole thing works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this whole thing works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this whole thing works in
+pointer machine which is kind of neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer machine which is kind of neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer machine which is kind of neat
+and it's a little weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a little weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a little weird
+because if you use a comparison pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you use a comparison pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you use a comparison pointer
+machine where all you can do is compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine where all you can do is compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine where all you can do is compare
+items there's a lower bound of log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items there's a lower bound of log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items there's a lower bound of log n
+because you only have branching factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you only have branching factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you only have branching factor
+constant but here the pro the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but here the pro the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but here the pro the
+formulation of the problem is when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation of the problem is when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation of the problem is when I say
+give me the successor of this I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the successor of this I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the successor of this I actually
+give you a pointer to this uh item and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a pointer to this uh item and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a pointer to this uh item and
+then from there you can do all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from there you can do all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from there you can do all this
+jumping around and find your predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping around and find your predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping around and find your predecessor
+or successor. So in this world you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or successor. So in this world you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or successor. So in this world you need
+at least u space even to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least u space even to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least u space even to be able to
+specify the input.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the input.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the input.
+Um so that's that's kind of a limitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so that's that's kind of a limitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so that's that's kind of a limitation
+of the pointer machine and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pointer machine and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pointer machine and you can
+actually show in the pointer machine log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show in the pointer machine log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show in the pointer machine log
+u is optimal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is optimal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is optimal for
+uh any data structure predecessor data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any data structure predecessor data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any data structure predecessor data
+structure in the pointer machine. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the pointer machine. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the pointer machine. So
+there's a matching lower bound log log u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a matching lower bound log log u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a matching lower bound log log u
+in this model and you need to use space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model and you need to use space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model and you need to use space
+so it's not very exciting. What we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not very exciting. What we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not very exciting. What we like
+is the word ram there we can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the word ram there we can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the word ram there we can reduce
+space to n and that's what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to n and that's what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to n and that's what I want to do
+next I believe almost next one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I believe almost next one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I believe almost next one more
+mention actual stratified trees I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention actual stratified trees I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention actual stratified trees I mean
+here we got query fast update slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we got query fast update slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we got query fast update slow
+stratified trees actually do update fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratified trees actually do update fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratified trees actually do update fast
+as well essentially it's this idea plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well essentially it's this idea plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well essentially it's this idea plus
+you don't recursively store them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't recursively store them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't recursively store them in
+which of course makes all these bits no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course makes all these bits no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course makes all these bits no
+longer accurate it gets much messier but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer accurate it gets much messier but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer accurate it gets much messier but
+in the end it's doing exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end it's doing exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end it's doing exactly the same
+thing as this recursion. In fact, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as this recursion. In fact, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as this recursion. In fact, you
+can draw the picture. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw the picture. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw the picture. It
+is this part up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this part up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this part up
+here, the top half of the tree. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summary. And each of these bottom halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary. And each of these bottom halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary. And each of these bottom halves
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+cluster. There's root U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster. There's root U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster. There's root U
+clusters down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters down
+here. So, those are smaller structures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So, those are smaller structures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So, those are smaller structures.
+And there's one rootu cluster up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's one rootu cluster up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's one rootu cluster up here
+which is or one rootu size v random de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is or one rootu size v random de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is or one rootu size v random de
+structure which is a summary structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which is a summary structure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which is a summary structure.
+These bits here are really the it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These bits here are really the it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These bits here are really the it's the
+bit vector representation of the summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit vector representation of the summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit vector representation of the summary
+structure is is there anyone in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is is there anyone in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is is there anyone in this
+cluster is there anyone in this cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster is there anyone in this cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster is there anyone in this cluster
+and so on. Um this of course also looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. Um this of course also looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. Um this of course also looks
+a lot like the venom debose layout. Take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot like the venom debose layout. Take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot like the venom debose layout. Take
+a binary tree cut it in half do the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binary tree cut it in half do the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binary tree cut it in half do the top
+recursively do the bottom. So that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively do the bottom. So that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively do the bottom. So that's why
+it was called the venom deose layout is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was called the venom deose layout is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was called the venom deose layout is
+this picture. Okay. But if you take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture. Okay. But if you take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture. Okay. But if you take this
+tree structure and then you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree structure and then you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree structure and then you don't
+recursively store mins and then the bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively store mins and then the bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively store mins and then the bits
+are not quite accurate, it's messy. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not quite accurate, it's messy. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not quite accurate, it's messy. And
+so stratified trees, if you try to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stratified trees, if you try to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stratified trees, if you try to read
+the original paper, it's a mess. Whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original paper, it's a mess. Whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original paper, it's a mess. Whereas
+this code, pretty clean. And so once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code, pretty clean. And so once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code, pretty clean. And so once you
+say, oh, I'm just going to store all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, oh, I'm just going to store all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, oh, I'm just going to store all
+these clusters as an array and not worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these clusters as an array and not worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these clusters as an array and not worry
+about keeping track of the tree,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about keeping track of the tree,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about keeping track of the tree,
+actually gets a lot easier. And that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gets a lot easier. And that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gets a lot easier. And that was
+the Bender Fararch Colton cleaning up,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bender Fararch Colton cleaning up,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bender Fararch Colton cleaning up,
+which never appeared in print, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which never appeared in print, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which never appeared in print, but it's
+appeared in lecture notes all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared in lecture notes all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared in lecture notes all over the
+place.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place.
+And now CLRS. Um, cool. I want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now CLRS. Um, cool. I want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now CLRS. Um, cool. I want to tell
+you about two more things. It's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about two more things. It's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about two more things. It's actually
+going to get easier the more time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get easier the more time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get easier the more time we
+spend with this data structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. Draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Draw a
+box. At this point, we've seen a clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box. At this point, we've seen a clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box. At this point, we've seen a clean
+way to get Venonabus and we've seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get Venonabus and we've seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get Venonabus and we've seen a
+cute way in a tree to get search fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute way in a tree to get search fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute way in a tree to get search fast
+but update slow. I want to talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but update slow. I want to talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but update slow. I want to talk a little
+more more about that. Let's suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more about that. Let's suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more about that. Let's suppose I
+have this data structure. It achieves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this data structure. It achieves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this data structure. It achieves
+log W query which is fast but it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log W query which is fast but it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log W query which is fast but it only
+achieves W update which is slow. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves W update which is slow. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves W update which is slow. Right?
+How do you update the structure? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you update the structure? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you update the structure? You
+update one bit at the bottom and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update one bit at the bottom and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update one bit at the bottom and then
+you've got to update all the bits up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to update all the bits up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to update all the bits up the
+path. So you spend W time to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path. So you spend W time to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path. So you spend W time to do an
+update over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update over
+here. If updates are slow, I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. If updates are slow, I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. If updates are slow, I just want
+to do less updates. We have a trick for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do less updates. We have a trick for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do less updates. We have a trick for
+doing this which is you put little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this which is you put little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this which is you put little
+things down here of size theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+w that and then only one item from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w that and then only one item from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w that and then only one item from here
+gets promoted into the top structure. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets promoted into the top structure. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets promoted into the top structure. We
+only end up having n overw items up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only end up having n overw items up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only end up having n overw items up
+here and about one over w as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and about one over w as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and about one over w as many
+updates. If I want to do an insertion, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates. If I want to do an insertion, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates. If I want to do an insertion, I
+do a search here to figure out which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a search here to figure out which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a search here to figure out which of
+these little uh call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little uh call these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little uh call these
+chunks. Which little chunk uh it belongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks. Which little chunk uh it belongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks. Which little chunk uh it belongs
+in. I do an insert there. Uh if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. I do an insert there. Uh if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. I do an insert there. Uh if that
+structure gets too big, it's bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure gets too big, it's bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure gets too big, it's bigger than
+say 2 * W or 4* W, whatever, then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 2 * W or 4* W, whatever, then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 2 * W or 4* W, whatever, then I'll
+split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split
+it. And if I delete from something, gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And if I delete from something, gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And if I delete from something, gets
+too small, I'll merge with a neighbor,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small, I'll merge with a neighbor,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small, I'll merge with a neighbor,
+maybe respplit just like B trees. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe respplit just like B trees. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe respplit just like B trees. Um
+we've done this many times by now. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done this many times by now. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done this many times by now. So
+then but only when it splits or I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then but only when it splits or I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then but only when it splits or I do a
+merge do I have to do an update up here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge do I have to do an update up here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge do I have to do an update up here.
+Only when the set of chunks changes do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Only when the set of chunks changes do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Only when the set of chunks changes do I
+need to do an a single insertion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do an a single insertion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do an a single insertion or
+deletion up here or constant number. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion up here or constant number. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion up here or constant number. So
+this update time goes down by a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this update time goes down by a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this update time goes down by a factor
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+W. Uh but I still I have to pay whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W. Uh but I still I have to pay whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W. Uh but I still I have to pay whatever
+the update cost is here. So what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the update cost is here. So what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the update cost is here. So what do I do
+with this data structure? I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this data structure? I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this data structure? I don't want
+to use van deis because this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use van deis because this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use van deis because this could be
+over a big universe. Who knows what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a big universe. Who knows what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a big universe. Who knows what I
+use the binary search tree here. I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the binary search tree here. I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the binary search tree here. I can
+afford a binary search tree because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford a binary search tree because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford a binary search tree because then
+it's only log W. Log W is the bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only log W. Log W is the bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only log W. Log W is the bound
+we're trying to get. So you can do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to get. So you can do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to get. So you can do these
+binary search trees. It's trivial. Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search trees. It's trivial. Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search trees. It's trivial. Just
+do insert, delete, search. Everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do insert, delete, search. Everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do insert, delete, search. Everything
+will be log W. Okay. So if I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be log W. Okay. So if I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be log W. Okay. So if I want to do
+a search, I search through here, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a search, I search through here, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a search, I search through here, which
+conveniently is already fast. Log W. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently is already fast. Log W. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently is already fast. Log W. And
+then I do a search through here, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I do a search through here, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I do a search through here, which
+is also log W. So it's nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also log W. So it's nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also log W. So it's nice and
+balanced. Everything's log W. Um, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced. Everything's log W. Um, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced. Everything's log W. Um, uh,
+down here. Oh, if I want to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here. Oh, if I want to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here. Oh, if I want to do an
+insertion, I do an insertion here. If it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion, I do an insertion here. If it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion, I do an insertion here. If it
+splits, I do an insertion here. But that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits, I do an insertion here. But that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits, I do an insertion here. But that
+order w update cost I charged to the w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order w update cost I charged to the w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order w update cost I charged to the w
+order w updates I would have had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order w updates I would have had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order w updates I would have had to do
+in this chunk before it got split. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this chunk before it got split. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this chunk before it got split. So
+this is in our good friend indirection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in our good friend indirection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in our good friend indirection
+technique we will use over and over in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique we will use over and over in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique we will use over and over in
+this class. Very helpful when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class. Very helpful when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class. Very helpful when you're
+almost at the right bound. Uh and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost at the right bound. Uh and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost at the right bound. Uh and it's
+actually in the followup venom to boas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the followup venom to boas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the followup venom to boas
+paper. A similar indirection trick is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper. A similar indirection trick is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper. A similar indirection trick is in
+there. Uh so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Uh so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Uh so we can
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+the order W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order W
+update in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update in
+top to that's the cost of the update to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top to that's the cost of the update to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top to that's the cost of the update to
+the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order
+W updates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W updates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W updates
+uh that have actually been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that have actually been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that have actually been
+performed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed in the
+bottom because when somebody gets split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom because when somebody gets split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom because when somebody gets split
+it's nice in its in its average state or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice in its in its average state or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice in its in its average state or
+when it gets merged it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it gets merged it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it gets merged it's going to be
+close to its average state. You have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to its average state. You have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to its average state. You have to
+do a lot of insertions or deletions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of insertions or deletions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of insertions or deletions to
+get it out of whack and cause a splitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it out of whack and cause a splitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it out of whack and cause a splitter
+emerge. So boom, this means the updates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge. So boom, this means the updates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge. So boom, this means the updates
+become log W. Searches are also log W.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become log W. Searches are also log W.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become log W. Searches are also log W.
+So we've got Vandom DevO again in a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've got Vandom DevO again in a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've got Vandom DevO again in a new
+way. Bonus points. If you take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Bonus points. If you take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Bonus points. If you take this
+structure, which okay, right? Even this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure, which okay, right? Even this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure, which okay, right? Even this
+structure if if we did it in the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure if if we did it in the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure if if we did it in the array
+form, great. It was order u space. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form, great. It was order u space. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form, great. It was order u space. If we
+did it with all these pointers and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it with all these pointers and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it with all these pointers and we
+wanted a pointer machine data structure,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted a pointer machine data structure,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted a pointer machine data structure,
+we needed uh u log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed uh u log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed uh u log
+w. But this indirection trick, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w. But this indirection trick, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w. But this indirection trick, you can
+also get rid of the log w and space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get rid of the log w and space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get rid of the log w and space
+factor. Uh it's a little less obvious,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. Uh it's a little less obvious,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. Uh it's a little less obvious,
+but you take this uh here we reduced n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you take this uh here we reduced n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you take this uh here we reduced n
+by a factor of w. You can also reduce u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of w. You can also reduce u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of w. You can also reduce u
+by a factor of w. I'll just wave my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of w. I'll just wave my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of w. I'll just wave my
+hands. That's possible. So u gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands. That's possible. So u gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands. That's possible. So u gets a
+little bit smaller. And so when we pay U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit smaller. And so when we pay U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit smaller. And so when we pay U
+log W space, if you got smaller by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log W space, if you got smaller by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log W space, if you got smaller by a
+factor of W, this basically disappears.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of W, this basically disappears.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of W, this basically disappears.
+Uh so you get at most order U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so you get at most order U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so you get at most order U
+space. Okay, but order U is not order N.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Okay, but order U is not order N.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Okay, but order U is not order N.
+I want order N space. Darn it. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want order N space. Darn it. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want order N space. Darn it. So let's
+reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce
+space. As I said, this is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. As I said, this is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. As I said, this is going to get
+easier and easier. By the end, we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier and easier. By the end, we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier and easier. By the end, we will
+have very little of a data structure,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very little of a data structure,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very little of a data structure,
+but still we'll have log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still we'll have log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still we'll have log log
+u. You thought this was easy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u. You thought this was easy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u. You thought this was easy,
+but wait there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but wait there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but wait there's
+more. Okay, right now we have two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. Okay, right now we have two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. Okay, right now we have two ways
+to get log u query and order U space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get log u query and order U space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get log u query and order U space.
+There's the one I'm erasing and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's the one I'm erasing and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's the one I'm erasing and there's
+this take this tree structure with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this take this tree structure with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this take this tree structure with the
+very simple pointers add indirection. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple pointers add indirection. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple pointers add indirection. So
+admittedly it's more complicated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admittedly it's more complicated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admittedly it's more complicated to
+implement but conceptually it's super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement but conceptually it's super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement but conceptually it's super
+simple. It's like do this obvious tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. It's like do this obvious tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. It's like do this obvious tree
+binary search on the level thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search on the level thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search on the level thing and
+then uh add in direction and it fixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh add in direction and it fixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh add in direction and it fixes
+all your bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your bounds
+magically. So conceptually very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically. So conceptually very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically. So conceptually very simple
+practically you you definitely want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically you you definitely want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically you you definitely want to
+do this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this much
+simpler. Uh now what about saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler. Uh now what about saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler. Uh now what about saving
+space? Okay, very simple idea which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space? Okay, very simple idea which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space? Okay, very simple idea which I
+think again comes from Michael Bender,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think again comes from Michael Bender,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think again comes from Michael Bender,
+Martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin
+Foulton. Uh don't store empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foulton. Uh don't store empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foulton. Uh don't store empty
+structures. Okay, so in this picture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures. Okay, so in this picture uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures. Okay, so in this picture uh
+we had an array of all the clusters but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had an array of all the clusters but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had an array of all the clusters but
+a cluster could be entirely empty like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cluster could be entirely empty like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cluster could be entirely empty like
+this one. This entirely empty cluster.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one. This entirely empty cluster.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one. This entirely empty cluster.
+Don't store it. It's a waste. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don't store it. It's a waste. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don't store it. It's a waste. If you
+store them all, you're going to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store them all, you're going to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store them all, you're going to spend
+order U space. If you don't store them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order U space. If you don't store them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order U space. If you don't store them
+all, just don't store the empty ones. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, just don't store the empty ones. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, just don't store the empty ones. I
+claim your order end space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim your order end space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim your order end space.
+Done. So, I'm going back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Done. So, I'm going back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Done. So, I'm going back to the
+structure I erased. Ignore the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I erased. Ignore the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I erased. Ignore the tree
+perspective for a while. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective for a while. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective for a while. Uh,
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+store empty clusters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store empty clusters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store empty clusters.
+Okay, now this sounds easy, but it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, now this sounds easy, but it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, now this sounds easy, but it in
+reality it's a little bit more annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality it's a little bit more annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality it's a little bit more annoying
+because we wanted to have an array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we wanted to have an array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we wanted to have an array of
+clusters so we could quickly find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters so we could quickly find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters so we could quickly find the
+cluster. Um, if you have if you store an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster. Um, if you have if you store an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster. Um, if you have if you store an
+array, you're going to spend at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array, you're going to spend at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array, you're going to spend at least
+square root of space because at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of space because at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of space because at the very
+beginning you say here are my root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning you say here are my root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning you say here are my root
+clusters. Now, some of them might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters. Now, some of them might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters. Now, some of them might be
+null pointers, but I can't afford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null pointers, but I can't afford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null pointers, but I can't afford to
+store that entire array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store that entire array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store that entire array of
+clusters. So, don't use an array. Use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters. So, don't use an array. Use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters. So, don't use an array. Use a
+perfect hash table.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So v.clustluster instead of being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So v.clustluster instead of being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So v.clustluster instead of being an
+array is now let's say dynamic perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array is now let's say dynamic perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array is now let's say dynamic perfect
+hashing and I'm going to use the version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing and I'm going to use the version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing and I'm going to use the version
+which I did not present uh the version I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I did not present uh the version I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I did not present uh the version I
+presented universal hashing was uh order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented universal hashing was uh order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented universal hashing was uh order
+one expected but we know uh or I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one expected but we know uh or I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one expected but we know uh or I said
+that it can be constant with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can be constant with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can be constant with high
+probability per operation. It's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability per operation. It's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability per operation. It's a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+stronger. So now I mean everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger. So now I mean everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger. So now I mean everything's
+fine. If I do an index v.cluster cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. If I do an index v.cluster cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. If I do an index v.cluster cluster
+C that's still constant time with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that's still constant time with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that's still constant time with high
+probability now and I claim this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability now and I claim this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability now and I claim this
+structure is now order N's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is now order N's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is now order N's uh
+space why is it order N space by simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space why is it order N space by simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space why is it order N space by simple
+amortization charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization charge
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each table entry in that hash table to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each table entry in that hash table to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each table entry in that hash table to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+min of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cluster right every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster right every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster right every time
+We're only storing non-mpt ones. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're only storing non-mpt ones. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're only storing non-mpt ones. So if
+if one of these guys exists in the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one of these guys exists in the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one of these guys exists in the hash
+table, we had to store a pointer to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table, we had to store a pointer to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table, we had to store a pointer to it.
+Then that means uh the summary structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then that means uh the summary structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then that means uh the summary structure
+is non zero. It means you know this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non zero. It means you know this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non zero. It means you know this guy
+is non- empty. So it has an item in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non- empty. So it has an item in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non- empty. So it has an item in its
+min. Charge the space up here to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min. Charge the space up here to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min. Charge the space up here to store
+the pointer to that min guy. Then each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointer to that min guy. Then each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointer to that min guy. Then each
+mi each item each min item only gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mi each item each min item only gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mi each item each min item only gets
+charged once because it only has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged once because it only has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged once because it only has one
+parent that has a pointer to it. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent that has a pointer to it. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent that has a pointer to it. So you
+only charge once and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only charge once and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only charge once and therefore
+uh charge and table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entry only charge each element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once and that means and that's all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and that means and that's all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and that means and that's all your
+space. So order and space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done kind of crazy I guess. Uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done kind of crazy I guess. Uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done kind of crazy I guess. Uh if you
+want there's also the pointer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want there's also the pointer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want there's also the pointer to the
+summary structure. You could charge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary structure. You could charge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary structure. You could charge that
+to your own min. So then you're charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your own min. So then you're charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your own min. So then you're charging
+twice, but it's constant per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice, but it's constant per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice, but it's constant per
+item. Uh so this is kind of funny.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item. Uh so this is kind of funny.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item. Uh so this is kind of funny.
+Again, doesn't appear in print anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, doesn't appear in print anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, doesn't appear in print anywhere
+except maybe as an exercise in CLRS now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except maybe as an exercise in CLRS now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except maybe as an exercise in CLRS now.
+But uh you get linear order end space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But uh you get linear order end space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But uh you get linear order end space
+just by adding hashing in the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by adding hashing in the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by adding hashing in the obvious
+way. Now for whatever reason Willard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Now for whatever reason Willard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Now for whatever reason Willard
+didn't see this or wanted to do his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see this or wanted to do his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see this or wanted to do his own
+thing and so he found another way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and so he found another way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and so he found another way to do
+order nsp space log u query with hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order nsp space log u query with hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order nsp space log u query with hashing
+okay but if you just take vanos of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you just take vanos of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you just take vanos of any
+well I guess also you had to think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess also you had to think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess also you had to think of it
+in this simple form it's harder to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this simple form it's harder to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this simple form it's harder to do
+this in the tree it can be done I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the tree it can be done I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the tree it can be done I think
+but uh this is a simpler view than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh this is a simpler view than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh this is a simpler view than the
+tree I think and then boom order end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree I think and then boom order end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree I think and then boom order end
+space but it turns out there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but it turns out there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but it turns out there's another
+way to do it this This is a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it this This is a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it this This is a completely
+different way to do venom debus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to do venom debus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to do venom debus.
+Actually, not that completely different.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, not that completely different.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, not that completely different.
+It's another way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's another way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's another way to do
+this and uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hashing and this is what's called going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing and this is what's called going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing and this is what's called going
+to start with what's called xfast trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with what's called xfast trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with what's called xfast trees
+and then we will modify it to get yast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we will modify it to get yast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we will modify it to get yast
+trees. That's Willard's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees. That's Willard's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees. That's Willard's
+terminology. Okay. So xfast trees is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology. Okay. So xfast trees is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology. Okay. So xfast trees is
+store this tree but don't store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store this tree but don't store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store this tree but don't store the
+zeros.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros.
+So don't store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So don't store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So don't store
+zeros, only store the ones in the uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros, only store the ones in the uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros, only store the ones in the uh we
+call this the simple tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this the simple tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this the simple tree
+view. This is why I want in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view. This is why I want in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view. This is why I want in particular
+wanted to tell you about the simple tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to tell you about the simple tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to tell you about the simple tree
+view because it is really what Xfast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view because it is really what Xfast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view because it is really what Xfast
+trees do. So what do I mean by only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees do. So what do I mean by only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees do. So what do I mean by only
+store the ones?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the ones?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the ones?
+Well, think of them each of these ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, think of them each of these ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, think of them each of these ones
+has sort of a name. What is the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sort of a name. What is the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sort of a name. What is the name of
+this item? Uh it name is one or in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this item? Uh it name is one or in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this item? Uh it name is one or in other
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+00001. Each of these nodes you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+00001. Each of these nodes you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+00001. Each of these nodes you can think
+of what is the path to get here like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is the path to get here like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is the path to get here like the
+path to get to this one is one zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path to get to this one is one zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path to get to this one is one zero
+zero. One means right zero means left.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. One means right zero means left.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. One means right zero means left.
+Those names give you the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those names give you the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those names give you the binary
+indicator of where that node is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of where that node is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of where that node is in the
+tree. Some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. Some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. Some
+sense. So store the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. So store the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. So store the ones
+uh as binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strings in a hash table.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again a dynamic perfect hash table. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a dynamic perfect hash table. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a dynamic perfect hash table. It's
+said get constant with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said get constant with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said get constant with high
+probability. Okay. Um and if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability. Okay. Um and if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability. Okay. Um and if you're a
+little concerned uh so what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little concerned uh so what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little concerned uh so what this means
+the ones are exactly the prefixes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones are exactly the prefixes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones are exactly the prefixes of the
+paths to each of the items right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths to each of the items right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths to each of the items right this
+was item one and so I want to store this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was item one and so I want to store this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was item one and so I want to store this
+one which is uh empty string this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is uh empty string this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is uh empty string this one
+which is 0. This one which is 0 0 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 0. This one which is 0 0 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 0. This one which is 0 0 this
+one which is 0 0 0 this one which is 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is 0 0 0 this one which is 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is 0 0 0 this one which is 0 0
+1. So it's um I take 00001 which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. So it's um I take 00001 which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. So it's um I take 00001 which is the
+item I want to store and there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item I want to store and there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item I want to store and there's all
+these prefixes which are the items I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these prefixes which are the items I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these prefixes which are the items I
+want to store. And for this really to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to store. And for this really to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to store. And for this really to
+make sense you also need the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense you also need the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense you also need the length of
+the string. I mean you strings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string. I mean you strings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string. I mean you strings of
+different lengths should be in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lengths should be in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lengths should be in different
+worlds. Um and so the way actually XFast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds. Um and so the way actually XFast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds. Um and so the way actually XFast
+trees originally did it in the papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees originally did it in the papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees originally did it in the papers
+have a different hash table for strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different hash table for strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different hash table for strings
+of different lengths. That's probably an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different lengths. That's probably an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different lengths. That's probably an
+easier way to think about it. You store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier way to think about it. You store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier way to think about it. You store
+all the items themselves in a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the items themselves in a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the items themselves in a hash
+table. You store all the prefixes of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table. You store all the prefixes of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table. You store all the prefixes of all
+but the last bit in separate hash table.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the last bit in separate hash table.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the last bit in separate hash table.
+All but the last two bits in a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All but the last two bits in a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All but the last two bits in a separate
+hash table and so on. Now what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table and so on. Now what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table and so on. Now what does this
+let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you
+do? It lets you do this binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do? It lets you do this binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do? It lets you do this binary
+search for the 0ero to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transition. Right? What we did here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition. Right? What we did here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition. Right? What we did here was
+oh I look at the bit is it zero or one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I look at the bit is it zero or one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I look at the bit is it zero or one.
+Instead of doing that you do a query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instead of doing that you do a query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instead of doing that you do a query
+into the hash table and say is it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the hash table and say is it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the hash table and say is it in the
+hash table? it's in the hash table if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table? it's in the hash table if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table? it's in the hash table if
+and only if it is one. So looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if it is one. So looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if it is one. So looking at a
+bit in this conceptual tree is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in this conceptual tree is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in this conceptual tree is the same
+thing as checking for containment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as checking for containment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as checking for containment in
+this hash table. But now we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hash table. But now we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hash table. But now we don't have
+to store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store the
+zeros which is cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros which is cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros which is cool.
+Uh so this we can now do search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this we can now do search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this we can now do search
+uh you know predecessor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know predecessor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know predecessor or
+successor fast and log w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor fast and log w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor fast and log w
+time via this old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time via this old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time via this old
+thing. Okay. Again you need to you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Okay. Again you need to you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Okay. Again you need to you have
+to have min and max pointers as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have min and max pointers as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have min and max pointers as well.
+Okay. So in this hash table you store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in this hash table you store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in this hash table you store
+the min and the max of your subree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the min and the max of your subree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the min and the max of your subree.
+uh or actually from a one you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or actually from a one you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or actually from a one you actually
+need the min of you need the max of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the min of you need the max of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the min of you need the max of the
+left sub tree and you need the min of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left sub tree and you need the min of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left sub tree and you need the min of
+the right subree. Okay, but constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right subree. Okay, but constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right subree. Okay, but constant
+amount of information per thing. Uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of information per thing. Uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of information per thing. Uh this
+is not perfect however uh in that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not perfect however uh in that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not perfect however uh in that it
+uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses
+nw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nw
+space and also updates are slow. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and also updates are slow. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and also updates are slow. It's
+order w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+updates. But we're almost there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates. But we're almost there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates. But we're almost there because
+we have fast queries, slow updates, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have fast queries, slow updates, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have fast queries, slow updates, not
+optimal space. Take this add in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal space. Take this add in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal space. Take this add in
+direction done that's y fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trees y fast trees you take xfast trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees y fast trees you take xfast trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees y fast trees you take xfast trees
+you add this indirection right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and you get log w per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you get log w per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you get log w per
+operation order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation order n
+space of course this is with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of course this is with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of course this is with high
+probability because using hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability because using hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability because using hashing
+Because we have, you know, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because we have, you know, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because we have, you know, we have
+factor W bad here, factor W bad here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor W bad here, factor W bad here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor W bad here, factor W bad here.
+You divide by W, you're done. Up here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You divide by W, you're done. Up here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You divide by W, you're done. Up here,
+you have N over W space. N over W * W is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have N over W space. N over W * W is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have N over W space. N over W * W is
+N. Uh queries just like before remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N. Uh queries just like before remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N. Uh queries just like before remain
+log W. But now, boom. Uh updates. Uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log W. But now, boom. Uh updates. Uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log W. But now, boom. Uh updates. Uh we
+pay log W because of the binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay log W because of the binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay log W because of the binary search
+trees at the bottom. But pretty cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees at the bottom. But pretty cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees at the bottom. But pretty cool.
+Isn't that neat? I've never seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isn't that neat? I've never seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isn't that neat? I've never seen this
+before. I mean, okay, I've seen Xfast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. I mean, okay, I've seen Xfast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. I mean, okay, I've seen Xfast
+trees and Y fast trees, but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and Y fast trees, but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and Y fast trees, but it's really
+just the same. We're doing taking venom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the same. We're doing taking venom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the same. We're doing taking venom
+to boas, looking at it in the tree view.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to boas, looking at it in the tree view.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to boas, looking at it in the tree view.
+You can see where Willard got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can see where Willard got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can see where Willard got this
+stuff, right? It's like, oh man, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff, right? It's like, oh man, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff, right? It's like, oh man, I
+really want to store all these bits, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to store all these bits, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to store all these bits, but
+hey, it's way too big. Just don't store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey, it's way too big. Just don't store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey, it's way too big. Just don't store
+the zeros. That means we should use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros. That means we should use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros. That means we should use a
+hasht. Ah, hasht gives you whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasht. Ah, hasht gives you whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasht. Ah, hasht gives you whether the
+bit is in or out. Great. Uh, now use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit is in or out. Great. Uh, now use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit is in or out. Great. Uh, now use
+indirection. And indirection was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirection. And indirection was already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirection. And indirection was already
+floating around as a concept at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around as a concept at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around as a concept at the
+time. Slightly different parameters. Fen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Slightly different parameters. Fen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Slightly different parameters. Fen
+Deos had his own indirection to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deos had his own indirection to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deos had his own indirection to reduce
+the space from U time log W to U but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space from U time log W to U but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space from U time log W to U but
+Willard did it and boom he got down to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Willard did it and boom he got down to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Willard did it and boom he got down to n
+space in this way. Uh but as you saw you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in this way. Uh but as you saw you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in this way. Uh but as you saw you
+can also do it directly to vandos. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also do it directly to vandos. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also do it directly to vandos. I
+mean it's all these ideas can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's all these ideas can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's all these ideas can be
+interchanged. You can combine any data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanged. You can combine any data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanged. You can combine any data
+structure you want with any space saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you want with any space saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you want with any space saving
+trick you want with indirection if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick you want with indirection if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick you want with indirection if you
+need to to speed things up and reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to to speed things up and reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to to speed things up and reduce
+space a little bit. But so there's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space a little bit. But so there's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space a little bit. But so there's many
+many ways to do this but in the end you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways to do this but in the end you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways to do this but in the end you
+get log wer n space and that is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get log wer n space and that is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get log wer n space and that is sort of
+result one. It's probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result one. It's probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result one. It's probably the most
+useful predecessor data structure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful predecessor data structure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful predecessor data structure in
+general but next time we'll see fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general but next time we'll see fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general but next time we'll see fusion
+trees which are good for when w is huge.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uPoKChMBeQY.txt b/uPoKChMBeQY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0426d45cd09dc89c923a9baf8dde7ac4234a0a22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uPoKChMBeQY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we created a lock system and so this law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we created a lock system and so this law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we created a lock system and so this law
+it works through sound so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works through sound so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works through sound so we have a
+speaker microphone here and it detects a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker microphone here and it detects a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker microphone here and it detects a
+specific rhythm seem to have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific rhythm seem to have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific rhythm seem to have the right
+tempo and my space between these for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempo and my space between these for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempo and my space between these for it
+to detect the for it to unlock so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect the for it to unlock so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect the for it to unlock so let me
+just plug this in so it starts in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug this in so it starts in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug this in so it starts in an
+unlock state we have a server right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlock state we have a server right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlock state we have a server right here
+this is kind of different concept so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of different concept so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of different concept so
+it's not the most sturdy of things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the most sturdy of things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the most sturdy of things as
+well a cardboard little flap so I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a cardboard little flap so I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a cardboard little flap so I'll put
+that here to demonstrate so put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here to demonstrate so put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here to demonstrate so put that
+here so let's see if you want to set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's see if you want to set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's see if you want to set a
+code so we're gonna hold the button for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so we're gonna hold the button for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so we're gonna hold the button for
+two seconds so or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this huh yeah so it detects it three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huh yeah so it detects it three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huh yeah so it detects it three
+times in a row both to make sure you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in a row both to make sure you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in a row both to make sure you can
+enter the code repeatedly and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the code repeatedly and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the code repeatedly and also the
+average results together so that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average results together so that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average results together so that if you
+were a little quicker a little slow one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a little quicker a little slow one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a little quicker a little slow one
+of the taps that you don't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the taps that you don't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the taps that you don't have to do
+that consistently then it knows what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consistently then it knows what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consistently then it knows what you
+meant to do after a few tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to do after a few tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to do after a few tries
+luckily your preset code so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily your preset code so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily your preset code so instead of
+boring you all will just lock this but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring you all will just lock this but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring you all will just lock this but a
+lot safe this button is not very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot safe this button is not very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot safe this button is not very nice
+written really well and needs a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written really well and needs a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written really well and needs a sense of
+ease a lot a single spot there's all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease a lot a single spot there's all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease a lot a single spot there's all of
+your so now if we press the button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well this is immersion because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is immersion because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is immersion because this
+worked two minutes now they're like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked two minutes now they're like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked two minutes now they're like yeah
+yeah so the like so basically we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the like so basically we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the like so basically we have a
+lot of light and sound systems that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of light and sound systems that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of light and sound systems that to
+know different things so that's if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know different things so that's if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know different things so that's if it
+works let's say we put a code that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works let's say we put a code that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works let's say we put a code that's
+wrong so let's do that a couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so let's do that a couple more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so let's do that a couple more
+times incorrectly so we have so now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times incorrectly so we have so now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times incorrectly so we have so now on
+the third block heel on the third fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third block heel on the third fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third block heel on the third fail
+it'll kind of block so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll kind of block so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll kind of block so this is
+simulating calling the police let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating calling the police let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating calling the police let's just
+try programming will try programming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try programming will try programming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try programming will try programming a
+code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just reset this whole leg back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just reset this whole leg back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just reset this whole leg back up
+so this will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will work
+okay let's try programming a new code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the unfortunately the sensor like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the unfortunately the sensor like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the unfortunately the sensor like
+to determine what kind of sound it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine what kind of sound it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine what kind of sound it's
+supposed to register there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to register there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to register there are a lot of
+difficulties and Harry can't talk he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties and Harry can't talk he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties and Harry can't talk he
+knows the sensor has tremendous amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the sensor has tremendous amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the sensor has tremendous amount
+of drift about five times as much drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drift about five times as much drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drift about five times as much drift
+is it actually his sensitivity to sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it actually his sensitivity to sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it actually his sensitivity to sound
+so before every single sound measure I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before every single sound measure I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before every single sound measure I'm
+getting a background reading it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a background reading it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a background reading it also
+only detects low-pitched claps if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only detects low-pitched claps if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only detects low-pitched claps if you
+hit your fingers here palm you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit your fingers here palm you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit your fingers here palm you won't
+detect that unless you palm to Palm it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect that unless you palm to Palm it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect that unless you palm to Palm it
+will detect that noise it also requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will detect that noise it also requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will detect that noise it also requires
+fairly loud claps a gentle clap won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly loud claps a gentle clap won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly loud claps a gentle clap won't
+set it off gift it really make a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it off gift it really make a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it off gift it really make a fair
+amount of noise and also depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of noise and also depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of noise and also depending on
+how your hands come together the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how your hands come together the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how your hands come together the sound
+comes out in different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out in different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out in different directions
+causing it to detect or not detected so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing it to detect or not detected so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing it to detect or not detected so
+obviously part of phase two we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously part of phase two we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously part of phase two we were to
+expand on this is to get a better piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand on this is to get a better piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand on this is to get a better piece
+of sound sensing Hardware okay that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sound sensing Hardware okay that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sound sensing Hardware okay that this
+capable detecting a broader range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable detecting a broader range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable detecting a broader range of
+sounds with a little more sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds with a little more sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds with a little more sensitivity
+yeah that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ujjKhLp2r5A.txt b/ujjKhLp2r5A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57dd6d1502dec74de2cbcacbfa13df4b53a1bfea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ujjKhLp2r5A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit
+from last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time
+I won't say too much about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't say too much about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't say too much about the
+work on cortex but you'll notice like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on cortex but you'll notice like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on cortex but you'll notice like
+Muslim he has three kinds of Cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muslim he has three kinds of Cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muslim he has three kinds of Cortex
+except that his Third Kind which is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that his Third Kind which is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that his Third Kind which is he
+says is the most advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is the most advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is the most advanced
+area of cognitive functions he includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of cognitive functions he includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of cognitive functions he includes
+a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more
+this area in human would include a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area in human would include a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area in human would include a lot
+of Muslims unimodal visual Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Muslims unimodal visual Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Muslims unimodal visual Association
+cortex that's the major difference the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex that's the major difference the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex that's the major difference the
+other thing to note is that just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing to note is that just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing to note is that just like
+most other people they indicate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most other people they indicate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most other people they indicate that
+that most advanced cortex doesn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most advanced cortex doesn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most advanced cortex doesn't exist
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+rats and hedgehogs similar animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats and hedgehogs similar animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats and hedgehogs similar animals
+very little even in the dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little even in the dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little even in the dog
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+but remember what we said about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember what we said about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember what we said about
+that most advanced the area where our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most advanced the area where our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most advanced the area where our
+highest functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest functions
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+where are localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are localized
+they are the multimodal association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the multimodal association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the multimodal association
+areas which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas which
+we postulated that multimodal cortex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we postulated that multimodal cortex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we postulated that multimodal cortex is
+the most primitive cortex but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most primitive cortex but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most primitive cortex but it's the
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+that has expanded the most in the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has expanded the most in the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has expanded the most in the more
+special you know the brain becomes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special you know the brain becomes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special you know the brain becomes more
+and more compartmentalized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more compartmentalized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more compartmentalized and
+specialized with Evolution human brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized with Evolution human brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized with Evolution human brains
+are probably the most compartmentalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably the most compartmentalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably the most compartmentalized
+most specialized all the animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most specialized all the animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most specialized all the animals
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a little more about these that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more about these that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more about these that comes out
+of that Moscow work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Moscow work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Moscow work
+and some other topics first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some other topics first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some other topics first of all
+postnatal growth of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postnatal growth of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postnatal growth of different
+territorities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorities
+he shows the amount of postnatal growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he shows the amount of postnatal growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he shows the amount of postnatal growth
+on the ordinate here and he's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ordinate here and he's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ordinate here and he's just
+studied that made measures for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied that made measures for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied that made measures for different
+regions of Cortex and just note here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of Cortex and just note here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of Cortex and just note here
+that the first four bars are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first four bars are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first four bars are all
+multimodal association areas f means uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimodal association areas f means uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimodal association areas f means uh
+he says frontal areas but he means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says frontal areas but he means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says frontal areas but he means the
+prefrontal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefrontal cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefrontal cortex
+middle temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle temporal
+inferior parietal in the temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior parietal in the temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior parietal in the temporal
+parietal occipital area that's an area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal occipital area that's an area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal occipital area that's an area
+in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between
+its multimodal cortex in the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its multimodal cortex in the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its multimodal cortex in the area
+Wernicke's area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wernicke's area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wernicke's area
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and the second thing then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second thing then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second thing then is
+myelogenesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the picture from Cecil and Oscar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the picture from Cecil and Oscar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the picture from Cecil and Oscar
+vote who studied that and the areas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote who studied that and the areas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote who studied that and the areas to
+get their myelin first are in the heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their myelin first are in the heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their myelin first are in the heavy
+dots the light dots or the areas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots the light dots or the areas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots the light dots or the areas to
+acquire mild and last and you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire mild and last and you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire mild and last and you see that
+the multimodal association areas tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multimodal association areas tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multimodal association areas tend to
+be the areas that have expanded the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the areas that have expanded the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the areas that have expanded the most
+Post in Italy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Post in Italy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Post in Italy
+in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our
+areas where we've been localizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where we've been localizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where we've been localizing the
+highest functions in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late
+there are some exceptions in the limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some exceptions in the limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some exceptions in the limbic
+areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+all right and this is a from the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and this is a from the work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and this is a from the work of
+Paul flexic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul flexic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul flexic
+the numbers here in his pictures don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers here in his pictures don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers here in his pictures don't
+represent broadman areas okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent broadman areas okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent broadman areas okay the
+numbers represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers represent
+the order of appearance so number one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of appearance so number one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of appearance so number one is
+the first place he saw Milan appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place he saw Milan appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place he saw Milan appearing
+number 45 is the last place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 45 is the last place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 45 is the last place
+you see 45 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see 45 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see 45 here
+lateral prefrontal area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you see the early numbers primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the early numbers primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the early numbers primary
+digital area primary sensory and motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital area primary sensory and motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital area primary sensory and motor
+areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+primary auditories the all myelin it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary auditories the all myelin it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary auditories the all myelin it
+very early you saw pictures of that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early you saw pictures of that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early you saw pictures of that way
+back in when we were doing chapter six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in when we were doing chapter six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in when we were doing chapter six
+uh when I showed a picture from the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when I showed a picture from the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when I showed a picture from the work
+of Plexi a photograph of one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Plexi a photograph of one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Plexi a photograph of one of his
+sections of the human being a horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of the human being a horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of the human being a horizontal
+section okay and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section okay and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section okay and this is
+just the group of the thickness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the group of the thickness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the group of the thickness of the
+association layers layers two and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association layers layers two and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association layers layers two and three
+or no sorry this is just layer three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no sorry this is just layer three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no sorry this is just layer three
+and here's prenatal growth of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's prenatal growth of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's prenatal growth of these
+five different areas and I pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different areas and I pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different areas and I pointed out
+what they are from live Fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are from live Fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are from live Fields
+prefrontal cortex in the bruckus area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefrontal cortex in the bruckus area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefrontal cortex in the bruckus area
+so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're
+they're all in the frontal lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all in the frontal lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all in the frontal lobe
+and just note here that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just note here that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just note here that uh
+these areas are still becoming thicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas are still becoming thicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas are still becoming thicker
+after age 15. okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after age 15. okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after age 15. okay
+it just has 15 and then he just flip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just has 15 and then he just flip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just has 15 and then he just flip the
+rest of them into the adult category so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of them into the adult category so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of them into the adult category so
+they're not completely finished drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+I said 15 no it's 12 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said 15 no it's 12 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said 15 no it's 12 years ago
+and then I just want to mention Larry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I just want to mention Larry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I just want to mention Larry
+benowitz studies of these areas like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benowitz studies of these areas like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benowitz studies of these areas like
+various layers two and three that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various layers two and three that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various layers two and three that's
+where he found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he found
+the protein that he that is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein that he that is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein that he that is often
+referred to as the growth Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as the growth Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as the growth Associated
+protein because it's present in axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein because it's present in axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein because it's present in axons
+during early development all AdSense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during early development all AdSense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during early development all AdSense
+have a lot of good Associated protein it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of good Associated protein it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of good Associated protein it
+seems to be correlated with periods when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be correlated with periods when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be correlated with periods when
+processes have these phillipodia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes have these phillipodia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes have these phillipodia
+extending growing accents always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending growing accents always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending growing accents always have
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+I've studied it with Larry benowitz in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've studied it with Larry benowitz in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've studied it with Larry benowitz in
+the hamster optic tract for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamster optic tract for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamster optic tract for example
+and we found that it's located all along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we found that it's located all along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we found that it's located all along
+the axon very early and then when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axon very early and then when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axon very early and then when the
+Arbors arborization is occurring in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arbors arborization is occurring in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arbors arborization is occurring in the
+tectum ingeniculate body the Gap 43
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum ingeniculate body the Gap 43
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum ingeniculate body the Gap 43
+becomes localized to the terminal region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes localized to the terminal region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes localized to the terminal region
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+declines after the maturation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines after the maturation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines after the maturation of the
+accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents
+but even in adult humans Larry finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even in adult humans Larry finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even in adult humans Larry finds
+that protein localized in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that protein localized in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that protein localized in his
+Association lyrics areas and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association lyrics areas and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association lyrics areas and that's
+those are the very areas that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the very areas that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the very areas that have been
+found by Ellie and other people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found by Ellie and other people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found by Ellie and other people are
+confirming that throughout the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming that throughout the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming that throughout the cortex
+they find that they look with modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find that they look with modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find that they look with modern
+Imaging techniques and image cells over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging techniques and image cells over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging techniques and image cells over
+an extended period of time they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extended period of time they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extended period of time they see
+remodeling happening a lot of changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remodeling happening a lot of changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remodeling happening a lot of changes
+so we think that those many small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we think that those many small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we think that those many small
+neurons many interneurons many mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons many interneurons many mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons many interneurons many mostly
+gabaergic in or neurons and whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gabaergic in or neurons and whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gabaergic in or neurons and whenever
+they've tried to localize the cell type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've tried to localize the cell type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've tried to localize the cell type
+they find that there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find that there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find that there are these
+gaba-contained interneurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaba-contained interneurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaba-contained interneurons
+the very neurons that didn't most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very neurons that didn't most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very neurons that didn't most of
+which don't originate in neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which don't originate in neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which don't originate in neocortex
+in the neocortical ventricular layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the neocortical ventricular layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the neocortical ventricular layer
+they originate in other areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they originate in other areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they originate in other areas
+okay we don't have time to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we don't have time to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we don't have time to talk about
+dominance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominance
+hemispheres I just want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres I just want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres I just want to point out
+that they are anatomically a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are anatomically a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are anatomically a little bit
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+and sometimes the differences are red or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes the differences are red or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes the differences are red or
+large like in the the area around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large like in the the area around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large like in the the area around the
+auditory cortex areas related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory cortex areas related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory cortex areas related to
+understanding of speech and production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of speech and production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of speech and production
+of speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speech
+and that work was done right here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that work was done right here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that work was done right here in
+Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston
+when Norm gashwin the famous behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Norm gashwin the famous behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Norm gashwin the famous behavioral
+neurologist was still alive his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurologist was still alive his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurologist was still alive his
+associate Al galiberta did those studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate Al galiberta did those studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate Al galiberta did those studies
+and he's still working at the Beth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's still working at the Beth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's still working at the Beth
+Israel Hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israel Hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israel Hospital
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm just going to let you read I've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to let you read I've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to let you read I've gone
+over them before and I just summarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over them before and I just summarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over them before and I just summarized
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+in these two slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these two slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these two slides
+okay I want to go on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+talk about development and plasticity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about development and plasticity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about development and plasticity in
+the neocortex we talked about one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neocortex we talked about one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neocortex we talked about one thing
+first very relevant to this topic this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first very relevant to this topic this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first very relevant to this topic this
+just came out fairly recently February
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just came out fairly recently February
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just came out fairly recently February
+27th issue of cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27th issue of cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27th issue of cell
+neurogenesis and The Stereotype of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurogenesis and The Stereotype of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurogenesis and The Stereotype of the
+adult human brain here's what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult human brain here's what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult human brain here's what they did
+they used carbon 14 natural labeling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used carbon 14 natural labeling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used carbon 14 natural labeling of
+humans exposed to carbon 14 due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans exposed to carbon 14 due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans exposed to carbon 14 due to
+Atomic Testing okay so they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic Testing okay so they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic Testing okay so they're they're
+eating foods and so forth so they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating foods and so forth so they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating foods and so forth so they get
+some newly generated neurons end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some newly generated neurons end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some newly generated neurons end up
+being labeled with carbon 14 if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being labeled with carbon 14 if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being labeled with carbon 14 if they
+have some sensitive measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sensitive measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sensitive measures
+uh to find them they can get measures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to find them they can get measures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to find them they can get measures of
+neurogenesis and they can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurogenesis and they can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurogenesis and they can see that
+rostral migratory stream that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral migratory stream that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral migratory stream that we know
+from the studies of rodents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the studies of rodents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the studies of rodents
+migrates into the olfactory bulbs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrates into the olfactory bulbs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrates into the olfactory bulbs and
+you get that's why you get turnover of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get that's why you get turnover of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get that's why you get turnover of
+the small granule cells the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small granule cells the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small granule cells the most
+numerous cell type meal Factory bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous cell type meal Factory bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous cell type meal Factory bulb
+but uh I think it's around 40 day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I think it's around 40 day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I think it's around 40 day
+period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period
+it could turn over completely there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could turn over completely there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could turn over completely there's a
+lot of generation and then this study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of generation and then this study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of generation and then this study
+says that in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that in humans
+those cells get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cells get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cells get
+diverted into the striatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverted into the striatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverted into the striatum
+in the rodent they go right past the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rodent they go right past the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rodent they go right past the
+striatum they're generated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum they're generated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum they're generated in the
+lateral ventricle the ventricular layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral ventricle the ventricular layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral ventricle the ventricular layer
+there around the lateral ventricle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there around the lateral ventricle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there around the lateral ventricle
+that these don't continue into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these don't continue into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these don't continue into the
+olfactory bulb it wasn't clear to me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory bulb it wasn't clear to me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory bulb it wasn't clear to me you
+know I'm not even completely read every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm not even completely read every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm not even completely read every
+detail of the article whether it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail of the article whether it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail of the article whether it's not
+clear whether any of them get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear whether any of them get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear whether any of them get into the
+olfactory bulb in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory bulb in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory bulb in humans
+that would be a big surprise if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a big surprise if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a big surprise if that
+were true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were true but
+but it's it's a fascinating finding if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's a fascinating finding if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's a fascinating finding if
+it can be confirmed in other labs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be confirmed in other labs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be confirmed in other labs
+because it would indicate that in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would indicate that in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would indicate that in each
+of the two major forwarding systems for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two major forwarding systems for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two major forwarding systems for
+learning that we've talked about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that we've talked about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that we've talked about in this
+class at hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class at hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class at hippocampus
+and the Corpus Trio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Corpus Trio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Corpus Trio
+and that includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that includes
+for learning both dorsal and ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for learning both dorsal and ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for learning both dorsal and ventral
+history autumn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history autumn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history autumn
+he's he talks as if the new neurons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he talks as if the new neurons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he talks as if the new neurons are
+all going into dorsal striatum I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going into dorsal striatum I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going into dorsal striatum I'm not
+sure that that will turn out to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that will turn out to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that will turn out to be true
+the point is new neurons are going right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is new neurons are going right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is new neurons are going right
+into the street atom in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the street atom in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the street atom in humans
+and of course now we have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course now we have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course now we have to look
+carefully to see if there's none of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully to see if there's none of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully to see if there's none of them
+go into the striottom and other animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the striottom and other animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the striottom and other animals
+I would suspect other very large animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would suspect other very large animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would suspect other very large animals
+that they probably do but so far we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they probably do but so far we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they probably do but so far we all
+know it about human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it about human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it about human
+because the studies did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the studies did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the studies did not
+just haven't been done yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just haven't been done yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just haven't been done yet
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+that's well the carbon 14 data with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's well the carbon 14 data with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's well the carbon 14 data with
+dating was done when they were alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dating was done when they were alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dating was done when they were alive
+naturally because they were exposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally because they were exposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally because they were exposed to
+The Fallout contains carbon 14 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Fallout contains carbon 14 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Fallout contains carbon 14 right
+natural experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural experiment
+unnatural actually but because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnatural actually but because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnatural actually but because it's
+Atomic Testing yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very very interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very interesting question
+could the exposure to radioactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could the exposure to radioactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could the exposure to radioactivity
+itself cause some abnormalities we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself cause some abnormalities we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself cause some abnormalities we don't
+think so because the levels are very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so because the levels are very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so because the levels are very low
+okay but it's still an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it's still an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it's still an interesting
+question and one I hope it leads to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and one I hope it leads to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and one I hope it leads to a
+lot more work because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more work because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more work because
+we've only recently seen a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've only recently seen a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've only recently seen a lot of work
+on hippocampal turnover in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on hippocampal turnover in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on hippocampal turnover in its
+relationship to learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to learning
+okay we know that animals are learning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we know that animals are learning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we know that animals are learning a
+lot exposed to enriched environments do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot exposed to enriched environments do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot exposed to enriched environments do
+generate more cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate more cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate more cells
+and we know that stress reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so when we talked about
+development we had these four major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development we had these four major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development we had these four major
+events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events
+neuralation formation and the formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuralation formation and the formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuralation formation and the formation
+of the neural tube that is formation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neural tube that is formation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neural tube that is formation the
+neural plate and then the neural tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural plate and then the neural tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural plate and then the neural tube
+and then proliferation of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then proliferation of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then proliferation of cells
+and then migration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then migration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then migration
+and finally the growth of axons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the growth of axons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the growth of axons and
+dendrites that we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites that we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites that we call the
+differentiation of the cell the adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation of the cell the adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation of the cell the adult
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+so these are the questions here first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the questions here first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the questions here first of
+all what is the subtle granularly when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what is the subtle granularly when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what is the subtle granularly when
+we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about
+proliferation we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells dividing
+in the cell cycle you see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell cycle you see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell cycle you see them
+synthesizing DNA here and then splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing DNA here and then splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing DNA here and then splitting
+into two and they split in one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two and they split in one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two and they split in one of two
+ways they're symmetrically or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways they're symmetrically or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways they're symmetrically or
+asymmetrically and that had different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetrically and that had different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetrically and that had different
+consequences because proteins are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences because proteins are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences because proteins are not
+distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+throughout the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the cell
+proteins like numb tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins like numb tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins like numb tend to be
+distributed differently and near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed differently and near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed differently and near the
+ventric than away from The ventricle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventric than away from The ventricle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventric than away from The ventricle so
+if they split asymmetrically they tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they split asymmetrically they tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they split asymmetrically they tend
+to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have
+much more protein and just part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more protein and just part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more protein and just part of the
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+so the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ones that
+are further from The ventricle become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are further from The ventricle become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are further from The ventricle become
+post-mitotic they migrate awake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-mitotic they migrate awake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-mitotic they migrate awake
+towards their migrate to their adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards their migrate to their adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards their migrate to their adult
+locations and the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and the ones that
+the others stay my tari until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others stay my tari until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others stay my tari until
+the end of the period of proliferation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but what is the subpeal granular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what is the subpeal granular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what is the subpeal granular
+there this is these are you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is these are you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is these are you could say
+they're granule cells they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're granule cells they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're granule cells they're the
+generating cells at The ventricle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating cells at The ventricle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating cells at The ventricle the
+very small cells that's why we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small cells that's why we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small cells that's why we call them
+granule the subpeel granular layer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granule the subpeel granular layer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granule the subpeel granular layer you
+may know exists in the cerebellum of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may know exists in the cerebellum of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may know exists in the cerebellum of all
+the animals that have been studied uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animals that have been studied uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animals that have been studied uh
+cells migrate from the Romney clip area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells migrate from the Romney clip area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells migrate from the Romney clip area
+the hindbrain the other plate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain the other plate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain the other plate of the
+hindbrain they migrate up into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain they migrate up into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain they migrate up into the
+cerebellar protists but then they keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellar protists but then they keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellar protists but then they keep
+dividing right under the Pia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing right under the Pia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing right under the Pia
+and the cells that are generated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cells that are generated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cells that are generated in the
+P event migrate down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P event migrate down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P event migrate down
+into the cerebellar cortex and form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cerebellar cortex and form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cerebellar cortex and form the
+granule cells of the cerebellar cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granule cells of the cerebellar cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granule cells of the cerebellar cortex
+well apparently in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well apparently in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well apparently in in
+larger brained animals animals that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger brained animals animals that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger brained animals animals that have
+a lot of pneumocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of pneumocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of pneumocortex
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+again there's really numerous small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's really numerous small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's really numerous small
+cells granule cells in the cortex the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells granule cells in the cortex the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells granule cells in the cortex the
+larger the brain the more of them there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger the brain the more of them there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger the brain the more of them there
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+they developed this transient generative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they developed this transient generative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they developed this transient generative
+layer below the Pia certain parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer below the Pia certain parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer below the Pia certain parts of the
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+and that's the subpeel granular layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the subpeel granular layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the subpeel granular layer
+it's not present in the lab animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not present in the lab animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not present in the lab animals
+which are normally used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are normally used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are normally used
+okay it's not present in the mice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not present in the mice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not present in the mice and
+the rats and hamsters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rats and hamsters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rats and hamsters
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this these two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this these two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this these two types of
+cell division event were related by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division event were related by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division event were related by
+Rockies this just says what I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockies this just says what I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockies this just says what I talked
+about this is one of rakisha's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is one of rakisha's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is one of rakisha's
+illustrations but he pointed out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations but he pointed out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations but he pointed out that
+the period of symmetric and also of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period of symmetric and also of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period of symmetric and also of
+asymmetric cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric cell division
+in the monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the monkey
+is they are the periods are shorter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they are the periods are shorter than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they are the periods are shorter than
+in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humans
+said that even you know one addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that even you know one addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that even you know one addition
+additional symmetrical cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional symmetrical cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional symmetrical cell division
+which should result in the cons larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should result in the cons larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should result in the cons larger
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+and the human just by continuing several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the human just by continuing several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the human just by continuing several
+more days is going to end up with a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more days is going to end up with a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more days is going to end up with a much
+larger cortis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger cortis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger cortis
+you know this is under genetic control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is under genetic control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is under genetic control
+what about asymmetric cell division what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about asymmetric cell division what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about asymmetric cell division what
+should happen then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+what should happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should happen
+is you look at his picture here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you look at his picture here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you look at his picture here
+here are here's the uh The ventricle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are here's the uh The ventricle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are here's the uh The ventricle
+down here here it is in the sales team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here here it is in the sales team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here here it is in the sales team
+so the cells are generated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cells are generated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cells are generated in the
+ventricular and then also the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricular and then also the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricular and then also the sub
+ventricular layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the ones that are migrating due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the ones that are migrating due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the ones that are migrating due
+to asymmetric cell division as more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to asymmetric cell division as more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to asymmetric cell division as more
+continue to be generated by the stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be generated by the stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be generated by the stem
+cell Stone here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell Stone here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell Stone here
+you can have many many cells moving as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have many many cells moving as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have many many cells moving as
+it shows here many cells moving along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows here many cells moving along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows here many cells moving along
+the same radio glial cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same radio glial cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same radio glial cell
+up into the cortical plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into the cortical plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into the cortical plate
+so the more asymmetric cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the more asymmetric cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the more asymmetric cell division
+there is the thicker the cortex should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the thicker the cortex should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the thicker the cortex should
+become and the human cortex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become and the human cortex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become and the human cortex is
+considerably thicker than the monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably thicker than the monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably thicker than the monkey
+and we have a longer period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a longer period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a longer period of
+asymmetric cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric cell division
+okay this just illustrates these periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this just illustrates these periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this just illustrates these periods
+and I summarize it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I summarize it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I summarize it here
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+he wrote about that back in 95 Trends in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote about that back in 95 Trends in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote about that back in 95 Trends in
+neuroscience and I show pictures one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience and I show pictures one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience and I show pictures one
+from Rockies the monkey only the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Rockies the monkey only the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Rockies the monkey only the earlier
+periods where you see these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods where you see these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods where you see these different
+layers designated ventricular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers designated ventricular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers designated ventricular and
+subventricular zones where the mitosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subventricular zones where the mitosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subventricular zones where the mitosis
+are occurring and then an intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are occurring and then an intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are occurring and then an intermediate
+Zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zone
+where there are migrating cells but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are migrating cells but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are migrating cells but they
+don't stay there so that becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stay there so that becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stay there so that becomes the
+layer of the white matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of the white matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of the white matter
+and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a
+a subplate layer and a cortical plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subplate layer and a cortical plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subplate layer and a cortical plate
+a particle plate is where the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle plate is where the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle plate is where the cells
+collect and we normally call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect and we normally call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect and we normally call it the
+cortical plate in the period when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical plate in the period when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical plate in the period when you
+can't differentiate different layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't differentiate different layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't differentiate different layers
+he shows some of them beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he shows some of them beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he shows some of them beginning to
+differentiate here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate here
+and many of them not differentiating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of them not differentiating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of them not differentiating and
+then at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the top
+mostly processes just a few neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly processes just a few neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly processes just a few neurons
+we call that the marginal Zone and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that the marginal Zone and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that the marginal Zone and then
+he's got in parenthesis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got in parenthesis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got in parenthesis here
+the subpeel granule there that's what SG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subpeel granule there that's what SG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subpeel granule there that's what SG
+is okay and then this is from our work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay and then this is from our work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay and then this is from our work
+work I did with Janice nagley and her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I did with Janice nagley and her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I did with Janice nagley and her
+PhD work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD work
+where we're showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're showing
+postnatal day one postnatal day five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postnatal day one postnatal day five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postnatal day one postnatal day five and
+an adult hamster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adult hamster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adult hamster
+and labeling those same things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+except there's no obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except there's no obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except there's no obvious
+sub-ventricular layer in the hamster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-ventricular layer in the hamster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-ventricular layer in the hamster
+animals with the larger protests to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals with the larger protests to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals with the larger protests to
+develop it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop it
+and notice here at postnatal day five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice here at postnatal day five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice here at postnatal day five
+there's a layer five and six that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a layer five and six that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a layer five and six that have
+differentiated so you can identify them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated so you can identify them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated so you can identify them
+but above that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but above that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but above that
+you just call it the cortical plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just call it the cortical plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just call it the cortical plate
+because you can't see separate layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't see separate layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't see separate layers
+two three and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three and four
+and here's the adult you see all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the adult you see all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the adult you see all the
+layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we mean by the in we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we mean by the in we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we mean by the in we we
+looked at that picture of migration what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at that picture of migration what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at that picture of migration what
+do we mean by the Inside Out pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we mean by the Inside Out pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we mean by the Inside Out pattern of
+migration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with
+the or when cells undergo their final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or when cells undergo their final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or when cells undergo their final
+mitosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis
+okay and migrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and migrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and migrate
+that's the birthday of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the birthday of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the birthday of the cell
+we don't say they're born yet when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't say they're born yet when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't say they're born yet when
+they're just generating okay it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just generating okay it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just generating okay it's only
+when they become post-mitotic and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they become post-mitotic and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they become post-mitotic and they
+migrate you call you say that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate you call you say that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate you call you say that's the
+birth date when they finish mitosis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth date when they finish mitosis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth date when they finish mitosis okay
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Inside Out pattern this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Inside Out pattern this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Inside Out pattern this is the
+picture we were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we were looking at
+this is from the study at Harvard when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from the study at Harvard when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from the study at Harvard when
+when partial rock each is the heart with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when partial rock each is the heart with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when partial rock each is the heart with
+at Harvard and he had a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard and he had a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard and he had a very good
+technician that had come here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technician that had come here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technician that had come here from
+Vietnam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam
+a Vietnamese couple that I helped in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Vietnamese couple that I helped in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Vietnamese couple that I helped in
+getting settled here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting settled here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting settled here
+and then I found her a job with Pashto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I found her a job with Pashto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I found her a job with Pashto
+Rocky she did this fantastic work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rocky she did this fantastic work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rocky she did this fantastic work with
+him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+where they labeled cells in the monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they labeled cells in the monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they labeled cells in the monkey
+by injecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the uterus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uterus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uterus
+of the mother at various stages so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mother at various stages so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mother at various stages so here
+you see this is E40 so this is about e45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this is E40 so this is about e45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this is E40 so this is about e45
+and when they injected the tritiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they injected the tritiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they injected the tritiated
+vimidine at e45 and then waited until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vimidine at e45 and then waited until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vimidine at e45 and then waited until
+the animals the cortex differentiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animals the cortex differentiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animals the cortex differentiated
+they found the labeled cells here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found the labeled cells here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found the labeled cells here at the
+bottom of layer six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of layer six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of layer six
+okay if they waited much longer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if they waited much longer here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if they waited much longer here
+to embryonic day 90.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to embryonic day 90.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to embryonic day 90.
+all the cells that were labeled are up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cells that were labeled are up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cells that were labeled are up
+here in layers two and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in layers two and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in layers two and three
+and in between you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in between you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in between you have
+so you have a this pattern earliest born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a this pattern earliest born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a this pattern earliest born
+cells in the bottom the later borne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in the bottom the later borne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in the bottom the later borne
+cells then have to migrate past the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells then have to migrate past the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells then have to migrate past the
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+so they're generated from the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're generated from the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're generated from the this is
+inside near the ventricle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside near the ventricle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside near the ventricle
+this is outside near the pier okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is outside near the pier okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is outside near the pier okay
+so that's the Inside Out pattern that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the Inside Out pattern that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the Inside Out pattern that's
+all we mean by it and the same thing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we mean by it and the same thing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we mean by it and the same thing has
+been discovered and was known earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been discovered and was known earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been discovered and was known earlier
+from the rodent work where they used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the rodent work where they used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the rodent work where they used
+other methods of labeling initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's also been done with the critiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also been done with the critiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also been done with the critiated
+thymidine for labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the cells of philosophy and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells of philosophy and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells of philosophy and there's
+other methods of labeling too that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other methods of labeling too that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other methods of labeling too that you
+can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what are the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the other
+proliferative zones other than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferative zones other than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferative zones other than the
+ventricular Zone we've mentioned them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricular Zone we've mentioned them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricular Zone we've mentioned them
+before we talked about it mainly way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we talked about it mainly way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we talked about it mainly way
+back in chapter 12. where there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in chapter 12. where there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in chapter 12. where there's some
+illustrations two illustrations there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations two illustrations there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations two illustrations there
+towards the end of the chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the chapter
+one of them is from Rock each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is from Rock each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is from Rock each
+where he summarizes the primate compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he summarizes the primate compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he summarizes the primate compared
+with a rodent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a rodent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a rodent
+uh and the other picture is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the other picture is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the other picture is another
+summary from work on cells that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary from work on cells that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary from work on cells that aren't
+born the ventricular layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born the ventricular layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born the ventricular layer
+in the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the road
+and remember where they come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we had just been talking about Harvey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had just been talking about Harvey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had just been talking about Harvey
+carton's hypothesis that the dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carton's hypothesis that the dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carton's hypothesis that the dorsal
+ventricular Ridge sells migrate very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricular Ridge sells migrate very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricular Ridge sells migrate very
+differently in mammals and in Birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has been largely supported uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been largely supported uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been largely supported uh
+but basically the gabaergic the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically the gabaergic the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically the gabaergic the small
+gabaergic into neurons the cortex come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gabaergic into neurons the cortex come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gabaergic into neurons the cortex come
+mainly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly from
+the striatal area the area that becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the striatal area the area that becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the striatal area the area that becomes
+is in the position of the striatum it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the position of the striatum it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the position of the striatum it's
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ganglionic Eminence in humans and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglionic Eminence in humans and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglionic Eminence in humans and in
+rodents there's a very clear medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodents there's a very clear medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodents there's a very clear medial
+ganglionic Eminence and lateral gang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglionic Eminence and lateral gang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglionic Eminence and lateral gang
+most of them come from the medial one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them come from the medial one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them come from the medial one
+but they come from the lateral one also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they come from the lateral one also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they come from the lateral one also
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+for the posterior parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the posterior parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the posterior parts of the
+hemisphere they it's just one ganglionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere they it's just one ganglionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere they it's just one ganglionic
+Eminence so they call it the caudal game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eminence so they call it the caudal game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eminence so they call it the caudal game
+gangly on again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangly on again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangly on again
+but the gank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the gank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the gank
+ganglionic Eminence region gives rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglionic Eminence region gives rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglionic Eminence region gives rise to
+most of these internets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these internets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these internets
+this is these are the chapter 12. pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then
+I want you to be a little bit familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to be a little bit familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to be a little bit familiar
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+Finley and Darlington publication of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finley and Darlington publication of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finley and Darlington publication of how
+structures change in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures change in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures change in size
+in different species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different species
+as largely as a function of the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as largely as a function of the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as largely as a function of the total
+brain size in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain size in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain size in other words
+the degree of concerted Evolution rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of concerted Evolution rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of concerted Evolution rather
+than Mosaic evolution is considerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Mosaic evolution is considerable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Mosaic evolution is considerable
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+I asked you how they actually do their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked you how they actually do their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked you how they actually do their
+plots let me just look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots let me just look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots let me just look at that
+the question really is how much does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question really is how much does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question really is how much does the
+neocortex girl in with regard to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex girl in with regard to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex girl in with regard to the
+whole brain and various mammalian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole brain and various mammalian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole brain and various mammalian
+species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+you can ask does the rest of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask does the rest of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask does the rest of the brain
+growth proportionately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth proportionately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth proportionately
+basically what seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what seems to
+in these plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these plots
+on the ordinance are they take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ordinance are they take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ordinance are they take the
+logarithm of the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of the size
+the volume of a structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of a structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of a structure
+like neocortex or striata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like neocortex or striata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like neocortex or striata
+or hippocampus Stone here's the medulla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hippocampus Stone here's the medulla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hippocampus Stone here's the medulla
+oblongata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblongata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblongata
+here's the paleocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the paleocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the paleocortex
+receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor
+plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plotted a logarithm of the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted a logarithm of the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted a logarithm of the size of the
+entire brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire brain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now remember these are logarithmic plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember these are logarithmic plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember these are logarithmic plots
+and they're taking like pineal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're taking like pineal cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're taking like pineal cortex
+the entire cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire cortex
+and they see the degree of concerted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they see the degree of concerted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they see the degree of concerted
+Evolution as the brain grows in size so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution as the brain grows in size so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution as the brain grows in size so
+do all these structures go outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all these structures go outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all these structures go outside
+but note that neocortex is growing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but note that neocortex is growing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but note that neocortex is growing more
+and if you plotted on a linear scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you plotted on a linear scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you plotted on a linear scale and
+look at the left here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the left here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the left here
+this is still the log log plot on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still the log log plot on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still the log log plot on there
+on the obsessive but here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the obsessive but here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the obsessive but here on the
+ordinate in this 3D picture you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinate in this 3D picture you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinate in this 3D picture you see the
+huge amount of increase in size linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of increase in size linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of increase in size linear
+cartridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartridge
+that can sometimes be messed when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can sometimes be messed when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can sometimes be messed when you
+look at a picture like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a picture like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a picture like this
+this is very very large compared to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very very large compared to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very very large compared to this
+because of the logarithmic scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the logarithmic scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the logarithmic scale
+okay but notice also that there are diff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but notice also that there are diff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but notice also that there are diff
+these are the different colors are for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the different colors are for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the different colors are for
+different groups note here for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different groups note here for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different groups note here for the
+insectivores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insectivores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insectivores
+the size of neocortex the relative size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of neocortex the relative size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of neocortex the relative size
+Falls below occur for other groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls below occur for other groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls below occur for other groups
+and for insectivores again for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for insectivores again for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for insectivores again for the
+paleocortex that is the factory quizzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paleocortex that is the factory quizzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paleocortex that is the factory quizzes
+it actually is on a larger in relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually is on a larger in relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually is on a larger in relative
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+compared to other animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to other animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to other animals
+but still you'd have to say there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still you'd have to say there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still you'd have to say there's
+considerable conservative evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable conservative evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable conservative evolution
+but remember that when you deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember that when you deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember that when you deal with the
+neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex
+the different parts of the new cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different parts of the new cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different parts of the new cortex
+this does nothing about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does nothing about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does nothing about it
+because there's tremendous variation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's tremendous variation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's tremendous variation in
+relative size of different parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative size of different parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative size of different parts of the
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this would say nothing at all about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would say nothing at all about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would say nothing at all about that
+the other part of their analysis was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other part of their analysis was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other part of their analysis was an
+interesting one they they did factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one they they did factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one they they did factor
+analysis to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to look at
+uh what correlates with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what correlates with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what correlates with the
+these differences in size of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these differences in size of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these differences in size of these
+different structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structures
+they found that two factors one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that two factors one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that two factors one
+represented by the blue bars one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the blue bars one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the blue bars one
+represented by the orange bars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the orange bars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the orange bars and
+you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at
+the amount of the variance explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of the variance explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of the variance explained
+that's what factor analysis does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what factor analysis does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what factor analysis does and
+you'll note here this is the summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll note here this is the summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll note here this is the summary
+here the blue bars there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the blue bars there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the blue bars there
+indicate that one factor accounts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that one factor accounts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that one factor accounts for
+over 96 percent of the total variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 96 percent of the total variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 96 percent of the total variance
+it's highly correlated with neocortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's highly correlated with neocortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's highly correlated with neocortical
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+least correlated the olfactory bulb size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least correlated the olfactory bulb size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least correlated the olfactory bulb size
+a second Factor accounts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second Factor accounts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second Factor accounts for
+three percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three percent
+leaving only one percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving only one percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving only one percent
+it's most highly correlated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's most highly correlated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's most highly correlated the
+olfactory bulbs and next with limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory bulbs and next with limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory bulbs and next with limbic
+system structures not not correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system structures not not correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system structures not not correlated
+with you know cortex size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know cortex size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know cortex size
+so there appears to them to have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there appears to them to have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there appears to them to have been
+much more Mosaic Evolution the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more Mosaic Evolution the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more Mosaic Evolution the old
+factory and limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory and limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory and limited
+we already know that how relatively huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already know that how relatively huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already know that how relatively huge
+the olfactory bulbs are in rodents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the olfactory bulbs are in rodents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the olfactory bulbs are in rodents
+compared with the primates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared with the primates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared with the primates
+just one example that's just one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one example that's just one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one example that's just one example
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a little bit about nature and nurturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about nature and nurturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about nature and nurturing
+formation of Cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of Cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of Cortex
+we want to know how the cortex gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know how the cortex gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know how the cortex gets
+specified into its different areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified into its different areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified into its different areas
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+before there was very much genetic work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there was very much genetic work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there was very much genetic work
+it was a lot of argument about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a lot of argument about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a lot of argument about whether
+it was genetic determination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was genetic determination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was genetic determination of the
+different areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas
+and it took a long time to get enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it took a long time to get enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it took a long time to get enough
+data because there were other possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data because there were other possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data because there were other possible
+explanations just the pattern of axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations just the pattern of axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations just the pattern of axon
+connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+could explain a lot actions come in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could explain a lot actions come in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could explain a lot actions come in from
+the thalamus in a in an organized way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thalamus in a in an organized way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thalamus in a in an organized way
+and they distribute according to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they distribute according to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they distribute according to their
+the way they're organized in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they're organized in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they're organized in the
+internal capsule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal capsule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal capsule
+and that could if if their terminations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could if if their terminations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could if if their terminations
+then resulted in differentiation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then resulted in differentiation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then resulted in differentiation for the
+cortex differently depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex differently depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex differently depending on what
+inputs they were getting that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs they were getting that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs they were getting that could
+account for quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for quite a bit
+but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evidence for a genetically determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for a genetically determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for a genetically determined
+map has been the most supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map has been the most supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map has been the most supported
+epigenetic fat but as we know in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epigenetic fat but as we know in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epigenetic fat but as we know in every
+nature nurture issue there's it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature nurture issue there's it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature nurture issue there's it's almost
+always about and so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always about and so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always about and so there's a lot of
+evidence for the effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for the effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for the effects
+experience of various sorts as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of various sorts as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of various sorts as well
+but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically
+more and more cortical areas we do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more cortical areas we do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more cortical areas we do have
+specific genes that are active during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific genes that are active during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific genes that are active during
+their development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their development
+okay the first one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first one was
+work by Pat Levitt who discovered this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work by Pat Levitt who discovered this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work by Pat Levitt who discovered this
+Olympic Associated membrane protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olympic Associated membrane protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olympic Associated membrane protein
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and then there's been interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's been interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's been interesting
+studies of using transplants like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of using transplants like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of using transplants like if
+they took some limbic cortex that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took some limbic cortex that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took some limbic cortex that had
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+and they transplanted it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they transplanted it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they transplanted it to
+somatosensory Cortex the Fate it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatosensory Cortex the Fate it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatosensory Cortex the Fate it didn't
+become some medicine through cortex it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become some medicine through cortex it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become some medicine through cortex it
+became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became
+stayed limbicortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed limbicortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed limbicortex
+but the result depends on the age if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the result depends on the age if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the result depends on the age if you
+do it before embryonic day 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it before embryonic day 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it before embryonic day 12
+before these this protein start to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before these this protein start to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before these this protein start to be
+expressed before that Gene was expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed before that Gene was expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed before that Gene was expressed
+and that protein was formed then it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that protein was formed then it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that protein was formed then it just
+becomes most sensory cortex similar work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes most sensory cortex similar work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes most sensory cortex similar work
+was done between in the rat between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done between in the rat between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done between in the rat between
+visual area and similar sensory areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual area and similar sensory areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual area and similar sensory areas
+you take a little bit of visual cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a little bit of visual cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a little bit of visual cortex
+and put it some of the sensory cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it some of the sensory cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it some of the sensory cortex
+and it becomes some of the sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it becomes some of the sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it becomes some of the sensory
+cortex if you do it real early but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex if you do it real early but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex if you do it real early but if
+you do it too late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it too late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it too late
+you just it remain it it doesn't become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just it remain it it doesn't become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just it remain it it doesn't become
+Smith sensory cortex keeps its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smith sensory cortex keeps its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smith sensory cortex keeps its
+specificity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity
+okay so what about the epigenetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what about the epigenetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what about the epigenetic
+factors like activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors like activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors like activity
+and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the visual system's been used for a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual system's been used for a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual system's been used for a lot
+of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to know here about an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know here about an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know here about an example of
+how neuronal activity can affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how neuronal activity can affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how neuronal activity can affect the
+development of axon connections even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of axon connections even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of axon connections even
+when the activity is prenatal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the activity is prenatal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the activity is prenatal
+so you think of vision well it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you think of vision well it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you think of vision well it must
+start after birth right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start after birth right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start after birth right
+what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of
+what can an embryo in the womb see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can an embryo in the womb see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can an embryo in the womb see
+well it's making a big assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's making a big assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's making a big assumption that
+activity always depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity always depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity always depends on
+open eyes and that's in fact was found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open eyes and that's in fact was found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open eyes and that's in fact was found
+out to be true by in Carla schatz's lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be true by in Carla schatz's lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be true by in Carla schatz's lab
+she gave a talk here just recently she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she gave a talk here just recently she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she gave a talk here just recently she's
+continued to work on that these issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued to work on that these issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued to work on that these issues
+and with her work with Maestro Wong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with her work with Maestro Wong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with her work with Maestro Wong and
+Baylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baylor
+they discovered these waves of activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they discovered these waves of activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they discovered these waves of activity
+this is a little schematic of the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little schematic of the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little schematic of the retina
+that she's repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she's repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she's repeated
+showing it at different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing it at different times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing it at different times
+she's plotted the time here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's plotted the time here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's plotted the time here
+and you see the activity beginning here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the activity beginning here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the activity beginning here
+and then it moves right across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it moves right across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it moves right across the
+revenue to the other side and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue to the other side and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue to the other side and this is
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+well before birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before birth
+and she found that in fact that activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she found that in fact that activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she found that in fact that activity
+plays an important role in the formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays an important role in the formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays an important role in the formation
+of precise topographic the organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of precise topographic the organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of precise topographic the organized
+connections topography isn't determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections topography isn't determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections topography isn't determined
+by this activity but how price precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this activity but how price precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this activity but how price precise
+the axons are terminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axons are terminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axons are terminating
+is affected by it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that was the first discovery of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same
+effects of activity had been worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of activity had been worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of activity had been worked on
+for some time in the lab where Carla was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some time in the lab where Carla was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some time in the lab where Carla was
+the Huber lab she was David hewlett's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Huber lab she was David hewlett's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Huber lab she was David hewlett's
+graduate student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+the study of binocular connections we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of binocular connections we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of binocular connections we've
+talked about the ocular dominance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the ocular dominance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the ocular dominance
+stripes and the cortex these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripes and the cortex these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripes and the cortex these are just
+plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots
+relative response of single neurons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative response of single neurons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative response of single neurons to
+input from one eye versus the other eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from one eye versus the other eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from one eye versus the other eye
+one eye and one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one eye and one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one eye and one side
+the other eye on the other side and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other eye on the other side and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other eye on the other side and then
+many neurons getting put for both eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many neurons getting put for both eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many neurons getting put for both eyes
+to see how the neonate is different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how the neonate is different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how the neonate is different and
+if you monocularly deprived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you monocularly deprived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you monocularly deprived
+the animal this is usually done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal this is usually done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal this is usually done with
+cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats
+then the occluded eye you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the occluded eye you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the occluded eye you end up with
+very few cells when you open the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few cells when you open the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few cells when you open the eye
+stimulate it very few cells no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate it very few cells no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate it very few cells no
+trigger respond at all to the occluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger respond at all to the occluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger respond at all to the occluded
+eye whereas the Open Eye most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye whereas the Open Eye most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye whereas the Open Eye most of the
+cells are response so the connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are response so the connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are response so the connections
+must be changing and this is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be changing and this is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be changing and this is basically a
+picture to summarize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture to summarize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture to summarize that
+where you see the diagram here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see the diagram here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see the diagram here just
+illustrating two layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating two layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating two layers
+rather than all the layers just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than all the layers just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than all the layers just the
+indicator of the layers that respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of the layers that respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of the layers that respond to
+one eye versus the layers of respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one eye versus the layers of respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one eye versus the layers of respond to
+the other eye and you see how early in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other eye and you see how early in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other eye and you see how early in
+development they just overlap in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development they just overlap in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development they just overlap in the
+cortex they go to the right place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex they go to the right place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex they go to the right place
+topographically but they just overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topographically but they just overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topographically but they just overlap
+with each other right eye and left eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other right eye and left eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other right eye and left eye
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+and this they end up then segregating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this they end up then segregating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this they end up then segregating
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you block activity they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you block activity they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you block activity they don't
+segregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate
+okay you can completely block activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can completely block activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can completely block activity
+simply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by
+blocking action potentials to prototypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking action potentials to prototypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking action potentials to prototypes
+they stay completely overlapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stay completely overlapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stay completely overlapped
+if you get any unequal activity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get any unequal activity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get any unequal activity in the
+two eyes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two eyes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two eyes like
+patch one eye then you end up with wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch one eye then you end up with wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch one eye then you end up with wider
+stripes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripes
+for the stimulated eye and narrower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the stimulated eye and narrower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the stimulated eye and narrower
+shreds for the other eye and that causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shreds for the other eye and that causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shreds for the other eye and that causes
+it happens since traditional individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens since traditional individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens since traditional individuals
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+they can end up with using one eye much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can end up with using one eye much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can end up with using one eye much
+more than the other eye in the eye that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the other eye in the eye that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the other eye in the eye that
+they're not using very much will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not using very much will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not using very much will have
+much lower Acuity because Acuity depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower Acuity because Acuity depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower Acuity because Acuity depends
+on the amount of Cortex devoted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the amount of Cortex devoted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the amount of Cortex devoted to the
+sensory surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory surface
+and this just shows you what's happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just shows you what's happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just shows you what's happened
+to the axons here's these are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the axons here's these are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the axons here's these are in
+in kittens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kittens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kittens
+this is in layer four and so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in layer four and so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in layer four and so this is a
+presumably a development cortical axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably a development cortical axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably a development cortical axons
+it has all the characteristics and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has all the characteristics and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has all the characteristics and the
+thalamo cortical axon terminating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamo cortical axon terminating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamo cortical axon terminating in
+layer four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer four
+bottom of three and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of three and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of three and you see
+very dense widespread terminal Arbor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dense widespread terminal Arbor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dense widespread terminal Arbor but
+if you look in adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look in adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look in adults
+this is one axon terminating in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one axon terminating in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one axon terminating in two
+different ocular dominance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ocular dominance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ocular dominance
+stripes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripes
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that's what happens with the activity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happens with the activity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happens with the activity of
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+in a normal adult cat and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a normal adult cat and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a normal adult cat and here's the
+effects of deprivation this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of deprivation this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of deprivation this happens
+after just a few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after just a few weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after just a few weeks
+here you have the normal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have the normal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have the normal the
+non-deprived eye exons representing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deprived eye exons representing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deprived eye exons representing the
+non-deprived eye here's the deprived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deprived eye here's the deprived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deprived eye here's the deprived
+diet the accents just don't develop so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diet the accents just don't develop so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diet the accents just don't develop so
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's long-term uh short-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's long-term uh short-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's long-term uh short-term
+and I think here they were they they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think here they were they they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think here they were they they got
+down to around a week but maybe it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to around a week but maybe it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to around a week but maybe it was
+up to two weeks these are all after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to two weeks these are all after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to two weeks these are all after
+months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months
+I said we but these were longer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said we but these were longer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said we but these were longer than
+that these are the short-term ones but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are the short-term ones but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are the short-term ones but
+you see they're getting the same effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see they're getting the same effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see they're getting the same effects
+even after the shorter time so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after the shorter time so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after the shorter time so it's
+happening pretty rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think
+the connections made by these axons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connections made by these axons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connections made by these axons are
+Consolidated by the activity they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consolidated by the activity they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consolidated by the activity they
+generate and their ability to fire the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate and their ability to fire the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate and their ability to fire the
+action potentials and cells I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potentials and cells I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potentials and cells I think the
+Ted's rule cells that are firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ted's rule cells that are firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ted's rule cells that are firing
+together they wire together uh seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they wire together uh seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they wire together uh seems to
+explain a lot of what's going on and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a lot of what's going on and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a lot of what's going on and we
+know that many molecular studies of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that many molecular studies of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that many molecular studies of this
+in recent years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recent years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recent years
+there's other paradigms that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other paradigms that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other paradigms that have been
+used to study this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to study this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to study this
+one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+alter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alter the
+wiring diagram by early brain lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiring diagram by early brain lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiring diagram by early brain lesions
+I was able to do that pretty early using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was able to do that pretty early using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was able to do that pretty early using
+hamsters but the hamsters are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamsters but the hamsters are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamsters but the hamsters are more
+difficult to do the physiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to do the physiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to do the physiological
+studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+so then it started being done on ferrets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then it started being done on ferrets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then it started being done on ferrets
+and other animals of ferret was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other animals of ferret was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other animals of ferret was
+particularly good because it's born in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly good because it's born in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly good because it's born in a
+pretty immature state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty immature state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty immature state
+before these the retinal projections are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before these the retinal projections are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before these the retinal projections are
+fully mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully mature
+and this was done by Morgan casser and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was done by Morgan casser and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was done by Morgan casser and
+his students and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his students and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his students and here
+he shows what happens if you just remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he shows what happens if you just remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he shows what happens if you just remove
+the inferior colliculus and spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inferior colliculus and spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inferior colliculus and spirit
+folliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folliculus
+so the actions are pruned and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the actions are pruned and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the actions are pruned and they're
+deprived the thalamus is deprived of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprived the thalamus is deprived of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprived the thalamus is deprived of the
+Sonoma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sonoma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sonoma
+a large auditory projection from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large auditory projection from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large auditory projection from the
+interior collectors what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior collectors what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior collectors what happens
+is axons will of the optic tract that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is axons will of the optic tract that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is axons will of the optic tract that
+are passing over the medial geniculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are passing over the medial geniculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are passing over the medial geniculate
+will grow into the medial geniculate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will grow into the medial geniculate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will grow into the medial geniculate and
+terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate
+so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means
+you would expect a visually responsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect a visually responsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect a visually responsive
+area in the auditory cortex and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in the auditory cortex and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in the auditory cortex and that's
+what they thought by recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they thought by recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they thought by recording
+and they they mapped it here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they mapped it here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they mapped it here's the
+auditory area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory area
+visual area would be way up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual area would be way up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual area would be way up here
+the auditory cortex now forms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory cortex now forms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory cortex now forms a
+topographic has a topographic map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topographic has a topographic map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topographic has a topographic map
+of the visual field it's not quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the visual field it's not quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the visual field it's not quite as
+precise as normal but it's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise as normal but it's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise as normal but it's there
+and then when they looked at unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when they looked at unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when they looked at unit
+properties property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties property
+selective response to Contours of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective response to Contours of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective response to Contours of
+different orientation they found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orientation they found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orientation they found that
+that existed too again it was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that existed too again it was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that existed too again it was a little
+more sloppy the tuning but of the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sloppy the tuning but of the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sloppy the tuning but of the normal
+but it it was pretty good tuning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it was pretty good tuning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it was pretty good tuning
+we also know that the brain changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know that the brain changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know that the brain changes
+after blinding this is from a study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after blinding this is from a study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after blinding this is from a study of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+short-tailed possum this is the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-tailed possum this is the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-tailed possum this is the normal
+where you see the visual areas here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see the visual areas here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see the visual areas here
+auditory areas and some essentiary areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory areas and some essentiary areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory areas and some essentiary areas
+getting mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting mostly
+unimodal input with some multimodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimodal input with some multimodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimodal input with some multimodal
+areas here in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas here in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas here in between
+now remember they're saying they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember they're saying they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember they're saying they're
+unimodal and most likely there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimodal and most likely there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimodal and most likely there's some
+multimodal input but look what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimodal input but look what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimodal input but look what happens
+if you blind them early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you blind them early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you blind them early
+okay you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you get
+throughout the visual and areas around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the visual and areas around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the visual and areas around
+auditoriums medicine tree it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditoriums medicine tree it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditoriums medicine tree it's all
+multimodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimodal
+they were looking at the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were looking at the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were looking at the remaining
+some medicine tree and auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some medicine tree and auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some medicine tree and auditory
+modalities and they were getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities and they were getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities and they were getting
+cells responding to both modalities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells responding to both modalities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells responding to both modalities and
+all of this forfeits and even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this forfeits and even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this forfeits and even in the
+primary auditory cortex that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary auditory cortex that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary auditory cortex that we're
+getting some of the century units now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some of the century units now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some of the century units now
+and within some metal Century cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within some metal Century cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within some metal Century cortex
+they were getting some auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were getting some auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were getting some auditory
+responses too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses too
+so it's an amazing change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an amazing change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an amazing change
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+there is other data on humans as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is other data on humans as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is other data on humans as well as
+on rats indicating that visual cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on rats indicating that visual cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on rats indicating that visual cortex
+takes on other functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on other functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on other functions
+after blinding okay it's learned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after blinding okay it's learned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after blinding okay it's learned and
+used by rats for example in solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by rats for example in solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by rats for example in solving
+mazes blind rats are using visual cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mazes blind rats are using visual cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mazes blind rats are using visual cortex
+to help them solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help them solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help them solve
+and this kind of data indicates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this kind of data indicates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this kind of data indicates that
+that's not surprising considered what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not surprising considered what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not surprising considered what's
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a possible explanation is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a possible explanation is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a possible explanation is that
+normally there are very precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally there are very precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally there are very precise
+connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+as I've argued before that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've argued before that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've argued before that our
+multimodal just not their sparse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimodal just not their sparse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimodal just not their sparse and
+they might be too sparse to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be too sparse to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be too sparse to actually
+drive the cells to Trigger action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the cells to Trigger action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the cells to Trigger action
+potentials but when they increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials but when they increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials but when they increase
+when the normal input is gone they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the normal input is gone they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the normal input is gone they could
+increase in strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in strength
+we call that the silence synapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that the silence synapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that the silence synapse
+hypothesis once silence synapses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis once silence synapses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis once silence synapses
+suddenly become active probably because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly become active probably because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly become active probably because
+they're sprouting they're increasing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sprouting they're increasing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sprouting they're increasing in
+their strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their strength
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+there are experiments now with mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are experiments now with mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are experiments now with mature
+monkeys that indicate something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys that indicate something similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys that indicate something similar
+just to help you make sure you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to help you make sure you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to help you make sure you're
+understanding that paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that paradigm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that paradigm
+first look at the receptive fields in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first look at the receptive fields in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first look at the receptive fields in
+the hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand
+they're normally limited to one digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're normally limited to one digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're normally limited to one digit
+you know we have good Acuity in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have good Acuity in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have good Acuity in our
+fingers and the monkey has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers and the monkey has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers and the monkey has the same
+and when you record from units in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you record from units in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you record from units in the
+hand area the cortex you normally get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand area the cortex you normally get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand area the cortex you normally get
+responses just on one digit but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses just on one digit but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses just on one digit but if you
+train them in a task where repeatedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train them in a task where repeatedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train them in a task where repeatedly
+they have to grasp a bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to grasp a bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to grasp a bar
+and you know move the bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know move the bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know move the bar
+and they have to grasp it in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have to grasp it in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have to grasp it in a certain
+way like this so multiple digits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way like this so multiple digits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way like this so multiple digits are
+touching the bar both the distal part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching the bar both the distal part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching the bar both the distal part of
+the hand and the more proximal part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand and the more proximal part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand and the more proximal part of
+the hand when they grasp are and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand when they grasp are and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand when they grasp are and they're
+trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained
+not just for many trials a day but over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just for many trials a day but over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just for many trials a day but over
+many days when they do that for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many days when they do that for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many days when they do that for a long
+time then they get many cells with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then they get many cells with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then they get many cells with these
+multi-digit receptive Fields those kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-digit receptive Fields those kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-digit receptive Fields those kinds
+of cells weren't there before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells weren't there before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells weren't there before
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+has there been rewiring has it been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has there been rewiring has it been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has there been rewiring has it been
+sprouting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting
+this just shows a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just shows a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just shows a map
+I think this is the one I put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is the one I put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is the one I put in the
+book The multi-digit receptive fields in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book The multi-digit receptive fields in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book The multi-digit receptive fields in
+the distal part of the hand and distal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distal part of the hand and distal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distal part of the hand and distal
+part of the fingers and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the fingers and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the fingers and the more
+approximate part of the fingers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate part of the fingers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate part of the fingers are
+represented by the red and the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the red and the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the red and the blue
+colors okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors okay
+and if you look at a normal there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at a normal there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at a normal there's
+almost none of that but in these trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost none of that but in these trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost none of that but in these trained
+animals the cortex changes considerably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals the cortex changes considerably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals the cortex changes considerably
+in the nature of its receptive Fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nature of its receptive Fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nature of its receptive Fields
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+You could argue that it's quite possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could argue that it's quite possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could argue that it's quite possible
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+these are those such such connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are those such such connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are those such such connections
+did exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did exist
+but then they're increasing a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they're increasing a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they're increasing a lot in
+strength so now we can record their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength so now we can record their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength so now we can record their
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other people have thought that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people have thought that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people have thought that there
+might be anatomical changes but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be anatomical changes but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be anatomical changes but it's
+been difficult to get any real evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been difficult to get any real evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been difficult to get any real evidence
+that that's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now these are just additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now these are just additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now these are just additional
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you should be able to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should be able to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should be able to think about
+from what we've talked about and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we've talked about and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we've talked about and what
+you've read about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've read about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've read about
+we've already mentioned today about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already mentioned today about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already mentioned today about
+changes going on in those superficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes going on in those superficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes going on in those superficial
+layers two and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers two and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers two and three
+we think for hippocamp the input to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think for hippocamp the input to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think for hippocamp the input to the
+hippocampus it provides the Campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus it provides the Campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus it provides the Campus
+information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um local environments remembers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um local environments remembers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um local environments remembers
+and the hippocampus and in farming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hippocampus and in farming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hippocampus and in farming
+long-term memories for long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memories for long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memories for long-term
+memories to be retained they can't stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories to be retained they can't stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories to be retained they can't stay
+in the hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you think most of that's happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think most of that's happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think most of that's happening in
+the parietal Association rates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parietal Association rates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parietal Association rates the
+multimodal areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimodal areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimodal areas
+and we think the changes are likely now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think the changes are likely now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think the changes are likely now
+from the recent work to be in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the recent work to be in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the recent work to be in those
+superficial layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial layers
+but so far you know there's not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so far you know there's not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so far you know there's not been
+studies of just how stable those changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of just how stable those changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of just how stable those changes
+are that they observe in layers two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that they observe in layers two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that they observe in layers two and
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+just look at them there they seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at them there they seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at them there they seem to be
+changing a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing a lot
+but when you get a long-term memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you get a long-term memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you get a long-term memory
+farming we know that these memories they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming we know that these memories they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming we know that these memories they
+might change some but they're they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change some but they're they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change some but they're they
+change it a little bit when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it a little bit when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it a little bit when you're
+sleeping but in fact you retain some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping but in fact you retain some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping but in fact you retain some
+things very very well over a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things very very well over a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things very very well over a very long
+term and we don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and we don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and we don't understand
+exactly how that's happening and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how that's happening and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how that's happening and why
+some things are more transient even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things are more transient even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things are more transient even in
+the neocortex and some are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I just talked a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just talked a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just talked a little bit about
+other areas of plasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other areas of plasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other areas of plasticity
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+especially here we've talked about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially here we've talked about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially here we've talked about it
+dead in the Corpus and that includes not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead in the Corpus and that includes not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead in the Corpus and that includes not
+just ventral pigment or the the Ventress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+both of them involved with dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them involved with dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them involved with dopamine
+projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections
+it happens in the cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens in the cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens in the cerebellum
+at least shorter term memories in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least shorter term memories in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least shorter term memories in the
+campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus
+and then in the brain stem even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the brain stem even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the brain stem even in the
+cliches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sensitization those are a type of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitization those are a type of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitization those are a type of memory
+and have it in all sensory systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we know working memory which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we know working memory which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we know working memory which is
+also transient happens in the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also transient happens in the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also transient happens in the final
+cortex but it also now happens there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex but it also now happens there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex but it also now happens there's
+recent data here at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent data here at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent data here at MIT
+and revolves thesis where it indicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and revolves thesis where it indicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and revolves thesis where it indicates
+it's happening in the neighboring tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's happening in the neighboring tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's happening in the neighboring tectum
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's only in recent years that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's only in recent years that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's only in recent years that these
+kinds of learning have been found to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of learning have been found to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of learning have been found to be
+associated with anatomical changes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with anatomical changes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with anatomical changes as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+okay I'm not going to go through just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm not going to go through just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm not going to go through just
+remember everything is not plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember everything is not plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember everything is not plastic
+the basic pattern we've talked about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic pattern we've talked about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic pattern we've talked about in
+this class is pretty much the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is pretty much the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is pretty much the same and
+all members of a species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all members of a species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all members of a species
+maybe in humans if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in humans if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in humans if you look at the
+details you're always going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details you're always going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details you're always going to find
+differences and some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and some of those
+differences are genetic they run in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are genetic they run in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are genetic they run in
+families that's another finding out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families that's another finding out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families that's another finding out of
+that Moscow group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Moscow group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Moscow group
+you know like the ipsilateral pyramidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like the ipsilateral pyramidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like the ipsilateral pyramidal
+trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade
+some families have it some families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some families have it some families
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some families have it some families
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+the massive intermediate same thing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the massive intermediate same thing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the massive intermediate same thing some
+families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families
+have it crossing the midline there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it crossing the midline there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it crossing the midline there and
+other stuff other the ventricles found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff other the ventricles found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff other the ventricles found
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+okay but these are these are differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but these are these are differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but these are these are differences
+and we know there's sex differences as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know there's sex differences as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know there's sex differences as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and a lot of that develops postnatally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of that develops postnatally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of that develops postnatally
+it's some of its genetics some of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some of its genetics some of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some of its genetics some of it is
+due to the hormonal effects on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the hormonal effects on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the hormonal effects on
+development as we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development as we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development as we talked about
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so anyway that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway that's
+I talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk a little bit about
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+my conclusions about the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my conclusions about the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my conclusions about the cortex
+and and the important role whoops what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the important role whoops what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the important role whoops what
+am I do here the important role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ability we have to anticipate and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability we have to anticipate and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability we have to anticipate and to
+plan the mage of innovation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan the mage of innovation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan the mage of innovation of the
+neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex
+sometimes neglected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes neglected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes neglected
+yeah Acuity fine Acuity fine motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Acuity fine Acuity fine motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Acuity fine Acuity fine motor
+control that's very important too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that's very important too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that's very important too but
+it's what came later the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what came later the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what came later the development of
+the ability to plan those movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to plan those movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to plan those movements
+you know and to use that sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and to use that sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and to use that sensory
+information for anticipating events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for anticipating events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for anticipating events
+and it's I think then the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's I think then the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's I think then the major
+Innovation the medicine that is involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation the medicine that is involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation the medicine that is involved
+subcortical structures too especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcortical structures too especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcortical structures too especially
+structures like the camp information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures like the camp information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures like the camp information
+as we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've talked about
+all right so then I just talk about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so then I just talk about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so then I just talk about some
+of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that
+I think we need more and we need a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we need more and we need a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we need more and we need a lot
+more work on a lot of this as I pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work on a lot of this as I pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work on a lot of this as I pointed
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I hope you've you are finishing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you've you are finishing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you've you are finishing that
+last chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last chapter
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope
+the class and the book helps you get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and the book helps you get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and the book helps you get at
+least an outline of the whole central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least an outline of the whole central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least an outline of the whole central
+nervous system in your minds so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system in your minds so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system in your minds so in the
+future if you encounter the more you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future if you encounter the more you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future if you encounter the more you're
+adding to that outline if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding to that outline if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding to that outline if you don't have
+the outline it's very difficult even to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outline it's very difficult even to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outline it's very difficult even to
+retain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retain
+what you're learning about the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're learning about the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're learning about the brain
+I found that when I studied with nauta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found that when I studied with nauta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found that when I studied with nauta
+and I never lost that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I never lost that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I never lost that
+picture of the brain I developed at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the brain I developed at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the brain I developed at that
+time a picture I did not really have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a picture I did not really have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a picture I did not really have at
+all or it was a very distorted one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all or it was a very distorted one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all or it was a very distorted one
+before I studied it more formally so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I studied it more formally so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I studied it more formally so
+that's basically what I was trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically what I was trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically what I was trying to do
+in this book to help a lot more people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this book to help a lot more people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this book to help a lot more people
+other than my classroom to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than my classroom to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than my classroom to do that
+so anyway you're my Keepers I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway you're my Keepers I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway you're my Keepers I'm really
+thankful that you stayed with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thankful that you stayed with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thankful that you stayed with it
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+I hope you all do really well in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you all do really well in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you all do really well in the
+exam I'll be happy if you all get A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam I'll be happy if you all get A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam I'll be happy if you all get A's
+okay I posted the review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I posted the review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I posted the review
+and uh I know it's a lot of questions if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I know it's a lot of questions if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I know it's a lot of questions if
+you have some of it seems foreign to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some of it seems foreign to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some of it seems foreign to you
+and you can't find it just ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't find it just ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't find it just ask
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+I will check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will check
+that Forum frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Forum frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Forum frequently
+if any of you actually decide to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any of you actually decide to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any of you actually decide to use it
+it actually works in some years I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually works in some years I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually works in some years I get a
+lot of exchange with students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of exchange with students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of exchange with students
+but what I will do now I do want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I will do now I do want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I will do now I do want you to
+review your midterm exam but I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review your midterm exam but I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review your midterm exam but I'm not
+going to post any more questions based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to post any more questions based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to post any more questions based
+on the midterms the pre-med term classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the midterms the pre-med term classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the midterms the pre-med term classes
+okay only the things that occurred after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay only the things that occurred after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay only the things that occurred after
+the midterm but do look at the midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midterm but do look at the midterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midterm but do look at the midterm
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+but all I do is I take that review sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all I do is I take that review sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all I do is I take that review sheet
+I don't always repeat the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't always repeat the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't always repeat the question
+exactly because sometimes I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly because sometimes I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly because sometimes I think it's a
+little too big or something and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little too big or something and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little too big or something and I've
+highlighted words in there that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted words in there that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted words in there that might be
+I might ask you to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might ask you to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might ask you to Define
+just to help you figure out well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to help you figure out well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to help you figure out well what
+words like he asked well I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words like he asked well I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words like he asked well I've
+highlighted there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted there
+and there could be other words that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there could be other words that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there could be other words that are
+involved in the figures that I've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the figures that I've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the figures that I've shown
+you figures I want you to pay special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figures I want you to pay special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figures I want you to pay special
+attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to
+I do that because you know I might put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that because you know I might put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that because you know I might put a
+figure on the exam like I did for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure on the exam like I did for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure on the exam like I did for the
+midterm and you indicate a few of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterm and you indicate a few of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterm and you indicate a few of the
+labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels
+it's like that you all did well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like that you all did well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like that you all did well in
+midterms so this exam will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterms so this exam will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterms so this exam will be very
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/v2X-sTKCVMs.txt b/v2X-sTKCVMs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..214d5acc53517bb9662a8c1dc84f042f454b1143
--- /dev/null
+++ b/v2X-sTKCVMs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,397 @@
+Consider this 2-way set associative cache
+to be used with our beta processor.
+
+Each line holds a single 32 bit data word
+together with a valid bit and a tag.
+
+Our beta uses 32 bit addresses.
+
+We want to determine which address bits should
+be used for the cache index and which should
+
+be used for the tag so as to ensure best cache
+performance.
+
+The bottom two bits of the address are always
+assumed to be 00 for word alignment since
+
+are addresses are in bytes but our data is
+in words of 32 bits or 4 bytes.
+
+Our cache has 8 lines in it, so this means
+that our index must be 3 bits wide.
+
+The bits that we want to use for the index
+are the next least significant bits which
+
+are address bits [4:2].
+
+The reason that we want to make these bits
+be part of the index instead of the tag is
+
+because of locality.
+
+The idea is that instructions or data that
+are near each other in memory are more likely
+
+to be accessed around the same time than instructions
+or data that reside in a different part of
+
+memory.
+
+So if for example, our instruction comes from
+address 0x1000, it is fairly likely that we
+
+will also access the next instruction which
+is at address 0x1004.
+
+With this scheme the index of the first instruction
+would map to line 0 of the cache while the
+
+next instruction would map to line 1 of the
+cache so they would not cause a collision
+
+or a miss in the cache.
+
+This leaves the higher order bits for the
+tag.
+
+We need to use all of the remaining bits for
+the tag in order to be able to uniquely identify
+
+each distinct address.
+
+Since many addresses will map to the same
+line in the cache, we must compare the tag
+
+of the data in the cache to see if we have
+in fact found the data that we are looking
+
+for.
+
+So we use address bits [31:5] for the tag.
+
+Suppose our beta executes a read of address
+0x5678.
+
+We would like to identify which locations
+in the cache will need to be checked to determine
+
+if our data is already present in the cache
+or not.
+
+In order to determine this, we need to identify
+the portion of the address that corresponds
+
+to the index.
+
+The index bits are bits [4:2] which correspond
+to 110 in binary for this address.
+
+That means that this address would map to
+cache line 6 in our cache.
+
+Since this is a 2-way set associative cache,
+there are two possible locations that our
+
+data could be located, either in 6A or 6B.
+
+So we would need to compare both tags to determine
+whether or not the data we are trying to read
+
+is already in the cache.
+
+Assuming that checking the cache on a read
+takes 1 cycle, and that refilling the cache
+
+on a miss takes an additional 8 cycles,
+this means that the time it takes on a miss
+
+is 9 cycles, 1 to first check if the value
+is in the cache, plus another 8 to bring the
+
+value into the cache if it wasn't already
+there.
+
+Now suppose that we want to achieve an average
+read access time of 1.1 cycles.
+
+What is the minimum hit ratio required to
+achieve this average access time over many
+
+reads?
+
+We know that average access time = (hit time
+* hit rate) + (miss time * miss rate).
+
+If we call 'a' our hit rate, then our miss
+rate is (1-a).
+
+So our desired average access time of 1.1
+must equal 1 * a plus 9 * (1-a).
+
+This reduces to 1.1 = 9-8a, which means that
+8a = 7.9 or a = 7.9/8.
+
+So to achieve a 1.1 cycle average access time
+our hit rate must be at least 7.9/8.
+
+We are provided with this benchmark program
+for testing our 2-way set associative cache.
+
+The cache is initially empty before execution
+begins.
+
+In other words, all the valid bits of the
+cache are 0.
+
+Assuming that an LRU, or least recently used,
+replacement strategy is used, we would like
+
+to determine the approximate cache hit ratio
+for this program.
+
+Let's begin by understanding what this benchmark
+does.
+
+The program begins at address 0.
+
+It first performs some initialization of registers
+using three CMOVE operations.
+
+The first, initializes R0 to hold source which
+is the address in memory where our data will
+
+be stored.
+
+The second initializes R1 to 0, and the third
+initializes R2 to 0x1000 which is the number
+
+of words that this benchmark will work with.
+
+We then enter the loop which is shown in the
+yellow rectangle.
+
+The loop loads the first element of our data
+from location source + 0 into register R3.
+
+It then increments R0 to point to the next
+piece of data.
+
+Since our data is 32 bits wide, this requires
+the addition of the constant 4 representing
+
+the number of bytes between consecutive data
+words.
+
+It then takes the value that was just loaded
+and adds it to R1 which holds a running sum
+
+of all the data seen so far.
+
+R2 is then decremented by 1 to indicate that
+we have one fewer piece of data to handle.
+
+Finally, as long as R2 is not equal to 0 it
+repeats the loop.
+
+At the very end of the benchmark the final
+sum is stored at address source, and the program
+
+halts.
+
+When trying to determine the approximate hit
+ratio, the instructions that occur only once
+
+because they live outside of the loop can
+basically be ignored.
+
+So looking only at what happens over and over
+again in the loop, each time through the loop,
+
+we have 5 instruction fetches and one data
+fetch.
+
+The first time through the loop, we miss on
+the instruction fetches and then bring them
+
+into the cache.
+
+We also miss on the data load from address
+0x100.
+
+When this data is brought into the cache,
+instead of replacing the recently loaded instructions,
+
+it loads the data into the 2nd set of the
+cache.
+
+The loop is then repeated.
+
+This time through the loop, all the instruction
+fetches result in hits.
+
+However, the data that we now need is a new
+piece of data so that will result in a cache
+
+miss and once again load the new data word
+into the 2nd set of the cache.
+
+This behavior then repeats itself every time
+through the loop.
+
+Since the loop is executed many times, we
+can also ignore the initial instruction fetches
+
+on the first iteration of the loop.
+
+So in steady state, we get 5 instruction cache
+hits, and 1 data cache miss every time through
+
+the loop.
+
+This means that our approximate hit ratio
+is 5/6.
+
+The last question we want to consider is what
+is stored in the cache after execution of
+
+this benchmark is completed.
+
+As we saw earlier, because we have a 2-way
+set associative cache, the instructions and
+
+data don't conflict with each other because
+they can each go in a separate set.
+
+We want to determine which instruction and
+which piece of data will end up in line 4
+
+of the cache after execution is completed.
+
+We'll begin by identifying the mapping of
+instructions to cache lines.
+
+Since our program begins at address 0, the
+first CMOVE instruction is at address 0, and
+
+it's index is equal to 0b000, or 0 in binary.
+
+This means that it will map to cache line
+0.
+
+Since at this point, nothing is in the cache,
+it will be loaded into line 0 of set A.
+
+In a similar manner the next 2 CMOVE instructions
+and the LD instruction will be loaded into
+
+lines 1-3 of set A.
+At this point, we begin loading data.
+
+Since the cache is 2-way set associative,
+the data will be loaded into set B instead
+
+of removing the instructions that were loaded
+into set A.
+
+The instructions that are outside the loop
+will end up getting taken out of set A in
+
+favor of loading a data item into those cache
+locations, but the instructions that make
+
+up the loop will not be displaced because
+every time something maps to cache lines 3-7,
+
+the least recently used location will correspond
+to a data value not to the instructions which
+
+are used over and over again.
+
+This means that at the end of execution of
+the benchmark, the instruction that will be
+
+in line 4 of the cache is the ADDC instruction
+from address 0x10 of the program.
+
+The loop instructions which will remain in
+the cache are shown here.
+
+Now let's consider what happens to the data
+used in this benchmark.
+
+We expect the loop instructions to remain
+in lines 3-7 of set A of the cache.
+
+The data will use all of set B plus locations
+0-2 of set A as needed.
+
+The data begins at address 0x100.
+
+The index portion of address 0x100 is 0b000
+so this data element maps to cache line 0.
+
+Since the least recently used set for line
+0 is set B, it will go into set B leaving
+
+the instructions in tact in set A.
+The next data element is at address 0x104.
+
+Since the bottom two bits are used for word
+alignment, the index portion of this address
+
+is 0b001, so this data element maps to line
+1 of set B, and so on through element 0x7.
+
+Data element 0x8 is at address 0x120.
+
+The index portion of this address is once
+again 0b000.
+
+So this element maps to cache line 0 just
+like element 0x0 did.
+
+However, at this point line 0 of set B was
+accessed more recently than line 0 of set
+
+A, so the CMOVE instruction which is executed
+only once will get replaced by a data element
+
+that maps to line 0.
+
+As we mentioned earlier, all the instructions
+in the loop will not be displaced because
+
+they are accessed over and over again so they
+never end up being the least recently used
+
+item in a cache line.
+
+After executing the loop 16 times meaning
+that data elements 0 through 0xF have been
+
+accessed, the cache will look like this.
+
+Note that the loop instructions continue in
+their original location in the cache.
+
+The state of the cache continues to look like
+this with more recently accessed data elements
+
+replacing the earlier data elements.
+
+Since there are 0x1000 elements of data, this
+continues until just before address 0x4100.
+
+The last element is actually located 1 word
+before that at address 0x40FC.
+
+The last 8 elements of the data and their
+mapping to cache lines is shown here.
+
+The data element that ends up in line 4 of
+the cache, when the benchmark is done executing,
+
+is element 0x0FFC of the data which comes
+from address 0x40F0.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vHxLQwZtAD8.txt b/vHxLQwZtAD8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..254b684fa89d8f82ccbce7723a46bf528c1e0663
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vHxLQwZtAD8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13395 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so what I'm going to do
+is uh pick up a little bit where we left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh pick up a little bit where we left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh pick up a little bit where we left
+off from last time uh last time we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off from last time uh last time we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off from last time uh last time we were
+talking primarily about full fact IAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking primarily about full fact IAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking primarily about full fact IAL
+models and then we dealt with a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and then we dealt with a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and then we dealt with a few
+important additional issues in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important additional issues in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important additional issues in
+experimental design so we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design so we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design so we were talking
+uh about issues of blocking against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about issues of blocking against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about issues of blocking against
+nuisance factors kind of a practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuisance factors kind of a practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuisance factors kind of a practical
+issue but that also got us into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue but that also got us into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue but that also got us into a
+generic issue that's actually much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic issue that's actually much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic issue that's actually much more
+fundamental and important of confounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental and important of confounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental and important of confounding
+and uh I want to pick up on this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I want to pick up on this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I want to pick up on this issue
+of confounding today because very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of confounding today because very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of confounding today because very often
+you will want to do fewer EXP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will want to do fewer EXP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will want to do fewer EXP
+experiments than a full factorial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments than a full factorial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments than a full factorial uh
+that 2 to the K grows very fast grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 2 to the K grows very fast grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 2 to the K grows very fast grows
+exponentially fast with number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially fast with number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially fast with number of
+factors for example and so very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors for example and so very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors for example and so very often
+you might ask the question can I reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might ask the question can I reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might ask the question can I reduce
+the number of experiments and still get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of experiments and still get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of experiments and still get
+the key information that I want to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key information that I want to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key information that I want to and
+so that's where we'll really uh pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where we'll really uh pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where we'll really uh pick up
+with fractional factorial designs today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fractional factorial designs today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fractional factorial designs today
+and understanding uh confounding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understanding uh confounding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understanding uh confounding and
+aliasing patterns that come with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing patterns that come with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing patterns that come with uh
+different subsets of a full full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subsets of a full full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subsets of a full full
+factorial design then we'll touch on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial design then we'll touch on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial design then we'll touch on
+some implications for model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some implications for model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some implications for model
+construction um that fall out pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction um that fall out pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction um that fall out pretty
+naturally from that and then start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally from that and then start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally from that and then start
+talking a little bit if hopefully if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking a little bit if hopefully if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking a little bit if hopefully if we
+have time uh on process optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time uh on process optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time uh on process optimization
+using some of these these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some of these these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some of these these kinds of
+design of experiments techniques and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of experiments techniques and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of experiments techniques and the
+models that that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that that we're
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+okay so as I was saying very of often we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as I was saying very of often we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as I was saying very of often we
+want to run fewer than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to run fewer than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to run fewer than that
+exponentially growing uh number of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially growing uh number of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially growing uh number of of
+experiments even if it's just two level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments even if it's just two level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments even if it's just two level
+building simple linear models again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building simple linear models again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building simple linear models again
+we've got a 2 to the K kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a 2 to the K kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a 2 to the K kind of
+exponential growth and as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth and as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth and as an example
+imagine we said we wanted to run less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we said we wanted to run less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we said we wanted to run less
+than the full 2 to the K uh say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the full 2 to the K uh say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the full 2 to the K uh say for
+three inputs so for three inputs if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three inputs so for three inputs if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three inputs so for three inputs if we
+run the full 2 to the K and we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the full 2 to the K and we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the full 2 to the K and we wanted
+form a full linear regression model with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a full linear regression model with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a full linear regression model with
+interactions so it's still not quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions so it's still not quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions so it's still not quadratic
+but it does have all the interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does have all the interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does have all the interactions
+this is what the model looks like right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the model looks like right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the model looks like right
+and it's got if you count them up it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got if you count them up it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got if you count them up it's
+got eight eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got eight eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got eight eight
+coefficients so if we were to do less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so if we were to do less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so if we were to do less
+than the full two to the three or eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the full two to the three or eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the full two to the three or eight
+experiments we obviously would not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we obviously would not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we obviously would not have
+enough data points to uniquely fit every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough data points to uniquely fit every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough data points to uniquely fit every
+coefficient right so that's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient right so that's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient right so that's already
+giving us sort of the biggest clue is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us sort of the biggest clue is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us sort of the biggest clue is if
+you do do less than a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do do less than a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do do less than a full
+factorial model then even for linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial model then even for linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial model then even for linear
+experiments you won't be able to fit all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments you won't be able to fit all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments you won't be able to fit all
+of the coefficients so what you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coefficients so what you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coefficients so what you end up
+having to do is make a decision a priori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do is make a decision a priori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do is make a decision a priori
+that some of these Factor effects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of these Factor effects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of these Factor effects are
+going to be small that is to say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be small that is to say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be small that is to say we're
+going to treat the coefficient as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to treat the coefficient as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to treat the coefficient as
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+zero but then what's happening with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but then what's happening with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but then what's happening with the
+data what impact does that have on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data what impact does that have on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data what impact does that have on other
+coefficients so we can explore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so we can explore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so we can explore that
+slightly um here's an example we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly um here's an example we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly um here's an example we'll call
+this a 2 to 3us one experiment and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a 2 to 3us one experiment and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a 2 to 3us one experiment and I'll
+talk about these half fractions a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about these half fractions a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about these half fractions a little
+bit more um but instead of the full 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more um but instead of the full 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more um but instead of the full 2 to
+the 3 or eight experiments we'll do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3 or eight experiments we'll do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3 or eight experiments we'll do a
+half fraction here we'll just do four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half fraction here we'll just do four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half fraction here we'll just do four
+experiments instead of the eight and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments instead of the eight and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments instead of the eight and so
+if I were to pick my Factor levels on X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to pick my Factor levels on X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to pick my Factor levels on X1
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+X2 and then think about what what the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and then think about what what the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and then think about what what the so
+I'm just doing uh in my mind I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just doing uh in my mind I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just doing uh in my mind I might
+think if I were just doing two factors I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if I were just doing two factors I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if I were just doing two factors I
+would have a full factorial on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Two on Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two on Two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two on Two
+uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two
+factors right and I would also could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors right and I would also could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors right and I would also could
+calculate what an interaction term would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what an interaction term would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what an interaction term would
+be that's fine that works well right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that's fine that works well right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that's fine that works well right
+I've got four coefficients in a two-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got four coefficients in a two-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got four coefficients in a two-
+Factor uh experiment and that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor uh experiment and that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor uh experiment and that I could
+uniquely fit all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely fit all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely fit all of those
+coefficients however what if I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients however what if I were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients however what if I were to
+Simply relabel that and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply relabel that and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply relabel that and instead of
+thinking of that as an interaction What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of that as an interaction What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of that as an interaction What
+If instead I labeled that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If instead I labeled that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If instead I labeled that an
+X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3
+column then I could fit the linear term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column then I could fit the linear term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column then I could fit the linear term
+for an X3 model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an X3 model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an X3 model
+right so imagine I was doing a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so imagine I was doing a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so imagine I was doing a three
+Factor but only worried about main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor but only worried about main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor but only worried about main
+effects I wasn't looking for interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects I wasn't looking for interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects I wasn't looking for interaction
+I didn't care about the x1x2 interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't care about the x1x2 interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't care about the x1x2 interaction
+if I did that and just Define sort of x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I did that and just Define sort of x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I did that and just Define sort of x3
+as if it were that column then I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it were that column then I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it were that column then I've got
+a three Factor experiment but I can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three Factor experiment but I can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three Factor experiment but I can only
+see main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see main
+effects but you see what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects but you see what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects but you see what's going on here
+I still have that interaction term right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still have that interaction term right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still have that interaction term right
+I still have an x1x2 interaction so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still have an x1x2 interaction so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still have an x1x2 interaction so the
+key idea of confounding that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key idea of confounding that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key idea of confounding that we saw
+before is is lurking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is is lurking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is is lurking in
+here if I were to do a third truly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I were to do a third truly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I were to do a third truly a
+third factor and set on my control knobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third factor and set on my control knobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third factor and set on my control knobs
+for that experiment my X3 according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that experiment my X3 according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that experiment my X3 according to
+these high low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these high low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these high low
+settings those would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings those would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings those would
+also give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also give
+me uh the same information if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh the same information if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh the same information if you will
+the same combination settings for X1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same combination settings for X1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same combination settings for X1 and
+X2 that I would have used to help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 that I would have used to help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 that I would have used to help me
+detect an interaction between X1 and X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect an interaction between X1 and X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect an interaction between X1 and X2
+that is to say the X1 X2 interaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say the X1 X2 interaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say the X1 X2 interaction is
+confounded with a third Factor if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounded with a third Factor if I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounded with a third Factor if I were
+to do it just expanding on that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it just expanding on that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it just expanding on that a little
+bit if I were this should be a hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit if I were this should be a hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit if I were this should be a hat
+there's another little weird font thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another little weird font thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another little weird font thing
+going on if I were doing a three Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on if I were doing a three Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on if I were doing a three Factor
+experiment truly a three Factor um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment truly a three Factor um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment truly a three Factor um I
+could build up to a linear model okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could build up to a linear model okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could build up to a linear model okay
+with those four experimental paramet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those four experimental paramet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those four experimental paramet
+but I could not fit any interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I could not fit any interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I could not fit any interaction
+terms so I have a choice in my model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so I have a choice in my model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so I have a choice in my model
+building do I do I take my three factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building do I do I take my three factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building do I do I take my three factors
+and look for just main effects or do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look for just main effects or do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look for just main effects or do I
+stick with my two factors and look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with my two factors and look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with my two factors and look for
+an interaction effect and not model at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interaction effect and not model at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interaction effect and not model at
+all sort of pretend the third third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of pretend the third third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of pretend the third third
+Factor doesn't matter or try to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor doesn't matter or try to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor doesn't matter or try to keep
+that constant and not let that enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constant and not let that enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constant and not let that enter
+into it yeah question if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it yeah question if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it yeah question if you did
+this X1 X3 you still could say for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this X1 X3 you still could say for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this X1 X3 you still could say for it
+was X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orbe it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so if so the question U by the way can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so if so the question U by the way can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so if so the question U by the way can
+we can we put the the back screen also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we put the the back screen also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we put the the back screen also
+to the uh to the slide so great thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh to the slide so great thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh to the slide so great thanks
+um so the question is we can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the question is we can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the question is we can still
+distinguish X1 X x 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish X1 X x 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish X1 X x 2 and
+X3 or not no X3 an effect that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 or not no X3 an effect that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 or not no X3 an effect that we
+ascribed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascribed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascribed to
+X3 X1 X2 like the interaction yeah so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 X1 X2 like the interaction yeah so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 X1 X2 like the interaction yeah so we
+cannot differentiate between the two our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot differentiate between the two our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot differentiate between the two our
+model might tell us we have a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model might tell us we have a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model might tell us we have a huge
+effect because of x3 a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect because of x3 a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect because of x3 a significant
+effect but we're not really sure if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect but we're not really sure if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect but we're not really sure if it's
+X3 that's having effect or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 that's having effect or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 that's having effect or an
+interaction X1 yeah you guys may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction X1 yeah you guys may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction X1 yeah you guys may not
+have heard that but basically uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard that but basically uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard that but basically uh just
+had the restatement of exactly the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the restatement of exactly the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the restatement of exactly the issue
+that it's confounding between is it a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's confounding between is it a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's confounding between is it a is
+it an X3 factor or is it a beta 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an X3 factor or is it a beta 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an X3 factor or is it a beta 1 2
+x1x2 Factor you cannot distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1x2 Factor you cannot distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1x2 Factor you cannot distinguish
+between the two so should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two so should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two so should
+we something yeah so find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we something yeah so find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we something yeah so find that
+um yeah so the question is what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so the question is what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so the question is what would
+you do then there's a priori knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do then there's a priori knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do then there's a priori knowledge
+that may guide you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may guide you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may guide you to
+to uh a belief that there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh a belief that there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh a belief that there is no
+interaction effect that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction effect that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction effect that there's no
+possible physical way there could be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible physical way there could be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible physical way there could be an
+interaction effect in which they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction effect in which they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction effect in which they should
+be safe uh or you might be trying to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be safe uh or you might be trying to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be safe uh or you might be trying to say
+I'm not even sure either of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not even sure either of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not even sure either of these
+effects exists and so I'm quite happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects exists and so I'm quite happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects exists and so I'm quite happy to
+do just four experiments do a an anova
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do just four experiments do a an anova
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do just four experiments do a an anova
+that tells me is either of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me is either of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me is either of those
+just one or two uh significant in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one or two uh significant in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one or two uh significant in which
+case now I worry maybe then I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case now I worry maybe then I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case now I worry maybe then I add
+experimental points to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental points to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental points to
+differentiate okay so we'll talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate okay so we'll talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate okay so we'll talk a
+little bit more more about that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more more about that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more more about that but
+that's the that's in a nutshell kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's in a nutshell kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's in a nutshell kind of
+the the the confounding and aliasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the confounding and aliasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the confounding and aliasing
+thought process is to and we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought process is to and we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought process is to and we'll look at
+some rules of thumb that would lead one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rules of thumb that would lead one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rules of thumb that would lead one
+to believe for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe for example that
+I may have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may have um
+uh in many cases more of an AR prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in many cases more of an AR prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in many cases more of an AR prior
+belief that maybe the main effect will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief that maybe the main effect will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief that maybe the main effect will
+be stronger and more important and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stronger and more important and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stronger and more important and I
+doubt that the interaction effect will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt that the interaction effect will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt that the interaction effect will
+be there but those are kind of rule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there but those are kind of rule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there but those are kind of rule of
+thums and assumptions that if you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thums and assumptions that if you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thums and assumptions that if you can do
+the experience you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+check okay so so the point out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check okay so so the point out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check okay so so the point out of this
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+simply again these should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply again these should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply again these should
+be models why hat uh models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be models why hat uh models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be models why hat uh models
+that for the same for exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the same for exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the same for exactly the same
+table of of settings if I looked at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of of settings if I looked at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of of settings if I looked at it
+one way I could build a model where I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way I could build a model where I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way I could build a model where I've
+got you know some interaction term or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you know some interaction term or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you know some interaction term or I
+can look at the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the main
+effect um or I can give up so this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect um or I can give up so this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect um or I can give up so this could
+have been the X3 main effect or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been the X3 main effect or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been the X3 main effect or
+similarly I could say get confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly I could say get confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly I could say get confused
+between some other main effect and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between some other main effect and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between some other main effect and and
+an interaction action effect in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interaction action effect in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interaction action effect in other
+words I've got four coefficients four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I've got four coefficients four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I've got four coefficients four
+experiments I've got some confounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments I've got some confounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments I've got some confounding
+going on but it's not clear actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on but it's not clear actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on but it's not clear actually
+I've given you the example for one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given you the example for one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given you the example for one of
+them in the previous two slides the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the previous two slides the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the previous two slides the same
+thing holds true for any of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing holds true for any of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing holds true for any of the other
+interactions with one of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with one of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with one of the main
+effects so if I really have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so if I really have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so if I really have three
+factors I might really have eight kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors I might really have eight kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors I might really have eight kinds
+in a linear model I might actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a linear model I might actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a linear model I might actually have
+eight terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight terms
+and what I've done is folded four of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I've done is folded four of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I've done is folded four of
+them onto or confounded them with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them onto or confounded them with four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them onto or confounded them with four
+of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other
+coefficients okay and so then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients okay and so then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients okay and so then the
+question becomes what's confounded with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question becomes what's confounded with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question becomes what's confounded with
+what how do I structure and how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how do I structure and how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how do I structure and how do I
+pick which uh which subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick which uh which subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick which uh which subset of
+experiments to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to
+run okay so this is essentially just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run okay so this is essentially just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run okay so this is essentially just
+saying the the same thing um the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the the same thing um the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the the same thing um the point
+is we can carefully pick which subset in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we can carefully pick which subset in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we can carefully pick which subset in
+many cases this is kind of a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases this is kind of a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases this is kind of a very small
+experimental design but in many cases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design but in many cases we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design but in many cases we
+can pick which subset of the rows we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick which subset of the rows we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick which subset of the rows we we
+want to take which half fraction we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take which half fraction we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take which half fraction we want
+to do based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do based
+on our belief in which interactions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our belief in which interactions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our belief in which interactions are
+going to be least likely or least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be least likely or least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be least likely or least
+important okay so what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay so what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay so what we want to do is
+get get a little bit of a feel for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get a little bit of a feel for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get a little bit of a feel for that
+so here's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a little bit
+larger um picture as well as now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger um picture as well as now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger um picture as well as now
+extending some of our shortcut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending some of our shortcut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending some of our shortcut
+techniques our terminology our little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques our terminology our little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques our terminology our little uh
+Factor algebra that we've got for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor algebra that we've got for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor algebra that we've got for for
+defining rows and columns in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining rows and columns in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining rows and columns in our
+experiments so if I were doing a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments so if I were doing a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments so if I were doing a three
+Factor experiment a full 2 to the3 array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor experiment a full 2 to the3 array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor experiment a full 2 to the3 array
+this is this is our X Matrix right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is our X Matrix right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is our X Matrix right the
+identity column um the C column you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity column um the C column you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity column um the C column you can
+sort of see I've all low all high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see I've all low all high and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see I've all low all high and
+then within that I've got the B columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then within that I've got the B columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then within that I've got the B columns
+low and high low and high low and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and high low and high low and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and high low and high low and high
+and then within each of those low high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then within each of those low high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then within each of those low high
+low high low high low high so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low high low high low high so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low high low high low high so that's
+again all 16 of the possible excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all 16 of the possible excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all 16 of the possible excuse me
+all eight of the possible uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all eight of the possible uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all eight of the possible uh uh
+combinations and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and then we can
+construct our interaction terms these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct our interaction terms these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct our interaction terms these
+are two Factor interactions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two Factor interactions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two Factor interactions and then
+we've got a three Factor interaction as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a three Factor interaction as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a three Factor interaction as
+well so that would be all eight of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so that would be all eight of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so that would be all eight of our
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+coefficients the column would tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the column would tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the column would tell me
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+to uh form the contrasts for detecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh form the contrasts for detecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh form the contrasts for detecting
+or estimating um each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or estimating um each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or estimating um each of those
+interaction terms in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction terms in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction terms in the model
+right okay so that's just um uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so that's just um uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so that's just um uh sort of
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+Baseline and now let's consider what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline and now let's consider what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline and now let's consider what
+happens let's think for this full uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens let's think for this full uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens let's think for this full uh
+you know two to the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two to the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two to the three
+experiment if I were to only do half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment if I were to only do half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment if I were to only do half of
+the experiments so let's say I did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments so let's say I did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments so let's say I did the
+upper half the top four the shaded four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper half the top four the shaded four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper half the top four the shaded four
+U uh experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh experiments
+only what happens in terms of what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only what happens in terms of what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only what happens in terms of what what
+coefficients can we estimate what ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients can we estimate what ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients can we estimate what ones
+can we not please come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we not please come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we not please come on
+in um so which which coefficients can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um so which which coefficients can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um so which which coefficients can I
+estimate which ones can I not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate which ones can I not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate which ones can I not
+okay and what's confounded with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we've just got some uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've just got some uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've just got some uh some
+visitors uh filing in if you I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitors uh filing in if you I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitors uh filing in if you I think
+there is per perhaps some benchl over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is per perhaps some benchl over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is per perhaps some benchl over
+there as well if you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some so everyone in in Singapore wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some so everyone in in Singapore wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some so everyone in in Singapore wave
+wave to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave to our
+guests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great okay so if we do just this upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay so if we do just this upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay so if we do just this upper
+half fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half fraction
+here let's look at a couple of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's look at a couple of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's look at a couple of things
+that uh are immediately obvious like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh are immediately obvious like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh are immediately obvious like one
+that's really obvious here look at the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really obvious here look at the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really obvious here look at the C
+column if we do those those set of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column if we do those those set of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column if we do those those set of four
+experiments Can you estimate what the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments Can you estimate what the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments Can you estimate what the C
+effect is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is going to
+be no we haven't excited that variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no we haven't excited that variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no we haven't excited that variable
+at all right it's all four experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all right it's all four experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all right it's all four experiments
+we're at the low low setting of that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at the low low setting of that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at the low low setting of that so
+it's clear if I picked those four I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear if I picked those four I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear if I picked those four I'm
+basically making an upfront decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically making an upfront decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically making an upfront decision
+that the C effect I'm not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the C effect I'm not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the C effect I'm not going to be
+able to model I'm not going to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to model I'm not going to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to model I'm not going to be able
+to fit it I'm not going to know if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit it I'm not going to know if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit it I'm not going to know if it's
+significant I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant I'm not
+exercising uh exercising that variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercising uh exercising that variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercising uh exercising that variable
+in a way with the right combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way with the right combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way with the right combination of
+experiments to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to
+unambiguously say yes there was a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguously say yes there was a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguously say yes there was a c
+effect okay so one one way that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect okay so one one way that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect okay so one one way that we can
+describe that in our funky doe algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that in our funky doe algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that in our funky doe algebra
+is to say that the C column is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say that the C column is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say that the C column is equal to
+minus the identity column right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the identity column right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the identity column right it's
+just minus one times the the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just minus one times the the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just minus one times the the identity
+column and we can also look at some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and we can also look at some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and we can also look at some of
+the other columns and here's a neat one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other columns and here's a neat one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other columns and here's a neat one
+let's say let's look at this the AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say let's look at this the AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say let's look at this the AC
+column right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the a
+column and again in our funky algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and again in our funky algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and again in our funky algebra
+you can sort of see already this AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of see already this AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of see already this AC
+equals minus a but if you look in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus a but if you look in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus a but if you look in one
+toone correspondence the AC column is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toone correspondence the AC column is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toone correspondence the AC column is
+exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the
+same uh just with a minus sign the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh just with a minus sign the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh just with a minus sign the same
+combinations of levels as the a both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of levels as the a both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of levels as the a both the
+A and the AC have the same the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and the AC have the same the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and the AC have the same the same
+combinations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations so
+that's confounding or aliasing between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's confounding or aliasing between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's confounding or aliasing between
+those two columns so even if I've run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two columns so even if I've run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two columns so even if I've run
+this experiment there's no way for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment there's no way for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment there's no way for me to
+differentiate whether it was a main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate whether it was a main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate whether it was a main
+effect an a effect or an AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect an a effect or an AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect an a effect or an AC
+interaction now the other point here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction now the other point here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction now the other point here is
+with just this selection again of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just this selection again of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just this selection again of the
+top four columns the same thing happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top four columns the same thing happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top four columns the same thing happens
+to other columns right what's the the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other columns right what's the the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other columns right what's the the B
+column confounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with ah no we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ah no we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ah no we got
+some yeah no somebody leaning against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some yeah no somebody leaning against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some yeah no somebody leaning against
+the the wall try to stay awake I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think the disembodied voice in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the disembodied voice in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the disembodied voice in The
+Machine said that to tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machine said that to tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machine said that to tell you that
+that's happened before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happened before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happened before
+so okay so the B column is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so the B column is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so the B column is also
+confounded with let's see what uh minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounded with let's see what uh minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounded with let's see what uh minus
+one this one and then and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this one and then and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this one and then and then finally
+you know the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the last one
+is the ab column is confounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with see that's just minus one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with see that's just minus one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with see that's just minus one of the
+ABC it looks like I have that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC it looks like I have that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC it looks like I have that right
+yeah so that was our Point here if I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that was our Point here if I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that was our Point here if I if
+I had all eight experiments I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had all eight experiments I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had all eight experiments I could have
+fit eight coefficients in the model but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit eight coefficients in the model but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit eight coefficients in the model but
+for for uh experiments I can only fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for uh experiments I can only fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for uh experiments I can only fit
+four coefficients and it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four coefficients and it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four coefficients and it's more
+important than just fitting four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than just fitting four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than just fitting four
+coefficients it's really that I folded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients it's really that I folded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients it's really that I folded
+together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the
+effects of two of those columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of two of those columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of two of those columns
+into one coefficient that I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one coefficient that I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one coefficient that I have to
+assign either to sort of nebulously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign either to sort of nebulously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign either to sort of nebulously
+either to one or or the other of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to one or or the other of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to one or or the other of the
+main effect or the interaction effect or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effect or the interaction effect or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effect or the interaction effect or
+to some superposition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some superposition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some superposition of the
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+okay so this is just basically saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just basically saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just basically saying
+the same thing I'm just pointing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing I'm just pointing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing I'm just pointing out
+looking at the columns you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the columns you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the columns you can see that
+and if you were to actually follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you were to actually follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you were to actually follow
+through and use our contrast math for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and use our contrast math for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and use our contrast math for
+picking out and detecting what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking out and detecting what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking out and detecting what the
+contrast for effect a or the contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast for effect a or the contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast for effect a or the contrast
+for effect AC would be they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for effect AC would be they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for effect AC would be they're
+essentially the same contrast right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same contrast right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same contrast right the
+same some of the output rows for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same some of the output rows for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same some of the output rows for that
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+effect okay now we have a shorthand way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect okay now we have a shorthand way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect okay now we have a shorthand way
+of describing what this confounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of describing what this confounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of describing what this confounding
+pattern is in our funky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is in our funky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is in our funky
+algebra which is to say we equate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra which is to say we equate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra which is to say we equate what
+columns are equal to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are equal to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are equal to what
+columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+and then do a little bit of our algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do a little bit of our algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do a little bit of our algebra
+of multiplying a column Factor uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multiplying a column Factor uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multiplying a column Factor uh or
+level setting by each other until we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level setting by each other until we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level setting by each other until we get
+down to the identity column on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the identity column on one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the identity column on one side
+or the other and then that becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other and then that becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other and then that becomes a
+shorthand way of describing what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand way of describing what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand way of describing what the
+whole confounding pattern is so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole confounding pattern is so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole confounding pattern is so for
+example I could pick actually almost any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I could pick actually almost any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I could pick actually almost any
+of these confounding patterns looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these confounding patterns looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these confounding patterns looking at
+the AC and the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AC and the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AC and the a
+column where I I I detect that the AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column where I I I detect that the AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column where I I I detect that the AC
+and the a this was the a column is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the a this was the a column is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the a this was the a column is equal
+to minus of the A C column now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus of the A C column now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus of the A C column now if I
+multiply both sides by the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by the a
+column A * minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column A * minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column A * minus a
+c right um then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c right um then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c right um then on
+a element by element basis if I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a element by element basis if I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a element by element basis if I take the
+a column there and multiply it by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column there and multiply it by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column there and multiply it by itself
+every minus one multiplies by minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every minus one multiplies by minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every minus one multiplies by minus one
+and I get the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over here I've got a * a minus a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here I've got a * a minus a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here I've got a * a minus a and
+that also becomes the identity and I end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also becomes the identity and I end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also becomes the identity and I end
+up with just the I equals minus C which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with just the I equals minus C which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with just the I equals minus C which
+I could have could have also looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have could have also looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have could have also looked
+right directly at the column and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right directly at the column and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right directly at the column and said
+okay what is what is Alias with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is what is Alias with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is what is Alias with the
+identity okay but just also so you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity okay but just also so you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity okay but just also so you get a
+little familiar with that kind of funky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little familiar with that kind of funky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little familiar with that kind of funky
+column math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column math
+um okay so that basically is a shorthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so that basically is a shorthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so that basically is a shorthand
+way of either describing the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of either describing the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of either describing the interaction
+effect or more usefully if I knew up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect or more usefully if I knew up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect or more usefully if I knew up
+front what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front what
+interactions I was willing to confound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions I was willing to confound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions I was willing to confound
+with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what
+effect if I at the start I said I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect if I at the start I said I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect if I at the start I said I really
+believe that um you know the BC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that um you know the BC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that um you know the BC
+interaction is going to be minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is going to be minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is going to be minor
+compared to um you know some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to um you know some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to um you know some other
+effect then I could use that to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect then I could use that to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect then I could use that to actually
+help guide which half of the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help guide which half of the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help guide which half of the experiment
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+pick okay so for example I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick okay so for example I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick okay so for example I could have
+picked this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked this
+half or I could have picked this half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half or I could have picked this half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half or I could have picked this half
+and each one of those would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one of those would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one of those would have been
+consistent consistent half fractions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent consistent half fractions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent consistent half fractions and
+the choice of what to pick depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of what to pick depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of what to pick depends on
+for example do I think AC is an alias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example do I think AC is an alias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example do I think AC is an alias
+with a maybe because AC really shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a maybe because AC really shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a maybe because AC really shouldn't
+be interacting with each other I'm happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interacting with each other I'm happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interacting with each other I'm happy
+to do that but the ab interaction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that but the ab interaction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that but the ab interaction I
+might actually be wanting to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually be wanting to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually be wanting to uh to
+detect but I'm willing for that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect but I'm willing for that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect but I'm willing for that to
+confound with the the B Factor because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confound with the the B Factor because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confound with the the B Factor because I
+I I think that that may be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think that that may be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think that that may be less
+important yeah just you asking that a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important yeah just you asking that a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important yeah just you asking that a is
+process pressure and C is a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process pressure and C is a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process pressure and C is a temperature
+pressure and temperature so uh in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and temperature so uh in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and temperature so uh in that
+case uh the interaction between pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh the interaction between pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh the interaction between pressure
+and temperature AC if temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temperature AC if temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temperature AC if temperature is
+high and pressure is low is the same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and pressure is low is the same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and pressure is low is the same the
+attraction would be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction would be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction would be the same
+that a is equals AC yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so we just Chang one parameter just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so we just Chang one parameter just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so we just Chang one parameter just
+temperature but what it what it's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but what it what it's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but what it what it's saying
+is that your model then for what the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that your model then for what the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that your model then for what the a
+effect was wasn't purely an a effect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect was wasn't purely an a effect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect was wasn't purely an a effect it
+had a little bit of the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a little bit of the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a little bit of the interaction
+lurking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lurking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lurking in
+it so so when you actually run that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so so when you actually run that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so so when you actually run that
+experiment if there is an interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment if there is an interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment if there is an interaction
+you can't tell whether it was due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't tell whether it was due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't tell whether it was due to the
+main effect of of pressure or also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effect of of pressure or also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effect of of pressure or also
+because of some interaction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of some interaction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of some interaction with
+temperature so it's not that not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so it's not that not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so it's not that not that
+uh uh you get both or you only get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you get both or you only get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you get both or you only get one
+or the other it's that they're mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other it's that they're mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other it's that they're mixed
+together you can't they're confounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you can't they're confounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you can't they're confounded
+together okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay
+so I alluded to some of the ideas of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I alluded to some of the ideas of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I alluded to some of the ideas of uh
+how you choose which design based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you choose which design based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you choose which design based on
+what confounding you're willing to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what confounding you're willing to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what confounding you're willing to live
+with but there's also a few additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with but there's also a few additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with but there's also a few additional
+guidelines um that are at work one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines um that are at work one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines um that are at work one
+is there this idea of balance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there this idea of balance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there this idea of balance and
+orthogonality that I'll talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality that I'll talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality that I'll talk about in
+just a minute that uh tells us you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a minute that uh tells us you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a minute that uh tells us you can't
+just willy-nilly pick random rows out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just willy-nilly pick random rows out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just willy-nilly pick random rows out of
+out of your Matrix and be able to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of your Matrix and be able to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of your Matrix and be able to use
+our designer experiments an analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our designer experiments an analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our designer experiments an analytic
+techniques things like the estimation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques things like the estimation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques things like the estimation of
+effects and so on uh only apply if I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and so on uh only apply if I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and so on uh only apply if I've
+got balanced and orthogonal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got balanced and orthogonal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got balanced and orthogonal uh
+experiments and that leads also a bit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and that leads also a bit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and that leads also a bit to
+this idea or it's very closely related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea or it's very closely related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea or it's very closely related
+to the idea of getting enough excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea of getting enough excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea of getting enough excitation
+of the of the inputs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the inputs okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the inputs okay
+um so going back to our our two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so going back to our our two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so going back to our our two to the
+three full table here this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three full table here this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three full table here this idea of
+balance first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance first
+off says that in whatever ever subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off says that in whatever ever subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off says that in whatever ever subset of
+the design that you've you've got for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design that you've you've got for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design that you've you've got for
+the factors that you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factors that you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factors that you're interested in
+you want uh all of the columns to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want uh all of the columns to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want uh all of the columns to have
+an equal number of plus and minus Signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equal number of plus and minus Signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equal number of plus and minus Signs
+Now we saw if I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we saw if I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we saw if I did
+the the upper fraction for C if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the upper fraction for C if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the upper fraction for C if I was
+trying to deal with C that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to deal with C that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to deal with C that's not
+balanced because I've got four low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced because I've got four low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced because I've got four low
+settings and zero High settings I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and zero High settings I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and zero High settings I have
+not at all excited that input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all excited that input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all excited that input
+okay but if you think back to all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you think back to all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you think back to all of our
+algebra for dealing with contrasts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra for dealing with contrasts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra for dealing with contrasts and
+being able to take the average of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to take the average of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to take the average of this
+and the average of that and subtract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the average of that and subtract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the average of that and subtract the
+two with the contrast that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two with the contrast that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two with the contrast that's basically
+the reason that we need this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that we need this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that we need this idea of
+balance between the high and the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between the high and the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between the high and the low
+settings for that particular Factor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings for that particular Factor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings for that particular Factor so
+to use our shorthand approaches you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use our shorthand approaches you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use our shorthand approaches you
+need an equal number of the plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an equal number of the plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an equal number of the plus and
+minus signs in each of the columns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus signs in each of the columns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus signs in each of the columns that
+you're trying to use in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to use in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to use in your
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+OKAY turns out you can relax that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OKAY turns out you can relax that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OKAY turns out you can relax that a
+little bit if you do some regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit if you do some regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit if you do some regression
+approaches there's some other risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches there's some other risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches there's some other risky
+nasty things that happen like you're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty things that happen like you're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty things that happen like you're you
+may not have the same amount of variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have the same amount of variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have the same amount of variance
+or residual error at different points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or residual error at different points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or residual error at different points in
+your experiment um but especially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experiment um but especially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experiment um but especially for
+the shorthand approaches you ABS you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shorthand approaches you ABS you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shorthand approaches you ABS you you
+have to have this this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have this this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have this this notion of
+balance the second idea is orthog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance the second idea is orthog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance the second idea is orthog
+ality which is basically saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ality which is basically saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ality which is basically saying that
+what I need is for the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need is for the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need is for the sum of the
+product uh element wise product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product uh element wise product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product uh element wise product of two
+columns to uh sum up to zero so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns to uh sum up to zero so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns to uh sum up to zero so for
+example here the column A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here the column A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here the column A and
+B know this is a product of one product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B know this is a product of one product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B know this is a product of one product
+of minus one product minus one product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus one product minus one product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus one product minus one product
+of one goes some up together to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one goes some up together to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one goes some up together to be zero
+the A and B columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A and B columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A and B columns are
+orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal
+which is another way of saying those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is another way of saying those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is another way of saying those two
+columns are not confounded with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are not confounded with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are not confounded with each
+other so thinking sort of a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so thinking sort of a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so thinking sort of a linear
+algebraic sense if the two vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic sense if the two vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic sense if the two vectors are
+orthogonal they are not mixing together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal they are not mixing together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal they are not mixing together
+effects in any way so if I if I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects in any way so if I if I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects in any way so if I if I have two
+columns that I want to be able to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that I want to be able to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that I want to be able to model
+separately and not have the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and not have the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and not have the coefficient
+trying to mix in randomly some amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to mix in randomly some amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to mix in randomly some amount of
+one or the other um but in fact to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or the other um but in fact to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or the other um but in fact to be
+identified with that particular effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified with that particular effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified with that particular effect
+those two columns have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two columns have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two columns have to be
+orthogonal so for example what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal so for example what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal so for example what that's
+telling me is if I were to pick this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me is if I were to pick this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me is if I were to pick this
+upper half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper half
+fraction the A and the B columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction the A and the B columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction the A and the B columns are
+orthogonal they are not confounded with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal they are not confounded with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal they are not confounded with
+each other they are two main effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other they are two main effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other they are two main effects
+that at least with respect to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least with respect to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least with respect to each
+other are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other are
+separable you could ask that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable you could ask that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable you could ask that same
+question now to our other confounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now to our other confounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now to our other confounding
+patterns uh what' we say a is confounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns uh what' we say a is confounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns uh what' we say a is confounded
+with BC was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with BC was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with BC was
+it yeah so a and BC are those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah so a and BC are those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah so a and BC are those two
+orthogonal certainly We Know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal certainly We Know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal certainly We Know by
+confounding they're not supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding they're not supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding they're not supposed to be
+in if you do that product of sums each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if you do that product of sums each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if you do that product of sums each
+one of those uh I believe AC AC sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those uh I believe AC AC sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those uh I believe AC AC sorry
+good I was about to say that's weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I was about to say that's weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I was about to say that's weird
+they look orthogonal there we go each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look orthogonal there we go each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look orthogonal there we go each
+each one the product is minus one every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one the product is minus one every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one the product is minus one every
+time they all sum up to minus four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they all sum up to minus four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they all sum up to minus four
+they're not orthogonal they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not orthogonal they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not orthogonal they're they're
+they are mixing in things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are mixing in things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are mixing in things together
+okay okay so those are a couple of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so those are a couple of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so those are a couple of these
+ideas of balance and orthogonality that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of balance and orthogonality that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of balance and orthogonality that
+are in some sense the same just another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in some sense the same just another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in some sense the same just another
+terminology for talking about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology for talking about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology for talking about the same
+thing that that that we've already built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that that we've already built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that that we've already built
+up some intuition about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up some intuition about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up some intuition about
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so I think we've already just went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think we've already just went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think we've already just went
+through that so if I were in this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that so if I were in this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that so if I were in this this
+experiment doing a half fraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment doing a half fraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment doing a half fraction and
+picking the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the upper
+column uh we can see things like a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column uh we can see things like a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column uh we can see things like a and b
+are balanced C is not so I can't can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are balanced C is not so I can't can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are balanced C is not so I can't can't
+try to put that into my model uh a B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to put that into my model uh a B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to put that into my model uh a B and
+C are uh orthogonal let's see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C are uh orthogonal let's see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C are uh orthogonal let's see is that
+right yeah so if I were well except I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so if I were well except I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so if I were well except I'm
+I'm already knowing I better not try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm already knowing I better not try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm already knowing I better not try to
+model C because I don't have sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model C because I don't have sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model C because I don't have sufficient
+exitation in there but I could also then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation in there but I could also then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation in there but I could also then
+ask okay you know what else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask okay you know what else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask okay you know what else is
+confounded with each other uh and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounded with each other uh and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounded with each other uh and if
+there are places where I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are places where I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are places where I don't have
+orthogonality I might then be led to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality I might then be led to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality I might then be led to H
+is there a different half fraction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a different half fraction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a different half fraction that
+I might want to pick one might be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might want to pick one might be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might want to pick one might be this
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+one I've already looked at the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I've already looked at the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I've already looked at the upper
+half but couldn't there be other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half but couldn't there be other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half but couldn't there be other
+meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful
+combinations and the answer is yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and the answer is yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and the answer is yes so
+for example here's a better subset if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example here's a better subset if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example here's a better subset if I
+were looking for a particular property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking for a particular property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking for a particular property
+that was kind of annoying with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of annoying with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of annoying with the
+previous one right in particular this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one right in particular this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one right in particular this
+fact that I can't even model I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that I can't even model I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that I can't even model I'm not
+even exciting a main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effect that feels weird right so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that feels weird right so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that feels weird right so a
+better half fraction that at least lets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better half fraction that at least lets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better half fraction that at least lets
+me look at Main effects might be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me look at Main effects might be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me look at Main effects might be this
+shaded blue half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaded blue half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaded blue half
+fraction now look what's going on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction now look what's going on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction now look what's going on all
+three columns a B and C are balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns a B and C are balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns a B and C are balanced
+just the Shaded blue parts right those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the Shaded blue parts right those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the Shaded blue parts right those
+right so I've got equal numbers of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I've got equal numbers of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I've got equal numbers of high
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+low um each of a B and C are mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low um each of a B and C are mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low um each of a B and C are mutually
+orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um I still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um I still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um I still have
+confounding going on uh I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding going on uh I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding going on uh I'm not sure
+quite exactly what this means oh but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite exactly what this means oh but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite exactly what this means oh but I
+guess a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+see I still have confounding because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I still have confounding because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I still have confounding because for
+example so a is not orthogonal with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so a is not orthogonal with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so a is not orthogonal with uh
+what column here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what column here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what column here
+BC in this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC in this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC in this one
+right is 1 one minus yeah so these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is 1 one minus yeah so these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is 1 one minus yeah so these these
+are the same so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same so these two
+columns are confounded with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are confounded with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are confounded with each other
+so those are not mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are not mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are not mutually
+orthogonal okay and I could ask okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal okay and I could ask okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal okay and I could ask okay
+what is a shorthand way of describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a shorthand way of describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a shorthand way of describing
+this I could pick a couple of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I could pick a couple of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I could pick a couple of these
+columns and say a equals BC and do again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and say a equals BC and do again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and say a equals BC and do again
+my my funky algebra multiply both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my funky algebra multiply both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my funky algebra multiply both sides
+by a and get IAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a and get IAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a and get IAL
+ABC and there's my defining relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC and there's my defining relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC and there's my defining relationship
+for what's confounded with what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's confounded with what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's confounded with what you
+could also look up here again and ABC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also look up here again and ABC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also look up here again and ABC
+is exact for the blue you know for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exact for the blue you know for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exact for the blue you know for that
+subset for the blue elements is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset for the blue elements is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset for the blue elements is
+confounded with the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounded with the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounded with the identity
+main so this what might be better about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main so this what might be better about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main so this what might be better about
+this this design or this subset than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this design or this subset than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this design or this subset than the
+previous one depending on what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one depending on what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one depending on what you're
+looking for in the experiment what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for in the experiment what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for in the experiment what's
+what's what's better about this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's better about this look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's better about this look
+here we have I guess shorthand for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have I guess shorthand for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have I guess shorthand for us
+what what the other aliases are again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the other aliases are again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the other aliases are again we
+expect to have four aliases because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to have four aliases because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to have four aliases because I'm
+only doing four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only doing four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only doing four
+experiments what do you see about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aliases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thir ABC is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one good good so there's that's at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good good so there's that's at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good good so there's that's at least
+two of the three properties that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the three properties that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the three properties that I
+really like about this design uh just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like about this design uh just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like about this design uh just so
+if everybody didn't hear you said uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everybody didn't hear you said uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everybody didn't hear you said uh at
+least you're exciting a a b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you're exciting a a b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you're exciting a a b and
+c second the only column that you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c second the only column that you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c second the only column that you're not
+exciting at all is a third order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting at all is a third order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting at all is a third order
+interaction which fine you know How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction which fine you know How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction which fine you know How
+likely is a third order interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely is a third order interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely is a third order interaction
+we'll chat about that a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll chat about that a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll chat about that a little bit more
+there's another additional effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another additional effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another additional effect
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+additional really nice characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional really nice characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional really nice characteristic
+about look at these aliasing patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here yeah they're not measuring exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah they're not measuring exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah they're not measuring exactly
+the right they don't I don't know quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right they don't I don't know quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right they don't I don't know quite
+what don't over lap is a nice way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what don't over lap is a nice way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what don't over lap is a nice way of
+describing it I've got a main effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it I've got a main effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it I've got a main effect
+that is confounded with an interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is confounded with an interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is confounded with an interaction
+of somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of somebody
+else's somebody else's uh second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's somebody else's uh second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's somebody else's uh second order
+term right so it kind of gets around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term right so it kind of gets around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term right so it kind of gets around
+that discomfort with a being confounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discomfort with a being confounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discomfort with a being confounded
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+AC that that you were describing now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC that that you were describing now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC that that you were describing now I
+still have to worry about it because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to worry about it because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to worry about it because if
+any any second order effects are out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any second order effects are out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any second order effects are out
+there if AC C is still active now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if AC C is still active now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if AC C is still active now I'm
+not confusing it with a main effect I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not confusing it with a main effect I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not confusing it with a main effect I am
+confusing it though with the B main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing it though with the B main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing it though with the B main
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+but um the nice thing is now I can I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um the nice thing is now I can I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um the nice thing is now I can I can
+uh we see a little bit later I can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we see a little bit later I can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we see a little bit later I can also
+appeal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal
+to some physical causality to also talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some physical causality to also talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some physical causality to also talk
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+likelihood of it being a main effect or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of it being a main effect or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of it being a main effect or
+an interaction effect when I finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interaction effect when I finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interaction effect when I finally
+analyze my over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze my over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze my over all
+experiment what am I saying here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment what am I saying here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment what am I saying here here
+here's the peak forward at that if if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the peak forward at that if if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the peak forward at that if if I
+were to find that this either the B main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to find that this either the B main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to find that this either the B main
+effect or the AC interaction is at work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect or the AC interaction is at work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect or the AC interaction is at work
+but I also did a an anova and I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I also did a an anova and I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I also did a an anova and I found
+out already that this was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out already that this was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out already that this was not
+significant in other words there not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant in other words there not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant in other words there not an
+a main effect it's highly unlikely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a main effect it's highly unlikely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a main effect it's highly unlikely that
+there's an interaction with it a if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an interaction with it a if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an interaction with it a if it
+doesn't have an overall effect why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have an overall effect why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have an overall effect why would
+it have a subtle interaction it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have a subtle interaction it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have a subtle interaction it's kind
+of unlikely okay so by ordering this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unlikely okay so by ordering this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unlikely okay so by ordering this you
+actually uh can start to decode what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh can start to decode what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh can start to decode what's
+going on in the process with a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the process with a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the process with a little
+bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit better
+visibility okay so what we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility okay so what we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility okay so what we're actually
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+here there is some additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there is some additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there is some additional
+terminology for which is a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology for which is a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology for which is a design
+resolution it's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution it's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution it's basically a
+characteristic IC of the aliasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic IC of the aliasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic IC of the aliasing
+patterns and how decoupled you are able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and how decoupled you are able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and how decoupled you are able
+to get between main effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get between main effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get between main effects and
+interaction effects or second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction effects or second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction effects or second order
+interactions with other interactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with other interactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with other interactions and
+so on and you will hear sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and you will hear sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and you will hear sometimes
+description of particular half fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of particular half fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of particular half fraction
+or other experimental designs does as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other experimental designs does as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other experimental designs does as
+being resolution three or resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being resolution three or resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being resolution three or resolution
+four resolution five and a resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four resolution five and a resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four resolution five and a resolution
+three is a weaker ability to discern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is a weaker ability to discern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is a weaker ability to discern
+than a higher resolution in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a higher resolution in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a higher resolution in your
+experiment but a resolution three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but a resolution three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but a resolution three is
+nice in that no main Alias is or no main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice in that no main Alias is or no main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice in that no main Alias is or no main
+effect an a factor is Alias with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect an a factor is Alias with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect an a factor is Alias with another
+main effect so a is not Alias with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effect so a is not Alias with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effect so a is not Alias with
+B okay but you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay but you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay but you will
+have main factor and other interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have main factor and other interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have main factor and other interaction
+aliases let's say you didn't want that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliases let's say you didn't want that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliases let's say you didn't want that
+you might need to build a more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might need to build a more powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might need to build a more powerful
+do more experimental um uh combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do more experimental um uh combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do more experimental um uh combinations
+and you could go to a resolution 4 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could go to a resolution 4 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could go to a resolution 4 which
+is essentially designed as an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially designed as an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially designed as an experiment
+where no main effect is aliased with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where no main effect is aliased with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where no main effect is aliased with
+another main effect and I'm not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another main effect and I'm not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another main effect and I'm not even
+aliasing any main effect with its second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing any main effect with its second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing any main effect with its second
+order interaction I might be so worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order interaction I might be so worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order interaction I might be so worried
+that there are second order interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are second order interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are second order interactions
+that I have to make sure that I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have to make sure that I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have to make sure that I do
+enough experimental points to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough experimental points to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough experimental points to be able to
+detect them separately doing Anova on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect them separately doing Anova on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect them separately doing Anova on
+significance of each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of each of them
+separately the example that we did just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately the example that we did just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately the example that we did just
+a second ago what resolution do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second ago what resolution do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second ago what resolution do you
+think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that
+is it's only resolution three we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's only resolution three we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's only resolution three we were
+clearly seeing interaction with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly seeing interaction with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly seeing interaction with the the
+second order effect if I wanted to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order effect if I wanted to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order effect if I wanted to get
+to resolution 4 what would I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do it's the full factorial in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's the full factorial in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's the full factorial in this case
+I'd have to go to the full two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have to go to the full two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have to go to the full two to the
+three I couldn't pick a half a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I couldn't pick a half a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I couldn't pick a half a half
+fraction so if there were four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction so if there were four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction so if there were four
+factors it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors it turns
+out you know you get 16 columns and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know you get 16 columns and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know you get 16 columns and now
+I can pick eight of the or 16 rows I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can pick eight of the or 16 rows I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can pick eight of the or 16 rows I I
+can pick uh 16 columns and rows but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick uh 16 columns and rows but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick uh 16 columns and rows but I
+can pick now some subset if I did a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick now some subset if I did a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick now some subset if I did a half
+fraction and still achieve a resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction and still achieve a resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction and still achieve a resolution
+for if I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if I wanted to
+okay so this is just looking back again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just looking back again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just looking back again
+at the column again the main effects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the column again the main effects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the column again the main effects are
+Alias with interactions only in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alias with interactions only in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alias with interactions only in this in
+this defined experiment and that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this defined experiment and that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this defined experiment and that you
+will sometimes see referred to as a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sometimes see referred to as a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sometimes see referred to as a 2
+the 3 minus one sub resolution 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3 minus one sub resolution 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3 minus one sub resolution 3
+experimental design so now if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design so now if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design so now if you see
+the shorthand notation there you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shorthand notation there you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shorthand notation there you look
+and go Ah that's a half fraction because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go Ah that's a half fraction because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go Ah that's a half fraction because
+it's a 2 3 minus one and it's resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a 2 3 minus one and it's resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a 2 3 minus one and it's resolution
+three telling you something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three telling you something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three telling you something about the
+the the AL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the AL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the AL
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh okay so so there was a subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh okay so so there was a subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh okay so so there was a subtle
+point in here which is no main effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in here which is no main effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in here which is no main effect
+interacts with a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with a second order
+interaction but I might have a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction but I might have a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction but I might have a second
+order interaction Alias with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order interaction Alias with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order interaction Alias with another
+second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order
+interaction this the resolution five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction this the resolution five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction this the resolution five
+says no second order interactions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says no second order interactions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says no second order interactions are
+Alias with any other second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions
+okay so here we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we've been talking about
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+fractions 2 to the 3 minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions 2 to the 3 minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions 2 to the 3 minus one
+especially as the number of factors gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as the number of factors gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as the number of factors gets
+large let's say I have a design I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large let's say I have a design I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large let's say I have a design I'm
+designing a process and it's got you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a process and it's got you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a process and it's got you
+know eight different control knobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know eight different control knobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know eight different control knobs
+that's a 2 to the eth experiment that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a 2 to the eth experiment that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a 2 to the eth experiment that's
+an awful lot of different combinations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an awful lot of different combinations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an awful lot of different combinations I
+might not want to just go down to a 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not want to just go down to a 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not want to just go down to a 2 to
+8 minus one I might want to do even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 minus one I might want to do even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 minus one I might want to do even
+lower half fr fractions and for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower half fr fractions and for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower half fr fractions and for example
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I sort of cut it in half and then cut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of cut it in half and then cut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of cut it in half and then cut it
+in half again that's a quarter fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half again that's a quarter fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half again that's a quarter fraction
+I'm only picking a quarter of the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only picking a quarter of the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only picking a quarter of the full
+factorial and again uh there would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and again uh there would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and again uh there would be a
+resolution associated with that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution associated with that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution associated with that you
+could look and see what is the aliasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look and see what is the aliasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look and see what is the aliasing
+pattern with that and as you get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern with that and as you get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern with that and as you get to the
+higher order uh models you will often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order uh models you will often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order uh models you will often
+see increased half fractions in early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see increased half fractions in early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see increased half fractions in early
+parts of experimental design where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of experimental design where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of experimental design where
+you're just trying to see are the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just trying to see are the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just trying to see are the main
+factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors
+important and might there be some second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and might there be some second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and might there be some second
+order effects some second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order effects some second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order effects some second order
+interactions at least detecting whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions at least detecting whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions at least detecting whether
+they exist and then if they do you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they exist and then if they do you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they exist and then if they do you will
+often then go back in and start filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often then go back in and start filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often then go back in and start filling
+in the other parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiment here's another half fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment here's another half fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment here's another half fraction
+trying to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this is again for our our 2 3 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is again for our our 2 3 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is again for our our 2 3 minus
+one this is a different set of four it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is a different set of four it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is a different set of four it's
+just got a different defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got a different defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got a different defining
+relationship and you could again Ask in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and you could again Ask in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and you could again Ask in
+this case is that number one is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is that number one is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is that number one is that a
+legitimate half fraction could I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate half fraction could I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate half fraction could I
+legitimately pull these four columns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimately pull these four columns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimately pull these four columns out
+excuse me four rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me four rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me four rows
+out um what kind of balance do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um what kind of balance do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um what kind of balance do I have
+what kind of orthogonality or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of orthogonality or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of orthogonality or what
+what's Alias with what and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's Alias with what and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's Alias with what and you can
+either do it by looking at you can Det
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either do it by looking at you can Det
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either do it by looking at you can Det
+detect or decide what are the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect or decide what are the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect or decide what are the uh uh
+aliases by looking at the columns or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliases by looking at the columns or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliases by looking at the columns or
+simply doing your little math down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply doing your little math down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply doing your little math down here
+from the defining relationship so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the defining relationship so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the defining relationship so if I
+start with i equals a and say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with i equals a and say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with i equals a and say okay
+what's what's what's Alias with with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's what's Alias with with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's what's Alias with with uh
+with C you know so I do c *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with C you know so I do c *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with C you know so I do c *
+I C A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I C A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I C A
+C equals a because C * C is the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C equals a because C * C is the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C equals a because C * C is the identity
+and so on and similarly I could say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and similarly I could say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and similarly I could say okay
+if I start with IAL a multiply by B I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I start with IAL a multiply by B I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I start with IAL a multiply by B I
+get b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get b
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ABC there's that so there's a main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC there's that so there's a main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC there's that so there's a main
+effect Alias with a third order that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect Alias with a third order that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect Alias with a third order that's
+not too bad I don't really like that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too bad I don't really like that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too bad I don't really like that a
+aliasing with C that's not even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing with C that's not even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing with C that's not even a
+resolution three experimental pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution three experimental pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution three experimental pattern
+so uh I'd be very careful in using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I'd be very careful in using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I'd be very careful in using this
+unless I really believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless I really believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless I really believe
+strangely that c was not going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangely that c was not going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangely that c was not going to have a
+main effect but I might be worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effect but I might be worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effect but I might be worried about
+it or interested in it uh for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or interested in it uh for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or interested in it uh for for the
+purposes of uh looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of uh looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of uh looking for
+interactions there is one other subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions there is one other subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions there is one other subtle
+place where you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually uh no never mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh no never mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh no never mind
+okay uh I've already alluded to a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I've already alluded to a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I've already alluded to a couple
+of the ways of deciding what aliasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways of deciding what aliasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways of deciding what aliasing
+pattern to choose the most important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern to choose the most important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern to choose the most important one
+is your knowledge of the process your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your knowledge of the process your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your knowledge of the process your
+experience with the process what factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with the process what factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with the process what factors
+are likely to actually based on physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to actually based on physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to actually based on physical
+causality uh interact but there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality uh interact but there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality uh interact but there are a
+few very important rules of thumb that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few very important rules of thumb that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few very important rules of thumb that
+are worth mentioning here they are this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worth mentioning here they are this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worth mentioning here they are this
+idea of sparsity effects hierarchy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of sparsity effects hierarchy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of sparsity effects hierarchy of
+effects and inheritance and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and inheritance and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and inheritance and we've
+already talked qualitatively about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked qualitatively about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked qualitatively about them
+but just to nail them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to nail them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to nail them down
+um if I have eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I have eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I have eight
+factors the experiment are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors the experiment are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors the experiment are used
+likely has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely has
+a certain amount of op priori knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of op priori knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of op priori knowledge
+that um C there's an ordering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um C there's an ordering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um C there's an ordering and
+likelihood of those effects but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of those effects but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of those effects but it's
+also the case I have eight eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the case I have eight eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the case I have eight eight
+different factors on on my experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different factors on on my experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different factors on on my experiment
+it's highly likely that they don't all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's highly likely that they don't all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's highly likely that they don't all
+equally influence the process just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally influence the process just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally influence the process just uh
+most processes kind of have a top few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most processes kind of have a top few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most processes kind of have a top few
+factors that have most of the are most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that have most of the are most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that have most of the are most
+of the effect it's kind of like a Paro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the effect it's kind of like a Paro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the effect it's kind of like a Paro
+type of a rule um so so early on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of a rule um so so early on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of a rule um so so early on in
+screening in fact you might be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening in fact you might be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening in fact you might be very
+happy doing one of these half fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy doing one of these half fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy doing one of these half fraction
+quarter fraction and so on the purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter fraction and so on the purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter fraction and so on the purpose
+of which is really just to narrow down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is really just to narrow down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is really just to narrow down a
+really large number of candidate effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large number of candidate effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large number of candidate effects
+down to a smaller number that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to a smaller number that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to a smaller number that you're
+then going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to
+model more accurately and look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model more accurately and look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model more accurately and look for
+interactions among those those large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions among those those large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions among those those large
+effects okay so the sparsity of effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects okay so the sparsity of effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects okay so the sparsity of effects
+is kind of one of the things that's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of one of the things that's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of one of the things that's at
+work in early screaming experiments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in early screaming experiments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in early screaming experiments and
+and is is a good rule of thumb or rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is is a good rule of thumb or rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is is a good rule of thumb or rule
+generic effect to be able to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic effect to be able to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic effect to be able to take
+advantage of a second one is this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of a second one is this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of a second one is this notion
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+hierarchy which is basically again these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy which is basically again these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy which is basically again these
+main effects are are usually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effects are are usually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effects are are usually more
+dominant than second order effects which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant than second order effects which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant than second order effects which
+are more dominant than third order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more dominant than third order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more dominant than third order
+interactions okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions okay um
+furthermore usually you have to not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore usually you have to not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore usually you have to not have
+to but usually we see that the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but usually we see that the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but usually we see that the higher
+that the main effect or the lower order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the main effect or the lower order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the main effect or the lower order
+interaction has to be at work before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction has to be at work before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction has to be at work before you
+have substantial interactions with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have substantial interactions with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have substantial interactions with some
+other Factor so it's going to be rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Factor so it's going to be rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Factor so it's going to be rare
+for you to have a big AB effect and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to have a big AB effect and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to have a big AB effect and no
+main effect with a a and no main effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effect with a a and no main effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effect with a a and no main effect
+with B okay so that's another rule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with B okay so that's another rule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with B okay so that's another rule that
+you can you you can often often use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you you can often often use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you you can often often use and
+you know the likelihood of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the likelihood of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the likelihood of having
+these very high order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very high order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very high order
+interactions the the idea that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions the the idea that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions the the idea that you will
+have an extra Delta in an eight Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an extra Delta in an eight Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an extra Delta in an eight Factor
+experiment attributable to exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment attributable to exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment attributable to exactly the
+combination of all of those settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of all of those settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of all of those settings
+being important or large enough to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being important or large enough to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being important or large enough to be
+important is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is pretty
+small okay okay and then I guess I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay okay and then I guess I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay okay and then I guess I've
+actually mixed in inheritance here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mixed in inheritance here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mixed in inheritance here uh
+already this idea that uh I really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already this idea that uh I really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already this idea that uh I really need
+both of these factors so the hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these factors so the hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these factors so the hierarchy
+is really just more saying the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really just more saying the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really just more saying the size of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+effect schematically pictured by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect schematically pictured by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect schematically pictured by the
+size of these boxes the main effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of these boxes the main effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of these boxes the main effect
+tends to be larger and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be larger and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be larger and then the
+inheritance is I kind of need the need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance is I kind of need the need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance is I kind of need the need
+the lower order interactions to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work okay so here's uh just uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay so here's uh just uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay so here's uh just uh some
+additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional
+uh examples in in the context of half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh examples in in the context of half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh examples in in the context of half
+fractions U we've already almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions U we've already almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions U we've already almost
+exhaustively explored the 2 to the 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustively explored the 2 to the 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustively explored the 2 to the 3
+minus one uh uh resolution three kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one uh uh resolution three kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one uh uh resolution three kind of
+picture here's an example defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here's an example defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here's an example defining
+relationship for a resolution four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship for a resolution four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship for a resolution four and
+here you really have to get up to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you really have to get up to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you really have to get up to four
+factors before having um enough leeway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors before having um enough leeway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors before having um enough leeway
+to be able to uh have that kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to uh have that kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to uh have that kind of an
+interaction pattern where uh I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction pattern where uh I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction pattern where uh I would
+only have so for example now if I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have so for example now if I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have so for example now if I did
+the algebra a would be confounded with B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra a would be confounded with B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra a would be confounded with B
+C D or if I multiplied AB on one side AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C D or if I multiplied AB on one side AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C D or if I multiplied AB on one side AB
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+CD so that was the earlier question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD so that was the earlier question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD so that was the earlier question
+there you can see a two- Factor effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can see a two- Factor effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can see a two- Factor effect
+or two-way interaction is confounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two-way interaction is confounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two-way interaction is confounded
+with another two-way interaction but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another two-way interaction but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another two-way interaction but all
+main effects are only confounded with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effects are only confounded with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effects are only confounded with
+three-way inter interactions and none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-way inter interactions and none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-way inter interactions and none
+with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each
+other and here would be an example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and here would be an example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and here would be an example you
+can play with to sort of see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play with to sort of see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play with to sort of see what the
+eling pattern would be the resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eling pattern would be the resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eling pattern would be the resolution
+five uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiment I think that oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah you uh the identity I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah you uh the identity I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah you uh the identity I don't
+remember offand I think we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember offand I think we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember offand I think we've got
+actually an example right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an example right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an example right here
+that uh shows what the aliasing pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh shows what the aliasing pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh shows what the aliasing pattern
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+um you asked exactly the question and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you asked exactly the question and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you asked exactly the question and so
+we can work it out okay so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can work it out okay so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can work it out okay so here's an
+example first off we we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example first off we we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example first off we we already know
+it's probably not going to be a defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably not going to be a defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably not going to be a defining
+relationship like like uh like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship like like uh like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship like like uh like this one
+right because I've I I've only got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I've I I've only got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I've I I've only got two
+to the 4 - 2 which is 2^ SAR I've only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 4 - 2 which is 2^ SAR I've only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 4 - 2 which is 2^ SAR I've only
+got four experiments out of the 16 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four experiments out of the 16 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four experiments out of the 16 that
+I'm picking so I've got an off a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm picking so I've got an off a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm picking so I've got an off a lot of
+confounding going on and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding going on and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding going on and the question
+would be I can actually build it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be I can actually build it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be I can actually build it and
+look and see what the confounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and see what the confounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and see what the confounding
+pattern would be um and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern would be um and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern would be um and in
+particular I might want to pick it such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I might want to pick it such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I might want to pick it such
+a way that I I want to at least be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that I I want to at least be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that I I want to at least be able
+to detect the four main effects and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect the four main effects and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect the four main effects and lots
+of other things could be aliased in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other things could be aliased in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other things could be aliased in with
+that so I could build it a priori and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I could build it a priori and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I could build it a priori and
+say okay I'm willing for a to be Alias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I'm willing for a to be Alias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I'm willing for a to be Alias
+with with that and with that so so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with that and with that so so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with that and with that so so in
+this case when you've got a double half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case when you've got a double half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case when you've got a double half
+fraction I'm going to have aliasing be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction I'm going to have aliasing be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction I'm going to have aliasing be
+between more than two columns now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between more than two columns now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between more than two columns now I
+actually have multi-way aliasing between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have multi-way aliasing between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have multi-way aliasing between
+three columns so in essence what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns so in essence what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns so in essence what I've
+got is something like AAL b c d equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got is something like AAL b c d equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got is something like AAL b c d equal
+ABC and then you can work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC and then you can work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC and then you can work that
+out as I is equal to a b c d in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as I is equal to a b c d in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as I is equal to a b c d in this
+case is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is equal to
+BC so it still has this defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC so it still has this defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC so it still has this defining
+relationship um but I'm I'm now only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship um but I'm I'm now only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship um but I'm I'm now only
+picking four of the four of the rows um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking four of the four of the rows um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking four of the four of the rows um
+so I don't know if you guys can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know if you guys can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know if you guys can see that
+it's kind of tiny uh but this is all 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of tiny uh but this is all 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of tiny uh but this is all 16
+of these these columns and again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these these columns and again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these these columns and again this is
+the same combination that I just went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same combination that I just went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same combination that I just went
+through uh before if you look the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh before if you look the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh before if you look the a
+column here these four minus one - one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column here these four minus one - one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column here these four minus one - one
+one one is now aliased with both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one is now aliased with both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one is now aliased with both the
+BCD where where did that go the BCD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCD where where did that go the BCD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCD where where did that go the BCD
+minus one - one one one and the ABC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one - one one one and the ABC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one - one one one and the ABC
+column - one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column - one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column - one
+one minus one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus one one
+one so if I do that I've folded two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if I do that I've folded two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if I do that I've folded two
+other columns onto it in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other columns onto it in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other columns onto it in order to get
+down to the to the full half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fraction and you can also explode out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction and you can also explode out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction and you can also explode out in
+the other direction and see what are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction and see what are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction and see what are all
+of the interactions in the aliases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interactions in the aliases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interactions in the aliases that
+go on again using just either looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on again using just either looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on again using just either looking at
+the columns and here I've shaded The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns and here I've shaded The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns and here I've shaded The
+Columns that are with each other so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns that are with each other so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns that are with each other so in
+each case we've got all four or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each case we've got all four or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each case we've got all four or you can
+do the the column math and this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the the column math and this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the the column math and this has
+another nasty effect which is those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+columns are not even resolution three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are not even resolution three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are not even resolution three
+right so so going back to your earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so going back to your earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so going back to your earlier
+question I don't know what the defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I don't know what the defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I don't know what the defining
+relationship is for a 2 4us 2 resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is for a 2 4us 2 resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is for a 2 4us 2 resolution
+3 I'm not sure sure what the defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 I'm not sure sure what the defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 I'm not sure sure what the defining
+relationship is uh sounds like a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is uh sounds like a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is uh sounds like a good
+problem set problem remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay so I think we've uh explored aling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think we've uh explored aling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think we've uh explored aling
+you understand aling any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand aling any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand aling any questions on
+aliasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing
+confounding there is one more aspect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding there is one more aspect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding there is one more aspect to
+it that I want to explore a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that I want to explore a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that I want to explore a little bit
+which is what are the implications for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what are the implications for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what are the implications for
+model construction we've already alluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model construction we've already alluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model construction we've already alluded
+to this so let's just sort of work work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this so let's just sort of work work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this so let's just sort of work work
+through it um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it um but
+also folding in and remembering uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also folding in and remembering uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also folding in and remembering uh
+interaction terms but also potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction terms but also potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction terms but also potential
+higher order terms and some implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order terms and some implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order terms and some implications
+that arise if some of my factors I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arise if some of my factors I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arise if some of my factors I think
+might have quadratic elements to it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have quadratic elements to it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have quadratic elements to it you
+get actually then kind of complicated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get actually then kind of complicated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get actually then kind of complicated uh
+aliasing patterns in in those cases so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing patterns in in those cases so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing patterns in in those cases so a
+simple case when I've just got one input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case when I've just got one input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case when I've just got one input
+and I've got um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got um
+you know one output but I think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one output but I think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one output but I think there
+might be a quadratic effect what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a quadratic effect what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a quadratic effect what we're
+seeing here is that I cannot do just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing here is that I cannot do just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing here is that I cannot do just a
+two-level full factorial to exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level full factorial to exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level full factorial to exercise
+that as we talked about last time I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we talked about last time I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we talked about last time I have
+to add some kind of a center point or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add some kind of a center point or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add some kind of a center point or
+some other uh I I really need all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other uh I I really need all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other uh I I really need all three
+data points in order to be able to fit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points in order to be able to fit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points in order to be able to fit a
+quadratic a quadratic term okay um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic a quadratic term okay um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic a quadratic term okay um and
+we talked last time about being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked last time about being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked last time about being able to
+do a Nova residual analysis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a Nova residual analysis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a Nova residual analysis to
+differentiate whether that deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate whether that deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate whether that deviation
+compared to spread within a replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to spread within a replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to spread within a replication
+error uh is significant so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error uh is significant so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error uh is significant so I could
+decide whether that coefficient is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether that coefficient is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether that coefficient is is
+significant or not if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant or not if I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant or not if I were
+generalizing this now to more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing this now to more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing this now to more than one
+Factor last time we talked about a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor last time we talked about a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor last time we talked about a two
+Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor
+uh uh example and we had up to second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh example and we had up to second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh example and we had up to second
+order terms but if we expand this out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms but if we expand this out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms but if we expand this out to
+a full quadratic with all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full quadratic with all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full quadratic with all of the
+interactions what you see is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions what you see is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions what you see is a very
+rapid explosion in the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid explosion in the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid explosion in the number of
+coefficients right because I've got my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients right because I've got my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients right because I've got my
+main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main
+effects okay so this is still just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects okay so this is still just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects okay so this is still just just
+two factors but now three level a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two factors but now three level a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two factors but now three level a full
+factorial in three levels I've got my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial in three levels I've got my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial in three levels I've got my
+average I've got my main effect I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average I've got my main effect I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average I've got my main effect I've got
+my my interaction between X 1 and X2 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my interaction between X 1 and X2 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my interaction between X 1 and X2 but
+then I've got also X1 2 and where's X2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've got also X1 2 and where's X2 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've got also X1 2 and where's X2 2
+there is my X2 2 then I've got sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is my X2 2 then I've got sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is my X2 2 then I've got sort of
+the the interaction between X1 squar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the interaction between X1 squar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the interaction between X1 squar and
+X2 X1 and X2 squar and if both of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 X1 and X2 squar and if both of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 X1 and X2 squar and if both of the
+terms were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared question is do I have this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared question is do I have this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared question is do I have this is
+what you know the full quadratic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know the full quadratic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know the full quadratic model
+with all of the interactions would be do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of the interactions would be do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of the interactions would be do
+I have enough data to be able to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have enough data to be able to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have enough data to be able to fit
+this in a if I did a three squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not how many coefficients do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have do I have one extra one two three I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have do I have one extra one two three I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have do I have one extra one two three I
+have nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nine
+coefficients how many experiments is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients how many experiments is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients how many experiments is
+three squared nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three squared nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three squared nine
+experiments so it's exactly like what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments so it's exactly like what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments so it's exactly like what we
+saw with the the two experiments I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw with the the two experiments I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw with the the two experiments I have
+exactly just barely the number to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly just barely the number to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly just barely the number to
+perfectly fit so actually if I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fit so actually if I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fit so actually if I do the
+regression formulation which I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression formulation which I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression formulation which I think is
+coming yeah o nasty I think these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming yeah o nasty I think these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming yeah o nasty I think these are
+supposed to be vertical dot dot dots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be vertical dot dot dots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be vertical dot dot dots and
+these are supposed to be horizontal dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are supposed to be horizontal dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are supposed to be horizontal dot
+dot dots weird font problem here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dots weird font problem here if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dots weird font problem here if I
+were to actually formulate this um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to actually formulate this um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to actually formulate this um for
+the three factor I would have exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three factor I would have exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three factor I would have exactly
+the same Matrix kind of relationship and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Matrix kind of relationship and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Matrix kind of relationship and
+I have exactly the same number of rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have exactly the same number of rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have exactly the same number of rows
+and columns and I would be able to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and columns and I would be able to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and columns and I would be able to fit
+that oops I guess that doesn't come tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oops I guess that doesn't come tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oops I guess that doesn't come tell
+later I could solve that directly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I could solve that directly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I could solve that directly and
+get beta is equal to xus one uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get beta is equal to xus one uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get beta is equal to xus one uh my
+output but I don't I I I don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but I don't I I I don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but I don't I I I don't have any
+replicate data if I had replicate data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate data if I had replicate data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate data if I had replicate data
+then I would also need to do the pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I would also need to do the pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I would also need to do the pseudo
+inverse uh exactly as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse uh exactly as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse uh exactly as before
+so the point the point here is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point the point here is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point the point here is if you
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+build every possible model in the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build every possible model in the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build every possible model in the full
+quadratic I have to have a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic I have to have a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic I have to have a full
+factorial in three levels as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so we can meaningfully talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we can meaningfully talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we can meaningfully talk
+although you don't see it that much in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you don't see it that much in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you don't see it that much in
+the literature and we'll see why in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature and we'll see why in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature and we'll see why in a
+moment you can talk about full factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you can talk about full factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you can talk about full factorial
+more than two levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than two levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than two levels
+I'm talking about you know full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about you know full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about you know full
+factorial 3 to the K I got three levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial 3 to the K I got three levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial 3 to the K I got three levels
+uh uh per test but what you will see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh per test but what you will see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh per test but what you will see I
+want to touch on a little bit are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to touch on a little bit are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to touch on a little bit are
+slightly different designs that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different designs that have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different designs that have a
+couple of additional properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of additional properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of additional properties that
+might be a better way to go than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a better way to go than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a better way to go than
+starting a priori with the full three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting a priori with the full three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting a priori with the full three
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+factorial doing every possible all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial doing every possible all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial doing every possible all
+combination of all three three levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of all three three levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of all three three levels
+but rather start with the two-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather start with the two-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather start with the two-level
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+and then if you start to see some U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you start to see some U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you start to see some U
+important interactions or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important interactions or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important interactions or some
+indication that additional effects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that additional effects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that additional effects are
+needed adding experimental design points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed adding experimental design points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed adding experimental design points
+incrementally when it's easy to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementally when it's easy to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementally when it's easy to do that
+it's not always easy to do that in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always easy to do that in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always easy to do that in your
+experimental setting how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental setting how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental setting how would you
+detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect
+that other observe other effects yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other observe other effects yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other observe other effects yes so
+if I do purely the corner effect corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do purely the corner effect corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do purely the corner effect corner
+corner model is it possible for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner model is it possible for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner model is it possible for me to
+detect that there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect that there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect that there might be
+curvature no so the first thing I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature no so the first thing I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature no so the first thing I would
+do if I wanted to detect is at least add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if I wanted to detect is at least add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if I wanted to detect is at least add
+some Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Center
+points and certainly for continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and certainly for continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and certainly for continuous
+parameters as we talked about last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters as we talked about last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters as we talked about last time
+that makes sense it doesn't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense it doesn't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense it doesn't make sense
+for discrete parameters really curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for discrete parameters really curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for discrete parameters really curvature
+is only a term that makes sense with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only a term that makes sense with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only a term that makes sense with the
+continuous parameters so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous parameters so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous parameters so that's kind of
+the domain I'm talking in here so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain I'm talking in here so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain I'm talking in here so in
+fact my rule of thumb is I always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact my rule of thumb is I always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact my rule of thumb is I always have
+at least the center points in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the center points in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the center points in my
+original design I never do just a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original design I never do just a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original design I never do just a pure
+twole factorial I always add at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twole factorial I always add at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twole factorial I always add at least
+the center points because they tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center points because they tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center points because they tell
+me and I I try to replicate at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and I I try to replicate at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and I I try to replicate at least the
+center points so I can distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center points so I can distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center points so I can distinguish
+between uh curvature and I can also then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh curvature and I can also then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh curvature and I can also then
+not fit exactly perfectly every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fit exactly perfectly every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fit exactly perfectly every
+interaction but I can also start to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction but I can also start to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction but I can also start to ask
+a question about significance of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question about significance of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question about significance of these
+effects then I've got some indication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects then I've got some indication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects then I've got some indication
+that there might be curvature now now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might be curvature now now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might be curvature now now I
+might go in and start to say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go in and start to say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go in and start to say okay
+there's curvature but I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's curvature but I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's curvature but I don't really
+know the nature of it now I want to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the nature of it now I want to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the nature of it now I want to add
+sort of these three level points on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of these three level points on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of these three level points on a
+few more than one of the uh experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more than one of the uh experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more than one of the uh experimental
+factors that's where I might then add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that's where I might then add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that's where I might then add
+even more experimental points but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more experimental points but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more experimental points but I'm
+always shocked because you know few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always shocked because you know few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always shocked because you know few of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+books you read Montgomery you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books you read Montgomery you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books you read Montgomery you know
+Thanos you read most of the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanos you read most of the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanos you read most of the experimental
+design books they rarely talk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design books they rarely talk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design books they rarely talk and
+emphasize the value of the center point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the value of the center point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the value of the center point
+it's it's just absolutely crucial in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's just absolutely crucial in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's just absolutely crucial in my
+mind so you know I I always want to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so you know I I always want to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so you know I I always want to add
+at least at least that off Corner one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least at least that off Corner one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least at least that off Corner one
+off Corner Point uh and preferably some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off Corner Point uh and preferably some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off Corner Point uh and preferably some
+replicates of that because it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicates of that because it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicates of that because it gives you
+so much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much more
+power and think about it it's not if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and think about it it's not if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and think about it it's not if I'm
+doing four factors I'm only adding one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing four factors I'm only adding one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing four factors I'm only adding one
+more experimental combination I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more experimental combination I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more experimental combination I'm not
+exploding out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploding out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploding out
+the whole design it's a very cheap way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole design it's a very cheap way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole design it's a very cheap way
+to uh learn an awful lot more about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh learn an awful lot more about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh learn an awful lot more about your
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so this is simply making the point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is simply making the point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is simply making the point we
+we just looked at the at the 3 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just looked at the at the 3 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just looked at the at the 3 to the
+two case how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two case how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two case how
+many coefficients there are in the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many coefficients there are in the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many coefficients there are in the full
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+um um in particular if we do the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um in particular if we do the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um in particular if we do the full
+model quadratic 3 to the two we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model quadratic 3 to the two we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model quadratic 3 to the two we already
+got nine coefficients but if I add just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got nine coefficients but if I add just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got nine coefficients but if I add just
+one more factor and I'm still worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more factor and I'm still worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more factor and I'm still worried
+about full Interac or full you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about full Interac or full you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about full Interac or full you know the
+full model with all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full model with all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full model with all of the
+interactions the number of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions the number of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions the number of uh
+experiments that I need to do explodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that I need to do explodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that I need to do explodes
+rapidly you know up up here with only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly you know up up here with only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly you know up up here with only
+five factors I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five factors I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five factors I got a
+243 model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms do you really think each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms do you really think each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms do you really think each of those
+model terms is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model terms is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model terms is going to be
+nonzero significant probably not so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero significant probably not so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero significant probably not so this
+is also a wonderful opportunity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a wonderful opportunity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a wonderful opportunity for
+saying sparsity of effects hierarchy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying sparsity of effects hierarchy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying sparsity of effects hierarchy all
+of those I'm going to Alias some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those I'm going to Alias some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those I'm going to Alias some of
+those in and discount certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in and discount certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in and discount certain
+interactions and in fact if I just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and in fact if I just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and in fact if I just do
+main effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effects
+and the third order term but only on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third order term but only on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third order term but only on on
+the single effect so an X1 cubed excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single effect so an X1 cubed excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single effect so an X1 cubed excuse
+me an X1 uh squared second order term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an X1 uh squared second order term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an X1 uh squared second order term
+quadratic model X1 squar and X2 squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic model X1 squar and X2 squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic model X1 squar and X2 squar
+and so on then then it then it only uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on then then it then it only uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on then then it then it only uh
+grows linearly with the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows linearly with the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows linearly with the number of
+factors if I know a priori I can neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors if I know a priori I can neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors if I know a priori I can neglect
+neglect those those uh uh higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect those those uh uh higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect those those uh uh higher order
+interactions so this is just working out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions so this is just working out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions so this is just working out
+giving an example Now using some of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving an example Now using some of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving an example Now using some of our
+earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+terminology again here I can refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology again here I can refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology again here I can refer
+to the different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the different uh
+uh combinations again I have my A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh combinations again I have my A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh combinations again I have my A and B
+and I can label the ab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can label the ab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can label the ab
+interaction right that's that AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction right that's that AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction right that's that AB
+interaction or the ab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction or the ab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction or the ab
+effect uh goes with a beta one two this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect uh goes with a beta one two this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect uh goes with a beta one two this
+A2 is just an a squ b s a 2 b b 2 a a s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 is just an a squ b s a 2 b b 2 a a s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 is just an a squ b s a 2 b b 2 a a s
+b 2 and you can again see now the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b 2 and you can again see now the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b 2 and you can again see now the uh the
+factor levels where I've added zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor levels where I've added zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor levels where I've added zero to
+IND at the center level setting for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IND at the center level setting for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IND at the center level setting for each
+of those okay but we can also borrow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those okay but we can also borrow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those okay but we can also borrow and
+import and use all of the same aliasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import and use all of the same aliasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import and use all of the same aliasing
+terminology that we had uh that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology that we had uh that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology that we had uh that we had
+earlier so for example if I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so for example if I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so for example if I only
+did I don't know a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I don't know a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I don't know a a
+uh well if I did a 3 to the 2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well if I did a 3 to the 2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well if I did a 3 to the 2 minus
+one I guess that's a half fraction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I guess that's a half fraction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I guess that's a half fraction but
+kind of an odd one right because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an odd one right because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an odd one right because that
+means I get to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I get to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I get to pick
+three three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three
+rows I could pick uh is that right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows I could pick uh is that right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows I could pick uh is that right yeah
+I think that is you have a lot of alasin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that is you have a lot of alasin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that is you have a lot of alasin
+going on right so so actually it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on right so so actually it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on right so so actually it's not
+as easy to talk about a half fraction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as easy to talk about a half fraction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as easy to talk about a half fraction or
+um and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in
+fact what we'll see okay I can do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what we'll see okay I can do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what we'll see okay I can do these
+Zing but I want to LEAP ahead here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zing but I want to LEAP ahead here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zing but I want to LEAP ahead here we go
+um a good way to try to visual ize these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a good way to try to visual ize these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a good way to try to visual ize these
+which works for lower number of factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which works for lower number of factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which works for lower number of factors
+because it's not too high dimensional a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not too high dimensional a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not too high dimensional a
+space is actually sort of plot out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is actually sort of plot out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is actually sort of plot out in
+your X1 versus X2 experimental space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your X1 versus X2 experimental space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your X1 versus X2 experimental space
+what design points you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what design points you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what design points you're actually
+exercising with some half fraction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercising with some half fraction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercising with some half fraction so
+for example in this case I'm just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in this case I'm just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in this case I'm just doing
+say these 2/3 and leaving off this oneir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say these 2/3 and leaving off this oneir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say these 2/3 and leaving off this oneir
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+experiment okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment okay um
+in which case what I'm essentially doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case what I'm essentially doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case what I'm essentially doing
+is giving up and saying I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is giving up and saying I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is giving up and saying I'm not going to
+do the high level setting on my X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the high level setting on my X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the high level setting on my X2
+factor and now you can start to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and now you can start to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and now you can start to get a
+good feel nice intuitive feel that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good feel nice intuitive feel that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good feel nice intuitive feel that goes
+together with mathematics of what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with mathematics of what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with mathematics of what you're
+giving up when you do that if I were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving up when you do that if I were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving up when you do that if I were not
+doing those those experiments I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing those those experiments I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing those those experiments I just
+picked this subset what model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked this subset what model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked this subset what model
+coefficients am I detecting or am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients am I detecting or am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients am I detecting or am I
+going to be able to fit and what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to fit and what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to fit and what am I
+not in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in that
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+should be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intuitive what model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive what model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive what model
+coefficient would I not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fit next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit next to
+what one yeah yeah for this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one yeah yeah for this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one yeah yeah for this one and
+other words I'm I'm I said we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I'm I'm I said we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I'm I'm I said we are going
+to pick these six points these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick these six points these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick these six points these are the
+six columns going with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six columns going with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six columns going with these
+these rows but I'm not doing I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rows but I'm not doing I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rows but I'm not doing I'm not
+doing those three experiments in my X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing those three experiments in my X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing those three experiments in my X1
+and X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Factor can I do a quadratic model in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor can I do a quadratic model in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor can I do a quadratic model in
+X1 sure I've got three data points uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 sure I've got three data points uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 sure I've got three data points uh
+projected along in that can I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected along in that can I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected along in that can I do a
+quadratic model in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic model in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic model in
+X2 no I'm only exercising two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 no I'm only exercising two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 no I'm only exercising two different
+levels so I can only go up to linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so I can only go up to linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so I can only go up to linear in
+that term and that's what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term and that's what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term and that's what I mean by
+intuitive I think you can start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive I think you can start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive I think you can start to
+see what at least you know sort of main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what at least you know sort of main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what at least you know sort of main
+order effects as well as second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order effects as well as second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order effects as well as second order
+terms uh are are at work it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms uh are are at work it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms uh are are at work it's a little
+more subtle to see you know can I do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more subtle to see you know can I do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more subtle to see you know can I do an
+X1 and X2 or an X1 squared and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and X2 or an X1 squared and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and X2 or an X1 squared and an
+X2 I think you can sort of see I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 I think you can sort of see I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 I think you can sort of see I've got
+combinations to be able to do some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations to be able to do some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations to be able to do some of
+those but there may be some confounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but there may be some confounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but there may be some confounding
+going on and then you can look back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and then you can look back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and then you can look back at
+the columns to see what what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns to see what what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns to see what what kind of
+confounding may be occurring so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I haven't actually done that on this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't actually done that on this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't actually done that on this to
+figure out which is confounded with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which is confounded with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which is confounded with what
+but uh let's see anybody it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh let's see anybody it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh let's see anybody it's probably
+so tiny you don't have a hope in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tiny you don't have a hope in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tiny you don't have a hope in the
+world of seeing it there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one B is equal to minus b^2 in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one B is equal to minus b^2 in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one B is equal to minus b^2 in this case
+where B was my X2 so this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where B was my X2 so this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where B was my X2 so this is basically
+confounding and saying I was telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding and saying I was telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding and saying I was telling you
+I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could
+not fit the s the quadratic term in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fit the s the quadratic term in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fit the s the quadratic term in in
+X2 if there actually is curvature where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 if there actually is curvature where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 if there actually is curvature where
+did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it
+go it's hidden inside of the B2 linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go it's hidden inside of the B2 linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go it's hidden inside of the B2 linear
+term right it's confounded with the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term right it's confounded with the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term right it's confounded with the B
+linear term so it's the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term so it's the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term so it's the same kind of
+terminology uh here's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+okay that looks almost the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that looks almost the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that looks almost the same as the
+other one I can still fit quadratic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one I can still fit quadratic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one I can still fit quadratic in
+X1 linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 linear in
+x2 in fact it's not even clear to me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 in fact it's not even clear to me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 in fact it's not even clear to me uh
+right up front what I can't fit with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right up front what I can't fit with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right up front what I can't fit with one
+or the other I kind of like having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other I kind of like having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other I kind of like having the
+center point in the other design um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center point in the other design um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center point in the other design um but
+now what's the difference between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the difference between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the difference between these
+two actually I think a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two actually I think a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two actually I think a lot of the
+aliasing is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing is relatively
+similar I can think of one reason why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar I can think of one reason why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar I can think of one reason why I
+might pick the lower design over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might pick the lower design over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might pick the lower design over the
+upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper
+design it make the effect more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it make the effect more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it make the effect more
+pronounced yeah I think what uh that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced yeah I think what uh that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced yeah I think what uh that in
+combination with what I was thinking but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination with what I was thinking but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination with what I was thinking but
+I think you're right the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you're right the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you're right the the the
+statement was this would make the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement was this would make the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement was this would make the effect
+more pronounced I'm also thinking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pronounced I'm also thinking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pronounced I'm also thinking it
+explores a larger space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explores a larger space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explores a larger space of
+X2 this one is just zeroing in or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 this one is just zeroing in or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 this one is just zeroing in or
+zooming in on the zero to low setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming in on the zero to low setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming in on the zero to low setting
+the other one goes all the way and spans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one goes all the way and spans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one goes all the way and spans
+the low to the high setting so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low to the high setting so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low to the high setting so I'm
+exploring Ling or fitting around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring Ling or fitting around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring Ling or fitting around the
+larger portion of the space so I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger portion of the space so I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger portion of the space so I might
+prefer I might prefer for that reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer I might prefer for that reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer I might prefer for that reason
+the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower
+one um doesn't have a pure center point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um doesn't have a pure center point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um doesn't have a pure center point
+but it's not clear that the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not clear that the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not clear that the other one
+does either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah yeah so the same ideas of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah so the same ideas of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah so the same ideas of of
+balance and orthog ality are work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and orthog ality are work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and orthog ality are work but
+again it's mostly with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's mostly with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's mostly with respect
+to uh it's more subtle now because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh it's more subtle now because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh it's more subtle now because it's
+with respect to either the the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to either the the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to either the the linear
+term or the quadratic term but I so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term or the quadratic term but I so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term or the quadratic term but I so so
+these are both balanced and orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are both balanced and orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are both balanced and orthogonal
+with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect
+to uh things like the main order effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh things like the main order effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh things like the main order effects
+but I'm not orthogonal B to B squared in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not orthogonal B to B squared in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not orthogonal B to B squared in
+these two cases so you can use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two cases so you can use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two cases so you can use the same
+reasoning but but when you've got three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning but but when you've got three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning but but when you've got three
+levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+you got to expand it out and think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to expand it out and think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to expand it out and think it's
+not just the whole variable but or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the whole variable but or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the whole variable but or the
+interaction it's also the second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction it's also the second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction it's also the second order
+term possibly being nonorthogonal with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term possibly being nonorthogonal with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term possibly being nonorthogonal with a
+lower order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower order
+term okay here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one what do you think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one compared to the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+this one looks interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me yep yep so I'm not sure everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me yep yep so I'm not sure everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me yep yep so I'm not sure everybody
+heard that but at least here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard that but at least here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard that but at least here we're
+exercising you know all three levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercising you know all three levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercising you know all three levels of
+X1 all three levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 all three levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 all three levels of
+X2 so we can fit quadratic terms in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 so we can fit quadratic terms in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 so we can fit quadratic terms in each
+of the cases where we might need to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cases where we might need to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cases where we might need to be a
+little careful is we're actually making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little careful is we're actually making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little careful is we're actually making
+an interesting tradeoff here going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting tradeoff here going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting tradeoff here going back
+also to your earlier point we're giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to your earlier point we're giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to your earlier point we're giving
+up a little bit of balance in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a little bit of balance in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a little bit of balance in this
+design in that for the low setting of X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design in that for the low setting of X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design in that for the low setting of X1
+I've actually got more data than for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've actually got more data than for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've actually got more data than for the
+high setting of X1 and so if there's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high setting of X1 and so if there's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high setting of X1 and so if there's if
+there's noise effects I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's noise effects I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's noise effects I'm actually
+fitting in in effect if you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting in in effect if you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting in in effect if you do the
+regression you'll have a narrower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you'll have a narrower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you'll have a narrower
+confidence interval over here at the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval over here at the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval over here at the low
+setting than you would at the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting than you would at the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting than you would at the high
+setting so you actually have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so you actually have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so you actually have to be a
+little careful you can do the regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little careful you can do the regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little careful you can do the regression
+math you have to be careful informing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math you have to be careful informing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math you have to be careful informing
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+contrasts um um normally you get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasts um um normally you get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasts um um normally you get through
+these high models you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these high models you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these high models you're probably
+throwing it into a regression anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing it into a regression anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing it into a regression anyway um
+but you also then have to be careful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also then have to be careful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also then have to be careful in
+the interpolation and use of the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpolation and use of the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpolation and use of the model
+in different different parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different different parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different different parts of the
+space because its accuracy is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because its accuracy is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because its accuracy is a little
+bit different in different parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different in different parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different in different parts of the
+space but I like this I I kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but I like this I I kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but I like this I I kind of like
+this one as as well even with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one as as well even with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one as as well even with those
+caveats um but you can still use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveats um but you can still use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveats um but you can still use this
+and the same aliasing terminology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same aliasing terminology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same aliasing terminology to
+figure out which coefficients I'm giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which coefficients I'm giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which coefficients I'm giving
+up with aliasing with what and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with aliasing with what and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with aliasing with what and I'm not
+going to go through that but you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that um well it's not clear you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um well it's not clear you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um well it's not clear you would
+get an overall higher or lower r squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh it you almost always and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it you almost always and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it you almost always and we'll
+we'll we'll do a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll do a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll do a little bit more
+regression later but but you almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression later but but you almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression later but but you almost
+always if you add more terms you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always if you add more terms you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always if you add more terms you get a
+better R squar but then the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better R squar but then the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better R squar but then the question is
+is it a fair model so we can also talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a fair model so we can also talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a fair model so we can also talk
+about an adjusted R squ where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an adjusted R squ where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an adjusted R squ where you
+penalize for the additional model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize for the additional model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize for the additional model the
+additional model terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then this is just pointing out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is just pointing out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is just pointing out that
+uh uh you can still use the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you can still use the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you can still use the linear
+algebraic the the direct uh either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic the the direct uh either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic the the direct uh either
+direct solution or or uh quasi inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct solution or or uh quasi inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct solution or or uh quasi inverse
+solution if you've got replicates uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if you've got replicates uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if you've got replicates uh to
+be able to fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to fit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to fit the
+model so these are the sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so these are the sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so these are the sorts of things
+that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come
+out right this is for an X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right this is for an X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right this is for an X1
+X2 I don't know which is which X1 X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 I don't know which is which X1 X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 I don't know which is which X1 X2
+if in fact there are true quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in fact there are true quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in fact there are true quadratic
+terms these are a little different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms these are a little different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms these are a little different kinds
+of surfaces than the the ruled surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of surfaces than the the ruled surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of surfaces than the the ruled surface
+right which looked like it had kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which looked like it had kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which looked like it had kind of a
+funky kind of curvature because of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funky kind of curvature because of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funky kind of curvature because of an
+x1x2 interaction but if I projected down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1x2 interaction but if I projected down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1x2 interaction but if I projected down
+on any one variable it's always linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any one variable it's always linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any one variable it's always linear
+here if I were to do a slice holding X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I were to do a slice holding X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I were to do a slice holding X1
+constant I do in fact get a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I do in fact get a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I do in fact get a true
+quadratic now a nice thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic now a nice thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic now a nice thing about
+quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic
+surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces
+is um you can start to think about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um you can start to think about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um you can start to think about an
+optimal Point much more easily Within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal Point much more easily Within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal Point much more easily Within
+These certainly if there's the space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These certainly if there's the space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These certainly if there's the space is
+large enough to cover a minimum or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough to cover a minimum or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough to cover a minimum or a
+maximum there's a natural notion if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum there's a natural notion if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum there's a natural notion if
+you're trying to minimize or maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to minimize or maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to minimize or maximize
+your output why of finding the optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your output why of finding the optimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your output why of finding the optimum
+space now it's also possible that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space now it's also possible that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space now it's also possible that if I
+had a smaller space in the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a smaller space in the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a smaller space in the true
+the true minimum or maximum of the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true minimum or maximum of the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true minimum or maximum of the full
+equation were outside then I might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation were outside then I might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation were outside then I might have
+so for example let's say my space was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let's say my space was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let's say my space was
+constrained to only right here then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained to only right here then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained to only right here then I
+might run into the minimum or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might run into the minimum or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might run into the minimum or the
+maximum at one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum at one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum at one of my
+boundaries but now we've got this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries but now we've got this extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries but now we've got this extra
+notion that my minimum maximum might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that my minimum maximum might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that my minimum maximum might
+occur somewhere in the interior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur somewhere in the interior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur somewhere in the interior of the
+space as opposed to with linear models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space as opposed to with linear models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space as opposed to with linear models
+it's always at one or the other of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always at one or the other of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always at one or the other of the
+boundaries right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries right
+so this starts to get to the desire for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this starts to get to the desire for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this starts to get to the desire for
+using this kind of a model now to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this kind of a model now to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this kind of a model now to find
+the optimum point which is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimum point which is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimum point which is one of the
+main reasons we do experimental designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main reasons we do experimental designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main reasons we do experimental designs
+not just to find out which factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just to find out which factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just to find out which factors
+matter but build the model and then use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter but build the model and then use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter but build the model and then use
+it either in maybe feedback control but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it either in maybe feedback control but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it either in maybe feedback control but
+more often just to set find the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often just to set find the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often just to set find the process
+settings or find the design optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings or find the design optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings or find the design optimal
+point in order to achieve some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in order to achieve some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in order to achieve some some
+criteria um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria um
+now I alluded already to adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I alluded already to adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I alluded already to adding
+additional points if we did a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional points if we did a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional points if we did a full
+factorial three level you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial three level you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial three level you know that's
+all nine combinations of high low and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all nine combinations of high low and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all nine combinations of high low and in
+the X1 X2 space that's all nine points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X1 X2 space that's all nine points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X1 X2 space that's all nine points
+there is an alternative approach and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an alternative approach and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an alternative approach and
+probably one of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the most important
+experimental designs after twole full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental designs after twole full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental designs after twole full
+factorial referred to as a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial referred to as a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial referred to as a central
+composite design and you often will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite design and you often will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite design and you often will
+design up front to do this but also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design up front to do this but also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design up front to do this but also very
+often it will be what you extend a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it will be what you extend a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it will be what you extend a full
+factorial Corner Point design with if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial Corner Point design with if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial Corner Point design with if I
+did my first experiment with two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did my first experiment with two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did my first experiment with two to the
+two um you know just pure full factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um you know just pure full factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um you know just pure full factorial
+of two tests or two levels and I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two tests or two levels and I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two tests or two levels and I got
+four tests first off this is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four tests first off this is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four tests first off this is probably
+wrong right the model is sh shown to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong right the model is sh shown to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong right the model is sh shown to
+have a poor fit hm if I actually did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a poor fit hm if I actually did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a poor fit hm if I actually did
+this for all four points in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for all four points in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for all four points in the
+interaction I don't have enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction I don't have enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction I don't have enough to
+detect that so somewhere in here would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect that so somewhere in here would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect that so somewhere in here would
+be add Center points the power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be add Center points the power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be add Center points the power of the
+center point you remember nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center point you remember nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center point you remember nothing else
+from today the power of the center point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from today the power of the center point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from today the power of the center point
+power of the center point okay then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the center point okay then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the center point okay then then
+I can start to detect whether it it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can start to detect whether it it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can start to detect whether it it it
+actually has a lack of fit in a formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a lack of fit in a formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a lack of fit in a formal
+sense um and and let's say then I decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um and and let's say then I decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um and and let's say then I decide
+I want to go quadratic but I'm not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to go quadratic but I'm not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to go quadratic but I'm not quite
+sure of the shape where my men or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure of the shape where my men or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure of the shape where my men or
+maximum might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum might
+be what we often do is add our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what we often do is add our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what we often do is add our
+additional points so there was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional points so there was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional points so there was our
+original there was our original four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original there was our original four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original there was our original four
+corner points certainly we wanted to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner points certainly we wanted to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner points certainly we wanted to add
+the one at the center should have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one at the center should have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one at the center should have done
+that already but now I can also decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that already but now I can also decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that already but now I can also decide
+where to add my interaction points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to add my interaction points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to add my interaction points
+different so let's say I added this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so let's say I added this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so let's say I added this the
+full typical 3 to the three would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full typical 3 to the three would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full typical 3 to the three would say
+okay you just add them you add them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you just add them you add them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you just add them you add them at
+exactly these you know 3x3 grid array I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly these you know 3x3 grid array I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly these you know 3x3 grid array I
+would add them at at the center points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would add them at at the center points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would add them at at the center points
+of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of
+these we can do something else that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we can do something else that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we can do something else that's a
+little bit clever which is instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit clever which is instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit clever which is instead
+add these sort of interaction points off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add these sort of interaction points off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add these sort of interaction points off
+Off the Grid but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Off the Grid but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Off the Grid but at the
+location of an Outer Circle equidistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of an Outer Circle equidistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of an Outer Circle equidistant
+or circumscribed around the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or circumscribed around the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or circumscribed around the uh the
+original points of my of my Cube my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original points of my of my Cube my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original points of my of my Cube my
+hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper
+Cube okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube okay
+so see I think there we go so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so see I think there we go so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so see I think there we go so what we
+would do in that case here is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do in that case here is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do in that case here is these
+would be my first four points I'd add my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be my first four points I'd add my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be my first four points I'd add my
+center point and now I add these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center point and now I add these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center point and now I add these these
+points off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points off
+axis there's something really clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis there's something really clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis there's something really clever
+really valuable in doing this some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really valuable in doing this some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really valuable in doing this some
+things that are subtle and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are subtle and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are subtle and kind of
+mathematical and not all that important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical and not all that important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical and not all that important
+but some other parts that are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some other parts that are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some other parts that are really
+nice and intuitive I'll give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and intuitive I'll give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and intuitive I'll give you the
+subtle mathematical part this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle mathematical part this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle mathematical part this actually
+um maintains a little bit of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maintains a little bit of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maintains a little bit of of of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+fitting if you go go and you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting if you go go and you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting if you go go and you do the
+regression the fact that all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression the fact that all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression the fact that all of your
+off-center points are now equidistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-center points are now equidistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-center points are now equidistant
+from the center point means that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the center point means that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the center point means that your
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+variance no matter which direction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance no matter which direction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance no matter which direction you
+go is the same in other words there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go is the same in other words there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go is the same in other words there's a
+confidence interval on your coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval on your coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval on your coefficients
+and a an interpolation or extrapolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a an interpolation or extrapolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a an interpolation or extrapolation
+error that grows as you go further from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error that grows as you go further from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error that grows as you go further from
+the center of your design and by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of your design and by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of your design and by doing
+this that maintains um sort of isomet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that maintains um sort of isomet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that maintains um sort of isomet
+it doesn't matter which direction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter which direction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter which direction you
+look you got the same model accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you got the same model accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you got the same model accuracy
+purely as a function of distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely as a function of distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely as a function of distance from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+center okay so that's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center okay so that's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center okay so that's a nice
+mathematical property but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical property but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical property but there's
+another more intuitive value picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another more intuitive value picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another more intuitive value picking
+picking these Corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points and the way I think of it is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and the way I think of it is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and the way I think of it is if I
+just picked those 3x3 on a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just picked those 3x3 on a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just picked those 3x3 on a regular
+grid I could then project down to X1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid I could then project down to X1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid I could then project down to X1 or
+X2 and then in terms of exercising the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and then in terms of exercising the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and then in terms of exercising the
+X1 variable I've only got three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 variable I've only got three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 variable I've only got three
+levels here if I were to project down my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels here if I were to project down my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels here if I were to project down my
+points so let me get rid of some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so let me get rid of some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so let me get rid of some of this
+Scribble here if I were to project down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scribble here if I were to project down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scribble here if I were to project down
+onto just my X1 axis let's say I did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto just my X1 axis let's say I did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto just my X1 axis let's say I did the
+experiment and I found that X2 actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and I found that X2 actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and I found that X2 actually
+was not that important and I project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not that important and I project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not that important and I project
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+all of these points that means for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X1 I've actually exercised at five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 I've actually exercised at five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 I've actually exercised at five
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of
+X1 I've kind of got more than just I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 I've kind of got more than just I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 I've kind of got more than just I've
+I've got extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got extra
+redundancy built in if I'm fitting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy built in if I'm fitting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy built in if I'm fitting a
+third just a quadratic model I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third just a quadratic model I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third just a quadratic model I've got
+ways to actually kind of check whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to actually kind of check whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to actually kind of check whether
+the quadratic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic model
+is sufficient I can do a lack of fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficient I can do a lack of fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficient I can do a lack of fit
+test on even the quadratic model whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test on even the quadratic model whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test on even the quadratic model whereas
+if I only had exactly three samples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I only had exactly three samples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I only had exactly three samples of
+X1 and I add the quadratic in there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and I add the quadratic in there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and I add the quadratic in there's no
+way for me to ask the question might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for me to ask the question might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for me to ask the question might
+there be an even higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be an even higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be an even higher
+order a logarithmic dependence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order a logarithmic dependence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order a logarithmic dependence or
+something else that's that that's subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that's that that's subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that's that that's subtle
+that's going on because I fit exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on because I fit exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on because I fit exactly
+all of the data that I have so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the data that I have so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the data that I have so the
+central composite design I think has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central composite design I think has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central composite design I think has
+this nice intuitive feel of I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice intuitive feel of I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice intuitive feel of I'm actually
+kind of exercising my space a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of exercising my space a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of exercising my space a little
+more thoroughly to be able to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thoroughly to be able to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thoroughly to be able to build a
+model that that can apply a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that that can apply a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that that can apply a little bit
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+broadly everybody see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly everybody see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly everybody see
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay so here's what the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's what the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's what the central
+composite would look like what you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite would look like what you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite would look like what you end
+up with is the original Corner points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with is the original Corner points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with is the original Corner points
+you add the center point and now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add the center point and now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add the center point and now you can
+see if you were to do the geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you were to do the geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you were to do the geometry
+um the distance there is square < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the distance there is square < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the distance there is square < TK of
+two uh so I'm going a full one on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh so I'm going a full one on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh so I'm going a full one on both
+the X1 and the X2 and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X1 and the X2 and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X1 and the X2 and you can
+extrapolate that to a third order hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate that to a third order hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate that to a third order hyper
+Cube I think it ends up being uh instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube I think it ends up being uh instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube I think it ends up being uh instead
+of square < T of two that distance is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of square < T of two that distance is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of square < T of two that distance is a
+square root of three and so on so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of three and so on so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of three and so on so you
+can find what the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find what the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find what the distance
+is uh and and pick those those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh and and pick those those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh and and pick those those different
+Corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corner
+points okay so what we'll do next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay so what we'll do next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay so what we'll do next time
+is build on a little bit this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is build on a little bit this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is build on a little bit this idea of
+using the model we built it we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the model we built it we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the model we built it we can
+assess it we can pick our points to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess it we can pick our points to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess it we can pick our points to
+build different orders of model what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build different orders of model what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build different orders of model what
+we'd like to do is talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to do is talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to do is talk a little bit
+about picking one of these surfaces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about picking one of these surfaces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about picking one of these surfaces and
+how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I
+actually uh a couple of related but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh a couple of related but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh a couple of related but
+slightly different ways of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different ways of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different ways of looking at
+optimizing to find find an Optimum Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing to find find an Optimum Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing to find find an Optimum Point
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+either after you've built the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either after you've built the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either after you've built the whole
+model or the clever thing here when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model or the clever thing here when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model or the clever thing here when
+you're on a sort of a process line doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on a sort of a process line doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on a sort of a process line doing
+it interactively or incrementally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it interactively or incrementally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it interactively or incrementally
+actually picking your design points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually picking your design points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually picking your design points
+almost one at a time based on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost one at a time based on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost one at a time based on your
+current view of the model driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current view of the model driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current view of the model driving
+towards the optimum so instead of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the optimum so instead of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the optimum so instead of doing
+all your experiments up front you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your experiments up front you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your experiments up front you might
+actually want to do them in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to do them in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to do them in an
+evolutionary way to try to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary way to try to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary way to try to find the
+optimum so we'll talk about both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum so we'll talk about both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum so we'll talk about both of
+those time both of those approaches next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those time both of those approaches next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those time both of those approaches next
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+so again problem sets due tomorrow uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again problem sets due tomorrow uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again problem sets due tomorrow uh I
+think we'll hold off and and uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we'll hold off and and uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we'll hold off and and uh we'll
+give ourselves Hayden me and me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give ourselves Hayden me and me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give ourselves Hayden me and me an
+extension on uh uh issuing the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension on uh uh issuing the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension on uh uh issuing the new
+problem set so you're not doubled up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set so you're not doubled up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set so you're not doubled up and
+and we can think about it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can think about it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can think about it a little bit
+more as well uh and and issue that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more as well uh and and issue that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more as well uh and and issue that uh
+tomorrow uh as well and we'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow uh as well and we'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow uh as well and we'll see you
+then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on
+Tuesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vL_E7Ik_vBs.txt b/vL_E7Ik_vBs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..98849e08f8544cf5ece7eac87919812a4103989f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vL_E7Ik_vBs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2403 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello and welcome to 507 biochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome to 507 biochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome to 507 biochemistry
+online I'm doctor bog danfa de leche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online I'm doctor bog danfa de leche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online I'm doctor bog danfa de leche
+let's metabolize some problems today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's metabolize some problems today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's metabolize some problems today
+we're discussing problem 2 of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're discussing problem 2 of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're discussing problem 2 of problem
+set 6 here we're going to explore in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set 6 here we're going to explore in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set 6 here we're going to explore in
+more detail the mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail the mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail the mechanism of
+phosphoglycerate mutase which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate mutase which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate mutase which is the
+eighth enzyme in glycolysis the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth enzyme in glycolysis the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth enzyme in glycolysis the enzyme
+that catalyzes the conversion of 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that catalyzes the conversion of 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that catalyzes the conversion of 3
+phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate
+generally speaking mute cases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking mute cases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking mute cases are
+enzymes that catalyze the shift of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that catalyze the shift of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that catalyze the shift of a
+functional group between two similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional group between two similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional group between two similar
+positions of a molecule in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of a molecule in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of a molecule in the case of
+phosphoglycerate mutase this enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate mutase this enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate mutase this enzyme
+catalyzes the transfer of the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes the transfer of the phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes the transfer of the phosphate
+group from the 3 position of glycerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group from the 3 position of glycerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group from the 3 position of glycerate
+to the 2 position of glycerin in 507 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 2 position of glycerin in 507 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 2 position of glycerin in 507 you
+will encounter several mute cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will encounter several mute cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will encounter several mute cases
+similar to phosphoglycerate mutase there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to phosphoglycerate mutase there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to phosphoglycerate mutase there
+is a bisphosphoglycerate mutase which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bisphosphoglycerate mutase which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bisphosphoglycerate mutase which
+converts 1 3 bisphosphoglycerate to 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts 1 3 bisphosphoglycerate to 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts 1 3 bisphosphoglycerate to 2 3
+bisphosphoglycerate now this reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphoglycerate now this reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphoglycerate now this reaction is
+very important and it happens in the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important and it happens in the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important and it happens in the red
+blood cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cells
+another mutase you will encounter is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another mutase you will encounter is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another mutase you will encounter is in
+the glycogen breakdown pathway it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glycogen breakdown pathway it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glycogen breakdown pathway it's
+called phosphoglucomutase and converts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called phosphoglucomutase and converts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called phosphoglucomutase and converts
+glucose 1-phosphate to glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 1-phosphate to glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 1-phosphate to glucose
+6-phosphate now finally the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate now finally the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate now finally the most
+intriguing of them all is the methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intriguing of them all is the methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intriguing of them all is the methyl
+malonyl-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malonyl-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malonyl-coa
+which is a fascinating enzyme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a fascinating enzyme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a fascinating enzyme that
+converts methylmalonyl coenzyme and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts methylmalonyl coenzyme and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts methylmalonyl coenzyme and
+skeleton of the molecule and it requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeleton of the molecule and it requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeleton of the molecule and it requires
+adenosylcobalamin which is a cofactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenosylcobalamin which is a cofactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenosylcobalamin which is a cofactor
+derived from vitamin b12 back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from vitamin b12 back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from vitamin b12 back to
+phosphoglycerate mutase this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate mutase this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate mutase this is a
+fascinating enzyme because it uses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating enzyme because it uses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating enzyme because it uses a
+phosphorylated histidine in the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated histidine in the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated histidine in the active
+site and this is actually an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and this is actually an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and this is actually an example of
+a phosphorus nitrogen bond one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phosphorus nitrogen bond one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phosphorus nitrogen bond one of the
+very few available in biochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few available in biochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few available in biochemistry
+here is a schematic of the mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a schematic of the mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a schematic of the mechanism of
+phosphoglycerate mutase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate mutase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate mutase
+now the reaction starts where the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the reaction starts where the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the reaction starts where the enzyme
+is already phosphorylated would call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already phosphorylated would call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already phosphorylated would call it
+a phosphor enzyme and the histidine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phosphor enzyme and the histidine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phosphor enzyme and the histidine is
+in the active site contains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the active site contains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the active site contains the
+phosphate group then the enzyme binds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate group then the enzyme binds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate group then the enzyme binds
+the substrate 3-phosphoglycerate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substrate 3-phosphoglycerate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substrate 3-phosphoglycerate and
+then it's going to transfer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to transfer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to transfer this
+phosphate group onto the to position to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate group onto the to position to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate group onto the to position to
+hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide
+of the 3-phosphoglycerate to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 3-phosphoglycerate to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 3-phosphoglycerate to generate
+the 2 3 bisphosphoglycerate then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 3 bisphosphoglycerate then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 3 bisphosphoglycerate then the
+phosphate the 3 position is transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate the 3 position is transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate the 3 position is transferred
+to the histidine to generate the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the histidine to generate the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the histidine to generate the product
+of the reaction 2 phosphoglycerate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reaction 2 phosphoglycerate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reaction 2 phosphoglycerate and
+regenerate the phospho enzyme note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate the phospho enzyme note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate the phospho enzyme note that
+the phosphate group is in fact not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphate group is in fact not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphate group is in fact not
+transferred this phosphate group here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred this phosphate group here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred this phosphate group here is
+not the same that ends up on the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same that ends up on the 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same that ends up on the 2
+position but rather this phosphate group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position but rather this phosphate group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position but rather this phosphate group
+gets transferred to the enzyme and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets transferred to the enzyme and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets transferred to the enzyme and the
+phosphate group from the enzyme ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate group from the enzyme ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate group from the enzyme ends up
+on the second position of glycerine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as we just mentioned the active form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we just mentioned the active form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we just mentioned the active form of
+the enzyme has already the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme has already the phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme has already the phosphate
+bound to histidine now the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to histidine now the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to histidine now the question is
+how did this phosphate get there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did this phosphate get there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did this phosphate get there in the
+first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place
+presumably the enzyme is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the enzyme is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the enzyme is first
+synthesized in a form that we call a po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized in a form that we call a po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized in a form that we call a po
+form which does not have the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which does not have the phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which does not have the phosphate
+and the phosphate it's then added as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phosphate it's then added as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phosphate it's then added as a
+post translational modification now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post translational modification now our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post translational modification now our
+problem suggests that one source for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem suggests that one source for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem suggests that one source for
+this phosphate is phosphoenolpyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phosphate is phosphoenolpyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phosphate is phosphoenolpyruvate
+and there's some experimental evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some experimental evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some experimental evidence
+that phospho you know pyruvate can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phospho you know pyruvate can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phospho you know pyruvate can
+transfer the phosphate and phosphorylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer the phosphate and phosphorylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer the phosphate and phosphorylate
+the histidine in this enzyme now we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the histidine in this enzyme now we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the histidine in this enzyme now we are
+asked to comment on how reasonable this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to comment on how reasonable this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to comment on how reasonable this
+proposal is we're going to evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal is we're going to evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal is we're going to evaluate the
+proposed transformation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed transformation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed transformation between
+phosphoenol pyruvate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenol pyruvate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenol pyruvate and
+phosphoglycerate mutase from two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate mutase from two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate mutase from two points
+of view first of all is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view first of all is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view first of all is this
+transformation thermodynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation thermodynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation thermodynamically
+accessible and second is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible and second is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible and second is the
+structurally feasible we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally feasible we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally feasible we know that
+phosphoenolpyruvate contains a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenolpyruvate contains a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenolpyruvate contains a
+high-energy phosphate bond that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-energy phosphate bond that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-energy phosphate bond that can
+release a lot of energy upon hydrolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release a lot of energy upon hydrolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release a lot of energy upon hydrolysis
+now if we look in our book this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we look in our book this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we look in our book this is the
+Voting vote third edition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voting vote third edition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voting vote third edition
+if you look here first of all you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look here first of all you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look here first of all you know
+pyruvate it says releases about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate it says releases about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate it says releases about
+sixty-two kilojoules per mole upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty-two kilojoules per mole upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty-two kilojoules per mole upon
+hydrolysis now this is significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis now this is significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis now this is significantly
+more than what energy is released by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than what energy is released by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than what energy is released by the
+hydrolysis of ATP going to adp which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis of ATP going to adp which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis of ATP going to adp which is
+only about 31 kilojoules per mole now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about 31 kilojoules per mole now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about 31 kilojoules per mole now
+this should not be surprising to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should not be surprising to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should not be surprising to you
+because PEP phosphoenolpyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because PEP phosphoenolpyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because PEP phosphoenolpyruvate
+is used in the last step of glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used in the last step of glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used in the last step of glycolysis
+the pyruvate kinase to phosphorylate adp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyruvate kinase to phosphorylate adp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyruvate kinase to phosphorylate adp
+and generate ATP so the fact that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generate ATP so the fact that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generate ATP so the fact that has a
+higher energy of hydrolysis it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy of hydrolysis it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy of hydrolysis it just
+makes that transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes that transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes that transformation
+thermodynamically accessible let's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically accessible let's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically accessible let's now
+take a look at the arrow pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the arrow pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the arrow pushing
+mechanism of how phosphoenolpyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism of how phosphoenolpyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism of how phosphoenolpyruvate
+can phosphorylate phosphoglycerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can phosphorylate phosphoglycerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can phosphorylate phosphoglycerate
+mutase here is the phosphoenolpyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutase here is the phosphoenolpyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutase here is the phosphoenolpyruvate
+molecule and here is the histidine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and here is the histidine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and here is the histidine in
+the active site of the enzyme now as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active site of the enzyme now as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active site of the enzyme now as you
+know histidine has a pKa of about 6 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know histidine has a pKa of about 6 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know histidine has a pKa of about 6 so
+an important fraction of the histidine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important fraction of the histidine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important fraction of the histidine
+will be protonated the physiologic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be protonated the physiologic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be protonated the physiologic
+pH however for this reaction to work we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH however for this reaction to work we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH however for this reaction to work we
+need the histidine to act as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the histidine to act as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the histidine to act as a
+nucleophile to attack the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile to attack the phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile to attack the phosphate
+therefore we're going to consider it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we're going to consider it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we're going to consider it
+deprotonated now the reaction starts by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated now the reaction starts by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated now the reaction starts by
+assuming there's a base in the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming there's a base in the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming there's a base in the active
+site that's going to deprotonate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site that's going to deprotonate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site that's going to deprotonate the
+histidine and then it's gonna attack the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histidine and then it's gonna attack the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histidine and then it's gonna attack the
+phosphate and finally the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and finally the phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and finally the phosphate
+group is gonna leave with the assistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is gonna leave with the assistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is gonna leave with the assistance
+of a general acid so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a general acid so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a general acid so these are the
+products that we obtain this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that we obtain this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that we obtain this is the
+phosphor enzyme was a histidine that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphor enzyme was a histidine that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphor enzyme was a histidine that now
+has the phosphate group attached and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the phosphate group attached and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the phosphate group attached and
+this is the enol that that is released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the enol that that is released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the enol that that is released
+from the phosphoenolpyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the phosphoenolpyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the phosphoenolpyruvate
+which is the uniform of the pyruvate now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the uniform of the pyruvate now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the uniform of the pyruvate now
+if we evaluate the starting material and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we evaluate the starting material and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we evaluate the starting material and
+the product in terms of their ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product in terms of their ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product in terms of their ability to
+stabilize negative charge such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize negative charge such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize negative charge such as the
+charges on the phosphate by resonance we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges on the phosphate by resonance we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges on the phosphate by resonance we
+notice that there's no significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that there's no significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that there's no significant
+difference here we have two negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here we have two negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here we have two negative
+charges and one sort of phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges and one sort of phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges and one sort of phosphorus
+oxygen bond that the charge can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen bond that the charge can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen bond that the charge can be
+localized on this oxygen we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized on this oxygen we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized on this oxygen we also have
+this carboxylate group which we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carboxylate group which we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carboxylate group which we also
+have here so there's not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here so there's not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here so there's not a lot of
+resonance stabilization between starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance stabilization between starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance stabilization between starting
+materials and products so far therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and products so far therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and products so far therefore
+this reaction is thermodynamically close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is thermodynamically close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is thermodynamically close
+to neutral however notice the enol form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to neutral however notice the enol form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to neutral however notice the enol form
+of pyruvate of this is in fact a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pyruvate of this is in fact a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pyruvate of this is in fact a very
+unstable product and it likes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable product and it likes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable product and it likes to
+tautomerize basically I summarized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tautomerize basically I summarized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tautomerize basically I summarized in
+acid-base conditions - the keto form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid-base conditions - the keto form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid-base conditions - the keto form of
+the pyruvate the mechanism would be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyruvate the mechanism would be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyruvate the mechanism would be as
+such a base can deprotonate the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a base can deprotonate the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a base can deprotonate the you know
+and then the general acid can protonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the general acid can protonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the general acid can protonate
+this ch2 group to generate the keto form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ch2 group to generate the keto form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ch2 group to generate the keto form
+in the pyruvate it turns out the Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pyruvate it turns out the Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pyruvate it turns out the Delta G
+for this transformation is very negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this transformation is very negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this transformation is very negative
+Delta G here is approximately minus 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G here is approximately minus 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G here is approximately minus 40
+kilojoules per mole so that means this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilojoules per mole so that means this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilojoules per mole so that means this
+reaction is strongly going to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is strongly going to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is strongly going to the right
+and strongly favors the keto form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strongly favors the keto form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strongly favors the keto form so
+that means parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means parents
+the transformation going from PEP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation going from PEP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation going from PEP and
+our histidine and active site is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our histidine and active site is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our histidine and active site is going
+to be strongly driven to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be strongly driven to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be strongly driven to the to the
+right because of this keto-enol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because of this keto-enol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because of this keto-enol
+equilibrium therefore the entire process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium therefore the entire process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium therefore the entire process
+shown here is expected to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here is expected to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here is expected to be
+thermodynamically very favorable now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically very favorable now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically very favorable now
+let's take a look at some structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at some structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at some structural
+considerations in order for PEP to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations in order for PEP to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations in order for PEP to
+phosphorylate the enzyme it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate the enzyme it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate the enzyme it has to be
+able to reach the histidine that's deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to reach the histidine that's deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to reach the histidine that's deep
+in the active site notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the active site notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the active site notice that
+2-phosphoglycerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2-phosphoglycerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2-phosphoglycerate
+is one of the products or substrates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the products or substrates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the products or substrates of
+the enzyme and therefore it fits very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme and therefore it fits very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme and therefore it fits very
+nicely in the active site now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely in the active site now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely in the active site now
+phosphoenolpyruvate looks a lot like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenolpyruvate looks a lot like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenolpyruvate looks a lot like to
+phosphoglycerate I'm gonna sketch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate I'm gonna sketch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate I'm gonna sketch it
+here I'm gonna have the phosphate there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm gonna have the phosphate there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm gonna have the phosphate there
+and then there's a double bond at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a double bond at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a double bond at this
+position so because first of all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so because first of all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so because first of all you
+know pyruvate looks a lot like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pyruvate looks a lot like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pyruvate looks a lot like two
+phosphoglycerate if you have no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate if you have no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate if you have no problem
+fitting inside the active site of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting inside the active site of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting inside the active site of the
+enzyme and reaching the active site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme and reaching the active site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme and reaching the active site
+histidine therefore the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histidine therefore the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histidine therefore the chemical
+reaction proposes this problem is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction proposes this problem is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction proposes this problem is quite
+reasonable first of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable first of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable first of all the
+thermodynamics are excellent because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics are excellent because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics are excellent because the
+hydrolysis of phospholipid gives a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis of phospholipid gives a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis of phospholipid gives a lot
+of energy and then the sterics are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy and then the sterics are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy and then the sterics are also
+favorable because PEP resembles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable because PEP resembles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable because PEP resembles
+2-phosphoglycerate one of the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2-phosphoglycerate one of the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2-phosphoglycerate one of the products
+of the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part two of this problem asked us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part two of this problem asked us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part two of this problem asked us to
+evaluate the consequences on the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the consequences on the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the consequences on the major
+function of glycolysis of this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of glycolysis of this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of glycolysis of this reaction
+that we just discussed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just discussed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just discussed of
+phosphoenolpyruvate was phosphoglycerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenolpyruvate was phosphoglycerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenolpyruvate was phosphoglycerate
+mutase here is the second half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutase here is the second half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutase here is the second half of
+glycolysis going from glyceraldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis going from glyceraldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis going from glyceraldehyde
+phosphate or gap all the way to pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate or gap all the way to pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate or gap all the way to pyruvate
+as you know the main function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know the main function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know the main function of
+glycolysis is to generate ATP and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis is to generate ATP and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis is to generate ATP and for
+each molecule of glucose we have a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each molecule of glucose we have a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each molecule of glucose we have a net
+generation of two molecules of ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of two molecules of ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of two molecules of ATP
+now ATP is produced in two places first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ATP is produced in two places first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ATP is produced in two places first
+at the phosphoglycerate kinase when 1 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the phosphoglycerate kinase when 1 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the phosphoglycerate kinase when 1 3
+bisphosphoglycerate can phosphorylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphoglycerate can phosphorylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphoglycerate can phosphorylate
+adp to generate ATP and then at pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp to generate ATP and then at pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp to generate ATP and then at pyruvate
+kinase where phosphoenolpyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase where phosphoenolpyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase where phosphoenolpyruvate
+phosphorylates adp to generate ATP now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylates adp to generate ATP now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylates adp to generate ATP now
+since we start glycolysis by investing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we start glycolysis by investing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we start glycolysis by investing
+some ATP we need 2 molecules of ATP to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ATP we need 2 molecules of ATP to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ATP we need 2 molecules of ATP to
+phosphorylate glucose we recovered those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate glucose we recovered those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate glucose we recovered those
+2 molecules of ATP at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 molecules of ATP at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 molecules of ATP at the
+phosphoglycerate kinase step so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate kinase step so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate kinase step so all the
+net production of ATP that we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net production of ATP that we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net production of ATP that we're getting
+glycolysis comes from the pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis comes from the pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis comes from the pyruvate
+kinase reaction shown here now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase reaction shown here now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase reaction shown here now if you
+know pyruvate is used to phosphorylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pyruvate is used to phosphorylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pyruvate is used to phosphorylate
+phosphoglycerate mutase basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate mutase basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate mutase basically it's
+going to react to give the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to react to give the phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to react to give the phosphate
+group here it's going to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group here it's going to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group here it's going to generate
+pyruvate but without generating ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate but without generating ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate but without generating ATP
+right so the phosphate group goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the phosphate group goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the phosphate group goes to
+this phosphoglycerate mutase and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phosphoglycerate mutase and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phosphoglycerate mutase and it
+generates pyruvate but we get no net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates pyruvate but we get no net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates pyruvate but we get no net
+production of ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of ATP
+now if PEP is used to phosphorylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if PEP is used to phosphorylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if PEP is used to phosphorylate
+phosphoglycerate mutase it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate mutase it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate mutase it's not going
+to be available for the pyruvate kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be available for the pyruvate kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be available for the pyruvate kinase
+step but we do generate pyruvate so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step but we do generate pyruvate so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step but we do generate pyruvate so the
+whole transformation reaches pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole transformation reaches pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole transformation reaches pyruvate
+but without producing a net amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but without producing a net amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but without producing a net amount of
+ATP of course there should not be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP of course there should not be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP of course there should not be a
+significant problem as in glycolysis we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant problem as in glycolysis we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant problem as in glycolysis we
+only require the enzymes in catalytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only require the enzymes in catalytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only require the enzymes in catalytic
+amounts so initially we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts so initially we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts so initially we're not going to
+be generating net amount of ATP until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be generating net amount of ATP until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be generating net amount of ATP until we
+phosphorylate the entire pool of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate the entire pool of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate the entire pool of
+phosphoglycerate mutase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate mutase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate mutase
+after that now we have phosphoglycerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that now we have phosphoglycerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that now we have phosphoglycerate
+mutase PEP is once again available for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutase PEP is once again available for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutase PEP is once again available for
+the pyruvate kinase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyruvate kinase reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyruvate kinase reaction
+to generate ATP I hope you noticed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate ATP I hope you noticed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate ATP I hope you noticed that
+there's a more subtle question here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a more subtle question here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a more subtle question here if
+we're gonna use PEP to phosphorylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna use PEP to phosphorylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna use PEP to phosphorylate
+phosphoglycerate mutase how are we gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate mutase how are we gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate mutase how are we gonna
+get to produce PEP in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to produce PEP in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to produce PEP in the first place
+since we need phosphoglycerate mutase to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we need phosphoglycerate mutase to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we need phosphoglycerate mutase to
+go from 3 phosphoglycerate to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from 3 phosphoglycerate to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from 3 phosphoglycerate to 2
+phosphoglycerate which then produces PEP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate which then produces PEP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate which then produces PEP
+again it's kind of like one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's kind of like one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's kind of like one of these
+chicken and the egg problems as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken and the egg problems as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken and the egg problems as you'll
+find out many pathways feed into or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out many pathways feed into or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out many pathways feed into or
+intersect with glycolysis and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect with glycolysis and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect with glycolysis and therefore
+phosphoenolpyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenolpyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenolpyruvate
+could in principle be made in other ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in principle be made in other ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in principle be made in other ways
+for example in gluconeogenesis you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in gluconeogenesis you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in gluconeogenesis you will
+see that pyruvate can lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that pyruvate can lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that pyruvate can lead to
+oxaloacetate which then can lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate which then can lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate which then can lead to
+phosphoenol pyruvate using this enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenol pyruvate using this enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenol pyruvate using this enzyme
+called PEP carboxykinase or pepsi k so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called PEP carboxykinase or pepsi k so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called PEP carboxykinase or pepsi k so
+there are ways to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ways to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ways to produce
+phosphoenolpyruvate which can then say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenolpyruvate which can then say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenolpyruvate which can then say
+phosphorylated phosphoglycerate mutase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated phosphoglycerate mutase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated phosphoglycerate mutase
+which then allows the glycolysis to flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then allows the glycolysis to flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then allows the glycolysis to flow
+through in the normal way well that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in the normal way well that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in the normal way well that's it
+for this problem I hope you found pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem I hope you found pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem I hope you found pretty
+intriguing how phosphoglycerate mutase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intriguing how phosphoglycerate mutase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intriguing how phosphoglycerate mutase
+works now remember this is one one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works now remember this is one one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works now remember this is one one of
+the very few enzymes in biochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very few enzymes in biochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very few enzymes in biochemistry
+that utilizes the phosphorylated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that utilizes the phosphorylated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that utilizes the phosphorylated
+histidine and this is one of the few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histidine and this is one of the few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histidine and this is one of the few
+examples of a phosphorus nitrogen bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of a phosphorus nitrogen bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of a phosphorus nitrogen bond
+we have in biochemistry also remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in biochemistry also remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in biochemistry also remember
+the phosphoenolpyruvate is the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphoenolpyruvate is the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphoenolpyruvate is the highest
+high-energy phosphate compound we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-energy phosphate compound we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-energy phosphate compound we have
+in the body but all that hydrolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the body but all that hydrolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the body but all that hydrolysis
+energy really comes from the keto enol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy really comes from the keto enol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy really comes from the keto enol
+tautomerization equilibrium of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tautomerization equilibrium of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tautomerization equilibrium of the
+pyruvate that gets released upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate that gets released upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate that gets released upon
+hydrolysis
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/w26JaJX8GMk.txt b/w26JaJX8GMk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad631a27d29143cbae27f62deb259a4de3c7a921
--- /dev/null
+++ b/w26JaJX8GMk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, this is a review session uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, this is a review session uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, this is a review session uh
+with open to questions on homework, open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with open to questions on homework, open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with open to questions on homework, open
+to questions on topics in the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to questions on topics in the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to questions on topics in the exam
+that's coming tomorrow. Uh I thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming tomorrow. Uh I thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming tomorrow. Uh I thought it
+was this morning I wrote down the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this morning I wrote down the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this morning I wrote down the four
+uh what the four questions would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the four questions would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the four questions would be
+about. And I'm glad I did. I I somehow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. And I'm glad I did. I I somehow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. And I'm glad I did. I I somehow I
+never should have done this many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never should have done this many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never should have done this many times
+before. Uh so you would know exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. Uh so you would know exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. Uh so you would know exactly.
+and uh uh get us get down to uh seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh get us get down to uh seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh get us get down to uh seeing
+what those problems are. And of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those problems are. And of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those problems are. And of course
+the matrices called K and ARpose CA are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrices called K and ARpose CA are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrices called K and ARpose CA are
+going to appear um probably more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to appear um probably more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to appear um probably more than
+once. Yeah. Um so open for any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once. Yeah. Um so open for any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once. Yeah. Um so open for any questions
+about any topic whatsoever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any topic whatsoever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any topic whatsoever.
+Please I can Yes. Thank you. So, for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Please I can Yes. Thank you. So, for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Please I can Yes. Thank you. So, for the
+fourth question, the fourth question on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth question, the fourth question on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth question, the fourth question on
+the exam,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam,
+maybe when you say graph, you mean one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe when you say graph, you mean one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe when you say graph, you mean one
+of those little fun little things. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those little fun little things. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those little fun little things. I'm
+glad you used that word fun node things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad you used that word fun node things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad you used that word fun node things.
+Yes, that's exactly what I mean. Section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, that's exactly what I mean. Section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, that's exactly what I mean. Section
+2.4. And they are fun. Yeah. So, I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.4. And they are fun. Yeah. So, I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.4. And they are fun. Yeah. So, I I
+drew by hand a little graph with nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew by hand a little graph with nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew by hand a little graph with nodes
+and edges. And you want to be able to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and edges. And you want to be able to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and edges. And you want to be able to uh
+you know that take that first basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that take that first basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that take that first basic
+step. Hi. Uh so the first step which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step. Hi. Uh so the first step which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step. Hi. Uh so the first step which is
+as far as we got by last Wednesday the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as we got by last Wednesday the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as we got by last Wednesday the
+first lecture on section 24 was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture on section 24 was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture on section 24 was just
+creating the matrix A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the matrix A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the matrix A
+understanding a transpose A. Uh and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding a transpose A. Uh and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding a transpose A. Uh and of
+course there's more to understand about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's more to understand about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's more to understand about
+a transpose A. It's uh actually why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose A. It's uh actually why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose A. It's uh actually why
+don't we take one second. Suppose I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we take one second. Suppose I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we take one second. Suppose I have
+a graph with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph with um
+six nodes. Let's say can you imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six nodes. Let's say can you imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six nodes. Let's say can you imagine a
+graph with six nodes and every node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph with six nodes and every node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph with six nodes and every node
+connected to every other node. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to every other node. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to every other node. So
+however many edges that would be I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however many edges that would be I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however many edges that would be I guess
+uh yeah actually my grandson just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah actually my grandson just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah actually my grandson just got
+that question on his on his exam. He it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question on his on his exam. He it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question on his on his exam. He it
+was he was told there were L islands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he was told there were L islands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he was told there were L islands
+with a flight from every island to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a flight from every island to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a flight from every island to every
+other island and he was asked how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other island and he was asked how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other island and he was asked how many
+flights that makes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights that makes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights that makes.
+So I sent him the answer. I hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I sent him the answer. I hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I sent him the answer. I hope that
+was okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But I was very happy with his reply. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I was very happy with his reply. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I was very happy with his reply. He
+said that's exactly what I got. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's exactly what I got. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's exactly what I got. So
+what do you know? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you know? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you know? Yeah.
+Jeans work. So anyway, suppose we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeans work. So anyway, suppose we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeans work. So anyway, suppose we had
+how many nodes did I say? Six. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many nodes did I say? Six. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many nodes did I say? Six. Okay. So
+we have a uh a six node.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a uh a six node.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a uh a six node.
+So n is six and it's a complete graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So n is six and it's a complete graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So n is six and it's a complete graph.
+This is this is really just a start us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is this is really just a start us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is this is really just a start us
+off talking about some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off talking about some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off talking about some of these
+problems. So the matrix A, so I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. So the matrix A, so I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. So the matrix A, so I think it
+would be 15. Where did I come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 15. Where did I come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 15. Where did I come up with
+that number 15?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number 15?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number 15?
+And is it right actually? Yes. Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And is it right actually? Yes. Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And is it right actually? Yes. Because
+the first this is one way would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first this is one way would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first this is one way would be the
+first node has five edges going out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first node has five edges going out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first node has five edges going out and
+then the second edge would second node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second edge would second node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second edge would second node
+would have four additional edges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have four additional edges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have four additional edges and
+three and two and one and five 4 3 2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and two and one and five 4 3 2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and two and one and five 4 3 2 1
+add to 15. So I think the what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to 15. So I think the what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to 15. So I think the what would be
+the shape of a in that case?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of a in that case?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of a in that case?
+So it has a a a row for every edge. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it has a a a row for every edge. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it has a a a row for every edge. So
+15 by six I think. Okay. And we could 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 by six I think. Okay. And we could 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 by six I think. Okay. And we could 15
+by six and I could create a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by six and I could create a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by six and I could create a uh a
+transpose a just to have a look at it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a just to have a look at it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a just to have a look at it.
+So it would be what shape would arpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it would be what shape would arpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it would be what shape would arpose a
+be 6x6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 6x6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 6x6
+symmetric of course. Will it be singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric of course. Will it be singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric of course. Will it be singular
+or non-s singular? Singular. Singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or non-s singular? Singular. Singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or non-s singular? Singular. Singular
+because we haven't grounded any nodes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we haven't grounded any nodes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we haven't grounded any nodes.
+We've got all these nodes, all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've got all these nodes, all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've got all these nodes, all these
+edges, nothing. We haven't taken out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges, nothing. We haven't taken out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges, nothing. We haven't taken out
+that column. When I reduce it to five by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column. When I reduce it to five by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column. When I reduce it to five by
+five, then it'll be invertible. But 6 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five, then it'll be invertible. But 6 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five, then it'll be invertible. But 6 by
+six. So what's what will be the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six. So what's what will be the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six. So what's what will be the diagonal
+of this of this? This will be now five 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this of this? This will be now five 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this of this? This will be now five 6
+by six. Sorry. The diagonal be the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by six. Sorry. The diagonal be the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by six. Sorry. The diagonal be the size
+will be 6x6. And what will go on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 6x6. And what will go on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 6x6. And what will go on the
+diagonal is the degrees of every node.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal is the degrees of every node.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal is the degrees of every node.
+That means how many edges are coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That means how many edges are coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That means how many edges are coming in
+and what number is that? Five. So I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what number is that? Five. So I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what number is that? Five. So I'll
+have five down the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five down the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five down the diagonal
+and what else? What will be off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what else? What will be off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what else? What will be off the
+diagonal? Minus a whole lot of minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal? Minus a whole lot of minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal? Minus a whole lot of minus
+ones. A minus one above and below for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones. A minus one above and below for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones. A minus one above and below for
+every edge. And since we have a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge. And since we have a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge. And since we have a complete
+graph,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph,
+how many minus1's have we got? All of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many minus1's have we got? All of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many minus1's have we got? All of
+them. All minus one. So I won't So all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. All minus one. So I won't So all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. All minus one. So I won't So all
+minus one and all minus one here. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and all minus one here. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and all minus one here. Okay.
+And then the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the the
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+that's fine to cross over if you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine to cross over if you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine to cross over if you need
+to. Sure. Right. Okay. Uh I I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. Sure. Right. Okay. Uh I I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. Sure. Right. Okay. Uh I I'm not sure
+what else to say about that matrix. Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else to say about that matrix. Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else to say about that matrix. Oh
+well, it's not invertible. Now suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, it's not invertible. Now suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, it's not invertible. Now suppose I
+let's let's take the next step which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's take the next step which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's take the next step which you
+know I'm now going probably beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm now going probably beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm now going probably beyond the
+exam uh part um just really to get us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam uh part um just really to get us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam uh part um just really to get us
+started. What if I ground the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. What if I ground the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. What if I ground the sixth
+node? Suppose I ground node number six.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node? Suppose I ground node number six.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node? Suppose I ground node number six.
+That wipes out a row and a column. Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That wipes out a row and a column. Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That wipes out a row and a column. Is
+that right? So I'm now left with a 5x5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right? So I'm now left with a 5x5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right? So I'm now left with a 5x5
+matrix. It still has all minus ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. It still has all minus ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. It still has all minus ones
+there and there. But now it's 5x5. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and there. But now it's 5x5. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and there. But now it's 5x5. Now
+it is what kind of a matrix? What are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is what kind of a matrix? What are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is what kind of a matrix? What are
+its properties? Square obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its properties? Square obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its properties? Square obviously
+symmetric obviously. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric obviously. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric obviously. And now
+now invertible positive definite. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now invertible positive definite. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now invertible positive definite. Okay.
+So it's fives there. And now I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's fives there. And now I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's fives there. And now I would
+have four minus ones. Let's just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four minus ones. Let's just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four minus ones. Let's just write
+them in here. Uh typical row now in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in here. Uh typical row now in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in here. Uh typical row now in this
+5x5 matrix would have four minus ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x5 matrix would have four minus ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x5 matrix would have four minus ones
+and of course more here and more here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course more here and more here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course more here and more here
+and more and one there and symmetric. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more and one there and symmetric. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more and one there and symmetric. Uh
+okay. I all I want to say is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. I all I want to say is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. I all I want to say is that that
+matrix we we don't often write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix we we don't often write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix we we don't often write down the
+inverses of matrices but that one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses of matrices but that one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses of matrices but that one I
+think we could that I think we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we could that I think we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we could that I think we could
+actually and it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and it's a little bit
+interesting to know for that special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to know for that special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to know for that special
+matrix uh everything about it. We could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix uh everything about it. We could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix uh everything about it. We could
+find its igen values its determinant its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find its igen values its determinant its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find its igen values its determinant its
+pivots the whole works for for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots the whole works for for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots the whole works for for that
+matrix. Um and that's one page of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. Um and that's one page of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. Um and that's one page of the
+book. uh maybe at the end of section 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book. uh maybe at the end of section 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book. uh maybe at the end of section 24
+I think uh comes more detail about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think uh comes more detail about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think uh comes more detail about that
+matrix. So in a way this is our this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. So in a way this is our this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. So in a way this is our this is
+that special guy is like our special K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that special guy is like our special K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that special guy is like our special K
+matrix minus1 2 -1 for second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix minus1 2 -1 for second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix minus1 2 -1 for second
+differences somehow this is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences somehow this is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences somehow this is taking
+uh this has got the whole all nodes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this has got the whole all nodes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this has got the whole all nodes are
+connected instead of in a line springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected instead of in a line springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected instead of in a line springs
+in a line points in a line we now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a line points in a line we now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a line points in a line we now have
+everybody connected to everybody. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody connected to everybody. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody connected to everybody. So
+this is sort of the special matrix when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the special matrix when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the special matrix when
+everybody is connected to everybody and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is connected to everybody and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is connected to everybody and
+we could learn all about that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could learn all about that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could learn all about that particular
+one. But then of course if some edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. But then of course if some edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. But then of course if some edges
+are not in then some zeros will appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not in then some zeros will appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not in then some zeros will appear
+off the diagonal in the adjacency matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the diagonal in the adjacency matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the diagonal in the adjacency matrix
+part the degrees will drop a little if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the degrees will drop a little if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the degrees will drop a little if
+we're missing some edges and the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're missing some edges and the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're missing some edges and the inverse
+will be you know not some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be you know not some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be you know not some simple
+expression. Anyway, that's to get us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. Anyway, that's to get us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. Anyway, that's to get us
+started. So, that's the that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. So, that's the that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. So, that's the that's where
+really where we are uh where the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really where we are uh where the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really where we are uh where the last
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+um Friday brought us to this to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Friday brought us to this to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Friday brought us to this to this
+point. And I'll take this chance to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. And I'll take this chance to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. And I'll take this chance to add
+in the block matrix just because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the block matrix just because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the block matrix just because I think
+of it as quite important. So for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as quite important. So for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as quite important. So for this
+case, C is the identity. So I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, C is the identity. So I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, C is the identity. So I would have
+the identity up in that block, A in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity up in that block, A in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity up in that block, A in that
+block, A transpose in this block. Th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block, A transpose in this block. Th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block, A transpose in this block. Th
+that would be my my mixed method matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be my my mixed method matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be my my mixed method matrix.
+You could say my saddle point matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could say my saddle point matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could say my saddle point matrix.
+It's partly it starts out very positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's partly it starts out very positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's partly it starts out very positive
+definite but it ends up negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite but it ends up negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite but it ends up negative
+definite. And that's typical of mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite. And that's typical of mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite. And that's typical of mixed
+methods when both unknowns the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods when both unknowns the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods when both unknowns the uh
+currents as well as the potentials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents as well as the potentials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents as well as the potentials are
+included in the system. So a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the system. So a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the system. So a transpose
+double that was f I think and this is b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double that was f I think and this is b.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double that was f I think and this is b.
+Yeah I I just mentioned that again it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah I I just mentioned that again it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah I I just mentioned that again it
+was in Friday's lecture and I and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in Friday's lecture and I and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in Friday's lecture and I and it's
+in the book but I just want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book but I just want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book but I just want to say
+that's I often refer to this as like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I often refer to this as like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I often refer to this as like the
+fundamental problem of numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem of numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem of numerical
+analysis is how do you solve that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is how do you solve that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is how do you solve that system
+and of course elimination is one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course elimination is one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course elimination is one way to
+do it. when I eliminate uh w that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it. when I eliminate uh w that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it. when I eliminate uh w that will
+lead me to the equation aranspose a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead me to the equation aranspose a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead me to the equation aranspose a u
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+uh I think it'll be there'll be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think it'll be there'll be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think it'll be there'll be an
+arpose b minus f I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arpose b minus f I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arpose b minus f I think
+c being the identity there so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c being the identity there so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c being the identity there so that's the
+mix method this is the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix method this is the displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix method this is the displacement
+method and uh this is the popular one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and uh this is the popular one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and uh this is the popular one
+because it's all at once but this people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all at once but this people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all at once but this people
+think about this one two okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this one two okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this one two okay so that's
+like saying again what's in what was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saying again what's in what was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saying again what's in what was in
+Friday's lecture and will be used going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday's lecture and will be used going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday's lecture and will be used going
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+okay that was just to get us started now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was just to get us started now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was just to get us started now
+please let's have some questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please let's have some questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please let's have some questions about
+did that was all right we need another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that was all right we need another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that was all right we need another
+question who else yes thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question who else yes thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question who else yes thank you
+the first on the homework what number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first on the homework what number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first on the homework what number
+was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that
+p section two 2.2 number six. Oh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p section two 2.2 number six. Oh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p section two 2.2 number six. Oh about
+the trapezoidal rule. Ah yes. Okay. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoidal rule. Ah yes. Okay. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoidal rule. Ah yes. Okay. Now
+I did speak about that a little in uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did speak about that a little in uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did speak about that a little in uh um
+in the last review session. Uh but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last review session. Uh but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last review session. Uh but maybe
+can I just say a couple of words more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just say a couple of words more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just say a couple of words more
+about it here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it here?
+What's it asking? Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's it asking? Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's it asking? Yes.
+People often ask me that about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People often ask me that about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People often ask me that about my
+problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems.
+I don't know. You can't read my mind.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know. You can't read my mind.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know. You can't read my mind.
+You should. Okay. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You should. Okay. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You should. Okay. Uh so
+so the point is that in for special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point is that in for special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point is that in for special
+differential equations. So let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations. So let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations. So let me just
+summarize what we did there. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize what we did there. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize what we did there. So this
+this we did before but I didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we did before but I didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we did before but I didn't do
+everything. So, so what we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. So, so what we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. So, so what we did before
+was point out that the system dudt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was point out that the system dudt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was point out that the system dudt
+equal a u conserves energy. Uh u squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal a u conserves energy. Uh u squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal a u conserves energy. Uh u squared
+of u of u of time in all for all time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u of u of time in all for all time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u of u of time in all for all time
+u of time squared stays constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of time squared stays constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of time squared stays constant
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+a transpose equals minus a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose equals minus a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose equals minus a.
+Okay, that we Essentially, you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that we Essentially, you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that we Essentially, you take the
+derivative. It's got two terms because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. It's got two terms because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. It's got two terms because
+we've got a product there, a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a product there, a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a product there, a product
+rule. Uh the derivative will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule. Uh the derivative will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule. Uh the derivative will be
+so one term will involve a the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one term will involve a the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one term will involve a the other
+term will involve a transpose. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term will involve a transpose. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term will involve a transpose. And if
+our matrix has this anti-ymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our matrix has this anti-ymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our matrix has this anti-ymmetric
+property, those terms will cancel. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property, those terms will cancel. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property, those terms will cancel. The
+derivative will be zero. And that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative will be zero. And that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative will be zero. And that'll
+mean that this is a constant. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that this is a constant. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that this is a constant. Okay, so
+that's the differential equation. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the differential equation. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the differential equation. Now
+the question was about the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was about the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was about the difference
+equation. So we're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So we're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So we're taking the
+trapezoidal rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal rule
+and we want to show that un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to show that un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to show that un
+squared is a constant stays constant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is a constant stays constant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is a constant stays constant for
+the trapezoidal rule. And so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoidal rule. And so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoidal rule. And so my
+in other words, what that means in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words, what that means in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words, what that means in other
+words is step by step un + one and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words is step by step un + one and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words is step by step un + one and I
+could write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write it
+un n + 1 squared but the other way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un n + 1 squared but the other way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un n + 1 squared but the other way to
+write that as and the sort of the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that as and the sort of the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that as and the sort of the way we
+have to work with it is that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work with it is that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work with it is that is the
+same. Now that was just an identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. Now that was just an identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. Now that was just an identity
+that's just the meaning. Now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the meaning. Now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the meaning. Now I want to
+show that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that.
+So that that's the key right that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that that's the key right that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that that's the key right that's what
+we would want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would want to prove
+that uh the trapezoidal rule copies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the trapezoidal rule copies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the trapezoidal rule copies the
+property of constant energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of constant energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of constant energy of the
+differential equation. And of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. And of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. And of course you
+know that in oscillating springs when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that in oscillating springs when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that in oscillating springs when
+there's no source no no forces coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no source no no forces coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no source no no forces coming
+from outside the total energy will stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from outside the total energy will stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from outside the total energy will stay
+constant. And you could think of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. And you could think of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. And you could think of many
+other you know situ you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you know situ you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you know situ you have a
+spacecraft that where you've turned off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft that where you've turned off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft that where you've turned off
+the engines it's just going there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engines it's just going there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engines it's just going there it's
+possibly rotating so there you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly rotating so there you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly rotating so there you've got
+angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+energy from uh angular velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from uh angular velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from uh angular velocity is
+included in the total energy important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the total energy important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the total energy important
+fact if energy stays constant you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if energy stays constant you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if energy stays constant you want
+to know it and you're very happy if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know it and you're very happy if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know it and you're very happy if the
+if the finite difference method copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the finite difference method copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the finite difference method copies
+it. Okay. So then it was just a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay. So then it was just a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay. So then it was just a question
+of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh uh
+here we took derivatives to do that one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we took derivatives to do that one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we took derivatives to do that one.
+Here we're going to be playing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here we're going to be playing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here we're going to be playing with
+differences. And my suggestion was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences. And my suggestion was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences. And my suggestion was that
+I that if you if that the good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that if you if that the good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that if you if that the good way to
+get it was to take that vector into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it was to take that vector into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it was to take that vector into the
+times the trapezoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the trapezoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the trapezoidal
+rule trapezoidal equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule trapezoidal equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule trapezoidal equation
+and show that this turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that this turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that this turned out
+the trapezoidal equation is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoidal equation is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoidal equation is something
+equals zero. And you hope and it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero. And you hope and it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero. And you hope and it takes a
+few lines of jiggling around uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lines of jiggling around uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lines of jiggling around uh that
+when you do that you get uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do that you get uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do that you get uh the
+different you get exactly this. You get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you get exactly this. You get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you get exactly this. You get
+u n + 1 transpose u n + 1 minus u npose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n + 1 transpose u n + 1 minus u npose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n + 1 transpose u n + 1 minus u npose
+u n. That's that's the goal. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n. That's that's the goal. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n. That's that's the goal. That's the
+goal. We know that the trapezoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal. We know that the trapezoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal. We know that the trapezoidal
+equation if I may maybe I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if I may maybe I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if I may maybe I move
+everything onto one side so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything onto one side so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything onto one side so I have
+something equals zero. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something equals zero. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something equals zero. Then
+my trick is take that vector equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my trick is take that vector equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my trick is take that vector equation
+multiply by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by that
+play around with those terms and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play around with those terms and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play around with those terms and you'll
+get this. So since that is zero this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this. So since that is zero this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this. So since that is zero this is
+zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero.
+And that's exactly what our goal was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's exactly what our goal was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's exactly what our goal was to
+prove. So, it's just in the jiggling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove. So, it's just in the jiggling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove. So, it's just in the jiggling
+around and maybe we don't want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and maybe we don't want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and maybe we don't want to take
+the full time because we'll I'll post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full time because we'll I'll post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full time because we'll I'll post
+that actually I may post some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually I may post some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually I may post some of these
+uh solutions even before the quiz and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solutions even before the quiz and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solutions even before the quiz and
+therefore before the homework is due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore before the homework is due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore before the homework is due
+just just because this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just because this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just because this particular
+homework as I say is not the graders are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework as I say is not the graders are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework as I say is not the graders are
+just going to be so busy with uh all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be so busy with uh all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be so busy with uh all the
+quizzes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes that
+this is this is for learning Now here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is for learning Now here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is for learning Now here's
+the one thing you want to learn out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing you want to learn out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing you want to learn out of
+this messy computation and it is at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this messy computation and it is at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this messy computation and it is at one
+at you also have a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you also have a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you also have a term
+you'll also find a term u n when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also find a term u n when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also find a term u n when you
+just do this mechanically you'll find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do this mechanically you'll find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do this mechanically you'll find a
+un +1 transpose un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose un +1 and they'll come in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose un +1 and they'll come in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose un +1 and they'll come in with
+opposite signs that that that'll be when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite signs that that that'll be when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite signs that that that'll be when
+you've plugged in the fact that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've plugged in the fact that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've plugged in the fact that a
+transpose equals minus a and all I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose equals minus a and all I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose equals minus a and all I want
+to do is ask you what does that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is ask you what does that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is ask you what does that term
+amount to because so that term will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount to because so that term will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount to because so that term will show
+up one way or another and what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up one way or another and what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up one way or another and what does it
+equal zero everybody should know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal zero everybody should know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal zero everybody should know that
+that's the the the one thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the the one thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the the one thing that you
+have to add to just mechanically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add to just mechanically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add to just mechanically
+computing is the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing is the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing is the fact that the
+dotproduct of that vector with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct of that vector with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct of that vector with that
+V transpose W is the same as Wranspose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V transpose W is the same as Wranspose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V transpose W is the same as Wranspose
+V. So, so good to just call attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V. So, so good to just call attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V. So, so good to just call attention to
+the easy things that are like that. Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy things that are like that. Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy things that are like that. Why
+is that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that?
+That's because both sides this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's because both sides this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's because both sides this this is
+equal to what? V1 W1 V2 W2 V3 W3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to what? V1 W1 V2 W2 V3 W3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to what? V1 W1 V2 W2 V3 W3
+component by component. And this is W1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component by component. And this is W1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component by component. And this is W1
+V1. But we're just talking numbers at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1. But we're just talking numbers at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1. But we're just talking numbers at
+that point. So the numbers v1* w1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point. So the numbers v1* w1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point. So the numbers v1* w1 is
+certainly the same as w1 * v1. Every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the same as w1 * v1. Every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the same as w1 * v1. Every
+component by component they're exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component by component they're exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component by component they're exactly
+the same. And of course then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same. And of course then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same. And of course then the
+dotproducts are the same. Yeah. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproducts are the same. Yeah. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproducts are the same. Yeah. So
+that's uh the fact which for for this v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh the fact which for for this v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh the fact which for for this v
+and that w uh make the term go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that w uh make the term go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that w uh make the term go away
+that's still sitting there. Other terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still sitting there. Other terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still sitting there. Other terms
+go away because of this property. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away because of this property. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away because of this property. Yeah.
+Having written that I guess and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Having written that I guess and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Having written that I guess and and
+recognizing that we have forier stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that we have forier stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that we have forier stuff
+coming up in uh the last third of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up in uh the last third of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up in uh the last third of the
+course where we have complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course where we have complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course where we have complex numbers
+uh I have to say that if when I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have to say that if when I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have to say that if when I take
+when I have complex things complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have complex things complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have complex things complex
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+do you know about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know about those
+the dotproduct or the length squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dotproduct or the length squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dotproduct or the length squared
+if this was a vector of complex with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this was a vector of complex with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this was a vector of complex with
+possibly complex numbers. I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly complex numbers. I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly complex numbers. I wouldn't
+take the length square just by adding up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the length square just by adding up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the length square just by adding up
+the squares. Suppose my yes I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squares. Suppose my yes I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squares. Suppose my yes I'm really
+anticipating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating
+weeks ahead but suppose my vector was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks ahead but suppose my vector was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks ahead but suppose my vector was
+one I what's the what's the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I what's the what's the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I what's the what's the length of
+that particular vector V?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular vector V?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular vector V?
+Well if I do VRpose V, what do I get for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well if I do VRpose V, what do I get for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well if I do VRpose V, what do I get for
+V= 1 I? What does vranspose v turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V= 1 I? What does vranspose v turn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V= 1 I? What does vranspose v turn out
+to be? Zero. 1^2 + i^2 zero. No good. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be? Zero. 1^2 + i^2 zero. No good. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be? Zero. 1^2 + i^2 zero. No good. So
+obviously some rule has to change a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously some rule has to change a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously some rule has to change a
+little bit to get the correct number. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to get the correct number. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to get the correct number. I
+the correct length squared. I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct length squared. I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct length squared. I would
+rather expect two. You know the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather expect two. You know the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather expect two. You know the size of
+that squared plus the size of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that squared plus the size of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that squared plus the size of that
+squared. So I don't want to square I. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. So I don't want to square I. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. So I don't want to square I. I
+want to square its absolute value. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to square its absolute value. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to square its absolute value. And
+the way to do that is conjugate one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to do that is conjugate one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to do that is conjugate one of
+the two things. Now I'm taking one I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two things. Now I'm taking one I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two things. Now I'm taking one I and
+on the other side I have one minus I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side I have one minus I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side I have one minus I and
+that gives me the two. Yeah. That I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me the two. Yeah. That I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me the two. Yeah. That I
+want. So so when I'm doing uh u when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. So so when I'm doing uh u when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. So so when I'm doing uh u when
+I've got complex vectors then I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got complex vectors then I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got complex vectors then I would
+really do that and now that is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do that and now that is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do that and now that is not the
+same as that. Right? Yeah. If I'm if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as that. Right? Yeah. If I'm if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as that. Right? Yeah. If I'm if in
+one case if I'm doing the con conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case if I'm doing the con conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case if I'm doing the con conjugate
+of V and the other case it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V and the other case it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V and the other case it's the
+conjugate of W, then I've I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of W, then I've I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of W, then I've I've got a
+complex conjugate in there. Okay, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate in there. Okay, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate in there. Okay, that's
+a throwaway comment that that just uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a throwaway comment that that just uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a throwaway comment that that just uh is
+relevant because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant because
+it keeps us focused for a moment on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it keeps us focused for a moment on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it keeps us focused for a moment on the
+on the real case where uh we do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the real case where uh we do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the real case where uh we do have
+equals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Now, I don't know if that was sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, I don't know if that was sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, I don't know if that was sufficient
+answer, was it? I So, it wasn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer, was it? I So, it wasn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer, was it? I So, it wasn't a
+complete answer because some I didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete answer because some I didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete answer because some I didn't do
+the manipulations, but the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manipulations, but the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manipulations, but the the uh
+solutions posted should show you those.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions posted should show you those.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions posted should show you those.
+And of course, you can organize them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course, you can organize them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course, you can organize them a
+different. Okay, good for that one. Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. Okay, good for that one. Yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. Okay, good for that one. Yes,
+please.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There are other two other terms here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes,
+they couldn't cancel them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't cancel them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't cancel them.
+Well, I recommend just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's how the best mathematics is done,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how the best mathematics is done,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how the best mathematics is done,
+right? You want zero, you just exit out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? You want zero, you just exit out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? You want zero, you just exit out.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+anyway, uh let me leave the posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, uh let me leave the posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, uh let me leave the posted
+solutions to be a hint and come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to be a hint and come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to be a hint and come back to
+it. Yeah, thanks. That's good. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh the next problem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yes okay that one I spoke a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes okay that one I spoke a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes okay that one I spoke a little
+bit about but now let me yeah let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about but now let me yeah let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about but now let me yeah let me
+read from the posted from the uh problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read from the posted from the uh problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read from the posted from the uh problem
+set that I got that seemed quite I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that I got that seemed quite I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that I got that seemed quite I
+noticed that was quite brief.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that was quite brief.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that was quite brief.
+Yeah. Oh to find that actual angle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Oh to find that actual angle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Oh to find that actual angle.
+Yeah, I I somehow that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I I somehow that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I I somehow that's a little
+interesting, isn't it? What I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting, isn't it? What I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting, isn't it? What I'm not
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+to tell the truth I meant numerically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell the truth I meant numerically.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell the truth I meant numerically.
+I meant uh just what's the point of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I meant uh just what's the point of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I meant uh just what's the point of that
+question. The point is we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. The point is we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. The point is we're trying to
+solve and this isn't a big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and this isn't a big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and this isn't a big deal
+but it was just if we're using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was just if we're using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was just if we're using this
+trapezoidal method the beauty of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal method the beauty of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal method the beauty of that
+exactly what our thing proves is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what our thing proves is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what our thing proves is here
+the constant energy surface is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant energy surface is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant energy surface is the
+circle the point of the trapezoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle the point of the trapezoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle the point of the trapezoidal
+method for this simple equation u prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for this simple equation u prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for this simple equation u prime
+plus u = z which amounted to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus u = z which amounted to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus u = z which amounted to the to the
+equation equation U V prime equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation equation U V prime equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation equation U V prime equals
+something like was it a our our A matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like was it a our our A matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like was it a our our A matrix
+was was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was uh
+was anti-ymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was anti-ymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was anti-ymmetric
+so it fit perfectly in that problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it fit perfectly in that problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it fit perfectly in that problem and
+if we start on this circle we stay on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we start on this circle we stay on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we start on this circle we stay on
+this circle and if I take 32 steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circle and if I take 32 steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circle and if I take 32 steps
+I come back pretty closely to here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I come back pretty closely to here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I come back pretty closely to here and I
+just thought it might be fun to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thought it might be fun to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thought it might be fun to figure
+out numerically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out numerically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out numerically
+you know with a little with mat lab or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with a little with mat lab or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with a little with mat lab or a
+calculator or something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator or something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator or something.
+this we take an angle theta. Is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we take an angle theta. Is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we take an angle theta. Is that
+what the problem asks? And then this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the problem asks? And then this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the problem asks? And then this we
+come around here to 32 theta and 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come around here to 32 theta and 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come around here to 32 theta and 32
+theta will not be exactly 2 pi but darn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta will not be exactly 2 pi but darn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta will not be exactly 2 pi but darn
+close uh because you could see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close uh because you could see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close uh because you could see in the
+figure in the book it wasn't too far off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure in the book it wasn't too far off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure in the book it wasn't too far off
+then so the question was what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so the question was what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so the question was what is that
+theta? So I think that the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta? So I think that the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta? So I think that the formula
+turned out to be that each step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be that each step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be that each step
+multiplied by this 1 + i deltat t or h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by this 1 + i deltat t or h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by this 1 + i deltat t or h
+on 2 / 1us i delta t / 2. And when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 2 / 1us i delta t / 2. And when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 2 / 1us i delta t / 2. And when you
+plug in delta t to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in delta t to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in delta t to be
+2 pi over 32.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi over 32.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi over 32.
+So this is the that's the what what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the that's the what what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the that's the what what did
+I say that's the tangent of theta or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say that's the tangent of theta or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say that's the tangent of theta or
+some sorry I've forgotten the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sorry I've forgotten the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sorry I've forgotten the way the
+problem was put oh it's e to the i theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was put oh it's e to the i theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was put oh it's e to the i theta
+yeah yeah yeah the the point is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah the the point is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah the the point is this is
+a what's the main point about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what's the main point about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what's the main point about that
+complex number when you look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number when you look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number when you look at that
+complex number what's the most essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number what's the most essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number what's the most essential
+thing you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you see
+that that that it yeah tell me again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that it yeah tell me again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that it yeah tell me again
+magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude
+Great. It's a number divided by its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. It's a number divided by its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. It's a number divided by its
+complex conjugate. So it's a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate. So it's a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate. So it's a number of
+magnitude one. And now tell me what all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude one. And now tell me what all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude one. And now tell me what all
+mag if you see a complex number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mag if you see a complex number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mag if you see a complex number of
+magnitude one, what jumps to mind? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude one, what jumps to mind? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude one, what jumps to mind? What
+form do you naturally put it in? E to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form do you naturally put it in? E to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form do you naturally put it in? E to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+i theta. Every complex number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i theta. Every complex number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i theta. Every complex number of
+absolute value one h is just beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value one h is just beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value one h is just beautifully
+written in the form e to the i theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the form e to the i theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the form e to the i theta.
+It's it's it's it's that complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's it's it's that complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's it's it's that complex number
+is some some point on the unit circle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some some point on the unit circle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some some point on the unit circle.
+So there it is right there. There it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there it is right there. There it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there it is right there. There it is
+e to the i theta with that theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the i theta with that theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the i theta with that theta is
+actually negative there because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually negative there because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually negative there because we're
+going the wrong way. No big deal. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the wrong way. No big deal. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the wrong way. No big deal. Yeah.
+I don't know. Maybe here theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know. Maybe here theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know. Maybe here theta is
+positive. Yeah. I've forgotten whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. Yeah. I've forgotten whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. Yeah. I've forgotten whether
+you know. So I I won't try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know. So I I won't try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know. So I I won't try to
+go the either the clockwise or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the either the clockwise or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the either the clockwise or the
+counterclockwise way around. So if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise way around. So if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise way around. So if I
+wanted to figure out what theta was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to figure out what theta was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to figure out what theta was and
+plugged in these things, let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged in these things, let's see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged in these things, let's see.
+So that's uh pi over 32.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's uh pi over 32.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's uh pi over 32.
+Is that right? Delta t over two would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that right? Delta t over two would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that right? Delta t over two would be
+pi over 32.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over 32.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over 32.
+And this guy would be its conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this guy would be its conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this guy would be its conjugate
+pi pi over 32. And then uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi pi over 32. And then uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi pi over 32. And then uh in this
+solution that'll be plugged on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that'll be plugged on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that'll be plugged on the
+homework uh this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework uh this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework uh this will be
+yeah I think maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think maybe
+maybe the theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the theta is
+maybe the theta comes out to be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the theta comes out to be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the theta comes out to be kind of
+cool actually twice the arc tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool actually twice the arc tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool actually twice the arc tangent
+of pi over 32 or something. I I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pi over 32 or something. I I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pi over 32 or something. I I didn't
+know that, but that'll be in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that, but that'll be in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that, but that'll be in the in the
+uh solutions for you to check. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solutions for you to check. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solutions for you to check. So that
+that's And now what's why do I like e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's And now what's why do I like e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's And now what's why do I like e to
+the i theta so much?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i theta so much?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i theta so much?
+Because now I could tell you what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because now I could tell you what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because now I could tell you what this
+point is after you've done it 32 times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is after you've done it 32 times.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is after you've done it 32 times.
+What's the what what angle have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the what what angle have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the what what angle have you
+reached? This is this is the crunch line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached? This is this is the crunch line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached? This is this is the crunch line
+of using complex numbers. e to the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using complex numbers. e to the i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using complex numbers. e to the i
+theta is that they're absolutely great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is that they're absolutely great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is that they're absolutely great
+for taking powers. If I take the 32nd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for taking powers. If I take the 32nd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for taking powers. If I take the 32nd
+power of x plus i y, I'm lost, right? x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of x plus i y, I'm lost, right? x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of x plus i y, I'm lost, right? x
+plus i y to the 32nd power starts out x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus i y to the 32nd power starts out x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus i y to the 32nd power starts out x
+to the 32nd ends up i to the 32nd. Y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 32nd ends up i to the 32nd. Y the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 32nd ends up i to the 32nd. Y the
+32nd with horrible stuff in between. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32nd with horrible stuff in between. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32nd with horrible stuff in between. But
+what is the 32nd power of e to the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the 32nd power of e to the i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the 32nd power of e to the i
+theta?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta?
+E to the I 32 theta. Just that angle 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E to the I 32 theta. Just that angle 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E to the I 32 theta. Just that angle 32
+times exactly as we've drawn it. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times exactly as we've drawn it. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times exactly as we've drawn it. So that
+that's the point E to the I 32 theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point E to the I 32 theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point E to the I 32 theta.
+Okay. And therefore if we that we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And therefore if we that we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And therefore if we that we now
+know what theta is. So uh yeah. So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what theta is. So uh yeah. So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what theta is. So uh yeah. So it
+must be pretty near to pi but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be pretty near to pi but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be pretty near to pi but not
+exactly. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. I guess
+that's about right. Yeah. Yeah. In fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about right. Yeah. Yeah. In fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about right. Yeah. Yeah. In fact,
+I might haven't got this far. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might haven't got this far. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might haven't got this far. The
+tangent of a very small angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of a very small angle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of a very small angle is
+approximately what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately what?
+It's approximately the angle, right? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's approximately the angle, right? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's approximately the angle, right? The
+sign of a very small angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of a very small angle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of a very small angle is
+approximately the angle. The coine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the angle. The coine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the angle. The coine is
+approximately one. The tangent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately one. The tangent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately one. The tangent is
+approximately the angle. So this 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the angle. So this 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the angle. So this 32
+theta is 32 * 2 * approximately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is 32 * 2 * approximately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is 32 * 2 * approximately the
+angle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle.
+And what answer do you get?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 pi, which is exactly, you know, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi, which is exactly, you know, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi, which is exactly, you know, it
+makes makes sense. So, so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes makes sense. So, so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes makes sense. So, so that's the
+it's the so what you could say what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the so what you could say what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the so what you could say what the
+uh um trapezoidal method has done is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um trapezoidal method has done is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um trapezoidal method has done is to
+replace the exact angle by that inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the exact angle by that inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the exact angle by that inverse
+tangent approximation. That's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent approximation. That's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent approximation. That's that's
+sort of nice. I mean in this example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of nice. I mean in this example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of nice. I mean in this example you
+can get as far as that and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get as far as that and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get as far as that and you could
+actually find out how near that is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find out how near that is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find out how near that is and
+by the way how near what I expected it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way how near what I expected it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way how near what I expected it
+to be. I would expect it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be. I would expect it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be. I would expect it.
+So what's the what did I what do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's the what did I what do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's the what did I what do we know
+about the trapezoidal method without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the trapezoidal method without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the trapezoidal method without
+having proved it? It's second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having proved it? It's second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having proved it? It's second order
+accurate. Right? If it was first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate. Right? If it was first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate. Right? If it was first order
+accurate, I would expect it to miss by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate, I would expect it to miss by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate, I would expect it to miss by
+something of the size of theta, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the size of theta, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the size of theta, you
+know, maybe a fraction of theta. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, maybe a fraction of theta. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, maybe a fraction of theta. But
+being second order accurate, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being second order accurate, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being second order accurate, I'm
+expecting it to miss by something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting it to miss by something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting it to miss by something of
+size theta squared.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size theta squared.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size theta squared.
+So, so it would be pretty pretty near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so it would be pretty pretty near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so it would be pretty pretty near
+zero. Right. Right. Yeah. And actually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Right. Right. Yeah. And actually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Right. Right. Yeah. And actually,
+if I Why do I another way I know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I Why do I another way I know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I Why do I another way I know it's
+around? So the error would be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around? So the error would be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around? So the error would be something
+like would have a 32 squared in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like would have a 32 squared in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like would have a 32 squared in the
+denominator. And I've just thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator. And I've just thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator. And I've just thought of
+another way to see that the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to see that the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to see that the the first
+term and for the arc tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and for the arc tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and for the arc tangent
+we just said that the first term in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just said that the first term in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just said that the first term in the
+arc tangent of a small angle theta of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc tangent of a small angle theta of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc tangent of a small angle theta of a
+small angle alpha whatever that is pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angle alpha whatever that is pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angle alpha whatever that is pi
+over 32. The first term in the arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 32. The first term in the arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 32. The first term in the arc
+tangent is the angle. That's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent is the angle. That's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent is the angle. That's what we
+just said. Then do you know what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said. Then do you know what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said. Then do you know what would
+come next? Now we're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come next? Now we're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come next? Now we're looking at the
+error. What would be the so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error. What would be the so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error. What would be the so so the
+this of that of a very small angle will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of that of a very small angle will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of that of a very small angle will
+start theta and I want to ask you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start theta and I want to ask you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start theta and I want to ask you about
+how many theta squares and theta cubes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many theta squares and theta cubes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many theta squares and theta cubes.
+You're seeing what you know what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're seeing what you know what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're seeing what you know what you can
+do with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with with
+paper and pencils type stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and pencils type stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and pencils type stuff.
+My here's my main question. And how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My here's my main question. And how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My here's my main question. And how many
+theta squares in there?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta squares in there?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta squares in there?
+You want to make a guess? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to make a guess? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to make a guess? The
+mathematician's favorite number zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician's favorite number zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician's favorite number zero.
+Right? There will be no theta squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? There will be no theta squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? There will be no theta squared
+terms in. That's a odd function. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in. That's a odd function. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in. That's a odd function. So I'm
+expecting only odd powers and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting only odd powers and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting only odd powers and therefore
+I won't be surprised to see theta cub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't be surprised to see theta cub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't be surprised to see theta cub
+come up first and then when I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up first and then when I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up first and then when I multiply
+by the 32 I get the theta squared that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the 32 I get the theta squared that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the 32 I get the theta squared that I
+guessed would we would have. Yeah. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessed would we would have. Yeah. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessed would we would have. Yeah. Okay.
+Okay. Once again, that's I'll stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Once again, that's I'll stop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Once again, that's I'll stop there
+because that's a uh you know a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a uh you know a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a uh you know a very
+narrow path to be following, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow path to be following, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow path to be following, but it's
+shows you how far you know there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you how far you know there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you how far you know there's a lot
+of room still for what you can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of room still for what you can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of room still for what you can do with
+paper and pencil to understand a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and pencil to understand a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and pencil to understand a model
+problem and then the computer would tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then the computer would tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then the computer would tell
+us about you know a serious problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about you know a serious problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about you know a serious problem of
+following the solar system for for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the solar system for for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the solar system for for a
+million years. Right. Okay, another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million years. Right. Okay, another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million years. Right. Okay, another
+totally different question if I can.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different question if I can.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different question if I can.
+Yes, thank you. Yeah, sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, thank you. Yeah, sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, thank you. Yeah, sure.
+2.4.1, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.4.1, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.4.1, right?
+A mistake in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A mistake in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A mistake in the book
+or in the Yeah, it's quite possible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the Yeah, it's quite possible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the Yeah, it's quite possible.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Oh, yes. There's a printed mis printed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, yes. There's a printed mis printed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, yes. There's a printed mis printed
+error in the in the graph. Uh well, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in the in the graph. Uh well, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in the in the graph. Uh well, it
+would just be the other. Yeah. So, uh, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just be the other. Yeah. So, uh, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just be the other. Yeah. So, uh, I
+in numbering the edges, well, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in numbering the edges, well, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in numbering the edges, well, let's
+blame it on the printer, right? Not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blame it on the printer, right? Not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blame it on the printer, right? Not the
+author. Okay. So, the edge, the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author. Okay. So, the edge, the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author. Okay. So, the edge, the diagonal
+edge, that five probably was intended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge, that five probably was intended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge, that five probably was intended to
+be a three. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a three. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a three. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Thank you.
+So, we'll catch that in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we'll catch that in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we'll catch that in the next
+printing. Yeah. Yeah. and and you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing. Yeah. Yeah. and and you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing. Yeah. Yeah. and and you you
+recognize that always uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that always uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that always uh you know
+numbering the edges and nodes is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering the edges and nodes is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering the edges and nodes is a
+pretty arbitrary thing. It just if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty arbitrary thing. It just if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty arbitrary thing. It just if we
+number differently that just reorders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number differently that just reorders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number differently that just reorders
+the ed the rows of the matrix. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ed the rows of the matrix. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ed the rows of the matrix. If we
+number the edge differently it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the edge differently it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the edge differently it'll
+reorder the rows and it'll reorder rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorder the rows and it'll reorder rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorder the rows and it'll reorder rows
+and columns of arpose a so it won't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and columns of arpose a so it won't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and columns of arpose a so it won't make
+a serious difference in the matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a serious difference in the matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a serious difference in the matrix.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You want to go back to this guy. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to go back to this guy. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to go back to this guy. Okay.
+Um, so if you have an antiymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so if you have an antiymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so if you have an antiymmetric
+matrix, does it follow that the vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix, does it follow that the vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix, does it follow that the vectors
+be perpendicular? Does it follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be perpendicular? Does it follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be perpendicular? Does it follow
+this is a good question of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good question of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good question of that
+anti-ymmetric this guy way up here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-ymmetric this guy way up here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-ymmetric this guy way up here with
+this property. Yeah. The vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property. Yeah. The vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property. Yeah. The vector
+perpendicular. The igen vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular. The igen vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular. The igen vectors are
+perpendicular. Yes. Yeah. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular. Yes. Yeah. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular. Yes. Yeah. So we have
+there you know there's this slight the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know there's this slight the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know there's this slight the
+the nobility among matrices are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nobility among matrices are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nobility among matrices are the ones
+with perpendicular igon vectors. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with perpendicular igon vectors. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with perpendicular igon vectors. So that
+includes symmetric matrices. Yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes symmetric matrices. Yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes symmetric matrices. Yeah this
+is this is a good and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a good and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a good and and
+straightforward point. So, so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward point. So, so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward point. So, so these are
+the good matrices symmetric matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good matrices symmetric matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good matrices symmetric matrices
+arpose equals a their values lie on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arpose equals a their values lie on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arpose equals a their values lie on the
+real line right and all per these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real line right and all per these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real line right and all per these are
+all perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all perpendicular
+vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What about anti-ymmetric?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, that means a transpose is minus a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that means a transpose is minus a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that means a transpose is minus a.
+They also fall in this noble family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They also fall in this noble family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They also fall in this noble family of
+matrices. And where are their igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices. And where are their igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices. And where are their igen
+values?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values?
+Pure imaginary right up here. Now, do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pure imaginary right up here. Now, do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pure imaginary right up here. Now, do
+you want to know what who else is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know what who else is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know what who else is in
+this family? Of course, what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this family? Of course, what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this family? Of course, what's the
+other? This is the complex plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other? This is the complex plane.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other? This is the complex plane.
+There's one more piece of the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's one more piece of the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's one more piece of the complex
+plane that you know I'm going to put,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that you know I'm going to put,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that you know I'm going to put,
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+what what what else to give to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what else to give to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what else to give to make that
+complex plane look familiar? It's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex plane look familiar? It's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex plane look familiar? It's going
+to have the unit circle, right? Every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the unit circle, right? Every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the unit circle, right? Every
+complex plane has got to have the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex plane has got to have the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex plane has got to have the unit
+circle. Okay. So, so these guys went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. Okay. So, so these guys went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. Okay. So, so these guys went
+with the And now what do you think goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the And now what do you think goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the And now what do you think goes
+with the this will be the matrices? Can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the this will be the matrices? Can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the this will be the matrices? Can
+I call them Q instead? Because I called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call them Q instead? Because I called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call them Q instead? Because I called
+them Q this morning. QRanspose is Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them Q this morning. QRanspose is Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them Q this morning. QRanspose is Q
+inverse. QRPOSE Q and they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. QRPOSE Q and they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. QRPOSE Q and they're the
+orthogonal matrices. So those matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrices. So those matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrices. So those matrices
+again beautiful matrices in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again beautiful matrices in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again beautiful matrices in the in the
+best class and their igen values are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best class and their igen values are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best class and their igen values are on
+the unit circle and that would be easy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle and that would be easy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle and that would be easy.
+Why don't I just show you why as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why don't I just show you why as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why don't I just show you why as long as
+we're because orthogonal matrices you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're because orthogonal matrices you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're because orthogonal matrices you
+there are not so many that that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are not so many that that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are not so many that that are
+really worth knowing. So let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worth knowing. So let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worth knowing. So let me take
+qx= lambda x and what is it that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qx= lambda x and what is it that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qx= lambda x and what is it that I want
+to prove?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove?
+I want to prove that the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to prove that the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to prove that the igen values
+have absolute value one. That's the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have absolute value one. That's the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have absolute value one. That's the unit
+circle. So how do I show that the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. So how do I show that the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. So how do I show that the igen
+values have absolute value one? Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values have absolute value one? Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values have absolute value one? Let me
+take the dotproduct with qxrpose.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the dotproduct with qxrpose.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the dotproduct with qxrpose.
+So both sides I'll do qxrpose qx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So both sides I'll do qxrpose qx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So both sides I'll do qxrpose qx
+and I'll do lambda x transpose lambda x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll do lambda x transpose lambda x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll do lambda x transpose lambda x.
+Right? only these are these are complex.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? only these are these are complex.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? only these are these are complex.
+I've got to take complex stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to take complex stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to take complex stuff.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+I just took the length squared of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just took the length squared of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just took the length squared of both
+sides and and kept in mind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and and kept in mind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and and kept in mind the
+possibility that this x and lambda could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that this x and lambda could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that this x and lambda could
+be and probably will be complex numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and probably will be complex numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and probably will be complex numbers.
+Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now,
+what do I have on the left? Do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I have on the left? Do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I have on the left? Do you see
+it happening? Uh, I get an xbar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happening? Uh, I get an xbar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happening? Uh, I get an xbar
+transpose. What do I get? Q transpose Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose. What do I get? Q transpose Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose. What do I get? Q transpose Q
+X on the left side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X on the left side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X on the left side.
+That's the combination I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the combination I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the combination I'm looking for
+for an orthogonal matrix. Let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an orthogonal matrix. Let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an orthogonal matrix. Let's imagine
+the matrix itself is real. Otherwise, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix itself is real. Otherwise, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix itself is real. Otherwise, I
+would just conjugate it. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just conjugate it. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just conjugate it. But
+what's nice about that left side?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What fact am I going to use about Q?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What fact am I going to use about Q?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What fact am I going to use about Q?
+qranspose q is the identity. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qranspose q is the identity. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qranspose q is the identity. So this
+thing is nothing but xar transpose x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is nothing but xar transpose x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is nothing but xar transpose x.
+That's the length of x^2. What have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the length of x^2. What have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the length of x^2. What have I
+got on the right side? I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got on the right side? I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got on the right side? I've got the
+length of x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of x^2
+times a number lambda bar * lambda*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a number lambda bar * lambda*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a number lambda bar * lambda*
+lambda squar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda squar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda squar.
+It's there. Now on the left side I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's there. Now on the left side I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's there. Now on the left side I have
+the length of x^2. On the right side I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of x^2. On the right side I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of x^2. On the right side I
+have the length of x^2 times that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the length of x^2 times that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the length of x^2 times that number
+mod lambda squ. Therefore that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod lambda squ. Therefore that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod lambda squ. Therefore that number
+has to be 1. and the igen values are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be 1. and the igen values are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be 1. and the igen values are on
+the unit circle. So I've given you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle. So I've given you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle. So I've given you the
+three m big important classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three m big important classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three m big important classes of
+matrices with uh perpendicular igon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices with uh perpendicular igon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices with uh perpendicular igon
+vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors.
+I think anybody would wonder okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think anybody would wonder okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think anybody would wonder okay what
+about other igen values you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other igen values you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other igen values you know what's
+the condition for perpendicular IGEN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition for perpendicular IGEN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition for perpendicular IGEN
+vectors that includes this and includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that includes this and includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that includes this and includes
+this and includes this and also allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and includes this and also allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and includes this and also allows
+IGEN values all over the place.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IGEN values all over the place.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IGEN values all over the place.
+Would you like to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Would you like to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Would you like to know that
+condition? What the heck? Yes. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition? What the heck? Yes. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition? What the heck? Yes. Okay.
+that condition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that condition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that condition for
+that includes all these is this that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes all these is this that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes all these is this that a
+transpose time a equals a * a transpose.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose time a equals a * a transpose.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose time a equals a * a transpose.
+That's the that's the test for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the that's the test for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the that's the test for
+perpendicular vectors. A transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular vectors. A transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular vectors. A transpose
+commutes with a. So this passes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with a. So this passes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with a. So this passes of
+course this passes of course this passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this passes of course this passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this passes of course this passes
+because both sides are the identity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because both sides are the identity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because both sides are the identity and
+then some more matrices pass also. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some more matrices pass also. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some more matrices pass also. Okay.
+Was that all right? You asked for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Was that all right? You asked for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Was that all right? You asked for some
+linear algebra and you got it. Now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra and you got it. Now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra and you got it. Now I'm
+ready. Yeah. Thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2.419.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, let me look. 2.419.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, let me look. 2.419.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, let me look. 2.419.
+Ah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay. Yes. Sorry. And I should have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Yes. Sorry. And I should have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Yes. Sorry. And I should have done
+done better with that. Uh okay. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done better with that. Uh okay. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done better with that. Uh okay. So what
+what uh where is that other board?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+one one graphs that are important are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one graphs that are important are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one graphs that are important are
+grids like this. And we'll see them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids like this. And we'll see them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids like this. And we'll see them.
+Two, three, four. One, two, three, four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two, three, four. One, two, three, four.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two, three, four. One, two, three, four.
+That would be where every these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That would be where every these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That would be where every these are the
+nodes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes.
+So this is a grid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, I meant to draw them all in, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I meant to draw them all in, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I meant to draw them all in, but I
+won't. N squared. So N is six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't. N squared. So N is six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't. N squared. So N is six
+and I'd have 36 nodes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd have 36 nodes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd have 36 nodes.
+And you can see the edges in there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can see the edges in there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can see the edges in there.
+Yeah. Yeah. So that's the graph I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. So that's the graph I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. So that's the graph I have
+in mind. And the reason that problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind. And the reason that problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind. And the reason that problem is
+there is that uh uh last year in uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that uh uh last year in uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that uh uh last year in uh I
+think it was last year or the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was last year or the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was last year or the year
+before we spent some time with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we spent some time with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we spent some time with uh
+figuring out resistances and currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out resistances and currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out resistances and currents
+and so on for these problems. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on for these problems. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on for these problems. And we
+needed some fast way to generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed some fast way to generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed some fast way to generate a
+because this matrix A is now what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this matrix A is now what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this matrix A is now what what
+size is the matrix A? It's got I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is the matrix A? It's got I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is the matrix A? It's got I don't
+know how many edges does it have?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many edges does it have?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many edges does it have?
+one two three four five maybe 30 edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five maybe 30 edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five maybe 30 edges
+going across and 30 coming down it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going across and 30 coming down it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going across and 30 coming down it'll be
+60 uh by uh how many columns in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 uh by uh how many columns in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 uh by uh how many columns in this
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know the answer now and it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the answer now and it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the answer now and it's worth
+knowing for the quiz of course 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing for the quiz of course 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing for the quiz of course 36
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway the class was rebelled about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the class was rebelled about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the class was rebelled about
+creating these matrices of and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating these matrices of and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating these matrices of and and
+working with these matrices with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with these matrices with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with these matrices with uh
+2,160
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,160
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,160
+nonzeros.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzeros.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzeros.
+People were dropping the course. So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People were dropping the course. So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People were dropping the course. So uh
+we needed a command that would create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed a command that would create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed a command that would create a
+pretty quickly and and so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quickly and and so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quickly and and so that's what
+the book.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book.
+So this was like the 18085 command. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this was like the 18085 command. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this was like the 18085 command. Uh
+after we stumbled around for a while, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we stumbled around for a while, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we stumbled around for a while, we
+discovered that a command mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that a command mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that a command mat lab
+command called cron was uh the the quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command called cron was uh the the quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command called cron was uh the the quick
+way to uh create the matrix. We'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to uh create the matrix. We'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to uh create the matrix. We'll see
+that when we get to that point. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we get to that point. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we get to that point. Uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is an important graph and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important graph and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important graph and it's
+closely connected to lelasses. You you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely connected to lelasses. You you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely connected to lelasses. You you
+remember lelasses. Can I I'll just tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember lelasses. Can I I'll just tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember lelasses. Can I I'll just tell
+you ahead of time. Lelass's equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ahead of time. Lelass's equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ahead of time. Lelass's equation is
+this this you have an x second x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this you have an x second x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this you have an x second x
+derivative. We know how to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. We know how to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. We know how to deal with
+those. But it also has a second y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those. But it also has a second y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those. But it also has a second y
+derivative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'm really looking ahead at the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm really looking ahead at the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm really looking ahead at the most
+important equation of chapter 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important equation of chapter 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important equation of chapter 3
+leelass's equation. And suppose I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leelass's equation. And suppose I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leelass's equation. And suppose I make
+that suppose I use finite differences. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose I use finite differences. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose I use finite differences. I
+want a matrix K2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a matrix K2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a matrix K2D
+that deals with this 2D problem. And let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deals with this 2D problem. And let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deals with this 2D problem. And let
+me just say what it would be. At a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just say what it would be. At a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just say what it would be. At a
+typical point, this X derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical point, this X derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical point, this X derivative is
+giving me a minus1, a two, and a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me a minus1, a two, and a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me a minus1, a two, and a minus
+one. And the Y derivative is giving me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And the Y derivative is giving me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And the Y derivative is giving me a
+minus one. That moves this guy up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. That moves this guy up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. That moves this guy up to
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+and minus one. So instead of minus1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus one. So instead of minus1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus one. So instead of minus1 2
+minus one along a typical row, we'll now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one along a typical row, we'll now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one along a typical row, we'll now
+have a four on the diagonal and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a four on the diagonal and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a four on the diagonal and four
+minus1's in a certain pattern. Anyway,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1's in a certain pattern. Anyway,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1's in a certain pattern. Anyway,
+you'll see that it's uh interesting when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that it's uh interesting when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that it's uh interesting when
+we get to it. Uh it that shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to it. Uh it that shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to it. Uh it that shows that
+would show up in a transpose a. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show up in a transpose a. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show up in a transpose a. So what
+I've said here is what happens with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said here is what happens with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said here is what happens with a
+transpose.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose.
+I guess I'm hoping that you begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I'm hoping that you begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I'm hoping that you begin to
+know these matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these matrices
+uh first seeing them occasionally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first seeing them occasionally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first seeing them occasionally in
+homeworks and then then in the lecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks and then then in the lecture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks and then then in the lecture.
+Uh good. But that's looking ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh good. But that's looking ahead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh good. But that's looking ahead.
+I needed some questions that are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I needed some questions that are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I needed some questions that are like
+close to really on what we what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to really on what we what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to really on what we what we're
+doing or what the quiz would do. Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing or what the quiz would do. Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing or what the quiz would do. Any
+Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+question is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is that
+Oh, yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, yes.
+A little bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A little bit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A little bit.
+Okay. Yeah. I I guess yeah. So I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yeah. I I guess yeah. So I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yeah. I I guess yeah. So I wrote
+down this this equation and the the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this this equation and the the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this this equation and the the what
+I'm writing right there is the new part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing right there is the new part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing right there is the new part
+sort of new and I guess equals some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of new and I guess equals some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of new and I guess equals some
+right hand side f ofx and and and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side f ofx and and and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side f ofx and and and the uh
+the uh discrete version will be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh discrete version will be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh discrete version will be an
+arpose ca equal a vector f maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arpose ca equal a vector f maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arpose ca equal a vector f maybe
+there'll be a delta x squar here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a delta x squar here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a delta x squar here
+okay I I guess maybe I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I guess maybe I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I guess maybe I don't want
+I don't want to go far, but I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to go far, but I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to go far, but I want you
+to see that if we have a coefficient C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that if we have a coefficient C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that if we have a coefficient C
+in here, it should show up there. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here, it should show up there. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here, it should show up there. If we
+had a Yeah, you you could actually it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a Yeah, you you could actually it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a Yeah, you you could actually it it
+might be reasonable to to uh look at 3.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be reasonable to to uh look at 3.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be reasonable to to uh look at 3.1
+just to look slightly ahead to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to look slightly ahead to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to look slightly ahead to see the
+parallels, but you would get them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallels, but you would get them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallels, but you would get them right
+without uh without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without uh without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without uh without
+a lecture on it. uh your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lecture on it. uh your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lecture on it. uh your your
+coefficient shows up in the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient shows up in the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient shows up in the differential
+equation and it shows up on the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and it shows up on the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and it shows up on the diagonal
+of C in the in the difference equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C in the in the difference equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C in the in the difference equation.
+Yeah, let me I won't say I won't give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, let me I won't say I won't give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, let me I won't say I won't give a
+whole lecture on that just just to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lecture on that just just to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lecture on that just just to say
+yeah that will that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that will that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that will that uh
+that correspondence is exactly the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspondence is exactly the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspondence is exactly the one
+we know uh A is a A is a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know uh A is a A is a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know uh A is a A is a difference
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+like the derivative C will be a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the derivative C will be a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the derivative C will be a diagonal
+matrix A transpose will be whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix A transpose will be whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix A transpose will be whatever that
+comes out to be yeah and so you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out to be yeah and so you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out to be yeah and so you've seen
+a transpose ose a but think again about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose ose a but think again about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose ose a but think again about
+that difference ask solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference ask solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference ask solve this
+yeah I I suggest take C to be one get C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I suggest take C to be one get C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I suggest take C to be one get C
+out of there and just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of there and just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of there and just think
+again what is the difference matrix A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what is the difference matrix A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what is the difference matrix A
+with a boundary I uh either fixed fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a boundary I uh either fixed fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a boundary I uh either fixed fixed
+or fixed free those will be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fixed free those will be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fixed free those will be two
+different A's what are the A's for yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different A's what are the A's for yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different A's what are the A's for yeah
+that this would be a good suggestion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this would be a good suggestion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this would be a good suggestion
+what are the A's for fixed fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the A's for fixed fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the A's for fixed fixed
+and for fixed free.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, this is what we were doing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, this is what we were doing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, this is what we were doing at the
+very beginning of the course. Um, yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning of the course. Um, yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning of the course. Um, yeah,
+so a is a first difference matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a is a first difference matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a is a first difference matrix and
+arpose a will be the second difference.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arpose a will be the second difference.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arpose a will be the second difference.
+So the aranspose A of course the if I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the aranspose A of course the if I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the aranspose A of course the if I if
+I was doing a transpose A then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was doing a transpose A then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was doing a transpose A then the
+answer here would be the matrix K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer here would be the matrix K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer here would be the matrix K and
+the answer here would be the matrix T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer here would be the matrix T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer here would be the matrix T
+or depending which end is free but we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or depending which end is free but we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or depending which end is free but we'd
+have we'd have one change that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we'd have one change that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we'd have one change that's a
+transpose A but now think about the A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose A but now think about the A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose A but now think about the A
+that it came from.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it came from.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it came from.
+So a will be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a will be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a will be uh
+a is the a is the matrix that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the a is the matrix that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the a is the matrix that takes
+differences of the 's and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of the 's and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of the 's and then a
+transpose a takes second differences.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a takes second differences.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a takes second differences.
+Yeah that that this is really of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah that that this is really of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah that that this is really of all the
+questions asked this is the one you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions asked this is the one you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions asked this is the one you know
+most relevant for the for for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most relevant for the for for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most relevant for the for for for
+the exam and and for sort of what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam and and for sort of what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam and and for sort of what we've
+done so far. I got off on the topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so far. I got off on the topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so far. I got off on the topics
+that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+look ahead to, but this is where we are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look ahead to, but this is where we are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look ahead to, but this is where we are.
+So that that matrix A is a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that that matrix A is a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that that matrix A is a first
+difference matrix and then you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference matrix and then you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference matrix and then you put in
+the boundary conditions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary conditions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary conditions.
+Yeah. Okay. There was another question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. There was another question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. There was another question.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Of number four. Which number four in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of number four. Which number four in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of number four. Which number four in
+which? Oh, in the quiz. Oh yeah. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which? Oh, in the quiz. Oh yeah. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which? Oh, in the quiz. Oh yeah. Right.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Did I tell you what the problem four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did I tell you what the problem four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did I tell you what the problem four
+was? No. I hope not. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was? No. I hope not. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was? No. I hope not. Uh,
+okay. Problem four in the quiz.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Problem four in the quiz.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Problem four in the quiz.
+What?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What?
+Oh, yeah. It's about a delta function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, yeah. It's about a delta function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, yeah. It's about a delta function.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+What what do I know? What do you want me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What what do I know? What do you want me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What what do I know? What do you want me
+to tell you?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, so the delta of course is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so the delta of course is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so the delta of course is going to
+it comes in as we've seen it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes in as we've seen it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes in as we've seen it as the
+right hand side of a of a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of a of a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of a of a differential
+equation. So, might be the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So, might be the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So, might be the right hand
+side even of of this equation. So if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side even of of this equation. So if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side even of of this equation. So if if
+this equation was delta of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation was delta of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation was delta of x
+um or x minus a half or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or x minus a half or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or x minus a half or something
+uh what uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what uh yeah
+I mean what the essential thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean what the essential thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean what the essential thing is that
+when delta's on the right side that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when delta's on the right side that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when delta's on the right side that
+gives you a drop in the slope right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a drop in the slope right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a drop in the slope right if
+you yeah let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah let me
+suppose I just have a first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I just have a first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I just have a first order
+equation like D I'll call it Z. DZ DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation like D I'll call it Z. DZ DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation like D I'll call it Z. DZ DX
+equal delta of X minus A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal delta of X minus A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal delta of X minus A.
+Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And suppose that I know that Z of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And suppose that I know that Z of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And suppose that I know that Z of 0
+starts at zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You got to be able to solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You got to be able to solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You got to be able to solve that
+equation, right? So that this is yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation, right? So that this is yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation, right? So that this is yeah,
+this is a useful hint that I mean sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a useful hint that I mean sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a useful hint that I mean sort
+of prep for that. That would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prep for that. That would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prep for that. That would be a good
+equation to know the solution to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to know the solution to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to know the solution to.
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what kind of a function is this? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a function is this? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a function is this? What
+kind of a function is Z of X there? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a function is Z of X there? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a function is Z of X there? I
+I'm I just use the letter Z to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I just use the letter Z to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I just use the letter Z to have a
+new letter. Uh Z of X will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new letter. Uh Z of X will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new letter. Uh Z of X will be
+Z of X will be a step,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z of X will be a step,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z of X will be a step,
+right? Z of X will be a step function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Z of X will be a step function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Z of X will be a step function.
+Yes, that's right. That's right. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, that's right. That's right. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, that's right. That's right. Yeah.
+All right. Uh, okay. Yeah. So, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh, okay. Yeah. So, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh, okay. Yeah. So, the
+solution is that at the point A, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is that at the point A, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is that at the point A, which
+I'm presuming is beyond zero, I come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm presuming is beyond zero, I come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm presuming is beyond zero, I come
+along at zero and I step up. Yeah. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along at zero and I step up. Yeah. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along at zero and I step up. Yeah. Okay.
+That would be a picture of Z of X. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That would be a picture of Z of X. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That would be a picture of Z of X. Yeah.
+Yeah. So, it's basic delta function uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, it's basic delta function uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, it's basic delta function uh
+material that that I'm speaking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that that I'm speaking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that that I'm speaking about
+here. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. and and in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. and and in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. and and in terms
+of you know the the yeah the so delta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know the the yeah the so delta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know the the yeah the so delta so
+z jumped by one and if z is a slope then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z jumped by one and if z is a slope then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z jumped by one and if z is a slope then
+the slope jumped by one or dropped by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope jumped by one or dropped by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope jumped by one or dropped by
+one depending on a plus or a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one depending on a plus or a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one depending on a plus or a minus sign
+here the the things that we use to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the the things that we use to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the the things that we use to deal
+with delta functions that's that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with delta functions that's that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with delta functions that's that so
+that's what for question 4b is about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what for question 4b is about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what for question 4b is about the
+drop in slope or the jumps or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop in slope or the jumps or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop in slope or the jumps or whatever
+happens when a delta function shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when a delta function shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when a delta function shows up
+on the right side. Yeah, good, good,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right side. Yeah, good, good,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right side. Yeah, good, good,
+good question. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1.127.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.127.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.127.
+Wow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow.
+Oh, and then uh left a typo.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, I'm sorry. Uh, okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1.1.27.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1.27.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1.27.
+My copy isn't showing it. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My copy isn't showing it. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My copy isn't showing it. Um,
+yeah. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. Um,
+I may have to punt on that question or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may have to punt on that question or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may have to punt on that question or
+do you want me to look at it? Okay. Can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want me to look at it? Okay. Can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want me to look at it? Okay. Can
+you maybe just pass that book up? Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe just pass that book up? Sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe just pass that book up? Sorry.
+I'll try to read what that question was.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to read what that question was.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to read what that question was.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Yeah, maybe this is a question to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, maybe this is a question to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, maybe this is a question to
+answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer.
+This is probably the one new question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is probably the one new question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is probably the one new question
+that got added.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got added.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got added.
+Okay. Yeah. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yeah. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yeah. Uh
+okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay.
+Yep. Fair enough.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. Fair enough.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. Fair enough.
+So this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is that
+this is continuing the discussion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is continuing the discussion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is continuing the discussion that
+you asked me to start here about a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you asked me to start here about a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you asked me to start here about a the
+first difference matrix. Okay. So I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first difference matrix. Okay. So I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first difference matrix. Okay. So I'll
+I'll go a little more with that. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go a little more with that. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go a little more with that. Okay.
+Okay. So, so in the in the book here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so in the in the book here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so in the in the book here,
+this writes down a matrix a KN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is yeah let me I'll discuss this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is yeah let me I'll discuss this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is yeah let me I'll discuss this
+matrix. So there's a difference matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's you you see what I mean by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you you see what I mean by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you you see what I mean by a
+difference matrix. If I if I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference matrix. If I if I were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference matrix. If I if I were to
+multiply it by u u kn u1 u2 u3 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by u u kn u1 u2 u3 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by u u kn u1 u2 u3 or
+something I would get differences right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I would get differences right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I would get differences right
+I'd get u1 - u kn u2 - u1 and u3 - u2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd get u1 - u kn u2 - u1 and u3 - u2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd get u1 - u kn u2 - u1 and u3 - u2.
+Good. So that's a kn * u. All right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. So that's a kn * u. All right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. So that's a kn * u. All right. So
+that's that's a difference matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a difference matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a difference matrix.
+Yeah. Actually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Actually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Actually,
+what graph would that come from? that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what graph would that come from? that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what graph would that come from? that
+that's also the incidence matrix of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also the incidence matrix of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also the incidence matrix of a
+very simple graph. This is connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple graph. This is connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple graph. This is connecting
+chapter one with chapter two. What what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter one with chapter two. What what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter one with chapter two. What what
+would it would be a line of springs. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it would be a line of springs. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it would be a line of springs. It
+would be a graph. It's just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a graph. It's just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a graph. It's just you know
+it's got edges and nodes. It's got three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got edges and nodes. It's got three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got edges and nodes. It's got three
+edges. So I've got three rows. It's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. So I've got three rows. It's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. So I've got three rows. It's got
+four nodes. So I've got four columns. Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four nodes. So I've got four columns. Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four nodes. So I've got four columns. Is
+the matrix invert? Sorry, I shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix invert? Sorry, I shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix invert? Sorry, I shouldn't
+ask that. Is the mat are the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask that. Is the mat are the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask that. Is the mat are the columns
+independent here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent here?
+No. They never are. The vector of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. They never are. The vector of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. They never are. The vector of all
+ones would have differences of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones would have differences of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones would have differences of all
+zeros. Yep. Uh so what would that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros. Yep. Uh so what would that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros. Yep. Uh so what would that that
+would be the difference matrix for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the difference matrix for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the difference matrix for
+fixed free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed free
+fixed free circular? What what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed free circular? What what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed free circular? What what would
+what would that difference matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would that difference matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would that difference matrix
+correspond to?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to?
+Everybody's saying it. Say it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everybody's saying it. Say it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everybody's saying it. Say it a little
+louder. Just free. That's a free free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder. Just free. That's a free free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder. Just free. That's a free free
+problem because they're all in there. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because they're all in there. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because they're all in there. We
+haven't knocked any out with no boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't knocked any out with no boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't knocked any out with no boundary
+conditions yet. That's a free free. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions yet. That's a free free. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions yet. That's a free free. So
+that a z would be free free.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a z would be free free.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a z would be free free.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And then just suppose my suppose my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then just suppose my suppose my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then just suppose my suppose my uh
+I'll take one more case and then I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take one more case and then I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take one more case and then I think
+we're at time. Suppose it was fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at time. Suppose it was fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at time. Suppose it was fixed
+fixed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed.
+What would be the difference matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What would be the difference matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What would be the difference matrix
+that would correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would correspond to
+How would I change that matrix if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How would I change that matrix if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How would I change that matrix if my
+problem became fixed fixed? So now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem became fixed fixed? So now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem became fixed fixed? So now I'm
+fixing that U. I'm fixing that U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing that U. I'm fixing that U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing that U. I'm fixing that U
+in the in the mass spring case. I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the mass spring case. I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the mass spring case. I'm I'm
+support I'm adding supports there. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support I'm adding supports there. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support I'm adding supports there. What
+how would that change the matrix?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would that change the matrix?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would that change the matrix?
+First and fourth good for say it again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First and fourth good for say it again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First and fourth good for say it again.
+First and fourth columns would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First and fourth columns would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First and fourth columns would go
+right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+So fixed free would then be 3 by two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So fixed free would then be 3 by two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So fixed free would then be 3 by two.
+Free free was 3x4,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Free free was 3x4,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Free free was 3x4,
+right? Yeah, that's I'm glad this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Yeah, that's I'm glad this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Yeah, that's I'm glad this
+question came up because it's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question came up because it's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question came up because it's the right
+right thing for you to be thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing for you to be thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing for you to be thinking about
+in in uh connection with that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in uh connection with that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in uh connection with that the the
+recent question you asked. Okay, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent question you asked. Okay, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent question you asked. Okay, maybe
+that's the right place to stop because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right place to stop because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right place to stop because
+you now you've asked questions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now you've asked questions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now you've asked questions that are
+really on on target for what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really on on target for what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really on on target for what we've done
+and I hope useful to you. Okay, see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope useful to you. Okay, see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope useful to you. Okay, see you
+guys tomorrow evening at 7:30 in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys tomorrow evening at 7:30 in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys tomorrow evening at 7:30 in uh
+54100.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54100.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54100.
+Okay.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/w7Eao7aBIlw.txt b/w7Eao7aBIlw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4edd9aec874b036595d9fa5252e2699a4f663eaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/w7Eao7aBIlw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4739 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have heard from the introductions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have heard from the introductions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have heard from the introductions in
+the the backgrounds of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the backgrounds of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the backgrounds of the people
+sitting around the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting around the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting around the table
+there are numerous interests and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are numerous interests and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are numerous interests and
+numerous starting points or ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous starting points or ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous starting points or ways to
+connect to issues of water of community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to issues of water of community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to issues of water of community
+of access and and so the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of access and and so the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of access and and so the range of
+disciplinary interests I find quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplinary interests I find quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplinary interests I find quite
+fascinating and in terms of the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating and in terms of the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating and in terms of the work
+that I've been doing with curriculum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been doing with curriculum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been doing with curriculum and
+really speaks to this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really speaks to this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really speaks to this notion of
+interdisciplinarity and some folks use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinarity and some folks use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinarity and some folks use
+the term transdisciplinarity but in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term transdisciplinarity but in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term transdisciplinarity but in some
+ways when we're interested in in key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways when we're interested in in key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways when we're interested in in key
+issues social issues those disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues social issues those disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues social issues those disciplines
+go away it's about people it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away it's about people it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away it's about people it's about
+it's about something beyond science or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about something beyond science or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about something beyond science or
+beyond art or beyond whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond art or beyond whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond art or beyond whatever that
+discipline might be so our multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline might be so our multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline might be so our multiple
+areas of expertise really come into play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of expertise really come into play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of expertise really come into play
+quite nicely here this year not only do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite nicely here this year not only do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite nicely here this year not only do
+I have the pleasure to and the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the pleasure to and the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the pleasure to and the good
+fortune to be able to visit three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortune to be able to visit three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortune to be able to visit three times
+here at MIT is a MIT is a visiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT is a MIT is a visiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT is a MIT is a visiting
+artist but I'm also a visiting artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist but I'm also a visiting artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist but I'm also a visiting artist
+and visiting learner at a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and visiting learner at a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and visiting learner at a local
+elementary school back home and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary school back home and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary school back home and I'm
+essentially people were asking what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially people were asking what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially people were asking what are
+you doing at MIT and what are you doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doing at MIT and what are you doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doing at MIT and what are you doing
+at the elementary school and I said I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the elementary school and I said I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the elementary school and I said I'm
+doing the same thing yeah and the key is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the same thing yeah and the key is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the same thing yeah and the key is
+I'm going I want to know at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going I want to know at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going I want to know at the
+elementary school specifically what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary school specifically what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary school specifically what they
+can teach me about what I think I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can teach me about what I think I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can teach me about what I think I know
+about what I'm doing and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what I'm doing and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what I'm doing and that's what
+we're doing here - I'm eager to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing here - I'm eager to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing here - I'm eager to learn
+about what you can teach me about what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you can teach me about what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you can teach me about what I
+think I'm doing but also what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm doing but also what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm doing but also what we can
+teach each other what we can learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach each other what we can learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach each other what we can learn from
+each other quite often in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other quite often in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other quite often in some
+educational spaces administrators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational spaces administrators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational spaces administrators
+teachers other folks in various levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers other folks in various levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers other folks in various levels
+of making decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making decisions
+forget explicitly or otherwise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget explicitly or otherwise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget explicitly or otherwise that
+learners bring knowledge with them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners bring knowledge with them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners bring knowledge with them to
+every single learning context so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single learning context so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single learning context so there's
+as much learning going on in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much learning going on in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much learning going on in one
+direction as there are in multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as there are in multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as there are in multiple
+directions so we all have valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so we all have valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so we all have valuable
+information to share so I'm eager to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to share so I'm eager to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to share so I'm eager to
+have that conversation so it's about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that conversation so it's about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that conversation so it's about the
+filters right it's about how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters right it's about how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters right it's about how these
+ceramic water filters inspire multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic water filters inspire multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic water filters inspire multiple
+curriculum possibilities it's not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum possibilities it's not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum possibilities it's not just a
+curriculum or instructional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum or instructional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum or instructional
+possibilities for how do you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for how do you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for how do you make the
+filter and how do you use them but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and how do you use them but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and how do you use them but there
+are other other ripples pardon the pun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other other ripples pardon the pun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other other ripples pardon the pun
+right there are other ways that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are other ways that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are other ways that the the
+filters might inspire learning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters might inspire learning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters might inspire learning for
+example the filters are designed to sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the filters are designed to sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the filters are designed to sit
+inside a plastic water receptacle like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a plastic water receptacle like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a plastic water receptacle like
+the one you see here and the one you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you see here and the one you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you see here and the one you saw
+in the video but what if you asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the video but what if you asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the video but what if you asked
+artists to create a ceramic receptacle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists to create a ceramic receptacle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists to create a ceramic receptacle
+in their own style you gave them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own style you gave them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own style you gave them the
+specifications and they created the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications and they created the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications and they created the
+vessel in their own style and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel in their own style and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel in their own style and then you
+could actually have an exhibition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually have an exhibition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually have an exhibition of
+these receptacles and that exhibition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these receptacles and that exhibition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these receptacles and that exhibition
+could tour two different locations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tour two different locations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tour two different locations and
+in doing so you could promote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing so you could promote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing so you could promote the
+exhibition but you could also then talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition but you could also then talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition but you could also then talk
+about the global water crisis you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the global water crisis you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the global water crisis you could
+talk about that lack of adequate access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that lack of adequate access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that lack of adequate access
+to water you could talk about the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to water you could talk about the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to water you could talk about the ways
+that artists and other folks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that artists and other folks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that artists and other folks are
+engaging in work to respond to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in work to respond to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in work to respond to these
+issues anytime and so these exhibitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues anytime and so these exhibitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues anytime and so these exhibitions
+went on for a number of years with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on for a number of years with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on for a number of years with my
+colleagues and I were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues and I were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues and I were talking about
+reviving this practice the idea is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviving this practice the idea is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviving this practice the idea is if
+someone purchases one of the receptacles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone purchases one of the receptacles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone purchases one of the receptacles
+that money essentially is a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money essentially is a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money essentially is a donation
+back to a water project this is a vessel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a water project this is a vessel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a water project this is a vessel
+that I created as part of that work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I created as part of that work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I created as part of that work and
+it's inspired by the sanitation workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's inspired by the sanitation workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's inspired by the sanitation workers
+strike in 1968 I am a man and it relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike in 1968 I am a man and it relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike in 1968 I am a man and it relates
+in many ways to found object art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ways to found object art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ways to found object art
+assemblage work from some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemblage work from some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemblage work from some of the
+modernist artists that's a top of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernist artists that's a top of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernist artists that's a top of a
+trophy I found at a secondhand store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trophy I found at a secondhand store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trophy I found at a secondhand store
+with a guy with a little fedora it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a guy with a little fedora it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a guy with a little fedora it
+wasn't perfect right and I made these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't perfect right and I made these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't perfect right and I made these
+little signs but the idea being how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little signs but the idea being how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little signs but the idea being how can
+the work of art itself function as a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of art itself function as a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of art itself function as a way
+to speak out and speak back to social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak out and speak back to social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak out and speak back to social
+issues inspired by this one was inspired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues inspired by this one was inspired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues inspired by this one was inspired
+by the water filters and water filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the water filters and water filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the water filters and water filter
+receptacles so those links become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptacles so those links become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptacles so those links become
+interred become entangled but they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interred become entangled but they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interred become entangled but they also
+allow for other trajectories of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for other trajectories of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for other trajectories of thinking
+to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen
+you know we can talk about protests we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we can talk about protests we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we can talk about protests we
+can talk about well what is a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about well what is a basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about well what is a basic
+human need what is a human right what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human need what is a human right what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human need what is a human right what is
+what is privileged what are you what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is privileged what are you what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is privileged what are you what do
+you what do you need and what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what do you need and what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what do you need and what do you
+want those are two different things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want those are two different things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want those are two different things and
+I think those kinds of conversations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think those kinds of conversations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think those kinds of conversations
+with students are quite powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with students are quite powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with students are quite powerful
+who has access who who sets up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has access who who sets up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has access who who sets up the
+limitations what is necessary who takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations what is necessary who takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations what is necessary who takes
+action right these kinds of questions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action right these kinds of questions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action right these kinds of questions I
+think are central to not only a creek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are central to not only a creek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are central to not only a creek
+curricula within education within art or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curricula within education within art or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curricula within education within art or
+thin education but also curricula within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin education but also curricula within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin education but also curricula within
+the various disciplines that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various disciplines that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various disciplines that are
+represented around this table I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented around this table I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented around this table I'm
+leaving on the 13th to go to Puerto Rico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving on the 13th to go to Puerto Rico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving on the 13th to go to Puerto Rico
+to two central mountain towns Sidra to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two central mountain towns Sidra to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two central mountain towns Sidra to
+bring you know solar lamps water filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring you know solar lamps water filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring you know solar lamps water filters
+and solar panels and solar panel kits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solar panels and solar panel kits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solar panels and solar panel kits to
+a certain sector of of a bottle and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain sector of of a bottle and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain sector of of a bottle and see
+that I so so the idea of like you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I so so the idea of like you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I so so the idea of like you know a
+filter that you know if it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that you know if it's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that you know if it's in a
+luggage right because I'm limited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luggage right because I'm limited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luggage right because I'm limited to
+what I can personally carry three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I can personally carry three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I can personally carry three
+50-pound bags or in paying $75 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50-pound bags or in paying $75 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50-pound bags or in paying $75 for the
+third one to free whatever to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one to free whatever to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one to free whatever to do that
+because the bothersome part for me who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the bothersome part for me who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the bothersome part for me who
+this is not my background I know I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not my background I know I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not my background I know I don't
+know so we have rechargeable batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so we have rechargeable batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so we have rechargeable batteries
+at home that we've been very true to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home that we've been very true to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home that we've been very true to
+like we only use our chargeable battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we only use our chargeable battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we only use our chargeable battery
+since as far as that goes with us but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since as far as that goes with us but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since as far as that goes with us but um
+and then the filter water inside it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the filter water inside it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the filter water inside it but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+waters pretty good but seeing all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waters pretty good but seeing all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waters pretty good but seeing all these
+shipments of bottled water and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipments of bottled water and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipments of bottled water and the
+requests for batteries in an island and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests for batteries in an island and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests for batteries in an island and
+just the waste that that will create um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the waste that that will create um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the waste that that will create um
+and and then no one thinks about and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then no one thinks about and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then no one thinks about and how
+can at least in one corner of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can at least in one corner of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can at least in one corner of the world
+or in this case that island can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in this case that island can you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in this case that island can you know
+we try to do something cuz you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to do something cuz you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to do something cuz you know I
+talked to my family and they go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to my family and they go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to my family and they go to the
+river and that's where they bathe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river and that's where they bathe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river and that's where they bathe and
+that's where they get water it's a clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where they get water it's a clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where they get water it's a clean
+and clean and me that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clean and me that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clean and me that's
+because they won't drink it because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they won't drink it because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they won't drink it because they
+don't know if something died absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if something died absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if something died absolutely
+further up mountain and and and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further up mountain and and and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further up mountain and and and they
+don't have you know access to that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have you know access to that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have you know access to that and
+there's Sun everywhere right so uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Sun everywhere right so uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Sun everywhere right so uh so
+just that immediate thing and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that immediate thing and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that immediate thing and it's
+caustic locator because at the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caustic locator because at the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caustic locator because at the bottom of
+the hill there's a huge hardware type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hill there's a huge hardware type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hill there's a huge hardware type of
+like a mostly safe in it that he I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mostly safe in it that he I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mostly safe in it that he I like
+you know just like a lumberyard type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just like a lumberyard type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just like a lumberyard type of
+thing so and you say sawdust I'm like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so and you say sawdust I'm like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so and you say sawdust I'm like oh
+I can get tons of sawdust from the it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get tons of sawdust from the it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get tons of sawdust from the it
+they from a high low Barrios but um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they from a high low Barrios but um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they from a high low Barrios but um but
+yeah that that on the access and and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that that on the access and and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that that on the access and and how
+you know in a limited timeframe can one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a limited timeframe can one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a limited timeframe can one
+you know I look at that little one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I look at that little one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I look at that little one right
+there on just to just to do that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on just to just to do that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on just to just to do that right
+because of right and weights nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of right and weights nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of right and weights nothing
+there's nothing yeah so so I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing yeah so so I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing yeah so so I guess
+that's my of this and and then I see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my of this and and then I see um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my of this and and then I see um
+oh geez go like who has Hartford I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh geez go like who has Hartford I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh geez go like who has Hartford I'm
+from Hartford so he has Hartford roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Hartford so he has Hartford roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Hartford so he has Hartford roots
+and and you know what they Dred Scott
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know what they Dred Scott
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know what they Dred Scott
+like you know it's it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know it's it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know it's it's a really
+exciting presentation and contextualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting presentation and contextualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting presentation and contextualize
+does it really incredibly but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it really incredibly but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it really incredibly but this
+really drew me because of the immediacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really drew me because of the immediacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really drew me because of the immediacy
+of what's happening out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's happening out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's happening out there
+absolutely yeah well you know what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely yeah well you know what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely yeah well you know what we're
+seeing in Puerto Rico right now is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing in Puerto Rico right now is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing in Puerto Rico right now is just
+for me it's beyond words beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me it's beyond words beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me it's beyond words beyond
+adjectives like it's it's indescribable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives like it's it's indescribable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives like it's it's indescribable
+I spoke with a friend of mine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spoke with a friend of mine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spoke with a friend of mine a
+colleague and friend of mine a few days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague and friend of mine a few days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague and friend of mine a few days
+ago his family is in political energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago his family is in political energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago his family is in political energy
+citizens know he talked about before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens know he talked about before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens know he talked about before we
+heard the reports in the news about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard the reports in the news about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard the reports in the news about the
+gas issues and the water issues he told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas issues and the water issues he told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas issues and the water issues he told
+me about both of those I also appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about both of those I also appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about both of those I also appreciate
+your comment about you know sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your comment about you know sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your comment about you know sending
+water bottles and batteries and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water bottles and batteries and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water bottles and batteries and that
+just creates more waste it's helpful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just creates more waste it's helpful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just creates more waste it's helpful but
+unless you think about what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you think about what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you think about what happens
+beyond the life of that material that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the life of that material that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the life of that material that's
+being irresponsible at some level right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being irresponsible at some level right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being irresponsible at some level right
+so the rechargeable the recycle will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rechargeable the recycle will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rechargeable the recycle will
+renew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renew
+is important yeah these little filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important yeah these little filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important yeah these little filters
+are made from the same mixture as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made from the same mixture as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made from the same mixture as the
+large filters they're just on a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large filters they're just on a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large filters they're just on a smaller
+scale you see in the back on that table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale you see in the back on that table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale you see in the back on that table
+we we made some mini filters yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we made some mini filters yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we made some mini filters yesterday
+we still have some clay and sawdust we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have some clay and sawdust we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have some clay and sawdust we
+can make some more today if you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make some more today if you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make some more today if you want the
+day with these they would need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day with these they would need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day with these they would need to be
+tested right to make sure that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested right to make sure that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested right to make sure that they have
+the proper flow rate but the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper flow rate but the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper flow rate but the other thing
+is you'd have to we have to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'd have to we have to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'd have to we have to make sure
+that the water that is there that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the water that is there that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the water that is there that these
+filters would filter out the bad stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters would filter out the bad stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters would filter out the bad stuff
+in the water that's there okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the water that's there okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the water that's there okay so you
+know I'm happy to make some small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm happy to make some small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm happy to make some small
+filters if you'd like to take some with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters if you'd like to take some with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters if you'd like to take some with
+you and you'd have to see but you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you'd have to see but you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you'd have to see but you also
+need to take some test kits and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take some test kits and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take some test kits and I have
+some small test kits if I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small test kits if I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small test kits if I don't have
+them here I have them we can get them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here I have them we can get them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here I have them we can get them we
+can get them to you but the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get them to you but the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get them to you but the idea is that
+you need to test the water it's it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to test the water it's it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to test the water it's it would
+be equally irresponsible say oh here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equally irresponsible say oh here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equally irresponsible say oh here's
+something that can be you know to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can be you know to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can be you know to take
+with you and it doesn't work so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you and it doesn't work so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you and it doesn't work so we have
+to figure out what's in the water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what's in the water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what's in the water and
+that's the basis for setting up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basis for setting up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basis for setting up the
+filter facilities but the idea of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter facilities but the idea of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter facilities but the idea of being
+able to take some of these in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to take some of these in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to take some of these in your
+backpack and on your carry-on and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpack and on your carry-on and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpack and on your carry-on and being
+able to distribute and have immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to distribute and have immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to distribute and have immediate
+response that's that's a big deal and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that's that's a big deal and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that's that's a big deal and so
+you know what you're up to and what then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you're up to and what then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you're up to and what then
+the work that you're going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that you're going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that you're going to be doing
+you know it's very important there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's very important there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's very important there's a
+another C's things are fragile too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another C's things are fragile too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another C's things are fragile too so
+the packing that it would take would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packing that it would take would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packing that it would take would
+require taking up some space as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require taking up some space as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require taking up some space as well so
+there's always give and take push and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always give and take push and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always give and take push and
+pull one I was talking to someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull one I was talking to someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull one I was talking to someone
+yesterday about a very similar part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday about a very similar part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday about a very similar part of
+the conversation and one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation and one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation and one of the things
+we started to do when I was at Texas A&M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started to do when I was at Texas A&M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started to do when I was at Texas A&M
+before I came to Penn State where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I came to Penn State where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I came to Penn State where I'm
+with the Penn State was revolving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Penn State was revolving around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Penn State was revolving around
+this very thing and we thought you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very thing and we thought you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very thing and we thought you know
+what I borrowed a bottle for just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I borrowed a bottle for just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I borrowed a bottle for just a
+second this opening is about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second this opening is about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second this opening is about the same
+size as larger bottles I don't have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size as larger bottles I don't have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size as larger bottles I don't have one
+here see like a liter bottle what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here see like a liter bottle what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here see like a liter bottle what if we
+turned it over and you cut it right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned it over and you cut it right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned it over and you cut it right here
+or you cut it just enough that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you cut it just enough that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you cut it just enough that you could
+have a little flap right and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little flap right and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little flap right and then what
+if we took the same material and instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we took the same material and instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we took the same material and instead
+of what some folks are doing with making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what some folks are doing with making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what some folks are doing with making
+disks look they look like hockey pucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disks look they look like hockey pucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disks look they look like hockey pucks
+right that you can put inside PVC piping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you can put inside PVC piping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you can put inside PVC piping
+well if we made little corks they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we made little corks they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we made little corks they look
+like little wine corks but it's made out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like little wine corks but it's made out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like little wine corks but it's made out
+of this material that could fit into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this material that could fit into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this material that could fit into
+this bottle so you lift the hinge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bottle so you lift the hinge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bottle so you lift the hinge you
+put the cork down there and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the cork down there and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the cork down there and then we have
+our own little portable receptacle so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own little portable receptacle so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own little portable receptacle so it
+would take this bottle that then gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take this bottle that then gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take this bottle that then gets
+discarded that creates waste maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarded that creates waste maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarded that creates waste maybe it
+becomes a repurposed individual how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a repurposed individual how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a repurposed individual how many
+corks could you yeah you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corks could you yeah you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corks could you yeah you're just
+creating quart how many wine corks could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating quart how many wine corks could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating quart how many wine corks could
+you take in your backpack hundreds right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take in your backpack hundreds right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take in your backpack hundreds right
+so it's that notion of scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's that notion of scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's that notion of scale and
+responsibility and access and immediacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility and access and immediacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility and access and immediacy
+maybe after you know a couple of weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe after you know a couple of weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe after you know a couple of weeks
+or maybe in this case unfortunately a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe in this case unfortunately a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe in this case unfortunately a
+couple of months the the there would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of months the the there would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of months the the there would not
+be that need and you'd have ways to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that need and you'd have ways to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that need and you'd have ways to deal
+with the recycling but anyway what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the recycling but anyway what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the recycling but anyway what
+you're talking about is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about is a very important
+issue instead of concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue instead of concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue instead of concerns
+I first became familiar with the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I first became familiar with the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I first became familiar with the term
+creative disruption from David darts who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative disruption from David darts who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative disruption from David darts who
+was a educator and his doctoral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a educator and his doctoral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a educator and his doctoral
+dissertation and work looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissertation and work looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissertation and work looking at the
+practice of culture jamming which grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of culture jamming which grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of culture jamming which grows
+out of an entire practice of responding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of an entire practice of responding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of an entire practice of responding
+to capitalism and advertising so David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capitalism and advertising so David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capitalism and advertising so David
+looked at this idea of visual culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this idea of visual culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this idea of visual culture
+jamming where you add create instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jamming where you add create instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jamming where you add create instead of
+looking at culture specific broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at culture specific broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at culture specific broadly
+called visual culture more specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called visual culture more specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called visual culture more specifically
+and the way one might look at the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way one might look at the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way one might look at the visual
+components of a culture differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of a culture differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of a culture differently
+through some sort of what he called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some sort of what he called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some sort of what he called
+creative disruption creative meaning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative disruption creative meaning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative disruption creative meaning you
+know to put in come his sense coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to put in come his sense coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to put in come his sense coming
+from an artistic or cultural production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an artistic or cultural production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an artistic or cultural production
+perspective but yeah you know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective but yeah you know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective but yeah you know that you
+can be disruptive one might argue you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be disruptive one might argue you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be disruptive one might argue you
+know any kind of disruption Idzik is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any kind of disruption Idzik is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any kind of disruption Idzik is
+creative but certainly the creative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative but certainly the creative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative but certainly the creative in
+this sense comes from a more generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense comes from a more generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense comes from a more generic
+notion of artistic how many decades ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what no no yes it's only but determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what no no yes it's only but determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what no no yes it's only but determines
+about 15-20 years old in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15-20 years old in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15-20 years old in the sense that
+I understand it today it's been a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I understand it today it's been a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I understand it today it's been a very
+popular tournament in business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular tournament in business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular tournament in business
+management it's part of business school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management it's part of business school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management it's part of business school
+that I've been teaching courses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been teaching courses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been teaching courses in
+creative disruption as a strategy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative disruption as a strategy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative disruption as a strategy for
+entrepreneurship so if you want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship so if you want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship so if you want to take
+on the big companies you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the big companies you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the big companies you need to do
+something that disrupts the whole logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that disrupts the whole logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that disrupts the whole logic
+of how that whatever that service or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how that whatever that service or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how that whatever that service or
+product is is organized and presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is is organized and presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is is organized and presented
+part of the work that I do at my current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the work that I do at my current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the work that I do at my current
+university and previous universities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university and previous universities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university and previous universities in
+art education is to prepare teachers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art education is to prepare teachers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art education is to prepare teachers to
+prepare teachers of art but even Kate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare teachers of art but even Kate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare teachers of art but even Kate
+k12 teachers and so with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k12 teachers and so with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k12 teachers and so with that
+preparation their courses method methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation their courses method methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation their courses method methods
+courses or curriculum development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses or curriculum development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses or curriculum development
+courses that essentially are structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that essentially are structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that essentially are structured
+to respond in many ways to very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond in many ways to very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond in many ways to very specific
+skills or content and that's all fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills or content and that's all fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills or content and that's all fine
+good except you know what I find more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good except you know what I find more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good except you know what I find more
+interesting are the the questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting are the the questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting are the the questions that
+emerge and that can be Center points for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge and that can be Center points for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge and that can be Center points for
+for curriculum so instead of thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for curriculum so instead of thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for curriculum so instead of thinking of
+curriculum development as and management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum development as and management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum development as and management
+it's the idea of theorizing curriculum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the idea of theorizing curriculum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the idea of theorizing curriculum
+so spinning it around in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so spinning it around in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so spinning it around in terms of the
+questioning most teacher preparation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning most teacher preparation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning most teacher preparation
+programs that I'm familiar with because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that I'm familiar with because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that I'm familiar with because
+there are the these standards and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the these standards and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the these standards and and
+and points for accreditation students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and points for accreditation students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and points for accreditation students
+must meet specific responses and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must meet specific responses and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must meet specific responses and they're
+pretty rigid there's those curricula but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty rigid there's those curricula but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+I think that there are ways to play in
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+the same time open it up so that
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+are contemporary artists who are looking
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+inspired by the simple notion of water
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+
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+inspired by the simple notion of water
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+
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+and you go off in these various
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+I want to show you this is given to a
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+
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+I want to show you this is given to a
+Elementary
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+Elementary
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+
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+Elementary
+art exhibit and you see like all of the
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+
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+like you know all the paintings and
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+
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+their drawings whatever rarely did we
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+
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+
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+happens every less while this is a water
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+
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+filter display at the Chester field
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+
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+Chesterfield County exhibition so this
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+
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+
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+he linked it to Greek vases and he
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist might think inclusive of
+appropriate technology and social issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate technology and social issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate technology and social issues
+and social responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social responsibility
+that's a disruption right there so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a disruption right there so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a disruption right there so can
+elementary kids do it absolutely they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary kids do it absolutely they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary kids do it absolutely they
+can this is a page from the reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this is a page from the reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this is a page from the reservoir
+studio including names of the the art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio including names of the the art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio including names of the the art
+teachers who have agreed to work with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers who have agreed to work with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers who have agreed to work with me
+or found interest or that have invited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or found interest or that have invited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or found interest or that have invited
+me to do water filter performances but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to do water filter performances but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to do water filter performances but
+also work on curricula with them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also work on curricula with them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also work on curricula with them and
+this list keeps growing I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list keeps growing I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list keeps growing I haven't
+updated yet but I have several others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated yet but I have several others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated yet but I have several others
+who have been interested here's a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have been interested here's a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have been interested here's a person
+who came to a conference curriculum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who came to a conference curriculum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who came to a conference curriculum
+conference Denis Corps and she was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference Denis Corps and she was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference Denis Corps and she was a
+science educator in Texas she came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science educator in Texas she came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science educator in Texas she came to
+this curriculum and pedagogy conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curriculum and pedagogy conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curriculum and pedagogy conference
+instead of presenting a paper on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of presenting a paper on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of presenting a paper on the
+water filters my colleague and my mentor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water filters my colleague and my mentor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water filters my colleague and my mentor
+Richard woo Kitsch and I we set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard woo Kitsch and I we set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard woo Kitsch and I we set up a
+water filter production facility and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water filter production facility and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water filter production facility and we
+made filters as our conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made filters as our conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made filters as our conference
+presentation and so people coming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and so people coming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and so people coming and
+expecting to see a paper presented they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting to see a paper presented they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting to see a paper presented they
+helped me save sawdust and we made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped me save sawdust and we made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped me save sawdust and we made the
+filters reason I'm telling you that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters reason I'm telling you that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters reason I'm telling you that is
+because Denis Gordon showed up to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Denis Gordon showed up to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Denis Gordon showed up to that
+presentation and she said I am a science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and she said I am a science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and she said I am a science
+teacher but I think in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher but I think in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher but I think in these
+interdisciplinary ways and I like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary ways and I like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary ways and I like these
+experiencial hands-on approaches and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencial hands-on approaches and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencial hands-on approaches and so
+I sent her four filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sent her four filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sent her four filters
+mini filters at her request to that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini filters at her request to that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini filters at her request to that had
+silver on embedded in them and to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver on embedded in them and to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver on embedded in them and to that
+did not and her advanced science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not and her advanced science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not and her advanced science
+students middle school students did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students middle school students did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students middle school students did
+tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests
+on those water filters they tested the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those water filters they tested the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those water filters they tested the
+water from two local sources they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water from two local sources they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water from two local sources they did
+research on the production of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on the production of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on the production of the
+filters and they set up they found other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and they set up they found other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and they set up they found other
+commercial filters and they they ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial filters and they they ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial filters and they they ran
+their results and they found that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their results and they found that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their results and they found that the
+these little filters worked as well or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little filters worked as well or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little filters worked as well or
+better than those commercial filters on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than those commercial filters on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than those commercial filters on
+two different sources of water one was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different sources of water one was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different sources of water one was I
+think the local river and the other was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the local river and the other was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the local river and the other was
+some other sewage space but my point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other sewage space but my point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other sewage space but my point is
+that she empowered her students to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she empowered her students to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she empowered her students to take
+control and to and to lead the inquiry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and to and to lead the inquiry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and to and to lead the inquiry
+and this is middle school so can middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is middle school so can middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is middle school so can middle
+school students think in these ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school students think in these ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school students think in these ways and
+consider their place in the world in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider their place in the world in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider their place in the world in
+their responsibility absolutely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their responsibility absolutely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their responsibility absolutely and
+again these are just two of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these are just two of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these are just two of many
+possible ways that this might happen but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways that this might happen but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways that this might happen but
+just just responding specifically to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just responding specifically to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just responding specifically to to
+that question probably what is existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question probably what is existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question probably what is existing
+taking it ahead and improving on it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it ahead and improving on it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it ahead and improving on it may
+be called incremental and disruptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called incremental and disruptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called incremental and disruptive
+where you put a full stop and start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you put a full stop and start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you put a full stop and start with
+something here in fact ceramic filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here in fact ceramic filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here in fact ceramic filter
+itself I don't know whether to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I don't know whether to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I don't know whether to call it
+disruptive because a filter existed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive because a filter existed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive because a filter existed and
+it was modified in some ways so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was modified in some ways so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was modified in some ways so I'm
+really confused about these definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really confused about these definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really confused about these definitions
+about disruptive incremental what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about disruptive incremental what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about disruptive incremental what is it
+and how do you move back especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you move back especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you move back especially in
+terms of disasters where I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of disasters where I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of disasters where I think the
+need is to go back to basics from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is to go back to basics from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is to go back to basics from a
+disruption is incremental to process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption is incremental to process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption is incremental to process
+it's a it's a verb in my my thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a verb in my my thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a verb in my my thinking
+certainly one can disrupt with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly one can disrupt with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly one can disrupt with a
+specific action and it seems like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific action and it seems like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific action and it seems like it's
+only happening in that moment but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only happening in that moment but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only happening in that moment but we can
+think more broadly that once that moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think more broadly that once that moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think more broadly that once that moment
+happens there's there continuing echoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens there's there continuing echoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens there's there continuing echoes
+from that so I I think it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that so I I think it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that so I I think it's also
+site-specific to the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site-specific to the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site-specific to the degree of
+incremental change or disruption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental change or disruption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental change or disruption that
+happens but I don't I'm not thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens but I don't I'm not thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens but I don't I'm not thinking
+about disruption necessarily as as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about disruption necessarily as as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about disruption necessarily as as one
+specific moment I think of in a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific moment I think of in a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific moment I think of in a longer
+term in a moving time-based way I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in a moving time-based way I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in a moving time-based way I so
+that's one part of your question I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one part of your question I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one part of your question I think
+the second part had to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part had to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part had to do with the
+filters and seeing them as disruptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and seeing them as disruptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and seeing them as disruptive
+and certainly for folks who didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly for folks who didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly for folks who didn't have
+adequate access to clean water and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate access to clean water and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate access to clean water and now
+they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might
+have access the filters have disrupted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access the filters have disrupted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access the filters have disrupted
+that previous narrative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that previous narrative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that previous narrative of
+inaccessibility and have disrupted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessibility and have disrupted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessibility and have disrupted a
+long-standing a generational experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-standing a generational experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-standing a generational experience
+with being sick and and and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with being sick and and and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with being sick and and and having
+disease right so so it's disrupting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease right so so it's disrupting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease right so so it's disrupting that
+that health issue in that human issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that health issue in that human issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that health issue in that human issue
+and and and so there's that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and so there's that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and so there's that and then
+going back to basic absolutely I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to basic absolutely I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to basic absolutely I mean
+you do what you need to do and certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do what you need to do and certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do what you need to do and certainly
+you know the water's coming down let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the water's coming down let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the water's coming down let's
+get some plastic and collect the water I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some plastic and collect the water I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some plastic and collect the water I
+mean that that seems like the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that that seems like the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that that seems like the most
+appropriate technology that we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate technology that we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate technology that we've talked
+about today right I think your examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today right I think your examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today right I think your examples
+are right on right on and I hope it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right on right on and I hope it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right on right on and I hope it
+clarified a little bit how I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarified a little bit how I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarified a little bit how I'm thinking
+about disruption that is and I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about disruption that is and I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about disruption that is and I didn't
+clarify disruption for me it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify disruption for me it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify disruption for me it's not a
+moment but it's an ongoing it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but it's an ongoing it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but it's an ongoing it's a
+continuum absolutely yeah disruptive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum absolutely yeah disruptive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum absolutely yeah disruptive or
+non destructive my job is to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non destructive my job is to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non destructive my job is to provide
+clean water to people around it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean water to people around it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean water to people around it and
+that's what I'm doing so that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm doing so that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm doing so that it is
+disruptive or not it's that simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive or not it's that simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive or not it's that simple
+well yeah it is yeah yeah and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah it is yeah yeah and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah it is yeah yeah and I think
+sometimes I like to be a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I like to be a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I like to be a bit more
+dramatic maybe then necessary but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic maybe then necessary but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic maybe then necessary but
+certainly and and to think more broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly and and to think more broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly and and to think more broadly
+or differently you know folks didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or differently you know folks didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or differently you know folks didn't
+have the water and you allow water to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the water and you allow water to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the water and you allow water to be
+available you disrupted their their lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available you disrupted their their lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available you disrupted their their lack
+of access so you did your job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wX32hH138Ws.txt b/wX32hH138Ws.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bdebd850035184eb4b7e8547c5c4910fc0d77309
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wX32hH138Ws.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1203 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now this gets me to why this matters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this gets me to why this matters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this gets me to why this matters and
+that's how i want to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how i want to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how i want to end
+today's lecture the last five minutes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture the last five minutes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture the last five minutes um
+because you know we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know we talked about
+emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission
+electrons transitioning from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons transitioning from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons transitioning from their
+discrete orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete orbitals
+right as a way of emitting or absorbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as a way of emitting or absorbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as a way of emitting or absorbing
+and so if you have different atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have different atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have different atoms
+there's hydrogen these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hydrogen these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hydrogen these are the
+absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption
+lines absorption lines okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines absorption lines okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines absorption lines okay
+carbon has absorption lines oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon has absorption lines oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon has absorption lines oxygen
+nitrogen sulfur sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen sulfur sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen sulfur sodium
+lots of things have absorption lines why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things have absorption lines why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things have absorption lines why
+does this matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this matter
+well of course because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course because of the
+refrigerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this is i love this pot this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is i love this pot this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is i love this pot this is a
+plot of the refrigerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of the refrigerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of the refrigerator
+and okay this is the uh size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay this is the uh size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay this is the uh size of the
+refrigerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator
+as a function of euro the date only goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of euro the date only goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of euro the date only goes
+to 2002 but it's roughly stable now does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2002 but it's roughly stable now does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2002 but it's roughly stable now does
+anybody know what's limiting the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know what's limiting the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know what's limiting the size of
+the refrigerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refrigerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refrigerator
+look it's going up and up and up a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it's going up and up and up a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it's going up and up and up a lot
+and then it stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it stopped
+does anybody know what limits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the width of the doorway it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the width of the doorway it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the width of the doorway it's the
+width of the doorway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of the doorway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of the doorway
+that's why we don't that's why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we don't that's why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we don't that's why people
+get a second refrigerator right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a second refrigerator right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a second refrigerator right
+and and so uh okay but and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so uh okay but and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so uh okay but and there's
+energy use oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use oh
+energy start program big deal big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy start program big deal big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy start program big deal big deal
+but i'm talking about refrigerators for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm talking about refrigerators for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm talking about refrigerators for
+a different reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different reason
+i'm talking about refrigerators because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm talking about refrigerators because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm talking about refrigerators because
+until the 1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the 1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the 1980s
+the way we did cooling was with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we did cooling was with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we did cooling was with a
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+called chlorofluorocarbon this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called chlorofluorocarbon this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called chlorofluorocarbon this is a
+chemistry class and we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry class and we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry class and we're going to be
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+when we talk about why this matters we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about why this matters we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about why this matters we
+connect to the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to the chemistry
+well the chemistry there was critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the chemistry there was critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the chemistry there was critical
+there was a molecule there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a molecule there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a molecule there
+called chlorofluorocarbon or cfc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called chlorofluorocarbon or cfc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called chlorofluorocarbon or cfc and
+the thing about that molecule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing about that molecule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing about that molecule is
+that it its absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it its absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it its absorption
+the chlorofluorocarbon so let's write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chlorofluorocarbon so let's write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chlorofluorocarbon so let's write it
+down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here
+c uh c l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c uh c l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c uh c l
+three f okay there's a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three f okay there's a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three f okay there's a gas
+phase so we put the little lower script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase so we put the little lower script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase so we put the little lower script
+g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+that molecule has its own absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that molecule has its own absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that molecule has its own absorption
+okay it has its own absorption and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it has its own absorption and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it has its own absorption and it
+has its own reaction and so do other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own reaction and so do other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own reaction and so do other
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+oh but okay it has it has a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh but okay it has it has a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh but okay it has it has a really
+important reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important reaction
+because when it absorbs uv rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when it absorbs uv rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when it absorbs uv rays
+when it absorbs then it it doesn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it absorbs then it it doesn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it absorbs then it it doesn't just
+like then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like then
+like electrons get pumped up no the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like electrons get pumped up no the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like electrons get pumped up no the
+whole thing reacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing reacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing reacts
+and so this thing degrades into c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this thing degrades into c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this thing degrades into c
+cl2 f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cl2 f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cl2 f
+plus chlorine gas and that's once it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus chlorine gas and that's once it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus chlorine gas and that's once it's
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+you know like maybe in the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like maybe in the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like maybe in the atmosphere
+right which it was getting released all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which it was getting released all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which it was getting released all
+the time because the refrigerators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time because the refrigerators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time because the refrigerators and
+the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is
+that the chlorine gas would then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the chlorine gas would then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the chlorine gas would then
+react with ozone and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with ozone and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with ozone and this
+would go to clo okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go to clo okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go to clo okay
+plus o2 and here's the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus o2 and here's the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus o2 and here's the problem
+i mean we're already at a problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean we're already at a problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean we're already at a problem but
+now it's a big problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's a big problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's a big problem because
+you can already tell but i've got clo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can already tell but i've got clo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can already tell but i've got clo
+and that's really reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really reactive
+so what happens is clo which was a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is clo which was a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is clo which was a gas
+i'm just being careful here with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just being careful here with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just being careful here with my
+subscripts would react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts would react with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts would react with
+atomic oxygen to give you o2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic oxygen to give you o2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic oxygen to give you o2
+and the chlorine atom back and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the chlorine atom back and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the chlorine atom back and here's
+the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing
+now i've got my chlorine atom again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i've got my chlorine atom again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i've got my chlorine atom again
+these are very reactive atoms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very reactive atoms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very reactive atoms in the
+atmosphere they love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere they love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere they love
+ozone and and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone and and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone and and so this
+this cycle for one cfc molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cycle for one cfc molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cycle for one cfc molecule
+would happen a hundred thousand times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen a hundred thousand times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen a hundred thousand times
+roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly
+before that that chlorine kind of goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that that chlorine kind of goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that that chlorine kind of goes
+away and does something else a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and does something else a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and does something else a hundred
+thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+ozone molecules per cfc why does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone molecules per cfc why does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone molecules per cfc why does that
+matter well it matters because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter well it matters because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter well it matters because
+oh i love this plot this is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i love this plot this is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i love this plot this is the energy
+of light from the sun hitting our planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light from the sun hitting our planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light from the sun hitting our planet
+so this is the the energy that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the the energy that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the the energy that you get
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and and look at this this is the sun at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and look at this this is the sun at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and look at this this is the sun at
+the top of the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the atmosphere
+here it is on earth the red look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is on earth the red look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is on earth the red look at
+these things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you see in if you could only see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see in if you could only see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see in if you could only see in
+this spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spectrum
+the world would be dark because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world would be dark because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world would be dark because there's
+no light on the planet why because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no light on the planet why because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no light on the planet why because it's
+all absorbed in the upper atmosphere by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all absorbed in the upper atmosphere by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all absorbed in the upper atmosphere by
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+absorption it's the same principle bor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption it's the same principle bor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption it's the same principle bor
+bohr's idea of electrons getting getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bohr's idea of electrons getting getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bohr's idea of electrons getting getting
+promoted when they absorb light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted when they absorb light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted when they absorb light
+is happening and it's protecting us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening and it's protecting us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening and it's protecting us
+because right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because right here
+see that's the uv low wavelength high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's the uv low wavelength high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's the uv low wavelength high
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+uv o3 look at that look at what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uv o3 look at that look at what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uv o3 look at that look at what it's
+taking out that little sliver of yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking out that little sliver of yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking out that little sliver of yellow
+is critical and ozone was doing the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is critical and ozone was doing the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is critical and ozone was doing the job
+and it still is but if we tear all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it still is but if we tear all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it still is but if we tear all that
+ozone out with these cfcs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone out with these cfcs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone out with these cfcs
+we have a crisis and that led to what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a crisis and that led to what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a crisis and that led to what is
+one of the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the greatest
+uh policy decisions which was made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh policy decisions which was made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh policy decisions which was made in
+1987 it's called the montreal protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1987 it's called the montreal protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1987 it's called the montreal protocol
+to essentially ban globally ban the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to essentially ban globally ban the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to essentially ban globally ban the u.s
+led this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led this
+this is a great example of how policy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great example of how policy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great example of how policy is
+so critical the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so critical the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so critical the u.s
+led this effort to ban cfcs and we avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led this effort to ban cfcs and we avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led this effort to ban cfcs and we avoid
+we're almost back to normal ozone levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're almost back to normal ozone levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're almost back to normal ozone levels
+and we avoid this and by the way if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we avoid this and by the way if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we avoid this and by the way if this
+had happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had happened
+the prediction at the time was roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction at the time was roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction at the time was roughly
+280 million additional cases of skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+280 million additional cases of skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+280 million additional cases of skin
+cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer
+over over this generation this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over this generation this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over this generation this is a very
+big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal
+and it all comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it all comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it all comes back
+to absorption of electrons by atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/whbKmwMmB4s.txt b/whbKmwMmB4s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..096643c173d579ad93d1bc38e6c7b435b26ebcfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/whbKmwMmB4s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1219 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the last discrete random variable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last discrete random variable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last discrete random variable that
+we will discuss is the so called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will discuss is the so called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will discuss is the so called
+geometric random variable it shows up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric random variable it shows up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric random variable it shows up in
+the context of the following experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of the following experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of the following experiment
+we have a coin and we toss it infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a coin and we toss it infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a coin and we toss it infinitely
+many times and independently and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times and independently and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times and independently and that
+each coin toss we have a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each coin toss we have a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each coin toss we have a fixed
+probability of heads which is some given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads which is some given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads which is some given
+number P this is a parameter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number P this is a parameter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number P this is a parameter that
+specifies the experiment when we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies the experiment when we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies the experiment when we say
+that the infinitely many tosses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the infinitely many tosses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the infinitely many tosses are
+independent what we mean in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent what we mean in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent what we mean in a
+mathematical and formal sense is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical and formal sense is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical and formal sense is that
+any finite subset of those tosses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any finite subset of those tosses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any finite subset of those tosses are
+independent of each other I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other I'm only
+making this comment because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this comment because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this comment because we
+introduced the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the definition of
+Independence of finitely many events but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence of finitely many events but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence of finitely many events but
+had never defined the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never defined the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never defined the notion of
+independence of infinitely many events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence of infinitely many events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence of infinitely many events
+the sample space for this experiment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample space for this experiment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample space for this experiment is
+the set of infinite sequences of heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of infinite sequences of heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of infinite sequences of heads
+and tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tails
+so a typical outcome of this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a typical outcome of this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a typical outcome of this experiment
+might look like this it's a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like this it's a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like this it's a sequence of
+heads and tails in some arbitrary order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and tails in some arbitrary order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and tails in some arbitrary order
+and of course it's an infinite sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course it's an infinite sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course it's an infinite sequence
+so it continues forever but I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it continues forever but I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it continues forever but I'm only
+showing you here the beginning of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here the beginning of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here the beginning of that
+sequence we're interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence we're interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence we're interested in the
+following random variable X which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following random variable X which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following random variable X which is the
+number of tosses until the first heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of tosses until the first heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of tosses until the first heads
+so if our sequence looked like this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if our sequence looked like this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if our sequence looked like this a
+random variable would be taking a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable would be taking a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable would be taking a value
+of 5 a random variable of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5 a random variable of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5 a random variable of this kind
+appears in many applications and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in many applications and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in many applications and many
+real-world contexts in general its model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-world contexts in general its model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-world contexts in general its model
+situations where were waiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where were waiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where were waiting for
+something to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to happen
+suppose that we keep doing trials at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we keep doing trials at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we keep doing trials at
+each time and the trial can result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time and the trial can result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time and the trial can result
+either in success or failure and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in success or failure and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in success or failure and we're
+counting the number of trials it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the number of trials it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the number of trials it takes
+until a success is observed for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until a success is observed for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until a success is observed for the
+first time now these trials could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time now these trials could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time now these trials could be
+experiments of some kind could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments of some kind could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments of some kind could be
+processes of some kind or they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes of some kind or they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes of some kind or they could be
+whether a customer shows up in a store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a customer shows up in a store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a customer shows up in a store
+in a particular second or not so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular second or not so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular second or not so there
+are many diverse interpretations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many diverse interpretations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many diverse interpretations
+the world trial and of the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world trial and of the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world trial and of the world's
+success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success
+that would allow us to apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would allow us to apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would allow us to apply this
+particular model to a given situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular model to a given situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular model to a given situation
+now let us move to the calculation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let us move to the calculation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let us move to the calculation of
+the PMF of this random variable by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PMF of this random variable by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PMF of this random variable by
+definition what we need to calculate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition what we need to calculate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition what we need to calculate is
+the probability that a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that a random variable
+takes on a particular numerical value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on a particular numerical value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on a particular numerical value
+what does it mean for X to be equal to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean for X to be equal to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean for X to be equal to K
+what it means is that the first heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means is that the first heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means is that the first heads
+was observed in the case trial which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was observed in the case trial which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was observed in the case trial which
+means that the first K minus 1 trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the first K minus 1 trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the first K minus 1 trials
+were tails and then were followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were tails and then were followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were tails and then were followed by
+heads in the case trial this is an event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads in the case trial this is an event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads in the case trial this is an event
+that only concerns the first K trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only concerns the first K trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only concerns the first K trials
+and the probability of this event can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability of this event can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability of this event can be
+calculated using the fact that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated using the fact that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated using the fact that different
+coin tosses or different trials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin tosses or different trials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin tosses or different trials are
+independent it's the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent it's the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent it's the probability of
+tails in the first coin toss times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails in the first coin toss times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails in the first coin toss times the
+probability of tails in the second coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of tails in the second coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of tails in the second coin
+toss and so on K minus 1 times so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss and so on K minus 1 times so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss and so on K minus 1 times so we get
+an exponent here of K minus 1 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponent here of K minus 1 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponent here of K minus 1 times the
+probability of heads in the cave coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads in the cave coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads in the cave coin
+toss so this is the form of the PMF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss so this is the form of the PMF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss so this is the form of the PMF of
+this particular random variable and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular random variable and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular random variable and that
+formula applies for the possible values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula applies for the possible values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula applies for the possible values
+of K which are the positive integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K which are the positive integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K which are the positive integers
+because the time of the first head can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the time of the first head can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the time of the first head can
+only be a positive integer and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be a positive integer and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be a positive integer and any
+positive integer is possible so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integer is possible so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integer is possible so our
+random variable takes values in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable takes values in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable takes values in a
+discrete but infinite set the geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete but infinite set the geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete but infinite set the geometric
+PMF has a shape of this type here we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMF has a shape of this type here we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMF has a shape of this type here we see
+the plot for the case where P equals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot for the case where P equals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot for the case where P equals to
+1/3 the probability that the first head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 the probability that the first head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 the probability that the first head
+shows up in the first trial is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up in the first trial is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up in the first trial is equal to
+P that's the probability of heads the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P that's the probability of heads the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P that's the probability of heads the
+probability that it shows up in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it shows up in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it shows up in the next
+trial in that the first head appears in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial in that the first head appears in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial in that the first head appears in
+the second trial this is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second trial this is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second trial this is the probability
+that we had heads following a tail so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had heads following a tail so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had heads following a tail so we
+have the probability of a tail and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the probability of a tail and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the probability of a tail and then
+times the probability of a head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability of a head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability of a head
+and then each time that we move to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then each time that we move to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then each time that we move to a
+further entry we multiply by a further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further entry we multiply by a further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further entry we multiply by a further
+factor of 1 minus B finally one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 1 minus B finally one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 1 minus B finally one little
+technical remark there is a possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical remark there is a possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical remark there is a possible and
+rather annoying outcome of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather annoying outcome of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather annoying outcome of this
+experiment which would be that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment which would be that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment which would be that we
+observe a sequence of tails forever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe a sequence of tails forever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe a sequence of tails forever and
+no hands in that case a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no hands in that case a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no hands in that case a random variable
+is not well-defined because there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not well-defined because there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not well-defined because there is no
+first heads to consider you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first heads to consider you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first heads to consider you might say
+that in this case our random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case our random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case our random variable
+takes the value of infinity but we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the value of infinity but we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the value of infinity but we would
+rather not have to deal with random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather not have to deal with random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather not have to deal with random
+variables that could be infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that could be infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that could be infinite
+fortunately it turns out that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately it turns out that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately it turns out that this
+particular event has zero probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular event has zero probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular event has zero probability of
+occurring which I will now try to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring which I will now try to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring which I will now try to solve
+so this is the event that we always see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the event that we always see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the event that we always see
+tails let us compare it with the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails let us compare it with the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails let us compare it with the event
+where we see tails in the first K trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do these two events relate if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do these two events relate if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do these two events relate if we
+have always tails then we will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have always tails then we will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have always tails then we will have
+tails in the first K trials so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails in the first K trials so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails in the first K trials so this
+event implies that event this event is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event implies that event this event is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event implies that event this event is
+smaller than that event so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that event so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that event so the
+probability of this event is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this event is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this event is less than
+or equal to the probability of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the probability of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the probability of that
+second event and the probability of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second event and the probability of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second event and the probability of that
+second event is 1 minus P to the K now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second event is 1 minus P to the K now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second event is 1 minus P to the K now
+this is true no matter what K we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true no matter what K we choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true no matter what K we choose
+and by taking K arbitrarily large this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by taking K arbitrarily large this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by taking K arbitrarily large this
+number here becomes arbitrarily small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why does it become arbitrarily small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it become arbitrarily small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it become arbitrarily small
+well we're assuming that P is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're assuming that P is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're assuming that P is positive
+so 1 minus P is a number less than 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 1 minus P is a number less than 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 1 minus P is a number less than 1 and
+when we multiply a number strictly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we multiply a number strictly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we multiply a number strictly less
+than 1 by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 by itself
+over and over we get arbitrarily small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over we get arbitrarily small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over we get arbitrarily small
+numbers so the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so the probability of
+ever seeing a head is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seeing a head is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seeing a head is less than or equal
+to an arbitrarily small positive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an arbitrarily small positive number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an arbitrarily small positive number
+so the only possibility for this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only possibility for this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only possibility for this is that
+it is equal to zero so the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is equal to zero so the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is equal to zero so the probability
+of not ever seeing any heads is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not ever seeing any heads is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not ever seeing any heads is equal to
+zero and this means that we can ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this means that we can ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this means that we can ignore
+this particular outcome and in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular outcome and in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular outcome and in other
+side consequence of this the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side consequence of this the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side consequence of this the sum of the
+probabilities of the different possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the different possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the different possible
+values of K is going to be equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of K is going to be equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of K is going to be equal to one
+because we're certain that our random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're certain that our random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're certain that our random
+variable is going to take a finite value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is going to take a finite value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is going to take a finite value
+and so when we sum probabilities of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when we sum probabilities of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when we sum probabilities of all
+the possible finite values that sum will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible finite values that sum will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible finite values that sum will
+have to be equal to one and indeed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be equal to one and indeed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be equal to one and indeed you
+can use the formula for the geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the formula for the geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the formula for the geometric
+series to verify that indeed the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series to verify that indeed the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series to verify that indeed the sum of
+these numbers here when you add over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers here when you add over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers here when you add over all
+values of K is indeed equal to one
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wwSNCM7e9VA.txt b/wwSNCM7e9VA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ba220707c0c648e636fb864139597cdb4d65ecf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wwSNCM7e9VA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11803 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Soft linear effective theory workshop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soft linear effective theory workshop.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soft linear effective theory workshop.
+So last time we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So last time we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So last time we were talking about
+normalons and we're going to continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalons and we're going to continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalons and we're going to continue to
+do that today. So we said that typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that today. So we said that typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that today. So we said that typically
+in quantum field theory you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quantum field theory you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quantum field theory you have
+perturbation series but actually they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation series but actually they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation series but actually they're
+asmtoic and the kind of growth that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asmtoic and the kind of growth that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asmtoic and the kind of growth that you
+might expect is some power. I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect is some power. I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect is some power. I think I
+use two different conventions for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use two different conventions for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use two different conventions for this
+power whether it's plus n or minus n but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power whether it's plus n or minus n but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power whether it's plus n or minus n but
+that's just a goes to one over a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a goes to one over a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a goes to one over a and
+there's this factorial growth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this factorial growth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this factorial growth.
+So uh we said we could characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh we said we could characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh we said we could characterize
+those series by thinking about doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those series by thinking about doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those series by thinking about doing
+something called the Bell transform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the Bell transform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the Bell transform and
+that makes them more convergent because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes them more convergent because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes them more convergent because
+basically we take the coefficients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we take the coefficients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we take the coefficients and
+we divide the coefficients by an n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we divide the coefficients by an n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we divide the coefficients by an n
+factorial so we get a more convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial so we get a more convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial so we get a more convergent
+series and it may be that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and it may be that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and it may be that this thing
+exists or it may be that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists or it may be that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists or it may be that this thing
+exists and has poles and if it has poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and has poles and if it has poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and has poles and if it has poles
+as I've indicated here on the real axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've indicated here on the real axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've indicated here on the real axis
+then the inverse transform might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the inverse transform might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the inverse transform might not
+exist. So even though this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist. So even though this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist. So even though this thing is
+something that you can define, you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can define, you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can define, you can't
+get back to f. And if that's the case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to f. And if that's the case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to f. And if that's the case,
+you can characterize how the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can characterize how the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can characterize how the original
+series was diverging based on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series was diverging based on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series was diverging based on those
+poles. And those poles are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles. And those poles are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles. And those poles are called
+renormalons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if we could calculate to all orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we could calculate to all orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we could calculate to all orders
+in pertabbation theory and some quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pertabbation theory and some quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pertabbation theory and some quantum
+field theory like a gauge theory that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field theory like a gauge theory that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field theory like a gauge theory that we
+could just calculate these fs we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just calculate these fs we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just calculate these fs we would
+find that actually there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that actually there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that actually there is this
+factorial growth and we'd be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial growth and we'd be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial growth and we'd be able to do
+this but we can't do that because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but we can't do that because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but we can't do that because we
+don't know how to do all the diagrams.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to do all the diagrams.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to do all the diagrams.
+So in order to give you an explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in order to give you an explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in order to give you an explicit
+example of what we talked about last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what we talked about last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what we talked about last
+time, instead of looking at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, instead of looking at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, instead of looking at all the
+diagrams, we pick a particular subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams, we pick a particular subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams, we pick a particular subset
+that we can identify. And that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can identify. And that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can identify. And that's what
+we're going to do today. We start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do today. We start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do today. We start by
+doing today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Part of our discussion of motivating why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part of our discussion of motivating why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part of our discussion of motivating why
+one might want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might want to think about
+renormalons was thinking about the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalons was thinking about the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalons was thinking about the pole
+mass versus the MS bar mass and showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass versus the MS bar mass and showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass versus the MS bar mass and showing
+you that phenomenology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that phenomenology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that phenomenology
+starts to work better in terms of the MS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to work better in terms of the MS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to work better in terms of the MS
+bar mass and then we even went further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar mass and then we even went further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar mass and then we even went further
+than that and said we have should talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that and said we have should talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that and said we have should talk
+about this thing called the 1s mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing called the 1s mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing called the 1s mass and
+we'll come back to that discussion today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that discussion today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that discussion today
+but I'd like to consider just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'd like to consider just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'd like to consider just the
+explicit calculation of the pole versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit calculation of the pole versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit calculation of the pole versus
+the msar mass and show you that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the msar mass and show you that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the msar mass and show you that you can
+see this for normalon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if we want to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we want to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we want to think about the
+definition of these masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+we have to implement those definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to implement those definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to implement those definitions
+order by order in pertabbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order by order in pertabbation theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order by order in pertabbation theory
+and order by order and pertabbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and order by order and pertabbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and order by order and pertabbation
+theory we could calculate the fs but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory we could calculate the fs but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory we could calculate the fs but we
+need to know something about the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know something about the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know something about the entire
+series and that and that is too hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and that and that is too hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and that and that is too hard to
+get your complete series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we'll pick out an infinite subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll pick out an infinite subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll pick out an infinite subset of
+that complete series that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complete series that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complete series that we could
+identify which is unique.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And of course we should pick out the an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course we should pick out the an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course we should pick out the an
+infinite subset that's the easiest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite subset that's the easiest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite subset that's the easiest to
+calculate. And the one that we can pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate. And the one that we can pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate. And the one that we can pick
+out that's easy to calculate is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that's easy to calculate is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that's easy to calculate is the
+following.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We look at so-called bubble sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So graphs with a bubble and then more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So graphs with a bubble and then more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So graphs with a bubble and then more
+and more of them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so the reason that these graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the reason that these graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the reason that these graphs
+are unique is because if you look at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unique is because if you look at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unique is because if you look at any
+order in pertabbation theory, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in pertabbation theory, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in pertabbation theory, they're
+the graphs with the most factors of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphs with the most factors of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphs with the most factors of the
+number of firmians running around in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of firmians running around in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of firmians running around in
+these bubbles. So if you call the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bubbles. So if you call the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bubbles. So if you call the number
+of firmians running around in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of firmians running around in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of firmians running around in these
+bubbles NF, this graph has the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles NF, this graph has the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles NF, this graph has the most
+powers of NF.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So at each order in perturbation theory,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So at each order in perturbation theory,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So at each order in perturbation theory,
+it's unique.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unique.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unique.
+It's a unique contribution and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a unique contribution and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a unique contribution and it's
+pretty easy to calculate because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to calculate because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to calculate because there's
+only one type of diagram contributing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one type of diagram contributing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one type of diagram contributing.
+What does unique mean?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does unique mean?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does unique mean?
+Unique means that uh there's no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unique means that uh there's no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unique means that uh there's no other
+diagram. So you know you might think at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. So you know you might think at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. So you know you might think at
+each order in pertabbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each order in pertabbation theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each order in pertabbation theory
+there's hund you know lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hund you know lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hund you know lots and lots of
+diagrams the one there's only this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams the one there's only this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams the one there's only this
+diagram that contributes to the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that contributes to the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that contributes to the highest
+power it's also gauging variant but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power it's also gauging variant but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power it's also gauging variant but it's
+really a unique diagram that contributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a unique diagram that contributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a unique diagram that contributes
+to that colorflavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that colorflavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that colorflavor
+structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so obviously an ingredient in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so obviously an ingredient in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so obviously an ingredient in this
+is the bubble itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bubble itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bubble itself.
+So if we go back to the bubble plus its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we go back to the bubble plus its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we go back to the bubble plus its
+counter term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we say there's a momentum P going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say there's a momentum P going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say there's a momentum P going
+through it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's diagonal in color. It's transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's diagonal in color. It's transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's diagonal in color. It's transverse
+in momentum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in momentum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in momentum.
+Has a factor of ns. and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Has a factor of ns. and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Has a factor of ns. and f
+some other numerical factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other numerical factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other numerical factors
+there's a logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's some constant and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some constant and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some constant and then there's
+some divergence but we cancel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some divergence but we cancel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some divergence but we cancel the
+divergence with a counter term so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence with a counter term so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence with a counter term so
+the graph would look like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm going to absorb all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to absorb all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to absorb all these things
+into a single logarithm just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a single logarithm just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a single logarithm just for
+convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I define a constant C bar which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I define a constant C bar which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I define a constant C bar which is
+this 5/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 5/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 5/3
+and then I just put it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I just put it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I just put it into the
+logarithm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So then this is a geometric series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then this is a geometric series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then this is a geometric series
+so it's easy to deal with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's easy to deal with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's easy to deal with.
+So gu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So gu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So gu
+which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a function of p and alpha s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of p and alpha s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of p and alpha s
+which sums up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sums up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sums up
+this chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus counter term diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus counter term diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus counter term diagrams
+here. There's and bubbles here. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. There's and bubbles here. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. There's and bubbles here. And we
+start at the we get we start with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the we get we start with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the we get we start with no
+bubbles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This thing is a projector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so just explicitly writing out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so just explicitly writing out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so just explicitly writing out the
+sum. And what I've done here is I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum. And what I've done here is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum. And what I've done here is I've
+used the fact that even though I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the fact that even though I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the fact that even though I wrote
+up NF up there, I can convert it to beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up NF up there, I can convert it to beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up NF up there, I can convert it to beta
+KN. So beta KN was 11/3 CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN. So beta KN was 11/3 CA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN. So beta KN was 11/3 CA
+minus 2/3 NF. I can solve that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2/3 NF. I can solve that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2/3 NF. I can solve that equation
+for NF and substitute it back in. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for NF and substitute it back in. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for NF and substitute it back in. And
+that is a convenient thing to do just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a convenient thing to do just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a convenient thing to do just
+because you can think that these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can think that these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can think that these terms
+are then related to the beta KN which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are then related to the beta KN which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are then related to the beta KN which
+has to do with the running coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in some sense. What we're doing is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense. What we're doing is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense. What we're doing is we're
+saying that even though we either just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that even though we either just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that even though we either just
+calculating these NF contributions, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating these NF contributions, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating these NF contributions, we
+know there's going to be some nonabelian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's going to be some nonabelian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's going to be some nonabelian
+contribution that comes along with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution that comes along with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution that comes along with it
+that makes us really into a beta knot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes us really into a beta knot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes us really into a beta knot.
+Or another way of saying it is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or another way of saying it is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or another way of saying it is that if
+you think about characterizing color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about characterizing color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about characterizing color
+structures,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures,
+you could write NF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could write NF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could write NF
+ca NF squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ca NF squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ca NF squ
+or you could write beta KN CAN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could write beta KN CAN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could write beta KN CAN
+KN squared. And these are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN squared. And these are equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN squared. And these are equivalent
+ways of representing the different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of representing the different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of representing the different kinds
+of color structures that can come in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of color structures that can come in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of color structures that can come in at
+higher order. And we're just choosing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order. And we're just choosing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order. And we're just choosing to
+do it this way with the beta knots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it this way with the beta knots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it this way with the beta knots
+rather than the NFS.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the NFS.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the NFS.
+So we convert our NF to a beta KN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's still a unique subset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's still a unique subset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's still a unique subset of the
+entire set of terms. The terms we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire set of terms. The terms we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire set of terms. The terms we're not
+including are terms like this NFCA or CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including are terms like this NFCA or CA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including are terms like this NFCA or CA
+squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ
+and we're just keeping these guys which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're just keeping these guys which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're just keeping these guys which
+is equivalent to this guy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to this guy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to this guy.
+Does that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Everybody happy?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everybody happy?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everybody happy?
+Sorry. The photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. The photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. The photon
+the photon propagators the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon propagators the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon propagators the photon
+propagators all uh cancel each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagators all uh cancel each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagators all uh cancel each other
+out. So you get a p^ squ and then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. So you get a p^ squ and then one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. So you get a p^ squ and then one
+over p^ square p^ square 1 over p^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over p^ square p^ square 1 over p^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over p^ square p^ square 1 over p^2.
+So the whole thing looks like a prop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the whole thing looks like a prop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the whole thing looks like a prop a
+photon propagator just with a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon propagator just with a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon propagator just with a bunch of
+logs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Any other questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+So this is already of the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is already of the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is already of the structure
+where we could think about doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we could think about doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we could think about doing the
+burell transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burell transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burell transform
+because we have a series in alpha s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a series in alpha s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a series in alpha s and
+what the burell transform meant was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the burell transform meant was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the burell transform meant was
+taking that series and converting it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that series and converting it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that series and converting it to
+a series in the burell variable just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series in the burell variable just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series in the burell variable just
+dividing by n factorial and then doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by n factorial and then doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by n factorial and then doing a
+sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So previously
+the way I wrote that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the conjugate variables we wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the conjugate variables we wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the conjugate variables we wrote
+that we had alpha to the n + one and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had alpha to the n + one and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had alpha to the n + one and if
+you think about what we do we just went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what we do we just went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what we do we just went
+to b to the n over n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b to the n over n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b to the n over n factorial
+okay so basically to convert from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically to convert from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically to convert from this
+guy to this guy that's what we did and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy to this guy that's what we did and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy to this guy that's what we did and
+we had to be take special care of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to be take special care of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to be take special care of the
+first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term
+but other than the first term that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other than the first term that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other than the first term that we
+just had this replacement rule.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, it's a little convenient actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, it's a little convenient actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, it's a little convenient actually
+not to do that exact with exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do that exact with exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do that exact with exactly the
+same variable, but a slightly v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same variable, but a slightly v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same variable, but a slightly v
+different variable that's just rescaled.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variable that's just rescaled.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variable that's just rescaled.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+I'm going to use a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use a slight
+slightly different variable here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different variable here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different variable here,
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+typical.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what we'll do is we'll say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we'll do is we'll say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we'll do is we'll say that
+instead of just taking along the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just taking along the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just taking along the alpha
+s, we'll take along with it the beta kn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll say that the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll say that the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll say that the conjugate
+variable to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable to that
+is u instead of b, but it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is u instead of b, but it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is u instead of b, but it's just a
+rescaled. but just taking something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescaled. but just taking something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescaled. but just taking something
+along with the coupling constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the coupling constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the coupling constant
+which is always we're always free to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is always we're always free to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is always we're always free to do
+is just a multiplicative factor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a multiplicative factor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a multiplicative factor.
+Now if we look at this diagram here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if we look at this diagram here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if we look at this diagram here the
+factors of the coupling that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of the coupling that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of the coupling that we've
+included are all the ones that have are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included are all the ones that have are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included are all the ones that have are
+attached to the bubbles but there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the bubbles but there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the bubbles but there's two
+more. There's one here and one there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. There's one here and one there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. There's one here and one there.
+And if we're going to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we're going to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we're going to make this
+replacement rule we have to identify all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement rule we have to identify all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement rule we have to identify all
+the factors of alpha s because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factors of alpha s because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factors of alpha s because they're
+all going to disappear and become 's. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going to disappear and become 's. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going to disappear and become 's. So
+we have to take these guys into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to take these guys into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to take these guys into account
+too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we have an extra G squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which I'm going to write in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to write in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to write in terms of
+this variable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so there's an extra factor of g^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so there's an extra factor of g^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so there's an extra factor of g^
+squ from the ends.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ from the ends.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ from the ends.
+And if you think about what that means,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you think about what that means,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you think about what that means,
+it means that every diagram that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that every diagram that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that every diagram that we're
+considering here starts with n equals 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering here starts with n equals 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering here starts with n equals 1.
+So we don't have to worry this about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we don't have to worry this about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we don't have to worry this about
+this delta function term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this delta function term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this delta function term
+starts with n equals z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with n equals z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with n equals z.
+There's no term with no couplings here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no term with no couplings here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no term with no couplings here.
+So then it is literally what I said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then it is literally what I said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then it is literally what I said that
+we just take this factor and replace it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just take this factor and replace it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just take this factor and replace it
+by that factor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So burell transform remember is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So burell transform remember is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So burell transform remember is a
+transform in the variable alpha s. Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in the variable alpha s. Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in the variable alpha s. Alpha
+s goes over to a different space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s goes over to a different space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s goes over to a different space.
+So it's not a kinematic variable. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's not a kinematic variable. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's not a kinematic variable. It's
+not like what we're used to transforming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like what we're used to transforming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like what we're used to transforming
+in but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but it's
+perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fine
+for those people that just they came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those people that just they came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those people that just they came in
+after I said this. There's no lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I said this. There's no lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I said this. There's no lecture on
+Thursday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let me use the following notation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me use the following notation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me use the following notation.
+Taking that G ^ squ along with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+geometric sum and now expressing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric sum and now expressing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric sum and now expressing that
+whole thing as a function of momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing as a function of momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing as a function of momentum
+still and U instead of alpha S.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I replace the alpha s's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I get that series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get that series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get that series
+which we can see is just an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can see is just an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can see is just an exponential
+series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series.
+So I can just calculate the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or variable U log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which if you have an exponential of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you have an exponential of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you have an exponential of a
+log is just a power. So let's organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log is just a power. So let's organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log is just a power. So let's organize
+it that way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So let me write it this way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So just writing the exponential log is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just writing the exponential log is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just writing the exponential log is
+that thing raised to the power u taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing raised to the power u taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing raised to the power u taking
+the u u ^2 e to the c bar u just that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u u ^2 e to the c bar u just that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u u ^2 e to the c bar u just that's
+a constant and then taking all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant and then taking all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant and then taking all the
+factors of p ^2 there was one from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of p ^2 there was one from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of p ^2 there was one from here
+and then there's u of them from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's u of them from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's u of them from there
+but I took an extra one from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I took an extra one from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I took an extra one from here
+multiplied on top and bottom by an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied on top and bottom by an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied on top and bottom by an extra
+p^ squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hopefully I got the sign All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Looks like it should be plus but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay. So this thing is kind of nice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So this thing is kind of nice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So this thing is kind of nice for
+computations because when you stick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations because when you stick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations because when you stick it
+back into our bubble sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into our bubble sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into our bubble sum
+when you stick it back into the diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you stick it back into the diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you stick it back into the diagram
+that this bubble sum back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this bubble sum back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this bubble sum back into the
+diagram we want to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we want to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we want to compute
+we just have effectively a modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have effectively a modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have effectively a modified
+gluon propagator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+think of of it as some kind of modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of of it as some kind of modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of of it as some kind of modified
+gluon propagator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluon propagator.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluon propagator.
+Maybe I should write it in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I should write it in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I should write it in a different
+color.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it's just like this where we use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's just like this where we use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's just like this where we use a
+different fment rule for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fment rule for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fment rule for that
+propagator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so it's not actually that doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so it's not actually that doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so it's not actually that doing
+these types of bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of bubbles
+calculations is not any more hard than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations is not any more hard than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations is not any more hard than
+doing a one loop calculation. You just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a one loop calculation. You just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a one loop calculation. You just
+have to use a different power for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use a different power for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use a different power for the
+propagator. But your fman roll tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator. But your fman roll tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator. But your fman roll tricks
+can your fman integral tricks can handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can your fman integral tricks can handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can your fman integral tricks can handle
+that very easily.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so it's about as hard as computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so it's about as hard as computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so it's about as hard as computing
+this one loop graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's call this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's call this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's call this thing
+sigma bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's think about calculating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in terms of the MS bar mass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then we also cancel any one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we also cancel any one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we also cancel any one over
+epsilon poles which we're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon poles which we're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon poles which we're not really
+interested in here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The one over epsilon poles actually come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The one over epsilon poles actually come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The one over epsilon poles actually come
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+if we think about what happened with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about what happened with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about what happened with the
+variables they come from the case u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables they come from the case u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables they come from the case u
+equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+is the log divergent piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you think about what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about what we want to
+do in order to look for poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in order to look for poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in order to look for poles
+so u equals 0 is actually related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so u equals 0 is actually related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so u equals 0 is actually related to the
+ultraviolet divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet divergence
+While values U greater than zero and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+While values U greater than zero and U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+While values U greater than zero and U
+less than zero, those are probably these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero, those are probably these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero, those are probably these
+poles that are off the axis in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles that are off the axis in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles that are off the axis in the
+burell plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And it's those power law divergences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's those power law divergences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's those power law divergences
+that are probing for reomalons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are probing for reomalons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are probing for reomalons.
+And we'll see that they lead to poles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll see that they lead to poles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll see that they lead to poles in
+the bell plane through this modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bell plane through this modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bell plane through this modified
+propagator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's calculate an the goal here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's calculate an the goal here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's calculate an the goal here is
+going to be to calculate an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be to calculate an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be to calculate an expression
+that relates the MS bar mass and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relates the MS bar mass and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relates the MS bar mass and the
+pole mass and that'll be an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole mass and that'll be an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole mass and that'll be an infinite
+series and it will be a function in brow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and it will be a function in brow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and it will be a function in brow
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+alpha s space that would be an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha s space that would be an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha s space that would be an infinite
+series in alpha s because we've included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series in alpha s because we've included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series in alpha s because we've included
+an infinite number of alpha s's in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite number of alpha s's in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite number of alpha s's in our
+diagrams and we go over to bell space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and we go over to bell space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and we go over to bell space
+there'll be some functional relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some functional relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some functional relation
+between those two masses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so what's the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so what's the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so what's the definition of the
+pole mass? If you go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole mass? If you go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole mass? If you go back to the
+propagator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator
+and you write it in terms of the MS bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you write it in terms of the MS bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you write it in terms of the MS bar
+mass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you formulated your whole quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you formulated your whole quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you formulated your whole quantum
+field theory in terms of the MS bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field theory in terms of the MS bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field theory in terms of the MS bar
+mass, you calculated that bubble sum,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass, you calculated that bubble sum,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass, you calculated that bubble sum,
+called it sigma, wrote it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it sigma, wrote it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it sigma, wrote it in terms of
+the MS bar mass. The general structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MS bar mass. The general structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MS bar mass. The general structure
+of sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sigma
+would be that there's some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that there's some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that there's some constant
+piece which I'll call sigma 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sigma two-piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma two-piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma two-piece
+and the pole mass is where the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pole mass is where the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pole mass is where the place
+where you demand that this have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you demand that this have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you demand that this have this
+that you just have p minus m pole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just have p minus m pole.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just have p minus m pole.
+So another way of saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that if P^2 is equal to M p^² you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if P^2 is equal to M p^² you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if P^2 is equal to M p^² you
+just set that to be zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which I can write as an equation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can write as an equation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can write as an equation like
+that and then I can square it. So m pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then I can square it. So m pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then I can square it. So m pole
+squared which is p sl 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which is p sl 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which is p sl 2
+m bar 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this thing squared.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing squared.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing squared.
+And if you just think about what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you just think about what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you just think about what that
+gives,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives,
+this is giving some equation that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is giving some equation that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is giving some equation that looks
+like m pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like m pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like m pole
+is m bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is m bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is m bar
+and then 1 + sigma 1 plus extra stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do that and figure out what we get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and figure out what we get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and figure out what we get from
+this diagram for the sigma.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it's a usual one loop type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a usual one loop type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a usual one loop type
+calculation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Except instead of the glue on propagator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Except instead of the glue on propagator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Except instead of the glue on propagator
+I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this
+GB new thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which at this point is in alpha s space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which at this point is in alpha s space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which at this point is in alpha s space
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then I have the firm propagator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have the firm propagator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have the firm propagator
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I've taken into account all the gars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've taken into account all the gars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've taken into account all the gars
+and the alpha s's in here and so to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the alpha s's in here and so to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the alpha s's in here and so to go
+to the burell space I can do that under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the burell space I can do that under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the burell space I can do that under
+the integrant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I just take
+G ^2 G new bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K and alpha S K being the loop moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and alpha S K being the loop moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and alpha S K being the loop moment
+and just send that over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just send that over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just send that over to
+this thing that I'm calling G squ g MU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that I'm calling G squ g MU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that I'm calling G squ g MU
+bubble which is not a function of G squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble which is not a function of G squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble which is not a function of G squ
+anymore but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but
+it's just a function of K and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as As long as you're staying away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as As long as you're staying away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as As long as you're staying away
+from u equals 0, there's no issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u equals 0, there's no issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u equals 0, there's no issues
+related to the order of doing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the order of doing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the order of doing those
+operations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations.
+So at u equals 0, you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So at u equals 0, you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So at u equals 0, you have to be
+actually careful if you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually careful if you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually careful if you really want to
+go figure out what's happening at u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go figure out what's happening at u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go figure out what's happening at u
+equals 0. But that's actually not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0. But that's actually not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0. But that's actually not what
+we're interested in. So we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in. So we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in. So we'll just
+ignore what's happening at u equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So combine, you know, stick in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So combine, you know, stick in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So combine, you know, stick in the
+expression that we had over here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that we had over here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that we had over here for
+this guy and it's just some p^ squ to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy and it's just some p^ squ to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy and it's just some p^ squ to a
+power. So it becomes a k squ to a power.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power. So it becomes a k squ to a power.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power. So it becomes a k squ to a power.
+So you have k^ squ to a power. You have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have k^ squ to a power. You have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have k^ squ to a power. You have
+this guy to a power. Use the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy to a power. Use the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy to a power. Use the usual
+tricks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks.
+Combine denominators.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Do algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get
+some expression for sigma 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inver space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then from that you can construct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from that you can construct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from that you can construct the
+relation between and a pull mass in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between and a pull mass in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between and a pull mass in the
+and a spar mass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+it might not surprise you having done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might not surprise you having done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might not surprise you having done
+some one loop calculations that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some one loop calculations that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some one loop calculations that you're
+getting some gamma functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So after the dust settles,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So after the dust settles,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So after the dust settles,
+this is what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+6 1 - u gamma of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 1 - u gamma of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 1 - u gamma of u
+gamma of 1 - 2 u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma of 1 - 2 u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma of 1 - 2 u
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+gamma of 3 - you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the piece that we just calculated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the piece that we just calculated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the piece that we just calculated or
+sketched how you would calculate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched how you would calculate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched how you would calculate is
+this. And then there's the tree level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And then there's the tree level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And then there's the tree level
+relation between these two things which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between these two things which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between these two things which
+in alpha s space was just that n pole is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in alpha s space was just that n pole is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in alpha s space was just that n pole is
+equal to m bar. But when you transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to m bar. But when you transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to m bar. But when you transform
+one to the bell space you get a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the bell space you get a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the bell space you get a delta
+function. So this comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just that equality at lowest order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that equality at lowest order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that equality at lowest order
+becomes a delta function in the burell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a delta function in the burell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a delta function in the burell
+space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now if you look at this and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now if you look at this and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now if you look at this and you
+ignore u equals 0 then the closest pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore u equals 0 then the closest pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore u equals 0 then the closest pole
+to u equals 0 is u equals a half coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u equals 0 is u equals a half coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u equals 0 is u equals a half coming
+from this gamma function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this gamma function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this gamma function.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And remember that we had a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And remember that we had a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And remember that we had a kind of
+notation for the strength of a renormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for the strength of a renormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for the strength of a renormal
+on. Those closest to the pole closest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Those closest to the pole closest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Those closest to the pole closest to
+the origin were the strongest.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin were the strongest.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin were the strongest.
+So the strongest renormal on here is a U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the strongest renormal on here is a U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the strongest renormal on here is a U
+equals a half renormalon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that strength was related to the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that strength was related to the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that strength was related to the fact
+that basically you got something would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically you got something would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically you got something would
+be in this case 2 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in this case 2 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in this case 2 to the n
+factorial. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial. So
+12 to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 to the minus n
+And so the guy that's closest gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the guy that's closest gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the guy that's closest gives the
+strongest prefactor to the n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest prefactor to the n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest prefactor to the n factorial
+growth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth.
+That's where that naming came from.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's where that naming came from.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's where that naming came from.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Um so there weren't any polls the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so there weren't any polls the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so there weren't any polls the only
+poll in the modified propagator. Was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poll in the modified propagator. Was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poll in the modified propagator. Was it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+like the one that that made the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one that that made the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one that that made the the
+denominator advantage but the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator advantage but the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator advantage but the rest of
+the polls came from actually doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polls came from actually doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polls came from actually doing the
+one diagram in the in the series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one diagram in the in the series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one diagram in the in the series.
+Yeah. So what you're doing is so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So what you're doing is so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So what you're doing is so you're
+you're actually thinking of probing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually thinking of probing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually thinking of probing the
+infrared structure in this loop. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared structure in this loop. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared structure in this loop. That's
+what the gluon is doing. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the gluon is doing. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the gluon is doing. And the
+modified propagator ped to the U is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified propagator ped to the U is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified propagator ped to the U is just
+giving you a kind of a regulator if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a kind of a regulator if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a kind of a regulator if you
+like which is the U. That's allowing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like which is the U. That's allowing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like which is the U. That's allowing you
+to probe what's the infrared structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to probe what's the infrared structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to probe what's the infrared structure
+in powers in this loop diagram. Not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in powers in this loop diagram. Not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in powers in this loop diagram. Not just
+kind of logarithmic divergences which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of logarithmic divergences which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of logarithmic divergences which we
+usually focus on but also in power law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually focus on but also in power law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually focus on but also in power law
+sensitivity to the infrared. So, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity to the infrared. So, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity to the infrared. So, it's
+like probing low momentum gluons with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like probing low momentum gluons with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like probing low momentum gluons with
+this modified gluon propagator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this modified gluon propagator.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this modified gluon propagator.
+And that's those that's what's resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's those that's what's resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's those that's what's resulting
+in these poles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these poles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these poles.
+You're probing the infrared structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're probing the infrared structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're probing the infrared structure of
+the of the loop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, there would be some other terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there would be some other terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there would be some other terms that
+I haven't written.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't written.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't written.
+So let me just comment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a term there's actually a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a term there's actually a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a term there's actually a term
+that's proportional to one over u that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proportional to one over u that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proportional to one over u that
+would make it finite at u equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make it finite at u equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make it finite at u equals z
+if we're more careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we carry out the normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we carry out the normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we carry out the normalization
+properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I also wasn't so worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also wasn't so worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also wasn't so worried about
+anything analytic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and u. So I only was looking at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u. So I only was looking at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u. So I only was looking at these
+gamma gamma functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So if we actually just specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we actually just specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we actually just specify
+ourselves to that u equals a half,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to that u equals a half,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to that u equals a half,
+we can simplify things even further.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'll stick in u equals a half.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll stick in u equals a half.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll stick in u equals a half.
+And if I stick in u= a half, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I stick in u= a half, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I stick in u= a half, this
+becomes mu over m bar e to the c bar /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes mu over m bar e to the c bar /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes mu over m bar e to the c bar /
+two. If I just put this 1/2 in there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. If I just put this 1/2 in there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. If I just put this 1/2 in there,
+all this stuff with the gamma functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff with the gamma functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff with the gamma functions
+becomes a minus 2 over u - a half.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So there's a pole. It's sitting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's a pole. It's sitting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's a pole. It's sitting on the
+real axis and we can't do the transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real axis and we can't do the transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real axis and we can't do the transform
+at this point. Can you drop the delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point. Can you drop the delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point. Can you drop the delta
+view?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view?
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not
+yeah I don't really need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't really need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't really need it
+but just sort of for completeness I kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just sort of for completeness I kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just sort of for completeness I kept
+it. Yeah if I just wanted to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Yeah if I just wanted to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Yeah if I just wanted to think about
+this term I could drop it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term I could drop it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term I could drop it.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's think about the inverse paral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we wanted to do an integral which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we wanted to do an integral which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we wanted to do an integral which in
+this u space would look like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this u space would look like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this u space would look like this.
+So u was the conjugate variable to 4 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So u was the conjugate variable to 4 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So u was the conjugate variable to 4 pi
+over beta alpha s of mu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over beta alpha s of mu.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over beta alpha s of mu.
+That was what we transformed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was what we transformed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was what we transformed.
+So that's the difference between our old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the difference between our old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the difference between our old
+notation our new one. We just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation our new one. We just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation our new one. We just have a
+conjugate variable to this thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate variable to this thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate variable to this thing.
+And so this has an ambiguity because on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this has an ambiguity because on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this has an ambiguity because on
+the real axis we have a pole at u equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real axis we have a pole at u equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real axis we have a pole at u equals
+a half.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So there's that pole at a half and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's that pole at a half and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's that pole at a half and you
+have to decide do we want to go around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide do we want to go around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide do we want to go around
+that above or below.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I mentioned this last time we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I mentioned this last time we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I mentioned this last time we could
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+going past the pole that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going past the pole that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going past the pole that way
+or going past the pole this way. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or going past the pole this way. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or going past the pole this way. And the
+fact that we have to make a choice means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we have to make a choice means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we have to make a choice means
+there's an ambiguity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an ambiguity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an ambiguity.
+And if you like, you can say, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you like, you can say, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you like, you can say, well,
+let's, you know, let's average above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's, you know, let's average above and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's, you know, let's average above and
+below or but the ambiguity would then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below or but the ambiguity would then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below or but the ambiguity would then be
+something like a half going around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a half going around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a half going around the
+pole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's actually look at what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's actually look at what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's actually look at what the
+ambiguity is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, if we go around the pole, we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if we go around the pole, we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if we go around the pole, we get a
+2 pi i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi i
+a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half
+integral around the pole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+c bar over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c bar over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c bar over two
+bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+and if we put everything together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we put everything together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we put everything together the
+rest of the prefactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the prefactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the prefactor
+there's a cf over 3 pi beta kn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a cf over 3 pi beta kn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a cf over 3 pi beta kn
+and there's also another mb bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also another mb bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also another mb bar
+which is this m bar that's out front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this m bar that's out front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this m bar that's out front
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+I combine a minus two with the six to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I combine a minus two with the six to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I combine a minus two with the six to
+get a three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a three.
+So the m bars actually are cancelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+close on the pole. Stick that value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close on the pole. Stick that value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close on the pole. Stick that value in
+everywhere else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let me get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Does anybody recognize this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, it's lambda QCD. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, it looks kind of like an instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it looks kind of like an instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it looks kind of like an instant
+time with the exponential, but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with the exponential, but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with the exponential, but this
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+thing is actually exactly lambda QCD.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if we solve this and we invert it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we solve this and we invert it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we solve this and we invert it and
+we solve for alpha s that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solve for alpha s that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solve for alpha s that would be the
+usual formula for lambda QCD alpha in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual formula for lambda QCD alpha in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual formula for lambda QCD alpha in
+terms of lambda QCD.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+So we've just shown that the ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've just shown that the ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've just shown that the ambiguity
+up to some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to some constant
+preactor is exactly lambda QCD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preactor is exactly lambda QCD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preactor is exactly lambda QCD
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is exactly our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly our
+physical idea that we said last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical idea that we said last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical idea that we said last time
+that the pole mass has a delta m order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the pole mass has a delta m order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the pole mass has a delta m order
+lambda QCD ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda QCD ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda QCD ambiguity
+and we've just seen that explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've just seen that explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've just seen that explicitly
+arise from calculations with the sporell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise from calculations with the sporell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise from calculations with the sporell
+space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So that's kind of neat. Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's kind of neat. Yep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's kind of neat. Yep.
+Is there a way to be careful about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is there a way to be careful about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is there a way to be careful about the
+prescription when you do these?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription when you do these?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription when you do these?
+Yep. because it seemed like you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. because it seemed like you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. because it seemed like you just
+multiplied a bunch of p^2 plus together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied a bunch of p^2 plus together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied a bunch of p^2 plus together
+and then just ignore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just ignore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just ignore the
+yeah I didn't I didn't actually ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I didn't I didn't actually ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I didn't I didn't actually ignore
+the ippsilon the reason I wrote it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ippsilon the reason I wrote it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ippsilon the reason I wrote it as
+minus p ^2 to the power was because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus p ^2 to the power was because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus p ^2 to the power was because of
+that ippepsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ippepsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ippepsilon
+I I didn't write the ippsilons on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I didn't write the ippsilons on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I didn't write the ippsilons on the
+board but if I had it wouldn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board but if I had it wouldn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board but if I had it wouldn't change
+anything that I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that I wrote
+so the way one way I can say it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way one way I can say it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way one way I can say it is that
+when I actually did these loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I actually did these loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I actually did these loop
+calculations I was actually careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations I was actually careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations I was actually careful
+about the ippsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ippsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ippsilon
+um yeah not not worried about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah not not worried about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah not not worried about like
+getting the sign Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. And then like when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And then like when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And then like when you
+interchange the order of integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange the order of integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange the order of integration
+presumably you're doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably you're doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably you're doing something
+violent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent.
+You mean the order of the summation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You mean the order of the summation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You mean the order of the summation and
+the integration,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+Yeah. And when you inter change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And when you inter change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And when you inter change that
+order, the only thing that you So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order, the only thing that you So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order, the only thing that you So you
+can do it in the other order. The only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it in the other order. The only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it in the other order. The only
+thing that actually goes wrong and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that actually goes wrong and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that actually goes wrong and it's
+much easier to present it in this order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier to present it in this order.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier to present it in this order.
+This is why I did. If you do do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is why I did. If you do do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is why I did. If you do do it in
+the other order, the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other order, the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other order, the only thing that
+will change is what happens at u equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change is what happens at u equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change is what happens at u equals
+0. So you'll actually see everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. So you'll actually see everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. So you'll actually see everything
+that we saw except at u equals 0, it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw except at u equals 0, it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw except at u equals 0, it'll
+be slightly different. And that one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be slightly different. And that one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be slightly different. And that one over
+u term that I was talking about, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u term that I was talking about, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u term that I was talking about, if you
+want to get that right, you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get that right, you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get that right, you have to
+think about the issue of changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the issue of changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the issue of changing the
+order of integration more carefully than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of integration more carefully than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of integration more carefully than
+I did.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did.
+But near equal u= half, it's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But near equal u= half, it's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But near equal u= half, it's exactly
+this is this. This is the right result.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this. This is the right result.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this. This is the right result.
+And near any other u except equals z,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And near any other u except equals z,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And near any other u except equals z,
+we're okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're okay.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+So which counter do we pick?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So which counter do we pick?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So which counter do we pick?
+Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry.
+Which counter do we pick to define?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which counter do we pick to define?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which counter do we pick to define?
+We don't know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't know.
+So the ambiguity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the ambiguity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the ambiguity.
+So the you have to make a choice, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the you have to make a choice, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the you have to make a choice, right?
+If you make it this choice, you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you make it this choice, you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you make it this choice, you've
+picked one definition. If you make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked one definition. If you make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked one definition. If you make this
+choice, you've picked another. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice, you've picked another. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice, you've picked another. And I
+said we can quantify the ambiguity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we can quantify the ambiguity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we can quantify the ambiguity in
+our choice by thinking about it as half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our choice by thinking about it as half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our choice by thinking about it as half
+going around the pole. That's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around the pole. That's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around the pole. That's kind of
+the amb, you know, a measure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amb, you know, a measure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amb, you know, a measure of the
+ambiguity that we have in in which way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity that we have in in which way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity that we have in in which way
+to close. It's an it's an ambiguity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to close. It's an it's an ambiguity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to close. It's an it's an ambiguity.
+I know. But but we we get to define how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know. But but we we get to define how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know. But but we we get to define how
+we calculate, right? So when we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate, right? So when we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate, right? So when we say
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+What do we mean by it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do we mean by it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do we mean by it?
+Uh different people mean different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh different people mean different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh different people mean different
+things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things.
+I mean you're not going to see this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you're not going to see this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you're not going to see this,
+right? Unless you go to all orders in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Unless you go to all orders in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Unless you go to all orders in
+pertabbation theory. So order by order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertabbation theory. So order by order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertabbation theory. So order by order
+and pribation theory, you will never see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pribation theory, you will never see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pribation theory, you will never see
+this poll.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this poll.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this poll.
+So unless you're working to all orders,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So unless you're working to all orders,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So unless you're working to all orders,
+if if you soon as you work to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you soon as you work to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you soon as you work to all
+orders, you have to make a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders, you have to make a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders, you have to make a choice
+because of what we just did. If you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of what we just did. If you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of what we just did. If you work
+order by order, there's no choice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order by order, there's no choice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order by order, there's no choice to
+make and you just order by order define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and you just order by order define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and you just order by order define
+it with the usual definition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the moral is not how do we define M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the moral is not how do we define M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the moral is not how do we define M
+pole. The moral is we should use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole. The moral is we should use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole. The moral is we should use
+something else other than M pole because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else other than M pole because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else other than M pole because
+M pole has an ambiguity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we use the MS bar mass M bar here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we use the MS bar mass M bar here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we use the MS bar mass M bar here for
+our calculation but actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our calculation but actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our calculation but actually the
+ambiguity wasn't depending on that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity wasn't depending on that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity wasn't depending on that it
+really will show up even if we slot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really will show up even if we slot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really will show up even if we slot of
+some other short distance mass beside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other short distance mass beside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other short distance mass beside
+the MS bar mass we would still see do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MS bar mass we would still see do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MS bar mass we would still see do
+the same ambiguity if we tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same ambiguity if we tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same ambiguity if we tried to
+associate it to the M pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate it to the M pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate it to the M pole
+and actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually this
+thing is a unique property of the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is a unique property of the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is a unique property of the pole
+mass. It's the pole mass that has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. It's the pole mass that has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. It's the pole mass that has this
+problem not the MSAR mass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Another thing you'll notice is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another thing you'll notice is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another thing you'll notice is that when
+we went back and looked at the ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went back and looked at the ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went back and looked at the ambiguity
+back in the original space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the original space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the original space
+in the coupling space which is where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the coupling space which is where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the coupling space which is where we
+live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the mutependence went away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the mutependence went away.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the mutependence went away.
+We just got something that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We just got something that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We just got something that was a
+constant times lambda QCD. There was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times lambda QCD. There was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times lambda QCD. There was no
+mutendence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the ambiguity
+is mu independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just proportional to lambda QCD.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just proportional to lambda QCD.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just proportional to lambda QCD.
+If we looked on the other hand in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we looked on the other hand in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we looked on the other hand in the
+burell space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burell space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burell space
+at the residue of the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the residue of the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the residue of the pole
+it was muted dependent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So before we did the integral if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So before we did the integral if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So before we did the integral if we just
+look at even the the pole is u minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at even the the pole is u minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at even the the pole is u minus a
+half the residue has a mu power in it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the residue has a mu power in it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the residue has a mu power in it in
+the numerator and that just went along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator and that just went along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator and that just went along
+for the ride and became this mu. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the ride and became this mu. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the ride and became this mu. But
+when we transform back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we transform back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we transform back
+we had alpha of mu there and the mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had alpha of mu there and the mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had alpha of mu there and the mu
+dependence was cancelling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence was cancelling.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence was cancelling.
+And this actually is uh there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this actually is uh there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this actually is uh there's one
+important fact about this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important fact about this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important fact about this.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we express something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a decay rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decay rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decay rate
+which we might originally calculate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we might originally calculate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we might originally calculate in
+terms of the pole mass since maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the pole mass since maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the pole mass since maybe
+that's simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's simpler
+and we get some series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if we want to express that say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we want to express that say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we want to express that say in
+terms of the MS bar mass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then what we're after doing is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then what we're after doing is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then what we're after doing is we're
+after actually canceling a pole in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after actually canceling a pole in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after actually canceling a pole in the
+burell plane that occurs in kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burell plane that occurs in kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burell plane that occurs in kind of the
+series that relates this guy to the MS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that relates this guy to the MS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that relates this guy to the MS
+bar mass and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar mass and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar mass and then there's a
+corresponding pole in this series in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding pole in this series in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding pole in this series in the
+decay rate and those have to cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay rate and those have to cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay rate and those have to cancel
+against each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you should think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you should think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you should think that
+there's a one over u minus a half pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a one over u minus a half pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a one over u minus a half pole
+in the relation of this thing to the ms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the relation of this thing to the ms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the relation of this thing to the ms
+bar mass that we just computed. And one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar mass that we just computed. And one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar mass that we just computed. And one
+could also look at for example bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also look at for example bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also look at for example bubble
+chains for this particular observable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains for this particular observable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains for this particular observable.
+People have done that. And if we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People have done that. And if we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People have done that. And if we did
+that, you'd also find exactly the same U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you'd also find exactly the same U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you'd also find exactly the same U
+equals a half pole in that series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a half pole in that series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a half pole in that series.
+And these are cancelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these are cancelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these are cancelling
+if we make that change a variable here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess I already said that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+when you do that. So in practice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do that. So in practice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do that. So in practice of
+course what you do is you you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what you do is you you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what you do is you you don't have
+the whole series. So what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole series. So what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole series. So what you do is you
+just let you want the cancellation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let you want the cancellation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let you want the cancellation to
+take place at the order you've worked.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place at the order you've worked.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place at the order you've worked.
+So say I know alpha squared in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So say I know alpha squared in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So say I know alpha squared in this
+decay rate which is true people do know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay rate which is true people do know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay rate which is true people do know
+that and you know the alpha squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you know the alpha squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you know the alpha squared
+relation what you then want to do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation what you then want to do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation what you then want to do is you
+want to make sure that the terms any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that the terms any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that the terms any
+large numerical factors in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numerical factors in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numerical factors in front of the
+series are cancelceing out to order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series are cancelceing out to order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series are cancelceing out to order
+alpha squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha squared
+and there's only one little caveat what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's only one little caveat what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's only one little caveat what
+you have to be careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is that you have to expand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that you have to expand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that you have to expand in
+the same coupling Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So when we do this cancellation order by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we do this cancellation order by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we do this cancellation order by
+order,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order,
+you should use the same coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should use the same coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should use the same coupling
+constant with the same scale.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So as long as both series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you can't for example make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can't for example make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can't for example make a
+conversion with the MB pole with alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion with the MB pole with alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion with the MB pole with alpha
+sa evaluate at the b scale or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa evaluate at the b scale or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa evaluate at the b scale or some other
+scale. You have to really do it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale. You have to really do it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale. You have to really do it at the
+same scale that whatever this series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same scale that whatever this series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same scale that whatever this series is
+expressed in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that you know you can also think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you know you can also think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you know you can also think of
+that as being related to the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as being related to the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as being related to the fact that
+the burell variable u itself was defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the burell variable u itself was defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the burell variable u itself was defined
+as the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the conjugate
+variable to something that was mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable to something that was mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable to something that was mu
+dependent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent.
+So even the definition of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So even the definition of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So even the definition of u
+involves alpha at a particular scale mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, sorry I said that in a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, sorry I said that in a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, sorry I said that in a bit of a
+convoluted way, but hopefully what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted way, but hopefully what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted way, but hopefully what I'm
+saying is clear even if what I'm writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is clear even if what I'm writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is clear even if what I'm writing
+is not so clear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so same coupling in this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so same coupling in this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so same coupling in this series
+and the conversion series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the conversion series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the conversion series.
+And this what I've just said is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this what I've just said is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this what I've just said is also a
+general fact that these poles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general fact that these poles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general fact that these poles are
+artifacts of splitting up physics at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts of splitting up physics at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts of splitting up physics at
+different scales.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And they will always be cancelceing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they will always be cancelceing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they will always be cancelceing out
+in observable things. They're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in observable things. They're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in observable things. They're not
+they're remnants of splitting up physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're remnants of splitting up physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're remnants of splitting up physics
+in in particular ways.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in particular ways.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in particular ways.
+They always cancel out of observables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They always cancel out of observables.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They always cancel out of observables.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+So when you say physics of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when you say physics of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when you say physics of different
+scales, is that like a proxy for taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales, is that like a proxy for taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales, is that like a proxy for taking
+a certain subset infinite subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain subset infinite subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain subset infinite subset of
+diagrams and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and not
+Yeah. So if you like we introduced a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So if you like we introduced a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So if you like we introduced a
+cutoff in our diagrams when we did them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutoff in our diagrams when we did them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutoff in our diagrams when we did them
+like numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like numbers.
+Yeah. I mean it right effectively you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I mean it right effectively you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I mean it right effectively you
+could think of it like that or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of it like that or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of it like that or you know
+the number of bubbles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of bubbles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of bubbles.
+Yeah. And that was a proxy that became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And that was a proxy that became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And that was a proxy that became
+this U variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this U variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this U variable
+and that was becoming kind of a probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was becoming kind of a probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was becoming kind of a probe
+for the cutoff dependence. So we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cutoff dependence. So we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cutoff dependence. So we'll talk
+more about that right now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what is this? How should you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is this? How should you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is this? How should you think
+about this cut off?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So when we remove the ambiguity, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we remove the ambiguity, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we remove the ambiguity, we
+actually introduce a scale. And the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually introduce a scale. And the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually introduce a scale. And the way
+you can think of that is as follows.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of that is as follows.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of that is as follows.
+You could think that in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could think that in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could think that in general
+the relation between the pole mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between the pole mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between the pole mass and
+some other mass is some infinite series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which has the general structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has the general structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has the general structure
+of a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bunch of
+logarithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms
+perhaps and coupling constants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps and coupling constants.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps and coupling constants.
+and some coefficients.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some coefficients.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some coefficients.
+So it's a double series in n and k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a double series in n and k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a double series in n and k
+starts at order alpha. So that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at order alpha. So that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at order alpha. So that's why
+start n is starting as order one. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start n is starting as order one. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start n is starting as order one. And
+just because of dimensions, if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of dimensions, if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of dimensions, if this is
+dimension one, that's dimension one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension one, that's dimension one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension one, that's dimension one.
+There has to be something of dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There has to be something of dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There has to be something of dimension
+one that we stick there. And I just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we stick there. And I just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we stick there. And I just for
+let's be flexible about we put what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's be flexible about we put what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's be flexible about we put what we
+put there and call it r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is a general scheme conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a general scheme conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a general scheme conversion
+formula. We could put any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula. We could put any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula. We could put any kind of
+conversion into that form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if we call this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we call this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we call this thing here
+delta m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I can also move it to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can also move it to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can also move it to the other
+side and write it like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then what you can say is that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then what you can say is that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then what you can say is that if I
+pick my delta m such that its asmtotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick my delta m such that its asmtotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick my delta m such that its asmtotic
+structure is its in infrared structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is its in infrared structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is its in infrared structure
+it's asmtoic structure in alpha is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's asmtoic structure in alpha is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's asmtoic structure in alpha is the
+same as the pole mass I can set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the pole mass I can set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the pole mass I can set up
+something where I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where I get
+and we're nomalon free mass mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the pole mass has this normal ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the pole mass has this normal ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the pole mass has this normal ion
+that we've been talking about. If I set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been talking about. If I set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been talking about. If I set
+it up so that my subtractions also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up so that my subtractions also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up so that my subtractions also have
+the same kind of structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of structure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of structure.
+So for example, with the example that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example, with the example that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example, with the example that we
+did,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did,
+you would need the non-logithmic terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would need the non-logithmic terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would need the non-logithmic terms
+to be n factorial 2 the n beta not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be n factorial 2 the n beta not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be n factorial 2 the n beta not the
+n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+As long as we have the right terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As long as we have the right terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As long as we have the right terms in
+the delta m, we can construct something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delta m, we can construct something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delta m, we can construct something
+that's free of that reormal line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's free of that reormal line.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's free of that reormal line.
+Now in msar which is what we did this r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now in msar which is what we did this r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now in msar which is what we did this r
+scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+is just the msar mass itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the msar mass itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the msar mass itself
+which is a running quantity but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a running quantity but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a running quantity but it's
+evaluated at m bar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at m bar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at m bar.
+So the formula that we get would have m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the formula that we get would have m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the formula that we get would have m
+pole is equal to m bar plus m bar time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole is equal to m bar plus m bar time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole is equal to m bar plus m bar time a
+series in alpha. That was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series in alpha. That was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series in alpha. That was the
+conversion. So the scale R was fixed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion. So the scale R was fixed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion. So the scale R was fixed to
+be M bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this scheme that we talked about last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this scheme that we talked about last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this scheme that we talked about last
+time which is called the 1S scheme where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is called the 1S scheme where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is called the 1S scheme where
+we talked about defining a scheme by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about defining a scheme by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about defining a scheme by
+thinking about two heavy quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about two heavy quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about two heavy quarks
+calculating corrections between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculating perturbatively the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating perturbatively the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating perturbatively the potential
+between those heavy quarks and defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those heavy quarks and defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those heavy quarks and defining
+a mass that way. That's called the 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mass that way. That's called the 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mass that way. That's called the 1s
+scheme.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme.
+In that particular case, you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In that particular case, you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In that particular case, you get an
+extra alpha that we talked about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra alpha that we talked about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra alpha that we talked about.
+And the R, the corresponding R would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the R, the corresponding R would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the R, the corresponding R would
+actually be M1s, the M1s mass times an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be M1s, the M1s mass times an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be M1s, the M1s mass times an
+alpha,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha,
+which is effectively the inverse bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is effectively the inverse bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is effectively the inverse bore
+radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for this potential.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this potential.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this potential.
+But we can even be more general than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we can even be more general than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we can even be more general than
+that and we can make this R into just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we can make this R into just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we can make this R into just a
+free parameter. We can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we don't have to fix it in the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to fix it in the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to fix it in the way that
+these two schemes do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two schemes do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two schemes do.
+We can think of it as a floating cutoff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And for any R that we pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for any R that we pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for any R that we pick
+the ambiguity delta M will be R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambiguity delta M will be R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambiguity delta M will be R
+independent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent.
+Just like the M bar was canceling out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just like the M bar was canceling out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just like the M bar was canceling out
+when we picked the MS bar scheme. When
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we picked the MS bar scheme. When
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we picked the MS bar scheme. When
+you pick the 1s scheme the that R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick the 1s scheme the that R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick the 1s scheme the that R
+cancels out and generically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the ambiguity which is just lambda QCD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambiguity which is just lambda QCD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambiguity which is just lambda QCD
+is independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent of
+R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So R is really setting a scale. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So R is really setting a scale. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So R is really setting a scale. So
+really what you're doing is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what you're doing is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what you're doing is you're
+canceling something that's happening if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling something that's happening if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling something that's happening if
+you like it in the deep infrared. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like it in the deep infrared. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like it in the deep infrared. But
+you got to when whenever you cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to when whenever you cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to when whenever you cancel
+something you have to sort of decide how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you have to sort of decide how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you have to sort of decide how
+much of the leftover do you take. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the leftover do you take. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the leftover do you take. You're
+canceling something at zero but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling something at zero but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling something at zero but then
+you're taking something from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking something from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking something from zero to
+something. And that two something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. And that two something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. And that two something is
+like this is exactly what this r is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is exactly what this r is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is exactly what this r is just
+like in dim in dim rag.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in dim in dim rag.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in dim in dim rag.
+My spelling is atrocious.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Just like in in dim rag when you cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just like in in dim rag when you cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just like in in dim rag when you cancel
+the UV pole that's at infinity right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UV pole that's at infinity right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UV pole that's at infinity right you
+have one reps on UV but the mu comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one reps on UV but the mu comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one reps on UV but the mu comes in
+and the mu is setting kind of a soft cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mu is setting kind of a soft cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mu is setting kind of a soft cut
+off on your integrals and you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on your integrals and you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on your integrals and you think of
+that as kind of where you've removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as kind of where you've removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as kind of where you've removed
+down to in the same way this R is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to in the same way this R is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to in the same way this R is kind
+of saying you're cancelelling something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying you're cancelelling something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying you're cancelelling something
+at zero and we have to take along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero and we have to take along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero and we have to take along with
+it some fluctuations up to some scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some fluctuations up to some scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some fluctuations up to some scale
+and R is provided adding that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R is provided adding that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R is provided adding that that
+choice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we take some infrared fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together with the pole mass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+These are the infrared fluctuations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are the infrared fluctuations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are the infrared fluctuations that
+were causing the stability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were causing the stability.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were causing the stability.
+They're dressing the pole mass if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're dressing the pole mass if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're dressing the pole mass if you
+like, which is like a point particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, which is like a point particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, which is like a point particle
+mass. They're making it into a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. They're making it into a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. They're making it into a kind of
+dressed mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed mass
+and they're yielding a well- definfined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're yielding a well- definfined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're yielding a well- definfined
+mass parameter that then depends on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass parameter that then depends on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass parameter that then depends on a
+scale.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here's the origin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's the origin.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's the origin.
+Think that you include all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Think that you include all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Think that you include all the
+fluctuations in some sphere around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations in some sphere around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations in some sphere around the
+origin out to R. That's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin out to R. That's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin out to R. That's the right
+physical picture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the right physical picture here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the right physical picture here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the right physical picture here is
+that when you we're using the MSBAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you we're using the MSBAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you we're using the MSBAR
+scheme, you were ignoring powers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme, you were ignoring powers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme, you were ignoring powers and
+there was actually an improper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was actually an improper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was actually an improper
+separation between certain power law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between certain power law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between certain power law
+terms. Those power law terms that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms. Those power law terms that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms. Those power law terms that you
+didn't really see very well in MSbar can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really see very well in MSbar can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really see very well in MSbar can
+be seen when you look at the asmtoics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seen when you look at the asmtoics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seen when you look at the asmtoics of
+the pertabbation series. They come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pertabbation series. They come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pertabbation series. They come back
+to haunt you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to haunt you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to haunt you.
+You can look at the asmtoics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can look at the asmtoics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can look at the asmtoics of the
+pertabbation series using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertabbation series using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertabbation series using these
+reormalon borell style techniques and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reormalon borell style techniques and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reormalon borell style techniques and
+you can figure out how to define masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure out how to define masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure out how to define masses
+that aren't sensitive to these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't sensitive to these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't sensitive to these problems
+like the msbar mass. The msbar mass has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the msbar mass. The msbar mass has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the msbar mass. The msbar mass has
+too large an r scale to be used for b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too large an r scale to be used for b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too large an r scale to be used for b
+physics. The 1s mass is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics. The 1s mass is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics. The 1s mass is something that
+has a small enough scale that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a small enough scale that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a small enough scale that you can
+use it for b physics although it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for b physics although it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for b physics although it would
+have potential problems for top quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have potential problems for top quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have potential problems for top quark
+physics. But you can actually make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics. But you can actually make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics. But you can actually make the
+scale where you're absorbing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale where you're absorbing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale where you're absorbing the
+fluctuations up to a free parameter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations up to a free parameter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations up to a free parameter and
+then you're good to go with any physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're good to go with any physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're good to go with any physical
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+because you can choose it to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can choose it to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can choose it to be an
+appropriate scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate scale
+much like we choose mu to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like we choose mu to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like we choose mu to be an
+appropriate scale.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let me give you one very definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me give you one very definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me give you one very definite
+example of how you could define a scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how you could define a scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how you could define a scheme
+with this R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we'll build something that's where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll build something that's where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll build something that's where we
+don't have to do any additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do any additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do any additional
+calculations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What we're going to do is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we're going to do is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we're going to do is we're going to
+use the MSBAR mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the MSBAR mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the MSBAR mass
+the MSAR pole scheme conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and from that we define the A's that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that we define the A's that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that we define the A's that we
+need.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We can take mu equal to r so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can take mu equal to r so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can take mu equal to r so that the
+log of mu / r is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of mu / r is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of mu / r is zero
+and then we don't need any of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we don't need any of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we don't need any of the other
+a's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So then we have a a formula that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then we have a a formula that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then we have a a formula that's a
+definite thing that looks as follows.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we're tweaking the MSBAR result if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're tweaking the MSBAR result if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're tweaking the MSBAR result if
+you like so that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like so that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like so that instead of
+having a fixed scale it has a floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a fixed scale it has a floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a fixed scale it has a floating
+scale.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So these are the MSAR values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we don't have the MS bar in front.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have the MS bar in front.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have the MS bar in front.
+We have an R in front.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we have Rs in these couplings. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we have Rs in these couplings. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we have Rs in these couplings. And
+that's a well- definfined scheme called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a well- definfined scheme called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a well- definfined scheme called
+the MSR scheme. And in this scheme, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MSR scheme. And in this scheme, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MSR scheme. And in this scheme, you
+have a cutoff R that you can just pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cutoff R that you can just pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cutoff R that you can just pick
+as a parameter and adjust it. It's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a parameter and adjust it. It's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a parameter and adjust it. It's just
+a parameter like mu that's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parameter like mu that's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parameter like mu that's part of the
+definition of the scheme.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the scheme.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the scheme.
+And so this kind of change here would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this kind of change here would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this kind of change here would be
+good for doing physics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for doing physics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for doing physics.
+This is a good scheme for doing physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a good scheme for doing physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a good scheme for doing physics
+when you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you've
+where you want to absorb things up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to absorb things up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to absorb things up to
+that cut off. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, if you're thinking about HQ, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if you're thinking about HQ, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if you're thinking about HQ, you
+could pick the R to be say a GV freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pick the R to be say a GV freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pick the R to be say a GV freely
+and it wouldn't care about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wouldn't care about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wouldn't care about whether
+you're talking about a top quark or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about a top quark or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about a top quark or a
+bottom. quark or a charm quirk. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom. quark or a charm quirk. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom. quark or a charm quirk. It's
+just a free parameter. You can pick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a free parameter. You can pick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a free parameter. You can pick it
+to be something fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something fixed
+and it wouldn't depend on where you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wouldn't depend on where you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wouldn't depend on where you what
+kind of mass you were starting over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mass you were starting over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mass you were starting over here
+with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with.
+So you're just kind of decoupling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're just kind of decoupling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're just kind of decoupling this
+cut off from the mass itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So when you wrote the series in K that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when you wrote the series in K that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when you wrote the series in K that
+you now got rid of with this choice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now got rid of with this choice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now got rid of with this choice.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+That was just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was just you
+being careful about including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being careful about including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being careful about including
+everything. Yeah. I mean I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. Yeah. I mean I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. Yeah. I mean I was just
+being careful about including all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being careful about including all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being careful about including all the
+kind of things that in principle I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things that in principle I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things that in principle I could
+see in any arbitrary choice of scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in any arbitrary choice of scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in any arbitrary choice of scheme
+change. And in any arbitrary choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. And in any arbitrary choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. And in any arbitrary choice
+there's both mu which we defined that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's both mu which we defined that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's both mu which we defined that
+was related to the alpha and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was related to the alpha and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was related to the alpha and there was
+this r showing up and we got logs of mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this r showing up and we got logs of mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this r showing up and we got logs of mu
+over r and then msbar the r was mar but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over r and then msbar the r was mar but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over r and then msbar the r was mar but
+you still had mu showing up as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still had mu showing up as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still had mu showing up as well and
+mu is related to the running of ms bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is related to the running of ms bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is related to the running of ms bar
+of the ms bar mass. Um but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ms bar mass. Um but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ms bar mass. Um but in general
+the mu the fact that you have both mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mu the fact that you have both mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mu the fact that you have both mu
+and r is kind of they are they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r is kind of they are they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r is kind of they are they were
+separate because you define mu for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate because you define mu for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate because you define mu for the
+log cutoffs and you defined r here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log cutoffs and you defined r here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log cutoffs and you defined r here for
+the power log cutoffs if you like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power log cutoffs if you like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power log cutoffs if you like the
+power log divergences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power log divergences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power log divergences
+in the end of the day you might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end of the day you might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end of the day you might as well
+just take those cut offs to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take those cut offs to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take those cut offs to be the same
+and that's what I just did mu equals r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what I just did mu equals r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what I just did mu equals r
+that gets rid of the logs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets rid of the logs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets rid of the logs
+people worry about u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people worry about u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people worry about u
+yeah you could worry about u equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you could worry about u equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you could worry about u equals one
+u equals a half is the first thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u equals a half is the first thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u equals a half is the first thing you
+should worry So if you want to go to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should worry So if you want to go to U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should worry So if you want to go to U
+equals 1, then you need problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1, then you need problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1, then you need problems that
+have kind of more information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of more information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of more information in
+perturbation theory. So if you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory. So if you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory. So if you just have
+two loop information, U equals a half is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two loop information, U equals a half is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two loop information, U equals a half is
+usually perfectly fine. If you have, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually perfectly fine. If you have, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually perfectly fine. If you have, you
+know, four loop information, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, four loop information, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, four loop information, you
+probably should start worrying about U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should start worrying about U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should start worrying about U
+equals 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1.
+It's just kind of rough.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So people don't often talk about U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So people don't often talk about U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So people don't often talk about U
+equals 1, though sometimes they do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so I need a little aside here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so I need a little aside here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so I need a little aside here in
+order to proceed with what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to proceed with what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to proceed with what I want to
+talk about next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about next
+and that is I just want to define for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is I just want to define for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is I just want to define for
+you how you would define lambda QCD at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how you would define lambda QCD at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how you would define lambda QCD at
+higher orders in pertabbation theory. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher orders in pertabbation theory. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher orders in pertabbation theory. So
+the formula we had used a minute ago is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula we had used a minute ago is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula we had used a minute ago is
+leading log. But we can define lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading log. But we can define lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading log. But we can define lambda
+QCD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QCD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QCD
+even if we go to higher orders. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we go to higher orders. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we go to higher orders. And I
+just want to do a little bit of algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to do a little bit of algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to do a little bit of algebra
+set up some notation in order to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up some notation in order to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up some notation in order to define
+this thing at higher orders.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing at higher orders.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing at higher orders.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+MSAR beta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to just work to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to just work to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to just work to all
+orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders
+formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally
+and we'll see that we can construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that we can construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that we can construct a
+solution where it's kind of obvious how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution where it's kind of obvious how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution where it's kind of obvious how
+you would work to whatever order you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would work to whatever order you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would work to whatever order you
+want to work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's just parameterize the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's just parameterize the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's just parameterize the series
+even if we don't know all the terms. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we don't know all the terms. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we don't know all the terms. We
+only know up to beta 4. But let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only know up to beta 4. But let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only know up to beta 4. But let's just
+parameterize the series as a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize the series as a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize the series as a bunch of
+betas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to call the cutoff R because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call the cutoff R because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call the cutoff R because
+we started calling it that, but I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started calling it that, but I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started calling it that, but I could
+call it mu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just took mu equal to r. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just took mu equal to r. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just took mu equal to r. So,
+so I can rearrange that equation in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can rearrange that equation in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can rearrange that equation in this
+way. I can write it as dr / r is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. I can write it as dr / r is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. I can write it as dr / r is equal
+to d over beta. And then I can integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to d over beta. And then I can integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to d over beta. And then I can integrate
+on both sides between two values. And on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides between two values. And on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides between two values. And on
+this integral is just giving me a log.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral is just giving me a log.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral is just giving me a log.
+This integral is giving me an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This integral is giving me an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This integral is giving me an integral
+over alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what I'm going to want to do here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I'm going to want to do here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I'm going to want to do here is
+make a change of variables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a change of variables.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a change of variables.
+We'll see that the following change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll see that the following change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll see that the following change of
+variables. Convenient.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'm going to make a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to make a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to make a change of
+variables in the integration to this t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in the integration to this t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in the integration to this t.
+So I have some dummy variable that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have some dummy variable that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have some dummy variable that I'm
+integrating over. Let's change the dummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over. Let's change the dummy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over. Let's change the dummy
+variable t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable t.
+And basically that's going to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And basically that's going to simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And basically that's going to simplify
+the lowest order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest order
+result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result
+because the lowest order result d alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the lowest order result d alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the lowest order result d alpha
+over beta of alpha well the beta goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over beta of alpha well the beta goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over beta of alpha well the beta goes
+like alpha squared at lowest order. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like alpha squared at lowest order. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like alpha squared at lowest order. So
+I'm basically making a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm basically making a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm basically making a change of
+variable where this d alpha over beta at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable where this d alpha over beta at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable where this d alpha over beta at
+lowest order will just be dt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest order will just be dt.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest order will just be dt.
+That's what I'm doing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have to change variables in the limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change variables in the limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change variables in the limits
+as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So call those T1 and T0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and change variables consistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change variables consistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change variables consistently
+everywhere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if I do that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the kind of form of the result.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is just a lass series in 1 / t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the first term
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we had d alpha over minus beta kn over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had d alpha over minus beta kn over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had d alpha over minus beta kn over 2
+pi alpha squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi alpha squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi alpha squared
+and that was just minus dt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was just minus dt.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was just minus dt.
+So the reason that this thing here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the reason that this thing here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the reason that this thing here is a
+one is because my change of variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is because my change of variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is because my change of variable
+with dt was exactly taking into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with dt was exactly taking into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with dt was exactly taking into account
+all the factors to basically just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the factors to basically just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the factors to basically just make
+it into a one and there's a sign change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a one and there's a sign change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a one and there's a sign change
+but I flipped the limits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so we made the first term trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we made the first term trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we made the first term trivial
+and then the higher terms are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the higher terms are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the higher terms are these
+terms and these B hats we could figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and these B hats we could figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and these B hats we could figure
+out what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what they are
+and they're just combinations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're just combinations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're just combinations of the
+beta functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So once we expand the one over beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So once we expand the one over beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So once we expand the one over beta
+we get various combinations of things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get various combinations of things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get various combinations of things.
+I think I won't write B3 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we could also do the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could also do the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could also do the integral
+pretty easy integral to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy integral to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy integral to do.
+And so if you want to write a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if you want to write a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if you want to write a solution
+for what the integral is, you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what the integral is, you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what the integral is, you could say
+it's well it's some function that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well it's some function that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well it's some function that you
+get from doing the indefinite integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from doing the indefinite integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from doing the indefinite integral
+evaluated at the upper limit minus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the upper limit minus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the upper limit minus that
+function evaluated at the lower limit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function evaluated at the lower limit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function evaluated at the lower limit.
+And g is just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And g is just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And g is just that
+function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function.
+So doing the integral of one gives t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing the integral of the other term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the integral of the other term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the integral of the other term and
+being careful about what's positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being careful about what's positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being careful about what's positive and
+what's negative. I can write as log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's negative. I can write as log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's negative. I can write as log of
+minus t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So t was negative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So t was negative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So t was negative.
+If you look at my definition of t, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you look at my definition of t, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you look at my definition of t, it
+had a minus sign in it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a minus sign in it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a minus sign in it.
+So this log is a log of a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this log is a log of a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this log is a log of a positive
+number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So we have this g of t and g prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we have this g of t and g prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we have this g of t and g prime
+of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t
+is just b hat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if we write a formula, which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we write a formula, which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we write a formula, which is not
+what we're actually interested in here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're actually interested in here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're actually interested in here,
+but might as well write it anyway. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but might as well write it anyway. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but might as well write it anyway. If we
+write a formula that's this way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a formula that's this way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a formula that's this way,
+just taking that formula and writing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking that formula and writing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking that formula and writing it
+this way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way,
+then if you think about what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you think about what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you think about what this
+formula is, it's an all orders relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is, it's an all orders relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is, it's an all orders relation
+between the coupling at one scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the coupling at one scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the coupling at one scale and
+the coupling at another.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's a formal relation because you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a formal relation because you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a formal relation because you need
+to know the coefficients.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the coefficients.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the coefficients.
+But if I someone tells you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if I someone tells you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if I someone tells you the
+coefficients, you can just plug them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients, you can just plug them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients, you can just plug them
+into this formula.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is the extension of the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the extension of the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the extension of the usual
+running formula that you would write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running formula that you would write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running formula that you would write
+down for relating alpha at one scale to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for relating alpha at one scale to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for relating alpha at one scale to
+alpha at another scale. is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha at another scale. is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha at another scale. is a
+generalization that includes higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization that includes higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization that includes higher
+order terms in the beta function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the other thing that we can do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the other thing that we can do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the other thing that we can do is we
+can rearrange the formula and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rearrange the formula and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rearrange the formula and take
+account of the fact that we have t we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of the fact that we have t we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of the fact that we have t we
+have r1's and r0 zeros and we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have r1's and r0 zeros and we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have r1's and r0 zeros and we can make
+it such that we have only our1's on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it such that we have only our1's on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it such that we have only our1's on one
+side of the formula and r0's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the formula and r0's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the formula and r0's on the
+other side of the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the formula
+by splitting the log into two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's what you do to define lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you do to define lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you do to define lambda
+qcd.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd.
+So we can rearrange it as follows.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can rearrange it as follows.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can rearrange it as follows.
+Taking an exponent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now we only have R0's in this part,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we only have R0's in this part,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we only have R0's in this part,
+R1's in that part. This thing has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1's in that part. This thing has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1's in that part. This thing has to be
+independent of the choice of the R. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the choice of the R. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the choice of the R. And
+that's just this constant lambda QCD.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just this constant lambda QCD.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just this constant lambda QCD.
+And that's the generalization of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's the generalization of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's the generalization of this
+definition of lambda QCD that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of lambda QCD that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of lambda QCD that we had
+before where it was r0 e to the minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before where it was r0 e to the minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before where it was r0 e to the minus 2
+pi over beta not alpha. Now we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over beta not alpha. Now we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over beta not alpha. Now we have the
+higher terms. They're just encoded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher terms. They're just encoded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher terms. They're just encoded in
+this g function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if you didn't remember that formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you didn't remember that formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you didn't remember that formula
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+lambda QCD, now we've derived it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we've included the higher order terms as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've included the higher order terms as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've included the higher order terms as
+well. So the next term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this be higher order terms and usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be higher order terms and usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be higher order terms and usually
+you call this the leading log expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call this the leading log expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call this the leading log expression
+for lambda QCD and this the next leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lambda QCD and this the next leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lambda QCD and this the next leading
+log once you include that term etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, but the whole combination is mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but the whole combination is mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but the whole combination is mu
+independent. The mu independence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. The mu independence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. The mu independence of this
+term is only counseling to leading log.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is only counseling to leading log.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is only counseling to leading log.
+Once you include this term, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once you include this term, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once you include this term, it's
+counseling to next leading log.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counseling to next leading log.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counseling to next leading log.
+The whole thing is mu independent giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The whole thing is mu independent giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The whole thing is mu independent giving
+this lambda QCD.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda QCD.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda QCD.
+Okay, so that's end of the aside.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's end of the aside.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's end of the aside.
+So what I actually want to do is I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I actually want to do is I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I actually want to do is I want
+to come back to our definition of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to our definition of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to our definition of this
+MSR R mass and I want to treat it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MSR R mass and I want to treat it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MSR R mass and I want to treat it really
+as if we have an I want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if we have an I want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if we have an I want to think about
+it like an RG. We have this cutff. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like an RG. We have this cutff. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like an RG. We have this cutff. Let's
+see if we can write down an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can write down an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can write down an
+normalization group equation for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization group equation for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization group equation for that
+mass has a cutff. There should be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass has a cutff. There should be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass has a cutff. There should be some
+equation that tells us how to flow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that tells us how to flow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that tells us how to flow in
+that cutoff. Let's see what we can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cutoff. Let's see what we can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cutoff. Let's see what we can learn
+from that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just this end to the side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we have a cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we already said that we can treat R as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already said that we can treat R as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already said that we can treat R as a
+variable that parameterizes the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that parameterizes the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that parameterizes the math
+scheme.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so we can vary R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we can vary R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we can vary R
+in this MSR scheme just like we'd vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this MSR scheme just like we'd vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this MSR scheme just like we'd vary
+mu in the MSR scheme.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if you like what you're doing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you like what you're doing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you like what you're doing when
+you vary MW in the MSBAR scheme is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you vary MW in the MSBAR scheme is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you vary MW in the MSBAR scheme is
+you're properly taking into account kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're properly taking into account kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're properly taking into account kind
+of what fluctuations you want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what fluctuations you want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what fluctuations you want to put
+into your mass in the ultraviolet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your mass in the ultraviolet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your mass in the ultraviolet.
+And here it's related to this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here it's related to this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here it's related to this kind of
+physics that's going on in the deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that's going on in the deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that's going on in the deep
+infrared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that you're also being careful about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, we'll have a instead of an R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, we'll have a instead of an R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, we'll have a instead of an R
+instead of a mu we'll have an R rg. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a mu we'll have an R rg. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a mu we'll have an R rg. The
+difference between the mug and the rg is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the mug and the rg is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the mug and the rg is
+this this time we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this time we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this time we're talking about
+powers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers.
+We'll see what that what happens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So m pole didn't depend on r. So you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So m pole didn't depend on r. So you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So m pole didn't depend on r. So you get
+zero for that. And if we just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for that. And if we just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for that. And if we just look at
+our scheme change formula,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our scheme change formula,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our scheme change formula,
+then we can figure out what the rg is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+These this delta m was a function of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These this delta m was a function of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These this delta m was a function of r
+and we can define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can define this
+as r to get the dimensions right times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as r to get the dimensions right times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as r to get the dimensions right times
+some kind of anomalous dimension. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of anomalous dimension. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of anomalous dimension. And
+it's just a function of alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what this guy would look like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what this guy would look like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what this guy would look like is
+again just a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some perturbative series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Just writing out our equation. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just writing out our equation. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just writing out our equation. The
+equation we've come to is this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So r by dr of the mass because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So r by dr of the mass because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So r by dr of the mass because of the
+fact that we're dealing with a power we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we're dealing with a power we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we're dealing with a power we
+get an r on the right hand side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an r on the right hand side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an r on the right hand side of this
+equation. And that's the really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. And that's the really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. And that's the really really
+the only thing that's causing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that's causing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that's causing a
+difference from the kind of standard RGs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from the kind of standard RGs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from the kind of standard RGs
+that we've saw so far.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the fact that we got this power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the fact that we got this power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the fact that we got this power
+which was one is exactly related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was one is exactly related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was one is exactly related to the
+fact that it was a U equals a half reol.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it was a U equals a half reol.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it was a U equals a half reol.
+If we looked at the renormalons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we looked at the renormalons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we looked at the renormalons that are
+further out like U= 1 would give R2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out like U= 1 would give R2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out like U= 1 would give R2.
+We haven't seen really enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We haven't seen really enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We haven't seen really enough to
+identify that but that's true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify that but that's true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify that but that's true.
+So let's solve this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the usual way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Integrate on both sides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+From what we just talked about, R was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+From what we just talked about, R was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+From what we just talked about, R was
+equal to lambda QCD e to the minus g of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to lambda QCD e to the minus g of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to lambda QCD e to the minus g of
+t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t.
+And we can also therefore write that d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can also therefore write that d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can also therefore write that d
+log r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log r
+is from this formula dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from this formula dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from this formula dt
+minus g prime of t. If we follow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus g prime of t. If we follow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus g prime of t. If we follow that
+through as a change of variable, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through as a change of variable, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through as a change of variable, that's
+the change of variable we get. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change of variable we get. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change of variable we get. So let's
+switch variable from r to dt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch variable from r to dt.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch variable from r to dt.
+So r d log r is just the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So r d log r is just the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So r d log r is just the product of
+these things. And I can write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things. And I can write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things. And I can write it
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+kind of a compact way. If I write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a compact way. If I write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a compact way. If I write it as
+lambda qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda qcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda qcd
+dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt
+d by dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d by dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d by dt
+of e the minus g of t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e the minus g of t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e the minus g of t.
+So we got a g prime and then we got a e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we got a g prime and then we got a e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we got a g prime and then we got a e
+minus g of t. Let's just write that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus g of t. Let's just write that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus g of t. Let's just write that as a
+total derivative of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if I write it in terms of t then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I write it in terms of t then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I write it in terms of t then
+that's the solution that's a formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the solution that's a formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the solution that's a formal
+solution in terms of a and I switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in terms of a and I switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in terms of a and I switch
+variable also in the anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable also in the anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable also in the anomalous
+dimension.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension.
+And that's the formal solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's the formal solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's the formal solution to the
+RG.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RG.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RG.
+And this is a well- definfined integral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is a well- definfined integral.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is a well- definfined integral.
+There's no problems with doing it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The place where the integral could start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The place where the integral could start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The place where the integral could start
+causing problems is t equals z. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing problems is t equals z. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing problems is t equals z. But
+we're never getting to t equals z. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're never getting to t equals z. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're never getting to t equals z. We
+have cut offs that are keeping us away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cut offs that are keeping us away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cut offs that are keeping us away
+from t equals z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it shouldn't shouldn't surprise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it shouldn't shouldn't surprise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it shouldn't shouldn't surprise you
+that it's a well- definfined integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a well- definfined integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a well- definfined integral
+because the different we said that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the different we said that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the different we said that these
+things are supposed to be well-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are supposed to be well-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are supposed to be well-
+definfined in masses that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definfined in masses that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definfined in masses that are not
+sensitive to these renormal problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to these renormal problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to these renormal problems and
+taking the difference of two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the difference of two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the difference of two of them
+should again give us something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should again give us something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should again give us something that's
+not sensitive to reormal problems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sensitive to reormal problems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sensitive to reormal problems but
+it's interesting that you see lambda QCD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting that you see lambda QCD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting that you see lambda QCD
+popping out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popping out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popping out
+and that's Because these two masses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's Because these two masses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's Because these two masses and
+the difference of these cutoffs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference of these cutoffs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference of these cutoffs is
+related to absorbing a different amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to absorbing a different amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to absorbing a different amount
+of these fluctuations which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these fluctuations which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these fluctuations which were
+related to lambda QCD.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the evolution would just yield a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the evolution would just yield a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the evolution would just yield a new
+well- definfined mass m of r1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well- definfined mass m of r1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well- definfined mass m of r1
+which absorbs a different amount of IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which absorbs a different amount of IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which absorbs a different amount of IR
+fluctuations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a shell out to R1 instead of just out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shell out to R1 instead of just out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shell out to R1 instead of just out to
+L R R0 if you like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you're absorbing those fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're absorbing those fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're absorbing those fluctuations
+together with them pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with them pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with them pole
+to get something well defined and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get something well defined and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get something well defined and how
+much you absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you absorb
+related to this cutoff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this cutoff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this cutoff.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so we could do that integral at whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could do that integral at whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could do that integral at whatever
+order we decide. Let's just do it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order we decide. Let's just do it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order we decide. Let's just do it at
+leading log.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So at leading log,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So at leading log,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So at leading log,
+we take this guy and we just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take this guy and we just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take this guy and we just take the
+first term, some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term, some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term, some constant
+alpha over 4 pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha over 4 pi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha over 4 pi.
+And so gamma r of t switching variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+becomes that constant over 2 beta kn if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes that constant over 2 beta kn if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes that constant over 2 beta kn if
+we keep all the factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep all the factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep all the factors
+and then a 1 / t alpha becomes 1 / t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a 1 / t alpha becomes 1 / t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a 1 / t alpha becomes 1 / t.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if we're at leading log, we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we're at leading log, we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we're at leading log, we should
+think about having the leading log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about having the leading log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about having the leading log
+lambda QCD. So that's what the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda QCD. So that's what the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda QCD. So that's what the zero
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+for this factor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this factor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this factor.
+And the integral we'd have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the integral we'd have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the integral we'd have to do
+would be this one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this one.
+eus t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eus t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eus t.
+So you see that t=0 is where there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see that t=0 is where there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see that t=0 is where there could
+be a problem. But away from t equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a problem. But away from t equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a problem. But away from t equals z
+there's no problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do that integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that integral
+gives you an incomplete gamma function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an incomplete gamma function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an incomplete gamma function.
+That's just a way of saying that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just a way of saying that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just a way of saying that there's
+this special function that's defined to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this special function that's defined to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this special function that's defined to
+be that integral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mathematican was all about it. It's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematican was all about it. It's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematican was all about it. It's very
+useful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And actually the incomplete gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And actually the incomplete gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And actually the incomplete gamma
+function is an example of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is an example of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is an example of a function
+that has an asmtoic expansion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an asmtoic expansion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an asmtoic expansion.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+if we look at what happens if I expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at what happens if I expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at what happens if I expand
+this incomplete gamma function in alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incomplete gamma function in alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incomplete gamma function in alpha
+t remember is one over alpha. I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t remember is one over alpha. I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t remember is one over alpha. I can
+expand about alpha. Then it has a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand about alpha. Then it has a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand about alpha. Then it has a series
+that has factorial growth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Just write that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just write that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So expanding about alpha equals 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So expanding about alpha equals 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So expanding about alpha equals 0 is
+expanding about t equals infinity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the gamma function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the gamma function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the gamma function
+actually is in has an asmtoic expansion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is in has an asmtoic expansion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is in has an asmtoic expansion.
+And if you just work it out,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plug it into Mathematica, say Taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug it into Mathematica, say Taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug it into Mathematica, say Taylor
+series, look at the terms,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you exactly see this 2 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you exactly see this 2 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you exactly see this 2 to the n
+factorial, which is a u equals a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial, which is a u equals a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial, which is a u equals a half
+per normal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so what's happening is when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so what's happening is when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so what's happening is when you take
+the two the difference of two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two the difference of two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two the difference of two of these
+gamas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamas
+you're converting this asmtoic series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're converting this asmtoic series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're converting this asmtoic series.
+If you take the difference of two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you take the difference of two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you take the difference of two of
+these asmtoic series you're converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these asmtoic series you're converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these asmtoic series you're converting
+it into a convergent series. And we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a convergent series. And we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a convergent series. And we'll
+talk a little bit more about that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit more about that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit more about that next
+time but I'll stop there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but I'll stop there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but I'll stop there.
+So we can see from this reormalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can see from this reormalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can see from this reormalization
+group we can see again the reormalon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group we can see again the reormalon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group we can see again the reormalon and
+we can see in what way it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see in what way it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see in what way it's sort of
+solved by thinking about making it shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved by thinking about making it shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved by thinking about making it shift
+from here to here because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here because it's the
+difference of these two gamas not one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of these two gamas not one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of these two gamas not one of
+them individually.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them individually.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them individually.
+So we can use reormalization group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can use reormalization group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can use reormalization group
+techniques to think about these normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to think about these normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to think about these normal
+on effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on effects
+and we'll talk a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk a little bit more about
+that next time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series.
+The difference of these is convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The difference of these is convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The difference of these is convergent
+series. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. Yeah.
+Well, I'll I'll write that down next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I'll I'll write that down next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I'll I'll write that down next
+time and show you it.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xMWcIb6XGVA.txt b/xMWcIb6XGVA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a573b9801957139e23a1f8427b8a9aa9d69cc967
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xMWcIb6XGVA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3057 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hello.
+
+Welcome.
+
+Today we're going to talk about
+one last new topic which
+
+has to do with search.
+
+So as you remember, we're
+working on our last topic.
+
+The last topic was probability
+and planning.
+
+Last lecture we talked
+about probability.
+
+Mostly we focused on Bayes'
+theorem, Bayes' rule.
+
+That was a way of updating our
+belief about some situation
+
+based on new information.
+
+And this week in Design Lab 12,
+you'll get a chance to use
+
+that in a robot application.
+
+The idea to Design Lab 12 is
+going to be that a robot is
+
+pedaling along a corridor
+with some
+
+obstacles off to its left.
+
+And the idea will be, you don't
+know where the robot is,
+
+but the robot will be able to
+estimate where it is by the
+
+signals that it receives from
+its left-facing sonars.
+
+So this is a very realistic
+type of
+
+state-estimation problem.
+
+The idea is going to be that at
+any given time, t, you have
+
+access to your previous belief
+at time t minus 1.
+
+And you have access to a new
+observation, which is the
+
+sonar to your left.
+
+And based on those two bits of
+information, you will update
+
+your belief.
+
+Which means that when you start
+out you'll have no idea
+
+where you are, but that
+situation should
+
+improve with time.
+
+Ok.
+
+So that's what we're going
+to do in Design Lab 12.
+
+Today we're going to blast
+ahead and think about the
+
+other important topic,
+which is search.
+
+So we're going to think
+about planning.
+
+We're going to be
+planning ahead.
+
+We're not going to just
+react to the situation
+
+that's given to us.
+
+We're going to try to figure out
+what's the right thing to
+
+do in the future.
+
+And to do that, we're going to
+think about all the things we
+
+could possibly do, search
+through that space, and figure
+
+out the one that's, quote,
+"best." And we'll have to
+
+define "best" somehow.
+
+Just to get going, I want to
+show you a very simple kind of
+
+a search problem.
+
+This is called the
+eight puzzle.
+
+The idea is to make a plan to
+go from this configuration,
+
+which we'll call the state, to
+this configuration, which
+
+we'll call the goal state.
+
+And on each move, you get to
+move one of the tiles into the
+
+free space.
+
+So I could move the 8 to the
+right or the 6 down.
+
+Those are the only two things I
+could do in the start state.
+
+So I have to make up my
+mind which of those I
+
+would like to do.
+
+And I would like to believe
+that ultimately, after a
+
+series of moves, I'm going to be
+able to control this state
+
+into that state.
+
+And you can imagine guessing.
+
+And we'll estimate in a moment
+how big is the guess space.
+
+I mean, if the guess space only
+had like four elements in
+
+it, guessing's a
+fine strategy.
+
+If the guess space has a lot
+more elements than that,
+
+guessing's probably
+not a good idea.
+
+So I previously ran our search
+algorithms, the ones that
+
+we'll develop during lecture,
+on this problem.
+
+And here's the solution
+that our search
+
+algorithm came up with.
+
+It's not exactly what you might
+do the first time you
+
+touched it.
+
+OK, I made it.
+
+If you were counting,
+I made 22 moves.
+
+The question is, how difficult
+was that problem and how good
+
+was that solution?
+
+Was that a good solution
+or a bad solution?
+
+Is there a better solution?
+
+How much work did I have
+to do in order to
+
+calculate that solution?
+
+To get a handle on that,
+let's start by
+
+asking a simple question.
+
+How many configurations
+are there?
+
+I got there in 22.
+
+What was the space of things
+I had to look through?
+
+How many different board
+configurations exist?
+
+So think about that
+for 20 seconds.
+
+Talk to your neighbor.
+
+And figure out whether it
+is 8-squared, 9-squared,
+
+8-factorial, 9-factorial,
+or none of those.
+
+So how many bar configurations
+do you see?
+
+Raise your hand, show me a
+number of fingers, so I can
+
+figure out roughly how people
+were-- that's excellent.
+
+Very good participation, and
+nearly 100% correct.
+
+The answer is number (4).
+
+You can think about this.
+
+What if you took all the tiles
+out and threw them on the
+
+floor, and then put them
+in one at a time?
+
+Well, you would have 9
+possibilities for where you
+
+wanted to put the first one.
+
+Then you would have 8
+possibilities for where you
+
+wanted to put the second one.
+
+Then you'd have 7 possibilities
+for where you
+
+put the third one, et
+cetera, et cetera.
+
+Even though the space doesn't
+have a number on it, it still
+
+sort of counts.
+
+And so you end up with
+9-factorial.
+
+And the point is, 9-factorial
+is a big number.
+
+9-factorial is 362880.
+
+So if you thought about simply
+guessing, that's probably not
+
+going to work all that
+well, right?
+
+Even if you guessed,
+you have on each--
+
+there's a third of a million
+different configurations that
+
+you have to look at.
+
+And that's if you didn't
+lose track of things.
+
+If you lost track of--
+
+Oh, my.
+
+It's coming up--
+
+almost, anyway.
+
+It looks like it's chopped
+off at the top.
+
+So ignore that for now.
+
+Look over here.
+
+So even if you didn't confuse
+yourself, there's a space of a
+
+third of a million things
+to look at.
+
+And if you confused yourself,
+there's even more.
+
+So it's not a huge problem by
+computer science standards.
+
+But it's certainly not
+a trivial problem.
+
+It's not something that you can
+just guess and get right.
+
+So what we want to do today is
+figure out an algorithm for
+
+conducting a search like that.
+
+We'd like to figure out the
+algorithm, analyze how well it
+
+works, optimize it, and try to
+find out a way to find the
+
+best solution, where "best" for
+this particular problem
+
+would mean minimum
+path length.
+
+So figure out the best solution
+by considering as few
+
+cases as possible.
+
+Obviously, if you enumerate
+all the
+
+cases, that should work.
+
+The problem is, it will be
+interesting to solve problems
+
+where that enumeration
+is quite large.
+
+Even here, the enumeration
+is quite large.
+
+So let's think about
+the algorithm.
+
+And I'll think about the
+algorithm by way of an even
+
+simpler, more finite problem.
+
+What if I thought about a grid
+of possible locations
+
+where I could be.
+
+Maybe this is the intersections
+
+of streets in Manhattan.
+
+I want to go from point A
+to point I. What's the
+
+minimum-distance path?
+
+I hope you probably can
+all figure that out.
+
+What I want to do is write
+an algorithm that
+
+can figure that out.
+
+And then if we write the
+algorithm well, we'll be able
+
+to use it for the tile problem,
+which is not quite so
+
+easy to do.
+
+The way we're going to think
+about doing that is to
+
+organize all of our possible
+paths through
+
+that maze, in a tree.
+
+So if I started at A, I have
+a decision to make.
+
+I could either go to B or D.
+
+Then if I went to, say, B, I
+could either then go to A or C
+
+or E. I've organized them
+alphabetically for no
+
+particularly good reason.
+
+Just--
+
+I needed some order.
+
+Then if I went from A to B to A,
+say, then I could either go
+
+from A to B or D. That's
+illustrated here.
+
+So the idea then--
+ah, it works.
+
+So now it looks like they're
+all three working.
+
+So the idea is, think about
+the original problem.
+
+The original problem is
+find the shortest path
+
+through some grid.
+
+I want to go from A to I. And
+I'll think about all the
+
+possible paths on a tree.
+
+Then the problem is that for
+the kinds of problems we're
+
+going to look at, that tree
+could be infinite in length.
+
+Oh, that's a bummer.
+
+That means that the strategy of
+building the tree and then
+
+searching it is probably
+not a good strategy.
+
+So what we'll do instead is,
+we'll try to write the
+
+algorithm in such a way that
+we construct the tree and
+
+search for the best solution
+all in one pass.
+
+Then hopefully, if we find a
+solution in some finite number
+
+of steps, we'll only have
+built part of the tree.
+
+But we'll have built the part
+that has the answer.
+
+The idea, then, is going to be,
+think about what is the
+
+path we want to take, by
+thinking about the tree of all
+
+possible paths.
+
+But what we want to do is write
+code that will construct
+
+the tree on the fly, while it's
+considering how good were
+
+all the different nodes.
+
+Ok.
+
+So how are we going
+to do that?
+
+We'll be working in Python,
+not surprisingly.
+
+We'll represent all the
+possible locations.
+
+We'll call those states.
+
+So the problem will have states
+A, B, C, D, and we'll
+
+just represent those
+by strings.
+
+That makes it flexible.
+
+That makes it arbitrary.
+
+Then we'll think about
+transitions, not by
+
+enumerating them.
+
+Remember, we don't want to
+enumerate them, because there
+
+could be infinitely
+many of them.
+
+So how's the other way
+we could do it?
+
+Well, we'll embody that
+information in a program.
+
+We'll write a procedure called
+"successor" that will, given
+
+the current state and action,
+figure out the next state.
+
+So that's a way that we can
+incrementally build the tree.
+
+So imagine here, if I started
+in A and I executed action 0
+
+or 1, I would end up in
+B or D, respectively.
+
+So I tell you the current state
+and the current action,
+
+and the successor program
+then will return
+
+to you the new state.
+
+That's all we need to construct
+the tree on the fly.
+
+Then, to specify the particular
+problem with
+
+interest, I have to tell
+you where you start.
+
+So I have to define
+initial state.
+
+And I have to tell
+you where to end.
+
+I could just tell you
+the final state.
+
+But in some of the problems of
+the type that we will want to
+
+do, there could be multiple
+acceptable answers.
+
+So I don't want to just give
+you the final state.
+
+I'll give you a test.
+
+I'll give you another procedure,
+called "goalTest."
+
+And that goal test, when passed
+an input which is a
+
+state, will tell you whether or
+not you reached the goal.
+
+That way, for example, all the
+even-numbered squares could
+
+satisfy the goal, if that were
+the problem of interest.
+
+Or all the states on the right
+could satisfy the goal.
+
+It's just a little bit
+more flexible.
+
+The idea, then, is that in order
+to represent that tree,
+
+we'll do it by specifying a
+procedure called successor and
+
+specifying the start state
+and the goal test.
+
+So here's how I might set that
+up for the simple Manhattan
+
+problem that I showed--
+that I started with.
+
+So I want ultimately to have
+something called successor
+
+that eats a state
+and an action.
+
+I've built the structure of
+Manhattan into a dictionary.
+
+The dictionary lists
+for every state--
+
+A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I--
+
+for every state, it associates
+that state with a list of
+
+possible next states.
+
+So if I'm in A, I could next be
+in B or D. I could next be
+
+in B or D.
+
+I've organized these arbitrarily
+in alphabetical
+
+order so I can remember
+what's going on.
+
+So the next states are all
+in alphabetical order.
+
+The number of next states
+depends on the state.
+
+I'm not going to worry
+about that too much.
+
+I'm just going to specify the
+action as an integer--
+
+0,1,2,3 --
+
+however many I need.
+
+So the possible actions are
+taken from that list.
+
+The possible action might be
+do action 0, do action
+
+1, do action 2.
+
+So if I did action 2 starting
+on state E, I would go to--
+
+so action started at 0 --
+
+so 0, 1, 2 --
+
+I would go to state F. OK?
+
+Is that all clear?
+
+The initial state is A, and the
+goal state is, return S
+
+equal to I. So if S is equal
+to I, it returns True.
+
+If S is not equal to I,
+it returns False.
+
+I'm not quite done.
+
+That's enough to completely
+specify the tree, but now I
+
+have to build the
+tree in Python.
+
+Not surprisingly, from our
+object-oriented past, we will
+
+use an object-oriented
+representation for that tree.
+
+So we'll specify every node in
+the tree as an instance of the
+
+class SearchNode.
+
+SearchNode is trivial.
+
+SearchNode simply knows,
+what was the
+
+action that got me here?
+
+Who's my parent?
+
+And what's my current state?
+
+So when you make a new node,
+you have to tell the
+
+constructor those
+three things.
+
+What was the action
+that got me here?
+
+What's my current state?
+
+And who is my parent?
+
+Knowing the node, you're
+supposed to know the entire
+
+path that got you here.
+
+So we'll also add a method
+which reports the path.
+
+So if I happen to be in node
+E, my path ought to be I
+
+started in A, I took action 0
+and got to B, and then I took
+
+action 2 and got to E.
+This subroutine is
+
+intended to do that.
+
+If my parent is "none," which
+will happen for the initial
+
+state, simply report that the
+path to me is none, A.
+
+However, if I'm anybody other
+than the initial node, if I'm
+
+other than the initial node,
+then figure out the
+
+description of the path to my
+parent, and add the action
+
+that got me here,
+and my state.
+
+So that's what this is.
+
+OK, so what are we doing?
+
+We specify a problem by telling
+you the successor
+
+function, the start state,
+and the goal test.
+
+Then we provide a class by which
+you can build nodes to
+
+construct, on the fly,
+the search tree.
+
+Now we're ready to write
+the algorithm.
+
+Here's the pseudocode
+for the algorithm.
+
+What do we do?
+
+We initialize--
+
+so we're going to be
+doing a s-- oh,
+
+this is very confusing.
+
+I'm trying to solve
+a search problem.
+
+To solve the search problem,
+I'm going to
+
+search through the tree.
+
+So I'm going to think about the
+state of my search through
+
+the tree by way of something
+we'll call the agenda.
+
+Very jargon-y word.
+
+I completely apologize for it.
+
+I didn't invent it.
+
+It's what everybody calls it.
+
+Sorry.
+
+The agenda is the set
+of nodes that I'm
+
+currently thinking about.
+
+So I'll initialize that to
+contain the starting node.
+
+Then I'll just systematically
+keep repeating the same thing
+
+over and over again.
+
+Take one of the nodes out of
+the agenda, think about it,
+
+replace that node
+by its children.
+
+While I'm doing that, two things
+are supposed to happen.
+
+I'm supposed to construct
+the search tree.
+
+But I'm also going to be looking
+over my shoulder to
+
+see if I just constructed a
+child who is the answer.
+
+Because if I just constructed
+the answer, I'm done.
+
+Ok.
+
+So initialize the agenda
+to contain just
+
+the starting node.
+
+Then repeat the following
+steps.
+
+Remove one node from
+the agenda.
+
+Add that node's children
+to the agenda.
+
+And keep going until one
+of two things happens.
+
+Either you found it--
+
+goal test returned True--
+
+or the agenda got empty,
+in which case there
+
+must not be a solution.
+
+If I've removed all of my
+options and still haven't
+
+found anything, then there's
+no solution.
+
+Ok.
+
+So what's the program
+look like?
+
+It's actually remarkably simple,
+especially when you
+
+think about just how hard
+the problem is.
+
+Imagine if you wanted to do that
+tiles problem with a very
+
+simple-minded "if this then
+this, if this then this."
+
+We're talking about a third
+of a million ifs, right?
+
+That's probably not the
+right way to do it.
+
+This program is going to end
+up being about this long.
+
+It'll fit on this page.
+
+And it's going to be able to
+handle that case, or even
+
+harder cases.
+
+Define the search procedure.
+
+The search procedure is
+something that's going to take
+
+the initial state, the goal
+test, the possible actions,
+
+and the successor sub routine,
+the successor procedure.
+
+That's everything you need
+to specify the problem.
+
+And it's going to return
+to me the optimal path.
+
+First, step (1).
+
+Initialize the agenda to
+contain the start node.
+
+I want to put the
+start node in.
+
+Well, there's a chance--
+
+I want this procedure to
+be general purpose--
+
+there's a chance that that
+start node is the answer.
+
+So take care of that first.
+
+If you're already there,
+return the answer.
+
+The path to the answer is me.
+
+I'm trying to create
+the agenda.
+
+I'm trying to put the first
+node into the agenda.
+
+There's a chance that first
+node is the answer.
+
+If that first node's the answer,
+return the path to me.
+
+Which is, take no action.
+
+You're here.
+
+But that's not likely to be
+the case for the kinds of
+
+questions we ask, in which case
+we will create a list
+
+that contains one node, which
+is the node that represents
+
+the start node.
+
+Then, repeat 'remove
+a node' -- which
+
+we'll call the parent--
+
+from the agenda.
+
+And substitute --
+
+replace that node that we pulled
+out of the agenda --
+
+replace that with
+the children.
+
+While not empty of agenda--
+
+empty is some kind of a
+pseudo-routine that I'm going
+
+to fill in, in a minute--
+
+while the agenda is not empty,
+get an element out of the
+
+agenda, which we'll
+call the parent.
+
+Then I want to think about
+all the children.
+
+Well, there's a list of
+possible actions.
+
+So for a in actions, do
+the following things.
+
+Each parent can have multiple
+children, one for every
+
+possible action.
+
+So for a in action, figure out
+what would be the new state.
+
+The new state is just the
+successor of the parent state.
+
+Remember, the parent
+is a node, right?
+
+The parent is a node.
+
+We're constructing nodes
+in the search tree.
+
+But nodes know their state.
+
+So figure out the new state,
+which is the successor of my
+
+parent, the guy that I pulled
+out of the agenda.
+
+Make a new node, which
+corresponds to this child.
+
+Then ask the question,
+did the new state
+
+satisfy the goal test?
+
+If it did, the answer is the
+path to the new node.
+
+Ok.
+
+So create a new state, which is
+the successor of the parent
+
+under the given action
+A. Create a new node.
+
+See if it's the end.
+
+If it is, just return,
+I'm done.
+
+Return from search.
+
+Otherwise, add it-- again, one
+of these pseudo-procedures.
+
+We'll fill that in,
+in a minute--
+
+add the new node into
+the agenda.
+
+There's several things
+that could happen
+
+when I run this loop.
+
+If the node has no children, I
+will take out the parent and
+
+not put anything back in.
+
+If the node has multiple
+children, I could take out one
+
+node and put in more nodes than
+I took out, so the agenda
+
+could get longer.
+
+So the agenda could either
+increase in length or decrease
+
+in length as a result of
+spinning around this loop.
+
+Also, we could either identify
+a goal or fail
+
+to identify a goal.
+
+So as it's increasing and
+decreasing, we either will or
+
+won't find an answer.
+
+Ok.
+
+Now the trick--
+
+the only thing that makes
+this complicated--
+
+is that order matters.
+
+So those pseudo-operations,
+whatever they were--
+
+get element and add--
+
+exactly how I get element and
+exactly how I add it to the
+
+agenda affects the way
+I conduct the search.
+
+Let's think of something
+very simple.
+
+Let's always remove the first
+node from the agenda and
+
+replace it by its children.
+
+So pull out the first node.
+
+And put back into the beginning
+of the agenda the
+
+children of the first node.
+
+How?
+
+I would start out in step (0).
+
+I would put the start node
+into the agenda.
+
+So now there's one element in
+the agenda, the start node.
+
+Then, on the first pass
+through the loop, I
+
+would pull out that.
+
+That's the first node
+in the agenda.
+
+There's only one node
+in the agenda.
+
+That is the first one.
+
+Pull out the first one and
+replace it by its children.
+
+Its children are AB and AD.
+
+I'm representing the nodes in
+this notation by the path,
+
+because the same state
+can appear multiple
+
+times in the tree.
+
+Notice that I could
+walk ABAB --
+
+which would correspond to
+the same state being
+
+repeated in the tree.
+
+So I can't, when I'm writing
+it down here, represent the
+
+node by a state.
+
+But I can represent
+a node by a path.
+
+So on the first pass through the
+loop, pull out the first
+
+item in the agenda, which
+is A, and push
+
+back that A's children.
+
+Well A's children
+are AB and AD.
+
+Ok.
+
+So now on the second pass, the
+rule is pull out the first guy
+
+and replace it by
+the children.
+
+Now the first guy is AB.
+
+So I'm here.
+
+So pull that guy out and replace
+him by his children.
+
+His children are ABA,
+ABC, and ABE.
+
+AD is left over.
+
+The number of elements in
+the agenda got bigger.
+
+Next step, pull out the first
+item in the agenda, replace it
+
+by its children.
+
+The first item in the
+agenda is ABA.
+
+The children of ABA
+are ABAB and ABAD.
+
+Ok.
+
+Notice the structure
+of what's going on.
+
+Ignore the stuff on the bottom,
+and just watch the
+
+picture on the top.
+
+So I start by putting A in the
+agenda, then its children,
+
+then its children, then
+its children.
+
+So when I implemented
+the algorithm--
+
+take out the first and replace
+it by its children--
+
+I'm searching along
+the depth first.
+
+I'm going deeper and deeper into
+the tree without fully
+
+exploring all the horizontal
+spaces.
+
+So I'm tracing a line
+down that way.
+
+If you imagine this tree--
+
+I've only represented the first
+three layers of nodes
+
+here-- this tree goes
+on forever.
+
+It's an infinite tree, because
+you can walk around in that
+
+Manhattan grid forever.
+
+There's no limit to how long
+you can walk around.
+
+So although I'm only listing the
+first three, the tree, in
+
+principle, goes on forever.
+
+And this algorithm will have
+the feature that it walks
+
+along the left edge.
+
+We call that depth-first search
+because we're exploring
+
+depth first, as opposed
+to breadth.
+
+That results because
+of our rule.
+
+The rule was, replace the first
+node by its children.
+
+Let's think about a
+different rule.
+
+Let's replace the last
+node by its children.
+
+We start by initializing the
+agenda to the node that
+
+represents the start state.
+
+So that's the path A.
+Then pull out the
+
+last node in the agenda--
+
+that's A--
+
+and replace it by
+its children.
+
+Its children are still AB and
+AD, just like before.
+
+Now the answer differs from
+the previous answer.
+
+Because when I pull out the last
+node, I'm pulling out AD
+
+now, instead.
+
+And now I replace AD by
+its children, which
+
+are ADA, ADE, ADG.
+
+Repeat, and what I've got is
+a different, but still
+
+depth-first search.
+
+So I've looked at two different
+orderings--
+
+pull out the first node from the
+agenda and replace it by
+
+children, pull out
+the last node and
+
+replace it by its children.
+
+Both of those algorithms give an
+exploration of the decision
+
+tree searching out
+depth first.
+
+So it's going to try to
+exhaustively go through the
+
+entire depth before it tries
+to explore the width.
+
+As an alternative, think
+about a slightly
+
+more complicated rule.
+
+Remove the first element from
+the agenda and add its
+
+children to the end
+of the agenda.
+
+So initialize it with the start
+state, A. Pull out the
+
+first element from the
+agenda-- that's A--
+
+and replace it by its children,
+which is AB, AD.
+
+Now pull out the first guy--
+
+the first guy is AB--
+
+and put its children
+at the end.
+
+It's children are
+ABA, ABC, ABE--
+
+ABA, ABC, ABE--
+
+and they are now
+put at the end.
+
+So that on the next step, I'll
+pick up AD-- the guy at the
+
+beginning--
+
+and put AD's children
+at the end.
+
+et cetera, et cetera, et
+cetera, et cetera,
+
+et cetera, et cetera.
+
+The idea being-- and now, pay no
+attention to the bottom for
+
+a moment and just think
+about the pattern that
+
+you see at the top.
+
+In this order, where we remove
+the first node and put its
+
+children at the end of the
+agenda, has the effect of
+
+exploring breadth first.
+
+So we call that a
+breadth-first.
+
+so the idea is, we got this
+generic set of tools that let
+
+us construct search trees.
+
+But the order by which we
+manipulate the agenda plays a
+
+critical role in how the
+search is conducted.
+
+And the two that epitomize the
+two extreme cases are, what
+
+would happen if I replace the
+last node by its children?
+
+Or what would happen if I remove
+the first node and put
+
+its children's at the end?
+
+Those two structures
+have names because
+
+they happen so often.
+
+We'll call the first
+one a stack and the
+
+second one a queue.
+
+The stack-based is going
+to give us depth first.
+
+The queue-based is going to
+give us breadth first.
+
+So, stack.
+
+How do you think
+about a stack?
+
+You think about a stack by
+saying, OK, I've got a stack.
+
+A stack is like a
+stack of dishes.
+
+So here's my table, and I'm
+going to rack my dishes up.
+
+I'm going to put them
+on a stack.
+
+So I make a stack.
+
+OK, I made the stack--
+
+push a 1, push a 9, push a 3.
+
+Push a 1, push a 9, push a 3.
+
+That's how I do a stack.
+
+Then pop.
+
+When I pop, the 3 comes out.
+
+Then pop, then the
+9 comes out.
+
+Then push a minus 2.
+
+Then pop.
+
+Now the minus 2 comes out.
+
+OK?
+
+It's stack-based.
+
+So the last in becomes
+the first out.
+
+That was the rule that we
+wanted to have for the
+
+depth-first search.
+
+It's very easy to
+implement this.
+
+We can implement it as a list.
+
+All we need to do is be careful
+about how we implement
+
+the push and pop operators.
+
+So if we set up the push
+operator to simply append to
+
+the end, and then pop ordinarily
+pops from the end,
+
+we'll get the behavior
+of a stack.
+
+That gives me, then, the rules
+that I would want to use for
+
+those procedures, the
+get element an add.
+
+I will use these stack-based
+operators.
+
+The other alternative
+is a queue.
+
+A queue is different.
+
+A queue is like when you're
+waiting in line
+
+at the Stop & Shop.
+
+The queue is, I've got this
+queue here and I've got the
+
+server over here.
+
+The first person who comes
+into the queue--
+
+so say I push one.
+
+So now 1 goes into the queue.
+
+Then another person walks
+up while he's--
+
+the second person lines up
+behind the first person.
+
+Then I push a 3.
+
+But the way the queue works is
+that when I pop the next
+
+person off the queue, I take
+the head of the line.
+
+So the 1 comes out.
+
+If I pop again, the
+9 comes out.
+
+If I then push a minus 2 and
+pop, then the next person in
+
+the queue comes out.
+
+And it's like that.
+
+It's queue based versus
+stack based.
+
+And the queue based is the one
+that we want to do for a
+
+breadth-first organization.
+
+And the implementation of a
+queue is very trivially
+
+different from the
+implementation for a stack.
+
+The only difference is that I'll
+manipulate the list by
+
+popping off from the
+head of the queue.
+
+So pop takes an optional
+argument, which when
+
+0, tells you the--
+
+the argument tells you
+which element to pop.
+
+So when you specify the zero-th
+one, it takes it from
+
+the head of the queue.
+
+That makes it very easy now to
+replace the pseudo-procedures
+
+with real procedures.
+
+If I wanted to implement a
+depth-first search, I would
+
+replace the "create a list that
+contains the agenda" with
+
+"create a stack that will
+contain the agenda." So create
+
+a new stack, the agenda
+is a stack.
+
+And then rather than simply
+sticking the node--
+
+the start node--
+
+into a list, I will push
+it into the stack.
+
+So agenda is a stack.
+
+Agenda.push, the initial node.
+
+And then every time I want to
+get a new element out, I'll
+
+agenda.pop it.
+
+And every time I want to put
+something into it, I'll
+
+agenda.push it.
+
+Other than that, it looks just
+the same as the pseudocode
+
+that I showed earlier.
+
+So there is an implementation,
+then, for
+
+a depth-first search.
+
+If I wanted instead to do
+breadth, it's trivial.
+
+Change the word "stack" to the
+word "queue." Now create an
+
+agenda that is a queue, but
+queues have the same
+
+operations--
+
+push and pop and empty--
+
+that stacks have.
+
+So nothing else in the
+program changed.
+
+All I needed to do is change
+the structure of the thing
+
+that's holding the agenda.
+
+Everything else just follows.
+
+Ok.
+
+So that's everything
+we need, right?
+
+Now what I want to do is think
+through examples and think
+
+about the advantages and
+disadvantages of different
+
+kinds of searches.
+
+And I want to go on to the
+second step that I raised in
+
+the first slide.
+
+I want to think about, how
+do I optimize the search?
+
+As I said, even that simple
+little tile problem, even the
+
+eight puzzle--
+
+eight sounds easy, right?
+
+Even the eight puzzle
+had a third of a
+
+million different states.
+
+I don't necessarily want to
+look through all of them.
+
+I want to think now about
+these different search
+
+strategies, and how optimal
+are they relative to each
+
+other, and are there ways
+to improve that?
+
+Now some of you may have noticed
+that all of these
+
+paths don't seem equally good.
+
+So take a minute.
+
+Think about it.
+
+Remember the problem.
+
+The problem was this walk around
+Manhattan problem.
+
+I wanted to go from A to I.
+This was the tree of all
+
+possible paths from A to I.
+What I'd like you to do is
+
+think about whether all of those
+paths are important.
+
+Could we get rid of
+some of them?
+
+So the question is, can I
+throw away some of the
+
+terminal nodes?
+
+Notice that I'm using the word
+"terminal" kind of funny here.
+
+The tree keeps going.
+
+The tree is actually
+infinite in length.
+
+So by "terminal," I just
+mean this row three.
+
+So could I throw away some of
+the nodes in row three?
+
+And in particular, how many of
+them could I throw away?
+
+0, 2, 4, 6, or 8?
+
+or Raise your hand with
+the funny coding.
+
+And the answer is--
+
+come on, come on.
+
+Raise your hands, raise
+your hands.
+
+Blame it on your neighbor.
+
+That's the whole point.
+
+OK, it's 2/3 (5) and 1/3 (4)
+
+How'd you get (5) and (4)?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: When you have that
+[INAUDIBLE] nodes, you may
+
+know that there's
+[? a procedure ?]
+
+[INAUDIBLE] before.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good.
+
+If you're walking around
+Manhattan, and you're trying
+
+to go from A to I, and if you
+spun around in this loop and
+
+came back to A, that would
+probably be a bad path, right?
+
+So revisiting a place you've
+been before is probably a bad
+
+idea, if what your goal was, was
+to get from A to I in the
+
+shortest possible distance.
+
+So that's exactly right.
+
+So I would like to identify
+instances where I go back to
+
+where I started.
+
+So for example, that
+A. That A is bad.
+
+That means I went back
+to the start place.
+
+I'm just starting over.
+
+So if I think about those, I
+can identify by red all the
+
+places where I'm repeating.
+
+So ABA, don't really care
+what happens after that.
+
+ABCB, well, that's B again.
+
+So that's just brain
+dead, right?
+
+So I can actually remove a fair
+amount of the tree by
+
+simply getting rid
+of silliness.
+
+Don't start the path over again,
+where "over" means if
+
+you come to a place you've
+been before,
+
+stop looking there.
+
+That's not the right answer.
+
+And so you can see there
+that I actually
+
+deleted half of the tree.
+
+The number of nodes on the
+third line was 16.
+
+And 8 of them had the property
+that they repeated.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+[? after D. ?]
+
+Are you [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: This B and D. So
+there's no reason to consider
+
+this D, even though the
+D didn't repeat.
+
+AUDIENCE: That would
+be [? AD? ?]
+
+PROFESSOR: ABC,
+
+AUDIENCE: [? That would be E? ?]
+
+PROFESSOR: ABED.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So I didn't, in this
+path, ever hit D before.
+
+AUDIENCE: When it did lead to
+the path there, you'll get the
+
+same one, AD [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: I guess I
+don't understand.
+
+AUDIENCE: What I'm saying is
+that without getting the path
+
+AD, I still get (2)?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So this D seems clearly inferior
+to that D. Yes,
+
+that's absolutely true.
+
+So this is a very simple rule
+for removing things.
+
+You're thinking of a
+more advanced rule.
+
+So if you saw--
+
+if there's a shorter path to a
+particular place, don't look
+
+at the longer path.
+
+You're absolutely right.
+
+So in fact, there might
+be more severe pruning
+
+that you could do.
+
+There might have been
+an answer that was
+
+bigger than 8 --
+
+right?
+
+And so you're absolutely
+right.
+
+Ok.
+
+Let me ignore that for the
+moment and come back to it in
+
+about four slides.
+
+You're absolutely right.
+
+So what we want to do now is
+take that idea of throwing
+
+away silly paths and formalize
+it so that we can put it into
+
+the algorithm.
+
+And we'll think about that
+as pruning rules.
+
+So the first pruning rule
+is the easy one.
+
+Don't consider any path that
+visits the same state twice.
+
+That doesn't pick up your case,
+but it does pick up 8
+
+cases here.
+
+So that's easy to implement.
+
+All we need to do is--
+
+down here where we're thinking
+about whether this is a good
+
+state to add or not--
+
+we just ask, is it
+in the path?
+
+So if the state that I'm about
+to put in the path is already
+
+in the path, don't
+put it there.
+
+If you don't shove
+it back into the
+
+agenda, it'll get forgotten.
+
+So before you shove it into the
+agenda, ask yourself the
+
+question, is it already
+in the path?
+
+And so I do that here.
+
+Keep in mind, I popped out an
+element called the parent.
+
+I'm looking at the children.
+
+The children's state is called
+"new state." So I ask, is new
+
+state in the parent's path?
+
+So parent.inpath of new state.
+
+So that means I have
+to write inpath.
+
+Inpath is easy.
+
+It's especially easy if
+we use recursion.
+
+So inpath says, if my state is
+state, then return True.
+
+I'm in the path.
+
+If that's not true, and I don't
+have a parent, then that
+
+means I'm the start state.
+
+That means it wasn't
+in the path.
+
+And if neither of those
+is true, ask the same
+
+question of my parent.
+
+So that makes it recursive.
+
+So consider two cases
+that could either
+
+make it true or false.
+
+It would be True if I'm
+currently sitting on a node
+
+that happens to be
+the same state.
+
+It would be False if I recursed
+the whole way back to
+
+the start state and hadn't
+found it yet.
+
+So there are two termination
+states--
+
+I landed on a state in the path
+that was the same as new
+
+state, or I ran the whole way
+back to the start state and
+
+didn't find it.
+
+Those two terminate by
+doing returns --
+
+return True or return False.
+
+The other option is that
+I don't know the
+
+answer, ask my parent.
+
+So just recurse on inpath,
+and ask my parent
+
+to do the same thing.
+
+So that's the way I
+can figure out--
+
+I can implement pruning
+rule (1).
+
+Now pruning rule (2) --
+
+if multiple actions lead to
+the same state, only think
+
+about one of them.
+
+That actually doesn't happen on
+the Manhattan grid problem.
+
+Because you can imagine search
+cases where there are three
+
+different things that
+you could do.
+
+In fact, you saw some of those
+when you were coding
+
+the robot last week.
+
+There were multiple ways you
+could end up at the state at
+
+the end of the hall.
+
+You could get there by being
+there and moving left, which
+
+you hit the wall.
+
+Or you could get there by being
+here and moving left.
+
+Both of them left you
+in the same place.
+
+So if you're planning a search,
+you don't need to
+
+distinguish among those, because
+they take the same
+
+amount of steps.
+
+So since they take the same
+amount of steps, we don't need
+
+to search further.
+
+So we can collapse them.
+
+That's called pruning
+rule (2).
+
+That's also easy to implement.
+
+What we do is, we keep track of,
+for every parent, what are
+
+all of its children.
+
+If the parent already has a
+child at that place, throw
+
+away the excess children.
+
+That doesn't sound good.
+
+So keep track of how many
+child states I have.
+
+Make a list.
+
+And if the new state didn't
+satisfy the goal, ask if it's
+
+already in the list
+of children.
+
+If it's already there, pass.
+
+Don't do anything.
+
+Otherwise, do pruning
+rule (1).
+
+And then, before you push it
+into the agenda, also push it
+
+into the list of new children.
+
+That's a way of making sure that
+if there's multiple ways
+
+to get the same state, you
+only keep track of one.
+
+So that's an additional
+pruning rule.
+
+So now let's think about how
+we would implement these.
+
+Let's think about the solution
+to a problem where we want to
+
+apply a depth-first search on
+this Manhattan problem, to get
+
+from A to I. So let's
+think about--
+
+let's go up--
+
+so I want to think about, how do
+I apply depth-first search
+
+to that problem?
+
+So think about the agenda.
+
+So the agenda, I initialized
+it with the node that
+
+corresponds to the start state,
+so that's A. I'm doing
+
+depth first.
+
+What's the rule for
+depth first?
+
+Pop the last guy, replace
+it by his children.
+
+OK, so pop the last guy.
+
+What's the last guy?
+
+The last guy is A. Replace
+it by his children.
+
+What's his children of A?
+
+Well, there's two of
+them, AB and AD.
+
+Ok.
+
+So I'm done with the loop
+for the first level.
+
+So pop the last guy,
+that's AD.
+
+Replace it by his children.
+
+What are the children of AD?
+
+Well, what could D do?
+
+D could go to A or E or G.
+A's brain dead, so I
+
+don't want that one.
+
+So I'll think about E and G.
+
+So ADE, ADG.
+
+By the way, stop me if
+I make a mistake.
+
+It's really embarrassing.
+
+OK, pop the end, ADG.
+
+Who's the possible
+children of ADG?
+
+ADG?
+
+Well, it could go back to
+D, but that's stupid.
+
+So ADGH seems to be
+the only good one.
+
+Pop the last one, ADGH.
+
+And who's his children, ADGH?
+
+ADGH has children E, G, and I.
+But I don't want G, because
+
+that's brain dead.
+
+So ADGH, E or I. And that
+one won, right?
+
+Because I got to A.
+
+Everyone see what I did?
+
+I tried to work out the
+algorithm manually.
+
+So the idea, then, was that--
+
+so how much work I do?
+
+I visited 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
+
+And then I found it.
+
+So I did 7 visits.
+
+And I got the right answer.
+
+So both of those are good--
+
+7 is a small number, and getting
+the right answer.
+
+Both of those are good things.
+
+And in general, if you think
+about the way a depth-first
+
+search works--
+
+here's a transcript of
+what I just did.
+
+This will be posted on
+the online version.
+
+So you can see it, even
+though it's not
+
+handed out to you now.
+
+So you can look this
+up on the web.
+
+So in general, depth-first
+search won't
+
+work for every problem.
+
+It happened to work
+for this problem.
+
+In fact, it happened to be very
+good for this problem.
+
+But it won't work for every
+problem because
+
+it could get stuck.
+
+It could run forever in a
+problem with infinite domain.
+
+This problem has infinite
+domain.
+
+So if I were to choose my
+start and end state
+
+judiciously, I could get it
+stuck in an infinite loop.
+
+That's a property of
+depth-first search.
+
+Even when it finds a path, it
+doesn't necessarily find the
+
+shortest path.
+
+Well, that's a bummer.
+
+But it's very efficient
+in its use of memory.
+
+So it's not a completely
+brain-dead search strategy,
+
+but it's usually brain dead.
+
+So let's think about
+breadth-first search as an
+
+alternative.
+
+Again, all we need do is switch
+the idea of thinking
+
+about stacks versus queues.
+
+Take off the beginning,
+add to the end.
+
+That's the way queues work.
+
+So now let's do the same
+problem with a
+
+breadth-first search.
+
+So I start with the agenda.
+
+I put in A. I pop off the head
+of the queue and stuff the
+
+children at the end.
+
+I pop off the beginning and
+stuff the children AB, AD.
+
+That looks right.
+
+That's the end of path one.
+
+Now I pop off the beginning
+and stick in the children.
+
+What are the children of AB?
+
+Well, AB could go to ACE.
+
+A is brain dead, so ABC--
+
+ABC or ABE.
+
+ABC or ABE, that looks right.
+
+Now pop off this guy, AD, and
+put his children at the end.
+
+That's ADE and ADG.
+
+I don't think I made
+a mistake yet.
+
+Pop off the first guy, ABC.
+
+Stick in his children ABC--
+
+ABC, it could go to B or F.
+Looks like F is the only one
+
+that makes any sense.
+
+ABC, that looks right.
+
+ABE, put his children ABE--
+
+E could go to B-- that's
+brain dead--
+
+D, F, or H. D, F-- wait.
+
+AUDIENCE: AB.
+
+PROFESSOR: AB, thank you.
+
+I'm supposed to be doing ABE
+followed by something, ABE
+
+followed by something.
+
+I don't want B. D is fine,
+F is fine, and H is fine.
+
+D, F, and H. OK so far?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh no,
+it's not right?
+
+OK, what did I do wrong?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just AB.
+
+It's the fourth--
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, here.
+
+That's up here.
+
+Is that [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Thank you.
+
+That would be embarrassing.
+
+OK, next pop off AD--
+
+This is why we have
+computers, right?
+
+We don't normally
+do this by hand.
+
+OK, so ADE--
+
+if I had ADE, I could do B--
+
+that seems OK, D seems bad--
+
+F, or H. So it would look like
+
+B, F, H. OK, ADG.
+
+A, D, G. It looks like
+H is my only option.
+
+ABCF.
+
+A, B, C, F. Looks like I could
+do E or I. Finally.
+
+Now the only question
+is whether I got the
+
+right number of states.
+
+Let's assume I did.
+
+So 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
+10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 --
+
+which happens to be
+the right answer.
+
+At least it happens to be the
+answer I got this morning when
+
+I was at breakfast.
+
+So what did I just do?
+
+I just did a breadth-first
+search.
+
+Here's a transcript.
+
+16 matches, good.
+
+Breadth-first search has a
+different set of properties.
+
+Notice that it took me longer.
+
+But because it's breadth first,
+and because each row
+
+corresponds to an increasing
+path length, it's always
+
+guaranteed to give you
+the shortest answer.
+
+That's good.
+
+So it always gives you
+the shortest answer.
+
+It requires more space.
+
+I mean, you can see that
+just on the chalkboard.
+
+And also it still didn't take
+care of your problem.
+
+So this still seems like
+there's too much work.
+
+I looked at 16 different
+places.
+
+I did 16 visits.
+
+There's just something
+completely wrong about that,
+
+because there's only 9 states.
+
+How could it take more visits
+than there are states?
+
+So that just doesn't
+sound right.
+
+And it's for exactly
+your point.
+
+And so there's another idea
+that we can use, which is
+
+called "dynamic programming."
+The idea in dynamic
+
+programming, the principal is,
+if you think about a path that
+
+goes from x is z through y,
+the best path from x to z
+
+through y is the sum
+of two paths--
+
+the best path from x to y and
+the best path from y to z.
+
+If you think about that, that
+has to be the case.
+
+And if we further assume that
+we're going to do breadth
+
+first, then the first time that
+we see a state is the
+
+best way to get there.
+
+So what we can do then, in order
+to take care of your
+
+case, is keep track of the
+states we've already visited.
+
+If we've already visited a
+state, it appears earlier in
+
+the tree, there's no point in
+thinking about it further.
+
+That's the idea of dynamic
+programming.
+
+And that's also easy
+to implement.
+
+All we need to do is keep track
+of all those places
+
+we've already visited.
+
+So we make a dictionary called
+"visited." So I initialize
+
+before I start looking
+at the children.
+
+I initialize right after
+I set up the initial
+
+contents of the agenda.
+
+I create this dictionary
+called visited.
+
+And every time I visit a new
+state, I put that state in the
+
+visit list.
+
+Then before I add the child to
+the agenda I ask, is the child
+
+already in the visit list?
+
+If the child's already there,
+well forget it.
+
+I don't need him.
+
+Otherwise, just before you push
+the new state, remember
+
+now that that's an element
+that's been visited.
+
+So the idea, then, is that by
+keeping track of who you've
+
+already looked at, you
+can avoid looking--
+
+so if there's a depth-3 way to
+get to D, and a depth-2, then
+
+I don't need to worry about
+the previous ones, because
+
+it's already in the visit list.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Why do we still need
+the new child states up there?
+
+PROFESSOR: Why do we still have
+the new child states?
+
+AUDIENCE: The placement was
+based [? on-- ?] the
+
+[INAUDIBLE] state.
+
+PROFESSOR: I think
+you're right.
+
+I should think about that.
+
+I think you're right.
+
+I think when I was modifying
+the code for the different
+
+places I slipped and could
+have removed that line.
+
+I think you're right.
+
+I'll have to think about it,
+but I think you're right.
+
+So if that line magically
+disappears from the online
+
+version, he's right.
+
+OK, so now one last problem.
+
+I want to see if I can figure
+out what would happen with
+
+dynamic programming.
+
+So I want to do breadth first.
+
+And just as a warning, I'm
+hypoglycemic at this point.
+
+So there may be more
+errors than usual.
+
+So I need to keep track
+of two things.
+
+I need to keep track
+of the visit list.
+
+And I need to keep track
+of the agenda.
+
+So there's two lists I have
+to keep track of.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's start out by saying
+that the agenda
+
+contains the start element.
+
+That's A. That means we visited
+A. It's breadth first,
+
+so I want to take the first guy
+out of the queue and add
+
+his children to the
+end of the queue.
+
+So take the first guy
+out of the queue.
+
+Add his children.
+
+A's children are B and D, which
+means that I've now
+
+visited B and D.
+
+Now I want to take out the first
+guy from the queue, AB,
+
+and I want to put his children
+at the end of the queue.
+
+AB's children are A--
+
+that's been visited, C--
+
+not visited, and E--
+
+not visited.
+
+So ABCE.
+
+But that visits C and E.
+
+Now I want to take out AD and
+put its children at the end.
+
+AD is AEG.
+
+A is visited, E is visited,
+which leaves just G, so ADG .
+
+And that visits G.
+
+Then I want to take out ABC and
+put in its children, A, B,
+
+C. ABC, oh dear.
+
+AB--
+
+I'm looking up there.
+
+I said I'm hypoglycemic.
+
+ABC--
+
+ABC -- could be B or F.
+Well, B's no good.
+
+Which leaves F, but
+that visits F.
+
+So now, ABE.
+
+ABE, so that could be
+B, D, F, H. B--
+
+visited, D--
+
+visited, F--
+
+visited, H--
+
+OK.
+
+That visits H.
+
+Now take out ADG.
+
+Children of ADG--
+
+ADG, two children, D and H. D
+and H, they're both there.
+
+That didn't work.
+
+There are no children of ADG.
+
+ABCF--
+
+ABCF, three children--
+
+C, E, I. C--
+
+visited, E--
+
+visited, I--
+
+done.
+
+Found the right answer.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 --
+
+8 visits.
+
+So I've got the same answer,
+and it's optimal, and I did
+
+fewer than 9 visits.
+
+9 was the number of states.
+
+So this algorithm will always
+have those properties.
+
+So the dynamic programming--
+
+oh, I forgot a slide.
+
+The dynamic programming with
+breadth-first search will
+
+always find the best.
+
+It will never take longer than
+the number of states.
+
+So in this problem that had a
+finite number of states, even
+
+though I had an infinite
+number of paths--
+
+because you can go around
+in circles--
+
+it'll still never take more
+than the number of states.
+
+And all that it requires to
+implement is to maintain two
+
+lists instead of one.
+
+So the point, then, is that
+today we looked at a variety--
+
+we looked at two real different
+kinds of search
+
+algorithms, depth-first search
+and breadth-first search.
+
+And we looked at a number of
+different pruning rules.
+
+Pruning rule (1) -- don't go
+to some place that you've
+
+already visited.
+
+Pruning rule (2) -- if you have
+two children that go to
+
+the same place, only think
+about one of them.
+
+You can consider dynamic
+programming to be a third
+
+pruning rule, because that's
+the effect of it.
+
+And the final announcement,
+don't forget about Wednesday.
+
+Have a good week.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xcwaVWCM9rI.txt b/xcwaVWCM9rI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..48797c3871a3ab1afb27bfc47a965a355093da8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xcwaVWCM9rI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,651 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fields of a circular cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fields of a circular cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fields of a circular cylindrical
+solenoid can be found using the bosar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law if these plain parallel plates were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law if these plain parallel plates were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law if these plain parallel plates were
+of infinite extent and applied volage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infinite extent and applied volage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infinite extent and applied volage
+would give an electric field that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give an electric field that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give an electric field that is
+uniform what this plain parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform what this plain parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform what this plain parallel
+capacitor is to Electric Fields an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor is to Electric Fields an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor is to Electric Fields an
+infinitely long solenoid is to magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely long solenoid is to magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely long solenoid is to magnetic
+fields that is if this solenoid were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that is if this solenoid were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that is if this solenoid were
+infinit long a current in the winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinit long a current in the winding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinit long a current in the winding
+would produce a magnetic field intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would produce a magnetic field intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would produce a magnetic field intensity
+that is essentially uniform inside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is essentially uniform inside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is essentially uniform inside and
+equal to the surface current density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the surface current density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the surface current density
+outside the field would be essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero this solenoid is large enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this solenoid is large enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this solenoid is large enough that
+we can poke around in it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can poke around in it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can poke around in it with a
+magnetometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probe and see how the magnetic field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe and see how the magnetic field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe and see how the magnetic field is
+actually distributed when the length is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually distributed when the length is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually distributed when the length is
+finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this axial hole probe shows us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axial hole probe shows us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axial hole probe shows us the
+magnitude and direction of the field the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and direction of the field the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and direction of the field the
+probe measures the field along its axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe measures the field along its axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe measures the field along its axis
+the lower scope Trace records the probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower scope Trace records the probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower scope Trace records the probe
+output the upper scope Trace shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the upper scope Trace shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the upper scope Trace shows the
+coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil
+current when the probe is oriented this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current when the probe is oriented this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current when the probe is oriented this
+way the axial component of magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the axial component of magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the axial component of magnetic
+field is measured when the probe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is measured when the probe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is measured when the probe is
+oriented this way the radial component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented this way the radial component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented this way the radial component
+of magnetic field is measured let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnetic field is measured let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnetic field is measured let's
+measure the Axiom magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the Axiom magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the Axiom magnetic field
+component along the axis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cylinder on the axis the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder on the axis the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder on the axis the radial
+component is of course zero because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetry well inside the solenoid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry well inside the solenoid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry well inside the solenoid the
+field intensity in the Z Direction tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field intensity in the Z Direction tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field intensity in the Z Direction tends
+to be uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the infinitely long solenoid can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinitely long solenoid can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinitely long solenoid can be
+regarded as the analog for mqs systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarded as the analog for mqs systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarded as the analog for mqs systems
+of the eqs plain parallel plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capacitor let's measure the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor let's measure the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor let's measure the magnetic
+field well inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solenoid we measure about 2.3 gal just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solenoid we measure about 2.3 gal just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solenoid we measure about 2.3 gal just
+inside the winding as compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the winding as compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the winding as compared to the
+prediction of 2 and2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of 2 and2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of 2 and2
+gal let's see what the tangential flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gal let's see what the tangential flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gal let's see what the tangential flux
+density is just outside at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is just outside at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is just outside at the same
+axial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+location just outside the flux density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location just outside the flux density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location just outside the flux density
+Falls by more than a factor of 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls by more than a factor of 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls by more than a factor of 10 to
+0.15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gal just as the capacitor can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gal just as the capacitor can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gal just as the capacitor can be
+constructed to create a uniform electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed to create a uniform electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed to create a uniform electric
+field between the plates with zero field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field between the plates with zero field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field between the plates with zero field
+outside the region bounded by the plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the region bounded by the plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the region bounded by the plates
+so too the long solenoid gives rise to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so too the long solenoid gives rise to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so too the long solenoid gives rise to a
+uniform magnetic field throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform magnetic field throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform magnetic field throughout the
+interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior
+region our solenoid length is finite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region our solenoid length is finite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region our solenoid length is finite so
+the field inside is only approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniform and the exterior field is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and the exterior field is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and the exterior field is only
+approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero another way to demonstrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero another way to demonstrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero another way to demonstrate the
+discontinuity in magnetic field between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity in magnetic field between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity in magnetic field between
+inside outside the solenoid is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside outside the solenoid is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside outside the solenoid is to use
+this transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transverse
+probe this probe measures magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe this probe measures magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe this probe measures magnetic
+fields transverse to its flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields transverse to its flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields transverse to its flat
+surface here for example is the on axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface here for example is the on axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface here for example is the on axis
+field turning the probe by 90° gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field turning the probe by 90° gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field turning the probe by 90° gives a
+zero signal which shows the field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero signal which shows the field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero signal which shows the field is
+purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axial we now place this probe just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axial we now place this probe just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axial we now place this probe just
+outside the solenoid in the orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the solenoid in the orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the solenoid in the orientation
+to measure the small tangential field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the small tangential field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the small tangential field
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+as the probe passes through the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the probe passes through the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the probe passes through the current
+carrying winding the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying winding the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying winding the magnetic field
+abruptly Rises to the interior field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yBCdnNIAiQg.txt b/yBCdnNIAiQg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38c0f1ae330d68c690a5a04a44af30bf9ad70a1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yBCdnNIAiQg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok now if you looked at today's notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok now if you looked at today's notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok now if you looked at today's notes
+you'll notice that they're very long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that they're very long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that they're very long and
+very complicated and and that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated and and that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated and and that's not
+intended to be intimidating it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to be intimidating it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to be intimidating it's it's
+just to show you the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you the power of
+perturbation theory ok so let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory ok so let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory ok so let's say we
+have talked about the two-level problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have talked about the two-level problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have talked about the two-level problem
+the two-level problem is one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two-level problem is one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two-level problem is one that's
+exactly solved it's one of our favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly solved it's one of our favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly solved it's one of our favorite
+exactly solved problems although it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly solved problems although it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly solved problems although it
+doesn't seem to have any physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to have any physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to have any physical
+relevance it's just a nice numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance it's just a nice numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance it's just a nice numerical
+exercise so we can take a two-by-two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise so we can take a two-by-two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise so we can take a two-by-two
+Hamiltonian and exactly diagonalize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and exactly diagonalize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and exactly diagonalize it
+and that's done using a unitary or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's done using a unitary or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's done using a unitary or
+actually in the case that we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the case that we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the case that we looked at
+orthogonal transformation and so the it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal transformation and so the it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal transformation and so the it
+it's a rotation in state space and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a rotation in state space and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a rotation in state space and the
+rotation angle is an explicit function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation angle is an explicit function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation angle is an explicit function
+of the parameters in the Hamiltonian now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parameters in the Hamiltonian now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parameters in the Hamiltonian now
+all good things come to an end we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good things come to an end we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good things come to an end we cannot
+do this for anything more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for anything more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for anything more than a
+two-level problem but we can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level problem but we can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level problem but we can take the
+formalism for the two-level problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism for the two-level problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism for the two-level problem and
+say oh well we can we can describe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh well we can we can describe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh well we can we can describe a
+transformation that diagonalizes the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that diagonalizes the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that diagonalizes the end
+level problem and it has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level problem and it has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level problem and it has the same
+property of being unitary but the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of being unitary but the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of being unitary but the good
+thing about it is it's solved by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about it is it's solved by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about it is it's solved by a
+computer you tell a computer what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you tell a computer what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you tell a computer what the
+Hamiltonian what the operator is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian what the operator is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian what the operator is and
+it'll diagonalize it and not only will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll diagonalize it and not only will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll diagonalize it and not only will
+it diagonalize it but it will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it diagonalize it but it will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it diagonalize it but it will give you
+not the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it gets those eigenvectors by applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets those eigenvectors by applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets those eigenvectors by applying
+the same two-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same two-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same two-level
+unitary transformation many many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary transformation many many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary transformation many many times
+so if you have a sixth level problem or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a sixth level problem or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a sixth level problem or
+a hundred level problem the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred level problem the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred level problem the computer
+just cranks and cranks on each each 2x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cranks and cranks on each each 2x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cranks and cranks on each each 2x2
+and does transformations and it keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does transformations and it keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does transformations and it keeps
+doing that until the off-diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that until the off-diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that until the off-diagonal matrix
+element is small remaining off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is small remaining off diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is small remaining off diagonal
+matrix element is small compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element is small compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element is small compared to the
+difference in energy between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in energy between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in energy between the
+eigenvalues it connects and so you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues it connects and so you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues it connects and so you tell
+it I want this convergence criterion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I want this convergence criterion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I want this convergence criterion to
+be a part in 100 or part in a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a part in 100 or part in a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a part in 100 or part in a million
+and it just does this and does this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just does this and does this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just does this and does this and
+eventually it gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it gives you the
+transformation and the eigenvalues so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and the eigenvalues so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and the eigenvalues so
+that means that it doesn't matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that it doesn't matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that it doesn't matter how
+big the problem is you just have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big the problem is you just have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big the problem is you just have to have
+a computer that's patient or fast and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer that's patient or fast and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer that's patient or fast and it
+will crank out the results now you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will crank out the results now you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will crank out the results now you need
+to need to know how to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need to know how to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need to know how to use the
+transformation the T matrices or the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation the T matrices or the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation the T matrices or the T
+dagger matrix because these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger matrix because these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger matrix because these things
+enable you to solve basically any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable you to solve basically any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable you to solve basically any
+problem in time independent quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in time independent quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in time independent quantum
+mechanics and a lot of problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and a lot of problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and a lot of problems in
+time-dependent quantum mechanics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent quantum mechanics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent quantum mechanics so
+there is another way and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is another way and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is another way and that's going to
+solve an end level problem and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve an end level problem and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve an end level problem and that's
+the subject of this lecture and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject of this lecture and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject of this lecture and the next
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+it's called non degenerate perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called non degenerate perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called non degenerate perturbation
+theory now our goal no well let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory now our goal no well let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory now our goal no well let's just
+ask I'm a spectroscopy what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask I'm a spectroscopy what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask I'm a spectroscopy what do
+spectroscopy is do now there's a silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy is do now there's a silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy is do now there's a silly
+stupid answer to that I want something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid answer to that I want something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid answer to that I want something a
+little more profound yes yeah we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more profound yes yeah we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more profound yes yeah we take
+spectra we record spectra we get energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra we record spectra we get energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra we record spectra we get energy
+levels and we get intensity zwi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and we get intensity zwi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and we get intensity zwi
+and all sorts of things we could also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all sorts of things we could also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all sorts of things we could also be
+working in the time domain and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the time domain and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the time domain and we could
+we could be looking at some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could be looking at some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could be looking at some kind of
+quantum beading system or some decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum beading system or some decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum beading system or some decaying
+system we make these measurements but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we make these measurements but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we make these measurements but
+that's not what we do this is not why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what we do this is not why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what we do this is not why we
+do it remember that yes exactly exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it remember that yes exactly exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it remember that yes exactly exactly
+that's that's what's kept me going for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what's kept me going for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what's kept me going for
+my entire career I use the word encoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my entire career I use the word encoded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my entire career I use the word encoded
+rather than buried but I like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than buried but I like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than buried but I like that
+I might start using buried as well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might start using buried as well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might start using buried as well but
+yes we're not allowed to look inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we're not allowed to look inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we're not allowed to look inside of
+small things we're not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small things we're not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small things we're not allowed to
+determine the wavefunction by any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the wavefunction by any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the wavefunction by any
+experiment but we are able to observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but we are able to observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but we are able to observe
+the energy levels and properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy levels and properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy levels and properties of the
+Hamiltonian and we can regard the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and we can regard the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and we can regard the
+Hamiltonian as a fit model a model where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian as a fit model a model where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian as a fit model a model where
+there are adjustable parameters which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are adjustable parameters which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are adjustable parameters which
+are the structural parameters like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the structural parameters like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the structural parameters like the
+the force constants and the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force constants and the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force constants and the reduced
+masses and whatever we need to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and whatever we need to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and whatever we need to to
+describe everything in this problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe everything in this problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe everything in this problem and
+today's lecture is mostly going to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is mostly going to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is mostly going to be on
+the interactions between normal modes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interactions between normal modes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interactions between normal modes of
+a polyatomic molecule now you might ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polyatomic molecule now you might ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polyatomic molecule now you might ask
+why am I doing this rather than talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I doing this rather than talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I doing this rather than talking
+about just an ordinary asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ordinary and harmonic oscillator and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary and harmonic oscillator and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary and harmonic oscillator and the
+reason is I'm going to do that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is I'm going to do that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is I'm going to do that in the
+next lecture and it's in your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture and it's in your problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture and it's in your problem
+sense you're going to do that so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you're going to do that so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you're going to do that so I'm
+going to I'm going to show a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to I'm going to show a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to I'm going to show a little
+higher order of information so we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order of information so we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order of information so we go
+from what we can observe to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we can observe to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we can observe to a
+representation of it which we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of it which we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of it which we call the
+effective Hamiltonian we're in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Hamiltonian we're in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Hamiltonian we're in this
+effective Hamiltonian we have determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Hamiltonian we have determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Hamiltonian we have determined
+the values of all of the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of all of the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of all of the important
+structural parameters and from that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural parameters and from that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural parameters and from that we
+can calculate everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate everything
+everything that we could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we could possibly
+observe including things we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe including things we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe including things we didn't
+observe so that's really powerful it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe so that's really powerful it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe so that's really powerful it's a
+way of taking the totality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of taking the totality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of taking the totality of
+observations that you're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations that you're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations that you're going to make
+and say yes I have looked inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say yes I have looked inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say yes I have looked inside this
+molecule and I've determined everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and I've determined everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and I've determined everything
+that I'm allowed to determine and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm allowed to determine and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm allowed to determine and I can
+calculate the wave function the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the wave function the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the wave function the wave
+function is an experimentally determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is an experimentally determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is an experimentally determined
+wave functions but only indirect this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions but only indirect this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions but only indirect this is
+amazingly powerful and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly powerful and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly powerful and basically
+everybody who deals with spectra is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody who deals with spectra is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody who deals with spectra is
+doing this whether they know it or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this whether they know it or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this whether they know it or not
+and so I want to be able to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I want to be able to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I want to be able to give you the
+tools to be able to take any arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to be able to take any arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to be able to take any arbitrary
+spectrum and extract from it the crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and extract from it the crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and extract from it the crucial
+information ok last lecture we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information ok last lecture we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information ok last lecture we talked
+about a little bit about matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit about matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit about matrix
+mechanics and that involve linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and that involve linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and that involve linear
+algebra and you have a wonderful handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and you have a wonderful handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and you have a wonderful handout
+on linear algebra which will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on linear algebra which will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on linear algebra which will give you
+more than enough to be able to do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than enough to be able to do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than enough to be able to do any
+quantum mechanical problem we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical problem we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical problem we're going
+to be facing in this class and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be facing in this class and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be facing in this class and there's
+notation and the notation is unfamiliar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and the notation is unfamiliar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and the notation is unfamiliar
+and you have to learn how to use it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to learn how to use it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to learn how to use it and
+so we have for example that the analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have for example that the analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have for example that the analogy
+to the Schrodinger equation in matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Schrodinger equation in matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Schrodinger equation in matrix
+language where we have the Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language where we have the Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language where we have the Hamiltonian
+an eigen vector and eigen value in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigen vector and eigen value in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigen vector and eigen value in this
+eigen vector so it's an eigen value or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector so it's an eigen value or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector so it's an eigen value or
+eigen vector equation and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector equation and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector equation and this is the
+form of the Schrodinger equation and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the Schrodinger equation and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the Schrodinger equation and and
+we can pretend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can pretend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can pretend that
+is the real Schrodinger equation and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the real Schrodinger equation and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the real Schrodinger equation and we
+can use the standard approaches but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the standard approaches but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the standard approaches but it's
+useful to work in matrix notation so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to work in matrix notation so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to work in matrix notation so we
+can solve for the energy levels and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve for the energy levels and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve for the energy levels and we
+can solve for basically all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve for basically all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve for basically all of the
+eigenvectors and our friend is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and our friend is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and our friend is this
+unitary transformation where T dagger is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary transformation where T dagger is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary transformation where T dagger is
+equal to T inverse and T times T inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to T inverse and T times T inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to T inverse and T times T inverse
+is equal to this thing 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to this thing 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to this thing 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 or
+the unit matrix I thought I saw a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit matrix I thought I saw a hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit matrix I thought I saw a hand
+up but that was just that was not ok not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but that was just that was not ok not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but that was just that was not ok not
+serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious
+and so the these unitary transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the these unitary transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the these unitary transformations
+have this special convenient property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this special convenient property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this special convenient property
+and we use this these T daggers and T's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we use this these T daggers and T's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we use this these T daggers and T's
+to diagonalize the Hamiltonian now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to diagonalize the Hamiltonian now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to diagonalize the Hamiltonian now this
+is just a little bit of review so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a little bit of review so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a little bit of review so how
+did we derive the thing that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we derive the thing that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we derive the thing that we are
+going to solve well we we took this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to solve well we we took this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to solve well we we took this this
+equation and we inserted one between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we inserted one between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we inserted one between the
+Hamiltonian and the vector and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and the vector and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and the vector and then we
+did this is 1 so we don't need to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this is 1 so we don't need to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this is 1 so we don't need to put it
+over here and then we left multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and then we left multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and then we left multiplied by
+T dagger and we put parentheses around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T dagger and we put parentheses around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T dagger and we put parentheses around
+things ok so this is now what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things ok so this is now what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things ok so this is now what we were
+calling H tilde and this is C tilde and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling H tilde and this is C tilde and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling H tilde and this is C tilde and
+this is now an equation that says ok we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now an equation that says ok we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now an equation that says ok we
+can transform the Hamiltonian into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transform the Hamiltonian into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transform the Hamiltonian into
+diagonal form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal form
+ey en zeroes and when we have this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ey en zeroes and when we have this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ey en zeroes and when we have this in
+diagonal form we we can say well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal form we we can say well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal form we we can say well this
+equation is just p1 cetera so for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is just p1 cetera so for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is just p1 cetera so for any
+value any eigenvalue we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value any eigenvalue we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value any eigenvalue we have an
+eigenvector okay now what we'd really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector okay now what we'd really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector okay now what we'd really
+like to know is well how do we get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know is well how do we get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know is well how do we get these
+eigen vectors from the unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vectors from the unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vectors from the unitary
+transformation that diagonalizes age we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that diagonalizes age we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that diagonalizes age we
+don't calculate this unitary truck yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the one this is the one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one this is the one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one this is the one this is
+one that's a J okay these this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's a J okay these this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's a J okay these this is the
+particular eigen value and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular eigen value and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular eigen value and this is the
+eigenvector in that representation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector in that representation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector in that representation okay
+now it's easy for me to get screwed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's easy for me to get screwed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's easy for me to get screwed up
+and it's easy to for you to to wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's easy to for you to to wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's easy to for you to to wonder
+what the hell am i doing until you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the hell am i doing until you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the hell am i doing until you've
+done it and then it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it and then it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it and then it's completely
+transparent it's really quite simple but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent it's really quite simple but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent it's really quite simple but
+it it's just this extra notation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's just this extra notation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's just this extra notation okay
+and so it's possible to show and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's possible to show and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's possible to show and I don't
+want to do it I did it last time you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it I did it last time you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it I did it last time you can
+show and this is important that the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show and this is important that the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show and this is important that the this
+transformation T dagger C equals C okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation T dagger C equals C okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation T dagger C equals C okay
+the this is telling you that the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is telling you that the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is telling you that the columns
+of t dagger are the eigenvectors they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t dagger are the eigenvectors they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t dagger are the eigenvectors they
+are the linear combination of the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the linear combination of the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the linear combination of the basis
+vectors of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of course
+to each eigenvector and you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each eigenvector and you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each eigenvector and you can you can
+look at this in more detail in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this in more detail in the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this in more detail in the notes
+and now this is great because mostly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this is great because mostly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this is great because mostly you
+want to know what the eigenvectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what the eigenvectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what the eigenvectors are
+for a particular eigenvalue but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular eigenvalue but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular eigenvalue but
+sometimes when you're doing dynamics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when you're doing dynamics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when you're doing dynamics you
+prepare not an eigenvector but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare not an eigenvector but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare not an eigenvector but you
+prepare a equal zero a basis date this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare a equal zero a basis date this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare a equal zero a basis date this
+is the most common doable problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most common doable problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most common doable problem and
+it's also something that one does in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also something that one does in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also something that one does in
+experiments you can set up a problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments you can set up a problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments you can set up a problem so
+that with a short pulse you prepare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with a short pulse you prepare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with a short pulse you prepare the
+system at T equals zero in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at T equals zero in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at T equals zero in something
+that's not an eigenstate and usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not an eigenstate and usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not an eigenstate and usually
+it's a basis thing it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a basis thing it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a basis thing it's one of the
+eigenvalues of an exactly solve problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of an exactly solve problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of an exactly solve problem
+but you're exactly your problems are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're exactly your problems are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're exactly your problems are not
+the exactly solve ones but your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exactly solve ones but your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exactly solve ones but your
+experiment selects that and this not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment selects that and this not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment selects that and this not
+being an eigenstate needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being an eigenstate needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being an eigenstate needs to be
+expressed as a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as a linear combination of
+eigenstates so that you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates so that you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates so that you can actually
+calculate this which will describe how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this which will describe how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this which will describe how
+the system is behaving and I like asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is behaving and I like asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is behaving and I like asking
+exam problems like this because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam problems like this because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam problems like this because it's
+easy to get hopelessly involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to get hopelessly involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to get hopelessly involved in
+ordinary algebra rather than just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary algebra rather than just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary algebra rather than just using
+linear algebra so if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra so if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra so if this is the
+transformation to the eigen basis then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation to the eigen basis then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation to the eigen basis then
+the columns of T are the transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of T are the transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of T are the transformation
+back to the zero order basis and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the zero order basis and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the zero order basis and the
+columns of T are the rows of T dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now why should you care because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now why should you care because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now why should you care because you
+know not to calculate the elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not to calculate the elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not to calculate the elements of
+the T matrices yet but that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T matrices yet but that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T matrices yet but that's what
+perturbation Theory is for with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory is for with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory is for with
+perturbation theory it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory it doesn't matter
+that the computer could solve for the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the computer could solve for the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the computer could solve for the T
+and T dagger matrices but there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T dagger matrices but there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T dagger matrices but there's no
+insight you just get the numbers I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight you just get the numbers I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight you just get the numbers I like
+to say that spectroscopy is not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that spectroscopy is not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that spectroscopy is not about
+creating archival tables of observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating archival tables of observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating archival tables of observed
+transitions and observed transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions and observed transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions and observed transition
+intensities it's about understanding how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities it's about understanding how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities it's about understanding how
+things work and so depending on whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things work and so depending on whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things work and so depending on whether
+you're doing a time domain experiment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing a time domain experiment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing a time domain experiment or
+frequency domain experiment you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain experiment you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain experiment you're going
+to want to use either the columns of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to use either the columns of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to use either the columns of T
+dagger or the rows of T dagger okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger or the rows of T dagger okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger or the rows of T dagger okay now
+at some point in your life you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point in your life you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point in your life you have to
+be exposed to non degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exposed to non degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exposed to non degenerate
+perturbation theory because it is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory because it is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory because it is really
+powerful but it's also incredibly ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful but it's also incredibly ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful but it's also incredibly ugly
+okay so we have a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a whole bunch of
+problems and over here that are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and over here that are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and over here that are related
+to the particle in a box or the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the particle in a box or the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the particle in a box or the particle
+an infinite box or the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite box or the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite box or the harmonic
+oscillator and so one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and so one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and so one of the things that
+you might do is round off the corners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might do is round off the corners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might do is round off the corners
+because physical systems don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because physical systems don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because physical systems don't have
+discontinuities well that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities well that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities well that's going to be
+a very modest sort of change to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very modest sort of change to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very modest sort of change to the
+energy levels and wave functions another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and wave functions another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and wave functions another
+thing you might do is have a barrier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you might do is have a barrier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you might do is have a barrier and
+but you can put the barrier anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can put the barrier anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can put the barrier anywhere
+what does the barrier or an extra well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the barrier or an extra well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the barrier or an extra well
+do or you could you know do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do or you could you know do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do or you could you know do something
+like this okay so the particular box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay so the particular box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay so the particular box
+there's a whole family of problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole family of problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole family of problems that
+you could solve using perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could solve using perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could solve using perturbation
+theory by saying okay that extra stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory by saying okay that extra stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory by saying okay that extra stuff
+is the perturbation and we have to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the perturbation and we have to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the perturbation and we have to work
+out the matrix elements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the matrix elements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the matrix elements of the
+Hamiltonian that correspond to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian that correspond to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian that correspond to these
+extra things and then figure out what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra things and then figure out what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra things and then figure out what to
+do to get the eigenvalues and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to get the eigenvalues and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to get the eigenvalues and I can
+functions now for the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions now for the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions now for the harmonic
+oscillator again you could put a barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator again you could put a barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator again you could put a barrier
+in the middle or you could make it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle or you could make it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle or you could make it an
+asymmetric like almost all molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric like almost all molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric like almost all molecular
+potentials are where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials are where this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials are where this is
+dissociation and this is to close cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation and this is to close cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation and this is to close cells
+colliding with each other and doing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding with each other and doing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding with each other and doing very
+hard repulsion and so that is harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard repulsion and so that is harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard repulsion and so that is harmonic
+near the bottom but it's not harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the bottom but it's not harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the bottom but it's not harmonic
+elsewhere and so how do you represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere and so how do you represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere and so how do you represent
+this this and the Morse oscillator is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this and the Morse oscillator is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this and the Morse oscillator is it
+cheap way of generating something with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap way of generating something with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap way of generating something with
+this shape and then doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shape and then doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shape and then doing the
+perturbation theory to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory to understand how
+the the non harmonic aspect of the Morse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the non harmonic aspect of the Morse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the non harmonic aspect of the Morse
+can affect the energy levels or how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can affect the energy levels or how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can affect the energy levels or how did
+the energy levels determine say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy levels determine say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy levels determine say the
+dissociation energy of this molecule how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energy of this molecule how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energy of this molecule how
+is that dissociation energy encoded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that dissociation energy encoded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that dissociation energy encoded in
+the energy level pattern okay now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy level pattern okay now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy level pattern okay now for
+polyatomic molecules polyatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecules polyatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecules polyatomic
+molecules if you have n atoms there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules if you have n atoms there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules if you have n atoms there are
+3n minus 6 vibrational normal modes well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3n minus 6 vibrational normal modes well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3n minus 6 vibrational normal modes well
+how do I know that and atoms there's 3 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I know that and atoms there's 3 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I know that and atoms there's 3 n
+degrees of freedom there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom there's three
+translations and three rotations and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations and three rotations and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations and three rotations and so
+that leaves 3n minus 6 and although that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaves 3n minus 6 and although that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaves 3n minus 6 and although that
+is vibrations so we have many normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vibrations so we have many normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vibrations so we have many normal
+modes and it's not too surprising that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and it's not too surprising that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and it's not too surprising that
+if you stretch one normal mode it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stretch one normal mode it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stretch one normal mode it'll
+affect the frequency of another and we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the frequency of another and we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the frequency of another and we'd
+like to know that and so perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know that and so perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know that and so perturbation
+theory is really valuable for polyatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is really valuable for polyatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is really valuable for polyatomic
+molecules and that's the bulk of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and that's the bulk of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and that's the bulk of the
+examples that I worked in the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that I worked in the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that I worked in the non
+lecture notes for this lecture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes for this lecture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes for this lecture but
+there's also dynamics so you prepare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also dynamics so you prepare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also dynamics so you prepare
+some initial state at T equals 0 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial state at T equals 0 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial state at T equals 0 and you
+want to know how it's evolving but often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know how it's evolving but often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know how it's evolving but often
+that initial State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that initial State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that initial State
+is an eigenstate of one of the exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an eigenstate of one of the exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an eigenstate of one of the exactly
+solve problems and you want to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve problems and you want to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve problems and you want to be able
+to re express that in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to re express that in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to re express that in terms of the
+eigenstates of the real problem and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates of the real problem and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates of the real problem and and
+so you want to know CJ I'm sorry you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to know CJ I'm sorry you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to know CJ I'm sorry you
+want to know j CJ eigenstate so once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know j CJ eigenstate so once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know j CJ eigenstate so once you
+have this then you know how to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this then you know how to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this then you know how to write the
+time-dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent
+wave function because you're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function because you're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function because you're dealing
+with eigenstates and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with eigenstates and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with eigenstates and they have
+eigenenergies and so you just write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenenergies and so you just write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenenergies and so you just write this
+thing out it's just mechanical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing out it's just mechanical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing out it's just mechanical and
+boring it's also true that molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring it's also true that molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring it's also true that molecules
+rotate and when they rotate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate and when they rotate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate and when they rotate this
+interval force and their their inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval force and their their inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval force and their their inter
+nuclear distance is changed and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear distance is changed and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear distance is changed and we can
+then calculate how that will affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then calculate how that will affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then calculate how that will affect the
+rotational energy levels using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational energy levels using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational energy levels using
+perturbation theory and then there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory and then there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory and then there's the
+origin of life gases are not supportive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin of life gases are not supportive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin of life gases are not supportive
+of life I you need two particles to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life I you need two particles to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life I you need two particles to come
+together and start to condense into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and start to condense into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and start to condense into a
+liquid that's the beginning perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid that's the beginning perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid that's the beginning perturbation
+theory explains the long-range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory explains the long-range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory explains the long-range
+interactions by which all gas phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions by which all gas phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions by which all gas phase
+particles attract each other weakly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles attract each other weakly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles attract each other weakly and
+that's so that's kind of important too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so that's kind of important too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so that's kind of important too
+and so you will be able to do all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you will be able to do all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you will be able to do all of
+this sort of stuff okay so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of stuff okay so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of stuff okay so here we have
+non degenerate perturbation theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non degenerate perturbation theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non degenerate perturbation theory and
+it is a mind numbing formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a mind numbing formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a mind numbing formal
+derivation so we start out with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation so we start out with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation so we start out with the
+Schrodinger equation and we say well let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation and we say well let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation and we say well let
+us expand the Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's put a little thing here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's put a little thing here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's put a little thing here okay
+this is our friend this isn't exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our friend this isn't exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our friend this isn't exactly
+sub-problem this is what's new and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-problem this is what's new and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-problem this is what's new and this
+is what's new and small and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's new and small and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's new and small and we could
+probably neglect it and we do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably neglect it and we do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably neglect it and we do the same
+thing to the energy levels so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to the energy levels so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to the energy levels so these are
+the energy levels for the exactly cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy levels for the exactly cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy levels for the exactly cell
+problem and these are the energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and these are the energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and these are the energy levels
+the first-order corrected energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first-order corrected energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first-order corrected energy levels
+and these are the second-order corrected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the second-order corrected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the second-order corrected
+energy levels and we do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and we do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and we do the same thing
+for the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now we write the story reason with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we write the story reason with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we write the story reason with
+these three term expressions now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three term expressions now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three term expressions now I'm
+also going to say we're never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to say we're never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to say we're never going to
+consider this one either so life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this one either so life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this one either so life is
+simpler without them but in the notes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler without them but in the notes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler without them but in the notes I
+included them all okay and so what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included them all okay and so what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included them all okay and so what we do
+is now we write the full equation and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now we write the full equation and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now we write the full equation and we
+sort it into some equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort it into some equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort it into some equations
+corresponding to powers of lambda so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to powers of lambda so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to powers of lambda so the
+lambda to the zero equation is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda to the zero equation is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda to the zero equation is really
+easy it's just eight zero side is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy it's just eight zero side is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy it's just eight zero side is equal
+to d0 side zero we could put ends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to d0 side zero we could put ends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to d0 side zero we could put ends on
+this and this is the exactly solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is the exactly solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is the exactly solve
+problem it says yeah you build your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it says yeah you build your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it says yeah you build your
+foundation from the lambda 2 0 equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation from the lambda 2 0 equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation from the lambda 2 0 equation
+and it's just what you know already and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just what you know already and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just what you know already and
+what you're going to do is now use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do is now use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do is now use the
+sigh and 0 and em0 to do everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the lambda to the third one equate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the lambda to the third one equate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the lambda to the third one equate
+now you might ask well what is lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might ask well what is lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might ask well what is lambda
+it's just a mathematical trick it has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a mathematical trick it has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a mathematical trick it has no
+significance whatsoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance whatsoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance whatsoever
+it's a smallest parameter but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a smallest parameter but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a smallest parameter but it's also
+something where you can say these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you can say these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you can say these
+equations will be true for any value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations will be true for any value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations will be true for any value of
+lambda and so it's just a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and so it's just a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and so it's just a way of
+separating the equations into things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the equations into things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the equations into things
+that have a structure that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a structure that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a structure that you can
+manipulate people have a waxed eloquent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate people have a waxed eloquent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate people have a waxed eloquent
+about the meaning of lambda and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the meaning of lambda and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the meaning of lambda and it's
+really doesn't have any beauty okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't have any beauty okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't have any beauty okay so
+the lambda is one equation well we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda is one equation well we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda is one equation well we just
+we collect terms that on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we collect terms that on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we collect terms that on the left hand
+side that have one lambda and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that have one lambda and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that have one lambda and on the
+right hand side so the lambda to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side so the lambda to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side so the lambda to the one
+equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is
+to be say 8 0 sy 1 is equal to e 0 sy 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm sorry there's more to it than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm sorry there's more to it than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm sorry there's more to it than
+that okay there's four terms this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay there's four terms this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay there's four terms this is you
+know they just we're just collecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they just we're just collecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they just we're just collecting the
+terms that have one lambda on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that have one lambda on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that have one lambda on the left
+hand side one on the right hand side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side one on the right hand side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side one on the right hand side and
+okay we've got this equation what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've got this equation what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've got this equation what are we
+going to do with it well one thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do with it well one thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do with it well one thing we
+can do with it is multiply on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with it is multiply on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with it is multiply on the left
+and let's just put some indices here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just put some indices here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just put some indices here so
+we have n and and okay and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have n and and okay and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have n and and okay and we're going
+to multiply on the left and integrate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply on the left and integrate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply on the left and integrate by
+sy and 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're going to get a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to get a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to get a bunch of
+terms so we will have sy 0 h 0 sy + 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so we will have sy 0 h 0 sy + 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so we will have sy 0 h 0 sy + 1 +
+sy n 0 H 1 + 0 we have integral integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy n 0 H 1 + 0 we have integral integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy n 0 H 1 + 0 we have integral integral
+and on the left hand side we have e + 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the left hand side we have e + 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the left hand side we have e + 0
+integral psy + 0 sy + 1 and we have e 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral psy + 0 sy + 1 and we have e 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral psy + 0 sy + 1 and we have e 1
+side and 0 well this is a kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and 0 well this is a kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and 0 well this is a kind of an
+ugly term it's a size zero and it's i1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly term it's a size zero and it's i1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly term it's a size zero and it's i1
+and but we know that H when operating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but we know that H when operating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but we know that H when operating on
+size zero gives e zero so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size zero gives e zero so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size zero gives e zero so we're gonna
+get e + 0 integral so high and 0 sy + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get e + 0 integral so high and 0 sy + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get e + 0 integral so high and 0 sy + 1
+same term over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cancel them and so we get a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel them and so we get a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel them and so we get a simple
+equation that is just H 1 and n is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that is just H 1 and n is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that is just H 1 and n is equal
+to e 1 n so we've gotten now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e 1 n so we've gotten now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e 1 n so we've gotten now the
+diagonal matrix element of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix element of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix element of the
+perturbation term is equal to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation term is equal to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation term is equal to the first
+order correction to the energy and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order correction to the energy and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order correction to the energy and we
+can continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can continue
+the algebra isn't beautiful but we end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra isn't beautiful but we end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra isn't beautiful but we end
+up getting the following equations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up getting the following equations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up getting the following equations we
+have e and one is H 1 and M we have e sy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have e and one is H 1 and M we have e sy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have e and one is H 1 and M we have e sy
+and one is M not equal to n ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one is M not equal to n ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one is M not equal to n ok
+so what did I do here I said the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did I do here I said the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did I do here I said the wave
+function we have completeness so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we have completeness so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we have completeness so if we
+want the first order corrections to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the first order corrections to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the first order corrections to the
+enth wave function we can write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enth wave function we can write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enth wave function we can write this as
+a linear combination of the zero order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination of the zero order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination of the zero order
+wave functions and when we do that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions and when we do that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions and when we do that we
+end up with this formula this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with this formula this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with this formula this is the
+mixing coefficient and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing coefficient and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing coefficient and these are the
+state now why do I exclude it because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state now why do I exclude it because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state now why do I exclude it because we
+already have it ok and then we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have it ok and then we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have it ok and then we get the
+second order correction to the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order correction to the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order correction to the energy
+which is M naught and H and M H M + 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is M naught and H and M H M + 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is M naught and H and M H M + 1 /
+e + 0 ok that's it that's all we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now it does say non-degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it does say non-degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it does say non-degenerate
+perturbation theory and so it's subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory and so it's subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory and so it's subject
+to the requirement that h 1 n m / e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if the energy denominator is near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the energy denominator is near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the energy denominator is near
+zero we know we're in trouble but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we know we're in trouble but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we know we're in trouble but for
+the vast majority of energy levels this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast majority of energy levels this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast majority of energy levels this
+term is much less than 1 and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is much less than 1 and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is much less than 1 and so that
+means we can deal with all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we can deal with all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we can deal with all of the
+interactions among the non degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions among the non degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions among the non degenerate
+levels in one fell swoop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this is an infinite sum and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is an infinite sum and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is an infinite sum and this is
+a and this is an infinite sum so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this is an infinite sum so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this is an infinite sum so we
+don't like infinities but we can say all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like infinities but we can say all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like infinities but we can say all
+right here is the Hamiltonian it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is the Hamiltonian it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is the Hamiltonian it's an
+infinite Hamiltonian and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite Hamiltonian and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite Hamiltonian and we're
+interested in this little corner of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this little corner of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this little corner of it
+and so all of the interactions among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all of the interactions among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all of the interactions among
+these states with all of the infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states with all of the infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states with all of the infinite
+others get subsumed into this infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others get subsumed into this infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others get subsumed into this infinite
+sum it's a small number and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum it's a small number and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum it's a small number and then we're
+just interested in this little subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just interested in this little subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just interested in this little subspace
+of the energy levels that we're sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy levels that we're sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy levels that we're sampling
+in our experiment so the molecule more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our experiment so the molecule more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our experiment so the molecule more
+or less tells you how to focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less tells you how to focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less tells you how to focus on the
+part that you care about and to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that you care about and to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that you care about and to get rid
+of the stuff that is of no trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stuff that is of no trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stuff that is of no trouble
+whatsoever and it just contaminates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever and it just contaminates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever and it just contaminates the
+wave functions a little bit and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions a little bit and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions a little bit and if you
+wanted to know what that contamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know what that contamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know what that contamination
+is you could deal with it so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you could deal with it so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you could deal with it so this is the
+tool that you can use to solve basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool that you can use to solve basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool that you can use to solve basically
+any problem involving molecules with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problem involving molecules with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problem involving molecules with a
+potential like a harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential like a harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential like a harmonic oscillator
+at the bottom but it's usable for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom but it's usable for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom but it's usable for all
+problems but there's a different basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but there's a different basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but there's a different basis
+set rather than the harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set rather than the harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set rather than the harmonic oscillator
+basis in so this is you know your handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis in so this is you know your handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis in so this is you know your handy
+dandy key and you don't need a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dandy key and you don't need a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dandy key and you don't need a computer
+although when you see the horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although when you see the horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although when you see the horrible
+complexity that will result when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity that will result when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity that will result when you
+start dealing with these sums you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start dealing with these sums you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start dealing with these sums you will
+say well I do want to use a computer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I do want to use a computer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I do want to use a computer but
+now it's up to me to organize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's up to me to organize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's up to me to organize the
+program and so then you ask the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and so then you ask the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and so then you ask the computer
+to do what you need in a sensible way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do what you need in a sensible way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do what you need in a sensible way
+and you still get good answers okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you still get good answers okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you still get good answers okay so
+in the notes I'm dealing with a two mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notes I'm dealing with a two mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notes I'm dealing with a two mode
+molecule there are no two mode molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule there are no two mode molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule there are no two mode molecules
+there's one mode molecules and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one mode molecules and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one mode molecules and there
+might be three or four or six or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be three or four or six or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be three or four or six or
+whatever but the complexity is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but the complexity is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but the complexity is the
+interaction between two modes and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between two modes and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between two modes and so
+we're going to talk about that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have for a two mode molecule the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have for a two mode molecule the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have for a two mode molecule the
+Hamiltonian will consist of Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian will consist of Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian will consist of Hamiltonian
+for mode one Hamiltonian for mode two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mode one Hamiltonian for mode two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mode one Hamiltonian for mode two
+and the Hamiltonian for modes wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Hamiltonian for modes wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Hamiltonian for modes wanted to
+interact with each other well we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with each other well we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with each other well we know
+these these are just ordinary harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these are just ordinary harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these are just ordinary harmonic
+oscillator and we got to do some work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and we got to do some work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and we got to do some work on
+this and that's where perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that's where perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that's where perturbation
+Theory comes here so H 1 2 + but we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory comes here so H 1 2 + but we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory comes here so H 1 2 + but we know
+if this word here we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this word here we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this word here we know that the
+energy levels are the sum of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels are the sum of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels are the sum of the energy
+levels for the two independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels for the two independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels for the two independent
+oscillators and the wave functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators and the wave functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators and the wave functions are
+the products so you know even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products so you know even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products so you know even though the
+energy levels have two quantum numbers V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels have two quantum numbers V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels have two quantum numbers V
+1 and V 2 and the wave functions have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and V 2 and the wave functions have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and V 2 and the wave functions have
+two quantum numbers we want to be - if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two quantum numbers we want to be - if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two quantum numbers we want to be - if
+it were only this we have completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were only this we have completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were only this we have completely
+solved that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved that problem
+but because of this there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because of this there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because of this there's something
+else so these then turn out to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so these then turn out to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so these then turn out to be the
+zero order states that you use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero order states that you use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero order states that you use to
+evaluate all the integrals here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate all the integrals here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate all the integrals here and we
+have these a and a dagger operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these a and a dagger operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these a and a dagger operators
+which are enabling us to and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are enabling us to and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are enabling us to and we have
+that the coordinate X is proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the coordinate X is proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the coordinate X is proportional
+the operator for coordinate X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator for coordinate X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator for coordinate X is
+proportional to a plus a dagger and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to a plus a dagger and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to a plus a dagger and this
+has a selection rule Delta via plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a selection rule Delta via plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a selection rule Delta via plus and
+minus 1 so we like these things because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 so we like these things because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 so we like these things because
+we don't have to do any integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to do any integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to do any integrals
+they're all done for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all done for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all done for you
+and so we're then going to use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're then going to use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're then going to use these
+sorts of things to deal with the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things to deal with the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things to deal with the most
+important terms beyond harmonic and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important terms beyond harmonic and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important terms beyond harmonic and so
+there's a cubic and there's a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and although you haven't really explored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although you haven't really explored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although you haven't really explored
+this what happens when you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what happens when you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what happens when you make
+dimensionless coordinates you factor out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless coordinates you factor out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless coordinates you factor out
+something and if you have cubic terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and if you have cubic terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and if you have cubic terms
+there are a hundred times smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a hundred times smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a hundred times smaller than
+quadratic terms and the quarter terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic terms and the quarter terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic terms and the quarter terms
+are a hundred times smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a hundred times smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a hundred times smaller than the
+cubic terms and so you don't need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic terms and so you don't need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic terms and so you don't need to go
+much further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much further
+so the cubic terms for the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cubic terms for the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cubic terms for the two
+oscillators would be 1/2 K 1 - 2 Q 1 Q 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators would be 1/2 K 1 - 2 Q 1 Q 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators would be 1/2 K 1 - 2 Q 1 Q 2
+squared plus 1/2 k1 1 2 Q 1 squared Q 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus 1/2 k1 1 2 Q 1 squared Q 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus 1/2 k1 1 2 Q 1 squared Q 2
+and you could have Q 1 cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could have Q 1 cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could have Q 1 cubed
+but we already deal with that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we already deal with that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we already deal with that in the
+single mode problem so we won't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single mode problem so we won't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single mode problem so we won't worry
+about that so these are the couplings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so these are the couplings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so these are the couplings
+beach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach
+modes 1 & 2 that are cubic and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes 1 & 2 that are cubic and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes 1 & 2 that are cubic and then we
+have 1/4 okay 1 1 2 2 q 1 squared - 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1/4 okay 1 1 2 2 q 1 squared - 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1/4 okay 1 1 2 2 q 1 squared - 2
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+there's also cube at Q 1 u 2 cubed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also cube at Q 1 u 2 cubed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also cube at Q 1 u 2 cubed and
+those terms usually are not important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms usually are not important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms usually are not important
+because they mostly are dealt with under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they mostly are dealt with under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they mostly are dealt with under
+here so anyway these are the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so anyway these are the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so anyway these are the parameters
+and these are the things that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the things that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the things that you need
+in order to understand what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to understand what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to understand what this
+molecule is going to do when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is going to do when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is going to do when it's
+excited now when I was a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited now when I was a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited now when I was a graduate
+student there was a great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student there was a great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student there was a great deal of
+excitement about doing what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement about doing what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement about doing what's called
+mode specific chemistry ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode specific chemistry ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode specific chemistry ordinary
+compounds cost on the order of $1 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds cost on the order of $1 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds cost on the order of $1 a
+kilogram but if you could do mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram but if you could do mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram but if you could do mode
+specific chemistry you could make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific chemistry you could make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific chemistry you could make things
+that aren't makeable by ordinary organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't makeable by ordinary organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't makeable by ordinary organic
+chemistry and the organic chemists will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and the organic chemists will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and the organic chemists will
+love this because it's although the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love this because it's although the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love this because it's although the
+garbage because these guys make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage because these guys make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage because these guys make the
+modes talk to each other and so even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes talk to each other and so even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes talk to each other and so even if
+you could excite a pure overtone or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could excite a pure overtone or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could excite a pure overtone or
+combination level the energy moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination level the energy moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination level the energy moves
+around the molecule and that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the molecule and that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the molecule and that's called
+intra molecular vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intra molecular vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intra molecular vibrational
+redistribution and those there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution and those there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution and those there are
+processes you could talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes you could talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes you could talk about the
+primary paths for the energy to flow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary paths for the energy to flow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary paths for the energy to flow and
+the rates and that was a major area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rates and that was a major area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rates and that was a major area of
+research for the last 30 years and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research for the last 30 years and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research for the last 30 years and most
+people are tired of it but it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are tired of it but it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are tired of it but it started
+out being IVR yeah anything can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out being IVR yeah anything can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out being IVR yeah anything can happen
+and it's a statistic or whatever but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a statistic or whatever but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a statistic or whatever but no
+only specific things can happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only specific things can happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only specific things can happen and
+they're controlled by these specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're controlled by these specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're controlled by these specific
+coupling terms and you could calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling terms and you could calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling terms and you could calculate
+them now there's an interesting other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now there's an interesting other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now there's an interesting other
+thing I told you that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I told you that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I told you that the first
+order correction to the energy is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order correction to the energy is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order correction to the energy is equal
+to a diagonal matrix element of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a diagonal matrix element of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a diagonal matrix element of the
+first of the correction term to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of the correction term to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of the correction term to the
+Hamiltonian all of the second-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian all of the second-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian all of the second-order
+terms involving involved squares of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms involving involved squares of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms involving involved squares of
+matrices matrix elements the second are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices matrix elements the second are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices matrix elements the second are
+terms you don't know the signs if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms you don't know the signs if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms you don't know the signs if there
+is a first order correction you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a first order correction you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a first order correction you get the
+sign and sometimes you know you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and sometimes you know you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and sometimes you know you want to
+know is the the perturbation like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is the the perturbation like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is the the perturbation like that
+or the perturbation like that is the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the perturbation like that is the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the perturbation like that is the is
+there a barrier or an extra well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a barrier or an extra well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a barrier or an extra well and
+this enables you to know that and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enables you to know that and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enables you to know that and second
+order perturbation theory when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order perturbation theory when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order perturbation theory when you have
+to square the matrix element all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to square the matrix element all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to square the matrix element all that
+information is concealed well anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is concealed well anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is concealed well anyway so
+there's a huge amount of algebra that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge amount of algebra that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge amount of algebra that's
+involved in using these equations and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in using these equations and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in using these equations and I
+don't really want to go through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really want to go through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really want to go through that
+algebra you can read my notes I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra you can read my notes I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra you can read my notes I think
+the chances of your reading those notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chances of your reading those notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chances of your reading those notes
+are small but if I don't lecture on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are small but if I don't lecture on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are small but if I don't lecture on them
+there it will be slightly greater it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it will be slightly greater it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it will be slightly greater it's a
+complete treatment of a2 mode problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete treatment of a2 mode problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete treatment of a2 mode problem
+with all of the possible and harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of the possible and harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of the possible and harmonic
+terms cubic and quartic and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms cubic and quartic and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms cubic and quartic and everything
+worked out now the trick is you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out now the trick is you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out now the trick is you could
+easily say well is it the algebra is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily say well is it the algebra is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily say well is it the algebra is so
+horrible why would I bother so but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible why would I bother so but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible why would I bother so but what
+you do is you take these terms and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you take these terms and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you take these terms and you
+sort according to selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example here we have a selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example here we have a selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example here we have a selection
+rule Delta v1 is plus or minus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule Delta v1 is plus or minus one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule Delta v1 is plus or minus one and
+Delta V two is plus or minus two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V two is plus or minus two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V two is plus or minus two and
+zero and so there are then six possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so there are then six possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so there are then six possible
+selection rules associated with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection rules associated with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection rules associated with these
+sorts of terms and what you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of terms and what you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of terms and what you want to do
+is combine to do the algebra that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is combine to do the algebra that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is combine to do the algebra that
+combines all this horrible stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines all this horrible stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines all this horrible stuff
+according to selection rule that leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to selection rule that leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to selection rule that leads
+to simplification of the formulas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simplification of the formulas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simplification of the formulas and
+then once you've got everything sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once you've got everything sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once you've got everything sorted
+according to selection rule then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to selection rule then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to selection rule then you can
+calculate what happens now I I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what happens now I I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what happens now I I can't
+promise that I will never give you a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise that I will never give you a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise that I will never give you a two
+mode problem on an exam but I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode problem on an exam but I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode problem on an exam but I can
+promise I will give you a one mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise I will give you a one mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise I will give you a one mode
+problem and so you you want to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so you you want to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so you you want to really
+know how to do these sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so not in the genitive perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so not in the genitive perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so not in the genitive perturbation
+theory works when the energy denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory works when the energy denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory works when the energy denominator
+is large compared to the coupling matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large compared to the coupling matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large compared to the coupling matrix
+element and accidents occur when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and accidents occur when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and accidents occur when you
+have say a situation where Omega 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have say a situation where Omega 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have say a situation where Omega 1 is
+approximately equal to 2 Omega 2 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to 2 Omega 2 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to 2 Omega 2 now
+this isn't just blowing smoke this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't just blowing smoke this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't just blowing smoke this
+happens an amazing number of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens an amazing number of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens an amazing number of times
+because stretches are higher frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because stretches are higher frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because stretches are higher frequency
+than bends and it's very common for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than bends and it's very common for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than bends and it's very common for the
+bending modes to be roughly 1/2 or 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending modes to be roughly 1/2 or 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending modes to be roughly 1/2 or 1/3
+the frequency of a stretching mode so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of a stretching mode so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of a stretching mode so
+you get a resonance so this is special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a resonance so this is special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a resonance so this is special
+because now it's violating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now it's violating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now it's violating the
+fundamental approximation of non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental approximation of non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental approximation of non
+degenerate perturbation theory but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate perturbation theory but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate perturbation theory but it's
+a two-level interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-level interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-level interaction
+and so you can say I know how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can say I know how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can say I know how to do it
+too a little problem I can solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too a little problem I can solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too a little problem I can solve that
+and these resonances are have names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these resonances are have names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these resonances are have names
+there's a ferry and there's a darling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a ferry and there's a darling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a ferry and there's a darling
+medicine the Fermi resonance is was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine the Fermi resonance is was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine the Fermi resonance is was
+discovered and understood by Fermi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered and understood by Fermi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered and understood by Fermi and
+it has to do with co2 Omega one in C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with co2 Omega one in C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with co2 Omega one in C and
+co2 is approximately twice Omega 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 is approximately twice Omega 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 is approximately twice Omega 2 the
+stretch the symmetric stretch and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch the symmetric stretch and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch the symmetric stretch and the
+bend are in fairly resonance so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend are in fairly resonance so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend are in fairly resonance so what
+does that have but what happens then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that have but what happens then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that have but what happens then
+suppose we have a level that involves v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a level that involves v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a level that involves v1
+v2 v3 and nearby there's a level v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2 v3 and nearby there's a level v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2 v3 and nearby there's a level v1
+minus 1 V 2 plus 2 V 3 and because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 V 2 plus 2 V 3 and because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 V 2 plus 2 V 3 and because of
+the energy denominators these two guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy denominators these two guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy denominators these two guys
+are nearly degenerate so what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nearly degenerate so what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nearly degenerate so what happens is
+one gets shifted up one gets shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gets shifted up one gets shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gets shifted up one gets shifted
+down a little bit and they're out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a little bit and they're out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a little bit and they're out of the
+range out of the expectation of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range out of the expectation of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range out of the expectation of you know
+smooth behavior and it might also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth behavior and it might also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth behavior and it might also be
+that this state is what we call bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this state is what we call bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this state is what we call bright
+and this is called dark this state might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is called dark this state might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is called dark this state might
+be connected by an allowed transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be connected by an allowed transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be connected by an allowed transition
+from a lower an initial state and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a lower an initial state and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a lower an initial state and this
+might not so the levels repel because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not so the levels repel because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not so the levels repel because
+they're interacting and they're out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interacting and they're out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interacting and they're out of
+position and this guy is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and this guy is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and this guy is supposed to be
+bright we're supposed to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright we're supposed to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright we're supposed to see a
+transition in the spectrum and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition in the spectrum and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition in the spectrum and this one
+well should have been somewhere else but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well should have been somewhere else but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well should have been somewhere else but
+we shouldn't see it because it's dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shouldn't see it because it's dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shouldn't see it because it's dark
+it's forbidden but because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's forbidden but because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's forbidden but because of the
+interaction between these two levels the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between these two levels the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between these two levels the
+i ghen states have mixed character and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i ghen states have mixed character and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i ghen states have mixed character and
+you get both level shifts and extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get both level shifts and extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get both level shifts and extra
+lines this is called the spectroscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines this is called the spectroscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines this is called the spectroscopic
+perturbation this is the core of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation this is the core of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation this is the core of
+everything I've done for the last 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I've done for the last 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I've done for the last 45
+years spectroscopic four iterations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years spectroscopic four iterations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years spectroscopic four iterations and
+so you can learn about some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can learn about some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can learn about some of these
+coupling terms because instead of hiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling terms because instead of hiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling terms because instead of hiding
+in the forest of these small Corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the forest of these small Corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the forest of these small Corrections
+you get a big big effect and it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a big big effect and it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a big big effect and it's easy
+to observe and it's easy to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observe and it's easy to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observe and it's easy to determine
+each coupling term from these resonances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each coupling term from these resonances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each coupling term from these resonances
+and the last thing I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last thing I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last thing I want to talk about
+today is a little bit of philosophy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is a little bit of philosophy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is a little bit of philosophy this
+is why there are really among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why there are really among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why there are really among
+spectroscopy or physical chemists there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy or physical chemists there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy or physical chemists there
+are two communities communities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two communities communities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two communities communities that
+like small molecules and communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like small molecules and communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like small molecules and communities
+like big molecules because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like big molecules because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like big molecules because they're
+really different for the small molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really different for the small molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really different for the small molecule
+community you have this accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community you have this accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community you have this accidental
+resonance and you get this sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance and you get this sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance and you get this sort of thing
+for big molecules you have a resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for big molecules you have a resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for big molecules you have a resonance
+of with a dense manifold of levels all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of with a dense manifold of levels all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of with a dense manifold of levels all
+of these levels share say the character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these levels share say the character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these levels share say the character
+of the dark state and so they can all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dark state and so they can all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dark state and so they can all
+interact with this guy and so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with this guy and so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with this guy and so in this
+case you get the main transition and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you get the main transition and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you get the main transition and an
+extra line in this case you get if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra line in this case you get if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra line in this case you get if you
+have low resolution you get a broadened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low resolution you get a broadened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low resolution you get a broadened
+line and if you have high enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and if you have high enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and if you have high enough
+resolution you see that there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution you see that there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution you see that there's a whole
+bunch of eigenstates under it and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of eigenstates under it and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of eigenstates under it and if
+it's large enough molecule you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's large enough molecule you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's large enough molecule you couldn't
+resolve them anyway and so some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve them anyway and so some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve them anyway and so some people
+are always dealing with fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always dealing with fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always dealing with fast
+I've ER fast the phasing of the bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've ER fast the phasing of the bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've ER fast the phasing of the bright
+transition into a dark manifold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition into a dark manifold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition into a dark manifold and
+other people are always looking at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people are always looking at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people are always looking at these
+sorts of things now I like these because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things now I like these because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things now I like these because
+they really give you a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really give you a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really give you a lot of
+information now you can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information now you can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information now you can get the
+information you want from this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you want from this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you want from this because
+the width of this thing is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of this thing is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of this thing is related to
+the number the number of dark states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number the number of dark states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number the number of dark states and
+their average coupling matrix on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their average coupling matrix on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their average coupling matrix on them
+that's called Fermi's golden rule we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called Fermi's golden rule we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called Fermi's golden rule we'll
+talk about that later so I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that later so I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that later so I think it's a
+pretty good place to stop because what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good place to stop because what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good place to stop because what I
+try to do is to show you yes it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do is to show you yes it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do is to show you yes it can be
+really complicated but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated but it's it's
+something that you can do and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can do and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can do and you can
+project out the coupling constants that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project out the coupling constants that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project out the coupling constants that
+you want in order to determine the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want in order to determine the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want in order to determine the stuff
+that is relevant to your experiment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is relevant to your experiment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is relevant to your experiment but
+then there is this dichotomy between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is this dichotomy between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is this dichotomy between
+small molecules with the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecules with the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecules with the vibrational
+density of states is always small until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of states is always small until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of states is always small until
+you get to really high energy and bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to really high energy and bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to really high energy and bigger
+molecules now they're not very big it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules now they're not very big it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules now they're not very big it
+doesn't know benzene is there's plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know benzene is there's plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know benzene is there's plenty
+big for this sort of thing and so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big for this sort of thing and so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big for this sort of thing and so and
+there's a question for example in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question for example in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question for example in some
+big molecules when you excite an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big molecules when you excite an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big molecules when you excite an
+electronic transition from the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic transition from the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic transition from the ground
+state to some excited state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to some excited state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to some excited state
+so here's s naught s 1 sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's s naught s 1 sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's s naught s 1 sometimes you
+can't see any fluorescence from s 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see any fluorescence from s 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see any fluorescence from s 1
+because the de phasing is so fast that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's nothing and so it says well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing and so it says well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing and so it says well
+tough tough lucky you know you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough tough lucky you know you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough tough lucky you know you can't do
+spectroscopy in emission but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy in emission but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy in emission but you can
+still see the absorption spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still see the absorption spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still see the absorption spectrum
+because then your signal is the removal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then your signal is the removal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then your signal is the removal
+of photons from your beam as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photons from your beam as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photons from your beam as opposed to
+fluorescence so there's a huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence so there's a huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence so there's a huge amount of
+photo chemistry and interesting stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo chemistry and interesting stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo chemistry and interesting stuff
+connected with a large density of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with a large density of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with a large density of states
+and again when I was a graduate student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again when I was a graduate student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again when I was a graduate student
+there was a huge controversy about non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a huge controversy about non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a huge controversy about non
+rady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rady
+non radiative transitions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non radiative transitions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non radiative transitions in
+medium-sized molecules and there was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium-sized molecules and there was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium-sized molecules and there was one
+community it says you the collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community it says you the collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community it says you the collisions
+which transfer population between levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which transfer population between levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which transfer population between levels
+are so fast that in order to turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so fast that in order to turn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so fast that in order to turn off
+this broadening you had to go to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this broadening you had to go to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this broadening you had to go to really
+low pressure because then there wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pressure because then there wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pressure because then there wouldn't
+be collisions and the answer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be collisions and the answer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be collisions and the answer was
+whenever somebody failed to c-sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever somebody failed to c-sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever somebody failed to c-sharp
+spectra was well you're not at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra was well you're not at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra was well you're not at low
+enough pressure but this has nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough pressure but this has nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough pressure but this has nothing to
+do with collisions and that that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with collisions and that that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with collisions and that that got
+resolved by two gentlemen called vixen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved by two gentlemen called vixen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved by two gentlemen called vixen
+and Jordan ER those are our two names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jordan ER those are our two names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jordan ER those are our two names
+that any educated physical chemist will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any educated physical chemist will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any educated physical chemist will
+know to say oh that's the big son Jordan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to say oh that's the big son Jordan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to say oh that's the big son Jordan
+ER and this they're still alive they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER and this they're still alive they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER and this they're still alive they're
+still doing beautiful stuff but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still doing beautiful stuff but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still doing beautiful stuff but anyway
+that that's all I want to say today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's all I want to say today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's all I want to say today I
+will do details on one mode and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do details on one mode and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do details on one mode and you know
+Morris oscillator and other sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morris oscillator and other sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morris oscillator and other sorts of
+things next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yBdXS5dXQN4.txt b/yBdXS5dXQN4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e23564536f51b90d2e95795ee999a33304903b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yBdXS5dXQN4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2745 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let's start.
+
+So back to our Ising model.
+
+And for this lecture, focusing
+mostly on a square like this.
+
+At each side, we have
+a binary variable.
+
+And a weight that tries
+to keep neighboring
+
+the sides to be parallel.
+
+So every pair of
+neighboring sides
+
+is subject to a joined
+fate such as that.
+
+You're going to ignore
+the magnetic field.
+
+And to calculate a
+partition function,
+
+we have to sum over r 2 to the
+n configuration on both sides.
+
+And this will be a partition
+function that will [INAUDIBLE]
+
+on this one parameter k, which
+is some energy divided by kt.
+
+So then what we did
+was you we rewrote
+
+each one of these factors as
+a hyperbolic cosine 1 plus
+
+tangent and took out
+all of the factors
+
+of the hyperbolic
+cosine in the outside.
+
+And for the case of
+this square lattice,
+
+each side has two bonds
+going out of that.
+
+So there's 2 to the n,
+and I'll have to sum r 2
+
+to the n configurations
+product of what all bonds.
+
+These factors of 1
+plus t sigma i sigma j,
+
+where this T is, of
+course, my shorthand
+
+for hyperbolic function.
+
+Now we saw that basically
+what we need to do
+
+is either we take 1--
+that's the t right there--
+
+or terms that have these
+factors of t sigma sigma.
+
+But in order to ensure that
+they will survive the summation
+
+over the two possibilities of
+sigma, each one of these terms
+
+has to be matched
+with another one.
+
+And so the most trivial diagram
+would be something like this.
+
+And then sum over the two
+possibilities at each side
+
+will give us a
+factor of n per side.
+
+So you have 2 to the n
+[INAUDIBLE] to the power of 2n.
+
+And then we have a sum over
+graphs which have zero, two,
+
+or four bonds
+emanating per site.
+
+So that this summation
+over the sigmas
+
+will give us a factor of
+2 and another factor of 0.
+
+And then we just have
+to count t to the power
+
+of the number of
+1's in the graph.
+
+Now we said that all
+of the exciting things
+
+have to do with this sum, which
+depends on this parameter t,
+
+of course.
+
+And this sum, as
+written here, has
+
+graphs such as the one
+that I indicated, but also
+
+potentially graphs that
+are more complicated which
+
+each have these joined pieces.
+
+And we've attempted to replace
+this sum s with another sum, s
+
+prime, which is the sum
+over gas of phantom loops.
+
+Let's call it multiple
+phantom loops.
+
+Essentially, if I allow
+these loops to basically go
+
+through each other, then I can
+exponentiate this and write it
+
+as a sum over all single
+phantom loops thereby removing,
+
+the factors of n squared,
+n cubed, et cetera,
+
+that will arise by moving
+the destroyed pieces
+
+all over the lattice.
+
+This sum, since
+I can essentially
+
+pick it apart particular
+loop and then slide it once
+
+over the lattice, is certainly
+extensive proportional to n.
+
+So this would be nice.
+
+We calculate this sum
+as prime last time,
+
+and we saw that it actually
+reproduced for us the Gaussian
+
+model.
+
+So this was equivalent
+to the Gaussian model.
+
+And in particular,
+because we were allowing
+
+this phantom condition,
+when we went to sufficiently
+
+low temperature or when t
+became sufficiently large,
+
+essentially the
+model was unstable
+
+and because I
+could just continue
+
+to put more and
+more of these loops.
+
+There was no
+condition that would
+
+say you should have
+a finite density.
+
+And then the density of the
+loops would go to infinity.
+
+And just like the
+Gaussian model,
+
+it doesn't make sense
+beyond some point.
+
+Now mathematically,
+it is clear to us
+
+that s is not equal
+to s prime because
+
+of two important
+reasons, one of which
+
+is obvious is multiple
+occupation of a bond that
+
+is in the original sum
+that I have up here.
+
+You can see that
+the contribution
+
+of each point
+connecting neighbors
+
+is either 1 or one factor of t.
+
+I cannot have more than that.
+
+But when I am
+calculating phantom loops
+
+and I have
+self-crossings, I have
+
+some things that are very trial.
+
+Like I can start and
+go back on myself.
+
+That completes a walk.
+
+I can have things that
+are more complicated.
+
+I could have a
+diagram such as this
+
+that still involves
+crossing something twice.
+
+Or something like this
+is another example.
+
+Now all of these are
+examples where I essentially
+
+continuously moved my chalk
+and drew a closed loop.
+
+But also from the
+exponentiation,
+
+I can also generate
+things that have
+
+multiple loops, such as this
+loop that does not intersect
+
+itself but may
+happen to intersect
+
+on a bond with another loop.
+
+So it is partly the presence
+of all of these things
+
+that allow multiple
+occupation that ultimately
+
+leads to the instability.
+
+But I also hinted last time,
+in response to a question,
+
+that there is another mistake
+that is involved not when there
+
+is intersection at the bond,
+but intersection at the site.
+
+This leads to over-counting.
+
+It's more subtle.
+
+Along the diagrams
+that I have in s,
+
+we certainly complete
+the good diagram
+
+such as this one where
+I have from this side
+
+four bonds going out farther
+than the usual bonds.
+
+So this is certainly OK.
+
+But when I want
+to represent that
+
+in terms of blocks
+on the lattice,
+
+I notice that I can
+do the following.
+
+Let's say in all cases,
+I start from here,
+
+I can start from there, I can
+go and do something like this,
+
+and come back to
+my starting point.
+
+Or I can do something like this,
+and back to the starting point.
+
+Or I could have a
+diagram that would appear
+
+at the second order in the
+expansion of the exponential
+
+that I have that involves two
+loops that would correspond
+
+to the same geometry.
+
+So this thing that should
+have been counted once
+
+is really being
+counted three times.
+
+And so that's a mistake
+to be corrected.
+
+And actually, the reason
+for this factor of three
+
+goes back to this
+Gaussian model that I
+
+said that essentially
+what amounts to is
+
+that we are replacing
+Ising variables over here
+
+with these Gaussian
+variables, s.
+
+And so we arrange things
+such that the average of s
+
+squared was 1, so that
+the sides were reproducing
+
+the things that I had before.
+
+But then for
+something like this,
+
+I need to know the
+average s to the fourth.
+
+And if you use
+Wick's theorem, you
+
+can quickly see that the
+average of s to the fourth
+
+is three times
+average of s squared,
+
+so you get a factor of 3 here.
+
+That's the origin
+of the factor of 3.
+
+And indeed, if you had gone and
+done rather than one component,
+
+s, something that
+was n component,
+
+you could convince yourself
+that this becomes n plus 2.
+
+And that's consistent
+whenever you
+
+see something that has a
+loop having a factor of n,
+
+something that we
+had seen in we were
+
+doing this
+diagramatic expansion.
+
+OK, so that's a problem.
+
+So s is not equal to s prime.
+
+But I want to make the
+following very nice assertion
+
+that s is indeed the sum
+over multiple phantom loops,
+
+just like I had written
+for s prime with a couple
+
+of important constraints.
+
+The constraints are--
+maybe I should write them
+
+in red-- with no U-turns.
+
+That is, you are not going to
+allow anything such as this
+
+or this when you
+would go forward
+
+and then immediately
+step backward.
+
+That's what I will
+call a U-turn.
+
+No U-turn is allowed.
+
+And more importantly,
+with a factor of minus 1
+
+to the number of crossings.
+
+So what do I mean by crossing?
+
+If you follow what I did
+in drawing this diagram,
+
+you can see that
+there was a path
+
+that I drew that never
+crossed itself, whereas here I
+
+kind of had to jump
+over where I was.
+
+I indicated that.
+
+So according to this
+rule, this diagram
+
+will get a factor of minus.
+
+These two diagrams don't
+have any self-crossings.
+
+They give factors of plus.
+
+And you can see that at
+least this particular diagram
+
+is resolved.
+
+And you can see
+that this continues
+
+to more complicated things.
+
+Let's say that I have a
+perfectly good diagram that
+
+is something like this that
+involves two crossings.
+
+And then I can break it
+roughly into two process,
+
+and each piece I can decompose
+as I had done before.
+
+Let's see, the left part I can
+either do this without crossing
+
+or I could cross or I could have
+this part as a separate loop
+
+from this half.
+
+And then I can join
+it on the other side
+
+with essentially any one of
+these things like this, which
+
+comes with a plus; this,
+which comes with a minus;
+
+or this one that
+comes with a plus.
+
+So you can see that
+this particular diagram
+
+of s in s prime would arise
+in nine possible ways.
+
+So I would have had
+an over-counting
+
+by a factor of a three-paired
+crossing or nine total,
+
+except that now when I
+assign these factors,
+
+some of these diagrams will
+come with minus, some of them
+
+will come with plus.
+
+But ultimately, only
+one will survive.
+
+This is it.
+
+All of them survive, then the
+net contribution is just 1,
+
+which is the correct on.
+
+Now let's see.
+
+So this removed problem B. so
+this was problem B resolved.
+
+Let's see about our
+problem A, which
+
+had to do with
+multiple occupation
+
+of the particular bond.
+
+So these are diagrams that
+will appear in s prime
+
+that have no counterpart in s.
+
+That is, let's say
+there is this bond that
+
+is occupied twice,
+so that would be
+
+a contribution by a
+factor of t squared.
+
+And then this part can go
+and join whatever it wants.
+
+This part can go and
+do whatever it wants.
+
+The point is that for
+every diagram such as this,
+
+I can construct a diagram
+where I leave everything out
+
+here exactly as it
+was, everything out
+
+here exactly as it was,
+except that the two terminals
+
+that I'll have to the
+left and the two terminals
+
+that I have to the right of the
+bond, rather than joining them
+
+this way, I'll join
+them like this.
+
+So this complicated diagram, as
+far as this bond is concerned,
+
+I can prescribe in two different
+ways using graphs of s prime.
+
+And one of them with
+respect to the other
+
+has an additional
+factor of minus 1,
+
+and so they give me this 0.
+
+And you can convince yourself
+that the same construction will
+
+hold if I have three terminals,
+four terminals-- it doesn't
+
+matter.
+
+I will do it for one
+pair and it will be OK.
+
+The only time that I
+wouldn't have been able to
+
+is if I have to terminals
+on one side and one terminal
+
+on the other side,
+which is these guys.
+
+And that's what I
+said no U-turns.
+
+So now that's taken
+care of first.
+
+So this problem A is
+now also resolved.
+
+So what do we have?
+
+We have now established that
+s-- let me just get a 0.
+
+Let's define this loop star to
+be the loops with no U-turns
+
+and minus 1 to the
+number of crossings.
+
+So this star is
+going to symbolize
+
+that these two constraints
+of no U-turns and minus 1
+
+to the power of
+number of crossings
+
+are imposed in construction and
+calculation of the contribution
+
+of these objects.
+
+So then what do I have?
+
+I have that s is-- well,
+there's possibility of no loop.
+
+There is the one loop graphs.
+
+There's the two
+loops star graphs.
+
+My little loop star graphs.
+
+And just as in the
+case of s prime,
+
+I can exponentiate this as
+the sum of all one stars.
+
+And you may wonder
+what happens when
+
+I go to higher order terms.
+
+In higher order
+terms, potentially I
+
+will generate two
+of these things that
+
+cross when I go to
+a second order term.
+
+But then any intersection
+will involve two, four,
+
+and even number.
+
+Minus 1 to an even
+number is one,
+
+so there is really no
+additional interaction
+
+to worry about if multiple
+things are crossing each other.
+
+So we could exponentiate that
+s of t that we have over there.
+
+We are interested
+in taking the log
+
+of the expression for
+the partition function.
+
+I will do the factor of n log
+2 hyperbolic cosine squared,
+
+because there are essentially
+two bonds per side.
+
+And then I have a sum
+over these loop stars.
+
+Essentially, I took the
+log of the expression
+
+that I had before.
+
+Now this sum-- well,
+let's sort of take
+
+care of this factor of n.
+
+So I divide by n.
+
+Log z divided by n is log of 2
+hyperbolic cosines [INAUDIBLE]
+
+k plus-- well, the way to
+get rid of the factor of n
+
+in this sum is to fix
+one point of this loop
+
+so that it doesn't go
+all over the place.
+
+So let's say that I
+have the number of loops
+
+that start and
+end at the origin.
+
+I would have to sum over
+the length of those loops,
+
+and those things will give
+me a factor of t to the l.
+
+So I have defined this n star
+of l to be number of loop stars
+
+from 0 to 0 in l steps.
+
+So in place of this--
+actually, maybe
+
+I will emphasize it's minus
+1 to the number of crossings
+
+and no U-turns.
+
+Now gain, so what I have
+is my entire lattice.
+
+Let's say I have in loop
+that is of length 4.
+
+And now I have forced it to
+start and end at the origin
+
+so that I can put
+out this factor of n.
+
+But then I realized that I
+could have over-counted this
+
+because this loop could have
+been started from here, here,
+
+here, here and
+translated to the origin.
+
+So just as we saw for the
+case of the random walk loops
+
+before, there is this
+factor of l to correct.
+
+And then I'm
+talking about walks,
+
+I can either go clockwise
+or counterclockwise,
+
+so I have to divide by a
+factor of 2 to get rid of that.
+
+AUDIENCE: Question?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So what
+happens if you have when
+
+you're doing your
+exponential loops
+
+and we have one loop
+nested inside another loop
+
+that you're multiplying
+together so that they
+
+share one of their edges.
+
+It seems like then they
+don't have to cross twice,
+
+and so you would still need
+something to cancel them out.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, I should
+have maybe explained
+
+that graph a little bit more.
+
+But let's do it over here.
+
+So when I exponentiate s--
+what am I calling it?--
+
+s sum of the loops, among the
+terms that I will generate will
+
+certainly be
+something like this.
+
+And then you say this one is
+shared between the two of them.
+
+At the level of one
+loop graphs, there
+
+was a one-loop object
+that went like this.
+
+So the statement
+that I made here
+
+does not necessarily map the
+number of loops to each other,
+
+but it is correct,
+and the cancellation
+
+occurs at the level of one.
+
+And actually, I should
+have also indicated
+
+what's happening
+with the other graph
+
+that I have up there
+because I have this graph.
+
+So that's a one-loop graph,
+that cancels against this graph.
+
+So whatever you do, you can just
+follow the rule that I gave you
+
+and ensure that the
+cancellation works, of course.
+
+So Thank.
+
+You.
+
+I wanted to say this
+and I had forgot.
+
+OK, any other questions?
+
+OK, so essentially we are back
+to some extent of the formula
+
+that I had for
+ordinary random walks.
+
+And phantom loops these
+are partly phantom loops,
+
+but I have to take care
+of something like this.
+
+What did I go originally
+last lecture, rather than
+
+my ordinary graphs to
+these phantom loops?
+
+The reason was that
+for a phantom loops,
+
+I said that I had this
+Markovian condition.
+
+I could relate l step walks
+to l minus 1 step walks
+
+because there was no memory.
+
+I didn't have to know
+where I had crossed before.
+
+But it seems that in order
+to give a correct date
+
+to these new loops,
+I have to know
+
+how many times I cross myself.
+
+And c by itself is a
+non-Markovian thing.
+
+It requires memory.
+
+Expect that I don't need any c.
+
+I need only the parity of
+the number of crossings.
+
+And here is where there's a
+beautiful mathematical theorem
+
+that tells us here in
+this memory-like problem
+
+for something that is Markovian.
+
+And the statement is a
+theorem of Whitney's which
+
+states that the
+parity of a planar
+
+loop-- the thing
+that I've done here--
+
+whether it's even or odd.
+
+Parity of the
+number of crossings
+
+is related to the total angle
+through which the tangent
+
+vector turns by the following.
+
+In C mod 2, which is the
+parity of the crossings,
+
+is 1 plus this
+total angle that I
+
+will call theta
+divided by 2 pi mod 2.
+
+So I'm not going to
+give a proof of this,
+
+but I will show you examples to
+make sure you understand what's
+
+happening by, let's say,
+comparing the following two
+
+graphs, one of which has no
+crossing and another one which
+
+is essentially the same
+thing but has a crossing.
+
+So basically I put
+an arrow so that I
+
+can follow where the
+orientation of the bond, which
+
+is the location of this
+tangent s, as I step.
+
+Let's say from the origin, this
+is the first step, second step,
+
+third step, fourth step,
+so on and so forth.
+
+So let's do this
+for the upper graph.
+
+And what I will do is
+I will plot the angle.
+
+And the first step here, I start
+at 0 degrees pointing this way.
+
+So this is my step number one.
+
+At the next, I have
+gone to 90 degrees,
+
+so this is where I go to.
+
+At three, I'm back
+to pointing along
+
+the horizon in the direction.
+
+At four, I have
+gone back up here.
+
+At five, I go to 180 degrees.
+
+At six, I go all the way down.
+
+At seven, I go back
+to this horizontal.
+
+At eight, I go back
+to pointing down.
+
+And then I'm back to one.
+
+So if you follow what
+that tangent is doing,
+
+it's going woop, woop.
+
+At the end of the day, it
+has turned through 3 pi.
+
+So in this case, the
+total turn is 2 pi.
+
+1 plus the total turn
+divided by 2 pi in this case
+
+is 1 plus 2 pi over 2
+pi, which is 2-- mod
+
+2 which is the same thing as 0.
+
+And of course, how many times
+has this thing crossed itself?
+
+Zero times.
+
+So let's see how
+it works if you go
+
+to apply the same set of
+rules to this other one.
+
+So again, one, two, three,
+four, five, six, seven, eight
+
+are my steps.
+
+One is pointing in the
+horizontal direction.
+
+Two goes vertical
+just as before.
+
+Three stays the same
+place, so two and three
+
+are at the same point.
+
+Four, I go back to horizontal.
+
+Five, I go down to
+minus 90 degrees.
+
+Six, I go all the
+way to 180 degrees
+
+and stay there at seven.
+
+Eight, I go back to
+minus 90 degrees,
+
+and then rejoin the origin.
+
+So this goes up, down, back,
+never completes a full turn.
+
+So in this case, theta is 0.
+
+1 plus theta over 2 pi
+is 1, and the number
+
+of crossings of his graph is 1.
+
+So you can go and repeat
+this for any graph
+
+that you like and convince
+yourself that this rule works.
+
+Well, how does that help us?
+
+Well, the diagrams
+that I have drawn here
+
+already tells you
+how it helps us
+
+because in order to
+find the total angle,
+
+all I need to do is to keep
+track of local changes.
+
+So essentially, as I go
+along, I carry a bag with me
+
+which adds the changing
+angle at every step.
+
+I don't need to know where
+I was 100 steps before.
+
+I just add another
+changing angle.
+
+By the time I get
+to the last stop,
+
+I figure out what my total
+angle is, and then I'm done.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes?
+
+So is it really the
+total angle that
+
+matters, or is it more
+just the number of circles
+
+that you complete or not?
+
+PROFESSOR: They
+are the same thing.
+
+So if you prefer
+to say it in terms
+
+of the entanglement of your loop
+and the point at the origin,
+
+that's another way of saying it.
+
+This entity divided by 2
+pi is a topological number,
+
+which counts essentially
+the number of times
+
+you have gone around the origin.
+
+So what I'm saying is that minus
+1 to the power of the number
+
+of crossings-- this factor
+that I was after-- I can write
+
+as e to the i pi times
+the number of crossings.
+
+And it is evident that the
+only thing that is important
+
+here is the parity, so I
+can replace into the i pi
+
+the number of crossings with 1
+plus this total angle divided
+
+by 2 pi.
+
+Which means I have
+e to the i pi, which
+
+is a factor of minus 1.
+
+And then I have e to
+the i theta over 2.
+
+And my statement is that
+this is the same thing as e
+
+to the i over 2, sum over the
+little bits of change of angle
+
+that people have as
+you go along there.
+
+So what I have to do
+is as I am walking
+
+around this square
+lattice, I better
+
+keep track of
+which direction I'm
+
+pointing so that I know from
+one step to the next step
+
+whether I change by 0
+degrees, 90 degrees,
+
+minus 90 degrees, et cetera.
+
+So what do I do?
+
+I define a convention.
+
+So we are going to introduce
+orientation mu of step
+
+as follows.
+
+So let's say I'm at some
+point on the lattice i.
+
+Then I can increase the particle
+c along one of four directions.
+
+And I'm going to
+label them by mu
+
+being equal to 1, 2, 3, or 4.
+
+You can choose any
+notation you want.
+
+This will be the
+notation I will use.
+
+Secondly, I'm going to introduce
+the analog of the quantity
+
+that we had for the phantom
+random box, which was I
+
+introduced a set of
+matrices that were counting
+
+how many base I can
+go from one side
+
+to another side in l steps.
+
+So I will introduce
+the following notation.
+
+Something that involves the
+starred box that involves l
+
+steps.
+
+And I say that I start
+at some point xy and I
+
+end at some other
+point x prime y prime.
+
+So again, just
+counting how many ways
+
+I can go from one
+to another point.
+
+Except that I also want to keep
+track of these orientations.
+
+So this quantity is
+defined as follows.
+
+It is the sum over random
+walks that start at xy along m.
+
+That is, if this
+is my point, xy,
+
+and I'm looking at the
+second element of this,
+
+the next step I have to go up.
+
+If I have specified
+that mu equals to 1,
+
+it means that the first step
+I have to go to the right.
+
+OK, as I go further
+on the lattice,
+
+I ensure that I never
+have any U-turns,
+
+and I keep track
+of the factors of e
+
+to the i theta that changes as
+I take one step to the next step
+
+so that if I took my first
+step here and then next
+
+if I continued here,
+there would be no factor.
+
+But if I went up, I would have
+a factor of e to the i pi 4.
+
+So I keep track
+of those factors.
+
+And then I want to
+end at x prime y prime
+
+and head along mu prime.
+
+Since I specified that
+my first step will then
+
+go along mu, when I
+reach the last step,
+
+I already know
+where I came from.
+
+But depending on
+which direction I
+
+specify I would turn to
+and head for my next step,
+
+I will get the changing angle.
+
+So I have to include the
+changing angle somewhere so
+
+that there are l
+changes in angle
+
+so the way that I
+have defined it,
+
+it will be essentially
+keeping track
+
+of where the next
+step is headed to.
+
+So again, if I were
+to draw a diagram,
+
+I'll start with
+this xy point, and I
+
+want to arrive at
+some point here--
+
+let's say x prime y prime.
+
+And I want to do in l steps.
+
+And the first step, I
+go along the direction
+
+that is specified by mu.
+
+So this is step 1, and there's
+the 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
+
+Let's see, the last one-- so
+this would step l minus 1.
+
+This is the last step, arrives
+me at point x prime y prime.
+
+But then I have to specify what
+is the direction of mu prime
+
+so that I keep track of the
+appropriate change of angle
+
+that I have to do
+over here as well.
+
+So this is the procedure.
+
+Now this walk, this quantity
+that I have defined for you
+
+here, has the Markovian
+property in that
+
+if I arrive at this
+point after l steps,
+
+then after l minus one
+steps, I was at one point--
+
+x double prime, y double
+prime-- from which
+
+I took one step along some
+direction-- mu double prime--
+
+and arrived at this.
+
+So I can write that I have to
+sum over all possible locations
+
+and orientations of
+the before [INAUDIBLE].
+
+I start from the point
+xy, proceed along
+
+direction mu for a total
+of l minus 1 steps,
+
+landing on x double
+prime y double prime,
+
+and then going in direction
+to mu double prime.
+
+So then I have a walk that
+started at x double prime,
+
+y double prime along
+the direction in double
+
+prime, which is one step has
+to get me to my destination.
+
+And once I am at
+the destination,
+
+I head along the
+direction in prime.
+
+So this is clearly
+a matrix, a product.
+
+And what I have established
+is this matrix, w star
+
+of l-- which, by the way,
+is a 4n by 4n matrix,
+
+because our n points
+and 4 orientation,
+
+so it's 4n by 4n matrix--
+and I have established
+
+that that is the product
+of the matrix that I have
+
+for one step, and the
+product of the matrix that I
+
+have for l minus 1 step.
+
+And this object that I will
+call t star essentially tells me
+
+something about the combined
+connectivity orientation
+
+that I have for square lattice.
+
+And since I can repeat
+this many times,
+
+I can see that I have the result
+that I want, that w star of l
+
+is simply t star raised
+to the power of l.
+
+Questions?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Have we accounted
+for loops that [INAUDIBLE]
+
+we have the square loop
+of four steps and then
+
+the same square loop of
+eight steps that are exactly
+
+on top of the four-step one?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so you want me
+to take this and do it again?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so
+I can certainly
+
+do something like this.
+
+AUDIENCE: I see.
+
+PROFESSOR: And of course,
+I can do the same thing
+
+over any of the bonds, but
+they are always [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Doesn't
+[INAUDIBLE] become kind
+
+of like transfer
+matrix [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+It will reproduce the
+result that Onsager had,
+
+but the transfer
+matrix that Onsager had
+
+was it essentially going
+from column to column.
+
+Its size was 2 to the
+n times 2 to the n.
+
+This is 4n by 4n.
+
+It is vastly smaller
+matrix that I have to do.
+
+All right, so maybe
+we should just
+
+write down what this
+matrix t star is.
+
+So t star, I said, is
+this 4n by 4n matrix
+
+that tells me how
+going from some side
+
+xy I arrive at some other
+side x prime y prime.
+
+But it also has
+orientation information.
+
+So really, I should have
+four of these for this,
+
+and four of these for this.
+
+So it's actually a 4
+by 4 matrix that I have
+
+once I keep track
+of orientations.
+
+So let me write down the
+4 by 4 matrix explicitly.
+
+So here we have
+in mu, and this mu
+
+could be one, two, three, four--
+which, again, specifically I
+
+have indicated as this,
+this, this, and this.
+
+And along the other direction,
+I can arrive at mu prime.
+
+Once I have arrived
+at the mu prime,
+
+I can either go forward,
+up, left, or down.
+
+So essentially what
+this says is start
+
+with a side xy, head in
+the horizontal direction.
+
+Since this is a one-step
+walk, after one step
+
+I will be arriving
+at some other point.
+
+Once you arrive at that next
+point, continue to [INAUDIBLE].
+
+The next element says head
+to the right and then go up.
+
+The next element
+says go to the right
+
+and then start to the back.
+
+The next element says go to
+the right and then go down.
+
+Now we can construct
+the rest of them.
+
+Up, right, up, up, up, left,
+up, down, left, right, left, up,
+
+left, left, left, down.
+
+Lastly, down, right, down,
+up, down, left, down, down.
+
+So you do your
+aerobic exercises,
+
+and then in next stage is to
+actually write down the numbers
+
+that these correspond to.
+
+So first of all, you can
+see that-- I'm not sure
+
+whether I will
+have enough space,
+
+but let's hope that I do--
+that in this first row
+
+of this matrix, your first
+step was always to the right.
+
+So always, you will start from
+x and you end up at x plus 1
+
+while y does not change.
+
+So I will indicate that
+by x plus 1-- actually,
+
+what should I write it?
+
+Yeah, x prime, y prime.
+
+x prime has to be x plus 1.
+
+y prime has to be y.
+
+So I'll have to
+introduce the notation
+
+that x prime y prime xy
+means theta x x prime delta y
+
+y prime.
+
+So essentially, you just
+read off for x prime, y prime
+
+what the new points have to be.
+
+And I proceed forward.
+
+There's no change in face.
+
+The next one, I arrive
+at the same point,
+
+so x prime y prime
+is x plus 1 y.
+
+But now my tangent
+vector, my heading
+
+has shifted by 90 degrees, so
+I have to put a factor of e
+
+to the i pi over 4.
+
+The next one, I try
+to go back, but I've
+
+said U-turns are not allowed,
+so this matrix element is 0.
+
+The next matrix element, I have
+x prime y prime x plus 1 y.
+
+Now I have pinned it down,
+so minus 90 degrees--
+
+the changing angle--
+is minus i pi over 4.
+
+The second column, you
+can see that essentially
+
+the y-coordinate has to
+change by 1, increase by 1.
+
+So I have x prime, y
+prime being xy plus 1.
+
+And this element has
+a change of angle
+
+that corresponds to
+the minus 90 degrees,
+
+so this is e to the
+minus 5 pi over 4.
+
+The diagonal element
+continues to head straight,
+
+so there was no phase
+angle associated with that.
+
+The third element heads
+in the opposite direction,
+
+so the phase element for that
+is e to the minus i pi over 4.
+
+The fourth element is a
+U-turn, so it will be 0.
+
+The third column starts
+with a U-turn, which is a 0.
+
+The next one, you can see
+I have to step to the left,
+
+so x prime has to become x
+minus 1 while y does not change.
+
+The phase factor is e to
+the minus i pi over 4.
+
+Along with diagonal,
+there is no phase factor.
+
+And if I already had one
+e to the minus i over 4,
+
+I should have e to the i
+pi over 4 for the last one.
+
+And the last element corresponds
+to y decreasing by 1.
+
+So I start with x prime,
+y prime in xy minus 1.
+
+The first phase
+that I have to do,
+
+I can kind of read how
+things go diagonally.
+
+This is i pi over 4
+to the i pi over 4.
+
+The next one has to be 0
+because the 0's you can see,
+
+are proceeding diagonally.
+
+The next one would be x
+prime, y prime xy minus 1
+
+e to the i minus i
+pi over 4 and then
+
+x prime y prime xy minus
+1 for the last time.
+
+So this keeps track of
+the changes in phase.
+
+So now the next
+thing that we did
+
+when we had the ordinary
+random walks was we
+
+took advantage of the
+translational invariance
+
+of the lattice to go to Fourier
+space and make diagonalization.
+
+And indeed, we can do that over
+here, too, but only partially
+
+in that this object has
+two sets of indices.
+
+There is the lattice coordinates
+and there's the orientation.
+
+But what I can certainly do is
+to diagonalize the the subspace
+
+that corresponds to positions.
+
+What do I mean by that?
+
+What I will do is I will
+introduce, let's say, qx, qy,
+
+xy-- these Fourier elements--
+which are e to the i qx
+
+x plus qy y divided by square
+root of n just as before,
+
+without any
+orientation component.
+
+Then you can see that if I
+multiply this object to xq
+
+y xy, with this matrix
+that I have over here,
+
+xy t star x prime y prime,
+and sum over x and y,
+
+but leave the
+orientations unchanged.
+
+That is, basically I
+do this individually
+
+for each one of these 16
+elements of this matrix
+
+that each one of them
+clearly depends on x, y,
+
+x prime, y prime, but also
+has some additional factors.
+
+In each case, what
+is going to happen
+
+is that because I'm
+shifting x or y by one step,
+
+I will get this factor
+back up to e to the i qx, e
+
+to the minus i qx, e to the
+i qy, e to the minus iqy
+
+exactly as I was doing
+before, except that I
+
+will have to do this for
+every single one of them.
+
+So you can see that essentially
+what this reproduces is
+
+a matrix that is four by
+four that depends on q,
+
+and then I will get xy qx
+of qy actually x prime y
+
+prime because I sum
+over x and y back.
+
+So what is this
+matrix, t star of q?
+
+It is very easily constructed
+from what I have over there.
+
+Because you can see that from
+the first one, what happens
+
+is that when I see
+x, I will change it
+
+to x prime, which is x minus 1.
+
+So from here, I will get a
+factor of e to the minus i qx.
+
+y and y prime are the same.
+
+I don't get anything from here.
+
+Next one, I will get e to the
+minus i qx plus i pi over 4 0
+
+e to the minus i qx
+minus i pi over 4.
+
+The next column, the y
+has been shifted by 1.
+
+So I will get e to the
+minus i cube y minus i
+
+pi over 4 e to the minus i qy
+e to the minus i qy plus i pi
+
+over 4 0.
+
+The next level, the third one,
+x prime is set to x minus 1,
+
+so I essentially get
+e to the i qx-- oops.
+
+Third element starts
+with 0, and then I'll
+
+have e to the i qx minus
+i pi over 4 e to the i qx,
+
+and then I'll have e to
+the i qx plus i pi over 4.
+
+The fourth element is e to the
+i cube y plus i pi over 4 0
+
+into the i qy minus i
+pi over 4 e to the i qy.
+
+So in the positions space,
+I have this 4n by 4n matrix
+
+where the different sides were
+connected to their neighbors
+
+with these phase factors.
+
+I have gone from coordinate
+to Fourier basis.
+
+I did this transformation.
+
+Now I have a matrix that
+is blocked diagonal.
+
+So for each value of the q,
+I have a four by four block.
+
+So in the q picture, imagine
+that you have this 4n
+
+by 4n matrix, and you
+have blocks of four
+
+for different q
+along the diagonal.
+
+Each one of them is this.
+
+So now let's go and calculate
+our partition function.
+
+So what do we have?
+
+We have that log z over n
+is log 2 hyperbolic cosine
+
+squared of k plus
+1/2 sum over l.
+
+Sum over l of these
+loops that go back
+
+all the way to themselves.
+
+So this is t to the l over l.
+
+This is loop star of length l.
+
+I want to relate
+loop star of length
+
+l to this w star
+of length l, but I
+
+want to start and
+end at the origin.
+
+So I start from the origin
+and end at the origin.
+
+But I have to be careful,
+because let's say
+
+I make a loop such as this
+and I end up at the origin.
+
+I have to get the
+right phase factor.
+
+So if I started
+along direction mu,
+
+when I get back to the starting
+point, I cannot turn this way,
+
+this way and get the
+right phase factor.
+
+I have to go and head in
+the same direction as mu.
+
+So I have to head to
+the same direction.
+
+Now I can certainly
+do this as a summation
+
+also over the starting point.
+
+Instead, I have to
+start and end at 0.
+
+I could have started
+and ended at any point,
+
+and then I do a
+sum of xy and mu,
+
+but then I better
+divide by the n, right?
+
+And the reason I do
+that is because now you
+
+can see that the structure
+of this is like a trace,
+
+and I like that.
+
+Actually, I made a mistake when
+I did this because, you see,
+
+the factor that I had to
+really include is minus 1
+
+to the number of crossings.
+
+But my w l star is
+just keep track of e
+
+to the i delta thetas.
+
+Actually, I should have put
+in here a delta theta over 2.
+
+So I had forgotten that.
+
+But we can see that that factor
+is different from minus 1
+
+to the nc to the minus sign.
+
+So there was that minus
+sign that I had forgotten.
+
+And actually, I better
+make this a minus sign.
+
+So what was plus before becomes
+a minus because of this factor
+
+that I have over here.
+
+So let's write this again.
+
+This is log 2 hyperbolic cosine
+squared of k minus 1 over 2n.
+
+And then this sum over
+xy mu is like a trace.
+
+And what is it that I'm tracing?
+
+I'm tracing a sum over l, t
+t star to the l divided by l.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So we'll also sum
+it over mu [INAUDIBLE] 4?
+
+PROFESSOR: No,
+because I don't know
+
+which direction
+my first step is.
+
+So what I'm doing is I'm
+summing over all always
+
+of starting step from the
+origin, head in direction mu.
+
+Then I have to make sure
+that I come back to mu.
+
+Now it is true
+that I sum over mu,
+
+but I already took
+care of that when
+
+I divided by 2l,
+because let's say
+
+you look at the
+diagrams of length 4
+
+that I generate
+through this procedure.
+
+Starting from here, depending
+on which direction I go,
+
+I will generate this or
+this or this, or this.
+
+These are precisely
+the four diagrams
+
+that I generate depending on
+which starting point I pick.
+
+So it is truly there
+is an over-counting,
+
+but that's an over-counting that
+you've already taken care of.
+
+Now again, we did
+this last time.
+
+This is the series
+for minus log of 1
+
+minus 2 t star-- matrix t star.
+
+So this is the same thing as
+log of 2 hyperbolic cosine
+
+squared of k plus now 1
+over 2n trace of log of 1
+
+minus t t star.
+
+Now I said that my matrix
+was blocked diagonal
+
+when I went to look
+at the q basis.
+
+And I can take the
+trace in any basis,
+
+whether it's in coordinate
+basis, in momentum basis.
+
+Trace is trace.
+
+So now focus on what
+the trace will look
+
+like if I go to
+the Fourier basis.
+
+I have these four
+by four blocks,
+
+and then I calculate
+the trace, I
+
+will calculate the trace
+of one four by four.
+
+And the other four by
+four, I go over all q's.
+
+So basically this can be
+written as a sum over q's.
+
+Log of 1 minus t.
+
+This four by four matrix t star
+of q, and the trace of that.
+
+And finally-- oops, I forgot
+a factor of 1 over 2n here.
+
+The sum over q I'm going to
+replace with an integral over q
+
+times n over 2 pi squared.
+
+So the final answer
+here is going
+
+to look like log 2
+hyperbolic cosine squared
+
+root of k plus 1/2.
+
+The 1 over n I will get rid
+of when I write the sum over q
+
+as n integral d2 of q.
+
+So I have integral d2 of
+1 divided by 2 pi squared.
+
+One more step.
+
+Trace of a log of any
+matrix I can write--
+
+let's say we find a basis
+in which the m is diagonal.
+
+Then it becomes a sum
+over alpha log of lambda
+
+alpha, where lambda alphas
+are diagonal values of this.
+
+But sum over logs
+is the same thing
+
+as log of the product over
+alpha of lambda alpha.
+
+The product of eigenvalues
+of the matrix you
+
+also recognize to
+be the determinant.
+
+So this is the log of the
+determinant of the matrix.
+
+So this is a very
+useful, famous identity
+
+that trace log is the same
+thing as log determinant
+
+that I will use.
+
+And rather than
+calculate the trace log,
+
+I will write it as the
+log of the determinant,
+
+and I will explicitly
+write down for you
+
+the determinant of which
+four by four matrix.
+
+It is simply 1 minus p times
+the elements of that matrix.
+
+So it's 1 minus t e to
+the minus i qx minus t
+
+e to the minus i qx plus
+i pi over 4 0 minus t
+
+e to the minus i qx
+minus i pi over 4.
+
+Second element,
+second row-- minus t
+
+e to the minus i qy minus
+i pi over 4 1 minus t
+
+e to the minus i qy minus t
+e to the minus i qy plus i pi
+
+over 4 minus-- oops, 0
+for the last element here.
+
+It's a U-turn.
+
+The third thing is 0 minus
+t e to the i qx minus i
+
+pi over 4 1 minus t e to the i
+qx diagonal element minus t e
+
+to the i qx plus i pi over 4.
+
+Final row-- minus t e
+to the i cube y plus i
+
+pi over 4, 0 for the
+U-turn, minus t e
+
+to the i qy minus i pi over
+4 diagonal turn 1 minus t e
+
+to the i cube y, and that's it.
+
+And that's the answer.
+
+So calculating the
+partition function
+
+of the 2-dimensionalizing
+model is
+
+reduced to calculating this
+four by four determinant, which
+
+we can do by hand.
+
+I won't do it here.
+
+I will write the answer.
+
+So the log of z over n is log
+3 hyperbolic cosine squared
+
+of k plus 1/2 integral
+d2 q 2 pi squared.
+
+Log, you take the determinant.
+
+What you find is 1 plus t
+squared squared minus 2 t 1
+
+minus t squared cosine
+of qx plus cosine of qy.
+
+If you want, you can write it
+in a slightly different way
+
+by taking the cosine squared
+inside this logarithm
+
+and doing a little
+bit of algebra.
+
+We get log 2 plus 1/2.
+
+Explicitly, these are integrals
+that go from 0 to 2 pi,
+
+because that's the
+range of q vectors
+
+that are allowed by
+this transformation.
+
+I'll have a q in
+the x direction.
+
+I'll have a q in
+the y direction.
+
+2 pi squared, each one of them
+goes in the range 0 to 2 pi.
+
+I have a log.
+
+And once I take this
+cosine squared inside,
+
+it becomes cos to the fourth.
+
+You write this t sine squared
+divided by cos squared.
+
+You can see that the cos to
+the fourth will cancel this.
+
+You will get cos squared
+plus sine squared,
+
+which is the same thing as
+hyperbolic cosine of twice
+
+the angle squared.
+
+And the other terms conspires
+to give you the sine of 2kx
+
+and then cosine of
+qx plus cosine of qy.
+
+And so this is the
+partition function
+
+of the 2-dimensionalizing model.
+
+You can do a little
+bit more manipulations,
+
+write this integral in
+terms of special functions,
+
+but you won't gain much.
+
+So this is the answer.
+
+I want you to absorb and
+appreciate this derivation.
+
+And next time we
+look at this and see
+
+what it means for the
+similarities in the phase
+
+behavior of the
+2-dimensionalizing.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+in the log, it's cos
+
+squared minus [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+But both of them went
+to twice diagonal.
+
+Here everything
+is in terms of k.
+
+And once I took the hyperbolic
+cosine squared inside then
+
+did the manipulations, they
+became twice the length.
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the subscript
+up there [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: 2.
+
+There should be
+a subscript, yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there an
+extension to higher dimensions
+
+where you just do a
+summation over cosine?
+
+PROFESSOR: You
+would wish, right?
+
+I mean, that's actually--
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: And quite
+a number of people
+
+have come with that
+conjecture, including
+
+myself when i was
+a graduate student
+
+and I didn't know better.
+
+If you sort of write
+things in terms of not only
+
+if you make kx and
+ky to be different,
+
+then this takes the
+form of cos 2kx cos 2ky.
+
+This becomes, in some
+sense, a very nice version
+
+of 2kx and 2ky.
+
+There is a way natural--
+and the thing that is nice
+
+is that if you put any one
+of the 2kx's to 0, then
+
+you have reduced the formula for
+the 1-dimensionalizing model,
+
+as you should.
+
+And then the natural
+thing would be
+
+to write a similar product
+in three dimensions,
+
+and you did when said
+one of k's equals to 0.
+
+You get the corrected
+dimensionalizing model.
+
+So it passes a number of test,
+yet it's unfortunately not
+
+correct.
+
+AUDIENCE: So the
+problem is conditional
+
+in this three dimensions
+is counting the loops?
+
+PROFESSOR: What we
+relied on heavily
+
+was this factor of
+minus 1 to the product
+
+of the number of crossings.
+
+And if you think about it
+as a topological entity,
+
+these crossings only make
+sense in two dimensions.
+
+So you don't have the basic
+tool to go in three dimensions.
+
+And actually, what
+those minus signs
+
+mean I will explain next time.
+
+Has something to do with
+fermionic character of this
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+So it's a beautiful result.
+
+You should appreciate it.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+this Thursday?
+
+PROFESSOR: I'll go
+through the history, too.
+
+The person who first
+derived this field energy
+
+was Onsager with this transfer
+matrix method that I described.
+
+This way of doing it in terms
+of graphs came much later.
+
+And a number of people
+that were involved
+
+that, including Feynman.
+
+In fact, in Feynman's
+book, there's
+
+a very nice derivation along
+these lines that you can see.
+
+The connections to fermions and
+the number of people Mattis,
+
+Schultz, Lieb, et
+cetera, came up with.
+
+One thing that-- well, OK,
+guess I have a few minutes.
+
+I can say a few things.
+
+So this result dates
+back to around 1950s.
+
+And I know a generation
+of physicists
+
+who are now about to retire
+or have retired in the past 10
+
+years or so who were very
+young when these things were
+
+introduced.
+
+And as far as I can see,
+all through their life,
+
+they did versions of this.
+
+So you can sort of do versions
+of the 2-dimensionalizing model
+
+and you can make the
+interactions to be different.
+
+You can play the different
+types of interactions.
+
+You can make the
+boundaries to be
+
+different, periodic, et cetera.
+
+There's been variants
+that you can find,
+
+and there are some
+people who seem
+
+to have done that
+throughout their career.
+
+But then after that, we had
+the renormalization group,
+
+and a totally
+different perspective.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yBvKhgnYLM4.txt b/yBvKhgnYLM4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c58aa4cccafcbc90336921534797395e76396120
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yBvKhgnYLM4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1155 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
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+Let's talk about some of the great
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+you're frustrated with the gridlock that
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+you're frustrated with the gridlock that
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+is blocking any progress in public
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+between business and labor on employment
+ 
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+between business and labor on employment
+and labor policy. So we need to look to
+
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+and labor policy. So we need to look to
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+local governments, in nonprofits. And so
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+that's where historically most of our
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+that's where historically most of our
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+major innovations at at work have
+ 
+
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+major innovations at at work have
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+effectively for shareholders and for
+employees and for customers for many
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+employees and for customers for many
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+employees and for customers for many
+years. So that's one example, but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. So that's one example, but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. So that's one example, but there
+are others across almost every industry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are others across almost every industry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are others across almost every industry.
+We can find good companies that are able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can find good companies that are able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can find good companies that are able
+to provide good jobs at high profits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide good jobs at high profits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide good jobs at high profits and
+good service to their customers. In the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good service to their customers. In the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good service to their customers. In the
+health care area, you often hear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care area, you often hear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care area, you often hear about
+Kaiser Permanente, a major nonprofit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kaiser Permanente, a major nonprofit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kaiser Permanente, a major nonprofit
+health care provider that both is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care provider that both is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care provider that both is an
+insurer and in a uh clinics and doctor's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurer and in a uh clinics and doctor's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurer and in a uh clinics and doctor's
+offices and has hospitals. Google, as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offices and has hospitals. Google, as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offices and has hospitals. Google, as
+you all know, is one of the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know, is one of the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know, is one of the greatest
+employers today. It's got the resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers today. It's got the resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers today. It's got the resources
+to have parties on Fridays and treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have parties on Fridays and treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have parties on Fridays and treat
+employees well and encourage them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees well and encourage them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees well and encourage them to
+work creatively on their own work. Here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work creatively on their own work. Here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work creatively on their own work. Here
+in New England, we celebrate the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New England, we celebrate the work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New England, we celebrate the work of
+Market Basket, one of our grocery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market Basket, one of our grocery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market Basket, one of our grocery
+chains, where employees went on strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains, where employees went on strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains, where employees went on strike
+to support their CEO, to save the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support their CEO, to save the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support their CEO, to save the
+business culture and the business that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business culture and the business that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business culture and the business that
+was good for employees and good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good for employees and good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good for employees and good for
+customers and good for shareholders.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and good for shareholders.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and good for shareholders.
+We'll talk more about Market Basket in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll talk more about Market Basket in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll talk more about Market Basket in
+future sessions of this class. On the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future sessions of this class. On the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future sessions of this class. On the
+West Coast, there's a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Coast, there's a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Coast, there's a similar
+organization called In-N-Out Burgers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization called In-N-Out Burgers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization called In-N-Out Burgers.
+again a retail restaurant which is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a retail restaurant which is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a retail restaurant which is doing
+very very well. So there are companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very well. So there are companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very well. So there are companies
+that do this and then there are new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do this and then there are new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do this and then there are new
+forms of work emerging out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of work emerging out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of work emerging out of the
+so-called ondemand economy with names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called ondemand economy with names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called ondemand economy with names
+like Uber, Task Rabbit, companies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Uber, Task Rabbit, companies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Uber, Task Rabbit, companies that
+disrupt traditional ways of organizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupt traditional ways of organizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupt traditional ways of organizing
+work and that bring customers more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and that bring customers more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and that bring customers more
+directly into the work process. We will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into the work process. We will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into the work process. We will
+discuss the pros and the cons of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the pros and the cons of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the pros and the cons of these
+new ways of working throughout this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ways of working throughout this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ways of working throughout this
+course and we see equally exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and we see equally exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and we see equally exciting
+innovations all across the world. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations all across the world. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations all across the world. The
+Swedish furniture maker IKEA for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swedish furniture maker IKEA for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swedish furniture maker IKEA for example
+is a global leader in environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a global leader in environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a global leader in environmental
+sustainability in serving lowincome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability in serving lowincome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability in serving lowincome
+customers with good quality furniture at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers with good quality furniture at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers with good quality furniture at
+reasonable prices and providing good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable prices and providing good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable prices and providing good
+working conditions including ensuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working conditions including ensuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working conditions including ensuring
+that its lowest paid employees earn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that its lowest paid employees earn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that its lowest paid employees earn a
+living wage. Or consider Senco, an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living wage. Or consider Senco, an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living wage. Or consider Senco, an
+innovative company in Brazil that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative company in Brazil that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative company in Brazil that has
+gained a reputation for empowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained a reputation for empowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained a reputation for empowering
+employees to control their own jobs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees to control their own jobs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees to control their own jobs and
+their work schedules and yet has grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work schedules and yet has grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work schedules and yet has grown
+to become Brazil's most successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become Brazil's most successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become Brazil's most successful
+company. The CEO who grew and shaped the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. The CEO who grew and shaped the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. The CEO who grew and shaped the
+company, Ricardo Semler, was recognized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company, Ricardo Semler, was recognized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company, Ricardo Semler, was recognized
+by the World Economic Forum as one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the World Economic Forum as one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the World Economic Forum as one of
+the global leaders of tomorrow. But what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global leaders of tomorrow. But what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global leaders of tomorrow. But what
+about innovations on the labor market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about innovations on the labor market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about innovations on the labor market
+side? Well, in the 20th century, unions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side? Well, in the 20th century, unions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side? Well, in the 20th century, unions
+were the source of tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the source of tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the source of tremendous
+innovation. They're happy to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation. They're happy to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation. They're happy to tell you
+that they are the group that brought you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are the group that brought you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are the group that brought you
+the weekend. And in fact, that's true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weekend. And in fact, that's true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weekend. And in fact, that's true.
+They negotiated for time off, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They negotiated for time off, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They negotiated for time off, for
+holidays, for weekends, for various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holidays, for weekends, for various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holidays, for weekends, for various
+kinds of vacation pay and sick leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of vacation pay and sick leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of vacation pay and sick leave
+pay. But unions, as you can see here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay. But unions, as you can see here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay. But unions, as you can see here,
+have fallen on hard times. they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fallen on hard times. they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fallen on hard times. they have
+lost membership going from about a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost membership going from about a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost membership going from about a third
+of the workforce down to less than 15%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the workforce down to less than 15%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the workforce down to less than 15%
+today. And in the private sector,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. And in the private sector,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. And in the private sector,
+they're even lower at about 7%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're even lower at about 7%.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're even lower at about 7%.
+But in the wake of this decline, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in the wake of this decline, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in the wake of this decline, we're
+seeing new forms of worker organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing new forms of worker organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing new forms of worker organization
+emerge. Sometimes they they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge. Sometimes they they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge. Sometimes they they're called
+cooperatives. Sometimes they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatives. Sometimes they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatives. Sometimes they're called
+worker centers. Sometimes they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker centers. Sometimes they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker centers. Sometimes they're called
+fast food strikes, as we've seen against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast food strikes, as we've seen against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast food strikes, as we've seen against
+McDonald's and other industries.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's and other industries.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's and other industries.
+Sometimes it's protests against Walmart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes it's protests against Walmart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes it's protests against Walmart
+on Black Friday where workers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Black Friday where workers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Black Friday where workers are
+protesting uh low wages in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protesting uh low wages in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protesting uh low wages in that
+industry. But we're seeing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry. But we're seeing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry. But we're seeing these
+organizations come along and develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations come along and develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations come along and develop
+their own form of innovation that helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own form of innovation that helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own form of innovation that helps
+to represent workers and provide workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent workers and provide workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent workers and provide workers
+a voice that that allows them to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voice that that allows them to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voice that that allows them to improve
+their own conditions on the job. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own conditions on the job. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own conditions on the job. And
+some are are using social media to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are are using social media to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are are using social media to
+provide new opportunities. You've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide new opportunities. You've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide new opportunities. You've heard
+about Mechanical Turk, which provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Mechanical Turk, which provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Mechanical Turk, which provides
+jobs for people who can sign up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs for people who can sign up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs for people who can sign up on the
+internet to do coding jobs and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet to do coding jobs and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet to do coding jobs and other
+very uh basic kinds of things that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh basic kinds of things that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh basic kinds of things that they
+can do from home. Well, this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do from home. Well, this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do from home. Well, this thing
+called Turk Opticon has come along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Turk Opticon has come along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Turk Opticon has come along and
+it said we will rate employers. Are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it said we will rate employers. Are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it said we will rate employers. Are they
+good employers? Can we trust them? Do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good employers? Can we trust them? Do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good employers? Can we trust them? Do
+they pay their employees wages on time?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay their employees wages on time?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay their employees wages on time?
+Do they live up to their promise? This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do they live up to their promise? This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do they live up to their promise? This
+is all done spontaneously to organize.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all done spontaneously to organize.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all done spontaneously to organize.
+So we're seeing new forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're seeing new forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're seeing new forms of
+organization like this come along. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization like this come along. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization like this come along. So we
+can do this. We need to continue to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this. We need to continue to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this. We need to continue to put
+our our good faith efforts into creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our good faith efforts into creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our good faith efforts into creating
+innovations at the workplace. We need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations at the workplace. We need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations at the workplace. We need to
+ask then how can we take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask then how can we take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask then how can we take those
+innovations and spread them across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations and spread them across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations and spread them across the
+economy so that more and more people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy so that more and more people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy so that more and more people can
+benefit from these good ideas. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from these good ideas. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from these good ideas. That's
+our job. I look forward to seeing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our job. I look forward to seeing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our job. I look forward to seeing more
+innovations and I am look forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations and I am look forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations and I am look forward to
+seeing what you and your generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what you and your generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what you and your generation
+creates as the next form of work, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates as the next form of work, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates as the next form of work, the
+next kind of organizations that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next kind of organizations that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next kind of organizations that will
+meet the needs of our economy and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the needs of our economy and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the needs of our economy and our
+society going forward.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yYWyLZrdRRI.txt b/yYWyLZrdRRI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0bb4df806d6eb82915a9ed7684e5035cced7dcec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yYWyLZrdRRI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15051 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're done with our segment on causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're done with our segment on causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're done with our segment on causal
+inference and reinforcement learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference and reinforcement learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference and reinforcement learning and
+for the next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next week
+today in Tuesday's lecture we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in Tuesday's lecture we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in Tuesday's lecture we'll be
+talking about disease progression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about disease progression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about disease progression
+modeling and disease subtyping this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and disease subtyping this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and disease subtyping this is
+from my perspective a really exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my perspective a really exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my perspective a really exciting
+field it's one which has really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field it's one which has really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field it's one which has really a
+richness of literature going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richness of literature going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richness of literature going back to
+somewhat simple approaches from a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat simple approaches from a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat simple approaches from a couple
+of decades ago up to some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decades ago up to some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decades ago up to some really
+state-of-the-art methods including one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art methods including one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art methods including one
+which is in one of your readings for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in one of your readings for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in one of your readings for
+today's lecture and I could spend a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture and I could spend a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture and I could spend a few
+weeks just talking about this topic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks just talking about this topic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks just talking about this topic but
+instead this is we have a lot to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead this is we have a lot to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead this is we have a lot to cover
+in this course what I'll do today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course what I'll do today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course what I'll do today is
+give you a high-level overview of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a high-level overview of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a high-level overview of one of
+this one approach to try to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one approach to try to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one approach to try to think
+through these questions the methods in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these questions the methods in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these questions the methods in
+today's lecture will be somewhat simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture will be somewhat simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture will be somewhat simple
+they're meant to illustrate how simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're meant to illustrate how simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're meant to illustrate how simple
+methods can go a long way and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods can go a long way and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods can go a long way and they're
+meant to illustrate oh so how one kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to illustrate oh so how one kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to illustrate oh so how one kid
+learned something really significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned something really significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned something really significant
+about clinical outcomes and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about clinical outcomes and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about clinical outcomes and about
+predicting disease progression from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting disease progression from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting disease progression from
+these simple methods and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these simple methods and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these simple methods and then in
+Tuesday's lecture I'll ramp it up quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday's lecture I'll ramp it up quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday's lecture I'll ramp it up quite
+a bit and I'll talk about several more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit and I'll talk about several more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit and I'll talk about several more
+elaborate approaches towards this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate approaches towards this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate approaches towards this
+problem which tackles some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which tackles some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which tackles some more
+substantial problems that will really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial problems that will really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial problems that will really
+elucidate at the end of today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's three type of types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's three type of types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's three type of types of
+questions that we hope to answer when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we hope to answer when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we hope to answer when
+studying disease progression modeling at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying disease progression modeling at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying disease progression modeling at
+a high level I want you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high level I want you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high level I want you to think about
+this type of picture and have this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of picture and have this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of picture and have this in
+the back of your heads throughout today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of your heads throughout today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of your heads throughout today
+in Tuesday's lecture what you're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Tuesday's lecture what you're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Tuesday's lecture what you're seeing
+here the single patient's disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the single patient's disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the single patient's disease
+trajectory across time on the x axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory across time on the x axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory across time on the x axis is
+time on the y axis is some measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on the y axis is some measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on the y axis is some measure of
+disease burden so for example you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease burden so for example you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease burden so for example you could
+think about that y axis is summarizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that y axis is summarizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that y axis is summarizing
+the amount of symptoms that a patient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of symptoms that a patient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of symptoms that a patient is
+recording or a number of the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording or a number of the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording or a number of the amount of
+pain medication that they're taking or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain medication that they're taking or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain medication that they're taking or
+some some measure of what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some measure of what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some measure of what's going on
+with them and initially that disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them and initially that disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them and initially that disease
+burden might be somewhat low and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden might be somewhat low and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden might be somewhat low and maybe
+even the patient's in an undiagnosed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the patient's in an undiagnosed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the patient's in an undiagnosed to
+the state at that time as the symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state at that time as the symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state at that time as the symptoms
+get worse and worse at some point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get worse and worse at some point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get worse and worse at some point in
+patient might be diagnosed and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient might be diagnosed and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient might be diagnosed and that's
+why I'm illustrating by this grey curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm illustrating by this grey curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm illustrating by this grey curve
+this is the point of time which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the point of time which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the point of time which the
+patient is diagnosed with their disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is diagnosed with their disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is diagnosed with their disease
+at the time of diagnosis a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time of diagnosis a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time of diagnosis a variety of
+things might happen the patient might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things might happen the patient might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things might happen the patient might
+begin treatment and that treatment might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin treatment and that treatment might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin treatment and that treatment might
+for example start to influence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example start to influence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example start to influence the
+disease burden and you might see a drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease burden and you might see a drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease burden and you might see a drop
+in disease burden in agility this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in disease burden in agility this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in disease burden in agility this is a
+cancer unfortunately often we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer unfortunately often we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer unfortunately often we'll see
+we'll see recurrences of the cancer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see recurrences of the cancer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see recurrences of the cancer and
+that might manifest by uphill peak again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might manifest by uphill peak again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might manifest by uphill peak again
+where whether it is burden grows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where whether it is burden grows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where whether it is burden grows and
+once you start second-line treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you start second-line treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you start second-line treatment
+that might succeed in lowering it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might succeed in lowering it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might succeed in lowering it again
+and so on and this might be a cycle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and this might be a cycle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and this might be a cycle that
+repeats over and over again for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats over and over again for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats over and over again for other
+diseases which are which for which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases which are which for which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases which are which for which have
+no cure for example but which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cure for example but which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cure for example but which are
+managed on a day to day basis and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed on a day to day basis and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed on a day to day basis and we'll
+talk about some of those you might see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some of those you might see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some of those you might see
+even on a day-by-day basis fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on a day-by-day basis fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on a day-by-day basis fluctuations
+or you might see nothing happening for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you might see nothing happening for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you might see nothing happening for a
+while and then for example an autoimmune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and then for example an autoimmune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and then for example an autoimmune
+diseases you'll see these flare-ups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases you'll see these flare-ups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases you'll see these flare-ups
+where the disease burden grows a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the disease burden grows a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the disease burden grows a lot
+then comes down again it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes down again it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes down again it's really
+inexplicable why that happens so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexplicable why that happens so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexplicable why that happens so the
+types of questions that we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of questions that we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of questions that we'd like to
+really understand here are first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand here are first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand here are first one is
+the patient where is a patient in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient where is a patient in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient where is a patient in their
+disease directory so a patient comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease directory so a patient comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease directory so a patient comes in
+today and they might be diagnosed today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and they might be diagnosed today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and they might be diagnosed today
+because of symptoms somehow crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of symptoms somehow crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of symptoms somehow crossing
+some some threshold and then coming into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some threshold and then coming into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some threshold and then coming into
+the doctor's office but they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctor's office but they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctor's office but they could be
+sort of anywhere in this disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of anywhere in this disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of anywhere in this disease
+trajectory at the time of diagnosis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory at the time of diagnosis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory at the time of diagnosis and
+a key question is can we stage patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key question is can we stage patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key question is can we stage patients
+to understand for example things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand for example things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand for example things like
+how long are they likely to live based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long are they likely to live based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long are they likely to live based
+on what's currently going on with them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what's currently going on with them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what's currently going on with them a
+second question is when would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question is when would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question is when would the
+disease progress so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease progress so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease progress so if you have a
+patient with kidney disease you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient with kidney disease you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient with kidney disease you might
+want to know something about when will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know something about when will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know something about when will
+this patient with kidney disease need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient with kidney disease need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient with kidney disease need a
+need a transplant another question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a transplant another question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a transplant another question is
+how will treatment effect that disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will treatment effect that disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will treatment effect that disease
+progression that I'm sort of hinting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression that I'm sort of hinting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression that I'm sort of hinting at
+here when I'm showing these these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I'm showing these these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I'm showing these these these
+valleys that are really that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valleys that are really that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valleys that are really that we
+conjectured to be affected by treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjectured to be affected by treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjectured to be affected by treatment
+but one often wants to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one often wants to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one often wants to ask
+counterfactual questions like what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual questions like what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual questions like what would
+happen to this patients disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to this patients disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to this patients disease
+progression if you did one tripping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression if you did one tripping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression if you did one tripping
+therapy versus another treatment therapy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy versus another treatment therapy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy versus another treatment therapy
+so the example that I'm mentioning here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the example that I'm mentioning here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the example that I'm mentioning here
+in this slide is a rare blood cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this slide is a rare blood cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this slide is a rare blood cancer
+named multiple myeloma I it's rare and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named multiple myeloma I it's rare and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named multiple myeloma I it's rare and
+so you often won't find datasets with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you often won't find datasets with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you often won't find datasets with
+that many patients in them so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many patients in them so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many patients in them so for
+example this data set which I'm listing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this data set which I'm listing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this data set which I'm listing
+in the very bottom here for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very bottom here for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very bottom here for the most
+myeloma Research Foundation commpass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myeloma Research Foundation commpass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myeloma Research Foundation commpass
+study has roughly a thousand patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study has roughly a thousand patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study has roughly a thousand patients
+and it's a publicly available dataset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a publicly available dataset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a publicly available dataset
+any of you can download it today and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you can download it today and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you can download it today and you
+can study questions I like this about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can study questions I like this about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can study questions I like this about
+disease progression because you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease progression because you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease progression because you can look
+at laboratory tests across time you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at laboratory tests across time you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at laboratory tests across time you look
+you can look at when symptoms start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at when symptoms start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at when symptoms start to
+rise you have information about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise you have information about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise you have information about what
+treatments a patient is on and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments a patient is on and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments a patient is on and you have
+outcomes like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for multiple myeloma the today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for multiple myeloma the today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for multiple myeloma the today's
+standard for how one would attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard for how one would attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard for how one would attempt to
+stage a patient looks a little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage a patient looks a little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage a patient looks a little bit like
+this here I'm showing you two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here I'm showing you two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here I'm showing you two different
+staging systems on the left is a jury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staging systems on the left is a jury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staging systems on the left is a jury
+Salman statement staging system which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salman statement staging system which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salman statement staging system which is
+a bit older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit older
+on the right is what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right is what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right is what's called the
+revised international staging system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised international staging system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised international staging system the
+patient walks into the to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient walks into the to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient walks into the to their
+oncologist office newly diagnosed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncologist office newly diagnosed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncologist office newly diagnosed with
+multi myeloma and after doing a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi myeloma and after doing a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi myeloma and after doing a series
+of blood tests looking at quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blood tests looking at quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blood tests looking at quantities
+such as their hemoglobin rates not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as their hemoglobin rates not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as their hemoglobin rates not a
+calcium in the blood also doing let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium in the blood also doing let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium in the blood also doing let's
+say a biopsy of the patient's bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a biopsy of the patient's bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a biopsy of the patient's bone
+marrow to measure amount of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marrow to measure amount of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marrow to measure amount of different
+kinds of immunoglobulins doing gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of immunoglobulins doing gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of immunoglobulins doing gene
+expression assays to understand variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression assays to understand variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression assays to understand variant
+various different genetic abnormalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various different genetic abnormalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various different genetic abnormalities
+that data would then feed into a staging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data would then feed into a staging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data would then feed into a staging
+system like this so in the dirty salmon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like this so in the dirty salmon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like this so in the dirty salmon
+staging system a patient who is in stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staging system a patient who is in stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staging system a patient who is in stage
+one is found to have a very low M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is found to have a very low M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is found to have a very low M
+component production rate so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component production rate so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component production rate so that's what
+I'm showing over here and that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing over here and that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing over here and that really
+corresponds to the amount of disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the amount of disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the amount of disease
+activity as measured by their immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity as measured by their immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity as measured by their immune
+globulins and so this is a blood cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globulins and so this is a blood cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globulins and so this is a blood cancer
+that's a very good marker of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good marker of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good marker of what's
+going with the patient at stage so sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with the patient at stage so sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with the patient at stage so sort
+of this middle stage which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this middle stage which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this middle stage which is called
+neither stage 1 or stage 3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither stage 1 or stage 3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither stage 1 or stage 3 is
+characterized by in in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I'm not gonna talk about that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm not gonna talk about that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm not gonna talk about that if
+you go to stage 3 4 here you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to stage 3 4 here you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to stage 3 4 here you see that
+the M component levels are much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M component levels are much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M component levels are much higher
+if you look at x-ray studies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at x-ray studies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at x-ray studies of the
+patient's bones you'll see that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's bones you'll see that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's bones you'll see that there
+are little bone lesions which are caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are little bone lesions which are caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are little bone lesions which are caused
+by the disease and really represent an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the disease and really represent an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the disease and really represent an
+advanced status of the disease and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced status of the disease and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced status of the disease and if
+you were to measure for the patient's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to measure for the patient's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to measure for the patient's
+you're in the amount of a light chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the amount of a light chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the amount of a light chain
+production you see that it has much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production you see that it has much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production you see that it has much
+larger values as well now this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger values as well now this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger values as well now this is an
+older staging system in the middle now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older staging system in the middle now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older staging system in the middle now
+I'm showing you a newer staging system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing you a newer staging system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing you a newer staging system
+which is both dramatically simpler and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is both dramatically simpler and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is both dramatically simpler and
+involves some newer components so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves some newer components so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves some newer components so for
+example in stage one looks at just four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in stage one looks at just four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in stage one looks at just four
+quantities first it looks at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities first it looks at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities first it looks at the
+patient's albumin and beta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's albumin and beta 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's albumin and beta 2
+microglobulin levels those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microglobulin levels those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microglobulin levels those are
+biomarkers that could be easily measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomarkers that could be easily measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomarkers that could be easily measured
+from the blood and it says no high risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the blood and it says no high risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the blood and it says no high risk
+cytogenetics so now we're starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytogenetics so now we're starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytogenetics so now we're starting to
+bring in genetic quantities in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in genetic quantities in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in genetic quantities in terms of
+quantifying risk levels stage 3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying risk levels stage 3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying risk levels stage 3 is
+characterized by significantly higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by significantly higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by significantly higher
+beta 2 microglobulin levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta 2 microglobulin levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta 2 microglobulin levels
+translocations corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocations corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocations corresponding to
+particular high risks head of genetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular high risks head of genetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular high risks head of genetics
+this will not be a focus of the next two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will not be a focus of the next two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will not be a focus of the next two
+lectures but Pete is going to go much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures but Pete is going to go much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures but Pete is going to go much
+more detail into genetic aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail into genetic aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail into genetic aspects of
+precision medicine in in a week and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision medicine in in a week and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision medicine in in a week and a
+half from now and and in this way each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half from now and and in this way each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half from now and and in this way each
+one of these stages represent something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these stages represent something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these stages represent something
+about about the the belief of how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about the the belief of how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about the the belief of how far
+along the patient is and is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the patient is and is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the patient is and is really
+strongly used to guide treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly used to guide treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly used to guide treatment
+therapies so for example patient is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapies so for example patient is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapies so for example patient is in
+stage one and then colleges might decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage one and then colleges might decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage one and then colleges might decide
+we're not going to treat this patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to treat this patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to treat this patient
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a different type of question whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a different type of question whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a different type of question whereas
+you can think about this as being one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about this as being one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about this as being one of
+characterizing on a patient specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing on a patient specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing on a patient specific
+level right one patient walks in we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level right one patient walks in we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level right one patient walks in we want
+to stage that specific patient and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stage that specific patient and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stage that specific patient and we're
+going to look at some long-term outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at some long-term outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at some long-term outcomes
+and use this and look at sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use this and look at sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use this and look at sort of the
+correlation between stage and long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between stage and long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between stage and long-term
+outcomes a very different question is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes a very different question is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes a very different question is a
+descriptive type question can we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive type question can we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive type question can we say
+what would the typical trajectory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the typical trajectory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the typical trajectory of
+this disease look like so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disease look like so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disease look like so for example
+we'll talk about Parkinson's disease for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about Parkinson's disease for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about Parkinson's disease for
+the next couple of minutes Parkinson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next couple of minutes Parkinson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next couple of minutes Parkinson's
+disease is a progressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease is a progressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease is a progressive
+nervous system disorder it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system disorder it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system disorder it's a very
+common one as opposed to multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common one as opposed to multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common one as opposed to multiple
+myeloma Parkinson's affects over one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myeloma Parkinson's affects over one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myeloma Parkinson's affects over one in
+a hundred people age 80 60 and above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred people age 80 60 and above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred people age 80 60 and above
+and like most myeloma there is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like most myeloma there is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like most myeloma there is also
+disease registries that are publicly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease registries that are publicly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease registries that are publicly
+available and that we would do this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and that we would do this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and that we would do this to
+study Parkinson's now various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study Parkinson's now various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study Parkinson's now various
+researchers have used those datasets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers have used those datasets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers have used those datasets in
+the past and they've created something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past and they've created something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past and they've created something
+looks a little bit like this to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little bit like this to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little bit like this to try to
+characterize out it now a population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize out it now a population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize out it now a population
+level what it means for patient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level what it means for patient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level what it means for patient to
+progress through their disease so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress through their disease so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress through their disease so on the
+x-axis again I have time now on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis again I have time now on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis again I have time now on the
+y-axis again it denotes some level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis again it denotes some level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis again it denotes some level of
+disease disability but what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease disability but what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease disability but what we're
+showing here now our symptoms that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing here now our symptoms that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing here now our symptoms that might
+arise at different parts of the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise at different parts of the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise at different parts of the disease
+stage so very early in Parkinson's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage so very early in Parkinson's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage so very early in Parkinson's you
+might have some sleep behavior disorders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have some sleep behavior disorders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have some sleep behavior disorders
+some depression maybe constipation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some depression maybe constipation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some depression maybe constipation
+anxiety as the disease gets further and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxiety as the disease gets further and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxiety as the disease gets further and
+further along you'll see symptoms such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further along you'll see symptoms such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further along you'll see symptoms such
+as mild cognitive impairment increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as mild cognitive impairment increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as mild cognitive impairment increased
+pain as the disease goes further on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain as the disease goes further on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain as the disease goes further on
+you'll see things like dementia and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see things like dementia and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see things like dementia and an
+increasing amounts of psychotic symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing amounts of psychotic symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing amounts of psychotic symptoms
+and information like this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and information like this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and information like this could be
+extremely valuable for a patient who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely valuable for a patient who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely valuable for a patient who is
+newly diagnosed with the disease they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newly diagnosed with the disease they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newly diagnosed with the disease they
+might want to make life decisions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to make life decisions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to make life decisions like
+should they buy this home should they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they buy this home should they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they buy this home should they
+stick with their current job can they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with their current job can they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with their current job can they
+have a baby and all of these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a baby and all of these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a baby and all of these questions
+might really be impact the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might really be impact the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might really be impact the answer to
+those questions might be really impacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those questions might be really impacted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those questions might be really impacted
+by what this patient could expect their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what this patient could expect their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what this patient could expect their
+life to be like over the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life to be like over the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life to be like over the next
+a couple of years or the next 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of years or the next 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of years or the next 10 years
+the next 20 years and so if one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 20 years and so if one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 20 years and so if one could
+characterize really well what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize really well what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize really well what the
+disease trajectory might look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease trajectory might look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease trajectory might look like
+they'll be incredibly valuable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be incredibly valuable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be incredibly valuable for
+guiding those life decisions but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guiding those life decisions but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guiding those life decisions but the
+challenge is that oh this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is that oh this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is that oh this is for
+Parkinson's and Parkinson's is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parkinson's and Parkinson's is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parkinson's and Parkinson's is
+reasonably well understood there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably well understood there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably well understood there are a
+large number of diseases that are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of diseases that are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of diseases that are much
+more rare where any one clinician might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rare where any one clinician might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rare where any one clinician might
+see a very small number of patients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a very small number of patients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a very small number of patients in
+their clinic and figuring out really put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their clinic and figuring out really put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their clinic and figuring out really put
+how do we combine the symptoms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we combine the symptoms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we combine the symptoms that are
+seen in a very noisy fashion for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in a very noisy fashion for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in a very noisy fashion for small
+small number of patients how to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of patients how to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of patients how to bring
+that together to a coherent picture like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that together to a coherent picture like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that together to a coherent picture like
+this is actually very very challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually very very challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually very very challenging
+and that's where some of the techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where some of the techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where some of the techniques
+we'll be talking about in Tuesday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about in Tuesday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about in Tuesday's
+lecture which talks about how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture which talks about how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture which talks about how do we
+infer to these stages how do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer to these stages how do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer to these stages how do i
+maniacally line patients across time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maniacally line patients across time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maniacally line patients across time and
+how do they use very noisy data to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they use very noisy data to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they use very noisy data to do
+that will be particularly valuable but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be particularly valuable but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be particularly valuable but I
+want to emphasize one last point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize one last point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize one last point
+regarding this descriptive question this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding this descriptive question this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding this descriptive question this
+is not about prediction this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not about prediction this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not about prediction this is about
+understanding okay I whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding okay I whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding okay I whereas the
+previous slide was about prognosis which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide was about prognosis which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide was about prognosis which
+is very much a prediction like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very much a prediction like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very much a prediction like a
+question now a different like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now a different like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now a different like a
+different type of understanding question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of understanding question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of understanding question
+is that of disease subtyping here again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that of disease subtyping here again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that of disease subtyping here again
+you might be interested in identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be interested in identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be interested in identifying
+for a single patient are they likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single patient are they likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single patient are they likely to
+progress quickly through their disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress quickly through their disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress quickly through their disease
+or they like to progressed slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they like to progressed slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they like to progressed slowly
+through the disease are they likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the disease are they likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the disease are they likely to
+respond to treatment are they not likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to treatment are they not likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to treatment are they not likely
+to respond to treatment but we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond to treatment but we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond to treatment but we'd like to
+but a characterize that heterogeneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a characterize that heterogeneity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a characterize that heterogeneity
+across the whole population is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the whole population is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the whole population is
+summarized it into a small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized it into a small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized it into a small number of
+subtypes and you might think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes and you might think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes and you might think about this
+as redefining disease altogether alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as redefining disease altogether alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as redefining disease altogether alright
+so today we might say patients who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we might say patients who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we might say patients who have
+a particular blood abnormality we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular blood abnormality we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular blood abnormality we will
+say our multiple myeloma patients but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say our multiple myeloma patients but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say our multiple myeloma patients but as
+we learn more and more about cancer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn more and more about cancer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn more and more about cancer we
+increasingly understand that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly understand that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly understand that in fact
+every patients cancer is very unique and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every patients cancer is very unique and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every patients cancer is very unique and
+so over time we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over time we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over time we're going to be
+subdividing diseases and in other cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdividing diseases and in other cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdividing diseases and in other cases
+combining things that we thought were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining things that we thought were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining things that we thought were
+different different diseases into new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different diseases into new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different diseases into new
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+and in doing so Allah will allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in doing so Allah will allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in doing so Allah will allow us to
+better take care of patients bye bye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better take care of patients bye bye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better take care of patients bye bye
+first of all coming up with guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all coming up with guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all coming up with guidelines
+that are specific to each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are specific to each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are specific to each of these
+disease subtypes and it'll allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease subtypes and it'll allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease subtypes and it'll allow us to
+make better predictions based on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make better predictions based on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make better predictions based on these
+guidelines so we could say a patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines so we could say a patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines so we could say a patient
+like this then subtype a is likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this then subtype a is likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this then subtype a is likely to
+have the following disease progression a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the following disease progression a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the following disease progression a
+patient like this and subtype beat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient like this and subtype beat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient like this and subtype beat is
+likely to have a different disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have a different disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have a different disease
+progression or B respond or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression or B respond or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression or B respond or
+non-responder so here's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-responder so here's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-responder so here's an example of
+such a characterization this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a characterization this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a characterization this is still
+sticking with the Parkinson's example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking with the Parkinson's example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking with the Parkinson's example
+this is a paper from the from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a paper from the from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a paper from the from a
+neurosurgery a psychiatry journal and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosurgery a psychiatry journal and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosurgery a psychiatry journal and it
+uses a clustering like algorithm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses a clustering like algorithm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses a clustering like algorithm and
+we'll see many more examples of that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see many more examples of that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see many more examples of that in
+today's lecture to characterize patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture to characterize patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture to characterize patients
+into two group patients into four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two group patients into four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two group patients into four
+different clusters so let me walk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different clusters so let me walk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different clusters so let me walk you
+through this figure so you see how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this figure so you see how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this figure so you see how to
+interpret it Parkinson's patients can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret it Parkinson's patients can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret it Parkinson's patients can be
+measured in terms of a few different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in terms of a few different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in terms of a few different
+axes you could look at their motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes you could look at their motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes you could look at their motor
+progression so that is shown here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression so that is shown here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression so that is shown here in the
+innermost circle and you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innermost circle and you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innermost circle and you see that
+patient in cluster two seem to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient in cluster two seem to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient in cluster two seem to have
+intermediate level motor progression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate level motor progression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate level motor progression
+patients in cluster one have very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients in cluster one have very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients in cluster one have very fast
+motor progression means that their motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor progression means that their motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor progression means that their motor
+symptoms get increasingly worse very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms get increasingly worse very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms get increasingly worse very
+quickly at over time one could also look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly at over time one could also look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly at over time one could also look
+at the response of patients to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the response of patients to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the response of patients to one of
+the drugs such as levodopa that's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drugs such as levodopa that's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drugs such as levodopa that's used
+to treat patients patients in cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat patients patients in cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat patients patients in cluster
+one are characterized by having a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one are characterized by having a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one are characterized by having a very
+poor response to that drug patients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor response to that drug patients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor response to that drug patients in
+cluster three our characterized as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster three our characterized as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster three our characterized as
+having intermediate patient cluster two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having intermediate patient cluster two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having intermediate patient cluster two
+as having good response to that drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as having good response to that drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as having good response to that drug
+similarly one could look at baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly one could look at baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly one could look at baseline
+motor symptoms so at the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor symptoms so at the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor symptoms so at the time the
+patient is diagnosed or comes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is diagnosed or comes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is diagnosed or comes into the
+clinic for the first time to manage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic for the first time to manage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic for the first time to manage the
+disease you can look at what types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease you can look at what types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease you can look at what types of
+motor like symptoms do they have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor like symptoms do they have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor like symptoms do they have and
+again you see different heterogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you see different heterogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you see different heterogeneous
+aspects to these different clusters so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects to these different clusters so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects to these different clusters so
+this is one means this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one means this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one means this is a very
+concrete way of what I mean by trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete way of what I mean by trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete way of what I mean by trying to
+subtype patients so we'll begin our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtype patients so we'll begin our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtype patients so we'll begin our
+journey through disease progression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey through disease progression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey through disease progression
+modeling by starting out with that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling by starting out with that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling by starting out with that first
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+of prognosis and prognosis from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prognosis and prognosis from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prognosis and prognosis from my
+perspective is really a supervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective is really a supervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective is really a supervised
+machine learning problem so we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning problem so we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning problem so we can think
+about prognosis from the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about prognosis from the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about prognosis from the following
+perspective patient walks in at time 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective patient walks in at time 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective patient walks in at time 0
+and you want to know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to know something about
+what will that patient's disease status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will that patient's disease status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will that patient's disease status
+be like over time so for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like over time so for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like over time so for example you
+could ask at 6 months what is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask at 6 months what is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask at 6 months what is their
+disease status and for this patient it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease status and for this patient it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease status and for this patient it
+might be let's say 6 out of 10 and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be let's say 6 out of 10 and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be let's say 6 out of 10 and where
+these numbers are coming from will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers are coming from will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers are coming from will
+become clear in a few minutes 12 months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become clear in a few minutes 12 months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become clear in a few minutes 12 months
+down the line their disease status might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the line their disease status might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the line their disease status might
+be 7 out of 10 18 months it might be 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 7 out of 10 18 months it might be 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 7 out of 10 18 months it might be 9
+out of 10 and the goal that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of 10 and the goal that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of 10 and the goal that we're going
+to try to tackle for the first half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to tackle for the first half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to tackle for the first half of
+today's lecture is this question of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is this question of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is this question of how
+do we take the data what I'll call the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we take the data what I'll call the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we take the data what I'll call the X
+vector available for the patient at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector available for the patient at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector available for the patient at
+baseline and predict what will be these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline and predict what will be these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline and predict what will be these
+values at different time points ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values at different time points ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values at different time points ok so
+you could think about that as actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think about that as actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think about that as actually
+drawing out this curve that I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing out this curve that I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing out this curve that I showed you
+earlier right so what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier right so what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier right so what we want to do is
+take the initial information we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the initial information we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the initial information we have
+about the patient and say oh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the patient and say oh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the patient and say oh the
+patient's disease status or their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's disease status or their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's disease status or their
+disease burden over time is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease burden over time is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease burden over time is going to
+look a little bit like this and for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a little bit like this and for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a little bit like this and for a
+different patient based on their initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different patient based on their initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different patient based on their initial
+covariates you might say that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariates you might say that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariates you might say that their
+disease burden might look like that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease burden might look like that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease burden might look like that okay
+so we want to be able to predict these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to be able to predict these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to be able to predict these
+curves in this for this presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves in this for this presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves in this for this presentation
+they're not going to actually be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to actually be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to actually be sort of
+discrete time points we want to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time points we want to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time points we want to predict
+that curve from the baseline information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that curve from the baseline information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that curve from the baseline information
+we have available and that would give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have available and that would give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have available and that would give us
+some idea of how the patient's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea of how the patient's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea of how the patient's going to
+progress through the disease so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress through the disease so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress through the disease so in this
+case study we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study we're going to look at
+Alzheimer's disease here I'm showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alzheimer's disease here I'm showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alzheimer's disease here I'm showing you
+two brains a healthy brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two brains a healthy brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two brains a healthy brain and
+diseas'd brain to really emphasize how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseas'd brain to really emphasize how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseas'd brain to really emphasize how
+the brain suffers under this Alzheimer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain suffers under this Alzheimer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain suffers under this Alzheimer's
+under our MERS disease we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under our MERS disease we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under our MERS disease we're going to
+characterize the patient's disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the patient's disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the patient's disease
+status by a score and one example to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status by a score and one example to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status by a score and one example to the
+score is shown here it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score is shown here it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score is shown here it's called the
+mini-mental State Examination summarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini-mental State Examination summarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini-mental State Examination summarized
+by the acronym M MSC and it's good look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the acronym M MSC and it's good look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the acronym M MSC and it's good look
+as follows for each of a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows for each of a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows for each of a number of
+different cognitive questions a a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cognitive questions a a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cognitive questions a a test
+is going to be performed which for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be performed which for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be performed which for
+example in the middle what says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the middle what says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the middle what says
+registration the examiner might name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration the examiner might name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration the examiner might name
+three objects like Apple table penny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three objects like Apple table penny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three objects like Apple table penny
+penny and then ask the patient to repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny and then ask the patient to repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny and then ask the patient to repeat
+those three objects all of us should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three objects all of us should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three objects all of us should be
+able to have to remember a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have to remember a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have to remember a sequence of
+three things so that when we finish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things so that when we finish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things so that when we finish the
+sequence you should be able to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence you should be able to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence you should be able to remember
+what the first thing in the sequence was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the first thing in the sequence was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the first thing in the sequence was
+right we shouldn't have a problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we shouldn't have a problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we shouldn't have a problem with
+that but as patients get increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but as patients get increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but as patients get increasing
+really worse in their all summers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worse in their all summers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worse in their all summers
+disease that task becomes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease that task becomes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease that task becomes very
+challenging and so you might give one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and so you might give one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and so you might give one
+point four correct for each correct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four correct for each correct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four correct for each correct and
+so if the patient gets all three if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the patient gets all three if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the patient gets all three if they
+repeat all three of them then they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat all three of them then they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat all three of them then they get
+three points if they can't remember any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points if they can't remember any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points if they can't remember any
+of them zero points and then you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them zero points and then you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them zero points and then you might
+curse then you might continue so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curse then you might continue so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curse then you might continue so you
+might ask something else like subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ask something else like subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ask something else like subtract
+seven from 100 then repeat from results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven from 100 then repeat from results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven from 100 then repeat from results
+so some sort of mathematical question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some sort of mathematical question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some sort of mathematical question
+that you might return back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might return back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might return back to that
+original three objects as you asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original three objects as you asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original three objects as you asked
+about originally now let's spin if let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about originally now let's spin if let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about originally now let's spin if let's
+say a minute later and you say what were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a minute later and you say what were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a minute later and you say what were
+those three objects I mentioned earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three objects I mentioned earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three objects I mentioned earlier
+and this is trying to get at a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is trying to get at a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is trying to get at a little
+bit longer term memory and and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit longer term memory and and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit longer term memory and and so on and
+one will then add up the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will then add up the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will then add up the number of
+points suppose you with each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points suppose you with each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points suppose you with each of those
+responses and get a total score here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses and get a total score here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses and get a total score here
+it's out of 30 points if you divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out of 30 points if you divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out of 30 points if you divide by
+three you get the story give you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you get the story give you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you get the story give you here
+okay so these are the scores that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are the scores that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are the scores that I'm
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+for Alice summers disease they're often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Alice summers disease they're often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Alice summers disease they're often
+characterized by by scores discs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by by scores discs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by by scores discs
+questionnaires but of course if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionnaires but of course if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionnaires but of course if you had
+done something like brain imaging the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done something like brain imaging the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done something like brain imaging the
+disease status might Ferhat for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease status might Ferhat for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease status might Ferhat for example
+be inferred automatically from brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be inferred automatically from brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be inferred automatically from brain
+imaging if you had a smartphone device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging if you had a smartphone device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging if you had a smartphone device
+which which a patient's are carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which a patient's are carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which a patient's are carrying
+around with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with them
+and which is looking at mobile activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is looking at mobile activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is looking at mobile activity
+you might be able to automatically infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to automatically infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to automatically infer
+their current disease status from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their current disease status from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their current disease status from that
+smartphone you might be able to infer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartphone you might be able to infer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartphone you might be able to infer it
+from their typing patterns you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their typing patterns you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their typing patterns you might be
+able to infer it from their email or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to infer it from their email or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to infer it from their email or
+Facebook habits and so I'm just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook habits and so I'm just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook habits and so I'm just trying
+to point out there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out there are a lot of
+different ways to try to get this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to try to get this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to try to get this number
+of how the patient might be doing at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the patient might be doing at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the patient might be doing at one
+point adding in one point in time each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point adding in one point in time each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point adding in one point in time each
+of those is an interesting question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those is an interesting question for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those is an interesting question for
+now we're just gonna assume it's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're just gonna assume it's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're just gonna assume it's known
+okay so retrospectively you've gathered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so retrospectively you've gathered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so retrospectively you've gathered
+this data from patient for patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data from patient for patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data from patient for patients
+which is now longitudinal nature you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now longitudinal nature you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now longitudinal nature you
+have some baseline information and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some baseline information and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some baseline information and you
+know how the patient is doing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how the patient is doing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how the patient is doing over
+different six-month intervals and we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different six-month intervals and we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different six-month intervals and we'd
+like to be able to predict to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be able to predict to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be able to predict to those
+things now if this were we can now go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things now if this were we can now go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things now if this were we can now go
+back in time to lecture three and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in time to lecture three and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in time to lecture three and ask
+well how could we predict these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how could we predict these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how could we predict these
+different things so what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things so what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things so what are some
+approaches that that you might try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why do you talk to your neighbor for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you talk to your neighbor for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you talk to your neighbor for a
+second and then I'll call in a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and then I'll call in a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and then I'll call in a random
+person okay that's that's enough my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person okay that's that's enough my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person okay that's that's enough my
+question was to fix it sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was to fix it sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was to fix it sufficiently
+under defined that it's not longer who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under defined that it's not longer who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under defined that it's not longer who
+knows what you'll be talking about over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what you'll be talking about over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what you'll be talking about over
+here the two of you what the person with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the two of you what the person with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the two of you what the person with
+a computer yeah how would you tackle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer yeah how would you tackle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer yeah how would you tackle
+this problem no no over here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's like any previous data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but just to understand would you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to understand would you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to understand would you learn
+five different models like so so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different models like so so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different models like so so our
+goal is to get these you know here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to get these you know here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to get these you know here I'm
+showing you three but it might be five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you three but it might be five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you three but it might be five
+different numbers different time points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers different time points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers different time points
+would you learn one model to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you learn one model to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you learn one model to predict
+what it would be at six months another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would be at six months another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would be at six months another
+predict what it would be at 12 months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what it would be at 12 months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what it would be at 12 months
+would you learn a single model other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you learn a single model other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you learn a single model other
+ideas somewhere so over this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas somewhere so over this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas somewhere so over this part of the
+room yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so use a multitask learning approach we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so use a multitask learning approach we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so use a multitask learning approach we
+try to learn all five at the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to learn all five at the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to learn all five at the time and
+use what was other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what was other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what was other thing
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a really interesting idea okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really interesting idea okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really interesting idea okay so
+the suggestion was there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suggestion was there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suggestion was there are two
+different suggestions actually the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different suggestions actually the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different suggestions actually the first
+suggestion was do a multitask learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion was do a multitask learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion was do a multitask learning
+approach where you temp to learn instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach where you temp to learn instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach where you temp to learn instead
+of five different insert independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five different insert independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five different insert independent
+models try to learn them jointly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models try to learn them jointly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models try to learn them jointly
+together and in a second we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and in a second we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and in a second we'll talk
+about why it might make sense to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why it might make sense to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why it might make sense to do that
+the different thought was well is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different thought was well is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different thought was well is this
+really the question you want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the question you want to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the question you want to solve
+for example you might imagine settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you might imagine settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you might imagine settings
+where you have the patient not at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have the patient not at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have the patient not at time
+zero but actually at six months and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but actually at six months and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but actually at six months and you
+might want to know what's gonna happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to know what's gonna happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to know what's gonna happen
+to them in the future and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them in the future and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them in the future and so you
+shouldn't just use the baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't just use the baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't just use the baseline
+information you should recondition on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you should recondition on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you should recondition on
+the data you have available over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you have available over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you have available over time
+and a different way of thinking through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a different way of thinking through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a different way of thinking through
+that is you could imagine learning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you could imagine learning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you could imagine learning a
+Markov model where you learn something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov model where you learn something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov model where you learn something
+about the joint distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the joint distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the joint distribution of the
+disease stage over over time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease stage over over time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease stage over over time and then
+you could for example even if what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could for example even if what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could for example even if what you
+only had baseline information available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only had baseline information available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only had baseline information available
+you can attempt to marginalize over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can attempt to marginalize over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can attempt to marginalize over the
+intermediate values that are unobserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate values that are unobserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate values that are unobserved
+to infer what the later values might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infer what the later values might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infer what the later values might be
+now that Markov model approach although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that Markov model approach although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that Markov model approach although
+we will talk about it extensively in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about it extensively in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about it extensively in in
+the next week or so it's actually not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next week or so it's actually not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next week or so it's actually not a
+very good approach for this problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good approach for this problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good approach for this problem and
+the reason why is because it increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why is because it increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why is because it increases
+the complexity so when you are learnt in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity so when you are learnt in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity so when you are learnt in
+essence if you were to if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence if you were to if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence if you were to if you wanted to
+predict what's going on at 18 months and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what's going on at 18 months and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what's going on at 18 months and
+if as an intermediate step to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if as an intermediate step to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if as an intermediate step to predict
+down what goes in 18 months you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what goes in 18 months you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what goes in 18 months you have to
+predict what's going to go on at 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what's going to go on at 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what's going to go on at 12
+months and then the likelihood of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and then the likelihood of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and then the likelihood of
+transitioning from 12 months 18 months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioning from 12 months 18 months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioning from 12 months 18 months
+you might incur error in trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might incur error in trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might incur error in trying to
+predict what's going on at 12 months and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what's going on at 12 months and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what's going on at 12 months and
+that error is then going to propagate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that error is then going to propagate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that error is then going to propagate as
+you attempt to see think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you attempt to see think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you attempt to see think about the
+transition from 12 months to 18 months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from 12 months to 18 months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from 12 months to 18 months
+and that propagation of error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that propagation of error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that propagation of error
+particularly when you don't have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when you don't have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when you don't have much
+data is going to really hurt the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is going to really hurt the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is going to really hurt the program
+server machine learning algorithm so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server machine learning algorithm so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server machine learning algorithm so the
+method I'll be talking about today is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method I'll be talking about today is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method I'll be talking about today is in
+fact going to be what I view is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact going to be what I view is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact going to be what I view is the
+simplest possible approach to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest possible approach to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest possible approach to this
+problem and it's going to be direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and it's going to be direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and it's going to be direct
+prediction approach so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction approach so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction approach so we're going to
+directly going to predict each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly going to predict each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly going to predict each of the
+different time points independently but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time points independently but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time points independently but
+we will tie together the parameters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will tie together the parameters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will tie together the parameters of
+the model as is suggested using a multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model as is suggested using a multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model as is suggested using a multi
+task learning approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task learning approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task learning approach
+and the reason why we're going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why we're going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why we're going to want
+to use a multitask learning approach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a multitask learning approach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a multitask learning approach is
+because of data sparsity so imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of data sparsity so imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of data sparsity so imagine the
+following situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following situation
+imagine that that we had just binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that that we had just binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that that we had just binary
+indicators here so let's say patient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators here so let's say patient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators here so let's say patient is
+okay or they're not okay so the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or they're not okay so the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or they're not okay so the data
+might look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like this
+0 0 1 then the data set you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 1 then the data set you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 1 then the data set you might have
+looked a little bit like it might look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked a little bit like it might look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked a little bit like it might look a
+little bit like this so now I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like this so now I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like this so now I'm gonna
+show you the data and one rows one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the data and one rows one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the data and one rows one
+patient one row is one patient different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient one row is one patient different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient one row is one patient different
+columns are different time points so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are different time points so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are different time points so the
+first patient as I showed you before is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first patient as I showed you before is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first patient as I showed you before is
+zero zero one second patient might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero one second patient might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero one second patient might be
+zero zero zero one zero third patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero zero one zero third patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero zero one zero third patient
+might be one one one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be one one one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be one one one one
+next patient might be zero one one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next patient might be zero one one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next patient might be zero one one one
+so if you look at the first time point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the first time point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the first time point
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+you'll notice that you have a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that you have a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that you have a really
+imbalanced data set there's only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalanced data set there's only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalanced data set there's only a
+single one in that first time point if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one in that first time point if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one in that first time point if
+you look at the second time point there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the second time point there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the second time point there
+are two third serving it's more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two third serving it's more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two third serving it's more of a
+balance data and the third time point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance data and the third time point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance data and the third time point
+again you're sort of back into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're sort of back into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're sort of back into that
+imbalance setting what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance setting what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance setting what that means is
+that if you were to try to learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you were to try to learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you were to try to learn from
+just one of these time points by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of these time points by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of these time points by itself
+particularly in a setting where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in a setting where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in a setting where you
+don't have that many data points alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that many data points alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that many data points alone
+that data sparsity the outcome label is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data sparsity the outcome label is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data sparsity the outcome label is
+going to really heart hurt you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to really heart hurt you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to really heart hurt you it's
+going to be very hard to learn any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very hard to learn any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very hard to learn any
+interesting signal just from that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting signal just from that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting signal just from that time
+point alone the second problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point alone the second problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point alone the second problem is that
+the MIT labels are also very noisy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT labels are also very noisy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT labels are also very noisy so
+not only Mike you have lots of imbalance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only Mike you have lots of imbalance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only Mike you have lots of imbalance
+but there might be noise and actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there might be noise and actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there might be noise and actual
+characterizations like for this patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizations like for this patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizations like for this patient
+maybe maybe user maybe with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe user maybe with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe user maybe with some
+probability you would calculate one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you would calculate one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you would calculate one one
+one one some other probability you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one some other probability you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one some other probability you would
+observes dural one one one and might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observes dural one one one and might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observes dural one one one and might
+correspond to some threshold in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to some threshold in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to some threshold in that
+score I showed you earlier and just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score I showed you earlier and just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score I showed you earlier and just by
+chance a patient on some day passes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance a patient on some day passes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance a patient on some day passes the
+threshold on the next day they might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold on the next day they might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold on the next day they might not
+pass that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass that
+alright so there might be a lot of noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so there might be a lot of noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so there might be a lot of noise
+in the particular labels at any one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the particular labels at any one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the particular labels at any one time
+point and and you wouldn't want that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and and you wouldn't want that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and and you wouldn't want that
+noise to really dramatically affect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise to really dramatically affect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise to really dramatically affect your
+learning algorithm based on some let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm based on some let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm based on some let's
+say prior belief that we might have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say prior belief that we might have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say prior belief that we might have that
+there might be some amount of smoothness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some amount of smoothness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some amount of smoothness
+in this process across time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this process across time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this process across time and the
+final problem is that there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final problem is that there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final problem is that there might be
+censoring so so the actual data might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censoring so so the actual data might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censoring so so the actual data might
+look like this alright so we might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this alright so we might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this alright so we might not
+only wait for late very much later tying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only wait for late very much later tying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only wait for late very much later tying
+funding so we might have many fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding so we might have many fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding so we might have many fewer
+observations and so if you were to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and so if you were to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and so if you were to just
+use those later time points to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use those later time points to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use those later time points to learn
+your predictive model you just might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your predictive model you just might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your predictive model you just might not
+have enough data alright so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough data alright so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough data alright so those are
+all different challenges that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different challenges that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different challenges that we're
+going to attempt to solve using a multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to attempt to solve using a multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to attempt to solve using a multi
+task learning approach now to put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task learning approach now to put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task learning approach now to put some
+numbers to these things we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to these things we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to these things we have these
+four different time points we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different time points we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different time points we're going
+to have 648 patients at the six month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have 648 patients at the six month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have 648 patients at the six month
+time interval and at the four year time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time interval and at the four year time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time interval and at the four year time
+interval they're only be 87 patients due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval they're only be 87 patients due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval they're only be 87 patients due
+to patients dropping out a bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to patients dropping out a bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to patients dropping out a bit of the
+study so the key idea here will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study so the key idea here will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study so the key idea here will be
+rather than learning these five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than learning these five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than learning these five
+independent models we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent models we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent models we're going to try to
+jointly learn the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jointly learn the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jointly learn the parameters
+corresponding to those models and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to those models and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to those models and the
+intuitions that we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitions that we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitions that we're going to try to
+incorporate in doing so are that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate in doing so are that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate in doing so are that there
+might be some features that are useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be some features that are useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be some features that are useful
+across these five different prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across these five different prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across these five different prediction
+tasks and so I'm using the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks and so I'm using the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks and so I'm using the example of
+biomarkers here as a future think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomarkers here as a future think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomarkers here as a future think of
+that like a laboratory test result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like a laboratory test result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like a laboratory test result
+example or an answer to a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or an answer to a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or an answer to a question
+that's available baseline and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's available baseline and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's available baseline and so one
+approach to learning is to say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to learning is to say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to learning is to say okay
+let's regularize the learning of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's regularize the learning of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's regularize the learning of these
+different models to encourage them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different models to encourage them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different models to encourage them to
+choose a common set of predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a common set of predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a common set of predictive
+features or biomarkers but we also want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features or biomarkers but we also want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features or biomarkers but we also want
+to allow some amount of flexibility for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow some amount of flexibility for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow some amount of flexibility for
+example we might want to say that well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we might want to say that well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we might want to say that well I
+didn't one time point there might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't one time point there might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't one time point there might be a
+couple new biomarkers that are relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple new biomarkers that are relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple new biomarkers that are relevant
+for predicting that time point and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for predicting that time point and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for predicting that time point and and
+there might be some small amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some small amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some small amounts of
+changes across time so what don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes across time so what don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes across time so what don't do
+right now is I'll introduce to you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is I'll introduce to you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is I'll introduce to you the
+simplest way to think through multitask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest way to think through multitask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest way to think through multitask
+learning which which will I will focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning which which will I will focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning which which will I will focus
+specifically on a linear model setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on a linear model setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on a linear model setting
+and then I'll show you how we can modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll show you how we can modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll show you how we can modify
+slightly modify this simple approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly modify this simple approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly modify this simple approach to
+capture those Craig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture those Craig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture those Craig
+Shriya that I have over there so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shriya that I have over there so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shriya that I have over there so so
+let's talk about a linear model let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about a linear model let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about a linear model let's
+talk about regression right cuz it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about regression right cuz it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about regression right cuz it here
+in the example I showed you earlier we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the example I showed you earlier we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the example I showed you earlier we
+trying to pick the scores let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to pick the scores let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to pick the scores let's say
+continuous valued number we want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous valued number we want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous valued number we want to try
+to predict it and we might care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict it and we might care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict it and we might care about
+minimizing some loss function so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing some loss function so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing some loss function so if you
+were to try to minimize a squared loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to try to minimize a squared loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to try to minimize a squared loss
+imagine a scenario where you had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a scenario where you had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a scenario where you had two
+different prediction problems so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different prediction problems so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different prediction problems so this
+might be time point zero and this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be time point zero and this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be time point zero and this might
+be time point 12 for six months or 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be time point 12 for six months or 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be time point 12 for six months or 12
+months you can start by summing over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months you can start by summing over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months you can start by summing over the
+patients looking at your mean squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients looking at your mean squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients looking at your mean squared
+error at predicting what I'll say is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error at predicting what I'll say is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error at predicting what I'll say is the
+the six-month outcome label by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six-month outcome label by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six-month outcome label by some
+linear function which I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function which I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function which I'm going to have
+it as an under subscript 6 to denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as an under subscript 6 to denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as an under subscript 6 to denote
+that this is a linear model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a linear model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a linear model for
+predicting the six-month time point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting the six-month time point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting the six-month time point
+value dot product to do with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value dot product to do with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value dot product to do with your
+baseline features and similarly your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline features and similarly your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline features and similarly your
+loss function for predicting this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss function for predicting this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss function for predicting this one is
+gonna be the same but now you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be the same but now you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be the same but now you'll be
+predicting the y-12 label and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting the y-12 label and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting the y-12 label and we're
+going to have a different weight vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a different weight vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a different weight vector
+for predicting that notice that X is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for predicting that notice that X is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for predicting that notice that X is the
+same because we're I'm assuming and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because we're I'm assuming and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because we're I'm assuming and all
+everything I'm telling you here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I'm telling you here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I'm telling you here that
+we're going to be predicting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be predicting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be predicting from
+baseline data alone okay now a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline data alone okay now a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline data alone okay now a typical
+approach to try to regularize in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to try to regularize in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to try to regularize in this
+setting might be let's say to do l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting might be let's say to do l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting might be let's say to do l2
+regularization so you might say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization so you might say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization so you might say I'm
+going to add on to this some lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add on to this some lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add on to this some lambda
+times the weight vector 6 squared maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the weight vector 6 squared maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the weight vector 6 squared maybe
+same thing over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the way that I've set up this up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that I've set up this up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that I've set up this up for
+you so far right now is two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so far right now is two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so far right now is two different
+independent prediction problems the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent prediction problems the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent prediction problems the next
+step is to talk about how we can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is to talk about how we can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is to talk about how we can try to
+tie these together so any idea for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie these together so any idea for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie these together so any idea for for
+those of you who have not statistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who have not statistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who have not statistically
+studied multitask learning in class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied multitask learning in class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied multitask learning in class so
+for those of you who did don't tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who did don't tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who did don't tell the
+answer for everyone else what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for everyone else what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for everyone else what are some
+ways that you might try to tie these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you might try to tie these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you might try to tie these two
+prediction problems together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe you could share some weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you could share some weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you could share some weight
+parameters why me the simplest way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters why me the simplest way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters why me the simplest way to
+tie them together is just to say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie them together is just to say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie them together is just to say we're
+going to write so you might say let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write so you might say let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write so you might say let's
+first of all add these two objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all add these two objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all add these two objective
+functions together and now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions together and now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions together and now we're going
+to minimize instead of minimizing just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize instead of minimizing just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize instead of minimizing just
+we're now we're going to minimize over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now we're going to minimize over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now we're going to minimize over
+the the two weight vectors jointly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two weight vectors jointly okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two weight vectors jointly okay
+so now we have a single optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have a single optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have a single optimization
+problem all it does is I I've now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem all it does is I I've now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem all it does is I I've now we're
+optimizing we're minimizing there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing we're minimizing there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing we're minimizing there's a
+joint conductive where I'm summing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint conductive where I'm summing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint conductive where I'm summing this
+objective with this objective we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective with this objective we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective with this objective we're
+minimizing it with respect to now two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing it with respect to now two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing it with respect to now two
+different weight vectors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different weight vectors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different weight vectors and the
+simplest thing to do what you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest thing to do what you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest thing to do what you just
+subscribe might be to say let's let w6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribe might be to say let's let w6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribe might be to say let's let w6
+equal to W 12 okay so so you might just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to W 12 okay so so you might just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to W 12 okay so so you might just
+add in this equality constraint saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in this equality constraint saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in this equality constraint saying
+that these two weight vectors should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two weight vectors should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two weight vectors should be
+identical but what would be wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical but what would be wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical but what would be wrong with
+that someone else what would be wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone else what would be wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone else what would be wrong
+with and I know that wasn't precise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and I know that wasn't precise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and I know that wasn't precise your
+suggestion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion
+yeah what's your question Thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's your question Thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's your question Thanks
+sorry yeah I'm missing some subscripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah I'm missing some subscripts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah I'm missing some subscripts
+right so I'll put this in a soos I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'll put this in a soos I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'll put this in a soos I'll
+put this in a secret script and I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in a secret script and I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in a secret script and I'll put
+subscript I subscript I and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript I subscript I and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript I subscript I and it doesn't
+matter for the purpose of this for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter for the purpose of this for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter for the purpose of this for the
+purpose of this presentation whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of this presentation whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of this presentation whether
+these are the same individuals or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the same individuals or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the same individuals or
+different individuals across and across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different individuals across and across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different individuals across and across
+these two problems you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two problems you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two problems you can imagine
+they're the same individual so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same individual so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same individual so you might
+imagine that there are n individuals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that there are n individuals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that there are n individuals in
+the data set and we're summing over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set and we're summing over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set and we're summing over the
+same end people for both these sums just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same end people for both these sums just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same end people for both these sums just
+looking at different outcomes for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at different outcomes for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at different outcomes for each
+of them this is the six-month outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them this is the six-month outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them this is the six-month outcome
+this is the 12-month outcome that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the 12-month outcome that clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the 12-month outcome that clear
+alright so the simplest thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so the simplest thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so the simplest thing to do
+would be just tune out now that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be just tune out now that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be just tune out now that we have
+a joint optimization problem we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a joint optimization problem we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a joint optimization problem we could
+constrain the two weight vectors to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain the two weight vectors to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain the two weight vectors to be
+identical but of course this is a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical but of course this is a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical but of course this is a bit of
+an overkill this is like saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overkill this is like saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overkill this is like saying that
+you're going to you're going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to you're going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to you're going to just
+learn a single prediction problem where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a single prediction problem where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a single prediction problem where
+you sort of ignore their difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of ignore their difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of ignore their difference
+between 6 months and 12 months and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 6 months and 12 months and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 6 months and 12 months and just
+try to predict you know you put those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to predict you know you put those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to predict you know you put those
+under there and just predict them both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under there and just predict them both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under there and just predict them both
+together so you had another suggestion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so you had another suggestion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so you had another suggestion
+it sounded like oh no ok so I answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounded like oh no ok so I answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounded like oh no ok so I answer
+that sorry what we do differently yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sorry what we do differently yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sorry what we do differently yeah
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+you try to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to minimize
+silly not saying they need to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly not saying they need to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly not saying they need to be the
+same but like the chances that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but like the chances that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but like the chances that they're
+gonna be super super good ha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be super super good ha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be super super good ha
+that's where interesting idea so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where interesting idea so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where interesting idea so we
+don't want them to be the same and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want them to be the same and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want them to be the same and what
+might want them to be approximately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want them to be approximately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want them to be approximately the
+same right and what's one way to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right and what's one way to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right and what's one way to try to
+measure how different these two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure how different these two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure how different these two are
+subtract them and then do what because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract them and then do what because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract them and then do what because
+this is so these are vectors so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so these are vectors so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so these are vectors so you see
+absolute so it's absolute not absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute so it's absolute not absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute so it's absolute not absolute
+value of the vector what can you do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the vector what can you do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the vector what can you do to
+turn a vector into a single number take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a vector into a single number take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a vector into a single number take
+a norm of it yeah I think it's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm of it yeah I think it's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm of it yeah I think it's what you
+meant so we might take the norm of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant so we might take the norm of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant so we might take the norm of it
+what norms should we take maybe L 2 norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what norms should we take maybe L 2 norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what norms should we take maybe L 2 norm
+okay and we might say we want that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we might say we want that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we might say we want that okay
+so if we said that this was equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we said that this was equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we said that this was equal to
+zero then of course that's saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then of course that's saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then of course that's saying that
+they have to be the same but we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be the same but we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be the same but we could
+say that this is that say bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this is that say bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this is that say bounded by
+some epsilon and epsilon now is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some epsilon and epsilon now is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some epsilon and epsilon now is a
+parameter we get to choose and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter we get to choose and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter we get to choose and that
+would then say oh okay we've now tied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then say oh okay we've now tied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then say oh okay we've now tied
+together these two optimization problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together these two optimization problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together these two optimization problems
+and we are want to encourage that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are want to encourage that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are want to encourage that the
+two weight vectors are not that far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weight vectors are not that far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weight vectors are not that far from
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+yep you represent each way they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep you represent each way they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep you represent each way they're
+dressed like have it just like be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed like have it just like be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed like have it just like be
+duplicated and of course the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated and of course the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated and of course the first place
+to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're suggesting a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're suggesting a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're suggesting a slightly different
+way to parameterize this by saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to parameterize this by saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to parameterize this by saying that
+w12 is equal to W 6 plus some Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w12 is equal to W 6 plus some Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w12 is equal to W 6 plus some Delta
+function sum Delta difference is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function sum Delta difference is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function sum Delta difference is that
+what is a really interesting idea I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a really interesting idea I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a really interesting idea I'll
+return to that point in just a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to that point in just a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to that point in just a second
+Thanks before I return to that point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks before I return to that point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks before I return to that point I
+just want to point out this isn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out this isn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out this isn't the
+most comedian thing to optimize because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most comedian thing to optimize because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most comedian thing to optimize because
+this is now a constrained optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now a constrained optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now a constrained optimization
+problem what our favorite algorithm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what our favorite algorithm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what our favorite algorithm for
+convex optimization and machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex optimization and machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex optimization and machine learning
+and non convex optimization everyone say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and non convex optimization everyone say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and non convex optimization everyone say
+out loud TAS are not supposed to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neither our faculty but I think I heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither our faculty but I think I heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither our faculty but I think I heard
+enough of you say stochastic gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of you say stochastic gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of you say stochastic gradient
+descent yes good that's what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent yes good that's what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent yes good that's what I was
+expecting and you could do projected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting and you could do projected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting and you could do projected
+gradient descent but it's but it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent but it's but it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent but it's but it's much
+easier to just get rid of this and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to just get rid of this and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to just get rid of this and so
+what we're going to do is we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're just
+going to put this into the objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put this into the objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put this into the objective
+function and one way to do that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and one way to do that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and one way to do that so you
+know one motivation would be say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one motivation would be say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one motivation would be say we're
+gonna take with a grungy end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take with a grungy end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take with a grungy end of this
+inequality and then that'll bring this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and then that'll bring this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and then that'll bring this
+into the objective but you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the objective but you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the objective but you know what
+screw that motivation let's just erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw that motivation let's just erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw that motivation let's just erase
+this and I'll just say plus something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'll just say plus something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'll just say plus something
+else so I'll call that you know lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so I'll call that you know lambda 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so I'll call that you know lambda 1
+some other type of parameter times now W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other type of parameter times now W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other type of parameter times now W
+12 minus W 6 squared okay now let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 minus W 6 squared okay now let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 minus W 6 squared okay now let's look
+to see what happens if we were to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what happens if we were to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what happens if we were to push
+this lambda 2 to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda 2 to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda 2 to infinity
+remember we're minimizing this objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we're minimizing this objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we're minimizing this objective
+function so if lambda 2 is pushed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if lambda 2 is pushed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if lambda 2 is pushed to
+infinity what is what is the solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity what is what is the solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity what is what is the solution of
+W 12 with respect to W 6 everyone say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W 12 with respect to W 6 everyone say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W 12 with respect to W 6 everyone say
+out loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out loud
+I said with respect to so there one -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said with respect to so there one -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said with respect to so there one -
+other is zero yes good all right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is zero yes good all right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is zero yes good all right so it
+would be forcing them that they'd be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be forcing them that they'd be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be forcing them that they'd be the
+same and of course it's landed - is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and of course it's landed - is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and of course it's landed - is
+smaller than it's saying we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than it's saying we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than it's saying we're gonna
+allow some flexibility they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow some flexibility they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow some flexibility they don't have
+to be the same but we're gonna penalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same but we're gonna penalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same but we're gonna penalize
+the difference by the squared difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference by the squared difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference by the squared difference
+in their norms okay so so this is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their norms okay so so this is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their norms okay so so this is good
+and so you raise a really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you raise a really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you raise a really interesting
+question which I'm gonna which I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which I'm gonna which I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which I'm gonna which I'll talk
+about now which is well maybe you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now which is well maybe you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now which is well maybe you don't
+want to enforce all the dimensions to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to enforce all the dimensions to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to enforce all the dimensions to be
+the same maybe that's too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same maybe that's too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same maybe that's too much
+so one thing one could imagine doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing one could imagine doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing one could imagine doing is
+saying we're going to only enforce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we're going to only enforce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we're going to only enforce this
+constraint this for rizona this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint this for rizona this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint this for rizona this
+goodnight we're only going to put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodnight we're only going to put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodnight we're only going to put this
+penalty in for let's say dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trying to think the right notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think the right notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think the right notation for
+this I think I'll use this notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think I'll use this notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think I'll use this notation
+let's see if you guys like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's see if this notation makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see if this notation makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see if this notation makes
+sense for you what I'm saying is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for you what I'm saying is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for you what I'm saying is I'm
+gonna take the DS the dimension I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take the DS the dimension I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take the DS the dimension I'm
+gonna take the first half with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take the first half with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take the first half with the
+dimensions to the end I'm gonna take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions to the end I'm gonna take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions to the end I'm gonna take
+that vector and I'll penalize that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector and I'll penalize that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector and I'll penalize that this
+is ignoring a so the ignoring the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ignoring a so the ignoring the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ignoring a so the ignoring the so
+it's ignoring the first half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ignoring the first half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ignoring the first half of the
+dimensions and so what that's saying as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and so what that's saying as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and so what that's saying as
+well we're going to we're going to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to we're going to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to we're going to share
+parameters for some of this weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters for some of this weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters for some of this weight
+vector but we're not going to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector but we're not going to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector but we're not going to worry
+about we're going to let them be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we're going to let them be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we're going to let them be
+completely independent of each other for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely independent of each other for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely independent of each other for
+the rest that's an example what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest that's an example what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest that's an example what you're
+suggesting right okay so this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting right okay so this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting right okay so this is all
+great and dandy for the case of just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and dandy for the case of just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and dandy for the case of just two
+time points but what do we do then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time points but what do we do then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time points but what do we do then we
+have five time points yeah there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five time points yeah there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five time points yeah there's a
+percentage of shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+I think you have the right intuition but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you have the right intuition but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you have the right intuition but
+I don't really know how to formalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't really know how to formalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't really know how to formalize
+that or just from your verbal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or just from your verbal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or just from your verbal
+description what would be the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description what would be the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description what would be the simplest
+thing you might think of right I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you might think of right I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you might think of right I gave
+you an example of how to do in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example of how to do in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example of how to do in some
+sense pairwise similarity could you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense pairwise similarity could you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense pairwise similarity could you just
+easily extend that if you have more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily extend that if you have more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily extend that if you have more than
+two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things
+now you had an idea what was smells what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you had an idea what was smells what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you had an idea what was smells what
+do and why they were doing smells like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and why they were doing smells like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and why they were doing smells like
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+so you might say w1 is similar w2w to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might say w1 is similar w2w to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might say w1 is similar w2w to
+similar w3w three similar w-4 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar w3w three similar w-4 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar w3w three similar w-4 and so on
+yeah I like that idea I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I like that idea I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I like that idea I'm gonna
+generalize that just a little bit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize that just a little bit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize that just a little bit okay
+so I'm gonna start thinking now about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna start thinking now about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna start thinking now about
+graphs and we're gonna we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and we're gonna we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and we're gonna we're gonna
+define a very simple abstraction to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a very simple abstraction to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a very simple abstraction to talk
+about multi-touch learning I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about multi-touch learning I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about multi-touch learning I'm gonna
+have a graph where I have one node for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a graph where I have one node for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a graph where I have one node for
+every task and an edge between tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every task and an edge between tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every task and an edge between tasks
+between notes if those two tasks we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between notes if those two tasks we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between notes if those two tasks we want
+to encourage their weights to be similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encourage their weights to be similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encourage their weights to be similar
+to another okay so what are our tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another okay so what are our tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another okay so what are our tasks
+here w6w 12 so in what you're suggesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here w6w 12 so in what you're suggesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here w6w 12 so in what you're suggesting
+you would have the following graph W 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have the following graph W 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have the following graph W 6
+goes to W 12 goes to W 24 goes to W 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to W 12 goes to W 24 goes to W 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to W 12 goes to W 24 goes to W 36
+goes to W 48 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the way that we're gonna transform a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the way that we're gonna transform a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the way that we're gonna transform a
+graph into an optimization problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph into an optimization problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph into an optimization problem is
+gonna be as follows I'm gonna now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be as follows I'm gonna now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be as follows I'm gonna now
+suppose that I'm going to let I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I'm going to let I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I'm going to let I'm gonna
+define a graph on becoming e V in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a graph on becoming e V in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a graph on becoming e V in this
+case is going to be the set 6 12 24 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is going to be the set 6 12 24 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is going to be the set 6 12 24 and
+so on and I'll denote edges by s comma T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and I'll denote edges by s comma T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and I'll denote edges by s comma T
+and E it's gonna refer to a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E it's gonna refer to a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E it's gonna refer to a particular
+two tasks so for example the task of 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two tasks so for example the task of 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two tasks so for example the task of 6
+predicting 6 months and the task of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting 6 months and the task of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting 6 months and the task of
+predicting at 12 months ok now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting at 12 months ok now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting at 12 months ok now what
+would do is we'll say that the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do is we'll say that the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do is we'll say that the new
+optimization problem is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem is going to be a
+sum over all the tasks of the loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over all the tasks of the loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over all the tasks of the loss
+function for that task so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for that task so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for that task so I'm gonna
+ignore that is I'm just gonna simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that is I'm just gonna simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that is I'm just gonna simply
+right over there I had two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over there I had two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over there I had two different
+loss functions for two different tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss functions for two different tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss functions for two different tasks
+I'm just gonna add those together I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just gonna add those together I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just gonna add those together I'm
+just gonna leave that as in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna leave that as in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna leave that as in this
+abstract form and then I'm going to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract form and then I'm going to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract form and then I'm going to now
+sum over the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over the edges
+comity in E in this graph that I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comity in E in this graph that I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comity in E in this graph that I've just
+defined of W s minus WT squared okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined of W s minus WT squared okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined of W s minus WT squared okay so
+in in the example that I go over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the example that I go over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the example that I go over there
+in the very top there were only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very top there were only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very top there were only two
+tasks w 6 & w 12 and so and we had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks w 6 & w 12 and so and we had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks w 6 & w 12 and so and we had an
+edge between them and we penalized it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge between them and we penalized it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge between them and we penalized it
+exactly in that way but in the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in that way but in the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in that way but in the general
+case one could imagine many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case one could imagine many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case one could imagine many different
+solutions like for example you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions like for example you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions like for example you could
+imagine a solution where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a solution where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a solution where you have a
+complete graph so you might have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete graph so you might have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete graph so you might have four
+time points and you might penalize every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time points and you might penalize every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time points and you might penalize every
+pair of them to be similar to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of them to be similar to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of them to be similar to one
+another or as was just suggestion you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another or as was just suggestion you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another or as was just suggestion you
+might think that there might be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that there might be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that there might be some
+ordering of the tasks and you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering of the tasks and you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering of the tasks and you might say
+that you want that instead of a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want that instead of a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want that instead of a complete
+graph you're going to just have a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph you're going to just have a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph you're going to just have a chain
+graph where we with respect to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph where we with respect to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph where we with respect to that
+ordering you want every pair of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering you want every pair of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering you want every pair of them
+along that ordering to be close to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that ordering to be close to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that ordering to be close to each
+other and and in fact I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and and in fact I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and and in fact I think that's
+probably the most reasonable thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most reasonable thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most reasonable thing to do
+in the setting or disease progression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the setting or disease progression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the setting or disease progression
+modeling because in fact we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling because in fact we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling because in fact we have some
+smoothness type prior in our head about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothness type prior in our head about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothness type prior in our head about
+about these values they should value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these values they should value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these values they should value
+should be similar to one another when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be similar to one another when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be similar to one another when
+they're very close time points I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very close time points I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very close time points I just
+want to mention one other thing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to mention one other thing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to mention one other thing which is
+that from an optimization perspective if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from an optimization perspective if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from an optimization perspective if
+this is what you had wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you had wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you had wanted to do
+there's a much cleaner way of doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a much cleaner way of doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a much cleaner way of doing it
+and that's to introduce a dummy node I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's to introduce a dummy node I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's to introduce a dummy node I
+wish I had more colors so one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish I had more colors so one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish I had more colors so one could
+instead introduce a new weight vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead introduce a new weight vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead introduce a new weight vector
+I'll call it W I'll just call it W okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it W I'll just call it W okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it W I'll just call it W okay
+so with no subscript and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with no subscript and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with no subscript and I'm going to
+say that every other task is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that every other task is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that every other task is going to be
+connected to it in a star alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to it in a star alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to it in a star alright so
+here we've introduced a dummy task and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've introduced a dummy task and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've introduced a dummy task and
+and we're connecting every other task to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're connecting every other task to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're connecting every other task to
+it and then now you'd have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then now you'd have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then now you'd have a linear
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+of these regularization terms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these regularization terms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these regularization terms in the
+number of tasks but yet you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of tasks but yet you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of tasks but yet you're not
+making any assumption that they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making any assumption that they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making any assumption that they're just
+some ordering between them in the task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ordering between them in the task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ordering between them in the task
+yep and w0w is never used for prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep and w0w is never used for prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep and w0w is never used for prediction
+efforts just use during optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well if you do it to w1 then then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you do it to w1 then then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you do it to w1 then then it's
+basically saying that w1 is special in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying that w1 is special in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying that w1 is special in
+some way and so everything's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way and so everything's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way and so everything's sort of
+pulled towards it where is it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled towards it where is it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled towards it where is it's not
+clear that that's actually the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that that's actually the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that that's actually the right
+thing to do so you'll get different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do so you'll get different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do so you'll get different
+answers and I leave that as an exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and I leave that as an exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and I leave that as an exercise
+do you try to derive okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you try to derive okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you try to derive okay so this is the
+general idea for how one can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea for how one can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea for how one can do
+multitask learning using linear models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multitask learning using linear models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multitask learning using linear models
+and I'll also leave it as an exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll also leave it as an exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll also leave it as an exercise
+for you to think through how you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to think through how you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to think through how you could
+take the same idea and now apply it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the same idea and now apply it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the same idea and now apply it to
+for example deep neural networks and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example deep neural networks and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example deep neural networks and and
+you can believe me that these ideas do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can believe me that these ideas do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can believe me that these ideas do
+generalize in the ways that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize in the ways that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize in the ways that you would
+expect them to do and it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect them to do and it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect them to do and it's a very
+powerful concept and so whenever you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful concept and so whenever you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful concept and so whenever you are
+stopped with you know we tackle problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped with you know we tackle problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped with you know we tackle problems
+like this and you're in settings where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you're in settings where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you're in settings where
+there where a linear model might do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there where a linear model might do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there where a linear model might do well
+before you come you know before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you come you know before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you come you know before you
+believe that someone's results using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that someone's results using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that someone's results using a
+very complicated approach is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated approach is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated approach is interesting
+you should ask well what about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should ask well what about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should ask well what about this
+simplest possible multitask learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest possible multitask learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest possible multitask learning
+approach okay so we already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach okay so we already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach okay so we already talked about
+one way to try to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to try to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to try to make the
+regularization a bit more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization a bit more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization a bit more interesting
+for example we could attempt to we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we could attempt to we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we could attempt to we could
+attempt to regularize only some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to regularize only some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to regularize only some of the
+features values to be similar to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features values to be similar to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features values to be similar to another
+in this paper which was tackling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper which was tackling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper which was tackling this
+disease progression modeling problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease progression modeling problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease progression modeling problem for
+Alzheimer's they developed a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alzheimer's they developed a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alzheimer's they developed a slightly
+more complicated approach but not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated approach but not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated approach but not too
+much more complicated which they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated which they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated which they call
+the conducts used sparse group lasso and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conducts used sparse group lasso and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conducts used sparse group lasso and
+it does the same idea that I gave here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does the same idea that I gave here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does the same idea that I gave here
+where you're going to now learn a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're going to now learn a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're going to now learn a matrix
+W and that matrix W is precisely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and that matrix W is precisely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and that matrix W is precisely the
+same notion you have a different weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same notion you have a different weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same notion you have a different weight
+vector per task you just stack them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector per task you just stack them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector per task you just stack them all
+up into a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into a matrix
+okay ello of w that's just that what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ello of w that's just that what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ello of w that's just that what I
+mean by the sum of the last functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by the sum of the last functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by the sum of the last functions
+that's the same thing the first term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing the first term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing the first term in
+the optimization problem lambda 1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimization problem lambda 1 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimization problem lambda 1 times
+the L 1 norm of W is simply saying it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L 1 norm of W is simply saying it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L 1 norm of W is simply saying it's
+exactly like a sparsity the type is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like a sparsity the type is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like a sparsity the type is the
+sparsity penalty that we typically see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity penalty that we typically see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity penalty that we typically see
+when we're doing regression so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're doing regression so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're doing regression so it's
+simply saying that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply saying that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply saying that we're going to
+encourage the weights across all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage the weights across all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage the weights across all the
+tasks to be as as small as possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks to be as as small as possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks to be as as small as possible and
+because it's an l1 penalty as the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's an l1 penalty as the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's an l1 penalty as the effect
+of actually trying to encourage sparsity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actually trying to encourage sparsity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actually trying to encourage sparsity
+so it's gonna push things to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's gonna push things to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's gonna push things to zero
+wherever possible the second term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever possible the second term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever possible the second term in
+this optimization problem this lambda to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this optimization problem this lambda to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this optimization problem this lambda to
+our W squared is also a sparsity penalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our W squared is also a sparsity penalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our W squared is also a sparsity penalty
+but it's now pre multiplying the W by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's now pre multiplying the W by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's now pre multiplying the W by
+this our matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this our matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this our matrix
+this our matrix in this example is shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this our matrix in this example is shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this our matrix in this example is shown
+by this and this is just one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this and this is just one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this and this is just one way to
+implement precisely this idea that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement precisely this idea that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement precisely this idea that I had
+on the board here so this what this our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board here so this what this our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board here so this what this our
+matrix is gonna say is it's gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is gonna say is it's gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is gonna say is it's gonna say
+four it's gonna have one you can have as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four it's gonna have one you can have as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four it's gonna have one you can have as
+many rows as you have edges and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many rows as you have edges and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many rows as you have edges and you're
+going to have for the corresponding task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have for the corresponding task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have for the corresponding task
+which is s you have a 1 and for the cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is s you have a 1 and for the cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is s you have a 1 and for the cars
+learning task which is T you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning task which is T you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning task which is T you have a
+minus 1 and then if you multiply this R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and then if you multiply this R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and then if you multiply this R
+matrix by W transpose what you get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix by W transpose what you get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix by W transpose what you get is
+precisely these types of pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely these types of pairwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely these types of pairwise
+comparisons out the only difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons out the only difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons out the only difference
+being that here they penalize instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that here they penalize instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that here they penalize instead of
+using a l2 norm they penalize just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a l2 norm they penalize just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a l2 norm they penalize just using
+an l1 norm ok so that's what that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an l1 norm ok so that's what that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an l1 norm ok so that's what that second
+term is lambda to our W transposed it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is lambda to our W transposed it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is lambda to our W transposed it's
+simply an implementation of precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply an implementation of precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply an implementation of precisely
+this idea and that final term is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea and that final term is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea and that final term is just a
+group law so penalties nothing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group law so penalties nothing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group law so penalties nothing really
+interesting happening there I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting happening there I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting happening there I just want
+to comment I forgotten to mention this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to comment I forgotten to mention this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to comment I forgotten to mention this
+and the last term is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last term is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last term is going to be
+precisely a squared loss this F refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely a squared loss this F refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely a squared loss this F refers
+to a Frobenius norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a Frobenius norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a Frobenius norm
+we've just stacked together we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just stacked together we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just stacked together we've just
+stacked together all the different tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacked together all the different tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacked together all the different tasks
+and into one and the only interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and into one and the only interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and into one and the only interesting
+thing that's happening here is this s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's happening here is this s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's happening here is this s
+which we're doing a which we're doing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're doing a which we're doing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're doing a which we're doing an
+element my wise multiplication what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element my wise multiplication what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element my wise multiplication what that
+s is is simply a masking function it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is is simply a masking function it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is is simply a masking function it's
+saying if we don't observe a value at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if we don't observe a value at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if we don't observe a value at
+some time point like if for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time point like if for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time point like if for example if
+either this is unknown or it's censored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either this is unknown or it's censored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either this is unknown or it's censored
+then we're just going to zero it out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're just going to zero it out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're just going to zero it out so
+we're not there's the there will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not there's the there will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not there's the there will not be
+any loss for that particular element so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any loss for that particular element so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any loss for that particular element so
+that s is just the mask which allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s is just the mask which allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s is just the mask which allows you
+to account for the fact that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for the fact that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for the fact that you might
+have some missing data so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some missing data so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some missing data so this is the
+approach used in that kdeeny paper from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach used in that kdeeny paper from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach used in that kdeeny paper from
+2012 and returning out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 and returning out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 and returning out to the
+Alzheimer's example they used a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alzheimer's example they used a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alzheimer's example they used a pretty
+simple feature sets with 370 features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple feature sets with 370 features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple feature sets with 370 features
+the first set of features were derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first set of features were derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first set of features were derived
+from arm MRI scans of the patient's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from arm MRI scans of the patient's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from arm MRI scans of the patient's
+brain in this case they just derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain in this case they just derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain in this case they just derived
+some pre-established features that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pre-established features that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pre-established features that
+characterize the amount of white matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the amount of white matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the amount of white matter
+and so on I include some genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on I include some genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on I include some genetic
+information a bunch of company scores so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information a bunch of company scores so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information a bunch of company scores so
+MMS II was one example of an input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MMS II was one example of an input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MMS II was one example of an input to
+this model and at baseline is critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model and at baseline is critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model and at baseline is critical
+right so there are a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there are a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there are a number of different
+types of cognitive scores that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of cognitive scores that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of cognitive scores that were
+collected at baseline and each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected at baseline and each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected at baseline and each one of
+those makes up some feature and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those makes up some feature and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those makes up some feature and then a
+number of laboratory tests which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of laboratory tests which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of laboratory tests which I'm
+just denoting as random numbers here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just denoting as random numbers here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just denoting as random numbers here but
+they have some in significance now one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some in significance now one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some in significance now one
+of the most interesting things about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most interesting things about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most interesting things about the
+results is if you compare the predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results is if you compare the predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results is if you compare the predictive
+performance of the multitask approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the multitask approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the multitask approach to
+the independent regressor approach so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent regressor approach so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent regressor approach so
+here we're showing two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're showing two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're showing two different
+measures of performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of performance
+the first one is some normalize mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is some normalize mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is some normalize mean
+squared error and we want that to be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error and we want that to be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error and we want that to be as
+low as possible and the second one is R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low as possible and the second one is R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low as possible and the second one is R
+as an R squared and you want that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an R squared and you want that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an R squared and you want that to be
+as high as possible so one would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as high as possible so one would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as high as possible so one would be
+perfect prediction on the this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect prediction on the this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect prediction on the this first
+column here it's showing the results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column here it's showing the results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column here it's showing the results of
+just using independent regressors so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using independent regressors so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using independent regressors so if
+instead of tying them together with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of tying them together with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of tying them together with that
+r matrix you had R equal to zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r matrix you had R equal to zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r matrix you had R equal to zero for
+example and then in each of these sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and then in each of these sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and then in each of these sub
+tsuki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tsuki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tsuki
+columns it shows now learning with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns it shows now learning with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns it shows now learning with with
+this objective function where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this objective function where we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this objective function where we are
+pumping up increasingly high this lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping up increasingly high this lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping up increasingly high this lambda
+two coefficients so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two coefficients so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two coefficients so it's going to be
+asking for more and more similarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for more and more similarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for more and more similarity
+across the tasks so you see that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the tasks so you see that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the tasks so you see that even
+with a moderate value of lambda to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a moderate value of lambda to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a moderate value of lambda to you
+start to get improvements between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to get improvements between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to get improvements between this
+multitask learning approach and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multitask learning approach and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multitask learning approach and the
+independent regressors and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent regressors and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent regressors and so the
+average are squared for example goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average are squared for example goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average are squared for example goes
+from point sixty nine up to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from point sixty nine up to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from point sixty nine up to point
+seventy seven and you notice that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy seven and you notice that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy seven and you notice that we
+have 95% confidence intervals here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 95% confidence intervals here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 95% confidence intervals here as
+well and it seems to be significant as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and it seems to be significant as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and it seems to be significant as
+you pump that lambda value larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pump that lambda value larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pump that lambda value larger
+although I won't comment about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I won't comment about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I won't comment about the
+statistical significance between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical significance between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical significance between these
+columns we do see a trend which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns we do see a trend which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns we do see a trend which is that
+the performance gets increasingly better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance gets increasingly better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance gets increasingly better
+as you encourage them to be closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you encourage them to be closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you encourage them to be closer and
+closer together so I don't think I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together so I don't think I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together so I don't think I want
+to mention anything else about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention anything else about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention anything else about this
+result is there a question ah thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is there a question ah thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is there a question ah thank you
+yes so this is on a holdout set thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so this is on a holdout set thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so this is on a holdout set thank
+you and that also reminded me of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and that also reminded me of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and that also reminded me of one
+other thing I wanted to mention which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing I wanted to mention which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing I wanted to mention which is
+critical to this story which is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to this story which is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to this story which is that you
+see the results because there's not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the results because there's not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the results because there's not much
+data right if you had a really large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right if you had a really large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right if you had a really large
+training set you would see no difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set you would see no difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set you would see no difference
+between these columns there in fact she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these columns there in fact she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these columns there in fact she
+had a really large data set these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a really large data set these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a really large data set these
+results would be worse as he pumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results would be worse as he pumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results would be worse as he pumped
+lambda higher the results will get worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda higher the results will get worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda higher the results will get worse
+because serving allowing flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because serving allowing flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because serving allowing flexibility
+among the different talks is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the different talks is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the different talks is actually a
+better thing if you have enough data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better thing if you have enough data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better thing if you have enough data for
+each task so this is particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each task so this is particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each task so this is particularly
+valuable in the data core regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one Costa try to analyze results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Costa try to analyze results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Costa try to analyze results in
+terms of looking at the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of looking at the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of looking at the future
+importances as a function of time so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importances as a function of time so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importances as a function of time so one
+row here corresponds to the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row here corresponds to the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row here corresponds to the weight
+vector for that time points predictor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector for that time points predictor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector for that time points predictor
+okay and so here we're just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so here we're just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so here we're just looking at
+four of the time points for the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of the time points for the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of the time points for the five
+time points and the columns correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time points and the columns correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time points and the columns correspond
+to different features that were used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to different features that were used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to different features that were used in
+the predictions and the colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predictions and the colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predictions and the colors
+correspond to how important that feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to how important that feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to how important that feature
+is to the prediction you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to the prediction you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to the prediction you could imagine
+that being something some something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that being something some something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that being something some something like
+the the norm of the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the norm of the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the norm of the corresponding
+weights in the linear model or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights in the linear model or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights in the linear model or a
+normalized version of that what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized version of that what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized version of that what you see
+are some interesting things first there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some interesting things first there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some interesting things first there
+are some features such as such as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some features such as such as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some features such as such as these
+where they're important at all different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're important at all different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're important at all different
+time points that might be expected but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time points that might be expected but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time points that might be expected but
+then there also might be some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there also might be some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there also might be some some
+features that are really important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that are really important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that are really important for
+predicting what's gonna happen right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting what's gonna happen right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting what's gonna happen right
+away but are really not important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but are really not important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but are really not important to
+predicting longer-term outcomes and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting longer-term outcomes and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting longer-term outcomes and you
+start to see things like that over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to see things like that over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to see things like that over here
+where you see that for example these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see that for example these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see that for example these
+features are not at all important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features are not at all important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features are not at all important for
+predicting for in the 36th time points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting for in the 36th time points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting for in the 36th time points
+but we're useful for the earlier time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're useful for the earlier time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're useful for the earlier time
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so from here now we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from here now we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from here now we're going to start
+changing gears a little bit what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing gears a little bit what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing gears a little bit what I just
+gave you is an example of a supervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you is an example of a supervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you is an example of a supervised
+approach but it's our question yes I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach but it's our question yes I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach but it's our question yes I'll
+permit it today so it's really two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit it today so it's really two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit it today so it's really two
+questions but I like the linear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions but I like the linear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions but I like the linear and
+indeed it's the linear model which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it's the linear model which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it's the linear model which is
+used in this paper yes because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in this paper yes because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in this paper yes because you
+notice how that our was sort of diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how that our was sort of diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how that our was sort of diagonal
+and Vegas okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Vegas okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Vegas okay
+the other the other observation is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other the other observation is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other the other observation is that
+in particular in Alzheimer's given our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular in Alzheimer's given our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular in Alzheimer's given our
+current state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current state of
+inability to treat it never gets better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inability to treat it never gets better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inability to treat it never gets better
+and yet that's not the constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a really interesting point so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really interesting point so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really interesting point so so
+what Pete's suggesting is you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Pete's suggesting is you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Pete's suggesting is you could
+think about this as you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this as you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this as you could think
+about putting an additional constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about putting an additional constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about putting an additional constraint
+in which is that imagine saying that Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which is that imagine saying that Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which is that imagine saying that Y
+we know that let's say yi6 is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that let's say yi6 is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that let's say yi6 is typically
+less than Y I twelve which is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Y I twelve which is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Y I twelve which is typically
+less than Y I 24 and so on and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Y I 24 and so on and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Y I 24 and so on and if we
+were able to do perfect prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to do perfect prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to do perfect prediction
+meaning if it were the case that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning if it were the case that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning if it were the case that you're
+your predicted Y's are equal to your two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your predicted Y's are equal to your two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your predicted Y's are equal to your two
+y's then should also have that w6 dot X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's then should also have that w6 dot X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's then should also have that w6 dot X
+I is less than w12 dot X I which should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is less than w12 dot X I which should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is less than w12 dot X I which should
+be less than W 24 dot X I and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than W 24 dot X I and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than W 24 dot X I and so one
+could imagine now introducing these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine now introducing these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine now introducing these as
+new constraints in your learning problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new constraints in your learning problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new constraints in your learning problem
+in some sense what it's saying is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense what it's saying is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense what it's saying is well
+we may not care that much if we get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may not care that much if we get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may not care that much if we get some
+errors in the predictions but we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in the predictions but we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in the predictions but we want to
+make sure that at least we're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that at least we're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that at least we're able to
+sort the patients correctly given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the patients correctly given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the patients correctly given
+patients provide correctly all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients provide correctly all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients provide correctly all right so
+we want to ensure at least some mana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to ensure at least some mana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to ensure at least some mana
+tonicity and these values and one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonicity and these values and one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonicity and these values and one could
+easily try to translate these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily try to translate these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily try to translate these types of
+constraints into a modification to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints into a modification to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints into a modification to your
+learning algorithm for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm for example if you
+took any pair of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took any pair of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took any pair of these
+say I'll take these two together one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'll take these two together one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'll take these two together one
+could introduce something like a hinge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could introduce something like a hinge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could introduce something like a hinge
+loss where you say you want that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss where you say you want that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss where you say you want that you're
+gonna add a new objective function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna add a new objective function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna add a new objective function which
+says something like you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says something like you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says something like you're gonna
+penalize the max of 0 and 1 minus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize the max of 0 and 1 minus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize the max of 0 and 1 minus and
+I'm gonna screw up this order but will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna screw up this order but will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna screw up this order but will
+be something like W so I'll just drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something like W so I'll just drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something like W so I'll just drive
+it correctly so this will be W 12 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it correctly so this will be W 12 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it correctly so this will be W 12 minus
+W 24 dot product with X I we want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W 24 dot product with X I we want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W 24 dot product with X I we want to be
+less than 0 and so you could look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 0 and so you could look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 0 and so you could look at
+toward the you know how far from 0 is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the you know how far from 0 is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the you know how far from 0 is it
+so you could look at W 12 do you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could look at W 12 do you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could look at W 12 do you might
+imagine a loss function which says okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a loss function which says okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a loss function which says okay
+if it's not if it's if it's greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not if it's if it's greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not if it's if it's greater than
+0 then you have a problems and we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 then you have a problems and we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 then you have a problems and we might
+penalize it at let's say a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize it at let's say a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize it at let's say a linear
+penalty however greater than 0 it is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty however greater than 0 it is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty however greater than 0 it is if
+it's less than zero you don't penalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than zero you don't penalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than zero you don't penalize
+at all so you say something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so you say something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so you say something like this
+max of W 12 minus W 24 dot product I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max of W 12 minus W 24 dot product I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max of W 12 minus W 24 dot product I and
+you might add something like this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might add something like this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might add something like this to
+your learning objective that would try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your learning objective that would try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your learning objective that would try
+to encourage that would penalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encourage that would penalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encourage that would penalize
+violations of this constraint using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations of this constraint using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations of this constraint using a
+hinge loss type loss function so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinge loss type loss function so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinge loss type loss function so that
+would be one approach to try to put such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one approach to try to put such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one approach to try to put such
+constraints into your learning objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints into your learning objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints into your learning objective
+a very different approach would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very different approach would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very different approach would be to
+think about it as as a structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as as a structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as as a structured
+prediction problem where instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction problem where instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction problem where instead of
+trying to say that you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say that you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say that you're going to be
+predicting a given time point by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting a given time point by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting a given time point by itself
+you want to predict the vector of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to predict the vector of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to predict the vector of time
+points and and and there's a whole field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and and and there's a whole field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and and and there's a whole field
+of what's called structured prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's called structured prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's called structured prediction
+which would allow one to form wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would allow one to form wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would allow one to form wise
+objective functions that might encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective functions that might encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective functions that might encourage
+for example smoothness in predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example smoothness in predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example smoothness in predictions
+across time that you one could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across time that you one could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across time that you one could take
+advantage of I'm not going to go more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of I'm not going to go more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of I'm not going to go more
+into that for regions of time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that for regions of time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that for regions of time okay
+hold anymore questions to them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold anymore questions to them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold anymore questions to them to
+lectures I want to make sure I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures I want to make sure I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures I want to make sure I get
+through this last piece so what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this last piece so what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this last piece so what we've
+talked about so far is a supervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about so far is a supervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about so far is a supervised
+learning approach to trying to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning approach to trying to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning approach to trying to predict
+what's gonna happen to a patient given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's gonna happen to a patient given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's gonna happen to a patient given
+what you know of baseline but I'm now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know of baseline but I'm now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know of baseline but I'm now
+going to talk about a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about a very different
+style of thought which is using an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style of thought which is using an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style of thought which is using an
+unsupervised learning approach to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised learning approach to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised learning approach to this
+and they're gonna be two goals of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're gonna be two goals of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're gonna be two goals of doing
+unsupervised learning for tackling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised learning for tackling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised learning for tackling this
+problem the first goal is that one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the first goal is that one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the first goal is that one is
+that of discovery which I mentioned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of discovery which I mentioned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of discovery which I mentioned in
+the very beginning of today's lecture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning of today's lecture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning of today's lecture we
+might not just be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not just be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not just be interested in
+prediction we might also be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction we might also be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction we might also be interested
+in understanding something getting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in understanding something getting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in understanding something getting some
+new insights about the disease like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new insights about the disease like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new insights about the disease like
+discovering that there might be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering that there might be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering that there might be some
+subtypes of the disease and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes of the disease and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes of the disease and those
+subtypes might be useful for example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes might be useful for example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes might be useful for example to
+help design new clinical trials like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help design new clinical trials like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help design new clinical trials like
+maybe you want to say okay we conjecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you want to say okay we conjecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you want to say okay we conjecture
+that patients in this type subtype are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that patients in this type subtype are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that patients in this type subtype are
+likely to respond best to treatment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to respond best to treatment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to respond best to treatment so
+we're only going to run the clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to run the clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to run the clinical
+trial for patients in this subtype not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial for patients in this subtype not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial for patients in this subtype not
+in the other one it might be useful also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other one it might be useful also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other one it might be useful also
+to try to better understand understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to better understand understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to better understand understand
+the disease mechanisms so if you just if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease mechanisms so if you just if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease mechanisms so if you just if
+you find that that there are some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that that there are some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that that there are some people
+who seem to progress very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who seem to progress very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who seem to progress very quickly
+through their disease and other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through their disease and other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through their disease and other people
+who seem to progress very slowly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who seem to progress very slowly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who seem to progress very slowly you
+might then go back and do new biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might then go back and do new biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might then go back and do new biological
+assays on them to try to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assays on them to try to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assays on them to try to understand what
+differentiates those two clusters so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiates those two clusters so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiates those two clusters so the
+two cluster to differentiate in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cluster to differentiate in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cluster to differentiate in terms of
+their phenotype phenotype we want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their phenotype phenotype we want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their phenotype phenotype we want to go
+back and ask well what is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and ask well what is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and ask well what is different
+about their genotype that differentiates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their genotype that differentiates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their genotype that differentiates
+them and it might also be useful to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and it might also be useful to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and it might also be useful to have
+a very concise description of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very concise description of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very concise description of what
+differentiates patients in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiates patients in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiates patients in order to
+actually have policies that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have policies that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have policies that you can
+implement so rather than having what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement so rather than having what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement so rather than having what
+might be a very complicated linear model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a very complicated linear model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a very complicated linear model
+or even nonlinear model for predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even nonlinear model for predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even nonlinear model for predicting
+future disease progression it'll be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future disease progression it'll be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future disease progression it'll be much
+easier if you can just say ok for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier if you can just say ok for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier if you can just say ok for
+patients who are who have this biomarker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who are who have this biomarker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who are who have this biomarker
+abnormal they're likely to have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal they're likely to have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal they're likely to have very
+fast to this progression patients who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast to this progression patients who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast to this progression patients who
+are likely have this other biomarker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely have this other biomarker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely have this other biomarker
+I'm normal they're like they have a snow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm normal they're like they have a snow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm normal they're like they have a snow
+disease progression and so we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease progression and so we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease progression and so we'd like to
+be able to to do that that's what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to to do that that's what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to to do that that's what I mean
+by discovering disease subtypes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by discovering disease subtypes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by discovering disease subtypes but
+there's actually a second goal as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a second goal as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a second goal as well
+which remember think back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember think back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember think back to that
+original motivation I mentioned earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original motivation I mentioned earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original motivation I mentioned earlier
+of having very little data if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having very little data if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having very little data if you have
+very little data which is unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little data which is unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little data which is unfortunately
+the setting that we're almost always in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setting that we're almost always in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setting that we're almost always in
+when doing machine learning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when doing machine learning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when doing machine learning in
+healthcare then you can overfit really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare then you can overfit really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare then you can overfit really
+easily to your data when just using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily to your data when just using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily to your data when just using it
+strictly within a discriminative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly within a discriminative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly within a discriminative
+learning framework and so if one were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning framework and so if one were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning framework and so if one were to
+now change your optimization problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now change your optimization problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now change your optimization problem
+altogether to start to bring in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether to start to bring in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether to start to bring in an
+unsupervised loss function then one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised loss function then one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised loss function then one can
+hope to get much more out of the limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to get much more out of the limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to get much more out of the limited
+data you have and save the labels which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you have and save the labels which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you have and save the labels which
+you might over fit on very easily for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might over fit on very easily for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might over fit on very easily for
+the very last step of your learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last step of your learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last step of your learning
+algorithm and that's exactly what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and that's exactly what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and that's exactly what we'll
+do in this segment of the lecture so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this segment of the lecture so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this segment of the lecture so for
+today we're going to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to think about the
+simplest possible unsupervised learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest possible unsupervised learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest possible unsupervised learning
+algorithm and because the official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and because the official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and because the official
+prerequisite for this course was six oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite for this course was six oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite for this course was six oh
+three six and because clustering was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three six and because clustering was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three six and because clustering was not
+discussed in six or three six I'll spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in six or three six I'll spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in six or three six I'll spend
+just two minutes talking about posturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two minutes talking about posturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two minutes talking about posturing
+using the simple star with him called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the simple star with him called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the simple star with him called
+k-means which I hope almost all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k-means which I hope almost all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k-means which I hope almost all of you
+know but this will just be a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but this will just be a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but this will just be a simple
+reminder how many clusters are there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder how many clusters are there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder how many clusters are there in
+in this figure that I'm showing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this figure that I'm showing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this figure that I'm showing over
+here let's raise some hands okay one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's raise some hands okay one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's raise some hands okay one
+cluster two clusters three clusters four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster two clusters three clusters four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster two clusters three clusters four
+clusters five clusters okay and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters five clusters okay and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters five clusters okay and are
+these red points more or less showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these red points more or less showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these red points more or less showing
+where those five clusters are no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those five clusters are no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those five clusters are no so
+rather you know there's a cluster here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather you know there's a cluster here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather you know there's a cluster here
+there's a cluster here there there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a cluster here there there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a cluster here there there there
+right alright so you were you were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right alright so you were you were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right alright so you were you were able
+to do this very well as humans looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this very well as humans looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this very well as humans looking
+at two-dimensional data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two-dimensional data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two-dimensional data
+the goal of algorithms like k-means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of algorithms like k-means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of algorithms like k-means is
+to show how one could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show how one could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show how one could do that
+automatically for high dimensional data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically for high dimensional data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically for high dimensional data
+the k-means algorithm is very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k-means algorithm is very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k-means algorithm is very simple
+works as follows you hypothesize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works as follows you hypothesize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works as follows you hypothesize a
+number of clusters so here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of clusters so here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of clusters so here we've
+hypothesized five clusters you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesized five clusters you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesized five clusters you're going
+to randomly initialize those cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to randomly initialize those cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to randomly initialize those cluster
+centers which I'm denoting by those red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers which I'm denoting by those red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers which I'm denoting by those red
+points shown here then in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points shown here then in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points shown here then in the first
+stage of the k-means algorithm you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of the k-means algorithm you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of the k-means algorithm you're
+going to assign every data point to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assign every data point to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assign every data point to the
+closest cluster Center and that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest cluster Center and that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest cluster Center and that's going
+to induce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to induce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to induce
+a Voronoi diagram where where every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Voronoi diagram where where every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Voronoi diagram where where every
+point within this Voronoi cell is closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point within this Voronoi cell is closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point within this Voronoi cell is closer
+to this red point than to any other red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this red point than to any other red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this red point than to any other red
+point and so every data point in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and so every data point in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and so every data point in this
+bore noise cell will then be assigned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore noise cell will then be assigned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore noise cell will then be assigned to
+this data point every data point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data point every data point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data point every data point and
+this Voronoi cell will be assigned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Voronoi cell will be assigned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Voronoi cell will be assigned to
+that data point time so on okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data point time so on okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data point time so on okay so we're
+going to now assign all data points to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to now assign all data points to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to now assign all data points to
+the closest cluster Center and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closest cluster Center and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closest cluster Center and then
+we're just going to average all the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to average all the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to average all the data
+points assigned to some cluster Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points assigned to some cluster Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points assigned to some cluster Center
+to get the new cluster Center and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the new cluster Center and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the new cluster Center and you
+repeat and you're going to stop this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat and you're going to stop this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat and you're going to stop this
+procedure when no point design has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure when no point design has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure when no point design has
+changed so look at a simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so look at a simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so look at a simple example
+here we're using K equals two we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're using K equals two we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're using K equals two we've just
+decided there are only two clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided there are only two clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided there are only two clusters
+we've initialized the two clusters shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've initialized the two clusters shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've initialized the two clusters shown
+here as the two cluster centers as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as the two cluster centers as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as the two cluster centers as this
+red cluster Center in this blue cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red cluster Center in this blue cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red cluster Center in this blue cluster
+Center notice that there are nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center notice that there are nowhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center notice that there are nowhere
+near the data we just randomly chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the data we just randomly chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the data we just randomly chose
+them they're nowhere near the data it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're nowhere near the data it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're nowhere near the data it's
+actually pretty bad initialization the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty bad initialization the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty bad initialization the
+first step is going to sign data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is going to sign data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is going to sign data points
+to to their closest cluster Center and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to their closest cluster Center and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to their closest cluster Center and
+so I want everyone to say out loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want everyone to say out loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want everyone to say out loud
+either red or green to which cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either red or green to which cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either red or green to which cluster
+Center it's going to point to what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center it's going to point to what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center it's going to point to what is
+going to be assigned to in this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright did we get it all right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright did we get it all right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright did we get it all right so so
+that's the first assignment now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first assignment now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first assignment now we're
+going to average the data points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to average the data points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to average the data points that
+are assigned to that red cluster Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are assigned to that red cluster Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are assigned to that red cluster Center
+so we're going to average all the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to average all the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to average all the red
+points and then and and the new red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and then and and the new red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and then and and the new red
+cluster Center will be over here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster Center will be over here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster Center will be over here right
+over there over here okay good and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there over here okay good and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there over here okay good and the
+blue cluster Center will be somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue cluster Center will be somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue cluster Center will be somewhere
+over here right okay good so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here right okay good so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here right okay good so that's the
+next step and and then you repeat so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step and and then you repeat so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step and and then you repeat so now
+you can you assign every data point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you assign every data point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you assign every data point to
+as closest cluster Center by the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as closest cluster Center by the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as closest cluster Center by the way the
+reason why you're seeing what looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you're seeing what looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you're seeing what looks like
+a linear hyperplane here is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear hyperplane here is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear hyperplane here is because
+there are exactly two cluster centers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are exactly two cluster centers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are exactly two cluster centers so
+and then you repeat bah-bah-bah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you repeat bah-bah-bah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you repeat bah-bah-bah and
+you're done okay so so in fact I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done okay so so in fact I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done okay so so in fact I think
+this that I've just shown you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that I've just shown you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that I've just shown you the
+conversion standpoint so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion standpoint so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion standpoint so that's the
+k-means algorithm it's an extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k-means algorithm it's an extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k-means algorithm it's an extremely
+simple algorithm and what i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple algorithm and what i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple algorithm and what i'm going to
+show you for the next ten minutes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you for the next ten minutes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you for the next ten minutes of
+lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is
+one can use this very simple clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can use this very simple clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can use this very simple clustering
+algorithm to better understand asthma so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to better understand asthma so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to better understand asthma so
+asthma is something that really affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma is something that really affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma is something that really affects
+a large number of individuals it's is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large number of individuals it's is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large number of individuals it's is
+characterized by having difficulties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by having difficulties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by having difficulties
+breathing it's often managed by inhalers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing it's often managed by inhalers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing it's often managed by inhalers
+although as asthma gets more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although as asthma gets more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although as asthma gets more and more
+severe you need more and more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe you need more and more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe you need more and more complex
+management schemes and it's been found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management schemes and it's been found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management schemes and it's been found
+that five to ten percent of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that five to ten percent of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that five to ten percent of people who
+have severe asthma remain poorly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have severe asthma remain poorly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have severe asthma remain poorly
+controlled despite using the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled despite using the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled despite using the largest
+tolerable and hailed therapy and so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerable and hailed therapy and so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerable and hailed therapy and so a
+really big question that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big question that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big question that the
+pharmaceutical community is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical community is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical community is extremely
+interested in is how do we come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is how do we come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is how do we come up with
+better therapies for asthma there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better therapies for asthma there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better therapies for asthma there's a
+lot of money in that problem I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money in that problem I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money in that problem I first
+learned about this problem when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about this problem when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about this problem when a
+pharmaceutical company came to me when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical company came to me when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical company came to me when I
+was brother and while you and asked me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was brother and while you and asked me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was brother and while you and asked me
+could they work with me on this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could they work with me on this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could they work with me on this problem
+I said no at the time but I still find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said no at the time but I still find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said no at the time but I still find
+it very interesting and at that time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very interesting and at that time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very interesting and at that time the
+company pointed me to to this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company pointed me to to this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company pointed me to to this paper
+which I'll tell you about in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but before I get there I want to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before I get there I want to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before I get there I want to point
+out what are some of the big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what are some of the big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what are some of the big picture
+questions that everyone's interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that everyone's interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that everyone's interested in
+when it comes to a smile the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to a smile the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to a smile the first one
+is to really understand what is it about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to really understand what is it about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to really understand what is it about
+either genetic or environmental factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either genetic or environmental factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either genetic or environmental factors
+that underlie different subtypes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that underlie different subtypes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that underlie different subtypes of
+asthma right it's observed that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma right it's observed that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma right it's observed that people
+respond differently the therapy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond differently the therapy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond differently the therapy is
+observed that some people aren't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed that some people aren't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed that some people aren't even
+controlled with therapy why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+third what are biomarkers what are ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third what are biomarkers what are ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third what are biomarkers what are ways
+to predict who's going to respond or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict who's going to respond or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict who's going to respond or not
+respond to any one therapy and can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to any one therapy and can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to any one therapy and can we
+get better mechanistic understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better mechanistic understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better mechanistic understanding of
+these different subtypes and so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different subtypes and so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different subtypes and so this was
+a long-standing question and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long-standing question and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long-standing question and in this
+paper from the american journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper from the american journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper from the american journal
+respiratory critical care medicine which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory critical care medicine which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory critical care medicine which
+by the way has a huge number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way has a huge number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way has a huge number of
+citations now it's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations now it's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations now it's sort of a
+prototypical example of subtyping that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypical example of subtyping that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypical example of subtyping that's
+why I'm going through it they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm going through it they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm going through it they they
+started to answer that question using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to answer that question using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to answer that question using a
+data-driven approach for asthma and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data-driven approach for asthma and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data-driven approach for asthma and what
+I'm showing you here is the punch line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing you here is the punch line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing you here is the punch line
+this is that main result the main figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that main result the main figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that main result the main figure
+of the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paper
+they've characterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've characterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've characterized
+asthma in terms of five different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma in terms of five different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma in terms of five different
+subtypes really three type one type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes really three type one type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes really three type one type
+which are show over here is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are show over here is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are show over here is sort of
+information predominant one type over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information predominant one type over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information predominant one type over
+there which is called early symptom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which is called early symptom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which is called early symptom
+predominant and another here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominant and another here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominant and another here which is
+serv concordant disease and and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serv concordant disease and and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serv concordant disease and and what
+I'll do over the next few minutes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do over the next few minutes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do over the next few minutes is
+walk you through how they came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk you through how they came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk you through how they came up with
+these different clusters so they used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different clusters so they used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different clusters so they used
+three different data sets these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different data sets these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different data sets these data
+sets consisted of patients who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets consisted of patients who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets consisted of patients who had
+asthma and already had at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma and already had at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma and already had at least one
+recent therapy for asthma they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent therapy for asthma they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent therapy for asthma they're all
+non-smokers but they were managed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-smokers but they were managed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-smokers but they were managed and
+they became their three disjoint patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they became their three disjoint patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they became their three disjoint patient
+set of patients coming from three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of patients coming from three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of patients coming from three
+different populations the first group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different populations the first group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different populations the first group of
+patients were recruited from primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients were recruited from primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients were recruited from primary
+care practices in the United Kingdom all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care practices in the United Kingdom all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care practices in the United Kingdom all
+right so if you're a patient with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you're a patient with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you're a patient with with
+asthma and your asthma is being managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma and your asthma is being managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma and your asthma is being managed
+by your primary care doctor then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by your primary care doctor then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by your primary care doctor then it's
+probably not too bad but if your ads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not too bad but if your ads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not too bad but if your ads
+from another hand were being managed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another hand were being managed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another hand were being managed at
+a refractory azmuth clinic which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a refractory azmuth clinic which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a refractory azmuth clinic which is
+designed specifically for helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed specifically for helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed specifically for helping
+patients manage asthma then your asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients manage asthma then your asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients manage asthma then your asthma
+is probably a bit more severe and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably a bit more severe and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably a bit more severe and that
+second group of patients 187 patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second group of patients 187 patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second group of patients 187 patients
+were from that second cohort of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were from that second cohort of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were from that second cohort of patients
+managed by at out of asthma clinic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed by at out of asthma clinic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed by at out of asthma clinic the
+third data set is much smaller only 68
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third data set is much smaller only 68
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third data set is much smaller only 68
+patients but it's very unique because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients but it's very unique because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients but it's very unique because it
+is it coming from a 12-month study where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it coming from a 12-month study where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it coming from a 12-month study where
+it was a clinical trial and there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a clinical trial and there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a clinical trial and there were
+two different types of treatments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different types of treatments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different types of treatments
+applied to given to to these patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to given to to these patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to given to to these patients
+and it was a randomized controlled trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a randomized controlled trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a randomized controlled trial
+so that page were randomized into each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that page were randomized into each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that page were randomized into each
+of the two arms of the study I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two arms of the study I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two arms of the study I'll
+describe to what the features are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe to what the features are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe to what the features are on
+just the next slide but first I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the next slide but first I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the next slide but first I want to
+tell you about how they're pre-processed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about how they're pre-processed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about how they're pre-processed
+to use within the camions algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use within the camions algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use within the camions algorithm
+continuous very valued features were Zi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous very valued features were Zi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous very valued features were Zi
+scored in order to normalize their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scored in order to normalize their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scored in order to normalize their
+ranges and categorical variables were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges and categorical variables were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges and categorical variables were
+represented just by a one hot encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented just by a one hot encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented just by a one hot encoding
+some of the continuous variables were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the continuous variables were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the continuous variables were
+furthermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore
+i transformed prior to clustering by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i transformed prior to clustering by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i transformed prior to clustering by
+taking the logarithm of the features and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the logarithm of the features and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the logarithm of the features and
+that's something that can be very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that can be very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that can be very useful
+when doing something like k-means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when doing something like k-means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when doing something like k-means
+because it can it can in essence allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can it can in essence allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can it can in essence allow
+for that euclidean distance function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that euclidean distance function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that euclidean distance function
+which is used in k-means to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is used in k-means to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is used in k-means to be more
+meaningful by capturing more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful by capturing more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful by capturing more of the
+dynamic range of the feature so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic range of the feature so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic range of the feature so these
+were the features that went into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the features that went into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the features that went into the
+clustering algorithm and and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering algorithm and and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering algorithm and and they're
+very very few all right so roughly 2030
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very few all right so roughly 2030
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very few all right so roughly 2030
+features they range from the patient's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features they range from the patient's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features they range from the patient's
+gender and age to their body mass index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender and age to their body mass index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender and age to their body mass index
+to measures of their lung function to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measures of their lung function to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measures of their lung function to to
+bottle markers such as a sign of fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle markers such as a sign of fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle markers such as a sign of fill
+count that can be measured from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count that can be measured from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count that can be measured from the
+patient's own patient's sputum and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's own patient's sputum and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's own patient's sputum and and
+more and there are a couple of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and there are a couple of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and there are a couple of other
+features that I'll show you show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that I'll show you show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that I'll show you show you
+later as well and you can look to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later as well and you can look to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later as well and you can look to see
+how do these how do these quantities how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do these how do these quantities how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do these how do these quantities how
+do these populations differ so the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these populations differ so the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these populations differ so the on
+this column you see the primary care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column you see the primary care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column you see the primary care
+population you look at all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population you look at all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population you look at all of these
+features in that population you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in that population you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in that population you see that
+the in the primary care population the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the primary care population the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the primary care population the
+individuals are are on average 54
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals are are on average 54
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals are are on average 54
+percent of them are our our female in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of them are our our female in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of them are our our female in
+the secondary care population 65 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secondary care population 65 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secondary care population 65 percent
+of them are female you notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are female you notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are female you notice that
+things like if you look at some measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like if you look at some measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like if you look at some measures
+of of lung function it's significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of lung function it's significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of lung function it's significantly
+worse in that secondary care population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse in that secondary care population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse in that secondary care population
+as one would expect because these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one would expect because these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one would expect because these are
+more severe patients with asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more severe patients with asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more severe patients with asthma
+patients with more severe asthma so next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with more severe asthma so next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with more severe asthma so next
+after doing k-means clustering these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after doing k-means clustering these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after doing k-means clustering these are
+the three clusters that results and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three clusters that results and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three clusters that results and now
+I'm showing you the full set of features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me first tell you how to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me first tell you how to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me first tell you how to read
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+this is clusters found in the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is clusters found in the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is clusters found in the primary
+care population this column here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care population this column here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care population this column here is just
+the average values of those features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average values of those features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average values of those features
+across the full population and then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the full population and then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the full population and then for
+each one of these three clusters I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these three clusters I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these three clusters I'm
+showing you the average value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the average value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the average value of the
+curse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curse
+a feature in just that cluster okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feature in just that cluster okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feature in just that cluster okay and
+looking at and that's an essence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at and that's an essence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at and that's an essence the
+same thing that's exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing that's exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing that's exactly the same as
+those red points I was showing you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those red points I was showing you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those red points I was showing you when
+I describe to cake means clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I describe to cake means clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I describe to cake means clustering
+right it's the cluster Center and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the cluster Center and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the cluster Center and one
+closer look at the standard deviation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer look at the standard deviation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer look at the standard deviation of
+how much variance there is along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much variance there is along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much variance there is along that
+feature in that cluster and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature in that cluster and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature in that cluster and that's what
+the numbers in parentheses are telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers in parentheses are telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers in parentheses are telling
+you so the first thing to note is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so the first thing to note is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so the first thing to note is that
+and cluster one which is called which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cluster one which is called which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cluster one which is called which
+which the authors of the study named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the authors of the study named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the authors of the study named
+early-onset a topic asthma these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early-onset a topic asthma these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early-onset a topic asthma these are
+very young patients an average of 14 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very young patients an average of 14 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very young patients an average of 14 15
+years old as opposed to cluster 2 where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old as opposed to cluster 2 where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old as opposed to cluster 2 where
+the average age was 35 years old so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average age was 35 years old so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average age was 35 years old so
+dramatic difference there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic difference there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic difference there
+moreover we see that these are patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover we see that these are patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover we see that these are patients
+who have actually been to the hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have actually been to the hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have actually been to the hospital
+recently so so most of these patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently so so most of these patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently so so most of these patients
+have been to the hospital on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been to the hospital on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been to the hospital on average
+these patients have been to toss well at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patients have been to toss well at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patients have been to toss well at
+least once recently and furthermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least once recently and furthermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least once recently and furthermore
+they've had severe asthma exacerbations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've had severe asthma exacerbations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've had severe asthma exacerbations
+in the past 12 months at least on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past 12 months at least on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past 12 months at least on
+average twice per patient and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average twice per patient and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average twice per patient and those are
+very large numbers relative to what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large numbers relative to what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large numbers relative to what you
+see in these other clusters so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in these other clusters so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in these other clusters so that's
+really true describing something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really true describing something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really true describing something that's
+very unusual about these very young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unusual about these very young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unusual about these very young
+patients with pretty severe asthma yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I think the p-value I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think the p-value I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think the p-value I don't know if
+this is a pairwise comparison I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pairwise comparison I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pairwise comparison I don't
+remember I've thought my head but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I've thought my head but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I've thought my head but it's
+really looking at the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking at the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking at the difference between
+you know let's say I don't know which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's say I don't know which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's say I don't know which of
+these o'clock I don't know if I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these o'clock I don't know if I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these o'clock I don't know if I don't
+know if it's a I don't know if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's a I don't know if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's a I don't know if it's
+comparing to them or not let's say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing to them or not let's say so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing to them or not let's say so
+for example might be looking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example might be looking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example might be looking the
+difference between this and that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between this and that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between this and that yeah
+but I'm just hypothesizing I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just hypothesizing I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just hypothesizing I don't
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cluster to another hand was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster to another hand was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster to another hand was
+predominantly faint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly faint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly faint
+female so 81% of the patients were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female so 81% of the patients were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female so 81% of the patients were
+female there and they were largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female there and they were largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female there and they were largely
+overweight so their average body mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overweight so their average body mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overweight so their average body mass
+index was 36 as opposed to the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index was 36 as opposed to the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index was 36 as opposed to the other two
+clusters where the average body mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters where the average body mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters where the average body mass
+index was 26 and cluster 3 consisted of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index was 26 and cluster 3 consisted of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index was 26 and cluster 3 consisted of
+patients who really have not had that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who really have not had that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who really have not had that to
+the your asthma so the average number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the your asthma so the average number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the your asthma so the average number of
+previous hospital admissions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous hospital admissions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous hospital admissions and
+masturbation's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masturbation's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masturbation's
+of asthma exacerbations was dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of asthma exacerbations was dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of asthma exacerbations was dramatically
+smaller than an other two clusters right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than an other two clusters right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than an other two clusters right
+so this is the this is the result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the this is the result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the this is the result of the
+finding and then you might ask well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding and then you might ask well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding and then you might ask well how
+does that generalize to other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that generalize to other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that generalize to other two
+populations so they then went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations so they then went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations so they then went to the
+secondary care population and they reran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary care population and they reran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary care population and they reran
+the clustering are within from scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clustering are within from scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clustering are within from scratch
+and this is a completely disjoint set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a completely disjoint set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a completely disjoint set of
+patients and what they found what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and what they found what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and what they found what they
+got out is that the first two clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got out is that the first two clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got out is that the first two clusters
+exactly resembled clusters 1 & 2 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly resembled clusters 1 & 2 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly resembled clusters 1 & 2 from
+the previous study on the primary care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous study on the primary care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous study on the primary care
+population but because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population but because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population but because this is a
+different population with much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different population with much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different population with much more
+severe patients that third cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe patients that third cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe patients that third cluster
+earlier of the Mayan asthma doesn't show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier of the Mayan asthma doesn't show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier of the Mayan asthma doesn't show
+up in this new population and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in this new population and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in this new population and there are
+two new clusters that show up in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two new clusters that show up in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two new clusters that show up in this
+new population so the fact that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new population so the fact that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new population so the fact that those
+first two clusters were consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two clusters were consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two clusters were consistent
+across two very different populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across two very different populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across two very different populations
+gave the authors confidence that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave the authors confidence that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave the authors confidence that there
+might be something real here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be something real here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be something real here and then
+they went and they explored that third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went and they explored that third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went and they explored that third
+population where they had longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population where they had longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population where they had longitudinal
+data and that third publishin they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and that third publishin they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and that third publishin they were
+then using to ask does it not so up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then using to ask does it not so up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then using to ask does it not so up
+until now we've only used baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until now we've only used baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until now we've only used baseline
+information but now we're going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but now we're going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but now we're going to ask
+the following question if we took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following question if we took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following question if we took the
+baseline data from from those 68
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline data from from those 68
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline data from from those 68
+patients and we'll just separate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and we'll just separate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and we'll just separate them
+into into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into
+three different clusters based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different clusters based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different clusters based on the
+characterizations found in the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizations found in the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizations found in the other two
+datasets and then if we're to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datasets and then if we're to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datasets and then if we're to look at
+long-term outcomes for each cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term outcomes for each cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term outcomes for each cluster
+would they be different across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would they be different across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would they be different across the
+clusters and in particular here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters and in particular here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters and in particular here we
+actually looked at not just for exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looked at not just for exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looked at not just for exactly
+a progression we're also looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a progression we're also looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a progression we're also looking at
+prediction we're looking at differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction we're looking at differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction we're looking at differences
+in sheep response because this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sheep response because this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sheep response because this was a
+randomized control trial and so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized control trial and so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized control trial and so they're
+going to be two arms here what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be two arms here what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be two arms here what's called
+the clinical arm which is the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinical arm which is the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinical arm which is the standard
+clinical care it's called the sputum arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical care it's called the sputum arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical care it's called the sputum arm
+which consists of doing regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which consists of doing regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which consists of doing regular
+monitoring of the airway inflammation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring of the airway inflammation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring of the airway inflammation
+and then titrating steroid therapy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then titrating steroid therapy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then titrating steroid therapy in
+order to maintain normal asana phil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to maintain normal asana phil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to maintain normal asana phil
+counts and so this is a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts and so this is a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts and so this is a this is
+comparing two different treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing two different treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing two different treatment
+strategies and the question is do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and the question is do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and the question is do these
+two treatment strategies result in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two treatment strategies result in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two treatment strategies result in
+differential outcomes so when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential outcomes so when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential outcomes so when the
+clinical child was originally performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical child was originally performed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical child was originally performed
+and they computed the average treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they computed the average treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they computed the average treatment
+effect which by the way because this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which by the way because this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which by the way because this was
+an RCT was particularly simple he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an RCT was particularly simple he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an RCT was particularly simple he just
+I've urged outcomes across the two arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've urged outcomes across the two arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've urged outcomes across the two arms
+they found that there was no difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that there was no difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that there was no difference
+across the two arms so there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the two arms so there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the two arms so there was no
+difference in outcomes across the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in outcomes across the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in outcomes across the two
+different therapies now what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different therapies now what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different therapies now what these
+authors are going to do is they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors are going to do is they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors are going to do is they're going
+to rerun the study and they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rerun the study and they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rerun the study and they're going to
+now instead of just looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now instead of just looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now instead of just looking at the
+average treatment effect for the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average treatment effect for the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average treatment effect for the whole
+population they're going to use they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population they're going to use they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population they're going to use they're
+gonna look at the average treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look at the average treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look at the average treatment
+effect for each of the two each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect for each of the two each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect for each of the two each of the
+clusters by themselves and the hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters by themselves and the hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters by themselves and the hope
+there is that one might be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that one might be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that one might be able to see
+now a difference may be that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a difference may be that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a difference may be that there was
+heterogeneous treatment response and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous treatment response and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous treatment response and
+sometimes a therapy work for some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a therapy work for some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a therapy work for some people
+not for others and these were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for others and these were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for others and these were the
+results so indeed across these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so indeed across these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so indeed across these three
+clusters we see actually a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters we see actually a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters we see actually a very big
+difference so if you look here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so if you look here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so if you look here for
+example the number of commenced on oral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the number of commenced on oral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the number of commenced on oral
+corticosteroids which is a measure of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticosteroids which is a measure of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticosteroids which is a measure of of
+an outcome right so you you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outcome right so you you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outcome right so you you might want
+this I can remember small or large but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can remember small or large but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can remember small or large but
+there's a big difference between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big difference between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big difference between these
+two clusters and this cluster the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two clusters and this cluster the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two clusters and this cluster the the
+number commenced under the first arm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number commenced under the first arm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number commenced under the first arm is
+two in this other cluster for patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in this other cluster for patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in this other cluster for patients
+who got the second arm nine and exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who got the second arm nine and exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who got the second arm nine and exactly
+the opposite for this for this third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite for this for this third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite for this for this third
+stir the first cluster by the way I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stir the first cluster by the way I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stir the first cluster by the way I had
+only three patients in it so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only three patients in it so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only three patients in it so I'm not
+gonna make any comment about it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make any comment about it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make any comment about it now
+since these going completely obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these going completely obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these going completely obvious
+obvious at directions it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious at directions it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious at directions it's not
+surprising that the average treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising that the average treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising that the average treatment
+effect across the whole population was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect across the whole population was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect across the whole population was
+zero but what we're seeing now is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but what we're seeing now is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but what we're seeing now is that
+in fact there's a difference and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's a difference and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's a difference and so it's
+it's possible that the therapy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that the therapy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that the therapy is
+actually effective but just for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually effective but just for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually effective but just for a
+smaller number of people now this study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number of people now this study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number of people now this study
+would have never been possible had we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have never been possible had we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have never been possible had we
+not done this clustering beforehand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done this clustering beforehand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done this clustering beforehand
+because it has so few patients only 68
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has so few patients only 68
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has so few patients only 68
+patients if you attempt it to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients if you attempt it to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients if you attempt it to both
+search for the clustering at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for the clustering at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for the clustering at the same
+time as there's a fine clusters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as there's a fine clusters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as there's a fine clusters to
+differentiate outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate outcomes
+you would you would over fit the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would you would over fit the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would you would over fit the data
+very quickly so as precisely because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly so as precisely because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly so as precisely because we
+did this unsupervised subtyping first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this unsupervised subtyping first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this unsupervised subtyping first
+and then use the labels not forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use the labels not forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use the labels not forth
+searching for the subtypes but only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for the subtypes but only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for the subtypes but only for
+evaluating the subtypes there what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating the subtypes there what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating the subtypes there what we're
+actually able to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually able to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually able to do something
+interesting here some submarines days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting here some submarines days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting here some submarines days
+doctor I talked about two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor I talked about two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor I talked about two different
+approaches a supervised approach for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches a supervised approach for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches a supervised approach for
+predicting future disease status and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting future disease status and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting future disease status and
+this unsupervised approach and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unsupervised approach and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unsupervised approach and there
+were a few major limitations that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a few major limitations that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a few major limitations that I want
+to emphasize that will return to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize that will return to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize that will return to the
+next lecture and try to address the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture and try to address the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture and try to address the
+first major limitation of that none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first major limitation of that none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first major limitation of that none of
+these approaches differentiated between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these approaches differentiated between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these approaches differentiated between
+disease stage and subtype and both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease stage and subtype and both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease stage and subtype and both of
+our are of the two approaches we assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our are of the two approaches we assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our are of the two approaches we assumed
+that there was some amount of alignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was some amount of alignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was some amount of alignment
+of patients at baseline for example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patients at baseline for example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patients at baseline for example here
+we assumed that the patients at time 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assumed that the patients at time 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assumed that the patients at time 0
+were somewhat similar to another for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were somewhat similar to another for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were somewhat similar to another for
+example they might have been newly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example they might have been newly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example they might have been newly
+diagnosed with Alzheimer's at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed with Alzheimer's at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed with Alzheimer's at that point
+in time but often we have a data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time but often we have a data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time but often we have a data set
+where we have no natural alignment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have no natural alignment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have no natural alignment of
+patients in terms of disease stage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients in terms of disease stage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients in terms of disease stage and
+if we attempted to do some type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we attempted to do some type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we attempted to do some type of
+clustering like I did in this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering like I did in this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering like I did in this last
+example what you would get out naively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what you would get out naively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what you would get out naively
+would be one cluster for a disease stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one cluster for a disease stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one cluster for a disease stage
+right so patients who are very early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so patients who are very early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so patients who are very early on
+disease stage might look very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease stage might look very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease stage might look very different
+patients who are late in their disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who are late in their disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who are late in their disease
+stage and it can you know and Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and it can you know and Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and it can you know and Oh
+completely conflate disease stage from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely conflate disease stage from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely conflate disease stage from
+disease subtype which is what you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease subtype which is what you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease subtype which is what you might
+actually want to discover the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to discover the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to discover the second
+limitation of these approaches is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation of these approaches is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation of these approaches is that
+they only use one time point to per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only use one time point to per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only use one time point to per
+patient whereas in reality you know such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient whereas in reality you know such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient whereas in reality you know such
+as you saw here we might have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you saw here we might have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you saw here we might have multiple
+time points and we might want it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time points and we might want it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time points and we might want it for
+example do clustering using multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example do clustering using multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example do clustering using multiple
+time points or we might you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time points or we might you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time points or we might you want to use
+multiple time points to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple time points to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple time points to understand
+something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about
+progression the third limitation is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression the third limitation is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression the third limitation is that
+they assumed that there was a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they assumed that there was a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they assumed that there was a single
+factor that say disease subtype that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that say disease subtype that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that say disease subtype that
+explained all variation in patients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained all variation in patients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained all variation in patients in
+fact there might be other factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there might be other factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there might be other factors
+patient specific factors that one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient specific factors that one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient specific factors that one would
+like to use in your newest model when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to use in your newest model when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to use in your newest model when
+uses algorithms like k-means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses algorithms like k-means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses algorithms like k-means for
+clustering and it prevents no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering and it prevents no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering and it prevents no
+opportunity for doing that because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for doing that because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for doing that because it
+has such a naive distance function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has such a naive distance function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has such a naive distance function and
+so in next week's lecture we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in next week's lecture we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in next week's lecture we're going to
+move in to start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in to start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in to start talking about
+probabilistic modeling approaches to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic modeling approaches to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic modeling approaches to
+these problems which will give us a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems which will give us a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems which will give us a very
+natural way of characterizing variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way of characterizing variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way of characterizing variation
+along other axes and finally a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along other axes and finally a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along other axes and finally a natural
+question should ask is does it have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question should ask is does it have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question should ask is does it have to
+be unsupervised or supervise or is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unsupervised or supervise or is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unsupervised or supervise or is there
+a way to combine those two approaches I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to combine those two approaches I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to combine those two approaches I
+will get back to that today it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/z0ykhV15wLw.txt b/z0ykhV15wLw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a34ab747cdef093ab6c87ab25b8e0a9db50a451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/z0ykhV15wLw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6211 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I've mentioned randomized linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've mentioned randomized linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've mentioned randomized linear
+algebra a few times and I thought ok I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra a few times and I thought ok I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra a few times and I thought ok I'm
+gonna jump in and describe randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna jump in and describe randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna jump in and describe randomized
+matrix multiplication it's a pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication it's a pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication it's a pretty cool
+idea it seems to me so so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it seems to me so so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it seems to me so so this is a
+topic within randomized linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic within randomized linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic within randomized linear algebra
+and when would we be doing any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when would we be doing any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when would we be doing any of this
+it would be for matrices that are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be for matrices that are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be for matrices that are just
+really really large so we plan to sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really large so we plan to sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really large so we plan to sample
+the columns of a and sample the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of a and sample the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of a and sample the
+corresponding rows of B so actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding rows of B so actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding rows of B so actually the
+when we decide on a column we've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we decide on a column we've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we decide on a column we've also
+decided on a row so we're taking those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided on a row so we're taking those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided on a row so we're taking those
+pieces which do correctly add up to a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces which do correctly add up to a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces which do correctly add up to a B
+but we're not going to take them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not going to take them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not going to take them all
+we're going to take different ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take different ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take different ones
+randomly sampled with probabilities we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly sampled with probabilities we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly sampled with probabilities we
+have to decide probabilities and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide probabilities and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide probabilities and then
+we'll add up our samples and we hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll add up our samples and we hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll add up our samples and we hope
+that the result is close to a B that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the result is close to a B that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the result is close to a B that's
+the idea okay so this this lecture then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea okay so this this lecture then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea okay so this this lecture then
+so I wrote these pages about six months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wrote these pages about six months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wrote these pages about six months
+ago so I've been desperately trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago so I've been desperately trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago so I've been desperately trying to
+remember what I wrote because it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I wrote because it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I wrote because it's not a
+subject I have ever spoken about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject I have ever spoken about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject I have ever spoken about before
+but it's so neat so here are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's so neat so here are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's so neat so here are some of the
+things that come into it we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that come into it we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that come into it we have to
+decide on probabilities then we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on probabilities then we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on probabilities then we want to
+compute the mean so so it's it's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the mean so so it's it's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the mean so so it's it's our
+first day with some of these key I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day with some of these key I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day with some of these key I
+from statistics and probability so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from statistics and probability so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from statistics and probability so we're
+gonna take probabilities that add to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take probabilities that add to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take probabilities that add to one
+we're gonna figure out what's the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna figure out what's the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna figure out what's the mean
+value of our random a B we hope and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of our random a B we hope and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of our random a B we hope and we
+will see that the mean value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that the mean value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that the mean value of the
+random a B is the correct a B but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random a B is the correct a B but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random a B is the correct a B but there
+will be a variance we won't get every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a variance we won't get every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a variance we won't get every
+sample won't be correct in fact no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample won't be correct in fact no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample won't be correct in fact no
+samples will be correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples will be correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples will be correct
+only when we add them up on the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when we add them up on the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when we add them up on the average
+the correct answer we get to correct a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer we get to correct a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer we get to correct a B
+but so the mean will come out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so the mean will come out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so the mean will come out right
+it'll come out as a B you'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll come out as a B you'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll come out as a B you'll see it
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct but there's a big variance not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct but there's a big variance not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct but there's a big variance not
+zero will be all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero will be all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero will be all over the place
+with our samples they'll just average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our samples they'll just average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our samples they'll just average
+out right but they'll be all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right but they'll be all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right but they'll be all over
+no no particular sample will be right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no particular sample will be right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no particular sample will be right at
+all so then we want to pick the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so then we want to pick the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so then we want to pick the best
+probabilities when the so our job will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities when the so our job will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities when the so our job will
+be once we see how the system works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be once we see how the system works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be once we see how the system works
+we're going to assign probabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assign probabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assign probabilities and
+we're going to choose the probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to choose the probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to choose the probabilities
+that minimize the variance so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minimize the variance so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minimize the variance so this is a
+typical situation where the mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical situation where the mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical situation where the mean is
+pretty straightforward and and does what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward and and does what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward and and does what
+you want but having the correct mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want but having the correct mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want but having the correct mean
+does not mean you've got good answers at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not mean you've got good answers at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not mean you've got good answers at
+all the average of you know like minus M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the average of you know like minus M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the average of you know like minus M
+minus a hundred and a hundred is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a hundred and a hundred is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a hundred and a hundred is it
+might be a correct answer is zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a correct answer is zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a correct answer is zero but
+you're way off so and this measures how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're way off so and this measures how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're way off so and this measures how
+far you are so I don't know if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far you are so I don't know if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far you are so I don't know if you know
+these words it's unfortunate but I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these words it's unfortunate but I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these words it's unfortunate but I guess
+1806 five can't change it now that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1806 five can't change it now that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1806 five can't change it now that the
+variance is written Sigma squared and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is written Sigma squared and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is written Sigma squared and we
+already have a good use for the letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have a good use for the letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have a good use for the letter
+the Greek letter Sigma but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Greek letter Sigma but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Greek letter Sigma but
+today it has a different use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it has a different use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it has a different use for
+variance and this lagron suppliers will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and this lagron suppliers will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and this lagron suppliers will
+come in near the end so basically let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in near the end so basically let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in near the end so basically let me
+let me do a practice example to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do a practice example to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do a practice example to kind of
+recall what mean and variance and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall what mean and variance and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall what mean and variance and what
+those are about so let me take a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are about so let me take a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are about so let me take a matrix
+that's 1 by 2 so my my matrix is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 1 by 2 so my my matrix is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 1 by 2 so my my matrix is just
+gonna be a B okay I'm gonna sample that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a B okay I'm gonna sample that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a B okay I'm gonna sample that
+and twice and my rule for the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and twice and my rule for the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and twice and my rule for the two
+samples will be the same they will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples will be the same they will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples will be the same they will be
+identically distributed totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed totally
+identical and what's my rule gonna be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and what's my rule gonna be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and what's my rule gonna be so
+this is like practice my rule is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like practice my rule is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like practice my rule is going
+to be I take that column or that column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be I take that column or that column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be I take that column or that column
+with probabilities 1/2 okay and I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probabilities 1/2 okay and I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probabilities 1/2 okay and I do it
+twice so so and I take the average so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice so so and I take the average so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice so so and I take the average so
+I'm going to take probabilities they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take probabilities they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take probabilities they're
+going to be one half one half for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one half one half for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one half one half for the
+two columns and I'm gonna do s equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two columns and I'm gonna do s equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two columns and I'm gonna do s equal to
+two samples and I'm gonna add weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two samples and I'm gonna add weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two samples and I'm gonna add weight
+them with and I'll take the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the two samples okay and that will be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two samples okay and that will be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two samples okay and that will be my
+randomized matrix okay so could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized matrix okay so could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized matrix okay so could we
+compute the mean for this so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the mean for this so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the mean for this so I've
+described a randomized sampling process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described a randomized sampling process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described a randomized sampling process
+I've given you the probabilities half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given you the probabilities half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given you the probabilities half
+and a half the number of times I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half the number of times I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half the number of times I'm going
+to do it and then I divide by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and then I divide by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and then I divide by that
+number of times so this is really I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times so this is really I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times so this is really I have
+a 1 over s here because I've got s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 over s here because I've got s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 over s here because I've got s of
+these and now so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and now so what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and now so what are the
+possibilities here I want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities here I want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities here I want to find the
+mean first of all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean first of all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean first of all it's
+was a mean okay so here are two I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a mean okay so here are two I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a mean okay so here are two I could
+think of two different ways to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of two different ways to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of two different ways to compute
+the mean let me start with this one what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean let me start with this one what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean let me start with this one what
+is the mean the average value mean means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mean the average value mean means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mean the average value mean means
+average value of the first sample so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of the first sample so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of the first sample so the
+average value of the first sample I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of the first sample I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of the first sample I
+would what does the mean the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would what does the mean the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would what does the mean the general
+formula is you add up all the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is you add up all the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is you add up all the sample
+sample times it's the possible samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample times it's the possible samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample times it's the possible samples
+times their probabilities and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times their probabilities and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times their probabilities and in this
+case the probabilities are one-half that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the probabilities are one-half that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the probabilities are one-half that
+the sample is a zero and one half that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample is a zero and one half that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample is a zero and one half that
+the sample is zero beat so those are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample is zero beat so those are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample is zero beat so those are my
+two samples and computing the mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two samples and computing the mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two samples and computing the mean of
+the total I get oh but that mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total I get oh but that mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total I get oh but that mean for
+each sample but then I have to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sample but then I have to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sample but then I have to multiply
+so so let's put what I got here half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's put what I got here half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's put what I got here half of
+a be that was the meaning of each sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a be that was the meaning of each sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a be that was the meaning of each sample
+because my probabilities were equal half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my probabilities were equal half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my probabilities were equal half
+and half and now I've got se for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and half and now I've got se for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and half and now I've got se for two
+samples so I multiply by 2 and I get a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so I multiply by 2 and I get a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so I multiply by 2 and I get a B
+and the mean mean is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good we did the easy one the mean now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we did the easy one the mean now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we did the easy one the mean now
+practice with the variance or else quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice with the variance or else quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice with the variance or else quit
+here maybe I should quit while I'm ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe I should quit while I'm ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe I should quit while I'm ahead
+I've got the mean exactly right but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the mean exactly right but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the mean exactly right but of
+course the samples might not be right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the samples might not be right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the samples might not be right so
+what's so now for the variance so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so now for the variance so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so now for the variance so how do
+what is variance do you remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is variance do you remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is variance do you remember that
+there are actually two ways to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually two ways to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually two ways to compute
+variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+let me just remember those over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just remember those over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just remember those over here and
+push that board up so the variance Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push that board up so the variance Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push that board up so the variance Sigma
+squared forgive me if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared forgive me if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared forgive me if you're a
+statistician this is like like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistician this is like like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistician this is like like you know
+Brent like you were born knowing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brent like you were born knowing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brent like you were born knowing this
+but the rest of us were not so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the rest of us were not so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the rest of us were not so the
+variance is there's the sum one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is there's the sum one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is there's the sum one way to
+do it is add up the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it is add up the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it is add up the different
+probabilities of different things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of different things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of different things that
+could happen of output minus the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen of output minus the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen of output minus the mean
+squared so it's the average it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so it's the average it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so it's the average it's the
+average distance squared from the meat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average distance squared from the meat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average distance squared from the meat
+so it takes whatever output I have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it takes whatever output I have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it takes whatever output I have that
+came with output number I minus the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came with output number I minus the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came with output number I minus the mean
+which is the average output I square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the average output I square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the average output I square
+those and I get a number and that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and I get a number and that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and I get a number and that sort
+of tells me how that tells me like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tells me how that tells me like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tells me how that tells me like in
+the in the famous Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I had a Gaussian distribution here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had a Gaussian distribution here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had a Gaussian distribution here I
+have a distribution of 1/2 and 1/2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a distribution of 1/2 and 1/2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a distribution of 1/2 and 1/2 so
+I'm like that's maybe even has a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like that's maybe even has a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like that's maybe even has a name
+like binomial or something or Bernoulli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like binomial or something or Bernoulli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like binomial or something or Bernoulli
+or whatever but here on this Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever but here on this Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever but here on this Gaussian
+that we all remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we all remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we all remember
+can I mark in the what in that figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I mark in the what in that figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I mark in the what in that figure
+where the mean is that right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the mean is that right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the mean is that right in the
+center like ok me and can and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center like ok me and can and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center like ok me and can and what is
+the variance just to recall what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance just to recall what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance just to recall what
+everybody in the first time may even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the first time may even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the first time may even
+hear that word variance the what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear that word variance the what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear that word variance the what is the
+variance kind of measuring it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance kind of measuring it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance kind of measuring it's it's
+your you're summing squares so whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you're summing squares so whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you're summing squares so whether
+you're on the right of the mean or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on the right of the mean or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on the right of the mean or the
+left of the mean no difference because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the mean no difference because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the mean no difference because
+you're squaring it and it's the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're squaring it and it's the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're squaring it and it's the distance
+so so the mean the variance would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the mean the variance would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the mean the variance would be
+sort of like a typical width maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like a typical width maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like a typical width maybe I
+overdid it but that would be a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdid it but that would be a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdid it but that would be a sort of
+typical Sigma I'm really just since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical Sigma I'm really just since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical Sigma I'm really just since the
+words statistics mean and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words statistics mean and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words statistics mean and variance
+haven't been mentioned in 1806 five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been mentioned in 1806 five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been mentioned in 1806 five
+until today I'm just kind of recalling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until today I'm just kind of recalling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until today I'm just kind of recalling
+them ok so now I'm prepared to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them ok so now I'm prepared to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them ok so now I'm prepared to compute
+this example ok maybe I'll maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example ok maybe I'll maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example ok maybe I'll maybe I'll
+compute it over here ok so so I compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it over here ok so so I compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it over here ok so so I compute
+the variance for each sample and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance for each sample and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance for each sample and then
+I'll multiply by two because I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll multiply by two because I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll multiply by two because I have two
+samples so what are they so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so what are they so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so what are they so this is the
+Sigma squared sample obviously I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squared sample obviously I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squared sample obviously I could
+write down all the possibilities yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down all the possibilities yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down all the possibilities yeah
+let me just do this a month so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just do this a month so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just do this a month so the
+sample could either have picked out a 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample could either have picked out a 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample could either have picked out a 0
+or 0 B and the probabilities were 1/2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 0 B and the probabilities were 1/2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 0 B and the probabilities were 1/2 so
+I I have 1/2 times the probability times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I have 1/2 times the probability times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I have 1/2 times the probability times
+the output let's say the output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output let's say the output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output let's say the output is
+a zero minus the mean which was a over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero minus the mean which was a over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero minus the mean which was a over
+to be over two and I want to square that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be over two and I want to square that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be over two and I want to square that
+so that was one possibility when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was one possibility when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was one possibility when I
+picked a zero and the other one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a zero and the other one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a zero and the other one which
+I'm also doing with probability 1/2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm also doing with probability 1/2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm also doing with probability 1/2 is
+in case I picked 0 B what was you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case I picked 0 B what was you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case I picked 0 B what was you see
+I'm I'm not getting 0 for the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm not getting 0 for the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm not getting 0 for the variance
+because every time I'm making an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every time I'm making an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every time I'm making an error
+every time I'm never getting the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I'm never getting the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I'm never getting the correct
+a zero or the correct zero B because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero or the correct zero B because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero or the correct zero B because I'm
+always doing this one in the middle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always doing this one in the middle okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always doing this one in the middle okay
+now if I compute all that I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I compute all that I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I compute all that I get a
+quantity and maybe I'll just be to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and maybe I'll just be to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and maybe I'll just be to be on
+the safe side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the safe side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the safe side
+ask your forgiveness if I write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask your forgiveness if I write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask your forgiveness if I write the
+answer and we could even try to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and we could even try to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and we could even try to get the
+answer but so this is from two samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but so this is from two samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but so this is from two samples
+so this is doubled that one do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is doubled that one do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is doubled that one do
+I guess I'm bold enough to try it so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I'm bold enough to try it so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I'm bold enough to try it so so
+a zero so that would be a minus a over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero so that would be a minus a over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero so that would be a minus a over
+two and a B and a B over two I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a B and a B over two I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a B and a B over two I think
+we've got here one half of I think looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got here one half of I think looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got here one half of I think looks
+to me like a over two squared plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me like a over two squared plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me like a over two squared plus B
+over I'm missing by plus or minus but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over I'm missing by plus or minus but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over I'm missing by plus or minus but it
+when I'm squaring them that's the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm squaring them that's the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm squaring them that's the whole
+point of variance doesn't matter and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of variance doesn't matter and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of variance doesn't matter and the
+B over two and here I think I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B over two and here I think I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B over two and here I think I'm I'm
+wrong by a over two and I'm wrong by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong by a over two and I'm wrong by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong by a over two and I'm wrong by
+plus by B over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus by B over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus by B over
+two or minus eight over two but when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or minus eight over two but when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or minus eight over two but when I
+square them again doesn't matter so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square them again doesn't matter so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square them again doesn't matter so I
+think I get another half of a over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I get another half of a over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I get another half of a over two
+squares plus B over 2 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what forgive me for this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what forgive me for this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what forgive me for this simple
+computation but just to practice so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation but just to practice so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation but just to practice so what
+have I got I've got a half of that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I got I've got a half of that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I got I've got a half of that in
+half of that so that adds up to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of that so that adds up to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of that so that adds up to this
+thing a squared over four plus B squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a squared over four plus B squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a squared over four plus B squared
+over four but then I'm doing two samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over four but then I'm doing two samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over four but then I'm doing two samples
+I'll have to multiply by the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have to multiply by the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have to multiply by the number of
+samples so I think so times two for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so I think so times two for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so I think so times two for two
+samples I think I'm getting it was 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples I think I'm getting it was 1/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples I think I'm getting it was 1/4
+but now it'll be 1/2 of a squared B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now it'll be 1/2 of a squared B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now it'll be 1/2 of a squared B
+Square oh yeah I didn't yeah yeah hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square oh yeah I didn't yeah yeah hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square oh yeah I didn't yeah yeah hey
+yeah I think I think that's right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think I think that's right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think I think that's right but
+forgive me while I just ask myself yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive me while I just ask myself yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive me while I just ask myself yeah
+yeah this will be actually you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this will be actually you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this will be actually you already
+have these notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these notes
+this is section 2.4 so it's I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is section 2.4 so it's I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is section 2.4 so it's I think it's
+their own stiller so what's the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own stiller so what's the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own stiller so what's the point of
+this first point was to like remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first point was to like remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first point was to like remember
+some of the steps that go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the steps that go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the steps that go into the
+variance oh there's another formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance oh there's another formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance oh there's another formula for
+variance that I want to tell you and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that I want to tell you and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that I want to tell you and the
+second point is to make to bring in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second point is to make to bring in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second point is to make to bring in a
+new idea suppose we want to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new idea suppose we want to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new idea suppose we want to make this
+suppose this variance is bigger than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this variance is bigger than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this variance is bigger than we
+want suppose for example that B is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want suppose for example that B is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want suppose for example that B is a lot
+bigger than a suppose B is a lot bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than a suppose B is a lot bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than a suppose B is a lot bigger
+than a then what should we have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a then what should we have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a then what should we have done
+differently in this random randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently in this random randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently in this random randomized
+linear algebra if I'm trying to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra if I'm trying to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra if I'm trying to get this
+thing closed get close to that thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing closed get close to that thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing closed get close to that thing and
+if B is a lot bigger than a then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if B is a lot bigger than a then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if B is a lot bigger than a then what
+should I do different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I do different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I do different
+I don't know what B is exactly but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what B is exactly but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what B is exactly but I
+have the information that it's bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the information that it's bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the information that it's bigger
+than a then I should increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a then I should increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a then I should increase the
+probability I shouldn't do half and half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I shouldn't do half and half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I shouldn't do half and half
+so here here was randomized sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here here was randomized sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here here was randomized sampling
+taking the average my probabilities were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the average my probabilities were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the average my probabilities were
+a half and a half but if I want I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half and a half but if I want I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half and a half but if I want I
+believe that I could keep the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that I could keep the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that I could keep the mean
+correct of course that's fundamental to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct of course that's fundamental to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct of course that's fundamental to
+get the mean right and get a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the mean right and get a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the mean right and get a better
+answer get a smaller variance than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer get a smaller variance than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer get a smaller variance than that
+B squared over there by picking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B squared over there by picking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B squared over there by picking that
+thing with higher probability so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with higher probability so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with higher probability so that's
+where the randomized 'men out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the randomized 'men out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the randomized 'men out to be
+called norm squared probability the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called norm squared probability the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called norm squared probability the I
+the the decision on what the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the decision on what the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the decision on what the probability
+should be goes it turns out to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be goes it turns out to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be goes it turns out to be the
+optimal one goes with the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal one goes with the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal one goes with the square of the
+size so if B is twice as big as a and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so if B is twice as big as a and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so if B is twice as big as a and I
+want to get the variance down then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get the variance down then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get the variance down then the
+probability I should use probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I should use probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I should use probabilities
+that are four times four times as often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are four times four times as often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are four times four times as often
+I will choose B than a that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will choose B than a that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will choose B than a that's going to
+be the conclusion at two o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the conclusion at two o'clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the conclusion at two o'clock
+hopefully okay there so that's one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully okay there so that's one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully okay there so that's one point
+and and just another little point while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and just another little point while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and just another little point while
+we're while we are reviewing variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're while we are reviewing variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're while we are reviewing variance
+this is the standard formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the standard formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the standard formula for the
+variance sum of all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance sum of all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance sum of all the possible
+outcomes with their probabilities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes with their probabilities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes with their probabilities the
+distance from the mean squared do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the mean squared do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the mean squared do you
+know a second formula which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a second formula which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a second formula which is very
+close to this and very similar and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to this and very similar and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to this and very similar and it
+comes from substituting the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from substituting the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from substituting the meaning of
+means something where the mean is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something where the mean is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something where the mean is so
+yeah so I just I just want to mention a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I just I just want to mention a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I just I just want to mention a
+second formula and I don't I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second formula and I don't I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second formula and I don't I don't know
+which one will actually use but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one will actually use but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one will actually use but the
+second formula for the same quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second formula for the same quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second formula for the same quantity
+Sigma square is this sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probabilities times output square so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities times output square so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities times output square so I
+haven't subtracted off the mean in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't subtracted off the mean in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't subtracted off the mean in this
+second formula I have to do it now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second formula I have to do it now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second formula I have to do it now and
+I'll do the mean I'll do the mean all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do the mean I'll do the mean all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do the mean I'll do the mean all at
+once mean squared of course the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once mean squared of course the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once mean squared of course the mean
+involves remember that the mean is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves remember that the mean is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves remember that the mean is the
+sums of the probabilities times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums of the probabilities times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums of the probabilities times the
+outcomes and it's just playing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and it's just playing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and it's just playing with a
+little algebra to show that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little algebra to show that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little algebra to show that you can
+either you have a choice of whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you have a choice of whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you have a choice of whatever is
+more convenient subtract the mean off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more convenient subtract the mean off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more convenient subtract the mean off
+from each output or do all the outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each output or do all the outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each output or do all the outputs
+but then you haven't accounted for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you haven't accounted for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you haven't accounted for the
+fact that you really want the distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you really want the distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you really want the distances
+from the mean and then you subtract off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mean and then you subtract off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mean and then you subtract off
+the mean squared two ways to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean squared two ways to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean squared two ways to do it
+two ways to equal ways to do it yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways to equal ways to do it yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways to equal ways to do it yeah we
+will review the basic ideas of mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will review the basic ideas of mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will review the basic ideas of mean and
+variance in the in the in the section on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in the in the in the section on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in the in the in the section on
+probability here I'm yes question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the mean oh in in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean oh in in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean oh in in here
+at separate yeah that's the whole point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at separate yeah that's the whole point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at separate yeah that's the whole point
+yeah so this was like do this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this was like do this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this was like do this and then
+subtract off the mean squared or keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off the mean squared or keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off the mean squared or keep
+the mean in every term and do it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean in every term and do it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean in every term and do it that
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+you could verify that the two are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could verify that the two are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could verify that the two are are
+the same okay so when we go now to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same okay so when we go now to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same okay so when we go now to the
+bigger question I've forgotten which way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger question I've forgotten which way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger question I've forgotten which way
+I do it but I'm free to choose okay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do it but I'm free to choose okay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do it but I'm free to choose okay is
+that like a small sample reasonable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like a small sample reasonable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like a small sample reasonable and
+you and you get the idea that if if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you get the idea that if if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you get the idea that if if we
+know that if we if we look at our matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if we if we look at our matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if we if we look at our matrix
+first of all and find out which columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all and find out which columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all and find out which columns
+are large dot large norm and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are large dot large norm and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are large dot large norm and which
+columns are smaller then that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are smaller then that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are smaller then that might be
+useful information to weight our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful information to weight our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful information to weight our
+probabilities to pick the larger one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to pick the larger one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to pick the larger one
+more often okay okay well in fact let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often okay okay well in fact let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often okay okay well in fact let me
+just tell you what are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell you what are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell you what are the two
+possibilities there one is what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities there one is what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities there one is what I just
+said wait your probabilities by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said wait your probabilities by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said wait your probabilities by the
+square of the norm this norm squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the norm this norm squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the norm this norm squared
+waiting that we'll see and take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting that we'll see and take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting that we'll see and take the
+columns as they come but with higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns as they come but with higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns as they come but with higher
+probability on the big columns or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability on the big columns or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability on the big columns or you
+could say another way would be mix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say another way would be mix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say another way would be mix the
+columns so that they more or less have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so that they more or less have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so that they more or less have
+similar sizes and then keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar sizes and then keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar sizes and then keep track of
+what you've done and then and then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've done and then and then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've done and then and then just
+the probabilities can all be equal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities can all be equal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities can all be equal so
+that would be the other way take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the other way take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the other way take your
+matrix mix it up take combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix mix it up take combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix mix it up take combinations of
+the columns with random numbers there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns with random numbers there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns with random numbers there's
+a random world here take you do a mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random world here take you do a mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random world here take you do a mixing
+and then operate on the mixed matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then operate on the mixed matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then operate on the mixed matrix
+yeah okay I'm going to do it the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay I'm going to do it the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay I'm going to do it the first
+way I'm gonna pick these probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm gonna pick these probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm gonna pick these probabilities
+to there'll be they'll turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there'll be they'll turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there'll be they'll turn out to be
+proportional to norm squared okay ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to norm squared okay ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to norm squared okay ready
+for that here it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so bring that down yeah okay actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bring that down yeah okay actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bring that down yeah okay actually I
+could leave it up for now cuz it told us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could leave it up for now cuz it told us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could leave it up for now cuz it told us
+what we're what we're up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're what we're up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're what we're up to
+okay so so what have I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so what have I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so what have I got
+let me just see if I can so so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just see if I can so so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just see if I can so so we're
+multiplying a times B and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying a times B and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying a times B and we're gonna
+use these probabilities PJ is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these probabilities PJ is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these probabilities PJ is going to
+be the length of that column times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the length of that column times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the length of that column times the
+length of that row norm squared well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of that row norm squared well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of that row norm squared well
+norm squared if I was multiplying a by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm squared if I was multiplying a by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm squared if I was multiplying a by a
+transpose then I really would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose then I really would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose then I really would be
+squaring that would be the same as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring that would be the same as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring that would be the same as that
+so I'm gonna use the word norm squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna use the word norm squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna use the word norm squared
+or length squared also here where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or length squared also here where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or length squared also here where the
+two I'm not assuming that B is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I'm not assuming that B is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I'm not assuming that B is a
+transpose okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose okay
+so that will be the probabilities will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will be the probabilities will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will be the probabilities will
+be proportional to that but now those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be proportional to that but now those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be proportional to that but now those
+that don't add up to one so how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't add up to one so how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't add up to one so how do I
+make the probabilities add up to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the probabilities add up to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the probabilities add up to one
+this is the probability of of choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+column J of a x times row J that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column J of a x times row J that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column J of a x times row J that's what
+that's what PJ refers to okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what PJ refers to okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what is my plan oh I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is my plan oh I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is my plan oh I have to
+make the probabilities add to one or I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the probabilities add to one or I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the probabilities add to one or I'm
+really breaking them the fundamental law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really breaking them the fundamental law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really breaking them the fundamental law
+here so how if I have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so how if I have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so how if I have a bunch of
+probabilities and I kind of know what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and I kind of know what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and I kind of know what I
+want but they don't add up to one what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but they don't add up to one what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but they don't add up to one what
+do i do / their sum let me call see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i do / their sum let me call see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i do / their sum let me call see
+there's some so the probability is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some so the probability is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some so the probability is going
+to be that over C and C is is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that over C and C is is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that over C and C is is going to
+be the sum of however many rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sum of however many rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sum of however many rows and
+columns I guess maybe I had R and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns I guess maybe I had R and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns I guess maybe I had R and my
+picture of a J VJ transpose okay so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a J VJ transpose okay so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a J VJ transpose okay so all
+I did was rescale the probabilities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did was rescale the probabilities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did was rescale the probabilities so
+that they now add to one good okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they now add to one good okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they now add to one good okay so
+now I'm ready to go to work I'm ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm ready to go to work I'm ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm ready to go to work I'm ready to
+choose oh yes so here's my rule I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose oh yes so here's my rule I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose oh yes so here's my rule I will
+choose row column and column row J with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose row column and column row J with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose row column and column row J with
+this probability but then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability but then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability but then I'm going to
+multiply it and I'm free to do that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it and I'm free to do that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it and I'm free to do that if I
+want to so my approximation my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to so my approximation my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to so my approximation my
+approximate ami will be I'll take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate ami will be I'll take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate ami will be I'll take this
+whichever comes out I'll take the AJ be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever comes out I'll take the AJ be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever comes out I'll take the AJ be
+j transpose there comes out it comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j transpose there comes out it comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j transpose there comes out it comes out
+with probability P J but I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability P J but I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability P J but I'm going to
+divide this by and I think I'm this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this by and I think I'm this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this by and I think I'm this is
+the right one s the number of samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right one s the number of samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right one s the number of samples
+times PJ so I thought at first that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times PJ so I thought at first that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times PJ so I thought at first that's
+weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird
+went to all the trouble to pick these P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to all the trouble to pick these P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to all the trouble to pick these P
+J's claiming that these are the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J's claiming that these are the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J's claiming that these are the good
+ones so I'm my claim to eventually prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so I'm my claim to eventually prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so I'm my claim to eventually prove
+at the end first I'll have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end first I'll have to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end first I'll have to understand
+how the sampling is done that's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the sampling is done that's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the sampling is done that's like the
+most important but then when I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important but then when I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important but then when I go
+to compute the mean I'll get the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the mean I'll get the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the mean I'll get the correct
+mean and when I go to get to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and when I go to get to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and when I go to get to compute the
+variance I'll get some expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance I'll get some expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance I'll get some expression for
+the variance and then the plan will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance and then the plan will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance and then the plan will be
+choose these PJ's to minimize that total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose these PJ's to minimize that total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose these PJ's to minimize that total
+variance so here so this is what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so here so this is what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so here so this is what that's
+a that's a typical sample with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a typical sample with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a typical sample with
+probability PJ pick that that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability PJ pick that that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability PJ pick that that matrix
+that rank one matrix so then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rank one matrix so then my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rank one matrix so then my
+approximate a B is the sum of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate a B is the sum of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate a B is the sum of all these
+over s samples are you with me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over s samples are you with me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over s samples are you with me let me
+let me just repeat I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just repeat I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just repeat I'm trying to
+multiply a B each sample is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a B each sample is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a B each sample is just a
+single column times row so it's way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single column times row so it's way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single column times row so it's way
+wrong way wrong it's just a tiny piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong way wrong it's just a tiny piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong way wrong it's just a tiny piece
+of a B but I take that sample with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a B but I take that sample with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a B but I take that sample with
+probability PJ and I divide it by s PJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability PJ and I divide it by s PJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability PJ and I divide it by s PJ
+so that's a PJ's cancel here oh yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a PJ's cancel here oh yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a PJ's cancel here oh yes okay
+right so I would like to see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I would like to see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I would like to see that the
+mean is correct I would like to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is correct I would like to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is correct I would like to see that
+the mean is correct I'm going to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean is correct I'm going to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean is correct I'm going to compute
+the mean of my process so it's like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of my process so it's like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of my process so it's like it's
+falling into my lap here I made it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling into my lap here I made it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling into my lap here I made it that
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+these PJ's canceled I divided by s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these PJ's canceled I divided by s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these PJ's canceled I divided by s so
+the mean of a typical sample will be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of a typical sample will be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of a typical sample will be so
+the mean of one sample is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of one sample is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of one sample is the
+probability of getting it times what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting it times what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting it times what I
+take so it's just the sum of a jb j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take so it's just the sum of a jb j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take so it's just the sum of a jb j
+transpose / s you're going to say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose / s you're going to say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose / s you're going to say okay
+you're wasting our time but we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wasting our time but we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wasting our time but we've got a
+I would just want to show that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would just want to show that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would just want to show that I'm
+getting the correct mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the correct mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the correct mean
+out of this plan so do you see that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this plan so do you see that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this plan so do you see that if
+that's a mean of one sample so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a mean of one sample so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a mean of one sample so what's
+the mean of the sum of all the samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of the sum of all the samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of the sum of all the samples
+well x yes because it was the same mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well x yes because it was the same mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well x yes because it was the same mean
+every sample that the same mean just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every sample that the same mean just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every sample that the same mean just
+just as it did in our little league
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as it did in our little league
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as it did in our little league
+practice example so that's the mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice example so that's the mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice example so that's the mean of
+one sample so the mean of all samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sample so the mean of all samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sample so the mean of all samples
+added added together multiplies this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added added together multiplies this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added added together multiplies this by
+s yeses cancel and I get a B remembering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s yeses cancel and I get a B remembering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s yeses cancel and I get a B remembering
+my however way I defined a B there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all I'm saying there here is that I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm saying there here is that I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm saying there here is that I did
+something reasonable in the sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something reasonable in the sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something reasonable in the sampling
+process so that the mean came out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so that the mean came out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so that the mean came out right
+and now is the hard part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now is the hard part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now is the hard part
+the variance what's the variance okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance what's the variance okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance what's the variance okay so
+what do I have to compute and I may it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I have to compute and I may it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I have to compute and I may it
+will depend on the piece P 1 to P R I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will depend on the piece P 1 to P R I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will depend on the piece P 1 to P R I
+guess we had we had our different rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we had we had our different rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we had we had our different rows
+different column row pairs to choose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different column row pairs to choose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different column row pairs to choose and
+we chose probabilities these guys that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we chose probabilities these guys that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we chose probabilities these guys that
+depended on the size and now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended on the size and now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended on the size and now I'm going
+to compute the variance and it won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the variance and it won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the variance and it won't be
+0 because every sample is wrong I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 because every sample is wrong I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 because every sample is wrong I'm
+never getting from a sample a sample is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never getting from a sample a sample is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never getting from a sample a sample is
+just giving me a wrote a column times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giving me a wrote a column times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giving me a wrote a column times a
+row a rank one guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row a rank one guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row a rank one guy
+and they averaged out to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they averaged out to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they averaged out to give the
+correct product but each one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct product but each one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct product but each one is
+certainly wrong because it's just a rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly wrong because it's just a rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly wrong because it's just a rank
+one so when I compute variance I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so when I compute variance I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so when I compute variance I'm going
+to definitely not get zero right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to definitely not get zero right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to definitely not get zero right in
+other words of course when were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words of course when were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words of course when were the
+variance be zero yeah if a B were ranked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance be zero yeah if a B were ranked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance be zero yeah if a B were ranked
+one I guess I'd get it right every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I guess I'd get it right every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I guess I'd get it right every time
+thanks oh there's a better answer than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks oh there's a better answer than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks oh there's a better answer than I
+had in mind yeah yeah the variance would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in mind yeah yeah the variance would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in mind yeah yeah the variance would
+only be zero if every sample was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be zero if every sample was right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be zero if every sample was right
+and that would be true if the rank was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be true if the rank was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be true if the rank was
+one and there was only one thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and there was only one thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and there was only one thing to
+choose but that's not the problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose but that's not the problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose but that's not the problem we
+want okay so the variance is there my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay so the variance is there my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay so the variance is there my my
+instinct is to tell you what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinct is to tell you what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinct is to tell you what this
+calculation produces since you and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation produces since you and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation produces since you and I can
+read would you allow me to do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read would you allow me to do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read would you allow me to do that so
+here the variance for a sample turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the variance for a sample turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the variance for a sample turns out
+to be it turns out to equal so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it turns out to equal so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it turns out to equal so we will
+figure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out
+turns out to equal the sum over as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to equal the sum over as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to equal the sum over as it
+was up there of the AJ AJ transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was up there of the AJ AJ transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was up there of the AJ AJ transpose
+probably squared let me just just check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably squared let me just just check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably squared let me just just check
+yes squared yeah why don't I help myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes squared yeah why don't I help myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes squared yeah why don't I help myself
+here so these are squared because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so these are squared because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so these are squared because
+variances are squared and then when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances are squared and then when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances are squared and then when I
+look to see what I think there's an S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see what I think there's an S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see what I think there's an S
+there and there's a PJ so why is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and there's a PJ so why is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and there's a PJ so why is there a
+PJ there when it cancelled here so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ there when it cancelled here so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ there when it cancelled here so here
+the PJ when I multiplied by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PJ when I multiplied by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PJ when I multiplied by that
+cancelled why doesn't it cancel over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelled why doesn't it cancel over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelled why doesn't it cancel over
+there because it's squared over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because it's squared over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because it's squared over there
+over there this thing is squared so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there this thing is squared so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there this thing is squared so it
+was PJ twice here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was PJ twice here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was PJ twice here
+PJ it's probability once so I'm still we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ it's probability once so I'm still we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ it's probability once so I'm still we
+got the PJ in the denominator 1 factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the PJ in the denominator 1 factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the PJ in the denominator 1 factor
+of PJ in the denominator and then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of PJ in the denominator and then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of PJ in the denominator and then so
+that is I guess what I'm doing is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is I guess what I'm doing is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is I guess what I'm doing is I'm
+computing the variance this way so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the variance this way so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the variance this way so what
+I've computer now is his first bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've computer now is his first bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've computer now is his first bit and
+then I said should should subtract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I said should should subtract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I said should should subtract the
+mean squared and this is for one sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean squared and this is for one sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean squared and this is for one sample
+so the mean squared is I think it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mean squared is I think it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mean squared is I think it turns
+out to be 1 over s times C times a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be 1 over s times C times a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be 1 over s times C times a B
+squared in this Frobenius norm it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared in this Frobenius norm it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared in this Frobenius norm it's it's
+the a squared plus B squared stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a squared plus B squared stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a squared plus B squared stuff that
+I saw before so okay so this I've jumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw before so okay so this I've jumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw before so okay so this I've jumped
+a serious step to get from the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a serious step to get from the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a serious step to get from the sum
+formula for the variance I've plugged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the variance I've plugged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the variance I've plugged in
+this problem and got that okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem and got that okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem and got that okay and now
+I'm gonna sample let's see where it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna sample let's see where it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna sample let's see where it yeah
+oh I want I would like to simplify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I want I would like to simplify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I want I would like to simplify this
+I would like to simplify that so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to simplify that so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to simplify that so I have
+to plug in the PJs okay so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plug in the PJs okay so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plug in the PJs okay so I have to
+plug in for that PJ and we decided what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in for that PJ and we decided what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in for that PJ and we decided what
+PJ was going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay so when I plug that in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so when I plug that in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so when I plug that in in the
+denominator it will cancel one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator it will cancel one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator it will cancel one of these
+and I'll just have a sum of a JPG of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just have a sum of a JPG of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just have a sum of a JPG of a
+JP j bj norms and what's that is C so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JP j bj norms and what's that is C so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JP j bj norms and what's that is C so
+let me say this again just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say this again just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say this again just it's
+something you can just check when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can just check when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can just check when you
+have a minute when I plug in that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a minute when I plug in that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a minute when I plug in that value
+for PJ here it cancels the squares and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for PJ here it cancels the squares and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for PJ here it cancels the squares and
+just leaves the first power so then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leaves the first power so then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leaves the first power so then I'm
+adding up the first power and I get C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up the first power and I get C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up the first power and I get C
+and but the PJ had a factor C in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but the PJ had a factor C in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but the PJ had a factor C in the
+denominator and it's in the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and it's in the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and it's in the denominator
+over there so that C is up there so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there so that C is up there so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there so that C is up there so it's
+C squared coming here a constant square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C squared coming here a constant square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C squared coming here a constant square
+minus the other term there's a 1 over s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the other term there's a 1 over s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the other term there's a 1 over s
+that will eventually go away and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will eventually go away and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will eventually go away and this
+other term is 1 over s more maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other term is 1 over s more maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other term is 1 over s more maybe the
+Frobenius norm squared well maybe one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frobenius norm squared well maybe one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frobenius norm squared well maybe one
+over SS are so you're seeing and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over SS are so you're seeing and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over SS are so you're seeing and I
+apologize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize
+a little bit messy bit of algebra a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit messy bit of algebra a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit messy bit of algebra a
+little bit messy bit of algebra but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit messy bit of algebra but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit messy bit of algebra but
+that's what we that's what we ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we that's what we ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we that's what we ended up
+with and when we take s samples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and when we take s samples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and when we take s samples and
+combine them that will cancel the s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine them that will cancel the s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine them that will cancel the s and
+the I think it'll knock that out when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I think it'll knock that out when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I think it'll knock that out when we
+combine the s samples okay yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the s samples okay yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the s samples okay yeah okay
+know what now we get to choose those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what now we get to choose those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what now we get to choose those
+probabilities and how are we gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and how are we gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and how are we gonna
+choose them what will be the best choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose them what will be the best choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose them what will be the best choice
+here's the expression for the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the expression for the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the expression for the variance
+yeah this is good this is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is good this is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is good this is good
+stay with me from now on you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with me from now on you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with me from now on you you you
+you'll be saying to yourself there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be saying to yourself there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be saying to yourself there's
+some steps there that I didn't see fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some steps there that I didn't see fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some steps there that I didn't see fully
+and I want to check but and I agree but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to check but and I agree but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to check but and I agree but
+let me say that we get to that point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say that we get to that point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say that we get to that point and
+this is a fixed number so it's C that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a fixed number so it's C that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a fixed number so it's C that we
+would like to make small and that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to make small and that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to make small and that's our
+final job this was true for any choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final job this was true for any choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final job this was true for any choice
+of the probabilities P well oh yeah yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probabilities P well oh yeah yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probabilities P well oh yeah yep
+yep so I want to the this still had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so I want to the this still had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so I want to the this still had in
+it the probabilities yeah where do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the probabilities yeah where do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the probabilities yeah where do I
+want to do I want to show that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do I want to show that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do I want to show that those
+that was the best choice that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the best choice that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the best choice that this was
+the best choice yeah I want to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best choice yeah I want to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best choice yeah I want to show that
+that's the best choice that's a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best choice that's a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best choice that's a choice
+of weights of probabilities based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weights of probabilities based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weights of probabilities based on the
+length of a time's the length of B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of a time's the length of B of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of a time's the length of B of
+course that sounds reasonable doesn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that sounds reasonable doesn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that sounds reasonable doesn't it
+we want to four big big columns and big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to four big big columns and big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to four big big columns and big
+rows we want to have a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows we want to have a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows we want to have a higher
+probability to choose those but is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to choose those but is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to choose those but is the
+probability proportional to the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability proportional to the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability proportional to the length
+of both or should it be proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both or should it be proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both or should it be proportional to
+the 10th power or the square root or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10th power or the square root or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10th power or the square root or
+what that's what our final step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+optimizing the P so this is the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing the P so this is the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing the P so this is the final
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+optimize the probabilities P 1 to P s I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize the probabilities P 1 to P s I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize the probabilities P 1 to P s I
+guess no P 1 to P R for the R rows or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess no P 1 to P R for the R rows or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess no P 1 to P R for the R rows or
+columns of a and our rows of B subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of a and our rows of B subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of a and our rows of B subject
+to their you have to add up to 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their you have to add up to 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their you have to add up to 1 and
+what do I mean by optimize I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean by optimize I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean by optimize I mean
+minimize this is optimize means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this is optimize means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this is optimize means
+minimizing this expression C so AJ BJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing this expression C so AJ BJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing this expression C so AJ BJ
+transfer where's it's the over PG o hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer where's it's the over PG o hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer where's it's the over PG o hope
+help help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help help
+so let me just see ya my variance has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just see ya my variance has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just see ya my variance has
+got a PJ in it yeah my variance sorry my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a PJ in it yeah my variance sorry my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a PJ in it yeah my variance sorry my
+variance oh okay this is my variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the result if I make the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the result if I make the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the result if I make the right
+choice for the if I make this choice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice for the if I make this choice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice for the if I make this choice for
+the probabilities but I'm backing up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities but I'm backing up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities but I'm backing up a
+minute this is if this is the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute this is if this is the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute this is if this is the with
+optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PJ's then we got that answer great that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ's then we got that answer great that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ's then we got that answer great that
+was our answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our answer
+but I'm backing up to this and saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm backing up to this and saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm backing up to this and saying
+what are the optimal PJs for to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the optimal PJs for to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the optimal PJs for to make
+this variance small so I'm I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variance small so I'm I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variance small so I'm I'm really
+I'm just doing what doing this I let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just doing what doing this I let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just doing what doing this I let me
+right there the problem simpler minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the some of the peas equal one some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the some of the peas equal one some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the some of the peas equal one some
+quantity q squared over QJ / PJ yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity q squared over QJ / PJ yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity q squared over QJ / PJ yeah
+that's it how do you so these q JS that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it how do you so these q JS that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it how do you so these q JS that
+i just introduced that letter for are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just introduced that letter for are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just introduced that letter for are
+the AJ B J's they're they're given maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AJ B J's they're they're given maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AJ B J's they're they're given maybe
+I'll just put put back AJ PJ so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just put put back AJ PJ so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just put put back AJ PJ so to
+repeat this is the calculation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this is the calculation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this is the calculation of the
+variance for any choice of PJs this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance for any choice of PJs this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance for any choice of PJs this is
+what I get if I make the best choice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get if I make the best choice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get if I make the best choice but
+over here I'm gonna show that it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here I'm gonna show that it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here I'm gonna show that it is the
+best choice because that it's the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best choice because that it's the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best choice because that it's the choice
+that makes this result as small as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes this result as small as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes this result as small as
+possible so that's the the groans Mulder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so that's the the groans Mulder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so that's the the groans Mulder
+plier aspect so we there statistics has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plier aspect so we there statistics has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plier aspect so we there statistics has
+been done I'm get I'm getting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done I'm get I'm getting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done I'm get I'm getting this
+answer and instead of putting in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and instead of putting in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and instead of putting in some
+weird Q let me put in what these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird Q let me put in what these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird Q let me put in what these are
+they're whatever they're bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're whatever they're bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're whatever they're bunch of
+numbers but I'm dividing by the PJ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but I'm dividing by the PJ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but I'm dividing by the PJ and
+how do you find the best PJ do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you find the best PJ do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you find the best PJ do you know
+about that optimization question I they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that optimization question I they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that optimization question I they
+have to add to one and the Grouch had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add to one and the Grouch had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add to one and the Grouch had
+the great idea so this is maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great idea so this is maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great idea so this is maybe the
+first time we've used his idea so do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time we've used his idea so do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time we've used his idea so do you
+remember what his idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what his idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what his idea
+he takes this constraint and he builds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he takes this constraint and he builds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he takes this constraint and he builds
+it into the function he multiplies it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the function he multiplies it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the function he multiplies it by
+some unknown mysterious number often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some unknown mysterious number often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some unknown mysterious number often
+called lambda but nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called lambda but nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called lambda but nothing to do with
+eigenvalues of the concern of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of the concern of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of the concern of the
+constraints that the PI's should add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that the PI's should add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that the PI's should add to
+one so he had zero he had zero but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so he had zero he had zero but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so he had zero he had zero but with
+a variable lambda this is Lagrange's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable lambda this is Lagrange's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable lambda this is Lagrange's
+idea so it's it's pretty neat that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so it's it's pretty neat that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so it's it's pretty neat that this
+problem I've left randomized sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I've left randomized sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I've left randomized sampling
+I've arrived at this final subproblem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've arrived at this final subproblem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've arrived at this final subproblem
+optimizing the probabilities under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing the probabilities under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing the probabilities under the
+condition that they add to one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that they add to one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that they add to one and
+Lagrange's idea was build that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrange's idea was build that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrange's idea was build that equation
+into the function then you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the function then you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the function then you can take
+derivatives but you also take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives but you also take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives but you also take
+derivatives with respect to lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with respect to lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with respect to lambda
+because that's now an unknown and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's now an unknown and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's now an unknown and you
+solve you set the derivatives to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve you set the derivatives to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve you set the derivatives to zero
+and you get the answer it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get the answer it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get the answer it's like a
+miracle but if you've seen the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle but if you've seen the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle but if you've seen the ground
+it's a confusing miracle that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a confusing miracle that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a confusing miracle that's what it
+is yeah okay so if I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah okay so if I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah okay so if I take the
+derivatives of the spec to the peas set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the spec to the peas set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the spec to the peas set
+them to zero I think I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to zero I think I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to zero I think I'm going to get
+the recommended Peas so that so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recommended Peas so that so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recommended Peas so that so I've
+I've computed the final answer with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've computed the final answer with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've computed the final answer with a
+recommended piece but now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended piece but now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended piece but now I'm going to
+show that they really are recommended so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that they really are recommended so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that they really are recommended so
+can you take the derivative of that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you take the derivative of that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you take the derivative of that with
+respect to P could I just raise this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to P could I just raise this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to P could I just raise this a
+little raise it a little more okay take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little raise it a little more okay take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little raise it a little more okay take
+the derivative with respect to P each P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative with respect to P each P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative with respect to P each P
+because I've got n unknowns there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got n unknowns there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got n unknowns there are
+however many maybe are unknowns and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however many maybe are unknowns and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however many maybe are unknowns and I've
+got lambda so I've got R plus 1 things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got lambda so I've got R plus 1 things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got lambda so I've got R plus 1 things
+so what's the derivative this break to P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the derivative this break to P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the derivative this break to P
+okay calculus take the derivative that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay calculus take the derivative that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay calculus take the derivative that
+it's a J VJ transpose over with a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a J VJ transpose over with a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a J VJ transpose over with a minus
+P J squared right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P J squared right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P J squared right
+and the derivative of that with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivative of that with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivative of that with respect
+to PJ is minus lambda so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to PJ is minus lambda so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to PJ is minus lambda so that's
+derivative the specter PJ is 0 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the specter PJ is 0 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the specter PJ is 0 and the
+derivative so this was the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so this was the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so this was the derivative
+with respect to PJ has to be 0 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to PJ has to be 0 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to PJ has to be 0 and then
+the derivative respect to lambda into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative respect to lambda into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative respect to lambda into
+respect to lambda is that JS JS minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to lambda is that JS JS minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to lambda is that JS JS minus
+equals 1 the lagravis confused the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 the lagravis confused the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 the lagravis confused the whole
+world but he gave us a break that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but he gave us a break that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but he gave us a break that in the
+derivative the specter lambda it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the specter lambda it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the specter lambda it just
+brings back the constraint because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings back the constraint because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings back the constraint because he
+just built it in with a factor lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just built it in with a factor lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just built it in with a factor lambda
+then he took the derivative and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he took the derivative and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he took the derivative and it
+brought back the constraint but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought back the constraint but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought back the constraint but this
+part is the beautiful part now what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is the beautiful part now what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is the beautiful part now what do I
+learn from that and sometimes sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from that and sometimes sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from that and sometimes sometimes
+this would be a plus why don't I make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a plus why don't I make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a plus why don't I make it
+a plus just to make my life easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus just to make my life easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus just to make my life easier
+LeBron said it's dead now and he don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LeBron said it's dead now and he don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LeBron said it's dead now and he don't
+care anyway whether it's closer on - ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care anyway whether it's closer on - ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care anyway whether it's closer on - ok
+ok so so this is telling me this so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so so this is telling me this so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so so this is telling me this so this
+is telling me what what hits multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling me what what hits multiplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling me what what hits multiplier
+is he's telling me that if this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he's telling me that if this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he's telling me that if this equation
+is telling me that the multiplier is AJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VJ transpose / PJ squared or put another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VJ transpose / PJ squared or put another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VJ transpose / PJ squared or put another
+way he's telling me that PJ squared is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess I'm hoping that after the pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm hoping that after the pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm hoping that after the pretty
+confusing steps that we took this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing steps that we took this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing steps that we took this is a
+separate a little bit of math using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate a little bit of math using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate a little bit of math using the
+LaGrant apply or an idea and I hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LaGrant apply or an idea and I hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LaGrant apply or an idea and I hope that
+your your result your thought will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your result your thought will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your result your thought will be
+boy that was pretty simple so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy that was pretty simple so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy that was pretty simple so I'm gonna
+put the PJ Squared's here in the lane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the PJ Squared's here in the lane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the PJ Squared's here in the lane
+okay well what does this tell me look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well what does this tell me look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well what does this tell me look
+I've taken the derivative the spec to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've taken the derivative the spec to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've taken the derivative the spec to
+the PJs and I got this equation for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PJs and I got this equation for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PJs and I got this equation for each
+J but I took the derivative the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J but I took the derivative the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J but I took the derivative the partial
+derivatives back to each of the PJs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives back to each of the PJs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives back to each of the PJs and
+it tells me that PJ squared wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells me that PJ squared wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells me that PJ squared wait a
+minute what's the square and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute what's the square and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute what's the square and therefore
+help I've only got two minutes and oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help I've only got two minutes and oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help I've only got two minutes and oh
+they have to add to one oh yeah lambdas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to add to one oh yeah lambdas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to add to one oh yeah lambdas
+gonna save us haha right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna save us haha right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna save us haha right
+lambda is gonna save us because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is gonna save us because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is gonna save us because the
+total probabilities so PJ will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total probabilities so PJ will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total probabilities so PJ will be the
+square root of this stuff and then I the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of this stuff and then I the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of this stuff and then I the
+number lambda I haven't decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number lambda I haven't decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number lambda I haven't decided
+Lagrange's multiplier haven't decided so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrange's multiplier haven't decided so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrange's multiplier haven't decided so
+what is it it's the correct number to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it it's the correct number to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it it's the correct number to
+make this equal to one so that's that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this equal to one so that's that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this equal to one so that's that is
+the C oh god what have I got square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C oh god what have I got square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C oh god what have I got square root
+there shoot I should have started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there shoot I should have started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there shoot I should have started with
+squares so these should be squares ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares so these should be squares ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares so these should be squares ah
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+you could have told me earlier use when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have told me earlier use when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have told me earlier use when
+you see a professor in trouble don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a professor in trouble don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a professor in trouble don't
+let's just let him hang there okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just let him hang there okay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just let him hang there okay right
+okay and this is AJ BJ so apart from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is AJ BJ so apart from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is AJ BJ so apart from the
+kerfuffle here and the notes get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerfuffle here and the notes get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerfuffle here and the notes get it
+right because I had time to think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I had time to think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I had time to think there
+that it it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it turns out that
+this optimum gave the formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this optimum gave the formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this optimum gave the formula for the
+PJs that I used earlier so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJs that I used earlier so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJs that I used earlier so when I
+introduced this formula I said let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced this formula I said let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced this formula I said let's
+take let's choose those probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take let's choose those probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take let's choose those probabilities
+but then I came back at the very end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then I came back at the very end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then I came back at the very end and
+showed that they are the probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that they are the probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that they are the probabilities
+that minimize the variance so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minimize the variance so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minimize the variance so that's
+like today's lecture can you just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like today's lecture can you just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like today's lecture can you just think
+a minute but please do go back through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute but please do go back through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute but please do go back through
+the notes because there's some messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes because there's some messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes because there's some messy
+steps in the variance there that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in the variance there that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in the variance there that I had
+to go by quickly but you understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go by quickly but you understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go by quickly but you understand the
+principle that we set up a randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that we set up a randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that we set up a randomized
+system we we choose probabilities aiming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we we choose probabilities aiming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we we choose probabilities aiming
+to get the the best the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the the best the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the the best the smallest
+variance and it turns out that the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and it turns out that the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and it turns out that the good
+probabilities are bigger when the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are bigger when the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are bigger when the column
+is a big a larger column so that to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big a larger column so that to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big a larger column so that to use
+this you have to go through the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have to go through the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have to go through the matrix
+and find the lengths of the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the lengths of the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the lengths of the columns
+because that's what's telling you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what's telling you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what's telling you the
+probabilities so that's a like a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so that's a like a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so that's a like a first
+pass through before you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through before you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through before you do the
+randomized sampling you must decide on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized sampling you must decide on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized sampling you must decide on
+the probabilities and they depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities and they depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities and they depend on the
+sizes of the different columns thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of the different columns thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of the different columns thank you
+for getting me through that I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for getting me through that I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for getting me through that I'll come
+back to a little more about randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a little more about randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a little more about randomized
+things next time and then later not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things next time and then later not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things next time and then later not much
+later but a little bit later we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but a little bit later we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but a little bit later we'll be
+seeing probability much more seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing probability much more seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing probability much more seriously
+okay thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/z5JfWSocZUQ.txt b/z5JfWSocZUQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aabc328bd93c073e91bd81f2fa884e0b1d0c3c21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/z5JfWSocZUQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the total mechanical energy ease of mech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is defined as the sum of the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined as the sum of the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined as the sum of the kinetic
+energy and the potential energy so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the potential energy so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the potential energy so the
+sum of K plus u where u is the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of K plus u where u is the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of K plus u where u is the potential
+energy function associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy function associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy function associated with the
+conservative force with an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative force with an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative force with an appropriate
+choice of zero point if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of zero point if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of zero point if there are
+multiple conservative forces acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple conservative forces acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple conservative forces acting on
+the system then you will be the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system then you will be the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system then you will be the sum of
+individual potential energy functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual potential energy functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual potential energy functions
+for each conservative force with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each conservative force with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each conservative force with an
+appropriate choice of zero point for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate choice of zero point for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate choice of zero point for
+each individual function we've also seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each individual function we've also seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each individual function we've also seen
+that the change in the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the change in the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the change in the kinetic energy
+plus the change in the potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the change in the potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the change in the potential energy
+is equal to the change in the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the change in the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the change in the total
+mechanical energy and that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy and that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy and that's just
+basically the derivative of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the derivative of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the derivative of the equation
+that I wrote above and this change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wrote above and this change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wrote above and this change in
+the total mechanical energy will be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total mechanical energy will be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total mechanical energy will be zero
+for conservative forces in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for conservative forces in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for conservative forces in addition
+we've seen that the change in potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen that the change in potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen that the change in potential
+energy is related to the conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is related to the conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is related to the conservative
+work done in the system so that W sub C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done in the system so that W sub C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done in the system so that W sub C
+the conservative work done is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conservative work done is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conservative work done is equal to
+the negative of the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative of the change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative of the change in the
+potential energy but we also know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy but we also know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy but we also know that
+the total work done includes both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total work done includes both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total work done includes both
+conservative and non-conservative forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative and non-conservative forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative and non-conservative forces
+so the total work done is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the total work done is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the total work done is equal to the
+sum of W sub C the conservative work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of W sub C the conservative work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of W sub C the conservative work
+done plus the non conservative work done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done plus the non conservative work done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done plus the non conservative work done
+and that that total work is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that total work is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that total work is equal to the
+change in kinetic energy now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in kinetic energy now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in kinetic energy now I can
+rewrite that equation by rewriting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite that equation by rewriting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite that equation by rewriting the
+conservative work in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative work in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative work in terms of the
+potential energy so I could write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy so I could write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy so I could write this
+now as the non conservative work minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as the non conservative work minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as the non conservative work minus
+the change in the potential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the potential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the potential and
+G is equal to the change the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is equal to the change the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is equal to the change the kinetic
+energy this is again just a restatement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is again just a restatement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is again just a restatement
+of the work kinetic energy theorem now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work kinetic energy theorem now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work kinetic energy theorem now
+by rearranging this equation this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by rearranging this equation this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by rearranging this equation this means
+that the non conservative work is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the non conservative work is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the non conservative work is equal
+to Delta K the change in kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta K the change in kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta K the change in kinetic energy
+plus Delta U the change in potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta U the change in potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta U the change in potential
+energy but that's equal to the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but that's equal to the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but that's equal to the change in
+the total mechanical energy so the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total mechanical energy so the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total mechanical energy so the non
+conservative work is equal to the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative work is equal to the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative work is equal to the change
+in the total mechanical energy this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the total mechanical energy this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the total mechanical energy this is a
+sufficiently important result that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently important result that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently important result that I'm
+gonna write it by itself in a box that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna write it by itself in a box that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna write it by itself in a box that's
+so the non conservative work is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the non conservative work is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the non conservative work is equal to
+the change in the total mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the total mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the total mechanical
+energy so what we've shown here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so what we've shown here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so what we've shown here is that
+the result of any non conservative work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of any non conservative work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of any non conservative work
+on the system is to change the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the system is to change the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the system is to change the total
+mechanical energy of the system now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy of the system now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy of the system now if
+there is no non conservative work if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no non conservative work if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no non conservative work if the
+forces acting on the system are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces acting on the system are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces acting on the system are all
+conservative then the total mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative then the total mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative then the total mechanical
+energy remains unchanged Delta e mech is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy remains unchanged Delta e mech is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy remains unchanged Delta e mech is
+zero and we say that the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we say that the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we say that the total
+mechanical energy is conserved now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy is conserved now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy is conserved now if
+there is a non conservative force it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a non conservative force it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a non conservative force it
+turns out that in most cases the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that in most cases the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that in most cases the work
+done by a non conservative force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by a non conservative force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by a non conservative force is
+negative resulting in a negative change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative resulting in a negative change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative resulting in a negative change
+in the total mechanical energy in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the total mechanical energy in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the total mechanical energy in other
+words and in the removal of total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and in the removal of total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and in the removal of total
+mechanical energy from the system its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy from the system its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy from the system its
+lost from the system now we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost from the system now we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost from the system now we've been
+talking here only about mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking here only about mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking here only about mechanical
+energy which we've defined as the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which we've defined as the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which we've defined as the sum of
+kinetic energy and potential energy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and potential energy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and potential energy but
+one can also talk about non mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can also talk about non mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can also talk about non mechanical
+energy the most common example of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the most common example of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the most common example of which
+is loosely referred to as heat as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is loosely referred to as heat as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is loosely referred to as heat as an
+example in the case of friction which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the case of friction which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the case of friction which is
+a non conservative force we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non conservative force we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non conservative force we know that
+the act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the act
+friction generates heat what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction generates heat what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction generates heat what's happening
+is that the non-conservative work done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the non-conservative work done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the non-conservative work done
+by friction is negative and therefore is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by friction is negative and therefore is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by friction is negative and therefore is
+reducing the mechanical energy the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the mechanical energy the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the mechanical energy the total
+mechanical energy according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy according to this
+expression but where does that energy go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression but where does that energy go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression but where does that energy go
+we said that it's removed from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that it's removed from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that it's removed from the
+system in terms of mechanical energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in terms of mechanical energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in terms of mechanical energy
+that's true but we can think of it as at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but we can think of it as at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but we can think of it as at
+the same time causing an increase in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time causing an increase in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time causing an increase in the
+non mechanical energy or the heat energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non mechanical energy or the heat energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non mechanical energy or the heat energy
+of the system so if one were to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system so if one were to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system so if one were to keep
+track of both mechanical and non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of both mechanical and non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of both mechanical and non
+mechanical energy then that turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy then that turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy then that turns out
+that the total energy mechanical and non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the total energy mechanical and non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the total energy mechanical and non
+mechanical the total energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical the total energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical the total energy of the
+system is conserved even if non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is conserved even if non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is conserved even if non
+conservative forces are acting however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative forces are acting however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative forces are acting however
+it's difficult to recover the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult to recover the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult to recover the non
+mechanical energy and change it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy and change it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy and change it back
+into mechanical energy these non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into mechanical energy these non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into mechanical energy these non
+conservative processes are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative processes are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative processes are not
+reversible this is a complicated topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible this is a complicated topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible this is a complicated topic
+and it's the province of more advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the province of more advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the province of more advanced
+courses in thermodynamics or statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses in thermodynamics or statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses in thermodynamics or statistical
+mechanics which you may encounter later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics which you may encounter later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics which you may encounter later
+in this course we will confine our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course we will confine our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course we will confine our
+attention to mechanical energy with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to mechanical energy with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to mechanical energy with the
+sum of kinetic energy and potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of kinetic energy and potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of kinetic energy and potential
+energy and we'll treat non conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and we'll treat non conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and we'll treat non conservative
+force as removing or adding mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force as removing or adding mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force as removing or adding mechanical
+energy to the system
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zeU8i3pxX9g.txt b/zeU8i3pxX9g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c168558c369e680aa70e62b1a4e76edea885b4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zeU8i3pxX9g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2814 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+mitopencourseware@ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So today we're going to continue
+our discussion of the
+
+perfectly competitive
+market outcome.
+
+And remember, once again, where
+we're coming from here.
+
+We're trying to figure
+out how firms
+
+decide how much to produce.
+
+We talked about the firm's
+production decision in costs.
+
+Then we said how the firm
+decides how much to produce is
+
+going to get dictated
+by the market.
+
+We're going to talk about
+different market structures.
+
+We'll start with our benchmark
+of perfect competition and
+
+then move on to some more
+interesting and realistic
+
+cases next.
+
+Now, I just want to finish up
+where we were last time.
+
+Remember last time we were
+dealing with a firm that had a
+
+cost function of the form
+10 plus 0.5q squared.
+
+And if you remember, the key
+condition we derived last time
+
+for profit maximization with a
+perfectly competitive firm is
+
+that price equals marginal cost.
+If you differentiate
+
+this with respect to q, you
+get that that means that p
+
+equals q is the profit
+maximizing
+
+condition for this firm.
+
+It sets the price equal to
+quantity it's going to sell.
+
+That's the profit maximizing
+condition with this particular
+
+functional form of the
+cost function.
+
+Now, before we left last time,
+I said, this was not enough.
+
+There's one other thing you have
+to consider which is the
+
+firm's shutdown decision.
+
+In the short run, a firm might
+not shut down even if it's
+
+losing money.
+
+And the reason is because the
+firm has already paid its
+
+fixed costs.
+
+It's already paid 10.
+
+So even if it's losing money, it
+might still not shut down.
+
+So, for example, imagine that
+the price, as I said last
+
+time, imagine the price
+fell from 6 to 3.
+
+The price equals 3.
+
+If the price equals 3, the firm
+will choose to produce 3
+
+units, because it will
+still follow the
+
+profit maximizing condition.
+
+It will still choose to
+produce three units.
+
+If it produces 3 units,
+its profits are its
+
+revenues which is 9--
+
+3 units at a price of 3--
+
+minus its cost which is 14.5.
+
+So that equals negative 5.5.
+
+So its profits are negative.
+
+So now I say, well, if profits
+are negative, maybe I should
+
+shut down and stop
+doing business.
+
+Well, what are its profits
+if it shuts down?
+
+Negative 10.
+
+If it shuts down, its profits
+are 0 minus 10
+
+equals negative 10.
+
+So it actually makes more money
+by staying in business
+
+than shutting down, because
+it has these fixed costs.
+
+So because it's going to pay the
+10 anyway, as long as it's
+
+going to lose less than
+10, it might as
+
+well stay in business.
+
+More generally, what we say is
+a firm will stay in business
+
+in the short run as long
+as its price covers
+
+its variable costs.
+
+So a firm will stay in business
+so long as the price
+
+is greater or equal to
+its variable costs.
+
+Then it will stay in business.
+
+If we go further--
+
+let me just derive it for a
+second-- as long as they cover
+
+its fixed costs, that means a
+firm will stay in business as
+
+long as its revenues
+are greater than
+
+its variable costs.
+
+As long as its revenues are
+greater than or equal to its
+
+variable costs, it will
+stay in business.
+
+And that means that it will stay
+in business at long as
+
+its price is greater than or
+equal-- this should be a
+
+little q, sorry, this
+is just a firm--
+
+as long as its price is greater
+than or equal to
+
+variable costs over quantity, or
+as long as price is greater
+
+than or equal to average
+variable cost.
+
+As long as its price is greater
+than or equal to its
+
+average variable cost, it
+will stay in business.
+
+As long as its revenues cover
+its variable costs, it will
+
+say in business.
+
+And that's saying the same as
+long as its price is great
+
+than or equal to average
+variable cost, it
+
+will stay in business.
+
+Now, what are the average
+variable costs for our firm?
+
+Well, the variable costs
+for our firm
+
+are 0.5 times q squared.
+
+The variable costs for our firm
+are 0.5 times q squared.
+
+We know that in equilibrium, if
+it's profit maximizing, it
+
+will produce where q equals p.
+
+So we can replace the
+q with the p.
+
+The variable costs are 0.5 times
+p squared, because we
+
+know we'll produce
+where q equals p.
+
+So its average variable
+costs are 0.5 times p.
+
+Its average variable costs
+are 0.5 times p.
+
+Well, by definition,
+p is always greater
+
+than 0.5 times p.
+
+So our firm will never go out of
+business in the short run.
+
+In the short run, our firm will
+never go out of business,
+
+because at the profit maximizing
+price, at p equals
+
+q, it will always be producing
+a point where the price is
+
+greater than its average
+variable cost. So it will
+
+never shut down.
+
+So, more generally, when we
+think about a short run supply
+
+decision, a short run supply
+decision for a
+
+firm, there's two steps.
+
+The first step is set price
+equal to marginal cost to
+
+figure out what the firm
+is going to produce.
+
+So step one is set price equal
+to marginal cost. And that
+
+will give you the firm's q*.
+
+That will give you what the
+firm is going to produce.
+
+The second step is check that
+price is greater than or equal
+
+to average variable costs.
+
+Because you may solve for an
+optimal quantity that turns
+
+out to be a money loser
+for the firm.
+
+So they'd rather shut down.
+
+So it's a two-step process.
+
+You've got to first solve for
+the optimal quantity that the
+
+firm is going to produce.
+
+But then you've got to make sure
+that the firm actually
+
+makes money on that quantity,
+or it won't produce at all.
+
+And that's how we do the profit
+maximization decision
+
+in the short run for the firm.
+
+You've got to produce at the
+efficient point and make sure
+
+the firm actually makes
+some money.
+
+All right, questions
+about that?
+
+Now, armed with these rules,
+we can now, finally, derive
+
+the supply curve.
+
+Remember we derived the demand
+curve a number of lectures ago
+
+by getting the tangency at
+different price ratios with
+
+the indifference curves.
+
+Well, to derive the firm's
+supply function, what we now
+
+need to do is say, OK, at
+different prices, how much
+
+will the firm produce?
+
+Well, we can now get that
+if we go to Figure 11-1.
+
+We can now see the supply
+curve for this firm.
+
+What we see is that at a price
+of 3, it will produce 3 units.
+
+At a price of 4, it will produce
+4 units, et cetera.
+
+The supply curve is the
+marginal cost curve.
+
+So now we know where supply
+curves come from.
+
+Supply curves are marginal cost
+curves above the point
+
+where price equals average
+variable cost. So the
+
+definition of a firm's supply
+curve is the marginal cost
+
+curve above p is greater than
+or equal to average variable
+
+cost. That is the firm's
+short run supply curve.
+
+Now, in our case, p is always
+greater than average variable
+
+cost. So the second condition
+is irrelevant.
+
+The firm's supply curve is just
+literally that marginal
+
+cost curve.
+
+With different functions, which
+you may someday see in a
+
+problem set or an exam,
+that won't be true.
+
+So, in that case, you'll
+need to check
+
+that shutdown condition.
+
+But the supply curve is the
+marginal cost curve above that
+
+0 profit point.
+
+And that's where supply
+curves come from.
+
+So where supply curves comes
+from is the same kind of
+
+maximization we did
+with consumers.
+
+But instead of their parents
+giving them their income, the
+
+market conditions firms face
+are dictated by the
+
+competitive nature
+of the market.
+
+And that's the firm's
+supply curve.
+
+Now, this is the firm's
+supply curve.
+
+Now, of course, what we talked
+about in the first lecture was
+
+not firm supply curves but
+market supply curves.
+
+So now let's take the next step
+and say, well, where do
+
+market supply curves
+come from?
+
+We now know where firm supply
+curves come from.
+
+The marginal cost stork
+brings them.
+
+Now, where do market supply
+curves come from?
+
+Well, to do that, we need to now
+imagine that there's not
+
+one firm in the market but
+many firms in the market.
+
+And we need to recognize that
+the market demand may not be
+
+perfectly elastic.
+
+But, as we talked about last
+time, the firm's own demand
+
+will be close to perfectly
+elastic.
+
+Or, in this case, a perfect
+competition will
+
+be perfectly elastic.
+
+So, basically, the way to get
+market demand is to say, look,
+
+we're going to take each firm.
+
+It's going to take a market
+price as given.
+
+I'm sorry, we get
+market supply.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+Each firm is going to take
+a market price as given.
+
+Based on that market price, it's
+going to decide how much
+
+to produce.
+
+We're going to add up
+that production.
+
+That will make a market
+supply curve.
+
+And that market supply curve
+will then interact with market
+
+demand to give you a price.
+
+If that price is the same one
+the firms were using, then the
+
+whole thing is in equilibrium.
+
+Let me explain that in less
+steps just to make it clear.
+
+Let's talk about the steps
+involved in getting to short
+
+run equilibrium in the market,
+the steps involved in getting
+
+to short run market
+equilibrium.
+
+The first step is each firm
+chooses an amount of capital.
+
+So the first step of the short
+run is you're going to enter
+
+this market.
+
+And to enter this market, you're
+going to have an amount
+
+of capital you're
+going to pick.
+
+So each firm is going to have
+some cost function which
+
+involves picking some amount
+of capital or fixed costs.
+
+It's going to say, I want to
+build a building this big.
+
+Having built that building,
+we're going to get the firm's
+
+supply curve which
+is p equals MC.
+
+That's step one.
+
+That's a step we've derived.
+
+The second step is we're going
+to add up the firm's supply
+
+curves to get a market
+supply curve.
+
+We're going to add up the firm's
+supply curve to get a
+
+market supply curve.
+
+So, for example, suppose
+that there's five
+
+firms in the market.
+
+Suppose that there's five
+firms in the market.
+
+Those five firms are
+going to produce.
+
+Now to see that, let's
+go to Figure 11-2.
+
+This is the second step.
+
+It's how we get to that short
+run market supply curve.
+
+Each firm has a marginal
+cost curve.
+
+Here we're using our same cost
+function we've used.
+
+That same cost function up
+there where price equals
+
+marginal cost, where p equals
+q, is the supply curve.
+
+So each firm has that
+supply curve you see
+
+in the first panel.
+
+Then what you see is as you
+add more firms, the second
+
+panel gives you the market
+supply curve.
+
+So if there's only one firm in
+the market, the market supply
+
+curve would be S1.
+
+Now, if there were two firms
+in the market, the market
+
+supply curve is S2.
+
+That is, at a price of 2, you're
+now producing 4 units
+
+in the market.
+
+If there's three firms,
+the curve is S3, four
+
+firms, S4, and so on.
+
+As you add more firms, that
+market supply curve shifts out
+
+and becomes flatter.
+
+Remember firms are
+identical here.
+
+We're adding identical firms.
+That was an assumption of
+
+perfect competition.
+
+We're adding more and
+more identical firms
+
+producing the same good.
+
+You can see that market supply
+curve is shifting out and
+
+becoming flatter.
+
+That is the supply of goods is
+becoming more elastic as there
+
+are more firms. The more firms
+in the market the more elastic
+
+the supply.
+
+And that comes to what we talked
+about last time when I
+
+derived residual demand.
+
+It's sort of the flip
+side of that.
+
+Basically, the more firms you
+have with a given supply curve
+
+in the market, the more elastic
+it's going to become.
+
+Why is that?
+
+Well, just think about it.
+
+Think about what elasticity
+of supply is.
+
+It's saying, if I increase the
+price by $1, how much more
+
+production do I call forth?
+
+Well, the more identical firms
+I have, every time I increase
+
+the price by $1, I call forth
+production from all these
+
+firms. So the more firms I have,
+the more production I
+
+call forth.
+
+So for every increment in price,
+the more firms in the
+
+market, the more production
+I call forth.
+
+Therefore, the more elastic
+is the supply.
+
+So as there are more firms,
+that market supply curve
+
+becomes more and more elastic.
+
+And that's the market
+supply curve.
+
+That's the second step.
+
+The third step is we intersect
+market supply with market
+
+demand to get the equilibrium
+price.
+
+So, in other words, we say,
+look, there's some market
+
+supply, which we've derived.
+
+Now let's imagine there's
+some market demand.
+
+And that will give us the
+equilibrium price.
+
+So, for example, in our case,
+market supply is what?
+
+Let's say, for example,
+there's five
+
+firms in the market.
+
+Just to make an example, let's
+say five firms have entered.
+
+There's five firms
+in the market.
+
+Well, the total market supply
+Q is 5 of the little q,
+
+because there's five identical
+firms in the market.
+
+Five identical firms
+are in the market.
+
+Well, we know, from the marginal
+cost condition,
+
+that's the same as saying
+Q equals 5 times p.
+
+So our market supply curve,
+which is actually S5 on Figure
+
+11-2, is Q equals 5p.
+
+You can see that.
+
+Because when the price
+is 2, Q equals 10.
+
+When the price is
+5, Q equals 25.
+
+So you can see that S super 5
+is the market supply curve.
+
+Big Q equals 5p.
+
+Let's just make this up.
+
+So this is the quantity
+supplied.
+
+Let's say the demand function is
+that the quantity demanded
+
+is 30 minus p.
+
+I just made this up.
+
+I'm making all this up.
+
+But this is just an example
+demand curve.
+
+We have a downward sloping
+demand curve with a slope of
+
+negative 1.
+
+The quantity demanded
+is 30 minus p.
+
+So to get equilibrium,
+we set these equal.
+
+And we get that 30 minus p
+equals 5p or p equals 5.
+
+30 minus p equals 5p or
+p equals 5, that's the
+
+equilibrium price.
+
+Given the market supply curve,
+given the demand curve, I've
+
+derived the equilibrium
+price of 5.
+
+Now, at a price of 5, what's
+the quantity demanded?
+
+At a price of 5, quantity
+demanded equals 25.
+
+So, at a price of 5, the market
+wants 25 of these
+
+things, whatever the heck
+it's producing.
+
+At a price of 5, the market
+wants 25 of them.
+
+That's the quantity demanded.
+
+Then the final step in solving
+for equilibrium is that each
+
+firm then decides how
+much to produce.
+
+Well, what is each firm going
+to decide to produce?
+
+How much is each firm going
+to decide to produce?
+
+Somebody raise their
+hand and tell me.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: p.
+
+PROFESSOR: p which is?
+
+AUDIENCE: 5
+
+PROFESSOR: 5.
+
+So each firm is going
+to produce 5.
+
+How many firms are there?
+
+AUDIENCE: 5.
+
+PROFESSOR: How much
+gets produced?
+
+AUDIENCE: 25.
+
+PROFESSOR: Which is exactly
+what people want.
+
+We're done.
+
+That's the magic
+of the market.
+
+Through these four steps, we've
+gotten equilibrium which
+
+is defined as the quantity
+supplied equals the quantity
+
+demanded, just by following
+these steps.
+
+The firms didn't come at it
+saying, hey, let's figure this
+
+out beforehand.
+
+Let's all get together and
+coordinate and figure out how
+
+much we're going to produce
+at what price.
+
+They didn't do that at all.
+
+The firms just entered
+the market.
+
+They said, this is
+my supply curve.
+
+We added it up.
+
+We interact it with demand.
+
+We find an equilibrium price.
+
+At that equilibrium price, the
+quantity demanded equals the
+
+quantity supplied.
+
+We're done.
+
+We've now finally gotten to
+where we started this course.
+
+We started this course with
+a supply and demand graph.
+
+I told you how to
+derive demand.
+
+You took a test on
+that already.
+
+Now I've just told you where
+supply comes from.
+
+Now we interact,
+and we're done.
+
+And this tells us now, given
+this price, how much each firm
+
+is going to produce.
+
+So, basically, what do you
+need to find equilibrium?
+
+What do you need to find the
+short run equilibrium?
+
+To find the short run
+equilibrium, you need a demand
+
+function, a cost function, and a
+number of firms. You have to
+
+be given a number firms, because
+there's no entry and
+
+exit in the short
+run, remember.
+
+So, basically, the firms are
+magically put on the earth in
+
+the short run.
+
+So if you're asked about the
+short run equilibrium, you
+
+have to be given the number
+of firms. You
+
+can't derive that yet.
+
+That comes in the long run.
+
+But given a number of firms,
+given a cost function, and
+
+given the demand function, you
+can find the short run
+
+equilibrium.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+Now, with that in place, now
+let's get to where it gets
+
+really interesting.
+
+Let's talk now about
+the long run.
+
+Now what makes the long run
+interesting is you no longer
+
+have to be given the number of
+firms. Now, in the long run,
+
+we're going to actually
+figure out how many
+
+firms are in the market.
+
+So at the end of the day, in the
+long run, all we'll need
+
+is two things, a demand function
+and a cost function.
+
+And then we'll be done.
+
+Now, here's the key thing
+for the long run.
+
+The key point in the long run
+is that in the long run, no
+
+one can lose money.
+
+So we don't have to
+worry about the
+
+shutdown condition anymore.
+
+The shutdown condition
+goes away.
+
+In the long run, nothing
+is fixed.
+
+So in the long run, no
+one loses money.
+
+There's no reason to be in the
+market if you're losing money
+
+in the long run.
+
+So, in long run, the first thing
+is now we only have one
+
+condition to worry about, which
+is price equals marginal
+
+cost. Price equals marginal
+cost is what we
+
+need to worry about.
+
+And you're only going to be in
+a situation, in the long run,
+
+where you're only going
+to be making either
+
+0 or positive profits.
+
+If you're making negative
+profits, you'll be gone.
+
+Now, the key difference in the
+long run, is now we can't take
+
+the number of firms as given.
+
+Now we need to derive the number
+of firms. And the way
+
+we do that is by thinking
+about entry and exit.
+
+Now, what's going to determine
+entry and exit?
+
+Well, it's quite simple.
+
+If in the market, as it stands
+today with some number of
+
+firms, there's profit to be
+made, new firms will enter.
+
+If in the market, as it stands
+today with some number of
+
+firms, there's losses being
+made, some firms will leave.
+
+Remember, no one stays in
+making losses anymore.
+
+And that continues until you
+reach a situation where all
+
+firms make zero profit.
+
+And here's the key lesson.
+
+In a perfectly competitive
+long run equilibrium, all
+
+firms make zero profit.
+
+It's the fundamental lesson
+about perfect competition.
+
+Obviously, there's no
+place that works
+
+like this in the world.
+
+This is an extreme.
+
+But, nonetheless, you should
+understand this extreme.
+
+In a perfectly competitive
+long run equilibrium, all
+
+firms make zero profit.
+
+Why?
+
+Because if there's any profit
+to be made, a new firm will
+
+enter and take it away.
+
+And if there's any unprofitable
+industry, a firm
+
+will exit until the profits
+go back to zero.
+
+So profits will always be zero
+in the long run equilibrium.
+
+Now, to understand how this
+works, let's think about a
+
+realistic example.
+
+Let's think about the PC market
+circa 1990 when all you
+
+youngins were being born.
+
+It's circa about 1990,
+the PC market, cast
+
+your mind way back.
+
+It's a history lesson
+for you guys.
+
+In 1990, not that many
+folks had PCs.
+
+There was still a vibrant use
+of mainframe computers.
+
+And, basically, you had big
+firms like IBM who were
+
+producing these mainframe
+computers, which is what I did
+
+my computing on.
+
+A lot of people did their
+computing on it in 1990.
+
+And there was starting to
+be a market, however,
+
+for personal computers.
+
+The chip strength had gotten
+large enough that it was
+
+actually viable to have desktop
+computing that was
+
+powerful enough.
+
+Firms like Dell were starting
+out-- not starting out,
+
+necessarily-- but were starting
+to make money making
+
+desktop computers, making PCs.
+
+Let's actually think about how
+that market might look.
+
+So let's actually talk about,
+in Figure 11-3, this is the
+
+market for PCs circa 1990.
+
+In 1990, if you were making
+PCs, that was a great
+
+business to be in.
+
+Because people wanted them,
+there weren't that many firms
+
+making them, and you were
+making a killing.
+
+So if you were Dell in 1990,
+that was a great place to be.
+
+So let's say Dell in 1990 was
+facing a demand curve D and
+
+the supply curve SR1.
+
+The supply curve was pretty
+steep because there weren't
+
+many firms making PCs.
+
+So the market price was P1.
+
+So on the right, you
+have the market.
+
+We should label this actually.
+
+On the right, you
+have the market.
+
+On the left, you have Dell.
+
+On the right, you
+have the market.
+
+In the market, in initial
+equilibrium, there's a price
+
+of P1 with big Q1 being sold.
+
+So Q1 PCs are being sold
+at a high price of P1.
+
+It's the novel technology.
+
+People want it, but not many
+firms are doing it.
+
+What happens with Dell?
+
+Now let's go to the left-hand
+side diagram.
+
+Well, Dell is producing where
+that price equals their
+
+marginal cost. That price
+equals their marginal
+
+cost at little q1.
+
+So Dell's producing little q1.
+
+But its average costs at that
+point are all the way down.
+
+It's not really labeled.
+
+But you can see it's where
+that vertical line for Q1
+
+intersects average total cost.
+That's where their costs are.
+
+So, in each unit, they're making
+the height between
+
+marginal cost and average
+total cost at that Q1.
+
+They're making that
+vertical bar.
+
+So they make that entire
+rectangle of profit.
+
+So Dell makes a big profit,
+because not many firms are in
+
+this business.
+
+And yet demand for
+PCs are high.
+
+And that's where things
+are circa 1990.
+
+So what happens?
+
+Well, Gateway arrives.
+
+Does Gateway still exist?
+
+Do people still buy Gateway?
+
+Gateway is gone, right?
+
+So, while Gateway was
+big, they were
+
+sort of a big upstart.
+
+They had the boxes with cow
+colors on them and stuff.
+
+You guys didn't even
+know Gateway?
+
+Well, they were big.
+
+They were the first cheap
+knockoff computer makers that
+
+competed with the big folks.
+
+And they came and said
+look, we can do this.
+
+OK, we can produce.
+
+This is a profitable business.
+
+We can make PCs.
+
+It's not that expensive.
+
+It's largely a variable
+cost business.
+
+You just have to build
+your plant first.
+
+So they built their plant,
+and then they come in.
+
+Well, what happens when
+a new firm comes in?
+
+The market supply
+curve flattens.
+
+Because now, at any price,
+you're producing more.
+
+So the market supply curve
+flattens to the point SR2.
+
+In fact, maybe it's
+not just Gateway.
+
+Maybe you get a bunch of
+entrants until you get the
+
+market supply curve SR2.
+
+Well, SR2 intersects demand
+at a new higher market
+
+quantity big Q2.
+
+Well, that higher market
+quantity going to the left,
+
+there's now no longer
+profits to be made.
+
+Because at that market quantity,
+Dell is going to
+
+produce little q2.
+
+Little q2 is exactly at the
+minimum of the average total
+
+cost curve.
+
+It's where the marginal cost
+curve intersects the average
+
+total cost curve, the
+minimum of that
+
+average total cost curve.
+
+So Dell no longer
+makes profits.
+
+Dell shrinks its production.
+
+The price has fallen.
+
+It doesn't lower its price.
+
+Dell doesn't set the price.
+
+Remember, this a price
+taker in a
+
+perfectly competitive market.
+
+The price is given by that
+diagram on the right.
+
+Dell gets a price of P2.
+
+It says look, at P2, I have
+to produce along my
+
+marginal cost curve.
+
+I have no choice.
+
+That's what's profit
+maximizing.
+
+I can't choose a point not on
+that marginal cost curve.
+
+That will not be profit
+maximizing.
+
+Well, where does that
+price intersect that
+
+marginal cost curve?
+
+At little q2.
+
+So I'm producing at little q2.
+
+And at little q2, I
+make no profit.
+
+So the entry of Gateway and
+other firms into the PC
+
+business has removed the profit
+from the PC business.
+
+Now note what's interesting
+here.
+
+Market quantity has gone up.
+
+Big Q2 is bigger than big Q1.
+
+But Dell's quantity
+has gone down.
+
+Little q2 is smaller
+than little q1.
+
+That's because more firms are
+in the market producing.
+
+So as more firms come in, total
+market quantity goes up.
+
+But any given firm is going
+to produce less.
+
+And that will continue until
+profits go to zero.
+
+That is how firm entry
+wipes out profits.
+
+That is how firm entry wipes out
+profits, by driving firms
+
+to the point where price
+equals average cost.
+
+So, in the long run, firms
+make zero profit because,
+
+first of all, entry drives price
+down to average cost.
+
+Entry drives price down to
+average cost. And when price
+
+equals average cost,
+profits are zero.
+
+Profits are zero when price
+equals average cost. Because
+
+profits are pq minus C. So if
+you divide by qp profits are p
+
+minus average costs.
+
+So if price equals average
+cost, profits are zero.
+
+So entry drives profits
+to zero.
+
+It drives price to equal average
+cost. Since price
+
+equals marginal cost, it's the
+point where marginal cost
+
+equals average cost. That's the
+technological outcome in a
+
+perfectly competitive long
+run equilibrium.
+
+You'll end up producing where
+marginal cost equals average
+
+cost. That's what will end up
+happening naturally through
+
+the forces of entry.
+
+Likewise, you see this through
+the force of exit.
+
+Now let's go to Figure 11-4.
+
+And now let's look at IBM.
+
+I guess we're calling this the
+broader computer market now.
+
+It's not just a PC market.
+
+It's the broader computer
+market.
+
+So IBM, they're producing
+these mainframes.
+
+This is the mainframe market.
+
+This isn't the PC market.
+
+This is the mainframe market.
+
+In the mainframe market, now
+people don't want mainframes
+
+much anymore.
+
+But there were a lot
+of firms producing.
+
+There was IBM and tons of other
+firms producing these
+
+mainframes.
+
+Because that's what
+everybody wanted.
+
+So the original supply curve
+was very flat at SR1.
+
+So, initially, in the mainframe
+market, we're in
+
+equilibrium with quantity Q1--
+big Q1-- and a price P1.
+
+And what's happening there?
+
+Where does that price intersect
+marginal cost?
+
+It intersects marginal cost for
+IBM at little q1 which is
+
+below average total cost.
+So IBM is losing money.
+
+In the initial short run
+equilibrium, IBM is producing
+
+at little q1, and it's
+losing money.
+
+Now, why is it still
+in business?
+
+Because it's the short run.
+
+And as long as those losses are
+less than its fixed cost,
+
+it's staying in business.
+
+So, in the short run,
+you can lose money.
+
+So IBM is losing money.
+
+Because it's built
+this big plant.
+
+It's cranking out these
+mainframes.
+
+People don't want
+them anymore.
+
+The price has fallen so low
+that they can still make
+
+enough money than it costs to
+produce the next mainframe.
+
+Price is still greater than
+marginal costs, but price is
+
+below average costs.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+Prices are greater than average
+variable cost. But
+
+it's lower the total average
+cost. They're losing money.
+
+So what happens?
+
+They leave.
+
+There was a company
+called [? Deck ?]
+
+that went out of business.
+
+And what happened was that then
+raised the supply curve.
+
+It steepened the supply curve
+in the mainframe market.
+
+It steepened the supply curve,
+because now you have fewer
+
+firms producing mainframes.
+
+That supply curve
+gets steeper.
+
+That raises the price.
+
+And, indeed, exit will continue
+until you raise the
+
+price to the point where
+marginal cost equals average
+
+total cost.
+
+And what you'll see is the
+market will shrink from
+
+big Q1 to big Q2.
+
+The remaining market
+participants will increase
+
+from little q1 to little q2.
+
+And profits go to 0 with price
+going to the minimum average
+
+cost. So through both entry
+and exit, we get this
+
+condition that's illustrated
+in Figure 11-5.
+
+In 11-5, we see that in the long
+run, firms always supply
+
+not on a single curve but
+at a single point.
+
+In the long run, with a
+perfectly competitive market,
+
+for a given firm, there is no
+longer even meaningfully a
+
+supply curve to a firm.
+
+There's just literally
+a supply point.
+
+Every firm produces at exactly
+the point where marginal costs
+
+equal average costs.
+
+So in some sense, once again,
+for a given firm--
+
+this is not the market-- but for
+a given firm, there's not
+
+even meaningfully a supply
+curve anymore.
+
+For a given firm, in the long
+run, they literally choose one
+
+production point which is
+technologically given.
+
+So this is interesting.
+
+For a given firm, the market
+doesn't matter.
+
+For a given firm in a perfectly
+competitive market,
+
+we don't need to know anything
+about demand.
+
+All we need to know is the
+firm's production function.
+
+That's all we need to know.
+
+We don't even need to know
+anything about costs.
+
+Well, we need to know
+cost. We need to
+
+know their cost function.
+
+All we need to know is
+their cost function.
+
+And then all we need to do is
+derive where marginal costs
+
+equals average costs,
+and we're done.
+
+This is the power of the
+perfectly competitive
+
+equilibrium.
+
+This is why economists
+love it so much.
+
+Because we don't need to
+go through all this.
+
+This is all short run stuff.
+
+In the long run, it's easy.
+
+You just say, give me a cost
+function, I'll tell you what
+
+the firm will produce.
+
+And I'll tell you what
+the price is.
+
+The firm will produce where
+marginal cost equals average
+
+cost. And the price will be
+where marginal cost equals
+
+average costs.
+
+I can tell you the p and the q
+in equilibrium just if you
+
+give me a cost function.
+
+And that's the beauty of the
+long run perfectly competitive
+
+equilibrium.
+
+That's why it's so attractive
+to economists for modeling
+
+purposes and other things.
+
+It's incredibly easy
+to work with.
+
+Because all you need is a cost
+function, and you're done.
+
+The key lesson is what is true
+at the point where marginal
+
+costs equals average costs?
+
+Well, look at our graph.
+
+That is the point of
+cost minimization.
+
+Note that that is the very
+minimum point of the long run
+
+average cost curve.
+
+So where marginal cost equals
+average cost is the point of
+
+cost minimization.
+
+So we're saying further--
+
+this is even more powerful--
+
+we're saying that in the long
+run of perfectly competitive
+
+equilibrium firms will,
+by definition,
+
+minimize their costs.
+
+They will produce as efficiently
+as possible not
+
+because God told them
+to, but through the
+
+power of the market.
+
+Because what happens if you
+start a firm and you aren't
+
+cost minimizing?
+
+What happens?
+
+What happens is, in the short
+run, you might make money even
+
+if you aren't cost minimizing.
+
+But, in long run, you'll get
+driven out of business.
+
+Because if there's someone
+else who can produce more
+
+cheaply than you, they'll be
+able to charge a lower price
+
+and drive you out of business.
+
+Your price will end up above the
+long run equilibrium price
+
+if you're not cost minimizing.
+
+So any firm that is not cost
+minimizing will get driven out
+
+of business.
+
+And the equilibrium will be a
+market where all firms are
+
+producing at the cost
+minimizing level.
+
+And that's why we get the high
+tech Figure 11-6, which is
+
+that the long run market
+supply curve
+
+is perfectly elastic.
+
+Now this comes all the way back
+to what I talked about at
+
+the beginning of the
+last lecture.
+
+Remember I said, what
+determines perfect
+
+competition?
+
+Two things, the demand curve
+to the firm was perfectly
+
+elastic, and the supply
+curve to the market
+
+is perfectly elastic.
+
+And we talked last time about
+why the demand curve to the
+
+firm is perfectly elastic.
+
+Because with lots of firms, any
+given firm has a perfectly
+
+elastic demand.
+
+Now we've just derived why the
+market supply curve is
+
+perfectly elastic.
+
+It's perfectly elastic at the
+cost minimizing point.
+
+If the price ever rises above
+that cost minimizing point,
+
+what happens?
+
+What happens if the price should
+suddenly rise above it?
+
+What happens?
+
+Firms enter and drive
+the price back down.
+
+If the price ever drops below
+that cost minimizing point,
+
+firms exit, and the price
+goes back up.
+
+So through the power of firm
+entry and exit, in the long
+
+run, you end up with a
+horizontal or perfectly
+
+elastic supply curve.
+
+And that's perfect
+competition.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: You said that if it's
+not profit maximizing,
+
+then it cannot
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+But [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, they are.
+
+So that's a great point.
+
+So what will happen is it's not
+that a firm will charge a
+
+lower price.
+
+I shouldn't have said
+it that way.
+
+It's that another
+firm will enter.
+
+And, by definition, the price
+will then fall, because the
+
+supply curve will flatten, and
+the price will then fall.
+
+So if you're in there producing
+inefficiently and I
+
+say, hey, your firm sucks.
+
+I can come in and produce much
+more efficiently than you.
+
+I'll hop in, that will flatten
+the supply curve.
+
+The price will fall.
+
+At that price, if I'm
+not cost minimizing,
+
+I'll be losing money.
+
+So I'll leave.
+
+That's a good clarifying
+question.
+
+So if we have a market with a
+bunch of guys in it, and one
+
+of them is not cost minimizing,
+well, that means
+
+someone else can come in.
+
+They'll, in the short run,
+expand the market.
+
+That will flatten the supply
+curve, drive the price down.
+
+At that lower price, the
+non-cost maximizing firm says,
+
+I'm losing money.
+
+So I leave.
+
+The price goes back up, and it
+goes up and down and up and
+
+down until it settles
+at this point
+
+where costs are minimized.
+
+So perfect competition leads to
+a perfectly elastic supply
+
+and cost minimization.
+
+So that is our extreme.
+
+That is the theoretical
+point of no return.
+
+Of course, in reality,
+we never get there.
+
+In reality, there's no such
+thing as a purely perfectly
+
+competitive equilibrium.
+
+Why not?
+
+Well, in the long run, supply
+is actually upward sloping.
+
+In the long run, market supply
+will be upward sloping.
+
+And that's going to be for
+at least three reasons.
+
+So why is long run supply upward
+sloping in reality?
+
+Well, in reality, if would be
+for at least three reasons.
+
+The first reason is that entry
+and exit are not free.
+
+There could be barriers
+to entry or exit.
+
+Even in the long run, there
+could be barriers
+
+to entry and exit.
+
+There could be features of the
+market which make it hard to
+
+leave or hard to join.
+
+A classic example is something
+that we introduced a couple
+
+lectures ago, the notion of sunk
+costs, costs which even
+
+in the long run might
+be fixed.
+
+If they're large sunk costs, if
+one firm's incurred them,
+
+another firm is going to say,
+look, it's not worth it
+
+for me to get in.
+
+If you have to build such a
+massive plant to produce your
+
+good, then it takes an
+unbelievable amount of
+
+capital, it's a huge investment,
+and once you're
+
+in, it's going to be really hard
+to drive you out, because
+
+you made that big investment,
+other firms
+
+might say, forget it.
+
+Dell made this huge investment
+in this huge plant.
+
+They're never going to leave
+having built that plant.
+
+That's virtually a sunk cost.
+So I'm not even going to
+
+bother entering.
+
+So Dell can exist making
+some profit, maybe
+
+not too much profit.
+
+If they make too much profit,
+then another firm
+
+will build a plant.
+
+Well, as long as they're not
+making too much profit, they
+
+can make some profit.
+
+Because another firm says,
+you know what, I
+
+can't fight that battle.
+
+I can't build a plant
+that big.
+
+Or there could be other
+things like that.
+
+That's sort of a natural
+barrier to entry.
+
+There are some artificial
+barriers to entry we see.
+
+For example, take med school.
+
+The number of slots to be
+doctors is limited by the
+
+physician profession.
+
+So even if docs make lots of
+money, which they do--
+
+especially specialists--
+
+you can't just compete and
+have new doctors enter.
+
+Because the number of slots
+are actually limited.
+
+You have to be licensed by an
+organization which is run by
+
+the people making
+all the money.
+
+So if you're a doc, and
+you're in, this is
+
+a pretty good deal.
+
+You say, hey, let's have
+a system where new
+
+docs can't be licensed.
+
+They'll have to come
+to me, and I can
+
+charge whatever I want.
+
+That's a barrier to entry.
+
+We call that occupational
+licensing.
+
+We see that in lots
+of professions.
+
+Plumbing, taxi drivers,
+we see it everywhere.
+
+It's occupational licensing.
+
+A second example, of
+course, is patents.
+
+And we'll talk about patents
+more in a few lectures.
+
+If I invented a new drug, and
+it's patented, nobody can sell
+
+that same chemical compound
+for 17 years.
+
+That's a barrier to entry.
+
+There could be more informal
+barriers to entry.
+
+Let's say you're around Port
+Authority setting up these
+
+little shlocky stands, the
+ones we said were perfect
+
+competition.
+
+You've got yours, and the guy
+comes in next to you, you just
+
+beat the crap out out of him.
+
+That's an informal
+barrier to entry.
+
+You say, you come in, and you're
+going to get beaten up.
+
+The guy says, well look, if it's
+a big profit, it's worth
+
+getting beaten up.
+
+Or I'll hire protection
+if it's a big profit.
+
+But it's not that big of a
+profit, I'm not going to
+
+bother getting beaten
+up over it.
+
+So I'll let you make
+your profit.
+
+I won't come in.
+
+So barriers to entry exist
+all over the place.
+
+And they're a big reason why
+we don't get a perfectly
+
+elastic supply curve in most
+markets because of things like
+
+patents or thuggery.
+
+So that's one example of
+why you don't get it.
+
+Another example of why you
+might not get a perfectly
+
+elastic supply curve is that
+firms might differ.
+
+In particular, we have assumed
+critically, through the last
+
+lecture and this lecture, that
+firms are identical.
+
+We have assumed that firms
+are identical.
+
+But, in fact, of course,
+firms aren't.
+
+And one firm's cost minimizing
+production level might be
+
+different than another
+firm's cost
+
+minimizing production level.
+
+Not all firms will have
+exactly the same cost
+
+minimizing production level.
+
+In particular, some firms may
+have a lower minimum average
+
+cost than others for a while.
+
+So it may be that as long as
+I'm producing less than x
+
+units, I have a lower minimum
+average cost than you do.
+
+But once I produce more than x
+units, my minimum average cost
+
+rises to above yours.
+
+Well, in that case, I might be
+able to make money for a while
+
+staying in.
+
+But then once I produce too
+much, I'm going to have to
+
+raise the price.
+
+So to see this, there's a great
+example in Perloff which
+
+you see in Figure 11-7, where
+he talks about the
+
+international long run market
+supply curve for cotton.
+
+And he says, look, in Pakistan,
+you can produce
+
+cotton incredibly cheaply.
+
+This is a dated example, but in
+Pakistan, you can produce
+
+cotton incredibly cheaply.
+
+You can produce it at
+$0.71 per kilogram.
+
+So if the world demand for
+cotton is less than $2 billion
+
+kilograms per year, or less than
+$1.8 billion kilograms
+
+per year, then Pakistan would
+provide it all, and the price
+
+would be $0.71.
+
+But let's say the demand
+is more than that.
+
+Well, Pakistan just runs
+out of cotton.
+
+They can't do that.
+
+Well, then you have to go to
+the next cheapest country.
+
+Well, the next cheapest
+country is Argentina.
+
+It costs a lot more to
+produce cotton there.
+
+And then comes Australia,
+Brazil, Nicaragua, Turkey,
+
+then finally the US.
+
+And then Iran is the
+most expensive.
+
+So this is, effectively, an
+upward sloping supply curve.
+
+It's stepwise, but it's an
+upward sloping supply in the
+
+sense that as you want more
+quantity, the price goes up.
+
+So if the market wants $5
+billion kilograms of cotton a
+
+year, then that means that the
+marginal producer is the US
+
+even though they're much less
+efficient than Pakistan.
+
+Because Pakistan hit
+a constraint.
+
+You have to go to that next
+less efficient producer.
+
+So that's taking an upward
+sloping supply curve.
+
+Basically you're getting an
+upward sloping supply curve,
+
+because you have constraints
+on how much any
+
+given firm can produce.
+
+Those constraints can make you
+move onto less efficient firms
+
+as you go on.
+
+And so in a market, you'll end
+up, in reality, with a
+
+distribution of firms
+ranging from most
+
+efficient to least efficient.
+
+The most efficient would produce
+as much as it can at
+
+that efficiency level.
+
+But then some less efficient
+ones will get in the game as
+
+well just depending on
+where demand is.
+
+So you can see if you put in
+demand curves at different
+
+points in the supply curve,
+you get different prices.
+
+That's an upward sloping
+supply curve.
+
+That's a second reason.
+
+And then a third reason--
+
+these aren't a comprehensive
+list, but types of reasons why
+
+supply curves will slope
+up in reality--
+
+is that input prices might rise
+as the market expands.
+
+We've assumed fixed
+input prices.
+
+I gave you an r and w, and
+I assume they were fixed.
+
+But, in fact, that might
+not be true.
+
+It might be that, in reality,
+as you want to produce more,
+
+you need to buy more
+of the input.
+
+Well, if you need to buy more
+of the input, and the input
+
+has an upward sloping supply
+curve, then you'll have to pay
+
+more to get more
+of that input.
+
+So to see that, let's run
+through an example.
+
+Let's imagine that you want to
+produce something in the long
+
+run, and you need more
+labor to produce it.
+
+So as you produce more of
+it, you need more labor.
+
+So now let's go to
+Figure 11-8.
+
+You're initially, in your firm,
+demanding L1 units of
+
+labor at a the wage of W1.
+
+And let's say that at that
+point, at that wage, you're
+
+cost minimizing.
+
+That's the cost minimizing
+point, and you've got this
+
+flat supply curve.
+
+You're at that point.
+
+Now let's say you want
+to produce more.
+
+Well, to produce more, you've
+got to go to the market and
+
+hire more labor.
+
+If the supply curve for labor is
+upward sloping, if labor is
+
+not a perfectly competitive
+market and, therefore, is an
+
+upward sloping supply,
+they'll say, fine.
+
+If you want more workers,
+you've got to pay more.
+
+You've got to pay W2.
+
+You've got to pay more
+for your workers.
+
+Well, think about
+what that does.
+
+Now, go to Figure 11-9.
+
+What that means is that as I
+produce more units, I have to
+
+pay more for the labor.
+
+Now let's start on the left-hand
+side figure.
+
+That says that if I'm producing
+little q1 as a firm,
+
+my marginal cost is MC super
+1, and my average
+
+cost is AC super 1.
+
+So I'm at P1.
+
+Now if I want to produce more,
+if I want to produce q2, my
+
+average cost is going to be
+higher, and my marginal cost
+
+is going to be higher, because
+I have to pay a
+
+higher wage to workers.
+
+So that's going to shift
+me up to have to
+
+charge a higher price.
+
+Now, I'm still cost
+minimizing.
+
+Given the wage the market
+gives me, I'm still cost
+
+minimizing.
+
+There's nothing non-cost
+minimizing about this.
+
+I'm still cost minimizing.
+
+But to cost minimize, I
+have to charge more.
+
+Because the market's charging
+me a higher price.
+
+If you go back to solving our
+initial production decision,
+
+you'll see that because this is
+a higher wage, that's going
+
+to shift my cost function up.
+
+A high wage is going to
+make my costs higher.
+
+That's going to make my cost
+minimizing price be higher.
+
+So I'm going to shift.
+
+I'm going to need to charge
+a higher price.
+
+That, itself, will also
+yield an upward
+
+sloping supply curve.
+
+So an upward sloping supply
+curve comes from the fact that
+
+as I produce more, I've
+got to pay higher
+
+prices for my inputs.
+
+That means I've got to charge
+higher prices for my outputs.
+
+So these are three examples of
+reasons why, in reality, we
+
+don't see a perfectly flat
+long run supply curve.
+
+So once again, to review,
+because this is the end of
+
+this particular topic, to review
+where we are, the way
+
+it works is firms are given
+a cost function.
+
+Well, they choose
+a technology.
+
+That gives them a
+cost function.
+
+They enter the market.
+
+In the short run, they're stuck
+with that technology.
+
+So they decide to produce where
+price equals marginal
+
+cost as long as they're not
+losing more money than they've
+
+paid in fixed costs.
+
+In the long run, firms come in
+and out until the point where
+
+every firm is producing
+efficiently.
+
+As long as entry is free, as
+long as there are not barriers
+
+to entry, every firm is
+producing efficiently.
+
+Then every firm is producing
+at a single point, which is
+
+where marginal cost equals
+average cost. That yields a
+
+flat long run supply curve at
+the technological minimum.
+
+In reality, supply curves slope
+up because there might
+
+be barriers to entry which
+leads to non-cost
+
+minimization.
+
+So this leads to non-cost
+minimization.
+
+And then there's two reasons,
+even if you're cost
+
+minimizing, you still could
+have capacity constraints,
+
+which is like our cotton
+example, or you could have
+
+upward sloping input supply.
+
+So that's why, in reality, we
+draw the upward sloping supply
+
+curves that we started with at
+the beginning of this course
+
+even with a perfectly
+competitive market.
+
+So let's stop there.
+
+That's a lot of stuff to digest.
+We're going to come
+
+back next time and talk about
+why all this is crap, and
+
+firms don't really cost minimize
+or maximize profits
+
+or any of that.
\ No newline at end of file